ANEW
ENGLISH DICTIONARY
ON HISTORICAL PRINCIPLES.
VOLUME YIH. Q, E, S-SH.
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
LONDON EDINBURGH GLASGOW NEW YORK
TORONTO MELBOURNE BOMBAY
HUMPHREY MILFORD M.A.
PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY
A NEW
ENGLISH DICTIONARY
ON HISTORICAL PRINCIPLES;
FOUNDED MAINLY ON THE MATERIALS COLLECTED BY
$ljil0l0gtcal Socutg.
EDITED BY
SIR JAMES A. H. MURRAY,
B.A. LONDON, M.A. OXFORD, LL.D. EDIN. AND GLASG., LITT D. Drill. I X AND CAMB., D.C.L. DURHAM, D.LITT. WALES AND CAPE TOWN,
PH.D. FREIBURG i.B. ; FELLOW OF BRITISH ACADEMY AND HOYAL SOCIETY EDIN. ; FOREIGN CORRESP. MEMBER OF THE
INSTITUTE OF FRANCE (ACAD. INSCR.), THE IMPERIAL AND ROYAL ACADEMIES OF VIENNA, BERLIN, AND FLANDERS,
THE HAATSCH. NEDERL. LETTERKUNDE, LEIDEN, AND THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY.
WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF MANY SCHOLARS AND MEN OF SCIENCE.
VOLUME VIII.
Q, B. - '
BY W. A. CRAIGIE,
M.A, OXON. J M.A., LL.D. ST. ANDREWS.
S-SH.
BY HENRY BRADLEY,
HON. M.A. OXON. ; PH.D. HEIDELBERG J D.LITT. DURHAM J LITT.D. SHEFFIELD;
FELLOW OF Tilt BRITISH ACADEMY.
OXFORD:
c\
AT THE CLARENDON PRESS.
,9,4. ^
9
\All rights reserved^
OXFORD
PRINTED AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
BY HORACE HART, M.A.
PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY
PREFACE TO VOLUME VIII.
THIS volume contains the words beginning with Q R edited by W. A. Craigie, and S down to the end
of SH edited by Henry Bradley. For observations on the etymological and other characteristics of the
words included, and for detailed statistics of the numbers of words of various classes, and of the numbers of
quotations, the reader is referred to the separate prefaces to Q R and S-SH. The following summary of the
figures there given may be found convenient :
Main
Subordinate
Special
Obvious
Total No.
No. of
words.
words.
Combinations.
Combinations.
of Words.
Quotations.
Q ( 80 pages)
1633
433
265
408
2729
9480
R (936 „ )
io,434
3579
"73
2546
17,832
110,269
S-Sh (800 „ )
9431
4192
347°
355 i
30,644
94,497
Total 21,498 8194 5008 6505 41,205 214,246
The 21,498 Main words are distinguished approximately as follows:
Current. Obsolete. Alien. Total.
Q "88 389 56 1633
R 7701 2475 258 10,434
S-Sh 7283 1671 477 9431
16,172 4535 791 21,498
For the letters Q-SH the comparative scale of this work and of certain other Dictionaries is shown as
follows :
Johnson. • Enc^fopsdic '. 'Century' Diet. Funk's ' Standard '. Here.
Words recorded 3715 18,308 21,044 19,880 41,205
Words illustrated by quotations 2959 6427 7476 1899 35,72*5
Number of illustrative quotations i°,523 '0,123 ^1,921 2646 214,246
The quotations in Richardson's Dictionary in Q-.SH are 10,228.
The aggregate numbers for the first eight volumes of the Dictionary (A-SH) are :
Main Subordinate Special Obvious Total Illustrative
words. words. Combinations. Combinations. words. quotations.
182,017 48>634 35'r47 40,324 306,122 1,298,156
Of the 182,017 Main words 162,306 are current, 15,732 obsolete, 3,979 alien.
PREFACE TO THE LETTERS Q AND R.
THIS half-volume contains the words which begin with Q and R, the former being few in number in
comparison with the latter. When reckoned up according to the system adopted for previous letters, Q is
found to include 1633 Main words, 265 Combinations explained under these, and 433 Subordinate entries
of obsolete or variant forms ; in all 2321. The obvious Combinations, recorded and illustrated by
quotations, but not requiring to be explained, number 408 more. Of the Main words, 389 are marked f as
obsolete, and 56 are marked || as alien or not fully naturalized.
On the other hand, R includes 10,434 Main words, 1273 special Combinations, 3579 Subordinate
entries, or in all 15,286 ; there are further 2546 obvious Combinations, making a total of 17,832. Of
the Main words 2475 are marked as obsolete, and 258 as alien.*
The words beginning with Q (which in ordinary use is always followed by if) may as a whole be
divided into three main classes, the native English, the Romanic (chiefly Latin and French), and those
adopted from more remote (especially African, Asiatic, and American) languages. Of these classes the
second is by far the greatest, and covers rather more than 50 pages out of the total of 80 required by
this letter, which from the dictionary point of view is one of the smallest in the alphabet. A considerable
number of words have been taken over from Latin without any change of form, as quaere, quantum, quarto,
quondam, quorum, etc., while many more have been assimilated to the usual English types. Some of these
had their immediate source in Old French, which has also contributed very largely, e. g. quaint, quarrel,
quarry, quarter (with a remarkable development of special senses, combinations, etc., extending to 19
columns), quest, quit, quite. Under the influence of the French and Latin spelling, qu- was substituted for
the Old English cw-, and this accounts for the appearance here of a certain number of native words, covering,
however, no more than 16 pages. The most important of these are quake, quean, queen, quell, quench,
quick (which with its derivatives and combinations takes up 18 columns), and quoth. There are also
some later words not demonstrably of foreign origin, a number of which appear to be imitative and intended
to express the idea of shaking or trembling, as quab, quag, quap, quave, quaver, quiver, quop. The more alien
words are of slight importance in comparison with the rest, but include quagga, quassia, and quina (whence
quinine, etc.).
The sources of R are more varied than those of Q, the letter being a common initial in many languages,
but by far the greater number of the words beginning with it are naturally either Teutonic or Romanic.
Greek, however, is the main source of the combination RH-, which extends over 15 pages. Apart from
this small portion, the letter falls into two clearly marked divisions. The first of these includes RA- and from
Rl- to the end, and is marked by a fairly even balance of the Teutonic and Romanic elements, each of which
contributes a large number of the commonest and most essential words in the language. As usual, the
native English words form the largest body within the Teutonic group, next come the Scandinavian, and
last of all the Dutch, Flemish, and Low or High German. The second division is that of words beginning
with RE-, which occupy no less than 436 pages, or more than half of the entire letter. By far the greater part
of these are formed by means of the Latin prefix RE-, the remarkable development of which in English is
traced in the special article on pp. 186-7. The vast stretch of such forms, however, is broken here and there
by important Romanic words of different formation, as real, realm, reason, regal, regular, etc., and by native
or Scandinavian words, as read, ready, reap, reck, reckon, reed, reef, etc.
Some other features of R may be briefly noted. It includes a remarkable number of groups of mono-
syllabic words, written and (usually) pronounced alike, but of widely divergent origin and meaning. Ex-
amples of these are race, rack, rag, rail, rake, rap, rape, rash, rat, rate, rave, ray, and in the later portion,
* For these letters the comparative scale of this work and some other Dictionaries is shown by the following figures : —
Johnson. -E^do^dic'. 'Century'. Funk's • Standard '. Here.
Q. Words recorded 245 874 1058 971 a?29
Words illustrated by quotations 182 349 461 '08 "53
Number of quotations 611 561 1316 156 9480
R. Words recorded 1881 8400 9486 8480 17832
Words illustrated by quotations 1549 3370 3755 977 '77'3
Number of quotations 5002 5451 11670 131° 110269
In the corresponding portion of Richardson the quotations mtmher 531 for Q and 5765 for R.
viii PREFACE TO THE LETTERS Q AND R.
rout, rove, roiv, rnck, ruff. Very long articles are not numerous, but the verb RUN covers 37 columns,
and the words derived from it occupy a good many more. The groups RIGHT and ROUND are also
extensive, and the adjective RED has developed a surprising number of special collocations. Many
words in R have considerable historical interest, such as ragman a, railroad and raihvay, reader, receiver,
recorder, rector, reformation, register, regratcr, r credos, etc., and the treatment of these has frequently required
special investigation and outside advice.
The material originally collected for Q was subedited for the Philological Society by Mr. H. Hucks
Gibbs, afterwards Lord Aldenham, whose work on it was of important service, although much new material
had accumulated before the final editing began. Part of the original material for R (down to Rcb-) was
very carefully subedited about the same time by the Rev. Prof. Skeat, while at a later date (1885-6) Rec-
to Rig- was done by Mr. P. W. Jacob, and from 1893 to 1895 the remaining portion was worked over by
Mr. J. Bartlett. Further work on the earlier part of the letter (down to Rashness) was also done from 1894
to 1897 by the Rev. G. B. R. Bousfield. Here also much additional material had been collected during the
intervening years.
The whole of the proofs of Q and R were read by Mr. A. Caland of Wageningen, whose death on
Feb. 18 of this year has deprived the Dictionary of one of its most devoted and helpful voluntary workers.
For the earlier sections they were also read by the late Lord Aldenham (as far as Reserve) and the Rev.
J. A. Milne (latterly of Cramond, Midlothian). Mr. H. Chichester Hart read those of R down to the time
of his death in 1908, and the Rev. Canon Fowler of Durham has helped with the later sections of the letter.
In the etymologies of all words adopted from languages not generally studied constant help was received
from the late Mr. James Platt, Jun., who had made this branch of study particularly his own, and continually
anticipated the needs of the Dictionary in respect of such words. For help readily given on other points
acknowledgements are due to many persons, of whom the following require to be specially mentioned :
Dr. Byvvater, Prof. Cook Wilson, the Provost of Oriel, Mr. H. T. Gerrans, the Controller of the University
Press, and the Librarian of the Indian Institute ; the Rev. Prof. Skeat, Dr. Furnivall, Prof. Toller, the
Rev. Prof. Hogg, Manchester, and Prof. Latta, Glasgow ; the former and the present Keeper of the Advocates
Library, Edinburgh, the late Dr. T. G. Law of the Signet Library, Dr. D. Hay Fleming, and Mr. Maitland
Anderson of the University Library, St. Andrews. Dr. A. M°Kenzie of the Birkbeck Institute has assisted
with chemical terms, and Mr. C. Davies Sherbornc supplied a number of references for words belonging to
the physical sciences. The numerous contributions of Mr. R. J. Whitwell have, as always, been of the
greatest service for the treatment of legal and historical terms. In addition to these, many persons, in some
cases on behalf of business firms, have readily given useful information relating to the origin, history, or some
particular application of a single word.
The important work of verification at the British Museum Library, without which many matters would
remain doubtful, was voluntarily performed by Mr. E. L. Brandreth until his death in Dec. 1907, and since
then has been generously undertaken by Mr. W. W. Jenkinson.
The assistants who have taken a leading share in the preparation of Q and R, either during the whole
or a considerable part of the time, have been Messrs. E. J. Thomas, J. M. Ramsay, L. F. Powell, F. R. Ray,
R. Girvan, J. H. Smithwhite, G. Watson, H. E. G. Rope, and Mrs. L. F. Powell. The words beginning with
RH- were separately prepared by Mr. C. T. Onions.
W. A. CRAIGIE.
OXFORD, March, 1910.
A NEW
ENGLISH DICTIONARY
ON HISTORICAL PRINCIPLES.
VOLUME VIII. Q TO SH.
PART I. Q AND R.
HENRY FROWDE, M.A.
PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD
LONDON, EDINBURGH, NEW YORK
TORONTO AND MELBOURNE
A NEW
ENGLISH DICTIONARY
ON HISTORICAL PRINCIPLES;
FOUNDED MAINLY ON THE MATERIALS COLLECTED BY
EDITED BY
SIR JAMES A. H. MURRAY,
B.A. LOND-, M.A. OXON., LL.D. EDINB., LL.D. GLASG., LITT.D, DUBLIN, D.C.L. DURHAM, D.UTT. UNIV. WALES, D.LITT. CAPE TOWN,
PH.D. FREIBURG IM BREISGAU FELLOW OP THE BRITISH ACADEMY ; HONORARY F.R.S. EDINB. ; FOREIGN
MEMBER OF AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY, CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF
IMPERIAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES^ VIENNA, OF THE ROYAL
FLEMISH ACADEMY, BELGIUM, ETC.
WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF MANY SCHOLARS AND MEN OF SCIENCE.
VOLUME VIII. Q TO SH.
PART I. Q AND R.
BY W. A. CRAIGIE,
M.A. OXON. J M.A., LL.D. ST. ANDREWS.
OXFORD:
AT THE CLARENDON PRESS.
1910.
[All rights reserved.]
OXFORD
PRINTED AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
BY. HORACE HART, M.A.
PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY
PREFACE TO THE LETTERS Q AND R.
THIS half-volume contains the words which begin with Q and R, the former being few in number in
comparison with the latter. When reckoned up according to the system adopted for previous letters, Q is
found to include 1633 Main words, 265 Combinations explained under these, and 433 Subordinate entries
of obsolete or variant forms ; in all 2321. The obvious Combinations, recorded and illustrated by
quotations, butnot requiring to be explained, number 408 more. Of the Main words, 389 are marked f as
obsolete, and 56 are marked || as alien or not fully naturalized.
On the other hand, R includes 10,434 Main words, 1273 special Combinations, 3579 Subordinate
entries, or in all 15,286; there are further 2546 obvious Combinations, making a total of 17,832. Of
the Main words 2475 are marked as obsolete, and 258 as alien.*
The words beginning with Q (which in ordinary use is always followed by u] may as a whole be
divided into three main classes, the native English, the Romanic (chiefly Latin and French), and those
adopted from more remote (especially African, Asiatic, and American) languages. Of these classes the
second is by far the greatest, and covers rather more than 50 pages out of the total of 80 required by
this letter, which from the dictionaiy point of view is one of the smallest in the alphabet. A considerable
number of words have been taken over from Latin without any change of form, as qiixre, quantum, quarto,
quondam, quorum, etc., while many more have been assimilated to the usual English types. Some of these
had their immediate source in Old French, which has also contributed very largely, e. g. quaint, quarrel,
quarry, qtiarter (with a remarkable development of special senses, combinations, etc., extending to 19
columns), quest, quit, quite. Under the influence of the French and Latin spelling, qtt- was substituted for
the Old English cw-, and this accounts for the appearance here of a certain number of native words, covering,
however, no more than 16 pages. The most important of these are quake, quean, queen, quell, quench,
quick (which with its derivatives and combinations takes up 18 columns), and quoth. There are also
some later words not demonstrably of foreign origin, a number of which appear to be imitative and intended
to express the idea of shaking or trembling, as quab, quag, quap, quave, quaver, quiver, quop. The more alien
words are of slight importance in comparison with the rest, but include quagga, quassia, and quina (whence
quinine, etc.).
The sources of R are more varied than those of Q, the letter being a common initial in many languages,
but by far the greater number of the words beginning with it are naturally either Teutonic or Romanic.
Greek, however, is the main source of the combination RH-, which extends over 15 pages. Apart from
this small portion, the letter falls into two clearly marked divisions. The first of these includes RA- and from
Rl- to the end, and is marked by a fairly even balance of the Teutonic and Romanic elements, each of which
contributes a large number of the commonest and most essential words in the language. As usual, the
native English words form the largest body within the Teutonic group, next come the Scandinavian, and
last of all the Dutch, Flemish, and Low or High German. The second division is that of words beginning
with RE-, which occupy no less than 436 pages, or more than half of the entire letter. By far the greater part
of these are formed by means of the Latin prefix RE-, the remarkable development of which in English is
traced in the special article on pp. 186-7. The vast stretch of such forms, however, is broken here and there
by important Romanic words of different formation, as real, realm, reason, regal, regular, etc., and by native
or Scandinavian words, as read, ready, reap, reck, reckon, reed, reef, etc.
Some other features of R may be briefly noted. It includes a remarkable number of groups of mono-
syllabic words, written and (usually) pronounced alike, but of widely divergent origin and meaning. Ex-
amples of these are race, rack, rag, rail, rake, rap, rape, rash, rat, rate, rave, ray, and in the later portion,
* For these letters the comparative scale of this work and some other Dictionaries is shown by the following figures :—
Johnson. -En^ctoj^dic'. 'Century'. Funk's ' Standard '. Here.
Q. Words recorded 345 874 ^58 971 2729
Words illustrated by quotations 182 349 461 108 2253
Number of quotations 611 561 1316 156 9480
R. Words recorded 1881 8400 9486 8480 17832
Words illustrated by quotations 1549 3370 3755 977 !77'3
Number of quotations 5002 5451 11670 I3IQ 110269
In the corresponding portion of Richardson the quotations number 531 for Q and 5765 for R.
vi PREFACE TO THE LETTERS Q AND R.
roi/t, rove, row, ruck, ruff. Very long articles are not numerous, but the verb RUN covers 37 columns,
and the words derived from it occupy a good many more. The groups RIGHT and ROUND are also
extensive, and the adjective RED has developed a surprising number of special collocations. Many
words in R have considerable historical interest, such as ragman *, railroad and railway, reader, receiver,
recorder, rector, reformation, register, regrater, reredos, etc., and the treatment of these has frequently required
special investigation and outside advice.
The material originally collected for Q was subedited for the Philological Society by Mr. H. Hucks
Gibbs, afterwards Lord Aldenham, whose work on it was of important service, although much new material
had accumulated before the final editing began. Part of the original material for R (down to Reb-) was
very carefully subedited about the same time by the Rev. Prof. Skeat, while at a later date (1885-6) Rec-
to Rig- was done by Mr. P. W. Jacob, and from 1893 to 1895 the remaining portion was worked over by
Mr. J. Bartlett. Further work on the earlier part of the letter (down to Rashness) was also done from 1894
to 1897 by the Rev. G. B. R. Bousfield. Here also much additional material had been collected during the
intervening years.
The whole of the proofs of Q and R were read by Mr. A. Caland of Wageningen, whose death on
Feb. 18 of this year has deprived the Dictionary of one of its most devoted and helpful voluntary workers.
For the earlier sections they were also read by the late Lord Aldenham (as far as Reserve) and the Rev.
J. A. Milne (latterly of Cramond, Midlothian). Mr. H. Chichester Hart read those of R down to the time
of his death in 1908, and the Rev. Canon Fowler of Durham has helped with the later sections of the letter.
In the etymologies of all words adopted from languages not generally studied constant help was received
from the late Mr. James Platt, Jun., who had made this branch of study particularly his own, and continually
anticipated the needs of the Dictionary in respect of such words. For help readily given on other points
acknowledgements are due to many persons, of whom the following require to be specially mentioned :
Dr. Bywater, Prof. Cook Wilson, the Provost of Oriel, Mr. H. T. Gerrans, the Controller of the University
Press, and the Librarian of the Indian Institute ; the Rev. Prof. Skeat, Dr. Furnivall, Prof. Toller, the
Rev. Prof. Hogg, Manchester, and Prof. Latta, Glasgow ; the former and the present Keeper of the Advocates
Library, Edinburgh, the late Dr. T. G. Law of the Signet Library, Dr. D. Hay Fleming, and Mr. Maitland
Anderson of the University Library, St. Andrews. Dr. A. M°Kenzie of the Birkbeck Institute has assisted
with chemical terms, and Mr. C. Davies Sherborne supplied a number of references for words belonging to
the physical sciences. The numerous contributions of Mr. R. J. Whitwell have, as always, been of the
greatest service for the treatment of legal and historical terms. In addition to these, many persons, in some
cases on behalf of business firms, have readily given useful information relating to the origin, history, or some
particular application of a single word.
The important work of verification at the British Museum Library, without which many matters would
remain doubtful, was voluntarily performed by Mr. E. L. Brandreth until his death in Dec. 1907, and since
then has been generously undertaken by Mr. W. W. Jenkinson.
The assistants who have taken a leading share in the preparation of Q and R, either during the whole
or a considerable part of the time, have been Messrs. E. J. Thomas, J. M. Ramsay, L. F. Powell, F. R. Ray,
R. Girvan, J. H. Smithwhite, G. Watson, H. E. G. Rope, and Mrs. L. F. Powell. The words beginning with
RH- were separately prepared by Mr. C. T. Onions.
W. A. CRAIGIE.
OXFORD, March, 1910.
KEY TO THE PRONUNCIATION.
I. CONSONANTS.
b, d, f, k, 1, m, n, p, t, v, z have their usual values.
g as in ^D (go").
h ... ho \ (ho-n).
r ... run (run), terrier (te'riaj).
i ... her (baa), farther (faMSa.i).
s ... Jee (s£), cess (ses).
w ... a/en (wen).
hw . . . when (hwen).
y ... .yes (yes).
)> as in thin (J>in), taJh (baj>).
y ... Men (Sen), baMe (be'S).
J ... *4op (J>p), diM (dij).
tj ... <r^op (tjop), di/<r/4 (ditj).
3 ... virzon (vi-jan), de/euner (depone).
d.? ... 'ua£e (daodj).
n ... si«£-i».f (si-rjirj), thi»k (|)irjk).
ng ... fm^isr (firjgai).
(FOREIGN.)
n as in French nasal, e«viro« (anviron).
ly ... It. sera,f/K> (sera'l'o).
nf ... It. sigaore (s«n"<fre).
X ... Ger. zch (ax), Sc. \oc/i (lox, 1°XW)
Xy ... Ger. \ch (ixy), Sc. nicAt (nex't).
y ... Ger. sa,jEn (za-yen).
7' ... Ger. le^ien, re^nen
ORDINARY.
a as in Fr. a la mode (a la mod').
ai ... a.ye=yes (ai), Isaz'ah (aizara).
sc ... man (msen).
a ... pass (pas), chant (tjant).
au ... load (laud), now (nan).
v ... cut (kr>t), son (son).
e ... yet (yet), ten (ten).
« ... survey sl>. (souve), Fr. attach^ (ata{«).
Hg ... Fr. ch«f(Jjf).
a ... ev«r (evsj), nat 1011 (n^''Jan).
si ... I, eye, (ai), bind (baind).
H i ... Fr. eau d« vie (« d? vP).
i ... sz't (sit), nystz'c (mistik).
* ... Psyche (sai-ki), react (r/,se'kt).
0 ... achor (fi'koj), morality (morae'liti).
01 ... oil (oil), boy (boi).
o ... hero (hi»Ttf), zoology (zoiolodji).
g ... what (hwgt), watch (wgtj).
?,?*•• g«t (gpt), soft (s^ft).
116 ... Ger. Koln (koln).
II o ... Fi.peu(po).
u ... f»<ll (ful), book (buk).
iu ... duration (diur^'Jan).
« ... unto (fnt«), fr«gality (fr»-).
i« ... Matthew (mse'))i«), virtue (\yit\u).
II ii ... Ger. Mailer (mii-ler).
II « ... Fr. d«ne (dwn).
• (see I», eX 6».
i, o")
,, , T
see Vo1' T' P- *xlv> nolc 3-
' as in able 0?'b'l), eaten (it'n) = voice-glide.
II. VOWELS.
LONG.
a as in alms amz), bar (bli).
» ... c«rl (kpjl), f«r (fw).
e (e»)... th«re (8e»j), p«or, pare (pe«).
i(e[)... rein, rain (r/'n), they ($&).
( ... Fr. fajre (fjr7).
3 ... fz'r (faj), fern (faan), «arth
I (i»)... bzir (bl«j), cluar (kli»j).
i ... thief ()>:T), s«^ (s«).
5(6»)... boar, bore (bo»j), glory (gl6*'ri).
0(0*)... so, sow (so"), so«l (so»l).
§ ... wa/k (wgk), wart (w§Jt).
p ... short (JpJt), thorn ())pan).
Ho ... Fr. coeur (kor).
||o ... Ger. Gothe (gote), Fr. jednc (son).
u (u«) .. poor (pu«j), moorish (mu»'rij).
iu, 'u... p»<re (piu»j), l«re (l'u«).
« ... two moons (t» m«nz).
iu, '«... few (nu), l«te (l'«t).
|| M ... Ger. gr«'n (gr»n), Fr. j«s (j«).
OBSCURE,
a as in amoeba (amf-ba).
se ... accept (sekse'pt), maniac (mif'-niaek).
B ... datum (d
e ... monvnt (mo»-ment), several (se'veral).
e ... separate (aay.) (se'par/t).
e ... added (arded), estate (estei-t).
i ... vanzty (vae'niti).
t ... remain (riW'n), believe (bi'b'v).
6 ... theory (Jjf-ori).
H ... violet (vai'olet), parody (pae'rocli).
9 ... «/(thority (9))0'riti).
f ... connect (k^ne'kt), amazon (x'maz
ifi, 'ii verdwre (vaudiiu), measwre (me'5'ua).
11 ... altogether (glt»(ge'Saj).
iit ... circalar
l> the o in soft, of medial or doubtful length.
I Only in foreign (or earlier English) words.
In the ETYMOLOGY,
OE. e, o, representing au earlier a, are distinguished as {, o (having the phonetic value of g and o, or 9, above) ; as in pide from andi ^OHG. antt,
Goth, antlei-s), mottn from maun, pit from an.
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS, SIGNS, &c.
a. [in Etymol.]
a (as a 1300) ...
a., adj., adj
absol., absol. ...
abst.
ace
ad. [in Etymol.].
adv., adv
advb
AF., AFr
Anat
Antiq
aphet
app
Arab
Arch
arch
Archsol. . . .
assoc
Astr.
Astral.
attrib
bef.
Biol.
Boh
Bot.
Build.
c (as c 1300) .
c. (as I3th c.).
Cat
catachr. ,
Cf., cf.
Chem ,
cl. L
cogn. w
collect
colloq
comb ,
Comb ,
Comm
comp
compl
Conch. . . .
toner
conj.
cons
Const., Const.
Cry st. .
(DO
Da
dat
def.
deriv
dial., dial.
Diet
dim
Du
Eccl.
tllipt
e. midl. ...
Eng
Ent
erron
«/., esp....
etym
cuphem. ...
exc. ...
f. [in Etymol.] ...
£ (in subordinate
entries) .........
em. (rarely f.) ...
freq.
Fris.
G., Ger
Gael. ..
• adoption of, adopted from.
= ante, before.
= adjective.
• absolutely.
• abstract.
= accusative.
• adaptation of.
= adverb.
» adverbial, -ly.
• Anglo-French,
= in Anatomy.
= in Antiquities.
= aphetic, aphetized.
= apparently.
= Arabic.
• in Architecture.
= archaic.
= in Archaeology.
= association,
i in Astronomy.
< in Astrology.
• attributive, -ly.
•• before.
• in Biology.
• Bohemian.
•• in Botany.
; in Building,
i circa, about.
• century.
: Catalan,
catachrestically.
confer, compare.
in Chemistry,
classical Latin,
cognate with,
collective, -ly.
• colloquially,
combined, -ing.
Combinations.
in commercial usage.
•• compound, composition.
complement.
in Conchology.
concretely.
i conjunction.
consonant.
Construction, construed
with.
in Crystallography.
• in Davies (Snpp. Eng.
Glossary).
Danish,
dative,
definite.
derivative, -ation.
dialect, -al.
Dictionary,
diminutive.
Dutch.
in ecclesiastical usage,
elliptical, -ly.
east midland (dialect).
English,
in Entomology,
erroneous, -ly.
especially,
etymology.
: euphemistically,
except,
formed on.
form of.
feminine.
• figurative, -ly.
: French.
frequently.
Frisian.
German.
Gaelic.
gen
gen. sign.
Geol .....
Geom .....
Goth .....
Gr ........
Gram .....
Heb .....
Her. ....
Herb ......
Hart .....
imp .....
impers. .
impf. ....
ind. .......
indef. ....
mfl
int.
intr. .
It. .
J-, (J-)
(Jam.)
™
(L.) (in quotations)
lang
LGT
lit. ..
Lith
LXX. ...
Mai
masc. (rarefy m.)
Math
ME
Med.
med.L
Mech
Metaph
MHG
midl
Mil.
Min
mod
Mus
(N.)
n. of action
n. of agent
Nat. Hist.
Naut
nent. (rarely n.)
NF., NFr.
N. O
nom
north
N. T
Numism
obj
Obs., 061., obs. ...
occas
OE.
OF., OFr.
OFris
OHG
Olr.
ON
ONF
Oft.
Ornitli
OS
OS1
O. T
OTeut
orig.
Paliumt.
pa. pple.
pass
- genitive.
= general, -ly.
= general signification.
•= in Geology.
= in Geometry.
= Gothic (= Mcesc-Gothic).
~ Greek.
= in Grammar.
= Hebrew.
»• in Heraldry.
= with herbalists.
= in Horticulture.
= Imperative.
= impersonal.
= imperfect.
= Indicative.
— indefinite.
= Infinitive.
= influenced.
- interjection.
— intransitive.
= Italian.
— Johnson (quotation from).
= in Jamieson, Scottish Diet.
= Jodrell (quoted from).
= Latin.
- Latham's edn. of Todd's
= language. [Johnson.
= Low German.
= literal, -ly.
= Lithuanian.
= Septuagint.
= Malay.
— masculine.
= in Mathematics.
- Middle English.
= in Medicine.
= mediaeval Latin.
= in Mechanics.
— in Metaphysics.
= Middle High German.
= midland (dialect).
— in military usage.
= in Mineralogy.
= modern.
= in Music.
= Nares (quoted from).
= noun of action.
•= noun of agent.
= in Natural History.
= in nautical language.
" neuter.
— Northern French.
- Natural Order.
— nominative.
= northern (dialect).
= New Testament.
= in Numismatics.
— object
= obsolete.
= occasional, -ly.
= Old English ( «= Anglo-
Saxon).
= Old French.
= Old Frisian.
— Old High German.
- Old Irish.
- Old Norse (Old Icelandic).
= Old Northern French.
= in Optics.
= in Ornithology.
=- Old Saxon.
= Old Slavonic.
= Old Testament.
= Original Teutonic.
= original, -ly.
= in Palaeontology.
= passive or past participle.
= passive, -ly.
pa. t
Path
perh
Pers
pers
Philol. ..........
phonet ...........
phr. ................
Phren ...........
Phys. ..
pi-,//. ..........
pott. ................
pop ..............
ppl. a., ppl-adj..
ile. .
IP
prec.
pres
Prim. sign.
priv
prob
pron
1 >n 11 an ic
prop. ........
Pros
pr. pple
Psych
(R.)
R.C. Ch.
refash
re/I., refl.
repr.
Rhet
Rom
sb., sb
Sc. ..
sing.
Skr.
Slav
Sp
»P
spec
subj
subord. cl.
subseq. . . .
subst
suff.
superl.
Surf.
Sw. ...
s.w
T. (T.)
techn
Theol.
tr.
trans
trans/.
Trig.
Typog.
ult
unkn
U.S
v.t vb
v. sir., or w.
vbl.sb
var.
wd
WGer.
w.midl
WS
(Y.)
Zool.
. = past tense.
. = in Pathology.
. = perhaps.
. = Persian.
. = person, -al.
. = perfect.
. = Portuguese.
, = in Philology.
. = phonetic, -ally.
. = phrase.
, = in Phrenology.
, = in Physiology.
. = plural.
. = poetic.
. = popular, -ly.
. = participial adjective.
. = participle.
. = Provencal.
. = preceding (word or article).
. = prefix.
= preposition.
= present.
— Primary signification.
= privative.
= probably.
••= pronoun.
= pronunciation.
=• properly.
= in Prosody.
= present participle.
— in Psychology.
= quod vide, which see.
= in Richardson's Diet.
= Roman Catholic Church.
>= refashioned, -ing.
= reflexive.
= regular.
= representative, representing.
= in Rhetoric.
= Romanic, Romance.
— substantive.
= Scotch.
= scilicet, understand or supply.
= singular.
-— Sanskrit.
= Slavonic.
= Spanish.
— spelling.
= specifically.
= subject, subjunctive.
- subordinate clause.
= subsequently.
= substantively.
= suffix.
= superlative.
= in Surgery.
= Swedish.
= south western (dialect).
= in Todd's Johnson.
= technical, -ly.
= in Theology.
-= translation of.
= transitive.
= transferred sense.
= in Trigonometry.
= in Typography.
= ultimate, -ly.
= unknown.
= United States.
= verb.
= verb strong, or weak.
= verbal substantive.
= variant of.
= word.
= West Germanic.
= west midland (dialect).
= West Saxon.
— in Col. Yule's Glossary.
= in Zoology.
Before a word or sense.
t = obsolete.
H = not naturalized.
In the quotations.
* sometimes points out the word illustrated.
In the list of Forms.
1 = before noo.
2 " 1 2th C. (lIOO tO I2OO).
3 = I3th c. (1200 to 1300).
5-7 = 1 5th to i;th century. (See General Explan-
ations, Vol. I, p. xx.)
In the Etymol.
* indicates a word or form not actually found, but
of which the existence is inferred.
:— = extant representative, or regular phonetic
descendant of.
The printing of a word in SMALL CAPITALS indicates that further information will be found under the word so referred to.
A NEW
ENGLISH DICTIONARY
ON HISTORICAL PRINCIPLES.
(VOLUME VIII.)
Q - EEE.
BY
W. A. CRAIG IE, M.A.
PREFATORY NOTES.
Q. THIS section contains 1407 Main words, 265 Combinations explained under these, and 649 Subordinate entries ;
in all 2321. The obvious combinations, recorded and illustrated by quotations, but not requiring individual explanation,
number 408 more. Of the 1407 Main words, 962 are current and fully 'English,' 389 are marked t as obsolete, and 56
are marked II as alien or not fully naturalized.
Comparison with Dr. Johnson's and some more recent Dictionaries gives the following figures : —
Johnson. • Enc^Sopsedic ' ' Century ' Diet. Funk's ' Standard '. Here.
Words recorded 245 874 1058 971 2729
Words illustrated by quotations 182 349 461 108 2253
Number of illustrative quotations 611 561 1316 156 9480
The number of quotations in the corresponding portion of Richardson is 660.
Comparatively few of the words beginning with Q in English are of native origin. Out of the 80 pages of which
this section consists, not more than 16 are occupied with the treatment of native words (even including several of doubtful
etymology which appear in early Middle English). On the other hand the Latin element (adopted directly or through
French) covers rather more than 50 pages. Of those words which have come down from OE. and are still in current use,
the most important are quake, quean, queen, quell, quench, quern, quick (which with its derivatives and combinations occupies
1 8 columns), and quoth (a relic of the obs. vb. quethe). The other Teutonic tongues have contributed very little; t quart
(a. and sb.1) and qtiey are from ON., quacksalver (abbrev. quacK) from Du., and quartz from German. Here may also be
mentioned an interesting group of onomatopoeic words which express the idea of shaking or trembling, as quab, quag
(see also quagmire), quap, quave, quaver, quiver, quop.
A notable feature of the Latin element in Q is the number of words adopted without change of form, as qucere,
quantum, quarto, quondam, quorum, etc. Those modified in accordance with English usage are also very numerous and
important. Some of these were no doubt originally adopted through OFr., which has otherwise contributed largely,
e. g. quaint, quarrel, quarry, quarter (with a remarkable development of special senses, combinations, etc., extending to
19 columns), quest, quit, quite, etc. From mod.Fr. come quadrille, quarle, quartct(le, quinte and qui vive (erroneously
explained in most English diets.). The other Romanic tongues are very slightly represented.
More remote languages (American, African, etc.) have given such words as quagga, quahaug, quamash, qtiandong,
quassia, quetzal, quina (with numerous derivatives) and quinoa : in the etymologies of these some advances have been
made on previous dictionaries.
More or less obscurity still attaches to the etymology of a considerable number of words in this section, some of
which have been the subject of much discussion. Such are quaff, quail vb., qualm sb.3, quandary, queasy, queer, quibble,
quill, quip, quirk, quiver vb., quiz and quoit. In these cases the historical evidence collected here may assist in leading to
more definite results than have yet been attained.
if PREFATORY NOTES.
R— Reactive. This section contains 1434 Main words, 294 Combinations explained under these, and 1237
Subordinate entries, or 2965 in all. The obvious combinations recorded and illustrated number 738, making a total of
3703. Of the Main words 388 are marked t as obsolete, and 66 are marked || as alien or not fully naturalized.
Comparison with Dr. Johnson's and some more recent Dictionaries gives the following figures : —
Johnson. , Encyclopaedic '.* ' Century ' Diet. Funk's ' Standard '. Here. ;
Words recorded, A' to Xeactive 257 1189 1440 1381 3703
Words illustrated by quotations 204 427 492 116 2965
Number of illustrative quotations 809 769 1731 181 14182
* Including the Supplement of 1902.
The number of quotations in the corresponding portion of Richardson is 760.
As few of the words dealt with in this section have required extensive treatment, the number it contains is
comparatively large. A notable feature is the prevalence of groups of monosyllabic words having the same form, but of
different origin and meaning; the most striking examples of this are race, rack, rag, rail, rake, rap, rape, rash, rat, rate,
rave and ray. In the section as a whole, both the Teutonic and Latin elements of the language are well represented.
Among the more important words of English origin are rafter, raid (an old Sc. form, revived and popularized by
Scott), rain, rainbow, rake sb.1, ram, rank adj., rather, raven, raw, and reacii. The adoptions from Scandinavian are
numerous, and include race sb.1, raik, rake v.1, ransack (probably also rack sb.1, raft and rag), together with the verb raise,
which has flourished at the expense of the native rear and forms the longest article in the section. A Du. or LG. origin
seems probable in a few cases, as rack sb.1 and sb.*, rant, and ravel. The French element is very large, and includes
many of the commonest words, as race sb.2, rage, rail sb.2 (whence the Eng. combs, railroad and railway), raisin,
rampant, rampart, random, range, ransom, rascal, ravage, ravish, ray. The Fr. raser to shave, etc., appears in the three
forms race, rase, and raze, each of which has now a specific sense. Among the Latin words which have been adopted
(directly or through Fr.) with only a slight change of form are rabid, radial, radical, ramify, rancour, rapid, rapt, rapture,
rare, rate, ratify, rational; of purely Latin form are rabies, radius, radix, ratio. The article on the prefix RE- introduces
a class of Latin words and types which will bulk very largely in the sections immediately following on the present. The
Gaelic contribution is as usual very small, being limited to raith, rann, rapparee, and rath. Adoptions from the more
remote languages are also somewhat limited, the most prominent being rabbi(n), racoon, rajah, rajput, raki, ramadan,
and rattan.
The ultimate origin and precise history of a certain number of words still remains more or less obscure ; of these
perhaps the most interesting and perplexing is RAGMAN 2.
Reactively — Bee. This section contains 1390 Main words, 412 Combinations explained under these, and 843
Subordinate entries, making 2645 in all. The obvious combinations, recorded and illustrated by quotations, number 395,
giving a total of 3040. Of the Main words, 377 are marked t as obsolete, and 22 are .marked || as alien or not fully
naturalized.
Comparison with Dr. Johnson's and some more recent Dictionaries gives the following figures : —
Johnson. 'Encydopwdic'. 'Century' Diet. Funk's 'Standard'. Here.
Words recorded, Reactivity to Ree 291 H95 '432 IO92 3040
Words illustrated by quotations 255 515 529 123 2677
Number of illustrative quotations 872 778 1605 174 16156
The number of quotations in the corresponding portion of Richardson is 945.
Although this section contains comparatively few words of native origin, some of these are of considerable importance
and interest, as the vb. read and its doublet rede, ready, reap (with a puzzling variety of early forms), rear (the native verb
corresponding to the Scand. raise}, reck and reckless (with their obs. variants retch and reichless), reckon, and finally the adj.
RED, the specific applications of which have involved much research and occupy a considerable amount of space. Of less
prominent words, mention may be made of read sb.1, ream sb.2, rear adj.2, rearmouse, and rede sb.1
Apart from these, the important words in the section are of Latin or French origin, and many of these hold a very
prominent place in the language. With a few exceptions, such as real, realm and reason, these words are formed with the
prefix re-, although the original force of this is in many cases no longer felt. Among those which have most closely
retained the Latin form are rebel, rebellion, recant, recede, recent, reception, recess, etc., while French influence is prominent
in rebate, rebound, rebuke, rebut, receive, recover, redress, etc. The very abstract sense of some of these words (as receive,
recover) causes considerable difficulty of arrangement, which is sometimes increased by the large number of obsolete uses
which have to be recorded, as in the case of redound, redress, reduce. Formations of the type readapt, readdress,
readhere, etc., are numerous, but seldom of special interest. In some cases the main element in such words is of English
origin, as rebellow, recall, recast, recut.
The only notable words which have a more remote origin than the above are realgar, ream (of paper), and rebeck.
Etymological difficulties are comparatively few, and of minor importance.
Of words having a historical interest those which chiefly deserve mention are rebalo, recheal, recognition, recognizance,
recovery, and the agent-nouns reader, receiver, recorder, rector.
Q.
0(ki«), the seventeenth letter of the modern and
the sixteenth of the ancient Roman alphabet,
was in the latter an adoption of the O (xoirva,
koppa) of some of the early Greek alphabets. The
Phoenician letter from which this was derived had
the forms <p, tp,^>, and was used as the sign for
the deeper or more guttural of the two /^-sounds
which exist in the Semitic tongues (Hebrew p,
Arabic Ji). Though this sound had no real equi-
valent in Greek, O is found in early inscriptions,
e. g. as the initial of Kuptvffos Corinth, but was not
accepted as a letter of the Athenian alphabet, being
retained only as a numerical symbol = 90. In Latin,
however, Q was regularly employed, in combina-
tion with V, in representing the double sound (kw)
which arose partly from the labialized velar guttural,
as in quis, quattuor, and partly from a palatal k
followed by the labial semi-vowel, as in equus. In
the Romanic tongues this Latin combination was
either retained with its original value, or in certain
cases (esp. in Fr.) was modified to a simple £-sound.
In the former case the spelling with qu- has com-
monly been retained, even where the sound has at
a later period been reduced to (k).
The Latin qu- might naturally have been adopted
in OE. orthography to represent the Common Teu-
tonic initial combination kw- (for which Wulfila
employed the special sign U) ; but though qu- is
found in the earliest glosses and occas. in the Rush-
worth gospels, the ordinary OE. symbol for the
sound was cui- (in early use also «<-). After the
Conquest qu- was again introduced, though at first
sparingly employed ; quarterns appears in the Laud
MS. of the OE. Chron., an. 1 1 37, the Lambeth Horn.
have quic, quiken (but civeS, civife), and Ortnin has
quarrterme once, though regularly using civ- except
in quaff rigan. In the 1 3th c. the usage varies in
different MSS., and sometimes even in the same
text. The earlier version of Layamon has regularly
qu-, the later cm- ; the Leg. St. Kalh. and_/»/. have
cw -, but qu- in quoS ; and the Anc re n Riivle usually
cw-, even in French words, but also qu-, esp. in
French words. In Gen. & Exod. there is no cw-,
only qu- or quu- being used. By the end of the
1 3th c. cw- was entirely discontinued, and qu- (or
its variants qv-, qw-) was the established spelling
for all cases of the sound (kw), whether of English,
French, or Latin origin. The author of the Ayen-
bite, however, also writes ku-, and this, as well as
kw-, is occas. found in other MSS. of the 14-151!! c.
In certain dialects of ME., however, the combina-
tion^- (quu-,qv-,qw-*) wasnot confined towordsin
which it represented OE. cw- or Romanic qu-, but
also took the place of ordinary ME. wh- (OE. hw-~),
as in quan, quat, qve/e, qwe/fe = when, what, wheel,
whelp. The earliest occurrence of these spellings
is in Gen. & Exod., where they are exclusively
employed ; in later use they are characteristically
northern, and are found as late as 1570, Levins
having quilome, quip — whilome, whip. In the
14-1 5th c. the combinations qh- and qhw- are simi-
larly employed in MSS. written in the NE. mid-
lands. Scottish scribes preferred quh- (qvh-, ywh-),
which is also, though more rarely, used in northern
English MSS. ; this orthography survived till the
i/th c., and is defended by A. Hume (Orthogr.
Brit. Tongue 18) as a more correct method of
VOL. VIII.
representing the sound than wh-. On the other
hand wh- was freq. written by northern scribes
in the 14-15111 c. in place of qu-, as whik, wheme,
white = quick, queme, quite ; and alliteration of
original qu- with wh- is not infrequent in some
poems, as the Wars of Alexander, Destr. Troy,
and Morte Arthure. The pron. implied by this is
still current in the northern and north-midland
counties (not in Scotland) : see esp. the words
QUAINT, QUEUE, QUEY, QUICK.
In certain words of French origin, qu- varies
with c- in ME. and early mod.E. As in OF., this
is most common when n or ui follows : see the
forms given under coif, coil, coin (quoin), coyn,
quoit, cuirass, cuir-bouilli, cuisse, cushion, custron,
and quaint. More rarely que- replaces original co-
ot cu-, as in quengeoun congeoun, quenger conjure,
quenquest conquest, queral coral, querch curch,
quesing cousin, qnesirel cnstrel ; with these cf. the
Norman quemander, quemencher, quemoditi, que-
mun, etc. (Godef. and Moisy). In a few cases the
qu- forms survive in western dial., as querd cord,
guile coil, quint coin, quirt court. A similar varia-
tion of c and q in native words is rare, but quo- is
sometimes found for co-, as in quod cod, quodgel
cudgel, quart core, quorn corn : see also QUEEST,
QUITCH so.1 and COUCH s6.'2, QUID si.S
In ordinary mod.Engl. words Q is employed only
in the combination qu, whether this is initial as
in quake, quality, medial as in equal, sequence,
or forming a final consonant (k) as in cheque, pique,
grotesque. There is, however, a growing tendency
among scholars to use Q by itself to transliterate
the Semitic koph, writing, e.g., Qabbala, Qaraite,
Qurdn for Cabbala, Karaite, Koran.
I. 1. Illustrations of the use of the letter.
CIOOO_>ELFRIC Gram. iii. (Z.) 6, k and k geendia5 on a
aefter rihte. q geendaS on «. 1530 PALSGR. 9 Whan v
followeth q in a frenche worde..than shall » be left un-
sounded. 01637 B.^JoNSON Eng. Gram, iv, The English
Saxons knew not this halting Q, with her waiting-woman
« after her. 1727-41 CHAMBERS Cycl. s. v., Many gram-
marians, in imitation of the Greeks, banish the Q, as a
superfluous letter. 1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) 724/2 The q is
never sounded alone, but in conjunction with u. .and never
ends any English word. 1872 MORRIS Eng. Accid. 61
From this table of consonants we have omitted..^, because
this is equivalent to kw.
2. Used to denote serial order, as ' Q Battery ',
' Section Q", etc., or as a symbol of some thing or
person, a point in a diagram, etc.
t 3. Q in the corner, 1 — puss in the corner. Obs.
1782 Miss BURNEY Cecilia I. 41, I will either hide or seek
with any boy in the parish ; and for a Q in the corner,
there is none more celebrated.
II. Abbreviations.
1. Of Latin words or phrases, f a. Q (in
mediaeval notation) = 500 ; q., qu. = QUASI, as
if ; q. = quatirans farthing. Obs. b. f q. d. =
quasi dictum ' as if said ', quasi dicat ' as if one
should say", etc. ; fq. e. = quod est 'which is';
q. v. = quod vide ' which see '. •)• C. From the
language of medical prescriptions : q. 1. = quantum
libet, q. pi. = quantum placet ' as much as one
pleases ' ; q. s. = QUANTUM SUFFICIT ; q. v. = quan-
tum vis ' as much as you wish '. a. Formulae
placed at the end of mathematical problems, etc. :
Q.E.D., Q.E.F., Q.E.I., = quod erat demonstran-
dum, faciendum, inveniendum, ' which was to be
demonstrated, done, found '.
1543 RECORDE Gr. Aries (1575) 29, q a farthing the iiij part
of a penny. 1631 WEEVER Anc. Fun. Man. 240 Worth 1412 A
45. -jd. ob. q. 1658 PHILLIPS, Alfreton q. Alfred's Town.
1678 Ibid. (ed. 4), Bangle-eared (qu. Bendle-eared). 1710
Land. Gaz. No. 4706/2 The Ballance .. amounting to
TToig/. u. s</. zq. has been.. credited to the Publick. 1721
BAILEY, Gossip, of GW,and Sybt. .a Kinsman, f. d. Kindred
in God. 1722 QUINCY Phyt. Diet. 69/2, q. s. A sufficient
Quantity. 1818 MOORE Fudge Fam. Paris ii. 127 The
argument's quite new, you see, And proves exactly Q. E. D.
1848 MRS. GASKELL M. Barton (1882) 86/2 [My thoughts]
don't follow each other like the Q. E. D. of a Proposition.
2. Of English words or phrases, a. Q. = Queen ;
Q., q. = query, question ; q. (in a ship's log) =
squalls; tq.= quod, QUOTH. Sc. Obs. b. Q.B.=
Queen's Bench; Q.C. = Queen's Counsel (hence
Q.C.-dom) ; Q.M. = Quartermaster ; Q.M.G. =
Quartermaster-General; Q. T., q. t. = quiet, slang.
C. f qd. = quod, QUOTH. Obs. ; qr. = quarter, quire ;
qt. = quart, quantity ; qu. = query.
£1525 Douglas' JEntis (Small) IV. 231 Qd. Gawinus
Douglas. 1568 Bann. MS. in Poems A. Scott (S. T. S.) iii.
18 ffinis q. Alex'. Scott. Ibid, xviii 52, q. Scott off be Mr.
of Erskyn. 1625 BACON Ess., Prophecies (Arb.) 536 The
Q. Mother, .caused the King her Husbands Natiuitie to be
calculated. 1711 Land. Gaz. No. 4845/4, 4 Bales qt. each
3 c. of Coffee. 1734 WARD Young Math. Guide (ed. 6) 90
A Grocer bought 3 c. i qr. 14 Ib. Weight of Cloves. 1865
Cornh. Mag. Aug. 144 The hard struggle was over, the com-
parative table-land of Q. C.^dom gained. 1884 G. MOORE
Mummer1 s Wife (1887) 99 It will be possible to have one
spree on the strict q. t. 1892 MRS. CLIFFORD Aunt Anne II.
293 She is sister of an eminent Q. C.
Q, obs. form of CUE so.2 ; see also Qu.
Qhat, Qheehe, Qhom, qhwom, Qhythson-
tyd, obs. ff. WHAT, WHICH, WHOM, WHITSUNTIDE.
t Qu, Q, var. of CUE si.1, half-a-farthing. Obs.
c 1440, 1617 [see CUE]. 1594 LYLY Moth. Bomb, in Old
PL (1814) I. 264 [To Halfpenny] Rather pray there be no
fall of money for then wilt thou go for a q. 1597 \st Pt.
Returtt fr. Parnass. I. i. 434 Adew single beare and three
qus of breade. 1674 JEAKE Aritk. (1606) 77 Some, .divide
the Farthing into 2 Ques, the Q into 2 Cees.
II Qua (kw^i), adv. Also qua-, quft. [L., the
abl. sing. fern, of qui who.] In so far as ; in the
capacity of.
1647 WARD Simp. Cooler 56 Every man was as good a
man as your Selfe, qua man. 1649 Bounds Publ. Obed.
(1650) 90 The Apostle commands Wives to submit to their
Husbands, surely qua Husbands, not qua. men. 1776
Claim Roy Rada Churn 17/1 (Stanf.) A body corporate,
qua corporate, cannot make an affidavit. 1885 Manch.
Exam. 4 Apr. 4/6 Their censures are not directed against
the Church qua Church, but against the Church qua
Establishment.
t Qua, abbrev. of L. quadrans farthing ; cf.
QUADRANT sb.1 2 b. Obs.
1631 WF.EVER Anc. Fun. Mon. 766 It was valued at . . three
pounds foure shillings, pennie, halfe penny qua.
Qua, obs. northern form of WHO.
Quaa, variant of QUAW, bog. St.
Quaake, obs. var. of QUACK z>.2
tOuab, JvM Obs. rare. Also 7 quabbe, 8
quobb(e. [a. MDu. (and MLG.) quabbe (Du.
kwab, kwabbe, (L)G. quabbe, Da. kvabbe, Sw.
qvabba), burbot or eelpout, goby, .tadpole ; var. of
qitafpe, OLG. quappa\
1. a. A sea-slug (see HOLOTHUBIAN sb.). b. An
eelpout or burbot, c. (See QUABLINO.)
1617 MIKSHEU Ductor, A Quabbe, a kinde of fish.. Holo-
.huria. Ibid., A Quabbe, or Eele-powt . . Muslela fluvia-
tilis. 1748 Phil. Trans. XLV. 174 An extraordinary
Fish in that Country [Russia], called the Quab, which is
reported to be first a Tadpole, then a Frog, and at last
a Fish. 1709 W. TOOKE View Russian Emp. III. 113
Quobbs are likewise in the Irtysh in surprising numbers.
2. fig. A crude or shapeless thing.
1628 FORD Lover's Mel. m. iii, I will show your highness
1
QUAB.
A trifle of mine own brain . . a scholar's fancy, A quab ; 'tis
nothing else, a very quab.
Quab, sb? Obs. exc. dial. (quob). Also 7
quabbe. [ = Du. kwabbe a boggy place ; cf. MLG.
quabbel slime, and see QUAG.] A marshy spot,
a bog. Cf. QUABMIRE.
1617 MINSHEU Ductor, A Quabbe, or quagmire, a 1656
USSHER Ann. VI. (1638) 596 Defended by the Maeotis and
those quabs. 1847 HALUWELL, Quob, a quicksand or bog.
West. 1879 Miss JACKSON Shropsh. Word-tk., Qtiob, a
marshy spot in a field ; a quagmire.
Quab, v. Obs. exc. dial. (quob). [var. of
QUAP v. ; cf. G. quabbeln in same sense.] intr.
To beat, throb, quiver. Hence Quabbing ///. a.
1663 Flagellant, or O. Cromwell (1672) 123 A dangerous
impostume [printed -ure] of ambition, whose quabbing,
beating pains gaue them no rest. 1863 BARNES Dorset
Gloss., Quob, to quiver, like jelly. 1881 Leicester Gloss.,
Qitob, to throb.
Qna-bird (kwa-baid). U.S. Also 8 quaw-.
[f. qua, imitative of its note + Bim] The Night
Heron of North America, Nycticorax nsevius or
Gardeni.
1780-96 MORSE Amer. Geosr. I. 212 Quaw-bird or Frog
Catcher. 1835 Penny Cycl. IV. 471 The Night Heron or
§ua Bird.. is found in both the old and new world. 1890
. GOSSE Life P. H. Gosse 115 Thompson's Point, the former
residence of the night-heron or qua-bird.
t Qua'bling. 06s. rare—1, [f. QOAB sbJ- +
-LING.] A goby or gudgeon.
1617 MINSHEU Ductor, A Quabling, or little Quabbe,..
gobio.
Quabmire. Obs. exc. dial. (quob-). [f. QUAB
sb.l or »., but found earlier.], A quagmire.
1597 BROUGHTON Ep. Nobil. Eng. Wks. 570 Oversights,
which for a dry causie bring us to quabmyres. 1841 HARTS-
HORNE Salop. Aritiff. Gloss. 539 Q-uobmire, a quagmire.
Quacha, obs. form of QCAGGA.
t Qua-cham. Obs. rare—1. (?)
1515 BARCLAY Egloges iv. (1570) C. iv. b/2 We other
Shepnerdes . . Of common sortes, leane, ragged and rent,
Fed with rude frowise, with quacham, or with crudd.
Quacia, obs. form of QUASSIA.
Quack (kwsek), sbl Also 7 quaoke. [Abbrev.
OfQUACKSALVEB.]
1. An ignorant pretender to medical or surgical
skill; one who boasts to have a knowledge of
wonderful remedies ; an empiric or impostor in
medicine. = CHARLATAN 2.
1659 T. PECKE Parnassi Puerf. 145 Sir Quack his Patient
told, nothing could cure The stubborn Feaver. 1683
KENNETT tr. Erasm. on Folly 47 All these hard named
fellows cannot make So great a figure as a single Quacke.
X7» DE FOE Plague (1754) 36 Running after Quacks and
Mountebanks, .for Medicines and Remedies. 1783 CRABBE
Village I, A potent quack, long versed in human ills, Who
first insults the victim whom he kills. 1809 W. IRVING
Knickerb. (1861) 127 He who has once been under the hands
of a quack, is for ever after prone to dabble in drugs. 1880
BEALE Slight Ailm. 22 Persons would be easily influenced
by what the quack says.
2. transf. One who professes a knowledge or
skill- concerning subjects of which he is ignorant.
= CHARLATAN 3.
1638 FORD Fancies ill. i, There he sits. .The very quack
[ftft.quaik, quake] of fashions. z7ioSrEELE TatlerNo. 195
P 2 Rules for knowing the Quacks in both Professions [Law
and Physic]. 1782 COWPER Progr. Err. 474 Church quacks,
with passions under no command, Who fill the world with
doctrines contraband. 1864 BURTON Scot Abr. I. v. 249
There is scarcely an instance of a lord rector having been
a clamorous quack or a canting fanatic.
8. attrib. and Comb., as quack-advertisement, -bill,
-bookseller, -doctor, -medicine, etc.; also quack-
adoring, -ridden adjs.
1653 H. MORE Antid. Ath. m. ix. § 2 (Schol.) Principles
that no . . pert Saucy Quack-Theologist can any way ener-
vate. 1695 tr. ColbatcKs New Lt. Chirurg. Put out Title-p.,
The Base Imposture of his Quack Medicines, a. 1704 T.
BROWN Table Talk in Coll. Poems (1705) 130 A Chymist ..
and Quack-Booksellers being usually pasted together on
the same posts. 1785 Europ. Mag. VIII. 469 A dialogue
between the doctor and his clerk satirizes quack advertise-
ments. 1839 CARLYLE Chartism v. 138 Europe lay pining,. .
quack-ridden, hag-ridden. 1855 BROWNING Bp. Blougram
366 Quack-nonsense about crowns, And.. The vague idea
of setting things to rights. 1874 HELPS Soc. Press, ii. 26
A puffing, advertising, quack-adoring world.
Quack (kwsek), rf.2 [Imitative : cf. Du. kwak ,
G. quack, Sw. qvack (of ducks or frogs), Icel. kvak
twittering of birds. See also QUAKE int.'] The
harsh cry characteristic of a duck ; a sound resem-
bling, or imitating this. b. humorously. A duck.
183^ Lett. fr. Madras (1843) 29° Showing his teeth, and
uttering a loud quack ! 1869 BLACKMORE Lorna D. x, He
gave me a look from his one little eye . . and then a loud
"uack to second it. a 1897 Bird o' Freedom (Barrere &
-eland), I send her herewith a couple of quacks. 1901
A. R CONDER Seal Silence 211 The voice of the footman
rose high above the general quack of conversation.
t Quack, sb.Z Obs. rare. In 5 quakke, 6
quaoke. [Imitative : cf. QUACKLE w.1 and LG.
quakken to moan, groan.] A state of hoarseness
or croaking in the throat.
c 1386 CHAUCER Reeve's T. 232 He yexeth, and he speketh
thurgh the nose As he were on the quakke, or on the pose.
2.1
1577 HARRISON England n. xxii. (1877) i. 338 The smoke
, . was reputed a far better medicine to keepe the goodman
and his familie from the quacke or pose.
Quack (kwsek), v.i [f. QUACK
1. intr. To play the quack, a. To pretend to
have medical knowledge ; to dabble ignorantly in
medicine, b. To talk pretentiously and ignorantly,
like a quack, t Also with of.
1628 VENNER Baths of Bathe (16^0) 362 In quacking for
Patients he is so kind and free of his service. 1678 BUTLER
Hud. in. i. 330 To quack of universal cures. Ibid. 364
A Virtuoso, able To smatter, quack, and cant, and dabble.
1722 DE FoE/Vtf£i/£ (Rtldg.) 45 Ignorant Fellows; quacking
and tampering in Physick. 1756 C. LUCAS Ess. Waters I.
Pref., Enlighten then their understandings .. and who
then will venture to quack, or be quacked ? 1876 G.
MEREDITH Beauck. Career III. ii. 20, A wiseacre who went
quacking about the country, expecting to upset the order
of things.
2. trans. To advertise, puff, or palm off with
fraudulent and boastful pretensions, as a quack-
medicine or means of cure. fAlso with forth.
•f To quack titles : to invent new titles for old books
in order to make them sell.
1651 BIGGS AVro Disp. Pref. 9 To be Quacked forth in
Bartholmew-Fayr. 1651 CLEVELAND Poems 33 Could I (in
Sir Emp'ricks tone) Speak pills in phrase, and quack destruc-
tion. 1715 MRS. CENTLIVRE Gotham Elect. i,. My third
Son is a bookseller, .he has an admirable knack at quacking
Titles. 1737 BRADLEY Fam. Diet. s. v. Gill ale, A notorious
Imposition, which is quack 'd upon the World . . to be a
great Restorative and Curer of Consumptions. 1830 Ex-
aminer 610/2 The Politician must be quacked, paragraphed,
. .and coteried into notoriety.
3. To treat after the fashion of a quack ; to
administer quack medicines to ; to seek to remedy
or put right by empirical or ignorant treatment.
Also with ///.
1746 H. WALPOLE Lett, to Mann (1833) H- 124 If he has
any skill in quacking madmen, his art may perhaps be of
service now. 1757 ELIZ. GRIFFITH Lett. Henry fy Frances
(1767) I. 84, I am. .as * hoarse as bondage '. I shall there-
fore stay here to-night, and quack myself. 1778 Sketches
for Tabernacle Frames 17 For quacking Souls you cannot
be attack'd. 1810 BENTHAM racking (ifai) 144 Epitaph on
a Valetudinarian, who quacked himself to death. 1820
COL. HAWKER Diary (1893) I. 195, I tried with bricks,
baskets and everything., to quack up one of them [defective
chimneys], a 1876 HT. MARTINEAU Autobiog. (1877) I. 147
The less its condition is quacked, .the better for the mind's
health.
Hence Quacked///, a.
a 1876 HT. MARTINEAU A utobiog. (1877) II. 461 Such ex-
hortations are too low for even the . . quacked morality of
a time of theological suspense.
Quack (kwsek), z/.2 Also 8 quaake. [Imita-
tive : cf. Du, kwakken, G. quacken to croak, quack.
Older variants are QUACKLE, QUAKE, QUECK, q.v.]
1. intr. Of a duck: To utter its characteristic
note. Also with cognate obj.
1617 MINSHEU Ductor^ To Quacke as a ducke, . .coaxare.
' icks
731
jimmiig a oise, asducks do. 1755 JOHNSON, QIUU.K, . . mis
word is often written gnaake, to represent the sound better.
1815 [see QUACKING vbl. $b?\. x86a G. KEARLEY Links in
Chain ix. (1863) 322 [The duck] no sooner recognized the
aviary . . than he quacked vehemently. 1869 BLACKMORE
Lorna D. x, There were thirteen ducks .. and . . they all
quacked very movingly. 1893 EARL DUNMORE Pamirs I.
185 They [some ducks] .. quacked the quack of derision
at us.
b. Of a raven or frog: To croak, rare.
1727 BOYER Anglo-Fr. Diet., To Quack (or to croak, as
Ravens do), croasser. 1892 TENNYSON Foresters ii. ii. 97
My frog that used to quack When I vaulted on his back.
2. transf.. To make a harsh sound like the note of
a duck ; to make a noisy outcry.
a 16x4 BP. M. SMITH Serm. (1632) 136 An example to all
busie-bodyes, that will dare . . to quacke against their betters.
1894 HALL CAINE Manxman 265 He puffed till his lips
quacked, though the pipe gave out no smoke.
Quack, Quack-belly, -breech, -myre,
Quacker : see QUAKE v.lt QUAKER.
Quackery1 (kwse-kari). [f. QOACK sbl + -EBY.]
The characteristic practices or methods of a quack ;
charlatanry.
1709-11 J. SPINKE (title) Quackery Unmask'd. 1717 LADY
M. W. MONTAGU Let. to Abbe Conti i Apr., I know you
Condemn the quackery, .as much as you revere the , .truths,
in which we both agree. 1798 Trans. Soc. Arts XVI. 190
All the nostrums offered., are mere quackery. 1840 CARLYLE
Heroes (1858) 187 Quackery and dupery do abound; in
religions . . they have fearfully abounded. 1874 MAHAFFY
Soc. Life Greece ix. 273 The old quackery of charms and
incantations. 1885 Contemp. Rev. June 908 Theosophy [is]
. .one of the least interesting of spiritual quackeries.
Quackery ^(kwse'kari). nonce-wd. [f.QuACK^.2
+ -EBT.] The quacking of a number of ducks.
1828 J. WILSON in Blackw. Mag. XXIV. 293 A sort of
low, thick, gurling, . . nor unmusical quackery. 1831 Ibid.
XXX. 966 The quackery of a startled storm of wild ducks.
Quackhood (kwse-khud). [f. QUACK sbl +
-HOOD.] = QUACKERY1.
1843 CARLYLE Past <V Pr. m. xiii, To worship new and
ever-new forms of Quackhood.
Quacking (kwse-kin), vbl. sbJ- [f. QUACK v.1
+ -ING1.] The action or practice of playing the
quack ; ignorant dabbling in medicine.
165* WADSWORTH tr. Colmenero's Treat. Chocolate Introd.
QUACKSALVER.
Verses. Leave Quacking ; and Enucleate The yertues of
Chocolate. 1664 EVELYN Sylva 34 Quacking is not my
X733 CHEYNE Eng. Malady in. Introd. (1734) 265 The
Medicines I have only hinted at to prevent the Quacking
of Patients themselves. 1817 J. W. CHOKER in C. Papers
7 Aug. (1884), They found ..the patient so reduced by ..
alternate quacking and indulgence.
attrib. 1682 S. PORDAGE Medal Rev. 210 Some State-
Physicians , . on thee . . would try some quacking trick.
Quacking (kwae-kirj), vbl. sb.% [f. QUACK z>.2
+ -iNGi.] Tne uttering of the harsh sound denoted
by the vb.
1815 W. H. Inuum&rdfi/SMMMAi i The sage waddling
goose, Whose quacking you'll own is the very repeater Of
my famous Muse. 1880 MACKENZIE Dis. Throat «$• Nose I.
491 The barking of a dog or the quacking of a duck, 1892
BARING-GOULD Trag. Csesars I. 218 Being incommoded by
the quacking of frogs he ordered them to be silent.
Quacking (kwse'kirj), ///. <*.* [f. QUACK z>.i
-f-iNG^.] That acts or practises as a quack.
1628 VENNER Baths of Bathe (1650) 357 To . . reject the
counsell of any quacking Physician. 172* DE FOE Plague
(1754) 39 These quacking sort of Fellows rais'd great Gains
out of the miserable People. 1843 LE FEVRE Life Trav.
Phys. II. i. xiv. 31 A more quacking race . . does not exist,
and they are always swallowing some kind of medicine.
Quacking (kwse-kirj), ///. a.2 [f. QUACK v.2
That quacks or makes a sound as a duck.
i6ao DEKKER Villanies Disc, xvii, A Quacking cheate,
a Ducke. 1898 R. HICHENS The Londoners 82 The quacking
voice hurled out these last three words with impressive
emphasis.
Quackish. (kwse-kij) , a. [f. QUACK sbl + -ISH.]
Ot the nature of a quack or quackery.
1731 Hist. Litteraria III. 558 To complete his quackish
Farce [he] spread printed Bills all over Paris. 1790 BURKE
Fr. Rw. 198 All the arts of quackish parade. 1800 Monthly
Mag. XIII. 131 Regular, not quackish innovating prac-
titioners. 1865 Sat. Rev. Nov. 570 Another . . confounds
preaching the Gospel with a quackish interpretation of
prophecies.
Hence Qua-ckishly adv.
1816 J. GILCHRIST P kilos. Etym. 119 Do not let them
. .quackishly boast of new light and great discovery.
Quackism (kwse'kiz'm). [f. QUACK sbl + -ISM.]
Quackery, charlatanism.
1720-21 Lett. Mist's Jrnl. (1722) II. 22, 1 understand that
is exploded as Quackism by the Judicious. 1762 LLOYD
St. Jameses Mag. I. iv, Others, in the true spirit of
Quackism, circulate their intentions by handbills. 1833
CARLYLE Misc. Ess., Cagliostro (1899) 274 What unmeasured
masses of Quackism were set fire to.
Quackle (kwse-k'l), vl Obs. exc. dial. [Imita-
tive : cf. QUACK sb.S] trans, and intr. To choke.
1622 S. WARD Woe to Drunkards (1627) 22 The drinke or
something in the cup quackled him, stucke so in his throat,
that . . [it] strangled him presently. 1655 GURNALL Chr. in
Arm. i. (1665) 72 God knowes, thou art almost quackled
with thy teares. 1806 BLOOMFIELD Wild Flowers Poems
(1845) 221 Some quack'ling cried, 'let go your hold'; The
farmers held the faster. 1865 Standard 19 Sept., The verb
' to quackle ' is used in Suffolk in reference to suffocation,
Quackle (kwae-k'l), v% [In form a deriv. of
QUACK v.2, but found earlier.] intr. To quack, as
a duck. Hence Qua-ckling vbl. sb. and///, a.
1564-78 BULLEYN Dial. agst. Pest. (1888) 64 Vpon a tyme
when quacklyng Duckes did speake and caklyng hennes
could talke. 1825 HONE Every-day Bk. I. 534 The loud . .
quackling of ducks, .is a sign of rain. 1837 CARLYLE Fr.
Rev. II. i. i, Simple ducks, .quackle for crumbs from young
royal fingers. 1865 MRS. WHITNEY Gayworthys I. xi
Underneath.. splashed and quackled the ducks.
Quackmire, variant of QUAKEMIBE.
Quack-quack (kw2ek,kwsek). [Imitative : see
QUACK sb.*\ An imitation of the note of a duck ;
a nursery name for a duck.
x86s DICKENS Mut. Fr. in. xv, Mew says the cat, Quack-
quack says the duck. 1869 OUIDA Puck xxxviii. (1873) 491
[They] could not themselves tell for their lives . . a canvas-
back duck from a quack-quack of the gutter. 1889 MIVART
Truth. 226 ' Quack-quack ' and ' gee-gee ' are just as good
abstract universal terms as * duck ' and ' horse '.
Hence Quack -quacking vbl. sb.
1824 CARLYLE tr. Wilhelm Meister (1864) II. 257 As the
duck on the pond . . to the future quack-quacking and gibble-
gabbling of his life.
Quacksalver (kwse'ksKlvai). Also 6-7
quack(e)-, 7 quaksaluer. [a. early mod.Du.
(i6th c.) quacksalver (Kilian; mod.Du. kwak-
za/ver), whence also G. quacksalber^ Sw. qvack-
salfvare : the second element is f. sa/fy zalf salve,
ointment, and the first is commonly regarded as
the stem of quacken (mod.Du. kwakken) to quack.
On this view a quacksalver is one who ' quacks ' or boasts
about the virtues of his salves ; it has however been sug-
gested that guack~ or fozuak- may mean * to work in a feeble
bungling fashion ' (Franck).]
1, An ignorant person who pretends to a know-
ledge of medicine or of wonderful remedies : =
QUACK sbJ- i.
Very common in i7thc, ; in later times largely superseded
by the abbreviation QUACK sb.1
1579 GOSSON Sch. Abuse (Arb.) 53 A quacke-saluers Budget
of filthy receites, 1605 B. JONSON Volpone n. ii, They are
quack-sal uers, Fellowes, that Hue by senting oyles, and
QtTACKSALVING.
drugs. 1658 ROWLAND tr. Moitfet's Theatr. Ins. 1074 One
accidental rash cure of a disease . . makes a Quacksalver a
great Physician. 1719 D'URFEY Pills (1872) IV. 87 Come
you Quack-salvers that do kill Sometimes a Patient by your
skill. 1856 VAUGHAN Mystics (1860) II. vm. ix. 98 What
a gulf between the high personage our romance imagines
and . . that shuffling quacksalver which our matter-of-fact
research discovers.
attrib. a 1670 HACKET Cent. Strut. (1675) 544 St. Peter
had no such Quacksalver tricks in Divinity.
2. transf. = QUACK a.
1611 W. BAKER Panegyr. Verses in Coryats Crudities,
The Anatomic dissection or cutting up of that great Quack-
salver of words Mr. Thomas Coryate our British Mercuric.
1889 SWINBURNE Stud. B. Jonson 43 Brother Zeal-of-the-
land is no vulgar impostor, no mere religious quacksalver.
Hence Quacksalver! sm, f -salvery, quackery.
1617 MINSHEU Ductor, Quacksaluerie. 1864 CARLYLE
Fredk. Gt. IV. 392 Sublime quacksalverism.
t Quacksalving (kwse-ksselvirj), ppl. a. Obs.
[f. "quacksalve vb. (inferred from QUACKSALVEE) +
-ING2.] Quackish.
1. Of things : Belonging to, or characteristic of,
a quacksalver.
1608 MIDDLETON Mad World n. vi, Any quacksalving
terms will serve for this purpose, a 1691 Bp. CROFT in
Somers Tracts (ed. Scott) VII. 290 Generals and particulars,
the quid, the quote, the quantum, and such-like quack-
salving forms.
2. Of persons : Resembling, acting like, a quack.
1608 DEKKER Lantk. <$• Cand. k. Quack-saluing Empericks.
i6ao MELTON Astrolog. 18 If you should kill three hundred,
you would still remain but a Quack-salving Physician. 1622
MASSINGER & DEKKER Virg. Mart. iv. i, Quacksalving,
cheating mountebanks ! 1649 C. WALKER Hist. Independ.
n. 207 A Quack-salving Doctor of Phisick.
Hence f Quacksalvingly adv., in the manner of
a quack. Obs.
1652 GAOLE Magastrom. 105 An experiment in physick or
medicine, sc.. brought to effect, many times, empirically,
quacksalvingly, ignorantly.
t Qua'Ckster. Ots. rare-1, [f. QUACK zi.i +
-STEH.] A quack, quacksalver.
1709 Brit. A folio II. No. 44. 3/1 The Quackster .. with
Death signs our Quietus.
Quacky (kwarki), a.i [f. QUACK ^.1+ -?!.]
Inclined to quackery.
1846 POE Criticism Wks. 1864 III. 23 Who although a
little quacky per se has., a whole legion of active quacks at
his control.
Quacky (kwarki), <z.2 [f. QDACK si." + -?i.]
Of voices : Having the harsh quality characteristic
of the cry of a duck. Hence Qua ckiness.
1895 Forum (N.Y.) June 502 Our women's voices are.,
hardened . . into an habitual ' quacky ' or metallic quality. . .
4 Quackiness ' and shrillness prevail less in the Southern
States than in the Northern and Western.
Quad (kwgd), si.1, abbrev. (orig. in Oxford slang)
OIQUADRANGLE sb. 2.
i8ao in Brasenost AleZ When first thy Quad, O Erase-
nose, sprung from earth. 1827 Sporting Mag. XXI. 70
Mr. Protheroe once met me in ' Quad ' during the frost.
1861 HUGHES Tom Brown at Oxf. \, The rooms ain't half so
large or good in the inner quad. iSfyPall MallG. 24 Jan.
3/2 Pump Court — the dreariest of all the Temple quads.
Quad (kwgd), sb.2, abbrev. of QUADRAT sb. 2.
1880 in WEBSTER Suppl. 1884 Western Morn. News 17 July
4/6 A quad is a compositor's instrument for the filling
up of blanks. 1884 TUER (title) Quads within Quads, for
Authors, Editors, and Devils. 1884 Pall Mall G. i Aug.
4/2 ' Quads ' in the present case are a trade term applicable
to printers' jokes.
lad (kwgd), sb.3, abbrev. of QUADRUPLET 3.
16 Daily News 2 June 9/2 Stocks was paced by five
triplets and a quad. 1897 Whitaker's Aim. 641/2 A quad
team did a flying quarter in 24-6 sees.
ad (kwgd), sb.*, abbrev. of QUADRUPED I b.
. j ASTLBY Fifty Years Life I. 97 He was mounted on
a sorry old quad. Ibid. 1 1. 88, I stuck to my quad and rode
into the paddock.
Quad (kwgd), a., abbrev. of QUADRUPLE a. d.
1888 in JACOB; Printers' Vocab. 1891 Star 12 Nov. i/i
Printing Plant, including, .quad crown perfecting machine,
quad demy and double demy machines.
Quad (kwgd), w.i, abbrev. of QUADRUPLES v.
1886 Pall Mall G. 26 Aug. i i/i Some lines are ' quadded '
or quadruplexed.
Quad (kwgd), zi.2 Printing, [f. QUAD si:*\ To
insert quadrats in (a line of type); to fill with
quadrats. Also to quad out.
1888 in TACOBI Printers' Vocab,
Quad, var. QUOD sb., prison; QUED(E a., bad.
Quad, obs. form of QUOTH v.
tQuade, v. Obs. rare-1. [? f. qitade, var. of
QUED(E a., bad.] 1 To destroy, deface.
"5*5 J. HALLE Hist. Expost. 34 If thou in chirurgerye,
Alone wylte walke and wade ; Thine errores will thy worke
confounde. And all thine honoure quade.
tQua'der, v. Obs. rare. Also 5-6 quadr-.
[ad. L. quadrare : see QUADRATE v., and cf. F.
cadrer, quadrer (i6th c.).] a. trans. To square
(a number), b. trans, and intr. = QUADRATE v. 3.
c 1430 Art ofNomkrynge (E.E.T.S.) 16 [A given number]
to be quadrede. 1588 KYD Househ. Philos. Wks. (1901) 269
In the quadering and making euen of the enterics with
the expences. 1593 _ in Fortn. Rev. (1899) LXV. 220
Nor_wold indeed the forme of devyne praiers vsed duelie
in his Lordship's house have quadred with such reprobates.
1620 SHFLTON Quix. II. iv. vii. 91 The X doth not quader
well with him because it sounds harshly.
Quadern, a square : see QUADRAN sb^
Quadle, obs. variant of CODDLE ».i, to boil.
1633 HART Diet of Diseased \. xvii. 66 Raw Apples before
they be ripe, if used, are best quadled. 1649 G. DANIEL
Trinarch. To Rdr. 105 Thus wee sett you out Perboyled
Kinges and Quadled Crownes.
Quadling, obs. variant of CODLING 2.
1584 COGAN Haven Health c. (1612) 87 Rawe Apples and
Quadlings. 1609 C. BUTLER Fern. Mon. (1634) 173 Let
them boil till they be as tender as Quadlings.
t Quadmire. Obs. rare-^. = QUAGMIRE, q.y.
1609 BIBLE (Dpuay) Ps. Ixviii. comm., I am as one in-
tangled with quickesand or quadmyre in the bottom of a
great water.
II Quadra (kwg-dra). Arch. [L. quadra a square,
used by Vitruvius in sense i.]
1. a. The plinth or socle of a podium, b. A
platband or fillet, esp. that above or below the
scotia in the Ionic base.
1664 EVELYN tr. Frearfs Archit. 131 PilaEj and their
Quadra's or Tables, .were employ'd for Inscriptions. 1842-
76 in GWILT A rchit. (Hence in recent diets.)
2. A square border or frame round a bas-relief,
panel, etc. ; also, loosely, a border or frame of any
form.
1727-41 in CHAMBERS Cycl. 1842-76 in GWILT Archit.
(Hence in recent Diets.)
Quadra-, occas. erron. form of QUADBI-.
Quadratic (kwg-drab'l), a. Math. Also 8
-ible. [ad. L. type *quadrdbilis , f. quadrare to
square : see QUADBATE v. and -ABLE.] Capable of
being represented by an equivalent square, or of
being expressed in a finite number of algebraic
terms.
1695 WALLIS in Phil. Trans. XIX. in The Spaces in the
Cycloid, which are perfectly Quadrable. 1743 EMERSON
Fluxions 196 Here the Curve is not quadrable m this Form.
1708 Phil. Trans. LXXXVIII. 260 The areas of any para-
bolic segments, .are geometrically quadrable. 1872 LooMis
Calculus vi. 253 When the area limited by a curve can be
expressed in a finite number of algebraic terms, the surface
is said to be quadrable.
Hence Quadrabi'lity, the quality or condition of
being quadrable.
1743 EMERSON Fluxions 194 In Curves of more Terms,
there are several Conditions requisite to their exact Quadra-
bility.
Quadragenarian (kwgdradjfneVrian), a.
ana sb. Also erron. quadri-. [f. L. quadrage-
nari-us (f. quadrageni distrib. of quadraginta
forty) + -AN.] a. adj. Forty years old. b. sb.
A person forty years of age.
1839 Fraser's Mag. XX. 752 The quadrig_enarians may
reasonably object, that as Lord Byron only lived to seven-
and-thirty, he could not be a competent judge on this
matter. 1892 STEVENSON Vailima Lett. xix. (1895) 184 A
stalwart well-oiled quadragenarian. 1897 Sat. Rev. 20 Feb.
195/2 Quadrigenarian critics.
So Qua draffena'riotis a.
1656 BLOUNT Glossogr., Quadragenarious, of or belonging
to forty years. 1719 BOYER Fr.-Eng. Diet., Q-uadrage-
naire, quadragenarious, forty years old. 1895 Harpers
Weekly Mag. Feb. 337/2 One of these plumply mellow
quadngenarious bodies.
t Quadr agene. Obs. rare. [ad. med.L.
quaaragena, neut. of quadrageni forty each, forty.]
An indulgence for forty days.
1664 JER. TAYLOR Dissuas. Popery ii. § 4 You have ..
purchased your self so many Quadragenes or Lents of
pardon ; that is, you have bought off the penances of so
many times forty days.
11 Quadragesima (kwgdrad3e-sima). Eccl.
[med.L., fern. (sc. dies day) of L. quadrdgesimus
fortieth, f. quadraginta forty ; hence also It., Pg.
quadragesima (Sp. cuad-} , F. quadragisime (1487).
The popular Romanic forms are It. quaresinta, Pg. quares-
ma, Sp. cuaresma, OF. quaresme, caresme, F. carente; cf.
also Ir. corghas, cairghios, Gael, carghus, W. garawys from
pop. Lat. *quarages-ima.'\
fa. The forty days of Lent. Obs. b. (Also
Quadragesima Sunday.} The first Sunday in Lent.
[1398 TREVISA Barth. DC P. R. ix. xxx. (1495) 364 Lente
highte Quadragesima.] 1604 Bk. Com. Prayer Tables,
Quadragesima, before Easter, vi weekes. 1617 MINSHEU
Ductor, Quadragesima Sunday, or the first Sunday in Lent.
Ibid., Quadragesima is the first Sunday in Lent. 1662 Bk.
Com. Prayer Tables, Quadragesima, six weeks before
Easter. 1662 GUNNING Lent Fast 167 A Quadragesima all
call'd it. 1665 EVELYN Corr. 9 Feb. (1872) III. 151, I have
always esteemed abstinence a tanto beyond the fulfilling
of periods and quadragesimas. 1794 W. TINDAL Evesnam
34 He was on Quadragesima Sunday confirmed Abbot.
Quadragesimal (kwgdradse-simal), a. and sb.
Also 7 quodrigess-. [ad. late L. quadragesi-
mal-is: see prec. and -AL. Cf. F. quadragesimal
(i5-l6th c.).]
A. adj. I. Of a fast (esp. that of Lent) : Lasting
for forty days.
1654 HAMMOND A nm>. A nimadv. I gnat. ii. § 2. 38 The Quad-
rigessimal Fast was observed in the Church to commemorate
both these. 1725 tr. Dupins Eccl. Hist, vjtk C. I. v. 171
The Quadragesimal Fast was also regarded as Penance.
1844 W. H. MILL Serin. Tempt. Christ i. 12 That quadra-
gesimal Fast and retirement of our Lord. 1855 — Applic.
I'antk. Princ. (1861) in The retirement and quadragesimal
fast of Elijah.
2. Belonging or appropriate to the period of
Lent; Lenten.
QUADRANGLE.
1620 MABBE tr. Fonseca's Dev. Contempl. title-p., Two
and Fortie Sermons upon all y* Quadragesimall Gospells.
1691 Woop Ath. Oxon. II. 359 Quadragesimal Disputations
were publickly performed in the Schools. 1727-41 CHAMBERS
Cycl. s. v. Quadragesima, Hence some monks are said to
lead a quadragesimal life ; or to live on quadragesimal food
all the year. 1882 J. W. LEGG Hist. Litvrg. Colours in.
40 The colour of the Quadragesimal ornaments.
fig. a 1643 W. CARTWRIGHT Ordinary in. v. in Hazl.
Dodsley XII. 268 But quadragesimal wits, and fancies lean
As ember weeks.
3. Consisting of forty.
iff* GUNNING Lent Fast 50 The Quadragesimal number
not constituted of men, but consecrated from God.
t B. sb, a. A fast, properly one of forty days.
b. A set of forty, c. A Lent sermon, d. //.
Lent offerings (see quot. 1721). Obs.
1660 JER. TAYLOR Duct. Dubit. ill. iv. Rule xiii. § 17
It is no wonder., that all the set and stationary fasts of the
" Primitive Christians were called Quadragesimals. Ibid. § 18
A quadragesimal of hours is as proper as a quadragesimal
of days. 1691 tr. Emilianne's Frauds Romish Monks
284 They who print their Quadragesimals and their Advent
Sermons, .. never print the Second part of them. 1721
BAILEY, Quadragesimals, Mid-Lent contributions, Offerings
made by People to their Mother Church on Mid-Lent
Sunday.
II Qnadragesima'lia. rare. [nent. pi. of late
L. quadragesimalis : see prec.] = prec. B. d.
1727-41 in CHAMBERS Cycl. 1876 Prayer-book Interleaved
103 Taking Quadragesimalia or Lent-oflerings.
t Quadragesimarian. Obs. rare-1. [f.
QUADRAGESIMA.] An observer of Lent.
1655 FULLER Ck, Hist. n. vii. § 74 Otherwise it is suspi-
cious that the Quartadecimans were no good Quadragesi-
marians. •
t Quadragesime, -gesme. Obs. rare. [ad.
L. quadragesim-a : see above.] = QUADRAGESIMA.
c 1440 Gesta Rom. i. Ixii. 266 (Harl. MS.) A goode cristyn
man that wele blessidly hath fast all the quadragesme.
1612 R. SHELDON Serm. St. Martin's 5 To proportion my
xyton's Foly-o .
207 Wks. 1876 II. 91 You will lose therein forty days, and
the common name of Quadragesime.
Quadraginte-simal,<z. rare*1. [For QUADRA-
GESIMAL, after L. quadraginta.^ Forty- fold ; having
forty parts.
1789 BURNEY Hist. Mus. III. i. 75 Twelve bars of universal
chorus in quadragintesimal harmony.
Quadragrntireme. rare-1, [f. L. quadra-
ginta. forty : cf. quadrireme, etc.] (See quot.)
1799 CHARNOCK in Naval Chron. I. 132 Quadraginti-
remes, or vessels . . described as having forty ranks . . of
oars.
Quadrain, a square : see QUADRAN sb)-
Quadr ain, obs. variant of QUATRAIN.
Quadral (kwg-dral), a. rare-1, [f. QUADH(I)-
+ -AL.] By four, into four parts.
1891 W. TUCKWELL Tongues in Trees 146 They held to
the quadra! division of time, distributing the day-night into
four, eight or sixteen parts.
tQua'dran, sb. (and a.). Obs. Forms: Squad-
ron, 6-7 quadrain, 7 quadran, -ren, quadern.
[Alteration of QUADRANT sb.z, with dropping of
the -/ and assimilation to other endings.]
1. A square.
1591 HARINGTON Orl. Fur. vi. Ixxi, These ornaments . .
All are enrich 't with stones of great estate, . . In parted
quadrons. 1595 B. BARNES Spjr. Sonn. Ixxxiii, Bright
soldiours muster up . . Raungde into quadraines and trium-
phant rings. 1648 GAGE 11 cst Ind. xii. (1655) 51 In the
midst of this Quadern stood a mount of earth and stone
square likewise. 1653 R. SANDERS Physiogn. 153, I erected
this Figure, and thereupon made certain Quadrains and
Resolutions, that my Friends might understand the signifi-
cations of the said Figure.
2. attrib. or adj. Square.
1598 SYLVESTER Du Bartas n. i. iv. Handie-Crafts 206
Sixteen fair Trees.. Whose equall front in quadran form
? respected. 1611 SPEED Theal. Gt. Brit, xxxvii. (1614)73/1
n a long Quadren-wise the wals doe incompasse the citie.
Quadran, obs. var. QUADRANT sb.1 (sense 3),
QUATRAIN.
Quadrangle (kwg-drwrjg'l), s6. [a. F. quad-
rangle (i 3th c.), ad. late L. quadrangulum, neut.
of quadrangulus (see next), f. quadr- QUADRI- +
angulus ANGLE. The stressing quadra-ngle, which
appears in some of the quots., is given by Bailey,
Ash, and Sheridan, and is still the constant Sc. use.]
1. Geom. A figure having four angles and there-
fore four sides.
In mod. Geom. a quadrangle is regarded as a figure
formed by four points (vertices), three of which are not in
the same straight line, and by the six straight lines which
join the four points two by two. (Cf. QUADRILATERAL.) In
ordinary use the term commonly denotes a square or other,
rectangular figure: cf. quot. i884and senses 2 and 3.
CI430 Art of Nombrynge (E.E.T.S.) 14 ffor dyvisipun
write by vnytes, hathe .4. sides even as a quadrangille.
1471 RIPLEY Comp. Akh. Ep. iv. in Ashm. (1652) 112 Of the
Quadrangle make ye a Figure round. 1551 RECORDE Pathvj.
Knowl. I. Defin., Thus haue I done with trianguled figures,
and nowe foloweth quadrangles. 1653 R. SANDERS Physiogn.
58 The Quadrangle is between the Table-line, the middle
natural, that of the Sun, and that of Saturn, when there
are four angles. 1869 DUNKIN Miitn. Sky 141 Eight stars
forming two similar quadrangles. 1884 tr. Loire's Logic 130
Nothing is commoner than for a person who speaks of a
1-2
QUADRANGLE.
quadrangle to mean really a parallelogram or often even
a square.
2. A square or rectangular space or court, the
sides of which are entirely or mainly occupied by
parts of a large building, as a college, palace, etc.
(See also QUAD so.1, and cf. QUADRANT so.2)
"593 SHAKS. -z Hen. VI, \. iii. 156 My choller being ouer-
blowne, With walking once about the Quadrangle. 1641
Caval. Adv. Majesty 7 Our men- .went in at the back Gate
opposite to Oriall Colledge, and through Canterbury quad-
rangle. 1764 HARMER Observ. xi. iii. 103 These quad-
rangles or courts are paved . . with marble. 1828 SCOTT
F. M. Perth x, A lofty vaulted entrance led through this
eastern front into the quadrangle. 1877 W. THOMSON Voy.
Challenger I. ii. 112 We passed through an archway into
a targe quadrangle.
3. A rectangular building or block of buildings ;
a building containing a quadrangle.
i6ao T. PEYTON Paradise in Farr S. P. 7<w. /(i848) 179 •
Like a quadrangle seated on a hill With twelue braue
gates. 1645 EVELVN Mem. (1857) I. 217 They [the Schools]
are fairly built in quadrangle, with cloisters beneath. 171*
AMHERST TVrrar Fit. No. 5 (1754) 24, I would not have
them set their minds too much upon new quadrangles, and
empty libraries, and spacious halls. 1846 McCoLLOCH Ace.
Brit. Empire (1854) Ii. 383 The buildings of Trinity College
[Dublin]. .consist of three quadrangles. 1870 F. R. WILSON
Ch. Lindisf. 64 Beadwell [has] an additional quadrangle of
houses.
b. A square block (in o^uot., an iceberg).
1853 KANE Grinnell Exp. xlix. (1856) 461 A second quad-
rangle stood out from the shore at the same rate.
4. Comb., (? of the adj.) as quadrangle-wise adv.
158* N. T. (Rhem.) Rev. xxi. 16 The citie is situated
quadrangle* wise, a 1604 HASMER Chron. Ireland (163$ 189
The walles foure square, or quadrangle wise.
t Quadrangle, a. Obs. [ad, L. quadrangulus
four-cornered : see prec. and cf. obs. F. quadrangle
(Godef.).] a. = QUADBANGDLAB. b. Astron.
— QUADRATE a. 2.
i$6a BOLLEYN Bk. Simples 47 b, The garden Madder, with
quadrangle stalks. 1575 T. ROGERS Sec. Coming Christ
39/2 The Greeke letter x rather betokenetb the quadrangle
figure. 1601 HOLLAND Pliny 1. 13 In the quadrangle aspect
of the Sun she [the Moon] appeareth diuided in halfe : in
the triangle she is well neere inuironed.
Quadrangled (kwg-dnerjg'ld, kwgdrse-rjg'ld),
a. [f. as prec. + -ED2.]
1. = QUADRANGULAB. Now rare or Obs.
1551 in HULOET. 1570 BILLINCSLEV Euclid i. xxx it 42 The
angles of euery quadrangled figure are equall to 4 right
angles, i&ao DEKKER Dreame (1860) 30 Those quadrangled
haile-stones, which. .Kill teemes and plowmen. 1674 JKAKK
Arith. (1696) 175 The other Species of Quadrangled Figures
are an Oblong .. and a Rhomboids. 1800 J. HURDIS
Favourite Village 155 The quadrangled tube Into a pipe
monotonous converts.
2. Furnished with a quadrangle.
1880 SIR J. B. PHEAR Aryan Village 86 There will be
the brick-built, quadrangled house.
Quadrangular (kwjSdrse'ngi/flai),^. [ad. late
L. quadrangularis (Boethius), f. quadrangulum :
see QUADRANGLE and -AR, and cf. F. quadrangu-
laire (1543).] Shaped like a quadrangle; having
four angles ; of four-cornered base or section.
159* G. HARVEY Pierce's Super. (1593) 20 The Egyptian
Mercury .. his Image in Athens was quadrangular. 1607
TOPSELL Four-/. Beasts (1658) 250 A company of Horses
set like a Tower in a Quadrangular form in a field,
was called Fergus. i6xx CORYAT Crudities 169 It hath
a prety quadrangular Court adjoymng to it. 1671 Phil.
Trans. VI. 2216 It was a very dark Spot almost of a quad*
rangular form. 1776 GIBBON Decl. •$• F. xiii. I. 396 The
form was quadrangular, flanked with sixteen towers. 1784
COWPER Task iv. 217 With spots quadrangular of diamond
form. 1849 GROTE Greece n. Iviii. VII. 227 The lower part
was left as a quadrangular pillar. x88a Miss BRADDON Mt.
Royal III. iii. 47 The little quadrangular garden.
Comb. 1656 HEYLIN Surv. France 74 A house built
quadrangular wise.
Hence Quadra'ng-ularly adv., in the manner of
a quadrangle ; with four corners. Quadra ngnlar-
ness, the state or fact of being quadrangular
(Bailey, vol. II, 1727).
1708 OZELL tr. Boileau's Lutrin n. (1730) 125 An inverted
Cone . . Sharp pointed, and quadrangularry long. 1875 H . C.
WOOD Therap. (1879) 322 Quad rangular ly prismatic crystals.
t Quadra'ttgulate, a. Obs. rare. [ad. late
L. quadrangulat-us (Tertull., Vulg.) ; see QUAD-
RANGLE sb. and -ATE 2.] Made quadrangular ;
squared.
1593 R. D. Hypnerotomachia sb, The pointed quad ran-
gulate Corner stones. 1599 R. LINCHE Fount. Anc. Fict.
H iv, A certaine squared and quadrangulate circle.
Hence f Quadra-ngnlateuess, the state or con-
dition of having four corners. Obs. rare.
1597 A. M. tr. Guillemeau's Fr. Chirvrg. 53/2 Through
the quadrangulatenes therof it cutteth .. al that wheron it
glaunceth.
t Quadranguled, a. Obs. rare*-1, [cf. prec.]
= QUADRANGLED.
159* R. D. Hypnerotomachia 4 b, Hir charmes and quad-
ranguled plaints. [A mistranslation].
Quadrant (kwg-drant), sbl Also 5-6 -ent, 7
-an. [ad. L. quadrans, quadrant- fourth part,
quarter (spec, of an as, an acre, a foot, a pound,
a sextarius, a day ; cf. the senses below), f. quadr-
four- : see QUADRI-.]
1 1. A quarter of a day ; six hours. Obs.
4
1398 TREVISA Earth. De P. R. ix. ix. (1495) 354 A day
conteynyth foure quadrantes, and a quadrant conteynyth
syxe houres. a 1628 SiRj. BEAUMONT End his Majesty's
ist Yeare (R.), The sunne, who in his annuall circle takes
A daye's full quadrant from th* ensuing yeere. 1646 SinT.
BROWNE Pseud. Ep. 219 The intercalation of one day every
fourth yeare, allowed for this quadrant, or 6 houres super-
numerary.
f 2. The fourth part of a Roman as. Obs.
1533 BELLENDEN Livy in. vii. (1901) 270 Ilk man went to
Valerius hous, and left ane quadrent in it, to caus him be
the more richely buryit. 1601 HOLLAND Pliny II. 518 A
small piece of brasse coin, although it be no more than
a Quadrant. 1655 MOUFET & BENNET Health's Itnprov*
191 They were highly esteemed, being sold every Dishful!
for fourscore Quadrants.
fb. A farthing. (So med.L. quadrans, AF.
quadrant.) Obs.
1609 SKENE Reg. Maj. 123 b (Burgh Lowes c. 40), Hee
..sail glue ane quadrant (farding). Ibid. -26\>(Burgh Lowes
c 66), The maister. .sail haue ane pennie for his Ouen ; the
twa servants ane pennie, and the boy ane quadrant.
t C. attrib. in contemptuous sense. Obs.
1589 NASHE Ded. to Greene's Menaphon (Arb.) 8 Our
quadrant Crepundios, that spit ergo in the mouth of euerie
one they meete.
t 3. The fourth part of a sextarius or Roman
pint. Obs. rare.
1601 HOLLAND Pliny I. 267 One of their shels ordinarily
would containe 80 measures called Quadrants. 1688 K.
HOLME Armoury in. 339/1 Gill or Quadran, is 4 to a pint.
4. A quarter of a circle or circular body, viz. (a)
an arc of a circle, forming one fourth of the circum-
ference ; (b} one fourth of the area of a circle, con-
tained within two radii at right angles.
1571 DIGGES Pantom. i. B iv, A Quadrant is the fourth
part of a Circle, included with two Semtdtameters. 1625
N. CARPENTER Geog. Del. i. vi. (1635) 123 A circle is diuided
into foure quadrants. 1660 BARROW Euclid vi. 33 cor. As
the arch BC is to four quadrants, that is, the whole circum-
ference. 1694 HOLDER Disc. Trine (J.), In each quadrant
of the circle of the ecliptick. 17x7-41 CHAMBERS Cycl, s.v.
Quarter-round, Any projecting moulding, whose contour
is a perfect quadrant. 1811 WOODHOUSE Astron. i. 6 PQ^
Pq [are] quadrants containing 90 degrees, 1843 PORT-
LOCK Geol. 682 In each quadrant of the kiln, there is an
opening. 1869 DUNKIN Midn, Sky 74 The north-western
quadrant of the sky. 1500 Brit. Med. Jrnl. (No. 2046) 622
An insignificant nebula in the lower-inner quadrant of the
left cornea.
b. A thing having the form of a quarter- circle.
Quadrant ofAltitude^ a graduated strip of brass on an
artificial globe, fixed at one end to some point of the
meridian, round which it revolves, and extending round one
fourth of the circumference.
1638 CHILMBAD tr. Hues' Treat. Globes (1889) 33 Then
fasten the quadrant of Altitude to the Vertical point 1726
tr. Gregorys Astron. I. 269 With the Quadrant of Altitude,
find that Point of the Ecliptic which is elevated 12 Degrees
above the Western Part of the Horizon. 1816 J. SMITH
Panorama Sc. 4- Art II. 717 A sliding piece N, (much like
the nut of the quadrant of altitude belonging to a common
globe). i8« J. NICHOLSON Oferat, Mechanic 114 The
inclined shaft, .working in the toothed quadrant Z, elevates
or depresses the sluice. 1888 JACOBI Printers* Vocab. 107
<2/Wm»^,a small crescent -shaped piece of iron or steel used
for the movement of the vibrating roller on a platen machine.
C. A quarter of a sphere or spherical body.
i88a VINES \.t.Saclts'1 Bot. 300 In each of the four quad-
rants [of a cell] a third division takes place.
6. An instrument, properly having the form of a
graduated quarter- circle, used for making angular
measurements, esp. for taking altitudes in astronomy
and navigation.
Various kinds of quadrants (some being improperly so
called) have been employed for different purposes, but are
now to a great extent superseded by more perfect instru-
ments. The distinctive names are derived either from the
inventors (as Adams' s^ Coles' s, Collins" s, D avis' s, Godfrey's
or Hadley'Si Gunter'st Stilton's quadrant), from those by
whom it is used (as gunner's, surveyor's quadrant), or from
some property, use, etc., of the instrument (as horodictical,
mural, sinical quadrant).
a 1400 in Halhwell Kara Mathematica (1841) 58 Til . . f>e
threde whereon \>e plumbe henges falle vpon be mydel lyne
of be quadrant, bat es to say be 45 degre. a 1400-50
Alexander 129 Quadrentis [MS. In adrentis] corven all of
quyte siluyre. 1555 EDEN Decades 245 With my quadrant
and Astrolabie instrumentes of Astronomic. i6ay CAPT.
SMITH Seaman's Gram. xiv. 68 The Gunners quadrant is to
leuell a Peece or mount hertoany randon. ifaSCHiLMEAD
tr. Hues' Treat. Globes (1889) 102 Observe the Meridian
Altitude of the Sunne with the crosse starTe, quadrant, or
other like instrument. 1696 PHILLIPS (ed. 5), David's [1706
Davis' s\ Quadrant, an Instrument us'd by Seamen, where-
with they observe the height of the Sun with their Backs
toward it. 1774 M. MACKENZIE Maritime Surv. 10 With
a Theodolite, or Hadley's Quadrant . . take the Angles
YXA, YXB, YXC. 1848 DICKENS Dombey iv, The stock
in trade of this old gentleman comprised . . sextants, and
quadrants. 1897 F. T. BULLEN Cruise Cachalot 100 Any-
thing .. more out of date than his 'hog-yoke', or quadrant,
I have never seen.
6. attrib. and Comb., as quadrant cell, lever \
quadrant -like, -shaped adjs. ; quadrant-compass,
a carpenter's compass with an arc to which one leg
may be screwed (Knight Diet* Meek. 1875) ; quad-
rant-electrometer, an electrometer in which the
index moves through a quarter of a circle; quad-
rant steam-engine, an engine in which the piston
oscillates through a sector of a circle, instead of
sliding along a cylinder (Knight Diet* Afech.).
1816 J. SMITH Panorama Sc. <$• Art II. 247 Thisconductor
QUADRANTID.
should be furnished with a quadrant electrometer. 1833
T. HOLLAND Manuf. Metal\\. 278 The principle [of Strutt's
lock] .. consists in a number of quadrant levers. 1874
MICKLETHWAITE Mod, Par. Churches 163 The mediaeval
quadrant-shaped cope-chests. 1884 BOWER & SCOTT De
Bary's Phaner. ao Each quadrant cell is again divided
into two unequal parts. 1897 Outing (U.S.) XXIX. 525/1
The quadrant-like part of the shutter.
t Quadrant, $b2 Obs. [App. an alteration of
QUADRAT or QUADRATK sb^-t through assoc. with
prec. See also QUADBAN sb']
1. = QUADRANGLE sb. 2, 3.
1443 in Willis & Clark Cambridge (1886) I. sfiQWerkemen
and Tabor' dryving the berne in to the quadrant of the
College. 1537 in W. H. Turner Select. Rec. Oxford 143
The abbot send for me, . . he beyng under the clime in the
quadrant. 158* STANVHURST ALneis iv. (Arb.) 118 Dido
affrighted . .Too the innerquadrant runneth. 1631 WEEVER
Anc. Fun. Mon. 412 A faire large Chappell on the East side
of the Quadrant. 1655 FULLER Hist. Catnb, v. § 29 The
present quadrant of the Schools.
2. A square ; a square thing or piece (also Jig.} :
a square picture.
1474 CAXTON Chesse 140 The kyng . . is sette in the iiij
quadrnnte or poynt of theschequer. 1563-87 FOXE A . ty M.
(1596) 587 Since the time they did receiue the catholicke
faith of our Lord Jesus Christ, as a most perfect quadrant.
1601 HOLLAND Pliny II. 440 The quadrants or square
cantons of the old Tuny fish, burnt to a cole.. are thought to
be good for the tooth-ach. 1651 Life Father Sarpi (1676)
22 A portable quadrant of Christ in the Garden.
b. One side of a square. (Cf. QUADRATURE 2.)
1577-87 HOLINSHED Chron. III. 856/2 A palace, the which
was quadrant, and euerie quadrant of the same palace was
three hundred and twentie eight foot long.
Quadrant, sb$ \ see QUADRATE sb*
t Qua'drant, a. Obs. [ad. L. quadrant-em,
pres. pple. of quadrare to square : in sense i perh.
an alteration of quadrat QUADRATE a. (cf. prec. and
QUADBAN a).]
1. Souare ; of a square form.
1509 HAWES Past. Pleas, in. (Percy Soc.) 15 The craggy
rocke, whiche quadrant did appeare. 1535 R. LAYTON Let.
to Cromwell 12 Sept. in Wood Ann. 62 Wee found all the
great Quadrant Court [of New College] full of the leaves of
Dunce. 1577-87 [see prec. 2b]. 1591 GARRARD Art Warre
161 Taking from the quotient y« roote- of the quadrant
number. 1601 BP. W. BABLOW Defence 105 The quadrant
stones of Salomons building. 1603 T. M. Progr. Jas. I in
Arb. Gamer VIII. 501 A goodly edifice of free stone, built
in quadrant manner. 1618 BamevelCs Apol. E b, The truth
resembles, right, the right Cubes figure ; . . Whose quadrant
flatness neuer doth disfigure.
b. Astron. -QUADRATES. 2.
The form in this case may be due to association with
QUADRANT sb± 4.
1594 BLUNDEVIL Exerc. vii. x. (1636) 662 Characters . .
Whereof the first signifieth a conjunction .. the fourth a
quadrant aspect.
2. Agreeing, consonant, or conformable (to or
with}. Cf. QUADRATE a. 4. (So obs. F. quadrant.}
1536 St. Papers Hen. VI 71, I. 521 Perceyving that your
opinion and advise is quadrant with the same ; We haue
sent . . a pardon to our Cousin. 1598 YONG Diana 241 To do
the contrarie . . were . . not quadrant to that, which is expected
at your hands. 17*0 WELTON Siiffer. Son of God 1 1. xx. 567
Thou art content with the Sincerity and Uprightness of my
Inclinations, tho' they should not be so exactly Conformable
and Quadrant to Thine Own.
Quadrailtal (kwgdrarntal), a.1 [ad. L. quad-
rant a Us \ see QUADRANT st>.1 and -AL.] Having
the shape of, consisting of, connected with, a
quadrant or quarter- circle ; esp. quadrantal arc
(\arck}.
1678 HOUSES Decant, ad. fin., Wks. 1845 VII. 180 A straight
line equal to the quadrantal arc BLD. 1703 T. N. City 4-
C. Purchaser 14 A Quadrantal Casement, rising from its
Plain. 1707 HELLINS in Phil. Trans. LXXXVIII. 529
The length of a quadrantal arch of the circle. 1867 G.
BARRY Sir C. Barry iv. 116 The central building with
quadrantal corridors. 1871 B. STEWART Heat (ed. 2} § 71
A quadrantal arc of a meridian on the earth's surface.
b. Quadrantal deviation^ errort triangle (see
quots.).
1706 PHILLIPS (ed. Kersey), Qnadrantal Triangle^ a
Spherick Triangle, that has at least a Quadrant for one of
its Sides, and one Angle Right. 1788 HKRSCHEL in Phil.
Trans. LXXVIII. 374 We may resolve the quadrantal
triangle g c n. 1857 WHEWELL Hist. Induct, Sc. (ed. 3) III.
528 The magnetic effect of the iron in a ship may be regarded
as producing two kinds of deviation [of a ship's compass] . .
a ' polar-magnet deviation ', . . and a quadrantal deviation,
which changes from positive to negative as the keel turns
from quadrant to quadrant. 1865 Q. Rev. 3s8_The quad-
rantal error which depends only on the position of the
horizontal soft iron of the ship.
tQnadra-ntal, a.2 Obs. rare. [f. QUAD-
RANT sb.~ + -AL.] a. Square ; having a square base.
b. Astron. — QUADRANT a. i b.
1665 J. GADBURV Land. Deliv. Predicted i. 4 The Con-
junctional, Opposite, or Quadrantal Rays of Jupiter. 1690
LEYBOURN Curs. Math. 317 Let ABCDE be a Quadrantal
Pyramis, (for a Pyramis is denominated from the number of
the equal Sides of the Base thereof, as here four. .).
t Quadra'ntal, rt.3 Obs. rare—*. [ad.L.^warf-
rantal-is of a quarter-foot, f. quadrant- QUADRANT
sb^\ (See quot.)
1656 BLOUNT Glossogr., Quadrax fat.. used Adjectively..
four fingers thick, or three inches.
Quadrantid (kwgdrae-ntid). [f. L. quadrant-
stem of guadrans + -ID.] One of a shower of
QTJADRANTILE.
meteors falling on Jan. 2 and 3, and having its
radiant point in the constellation Quadrans mu-
ralis. (Usu. in pi.} 1876 G. F. CHAMBERS Astron. 799.
Quadrantile, a. rare-1. [f. QUADRANT sb.l
+ -ILE.] = QUADRANTAL i*. I.
1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) II. 585/2 On this pin are two
moveable collets.. to which are fixed the quadrantile wires.
t Qua'drantly, ado. Obs. rare. [f. QUADRANT
a. + -LY2.] Squarely; in a square form. To
multiply quadrantly^ to square.
1538 LELANO I tin. III. 33 In the midle of the Toun . . is
a House buildid quadrantly. 1581 STYWARD Mart. Discipl.
\\. 108 An order to imbattell 12. C men quadrantlie at the
sodaine. 1594 BLUNDEVIL Exerc. 1. xxvi. (1636) 62 You
must multiply the said 4 in it selfe Quadrantly, which maketh
1 6.
Quadrapertite, obs. form of QUADRIPARTITE.
Quadrat (kwo/drat). Also 8 quadrate, [var.
of QUADRATE sb^-, in special senses.]
1 1. An instrument formerly used for measuring
altitudes or distances, consisting of a square plate
with two graduated sides, sights, etc. Obs.
a 1400 in Halliwell Rara Mathematics, (1841) 65 When..
|>ou wolde mesure be heght . . make a quadrat . . J>at es to sey
a table even foure square ofwode or brasse. 1617 MINSHEU
Ductort A Quadrat, or Geometricall instrument, whereby
the distance and height of a place is knowne afarre off by
looking thorow a certaine little hole therein,, .dioftra.
f b. Two graduated sides of a square, marked in
the rectangular corner of a quadrant to facilitate
its use. Obs.
a 1400 in Halliwell Rara Mathematical (1841) 59 pe quad-
rat .. whilk es descryvede .. in ^e quadrant has tuo sides.
1706 PHILLIPS (ed. Kersey), Quadrate and Line of Shadows
(on a Quadrant) is a line of natural Tangents. 1727-41
CHAMBERS Cycl.* Quadrat, .called a\s& geometrical square,
and line of shadows, is an additional member on the face of
the common Gunter's and Button's quadrants.
2. Printing. A small block of metal, lower than
the face of the type, used by printers for spacing ;
abbrev. QUAD $b2
1683 MOXON Mech. Exerc., Printing xxii. P 5 If his Title
..make three or more Lines, he Indents the first with an m
Quadrat. 1727-41 CHAMBERS Cye/.s.v., There are quadrats
of divers sizes, as m quadrats, n quadrats, &c. which are
respectively of the dimensions of such letters. 1824 J. JOHN-
SON Typogr. II. iii. 65 An m-quadrat is the square of the
letter to whatever fount it may belong; an n-quadrat is half
that size. 1843 Penny Cycl. XXV. 455/1 Larger quadrats,
equal in body to two, three, or four m's.
attrib. and Comb. 1683 MOXON Meek. Exerc., Printing
viii, Head sticks .. are Quadrat high. 1894 Anier. Diet.
Printing s.v.t To throw all the pi and broken letter . . into
the quadrat box.
Quadrat, obs. form of QUADRATE.
f Qua-dratary, a. Obs. rare-1. [ad.L.
ratari-us: see QUADRATE sb.l and -ART1.]
lating to a square.
1690 LEYBOURN Curs. Math. 328 The Proportions Cuba-
tory and Quadratary, in relation to a Sphere's .. Periphery.
Quadrate (kwo/dwH), sbl Also 6-8 quadrat.
[ad. L. quadrdt-um sb., neut. sing, of quadrdtus
UADRATE a.1 : cf. QUADRANT s&.2 and QUADRAT.]
fl. A square; a square area or space; also, a
rectangle or rectangular space. Obs.
1471 SIR J. PASTON in P. Lett. III. 17 What brede eche
towr takythe within iche corner off the quadrate ovyrthwert
the dorys. 1483 [see QUADRATE a. i]. 1551 RECORDE
Pathiv. Knowl. i. xxi, When any two quadrates be set forth,
howe to make a squire about the one quadrate, whiche shall
be equall to the other quadrate. 1598 BARRET Theor.
Warres in. ii. 46 A Quadrat of ground will bee of men two
times and one third more broade then long. 1658 SIR T.
BROWNE Gard. Cyrus 45 The Labyrinth of Crete, built upon
a long quadrate, containing five large squares. 1667 MILTON
P. L. vi. 62 The Powers Militant, That stood for Heav'n,
in mighty Quadrate joyn'd. 1680 T. LAWSON Mite Treas.
33 Their . . Cone, Cylinder, Parallelogram, Quadrat [etc.].
f b. A square number, the square of a, number.
1590 RECORDE, etc. Gr. Artes (1640) 575 That number is
called a Quadrate, which is made by the multiplication of
two equal numbers. 1646 SIR T. BROWNE Pseud. Ep. 217
The life of man, whose Period . . he placed in the Quadrate
of 9. or 9. times 9. that is, Si.
fc. A group of four things. = QUATERNION i.
1637 SALTONSTALL Eusebius Life Constantine 130 By the
number of twice two, hee invented the quadrate of the foure
Elements.
2. A square or rectangular plate or block, rare.
1647 H. MORE Song of Soul \. u. cxliii, A leaden Quadrate
swayes hard on that part That's fit for burdens. 1799 W.
TOOKE View Russian Etnf. I. 50 It was constructed of
huge quadrats of ice hewn in the manner of free-stone. 1821
LAMB Elia Ser. i. Old Benchers I. T., His person was a
quadrate, his step massy and elephantine.
f3. Astron. a. Quad rate aspect; quadrature. Obs.
1665-6 Phil. Trans. I. 5 This Comet .. Having been in
guadrat with the Sun it should still descend. 1686 GOAD
'.lest. Bodies i. vi. 22 The Moon, on the day of the Last
Quadrate decreasing, makes as high a Water, sometimes
higher than at the first in the Increase. 1695 CONGREVE
Love for L. n. v, Can judge . . of sextiles, quadrates, trines
and oppositions.
fb. A right angle. Obs. rare—1.
1686 GOAD Celest. Bodies i. vi. 18 In the one the Moon is
conjoin'd with the Sun in diameter-line making no Angle,
in the Other making a Quadrate, the utmost distance from
the Conjunction and Opposition.
4. Anat. a. The quadrate bone. b. A quadrate
muscle.
Re-
Q
1872 MIVART ,rJtt«/. 121 Other bones, the lowest of which
is termed the Quadrate. 1878 [see QUADRATO- 2]. 1883
MAKTIN & MOALE Vcrtebr. Dissect, n. 103 The quadrates,
E rejecting ventrally and forward and bearing the articular
xcets for the mandible.
t Quadrate, sb? Obs. Also quadrat. [App.
an alteration of QUADRANT sbJ-, through assoc. with
prec., or through misreading of quadrat == quad-
rant^
1. A quarter ; spec, of a circle. = QUADRANT sbl 4.
1551 RECORDE Pathiv. Knffivl. i. Defin., The quarter of a
circle, named a quadrate. 1604 R. CAWDREY Table Alph.,
Quadrate^ a quarter.
2. « QUADRANT 5.
1551 RECORDE Path-no. Knowl. n. Pref., The arte of
Measuryng by the quadrate geometricall, and the disorders
committed in vsyng the same. Ibid.^ A newe quadrate
newely inuented by the author hereof. 1539 W. CUNNINGHAM
Cosmogr. G/assei6^ The use of the shipmans quadrat, whose
inventor was worthy D. Gemma. Ibid. 164 The hier part
of the Quadrate.
t Quadrate, sb$ Her. Obs. Also 5 quadrant,
5-6 quadrat. [Prob. identical with one or other of
the prec. sbs., but the precise origin is not clear.]
(See quots. 1486.)
1486 Bk. St. Allans^ Her. B iij, In blasyng of armys be
ix. quadrattis that is to say v. quadrate finiall and iiij.
Royal!. Ibid. B iv, Quadrat is calde in armys whan the
felde is set with sum tokyn of armys. i«J7a BOSSEWELL
Armor ie n. 77 b, The Crosse thus charged, is called of olde
Heraultes, the first quadrate royall. 1586 FERNE Blaz.
Gentrie 206-209,
Quadrate (kw9*dr#), a. Also 5-7 quadrat,
[ad. L. quadrat-us, pa. pple. ofquadrare to square :
see QUADRATE z/.]
1. Square, rectangular. Now rare.
1398 TREVISA Barth. De P. R. xix. cxviii. (1495) 022
Quadrate shape and square is moost stedfaste and stable.
1483 CAXTON Gold. Leg. 332 b/2 For whanne euery beest
was quadrate as we may ymagyne In a quadrate ben foure
corners and euery corner was a penne. 1538 LELAND I tin.
III. 44 A strong Castel quadrate having at eche corner
a great Round Tower. 1560 ROLLAND Crt. Venus \. 139
Tabletis of gold, bayth quadrate als & round. 1593 NORDEN
Spec. Brit., M*sex \. 35 The form of the building is quad-
rate. 1813 T. BUSBY Lucretius II. iv. 437 And circular ap-
pears the quadrate pile. 1866 HUXLEY Pre h. Rem. Caithn.
137 The quadrate pelvis is that which is compressed . . so
that the brim is almost quadrangular. 1880 BASTIAN Brain
77 These two pairs of ganglia . . are combined into one
quadrate mass in Hyalea.
Comb. 1610 GUILLIM Heraldry n. vii. (1660) 85 This is
termed Quarter pierced, quasi, Quadrate pierced, for that
the piercing is square as a Trencher.
fb. Math. Of numbers or roots. -SQUARE. Obs.
^1430 Art Nombrynge (E. E. T. S.) 14, .4. is the first
nombre quadrat, and 2. is his rote. 1571 DIGGES Pantom.
i, xxv. H j, These two ioyned together make 43600, whose
Quadrate roote being about 208 pace 3 foote is the Hyoo-
thenusall line AC. z6xi SPEED Hist. Gt. Brit. ix. viii.
§ 31- S52 The Rings Roundnesse must remember the King
of Eternitie; the Quadrat number of Constancy. 1646 SIR
T. BROWNE Pseud. Ep. 215 Consisting of square and quad-
rate numbers [viz. 49 and 81}. 1655-60 STANLEY Hist. Phil.
(1687) 527/2 The Tetrad.. being quadrate .. is divided into
Equals.
C. Anat. in the distinctive names of certain parts
of the body having an approximately square shape.
Quadrate hone, a special bone in the head of birds and
reptiles, by which the lower jaw is articulated to the skull.
Quadrate muscle, the name of several muscles, esp. the
quadratus lumborum (of the loins), q.femoris (of the thigh),
and q. pronator (in the forearm) : see QUADRATUS.
1856-8 W. CLARK Van der Hoeveris Zool. II. 334 The
quadrate bone of birds is. .divided above into two arms.
f2. Astron. = QUARTILE<Z. Obs.
This use of quadrate is due to the fact that the lines
joining four equidistant points on a circle form a square;
hence also the sign for 'quartile aspect ' is Q, as that for
'trine' is A- Cf. QUADRATURE 4.
155* HULOET, Quadrate aspecte of the pianettes. 1594
BLUNDEVIL Exerc. iv. pr. 43 (1636) 501 And they [two
Planets] are said ..to be in a quadrat aspect when they
are distant one from another, by three signes. 1601 HOLLAND
Pliny I. 12 The planet of Mars.. maketh station but in
quadrate aspect : as for lupiter, in triangle aspect. 1685
BOYLE Enq. Notion Nat. v. 126 At some time She and the
Sun should have a Trine, or a Quadrate Aspect.
1 3. Jig. Complete, perfect. Obs.
1608 J. KING Serttt. St, Mary*s 7 There yet rematneth
a fourth point to make vp a quadrate and perfitt honor of
the King, c 1645 HOWELL Lett. vi. (1650) 253 The Moralist
tells us that a quadrat solid wise man should . . be stilt the
same. 1679 HARBY Key Script^. \\. 45 That future quadrate
Righteousness of Gospel-Promise.
1 4. Conformable, corresponding (to or with}.
Cf. QUADRANT a. 2. Obs.
a 1657 R* LOVEDAY Lett. (1663) 68 To construe me right,
and believe my meaning quadrate to my words. 1674 S.
VINCENT Yng. Gallant* $ Acad. 99 His word and his meaning
are quadrate, and never shake hands and part. 1720 WELTON
Suffer. Son ofGod\. vi. 112 Whose State of Life is Quadrate
and Concentrick with the Low and Humble Poverty of their
Redeemer.
5. Her. Cross quadrate, a cross which expands
into a square at the junction of the arms.
1780 EDMONDSON Compl. Body Heraldry I. [See of] Litch-
ftcld. Per pale gu. and ar, a cross potent quadrat. 1797
EncycL Brit. (ed. 3) VIII. 452/1.
Quadrate (kwg'drc't), v. Also 7-9 (6 Sf.
pa. ppte.} quadrat, [f. L. quadrat-^ ppl. stem of
qiiadrare to square.]
1. trans. To make (a thing) square, rare.
QUADRATIC.
1560 ROLLAND Crt. Venus n. 586 With subtill wark it was
sa robprat Properlie alswn with kirnalis weill quadrat. 1798
in Spirit Put VI, Jrnls. (1799) II. 151 The winding stream
quadrated into fishponds. 1841 Penny Cycl. XIX. 197/2 The
materials . . are there quadrated or formed into rectangular
blocks.
b. Math. To square (a circle, etc.). rare.
£1645 HOWELL Lett. (1650) I. 26 The hardest things in
the world were ; To quadrate a circle, to find out the philo-
sopher's stone. 1838-9 HALLAM Hist. Lit. III. in. viii. § 9
399 It had long been acknowledged by the best geometers
impossible to quadrate by a direct process any curve surface.
f2. To square (a number or amount). Obs. rare~~*.
1613 JACKSON Creed n. § in. iv. 388 The Pharisees .. did as
it were quadrate the measure of Proselytes sinnes ; multi-
plying GentiHsme by Pharisaisme.
3. intr. To square, agree, correspond, conform
with (rarely to).
1610 GUILLIM Heraldry vi, v. (1611) 265 This forme of
Helmet.. doth best quadrate with the dignity of a Knight.
1671 True Nonconf. 18 That it exactly quadrates to the
case of our Controversie is apparent. 1790 WELTON Suffer.
Son of God I. xi. 273 When their Lives Quadrate with
their Doctrine, their Words Become of weight. 1794 PALEY
Evid. n. i. (1817) 10 The description, .quadrates with no
-part of the Jewish history with which we are acquainted.
1876 J. PARKER Paracl. n. xviii. 325 He had to make
a creed which would quadrate with his immorality.
b. Without const : To be fitting, suitable, or
consistent. Also of two things: To harmonize
with each other. Now rare.
1664 EVELYN Sylva (1776) 516 The same arguments do
not Quadrate in trees. 1718 Freethinker No. 44 P 7 The
Compliment, .of comparing a Beauty to a Star, will now
quadrate in every Respect. 1791 E. DARWIN Bot. Gard.
H. Interl. 84 The siimhes of Homer.. do not quadrate, or
go upon all fours. 1833 CHALMERS Const. Man (1835) I. vi.
256 That the natural . . and the legal or political . . should
quadrate as much as possible.
c. trans. To make conformable (to), rare.
1669 WORLIDGE Syst. Agric. (1681) 206 Therefore I desire
all such that expect any success to their Observations, that
they quadrate the Rules to the places where they live.
1817 T. L. PEACOCK Melincourt xxv, He quadrates his
practice as nearly as he can to his theory.
4. Artillery, a. trans. To adjust (a gun) on its
carriage (see quots.). b. intr. Of a gun : To lie
properly on the carriage.
1706 PHILLIPS (ed. Kersey) s.v., In Gunnery, to quadrate
or square a Piece, is to see whether it be duly plac'd, or
well pois'd on the Carriage and Wheels. 1800 Naval
Chron. IV. 53 A gun quadrates, or hangs well in her carriage.
1867 SMYTH Sailor's Word-bk.^ Quadrate^ to trim a gun on
its carriage and its trucks, to adjust it for firing on a level
range.
5. In pa. pple. : Placed in quadrate aspect.
1829 POE Poems, Al Aaraf (1859) 192 What time the
moon is quadrated in heaven.
Qua'ttrated,///. a. [f. prec. + -EDI.] a. Made
square, squared, 'f Obs. b. Quartered. rare~l.
a. 1578 BANKTER Hist. Man vin. 109 A nerue. .is at length
implanted to the quadrated or foure squared Muscle. 1727-
41 CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v. Printing^ Little quadrated pieces of
metal, called quotations.
b. i8ioMooR.//*«rf« Pantheon 249 The quadrated lozenge,
on the breast and in the palm of this image, is also un-
accounted for, and singular.
f Quadrateness. Obs. rare"1. Squareness.
1599 A. M. tr. Gabelhouer's Bk. Physicke 112/1 Malleate
;. with the broadest hammers, .till it be about thre quart
in the quadratnes therof.
Quadratic (kwgdrse-tik), a. and sb. [ad. L.
type * quadratic-us \ see QUADKATJE sbJ- and -ic,
and cf. F. quadratique^\
A. adj. 1. Square, rare.
1656 in BLOUNT Glossogr. 1876 tr. Wagner* $ Gen. Pat hoi.
115 They first assume the quadratic form at a distance of
one metre behind the head. 1884 BOWER & SCOTT De
Bary's Phaner. 107 One epidermal cell which appears in
surface view rounded and quadratic.
b. Cryst. Of square section through the lateral
or secondary axes ; characterized by this form.
1871 ROSCOE Elem. Ckem. 215 On boiling this solution
the salt is formed, and may be crystallized in quadratic
prisms. 1875 BKNNETT & DYER tr. Sacks' Bot. 66 The
calcium oxalate.. crystallises in the quadratic system.
2. Math. Involving the second and no higher
power of an unknown quantity or of a variable ;
esp. in quadratic equation : see EQUATION 6.
1668 WILKINS Real Char. u. vii. 181 Those Algebraical
notions of Absolute, Lineary, Quadratic, Cubic. 1690 LEY-
BOURN Curs. Math. 337 All Quadratick Aequations of this
kind .. have two Roots. 1706 W. JONES Syn. Palmar.
Matheseos 128 All Quadratic Equations are reducible to
one of these Forms. 1806 MUTTON Course Math. I. 247
A simple quadratic equation, is that which involves the
square of the unknown quantity only. 1885 WATSON &
BURBURY Math. The. Electr. % Magn, I. 169 If we express
every e in terms of the potentials by means of equations. .
E will be a quadratic function of the potentials.
B. sb. a. A quadratic equation, b. pi. The
branch of algebra dealing with quadratic equa-
tions.
1684 BAKER Geometr. Key Title-p.,Of linears, quadratics,
cubics [etc.]. 1690 LEYBOURN Curs. Math. 337 The three
sorts of Mixed Aequations above expressed, are all that can
happen inQuadraticks. 1717-41 CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v., There
are several methods of extracting the roots of adfected
quadratics. 1827 HUTTON Course Math. I. 256 n#tet Cubic
equations, when occurring in pairs, may usually be reduced
to quadratics, by extermination, a 1839 PRAED Poems (1864)
II. 41 By turns, as Thought or Pleasure wills, Quadratics
struggle with quadrilles. 1870 [see ADFECTEU}.
QUADRATICAL.
Quadra tical, a. Now rare. [f. as prec. +
-AL.] = QUADRATIC a.
1674 JEAKE Arith. (1696) 645 The Quotient shall be
squaredly Quadratical. 1690 LEYBOURN Curs. Math. 343
To receive as many Cubical Points, as the Co-efficient doth
Quadratical. 1880 GILBERT Pirates Penzance, I understand
equations, both the simple and quadratical.
Hence Quadra tically adv. (Cent. Diet.}
Quadrate- (kwSdir'-to), mod. comb, form of L.
quadratus or quadratum, QUADBATE a. or st.1;
used in some scientific terms.
tl. Math. Quadrato-cubic a., of the fifth power
or degree. Quadrate-quadrat (e, the fourth power.
Quadrate-quadratic, -quadratical adjs., of the
fourth power ; biquadratic. 06s.
1661 HOBBES Seven Prob. Wks. 1845 VII. 67 There be
some numbers called plane . . others *quadrato-cubic. 1787
WARING in Phil. Trans. LXXVII. 81 Biquadratic and
quadrate-cubic equations. 1684 T. BAKER Geometr. Key d. 2
The "quadrate-quadrat of x, x*. 1718 CLARKE in Phil. Trans.
XXXV. 387 The Cube, or the quadrato-quadrate, or any
other Power. 1674 PETTY Disc. Dufl. Proportion 45 To
have like Vessels . . equally strong, the Timber of which
they consist must be "Quadrato-quadratic. 1677 BAKER in
Rigaud Corr. Sci. Men (1841) II. 18 The geometrical con-
structions of all cubic, and quadrato-quadratic equations.
1668 BARROW ibid. 63 When the equations are *quadrato-
quadratical.
2. Zool. Connected with or pertaining to the
quadrate together with some other bone, as Quad-
ra to-Jn gal a. and sb. (see quot. 1878), -mandr-
bular, -(meta pte'ryg-oid, -squamo-sal adjs. (see
the second element).
1870 RotLKSTON Anim. Life 18 The quadratojugal rod.
1878 BELL Gegenbaur's Comp. Anat. 462 In Birds the
quadrato-jugal is a slender piece of bone, which arises from
the side of the mandibular joint of the quadrate. 1888
ROLLESTON & JACKSON Anim. Life 338 The quadrate or in
Teleostei . . the quadrato-metapterygoid.
3. Cry st. Qna:dratoctahe-dron, an eight-sided
crystal of square section through the secondary
axes.
1884 BOWER & SCOTT De Bary"s Pkaner. 137 The funda-
mental form of the crystals belonging to the quadratic
system is the quadratoctahedron.
Quadratrix (kwgdrei-triks). PI. quadra-
trices. [mod.L., fern, agent-n. from quadrdre to
QUADRATE; cf. F. yuadralrice (ij& c.).] A curve
used in the process of squaring other curves.
1656 tr. fitiiaf Elem. Pkilos. (1839) 316 The ancient
geometricians . . who made use of the quadratrix for the
finding out of a strait line equal to the arch of a circle. 17*7-
41 CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v., The most eminent of these quadra-
trices are, that of Dinostrates [etc.]. 1816 tr. Lacroix's
Diff. 9f Int. Calculus 662 The Quadratrix, a curve formerly
celebrated for its apparent connection with the quadrature
of the circle. 1898 tr. H. Schubert Math. Essays 124 The
solution of the quadrature of the circle founded on the
construction of the quadratrix.
Quadrature (kwg-dratiui). [ad. L. quadra-
tiira a square, the act of squaring : see QDADBATE
v. and -DEE. Cf. F. quadrature (1529).]
1 1. Square shape, squareness. 06s.
1563 FOXE A.lfM. (1596) 1670 The maruellous quadrature
of the same, I take to signifie the vniuersal agreement in
the same. 1600 HOLLAND Liny xxv. xxiii. 565 One of the
Romans . . counted the stones . . and made estimate to him-
selfe of their quadrature and proportion. 1653 R. SANDERS
Physiogn. 60 When the Quadrangle is broad, and well-
proportioned in its quadrature. 1667 MILTON P. L. x. 380
Parted by th' Empyreal bounds, His Quadrature, from thy
Orbicular World.
t2. One side of a square. Obs. rare~l.
'553 EDEN Treat. Newe tnd. (Arb.) 25 Euery quadrature
or syde of the wall hath in it thre principal portes or gates.
3. Math. The action or process of squaring ; spec.
the expression of an area bounded by a curve, esp.
a circle, by means of an equivalent square.
1596 NASHE Saffron Walden 22 As much time, .as a man
might haue found out the quadrature of the circle in. 1653
BENLOWES Theoph. xi. xxxvii, As hard to find thy cure As
circles puzling Quadrature. 1664 Phil. Trans. I. 15 A
method for the Quadrature of Parabola's of all degrees.
1743 EMERSON Fluxions p. iii, Drawing Tangents to Curves,
finding their Curvatures, their Lengths, and Quadratures.
i8>9 MRQ. ANCLESEA Lct.iB Feb. in Lady Morgan's Mem.
(1862) II. 278, I am as incapable of making a rhyme as of
effecting the quadrature of the circle. 1881 ROUTLEDGE
Science li. 36 The attention which the problem of the quad-
rature of the circle has attracted,
f b. (See quot.) Obs.
1717-41 CHAMBERS Cycl., Quadrature-lines, or lines of
Quadrature, are two lines frequently placed on Gunter s
sector. [Description follows.]
4. Astron. •)• a. One of the four cardinal points.
Obs. rare-1. (See note on QUADRATE a. 2.)
1601 HOLLAND Pliny I. 37 When this concurrence [of the
planets with the sun] is about the quadratures of the heaven.
[L. circa quadrata mundi.]
b. One of the two points (in space or time) at
which the moon is 90° distant from the sun, or
midway between the points of conjunction and
opposition.
1685 BOYLE Enq. Notion Nat. vii. 256 When the Moon is
in Opposition to the Sun.. that Part of Her Body which
respects the Earth, is more Enlightned than at the New
Moon, or at either of the Quadratures. 17*6 tr. Gregory's
Astron. I. 126 The Passage of the Body L from the Quad-
ratures to the Syzygies. 1774 GOLDSM. Nat. Hist. (1862) I.
91 The tides are greatest in the syzigies, and least in the
6
quadratures. 1867-77 G- Y- CHAMBERS Astron. i. ii. (ed. 3)
39 After starting from conjunction with the Sun it succes-
sively roaches its Eastern quadrature [etc.].
c. The position of one heavenly body relative
to another when they are 90° apart, esp. of the
moon to the sun when at the quadratures (see prec.).
t Also Quadrature aspect.
1591 SPARRY tr. Cattan's Geomancie (1599) 185 The Quad-
rature Aspect is from the first to the fourth, or from the first
to the tenth. 1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) II. 508/2 Thus the
sun and moon, . . or any two planets, may be in conjunction,
opposition, or quadrature. i8» WOODHOUSE Astron. vii. 44
The Sun is said to be in quadrature with a star, or planet,
when the difference of their longitudes is 90° or 270°. 1854
BREWSTER More Worlds xvi. 236 The rays reflected from
them when the planets are in quadrature.
t d. Her. In quadrature, at intervals of a
quarter-circle. Obs.
1766 PORNY Heraldry (1787) 188 A circular Wreath, Pearl
and Diamond [= Argent and Sable] with four Hawk's Bells
joined thereto in quadrature Topaz [=Or].
f5. A division into four parts (?cf. QUADRATE
sb?}. Obs. rare-1.
1578 LYTE Dodoens vi. Ixxix. 759 Foure straight lines
running alongst the young shutes or branches, the which
do make v. quadrature, or a diuision of the said young
branches into foure square partes or cliftes.
II Quadratus (kwfdr«i-t3s). Anat. [L. : see
QUADRATE sbl and a.] A quadrate muscle. Quad-
ratus femoris, lumborum, etc. (seeQuADRATE a. I c).
17*7-41 CHAMBERS Cycl., Quadratus . . a name applied to
several muscles, in respect of their square figure ; as the
palmaris, and pronators. 1756 WIN-SLOW Anat. (ed. 4) 1. 21 1
A tendon .. inserted between the Gemelli and Quadratus.
1843 J. G. WILKINSON Swedenborg" s Anim. Kingd. I. ii. 60
Some of the before mentioned muscles : these are the
triangulares and quadratus. 1870 ROLLESTON .-/ mm. Life 3
The two psoas muscles and the quadratus lumborum.
Quadreble, var. QUATREBLE, quadruple.
Quadred, pa. pple. of QUADER v. Obs.
Quadrefoil, obs. form of QUATREFOIL.
Quadrein, obs. variant of QUATRAIN.
t Quadrel. Obs. Also 7 -ell. [ad. It, quad-
rello (med.L. quadrellus, OF. quarrel, F. carreau)
square stone or brick, dim. of quadra a square :
cf. QUARREL sb^\ A square block, esp. of brick,
and spec, of a kind of brick used in Italy (see quot.
1 703). Also attrib.
1686 PLOT Staffordsh. 358 Their Quadrells of peat, are
made into that fashion by the spade that cults them. 1688
R. HOLME Armoury in. 457/1 A Quadrell Wall, that is
a wall of Artificial! Stone, as Brick, Tyle, etc. 1703 T. N.
A sort of Bricks larger than Quadrels, or common ones.
Quadren, square : see QUADBAN.
Quadrennial (kwgdre'nial), a. and sb. Also
(correctly) quadriennial, (7 -ennal . . [ad. L. type
*quadriennidl-is, -ennal-is : see Qu ADREHNICM and
-At, and cf. F. quatriennal.']
A. adj. 1. Occurring every fourth year.
1701 W. WOTTON Hist. Rome, Marcus iii. 46 Their
Accounts of Time were reckoned by the Quadriennial
Returns of the Grand Games. 1847 GROTE Greece n. xxviii.
IV. 92 Peisistratus . . first added the quadrennial or greater
Panathenxa to the ancient annual or lesser Panathenaea.
1880 Times 27 Sept. 8/x The Archbishop of Canterbury.,
continuing his quadrennial visitation of his diocese. 1884
Sat. Rev. 7 June 745/2 Its statutes only demanded quadren-
nial residence.
2. Lasting for four years.
1656 BLOUNT Glossogr., Quadriennial, of four years. 17*7
BAILEY, vol. II, Quadrennial, of the Space of four Years.
1881 Daily News n Mar. 6/2 Biennial Budgets and quad-
rennial Parliaments.
B. sb. fa. A period of four years. Obs. rare—1.
b. An event happening every four years, c. A
fourth anniversary, or its celebration (Cent. Diet.).
a 1646 J. GREGORY Posthuma, De &ris et Epochis (1650)
163 The Egyptians called everie daie in the year by the
Name of som God. .and everie year of their Lustrums or
?uadriennals in like manner. 1856 Sat. Rev. 8 Wov. 625/2
he great quadrennial — the Presidential election — is the
' Derby Day ' of America.
Hence Quadre'nnially adv., every fourth year.
1796 MORSE Amer. Geoff. I. 626 The senate [of Virginia]
chosen quadrennially.
II Qiiadrennium (kwgdre'niom). Also (cor-
rectly) quadriennium. [a. L. quadriennium,
f. quadri- QUADHI- + annus year.] A period of
four years; spec, in Sc. Law (see quot. 1823).
i8»3 CRABB, Quadriennium utile, . . the term of four years
allowed . . to a minor after his majority, during which he may
by suit, or action, endeavour to annul any deed granted to
his prejudice during his minority. 1853 G. OLIVER Coll.
Hist. Catk. Relig. Cornwall 482 Francis Watmough . . is
known to have filled several quadrienniums before his death.
1876 Fox BOURNE Locke I. ii. 52 In taking his bachelor's
degree . . Locke abridged the old quadrennium . . by one term.
Quadri- (kwg'dri), a first element used in combs,
with the sense ' having, consisting of, connected with,
etc. four (things specified) *. The L. qiiadri- was
so employed in a few words during the classical
period, as in the sbs. quadriduum, quadriennium,
quadriremis, quadrimum , the adjs. quadrifidus,
yuadrijugus, and the pple. quadripartitus. In the
post-classical and later language such compounds
QUADRI-.
are much more numerous, esp. adj. forms, as quad-
riangulus, -ennis, -formis, -gamus, -laterus, etc.
(See also QUADBU-.)
The earliest examples in English are quadrangle,
quadripartite, quadrivial, which are as old as the
15th c. ; others, as quadrijid, quadriform, quadri-
lateral, quadrireme were introduced later, esp. in
the 1 7th c. By far the greater number of quadri-
compounds, however, belong to the language of
modern science, the employment of the prefix in
popular words being much rarer than that of bi-
and tri-. A considerable number of those given
in the following lists are self-explanatory, and in
these cases the definition is omitted.
I. Adjectives with the sense ' having or consist-
ing of four — ', ' characterized by the number four ',
as quadriba-sic Chem., applied to certain acids
containing four atoms of displaceable hydrogen
(Webster, 1864); qua dricente-nnial, consisting
of, connected with, a period of four centuries (Cent.
Diet. 1891) ; quadrifaTious[L.-/iz>-z«j], fourfold,
having four parts ; quadrifo'cal, having four foci
(Cent. Diet.) ; quadrifro'ntal [L. -frens], having
four faces ; quadriga'bled ; quaclrijirgal [L.
-jugus~\, four-horsed, belonging to a four-horse
chariot ; quadrili-bral [L. -libris}, containing
four pounds ; quadrilrngual [late L. -linguis],
using, written in, etc., four languages ; quadri--
manous = QUADRUMANOUS ; •)• quadrimood (see
quot.) ; quadrino'mial, -no'mical, -no minal,
consisting of four (algebraic) terms; quadri -parous
Ornith., laying only four eggs ; quadripla'nar ;
quivdri'plieate(d), having four folds or pleats
(Craig, 1848); quadrisylla-bio(al), f -syllable,
-syllabous [late L. -syllabus'] ; quadri -valent
Chem., capable of combining with four univalent
atoms.
"• '745 SWIFT To George-Nim-Dan-Dean Esq. Wks. 1841
1. 762 Hail human compound *quadrifarious. .Invincible as
wight Briareus. a 1859 DE QOINCEY Posth. Wks. (rSgi) I.
235 AH the quadrifanous virtue of the scholastic ethics.
1886 Academy 25 Apr. 288/1 The famous *Quadrifrontal
Roman Arch [at Tripoli). 1891 A. HEALES Archil. Ch,
Denmark 69 On the north is a staircase, the angles are
of brick; *quadrigabled. 1819 H. BUSK Veslriad iv. 636
Aurora's neighing steeds .. draw on her *quadrijugal car.
1674 JEAKE Arith. (1696) 01 Some mention a Triple
Choenix, as Bilibral, *Quadrilibral, and Quinquelibral. 1876
is the leaping of one Voyce to another by a fift, consisting
of three '1 ones, and a semitone . . Therefore Pontifex cals it
the *Quadri-moode Interuall. 1717 BAILEY vol. II, *Quadri-
nomial, . . consisting of four Denominations or Names.
1866-99 W. R. HAMILTON Elem. Quatern. (ed. 2) I. 245 The
principal use which we shall here make of the standard
quadrmomial form. 1883 SALMON Anal. Geom. 3 Dimens.
(ed. 4) 23 We shall use these *quadriplanar coordinates,
whenever, .our equations can be materially simplified. 1883
Contemf. Rev. Dec. 938 The old absurdity of reading
everything possible into quadrisyllable feet. 1656 BLOUNT
Glossogr., * Quadrisyllable. . . that hath four syllables. 1678
PHILLIPS (ed. 4), List Barbarous Words,*Quadrisyllatous,
consisting of four syllables. 1869 Eng. Meek. 12 Nov. 198/3
The elements are classified as . . tetratomic or "quadrivalent,
having four attractions. 1880 CLEMINSHAW Wurtz' Atom.
The. 283 Carbon is quadrivalent and oxygen bivalent.
b. Sot. and Zool., as quadrialate, having four
ate or wing-like processes (Syd. Soc. Lex. 1897) ;
quadria'nnulate, having or consisting of four
rings ; quadriarti'oulate(d), having four joints ;
quadrica'psular, -ca'psulate ; quadrica'rinate,
having four carinse or keel-shaped lines, spec, of an
orthopterous insect (Cent. Diet. 1891); quadri-
ce'llular ; quadrici'liate, having four cilia or
hairs ; quadrioi'pital, having four heads or points
"of origin, as the quadriceps muscle ; qua-drioorn,
having four horns (ibid., • so -oornous (Blonnt
Glossogr. 1656); quadrioo'state, having four
costse or ribs ; quadricotyle'donous, having two
deeply divided (and thus apparently four) cotyle-
dons ; qua'dricresce-ntic, -toid, having four
crescents ; of teeth : having four crescentic folds ;
quadricu'spid, -cu'spidate, of teeth : having four
cusps or points ; quadride'ntate(d), having four
serrations or indentations ; quadridi-gitate, having
four digits or similar divisions ; quadrifo'liate,
consisting of four leaves; also = quadrifoliolate,
of a compound leaf : having four leaflets growing
from the same point ; quadrifu'roate(d), having
four forks or branches ; quadrige'minal, -ous,
belonging to the corpora quadrigemina at the base
of the brain; also =quadrige'minate, formed of
four similar parts, fourfold ; quadrigla-ndular ;
quadrihi'late (see qnot.) ; quadrijirgate, -ju--
gous, of a leaf: having four pairs of leaflets
(Martyn, 1 793) ; quadrila'minar, -ate ; quadrilo'-
bate, -lobed ; quadrilo'cular, -ate, having four
compartments; quadrime'mbrul; quadrino'dal;
QUADBI-.
quadri nu*cle ate ; quadripe'nnate, having four
wings (Worcester, 1846) ; f quadriphy llous (see
quot.) ; quadripi'nnate, having four pinnte or
side leaflets ; quadripo'lar, having four poles or
centres of division in a cell ; quadripirlmonary,
of spiders : having two pairs of pulmonary sacs
(Cent.Dict^}\ quadrira'diate (see quot.); quadri-
ee'ptate, having four septa or dissepiments ; quad-
rise'rial, arranged in four series or rows ; quadri-
se-tose, having four setae or bristles (Cent* Viet.} ;
quadrispi'ral ; f quadrisulc [late L. -suffus],
quadrisu'lcate(d), having four grooves or furrows,
having a four-parted hoof; quadritube'rcular,
-tube'reulate ; qua'drivalve, -va'lvular.
1856-8 W. CLARK Van der HoeverCs Zool. I. 321 Abdomen
*quadriannulate, oval, 1826 KIRBY & SP. Entomol. IV.
325 *Quadriarticulate. 1834 M°MURTRIE Cuvier's Anim.
Kingd. 361 The Insects . . are remarkable . . for their short
*quadriarticulated tarsi. 1731 BAILEY vol. II, *Quadri-
capsular, . . having a seed pod divided into four partitions.
1857 BERKELEY Cryptog. Bot. 163 The biciliate spores . . do
not arise.. from the same tissue as the *quadriciliate. 1854
OWEN Skel. $ Teeth in Circ. Sc,, Organ. Nat. I. 299 The
three true molars are *quadricuspid. 1839-47 TODD Cycl.
Anat. III. 264/2 The three *quadricuspidate grinders of the
upper jaw. 1760 J. LEE Introd. Bot. I. xv. (1765) 39
*Ouadridentate, split into four segments. 1828 STARK
Elem. Nat. Hist. II. 159 Body covered with a reddish
down, ..front quadridentate. 1858 MAYNE Exj>os. Lex.,
Quadridigitatus, .. applied to a leaf, the petiole of which
terminates in four folioles . . *quadridigitate. 1866 Treas.
Bot. 947/1 *Quadri/oliate. 1884 BOWER & SCOTT De Bary's
Plianer. 341 The leaves, .are ranged in alternating, usually
quadrifoliate whorls. 1777 PENNANT Zool, IV. 7 Cr. with
a *quadri-furcated snout. 1839-47 TODD Cycl. Anat. III.
686/1 The *quadrigeminal bodies rest upon two processes
of fibrous matter. 1856 TODD & BOWMAN Phys. Anat, II.
39 From the quadrigeminal tubercles to the chiasma. 1866
Treas. Bot. 947/1 * Quadri hi late, having four apertures, as
is the case in certain kinds of pollen. 1819 Pantologia X,
*Quadrilobate leaf. 1839-47 TODD Cycl. Anat. III. 607/2
These cords . . encircle the oesophagus above which they
develope a quadrilobate ganglion. 1775 JENKINSON tr. Lin-
nxiis Brit. Plants 255 *Quadrilocnlar. 1835 LiNDLEY
Introd. Bot. (1839) I. 176 The anther could not originally
be quadrilocular, because it opens by two fissures only.
1731 BAILEY vol. I \*Quadriphyllous^. .Plants whose flowers
have [four] leaves or petals. 1881 Card. Chron. XVI. 685
The fronds are *quadripinnate in the lower and more com-
pound portions. 1867 J. HOGG Microsc. H. ii. 400 Some
Smyrna sponges, and species of Geodia, have four rays—
*quadriradiate. 1887 W. PHILLIPS Brit. Discomycetes 149
Pallid; cups clavate, substipitate ; margin incurved ; spori-
dia . . long, *quadriseptate. 1839 JOHNSTON in Proc. Berw.
Nat. Clitb I. No. 7. 199 Suckers of the . . tentacula *quadri-
serial. 1693 Phil' Trans- XVII. 934 Musk he takes to be . .
secreted in its proper Cystis near the Navil of a ^Quadrisulc
Animal like a Deer. 1775 JENKINSON tr. Linnaeus Brit.
Plants 255 *Qnadrisulcated. 1856-8 W. CLARK Van der
Hoevens Zool. II. 753 The two other true molars *quadri-
tuberculate. 1785 MARTYN Ronsseatt's Bot. xvi. 199 The
capsule is *quadnvalve [ed. 1794 quadrivalvular] or opens
268
cap-
into four parts. 1875 H. C. WOOD Therap. (1879)
Readily distinguished by its . . quadrivalve spinescent r
sules. 1762 RUSSELL in Phil. Trans. LII. 556 What
appeared to be the mouth, was situated a little below the
apex, and was "quadrivalvular.
H. Sbs., vbs., and advs., chiefly from adjs. in I :
quadricente'nuial, a four hundredth anniversary ;
quadriceps (extensor) [cf. BICEPS], a large muscle
of the leg, having four heads ; qua'drichord
[late L. -chorduiri\ = TETBAOHORD ; qua'dricorn,
an animal with four horns or antennae (Brande
Diet. Set. 1 842) ; qua'dricycle, a four-wheeled
cycle ; quadrifa'riously adv., in a fourfold man-
ner ; qufvdrifoil = QUATREFOIL ; qua'drifurca--
tion , a division into four branches ; quadri 'gamist
[L. -gamus], one four times married; qua'dri-
logue, an account by four persons ; a dialogue
between four ; quadrHogy, a tetralogy ; quadri-
pe'nnate, a four-winged insect (Brande, 1842) ;
quadripo'rticus, a colonnade or peristyle round
a quadrangular building or space ; qua drisacra-
me'ntalist, -sacrament a Tian, a name applied to
some i6th c. German reformers who held Baptism,
the Eucharist, Confession and Orders to be sacra-
ments (Blunt Diet. Sects 1874); qua'drisect v.t
to divide into four equal parts; hence quadri-
se-ction ; quadrisu'lcate, a four-toed animal
(Brande, 1842) ; quadrisyllable, a word of four
syllables ; quadri • valence, the power of an atom
or radical to combine with four univalent atoms ;
quadrrvalent, a quadrivalent element ; qua'dri-
yalve, a plant with a quadrivalvular seed-pod ; an
instrument, esp. a speculum, with four valves;
T" quadri'virate, a union of four men.
i88a Standard 23 Aug. 5/1 To celebrate their *quadri-
centennial with a banquet. 1840 G. V. ELLIS Anat. 636
They separate the *quadriceps extensor muscle from the
others. 1585 T. WASHINGTON tr. Nicholay's Voy. xi. ix. 42
Terpandre the famous Musition, which joined the seventh
string to the *quadricord. 1728 R. NORTH Mem. Music
(1846)34 That these might augment the voice is certain, but ,
then they must be tuned to the quadrichord. 1884 Cycl. '
Tour. Club Gaz. Mar. 86/1 A *quadricycle of the form of the
Coventry. 1822 T. TAYLOR Apuleius, On God of Socrates 300
There arc four most known elements, nature being as it were
quad ri furiously separated into large parts. 1845 Lu. CAMP-
BELL Chancellors (1857) I. xili. 198 The scholar .. stuffs his
volume with firstling violets, roses, and *quadrifoils. 1884
we forget the precise number of his marriages, a 1556 CRAN-
MER Wks. (Parker Soc.) 1. 66 Your wise dialogue, or *quadri-
logue, between the curious questioner, the foolish answerer,
your wise catholic man standing by, and the mediator.
1570-6 LAMBARDE Peramb. Kent (1826) 358 The Quadriloge
of Beckets life, a 1656 USSHER in Gutch Coll. Cur. I. 46
Thomas Becket (as we read in the Quadrilogue, or Quadri-
partite History of his Life). 1865 Athenseum No. 1950.
355/3 His *quadrilogy of Nibelungen operas. 1849 FREE-
MAN A rchit. 276 The form of Amru's mosque . . being a mere
*quadriporticus round an open space. 1865 C. R. WELD
Last Winter_Rome 97 Among the most remarkable features
of this building, .are the Atrium and quadri port icus. 1809
CAVENDISH in Phil. Trans. XCIX. 227 In *quadrisecting,
the error of the middle point = ae. 1673 WALLIS in Rigaud
Corr. Set. Men (1841) II. 571 We find, by the *quadrisection
of an arch or angle, a biquadratic equation of four roots.
1809 CAVENDISH in Phil. Trans. XCIX. 227 In the method
of continued bisection, the two opposite points must be
found by quadrisection. 1706 PHiLLiPS(ed. Kersey), *Quadri-
syllable^ a Word made up of four Syllables. 1827 HARE
Guesses Sen i. (1873) 109 Our dignity will not condescend,
to enter into any thing short of a quadrisyllable. 1884
TRAILL in Macm. Mag. Oct. 444/1, I will end the sentence
with ignoramus.. a quadrisyllable. iSSoCLEMiNSHAwWwr/s'
Atom. The. 211 Carbon is therefore a *quadrivalent. 1731
BAILEY vol. II, *Quadrivalvest . . those Plants whose seed
pods open in four valves or partitions. 1871 F. G. THOMAS
Dts. Women (ed. 3) 76 Of valvular specula the bivalve of
Ricord .. and the quadrivalve of Charriere have long been
popular. 1654 GAYTON Pleas. Notes iv. xvii. 258 This blood -
lesse victory, over a *Quadrivirate of Mummers.
b. Math. Chiefly in sense 'quadric', *of the
second degree or order ', as qua'dricone, -co-
va -riant, -derivative, quadrinva'riant ; also
quadrino'mial, an expression consisting of four
terms.
1856 A. CAYLEY Wks. (1889) II. 272 No. 9 is the *quadri-
covariant, or Hessian. 1706 W. JONES Syn. Palmar.
Matheseos 171 To raise any. .*Quadn-nomial. .to any given
Power. 1827 HUTTON Course Math. I. 167 When the com-
pound quantity consists of two terms, it is called a Binomial,
. . when of four terms a Quadrinomial. 1856 A. CAYLEY
Wks. (1889) II. 271 No. i is the quadric itself; no. 2 is the
*quadr in variant. 1884 W. R. W. ROBERTS in Hertnathena
X. 182 Functions, .expressed by the quadrinvariants of the
quantics [etc.],
c. Chem. In the names of chemical compounds,
denoting the presence of four atoms or equivalents
of an element or radical in a compound, as quadri-
oxalate ^-phosphate t-stear ate ^-sulphide. Now super-
seded by TETKA-.
1836-41 BRANDE Chem. (ed. 5) 1067 Then ether would be
a compound of i atom of *quadrihydrocarbon and i of
water. 1826 HENRY Elem. Chem. I. 591 *Quadriphosphate
of lime. 1836-41 BRANDE Chem. (ed. 5) 685 The phosphoric
glass . . is considered by Dr. Thomson as a definite compound,
which he has termed quadri phosphate of lime. 1849 D.
CAMPBELL Inorg. Chem. 299 *Quadrisulphide of molybde-
num, MoS_4. 1897 A llbuttfs Syst. Med. IV. 293 It [uric acid]
is present in the urine in the form of a *quadriurate.
Quadri-, occas. erron. form of QUADBTJ-.
Quadrible, obs. variant of QUADRABLE a.
Quadrible, variant of QUATBEBLE a. and v.
Quadric (kwo/drik), a. and sb. Math. [ad. L.
type *guadric-u$ , f. quadra square : see -ic.J
A. adj. Of the second degree. (Used in solid
geometry, and where the variables are more than
two.)
1858 A. CAYLEY Wks. (1889) II. 497 The case of any
quadric function of « variables. 1865 Athenaeum No. 1950.
;2/2 Quadric Inversion. 1884 A, S. HART in ffentiutkenct
.. 164 Such curves.. can be traced on a quadric surface.
Ibid. 166 Two of the, given equations will represent quadric
ones.
B. sb. A quantic or surface of the second degree.
1856 A, CAYLEY Wks. (1889) II. 271 The tables Nos. i and 2
are the covariants of a binary quadric. 1881 MAXWELL,
Electr. fy Magn. I, 215 A variable parameter, which we
shall distinguish by a suffix for the species of quadric. 1884
A. S. HART in Hermathena X. 164 There are many such
[twisted algebraic] curves which do not He on any quadric.
Quadriennial, -ium : see QUADRENNIAL, -IUM.
Quadrifid (kw2'drifid) , a. (sd.) Also 7 quadri-
fide. [ad. L. quadrifid-ust f. QUADBI- + Jid- root
ifindere to cleave. Cf. mod.F. quadrifide^\ Cleft
into four divisions or lobes.
1661 LOVELL Hist. Anim. fy Min. 109 Claws like a Cow ;
but quadrifide. 1766 PENNANT Zool. (1769) III. 320 The
tail is naturally bifid, but in many is trifid, and in some even
quadrifid. 1850 LINDLEY Nat. Syst. Bot. 52 Distinguished
by. .the quadrifid calyx. 1875 DARWIN Insectiv. PI. xiv. 326
The quadrifid processes on the outer parts of the lobes.
b. absol. as sb. A quadrifid process.
1875 DARWIN Imectiv. PI. xiv. 326 On the broad outer
surfaces of the lobes where the quadrifids are situated.
Quadriform (kw2'drifpam), a.1 [ad. late L.
quadriformis : see QUADBI- and -FOBM. Cf. obs.
F. qttadriforme^\ Having four forms or aspects.
1668 H. MORE Dili. Dial. v. x. (1713) 440 This quadriform
aspect of the Cherubims. 1850 NEALE Med. Hymns (1867)
109 Quadriform His Acts, which writing They produce
before our eyes. 1858 MAYNE Expos. Lex., Quadri/onms,
..applied to a crystal which presents the combination of
four distinct forms, .quadriform. 1874 Supernat. Rtttf, II.
in. ii. 476 Quadriform is the Gospel, and quadrifonn the
course of the Lord.
QUADBILITERAL.
Qua-driform, at rare. [f. L. *qtiadri- comb,
form of quadra square + -FOKM.] Square-shaped,
f Ahojig: : Perfect (cf. QUADBATE a. 3).
1679 HARBV Key Serif f. n. 34 It principally intends, .that
true quadriform Righteousness of Gospel-Promise. 1888
Pall Mall G. 6 July ip/i On the extreme end of the
scabbard is a large quadriform mace head.
II Quadriga (kwgdrai-ga). [L. ; later sing, form
for pi. quadrigm contr. of quadrijugx, f. quadri-
QCADBI- +jugum yoke. Cf. F. quadrige (i 7th c.),
and see QUATHBIGAN.]
1. A chariot drawn by four horses harnessed
abreast; esp. as represented in sculpture or on coins.
1727-41 CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v., On the reverses of medals
we frequently see Victory, or the emperor, in a quadriga,
holding the reins of the horses. 1850 LEITCH tr. C. O.
Mailer's Anc. Art (ed. z) 452 Apollo.. guides a quadriga,
in which he is carrying off a lofty and noble female form.
1884 Chr. World 14 Aug. 612/5 A quadriga in bronze
carrying a figure of Victory.
2. A form of surgical bandage for the sternum
and ribs. ? Obs.
1743 HEISTER Surgery (1768) II. in. iv. 371 The Generality
of Surgeons make use of a peculiar and stronger Bandage
for this purpose, which they call the Quadriga or Cata-
pkracta. [Hence in CHAMBERS Cycl. SuppL (App,), and
some later diets.]
Hence t QuadriguTious a., ' of or belonging to
a Charriot-man ' (Blount Glossogr. 1656).
t Quadrigate, a. (sb.~) Obs. rare. [ad. L. quad-
rigat-us : see prec.] Of a coin : Stamped with the
figure of a quadriga, b. sb. A coin so stamped.
1600 HOLLAND Livy xxir. Hi. 464 To pay 300 quadrigate
pieces of siluer. Ibid. liv. 465 note, A Quadrigate . . is
a piece of siluer coyne among the Romanes, the same that
Denarius : called so of Quadriga.
t Qnadrilater, a. Obs. rare. [ad. late L.
quadrilater-us, f. quadri- QUADRI- + later- stem
of/a/wjside. C,i.f.quadrilatere(ai^i^I\ =next.
1570 BILLINGSLEY Euclid i. xxi. 31 Wherefore this present
figure . . is . a quadrilater triangle. 1571 DIGGES Pantoin.
H. xvii. O ij b, The figure signified by the quadrilater super-
ficies ABGF.
Quadrilateral (kwgdrilae'teral), a. and sl>.
Also 7 quadrilaterall. [ad. L. type *quadri-
lateralis, f. quadrilater-us + -AL. See prec. and
cf. F. quadrilateral]
A. adj. Four-sided ; having a four-sided base or
section.
1656 STANLEY Hist. Philos. v. (1701) 162/2 The Altar.,
was no longer a Cube, but . . a quadrilateral Pillar. 1674 tr.
with square Bases. 1836-41 BRANDE Chem. (ed. 5) 1125
Carbazotate of Potassa crystallizes in long yellow quad-
rilateral needles. 1876 DUHRING Dis. Skin 38 Nails are
rounded or quadrilateral bodies.
b. Sot. Of a stem: (see quot.).
1875 BENNETT & DYER Sachs' Bot. 184 The principal
sections of all the leaves, .may lie in two planes, crossing
one another at right angles, when the shoot is quadri-
lateral.
B. sb. A figure bounded by four straight lines ;
a space or area having four sides.
In mod. Geotn. A figure formed by four straight lines, no
three of which pass through the same point, and by the six
points (vertices) forming the intersections of these lines,
taken two by two (Cf. QUADRANGLE).
1650 T. RUDD E-uclide 45 To forme a. .Quadrilaterall,
about which a circle may be circumscribed. 1827 HUTTON
Course Math. I. 282 A Diagonal is a line joining any two
opposite angles of a quadrilateral. 1866 R. A. PROCTOR
Handbk. Stars 16 The intermediate figures are quad-
rilaterals of varying form. 1893 E. H. BARKER Wanderings
by Southern Waters 301 Four . . towers occupying the angles
of a small quadrilateral.
b. The space lying between, and defended by,
four fortresses ; spec, that in North Italy formed by
the fortresses of Mantua, Verona, Peschiera, and
Legnano.
1859 Times i July 8/5 Such fortresses as compose the
famous ' Quadrilateral '. 1866 Sat. Rev. 21 July 66/1 The
Quadrilateral and Venice still remain in the hands of the
Austrians. 1870 Pall Mall G. 2 Sept. 2 He has four
fortresses around him . . but upon twelve square miles of
territory.. he cannot play at quadrilaterals.
Jig. 1888 LD. ROSEBERY in Daffy News 20 Feb. 5/5
Am overjoyed . . that Edinburgh is once more the quad-
rilateral of Liberalism.
Hence Quadrila'teralness, 'tr-e property of
having four sides' (Bailey, vol. II, i727)-
Qnadriliteral (kwgdrilHeral), a. and s6. [f.
QUADBI- -t- LITEBAL.]
A. adj. Consisting of four letters ; spec, of
Semitic roots which have four consonants instead
of the usual three (see triliteral).
and quadriliteral as well as biliteral roots. 1837 PHILLIPS
Syriac Granim. 96 Quadriliteral verbs. 1869 B. DAVIES tr.
Gesenius' Hebrew Gram. 86 Such lengthened forms . . are
not regarded as quadriliteral.
B. ib. A word of four letters : a (Semitic) root
containing four consonants.
1787 SIR W. JONKS Disc. Arabs Wks. 1799 I. 40 If we
suppose ten thousand of them [Arabic roots] (without
QUADRILLE.
reckoning quadriliterals) to exist [etc.]. 1839 PAULI Anal.
Hebr. xxviii. 205 The so-called Quadri- and Quinti- literals
are compounds [etc.]. 1864 PUSEY Left. Daniel^d On the
principle of reducing the words to quadriliterals. 1874 SAYCE
Compar. Philol. ii. 78 Quadriliterals . . for the most part have
extended a vowel into a liquid.
Quadrille (see next), j-i.l Also 8 quadrill.
[a. F. quadrille (1725); referred by Littre to It.
quadriglio of the same meaning, but by Hatz.-
Darm. said to be ad. Sp. cuartillo, the form in F.
being due to association with quadrille, Sp. cuad-
rilla (see next).] A card-game played by four
persons with forty cards, the eights, nines, and tens
of the ordinary pack being discarded, t Also fl.
Quadritie began to take the place of ombre as the fashion-.
able card game about 1726, and was in turn superseded by
whist.
1736 in Suffolk Corr. (1824) I. 257 Sir T. Coke [etc.] . .
.
wrangle at Quadrille. 1768 in Priv. Lett. /.</. Malmesbury
I. 161, I preferred a sober game of quadrilles with Miss
Chudleigh. 1789 MRS. PIOZZI Journ. France, etc. I. 22
The petty pleasures of sixpenny quadrille. 1833 LAMB
Etta (1860) 51 Quadrille, she has often told me, was her first
love, but whist had engaged her maturer esteem. 1861 T. L,
PEACOCK Gryll Gr. xxiii. 198 Amongst the winter evening's
amusements were two forms of quadrille : the old-fashioned
game of cards, and the more recently fashionable dance.
attrib. 1731 FIELDING Mod. Huso. i. ii, Bring the Quad-
rille book hither ; see whether I am engaged. 1733 GAY
Distr. Wife iv, Lady Rampant depends upon your lady-
ship to make up her quadrille party. 1843 LEFEVRE Life
Trav. Phys. II. I. xiv. 44 The old Countess sat down to
the quadrille table with three other ladies.
Quadrille (kwgdrH, kwa-, ka-), sb? [a. F.
quadrille (Cotgr. 1611), ad. Sp. cuadrilla, Pg.
quadrilha, It. quadriglia, a band, troop, company,
'a Squadron containing 25 (or fewer) Sonldiers'
(Cotgr.), app. f. cuadra, quadra square ; cf. Sp.
escuadra, It. squadra, squadrone SQUADRON.]
1. One of four groups of horsemen taking part in
a tournament or carousel, each being distinguished
by special costume or colours.
1738 G. SMITH Curious Relat. II. 389 The first Quad-
rille, led on by their Chief, the Duke of Weissenfels. 1766
Chron. in Ann. Reg. 118/1 The four quadrilles representing
four different nations. 1777 J. CARTER KingZayde in Evans
O. B. (1784) III. xviii. 182 Two of the four quadrilles,. .Take
lances in their hands.
trans/. 1831 SCOTT Kenilta. xxxvii. The four quadrilles
of masquers .. drew up in their several ranks.
2. A square dance, of French origin, usually per-
formed by four couples, and containing five sections
or figures, each of which is a complete dance in
itself. Also called ' a set of quadrilles '.
1773 MRS. HARRIS in Priv.'Lett. Ld. Malmesbury I. 269
A few evenings ago some company were rehearsing quad-
rilles at Mrs. Hobart's in St. James' Square. 1833 BHYON
yuan xi. Ixx, Dissolving in the waltz . . Or proudlier
prancing with mercurial skill Where Science marshals forth
her own quadrille. 1833 HT. MARTINEAU Loom ff Lugger
II. iv. 64 A twang of the fiddle called her up for her first
quadrille. 1863 GRONOW Remin. 44, 1 recollect the persons
who formed the first quadrille that was ever danced at
Almack's were Lady Jersey [etc.).
attrib. and Comb. 1818 LADY MORGAN Autobiog. (1859)
36 There was some pretty quadrille-dancing. 1839 LYTTON
Devereux n. viii, I disappointed her in not searching for
her at every drum and quadrille-party.
b. A piece of music to which a quadrille may
be danced.
Quadri-lle, sb2 rare~l. pad. It. quadrello
pack-needle, assimilated to prec.] A square needle.
18x8 Art Present. Feet 68 Scratching it with the point
of the quadrille or squared bodkin.
t Quadrrlle, v> Obs. rare-1, [f. QDADBILLE
ji.l] intr. To play at the game of quadrille.
1734 MRS. DELANY Lett, to Mrs. A. Granville 508 They
qtiadrilled after dinner till ten, and I dozed by them, .losing
at cards infallibly lulls me to sleep.
Quadrille (kwgdrH, kwa-, ka-),K.2 [f. QDAD-
BILLE si.2] intr. To dance quadrilles. Also quasi-
trans. with cognate obj., and trans, in nonce-use.
1828 Light ff Shade II. 105 His uses are . . to quadrille
with young [ladies]. 1831 MOORE Summer Fete, These gay
things, born but to quadrille. The circle of their doom fulfil.
18 . . — Country Dunce ff Quad, xxvii, Men . . Quadrilled
on one side into fops, And drilled on t'other into slaves !
1841 MOTLEY Corr. (1889) I. iv. 93, 1 waltzed one waltz, and
quadrilled one quadrille, but it was hard work.
Hence Quadri'Uer ; Quadrl-lling vbl. sb.
1820 Blackiv. Mag. VII. 521 Her husband was formerly
one of the gayest, .quadrillers, waltzers [etc.]. 1820 PRAED
County Ball 399 Upon our waltzing and quadrilling. 1840
LADY C. BURY Hist, of Flirt \, They were the most inde-
fatigable of quadrillers. 1853 READE Chr. Johnstone 99
Dancing reels, with heart and soul, is not quadrilling.
II Quadrille (kadr»'y«), a. [F. ; f. quadrille a
small square, ad. Sp. cuadrillo QOADBEL.] =next.
1884 Casselts Fam. Mag. Apr. 313/1 The new lace is
called ' quadrille '. It has large square meshes [etc.].
Quadrilled (kw^drrld) , a. [ad. F. quadrille :
see prec,] Marked with squares; having a pattern
composed of small squares.
1835 Court Mag. VI. p. xvii/2 The prettiest of these is
the quadrilled gros de Naples, with a white ground, and
a flower in each square. 1899 B'ham Weekly Post 2 Sept.
20/3 The second [tie] is of red silk quadrilled with black.
8
Quadrillion (kwgdri-lyan). [a. F. quadrillion
(10th c.), f. quadri- + (million: see BILLION.]
a. In Great Britain : The fourth power of a million,
represented by I followed by twenty-four ciphers.
b. In U.S. (as in France): The fifth power of a
thousand, or I followed by fifteen ciphers.
1674 JEAKE Arith. (1696) 14 Others, .call the twenty-fifth
place Quadrillion. 1706 W. JONES Syn. Palmar. Matheseos
8 Then the 4th point from Units stands under Quad-
rillions. 1795-8 T. MAURICE Hindustan (1820) I. i. iv. 142
Two quadrillions . . of lunar years. 1891 Pall Mall G.
4 Mar. 3/2, 1 wonder how many quadrillions, quintillions,
sextillions there are of them [locusts].
Hence Quadri llionai re (after MILLIONAIRE^,
one who possesses a quadrillion of the standard unit
of money in any country. Quadri llionth «.. the
ordinal numeral corresponding to quadrillion ; s/>.,
a quadrillionth part (Funk's Staml. Viet. 1893).
a 1876 M. COLLINS Pen Sketches (1879) 1. 172 A millionaire
(we shall soon have billionaires, trilhonaires, quadrillion-
aires). 1883 SALA Amer. Revil. (1885) 174 Silver-mine
millionnaires and Wall-street quadrillionnaires.
Quadrimanous, obs. var. QCADBUMANOUS.
f Quadrrmular, a. Obs. rare-1. [(.L.guaJ-
rlm-us (f. quadri- + hiem-s winter) + -DLAB.] Last-
ing for four years.
1664 H. MORE Synopsis Proph. 341 This quadrimular
antichrist shall not onely over-run Christendom, but subdue
the Grand Signior.
Quadrin, variant of QUADBWE 1.
Quadrinate (kwg-drinA), a. Bot. [f. QUADBI-
on anal, of BINATE.] Having four leaflets ; quadri-
foliate. 1870 BENTLEY Bot. 164.
tQuadrine1. Obs. rare. Also -in. [a. obs. F.
quaarin (It. quadrino), var. of quatrin QUATBINE.]
A small copper coin ; a farthing.
X557 N. T. (Genev.) Mark xii. 42 And there came a certayne
poore wydow, and she threw in two mytes which make
a quadnn. 1579-80 NORTH Plutarch 722 (R.) One of her
paramours sent her a purse full of quadrines (which are
little pieces of copper money) instead of silver.
I Quadrine'-'. Obs. rare-1. [For QUADBAN or
QUADBANT, on anal, of TBINE.] Quartile aspect.
1638 WITHER Brit. Rememb. v. 1050 In Sextile, or in
Quadrine, or in Trine.
t Quadringena-riouB, a. Obs. rare—0, [ad.
L. quadringenari-its , f. quadringeni four hundred
each.] ' That contains four hundred ' (Blonnt
Glossogr. 1656).
Quadripartite (kwgdripa'Jtsit), a. and sb.
Also 7 -partit; 6 quadri-, 6-7 quadrapertite ;
6-8 quadrupartite, (6 -pertite). [ad. L. quadri-
partit-us, f. quadri- QOADBI- + pa. pple. oifartiri
to divide, PART.]
A. adj. 1. Divided into, or consisting of, four
parts. Now chiefly in Sot., Zool., and Arch.
Quadripartite vault, one divided into four converging
compartments ; so q uadriparte groining.
1433-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) III. xix That kynge Nabu-
godonosor hade a dreame of a quadripartite ymage. 1570
LEVINS Manip. 151/43 Quadripartite, quadripartitus. 1612
SELDEN Illustr. Drayton's Poly^ilb. iv. 215 Wks. 1876 I.
115 Frederic Ill's institution of the quadripartite Society
of S. George's shield. 1768-74 TUCKER Lt. Nat. (1834) II.
464 The quadripartite discourse upon Phil. ii. 6. 1849
FREEMAN Archil. 246 The aisles of large churches are
almost always covered with plain quadripartite vaulting.
1875 BENNETT & DYER tr. Sachs' Bot. 584 The tubular re-
ceptacle . . is even quadripartite, corresponding to the four
perianth-leaves and to the four stamens.
b. spec. Of a contract, indenture, etc. : Drawn
up in four corresponding parts, one for each party.
1537 Lane, f, Chesh. Wills (Chetham Soc. 1854) 33 A
declaracion of my will mynde and testament quadripertite
therunto annexed. 1593 WEST \st Pt. Symbol. § 47 These
deedes indented are not only bypartite . . but also may be
made. .quadrupartite. 1650 Bury^ Wills (Camden) 224 As
in the said indenture quadrapertite fully appeareth. 1874
MACRAY in 4/A Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. 461/1 Extract from
the will of Hugh Falstolf . . made in the form of a quadri-
partite indenture.
2. Divided among or shared by four persons or
parties.
1594 LYLY Moth, Bomb. in. ii, They commit the matter to
our quadrapertite wit. 1741 RICHARDSON Pamela ^(1824) I.
Ixxvn. 434 Your reconciliation is now effected ; a friendship
quadrupartite is commenced. Ay^Blactew. Mag. XXXVII.
44 They, .formed a quadripartite alliance.
3. Quadripartite division (-^distinction), division
into four parts, classes, etc.; spec, in Eccl. a four-
fold division of tithes (see quot. 1855).
1614 SELDEN Titles Hon. 383 The quadripartit distinction
of Ciuilians which they haue. 1650 FULLER Pisgah i. iv.
10 Making a quadripartite division of good wine. — -
division, to the bishop, the clergy, the fabric and services of
the church, and the poor, generally prevailed in the West.
1883-3 SCHAFF Encycl. Relig. Knowl. I. 724 The quadri-
partite division of theology, into exegetical, dogmatical,
historical, and practical theology.
B. sb. The Tetrabiblos of Ptolemy.
1477 NORTON Ord. Alch. i. in Ashm. (1652) 21 In his
gie, Of Physique, and of this
1477 NORTON Ord. Alch. i.
Quadripartite made of Astrolog
Arte of Alkimy, And also of
, ,
y, And also of Magique natural!. 1559 W.
CUNINGHAM Casmogr. Glasse 133 Ptolomaeus maketh men-
tion of them in his quadripartite. 1823 J. M. ASKMAND (
QUADROHYDRATE.
Ptolemy's Tetrabiblos or Quadripartite, being Four Hooks
of the Influence of the Stars.
Hence Quadripa rtitely adv., into four parts.
Also •)• Quadripa'rtite v. , to divide into four.
155* HULOET, Quadripartitlye. 1656 W. D. tr. Cowtnhts'
Gate Lat. Unl. 177 The year [is divided] quadripartitely into
Spring, Summer, Autumn, Winter. 1709-39 V. MANDEY .£><$/.
Math., Arith-3 Division . . Its kinds are, Halving or Bipar-
titing, . . Quadripartiting, &c.
Quadripartition (.kwg^dripaati-Jan). Also 7
quadru-. [ad. L. quadripartitio (Varro) : see prec.
and PAKTITION.] Division into or by four.
1650 FULLER Pisgah ii. viii. § 3 The quadripartition of the
Greek empire into four parts. 1690 LEYBOURN Curs. Math.
144 The . . Rules . . of Logarithms, whereby . . the Square
Root [is] extracted by Bipartition. .the Biquadrate Root by
Quadrupartition, &c. 1886 Contemp. Rev. Oct. 528 This
convenient quadri-partition of the month.
Quadrireme (kwg'drirjm), a. and sb. [ad. L.
quadrirlm-is, f. quadri- QDADKI- + remits oar.]
A. adj. Of ancient ships : Having four banks of
oars.
1600 HOLLAND Livy xxxvil. xxiii. 957 Now of the Rho-
dians there were 32 quadrireme Gallies and 4 other triremes
besides. 1697 POTTER Antiq, Greece in. xiv. (1715) 134
Trireme, quadrireme, and quinquereme Gallies, which ex-
ceeded one another by a Bank of Oars. [Hence in Robinson
ArchxoL Grxca iv. xiii. (1807) 387.)
B. sb. A vessel having four banks of oars.
ft 1656 USSHER Ann. (1658) 286 There were often sea rights
. . between the Triremes, and the Quadriremes. 1656 in
BLOUNT Glossogr. 1799 CHARNOCK in Naval Chron. I. 132
Ancient galleys, called Triremes, Quadriremes, Quinqui-
remes. 1853 GROTE Greece II. Ixxxii. (1856) X. 667 Dionysius
or his naval architects now struck out the plan of building
. . quadriremes or quinqueremes, instead of triremes.
Quadrivial (kwgdri-vial), a. and sb. Forms :
5 quadrivialle, -vail, 5-6 quatrivial, quadry-
uyall(e, 7 quadruviall. [ad. med.L. quadrivialis;
see QDADBTVIUM, and -AL. Cf. OF. quadruvial
(Godef.).]
A. adj. 1. Having four roads or ways meeting
in a point. Of roads : Leading in four directions.
a 1490 BOTONER /fin. (Nasmith 1778) 177 Wythynne the
yate liii quadry vyalle weyes. a 1637^ B. JONSON To Intgo
Marquis He [may] draw a forum with quadrivial streets.
1863 THOREAU Excurs. (1863) 171 A trivial or quadrivial
place. 1890 O. CRAWFURD Round the Calendar in Portugal
303 Passing one day through the quadrivial square that
lies beneath the clengos tower.
1 2. Belonging to the QUADBIVIUM. Obs.
c 1430 Pallad. on Hush. Proem 76 The philosophre . . thus
prompt to profre Vche art quadriuial. 1481 BOTONER Tulle
on Old Age (Caxton), Light sciences called trivals, as be
grammar, logyk, and rethorik in comparison of the quadri.
vail sciences, c 1495 The Epitaffe, etc. in Skellon's Wks.
(1843) II. 390 Frendely him fostered quatriuial aliaunce.
1 3. Quadrilateral. Obs. rare.
1540 BOORDE The take for to Lernt Biii, Deuyde the
lodgynges by the cyrcuyte of the quadryuyall courte. Ibid.,
If there be an vtter courte made, make it quadryuyall with
howses of easementes.
B. sb. f 1- A group of four. Obs. rare ~'.
1432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) I. 5 The triuialle of the vertues
theologicalle and quadriuialle [L. quadrivium} of the car-
dinalle vertues.
2. //. The four sciences constituting the QUAD-
BIVIUK. Now only Hist.
1533 SKELTON Why not to Court 511 A poore maister of
arte. .had lytell pane Of the quatriuials Nor yet of triuials.
1577 HARRISON England IL Hi. (1877) I. 78 The quadriuials
. . (I meane arethmetike, musike, geometric, and astronomic).
a .1656 HALES Gold. Rein. (1688) 357 Tnvials and Quad-
rivials as old clerks were wont to name them. 1716 M.
DAVIES A then. Brit. 1 1. 92 Edward Seymour . . was educated
in Trivial*, and partly in Quadrivials in Oxon. 1886
BRODRICK Hist. Univ. Oxford 64 These seven sciences
were no other than the old Trivial* and Quadrivials.
Quadri vious (kwgdri-viss), a. rare. [cf.
prec. and -ODS.] Going in four directions.
1860 READE Cloister fy H. III. 34 Denys . . pretended to
shoot them all dead : they fled quadrivious. shrieking.
[| Quadrivium (kwgdri-vitfm). [L. (f. quadri-
QUADBI- + via way), a place where four ways
meet ; in late L., the four branches of mathema-
tics (Boethius).] In the Middle Ages, the higher
division of the seven liberal arts, comprising the
mathematical sciences (arithmetic, geometry, astro-
nomy, and music).
1804 RANKIN Hist. France III. iv. 308 Arithmetic, music,
geometry, and astronomy formed Quadrivium. 1843 MRS.
BROWNING Grk. Chr. Poets (1863) 123 The trivium and
quadrivium of the schools. 1873 LOWELL Dante Pr. Wks.
1890 IV. 124 There can be no doubt that he went through
the trivium.. and the quadrivium. .of the then ordinary
university course.
|| Quadro. Obs. rare~l. [It. quadra, a square,
a picture.] ? A square of tapestry.
01711 KEN EdmundVtxI.. Wks. 1721 II. 273 Her Palace
was with glorious Quadro's lin'd, Made by her Virgins, by
herself design'd.
Quadro-. A less correct form of QDADBI-.
t Quadro-bulary, a. Obs. ran-'. A pp. =
' fourfold ', with suggestion of TKIOBOLAB(Y a.
1647 WARD Simp. CMer 48 There is a quadrobulary
saying, which passes current in the Westerne World [etc. ].
f Quadrohydrate. Chem. Obs. A compound
containing four times as much water as a simple
hydrate.
QUADROON.
1825 T. THOMSON isf Trine, diem. II. 303 Berzelius con-
siders it as a compound of 3 atoms carbonate of magnesia
and of i atom of quadrohydrate.
Quadron, a square : see QUADRAU sb.
Quadroon (kwj>dr»-n). Forms : a. 8 quar-
teron, (y -oon\ quatron, 8-9 -erou, 9 -roon.
8. 8 quaderoon, 9 quadroon, [ad. Sp. cuarteron
(hence F. gtiarteron), f. cuarto fourth, quarter ;
the mod. form may be due to assoc. with other
words in qiiadr-.]
1. a. One who is the offspring of a white person
and a mulatto ; one who has a quarter of negro
blood, b. rarely. One who is fourth in descent
from a negro, one of the parents in each generation
being white.
In early Sp. use chiefly applied to the offspring of a white
and a mestizo, or half-breed Indian. When it is used to
denote one who is fourth in descent from a negro, the
previous stage is called a terceron : see the transl. of Juan
andtllloa's Voyage (1772) I. 30, and cf. QUINTROON.
a. 1707 SLOANE Jamaica I. p. xlvi, The inhabitants of
Jamaica are for the most part Europeans . . who are the
Masters, and Indians, Negros, Mulatos, Alcatrazes, Mes-
tises, Quarterons, &c. who are the Slaves. 1793 JEFFERSON
Writ. (1859) IV. 98 Castaing is described as a small dark
mulatto, and La Chaise as a Quateron. 1819 W. LAWRENCE
Lect. Physiol. Zool. 295 Europeans and Tercerons produce
Quarterons or Quadroons. 1837 CARLYLE Fr. Rev. II. v.
iv, Your pale-white Creoles.. and your yellow Quarteroons.
1840 R. H. DANA Bef. Mast xiii. 29 The least drop of Spanish
blood, if it be only of quatroon or octoon.
p. 1796 STEDMAN Surinam I. 296 The Samboe dark, and
the Mulatto brown, The Msesti fair, the well-limbed Quade-
roon. 1819 [see a]. 1833 MARRYAT P. Simple (1863) 228
The progeny of a white and a negro is a mulatto, or half
and half— of a white and mulatto, a quadroon, or one quarter
black. 1880 OUIDA Moths I. 178 That brute goes with a
quadroon to a restaurant.
Comb. 1860 O. W. HOLMES Elsie !•'. xxi. (1891) 292 How
could he ever come to fancy such a quadroon-looking thing
as that?
c. transf. Applied to the offspring resulting
from similar admixture of blood in the case of
other races, or from crossing in the case of animals
or plants.
1811 SOUTHEY in Q. Rev. VI. 346 Whether a man were
a half-new Christian, or a quateron, or a half-quateron..the
Hebrew leaven was in the blood. 1879 tr. De Quatrefages
Hum. Spec. 72 Koelreuter artificially fertilised hybrid
flowers .. and thus obtained a vegetable quadroon. 1892
Daily News 17 June 5/3 The offspring of these crosses [of
rabbits] did not in any instance produce a ' quadroon '.
2. attrib. or as adj. Quadroon black, the off-
spring of a pure negro and a quadroon (Syd. See.
Lex. 1897).
1748 Earthquake Pent iii. 240 Quatron Indians, born of
Whites and Mestizos. Ibid., Quatron Negroes, born of
Whites and Mulattos. 1796 STEDMAN Surinam I, vi. 126
A young and beautiful Quadroon girl. Ibid. II. xviii. 56
A female quaderoon slave. 1849 MACAULAY Hist. Eng. I.
i. 14 A marriage between a white planter and a quadroon
girl. 1893 F. C. SELOUS Trav. S. E. Africa 60 A pretty
. . mulatto, or rather quadroon girl.
Quadroxalate (kwgdrp'ksalit). Chcm. [f.
QUADR(I)- + OXALATE.] A compound containing
four equivalents of oxalic acid ; esp. quadroxalate
of potash.
1808 WOLLASTON in Phil. Trans. XCVIII. 101 The quad-
roxalate as z and 2, or 2 particles potash with 4, acid. 1850
DAUBENY Atom. The. iii. (ed. 2) 112 Binoxalate of potass is
a compound of 2 of acid and of i of base ; quadroxalate of
4 of the former to i of the latter. 1876 HARLEY Mat. Med.
(ed. 6) 316 Quadroxalate of Potash, erroneously called ' Salt
of Lemons '.
Quadro'xide. Chem. [f. as prec. -f- OXIDE.]
= TETROXIDE. 1860 WORCESTER cites Graham.
Quadru- (kwg'dra), a variant of QUADRI-; in
L. restricted to a few formations in which the
second element begins with p, as quadrupes,
quadruplex, quadruplus, and their derivatives.
Apart from words based on these L. forms, mod.
Eng. has quadru- only in quadrumanous etc.
(after quadruped), but a few other examples are
found in ifi-ijth c., as quadrucorn, a four-
homed animal ; quadrulapse, a fourth lapse or
fall ; quadrupart(ed) = QUADRIPARTITE a. Also
quadru-pawed nonce-wd., having four paws.
1575 SIR T. GRESHAM in Wills Doctors' Comm. (Camden)
64 The said indenture quadrupartted dated the saide xxth
day of Maie. 1600 W. WATSON Decacordon (1602) 203 The
quadrupart monarchic began in Babylon vnder Nabucho-
donosor. 1607 TOPSELL Four-f. Beasts (1658) 546 The
Oryx.. which Aristotle and Pliny call a unicorn, Aelianus
a quadrucorn. 1663 in Cramond Annals of 'Banff "(1893) II.
43 Helen Morrison is ordained to appear . . in Sackcloth, it
being a quadrulapse. 1685 Rec. Dingwall Presb. (Sc. Hist.
Soc.) 357 [A] quadrulapse in fornication. 1828 STERLING
Ess. etc. (1848) II. 35 A quadru-pawed monster.
II Quadrumana (kwgdnJ-mana), sb. pi. Zool.
[neut. pi. (sc. animdlia) of mod.L. quadrumanus
four-handed, f. quadru- QUADRU- + manus hand.
Cf. BIMANA.] An order of mammals, including
monkeys, apes, baboons, and lemurs, of which the
hind as well as the fore feet have an opposable
digit, so that they can be used as hands.
1819 W. LAWRENCF. Lect. Physiol. Zool. 175 The crania of
all the quadrumana . . are distinguished from the human
skull by the comparative size .. of the jaws. 1833 SIR C.
VOL. VIII.
rin.r. Hand (1834) 18 If we describe the hand as [etc.] . . we
embrace in the definition the extremities of the quadrumana
or monkeys. 1863 LYELL Antiq. Man xix. 375 Those
species of the anthropoid quadrumana which are most akin
to him [man] in structure. 1882 OWEN in Longm. Mag. I. 67
This tooth . . is the last of the permanent set of teeth to be
fully developed in the Quadrumana.
Quadrumanal (kwgdr*-manal), a. [f. prec.
+ -AL.] = QUADRUMANOUS.
1871 Daily News 17 Mar., The habitation of our quadru-
mana! relatives. 1882 OWEN in Longm. Mag. I. 67 The
lowest . . variety of the Bimanal order differs from the
Quadrumanalone in the order of appearance . .of the second
or ' permanent ' set [of teeth].
Quadrumane (kwg'drMm.-'n), a. and sb. Also
quadruman (-mcen). [a. F. quadrumane (Buffon) :
see QUADRUMANA, and next.]
A. adj. = QDADRUMANOUS.
1835 KIRBY Hob. <5- Inst. Anim. II. xvii. 213 Cuvier's
second Order of Mammalians, which he names Quadrumane
or four-handed- 1864 Spectator No. 1875. 650 The lemurine
— and consequently quadrumane . . affinities of Chiromys.
1867 H. BUSHNELL Moral Uses Dark Things 303 What
now shall we say of these quadruman people ?
B. s/>. One of the QUADRUMANA.
1828 in WEBSTER. 1835 KIRBY Hab. $ Inst. Anim. I. ii. 71
What Zoologists call the Quadrumanes, or Four-handed
beasts. 1856 W. CLARK tr. Van der Hoeven's Zool. II. 605
The Quadrumanes and Ruminants. 1882 OWEN in Longm.
Mag. I. 66 Points of approximation in cranial and dental
structure of the highest Quadrumane to the lowest Bimane.
Also
Quad
anons (kwgdr/J'manas), a.
8 quadri-. [f. mod.L. quadruman-us (see QUAD-
RUMANA) + -ous.] Belonging to the order of
QUADRUMANA ; fonr-handed.
[1699 TYSON Orang-Out. 91 Our Pygmie is. .tho' a Biped,
yet of the Quadrumanus-kind. Ibid. 94 The Orang-Outang
. . being Quadrumanus, like the Ape-kind.] 1819 W. LAW-
RENCE Led. Physiol. Zool. 128 All the simi.x, and the
lemurs likewise, are quadrumanous. 1830 LYELL Princ.
Geol. I. 152 Not a single bone of a quadrumanous animal
has ever yet been discovered in a fossil state. 1860 EMER-
SON Cond. Life, Fate Wks. (Bohn) II. 317 He betrays his
relation to what is below him — small-brained, fishy, quadru.
manous quadruped. 1874 WOOD Nat. Hist. 2 The Quad-
rumanous, or Four-handed animals, are familiarly known
by the titles of Apes, Baboons, and Monkeys.
b. Ape-like (in destructiveness).
1790 BURKE Fr. Rev. Wks. V. 308 At this malicious game
they display the whole of their quadrimanous activity.
t Quadru -mvirate. Obs. rare. [ioi*quattuor-
•virate, on anal, of duum-, triumvirate^ A union
of four men. So t Quadru'mvir, one of four men.
1752 FIELDING Covent Card. Jrtil. 21 Mar., This quad-
rumvirate. .called themselves 'The Wits'. 1790 Bystander
38 A quadrumvirate appeared almost at the same time.
Ibid., Taking a seat as a quadrumvir.
[Quadrune : see List of Spurious Words^
Quadrupartite, -pertite, obs. variants of
QUADRIPARTITE.
Quadruped (kwo'dr«ped), sb. (a.) Also 7-8
-pede. [ad. L. quadrupes, -fed-is, four-footed, a
four-footed beast, f. quadru- QUADRU- + pes foot.]
1. An animal which has four feet. (Usually
confined to mammals, and excluding four-footed
reptiles.)
1646 SIR T. BROWNE Pseud. Ep. 104 Quadrupedes, Vola-
tills and Fishes.. have distinct and prominent organs of
motion, legs, wings, and fins. 1664 POWER Exp. Philos. i.
2 The knees or flexure of his fore legs forwards (as in
most quadrupeds). 1728 MORGAN Algiers I. ii. 21 Quadru-
pedes of the Serpentine Breed. 1774 GOLDSM. Nat. Hist.
(1776) II. 105 The arms of men but very little resemble the
fore feet of quadrupedes. 1833 J. RENNIE Alph. Angling
25 In quadrupeds, the ear is nearly as large in the young
as in the full grown animal. 1846 M^CULLOCH Ace. Brit.
Empire (1854) I. 123 The fishes, upon which nearly all the
aquatic quadrupeds almost entirely subsist.
Comb. 1870 LUBBOCK Orig. Civiliz. vi. (1875) 258 If . . we
compare . . serpent worship with quadruped-worship . . we
shall find that it has no exceptionally wide area.
b. Applied spec, to the horse : cf. QUAD j-M
1660 BOND Scut. Reg. 7 Even I.. can hardly restrain the
unbridled fierceness of the Quadrupedes. 1755 YOUNG
Centaur vi. Wks. 1757 IV. 253 Others, with Swift, .look on
the noble quadrupede as superior to the man. 1868 G.
DUFF Pol. Sura. 220 The long straggling line of soldiers . .
with their quadrupeds and baggage.
2. attrib. or as adj. Four-footed.
1741 WATTS Improv. Mind. i. xvi. § 3 (i) The cockney,
travelling into the country, is surprised at many actions of
the quadruped and winged animals. 1784 COWI-ER Task
vi. 622 Learn we might, if not too proud to stoop To
quadruped instructors. 1834 CAUNTER Orient. Ann. vi. 65
This herd of quadruped giants was only at a short distance
from us. 1848 CARPENTER Anim. Phys. 68 The Mammalia
are for the most part quadruped.
b. Belonging to, connected with, or appropriate
to four-footed animals.
a 1835 M'CULLOCH Attributes (1843) II. 21 The Kangaroo
labours under an invention which is an infringement upon
the general simple and effectual one for quadruped motion.
1847 EMERSON Repr. Men, Montaigne Wks. (Bohn) I. 346,
I do not press the scepticism of the materialist. I know
the quadruped opinion will not prevail.
3. A verse of four feet. rare-1.
1800 W. TAYLOR in Robberds Mem. I. 328 The French. .
make no difference between an anapaestic quadruped and
a six-foot iambic.
Hence (or directly from stem of L. quadrupfs)
Quadru-pedan, f Quadrupeded,
QTTADRUPLE.
dial, f-pe-dian, Quadrupe die, Qnadrupe dical
adjs. = QUADRUPEDAL. Qua drupedism, the fact
of being a quadruped. Quadru pedous a. nuadru-
pedal (Bailey Vol. II, 1731).
1806 Edin. Rev. IX. 37 The human character may under-
go strange mutations from "quadrupedan sympathy. 1542
BOORDE Dyctary xvi. (1870) 272 So great murren or syckenes
to any "quadrypedyd beste. 1709 Brit. Apollo II. No. 64.
2/2 Quadrupeded Brutes. 1700 MOXON Math. Diet. 136
*QiiadrHpedial Signs. 1647 ^ff- Almanak for 1386, 74
Aries, Taurus, Leo, Sagittarius, and Capricorn, are called
bestial or *quadrupedian signes, having representation of
four-footed creatures. 1888 Daily News 26 June 9/1 The
episcopal bacon which, .roams, "quadrupedic, among the
potato beds. 1824 DIBDIN Libr. Comp. 681 Devoured or
mutilated by (apparently) some hungry "quadrupedical
animal. 1834-43 SOUTHEY Doctor cxcix. (1862) 530 Among
the Mahometans ajso, *quadrupedism is not considered an
obstacle to a certain kind of canonisation.
Quadrupedal (kwgdr/T-pMal), a. and sb.
Also 7 quadrupedal!, [ad. late L. quadrupedalis
(Bseda), f. quadrupes : see prec. and -AL. Cf. obs.
F. quadrupedal (Godef.).]
A. adj. 1. Of animals: Four-footed. Also
transf. of things.
1620 VENNER Via Recta iii. 54 It [veal] is of an excellent
..nutriture. .exceeding all quadrupedal! creatures. 1715
Hist. Reg. (1724) Chron. Diary 57 Even the Quadrupedal
Animals were strangely terrify'd. 1821-5 BARHAM in Life
ft Lett. I. ii. 80 According as he found them more or less
intelligent than his quadrupedal companion. 1864-5 WOOD
Homes without H. i. (1868) 6 Shafts through which the
quadrupedal miner ejects the materials which it has scooped
out. 1869 BROWNING Ringtf Bk. vin. 510 Beasts quadru-
pedal, mammiferous, Do credit to their beasthood. 1881
Harper's Mag. Oct. 696 Two forces riding quadrupedal stools.
2. Of, belonging, or appropriate to, a quadruped.
Quadrupedal signs, zodiacal signs named after quadrupeds
(PHILLIPS 1696 ; cf. quadrupedian above, and BESTIAL i).
1747 Gtutl. Maf.X\ll. 480 Worms of various kinds are
bred in animal bodies, quadrupedal as well as human. 1850
H. MILLER Footpr. Creat. viii. (1874) 149 The round liga-
ment in the head of the quadrupedal thigh-bone. 1873
LyeUs Princ. Geol. II. m. xxxiv. 261 The natural tendency
in man to resume the quadrupedal state.
t 3. ' Four foot long ' (Phillips 1678). 0/>s.—>
T B. sb. A quadruped. Obs. rare.
1643 NETHERSOLE Parables reft, on Times 12 The Eagle,
the King of Volatills,. .the Lyon, King of Quadrupedals.
1660 HOWELL Parly of Beasts ir My blond..! confess to
be the coldest of any Quadrupedals.
Quadru •pedant, a. and sb. rare. [ad. L.
quadrupedans adj. and sb., f. quadrupes QUAD-
RUPED.] a. adj. Quadrupedal, b. sb. A horse.
1656 BLOUNT Glossogr., Quadrupedatit, . . that goeth on
four feet. 1870 J. ORTON Andes ff Amazons iv. (1876) 79
The huge nails which enter into the hoofs of the quadru-
pedan ts.
So f Quadrupedant v., to use the four feet.
f Quadrupedate v., intr. to act as a quadruped ;
trans, to convert into a quadruped. Quadruped-
a'tion, stamping with the four feet.
1792 Bar. Munchausens Trav. xxix. 130 At which,
*quadrupedanting, plunged the steed. 1623 COCKERAM,
*Quadrupedate, to goe on foure legs. 1629 T. ADAMS
Englana's Sickness in Wks. 306 We were, .quadrupedated
with an earthly, stooping, groueling couetousnesse. 1862
G. MACDONALD D. Elginbrod in. xvi, A carriage and pair
pulled sharply up at the door, with more than the usual
amount of *quadrupedation.
t Qnadruplate, ». Obs. rare. Also 5 qua-
triplate. [f. ppl. stem of L. quadruplare : see
QUADRUPLE and -ATE 3.] To multiply by four.
1486 Bk. St. Allans, Her. Evij, They be certan nobull
men the wich bere theys tractis triplatit . . and sum bere
hit quatriplatit. 1571 DIGGES Pantom. i. xi. D iij, Then
quadruplate the distance. 1611 COTGR., Quadntpler . . to
quadruplate, or make foure times as much. 1656 in BLOUNT
Glossogr.
So •)• Quadruplate ///. a., quadruple. Obs.
c 1470 HENRYSON Orph. «f Eur. 228 Thair leirit he tonis. .
As duplare, triplare, and .. the quadruplait.
t Quadruplator. Obs. [a. L. quadruplator,
(i) a public informer, (a) one who multiplies by
four (see prec.). The exact origin of sense I is not
certain, though there is probably some connexion
with quadruplum a fourfold penalty.] a. A public
informer, b. One who restores fourfold.
1624 SANDERSON Serm. I. 109 Our prouling informers, like
those old sycophants in Athens, or the quadruplators in
Rome. Ibid. 114 Zacheus. .imposed upon himself, .a four-
fold restitution. . . Here was a right quadruplator indeed ; and
in the best sence. 1647 TRAPP Comm. Matt. viu. 32 A
cunning fetch of an old quadruplator.
So f Quadrnplation, multiplying by four. Ots.
"5S7 RECORDE Whetst. Nnivb, That must be doen by
that quadriplation as you taught before. 1658 in PHILLIPS.
Quadruple (kwg-dr«p'l), a., sl>., and adv. Also
6 quadriple, 8 quadruble. [a. F. quadruple
(I3th c., OF. also quadruble~), ad. L. quadruplus,
{. quadru- QUADRU- + -plus as in duplus DOUBLE.
An earlier form in Eng. was QUATREBLE, q.v.
The stressing quatiru-ple (see quots. 01745 and
1820 in A) is usual in Sc.]
A. adj. Fourfold ; consisting of four parts ; four
times as great or as many as. Const, of, to, or
without prep.
«S57 (see b). 1594 HOOKER Eccl. Pol. HI. x. § 3 A law that
2
QUADRUPLE.
..doth punish thieves with a quadruple restitution. 1628
MEAD in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. i. III. 268 The quadruple
strength which they have prepared against our fleet, a 1648
Lr>. HERBERT Hen. Vlll (1683) 9 [A sum] quadruple to so
much in this age. a 1745 SWIFT To George-Nim-Dan-
Dean, Esq. (R.), How I joy to see thee wander.. In circling
mazes, smooth and supple, And ending in a clink quadruple.
1807 HUTTON Course Math. II. 269 To receive light and
heat quadruple to that of the earth. 1810 KEATS Hyperion
n 146 A quadruple wrath Unhinges the poor world. 1815
MACAULAY Ess., Machiavelli (1887) 34 When the value of
silver was more than quadruple of what it now is. 1884
BOWER & SCOTT De Bary's Phaner. 4- Ferns 576 Single,
triple, or quadruple concentric series of narrow elements.
D. In various special applications.
Quadruple algebra, algebra in which four independent
units are used. Quadruple counterpoint, four-part counter-
point in which the parts may be interchanged without
breaking the rules of counterpoint. Quadruple pistole -
sb. 2b. ^ Quadruple proportion — quadruple ratio. Quati-
ruple quaver, a hemidemisemiquaver. Quadruple ratio, the
ratio of four to one. Quadruple rhythm, time, in Mus.,
rhythm or time having four beats in a measure.
1557 RECORDE Whetst. Bjb, If it containe it .4. tymes,
pistoles. i869OusELEYCo»*/«7>. xvii. 134 Triple and quad-
ruple counterpoints . . consist of three or four melodies so
interwoven that any of them may become a correct bass to
the others. 1898 J. HAMMOND Let. 22 Dec., Hamilton's
Quaternions is a quadruple algebra, the 4 independent
units being his i, j, k, and the unit of quantity.
O. Hist. Quadruple alliance, an alliance of four
powers, esp. that of Britain, France, Germany and
Holland in 1718, and of Britain, France, Spain
and Portugal in 1834.
1735 H. WALPOLE Corr. (1820) I. 3, I believe you will
guess there is no quadruple alliance. 1815 JEFFERSON
Autobiog. Wks. 1859 I. 76 She [France) secretly engaged,
also, in negotiations with Russia, Austria, and Spain, to
form a quadruple alliance. 1871 FREEMAN Gen. Sketch xv.
8 2 (1874) 304 France, England, and the United Provinces
presently joined the Emperor in the Quadruple Alliance
against Spain.
fig. ijgj BURNS Let. to Miss Chalmers 12 Dec., Misfor-
tune, bodily constitution, hell, and myself, have formed
a ' quadruple alliance ' to guarantee the other.
d. Applied to printing-papers which are four
times the usual size, as quadruple crotvn, -demy,
-foolscap, etc. Cf. QUAD a.
B. sb. 1. Anything fourfold ; a sum or quantity
four times as great as another.
1609 DOULAND Ornith. Micro!. 61 Now if we place these
Triples . . in the vpper ranke we shall produce Quadruples.
1640-1 Kirkcudbr. War-Comm. Min. Bk. (1855) 149 The
quadruple of the pryce of the inch of the best sort of schoes.
1811 J. FLINT Lett. Amer. 309, I believe, if he had laid
them [the damages] at quadruple, the jury would have given
him every cent.
2. spec, f a. A tooth having a quadruple root.
Obs. f b. A coin of the value of four pistoles
(so in French; cf. A. b, quot. 1727). Obs. fc.
A fourfold fine. Obs. d. A printing machine
which prints four copies at once.
1541 R. COPLAND Guydon's Quest. Chirurg., Two donales
two quadruples .viij. molares and two cassalles. 1655 tr.
Com. Hist. Francion xn. 20 See here his Quadruples which
I never touched before. 1673 DRYDEN Amboyna n. i, No
transitory Sum, three hundred Quadruples in your own
Country Gold. 1681 Land. Gaz. No. 1784/4 A considerable
Sum of Money was stolen, among which were several Quad-
ruples, or Four-Pistol-Pieces. 1695 Sc. Acts Will. Ill, c. 55
(1822) IX. 453/1 Incurring the Quadruples appoynted by the
said Act by way of penalty. 1690 W. J. GORDON Foundry
203 It was Mr. Lloyd who had the first of these new Quad-
ruples at work on a London daily newspaper.
C. adv. in Comb. In a fourfold manner.
1840 DICKENS Barn. Rudge xli. Places of distrust and
cruelty, and restraint, they would have left quadruple-
locked for ever. 1884 Health Exhib. Catal. 62/1 Blunders
Patent Duplex (quadruple acting) portable Fire Engines.
Quadruple (kwg-drap'l), v. Also 6 quad-
riple, 7 -ruble. [ad. F. quadrupler (1404) or
L. quadrupl-are, f. quadrupl-us : see prec.]
1. trans. To make four times as great or as
many as before ; to multiply by four.
'375 BARBOUR Bruce xvm. 30 He suld fecht that day,
Thouch Tryplit or quadruplit war thai. 1557 RECORDE
Whetst. Fiij, Therfore I doe quadriple .195. and it maketh
.780. c 1611 CHAPMAN Iliad i. 129 Yet we all, all losse thou
suffers! thus, Will treble ; quadruple in gaine. 1641 HOWELL
For. Trav. (Arb.) 87 Double the howers above twelve in
the longest solstitial! day, and the product will shew the
climat, quadruble them 'twill shew the parallel!. 1792 A.
YOUNG Trav. France 439, I am confident . .that the mass of
human wretchedness is quadrupled by their influence. 1882
PEBODY Eng. Journalism xxiii. 178 The Press, by reporting
the speeches of these men, quadrupled their power in
Parliament. 1883 Stubos' Mercantile Circular^ Nov. 982/2
The import of raw cotton, .has more than quadrupled itself
in two years.
2. To amount to four times as many as.
1831 LEWIS Use f, Ab. Pol. Terms xi. 92 The number of
females . . probably more than quadrupled that of the male
governors.
3. intr. (for refl.*) To grow to four times the
former number, amount, or size.
1776 ADAM SMITH W. N. n. ii. (1869) I. 296 The trade of
Scotland has more than quadrupled since the first erection
of the two publick banks at Scotland. 1833 HT. MARTINEAU
Cinnamon % Pearls v. 97 The exports .Thave quadrupled
since the relaxation of the monopoly. 1881 PEBOUY Eng.
10
Journalism xix. 145 Mr. Levy reduced the price of the
paper. . .The circulation doubled, trebled, quadrupled.
Hence Qua-drupled ///. a. = QUADRUPLE a.
1607 TOPSELL Four-f. Beasts (1658) 99 The Harts of
Briletum and Ibarne, have their reins quadrupled or four-
fold. 1865 MANSFIELD Salts 465 A quadrupled salt with
a single molecule of adjunct.
Quadruplet (kwg-drwplet). [f. QUADRUPLE
+ -ET ; after triplet^
1. //. Four children born at a birth.
1787 GARTHSHORE in Phil. Trans. LXXVII. 355 These
are the only cases of quadruplets . . he had ever heard of as
born in Scotland. 1836-9 TODD Cycl. Anat. II. 736/1 An
instance of quadruplets consisting of three boys and a girl.
1898 Daily News 15 Apr. 5/2 Hufler ventured on the asser-
tion, .that quadruplets were born once in 20,000 cases.
2. Any combination of four things or parts
united or working together, esp. four combined
springs (Knight Diet, Meek. Suppl.).
1851 DE MORGAN in Grave* Life Hamilton (1889) III. 338
We have then an harmonic quadruplet and sextuple!, and
we might have octuplets, &c.
3. A bicycle for four riders. Cf. QUAD**. 3 Also
attrib.
1895 Daily News 27 July 5/3 Professional riders on tan-
dems, triplets, and quadruplets. 1897 Whitaker's Aim.
641/2 A quadruplet team covered a flying quarter in 25.2 sees.
Quadruplet (kwo'drwpleks), a. and sb. [a.
L. quadruplex fourfold, f. QUADBU- + flic-, to
fold.]
A. adj. 1. Electric Telegraphy. Applied to a
system by which four messages can be sent over
one wire at the same time.
1875 KNIGHT Diet. Meek. 1842/1 Quadruplex Ttlegraph.
1879 G. PRESCOTT Sp. Telephone p. iii, In 1874 Edison
invented a quadruplex system for tne simultaneous trans-
mission of four communications over the same conductor.
1881 LUBBOCK Pres. Addr.Brit.Assoc. in Nature No. 618.
411 Duplex and quadruplex telegraphy, one of the most
striking achievements of modern telegraphy.
2. Engineering. Applied to an engine in which
the expansion of the steam is used four times in
cylinders of increasing diameter.
1896 Westm. Gaz. 8 May 10/2 A steamer, fitted with five-
crank quadruplex engines.
B. sb. A telegraphic instrument by means of
which four simultaneous messages can be sent over
the same wire.
Hence Qua'drnplez v., to make (a telegraph
circuit, etc.) quadruplex. Cf. QUAD v.
1887 Brit. Merc. Gaz. 15 June 43/2 The multiplication of
wires soon attracted attention to methods of duplexing and
quadruplexing the circuits. 1889 Times (weekly ed.)
29 Mar. 5/2 If the line is already duplexed . .the addition of
the phonophore will quadruplex it.
Quadruplicate (kwpdrw'plik/t), a. and sb.
[ad. L. quadruplicat-us, pa. pple. of quadrupli-
care to quadruple, f. quadruplex : see prec.]
A. adj. 1. Fourfold; four times repeated.
Quadruplicate proportion, ratio, the proportion or
ratio of fourth powers in relation to that of the
radical quantities.
1657 HOBBES Absurd Geom. Wks. 1845 VII. 378 An infinite
from their gravity only, increase in the quadruplicate ratio
of their lengths. 1816 PLAYFAIR Nat. Phil. II. 169 The
same [probability] is increased in a quadruplicate_ratio, from
considering the phenomena of all these four superior planets.
2. Forming four exactly corresponding copies.
1807 PIKE Sources Mississ. in. App. (1810) 72, I have
directed the formula for you to sign of four corresponding
quadruplicate receipts.
B. sb. L In quadruplicate: In four exactly
corresponding copies or transcripts.
1790 W. HASTINGS Let. to Boswell 2 Dec. in B.'s Johnson
an. 1781 Of these [letters], one which was written in quadru-
plicate . . has already been made publick. 1900 Rules
(25 Oct.) under Money-Lenders Act vi, The order shall be
signed in quadruplicate by the permanent Secretary.
fig. 1886 KIPLING Defartm. Ditties, etc. (1899) 47 Four
times Cupid's debtor I — Bankrupt in quadruplicate.
2. //. Four things exactly alike ; esp. four exactly
corresponding copies of a document.
1883 SIR C. S. C. BOWEN in Law Rep. Ji Q. Bench Div.
342 The . . conveniences which merchants . . believed to be
afforded by the system of triplicates or quadruplicates.
Quadruplicate (kw§dr«'plik^t), v. [f. ppl.
stem of L. quadruplicdre : see prec.]
1. trans. To multiply by four ; to make four times
as many or as great ; to quadruple.
1661 in BLOUNT Glossogr. (ed. 2). 1674 jEAKEXn'M. (1606)
56 Or else duplicate, .. quadruplicate, &c. the Fraction
according to the given Integer. 1694 SALMON Bate's Dis.
fens. (1713) 327/2 Sometimes the Proportion is to be quad-
ruplicated. 1861 Under the Spell ill. 220 Prices 'were
" quadruplicated ' ',' the demand for places being great. 1888
G. W. CABLE in Amer. Missionary Apr. 90 If you knew the
national value of this work, . . you would quadruplicate it
before the year is out.
2. To make or provide in quadruplicate ; to
provide four (things) exactly alike.
1879 G. MEREDITH Egoist III. iii. 64 We are in danger of
duplicating and triplicating and quadruplicating [wedding
presents].
Hence Quadruplicating vbl. sb. (Ash Suppl.
1775)-
QTJJERE.
Quadruplication (kwgdr«:plik?-Jan). [ad.
L. qnadruplicatiffn-em, n. of action from quadru-
plicare to make fourfold : see prec.]
1. The action or process of making fourfold, of
multiplying by four; also, the result of this; a
thing folded four times.
1578 BANISTER Hist. Man \. 78 It [the vein] is admitted
into the quadruplication of Dura mater. 1611 COTGR. , Quad-
ruplication, a quadruplication. 1616 in BULLOKAR Eng:
Expos. [Hence in COCKERAM, BLOUNT, etc.] 1674 JEAKE
Arith. (1696) 24 Quadruplication .. is to double the Dupli-
cation. 1839 ALISON Europe (1849-50) VII. xli. § 15. 19
Twenty-eignt years ; the well-known period of the quadru-
plication of the Sum at compound interest of five per cent.
2. Civil and Canon Law. A pleading on the
part of the defendant, corresponding to the rebut-
ter at common law. Cf. QUADRUPLY sb.
1651 W. G. tr. Cowers Inst. 243 After a Triplication
[follows] a Quadruplication. 1796 AYLIFFE Parergon 251
Quad[r)uplications, which the Defendant propounds to the
Plaintiffs Triplications.
Quadru'plicature. [f. QUADRUPLICATE v.
+ -UBE.] = prec., sense I. 1891 in Cent. Diet.
Quadruplicity (kwodr»pH-siti). [ad. L.
quadrupliatas, n. of quality f. quadruplex : see
QUADRUPLEX and -ITT.] Fourfold nature; the
condition of being fourfold, or of forming a set
of four.
ci59o GREENE Fr. Bacon ix. 31 The quadruplicity Of
elemental essence. 1593 NORDEN Spec. Brit., M'sex i. 44
King Canutus the Dane,, .in regard of his quadruplicitie of
kingdomes, esteemed himsetfe more then a man mortal).
1664 POWER Exp. Philos. 37 Dr. Brown . . hath ranked this
conceit of the eyes of a snail (and especially their quadru-
plicity) amongst the vulgar errors. «8«5 S. T. COLERIDGE
Aids Reflect. App. C. (1858) I. 395 The universal quadrupli-
city, or four elemental forms of power. 1890 J. H. STIRLING
Clifford Lect. iii. 41 The origin of the term (final causes] lies
in the Aristotelian quadruplicity of causes as such.
t Quadruplify, v. Obs. rare~*. [f. L. quad-
ruplus QUADRUPLE + -(I)PY.] = QUADRUPLE v.
1578 BANISTER Hist. Man vin. 99 In the hynder part of
the nead these Membranes are Quadruplified.
Quadrupling (kwg •diupttry) , vbl. sb. [f. QUAD-
RUPLE v. + -ING J. J The action of the vb.
1694 Phil. Trans. XVIII. 70 The doubling, trebling,
quadrupling, &c. of Rations is performed by squaring,
cubing, biquadrating, &c. of the terms. 1885 Pall Mall G.
27 Mar. i/i Supplemented, say, by the quadrupling of our
field artillery.
tQua'druply, sb. Sc. Lam. Obs. rare. [ad.
obs. F. quadruplique (i6th c. in Littre Suppl.} ; cf.
DUPLY.1 = QUADHUFLICATION J.
1695 Sc. Acts Will. Ill, c. 6 (1822) IX. 365/2 The Clerks
writing of the Defences, Duplyes, Triplyes, Quadruplyes,
and so furth for the defender and pursuer. 176* (title) Quad-
ruplies for . . R. Graham . . J. Bakie [etc.] to the triplies for
P. Honeymoon [etc.], Feb. 10. 1810 [see DUPLY b).
Quadruply (kwo-drwpli), adv. [f. QUADRUPLE
a. + -LY 2.J Four times ; in a fourfold degree or
manner.
1716 SWIFT Gulliver t. vi, The innocent person is quadruply
recompensed . . for the danger he underwent. 1793 1 .
TAVLOR Orat. Julian p. Ixvi, Thy orb quadruply intersects
these worlds. 1857 GEO. ELIOT Ea. (1884) 4 The poet's
[Young's] father was quadruply clerical, being at onct
rector, prebendary, court chaplain, and dean.
Quadruviall, obs. form of QUADRIVIAL.
Quadrypedyd : see after QUADRUPED.
Quadundrum, obs. variant of CONUNDRUM.
II Quae'dam. Obs. rare. [L., fern. sing, and pi.
of quidam some one, QUIDAM.] A woman, female
(in disparaging sense). Also as//.
01670 HACKET Abp. Williams i. (1692) 35 Vain attire,
wherein wanton Quit-Jams in those days came to . . excess.
Ibid. n. 128 He. .settles in Bugden-House for three Summers
with a Seraglia of Quzdam.
Quaem, obs. form of QUALM sb.
Quaer, obs. form of QUIRE sb., WHERE adv.
II Quaere (kwi»T»), v. imper. and sb. Also 6-9
quere, (7 queer, quire). [L., imper. of quxrfre
(med.L. querere} to ask, inquire. Now usually
in anglicized form, QUERY.]
1. v. imper. Introducing a question or subject
of inquiry : Ask, inquire ; hence, ' one may ask ',
' it is a question ' (whether, etc.).
1535 tr. Littleton's Nat. Brev. i8b (Stanf.) Quere the
dyuersite. 1348 STAUNFORD Kinges Prerog. (1567) 54 b,
But quere whether his highnes may bee brought in posses-
sion in those cases by a clayme or not. 1601 CAREW Corn-
wall 135 Notwithstanding, quajre, whether a causlesse
ambition .. turned not rather Golunt into Gallant. 1705
HEARNE Collect. 17 Dec. (O. H. S.) I. 131 Quaere more
about this. 1774 J. ADAMS in Fam. Lett. (1876) 3 David
SewalL.has no ambition nor avarice, they say (however,
quaere). 1813 J. BADCOCK Dom. Atnustm. 52 Quere,
whether the natural influence of light and heat occasions
this apparent coincidence. 1860 O'DONOVAN Three Fragm.
126 Quaere, is Conung an Hibernicized form of the Teutonic
. . koenuiig, king ?
2. sb. A question, QUERY.
1589 WARNER Alb. Eng. vi. xxx. (1612) 150 Thy bad doth
passe by probate, but a Quere is for mee. 1*19 H. HUTTON
Follies Anat. (Percy Soc.) 54 It would be thought a quzre
at the beste. 1646 SIR T. BROWNE Pseud. Ep. 282 The
greater Quere is, when he will come again, and yet indeed
it is no Quere at all. 1736 SWIFT Let. to Pope 25 Mar.,
I wondered a little at your quaere who Cheselden wast
QUAERE.
quaere, .as to the reason for the tender of the demy-mark.
Hence f Quaere, quere v.y to query. Obs.
1627 W. SCLATER Exp. 2 T/iess. (1629) 131 It might be
qusered. 1663 Aron-Ci)nn. 101 He quseres what it is that
renders a people blessed. 1681 T. FLATMAN Heraclitns
Ridcns No. 23 (1713) 1. 153 Nay, let 'em consider of it ; and
let us Quere about the matter. 1756 H. WALPOLE Corr.
(1837) III. 137 Should not one quere whether he had not
those proofs in his hands antecedent to the cabinet?
Queeree, -rie, Quaerent, obs. ff. QUERY,
QUKRENT.
f Quee-ritate, v. Obs. rare-1, [f. ppl. stem
of L. qwnritare, freq. of qiUKrcrc to ask, inquire.]
trans. To inquire or search into.
1657 TOMLINSON Renous Disp. 387 Apothecaryes quaeri-
tate its Medicinal! use, which Mithndates knew.
Quaery, obs. form of QUERY.
t Qusesite, anglicized f. QU^ESITUM. Obs. rare-1.
1655 OUGHTRED in Rigaud Corr. Sci. Men (1841) I. 83
Your fourth quasite is, why the equation whereby it is
solved is the very same in both?
II Qucesituni (kwfssi'tom). PI. qusesita. [L.,
neut. sing, ofguxstt-us, pa. pple. offtusrfrt to seek :
see QUESITED.J That which is sought for ; an
object of search ; the answer to a problem.
1748 HARTLEY Observ. fifan i. Introd., So as to proceed
intirely from the Data to the Quaesita, from things known
to such as are unknown. 1830 HERSCHEL Stud. Nat. Phil.
n. vL (1851) 176 A series of careful and exact measures m
every different state of the datum and quaesitum. 1864
BOWEN Logic viii. 229 In the Analytic order the Conclusion
would be more properly called the Quaesitum.
Quaestor (kw/'st/a). Rom. Antiq. Also 4-7
questor. [a. L. quxstor^ agent-n. from quxrere to
seek, inquire.] a. One of a number of Roman
officials who had charge of the public revenue and
expenditure, acting as treasurers of state, pay-
masters of the troops, etc. b. In early times : A
public prosecutor in certain criminal cases.
1387 TREVISA Higden (Rolls) IV. 49 Caton be questor
brou^te hym [Ennius] to Rome. Questor is he pat gadre)>
tribut to Rome, and be domesman was somtyme i-cleped
questor. 1577 HELLOWES Gueitara's Chron. 80 Adrian
was made Questor, that is to say, he had charge to prouide
victuals and furniture for the campe. 1641 'SMECTYMNUUS'
Answ. § 12 (1653) 45 Tiberius granted a Questors dignitie
unto a Bishop for his eloquence. 1781 GIBBON Decl. $ f.
xvii. II, 53 In the course of nine centuries, the office of
quzstor had experienced a very singular revolution. 1838
ARNOLD Hist. Rome I. 339 The two quststors who judged
in cases of blood, were also chosen from the patricians.
transf. and fig. 1850 S. DOBELL The Roman v. Poet.
Wks. (1875) 63, I, her [Pity's] quaestor, Claim tribute from
you. A few tears will pay it. 1863 TREVELYAN Conine f.
Wallah (1866) 124 Our modern quaestors are every whit as
grasping and venal as the satellites of Verres and Dolabella.
QufiBstor, variant of QUESTOR sb±
Quaestorial (kwfst6>rial), a. [f. L. gusts-
tori-us + -AL.] Of or pertaining to a quaestor or
his position in the state.
>86a MERIVALE Rom. Emp. \. (1865) VI. 197 Narcissus
had received the quaestorial ornaments as the reward of his
services. 1868 FARRAR Seekers i. v. (1875) 67 Men of con-
sular and quaestorial parentage.
So f Qusesto'rian a. Obs. rare*1.
a 1641 Bp. MOUNTACU Acts fy Mon. (1642) 335 Consular,
Praetorian, Questorian or Equestrian officers.
Qnaestorship (kwrst^ijip). [f.
-SHIP.] The office of quaestor.
1570 LEVINS Manip. 141/5 Y° Questorship, gnx&tnra.
1581 SAVILE Tacitus, Agricola (1622) 186 After his Questor-
ship till he [Agricola] was created Tribune of the people.
4:1050 DENHAM Of Old Age 94, I, five years after, at
Tarentum wan The Quaestorship. 1834 LYTTON Pompeii \,
iv. Your petty thirst for fasces and qusestorships. 1871
SEELEY Livy i. Introd. 90 Of all the great magistracies,
the quaestorship was the lowest in dignity.
So f Qms'story (in 6 questorie). Obs. rare"1.
'533 BELLENDEN Livy iv. (1822) 382 The small pepill had
sic victorie, that thay belevit the questorie nocht to be the
end of this honoure.
Qusestuary (kwrsti#,ari), a. and sb. Also
7 quest-, [aa. L. qu&stua)fi-us> f. qti&stus gain :
see -ABY. Cf. obs. F. questuaire (Godef.).]
A. adj. Connected or concerned with gain ;
money-making.
1594 R. ASHLEY tr. Loys le Roy 125 If they be poore, they
applie themselues to questuarie, or gainfull arts ; whereby
to haue meanes to Hue. 1646 SIR T. BROWNE Pseud. Ep.
137 Although lapidaries, and questuary enquirers affirme
it, yet the Writers of Mineralls. .are of another beliefe.
1694 R. L'EsTKANGE^ViWw 454 The Lawyers, the Divines,
and all quaestuary professions, a 1864 FKRRIER Grk. Philos.
(1866) I. ,\ii. 352 This.. may be termed the quajstuary
class,, .this being the end which they aim at.
t B. sb. One who seeks for gain ; spec. =* QUES-
TOR sb. i. Obs.
1614 BP. HALL No Peace with Rome § 12 Not giuen by
the popes, but lewdly deuised by some of his base questu-
aries for an aduantage. 1664 JER. TAYLOR Dissitas. Popery
ii. § ^ person and Dominicus a Soto are asham'd of thesu
prodigious indulgences, and suppose that the Pope's Quses-
tuaries onely did procure them.
tQuaesture. Obs. rare~l. In 7 questure.
[ad. L. qttxstilra.] = QU^ESTORSHIP.
l&73 S. C. Art of Complaisance <& A great many Noble
persons who stood in competition for the Questure.
11
I Quafer, v. Obs. rare~l. [Onomatopoeic.]
(See quot.).
1693 CLAYTON in Phil. Trans. XVII. 990 A Duck has
larger Nerves that come into their Bills than Geese or any
other Bird that I have seen and therefore quafer and grope
out their Meat the most. [Copied as guaffer by Derham
PliysicthTheoL iv. xi. 192, and Bell On the Hand 150.]
Quaff (Jcwaf), sb. [f. QUAFF v.] An act of
quaffing, or the liquor quaffed ; a deep draught.
1579 TOMSON Calvin* $ Serin. Tint. 512/2 They thinke that
a sermon costeth no more then a quaffe wil them. 1594
GREENE & LODGE Looking Gl. G.'s Wks. (Rtldg.) 141 Now
Alvida begins her quaff, And drinks a full carouse unto her
King. 1617-77 FELTHAM Resolves i. Ixxxiv. 129 Proteas
gaue him a quaff of two gallons. 1889 G. GISSING Nether
World I. v. 97 Each guest having taken a quaff of ale.
Quaff (kwuf), v. Also 6 quaft, quaf, 6-7
quaffe. [Of obscure origin j prob. onomatopoeic
(cf. QUAFER and QUASS v.).
The date and history of the word are against any connec-
tion with quaff^ var. of QUAICH, which has been suggested as
the source. (Vigfusson's ON. kveyfa 'to quaff' is an error,
the correct form being kneyfa}» The precise relationship
of the earliest form qnaft to Palsgrave's QUAUGHT and Sc.
WAUCHT is obscure.]
1. intr. To drink deeply; to take a long draught;
also, to drink repeatedly in this manner. Const.
'
1529 MORE Sufpl. Soulys Wks. 331/2 The dregges of olde
poysoned heresies in whiche they fell a quafting with the
deuill. 1547 BOORDE Introd. Knowl. ix. (1870) 149 In
Holand, .many of the men.. wyll quaf tyl they ben dronk.
1577 RHODES Bk. Nurture in Babees Bk. 77 Eate softly,
ana drinke manerly, take heede you doe not quaffe. 1628
PRYNNE Cens. Cozens 47 Poyson must alwayes be ad-
ministred in golden Chalhces, else none wille quaffe. 1645
QUARLES Sol. Recant, iii. 35 To day we feast, and quaffe in
frolique Bowles ; To morrow fast. 1757 SMOLLETT Reprisal
ii. xv, We laugh, and we quaff, and we banter. 1830
LYTTON P. Clifford iv, She had that day quaffed more
copiously of the bowl than usual. 1876 BROWNING Epilogue
to Pacchiarotto, Have faith, give thanks, but — quaff.
2. trans. To drink (liquor) copiously or in a
large draught.
1555-8 PHAER JEneid ill. G iv, Wyne in plenty great they
quaff. 1648 HERRICK Hesper., Lyrick to Mirth^ Let us sit
and quaffe our wine. 1768 BEATTIE Minstr. \. xliv, Merry
swains, who quaff the nut-brown ale. i8zo W. IRVING
Sketch Bk. I. 74 They quaffed the liquor in profound
silence. 1878 Masque Poets 31 Now with back-flung head
she quaffs The odorous white Mareotic wine.
fig' *6i3 HEYWOOD Braz. Age ^ Wks. 1874 III. 216 Tie
rather at some banquet poyson htm, And quaffe to him his
death. 1674 MILTON P. L. v. 638 (ed. 2) They drink, and in
communion sweet Quaff imtnortalitie and joy. 1820 LANDOR
Heroic Idylls^ Thrasymedes fy Eunoe 38 Let my lips quaff
purity From thy fair open brow.
b. With advbs. as down, off, out, roitnd, up.
(Cf. DRINK v.)
1596 SHAKS. Tarn. Shr. HI. ii. 174 Hee calls for wine..
quaft off the Muscadell. 1633 P. FLETCHER Purple Isl. I.
xxvii, Oh let them in their gold quaffe dropsies down.
1635-56 COWLEY Davideis n. 593 In helmets they quaff
round the welcome flood.
3. To drain (a cup, etc.) in a copious draught
or draughts. Also with off, ottt, up.
15*3 [CovERDALEj Old God $ Ntw (1534) O iij, To quaft of
two Cannes or tankardes of wine. i6o7J)EKKER WV*. Babylon
Wks. 1873 II. 198, I quaffe full bowles of strong enchanting
wines. 1633 BP. HALL Occas. Medit. (1851) 152 Why do not
I . . quaff up that bitter cup of affliction. 1748 THOMSON
Cast. Indol. viii, As one who quaffs Some potent wine-cup.
1831 SCOTT Cast. Dang, vii, Your cup, filled with right good
wine, I have just now quaffed off. 1868 FITZGERALD tr.
Omar xliii. (1899) 98 And proffering his Cup, invites your
Soul Forth to your Lips to quaff it.
4. To drive away, to bring down to or into (a
certain state), by copious drinking, rare.
1714 Love's Relief m Steele's Poet. Misc. 42 Be brisk and
gay, And quaff this sneaking Form away. 1821 BYRON
Sardan. \. ii. 442 When. .1 have quaff'd me down to their
abasement. _ 1847 J. WILSON Chr. North (1857) I. 147 The
room in which he quaffs, guzzles, and smokes himself into
stupidity.
Quaff, obs. var. QUAICH ; see also QUAYF(E.
Quaffer (kwcrfai), sb. [f. QUAFF v. -f -ER1.]
One that quaffs or drinks deeply.
1520 WHITINTON Vulg. (1527) 13 b, He is a quaffer namely
of swete wyne. 1579 G. HARVEY Letter-bk, (Camden) 82
A company of honest good fellowes, and reasnable honeste
quarters. <r 1624 BP. M. SMITH Serm. (1632) 278 What
a grief it was to Novellus Torquatus .. that his sonne was
such a quaffer. x8aa Blackiv. Mag. XI. 346 Pouring it out
and calling so lustily for quaffers.
Quaffer, v. : see QUAFER.
Quaffing (kw<rfirj), vol. sb. [f. QUAFF v. +
•ING1,] Tne action of the vb. ; copious drinking.
1532 MORE Confut. Tindale Wks. 687/2 By bibbing, £
sipping, & quaffing. 1579 GOSSON Sch. Abuse (Arb.) 34 We
haue robbed Greece of Gjuttonie .. and Dutchland of
quaffing. 1664 MRQ. WORC. in Dircks Life xviii. (1865) 325
Frivolous discourse tending to quarrels and quaffing. 1812
COMBE Dr. Syntax, Picturesque Tour xn, The Doctor
talk'd nor ceased his quaffing. 1830 M. DONOVAN Doin.
Econ. I. 39 The unr emit ted quaffing of wine.
atirib. 1587 TURBEKV. Trag. T. (1837) 144 A quaffing
cup, Wherein he tooke delight To bouse at boorde. (11638
MI.UE ll'fcs. (1672) 123 Causing the Vessels of God's House
to be made his Quaffing-bowls. 1701 C. WOLLKY .?>«/.
Wew York (1860) 35 Their quaffing liquors are Rum-Punch
and Brandy-punch.
Quaffing1 (kwa'tirj), ///. a. [f. as prec. +
-Ufa -.] That quaffs. Hence Qua'ffiugly adv.
QUAGGY.
a 1693 MOTTEUX Rabelais in. xxxL 255 The Lubbardly
quaffing Monks. 1843 Taifs Mag. X. 275 At evening
empty a bottle or two, Quaffingly, quaffingly.
f Quaff-tide. Obs. The season for drinking.
1582 STANYHURST^««J iv. (Arb.) 105 Bacchus third yeers
feasting, when quaftyde aproacheth.
f Qua-ffy, a. Obs. Of the nature of quaffing.
1582 STANVHURST sEneis i. (Arb.) 24 Theyre panch with
venison they franck and quaffye carousing.
Quaft, obs. variant of QUAFF v.
Quag (kwreg), sb. Also 6, 8 quage, 7quagg(e.
[Related to QUAG v. ; cf. QUAB, QUAW, and see
QUAGMIRE.] A marshy or boggy spot, esp. one
covered with a layer of turf which shakes or yields
when walked on.
1589 IvvFortif. 16 Where you finde quicke sands, quages,
and such like. 1657 HOWELL Londinop. 342 MoorfieTds,
which in former times, was but a fenny quagge, or moore.
a 1677 BARROW Serm. Wks. 1716 III. 143 Tne latter walk
upon a bottomless Quag into which unawares they may
slump. 1784 COWPKR Tiroc. 253 We keep the road, Crooked
or straight, through quags or thorny dells. 1883 BESANT
All in. a Garden fair \. ii. (1885) 10 There are pools in the
forest, .there are marshy places and quags.
fig. 1888 Ch. Times 27 Jan. 68/3 All who are trying to
find a way out of the Vatican quag, without turning
Protestants.
b. attrib.xn&Comb.^qitag-brain^kind, -water.
1719 D'URFEY Pills (1872) II. 244 Tho* Law and Justice
were of slender growth Within his quag Brain. 177* WALKER
in Phil. Trans. LXII. 124 It was mostly of the quag kind,
which is a sort of moss covered at top with a turf of heath
and coarse aquatic grasses, a 1870 D. G. ROSSETTI Poems
(1870) 252, I . . fouled my feet m quag-water.
Quag (kwseg), z/.1 Obs. exc. dial. [Onomato-
poeic : cf. wag, swag. Some dialects have also
quaggie corresp. to waggle.] intr. To shake ;
said of something soft or flabby.
1611 COTGR., Brimbaltr, . . to shake, swag, or quag, as a
great dug, or th' vnsound flesh of a foggie person. 16x6-61
HOLYDAY Persius 337 That To him a strutting panch may
quagge with fat. 16*3 tr. Fa-vine's Theat. Hon. v. i. 35
The earth being uncertaine and quagging. 1881 BLACK-
MORE Christowell xlviii, Many a poor head will ache, and
many a poor belly quag, if \\ is so oad as they tell me.
Quag, v? rare-1, [f. QUAG sb.~\ trans. To
submerge or fix in a quag.
1673 MARVELL Reh. Transp. n. Wks. 1776 II. 502 Unfortu-
nately . . you sink deeper and quag yourself in your Roman
Empire.
Quagga (kwje'ga). Also 8-9 quacha, 9 -ccha,
kwagga. [South African. The earliest authori-
ties give it as a Hottentot word, writing it quacha
(Juncker, 1710), quaiha (Kolbe, 1719, prob. a
misprint), or quagga (Sparrman, 1783), but it is
now current in Xosa-Kaffir in the form iqwarat
with clicking q and guttural r. (J. Platt, in
Athettxumt 19 May, 1901).] a. A South African
equine quadruped (EqttusQi Hippotigris Quagga} ,
related to the ass and zebra, but less fully striped
than the latter, b. Burchell's zebra.
The true quagga is believed to have been exterminated
about 1873.
1785 G. FORSTER tr. S parr man's I'oy. Cape G. H. I. 223
One of the animals called quaggas by the Hottentots and
colonists. 1797 Encycl. Brtt. (ed. 3) VI. 713 The quacha,
or quagga, 1815 SIR J. BARROW Travels 320 The Qua-cha,
which was long thought to be the female Zebra, is now
known to be of a species entirely different. 1834 PRINGLE
Afr. Sk. viii. 274 The poor quagga.. is a timid animal with
a gait and figure much resembling those of an ass. 1839
DARWIN Jrnl. Beagle v. 100 Two zebras, and the quaccha,
two gnus, and several antelopes. 1859 — Orig. Spec. v.
(1873) 128 The quagga, though so plainly barred like a
zebra over the body, is without bars on the legs.
attrib. 1899 Q. Rev. Oct. 412 The quagga hybrid was
less striped than many dun-coloured horses.
Quaggy (kwse'gi), a. [f. QUAG sb. or z/.l
+ -Y.]
1. Of ground : That shakes under the foot ; full
of quags; boggy, soft Also of streams: Flow-
ing through boggy soil.
1610 HOLLAND Camden's Brit. i. 499 Certaine uneven and
quaggie miry plots. 1x1756 COLLINS Ode Supers t.Highl. 59
O'er the watery strath or quaggy moss. 1814 SCOTT \Vav.
xvi, The path . . was rough, broken, and in many places
quaggy and unsound. 1867 MORRIS Jason xi. 188 A plain. .
with quaggy brooks cleft through.
2. Of things,
yielding, flabby.
.
esp. of the body or flesh: Soft,
. Also of persons in respect of
their flesh, andyig-.
?i6.. Time's StoreJtonse 26 (L.) Heate and travaile arc
yrkesome to the Gaules' quaggy bodies. 1611 COTGR.,
Motlasse. quaggie, swagging [etc.]. 1694 MOTTEUX Rate-
lais iv. ix. (1737) 37 A female called /Var. .said to be
quaggyand flabby. 1748 RICHARDSON C/arissa(iBii) VIII.
158 Behold her, then, spreading the whole troubled bed
with her huge quaggy carcase. 1806-7 J- BEKESFORD
Miseries Hum. Life (1826) vi. 120 O the quaggy rascal ! . .
I'd have given him a little bone to his fat. 1822-34
Good's Stud. Med. fed. 4) II. 680 The cells [of dead bonej
being filled with a corrupt sanies or spongy caruncles, so
that the whole assumes a quaggy appearance. 1851 H.
MELVILLE Whale xxv. 125 A mature man who uses hair-oil
. . has probably got a quaggy spot on him.
Comb. 1721 RAMSAY Tartana 343 May she turn quaggy fat.
Hence Qua'ggriness, quaggy condition.
1653 GATAKER Vind. Annot. Jer. 85 Considering the un-
sounanesse and qagginesse of their [Astrologers'] grounds.
Qmqtc, obs. pa. t. of QUKTCH v.
2-2
QUAGMIBB.
Quagmire (kwae-gmaiej). [app. f. QUAG s6.
or v.1 (but evidenced a little earlier) + MIRE.
Numerous synonyms, with a first element of similar
form, were in use in the l6th and 171)1 cents., as
qua-, quab-, quad-, quake-, qua!-, quave-, quaw-
mire, which will be found in their alphabetical
places : cf. also bog-, gog- and wag-mire. The
precise relationship of these to each other is not
clear : all, or most, may be independent attempts to
express the same idea (cf. etym. note to QUAKE v.).}
1. A piece of wet and boggy ground, too soft to
sustain the weight of men or the larger animals ;
a quaking bog ; a fen, marsh.
1579-80 NORTH Plutarch (1676) 530 There was a certain
quagmire before him, that ran with a swift running stream.
1610 ROWLANDS Martin Mark-all 26 They come to bogs
and quagmyres, much like to them in Ireland. ifi^S Surv.
Ajff. Nethtrl. 120 [Holland isj the greatest Hogg of Europe,
and Quagmire of Christendom. 1756 C. LUCAS Ess. Waters
II. 131 The quagmire being pierced .. is found no where
above two feet deep. 1838 PRESCOTT Fera. Hi Is. (1846) III.
xiv. 121 The excessive rains., had converted the whole
country into a mere quagmire. i88a OUIDA Mareitiura I.
47 To reach the mountain crest without sinking miserably
in a quagmire.
Comb. 1611 COTCR., Afollasse,.. quagmire-like.
2. trans/, andy?^. a. Anything soft, flabby, or
yielding.
1635 QUARLES EmU. i. xii. (1718) 50 Thy flesh a trembling
bog, a quagmire full of humours, a 1704 T. BROWN Praise
Poverty Wks. 1730 I. 100 The rich are corpulent, drown'd
in foggy quagmires of fat and dropsy. 1822-34 Gomfs
Study Meit. (ed. 4) IV. 488 The indurated patches seem, in
some cases, to be fixed upon a quagmire of offensive fluid.
b. A position or situation from which extrica-
tion is difficult.
'775 SHERIDAN Rivals in. iv, I have followed Cupid's
Jaclc-a-lantern, and find my self in a quagmire at last. 1851
BRIGHT Sf., Eccl. Titles Bill 12 May, The noble Lord . . is
in a quagmire, and he knows it well. 1873 HAMERTON
Inlcll. Life v. ii. (1875) 178 Many a fine intellect has been
driven into the deep quagmire.
Hence Qua-g-mire v., in pass, to be sunk or
stuck in a quagmire ; also Jig. f Qua'gmirist,
one who makes a quagmire of himself. Qua- jfmiry
a., of the nature of a quagmire ; boggy.
1637 WINTHROP New Eng. (1825) I. 233 A most hideous
swamp, so thick with bushes and so quagmiry [etc.]. 1655
R. YOUNGE Agst. Drunkards 4 These drunken drones, these
gut-mongers, these Quagmirists. 1701 Laconics 120 (L.)
When a reader has been quagmired in a dull heavy book.
1846 LANDOR Imag. Conv. Wks. II. 42 A man is never
quagmired till he stops.
t Quagswag, v. 06s. rare -'. [f. QUAG and
SWAG, both used by Cotgr. in rendering F. brim-
baler^ intr. To shake to and fro.
1653 URQUHART Rabelais 11. xi. 78 Advised her not to put
her selfe into the hazard of quagswagging in the Lee.
Quahaug, quahog (kwahji-g, kwg-h^g). U.S.
Also quail-, quohog. [Narraganset Indian, given
by Roger Williams as poquauhock: -k or -g is
the plural ending in Algonquian tongues.] The
common round clam (Venus mercenarid) of the
Atlantic coast of North America : = HEN sb. 6.
[1643 R. WILLIAMS Key Lang. Amer. 107 Poquauhock,
this the English call Hens, a little thick shel-fish, which the
Indians wade deepe and dive for.] 1828 in WEBSTER. 1851
MELVILLE Whale xiv. 70 They first caught crabs and quo-
hogs in the sand. 1881 Scritner's Mag. XXII. 656/1 So
seemingly impregnable a victim [of the star-fish] as the
Siahaug 1882 Standard 26 Sept. 2/1 In every hotel bill of
re the clam or quahog . . figures in a variety of shapes.
Quahte, obs. pa. t. of QUETCH v. Quahis,
obs. f. WHOSE. Quai, variant of QUAY.
Quaich, quaigh (kw^x). Sc. Forms : a. 7-8
quech, 7, 9 queich, 8- quegh, 9 quaigh, quaioh,
(quoioh). 0. 8 quaff, queff, coif. [a. Gael.
ctiach cup, Olr. ctiach, prob. ad. L. caucus (Gr.
xavKa), whence also W. cawg. The /3-forms are
peculiar, as there is no general tendency in Sc. to
substitute/ for cA.] A kind of shallow drinking-
cup formerly common in Scotland, usually made
of small wooden staves hooped together and having
two ears or handles, but sometimes fitted with
a silver rim, or even made entirely of that metal.
o. 1673 Act: Bit. Sir y. Foulis (1894) 14 A quech weighting
18 unce and 10 drop. 1697 fny. in Scott. N. <$• Q. (1900)
Dec. 90/2 Three round queichs without luggs. 1715
PENNECUIK Descr. Tiveedclale, etc. 11. 71 A great Quech,
which they were made to Drink out of. 1808 SCOTT Marin.
in. xxvi, The quaighs were deep, the liquor strong. 1849
MRS. CARLYLE Lett. II. 61 Passing a cooper's shop . . I stept
1884 Q. VICTORIA More
which Prince Charles
in and bought two little quaighs.
Leaves 142 A silver quaich out of
Edward had drunk.
attrib. 1703 IHV. in Scott. N. % Q, (1900) Dec. 90/2 A big
quech cup with three lugs.
0. 1711 RAMSAY On Maggy Johnstoun ix, Sae brawly did
a pease-scon toast Biz i' the queff. £1730 BURT Lett. N.
Scotl. (1818) I. 157 It is often drank.. out of a cap, or coif
as they call it ; this is a woodden dish [etc.]. 1771 SMOLLETT
Humph. Cl. 3 Sept., The spirits were drunk out of a silver
quaff.
Quaid, var. QUED a. ; see also QUAY v. Quaier,
obs. f. QUIRE. Quaife, -ff(e, obs. Sc. ff. COIF.
Quaik, obs. Sc. f. QUAKE v. ; var. Sc. quhaik,
WHAIK.
12
Quail (kw^l), sb. Forms: 4 quaille, 4-5
quaylle, 4-6 quayle, 4-7 quaile, 5 qwayle,
qwyle, 6 quale, Sc. qua(i)l3e, (7 -Jie), 6- quail,
[a. OF. quaille (F. caille) = Prov. calha, It.
quaglia, OSp. coalla, med.L. qttalia, qualea and
qttaquila, quacula ; the source is prob. Teutonic,
cf. MDu., MLG. qitackele (Du. kiuaktel) and OHG.
qualala, of imitative origin.]
1. A migratory bird allied to the partridge
(family Perdicidx), found in the Old World and
Australia; esp. the European species, Coturnix
contmunis or dactylisonans, the flesh of which is
much esteemed for the table.
The Australian quails are chiefly hemipods (Turni-v), esp.
the Painted Quail, T. variiis, or Hemipcdius melinatus.
The single New Zealand species (Coturnix Nm>z-Zelandiz)
is almost extinct.
sj. . E. E. Allit. P. B. 1084, I stod as stylle as dased
quayle. c 1386 CHAUCER Clerk's T. 1150 Thou shalt make
him couche as doth a quaille. 1444 Pot. Poems (Rolls) II.
219 Geyn Phebus uprist syngen wyl the quaylle. 1535
COVERDALE Exod. xvi. 13 At euen the quayles came vp.
— Ps. civ. 40 At their desyre, there came quales. 1553
W. WATREMAN Fardlt Facions l. v. 53 Quail), and mallard,
are not but for the richer sorte. 1601 SIR W. CORNWALLIS
Ess. H. (1631) 284 The fighting game at Quailes was
Anthonies overthrowe. 1684 OTWAY Atheist i. i, Do you
di.spi.se your own Manna, .and long after Quails? 1727-46
THOMSON Summer 1657 While the quail clamours for his
running mate. 1774 GOLDSM. Nat. Hist. (1776) V. 212 The
quail is by all known to be a bird of passage. 1846 STOKES
Disc. Australia II. vii. 259 It is known to the colonists as
the Painted Quail. 1870 MORRIS Earthly Par. III. iv. 296
Close within the long grass lies the quail.
2. dial. a. The corn-crake. (First quot. dub.)
£1470 HENRYSON Mor. Fab. vm. (Preach. Swallow) xxiii,
The quailje craikand in the corne. 1881 Leicest. Gloss.,
Quail, the land-rail or corn-crake.
b. The small spotted water-hen.
17*6 PENNANT Brit. Zool. (1768) II. 504 In Lincolnshire it
is known by the name of quail.
3. One of several American gallinaceous birds
resembling the European quail, esp. the Virginian
Quail or colin (Orlyx virginianus}, and the Cali-
fornian or Crested Quail (Lophortyx californicus).
1817-* COBBETT Resid. US. (1822) 43, Chickens .. as big
as American Partridges (misnamed quails). 1840 Penny
Cycl. XVII. 440 Ortyx Virginianus, ..the. Quail of the
inhabitants of New England, the Partridge of the Pennsyl-
vanians. 1861 G. F. BERKELEY Sfortsm. W. Prairies xi.
185 A brace of what the Americans call quail.
t 4. Jig. A courtesan. Obs. (So F. caille coiffie.)
An allusion to the supposed amorous disposition of the
bird : see the passages cited by Nares.
x6ofi SHAKS. Tr. ff Cr. v. i. 57 Heere's Agamemnon,., one
that loues Quails. 1694 MOTTEUX Rabelais iv. Prol.
(1737) 83 Several coated Quails, and lac'd Mutton.
B. attrib. and Comb., as quail-basket, -feeding,
•fight, -fighter, -fighting, -net, -pit, -potage, etc. ;
quail-surfeited adj.; quail-call = QUAIL-PIPE;
quail-dove, a dove of the West Indies and Florida
(Starncenas cyanocephalus) ; quail-hawk, a New
Zealand species of falcon ; quail-pigeon, a pigeon
of the genus Geophaps; quail-snipe, a South
American plover of the genus Thinocorys. Also
QUAIL-PIPE.
1398 FLORIO, Quagliere, . . a *quaile basket. 1822 D.
BOOTH Analyt. Diet. i. 99 A Quailpipe or *Quailcall. 1884
Encycl. Brit. XX. 147/1 In old days they were taken in
England in a net, attracted thereto by means of a Quail call.
i8»o T. MITCHELL Aristoph. I. p. Ixiii, When a mania took
place in Athens . . for 'quail-feeding or philosophy. 1581
MULCASTER Positions xviii. (1887) 78 Cokfights and 'quaile-
fightes. 1836-48 B. D. WALSH Aristoph., Acharnians I.
iv. note , The Athenians . .were great cock-fighters and *quail-
fighters. 1776 GOLDSM. Nat. Hist. (1790) V. 214 "Quailfight-
ing was a favourite amusement among the Athenians. 1873
BULLER Birds N. Zeal. (1888) I. 217 The *Quail-Hawk
exhibits great perseverance in pursuit of its prey. 1598
FLORIO, Quagliera, a *quaile-neu 1879 MRS. A. E. JAMES
Ind.Househ. Managem. 56 Quails, .kept in your own quail-
pit and well fed. 17*5 BRADLEY Fant. J)ict.s.\. Quail, You
may also have a *Quail-Potage in the Form of an Oil.
1640 G. DANIEL Trittarch.,Hcn. V, cxxv, And hang a Nose
to Leekes, *Quaile-Surfetted.
Quail (kw^l), w.l Forms : 5-6 quayll, 5-7
quayle, (5 whayle), quaile, 6-7 quale, 7 quaille,
6- quail. See also QUEAL. [Of uncertain origin.
The early spelling and rimes prove a ME. quailen
(with diphthongal at), for which there is no obvious
source. Phonology, sense, and date are against
any connexion with early ME. quelen QUELE.
In literary use the word is very common from about 1520
to 1650, after which it practically disappears until its revival,
app. by Scott, in the early part of the igth c.J
I. intr.
1. Of material things, as persons, plants, etc. :
To decline from a natural or flourishing condition ;
to fail or give way ; to fade, wither, etc. Obs.
exc. dial.
c 1440 CAPGRAVE Life St. Kath. iv. 1775 Ewery thyng..
that maketh resistens Ageyn nature, ful soone wil it quayle.
£1460 G. ASHBY Dicta Philos. 1071 Better were a thing
never to [be] had Than in handes to quaile & to be badde.
1568 T. HOWELL Arli. Atnitie (1879) 24 Length of time,
causeth man and beast to quaile. 1579 SPENSER Sheflt.
Cal. Nov. 91 The braunch once dead, the budde eke needes
must quaile. 1603 J. RHODES Aiisw. Rom. Rhyme, Sf.
touch. Heretics, Christ's word . . that heaucn and earth
QUAIL.
should quaile, Before his word one iote should faile. a 1796
PEGGE Derbicisms (E. D. S,)}Quai/t toerow ill. 1825 BROCKETT
N. C. Gloss., Quaff, to fail, to fall SICK, to faint. 1879 Miss
JACKSON Shro^sh. iyord-bk.t Quail, to languish ; to fail ; to
fall sick. 1880 Its. Cortiiv. Gloss, s. v., Quail, to wither ;
. ,' These flowers soon quail '.
2. Of immaterial things.
a. Of an action, undertaking, state of things,
etc. : To fail, break down, come to nothing. Obs.
In mod. use (transf, from 3) : To give way, yield
to or before.
c 1440 CAPGRAVE Life S/, Kaik. iv. 1019 Whan moost
nede is, his resons will quayll [v.r. whaylel. 15*3 J/.
Papers Hen. VII f, VI. 197 Thei fynally concludyd .. ther
shold lack 2 or 3 voyces, wnerby the election shold quayle.
1570 B. GOOGE Pop. Kingd. 11. 23 b, They toyle and moyle
least that his state by talke of tongue should quaile.
1600 HOLLAND Livy v. xxi. 194 After great massaker and
execution committed, the fight began to quaile. 1611 SPEED
Hist, G/. Brit. ix. ix. § 23. 585 The Kings Ambassadours
returne out of France, without hauing effected that which
they went about, so that the whole enterprize quailed.
1810 SCOTT Lady of L. u. xxv, Roderick Dhu's renown. .
[should] quail to that of Malcolm Grasme. 1857 MAURICE
Mor. ff Met. Philos. III. iv. § 9. 117 The name of William
himself quailed before that of Abelard.
b. Of courage, t hope, t faith, etc. : To fail,
give way, become faint or feeble.
1557 POLE in Strype Eccl. Mem. (1721) III. App. Ixviii.
246 The faythe of the sacraments began to quayle in
so many hartes. a 1577 GASCOIGNE Flowers Wks. 1869 I.
43 Since courage quayles, and commes behind, Go sleepe.
1606 BRYSKETT Civ. Life 89 If. .the hope began to quaile,
forthwith courage failed withall. 1641 ROGERS Naantan
408, I perceiue your zeale quales shrewdly in this Laodicean
age. 1835 THIRLWALL Greece I. vi. 212 Perils, which make
the courage of the hardiest quail.
3. Of persons : To lose heart, be cowed or dis-
couraged ; to give way through fear (to or before
a formidable person or thing).
1555 in Strype Eccl. Mem. (1721) III. App. xliii. 122
He made them this faithful promise to the intent that they
should not quaile. 1577-87 HOLINSHED Chron. III. 1212/1
The comming forward of these forces caused the rebels, .to
quaile in courage. 1604 T. WRIGHT Passions i. vi. 23
BYI
1874 GREEN Short Hist. iii. §£. 137 The Earl of Chester. .
who had risen in armed rebellion, quailed before the march
of Hubert.
b. Of the heart or spirit ; also of the eyes.
1563 Homilies u. Repentance i. (1859) 531 Mens hearts do
quail and faint, if they once perceive that they travail in
vaine. 1600 HOLLAND Ltvy xxxvi. ix. 924 Seeing many of
the defendants, .hurt and wounded, their hearts began to
quaile. 1611 SHAKS. Cymb. v. v. 140 Thy daughter For
whom my heart drops blood, and my false spirils Quaile to
remember. 1837 W. IRVING Capt. Bonnemlle\\. 225 [They]
felt their hearts quailing under their multiplied hardships.
1841 BORROW Zincalil. i. i. 26 Their sharp eyes quailed
quickly before his savage glances. 1892 J. TAIT Mind in
Mattered, 3) 249 In Gethsemane, the brave spirit of Jesus
quailed.
U. trans.
*t*4. To affect injuriously, to spoil, impair; to
overpower, destroy, put an end to. Obs. a. a thing.
1551 GARDINER Explic. Cath. Faiih% Of the Presence 60
The truthe of that place hindreth and qualeth in maner all
the booke. 1604 T. WRIGHT Climact. Years n Nature in
the meane time is strengthened with good foods, and the
humour either purged or quailed with phisicke. 1655
H. VAUGHAN Silex Scint. u. Time's Book iv, As some meek
night-piece which day quails To candle light unveils. 1669
BOYLE Cent. New Exp. n. (1682) 66 The Apricocks were
flaccid or quailed as if they had been dry or withered.
absol. 1590 SHAKS. Mids. N. D. v. L 292 O Fates ! . . Cut
thred and thrum, Quaile, crush, conclude, and quell.
b. an action, state, quality, feeling, etc.
1531 MoREC<7«/w/. Barnes VHI. Wks. 805/2 If he belieue
saynt Austine. .than is his own fond ymaginacion quayled.
1551 R. ROBINSON tr. Morels Utop. Ep. Cecil (1895) 20 Mine
old good wil and hartye affection towardes you is not.. at
all quayled and diminished. 1577 HANMEK Anc. Eccl.
Hist. (1619) 75 Quailing the chearefulnesse of others. x6»8
VENNER Baths of Bathe (1650) 350 The taking of cold
drink doth suddenly quaile the heat. 1654 tr. Martinis
Cong. Ckitui 5 Their antient .. warlike Spirit, which the
pleasures . . of that Country had quailed and tamed.
5. To daunt or cow (a person), to bring into
subjection by fear ; to cause to quail.
1526 /Y&7-. Per/. (W. de W. 1531) 126 b, Some power of
the soule shall quayle & trouble them. 1569 GOLDING
Hemiftge's Post. 22 Paul was not quayled with the huge-
nesse of persecutions. 1642 BRIDGE Serin. Norfolk Volun-
teers 9 He is a stout man whom adversity doth not quaile.
1719 D'URFEY Pills (1872) III. 23 You Roaring Boys, who
everyone quails. 1816 J. WILSON City of Plague in, i. 49
As thunder quails Th' inferior creatures of the air and
earth. 1833 M\ SCOTT Tom Cringle ii. (1859) 55 Splinter did
not like it, I saw, and that quailed me.
b. To daunt, depress (the heart, courage) with
fear or dejection.
1567 TURBERV. Ray ling Route 26 My courage is not
quailde by cruell Fo. 1600 HOLLAND Livy xcv. 1253
Ouerthrowes in warre and misfortunes, .at sea, wherewith
his heart was quailed. 1663 BUTLER Hud. \. iii. 204 Am
not I hereto take thy part? Then what has quail'd thy
stubborn heart? 1706 in PHILLIPS (ed. Kersey!. 1844 D\s-
RARUComttgtfy v. ii, It. .quailed the heart of Taper, crushed
all the rising hopes.
Hence Quailer, one who, or that which, quails.
1599 SANDYS Ettrofag Spec. (1632) 193 Avarice, .the quailer
of all manly executions.
QUAIL.
Quail, v.2 Obs. exc. dial. Forms : 5-6 quayle,
7 quaile. [a. OF. quaillcr (F. caillcr = It. quag-
Hare, P[J. coalhar, Sp. cuajar) :— L. coagulare to
COAGULATE.]
1. iiitr. To curdle, coagulate.
£1430 Two Cookcry-bks. 27 Caste on whyte Wyne or
Venegre, S: make it quayle. c 1440 Promp. Pa.ro. 418/2
Ouaylyn, as mylke, and other lycowre, coagulo. 153"
PALSGR. 676/2, I quayle, as mylke dothe, je quailltbotte.
1601 HOLLAND Pliny II. 323 It is no better than poison,
especially the first beestings, if it quaile and cruddle in the
stomacke. 1706 in PHILLIPS (ed. Kerseyl. 1881 Lticest.
Ctoss., Quail, to ' turn ' or curdle; go flat or sour.
b. To lie quailed, to be curdled.
1530 PALSGR. 676/2 This mylke is quayled. 1809 BATCHELOR
Orthoep. Anal. 140 The cream is said to be quailed, when
the butter begins to appear in the process of churning.
2. trans. To cause to curdle, rare—1.
1398 TREVISA Earth. De P. R. iv. iv. (1495) 83 The more
boy-stous . . partyes of the grayne the erth takyth . . and
quaylyth theym by heete.
Hence Quailed ///. a., curdled. Obs.
<: 1440 /V«K>. /><tn;.4i8/'iQuaylyd,asmylke,andoberlyke,
coagulatus. 1541 R. COPLAND Guydoris Quest, Chinirg.,
etc., Pe lyuer..is the substaunce of flesshe, and red as
quaylfed blode. 1601 HOLLAND Pliny II. 134 Such as
haue . . drunk quailed railke, that is cluttered within their
stomack.
Quai-lery. [f. QUAIL sb. + -EBT.] A place
where quails are kept, esp. to be fattened for food.
1804 Blackvi. Mag. .Sept. 387/2 The native caught the
birds alive for the quatlenes of Anglo-Indians.
Quailing (kw/"lirj), vtl. si.1 [f. QUAIL z;.i
+ -ING1.] The action of giving way, failing,
losing heart, etc.
1549 COVERDALE, etc. Erasiit. Par. Tim. Ded. i Seyng
. . ^
§ i. 65 The quailing and withering of all things by the recesse
of the Sunne. 1641 ROGERS Naaman 557 So farre from
quailing of judgement, a 1700 B. E. Diet. Cant. Crew
,
Quailing of the Stomack, beginning to be qualmish or un-
easy. 1848 C. BRONTE J. Eyre (1857) 245, 1 bore with her
feeble minded quailing*.
tQuai'ling, vbl. sb.i Obs. [f. QDAIL vt]
Curdling, coagulation.
c 1440 Promp. Parv. 418/2 Quaylynge, of lycoure, coagu-
lacio. 1600 SURFLET Coitntrie Fartm n. xlix. 310 To stay
the quailing of the milke in their stomacks.
Quailing (kw^hlirj), ///. a. [f. QUAIL v.1 +
-ING 2.] Diminishing, becoming weak ; losing
hope or courage, etc.
1565 GOLDING Ovid's Met. ix. (1593) 215 To quicken up
the quailing love. 1586 WARNER Alb. Eng. iv. .\\i[i|.
(i6i2_) 105 Did quicken Englands quailing plowes. 1880
G. MEREDITH Trag. Com. (1881) 158 Her father's unwonted
harshness suggested the question to her quailing nature.
1894 SIR E. SULLIVAN Woman 34 Shrinking, quailing,
agonised victims.
Quail-pipe, [f. QUAIL jA + PIPE.]
1. A pipe or whistle on which the note of the
quail (usually the female) can be imitated, in
order to lure the birds into a net; a quail-call.
Also used allusively, or fig.
For a full description of the calls used to imitate the notes
of the cock and hen, see Encycl, Brit. (1797) XV. 733/2.
?rt 1400 LYDG. Ckorle $ Byrde (Roxb.) 9 The quayle pype
can most falsely calle Tyl the quayle under the nette doth
crepe, c 1400 Rom. Rose 7261 High shoos knopped with
dagges, That frouncen lyke a quaile pipe. 1611 R. FENTON
Usury in. i. no Those Echoes and quailpipes amongst vs,
who catch friends by imitating their voice. 17x1 ADDISON
SAect. No. 108 P 5 A late Invention of Will's for improving
toe Quail-pipe. 1821 SCOTT Kenilw. vii, Master Varney,
you can sound the quailpipe most daintily to wile wantons
into his nets. 1884 St. James's Gaz. 28 Apr. 6/2 In France
they are commonly captured on the ground ; a ' quail-pipe '
. . being employed.
attrw. 1601 MIDDLETON Bhtrt} Master^Constabte n. i. 17
A gallant that hides his small-timbered legs with a quail-
pipe b"oot. 1603 DEKKER Wonderfttll Yeare Fiij b, He..
cryed out in that quaile-pipe voice,
1 2. transf. The throat or vocal organs. Obs.
1693 DRYDEN Juvenal \\. (1697) 120 The Rich to Buy him,
will refuse no Price ; And stretch his Quail-pipe till they
crack his Voice, a 1700 B. E. Diet. Cant. CrewtQnait-pipt'^
a Woman's Tongue. 1748 RICHARDSON Clarissa (1811) VI.
383 Squeaking inwardly, .from contracted quail-pipes.
Hence Quai'lpiping vbl. sb.
166* R. L'EsTRANCE State Divinity 14 To give over..
their Quailpiping in a Putpit to catch silly women.
Quaime, obs. form of QUALM sb.
t Quain, v. Obs. rare. [a. ON. kveina ~ OE.
cwanian, Goth, qainon : an ablaut-var. appears in
MDu. and MLG. qittnen (Du. kivijneri) to com-
plain, be ill (cf. MHO. verquinen^ OE. dcwinan to
waste away).] intr, (also refl.} and trans. To
lament, bewail, bemoan. Hence Q,uaining vbl. sb.
a 1300 Cursor Af. 10488 Sco quainid eft on J>is maner, Oft
sco said, 'alias ! alias ! ' Ibid. 10495 To quils sco quainid
Jjus hir care. Ibid, 12495 Quen iesus herd J?is quaining gret.
Ibid. 21886 parof him quaines iesucrist. [A possible instance
ofrf«a/;i sb. {cf. ON. fare hi) occurs in line 11577.]
Quain, obs. variant of QUOIN sb.
t Quaint, sb. Obs. rare. Also 4 queynt(e.
[?f. the adj.] (See quot. 1598.)
c 1320 Sir Tristr, 2254 Hir queynt abouen hir kne Naked
J>e kiiistcs kuewe. c 1386 CHAUCEK Miller '$ T. 90 Pryvely
13
he caught hit by the queynte. 1598 FLORIO, Bccckina,
a wonians quaint or priuities.
Quaint (kw^'nt), a. (aiht.) Forms : a. 3-4
cointe, (3 kointe, 4 coint t, coynte, koynt(e),
quoynte, (3 owointe, 4 quointe, quoynt), 4-5
ooynt, quynte, (4 quinte, 6 quyent). /3. 3-6
queynte, (4 qweynt(e), 4-6 queynt, queinte,
4-8 queint, 6 quent, qwent ; 4-5 quaynt, (4
qwaynt, qwaint), quante, (5 qwantte), 4-6
quaynte, (5 qwaynte), quainte, 4- quaint. 7.
4-5 waynt, 5 wheynte, quhaynte, whaynt(e ;
dial. 7 wheint, 8-9 whaint, whent, 9 wheant.
[a. OF. cointc (ijuointe, cuinte, etc.), queinle :— L.
cognitum known, pa. pple. oicognosclre to ascertain.
The development of the main senses took place in
OF., and is not free from obscurity (cf., however,
COUTH and KNOWN).
In its older senses the Eng. word seems to have been in
ordinary use down to the i;th c., though in many i6-ijth
c. examples the exact meaning is difficult to determine.
After 1700 it occurs more sparingly (chiefly in sense 6), until
its revival in sense 8, which is very frequent after 1800.]
A. adj.
I. f 1. Of persons : Wise, knowing ; skilled,
clever, ingenious. In later use chiefly with ref. to
the employment of fine language (cf. sense 6). 06s.
m*y> Leg. Kath. 580 (Cott. MS.) Hei ! hwuch wis read
Of se cointe [v.r. icudd] keiser. c 1290 6". Eng. Leg. \.
381/165 pe beste Carpenter And ]K quoynteste bat ich euere
l-knev. a 13*5 Prose Psalter cxviii. 98 Thou madest me
quainte [L. frndentem] vp myn enemis to }>\ comaunde-
ment. c 1400 Destr. Troy 1531 Wise wrightis to wale ..
qwaint men of wit. 1501 DOUGLAS Pal. Hon. i. Ixv, 3it clerkis
Dene in subtell wordis quent, And in the deid als schairp as
ony snaillis. 1593 SHAKS. 2 Hen. VI, in. ii. 274 To shew
how queint an Orator you are. 1596 — Tom. Shr. in.
ii. 149 Wee'll ouerreach . . The quaint Musician. <zi6z8
PRESTON New Cwt. (1634) 273 If you would preach as other
men do, and be curious and quaint of Oratory. 1697 DRYDEN
jEneidxi. 698 Talk on ye quaint Haranguers of the Crowd.
1718 MORGAN Algiers I. vi. 176 The Arabs in general are
quaint, bold, hospitable, and generous, excessive Lovers of
Eloquence and Poesy.
fb. In bad sense: Cunning, crafty, given to
scheming or plotting. Obs.
<i 1225 Ancr. R. 328 peos kointe harloz J>et scheaweo" for<5
.
hore gutefestre. c 1340 Cursor M. 739 (Fairf.) pe nedder
bat ys so quaynt of gyle, c 1394 P. PI. Crcde 482 ' Dere
brober ' quab Peres ' be devell is ful queynte '. 1402
at ys so quaynt of gyle, c 13
rober ' quab Peres ' be dev
HOCCLEVE Letter of Cupid 152 Sly, queynt, and fals in al
AS jEncis n. i. 59 Knaw
vnthrift coupable. 1513 DOUGLAS jEncis n. i. 59 Knaw Je
nocht bettir the quent Vlexes slycht ? 1674-91 RAY N.-C.
Woi-ds (E.D.S.), 'A wheint lad', q. queint; a fine lad:
ironice dictum. Also, cunning, subtle. 1680 OTWAY Orphan
in. iv. 864 The quaint smooth Rogue, that sins against his
Reason.
t 2. Of actions, schemes, devices, etc. : Marked
by ingenuity, cleverness, or cunning. Obs.
aiaag Ancr. R. 294 Ure Louerd . '. brouhte so to grunde
his kointe kuluertschipe. c 1330 A rth. 4r Merl. <H47(KcMbing)
Morg_ein..bat wib bir queint gin Bigiled be gode clerk
Merlin. 1387 TREVISA Higden (Rolls) IV. 429 losephus . .
fonde up a queynte craft, and heng wete elopes uppon be
toun walles. c 1460 Towneley Myst. xiii. 593 This was a
qwantte gawde, and a far cast, It was a hee frawde. 1522
World tf Child in Hazl. Dodsley I. 245, I can many a
quaint game. 1598 ROWLANDS Betray. Christ 10 When
traitor meets, these quaint deceits he had. 1641 BROME
Jovial Crew IT. Wks. 1873 III. 378, I. .over-heard you in
your queint designe, to new create your selves.
f3. Of things : Ingeniously or cunningly designed
or contrived; made with skill or art ; elaborate. Obs.
c 1290 S. Eng. Leg. I. 88/62 He liet heom makien a
quoynte schip. 1197 R. GLOUC. (Rolls) 1555 Hii jeue him
an quointe [v.r. koynte] drench, mid childe vor to be. c 1384
CHAUCER H. Fame in. 835 And! evermo. . This queynte hous
aboute wente, That never-mo hit stille stente. a 1400-50
Alexander 4275 Have we no cures of courte ne na cointe
sewes. 1627 DRAYTON Nymphidia Ixix, He told the
arming of each joint, In every piece how neat and quaint.
1631 SHIRLEY Traitor iv. ii, Who knows But he may marry
her, and discharge his Duchess With a quaint salad?
t 4. Of things : Skilfully made, so as to have a
good appearance; hence, beautiful, pretty, fine,
dainty. Obs.
13.. E. E.Allit. P. B. 1382 With koynt carneles aboue,
coruen ful clene. 13. . Caw. fy Gr. Knt. 877 Whyssynes vpon
queldepoyntes, bat koynt wer bobe. ? a 1366 CHAUCER
Ront. Rose 98 A sylvre nedle forth I droughe, Out of an
aguler queynt ynoughe. c 1400 Destr. Troy 777 An ymage
full nobilL.bat qwaint was & qwem, all of white siluer.
1596 SPENSER F. Q. iv. x. 22 Nor hart could wish for any
queint device, But there it present was, and did fraile sense
entice. 1671 MILTON Samson 1303 In his hand A Scepter
or quaint staff he bears.
f b. Of dress : Fine, fashionable, elegant. Obs.
!<z 1366 CHAUCER Rom. Rose 65 The ground . . maketh so
queynt his robe and fayr That it hath hewes an hundred
payr. 1380 Lay Folks Calecti. (Lamb. MS.) 1221 Ne wor-
schipe not men for here fayre clobes, ne for here qweynte
curious and quaint apparel! is the spur that prickes them
forward. 1627 FLETCHER Locusts I. xiii, All lovely drest
In beauties livery, and quaint devise.
1 5. Of persons : Beautiful or handsome in ap-
pearance; finely or fashionably dressed; elegant,
foppish. Ots.
01300 Cursor .V. 28015 Vee lcuedis..studis. .hu tomak
yow senile and quaint. 111310 in Wright Lync P. 26
QUAINT.
Coynte ase columbine, such hire cunde ys. 136* LANGL.
P. PI. A. u. 14 A wommon wonderliche clothed .. Ther
nis no qweene qweyntore. a 1450 Knt. dela 7*i7«r(i868) 40
Folke shulde not have thaire herte on the worlde, nor
make hem queint, to plese it. 1590 GREENE Never Too
Late Wks. 1882 VIII. 82 He made himselfe as neate and
quaint as might be. 1598 SIIAKS. Merry W. iv. vi. 41
Quaint in greene, she shall be loose en-roab'd. 1610 —
Tetttg. I. ii. 317 Fine apparisipn : my queint Ariel, Hearke
in thine eare. i784Cowi'ER Taskii, 461 A body so fantastic,
trim, And queint in its deportment and attire.
f 6. Of speech, language, modes of expression,
etc. : Carefully or ingeniously elaborated ; highly
elegant or refined ; clever, smart ; full of fancies
or conceits ; affected. Obs. (now merged in 8).
13.. Guy Warw. (A.) 346 To hir he spac .. Wib a wel
queynt steuen. c 1386 CHAUCER Can. Yeom. Pro/. <$• T. 199
We semen wonder wise, Oure termes been so cleigial and so
queynte. 1513 DOUGLAS sEttfis i. Pro!. 255 The quent and
curious castis poeticall. c 1570 Pride # Lowl. (1841) 807
Pleasaunt songes . . To queynt and hard for me to under-
stand. 1655 E. TERRY Voy. E. Ind. XII. 232 The Persian
there is spoken as their more quaint and Court-tongue.
1676 MARVELL Mr. Smirke K iv, A good life is a Clergy
man's best Syllogism, and the quaintest Oratory. 1713
STEELE Sped. No. 450 f i A new Thought or Conceit
dressed up in smooth quaint Language. 1783 BURKE Rep.
Aff. India Wks. 1842 II. 76 A style,, .full of quaint terms
and idjomatick phrases, which strongly bespeak English
habits in the way of thinking.
f7. Strange, unusual, unfamiliar, odd, curious
(in character or appearance). Obs. (now merged
in 8).
i3..CVvr de L. 216 Thou schalt se a queynte brayd.
t 1369 CHAUCER Dethe Blaunche 1330 This is so queynt
a sweuyn. c 1400 Destr. Troy 7715 There come with this
kyng a coynt mon of shappe. c 1440 Ifomydon 1637 Right
vnsemely on queynte manere He hym dight. 1513 DOUGLAS
dZneis in. Prol. 12 Now moist I write.. Wyld auentouris,
monstreis and qwent affray is. 1579 SPENSER Sheph. Cal.
Oct. 114 With queint Bellona in her equipage, 1629 MILTON
Nativity 194 A drear, and dying sound Affrights the
Flamins at their service quaint, 17x4 POPE Wife of Bath
259 How quaint an appetite in woman reigns ! Free gifts
we scorn, and love what costs us pains. 1808 SCOTT Marm.
in. xx, Came forth — a quaint and fearful sight.
8. Unusual or uncommon in character or appear-
ance, but at the same time having some attractive
or agreeable feature, esp., having an old-fashioned
prettiness or daintiness.
1795 SOUTHEY Joan of Arc vm. 234 He for the wintry
hour Knew many a merry ballad and quaint tale. 1808
SCOTT Marm. n. lii, For this, with carving rare and quaint,
She decked the chapel of the saint. 1824 W. IRVING T.
Trav. I. 91 The streaks of light and shadow thrown among
the quaint articles of furniture. 1861 STANLEY Jew. Ch.
(1877) I. x. 202 The device is full of a quaint humour which
marks its antiquity. 1884 J. T. BENT in Macw, Mag. Oct.
434^2 The herdsmen were much quainter and more enter-
taining than our city-born muleteers.
II. f9. Proud, haughty. Obs. rare.
a 1225 Ancr. R. 140 pet fleshs is her et home . . ant for bui
hit is cwointe & cwmer. 1340 Ayenb. 89 po bet makeb
ham zuo quaynte of be ilke poure noblesse pet hi habbeb of
hare moder J»e erbe. £1430 P*fcr* Lyf Manhode ir. cvii.
115, 1 hatte orgoill, the queynte [F. la bobanciere\, the feerce
hornede beste. [1610 G. FLETCHER Christ's Viet. n. liv,
Queint Pride Hath taught her sonnes to wound their
mother's side.]
flO. Dainty, fastidious, nice; prim. Obs.
1483 CAXTON Gold. Leg. 128 b/i Shechastyssed them that
were nyce and queynte. 1579 G. HARVEY Letter-bk.
1640 BROME Sparagus Card. HI. vii. Wks. 1873 III. 167
Your new infusion of pure blood, by your queint feeding on
delicate meates and drinks. 1678 R. I/ESTRANGE Seneca's
Mor. To Rdr.. Fabius.. taxes him.. for being too Queint
and Finical in his Expressions.
fll. To make it quaint, to act quaintly, in
various senses, esp. to behave proudly, disdainfully,
or deceitfully. Obs.
c 1369 CHAUCER Detke Blaunche 531 Lo ! how goodly spak
this knight . . He made hyt nouther tough ne queynte.
1390 GOWER Conf.\. 4623 (II. 282) O traiteresse . . Thou Hast
gret peine wel deserved, That thou canst maken it so queinte.
c 1400 Rom. Rose 2038, L.kneled doun with hondis loynt,
And made it in my port ful queynt. ,1422 HOCCLEVE
Jonathas 642 He thoghte not to make it qweynte and tow.
ci430 Pilgr. Lyf Manhode n. cvi. (1869) 115 With alle
myne joyntes stiryinge and with alle my sinewes j make it
queynte [F.jt marche sifieremcnt.]
tB. adv. Skilfully, cunningly. Obs. rare.
c 1340 Cursor M. 5511 (Fairf.) 5°" be-houys to wirke ful
quaynte and in baire dedis ham attaynt, c 1384 CHAUCER
//. Fame \. 245 What shulde I speke more queynte, Or
peync me my wordes peynte? 1552 LYNDESAY Monarche
180 Fresche flora spred furth hir tapestrie, Wrocht be dame
Nature quent and curiouslie.
C. Comb.) as quaint-eyed, -felt, -shapeat -sfom-
ached) -witty, -worded adjs.
1575 G. HARVEY Letter-bk. (.Camden) g\ Thou arte so
queyntefelt In thy rondelett. 159? MARSTON Pyzmal. i.
140 Like no quaint stomack't man [he] Eates vp his armes.
1603 FLORIO Montaigne \. xxxvi. (1632)115 A quamt-wittie,
and lofiie conceit. i?44 AKENSIDE Pleas. Imag. in. 250
Where'er the pow'r of ridicule displays Her quamt-ey d
visage. 1853 JAMES Agnes Sorrel (1860) I. 2 This tall
quaint-shaped window. 1863 GRQSA.RT Srftati Sitts (ed. 2) 17
Their quaint-worded dispositions and distinctions.
Quaint, v.1 Obs. exc. dial. Also 4 coynt, 4-6
quaynt. [See ACQUAINT v.t and cf. OF. cointitr
in Godef.] =To acquaint, in various uses.
QUAINT.
a 1300 Cursor M. 5707 (Giitt.) Quenbai war quaintid. .pis
moyses and sir Raguell [etc.]. c 1330 [see ACQUAINT P. 3].
c 1350 Will. Palerne 4644 He ceynted him queyntli with po
tvo ladies, a 1400-50 A lexander 213 Now sail je here How
he . . quayntid him with ladis. 1509 BARCLAY Shyp of
Folys (1570) 81 Spede your pace, To quaynt your selfe and
company with grace. 1591 NASHE Prognost. i To quaint
my selfe with the art of Nauigation. 1606 WARNER Alb,
Eng. xv. xciv. (1612) 378 God quaints not with Baal. 1886
ELWORTHY W. Somerset lVord-bk., Quaint, to acquaint,
inform.
Hence f Q,uarnted///. a.1, familiar. Obs.
1586 W. WEBBE Eng. Poetric (Arb.) 75 Heere by the
quainted floodes and springs most holie remaining.
t Quaint, z>.2 Obs. Also 5 coynt(e. [In
sense i, a. OF. cointicrt cointer, f. cointe quaint;
in sense 2, f. QUAINT a. 10.]
1. trans. To adorn, to make fine or beautiful.
1483 CAXTON G. d( la Tour (1868) 167 Thus loste . . theldest
dougnter her maryage bycause she coynted her self. ibid.
1 68 He thenne hadde . . coynted hym self of a scarlat te gowne,
2. To quaint it, to assume a prim air.
1:1585 Faire Em, m. 1281 Let Mistress nice go saint it
where she list, And coyly quaint It with dissembling face.
Hence t Quarnted///. a.2 (in 5 coynted).
r 1500 Melusitte 315 In an euyl heure sawe I euer thy
coynted body, thy facion, & thy fayre fygure.
t Qnarntance. Obs. la 4 quoynt-, 4-6
queynt-, (5 qw-), 6 quaynta(u)nce ; 5-7 Sc.
quentanoe, (5 quyntans). [Cf. QUAINT v?\
= ACQUAINTANCE, q.v.
c 1300 [see ACQUAINTANCE a], c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints xxx.
(Theodera) 85 He come to bis theodera & mad his quyntans
..with hyr. c 1489 CAXTON Blanckardyn xx. 67 Sore
harde was his queyntaunce to her. a 103 Lu. BERNFKS
Huon xxx. 92 One toke queyntance ofan other. 1567
Sattr. Poems Reform, viii. 28 For all bi quentance with be
quene. 1603 [see ACQUAINTANCE 2].
t Quaintise, sb. Obs. Forms: a. 4 koint-,
quointise, quoyntis(e, quint-, quynt-, qwynt-
ia(e, 4-5 ooyntise, koyntis. 0. 4 qwayntyse,
qwaiutis, 4-5 quaynty se , quantyse, qwantis 'e ;
qucintise, queyntyse, qweyntise, 4-6 quentise
( + variations of suffix, as -ice, -ese, -yze, etc.).
[a. OF. cointise^ cuint-^ quentise^ etc., t. cointe^
queinte : see QUAINT a. and -ISE^.]
1. Wisdom, cleverness, skill, ingenuity.
1197 R. GLOUC. (Rolls) 1872 He ladde is kinedom Rijtuol-
liche & suibe wel wib quoyntbe & wisdom, c 1330 Spec.
Gy Warw. 303 pere is euere ioye inouh . . Wit andkunning
and kointise. a 1340 HAM POLE Psalter, Cant. 519 Genge
withouten counsayl it is and withouten quayntis. c 1415
Seven Sag. (P.) 378 Fondys..For to holde my lyf a day
With qweyntys of clergye.
b. Cunning, craft, underhand dealing.
a 1300 Cursor M. 740 (Gntt.) pe nedder bat es of suilk a
schaft, Mast of quantise es in [v.r. and of] craft. 1300 GOWER
Conf. I. 72 This ypocrite of hb queintise Awaitetn evere til
she slepte. c 1450 St. Cutkbtrt (Surtees) 1847 pe deuel with
his quayntys Will be aboute jow to suppryse. 1^80 CAXTON
Ckron. Eng, liii. 37 Vortiger . . thought priuely in his herte
thurgh queyntyse to bee kyng.
2. An instance of cleverness, cunning, or craft;
a device, stratagem, trick.
1197 R. GLOUC. (Rolls) 445 Brut & Corineus an quointise
hpm bi-boujte. c 13*0 Seuyn Sag. (W.) 2769 Thai ne might
hit no lenger defende. But ase thai dede a fair queintise.
c 1440 Ipomydon 359 She hyr bythought on a queyntyse, . .
To wete, where of he were come. 1483 CAXTON G. de la
Tour D viij, Suche coyntyses . . were to compare to the Cop-
spin that made his nette to take the flyes.
3. Cunning or skilful construction, rare.
^1330 Artk. fy Merl, 3566 (KSlbing) J>ere bo men mi;t
yhere be queintise of be spere, Of pe sonne, of mone &
ster.
4. Fine or curious dress ; fineness, elegance, or
fancifulness in dress.
13.. K. Alts. 173 Ladies, and damoseHs, Maken heom
redy . . In faire atire, in divers coyntise. 13. . E. E. Allit.P.
B. 54 pay . . schulde . . in comly quoyntls to com to his feste.
c \ipoRom. Rose 2250 He that loveth trewely Shulde. .him
disgysen in queyntyse. a 1450 Knt. de la Tour (1868) 146
The queintise, the plesaunt folyes, and the foule delytis
that haue be used for. .worldely plesaunce. [1570 LEVINS
Manip. 148/10 A Quentise, modus, mos insolitus.\
5. A device, cognizance, badge, armorial bearing ;
a coat of arms, or any cloth bearing a heraldic
device. Cf. COINTISE.
13. . Coer de L. 5657 A queyntyse off the kynges owen,
Upon hys hors was i-throwen. 1:1330 Arth. fy Merl. 8671
(Kolbing) pai [the helmets] hadde aooue riche queintise Of
beten gold. 1375 BARBOUR Bruce xm. 183 Armorts and
quyntis that thai bare.
I Quaintise, v. Oh. Forms: 4 queintise,
5 queyntiae, coyntise. [? f. prec., or a. OF.
cointiss'i lengthened stem of cointirl\ trans. To
beautify, adorn, dress finely.
1390 GOWER Conf. II I. 358 Sondri thinges wel devised, I sih,
wherof thei ben queintised. c 1430 Pilgr. Lyf Manhode \\.
iii. (1869) 77 He weeneth he be now wel arayed and queyn-
tised ! 1483 CAXTON G. de la Tour C iij, They haue so
many gownes wherof they coyntyse and araye their bodyes.
Hence f Quaintising vbl. sb.t adornment, decora-
tion. Obs.
c 1430 Pilgr. Lyf Manhode H. civ. (1869) 113 Garnementes
of velewet beten with gold and siluer and oothere queyn-
tisinges.
Quaintish. (kw^-ntij), a. [f. QUAINT a. +
-ISH !.] Somewhat quaint.
1594 WILLOBIE Avis* (1880) 53 Your quaintish quirkcs can
14
want no mate. 1796 LAMB Let. to Coleridge in Final Mem.
i. 195 The concluding simile is far-fetched — 'tempest-
honoured ' is a quaintish phrase. 1862 SHIRLEY Nveae Crit.
M. 440 The laureate has alluded to the present effect.. in
some nappy but quaintish lines.
So Quai'ntlike a.
1844 Blockit'. Mag. LVI. 159 Good and quaintlike old
gentle rhymes they are.
Quaintly (kw^ntli), adv. Forms : as QUAINT
a- + 3-5 -liok(e, -lych(e, -Ii, 4-6 -lye, 4- -ly.
Camp. 4 queyntlyer, 7 quaintlier. Sup. 4
queyntlokest, quoyntelucst. [f. QUAINT a. +
tL Skilfully, cleverly, ingeniously, so as to ac-
complish some act or attain some end. Obs.
1297 R. GLOUC (Rolls) 3324 po bibo^te vortiger . . hou he
mi^te do quoyntelucst [vj~. queyntlokest] fiat he him sulf
were king. ^1330 R. BRUNNE Chron. Wace (Rolls) 1128
pe kynges brother & y Ar skaped out fol queyntely. c 1400
Destr. Troy 164 Thus coyntly it kept was all with clene art,
1429 tr. Sccreta Secret., Priv. Priv. 167 A newe Payne he
founde, by the whyche fals luges queyntly he chastid. 1513
DOUGLAS SEneis x. xi. heading^ Juno rycht quayntly causis
Turnus to flee. 1593 R. HARVEY Philad. 21 He and his
surveyed it quantitatively and queintly to the purpose.
i6» DEKKER Land. Triumph. Wks. 1873 III. 253 A song
is heard ; the musicke being queintly comieyecl in a priuate
room, and not a person discouered. 71708 PRIOR Turtle <y
Sparrow 263 Those points, indeed^you quaintly prove, But
logic is no friend to love. 1714 GAY Sheph. Week i. 79, I
queintly stole a kiss.
t b. Cunningly, craftily. Obs.
-11300 Cursor M. 741 (Gott.) Quaintli taght he htm be
ginne, Hu he suld at be wijf bigine. 1387 TREVISA Higden
(Rolls) VII. 137 Some men tolde bat pis Harold was a
sowter sone, and queyntly [L. dolose} underput by pe for-
seide Elgiue. c 1400 Destr. Troy 11228 Cast is hit cointly
by thies kene traytours. .pryarn to lose.
t 2. With ingenious art, so as to produce some-
thing artistic, curious, or elaborate, Obs.
a 1300 Leg. Rood (1871) 30 (Ashm.) Salomon it let velle
and newe as queinteliche as he mute. 13. . Coerde L. 1387
He leet mak a tour ful strong, That queyntly engynours
made, c 1384 CHAUCER H. Fame in. 833 Domus Dedali ..
Nas maad so wonderliche, y-wis, Ne half so queynteliche
y-wrought. c 1440 ipomyaon 1641 He ,. shove hym bothe
byhyna & byfore, Queyntly endentyd oute and in. 1513
DOUGLAS sErteis v. vi. 125 A riche schield, wrocht quentlie.
1593 SHAKS. 3 Hen. VIt it. v. 34 To carue out Diajls
?ueintly, point by point. 1653 URQUHART Rabelais i. Ivii.
. 348 They could speak five or sixe several languages, and
compose in them all very quaintly.
f 8. Finely, elegantly ; in a pretty and attractive
manner. Obs.
1340 Ayenb. 47 Hy sseawep and di}te}j ham be more
quayntehche .. uor to maki musi be foles to ham. la 1366
CHAUCER Rom. Rose 783 Her-of lyth no remembraunce.
How that they daunted queyntely. c 1430 Pilgr. Lyf
Manhode \. cxxxix. (1869) 72 She hadde now arayed me
queyntliche and nobleche. 1490 CAXTON Eneydos x. 40
Wyth the ladyes he byhaued him soo queyntli swete . . and
curtoys. 159* GREENE Upst. Courtier in Harl. Misc.
(Main.) II. 347 A murrey cloth gowne . . which he quaintly
bare vp, to shew his white tafTata hose, c 1610 ROWLANDS
Terrible Battelly. The quaintly suted Courtier in attyre.
4. In a curious, odd, or old-fashioned, but pleasing
or attractive manner.
178* COWFER Lett. 18 Nov., A tale ridiculous in itself and
Siaintly told. 1816 I. WILSON City of Plague i. iii. 176
ne quaintly apparell'd like a surpliced priest Led the
procession. 1855 PRESCOTT Philip //, I. i. ix. 129 His
anger, as his secretary quaintly remarks, was more than
was good for his health. 1867 TKOLLOPE Chron. Barset II.
xlv. ii She had added the date in quaintly formed figures.
1870 LUBBOCK Orig. Cwiliz. iv. (1875) 178 A father's sister,
quaintly enough, is called father.
Quaintness (kw^-ntnes). Also 4 queynt-
ness, 5 qwhayntnes, 6 queint-, queyntnesse.
[f. QUAINT a. + -NESS.] The quality or condition
of being quaint, in various senses of the adj.
13 .. Coer de L. 1836 Al we should us venge fond, With
queyntness and with strength of bond. 1483 Cath. Angl.
296/1 A Qwhayntnes ; vbi wylynes. 1593 DRAYTON Eclogues
ix. 133 The easie turnes and queyntnesse of the Song. 1603
FLORIO Montaigne i. xxv. (1632) 80 All niceness and quaint-
nesse in clothing, ifiao T. V. tr. Serm. du Moulin 11
A vulgar stile, destitute of quaintnesse and eloquence. 1702
Engl, Theofhrast. 234 Some make the quaintness of their
wit, to consist in employing bad Instruments. 1765 BLACK-
STONE Comm. I. 72 Coke ; a man of infinite learning . .
though not a little infected with the pedantry and quaintness
of the times he lived in. 1866 GEO. ELIOT F. Holt H.xxiii.
122 There's a simplicity and quaintness about the lettei
which rather pleases me.
b. A particular instance of this.
1642 MILTON Apol. Sweet, xi. Wks. (1851) 3*3 Which ..
must needs be a strange quaintnesse in ordinary prayer.
1830 H. N. COLERIDGE Grk. Poets (1834) 90 The indecorums
and quaintnesses with which Homer may be reproached.
183* L. HUNT Poems Pref. 15 The occasional quaintnesses
..which formerly disfigured the story of Rimini.
f Quaintrelle. Obs. rare—1. In 5 queynt-.
[a. OF. (^queint-} cointerelle fern, ofcoinferel beau,
fop, f. cointe QUAINT a.~\ A finely-dressed woman.
ciqy* Pilgr. Lyf Manhode in. xlvii. (1869) t6o It folweth
nouht that thouh j be thus wel kembt, and a litel make the
queyntrelle [F. me monstre cointerelle} that for swich cause
j am fair.
f Quai'ntry. Obs. rare—1. In 5 queynterye.
[a. OF. queint', cointerie f. as prec.] Finery.
1483 CAXTON G. de la Tour C iv, The tenthe parte of your
queynteryes and noblesses myght refresshe . . moo than xi
persones agcynst the cold.
QUAKE.
Quairje, obs. form of QUIRE sb., WHKBE adv.
Quaire, variant of QUARRY a.
Quairn, dial, variant of QUERN.
Quaisie, quaisy, obs. forms of QOEAST.
Quait, dial. var. QUIET a. ; obs. f. QUOIT sb. and v.
f Quait, v. Obs. rare. In 5 qwaite. [Of
obscure origin : the qw- may represent w&-.] ?To
wait, await.
a 1400-50 A lexandtr 1 109 Quen ne in quat time sal qwaite
1 /'»/'/. J/.V. falle]^e)>isaunter Enquire me 11031 |>at question.
c 1400 Destr. Troy 13245 There the qwene with hir qwaintis
qwaitid me to cacche.
Quaives, pi. of quaif, obs. var. COIF.
Quake (kw*«k), sb. [f. the vb.]
t The act of quaking or trembling ; spec, in mod.
use, an earthquake.
Rare as an independent sb., except in very recent use, but
not infrequent as the second element in combs., as church-,
house., ice-, kingdom., state-quake, EARTH-QUAKE.
a 1300 Cursor M. 27362^6 dai o wrelh, o quak, and soru.
c 1340 Ibid. 927 (Tnn.) Til pou turne a^eyn in quake To
pat erpe pou were of take. 1617-77 FKLTHAM Resolves \. ii.
2 The quakes and shakes of Fortune, a 1643 SUCKLING
Love's World in Fragm. A urea (1648) 1 1 As the Earth may
sometimes shake, (For winds shut up will cause a quake).
distinct, vibrations.
2. A stretch of quake-ooze.
1896 Blackw. Mag. May 770 They rose in a body and made
for the quakes.
Quake vkw^'k), z;.l Forms : Inf. \ cwacian,
(owaeo-, ouaeo-), 2-3 quakie(n, (2 kwak-, 3
owak-, 4 quakijen, 4 quaky), 4-5 quaken, (5
qvakyn, whakyn , 4-6 qwake, 4- quake, (4
quak, quack, 5 qvake, 5- north, whake. 5-6 Sc.
quaik, 9 Sc. quack, quauk). Pa. t. i oweoede,
cwaecade, cwacode, 3 cwakede, 3-4 quakede,
4- quaked, (4 -id, 6 Sc. -et) ; also north. 4-5
quok, (4 qwok, quook), 4-6 quoke, quook,
qwooke, 5 .Sc. quouk, quowke, 6 quooke,
Sc. qu(h)oik, quuik, 7 dial, whook't. [OE.
cwaeian, not found in the cognate langs. ; the stem
cwac- is also the base of OE. cwfccan QUETCH, and
the same initial combination occurs in other words
implying agitation or instability, as quave, quap,
quag (cf. note to QUAGMIRE). The strong form of
the pa. t. in northern dialects is on anal, of shake,
shook.']
1. intr. Of things : To shake, tremble, be agitated,
as the result of external shock, internal convulsion,
or natural instability.
Most frequently used, from the earliest period, with ref.
to the earth (cf. EARTHQUAKE), and now somewhat rare even
in this connexion.
c 8*5 Vesp. Psalter ciii. 32 Se JelocaS in eorSan & doe3
hie cwaecian. ^893 K. ALFRED Oros. n. vi. § 3 Ofer call
Romana rice seo eorpe wses cwaciende & berstende. c 1175
Lamb. Horn. 143 Eorpe seal kwakien on his ecsene. c 1205
LAY. 27111 pa wal of stanen [sculden] quakien and fallen.
a 1300 Cursor M. 7260 He it scok, Sua fast bat al be hus
quok. 1398 TREVISA Barth. De P. R. xvll. clix. (1495) 708
The Byrche . . meuyth and quakith wyth a ryght softe blaste
of wynde. 1412-10 LVDG. Ckron. Troy 11. x. (1513) E v, I fele
also My penne quake, and tremble in my honde. 1513
DOUGLAS ^?nmiu. x. 34 The land all haill of Itaile trumbillit
and quhoik. 1596 DALRYMPLE tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. vm.
1 29 Erdquakes . . war hard, kirkes quaket and trimblet vehe-
mentlie. 1810 SCOTT Lady of L. i. xii, With boughs that
quaked at every breath, Grey birch and aspen wept beneath.
1871 ROSSETTI Ltrve's Nocturn vii, Quakes the pall, And
the funeral goes by.
2. Of persons or animals, or parts of the body :
To shake, tremble, a. By reason of cold or other
physical cause. Now rare.
c 1000 /KLI-RIC Horn. I. 132 Da te3 cwaciaS on swiSlicum
cyle. Ibid. II.3i2lc. . cwacode eal on fefore. ai*i$yntiana
21 [He] inwiS bearnde of brune..& cwakede as of calde.
01300 Cursor M. 5106 Israel wit bis vplepp .. bat quak
[v.r. quake] wit ilka hm was won. 1361 LANGL. P. PI. A.
xi. 46 Carful mon may crien .. Bothe of hungur and of
thurst, and for chele quake, c 1480 Tmtmeley Myst. xxviii.
70 When I for care and colde qwoke by a fyre burnyng full
bright. 1501 DOUGLAS Pal. Hon. \. Iviii, Skrymmorie fery
gaue me mony a clowre For Chyppynutie ful oft my chaftis
quuik. 1555 EDKN Decades 12 Suche as inhabyte the
mountaynes, syt quakynge for coulde in the wynter season.
1611 SHAKS. Cytiio. H. iv. 5, [1] quake in the present winters
state, and wish That warmer dayes would come. 1784
COWPER Task iv. 385 [She] Retires, content to quake so
they be warm'd. 1853 KANE Grinnell £jrf. xxxvii. (1856)
338 Came back again, dinnerless, with legs quaking.
b. Through fear. Freq. (o quake for fear or
dread ; also to quake at, ^for (the object of dread ),
and for (a thing or person in danger).
a 900 CYNEWULF Crist 797 ponne cene cwacap, xehyrerS
cyning ma;5lan. cejgo Lindisf. Gasp. Luke viii. 47 psct wif
..cuaccende[/?«s/m'. cwacende] cuom, & gefeall fore fotum
his. 01115 Leg. Kath. 1534 |>e king..bigon to cwakien &
nuste hwet seggen. a 1300 Cursor M. 12837 For drednes
ilk lira him quok. c 1330 R. BRUNNE Chron. It'ace (Rolls)
10726 Tounes, castels, for hym bey quok. c 1386 CHAUCER
Frankl. T. 132 For verray feere sowolde hir herte quake
That on hire feet she myghte hire noght sustene. c 1460
Ttntmeley Myst. vii. 182 Eueryman shall whake and gryse
Agans that ilk dome. 1558 KNOX First Blast (Arb.) 32
They reuerence them, and qwake at their presence. 1582
STANYHURST sEiteis n. (Arb.) 68 Voong children ..With
QUAKE.
cold hert moothers, for Greekish victorye quaking. 1603
DRAYTON Bar. If 'ars vi. Ixxxvii, That ne'er quayles me, at
which your greater quake. 1641 HINDE J. Bruen xlvii. 154
At which lime, .the Devill will quake, yea he doth quake for
feare now. 1711 AomsoN Spect. No. 44 f i The sounding
of the Clock in I'enite Preserved, makes the Hearts of the
whole Audit-nee quake. 1759 ROBKRTSON Hist. Scot. \\\\.
Wks. 1813 II. 52 The fellow in the .study stood quaking and
trembling. 1800 WELLINGTON Let. to Lieut. Col. Close in
Gurw. De$p. (1837) I. 103, I quake for the fort at Mun-
serabad. 1847 J. WILSON Chr. North (1857) II. 22 Our
heart quaked too desperately to suffer us to shriek. i88a
OUIDA Maremma I. 18 His name was a terror that made
the dead quake in their graves.
reft, a 1300 Cursor M. 19633 (Gott.) Saul him quok, sua
was he rad.
f c. With anger. Obs. rare.
£1330 R. BRUNNE Chron. (1810) 292 pe kyng his wordes
toke wrabefully tille herte, For ire nere he quoke. ("1374
CHAUCER Boeth. iv. pr. iit. 94 (Camb. MS.) Yif he be dis-
tempre and qunkith for Ire, men shal weene bat he berej>
the corage of a lyon.
f 3. trans. To cause to quake. Obs.
1398 TREVISA Bartk. De P. R. x. v. (1495) 377 A full lytyll
§uftynge of wynde quakyth and styryth flamme. 1607
HAKS. Cor. i. ix. 6 Where ladies shalt be frighted, And
quak'd, heare more. 1614 H. GREENWOOD Jayle
liv, 468 The property of the Law is to humble and quake
us for our sins. 1639 HEYWOOD Loud, peaceable Est. Wks.
1874 V. 372 Cannon. .Quaking the bellowing Ayre.
4. Comb.) as f quake-belly, a fat-bellied person ;
f quake-breech ,-buttoek, one wanting in courage ;
f quakeful a,, causing fear or quaking ; f quake-
mire, a quagmire ; also as vb., to quagmire ; quake-
ooze, soft trembling ooze j quake-tail Ornith. (see
quot. 1894).
1622 MABBE tr. Alemarfs Guzman d*Alf. 223 They will
all forsooth be alike, the tall man as the short, the *Quack-
belly as the Scranio. c 1590 in Drake Seer. Mem. Earl
Leicester (1706) 118, I shall surely be *Quack-breech and
think every Bush a Boggle. 1616 WITHALS Diet. 400
Excor$i . . a faint hearted fellow, a quake-breech, a 1616
BEAUM. & FL. Wit atSev. Weap. i. i, Stand putting in one
foot, and shiver, .. like a *quake-buttock. 1609 HEYWOOD
Brit. Troy xin. xxxii, All imbrude in fight, His *Quakefull
hand and sword so often rearing. 1577 STANYHURST Descr.
/re/, in Holinshed (1807-8) VI. 21 He was forced to fasten
the *quakemire with hurdels, and upon them to build the
citie. 1583 STOCKER Civ. Warres Lowe C. u. 70 a, His
horse was gotten into a quackmyre. 1599 CHAPMAN Hum.
dayes Myrth Plays 1873 I. 73 Howe nowe my liege ! what,
Siackemyred in Philosophic. 1898 Daily News 23 Nov. 6/2
ver a lot of *quake-ooze flats, where a boat could not get.
1855 OGILVIE Imp. Diet. Suppl. *Quake-taiL 1894 NEWTON
Diet. Birds, Quake-tail^ a book-name invented for the
Yellow Wagtailand its allies, after they had been generically
separated from Motacilla as Budytes.
t Quake, int. and v2 Obs. Also Sc. 6 quaik,
8 -ck, [Imitative : see QUACK, and cf. Du. kwaken,
G. quaken to croak, quack.] = QUACK int. and v.
a 1599 SKKLTON E. Rumniyng 506 Quake, quake, sayd the
duck. 1549 Compl, Scot. vi. 39 The dukis cryit quaik. 1567
HARMANQw«*/(i869) 83 A quakinge chete or a redshanke,
a drake or ducke. 1785 BURNS Addr. Deil viii, An eld-
ritch, stoor quaick, quaick.
Quaker (kw^-kai). [f. QUAKE 2.1 + -EK1.] One
who, or that which, quakes.
1. pi, = QUAKING-GRASS. Midi. dial.
iS97GERARDE/^>-/>a/i.lvii.8i Phalaris pratensis is called
in Cheshire about Namptwich, Quakers and Shakers. 1611
COTGR., Amourettes, the grasse tearmed, Quakers, and
Shakers, or quaking grasse. i6i7M]NSHEU/?wc^?-,Quackers,
or quaking grasse. 1882 W. Wore. Gloss. 1890 Glouc. Gloss.
2. With capital Q : A member of the religious
society (the Society of Friends) founded by George
Fox in 1648-50, distinguished bypeaceful principles
and plainness of dress and manners.
It appears, however, from a letter of intelligence, written at
London on Oct. 14, 1647, that the name had previously been
applied to the members of some foreign religious sect : ' I
heare of a Sect of woemen (they are at Southworke) come
from beyond Sea, called Quakers, and these swell, shiver,
and shake, and when they come to themselves (for in all
this fitt Mahomett's holy-ghost hath bin conversing with
them) they begin to preache what hath bin delivered to
them by the Spiritt' (Clarendon MSS. No. 2624). It thus
seems probable that Bennet merely employed a term already
familiar, and quite appropriate as descriptive of Fox's earlier
adherents (cf. quots. 1654, 1694, and see QUAKING vbl. si'.
and///, a. 2). The name has never been adopted by the
Friends themselves, but is not now regarded as a term of
reproach.
1653 H. R. (title} A Brief Relation of the Irreligion of the
Northern Quakers. 1654 E. TERRILL in R. Barclay's Inner
Life (1876) 317 Thus, they coming as foretold, they were not
known, but afterwards they were called by the name of
' Quakers ', from people's shaking and quaking that received
them and their doctrine. 1656 EVELYN Mem. (1857) I. 332,
I had the curiosity to visit some Quakers here in prison :
a new fanatic sect, of dangerous principles, who shew no
respect to any man, magistrate, or other. 1679 Trial of
Langhorn 53 He is no Quaker, for he hath got a Perriwig
on. 1694 DE LA PRYME Diary (Surtees) 53 The Quakers . .
do not now quake, and howl, and foam with their mouths,
as they did formerly. 1731 Gentl. Mag. I. 60 The practice
of the people called Quakers, who maintain none of their
poor in idleness that are able to work. 1771 SMOLLETT
Humph. Cl. 26 June, By his garb, one would have taken
him for a quaker, but he had none of the stiffness of that
sect. 1837 W. IRVING Capt. BonmvilU I. 183 In one respect,
their religion partakes of the pacific doctrines of the Quakers.
1876 BANCROFT Hist. U, -V. I. *. j63 The early Quakers in
15
New England displayed little of the mild philosophy, .of
Penn.
b. transf. Applied to various plain-coloured
birds and moths, with allusion to the colour of
the dress usually worn by Quakers.
(«) A small bird of the Falkland Islands. (« The sooty
albatross, (c) The nankeen-bird, or Australian night-heron.
(</) One of several noctuid moths, esp. Agrotis castanea.
1775 CLAYTON Falkland Islands in Phil. Trans. LXVI.
105 Of small birds there are several sorts ; the red breast,
. . the white throat ; the quaker, from its plumage being of
the colour those people wear. 1894 NEWTON Diet. Birds,
Quaker, a sailor's name for the Dusky Albatross, Phoebetria,
fitligiiiosa.
C. ellipt. for quaker-gun, -hat.
c 1754 GARRICK Epil. to Fielding* Fathers, The high-
cocked, half-cocked quaker, and the slouch, Have at ye all !
1829 J. SHIPP Mem, ix. (1890) 139 The man of authority in
size not much larger than a quaker. 1840 R. H. DANA Bef.
Mast xxvii. 88 A Russian government bark, . . mounting
eight guns (four of which we found to be quakers).
3. altrib. and Comb, (from sense 2). a. simple
attrib. : Of or pertaining to the Society of Friends
or its members ; as quaker (or Quaker') bonnet,
doctrine, dress, meditation, pride, etc. to. simila-
tive, as quaker-like adj. and adv., -looking adj. C.
special combs. : quaker-bird, the sooty albatross ;
quaker-buttons (t/.S.), the seeds of nux vomica ;
quaker-colour, a drab or grey colour ; so quaker-
cohuredzd].; quaker-grass, quaking-grass (Halli-
well) ; quaker gun ( U. S.), a dummy gun in a ship
or fort ; quaker-ladies ( f/.S.), the small pale-blue
flowers of the American plant Houstonia cserti/ea ;
quaker-linen (see quot. 1788) ; quaker-meeting
(also Quakers'), a religious meeting of the Society
of Friends ; transf. a silent meeting (alluding to
the Friends' custom of remaining silent until moved
by the spirit) ; quaker moth (see 2 b) ; quaker
string, a form of string for a stair.
1859 GEO. ELIOT A. Bale iii, Dinah had taken off her
little *quaker bonnet again. 1818 Black™. Mag. HI. 406
Solemn suits Of customary snuff or *quaker-colour. c 1770
T. ERSKINE Barber in Poet. Reg. (1810) 331 Simplicity . .
Waves in the eye of Heav'n her *Quaker-colour d wings.
1856 R. A. VMJCHAN Mystics (1860) II. xl. ii. 222 The
*Quaker doctrine concerning stillness and quiet. 18x2
CRABBE Tales ix. Wks. (1834) V. 13 Young Zelinda, in her
*quaker-dress. 1809 W. IRVING Knickerb. iii. (1820) 240
A formidable battery of *quaker guns. 1680 R. WARE
Foxes # Firebrands n. (1682) 103 He . . *Quaker-like, thou'd
and thee'd Oliver. 18x8 SCOTT Hrt. Midi, xxvii, Her love
of and veneration for truth was almost quaker-like. 1838
LYTTON A lice i. i, A stiff cap of quaker-like simplicity. 1788
WESLEY Wks. (1872) VII. 24 Let there be no "Quaker-linen,
— proverbially so called, for their exquisite fineness. 1793
WOLCOTT (P. Pindar) Ode to Irony Wks. 1812 III. 39 Who
laughest not, thou "Quaker-looking wight. 1835 WILLIS
P^eitcillings II. 1. 95 After sitting awhile in "quaker medita-
tion. 1751 J. BROWN Shaftesb. Ckaraf. 32 The finest
speaker . . would in vain point the thunder of his eloquence
on a "quaker-meeting. 1821 [see. QUAKERESS], 1861 HUGHES
Tom Brown at Oxf.^ xxvi, Isn't it very ridiculous.. that we
four should be standing here in a sort of Quakers' meeting.
1819 G. SAMOUELLE Entomol. Compend. 363 "Quaker moth.
176 . WILKES Carr. (1805) II I. 77 That "quaker pride, which
is the most disgusting thing in the world. 1825 J. NICHOL-
SON Oferat, Mechanic 598 Sometimes the risers are mitred
to the brackets, and sometimes mitred with "quaker strings.
Hence Qua kerdom, Quakers as a class, Quaker-
ism. QuakeTian, Qnakeric, f Quakeri'stical
adjs., Quakerly, Quakerish. Quakeriza tion, the
action of Quakerizing. Qna'kerize v., to convert
into a Quaker ; to affect with qualities character-
istic of a Quaker. Qtia'kership, the condition of
being a Quaker. •)• Qna'kery, Quakerism.
1839 CAROLINE Fox Jrnls. (1882) 42 He spoke very civilly
of modern "Quakerdom. 1855 Tail's Mag. XXII. 445
Ellwood was a convert to Quakerdom. 1827 HARE Guesses
(1867) 132 The Jacobinical metonomatosis of the months.,
might be lopkt upon as a parody of the "Quakerian. 1847
MACAULAY in Trevelyan Life II. 215 Translate the follow-
ing passage into the "Quakeric dialect. 1685 Answ. Dk.
5 JUec., INo amount of *ql
could render the car uncomfortable. 1825 Miss MITFORD
in L'Estrangeii/ir (1870) II. 198 She is all over "Quakerized,
as you of course know. 1826 B. BARTON Select., etc. (1849) 6
'Twould be cook-ship versus "Quaker-ship. 1673 HALLY-
WELL Ace. Familism iv. 75 "Quakery, though it pretend
high, is mere Sadducism at the Bottom. 1688 BUKYAN
Heavenly Footman (1886) 156 Thou may'st stumble and fall,
. . both in ranting and quakery.
Quakeress (kw^'-ksres). [f. QUAKER + -ESS.]
A female Quaker.
1764 STF.WARDSON (title) Spiritual Courtship, or, The Rival
Quakeresses. 1821 LAMB Elia Ser. i. Quakers Meeting,
Every Quakeress is a lily. 1827 HONE Everyday Bk. II.
no Three young quakeresses had a sort of semi-bathing.
1852 MRS. STOWE Uncle Tom's C. xiii. 116 A burst of joy
from the little Quakeress interrupted the speech.
Quakerish (kw^'karij), a. [f. as prec. + -ISH.]
a. Of persons : Resembling Quakers in character
or manners. b. Of things: Characteristic of,
appropriate to, Quakers.
1787 M. CUTLER in Lift, Jrnh. $ Corr. (1888) I. 210 We
were very Quakerish, every man attending close to the
business of eating, without uttering scarcely a word. 1822
\.\VLV Lett., to Bernard Barton \\\. 113 Your plain Quakerish
beauty has captivated me. 1847 C. liKUNJE J. byre xxiv,
QUAKY.
I am your plain, Quakerish governess. 1876 GEO. ELIOT
Dan, Der. I. 354 A motherly figure of quaker ish neatness.
Hence Qua'kerishly adv.
1886 <>. AI.LEN Jl/aif>;fSs .Sake xxxlii, So quaintly and
quakerishly pretty.
Quakerism (kwvi-korizm). [f. as prec. + -ISM.]
The principles or practice of the Quakers or
Society of Friends.
1656 in Brand Hist. Neivcastle (1780) U. 235 A great
apostacy..to popery, quakerisme and afl manner of heresy.
1751 CHESTERF. Lett, ccxxxi, Plainness, simplicity, and
Quakerism, either in dress or manners. 1776-01 PAINE
Com. Sense App. Addr. Quakers 81 The love and desire of
peace is not confined to Quakerism. 1856 R. A. VAUGHAN
Mystics (1860) II. xi. i. 214 The elements of Quakerism lie
all complete in the personal history of Fox.
Quakerly (kw^-kajli), a. [f. as prec. + -LY^.]
Like a Quaker ; befitting a Quaker.
_ Drry to
him grow so Quakerly. 1829 MACAULAY Misc. Writ. (1860)
I. 284 They therefore affect a quakerly plainness.
Quakerly (kw^'-kojli), adv. [f. as prec. + -LY 2.]
After the fashion of a Quaker.
1696 C. LESLIE Snake in Grass (1697) 368 What Quaker,
or Quakerly-Affected Council drew up this Answer for him?
1826 LAMB Let. to B. Barton in Final Mem. viii. 259 Do I
write quakerly and simply, 'tis my. .intention to do it. 1847
MRS. CARLYLE Lett. II. 6 If 'you feel a stop ' (Quakerly
speaking), best to let it have way.
Quakery : see under QUAKER.
Qua-kiness. [f. QUAKY a.] The condition of
being quaky (Webster, 1864).
Quaking (kw^-kirj), -vbl. sb. [f. QDAKE &.! +
-ING1.]
1. The action of the vb. QUAKE in various senses.
cB*$ Vcsp. Psalter liv. 6 E^e & cwaecung cwomun ofer
mec. c looo ^LFRIC Horn. 1. 504 Waes se munt Garganus
bifijende mid ormsetre cwacunge. 1*97 R. GLOUC. (Rolls)
6894 pat heo. .steppe mid folle vot wiboute quakinge. c 1374
CHAUCER Anel. <5- Arc, 214 Tumid is in quakynge all my
daunce. ^1450 LVDG. & BURGH Secrees 1652 Rennyng
afftir mete and also rydyng, . . cause wyl a seknesse callyd
quakyng. 0:1548 HALL Ckron., Hen. YUI (1550) 199 b, He
and the Quene, and the Ladyes, fled out of their Palace . .
and sodeinly the quakyng seassed. 1656 RIDGLEY Pract.
Physick 136 The Symptoms, as quaking, nauseating, do shew
. . new matter is recollected. 1855 BAIN Sens. $ Int. n. iv.
§ 18 (1864) 285 A tremulous quaking is the characteristic of
Fear. 1875 LYELL Princ. Geol. II. n. xxviii. 107 The in-
cessant quaking of the ground for several successive months.
f2. spec, with ref. to the behaviour of the early
Quakers ; hence, Quakerism. Obs.
1653 H. R. Brief R el. Irrelig. North. Quakers 17 Their
Quakings are very like the Fits of that Child mentioned,
Mark 9. 1669 (title") Truth Triumphant, in a Dialogue be-
tween a Papist and a Quaker.. Wherein (I suppose) is made
Manifest that Quaking is the Off-Spring of Popery. 1671
R. HEAD Etig. Rogne n. xxxii. 307 Falling from Ranting
to Quaking.
Quaking (kw^-kirj), ///. a. [f. as prec. +
-ING 2.]
1. That quakes, in senses of the vb.
c looo ^LFRIC Horn. II. 32 Seo cwacfoende swustor. c 1375
Sc. Leg. Saints xxvii. {Machor) 1018 Jeit b;in with quaquand
voice said he [etc. ]. c 1440 LYDG. Secrees 334 With quakyng
penne my consceyt to expresse. 1508 DUNBAR Goldyn
Targe 156 Schamefull Abaising, And quaking Drede. 1586
WARNER Alb. Eng. \. v. (1612) 16 The queaking heards-man
scarce had said thus much. 1728 POPE Dune. u. 292 Slow
circles dimpled o'er The quaking mud, that clos'd, and op'd
no more. 184* BRANDE Diet. Science 1008 Quaking bog,
peat bog . . so saturated with water that a considerable extent
of surface will quake or shake, when pressed on by the foot.
1875 LYELL Princ. Geol. II. in. xliv. 510 Cattle venturing
on a ' quaking moss ' are often mired.
f2. That is, or befits, a Quaker; Quaker-. Obs.
1654 BURROUGH & HOWGIL Answ. Queries in Farmer
Myst. Godl. fy Ungodl, 37 A paper which was directed to
Rich. Roper, and to his Quaking friend [etc.]- 1675 HALLY-
WELL Ace. Familism v. 94 If the Quaking Generation shall
object and say, that this was under the Law. 1717 MRS.
CENTLIVRE Bold Stroke for a Wife Dram. Pers., Simon
Pure, a quaking preacher. 1710 DE FOE CaPt. Singleton
xi. (1840) 191 He . . put it off with some quaking quibble.
1755 J. SHEBBEARE Lydia (1769) I. 310 Lydia's misfortunes
commence from the source of quaking probity.
Qua-king-gra:SS. [f. prec.J A popular name
for grasses of the genus Briza, esp. B. media.
_ _ _ __ 1794.
stalks of which are so slender as to be "moved by every
wind ; whence they have obtained the name of Quaking-
grasses. 1848 C. A. JOHNS Week at Lizard 294 Briza
minor, Small Quaking-grass, is one of the most elegant of
the British grasses. i88a Garden 14 Jan. 28/3 Briza
maxima and gracilis are two of the best of the Quaking
grasses.
Quakingly (kw^'kinli), adv. [f. as prec.+
-Lv2.] Tremblingly ; with quaking or fear.
1566 DRANT Horace, Sat. i. i. A lij, What vayles it the so
quakinglye to grubbe and grip the moulde. a 1586 SIDNEY
Arcadia (1622)232 Neuer pen did more quakingly performe
his office. 1868 HOLMK LEE B. God/rey xii. 63 Joan went
rather quakingly. . to prefer her petition.
Quakke : see QUACK sb*
Quaky (kw^'*ki), a. [f. QUAKE W.1 + -T1.] In-
clined to quake; of the nature of quaking.
1864 in WEBSTER. 1865 Morn. Star 5 July, King Pam.
I feel quite quaky. Brand. Nay, my good lord, be not at
shadows shaky. 1869 TJIACKKKAY AV^W. i'tipcrs xxix. 326
QUALB.
So old and toothless and quaky that she can't sing a bit.
1884 H. COLLINCWOOD Under Meteor Flag 88 A curious
quaky sensation which had for a moment oppressed me.
Qual, obs. form of WHALE sb.
t Quale *. Obs. [OE. fwalu = ON. kv?l (stem
kvaT-} torment, torture, f. *ktval- ablaut-var. of
*kwel- : see QUELE, QUELL. The vowel is long in
OS. quala (MDu. qutile, Du. kwaal, LG. quaal),
OHG. quala, chwdlat etc. (MHG. quale, qua!, etc.,
G. ^«a/).] Death, destruction, mortality.
£900 tr. Bxda's Hist. II. xi. [xiv.] (1890) 138 Se cyning mid
arleasre cwale of slegen waes. c 1000 Ags. Ps. (Th.) xxix. 8
Drihten, hu nyt is fe min slaege, obbe min cwalu. ^1175
Lamb. Horn. 121 God ne sparede na his a^ene berne ; ac $ef
hine to cwale for us alle. c i»5 LAY. 31807 pat quale com
on orue vnimete swiSe.
b. Comb., as quale-house, house of torture;
quale-sithe, death from pestilence.
c xw>5 LAV. 727 Vt of J>on quarterne, of ban quale-huse
[c 1175 cwal-huse], /bid. 3769. /bid. 31900 Heo . . cudden
heore cunne of heore quale-siSe.
II Quale 2 (kw^-h"). [L., neut. sing, of qualis of
what kind.] The quality of a thing; a thing having
certain qualities.
1675 [Bp. CROFT] Naked Truth 25 The quid, the giiale,
the quantum^ and such-tike quacksalving forms, a 1679
T. GOODWIN Govt. Ch. Christ xi. Wks. 16^7 IV. 94 The
Quale, or what sort of Bodies. .Christ hath instituted, is to
be afterward discussed. 1768-74 TUCKER Lt. Nat. (1834)
1 1. 462 Qualities . . cannot actually subsist, though they may
be thought of, without a quale to possess them. 1875
JOWETT Plato (ed. a) 1. 270 When I do not know the ' quid '
of anything how can I know the 'quale'?
Quale, obs. f. QUAIL sb. and v., WHALE sb.
Qualifiable, a. rare. [f. QUALIFY v. + -ABLE.]
That may be qualified or modified.
1611 COTGR., Modifiable, modifiable, qualifiable. a 1677
BARROW Serm, Wks. 1716 III. 296 As to that. .Excision
of theCanaanites. .we may find it qualifiable, if we consider
..the Trespasses which procured it.
Qualification (kwo'lifik^'-Jan). [ad. med.L.
qualificatiO) n. of action from qualificare : see
QUALIFY and -ATION, and cf. F. qualification (1573
in Godef. Compl.}.] The action of qualifying ; the
condition or fact of being qualified; that which
qualifies.
1. Modification, limitation, restriction ; a modify-
ing or limiting element or circumstance.
'543-4 Act 35 Hen. VIII, c. 5 (Title) An acte concerning
the qualification of the statute of the syxe articles. 1651
BAXTER Inf. Bapt. 190 There can be no true closing with
Christ in a promise that hath a qualification or condition
expressed. 1756 BURKE Subl. ff B. i. iv, The removal or
qualification of pleasure has no resemblance to positive
pain. 2845 Encycl. Metrop. X. 7^6 There is however some
qualification to be admitted in this general statement. 1891
Law Times Rep. LXIII. 765/1 The defendants were liable
as principals, as they had contracted in their own names
without any qualification.
1 2. The determining or distinctive quality of a
person or thing ; condition, character, nature. Obs.
1604 SHAKS. Oth. \\. \. 282 Out of that will I cause these
of Cyprus to Mutiny. Whose qualification shall come into
no true taste againe, but by the displanting of Cassio.
a 1674 CLARENDON Hist. Reb. xn. § n The commissioners
. .notwithstanding their qualification . . were imprisoned by
the Parliament. 1745 De Foe's Eng. Tradesman Introcf.
(1841) I. 3 Having thus described .. the English Tradesman,
it is needful to inquire into his qualification.
f3. A quality, attribute, or property (of}. Obs.
1669 GALE Crt. Gentiles i. m. x. 107 Plato laies down as
qualifications of true Oratorie [etc.). 1711 ADDISON Sfect.
No. 435 p 7 Liveliness and Assurance are . . the Qualifica-
tions of the French Nation. 1719 LONDON & WISE Compl.
Card. 118 The useless Branches, whether it be because they
are worn or spent, or because they have no good Qualifica-
tions. 1799 I. MILNER in Lift xi. § 18 (1842) 194 Whatever
may be their views of justifying faith, that is, whether they
think it consists in qualifications or in appropriation.
t b. An accomplishment. Obs.
1715 SIR J. CLERK Mem. (1895) 87, I thought it would be
an additional Qualification to him that he understood the
English Language. 1785 PALEY Mor. Philos. (1818) I. 70
The pleasures of grown persons., founded like music, paint-
ing, &c. upon any qualification of their own acquiring.
1796 JANE AUSTEN Sense $ Setts. (1849) 161 Every qualifica-
tion is raised at times, .to more than its real value; and she
was sometimes worried down . . to rate good-breeding as
more indispensable to comfort than good-nature.
f 4. The action of qualifying, or process of being
qualified (for a position, etc.) ; also, the result of
this action or process. Obs.
1589-91 in Wodrow Soc. Misc. (1844) 535 Being informit of
the qualification, literature, and gude conversation of .. N.
1659 PEARSON Creed (1839) 308 The death of Christ [was]
necessary .. in reference to the Priest himself .. both in
regard of the qualification of himself, and consummation
of his office. 1665 BUKYAN Holy Citie 6, ^1 must sper.k a
word or two concerning John's qualification, whereby he
was enabled to behold, .this City.
6, A quality, accomplishment, etc. , which qualifies
or fits a person for some office or function.
1669 DK. YORK in Pepys' Diary (1879) VI. in Besides his
general qualifications for that trust. 1765 FOOTE Commis-
sary i. Wks. 1799 II, 15 A qualification for a canon of Stras-
bourg. 1779 BURKE Corr. (1844) II. 276 Even a failure in
it [law] stands almost as a sort of qualification for other
things. 1855 MACAULAY Hist. Eng. xli. III. 242 This
vehement hatred of Popery was.. the first of all qualifica-
tions for command. 1873 HAMERTON Intell. Life i. vii.
(1875) 37 Even to taste and smell properly, are most impor-
16
tnnt qualifications for the pursuit of literature, art, and
science.
b. absol.
1818 CRUISE Digest (ed. c) III. 27 The bishops are still in
law the judges of the qualifications of those who are pre-
sented to them. 1861 M. PATTISON Ess. (1889) I. 37 The
preceptor .. whatever his other qualifications may have been,
had not earned his promotion by his Latin style. 1882
Miss BRADDON Ml. Rpval I. i. 29 A sturdy truthfulness
was one of her best qualifications.
6. A necessary condition, imposed by law or
custom, which must be fulfilled or complied with
before a certain right can be acquired or exercised,
an office held, or the like.
1723 Act of Pennsylvania, Every brewer, .shall be quali-
fied by oath, .which said qualification shall be taken by all
persons who brew. .for sale. 1765 BLACKSTONF. Cotttm. I. ii.
171 The true reason of requiring any qualification, with
regard to property, in voters. 1819 MACKINTOSH far/.
Suffrage Wks. 1846 III. 215 A representative assembly,
elected by a low uniform qualification. 1875 JOWETT Plato
(ed. 2) III. 440 A law which fixes a sum of money as the
qualification of citizenship.
b. A document attesting that a person is qualified.
1748 SMOLLETT Rod. Rand, xviii, I cany my qualification
to the Navy-office. \Ibid., We must deliver our letters of
qualification at the Navy-office before one a-clock.]
7. The act of determining the quality or nature of
a thing ; spec. a. The determining whether a book or
proposition merits theological censure as heretical.
Cf. QDALIPICATOB.
i8»6 Blackm. Mag. XX. 336 His Catechism and other
works were submitted for qualification to Melchior Cano,
his denouncer.
b. Logic. The expression of quality, or the dis-
tinction of affirmative and negative, in a proposition.
(Cent. Diet. 1891.)
8. altrib. and Comb., as qualification - ticket ;
qualification shares, shares which one must
hold in order to be qualified for a directorship of
a company.
1797 Sporting Mag. IX. TOO A gentleman . . applied . . for
a qualification-ticket. 1899 Daily News 28 Alar. 8/3 The
money had been given on account of that gentleman's
qualification shares.
Hence Quaaifica-tionless a., having no qualifica-
tion.
1898 Wtstm. Gaz. 16 Dec. 8/3 The new Bill evidently
contemplated the possibility of qualificationless directors.
Qualificative (kwj'lifik^'tiv), a, and sb. rare.
[f. QUALIFY v. : see prec. and -ATIVK. Cf. F. qualifi-
catif, -ive (i8th c.).] a. adj. Qualifying; denoting
some quality, b. sb. A qualifying word or phrase.
ni66i FULLER Worthies I. (1662) 59 An Apology for
Qualificatives used, and Blanks left in this History. 1860
F. WINSLOW Obscure Dis. Brain 361 Adjectives or quali-
ficatives disappear last. 1861 RAWLINSON Anc. Man. I.
vii. 148 His name . . is usually followed by a qualificative
adjunct.
Qnalificator (kwo-lifilw'taj). [a. med.L.
agent-n. from qualificare to QUALIFY.] One of a
board of theologiansattachedtotheHoly Office, who
report on the character (heretical or otherwise) of
propositions submitted to them. Cf. QUALIFIER 3.
1688 BURNET Lett. St. Italy 20 One of the Qualificators
of the Inquisition. 1736 CHANDLER Hut. Persec. 178 The
decision in such affairs belongs to the Divines, who are
thence called Qualificators. 1826 Blackiv. Mag. XX. 76
The whole, .is then transferred by the Inquisitors to Theo-
logians, Qualificators of the Holy Office.
Qualificatory (kwg-lifik^tari), a. [ad. L.
type *qualificatori-us : cf. prec. and -OKY.]
1. Having the character of qualifying, modifying,
or limiting ; tending to qualify.
iBoj W. TAYLOR in Ann. Rev. III. 651 That evasive,
Jesuitic, qualificatory extenuation. 1830 JAMES De L'Omic
xlvi. 319 rhe Count would hardly hear of any qualificatory
measures. 1868 Viscr. STRANGFORD Selections, etc. (1869)
II. 247 A qualificatory commonplace.
2. Such as to confer a qualification : (sense 6)
1889 Academy 12 Oct. 233^ Some teachers urge . . that
examinations should be solely qualificatory.
Qualified (kwo-lifaid), ///. a. [f. QUALIFY v.
+ -ED 1.]
I. 1 1. In predicative use : Furnished with,
possessed of (certain) qualities. Obs.
1596 SHAKS. Tam.Skr.w. v. 66 She is., so qualified as may
beseeme The Spouse of any noble Gentleman. 1603 KNOLLES
Hist. Turks (1638) 158 A certaine Gentlewoman . . more
honourably borne, than honestly qualified. 1665 J. WEBB
Stone-Heng (1725) 45 All Stones are not Qualified alike;
some are hard . . some soft. 1681 DRYDEN Abs. *r Achit. 75
The moderate sort of men, thus qualified, Inclined the
balance to the better side.
fb. Attributively: Possessed of good qualities;
accomplished, perfect. Obs.
1592 NASHE P. Penilesse (ed. 2) 25 b, The fine qualified
Gentleman . . should carie it clean away from the lazie
clownish droane. 1598 R. BERNARD tr. Terence 286 Such
a qualified yong gentleman. 1656 FINETT For. Ambass.
238 Reverenced amongst them for his.. descent from a race
of qualified saints, a 1700 B. E. Diet. Cant. Crew, Quali-
fied, Accomplish! Statesman, Soldier, Scholar.
2. Endowed with qualities, or possessed of accom-
plishments, which fit one for a certain end, office,
or function ; fit, competent.
a. In predicative use : const, for (f in), or to
with inf.
QUALIFY.
1589-92 in Wodrow. Soc. Misc. (1844) 535 Cif he beis
fundin hable, meit, and sufficient He qualifeit thairfoir.
1605 SHAKS. Lear i. iv. 37 That which ordinary men arc
fit for, I am qualified in. 1665 BOYLE Occas. Refl. i. vii.
(1848) 89 Him that is qualify'd for such Employments.
1719 DE FOE Crusoe II. xiii. (1840) 274 A government quali-
fied only to rule such a people. 1755 J. MILLS tr. Crmiers
Rom. Enip. I. 107 That great man, equally qualified for
war or peace. 1845 S. AUSTIN Ranke's Hist. Re/. III. 83
A commune was not qualified to dispute concerning things
of this kind. 1863 LVKI.I, Antig. Man 33 In every way
highly qualified for the task.
b. Used attributively.
*S58 Q- KENNEDY in Wodrow Soc. Misc. (1844) i5« Than
sulde be qualifeit men in all the esiaitis of the kirk.
1693 CAPT. G. ST. Lo (title) England's Safety . .proposing a
sure method for., raising qualified Seamen, for manning
their Majesties Fleet. 1849 COBDEN Speeches 86, I have
heard qualified persons say, that the.. police there, are the
finest armed and drilled men m Ireland. 1865 LIGHTFOOT
Galatians (1874) 72, I am.. a qualified witness of his resur-
rection. 1880 C. R. MARKHAM Pewit. Bark 93 The plan ..
was to make a collection of plants and seeds .. through the
instrumentality of qualified agents.
3. Legally, properly, or by custom, capable of
doing or being something specified or implied.
*559 Q- KENNEDY in Wodrow Soc. Misc. (1844) 267 That
I was nocht qualifier to ressone with Willok, because . .
I wes bot ane meyne man in our estait. 1656 in Gross
Gild Merck. (1890) II. 267 Sundry Persons not being
qualified according to the said Custome. 1702 Lona.
Gas. No. 3839/4 The next winning Horse that is duly
qualified to run for this Plate. 1777 SHERIDAN Sch.
Scand. ii. ii, No person should be permitted to kill char-
acters . . but qualified old maids. 1840 MACAULAY Hist.
Eng. viii. II. 202 The king, .had no right to force on them
even a qualified candidate,
b. EccL Entitled to hold two benefices at once
(Minsheu Ductor 1617: cf. QUALIFY v. 4, quot.
1667).
4. Belonging to the upper classes of society ; ' of
quality'. Obs. exc. dial.
1604 E. G[RIMSTONE] D'Acosta's Hist. Indies v. xix. 380
If any Indian qualified, or of the common sorte were sicke.
1608 WILLET Hexapla Exod. 481 These personal! wrongs
are .. of persons not qualified but of common and ordinarie
persons. 1703 Rules of Civility 116 If. .you be behind, and
must pass after the qualify'd Person. 1886 Cheshire Gloss.,
Qualified, in good circumstances. A rich man would be said
to be qualified.
H. 5. Limited, modified, or restricted in some
respect ; spec, in qualified acceptance, endorsement,
estate^ fee (see quot. 1818), negative, oath, property.
1599 Life More in Wordsw. Eccl. Biog. (1853) II. 130
Delivering this qualified answer to the Kinge. 1635 SWAN
Spec. M. vi. § 2 (1643) 196 If it be taken in a qualified sense,
it is not much amisse. 1746 HERVEY Medit. (1818) 211
Every object, a little while ago, glared with light, but now
all appears under a more qualified lustre. 1769 BLACKSTONE
Cpmm. IV. 235 Animals, in which there is no property
either absolute or qualified. 1818 CRUISE Digest (ed. 2) I. 79
Where an estate limited to a person and his heirs has a
qualification annexed to it, by which it is provided that it
must determine whenever that qualification is at an end ; it
is then called a qualified or base fee. 1860 MILL Rfpr.
Govt. (1865) 1/2 Unfit for more than a limited and qualified
freedom. 1801 E. PEACOCK N, Brendan II. 432 Narcissa
gave a qualified reply.
Hence Qualifiedly adv., in a qualified fashion ;
Qua'lifieduess, the state of being qualified.
1675 J. SMITH Chr. Relig- App. i. 23 Csesar had nothing
to commend him to the Electors, but his qualifiedness for
that function, by the worth of his parts. 1858 BUSHNELL
Serm. New Life 308 A force independent and qualifiedly
sovereign. 1865 J. GROTE Treat. Mor. Ideas vii. (1876) 98
We cannot be truthful as we may be benevolent, less or
more, or qualifiedly.
Qualifier (kwg-lifaia-i). [f, QUALIFY + -EB1.]
1. One who, or that which, qualifies, in various •
senses of the vb.
1561 T. NORTON Calvin's Inst. iv. xix. (1634) 719 Away
with these qualifiers, that cover one sacriledge with so many
sacriledges. 1576 NEWTON Lenmie's Complex. (1633) 79
Qualifiers and alayers of the heat of blood. 1638 R. YOUNGE
Drunkard's Character 269 Tobacco, being hot and dry,
must have a qualifier of cold and moist from the pot. 1754
RICHARDSON Grandison (1781) I.xxvi. 183 Sir Charles is no
qualifier. Sir, when he stakes his honour. 1796 LAMB Lett.
(1857) I. 55, 1 was unwilling to let my last night's letter go off
without this qualifier. 1887 Pall Mall G. 9 Mar. 5/1 Our
qualifiers of beer have recently been [catching it].
2. Gram. A word, as an adjective or adverb,
attached to another word to qualify U.
1589 PuTTENHAM Eng. Poesie m. xvii. (Arb.) 103 Your
Epitheton or qualifier, .must be apt and proper for the thing
he is added vnto. 1875 WHITNEY Life Lang. vi. 103 Formal
correspondence between a substantive and its qualifier or
representative.
3. R. C. Ch. «= QuALincATOR.
,71843 SOUTHEY Comm.-pl. Bk. (1851) IV. 670 Approved
and licensed by Qualifiers. 1888 G. SALMON Infall. Churck
xiv. 235 The question of law is referred to a special Board
of skilled theologians, under the title of Qualifiers.
Qualify (kwo'lifai), v. Also 6 qualyfy, -fle,
(6-7 qualle-, qualli-, quale-, -fye, -fie), 6-8
qualifie. [a. F. qualifi-er (i5th c.), or ad. med.L.
qudlificare to attribute a quality to, f. qualis of
such a kind + -ficare : see -FT.]
I. To invest with a quality or qualities.
1. trans. To attribute a certain quality or qualities
to. a. To describe or designate in a particular way ;
to characterize, entitle, name, (f Const, with.}
QUALIFY.
1549 LATIMER tth Serm. be/. Edw. /•'/ (Arb.) 107 S. Paule
in nys epistle qualifyeth a bishop, and saith that he must be
. .apte to teache and to confute all maner of false doctryne.
1653 H. COGAN tr. Pluto's Trav. xii. 37, I will favor thee
as a Vassal, and not as a brother, as thou qualifies! thyself.
1684 J. PETER Siege Vienna 21 Two of the Eldest Colonels
were qualified with a Title between a Major General and a
Colonel. 1823 BYRON yuan x. Ixxxi, The * Devil's drawing-
room ', As some have qualified that wondrous place. 1826
Blackw. blag. XX. 77 The propositions referred to the
theologians have been qualified as heretical. 1873 HROWN-
ING Red Cott. Nt.-cap 253 Madame Muhlhausen,— whom
good taste forbids We qualify as do these documents.
b. Gram. Of an adj. : To express some quality
belonging to (a noun). Of an adv. : To modify.
[1589 PUTTENHAM Eng. Potsie Hi. xvu. (Arb.) 193 Some-
times wordes suffered to go single, do giue greater sence
and grace then words qualUfied by attributions do.] 1837
M. GREEN Engl. Gramm. 14 [Adjectives] are added to nouns
to define, qualify, describe, or limit the signification of the
noun. 1887 ROGET Introd, Old French 176 [The Adjec-
tive] qualifying two or more Substantives. 1888 H. A.
STRONG tr. Pants Princ. Hist. Lang. 424 [The adjective]
bears the same relation to the substantive as an adverb to
the adjective which it qualifies.
f 2. To impart a certain quality to (a thing) ; to
make (a thing) what it is. Obs.
1592 GREENE Upst. Courtier in Harl. Misc. (Malh.) II. 221
Is . . not rather true nobility a mind excellently qualified with
rare vertues? 1609 BIBLE (Douay) Gen. Comm., Then shal
the bodies be qualified according to the state of the soules,
happie or miserable for ever. 1645 QUARLES Sol. Recant.
in. 71 But thou hast tainted that immortall breath, Which
qualifi'd thy life, and made thee free Of heav'n and earth.
a 1677 HALE Prim. Orig. Man. iv. vi. 344 The Divine Will,
determined or qualified (if we may use that improper word)
with the highest .. Wisdom and Power.
T" b. absol. To bring it about that. Obs.
a 1670 RACKET Abp. Williams \. (1692) 60 It qualified
also, that no detection could be made, .that he bought this
greatness.
3. To invest (a person) with proper or essential
qualities or accomplishments {for being some-
thing). Also reft.
1581 MULCASTER Positions xxxvi. (1887) 134 Set to schoole,
to qualifie themselues, to learne how to be religious. 1683
MOXON Mech. Exerc.^ Printing i, A Typographer ought
to be equally qualified with all the Sciences that becomes
an Architect. 1711 W. SUTHERLAND Shipbnild. Assist. 22
Those Properties . . will qualify a Man for a compleat
Architect. '^1782 COWPER Parrot 11 To qualify him more
at large, And make him quite a wit.
b. To make fit or competent for doing (or to do)
something, or/or some sphere of action, existence,
etc. Chiefly reft.
1665 BOYLE Occas. Refl. vi. iv. (1848) 353 He whose parts
are too mean to qualifie him to govern others. 1712 Sped.
No. 524 F 5 To refresh and otherwise qualify themselves for
their journey. 1749 FIELDING Tom Jones vi. iii, Moderation
. .can qualify us to taste many pleasures. 1817 SCOTT Rob
Royx\\t Qualifying myself for my new calling. 1852 DICKENS
Bleak Ho. xxxviii, I am qualifying myself to give lessons.
1873 HAMERTON Intell. Life in. i. (1875) 77 Men are qualified
for their work by knowledge.
absol. 174* YOUNG Nt. Th. ix, 575 That strength, Which
best may qualify for final joy.
4. To make legally capable ; to endow with legal
power or capacity ; to give a recognized status to
(a person).
1583 STUBBES Anat. Abtts. it. (1882) 113 Would God all
Ecclesiastical persons . . would nowe . . quallifie themselues,
shewe obedience to Princes lawes. 1667 PEPYS Diary (1879)
IV. 350 Is made one of the Duke's Chaplains, which qualifies
him for two livings. 1767 BLACKSTONE Cotnm. II. 418 These
game laws ., do indeed qualify nobody, except . . a game-
keeper, to kill game. 1862 MERIVALE Rom. Enip. (1865) IV.
xxxvii. 291 He qualified others, by adding to their fortunes
from his own bounty. 1889 Pall Mail G. 27 June 5/1
A Royat Charter enabling it to 'qualify* nurses as doctors
are 'qualified'.
b. spec, by the administration of an oath. U. S.
[1723 A ct ofPennsylvania^ Every brewer . . shall be quali fi ed
by oath, .that he will not use any molasses, etc.] 1798 in
Dallas Atner. Law Rep. II. 100 The court said they would
order the jury to be qualified. 1800 M. CUTLER in Lift, etc.
(1888) II. 37 He [the Governor of Mass.] met the two Houses
at 12, and was qualified.
5. intr. (for reft.} To make oneself competent
for something, or capable of holding some office,
exercising some function, etc., by fulfilling some
necessary condition ; spec, by taking an oath, and
hence U.S. : To make oath, to swear to something
(Bartlett, 1848).
11588 TARLTON Jests (1844) p. xxv, Presently he can
Qualifie for a mule or a mare, Or for an Alderman. 1790
BURKE Fr. Rev. Wks. V. 384 All the ministers of state must
qualify, and take this test. 1825 C R. H. in Hone Every-
day Bk. 1. 1334 His lordship goes to church to qualify. 1849
MACAULAY Hist. Eng. vi. II. 27 He could not legally con-
tinue to employ officers who refused to qualify. 1891 Lain
Reports, Weekly Notes 118/1 It was his duty to qualify for
the office of director by taking forty shares.
f6. trans. Sc. Law. To establish by evidence. Obs.
,
358 The vther half [of the forfeited goods] to be givin to
him who dilates the recepteris, and qualefeis the samen.
1776 Lp. THURLOW in BoswelCs Johnson (1848) App. 817/2
If the individual could qualify a wrong, and a damage
arising from it.
II. To modify in some respect.
7. To modify (a statement, opinion, etc.) by any
VOL. VIII.
17
limitation or reservation ; to make less strong or
positive.
1533 MORE Apol. xxvii. Wks. 893/2 He hathe circumspectly
. . qualyfyed and modered hys tale wyth thys woord (all).
1551 PRINCESS MARY in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. i. II. 177 The
promise made. .by your Majesties counsell. .although they
seeme now to quallefye and deny the thing, a 1661 FULLER
Worthies (1840) III. 8 Whilst a prince he was undutiful to
his father ; or to qualify the matter, over dutiful to his
mother, whose domestic quarrels he always espoused, a. 1731
ATTERBURY (J.), My proposition I have qualified with the
word, often ; thereby malting allowance [etc.]. 1790 BURKE
Fr. Rev. Wks. V. 296 To observe whether . . 1 might not find
reasons to change or to qualify some of my first sentiments.
iSssPREScoTT Philip II) i. viii. (1857) H^ Elizabeth received
the offer of Philip's hand, qualified as It was, in the most
gracious manner. 1883 Contemp. Rev. XLIII. 49 An
avowal, which he qualifies by a subtle after-thought.
absol. 1838 LYTTON Alice xi. v, The surgeon .. began to
apologize — to qualify.
8. To moderate or mitigate, so as to reduce to
a more satisfactory or normal condition ; esp. to
render less violent, severe or unpleasant ; to lessen
the force or effect of (something disagreeable).
Extremely common in the i6-i7thc., with a great variety
of objects ; now somewhat rare in comparison with 12 b.
1543-4 Act 35 Hen. K//7, c. 5 The greate peril and
dangler of the kynges majesties subiectes, if the ?ame statute
shulde not . . be tempered qualified or refourmed. 1547
BOORDE Brev. Health § 170 Qualyfie the heate of the Lyuer
. . with the confection of Acetose. 1578 T. N. tr. Conq. W.
India 229 Our men stoode in great perill . . if this war and
mutenie had not soone bene qualified. 1608 WILLRT/^^ xapla,
Exod. 688 The incense was. .burned, .to qualifie the smell
..from the sacrifices of flesh. 1648 MARKHAM Honscw.
Gard, HI. viii. (1668) 68 Camomile . . is sweet smelling,
qualifying head-ach. 1664 H. POWER Exp. Philos. in.
So
Co
Civility of the Turks does in some measure qualify the
Hardship of those who are confin'd Prisoners in tnat Castle.
1767 BLACKSTONE Comm. II. 147 Though they still are held
at the will of the lord,., yet that will is qualified, restrained,
and limited. 18*7 SCOTT Highl. Widow v, A voice in which
the authority of tne mother was qualified by her tenderness.
1859 BAILEY Festus v, Qualifying every line which vice . .
writes on the brow. 1856 R. A. VAUGHAN Mystics (1860)
I.v. i. 1 16 His sincere piety, his large heart,, .always qualify,
and seem sometimes to redeem, his errors.
t b. To make less wrong or reprehensible. Obs.
1749 FIELDING Tom Jones xin. xii, The frame of her mind
was too delicate to bear the thought of having been guilty
of a falsehood, however qualified by circumstances. 1776
PAINE COM. Sense 76 It is. .the invasion of our country. .
which conscientiously qualifies the use of arms.
\ c. To make proportionate to ; to reduce to.
Obs. rare.
1548 UDALL, etc. Erasni. Par. Luke i. (R.), The Highest
. .tempering and qualifying his infinite power and vertue to
the measure and capacitie of mannes nature. \6o+ Notting-
ham Rec. IV, 272, 20 U. fyne was ymposed. .which fyne was
afterwardes . . cjualefied to iuj Ii. 1641 MILTON Reform, ii.
43 How to qualifie, and mould the sufferance and subjection
of the people to the length of that foot that is to tread on
their necks.
t 9. To appease, calm, pacify (a person). Obs.
^1540 tr. Pol. Verg. Eng. Hist. (Camden No. 29) 210
Withowt much adoe they began to mollyfy hir .. Whan the
quene was thus qualyfyed [etc.]. 1579-80 NORTH Plutarch
(1676) 488 Sertonus. .did qualifie him the best he could, and
made him more mild and tractable. - 1617 MIDDLETON &
ROWLEY Fair Quarrel iv. i, When you have left him in
a chafe, then 1 11 qualify the rascal. 1679 Trials Greet/,
Berry, $c. 16 You being a Justice of the Peace may qualifie
them [two men fighting].
flO. To bring into, or keep in, a proper condi-
tion ; to control, regulate, modulate. Obs.
1579 LANGHAM Card. Health (1633) 624 The decoction of the
roots.. doth qualifie the Liuer. 1606 SHAKS. Tr. $ Cr. n.
ii. nS Is your blood So madly hot, that no discourse of
reason. .Can qualifie the same? 1647 N. BACON Disc. Gwt.
Eng. i. xvi. (1739) 30 This Election was qualified under
a stipulation or covenant. iGWPv.wwuGiiardtan.'s Instruct.
(1807) J5 The practice of these Rules will help qualifie a
Life of Action such as yours must be.
11. To modify the strength or flavour of (a liquid).
1591 NASHE Prognostication Wks. 1883-4 II. 152 A Cuppe
of Sack, . . so qualified with Suger, mat they proue not
rewmatick. 1633 T. ADAMS Exp. 2 Peter ii. 13 Poison may
be qualified, ancf become medicinal. 1671 tr. Frej'ns' Voy.
Mauritania 43 Having tasted the water, . . we mixed it with
a little Aqua vitae, which we had brought with us instead
of Wine, to qualifie it. 1748 SMOLLETT Rod. Rand. Ivi,
The Squire ..called for his tea, which he drank ..qualified
with brandy, 1821 BYRON Jnatt iv. liii, Tea and coffee
leave us much more serious, Unless when qualified with
thee, Cogniacl 1840 DICKENS Barn. Radge xlv, [HeJ
qualified nis mug of water with a plentiful infusion of the
liquor.
fig. 1697 DRYDEN Ess. Georgics jn Virgil (1721) I. 199
Greek, .rightly mixt and qualified with the Doric Dialect.
12. f a. To affect (a person or thing) injuriously.
Const, with. Obs. b. To abate or diminish (some-
thing good) ; to make less perfect or complete.
1584 R. SCOT Discov. Witckcr. HI. xv. (1886) 50 Foure old
witches, who with their charms so qualified the Danes as
they were thereby disabled. i6o» SHAKS. Ham. iv. vii. 114
was conquered and taken prisoner. 1644 BULWER Chiron
52 The slanders by heartily wish their Hands qualified with
some Chiragracall prohibition. 1860 TYNDALL Glac. I.
xxvii. 209 Thoughts which tended to qualify the pleasure.
1870 DICKENS E. Drood viii, We had better not qualify our
good understanding.
QUALITY.
t 13. intr. To qualify on, to submit quietly to.
To qualify with, to come to terms with. Obs.
1754 RICHARDSON Grandison I. xxxiii. 230 What a slave
had I been in spirit, could I have qualified on such villainous
treatment. 1797-1803 S. & HT. LEE Cantert. T. V. 494
He. .qualifies with any passion which it is vicious to indulge.
Qualifying (kwg-lifaiiirj), vbl. sb. [f. prec. +
-mo1.] The action of the vb. C
senses.
. QUALIFY, in various
1574 R. SCOT Hop Card. (1578) Epistle, To deuise argu-
ment of priuate profit, to the qualifying of your charges.
1610 GUILLIM Heraldry in. vit. (1660) 135 The qualifying
and allaying of the scorching heat of burning Agues. 1748
RICHARDSON Clarissa. (1811) I. 124, I once thought a little
Iualifying among such violent spirits was not amiss. 1794
. HUTTON f kilos. Light, etc. 14 To suppose us knowing
eat by any other means, besides its effect in the qualifying
of bodies.
Qualifying (kwg-lifaiiip),///. a. [f. as prec.
+ -ING-.] That qualifies, in senses of the vb.
1606 SHAKS. Tr. <$• Cr. iv. iv. 9 My loue admits no quali-
fying crosse [HSU. emend, dross]. 1704 NORRIS Ideal World
n. iii. 192 Something, .so peculiarly qualifying and distin-
guishing. 1769 jfunins Lett. xxxv. 160 A qualifying measure
would not be accepted. 1811 SCOTT Fam. Lett. (1804) I.
viii. 241 The good we meet with.. is always blended with
qualifying bitterness. ibyQAthenxutn 26 Apr. 525/3 To pass
a qualifying examination and to become a teacher.
Hence Qua-lifyiiig-ly adv.
1831 BLAKEY Free-will 109 They qualifyingly admit its
force, by calling it a difficulty.
t Qua-litated, pa.pple. 06s. rare-1, [f. L. type
*qualitat-iis + -ED1.] = QUALITIED.
1661 J. CHANDLER Van Helmmfs Oriat. 167 Moystness,
and dryness are rather very Bodies themselves qualitated or
endowed with qualities.
Qualitative (kwg-lititiv), a. [ad. late L.
qudlitativ-us (Cassiodorus) : see QUALITY and -IVE.
Cf. F. qualitatif, -ive (isth c.).] Relating to, con-
nected or concerned with, quality or qualities. Now
usually in implied or expressed opposition to
QUANTITATIVE.
1607 COLLINS Serm. (1608) 5 Fourthly, qualitative, from
the dispositions of the persons themselves. 1651 GAULE
Magastrom. 49 What have the qualitative influxes of the
planets . . there to doe? 4x703 BURKITT On N. T. Rom.
xil 2 This conversion and renovation is not a- substantial,
but a qualitative change. 1842 PARNELL Chem. Anal.
(1845) 2 An examination . . which does not develope more
than the nature or quality of the constituents, is termed
a qualitative analysis. 1881 WESTCOTT & HORT Grk. N. T.
11.44 A numerical preponderance may have rightly to yield
to a qualitative preponderance.
Hence Qualitatively adv., in respect of quality.
1681 FLAVEL Meth. Grace vi. 128 Faith may be considered
qualitatively, as a saving grace. 1845 G. E. DAY tr. Simon's
Anint. Chem, I. 321 The composition of the blood is here
qualitatively changed. i86a H. SPENCER First Princ. i. iv.
§ 26 (1875) go In consciousness the Unlimited and the Indi-
visible are qualitatively distinct.
Qualitied (kwg-litid), a. or///, a. Also 6-7
qualited. [f. QUALITY sb. or v. + -ED.] Furnished
with a quality or qualities, in various senses of
the sb. (Freq. in lyth c. ; chiefly as predicate, and
with qualifying adv.).
1600 HAKLUYT Voy. II. ii. 194 They were so well qualited
in courage, experience, and discretion. 1616 T. SCOTT
Christs Politician n Those men ..are conditioned and
qualited like sheepe, innocent, harmelesse, simple. 1656
STANLEY Hist. Philos. I. vin. 113 In things properly qualited
there is augmentation and diminution. 1728 MORGAN
Algiers II. iv. 286 The mildest, the best qualitied . . Prince
that ever existed. 1783 JOHNSON in Boswell 23 Mar., Lord
Southwell was the highest-bred man . . the most qualitied
I ever saw. 1865 J. GKOTE Moral Ideals (1876) 187 The
mind is a qualified unity. 1880 Harfer's Mag. Ian. 184/2
A dainty hand, and small, . . ana qualitied Divinely.
Hence Qualitiedness. rare"1.
1865 J. GROTE Exflor. Philos. i. no Form of the higher
description, .quality or qualitiedness.
Qualitive, erron. f. QUALITATIVE, rare-1.
1846 J. BAXTER Libr. Pract. Agric. (ed. 4) I. 48 The one
is called qualitive, . . The other is quantitive.
Quality (kwg-liti), sb. Forms: 4-7 -ite, 4-5
-itee, 6 -yte, -itye, 6-7 -Hie, 7 quail-, 6- quality.
[ME. qualite, a. F. qualitl (nth c.), ad. L. quali-
tdt-em (formed by Cicero to render Gr. ITOIOTI/S), f.
qudlis of what kind : see -ITT.]
I. Of persons (in I and 2 occas. of animals).
1. Character, disposition, nature. Now rare.
ciigaS. Eng.Leg. I. 312/433 J>e planetes..3iuen himal-so
qualite to don so and so. Ibid. 435 Swuch qualite. . to beon
ayre 247, naw,
chastitie. 1553 BRENDE Q. Curtius 25 He vsed to euery
nacion sondry exhortacions as he thought mete for their
disposicions and qualitie. a 157* LINDESAV (Pitscottie) Chron.
Scot (S. T. S.) I. 10 Knawinlg] of wemen .. That thay are
not constant in thair quallitie. 1631 LITHGOW Trar. VI. 298
A Dromidore, and Camel differ much in quality. 1639 FORD
Lady's Trial ill. iii, He deserves no wife Of worthy quality,
who dares not trust Her virtue in. .any danger. 1847 EMEU-
SON Poems (1857) 94 They her heralds be, Steeped in her
quality. 1873 BROWNING Red Coif. Nt.^ap 268 Her quality
was, caterpillar-like, To.. select a leaf And .. feed her fill.
b. Capacity, ability, or skill, in some respect.
In mod. use as an echo of Shaks., who prob. intended
the word in sense 5.
[i6oa SHAKS. Ham. u. ii. 452 Come giue vs a last of your
quality : come, a passionate speech.] 1856 KANE A ret.
3
QUALITY.
ExpL I. ii. 2$ Hans bad given me a touch of his quality by
spearing a bird on the wing. 1863 DORAN Ann. Stage 369
Thomas . . gave the stranger a hearty welcome, ,. asked for
a taste of his quality. 1871 BROWNING Pr. Ho/ienst. 1165
Can't you contrive to operate at once, .. to shew Your
quality i' the world.
C. Without article or poss. pron. : Excellence
of disposition ; good natural gifts. (Cf. 9 c.)
1606 SHAKS. Tr. <$• Cr. iv. iv. 78 The Grecian youths are
full of qualitie, Their lotting well compos'd, with guift of
nature. 1607 HEYWOOD Wont. Killed \\. t, O, sir, disparage
not your worth too much ; You are full of quality and faire
desert. 1889 TYRWHITT in Universal Rev. 15 Feb. 251 One
sharp temptation well resisted .. shows real moral quality.
1894 SIR Ev. WOOD in Daily News i Oct. 6/2 [Capt. Peel]
had a singularly striking appearance( showing both in face
and figure what is termed, in describing well-bred horses,
as ' quality '.
2. A mental or moral attribute, trait, or charac-
teristic ; a feature of one's character ; f a habit.
"533 FRITH Answ. More To Rdr., Wks. (1573) 4 A frende
beholdeth all qualities and circumstaunces, his byrth,
bringyng vp, and what feates hee hath done all hys lyfe
long. 1551 R. ROBINSON tr. M ore's Utop. Ep. Cecil (Arb.)
15 Youre godlye dysposytyon, and vertuous qualytyts.
1602 MARSTON Ant. $ Mel. in. Wks. 1856 I. 43, I hate
not man, but man's lewd qualities. 1689-90 TEMPLE Ess.
Heroic Virtue Wks. 1731 I. 208 Particular Qualities have
been observed.. in the same Families for several hundred
Years, as Goodness, Clemency [etc.]. 1783 COWPER Vale-
diction 31 In thee some virtuous qualities combine To lit
thee for a nobler part. 1849 MACAULAY Hist. Eng. vii. II.
163 Nature had largely endowed William with the qualities
of a great ruler. i8« J. H. NEWMAN Hist. Sk. (1876) I.
[II. J i. i. 30 The subtlety and perfidy, which., were the
qualities of his., countrymen.
b. An accomplishment or attainment.
1584 LVLY Campaspev. i, Diog. What can thy sons do?
Syl. You shall see their qualities. Dance, sirrah ! 1607
SHAKS. Timon i. i. 125, I haue bred her at ray deerest cost
In Qualities of the best. 01674 CLARENDON (J.), He had
those qualities of horsemanship, dancing and fencing which
accompany a good breeding. 1780 COWPER Progr. Err.
423 A just deportment, manners graced with ease, . . Are
qualities that seem to comprehend [etc.]. x88a Daily Tel.
17 May, The fielding, .justified the high reputation for this
quality which the.. colonial teams, .have enjoyed.
c. Law. A special or characteristic feature.
1818 CRUISE Digest (ed. 2) I. 155 A tenant in tail .. has
eight qualities or privileges.
3. Rank or position in (a) society. Now rare.
a 1400-50 A Uxander 3303 Lo ! so be queleofqwistsumnes
my qualite has changid. 1456 SIR G. HAVE Law Arms
(S. T. S.) 162 To consider, .the state and the qualitee of the
persouns. 1571 G. BUCHANAN Admonition^. T. S.) 21 It
may seame .. that I . . pas myne estait, being of sa meane
qualitie. 1604 E. G[RIMSTONE] D'Acosta's Hist. Indies v.
viii. 350 Sometimes this minister had other different habites,
according to the quallitie of the dead. 1676 HOBBES Iliad
Pref. (1686) 2, Readers of Poesie (which are commonly Per-
sons of the best Quality). 17*6 DE FOE Hist. Devil \\. v.
(1840) 235 The priests of Apollo were sometimes of no mean
quality. 1823 SCOTT Peveril i, A gentleman of middling
quality. 1873 BROWNING Red Cott. Nt.-cap 1528 What
quality, what style and title, eh ?
fig. 1791 WOLCOTT (P. Pindar) Remonstrance Wks. 1812
II. 453 Hunger. .Is reckon'd now a fellow of bad quality :
Not deem'd a gentleman.
t b. concr* A body of persons of a certain rank.
Obs. rare"1.
1636 E. D ACRES tr. Mackiavets Disc. Livy 1. 16 It was com-
pos'd only of two of these forenamed qualities, that is to say,
of the Principality and Nobility.
4. Nobility, high birth or rank, good social
position ; chiefly in phr. man, woman, gentleman,
ladyt person , people of quality. Now arch.
1579-80 NORTH Plutarch (1595) 875 He had all the men
of qualitie his sworne enemies. 1625 BACON Ess., Trav.
(Arfx) 523 Let him . . procure Recommendation, to some
person of Quality. 1671 LADY MARY BERTIE in \-zth Rep.
Hist. AfSS. Comm. App. v. 22 There are no men of quality
but the Duke of Monmouth ; all the rest are gentlemen.
1722 DE FOE Col. Jack (1840) 18 My new friend was a thief
of quality, and a pickpocket above the ordinary rank. 1771
MACKENZIE Man. Feel. xl. (1803) 85 The count, for he was
of quality, was solicitous to return the obligation. 1849
MACAULAY Hist. Eng. viii. II. 273 Many persons of quality
sate the whole day in their carriages. 1871 M OR LEY
Vaiwenargues in Crit. Misc. Ser. i. (1878) 9 High enough
to command the admiration of people of quality.
b. concr. People of good social position. Now
arch, or vulgar and dial.
1693 Humours Town 114 Walk Bare-headed to his
Master's Daughter, in imitation of Quality. i7o6EsTcouRT
Fair Exatnp. v. i, Did not you tell me . . that you was
acquainted with all the Quality. 1753 RICHARDSON Sir C.
Grandison III. ii. (1781) 15, I have looked out among the
quality for a future husband for her. 1769 WESLEY in Wks,
1872 III. 370 A large company of Quality (as they called
them) came. 18x4 BYRON Juan xvi. Ixiv, She was country
born and bred And knew no better. .Than to wax white —
for blushes are for quality. 1843 LEVER J. Hinton xl, I was
standing . . among all the grand generals and the quality.
1889 John Bull 2 Mar. 142/2 He was fond of quality, and
quality was very fond o' him,
f5. Profession, occupation, business, esp. that of
an actor, b. Fraternity ; those of the same pro-
fession ; esp. actors as a body. Obs.
1500-20 DUN-BAR Poems xxxiv. 88 The rest of craftis gryt
aithis swair. . Ilk ane into thair qualitie. 1591 SHAKS. Two
Gent. iv. i. 58 A Linguist, and a man of such perfection, As
we doe in our quality much want. 1603 J. DAVIES Micro-
cosmos 215 Players, I love yee, and your Qualitie. 1625
FLETCHER Fair Maid of Inn v. ii, I am weary of this trade
of fortune- telling, . . it is a very ticklish quality. 1626 MAS-
SINGER Rom. Actor \. iii, In thee, as being the chief of thy
18
profession, I do accuse the quality of treason. 1633 in A.
W. Ward Hist. Dram. Lit. II. 324 It may serve . . for the
improvement of the quality, which hath received some
brushings of late.
f C. Party, side. Obs. rare~*.
1596 SHAKS. i Hen. fVt iv. iii. 36 Because you are not of
our qualitie, But stand against vs like an Enemie.
6. Title, description, character, capacity. Freq.
in phr. in (the] quality of. Now rare.
a 1300 Cursor M. 26682 Man agh to telle hir qualite, sib
or freind or quat sco be. a 1626 BACON Advice to Villiers
(J.h The attorney of the dutchy of Lancaster partakes of
both qualities, partly of a judge, .and partly of an attorney
general, a 1648 LD. HERBERT Hen. VIII (1683) 38 Maxi-
milian . . came to the King, in the quality of his Soldier.
1664 BUTLER Hud. \\. iii. 338 He serv'd his Master In
quality of Poetaster. 1711 ADDISON Sped. No. 127 r i Such
Packets as I receive under the Quality of Spectator. 1734
tr. Rollin's Anc. Hist. (1827) IX. 66 They paid respect to
his quality of deputy. 1821 SCOTT Keniliv. xxx, Leicester
. .rode on her Majesty's right hand, .in quality of her host.
1864 D. G. MITCHELL Sev. Stor. 82 To understand that
I had come in the professed quality of Consul,
t b. A part or character (acted). Obs. rare~ *.
1566 ADLINGTON Apuleius 109 When the people was de-
sirous to see me play qualities, they caused the gates to be
shutte, and such as entred in shoulde pay.
H. Of things.
7. An attribute, property, special feature or charac-
teristic. Primary^ secondary, etc. qualities : see
the adjs. Of a ship: (see quot. 1867).
1340 Ayenb. 1 53 To pc bod ye of man comejj alle eueles uor
be destempringe of bise uour qualites obcr of bise uour
humours. 1533 ELYOT Cast. Heltke (1539) 333, But nowe
to the qualities of water. 1551 TURNER Herbal i. A iv b,
The qualites of it answer nothing unto the qualyties of
wormwode pontyke in Galene. 1604 E. G[RIMSTONE]
D'Acosta's Hist. Indies vi. xiii. 459 According to the
qualities and wealth of the Countrie. 1671 R. BOHUN Wind
165 The judgment to be made concerning the Qualitys of
Winds, .is very various and fallible. 17*5 WATTS Logic i.
iii. § 4 Ideas, with Regard to their Qualities, .. are either
clear and distinct, or obscure and confused [etc.]. 1854 L.
LLOYD Scandinavian Adv. I. 231 The eatable qualities of
the Bothnian salmon. 1867 SMYTH Sailor's Word-bk.,
Qualifies, the register of the ship's trim, sailing, stowage,
&c., all of which are necessary to her behaviour. 1872 Rus-
KIN Eagle's N. § 236 Every high quality of art consists either
in some expression of what is decent, .or of what is bright,
fb. A manner, style. (Cf. 9 b.) Obs. rare.
1596 SHAKS. Merck. V. in. ii. 6 Hate counsailes not in such
a qualitie. 1651 Fuller's Abel Rediv.>Cowper(\lty 11.307
The parishioners, .built and adorned the church in as good
a quality as any round about it.
t C. A habit ; a power or faculty. Obs. rare.
1647 FULLER Good Th. in Worse T. (1841) 98 Jordan had
a quality in the first month to overflow all his banks. 1663
GERBIEK Counsel b iij a, If it had a speaking quality, your
Grace would hear its..Alembick sing the Gold its joy.
fd. Concretely: A substance of a certain nature;
an essence. Obs. rare.
1704 SWIFT Batt. Bk. Misc. (1711) 257 An atramentous
Quality, of most malignant Nature, was seen to distil from
his Lips. 1823 J. BADCOCK Dom. Amusem. 21 The wood. .
throws out its volatile qualities, aquaeous and acidulous,
into the respective tubes.
8. The nature, kind, or character (of something).
Now restricted to cases in which there is comparison
(expressed or implied) with other things of the same
kind ; hence, the degree or grade of excellence, etc.
possessed by a thing, -f- In the quality of\ (cf. 6).
CI374 CHAUCER Troylus HI. Prol. 31 Ye knowe al |>ilke
couered qualite Of tnng which bat folk on wondren so.
c 1400 MAUNDEV. (Roxb.) xiii. 59 A man may gyffe no
couenable penaunce bot if he knawe be qualitee and \>e
quantitee of be synne. 1509 HAWES Past. Pleas, xxm.
(Percy Soc.) 106 After the qualyte it doth take effecte. 1570
DEE Math. Pref. 8 An other liquid Medicine I haue : whose
Qualitie is heate, in the first degree. 1650 BAXTER Saints'
Jf. i. iv. (1662) 22 It is so little I know of mine own soul,
either its quiddity or quality. 1697 DRYDEN Virg. Georg.
in. 237 This flying Plague (to mark its quality ;) Oestros
the Grecians call. 1794 J. HUTTON Philos. Light, etc. 272
This principle of fire moves, in the quality of light, with the
most amazing velocity. 1841-4 EMERSON Ess.t Prudence
Wks. (Bonn) I. 95 There is more difference in the quality
of our pleasures than in the amount. 1849 Miss MITFORD
in L'Estrange Life (1870) III. ix. 142 The perfection of
cunning is to conceal its own quality. 1879 HARLAN Eye-
sight viii. 1 14 It is on account of the quality, rather than the
size, of English print, that it is usually so much ple<asanter
to read than American.
*t* b. Nature, with reference to origin ; hence,
cause, occasion. Obs. rare:
1606 SHAKS. Tr. $ Cr. iv. i. 44 Giue him note of our
approach, With the whole quality whereof, I feare We shall
be much vnwelcome. 1607 — Timon ill. vi. 117 Know you
the quality of Lord Timons fury ?
9. Without article: a. That aspect of things
under which they are considered in thinking or
speaking of their nature, condition, or properties.
The notion of quality includes all the attributes of a thing,
except those of relation and quantity. ' Quality ' is the
third of the Aristotelian categones.
1533 ELYOT Cast. Helthe (1539) i6b, Qualitie. .is the state
thereof, as Hotte or cold, moist or dry. 1656 STANLEY Hist.
Philos. I. v. 70 If quality be void of matter, it must likewise be
void of corporeity. 1727 CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v., The antient
school-philosophers distinguish quality in the general, .into
essential and accidental. 1829 JAS. MILL Hum. Mirfd(i$6g)
II. xiv. n. 60 Quality is used as the generical name of every
thing in objects, for which a separate notation is required.
1884 tr. Lotze"s Metaph. 45 Thequestion is renewed as to the
actual essence which . . lies behind this surface of Quality.
QUALM.
b. Gram. Manner of action (cf. 7 b), as denoted
by an adverb ; chiefly in phr. adverb of quality*
1530 PALSGR. Introd. 38 The frenche men . . forme theyr
adverbes of qualite by addyngeto of ment. Ibid. 144 Some
[adverbs] betoken qualite, and serve to declare . . howe a
dede is done, a 1637 B. JONSON Eng. Gram. i. xxi, All
adverbs of quality., being formed from nouns, for the most
part, by adding ly. 1845 STODDART in Encycl. Metrop.
(1847) 1. 122/1 fhere»is no difference in grammatical use
between . . an adverb of quantity, and an adverb of quality.
1871 MORRIS Engl. Accid. xiv. 193.
c. Peculiar excellence or superiority. (Cf. i c.)
1874 TYRWHITT Sketch. Club 255 Quality of colour means
purity or truth of hue. 1891 Speaker 2 May 533/1 The
book . .has . . more quality and distinction than four-fifths of
the novels which come under our notice.
10. In special uses (of senses 8 and 9).
a. Logic* Of propositions : The condition of
being affirmative or negative. Of concepts : Com-
parative clearness or distinctness.
1594 BLUNDEVIL Arte Logicke\\\. i, (Cent.), How is a simple
proposition divided according to qualitie ? Into an affirma-
tive and negative proposition. 1697 tr. Burgersdicius his
Logic I. xxx. 117 In Regard of Quality, it is that an Enuncia-
tion is divided .. into Affirming and Denying. 1735 WATTS.
Logic (1726) 156 If two Universals differ in Quality they are
Contraries. 1837-8 SIR W. HAMILTON Lect. Logic ix. (1860)
I. 158 It is this perfection or imperfection which constitutes
the logical Quality of a concept. 1843 MILL Logic n. ii.
§ i (1856) 189 What are called the quantity and quality
of the propositions. 1864 BOWEN Logic v. 120 We thus
ascertain the Quality of the Judgment, or whether it is
affirmative or negative.
b. Law. Of an estate : The manner in which it
is to be held or enjoyed.
1818 CRUISE Digest (eA. 2) II. 354 The alteration in the
particular estate, which would destroy a contingent re-
mainder, must amount to an alteration in its quantity, and
not in its quality. 1841 Penny Cycl. XIX. 46/1.
C, Physics. That which d 1st inguishes sounds
quantitatively the same; timbre.
1865 Q. Jrnl. Sc. 592 Though [certain sounds are] the same
for musical purposes, in alt other respects the quality is
different. 1871 HUXLEY P/iys. vii. 183 The quality of a
voice— treble, bass, tenor, &c. 1881 BROADHOUSE Jlftts.
Acoustics 77 The most uncultivated ear would perceive a
difference of quality.
11. A particular class, kind, or grade of anything,
as determined by its quality.
1835 URE Philos. Manuf. 324, 2s. $d. for spinning the
same quality. 1866 G. MACDONALD Ann. Q. Neighb. xiii.
(1878) 253 A quality of dialogue which indicated thought.
III. fl2. = QUALIFICATION i. Sc. Obs. rare.
1622 Burgh Rec. Aberdeen (Spald. CL) II. 375 The said
Mr. James Ross .. acceptit of the said stipend with the
qualitie and conditioun aboue mentioned. 1714 W. FORBES
Jrnl. Sess. Pref. 7 Advocates admitted with a quality
that they should not take in hand to plead in any . . difficult
cause without . . assistance.
IV. 13. attrib. and Comb, (chiefly sense 4), as
quality -acquaintance i -air, -blood, -end, -friendt
horse, lady, living, -pride, etc. ; quality-like, -mad,
adjs. ; quality -binding, a kind of worsted tape
for binding carpets (Jam. 1808).
1594 CAREW Huarte's Exam. Wits vi. (1506) 77 Neither
the vnderstanding, nor any other accident, can be qualiti-
like. 1701 FARQUHAR Sir H. Wildair n. i. Wks. (Rtldg.)
545, I thought something was the matter ; I wanted of
quality-air. 1706 ESTCOURT Fair^ Exatnp. i. i, 10 Your
Quality Lady, when she speaks, 'tis thus. 1751 SMOLLETT
Per. fie. (1779) Ixviii. 238 The influence of Peregrine's
new quality-friends. Ibid. III. Ixxxii. 274 Peregrine found
some ladies of his quality-acquaintance. 1768 Woman of
Honor I. 134 She is so stark quality-mad. 1784 R. BAGE
Barham Downs I. 233 My Lady's passion for quality
living. 1819 Metropolis III. 140 The quality-end of the
town. 1837 CARLYLE Fr. Rev. II. n. ii, Young .. men,
with quality-blood in them, poisoned with quality* pride.
1891 Field 7 Mar. 334/2 Quite a quality horse is Gratian.
Hence Qua'lityless a., having no quality or
qualities ; Qualityship, social position (nonce-ivd.).
1859 MOZLEY Ess., Indian Convert. (1878) II. 313 Brahm
is a motionless, characterless, qualityless, colourless essence.
1865 Dublin University Mag. 1.6 He dressed with regard
to his qualityship. 1893 J. ORR Car. View God * W . iv.
146 An absolutely qualityless matter. .is unthinkable.
Quality, ^. rare. Also 6 qualit-. [f. prec.]
trans, f a. To furnish with a quality or qualities.
Obs. b. To rate at a certain quality or value.
1579 J. JONES Present. Bodie * Soule Ep. Ded. 2 By these
three they be all qualited. Motion ingendreth, Light
shapeth and sbeweth, Influencedisposeth or qualiteth. 1813
BATCHELOR Agric. Snrv. Bedfordsk. 236 The warren con-
tained 878 acres, much of which was qualitied at 9$, to tos.
per acre.
Qualiver, -vre, qualliver, obs. if. CALIVKB.
Quail , e, obs. forms of WHALE.
Quallefy, -ify, obs. forms of QUALIFY.
t Quallmire = QUAGMIRE (q. v,). Obs. rare -\
1553 BALE Gardiner's De Vera Obed. B viij b, Who so
euer . .goeth about to fette it [truth] out of mennes puddles
and quail myres [v.r. qualmires].
t Qua'lly, a. Obs. rare. [Of obscure origin.]
Of wine : Turbid, cloudy.
a 1700 B. E. Diet. Cant. Crew, Qually-Wines^ Turbulent
and Foul. 1701 Art fy Myst, Vintners 22 Without good
Fermentation, they become Qually, (L e. Cloudy).
t Qualm, sb^ Obs. Forms: 1-2 cwealm,
2-3 cwalm, (3 cu-), 2-4 qualm, 3 quelme, 4
qw-, qualme,6 .SV.quhalm,qualim. [QE.t-wea/w
death, slaughter, pestilence, = OS. qualm, OHG.
QUALM.
qu-t fhualm (MIIG. qualm anguish) ; f. *kwal-t
ablaut-var. of *kwel- to die : see QUELE, QUELL.]
1. General or widespread mortality of men or
animals; plague, pestilence.
In OE. also used of the (violent) death of a single person.
ciooo ^ELFRIC Horn. II. 122 Micel cwealm wearS ba;s
folces. Ibid. 192 Cwealm on heora orfe. c nag O. E, Chron.
(Laud MS.) an. 1125 Hunger & cwealm on men & on erue.
t izos LAV. 31877 pe qualm muchele pe wes on moncunne.
a 1150 Owl $ Night. 1 155 Thu bodest cualm of orwe. a 1340
HAMPOLE Psalter cv. 29 And finees stode & quemyd & pe
qualm left, c 1386 CHAUCER Knt.'s T, 1156 A thousand
slayn and nat oon of qualm ystorue.
b. Loss or damage.
? a 1366 CHAUCER Rom. Rose 357 Ywys, great qualme [F.
grant morie\ ne were it noon, Ne synne, although her lyf
were gon. 1513 DOUGLAS sEneis x. L 31 Ouhen the fers
burgh of Cartage To Romys bpuiidis . . Ane nuge myscheif
and gret quhalm \ed. 1553 qualimj send sail.
2. attrib.) as qualm-house^ -stow.
c 7»5 Corpus Gloss. 2 Calvariac locus, cualmstou. c 1000
MLFKIC Horn. II. 254 £>a cempan hine gelaeddon to Ssere
c weal m-st owe. a izzs Ancr. R. 106 pe munt of Caluarie . .
was J>e cwalmsteou. Ibid. 140 Iput in one prisune, & bitund
ase in one cwalm huse.
t Qualm, sb." Obs. rare~~l. [App. imitative ;
cf. (j. galnt sound, noise.] Croak.
c 1374 CHAUCER Troylus v. 382 Augurye of thise foweles. .
As ravenes qualm, or schrychynge of thise owles.
Qualm (kwam, kwgm), $b$ Forms : 6 quam-
me (?calme), 6-7 qualme, quaume, qua(i)me,
7quawme,quaern,6-qualm. [Of obscure origin :
in form and sense identical with Da. kvaltne,
\kvaliH) Sw. quaint, but these are app. not native
words. Cf. G. (now dial.) qualm (kahii) swoon,
faint, unconscious state (:— MHG. twalm : see
DWALM sb.}, and G. qualm (whence Da. koalni^
Sw. qvalni) vapour, steam, close air.
OE. cwealm QUALM sbl had the sense * pain ', ' torment ',
(see quots. in Bos w. -Toller), and some instances of qualm in
i6-i7th c. use might conceivably mean * pain ', ' pang ' ; but
historical evidence of connexion is wanting, and the sense
of ' sick fit ', ' sickness* is possible in all the cases.]
1. A (sudden) feeling or fit of faintness, illness,
or sickness. (Now restricted to cases in which
the seat of the disorder is in the stomach, but
formerly in somewhat wider use.)
c ««o R- COPLAND Jyl of Brentfords Test. 233 With
qualmes & stytches it doth me torment, That all my body
is tome and rent. 1565 JEWEL Repl. Harding (1611) 52
If any quame or skknesse happen to fall vpon him. 1594
T. B. La Primaud. Fr. Acad. 11. 139 Such as haue some
quaume about their heart, so that they faint and sowne. 1683
TRYON Way to Health 27 It makes the Stomach sick.. and
sickish Qualms to arise. 1740 SOMERVILLE Hobbinol in. 219
The sickly Qualms That grieve her Soul. 18*9 LYTTON
Dcvcreitx u. v, Has the bottle bequeathed thee a qualm or
a head-ache. 1874 BURNAND My time xxxii. 326 Breeze
enough for sailing, . . no qualms to interfere with appetite.
2. transf. a. A fit of sickening fear, misgiving,
or depression ; a sudden sinking or faintness of
heart. Now rare.
a 1555 RIDLEY in Foxe A. <$• M. in. (1596) 446 The weake
manne of God., will have now and then such thoughtes and
quaumes (as they call them) to runne ouer his hart. 1624
LD. KEEPER WILLIAMS in Fortesc. Papers (Camden) 203
Acertayne qualme came over his stomacke to be of a Judge
noe Judge. 171* ARBUTHNOT John Bull HI. iii, Many a
doubt, many a qualm, overspread his clouded imagination.
179* MARY WOLLSTONECR. Rights Wont. v. 236, [II soon
heard, with the sickly qualm of disappointed hope. .that she
was no more. 1861 Sat. Rev. 21 Dec. 636 Apt to leave
qualms and misgivings on the sensitive . . temperament.
b. A strong scruple of conscience ; a painful
doubt or consciousness of acting wrongly.
1649 MILTON Eikon. xxviii. 240 Unedified consciences apt
to engage their Leaders in great affaires and then, upon
a sudden qualm and swimming of their conscience, betray
them. 1687 T. BROWN Saints in [SflroarWks. 1730 I. 77
So strangely troubled with qualms of conscience. 1749
FIELDING Tom Jones vi. xiii, It was absurd . . to affect any
qualms about this trifle. 1806 JEFFERSON Writ. (1830) IV,
55 One qualm of principle .. I do feel. 1863 KINGLAKE
Crimea (1877) II. xiv. 241 It was natural that some of the
members of the Government should have qualms.
C. A fit or sudden access of some quality, prin-
ciple, etc. (Now only with suggestion of prec.)
a 1626 BP. ANDREWES Serm., Repent, fy Fasting (1661) 170,
I doubt ours hath been rather a flash, a qualme, a brunt
than otherwise. 1655 FULLER Ch. Hist. in. v. § 55 Although
this qualm of Loyalty took this Church for the present.
'$55 JER. TAYLOR Guide Devot. (1719) 125 If the Fit or
Qualm of my Devotion holds out longer. 1820 W. IRVING
Sketch Bk. II, 282 Immediately after one of these fits of
extravagance, he will be taken with violent qualms of
economy. 1873 BROWNING Red Cott. Nt.-cap 269 Had he
a devotion-fit? Clara grew serious with like qualm.
3. Comb,, as qualm-sick adj.
1718 Entertainer No. 30. 202 [They] grew qualm-sick at
the Common Prayer. vj*$Mickmakisff Marie heets 55 She
. . blows the smoak towards his nostrils, even sometimes so
violently, as to make him qualm-sick. 1880 BURTON Queen
Anne II. xi. 189 Qualm-sick stomachs of., self. conceited
hypocrites.
t Qualm, s&.* Obs. rare-1, [var. of WALM,
perh. after G. qualm steam.] The act of boiling.
1599 A. M. tr. Gabelhouer's Bk. Physickc 4/1 Let it seeth
tin the fyer one qualme or two.
Qualm, v.i [Connected with QUALM sl>* Cf.
Da. kvatme to have a qualm, and G. (now dial.)
qiialmcn 'kalmen} to swoon, be unconscious.]
19
f 1. intr. To have a qualm or qualms. (Cf. ]
QUALM ING vbl. s/>. and///, a.} Otis.
1565 COOPKR Thesaurus^ Deficerc^ I faynte, sounde, or
qualme for heate. 1603 FLOKIO tr. Montaigne in. xiii.
(1807) VI. 253 My stomacke begins to qualme, my head
feeleth a violent aking.
2. a. trans. To make sick. b. absol. To induce
qualms, rare.
1611 BEAUM. & FL. Scornful Lady iv. i, How I grew
qualm'd in love. 1713 Gentleman Instructed in. viii. 434
Knvy qualms on his Kowels, Prodigality on his Purse. 1884
G. H. BOUGHTON in Harper's Mag. Oct. 701/1 If one is . .
qualmed by the show of. .confectionery.
t Qualm, v. '2 Obs. rare -1. [var. of WALM,
perh. after G. qualmen to steam.] To boil.
1599 A. M. tr. Gabelhouer's Bk. Physicke 8/2 Take thre
quartes of Lye.. and let it qualme a little on the fyer.
Qua'lminess. [f. QUALMY + -NESS.] The
condition of being qualm y ; nausea.
1778 J. ADAMS Diary 19 Feb., Wks. 1851 III. 98 The
smell of the ship, .or any other offensive smell will increase
the qualminess. 1884 Miss DILLWVN Jill II. xi. 181 The
swell made my qualminess increase.
t Qua'lming, vbl. $b. Obs. rare. [f. QUALM
#.!] The fact of having a qualm or qualms.
1565 COOPER Thesaurus, Defectio^ ,. the quaulmyng or
sownyng of women after conception. 1596 BARROUCH Afc/£.
Physick 450 It taketh away qwalming and ouercasting of
the hart.
t Qua'lming, ///. a. Obs. [f. as prec.] a.
That has a qualm or qualms, b. Of the nature of
a fit or sudden access (cf.' QUALM sb$ 2 c).
1576 FLEMING tr. Cants' Dogs in Arb. Garner III. 267 To
succour and strengthen quailing and qualming stomachs.
1635 QUARLES Embl. v. ii. 36 Let lesses sov'raigne Flow'r
perfume my qualming brest. 16^3 MILTON Divorce Introd.
(1851) 6 Till they get a little cordial sobriety to settle their
qualming zeal.
Qualmire : see QUALLMIBE.
Qualmish, (kwa'mij, kwg'mij), a. [f. QUALM
sb.t + -ISH!.]
1. Of persons : Affected with a qualm or qualms ;
tending, or liable, to be so affected.
1548 UDALL Erasm. Par. Luke Pref. 3 Our soule is
?ualmishe ouer this meate. 1599 SHAKS. Hen. V> v. i. 22,
am qualmish at the smell of Leeke. 1670 DRYDEN Tyran.
Lffue iv. L Qualmish and loathing all you had before : Yet
with a sickly Appetite to more. 1748 SMOLLETT Rod,
Rand. Ixix, My dear ange! has been qualmish of late. 1816
SCOTT Fam. Lett. 25 Dec. (1804) I. xii. 388 The . .dog arrived
.. a little lean and qualmish however after his sea voyage.
1860 MOTLEY Netherl. (1868) I. viii. 521 Elizabeth was not
desirous of peace . . she was qualmish at the very suggestion.
2. Of feelings, etc. : Of the nature of a qualm.
1798 Sporting Mag. XII. 195, I began to feel some very
qualmish symptoms. 1860 1'. MARTIN Horace 217 Our
qualmish sickness drown In Caecuban divine !
3. Of things : Apt to produce qualms, rare.
1826 DISRAELI Viv. Creyvi. i, It is like a qualmish liqueur
in the midst of a bottle of wine.
Hence Qua'lmislily (/./;-. ; Qualmishness.
a 1650 MAY Satir. Puppy (1657) 105 She would be as
leacherous as the Mountaine-Goate, had not Natures
qualmishnesse proved a strong contradiction to her desire.
1844 ALB. SMITH Adv. Mr. Ledbury ii. (1886) 8 On approach-
ing the Foreland the first sensations of qualmishness became
apparent. _ 1845 W. CORY Lett. $ Jrnls. (1897) 32 Think-
ing about it keenly and qualmishly.
Qualmy (kwa'mi, kwjxmi), a. Also 6 quamie.
[f. QUALM sb$ + -Y.] = QUALMISH.
1563 LEIGH Artnorie (1597) 120 Neyther abounding in hole
desire, neither oppressed with quamie colde. 1600 S.
NICHOLSON Acolaslus (1876) 38 Astonisht in a qualmy
traunce. 1846 LANUOR Exam. Shaks. Wks. II. 274, I my-
self did feel queerish and qualmy. 1884 Miss DILLWYN Jill
II. xi. 178 The mere smell of it makes one feel qualmy.
Hence Qua imyish a., somewhat qnalmy.
1831 Blackw. Mag. XXX. 975 With a queerish and
qualmyish feeling.
II Qualtagh (kwa-Hax). [Manx, also written
quaaltagh, \. quaail (= Ir. and Gael, comhdhail)
meeting.] The first person one meets after leav-
ing home on some special occasion ; also, the
first person entering a house on New Year's Day,
the first-foot.
1891 MOORE Folk-lore Isle of Man 103 It was considered
fortunate if the qualtagh were a person .. of dark com-
plexion. 1894 HALL CAINE Manxman 59, 1 should be first-
foot here, only I'm no use as a qualtagh.
Quam, obs. form of WHOM.
Quamash (kwamse-J, kwg'mzep. See also
CAMAS. [N. American Indian.] A North Ameri-
can liliaceous plant (Camasria esculenta], the bulbs
of which are used for food by the American
Indians. Eastern qnamash (see quot. 1868).
1814 Lewis «y Clarke's Exp. (1893) 958 The Chopunnish
are now dispersed in villages, .for the purpose of collecting
quamash. 1868 Rep. U. S. Commissioner Agric. (1869)452
The plant [Camus] is otherwise known as the eastern
quamash, or wild hyacinth, and in botanical nomenclature is
Scilla Fraseri. 1882 Garden 13 May 323/3 The white
Camassia..[is] not nearly so showy as the blue Quamash.
Quame, var. of QUEMK, v. ; obs. f. QUALM sb.
tQuamire. Obs. Also 6 -myre, -mier, 8
fftuTwhftmlre. [?var. of quail- or quffvemirt'.
see QUAGMIRE, and cf. Sc. quaiv-mirc s.v. QTJAW.]
A quagmire, bog. Alsoy^r.
1555 KIJKN Dcfatfts 99 Muddy marysshus full of suche
qimmyrcs lhat mun are oflentymes bwalowtd vp in them.
QUANT.
. . burieth them in a quamire. 1703 THOKKSBY Let. to Kay
27 Apr. (E. D. S.i, lykamire, a quagmire.
Quamoclit (kwae-m^klit). [Corruption of
Mexican quamo'chitl (c/i — t^, f. qua-t comb, form
of quaiuti tree. + -motkitlt of unknown meaning.
The erroneous form guatnoclit^ found as early as 1689 in
Tournefort's Schola Rotanica^ is the basis of imaginary
etymologies from Greek and Sanskrit,]
A sub-genus of climbing plants with brilliant
flowers found in the tropical parts of America
and Asia, belonging to the genus Ipomaa. (For-
merly regarded as a distinct genus.)
1731 MILLER Card. Diet. s. y., Quamoclit with very fine,
cut, winged Leaves, .. called in Barbadoes Sweet-William.
"753 CHAMBERS Cycl, 6"«t//., The species of quamoclit,
enumerated by Mr. Tournefort, are these [etc.]. fbid,t
Quamoclit differs from bindweed, or convolvulus, in the
shape of the flower. 1755 Gentl. Mag. XXV. 408 As to
specimens 1 sent you ofthe bastard quamoclit [printed
quarnoclifj. 1841 Penny Cycl. XIX. 193/1 Quamoclit ..
vulgaris is common in every part of India. 1892 BENTHAM
& HOOKER Brit. Flora (ed. 6) 305 The exotic genus Ipomcea,
including Pharbitis and Quamoclit.. supplies some of our
most beautiful greenhouse and hothouse climbers.
Quan, obs. form of GUAN, WHEN.
Quandary (kw§nde**ri, kwg'ndari), sb. Also
6 quandare, -arye, 6-7 -arie, 8-9 quondary.
[Of unknown origin ; in common use from c \ 580.
Possibly a corruption of some term of scholastic Latin.
The suggestions that it is ad.F. qu'en dirai-je 'what shall
I say of it?1 that it represents ME. wandreth, or is an
abbrev. of hypochondry^ are (apart from other considera-
tions) condemned by the fact that the original stressing is
quanda'ry. Recent diets, favour qua'ndary, given by Jonn-
son (who calls it ' a low word ') and Webster, but not accepted
by Sheridan, Walker, or Smart.]
A state of extreme perplexity or uncertainty ;
a dilemma causing (great) mental agitation or dis-
tress ; fa ticklish plight. Freq. in phr. in a
(great, sad, etc.) quandary.
1579 LYLY Euphues (Arb.) 45 Euphues.. departed, leaving
this olde gentleman in a great quandarie. i$8a STANY-
HURST &neis iv. (Arb.) 94 The Queene in meane while
with carks quandare deepe anguisht [etc.]. 1611 BEAUM. &
FL. Knt. Burn. Pestle \. i, Much I fear, forsaking of my
diet, Will bring me presently to that quandary, I shall bid
all adieu. 1652 C. B. STAPYLTON Herodian xvi. 135 The
Nobles, Gentry, Souldiers in quandaries . . To Turret tops
he fetches more Vagaries, a 1740 SHEFFIELD (Dk. Buckhm.)
IVks. (1729) 201 Apollo now driv'n to a cursed Quandary
was wishing for Swift, or for fam'd Lady Mary. 1751
SMOLLETT Per. Pic. (1779) I. ii. 9 Thof he be sometimes
thrown into perilous passions ana quandaries. 1847 ' l!''
RAELI Tancred u. iv, All his quandaries terminated in the
same catastrophe ; a compromise. 1875 JOWETT Plato (ed. 2)
I. 229 Now I was in a great quandary at having to answer
this question.
t Quandary, v. Obs. rare. [f. prec.] a. trans.
To perplex, put in a quandary, b. intr. To be
in a quandary.
1616 T. ADAMS Soul's Sickness Wks. 1861 I. 505 He quan-
daries, whether to goe forward to God, or, with Demas, to
turne backe to the world. x68i OTWAY Soldier s Fort* in. i,
Methinks I am quandary'd like one going with a Party to
discover the Enemy's Camp, but had lost his Guide upon
the Mountains.
Quandong (kwarncVrj, kwg-n-). Also quan-
dang, -dung, quon(g)dong, quantong. [Ab-
original Australian.] a. An Australian tree of
the sandal-wood order (Fusanus acuminatus or
Santalum acuminatunt), or its edible drupaceous
fruit, which is of a blue colour and about the size
of a cherry ; also called native peachy-tree}, b.
A large Australian scrub-tree {Eleocarpus gi'andis))
or its fruit. Also attrib., as quandong-nut , -tree.
1839 T. L. MITCHELL 3 Exped. 135 (Morris) In all these
scrubs on the Murray the Fusanus acuminatus is common,
and produces the quandang nut. 1850 CLUTTERBUCK Port
Phillip 1 1. 30 The indigenous Quandang . . is the only really
palatable fruit that grows in the wilds of Port Phillip. 1857
W. HOWITT Tallangetta I. 41 (Morris) Abundance of fig ..
trees, cherries, loquots, quondongs. 1859 H. KINCSLEY G.
Hamlyn xxx. (1894) 279 Such quantongs, such raspberries,
surpassing imagination. 1887 FARRELL How he Died 20
Where barren fig-tree and. .quandong Bloom on lone roads.
Quann(e, obs. forms of WHEN.
Quannet (kwg-net). Also quonet. [Of ob-
scure origin.] A flat file set in a frame, and used
as a plane in filing flat surfaces, as in comb-making.
1842 WHITTOCK Complete Book of Trades 225 The comb-
m-ikers use a tool.. called a quonet, having coarse single
teeth, to the number of about seven or eight to an inch.
1875 KNIGHT Diet. Mech. 1842/1 Qnannet.
Quanon, variant of KANOON.
Quant (kwsent, kwont), sb. Also 5 quante,
(qv-), whante, 9 quont. [? ad. L. contus (Gr.
«OI/TOS) boat-pole. Current in E. Anglia and Kent
(in the latter also 'a young oak -sapling, a walk-
ing-stick ') : the northern equivalent is KENT st>*]
A pole for propelling a boat, esp. one with a flat
cap to prevent it sinking in the mud, used by barge-
men on the east coast.
^1440 Prontp. Parv. 418/2 Quante, or sprete, rodde..,
contus. Ibid, 523/2 Whante, or qvante. 1687 SHADWELL
Juvenal 38 Contus signifies a Quant or Sprt.-tt, with which
they shove Boats. 1847-78 in HALLIWEI.L. 1883 G. C.
3-2
QUANT.
DAVIES Norfolk Broads iv. 25 When the wind fails, the
men betake themselves to the 'quant', which is a long
slender pole with a knob at one end and a spike and
shoulder at the other. 1893 DOUGHTY Wherry in Wend.
Lands 167 To get all sail off her, and undertake a tough
job with the quants.
Quant (kwsent, kwgnt), v. [f. prec.] a. traits.
To propel (a boat) with a quant. Also absol.
b. iitlr. Of a boat : To be propelled with a quant.
1865 [implied in QUANTING vbl. sb.\ 1883 G. C. DAVIK'S
Norfolk Broads v. 37 The water was too deep for us to
auant pur punt. 1887 W. RYE Nor/oik Breads p. ii, Great
isinclinations to quant or scull. 1893 Toynl-ec Rec. 90
Now her stern, now a broadside, is toward us . . as she quants
against the breeze.
Hence Qua nting vtl. sb. (also atlrib.}
1865 W. WHITE East. Eng. I. 84 Wherry men, to whom
the operation of 'quanting' is very familiar. 1883 G. C.
DAVIES Norfolk Broads x. 77 There may be a quanting.
match. 1887 W. RYE Norfolk Broads 39 We and the
wherry, by dint of very hard quanting, managed . . to get as
far as the ruins.
tQuantal, a. Obs. rare-', [f. as next +
-AL.J = ALIQUANT.
01696 SCARBURGH Euclid (1705) 177 A Quanta! part
measures not the whole: but repeated is either less or
greater than it.
t Qualitative, a. Obs. rare. [For quantita-
tive, as if f. L. quanl-us + -ATIVE : cf. QUANTI-
TIVE. (But pern, a misprint in both quots.)]
= QUANTITATIVE.
1644 DIGBY Nat. Bodies iii. 30 In compounding and
diuiding of bodies according to quantatiue [1669 quanti-
tive] panes. 1661 GLANVILL Van. Dogm. 29 Motion cannot
be received but by quantative dimension.
Quantic (kwo-ntik). Math. [f. L. quant-us
how much + -ic.] A rational, integral, homo-
geneous function of two or more variables.
A quantic according to its dimensions b a quadric, cubic,
quartic, etc. according as it is of the and, 3rd, 4th, etc. degree ;
and is binary, ternary, quaternary, etc. according as it has
two, three, four, etc variables.
1854 A. CAYLEY Wks. (1887) II. 224 We may instead of a
single quantic consider two or more qualities. 1881 BURN-
SIDE & PANTON Th. Eguat. Introd. p. 4 A polynomial is
sometimes called a quantic. 1806 E. B. ELLIOTT (title) An
Introduction to the Algebra of Quantics.
Hence Qna-ntical a., relating to quantics.
Quantifiable (kwo-ntifai ab'l), a. [f. QUAN-
TIFY v. + -ABLE.] That may be conceived or
treated as a quantity ; that may be measured with
regard to quantity.
1883 A. BARRATT Phys. Mctempiric p. xxv, Those mutual
relations of conscious centres which are measurable and
quantifiable. 1893 Attautmm 11 Nov. 667/2 It is the latter
kind only [of feeling] which is immediately and necessarily
quantifiable.
Quantification (kwr^ntifik^1 Jan), [f. QUAN-
TIFY v. : see -FICATION.] The action of quantifying.
Quantification of the predicate: the expression of the
logical quantity of the predicate of a proposition, by apply-
ing to the predicate the sign all, or some, or an equivalent ;
a device introduced chiefly by Sir W. Hamilton, and in-
tended to simplify logical processes.
<ri84o SIR W. HAMILTON Logic (1866) II. 297 Because the
universal quantification of the predicate is, in this instance,
materially false, is such quantification, therefore, always
formally illegal? 1864 BOWEN Logic vii. 181 It is enough
that the quantifications of the Middle Term in both Premises,
added together, should exceed unity. 1881 PIAZZI SMITH
in Nature XXVI. 552 All that we require for the. .quanti-
fication of watery vapour.
Quantified, ///. a. [f. next + -ED I.J Pos-
sessing or endowed with quantity; measured or
determined with respect to quantity.
1589 R. BRUCE Serm. (1843) 87^0 make it, at ane time,. .
a bodie and not a bodie, quantified and not quantified.
£1840 SIR W. HAMILTON Logic App. (1866) II. 259 The real
terms compared in the Convertend. .are not the naked, but
the quantified. 1847 LEWES Hist. Philos. (1867) II. 481
The discovery of precise quantities proves the objectivity of
something quantified. 1870 JEVONS Logic 186 Immediate
inference by added determinant.. can also be applied.. to
quantified propositions.
Quantify (kwg-ntifsi) , v. [ad. med. L. quant i-
ficare (Du Cange), f. quant-tis how great: see
QUANTITY and -FY.]
1. Logic. To make explicit the extent to which a
term is referred to in a proposition, by prefixing
all or some or an equivalent word to the term.
< 1840 SIR W. HAMILTON Logic App. (1866) II. 261 Ordinary
language quantifies the Predicate so often as this determina-
tion becomes of the smallest import. Hid. 272 Let us . .
overtly quantify the subject . . and say, A II men are animals.
1864 BOWEN Logic v. 127 They further maintain, that the
Predicate is never quantified particularly in a Negative
Judgment. 1887 [see INDEFINITE a. 4].
2. To determine the quantity of, to measure.
1878 LOCKYER Stargazing 152 The magnification .. of
space, which enables minute portions of it to be most
accurately quantified. i88z PIAZZI SMITH in Nature XXVI.
551 A meteorological spectroscope . . may also . . be able to
quantify . . the proportions of such aerial supply of water-gas.
Hence Qua-ntifying^>/. a.
1847 SIR W. HAMILTON Let. to A. de Morgan 43 Logi-
cians., have referred the quantifying predesignations flu-
rum, and the like, to the most opposite heads.
Quantitative (kwg-ntitAiv), «. and**, [ad.
med.L. qtiantitatlvus : see QUANTITY and -IVE.
Cf. F. quantitatif(iKfi6 in Godef. CV>/«//.).]
20
A. 1. Possessing quantity, magnitude, or spatia
extent. Now rare.
1581 MARBECK Bk. of Notes 40 [Angels occupy] no
bodilie place, no several! nor quantitative place. 163.
JACKSON Creed vii. xxvi. § 5 The world in the original dot!
not signify this visible or quantitative world. 1697 J. SKK
GEANT Solid Philos. 22 The Body, only which (and not thi
Soul) is Quantitative. 1847 LEWES Hist. Philos. (1867) II
481 The fact that we discover quantitative space and time.
2. That is, or may be, considered with respect to
the quantity or quantities involved ; estimated or
estimable by quantity.
1656 Artif. Handsom. 44 This Quantitative Adultery
which . . makes far more grosse alterations, & substantial
changes of nature. 1661 GLANVILL Van. Dogm. 221 The
colour of mens eyes is various, nor is there less diversity in
their quantitative proportions. 1841 GROVE Corr. Phys.
For. (ed. 61 142 An invariable quantitative relation to each
other. 1858 J. MARTINEAU Stud. Ckr. 160 Not as its
quantitative equal .. but as a moral equivalent. 187;
FARRAR St. Paul (1883) 43 The enormous error that man . .
can win by quantitative goodness his entrance into the
Kingdom of God.
3. Relating to, concerned with, quantity or its
measurement ; ascertaining or expressing quantity.
1668 WILKINS RealChar. in. vii. 325 Relative and Quanti-
tative Pronouns. 1830 HERSCHEL Stud. Nat. Phil. 123 It
is a character of all the higher laws of nature to assume the
form of precise quantitative statement. 1849 D. CAMPBELL
Inorg. Chem. Pref. 4 Tables for assisting in the calculations
of quantitative analysis. l88a FARRAR Early Chr. I. 125
The quantitative conceptions of Jewish formalism.
4. Pertaining to, based on, vowel-quantity.
1799 Itlonthly Rev. XXIX. 49 The quantitative accent,
as it may be called, follows the analogy of the Latin. 1871
LOWELL Study Wind. (1886) 241 The best quantitative
verses in our language are lo be found in Mother Goose.
B. sb. t a. A sign that indicates quantity. Obs.
b. That which possesses or involves quantity.
1668 WILKINS Real Char. in. ii. 305 Of all which [pro-
nouns] it is to be observed, that they are in some kind or
other, Quantitative*. 1846 SABINE tr. Humboldt's Cosmos
(1847) I. 179 An effort .. to investigate the quantitative in
the laws of one of the great phenomena of nature.
Quantitatively, adv. [f. prec. + -LY2.]
In a quantitative manner ; in respect of quantity.
1593 R. HARVEY Philad. 21 He and his surveyed it quan-
titatively. 1614 GATAKER Transutst. 115 With quant itir,
but not quantitatively. 1644 DIGBY Of Man's Soul x. 423
347 The magr.
silica were not determined quantitatively. 1870 ROLLESTON
Anim. Life Introd. 49 The brain holds a more favorable
relation quantitatively to the body and to the spinal cord.
So Qua'ntitativeness, the quality or condition
of being quantitative.
1858 H. SPENCER Ess. I. 225 The more specific, character-
istic of scientific previsions . . their quantitativeness. 1873
— Stud. Social. (1882) 45 Where they are quantitative, their
quantitativeness . . is mostly very indefinite.
t Qua-utitied, a. 06s. [f. QUANTITY + -ED2.]
Endowed with quantity or spatial magnitude.
1605 SYLVESTER Du Bar/as 11. iii. I. Abraham 1115
Alwaies in some place are Angels . . selfly limited, And
joyn'd to place, yet not as quantiti'd.
Quantitive (kwo-ntitiv), a, [f. QUANTITY +
-IVE : cf. qualitive,] = QUANTITATIVE.
1656 STANLEY Hist. Philos. v. (1701) 159/2 Neither equal,
nor certain, nor quantitive, nor qualitative. 1669 [see
QUANTATIVE]. 1817 G. S. FABER Expiat. Sacrif. 148 By
what intelligible process can we estimate the quantitive
proportions of two dissimilar oblations? 1881-3 SCHAFP
Encyc.1. Relig. Knowl. II. 1553 He can make no other dis-
tinction between them . . than a quantitive one.
Hence Qna-ntitively at/v. = QUANTITATIVELY.
i8»T G. S. FABER Expiat. Sacrif. 149 The only mode, .in
which things dissimilar can be quantitively compared. 1871
B. STEWART Heat § 402 To estimate either temperature
or hardness quantitively.
Quantity (kwg'ntiti). Forms: 4-6 quan-
tite, -yte, (4 -itee, -ytee, 5 whantite), 6 quaun-
tit, 6-7 quantitie, (6 -etie), 6- quantity, [a.
OF. quantiti, ad. L. quantitas, -dtem, f. quant-us
how much, how great : see -ITY.]
I. 1. Size, magnitude, dimensions. In widest
sense implying magnitude in three dimensions, but
sometimes contextually limited to (a) thickness or
stoutness, (b) extent of surface, area, (c) linear
extension, length, height. Obs. exc. Math.
1387 TREVISA Higden (Rolls) 1. 49 Asia is most in quantite,
Europa is lasse. c 1400 MAUNDEV. (Roxb.) xxi. 96 J>are er
ober also of less quantitee, as it ware of be mykill of a
mannes thee. 1416 LYDG. De Guil. Pilgr. 5845 Sawh thow
euere . . Off nianhys herte the quantyte ? 1470-85 MALORY
Arthur v. viii, A grete gyaunt . . whiche was a man of an
huge quantyte and heyghte. 1578 LYTE Dodoens I. Ixix.
102 The roote is long, of the quantite of one's fingar. Ibid.
n. v. 153 White huskes . . of the quantitie of a groote, or
1 esterne. 1634 LITHGOW Trav. vi. 298 A Dromidore, and
Camel differ.. not in quantity, being of one height, bredth,
and length. 1669 STURMY Mariner s Mag. v. 17 How to find
the just Quantity or Content of any Piece of Ground. 1682
R. BURTON Adtnir. Curios. (1684) 30 Diamonds are found
in many places,, .their quantity is from a Pease to a Walnut
1830 KATER & LARDNER Mech. i. 4 The quantity of a surface
is called its area; and the quantity of a line .. its length.
t b. A dimension. Obs. rare ~ '.
1590 STOCKWOOD Rules Constr. 4^8 Whether the word of
measure do signifie the depth, height, length, thicknes, or
any such quantitie of a thing.
t c. An amount equal to the volume of. Obs.
QUANTITY.
1610 B. JONSON Alch. n. i, Taking. .on a knife's point,
The quantity of a grain of mustard. 1694 SALMON Bait's
Dispens. (1713) i5i/: Of this Balsam .. the Patient may
take the Quantity of a pretty large Chestnut.
2. Amount, sum. a. Of material things not subject
to, or not usually estimated by.spatial measurement.
£1400 MAUNDEV. (Roxb.) xxxi. 142 Of bairn bai gader
boumbe in grete quantitee. 1533 ELYOT Cast. Helthe (1539)
36 a, Ale and here . .flo ingender more grosse vapours, and
corrupt humors, than wine doth, beinge drunke in lyke
excesse of quantitie. 1683 TRYON Way to Health (1697)
205 Of the Quantity of Children's Food. 1769 De Foe's
Ttmr Gt. Brit. (ed. 7) II. 64 Fern, which formerly grew in
great Quantity there. 1849 NOAD Electricity 188 The
quantity of the Electric current bears a relation to the size
of the plates.
b. Of immaterial things.
c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints x. (.Matthew} 576 Nothire for IK
ennormyte of fe syne, na be quantyte. c 1400 tr. Secret*
Secret., Gov. Lordsh, 106 Chese a sotell man . . to shewe be
quantyte of by hynes. 1431 Rolls of Parlt. IV. 403/1
There should no man ben amerced bote after the quantite
of his trespas. c 1485 Digby Myst. iv. 621 After the whantite
of sorofull remembrance. 1611 SHAKS. Cytnb. iv. ii. 17,
I louethee. .How much the quantity, the waightasmuch,As
I do loue my Father. 1647 N. BACON Disc. Govt. Eng. i. liii.
(1739) 94 Fine and Pledges shall be according to the quantity
of the offence. 1780 BENTHAM 1'rinc. Legist, xvii. § 15
Any punishment is subservient to reformation in proportion
to its quantity. 1817 POLLOK Course T. v in, He prayed by
quantity.
t c. Of money, payment, etc. Obs.
£1460 FORTESCUE Abs. $ Lint. Mon. vi. (1885) 121 The
iiijlk or the v" parte of the quantite of his expenses. 1518
Gal-way Arch, in loth Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. v. 403
That some or quauntit of such monye as they playe for.
a 1548 HALL Chron., Edvi. IV 223 b, The fees of canonizyng
of a kyng, wer of so great a quantitie at Rome [etc.]. 1600
HAMILTON in Cath. Tract. (S. T. S.) 219 The qualitie and
quantitie of the oblation. 1714 FORTESCUE-ALAND Pref.
Fortcscue's Abs. $ Lim. Man. 48 The Lord was to forfeit
30*. which was then near as much in Quantity as 5/. now.
'775 JOHNSON Tax. no Tyr. 15 The quantity of this payment.
td. Number, numbers. (Cf. o.) Obs. rare.
I4S« SIR G. HAVE Law Arms (S. "f. S.) 10 The cristin
men.. war all persewit and put to dede in grete quantitee.
1581 N. BURNE in Cath. Tract. (S. T. S.) 135 To mak
Chalices of gold and siluer in mair quantitie and abound-
ance nor befoir.
3. Length or duration in time. Now only in the
legal phrase Quantity of estate, the length of time
during which the right of enjoyment of an estate
is to continue.
c 1391 CHAUCER Astral, ll. { j Rekne thanne the quantite
of tyme in the bordure by-twixe bothe prikkes. Ibid. § 9
To Knowe the quantite of the day vulgare. 1588 A. KING
tr. Canisius G vij, According to the quantitie of the yere,
obserueit in that age to contene 304 dayes. 1818 CRUISE
Digest (ed. 2) II. 354 The alteration in the particular estate
. .must amount to an alteration in its quantity. 1841 Penny
Cycl. _XIX. 46/1 Where the word Estate is used in its
technical sense, it . . [means] the quantity and quality of
enjoyment of the thing.
b. Pros. Length or shortness of sounds or syl-
lables, determined by the time required to pro-
nounce them. Chiefly used with reference to
Greek and Latin verse, in which the metres are
based on quantity. False quantity : see FALSE a. i.
1563-7 BUCHANAN Reform. St. Andros Wks. (1892) 9 Thys
classe sal reid . . sum buik of Ouide, and the quantiteis of
syllabes. 1586 W. WEBBE Eng . Poetrie (Arb.) 69 As for the
quantity of our wordes, therein lyeth great difficultye.
a 1637 B. JONSON Eng. Gram, iii, All our vowels are . . In
quantity (which is time) long or short. 1717-41 CHAMBERS
Cycl. s.v., The quantity of the syllables is but little fixed in
the modern tongues. 1774 WARTON Hist. Eng. Poetry
(1840) I. Diss. ii. 108 King Chilperic.. wrote two books of
Latin verses . . without any idea of the common quantities.
1850 THACKERAY Virgin, v, George knew much more Latin
. . than his master, and caught him in perpetual . . false
quantities. 1887 RUSKIN Praeterita II. 275 A rightly bred
scholar who knew his grammar and his quantities.
C. Mus. Length or duration of notes.
1597 MORLEY Introd. Mus. a The quantitie of euery note
and rest in the song. 1674 PLAYFORD Skill Mus. I. vii. 24
Measure in this Science is a Quantity of the length and
shortness of Time. iSix BUSBY Diet. Mus. s.v., Quantity,
in music, .does not signify the number of notes, or syllables,
but their relative duration.
4. In the most abstract sense, esp. as the subject
of mathematics : That property of things which is
involved in the questions ' how great ? ' or ' how
much ? ' and is determinable, or regarded as being
so, by measurement of some kind.
In this sense continuous and discrete quantity are dis-
tinguished : see DISCRETE 2. ' Quantity ' is the second of
the ten Aristotelian categories.
1530 PALSCR. Introd. 144 Some [adverbs] betoken quantite.
1570, 1687, etc. [see DISCRETE]. 1690 LOCKE Hum. Und.
iv. iii. (1695) 314 The Ideas of Quantity are not those alone
:hat are capable of Demonstration and Knowledge. 1756
BuRKE^wW. Sf B. ni.ii, All proportions, every arrangement of
quantity, is alike to the understanding. 1797 Encycl. Brit.
ed. 3) XV. 741/1 Mathematics is. .employed in discovering
and stating many relations of quantity. 1864 UOWEN Logic
•ii. 185 Mathematics is the science of pure quantity.
5. Logic, a. The extension or intension of a term,
distinguished as extensive and intensive quantity
^see the adjs.). b. The degree of extension which
T proposition gives to the term forming its subject,
and according to which it is said to be universal,
particular, singular, and indefinite or indetermi-
nate (see these words).
QUANTITY.
1668 WILKINS Real Char. in. i. 306 Another, A certain
one, Some one, are for their Quantities, Singulars or Par-
ticulars indeterminate. 1697 tr. Burgendicius' Logic i.
xxix 115 In Respect to Quantity, an Enunciation la diviiMd
into Universal, Particular, Indefinite, and Singular. 1725
WATTS Logic (1726) 160 Both particular and universal Pro-
positions which agree in Quality but not in Quantity are
call'd Subaltern. 183*-* [see INTENSION 5, EXTENSIVE 5].
1843 MILL Logic I. n. ii. § i According to what are called the
quantity and quality of propositions. 1864 BOWEN Logic
v. 120 We may inquire concerning the number of objects
about which we judge, and thus determine the Quantity,
or Extension, of the Judgment. [See also EXTENSION 8 b.]
f 6. Relative or proportional size or amount,
proportion. Obs. rare.
1551 RECORDE Cast. Ktiowl. (1556) 146 Euery darke body
giueth shadowe accordinge to the quantitie that it beareth
to that shyning body, which giueth the light. 1602 SHAKS.
Ham. 111. ii. 177 For womens Feare and Loue, holds
quantitie. In neither ought, or in extremity : .. And as my
Loue is siz'd, my Feare is so.
7. Great or considerable amount or bulk.
'753 HOGARTH Anal. Beauty vi. 29 Windsor castle is
a noble instance of the effect of quantity. 1877 RAYMOND
Statist. Mines $ Mining 175 Only the smelting-ores have
been extracted in quantity.
11. 8. A (specified) portion or amount of
an article or commodity. Also transf. of imma-
terial things. (Cf. 2 above.)
c 1325 Poem times Edw. //(Percy) xlii, Give the goodman
to drink A gode quantite. c 1400 MAUNDEV. (Roxb.) viii. 31
Of J>is liquour bai giffe a lytill quantitee til pilgrimes. 1484
CAXTON Fables ofAlfonce xi, A grete dele or quantite of
mostard. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 64 A lytell
quantite of sande in an other lytell bagge. 1602 SHAKS.
Ham. v. i. 203 Fortie thousand Brothers Could not (with all
there quantitie of Loue) Make up my summe. 1696 LUT-
TRELL KriefRel. (1857) IV. 4 Having received great quantities
of broad money from Exeter in ord_er to clip it. 1752 JOHN-
SON Rambler No. 203 f 10 A certain quantity or measure of
renown. 1793 BEDDOES Calculus 223 A small quantity of
azotic air. 1825 LAMB Elia Ser. n. Stage Illusion, A suffi-
cient quantity of illusion for the purposes of dramatic
interest. 1863 Q Rev. July 78 A certain quantity of snow.
b. An indefinite (usually a fair or considerable)
portion or amount ; •)• a small piece, fragment.
1:1325 Song of Yesterday in E. E. P. (1862) 134 Of his
strengje he feost a quantite. c 1400 Song Roland &$ Offred
them every chon a quantite of gold. 1486 Bk. St. Albans
C vij, Take a quantyte of poorke . . and butter. 1535 COVER-
DALE i Sam. xxx. 12 They..gaue him a quantite of fygges,
& two quantities of rasyns. 1596 SHAKS. Tarn. Shr, iv.
iii. 112 Away thou Ragge, thou quantitie, thou remnant.
1597 — 2 Hen. IV, v. i. 77 If I were saw'de into Quantities
I should make foure dozen of such bearded Hermites staues.
1731 ARBUTHNOT Aliments vi. vii. § 2 (1735) 182 Warm anti-
scorbutical Plants taken in Quantities will occasion stinking
Breath. 1852 MRS. STOWE Uncle Tom's C. xxxiii. 2t>9
Taking a quantity of cotton from her basket, she placed it
in his. 1883 Manch. Guard. 18 Oct. 4/7 Yesterday ..a
quantity of wreckage was cast up at Southport.
c. With def. article : The portion or amount
(of something) present in a particular thing or
instance.
1611 BIBLE 2 Esdras iv. 50 As the fire is greater then the
smoke . . so the quantity which is past, did more exceede.
1719 DE FOE Crusoe \. ix, I resolv'd to sow just the same
Quantity every Year. 1780 BENTHAM Princ. Legisl. xviii.
I 44 The quantity of sensible heat in a human body. 1837
Penny Cycl. IX. 343 The total quantity of electricity in the
charge of an electrised body. 1876 PREECE & SIVEWRIGHT
Telegraphy 2 We can speak of the quantity of sound caused
by the explosion of a cannon. Ibid., The force of attraction
is found to increase with the quantity of electricity present.
9. A specified, or indefinite (= fair, considerable),
number of persons or things.
'375 BARBOUR Srucevi. 235 [He] slew of thame a quantite.
14.. Pol. Rcl. tf L. Poems 36 Gadyr a good quantyte of
snayles. '4s6SiRG. H AVE Law Arms (S. T. 8.157 Almaist
mycht nane persave that ony quantitee of peple eschapit fra
the bataill. 1485 CAXTON Chas. Gt. 3 The moost quantyte of
the people vnderstonde not latyn. 1611 CORYAT Crudities
169 There is a farre greater quantity of buildings in this [the
Rialto] then in ours. 1750 BEAWES Lex Mercat. (1752) 8
A quantity of small marshy isles. 1852 MRS. CARLYLE Lett.
II. 198 Four chairs and a quantity of pillows. 1897 MAKY
KINCSLEY W. Africa 241, I .. find in it a quantity of pools.
10. A certain space or surface ; a portion of
something having superficial extent. Now rare.
£•1391 CHAUCER Astrol. n. § 30 Swych a quantite of lati-
tude as [sheweth] by thyn Almykanteras. 1464 Rolls Parlt.
V. 519/2 A Graunte . . of a pece or a quantite of Lande. 161 1
COTCR., Quartellee, a certaine quantitie of, or measure for,
ground. 1758 S. HAYWARD Serm. xiv. 408 In a race there is
a quantity of ground laid out. 1792 BURKE Let. to R. Burke
Corr. IV. 26 You would make them a grant of a sufficient
quantity of your land. 1812-6 PLAYFAIR Nat. Phil. (1819)
1 1. 214 A fixed star . . occupies exactly the same place . .within
a quantity so small as to be hardly measurable.
1 11. In adverbial phrases : Great quantity, by or
to a large amount or extent ; to a great distance.
A quantity, to some extent, considerably. A little
quantity, a little way. Obs.
a 1300 Cursor M. 8816 Vp bai lifted oft-sith |>e tre, It was
to scort gret quantite. 1375 BARBOUR Bruce VI. 76 Endlang
the vattir than 3eid he On aithir syde gret quantite. 1377
LANGL. P. PI, B. xix. 372 pere nas no crystene creature pat
kynde witte hadde, ..That he ne halpe a quantite holynesse
to wexe. c 1400 MAUNDEV. (1839) xxiii. 253 Thei leyn upon
the hors gold and silver gret quantylee. c 1420 Pallad. on
Husb. XI. 157 Ek lyfte her plaunte a litel quantite.
12. Math. A thing having quantity (see 4
above) ; a figure or symbol standing for such a
thing. Imaginary quantity : see the adj. I c.
21
157° HII.LINGSLEY Euclid xi. def. i. 312 A superficies is a
quanlitie of greater perfection then is a line. 1581 SIDNKY
Apol. Poctric(AA.\ 24 So doe the Geometrician, and Arith-
metician, in their diverse sorts of quantities. 1700 MOXON
Math. Diet. 133 Those Quantities are said to be commen-
surable, which have one Aliquot part.. but Incommensurable
Quantities have no Aliquot parts. 1806 HUTTON Course
Math. I. 201 Range the quantities according to the dimen-
sions of some letter. 1831 BREWSTER Newton (1855) II. xiv.
1 1 He considered quantities not as composed of indivisibles,
but as generated by motion. 1881 MAXWELL Electr.^ ty
Afagn. L n There are certain cases in which a quantity
may be measured with reference to a line as well as with
reference to an area.
transf. 1864 CARLYLE Fredk. Gt. xn. xi. (1872) IV. 245
This Holy Romish Reich .. has been more and ever more
becoming an imaginary quantity. 1870 ROGERS Hist. Glean-
ings Ser. n. 9 Such a monarchy was a mere geographical
quantity. 1883 STEVENSON Silverado Squatters 134 Her
husband was an unknown quantity.
III. 13. attrib. and Comb., chiefly in terms
relating to quantity of electricity, as quantity
armature, battery, effect, fuse, galvanometer, in-
ductor; also quantity-mark, a mark indicating
the quantity of a vowel or syllable ; quantity-
surveyor, a surveyor who estimates the quantities
of the materials required for any work.
1838 Morn. Chron. in Noad's Electricity (18491 401 The
decomposing power of the quantity inductor. 1849 NOAD
Electricity 397 One . . is used for quantity effects, such as
igniting platinum wire. Ibid. 399 The quantity armature is
constructed of stout iron. 1883 JENKIN Electr. * Magn.
(ed. 7) 190 The term . . 'quantity galvanometer ' [is used to
signify] an instrument with few turns of thick wire [in its
coil). 1884 H. SWEET 13** Pres. Adiir. Philol. Soc. 93
When . . quantity and accent-marks are neglected. 1896
Daily News 5 Aug. 9/5 The plans of the buildings., will be
now submitted to the quantity surveyor, with a view to the
quantities being taken out.
Quantivalence (kwgntrvalens) . [f. L. quanti-
comb. form of quantum how much + -valence
after equi-valence.]
1. Of a chemical element : The extent to which
one of its atoms can hold other atoms in com-
bination ; valence ; atomicity.
1871 ROSCOE.£/«H. Chem. 172 This difference of combining
power is termed Quantivalence of the elements. 1882 STALLO
Concepts Mod. Phys. 36 Dyads, .and other elements of still
higher quantivalence.
2. Mechanical equivalence.
1890 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 9 Aug. 319/2 It shows that the
quantivalence of nerve force is exceedingly small.
So Quanti -valency = prec. ; Qnanti' valent a.
pertaining or relating to quantivalence.
Quantong, variant of QUANDONG.
Quant, suff., abbrev. of QUANTUM SUFFICIT.
t Qna'ntnlate, v. Obs. rare—1, [f. L. quanlus
how great (? after calculate).'] trans. To calculate
the magnitude of.
1610 W. FOLKINGHAM Art of Survey n. iv. 53 Quantulate
the angle betwixt the marke and second station.
II Quantulum (kwj-ntirfli'm). [L., neut. of
quantulus how small.] A small quantum.
1824 SOUTHEY Sir T. More (1831) II. 260 The quantulum
at which Oxenstern admired would be a large allowance
now.
II Quantum (kwg-ntAn). PI. quanta (rare).
[L., neut. of quantus how much, how great.]
1. Sum, amount. = QUANTITY 2.
1619 PURCHAS Microcosmus xxxii. 302 To tset The true
Quantum, the true poize and price vpon himselfe. 1738
Hist. Crt. Excheq. iii. 43 To vote in the first Place, that the
King should be supplied ; in the next Place, the Quantum
of the Supply. 1701 NEWTE Tour Eng. ft Scot. 179 The
momentum of bodies depends on the quantum of their
velocity multiplied into that of their matter. 1818 CRUISE
Digest (ed. 2) I. 427 If the union and accession of the two
estates were the cause of the merger, the quantum of the
thing granted would be the measure of that merger.
b. = QUANTITY 7.
1815 W. H. IRELAND Scribblcomania 33 His study has not
been for quantum to strive, But with beauties to keep the
attention alive.
2. = QUANTITY 12.
1647 H. MORE Song of Soul ii.Lu.lv, Each quantum's
infinite, straight will be said. 1678 CUDWORTH Intell. Syst.
i . v. 783 Though it be an Absolute Contradiction, for a Body,
or Quantum, to be. .All of it in every Part of that Space,
which the Whole is in. 1877 E' CAIRD Philos. Kant n. xi.
442 All phenomena, as perceived, are extensive quanta.
3. One's share or portion.
1649 JER. TAYLOR Gt. Exemp. n. xii. 94 Poverty is her
portion, and her quantum is but food and raiment. 1724
SWIFT Drapier's Lett. Wl<s. 1755 V. n. 60 He will double
his present quantum by stealth as soon as he can. 1818
BENTHAM Ch. Eng. 421 A Parish, in which the quantum of
this soul-saving Mammon rises as high as i2,coo/. a year.
1897 F. T. BULLEN Cruise 'Cachalot' 167 Having com-
pleted our quantum of wood, water, and fresh provisions.
4. A (specified) amount. = QUANTITY 8.
1789 BELSHAM Ess. I. ii. 19 Is there not a sufficient quantum
of distress and misfortune ? 1829 CARLYLE Misc. (1857) 1 1.
113 Some smaller quantum of earthly enjoyment. 1852
JERDAN Autobiog. II. xii. 137 Imbued with a moderate
quantum of worldly wisdom.
b. = QUANTITY 8 c.
1735 BERKELEY Querist \. § 215 Such a bank .. was faulty
in not limiting the quantum of bills. 1828 J. BALI.ANTYNE
Exam. Hum. Mind 1 1. 69 The mind . .has always a tendency
to possess the same quantumof ideas. '879 K. R. LANKESTER
Advancem. Sc. (1890) 14 A struggle among all those born
for the possession of the small quantum of food.
QUAR.
II Quantum sufficit (kwg'ntom so-fisit).
Also abbrev. quantum suff., quant. sufT. (suf.).
[L., a formula used in medical prescriptions.] ' As
much as suffices'; hence, a sufficient quantity,
a sufficiency ; to a sufficient extent, etc.
1699 Honour of Gout in Hart. Misc. (1809) II. 45 We lead
sedentary lives, feed heartily, drink quantum sufficit, but
sleep immoderately. 1775 J. ADAMS in Farti. Lett. (1876) 58
Scolding at me quantum sufficit for not taking his advice.
1806-7 J- BKRESFORD Miseries Hutu. Life (ed. 5) II. 238
With numbers though rough, Yet with rage quantum suff.
1837 LOCKHART Scott. (1839) VI I. 405 Cabinets china and
mirrors quantum suff., and some portraits. 1881 ABNEY
Photogr. 69 The amount of alcohol required is invariably
shown as 'quant, suf.'
b. With article or possessive pron.
1747 Scheme Equip. Men of IVar 33 To provide them a
Quantum sujfficit before they enter into that Service. 1795
I'.! KKI-: Regie. Peace iv. Wks. IX. 20 What dose is to be the
quantum sufficitl a 1817 T. DWIGHT Trav. New -£«£;, etc.
(1821) I. 515 They have always a quantum sumcit of money.
1843 DARWIN Let. to Ifenslow 25 Jan., My Coral Volume. .
has received its quant : suff: of praise.
Quailtuplicity (kwgnti«plrsiti). [f. L. quan-
tus how much, on anal, of quadrttplicily , etc.]
The relative magnitude of a quantity.
1836 DE MORGAN Diff. ff Int. Calc. Introd. 17 The pro-
portions of figures . . depend . . upon what Euclid terms the
ratio . . which he says is (if we may coin such an English word)
the number-of-times-ness or quantuplicity of one quantity,
considered with respect to another.
T Quap, sl>. Ol>s. rare—1. 1 variant of QUAB sb?-
1598 FLORIO, G6,goi, a fish called a quap [1611 a quap-fish],
which is poison to man, and man to him.
t Quap, v. Obs. Forms : 4-6 quappe, 5
qwappe, (7 quapp). See also QUOP. [Imitative;
cf. G. quappen to flop, quappeln to quiver. A
later form is QUAB v.] intr. To beat, throb,
palpitate, quiver.
c 1374 CHAUCER Troylus in. 8 (57) And lord how bat his
herte gan to quappe, Heryng her come. 1382 WYCLIF
Tobit vi. 4 He dro? it [the fish] m to the drie, and it began to
quappe befor his feet, c 1440 Partonope 5938 His hert gan
1643 W. (
WRIGHT Ordinary n. if, My heart gan quapp full oft.]
Hence f Qna'ppinff vbl. sb. and ppl. a.
1398 TREVISA Earth. De P. R. VH. lix. (1495) 273 The
tokens of a Flegmon or postume . . ben . . quappynge and
lepynge of ventosytee. 1572 J. JONES Bathes of Bath I. 7
Beating, or quapping fpaine] cometh of a hot Aposteme.
Quap, obs. form of WHAP v.
t Quaquadrate. Math. Obs. rare-1, [f.
QUA(DRI-) + QUADRATE.] A sixteenth power.
1674 JEAKE Arith. (1696) 273 Some to shorten.. the long
Names of . . Higher Powers, . . call 33 a Biquadrate, . . 3333
a Quaquadrate, 33333 a Quinquadrate [etc.].
Quaquaversal (kw?kwav5Msal), a. Also
quftqua-, qua-qua-versal. [f. late L. quaqua-
versus, -versum, f. quaqua where-, whithersoever
+ versus towards.] Turned or pointing in every
direction ; chiefly Geol. in phr. quaquaversal dip
(see quot. 1877).
1728 NICHOLLS in Phil. Trans. XXXV. 442 The quaqua.
versal Pressure of the Blood will be controll'd by the Pres-
sure on the Artery. 1830 LYELL Princ. Geol. I. 394 The
slope and quaqua-versal dip of the beds. 1862 LATHAM
Elem. Camp. Philol. 126 The affinities of the Lap are one-
sided, those of the Turk (to borrow an expression from the
geologists) quaquaversal. 1877 A. H. GREEN Phys. Geol.
ix. § 3. 347 If the beds dip away in all directions from a
centre they are said to have a quaquaversal dip.
Hence Quaquave'rsally adv.
1875 R. F. BURTON Ultima Thule I. 38 The strata all
incline gradually and quaquaversally .. towards the centre
of the island. 1883 BURTON & CAMERON Gold Coast I. iii.
76 A central boss . . with lines radiating quaquaversally.
Quaquiner, erron. form of QUAVIVEK.
t Qnar, st.\ abbrev. of QUARRY sb.1 Obs.
1562 PHAER sEneiilix. E e ij, What murthring quarres of
men, what heapes downe throwne,. . king Turnus then did
giue. 1605 SYLVESTER Du Bartas it. iii. in. (Lawe) 643
The Falcon . . shall strike ; And with the stroke make on the
sense-less ground The gut-less Quar.. re-bound.
Quar, sb* Ol'S. exc. dial. Also 6-7 quarre,
7 quarr, 8 quaar. [Abbrev. of QUARRY rf.2;
still current in W. Midland and S. W. dialects.]
A stone-quarry.
rt 1484 Promt. Pan. 419/1 Quarere (S. quar),/apidiciaa.
.529 RASTELL Pastymc, Hist. Brit. (1811) 105 Stonys owte
of army quarre, or fokk. '566 STAVLETON Ret. Untr. J««el
IV. 6. Stedfaster than any Rocke or Quarre of what euer
stone it be. 1622 DRAYTON Poly-olb. xxvi. (1748) 372 She
mill-stones from the quarr with sharpen d picks could j
1672 W. S. Poems B. Johnson Jr., To Ld. Aston. Aston, a
Stone cut from the marble Quar. a '800 Song m Glouc.
Gloss (1890) 203 The stwons that built George Rldler s
Oven, .keum from the Bleakeney's Quaar.
b. attrib. and Comb., as quarman, -fit; quar-
martin, the sand-martin, dial.
1606 SYLVESTER DH ISartas II. iv. H. (Magnificence) 1110
The sturdy Quar-man with steel-headed Cones And massie
Sledges slenteth out the stones. 1879 JEFFERIES Wild Life
in S C. 169 These birds are called by the labourers 'quar-
martins', because they breed in holes drilled in the face
of the sandy precipices of quarries. 1886 ELWORTHY W.
Somerset Word-bk., Quar-man, labourer in a quarry; also
the proprietor or lessee of a quarry. Qaar-pit, a quarry,
usually a small one.
QUAK.
t Qnar, sl>.3, abbrev. of QUARRY sb.z Obs. rare.
1606 SYLVESTER Du Bartas n. iv. n. (Magnificence) 1149
What mightie Rowlers, and what massie Cars Could bring
so far so many monstrous Quars? [F. quarreaux}, Ibict.
1158 The whole, a whole Quar [F. guarreait] one might
rightly tearm. 1617 Vestry Bks. (Surtees) 73 Item xix
quarres mendid in the other windowes.
Quar, v.l Obs. exc. dial. Also 6 querre, 7
quarre. [Of obscure origin : ? cf. OE. d-cweorran
to glut.] a. trans. To choke or block up (a channel
or passage), b. intr. Of a channel : To silt or
fill up. Hence Quairing vbl. sb.
iS4»-3 Act 34 # 35 Hen. VIII, c. 9 § i The mouth and
hole channel! of the saide hauen is so heaped and quarred
with stones and rohull of balastes of the shippes. 1584-5
Act 27 Eliz. c. 20 § i Where also the said hauen of Plym.
mouth . . doth dayly querre and fill with the sand of the
Tinne-workes and Mynes. 1628 SIR R. BOYLE Diary in
Lismore Papers (1886) II. 257 Provided, .he do nothing to
the prejudice of my yron worcks, or stopping or quarreing
vp of the River.
Quar, v .2 Obs. exc. dial. [Of unknown origin :
cf. QUABL v.] intr. To curdle, coagulate.
1578 LYTE Dodoens n. Ixxiv. 246 It. .keepeth the mylke
from quarring and crudding in the brest. 1591 PERCIVALL
Sp. Dict.t £ngrumecer, to clot, to quar like cold blood.
Quar, obs. north, f. WHERE and were (see BE z>.).
Quarancy : see QDARANTT.
t Quarantain. Obs. Also 7 -aine, 8 -ane.
[ad. F. quarantaine (= It. qttarantana), f. qua-
rante forty : see next.]
1. A set of forty (nights), rare—1.
ifi53 URQUHART Rabelais n. L i It is above fourty quaran-
taines, or fourty times fourty nights, according to the sup-
putation of the ancient Druids.
2. = QUARANTINE 2.
1669 R. MONTAGU in Buccleitch MSS. (Hist, MSS. Comm.)
I. 452 After having made their quarantaine and aired their
goods. 1687 Land. Gaz. No. 2211/1 The Prince of Bruns-
wicke keeps his Quarantain in the Island Lazaro. ijoj
W. J. Bruyn's Voy. Levant xi. 47 Those who come from
infected Places, there to pass their Quarantain.
attrib. 1755 MAGENS Insurances II. 236 Anchorage,
ordinary Quarantain Charges, and such like.
b. fig . " QUARANTINE 2 b.
1666^-7 DENHAM Direct. Paint, i. xvii, There let him
languish a long Quarantain. 1714 Let.fr. Layman (ed. 2)
23 This_ Crime . . is never to be purged away ; no not by
performing a Quarantain for a Twelve-month in the Church.
1741 WARBURTON Div. Legal. II. Pref. p. xiv, The Calumnies
of his Enemies obliged him to a kind of Quarantane.
3. Kings quarantain (tr. F. quarantaine du
rot): see quots.
17*7-41 CHAMBERS Cycl.,Qtiaranlam of the King, in France,
denotes a truce of forty days appointed by St. Louis, during
which it was expresly forbid to take any revenge (etc.).
1818 A. RANKEN Hist. France IV. in. i. 233 Forty days,
called the King's quarantain, were allowed the friends or
relations of a principal in a private war to grant or find
security.
t Quarante, var. COURANTE, akind of dance. Obs.
1598 R. DALLINGTON Meth. Trav. Vij, Euery poore
draggletayle can Dance all your Quarantes, Leualties,
Bransles, and other Dances.
Quarantinable, a. rare. [f. QUARANTINE v.
+ -ABLE.] Subject or liable to quarantine.
1894 Harfet's Weekly 7 Apr. 315 The protection against
cholera and other quarantinable diseases.. is secured.
Quarantine (kwo'rant*n), sb. Also 7 quaran-
tene, 8 -in, 7-8 quarantine. [In sense i ad.
med.L. quarentlna ; in sense 3 prob. ad. It. qua-
rant-, quarentina, f. quaranta forty.
The source of the -ine spelling in sense i is not clear : in
the Stasyons of Jerusalem (Horstm. Altengl. Leg. Neue F.,
365) the form Quaryntyne (riming with ivyne) is used to
render med.L. Quarentena, the name given to the desert
where Christ fasted for forty days. In sense i the prevailing
form in I7~i8th c. was quarentine, while quarantine has
always been the usual form in sense 2.]
1. Law. A period of forty days during which
a widow, entitled to dower, had the right to
remain in the chief mansion-house of her deceased
husband ; hence, the right of a widow to remain
in the house during this period.
1609 SKEKE Reg. Maj. 56 (Acts Robt. Ill, c. 20) Anent
widowes, quha . . can not haue their quarantine without
pley. 1628 COKE On Lite. 32 b, If she marry within the
forty days she loseth her quarentine. 1767 BI.ACKSTONE
Comm. II. 135 These forty days are called the widow's
quarentine. 1865 NICHOLS Britton II. 247 Some other
decent house shall be provided for their dwelling, where
they may keep their quarantine.
2. A period (orig. of forty days) during which
persons who might serve to spread a contagious
disease are kept isolated from the rest of the
community ; esp. a period of detention imposed on
travellers or voyagers before they are allowed to
enter a country or town, and mix with the inhabi-
tants; commonly, the period during which a ship,
capable of carrying contagion, is kept isolated on
its arrival at a port. Hence, the fact or practice
of isolating such persons or ships, or of being
isolated in this way.
1663 PEPYS Diary 26 Nov., Making of all ships coming
from thence, .to perform their ' quarantine for thirty days ',
as Sir Richard Browne expressed it . . contrary to the import
of the word (though, in the general acceptation, it signifies
now the thing, not the time spent in doing it). 1691 LUT«
22
TRELL Brief R el, (1857) II. 185 Those that come from
J*aples..are obliged to perform a quarantine before they
come to Rome, because of the plague in that Kingdom,
1722 DE FOE Plague (1884) 204 The Family were oblig'd to
begin their Quarantine anew. 1799 E. STANLEY in A. Duncan
Nelson (1806) 112 Having finished their quarantine of thir-
teen days. 1836 M ARRYAT Midsh. Easy xlii, As soon as
their quarantine at the Mother-bank was over, they dis-
embarked. 1859 JEPHSON Brittany vi. 77 The lepers often
sought a voluntary death as the only escape from their
perpetual quarantine. 1867 Even. Standard 6 Aug. 6
A Royal order has been issued imposing forty days' quaran-
tine upon all arrivals in Spanish ports from Algeria, Morocco,
and the Roman States.
b. Jig. Any period, instance, etc., of detention
or seclusion compared to the above, f Free
quarantine, exemption from quarantine.
a 1680 BUTLER Rtm, (1759) I. 209 Where she denies
Admission, to intrude .. Unless they have free Quarenline
from her, 174* YOUNG Nt. Th. vn. 1046 Deists! perform
your quarantine ; and then Fall prostrate, ere you touch it,
lest you die. 1855 MOTLEY Dutch Rep. 11. i. (1866) 132 Nor
could bigotry devise an effective quarantine to exclude the
religious pest which lurked in every bale of merchandise.
C. A place where quarantine is kept or enforced.
1847 EMERSON Poems> Monadnoc Wks. (Bohn) I. 435 His
quarantines and grottos, where He slowly cures decrepit
flesh. 1892 STEVENSON Across the Plains 171 Somnolent
Inverkeithing, once the quarantine of Leith.
3. A period of forty days, in other connexions
than the above ; a set of forty (days).
1639 FULLER //o/y Warm. xxii. 147 When their quarantine,
or fourty dayes service, was expired. 1722 DE FOE Plague
(1756) 235 Not a Ouarentine of Days only, but Soixantine,
not only 40 Days but 60 Days or longer. 1883-97 Catholic
Diet. 772/1 Indulgences of seven years and seven quaran-
tines are often granted for certain devotions.
4. attrib. (sense 2), as quarantine camp ', flag ',
hospital, law, officer, regulation, station, etc.
1805 Med. Jrnl. XVII. 507 The recent extension of the
quarantine laws. 1841 Penny Cycl. XIX. 103/2 The mpst
important disease, with reference to quarantine regulations,
is the plague of the Levant Ibid. 195/1 A quarantine
station on a land -frontier. 1861-2 G. A. SPOTTISWOODE in
Vac. Tour. 87 Accommodation, .for the director or quaran-
tine-officer. 1871 TYNDALL Fragnt. Sc, (1879) I. vi. 200 The
yellow quarantine flag was hoisted.
Quarantine (kw^-rantm), v. Also 9 quaran-
teen. [f. the sb.]
1. trans. To put in quarantine.
1804 W. IRVING in Life $ Lett. (1864) I. v. 8^ Where
I should be detained, quarantined, smoked, and vinegared.
1860 TROLLOPE W, Ind. xxiii. 365 In going to Cuba I had
been becalmed . . and very nearly quaranteened. 1891
Catk, News 2 May 5/3 The Comte de Paris was quarantined
for a short time at Southampton.
b. To prevent by quarantine. In quot.^%-.
1850 Chamb. Jrnl. XIV. 49 Did any moral taint hang
about me that quarantined my entrance into its circle?
2. intr. To institute quarantine.
1888 Harper's Mag. Oct. 738/1 Only two cases had been
reported when every neighboring British colony quarantined
against Martinique.
Hence Quarantined, Quarantining />//. adjs. ;
also Qua-rantiner, one who puts, or is put, into
quarantine.
1831 SCOTT Jrnl. II. 444 The guardians, who attend to
take care that we quarantines do not kill the people whom
we meet 1884 Manch. Exam. 21 Nov. 5/4 The. .block in
which the quarantined person is located. 1891 Lancet 3 Oct.
777 Egypt . . always has been . . a quarantining country.
Quarantine (apple), variant of QDARENDEN.
t Quar an ty. Obs. Also -ancy. [ad. It.
qttarantia, f. quaranta forty : cf. F. quarantie.]
A former court of judicature at Venice, consisting
of forty members.
1636 E. DACRES tr. Machiavers Disc. Livy I. 198 They
have ordained the Quarantie, or counsell of forty. 1659
J. HARRINGTON Lawgiving HI. i. (1700) 439 After the manner
of the Venetian Quafancys. 1707 J. STEVENS tr. Quevedo"s
Com. Wks, (1709) 446 On his Right was one Chief of the
Quarantie.
tQuardecu(e, variants of CAKDECU. Obs.
i6nCoTGR.,@K(W^rfV.rc«)aTeston or Quardecue; asiluer
peece of coyne worth i&£ sterl. 1657 HOWELL Londinop.
372 There comes not a Quardecu in every Crown clearly to
the Kings Coffers, which is but the fourth part.
Quardeel : see CAKDKL.
Quare, obs. form of QUIRE, WHERE.
tQuare, v. Obs. rare. [a. OF. quarer (F.
carter] :— L. qitadrare QUADRATE v^\ To square.
Hence Quared///. a., Qua Ting vbl. sb.
a \yMCursorM. 1664 (Gott) A vessel . .sal be mad ofquarid
tre. 1611 MS. Ace. St. Johns Hasp., Canterb., Payd for
hewing and quaring of the tymber.
Quarefour, variant of CARFOUB.
I! Quare impedit (kweVr*' i-mprdit). Law.
[L., ' why he impedes or hinders'.] A form of writ
issued in cases of disputed presentation to a benefice,
requiring the defendant to state why he hinders the
plaintiff from making the presentation.
[1292 BRITTON iv. vi. § 2 Si acun, qi ad dreit de presenter. .
voille presenter, et autre i mette destourbaunce . . adounc
tient proprement lu cest bref Quare im^edit.} 1498-9
Plnmpton Corr. (Camden) 133 The best remedy for your
Incumbent was. .to suy a quare Impedit at the comon law.
1548 STAUNFORD Kinges Prervg. (1^67) 54 b, If his highnes
bringe his Quare impedit or accion of trespas. 0,1670
HACKET Life Abp. Williams n. (1693) 79 In matters eccle-
siastical, as Advousons, Presentations, Quare -imped its, etc.
1705 BUHNET Own Time v. (1734) II. 27 The actions of
QUARRED.
Quare Itnpcdit, that they would be liable to, if they did not
admit the Clerks presented to them. 1804 UK OF LINCOLN
in G. Rose Diaries (1860) II. 88 A caveat or a quare im~
Pedit may be advised. 1875 POSTE Gains iv. (ed. 2) 636
Both parties are said to be equally plaintiffs and equally
defendants in the actions .. Quare impedit and Replevin.
Quarel(e, -ell(e, obs. forms of QUAKHEL sb.
Quarelet : sec QUARRELET.
Quareiiden, quarender (kwg-rend'n, -dw).
Also 5 quaryndo(u)n, 7, 9 quarrington, 9 qua-
rantine, quarren(d)er, quarendel, -don, -ten.
[Of obscure origin : the L. equivalents given in first
quot. seem to be otherwise unknown.] A variety
of apple (see quot. 1886) common in Somerset
and Devon. Also attrib.
14 . . Voc, in Wr.-Wulcker 574/34 Condnntn, a Quaryndoun.
Condnu$t a Quaryndon tre. 1676 WORLIDGE Cyder (1691)
206 The Devonshire Quarrington is also a very fine early
Apple. 1855 KINGSL.EY Westw. Ho i, ' Red quarrenders '
and maTardT cherries. 1869 BLACKMORE Lorna D. (1891)
125 As he took the large oxhorn of our quarantine apple
cider. 1874 T. HARDY Far fr. Mad. Crowd I. \\\ ii. 299
Some tall, gaunt costard, or quarrington. 1886 ELWORTHY
W. Sow. Word-bk.) O_uarrener,..an oblate shaped, deep
red, early apple ; also known as suck -apple.
tQuarental. Obs. rare-1, [f. It. quaranta
(F. quarante} forty, after TRENTAL.] A set of forty
requiem masses.
1566 Pasquitte in a Traunce 89 These false Prophets . . that
deceyue thy people with T rentals and Quarentals.
Qua*renten(e. Hist. rare. [ad. med.L. qua-
rentena (AF. qnarenteyne} : see QUARANTINE.]
A lineal or square measure containing forty poles ;
a furlong or rood.
1809 BAWDWEN Domesday Bk. 14 Wood pasture four
quarentens long and the same broad. 1869 PEARSON Hist.
Maps Eng. (1870) 51 A wood ten leagues long by six and
two quarentenes broad.
Quarantine, obs. variant of QUARANTINE.
Quarer(e, variants of QUARBER, quarry.
t Quarester, obs. form of CHORISTER.
1436 E. E. Wilts 105 To euery secundary & clerc of the
chirch iiij*. and to euery quarester ijrt. 1450 Rolls Parlt.
V. 188/1, xii Quaresters, and a maister to teche hem.
Quarfe, Quarfour, obs. ff. WHARF, CARFOUR.
t Quarfoxe, obs. form of CARFAX, cross-roads.
1483 CAXTON Gold, Leg. 80/2 Whan he cam to the quar-
foxe the deuyl caught the chylde.
Quarfulle, var. QUARTFUL a. Quarie, van
QUARRY a., coagulated. Quarierfe, obs. ff.
QUARRIER. Quarilous, var. QUARRELLOUS.
t Quarion, var. QUARRIER 2, candle. Obs.
151* Hotiseh, Bk. Dk. Northumbld. 3 Wax wrought in
Quarions J Ib. [1860 Our Eng. Howe 91 Quarions and
morters..for burning in the chambers at night ; the former
were square lumps of wax with a wick in the centre.]
Quark (kwguk), v. [Imitative, or a. G. quark-
en.] To croak. Hence Qua*rking vbl. sb.
1860 J. F. CAMPBELL Pop. T. W. Highl. II. 145 The
gurgling and quarking of spring frogs in a pond. 1893
[D. JORDAN] Forest Tithes, etc. 186 Rooks . . cawing and
quarking. Ibid. 190 The herons quarked harshly.
Quarken, variant of QUERKEN, to choke.
Quarl, quarle (kwgul), sb± [var. of QUARREL
so^\ A large brick or tile ; esp. a fire-brick,
curved like part of a cylinder, used to form sup-
ports for melting-pots, retort-covers, etc.
1875 Ure's Diet. Arts III. 67 (s.v. Lead) The erection of
nine six-ton pots requires.. 160 feet of quarles. 1883 Daily
News 19 SepL 3/2 Making passages below the oven floor,
and laying upon these passages perforated quarles or re-
cessed bricks. 1894 Northumbld. Gloss. s.y., Under the
term ' brick ' are included sizes up to twelve inches long by
six inches wide. Above this area it is called a quarl or tile.
Quarl, sb.* rare. [?ad. G. qualte, Du. kwal.]
The jelly-fish, medusa.
1884 Harper's Mag. Dec. 156/1 And momently athwart
her track The quarl upreared his island back.
t Quarl, v. Obs. rare. Also 8 quarrel. [Cf.
QUARZ/.^] Tocurdle, ?turnsour. Hence tQ-uarled
///. a. (Cf. QUARRED///. a.)
1607 TOURNEUR Rev. Trag. v. H ij, Moth. Are you so
barbarous to set Iron nipples Vpon the brest that gaue you
suck, Vind. That brest Is turnd to Quarled poyson. 1703
Art <$• Myst. Vintners 68 Take 2 pennyworth of Rice. .ana
2 pennyworth of Alum ; this will keep your Wine from
quarrelling, and make it fine.
Quarl^e, Quar'le, Quarled : see QUARL j£.i,
QUARREL sb\ QUARRELLED a. Quar-man,
-martin : see QUAB j£.2 Quarn, obs. f. QUERN.
f Quarnell, <z. Sc. Obs. rare. Also quernell.
[App. var. of QUARREL sbJ- or sb.% (used atfrib.),
perh. after CARNEL or CORNEL.] Square, squared.
So also Qua'rnelled (in 6 quernallit).
1533 BELLENDEN Livy i. x. (1901) 62 This virgine horacia
was bury it. .inane sepulture of quernell [v.r. quarnell] slants.
1542 7«e*. K. IVardr. (1815) 64 Item, ane small chene with
thrawin and quernallit linkis. (1808-25 JAMIESON, ^w/e^w//,
cornered, having angles. Fife.}
Quarner(e, Quarpf, Quarquenet, Quarre,
obs. ff. CORNER ^.^WnEREOFjCARCANET, QUARRY.
Quarreaus, obs. pi. of QUARREL j£.i
Qua'rred, ///- a. Obs. exc. dial. [f. QUAR z/.2
+ -ED1.] Clotted, curdled; soured.
1599 A. M. tr. Gahflhoner"s Bk. Physicke 341/1 When we
haue fallen, and we feare we haue quarred bloode in our
QUARREL.
bodye. 1871 WISE ffe-.u Forest in //anifs/i. Glass., Beer is
said 10 be quari ed, when it drinks hard or rough.
Quarrefour, var. CABFOUR.
Quarrel (kwo'rel), rf.1 Forms : 3 //. quar-
reaus, 4-5 quarelle, 4-6 quarel, (4 qwarel, 5
quarele, -eyll, wharle, 6 quar'le), 5-6 quarell,
(6 quer-), 6-7 quarrell, (6 -elle), 6- quarrel.
[a. OF. quarel, quarrel (quaral, caral, etc., pi.
tjuarriaus, qtiarens), later quarriau, -eau, mod.F.
carreau, = 1'rov. cairel, It. quadrello, Sp. cuadrilb,
med.L. quadrelhts, dim. of Prov. caire, It. quadra,
(Sp. «<-)> med.L. quaiirus a square : cf. QUADKEL.]
1. A short, heavy, square-headed arrow or bolt,
formerly used in shooting with the cross-bow or
arbalest.
.
Alter. K. 62 peo hwile («t me mit quarreaus . .
asaileS bene castel. 1340 Ayenb. 71 Al hit ys ywent wel
ra(>re ban . . quarel of arblaste. c 1400 Destr. Troy 4743 The
. .
Ayenb. 71 Al hit ys ywent wel
. . ste. c 1400 Destr. Troy 4743 The
Grekes .. Whappet in wharles, whellit the pepull. 1483
CAXTON Gold. Leg. 314 b/2 A sowne lyke as a quarel had be
shotte out. of Arbalaste or a crosse bpwe. 1540 Act 33
Hi'n. VIII, c. 6 Crossebowes . . ready furnished with quarelles.
1300 SPENSER F. Q. n. xi. 33 Now had the Carle . . his hands
Discharged of his bow and deadly quar'le. 1750 CARTE
Hist. Eng. 1 1. 463 The Genoese .. let fly their quarrels when
they imagined themselves to be within a proper distance.
1846 GREENER Sc. Gunnery 4 It is said of the cross-bow,
that a quarrel could be projected from them 200 yards.
attrit. 1412-20 LYDG. Chron. Troy II. xi, Dartes daggers
.. And quarrelheades sharpe & square yground. 1600
HOLLAND Livy xxi. xi. 400 Ordinance of quarell shot, brakes,
and other artillerie.
b. dial. (See quot.)
1840 SPURDENS East-Anglian Words (E. D. S.), Quarrel,
a kind of bird-bolt, with a lozenge-shaped head ; now only
used by rook-bolters for beating down rooks' nests.
f 2. A square needle. Also altrib, Ots. rare.
1496 Bk. St. Albans, Fishing H iij, For smalle fysshe ye
shall make your hokes of the smalest quarell nedlys that ye
can fynde of stele, & in this wyse. Ye shall put the quarell
in a redde charkcole fyre [etc.].
3. A square or (more usually) diamond-shaped
pane of glass, of the kind used in making lattice-
windows. 'Now rare exc. dial. (Cf. QDABBY sb.% 2.)
1447 in Parker Gloss. Archit. (1850) 200 Every windowe
conteineth vi lights .. Item all the katurs, quarrells, and
oylements. 1507 in Gage Suffolk 143 Setting vp of white
Normandy glas, oon rowe of quarrells white. 1542 BOORDE
Dyetary viii. (1870) 249 Let your skynner cut both .. the
skynnes in smale peces tryangle wyse, lyke halfe a quarel of a
gtase wyndow. 1589 PUTTENHAM Eng. Poesie (Arb.) 106 The
Lozange is . . a quadrangle reuerst,.with his point vpward like
to a quarrell of glasse. 1669 BOYLE Contn. New Exp. \. (1682)
25 Some elates of glass such as are used for making the Quar-
rels of Windows. lyu C. LOCKYER Trade in India VL 164
Oyster-shells fixt Diamond-wise in wooden Frames, instead
of Glass, which look something like our small, old fashion'd
Quarrels. 1828 Craven Gloss., Quarrel, a square of glass.
1879 Casselfs Techn. Educ. ix. 145/2 The colour . . of the
quarrels in the original window is a light bluish-green.
attrib. 1820 SCOTT Abbot xxxiv, A quarrel pane of glass
in the turret window.
1 4. A square tile. Obs. rare. (Cf. QUABBY **.3 3.)
1601 HOLLAND Pliny II. 596 The manner of pauing with
smal tiles or quarrels ingrauen. 1610 — Camden's Brit.
I. 511 The pauements wrought Checker wise with small
square quarels.
6. techn. a, A glazier's diamond (1807 Douce
Ittustr. Shaksp. I. 181). b. A four-sided graver
(Ogilvie, 1882). c. A stonemason's chisel (ibid.}.
Quarrel, sb.l Obs. exc. north, dial. Forms :
5 qwaryle, qvar-, qverelle, qwharrell, 5-6
quarel, (5 -ell), 6 qwarrel, Sc. querill, querrell,
7, 9 quarrel, 9 wharrel, wharl. [Alteration of
qitarer, QUABBEB, perh. after prec.]
1. A place from which stone, etc., is obtained.
= QUAEBY sb.z
Steeple in Archzologia X. 71 Riding to the quarrel for
stone. 1513 DOUGLAS &neis I. vil 22 Wtheris . . the huge
pillaris greit Out of the querillis can to hew and beit. 1802
Louth Corfor. Ace. (1891) 55 That the Market for Sheep
and Pigs shall be removed . . to some place in the Quarrell.
1828 Craven Gloss., Quarrel, a quarry. 1873 Svialedale
Gloss., Wkarrel, a quarry. 1899 Cwnbld. Gloss., Wharl,
a stone quarry ; a disused quarry. Seldom heard.
tb. Sc, The stone or other material obtained
by quarrying. Also pi. Obs.
1536 BELLENDEN Cron. Scot. (1821) I. 251 He thirllit thaim
. . to win mettellis, querrellis, and to mak tild. 1661-73
LD. FOUNTAINHALL in M. P. Brown Suppl. Decis. (1826) II.
535 (Jam.) To dig, win, work, and carry away coals, lime-
stone, clay, quarrell.
2. attrib. as quarrel^ head, hole, man, mell, stone.
f c 1460 Townfley Myst. ii. 367 When I am dede, bery me
in gudeboure at the quarell hede. 1472 Durham Ace.
Rolls (Surtees) 245, j qwharrellmell. 1513 DOUGLAS &neis
Vlll. iv. 149 All kynd of wapynnis . . Wytn branchis rent of
treis, and quarrell stanis Of huge wecht. 1535 LYNDESAY
Satyre 3061, 1 lent my gossop my mear. . And he hir drounit
into the querrell hollls. a 1572 KNOX Hist. Ref. Wks. 1846
I. 379 At the Querrell Hollis, betuix Leyth and Edin-
burght. 1571 Wills ff Inv. N. C. (Surtees 1860) 351 John
Heworthe of gatisheid . . Quarelman.
Quarrel (kwg-rel), si/." Forms: 4 querele,
4~5 (6) querel, 5 qwerell(e, 6 querel(l, 6-7 Sc.
quer(r)ell; 4-5 quarele, 5 qv-, quarelle, 5-6
Huarell, (5qw-),5~7 quarel,6quarrel,(6-7 -ell).
quarell, (5 qw
23
[a. OF. querele, -elle :— L. qtierela, -ella complaint,
f. queri to complain. The spelling quar(r}- was
the prevailing one by Caxton's time ; later exam-
ples of qner(r)- are chiefly Sc. : see also QUEKELK.]
f 1. A complaint ; esp. a complaint against
a person ; hence in Law : an accusation or charge ;
an action or suit. Obs.
c 1374 CHAUCER Boeth. in. pr. iii. 55 (Camb. MS.) For
his Fader dethe. 1454 Rolls Parlt. V. 258/2 In all maner
Actions . . suytes, quereles and demandes. 1483 CAXTON
Gold. Leg. 219/2 They sayd wyth swete and deuout quarelles
why she suffred her deuoute seruaunte to dye wythout con-
fessyon. 1535 COVERDALE Acts xxv.y Y* lewes .. broughte
vp many ana greuous quarels agaynst Paul. 1583 Exec. for
Treason (1675) 13 None of them have been sought hitherto
to be impeached in any point or quarrel of Treason. 1641
Termes de la Ley 230 b, Qvarels . . extendeth not onely to
actions., but also to the causes of actions & suits.
2. A ground or occasion of complaint against
a person, leading to hostile feeling or action ;
a cause for which one person has unfriendly or
unfavourable feelings towards another; also, the
state or course of hostility resulting from such
ground of complaint. Const, against , *f*/0, later
with. Now rare. To pick a quarrel', see PICK v.
1340 Ayenb. 83 Ine obre quereles huanne me mysnym^ [it
may be amended] . . ac errour ine batayle ne may na;t by
amended. 135)0 GOWER Conf. III. 303 Love hath mad him
a querele Ayem hire youthe friissh and frele. c 1400 Destr.
Troy 1763 To qwit claym all querels, & be qweme fryndes.
1489 CAXTON Faytes of A. \. xviii. 52 What theyre herte
sayth of the quarell and what wylle they haue for to fyght.
1526 TINDALE Col. iii. 13 Forgevynge one another (if eny
man have a quarrell to a nother). 1603 KNOLLES Hist.
Turks (1621) 306 Although they be in number moe than
you, yet are they in hope, quarrel! and strength^ farre infe-
riour, a 1633 AUSTIN Medit. (1635) 249 The Devill hath the
same Quarrell to us Men, that hee had to Christ. 1655
FULLER Ch. Hist. n. y. § 43 Ethelred. .with whom Dunstan
had a quarrel from his cradle. 1749 FIELDING Tom Jones
xv. vii, All the quarrel the squire hath to me is for taking
your part. 1760-72 H. BROOKE Fool ofQttal. (1809) I. 32,
I have no quarrel, I cried, to the high and mighty.
b. With possessive pron., or genitive : One's
cause, side, or party in a complaint or contest ;
T one's claim to a thing.
1380 Lay Folks Catech. 1287 Hertely in godes querel to
withstonde . . in al bat we may. 1390 GOWER Conf. I. 29
That he wol take the querele Of holy cherche in his defence.
£•1440 Generydes 3536 Off all this land I geve vppe my
quarell. (1489 CAXTON Blanchardyn xxxiv. 126 He was
aduertysed . . of the cause & quarelle of Blanchardyn. 1593
SHAKS. 2 Hen. y/, in. ii. 233 Thrice is he arm'd, that hath
his Quarrell iust. 1697 DRYDEN Mrg. Georg. iv. 318 When
their Sov'reign's Quarrel calls 'em out, His Foes to mortal
Combat they defie. 1755 YOUNG Centaur'i. Wks. 1757 IV. 124
The. .heart commands the. .head, to fight its unjust quarrel,
and say it is its own. 1808 SCOTT Life Dryden in D.'s
Wks. (1882) I. 172 Were a nobleman to have recourse to
hired bravoes to avenge his personal quarrel against any
one. 1892 STEVENSON Across the Plains xii. 313 In our
own quarrel we can see nothing truly.
c. With adjs., specifying the justice or other
aspect of the cause or ground of contention, f Of
great quarrel : of importance.
ci38oWYCLiF.$W. W&s. III. 325 Allemysdoeris. .meyntenen
a fals quarele a^enst God and his seyntis. 1456 SIR G. HAVE
Law Arms (S.T. S.) 73 Oft tymes..he that has gude rycht
tynis the felde, and the wrang querele wynnis. a 1533 LD.
BERNERS Huon xlix. 164 By a iust quarell ye may go and
make warre vpon hym. 1590 T. HENEAGE in Lett. Lit. Men
(Camden) 48 Her Highness dowteth that yt may breed
discredyt to dy vers of great quarrell. 1651 HOBBES Leviath.
ii. xix. 97 Sufficient provision being taken, against all just
quarrelf. 17x5-20 POPE Iliad in. 309 Perhaps their swords
some nobler quarrel draws, a 1806 K. WHITE Christmas-
Day 10 Me higher quarrel calls, with loudest song. 1863
RUSKIN Arrows of Chace (1880) II. 25, I would have the
country go to war, with haste, in a good quarrel.
•f-d. transf. Cause, reason, ground, plea. Obs.
1456 SIR G. HAVE Law Arms (S. T. S.) 184 The King of
France has querele to mak were apon the King of Ungary.
1476 J. PASTON in P. Lett. III. 164 Then he shold be
swer that I shold not be fiyttyng, and I had syche a qwarell
to kepe me at home. 1545 ASCHAM Toxopk. To Gentlem.
Eng. (Arb.) 20 A fletcher hath euen as good a quarell to be
angry with an archer. 1607-12 BACON £ss.t Marriage
(Arb.) 270 So as a Man may have a quarrell to marrye
when he will. 1633 Bp. HALL Hard Texts. N. T. 142
Judas of Galilee, . . upon the quarrell of the Taxes laid by
Caesar.. made an insurrection.
f 3. An objection, opposition, dislike or aversion
to a thing. Obs.
_ 1581 W. STAFFORD Exam. CompL Pref., I haue indeuoured
in fewe wordes to answere certayne quarells and obiections
dayly and ordinarily occurrent in the talke of sundry men.
1601 HOLLAND Pliny II. 249 In the disease Tinesmus (which
is an inordinat quarrell to the stool). 1654-66 EARL ORRERY
Parthen. (1676) 567 It created a general quarrel to Fortune.
1720 LADY LANDSDOWN in Lett. Ctess Suffolk (1824) I. 70,
I. -shall be tempted to have a quarrel to matrimony.
b. Const, with (as in 2 and 4).
1726 SWIFT Gulliver in. iv, What quarrel I had with the
dress or looks of his domestics?
4. A violent contention or altercation between
persons, or of one person with another ; a rupture
of friendly relations.
QUARREL.
rise, we will compound this quarrell. 1639 T. BRUGIS tr.
Camus' Mor. Rclat.in A man very valiant of his hands, but
hot brained, he had had many quarrels. 1717 LADY M. W.
MONTAGU Let. to Pope 12 Feb., I was very uneasy till they
were parted, fearing some quarrel might arise. 1769 BLACK-
STONE Comm. IV. xiv. 191 If upon a sudden quarrel two
persons fight, and one of them kills the other, this is man*
slaughter. 1818 SCOTT Rob Roy x, He will take care to
avoid a quarrel . . with any of the natives. 1838 THIRLWALL
Greece V. 265 The quarrels between the Phocians and their
Locrian neighbours. 1876 MOZLEY Univ. Sertii. x. (1877)
204 People rush into quarrels from simple violence and
impetuosity of temper.
t b. Quarrelling ; quarrelsomeness. Obs. rare.
1604 SHAKS. Oth. H. iii. 52 He'l be as full of Quarrell, and
offence As my yong Mistris dogge. 1605 BACON Adv.
Learn, i. vii. § 2 All beasts . . forgetting their severall appe-
tites ; some of pray, some of game, some of quarrell.
5. Comb, as quarrel-breeder.
1611 COTGR., Sursemenr de noises, a make-bate, firebrand
of contention, quarrell-breeder.
Quarrel(kw9-rel),z». Forms: 4querele,6-el(l,
quarel, 6-7 quar(r)ell, (7 Sc. querrell), 7- quar-
rel. [In Gower, a. OF. quereler (F. quereller), f.
querele (see prec.) : in later use prob. f. the sb.]
1. inlr. To raise a complaint, protest, or objec-
tion ; to find fault ; to take exception.
a. Const, with. Phr. To quarrel with one's
bread and butter : to give up a means of livelihood
for insufficient reasons.
1390 GOWER Conf. III. 192 With that word the king
quereleth And seith : Non is above me. 1605 BACON Adv.
Learn, i. iv. 6 If you take out every axiom . . one by one,
you may quarrel with them . . at your pleasure. 1671 MIL-
TON Samson 60, I must not quarrel with the will Of highest
dispensation. 1752 J. Giu, Trinity iv. 81, I cannot see
why any should quarrel with our translation. 1780 CRAIG
Mirror No. 69 F i How did she show superior sense by
thus quarrelling with her bread and butter? 1894 H.
DRUMMOND Ascent Man 265 We cannot quarrel with the
principle in . . Nature which condemns to death the worst.
transf. 1830 J. G. STRUTT Syli/a Brit. 82 It [the Chesnut]
quarrels with no soil assigned to it.
t b. Const, at. Obs.
1585 W. LAMBARD in Caniden's Lett. (1691) 29 This is
all that I can quarrel at ; and yet have I pried so far as I
could, a 1662 HEYLIN Laud (1668) 142 Which Clause . . was
now quarrel'd at by the Puritan Faction. 17*5 DE FOE
Voy. round World (1840) 26 The whole weight of their
resentment seemed to tend to quarrelling at my command.
f c. absol. or with that. Obs. rare,
1555 EDEN Decades 125 For all this were not the enemies
satisfyed : querelinge that this thynge was doone by sum
slyght. 1563 FOXE A. $ M. (1684) 865 To thintent to
appeale, and . . to querell vnder the . . moste etTectuall way.
2. intr. To contend violently, fall out, break off
friendly relations, become inimical or hostile.
Const, with (a person) ,for or about (a thing).
1530 PALSGR. 676/2, I quarell with one, I pycke a mater to
hym to fall out with hym. 1597 HOOKER Eccl. Pol. v.
Ixxiv. § i Those [heretiques] which doe nothing else but
quarrell. 1697 DRVDEN Virg. Georg. n. 638 Wine urg'd to
lawless Lust the Centaurs Train, Thro' Wine they quarrell'd.
17*8 T. SHERIDAN Persius iii. (1739) 41 Quarrel for your
Mince-meat, and refuse the Lullaby. 1819 LYTTON Devereux
ii. v, She quarrelled with me for supping with St. John.
1875 JOWETT Plato (ed. 2) V. 48 Having abundance of
pasture, .they would have nothing to quarrel about.
fig. 1610 SHAKS. Temp. HI. i. 45 Some defect in her Did
quarrell with the noblest grace she ow'd.
1 3. trans. To claim contentiously. Obs. rare.
1579 FENTON Guicciard. 252 Ferdinand . . had alwayes
secretly quarrelled that title as lawfully appertaining to the
crowne of Aragon. 1596 DANETT tr. Comines (1614) 241 The
Emperors daughter was restored vnto him, and the countie
of Artois together with all the townes he quarrelled.
t4. To dispute, call in question, object to (an
act, word, etc.) ; to challenge the validity or
correctness of. Obs. (Freq. in I7th c.)
1609 TOURNEUR Fun. Poeme Sir F. Vere 491 If malignant
censure quarrels it. 1644 PRYNNE & WALKER Fiennes's
Trial 4 The Lords Orders being not only quarrelled, but
contemned by those who were to bail him. 1699^ COLLIER
znd Def. (1730) 326 This fine Phrase puts me in mind of his
quarrelling a Sentence of mine for want . . of Syntax. 1745
RUDDIMAN Vind. Buchanan 310 (Jam.), I hope you will not
quarrel the words, for they are all Virgil's. 1786 BURNS On
Naethingv, Some quarrel the Presbyter gown, Some quarrel
Episcopal graithing.
5. To find fault with (a person) ; to reprove
clothes. 1688 PENTON Guard. Instruct. (1897) 47 Quarrelling
the poor man for not coming sooner. 1718 Wodrma Corr.
(!843) III. 363 He ought not to be quarrelled for his
opinions. ti8i7 HOGG Tales * -S*..<i837> "I- 3J4.They
might kill a good many without being quarrelled for it.
1897 CROCKETT Lads' Love xiii. 140 It was my fault . .
I quarrelled her, I angered her.
f6. With complement: To force or bring by
quarrelling. Obs.
1610 B. JONSON Alch. iv. iv, You must quarrel him out o
the house. 1655 FULLER Ch. Hist. in. xi. § 2 Many English
liishops.. fearing by degrees they should all be quarrelled
out of their places. .fled into Scotland. 1655 — Hist. Camb.
(1840) 159 How easy was it for covetousness, in those ticklish
j times, to quarrel the College lands into superstition t 1678
Yng. Mans Call. 167 There are many.. that quarrel them-
selves carnally to hell.
Hence Qua-rrelled///. a. Also f Qua'rrellable
a., capable of being called in question.
QITARRELET.
16. . in Peterliin Rentals Orkney iii. (1820) 14 (Jam. Suppl.)
Quhilk gift is not confirmed . . and so his right is most
quarrallable. 1673 LD. FOUNTAINIIALI. in M. P. Brown
Suffl. Dtcis. (1826) III. 14 The said act of Parliament
appoints these deeds to be quarrellable. 1820 J. BROWN
Hist. Brit. Ch. II. App. 7 The Antiburghers still continue
upon their quarrelled constitution of Synod.
I Qua'rrelet. Obs. rare~\ In 7 quarelet.
[f. QUARREL iA.l 3 or 4 + -ET.] A small square.
1648 HERRICK Hesper., Rock of Rubies (1869) 32 Some ask'd
how pearls did grow, and where? Then spoke I to my
girle, To part her lips, and shew'd them there The quarelets
of pearl.
Quarrelled (kwp-reld), a. Also quarled.
[f. QUARREL st.1 3 + -ED 2.] a. Of windows : Made
of quarrels, b. Of glass : Formed into quarrels.
1868 J. G. MIALL Cotigreg. Yorkih. 103 The shutters which
protected the quarreled windows from injury. 1880 HISSEY
Tonr in Phaeton 26 Mullioned windows, so pleasantly
varied by transom and quarrelled glass. 1894 BLACKMORK
Perlycross 142 The light from a long quarled window.
Quarreller (kwoTelaj ). Also 5 querelour,
6-7 quareller, (7 -or, -our), [f. QUARREL v. +
-ER1.] One who quarrels, in senses of the vb.
c 1450 Aristotle's A BC in Q. Eliz. Actui., etc. 66 Quenche
fals querelour ; (« quene of heven \>e will quite, a 1533
LD. BERNERS CM. Bk. M. Anrtl. (1546) Fvijb, No
quarellers, but sufferers. 1566 T. STAPLETON Ret. Untr.
Jewel ii. 46 Such a wrangler and Childish quareller as you
be. 1601 HOLLAND Pliny I. 58 No riuer hath lesse liberty
.. yet he is no quarreller, nor much harm doeth he. a 1642
SIR W. MONSON Wars tvitk Spain (1682) 3 It were better
to keep company with a Coward than a Quarreller. 176 .
WESLEY Htub. $ Wives iii. 6 Wks. i8n IX. 66 Away then
w_ith . . this quarreller, suspicion. 1834 SCOTT St. Rattans
viii, Quarrellers do not usually live long. 1892 E. REEVES
Homnvard Bound 103 The big albatross . . scattering the
quarrellers, seizes the tempting morsel for himself,
fb. With pun on QUARREL j*.1 3. Obs.
1630 Conceits, Clinches etc (Halliw. 1860) 5 One said it was
unfit a glasier should be a constable, because he was
a common quareller. 1673 R. HEAD Canting Acad. 163
Glasiers..are constant Quarrellers.
Quarrelling (kwo-relin), vbl. sb. [f. QUARBEL
v. + -ING '.] The action of the vb. QUARREL.
1546 BALE Eng. Votaries t. 72 They wolde . . styll vexe
hym witholde quarellynges. 1611 RICH Honest. Ag-e(Percy
Soc.) 54 The mind is oppressed with idle thoughts which
spurreth on the tongue to contentious quarrelling. (11715
BURNET Oivn Time lit. (1724) I. 452 Seimour and he had
fallen into some quarrellings. 1734 T. WATT Vocat. Eng.
Lat. 38 You are always making a Quarrelling about nothing.
1866 GEO. ELIOT F. Hc-U (1868) 30 There was no fear of
family coolness or quarrelling on this side.
attrib, 1615 MASSINGER New Way v. i, Make not My
house your quarrelling scene.
Qua-rrelling, ///. a. [f. as prec. + -ING 2.]
That quarrels ; quarrelsome.
1589 NASHB Prtf. Greene's Menaphon (Arb.) 13 That
quarrelling kinde of verse. 1593 Tell-TroMs N. Y. Gift
30 The quarreling mate shall not complaine. 1670 CLAREN-
DOK AM. Tracts (1727) 166 A froward, proud and quarreling
conscience. i8« B. CORNWALL Tivo Dreains it The loud
quarrelling elements cast out Their sheeted fires.
Hence t Qua-rrellintrly adv. Obs.
1571 GOLDING Calvin on Ps. Ixix. tt They stryve with them
quarrellingly, and wythout meeldnesse. 1586 HOLINSHEI>
Ckron. Eng. III. 20/2 He caused the bishop to be sued,
quarelinglie charging him that [etc.].
t Qua'rrellous, a. Obs. Forms: 5 quere-
Ioti8(e, quarelouse, 6 quaril-, quarel(l)-, 6-7
quarrel-, 6-7 quarrellous. [a. OF. quercloiis
(F. querelleux) : see QUARREL rf.3 and -ous. In
later use perh. a new formation.] a. Given to
complaining ; querulous, b. Quarrelsome, con-
tentious ; fault-finding. (In common use from
about 1560 to 1650.)
c 1400 Beryn 2070 They were so querelouse of al my}t com
in mynde Thou^e it were nevir indede I-do. c 1475 Lerne
or be Lewife in Babees Bk. 10 [Be not] To Queynt, to
Querelous, and Queme welle thy maistre. 1490 CAXTON
Eneydos xxii. 80 Crete wepynges and quarellouse plaintes.
1556 ABP. PARKER Ps. xxxiv. 84 To scape theyr foes so
quarilous. 1610 Bp. HALL^A)/. SrmuuistsS} His Maiesties
speech . . might haue staied the course of your quarrelous
pen. 01639 SPOTTISWOOD Hist. Ch. Scot. 11. (1677) 66 This
Gentleman had been in former times very quarrellous and
turbulent, a 1656 HALES Gold. Rent. (1688) 113 This quar-
rellous and fighting humour.
Hence f Qua'rrellously adv.
«s8o A. MONDAY in John a Kent, etc. (Shaks. Soc.) 78
Everie desperate Dick that can .. behave him selfe so
quarrelously,
t Quarrel-picker, -piker. Obs. [f. the phr.
to pick a quarrel: cf. QUARREL s6.3 2 and PICK ».]
1. One who picks quarrels ; a quarrelsome person.
1547 COVERDALE Old Faith To Rdr. A vij, Then shall we
be no Quarrellpykerrs. 1551 T. WILSON Logike 46 These
quarelpickers, these roysters, and fighters. 1608 TOPSEI.L
Serpents (1658) 780 A company of corner-creepers, spider-
catchers, fault-finders, and quarrell.pickers.
2. Slang. (With pun on QUARREL i^.l 3 ; cf.
QUARRELLEB b.) A glazier.
a 1700 B. E. Diet. Coat. Crew.
So Quarrel-picking-, -piking vbl. sb. and///, a.
'357 N. T. (Genev.) Acts xvii. 7 note, Like quarelpiking
they vsed against Christe. 1591 K. TURNBULL Exp. James
Ep. Ded. A iv b, Reprochfull censure, . . without quarrell-
picking. 1894 Ir*es/m. Gaz. 25 Sept. 3/2 A. .dining, quarrel-
picking, and duelling club.
Quarrelsome (kwgTelswm), a. [f. QUARREL
fi™ + -SOME.]
24
1. Inclined to quarrel ; given to, or characterized
by, quarrelling, t Const, at.
1596 SHAKS. Tain. Shr. i. ii. 13 My M* Is growne quarrel-
some. 1616 W. SCLATER Sertti. 10 Weigh well how. .quar-
relsome at the Hues of magistrates the people are. a 1639
W. WHATF.LF.V Prototypes i. xvi. (1640) 161 A quarrelsome
fellow, stilt brawling and falling out. 1681 ANNK WYNDHAM
KingsC once aim. 78 ThisquarrelsomGossipping was a most
seasonable diversion. 1749 FIKI.DING Tom Jones \. ix, Men
who are ill-natured and quarrelsome when they are drunk.
1818 SCOTT Rob Roy xii, The wine rendered me loquacious,
disputatious and quarrelsome. 1879 MRS. SRGUIN /•'/;'•.
Forest viii. 115 The lords of Windeck .. were of a specially
quarrelsome temper.
2. Offensive, disagreeable, nonce-use.
1815 COLERIDGE Aids Rejf. App. i. (1836) 35 Technical
terms, hard to be remembered, and alike quarrelsome to
the ear and the tongue.
Hence Qua rrelsomely adv.
1755 in JOHNSON. 1873 M'ss BROUGHTON Nancy III. 132
In an aggressively loud voice, as if he were quarrelsomely
anxious to be overheard. 1880 MRS. PARR Adam <$• Eve 11.
vii. 147 The crowd grew.. quarrelsomely drunk.
Qua-rrelsomeuess. [f. prec. + -NESS.] The
condition or character of being quarrelsome ; con-
tentious disposition.
1611 DONNE Serin, (ed. Alford) V. 32 God giveth not his
Children . . valour, and then leave th them to a spirit of
Quarrelsomeness. 01656 Br, HALL Rein. 77 (T.t The
giddiness of some, others' quarrelsomeness. 1780 BFNTHAM
Princ. Legist. Wks. 1843 I. 76 note, Although a man, by
his quarrelsomeness, should for once have been engaged in
a bad action [etc.]. 1879 K. K. DOUGLAS Confucianism in.
83 In manhood . . he avoided quarrelsomeness.
Quarrender, variant of QUARKNDEN.
tQuarrer. Obs. Forms: 4-5 quarer(e, 4
quarrer(e, quariere. [a. OF. quarriere f. (isth
c. ; mod.F. carri%re}t quarrier m. = med.L. qitar-
(r)€r(j)a, quarraria, quadrariay f. quadrate to
square (stones).] = QUARRY st>.2
13.. Metr. Horn. (Vernon MS.) in Herrig Archiv LVII.
259 Ffer fro |« Abbey was a quarere. c 1350 Will. Paleme
2232 pet saie . . a semltche quarrere under an hei) hel at
holwe newe diked. 1387 TREVISA Higden (Rolls) I. 271 In
Gallia beb many good quarers and noble for to digge stoon.
4:1440 Promp. Parv. 419/1 Quarere, or quarere of stone,
(A", quarer) . . lapiilicina,
t Quarreure. Obs. rare. [a. OF. quarrettre
(quarrure, mod.F. carrure) : — L. quadratftra
QUADRATURE.] Quadrature.
f 1400 tr. Secreta Secret., Gov. Lordsh. 112 Loke bat be
mone be noght in be entree of be way, in be quarreure of pe
sonne, or els yn his contrary.
tQuarreyor. Obs. rare-1, [f. QUARRY z>.i]
? A bird proper to be the quarry of a hawk.
1575 TURBEHV. Faulconrie 130 This you shall doe. .vntill
your Hawke be well entred and quarreyed and that she
knowe a quarreyor sufficiently.
Qua'rriable, a. rare. [f. QUARRY v2 + -ABLE.]
Capable of being quarried.
1856 EMERSON Eng. Traits iii. 40 The arable soil, the
quarriable rock. 1880 KUSKIN Fathers Have Told Us i. i.
16 Quarriable banks above well-watered meadow.
t Qua'rried, ///. a.1 Obs. [f. QUARRY z/.i]
Weil-quarried^ properly trained to fly at quarry.
1575 TURBERV. Faulconrie 154 Then shall you first cast off
a well quarried or make Hawke, and let hir stoupe a fowle.
Qua-rried, ///. a.2 [f. QUARRY v* + -ED!.]
Dug out of, or as out of, a quarry.
1747 H. BROOKE Fables^ Female Seducers Wks. (1810) 414
He . . Of pearl and quarry'd diamond dreams. 1855 O. W.
HOLMES Poems 35 One leap of Ocean scatters on the sand
The quarried bulwarks of tne loosening land.
Quarrier1 (kw9'riw). Forms: a. 5 quarre-,
qwari-, qvary-, querrour, Sc. quereour, 5-6
quarriour. 0. quaryere, 6 quarryer, 7- quar-
rier. [a. OF. qtiarreour, -ieur, quarrier (mod.F.
carrier] , agent-n. to quarrer (mod.F. carrer):— L.
quadrare to square (stones) : cf. late L. quadrator^
quadratariuS) in same sense, and see QUARRY s&.2]
One who quarries stone; a quarryman.
«• C1375 Sf- Leg. Saints xxiii. (Seven Sleepers} 213
Quereouris gadryt sone stanis to wyne. c 1400 Destr. Troy
1531 Masons full mony ; . . qwariours qweme. 1424 E. E.
Wills 59 Paied to Fairchild, quarriour, xiijf. and i'njtf. for
freestone. 1483 CatJi. Angl. 296/2 A Qvaryour, lapidicius.
1590 Serpent o/Devis. Ciij, There was found by quarriours
. . a rich tombe of stone.
ft. (-1440 Promp. Parv. 419/1 Quaryere, lapidicidius.
1500-18 Ace. Loutk Steeple in Arch&ologia X. 71 William
Bennet, quarryer. 1610 HOLLAND Caniderfs Brit. i. 531 A
certaine number of workmen, as Masons and Quarriers.
1673 RAY Jottrn. Low C. 57 Pillars and Galleries made by
Quarriers. 1811 PINKERTON Petrol. 1. 498 Where the gypsum
once bore a prismatic form, now destroyed by the progress
of the quarriers. 1876 T. HARDY Ethelberta xxxi, Every-
body in the parish who was not a boatman was a quarrier.
fig. 18*5 HONE Every-day Bk. I. 274 He was the quarrier,
and architect, and builder-up of his own greatness.
t Qua'rrier 2. Obs. Forms : 6 quarier(e, 6-7
quarrier, (6 -iere, -iour). [App. an alteration
of QUARRY sb.±\ see also QUARION.] A large
square candle.
c 1550 Document (N.\ To cause the groomes to delyver to
the groom porter all the remaynes of torches and quarriers.
1581 STVWARD Mart, Distipl. i. 24 Their quarters and their
cressets being light euerie one by it selfe. i6o^Honsek.On/,
(1790)305 Mortores, Torchetts, Torches, Quarrioures. 1659
TORRIANO, Doppionf^ a great torch of wax, which in Court
is called a Standard, or a quarrier.
QUARRY.
Quarring, vbl. sb. : see QUAR v.1
Quarrington, variant of QUARENDEN.
fQuarromes, quarron. Obs. Cant. The body.
1567 HABMAN Caveat (1869) 84 Bene Light mans to thy
quarromes..God morrowe to thy body. 1641 I! HOME Jovial
Crew it. Wks. 1873 III. 388 Here's Pannum and Lap, and
good Poplars of Yarrum To fill up the Crib and to comfort
the Quarron.
Quarry (kifrg'ri), s6.i Forms: 4-5 quirre,
quyrre, 5 kirre, kyrre, whirry, 6 quyrry ; 4-5
querrye, querre (also 7), 7 querry ; 5 quarre,
6 quario, 6-7 quarrie, (6-7 -ey), 6- quarry,
[a. OF. cuirfo) ft/r&, f. citir (:— L. corium} skin :
see sense i.]
1 1. Certain parts of a deer placed on the hide
and given to the hounds as a reward ; also, the
reward given to a hawk which has killed a bird
(see quot. c 1350). Obs.
c 13*0 Sir Tristr. 499 Hert, liuer and li^tes, And blod tille
his quirre, Houndes on hyde he di^tes. < 1350 Par/. Three
Ages 233 [The falconer] puttis owte..Jje maryo[7'.r. marowj
one hts ^loue And quotes thaym [the hawks] to the querrye
[v.r. whmy) that quelled hym to J>e dethe. c 1400 Master of
GatttfProL (MS. Digl>y 182), And after whann the hert is
spaied and dede, he vndothe hym.and maketh his kirre and
enquirrethor rewarded his houndes. c\^Kt^'en(ryde Twety
in Rel. Ant. I. 153 The houndes shal be rewardid with the
nekke and with the bewellis . . and thei shal be etyn under
the skyn, and therfore it is clepid the quarre. 1486 Bk. St.
Albans F iv, That callid is Iwis The quyrre, a boue the
skyn for it etyn is. 1576 TURBERV. I'enerie 34 How a man
should enter his yong houndes to hunte the Harte, and of
the quaries and rewardes that he shall giue them. [1688 R.
HOLME Armoury ii. 188/1 Quarry,, is a gift or reward
given the Hounds, being some part of the thing hunted.]
t b. To blow the quarry ; To sound a horn to
call the hounds to the quarry. Obs. rare—1.
c 1500 Wyl Bucket Test. (Copland) 70, I ma no lenger
tarry, I must uedis hense go. 1 here them blowe the quarry.
T 2. A collection or heap made of the deer killed
at a hunting. Obs.
13. . Gaw. $ Gr. Knt. 1324, & quykly of fc>e quelled dere a
querre J>ay maked. ^1400 Master of Game xxxv. (MS.
Digby 182), Alle ^e while that be huntynge lasteth shulde
be cartes go aboute fro place to place, to brynge deer to be
Test. (Copland) 31 He that me helpeth to the quarry
I wyll that he haue mi necke, for a shorte repaste. a 1550
Hunting of Cheviot 8 m Child Ballads III. 307 To the
quyrry then the Perse went, To se the bryttlynge off the
deare. 1590 NASHE PasquiCs Apol. \. E, The carkases of
the deade, like a quarrie of Deare at a general hunting,
[shall be] hurled vppon a heape. 1605 SHAKS. Macb. iv. iii.
206 To relate the manner Were on the Quarry of these
murther'd Deere To adde the death of you.
t b. trans/. A heap of dead men ; a pile of dead
bodies. Obs.
1589 K. ROBINSON Gold. Mirr. (Chetham Soc) p. xxiii,
Tifi to the quirry, a number out of count, Were brought to
reape the iust reward at last. 1603 KNOLLES Hist. Turks
(1621)308 All fowly foiled with bloud, and the quarrey of
the dead. 1611 SPEED Hist. Gt. Brit. viii. vii. g 50. 410
Then went they in haste to the quarry of the dead, but by
no meanes could finde the body of the King.
fig. 1633 HERBERT Temple^ Sinner 30, I finde there
quarries of pil'd vanities.
3. a. The bird flown at or killed by a hawk or
other bird of prey.
1486 Bk. St. Albans Dij, Yowre hawke fleeth to the
querre. 1590 SPENSER F. Q. n. xi. 43 As when Joue's. .bird
from hye Stoupes at a flying heron . . The stone dead quarrey
falls. 1695 CONCREVE Love for L. v. ii, Hooded like a hawk,
to sieze at first sight upon the quarry. 1748 RICHARDSON
Clarissa (1811) II. xxv. 166 Wrens and sparrows are not
too ignoble a quarry for this villanous gos-hawk. 185$ H.
SPENCER Princ. Psychol. (1872) I. HI. viii. 352 A falcon
swooping on its quarry. 1878 6. TAYLOR Denkalion n. v. 84
There wneels a vulture seeking other quarry.
b. The animal pursued or taken by hounds or
hunters (see also quot. 1867).
1612 DRAYTON Poly-alb, xm. 215 No beast shall prove thy
Quarries heere, Save those the best of chase. 1665 BOYLE
Occas. Rejl.> Disc. Occas. Med. (1848) 22 One [Rabbit] sets
him a running, and another proves his Quarry. 1695
TEMPLE Hist. Eng. (1690)180 The Game, which it* was their
Interest to preserve, both for their Sport and the Ouarry.
1808 SCOTT Marni. n. Introd., The startled quarry bounds
amain, As fast the gallant greyhounds strain. 1867 SMYTH
Sailor's Word-bk.t Quarry, the preytaken bywhalers. 1883
E. PENNELL-ELMHIRST Cream Leicestersh. 206 The pack
pressed their sinking quarry into and through the coverts.
c. fig. Any object of chase, aim, or attack ; an
intended prey or victim.
1615 TOMKINS Albuniazar v. i. in Hazl. Dodsley XI. 404
When they counter Upon one quarry, break that league, as
we do. 1693 DRYDEN Juvenal Pref. (1697) 61 Folly was the
proper Quarry of Horace, and not Vice. 1740 SOMERVILLE
Hobbinol\\\. 362 If from some small Creek, A lurking Cor-
sair the rich Quarry Spies. 1837 CARLYLE Fr. Rev. I. in.
iii, Count Mirabeau . . scents or descries richer quarry from
afar. 1883 FKOUDE Short Stud. IV- i. iii. 29 The arch-
bishop dared not at once strike so large a quarry-
f4. The attack or swoop made by a hawk upon
a bird ; the act of seizing or tearing the quarry. Obs.
1607 HEYWOOD Worn. Killed iv. Kindn. Wks. 1874 II. 99
My Hawke kill'd too. Char. I, but 'twas at the querre, —
Not at the mount, like mine. 16x5 LATHAM Falconry {\dyfr
27 These kindes of Hawkes . . will be presently wonne with
two or three quarries. 1667 Decay Chr. Piety v. § 16
Prometheus's vultur begins her quarry in this life.
5. Comb.) as quarry -over taking^ -scorning adjs.
1
QUARRY.
1647 FAXSHAU-E tr. Pastor Ft'<ii> (1676) 7 Within whose
Quarry-scorning mind had place The pleasure or the glory
of the Chase. 1873 BROWNING RedCott. AV.-«y* 400 For-
w.iul, the imn foot ! Onward the quarry-overtaking eye !
Quarry (kwg'ri), sb2 Forms ; 5 quar(r)ey,
querry, 6 quarye, 6-jr quarrie, (7 -ey, quarie),
6- quarry, (9 dial, wharry). [a. med.L. quareia
(1266 in Du Cange), var. of quareria, etc. QUAU-
BEK, q.v. See also QUAR $b*t QUARREL sb.'*]
1. An open-air excavation from which stone for
building or other purposes is obtained by cutting,
blasting, or the like ; a place where the rock has
been, or is being, cut away in order to be utilized.
(1420 Chron. V'ilod. 3657 W* an hors..He ladde stones
from be quarey to be chirche. 1458 R. FANNANDE /nscr. Sf.
Helen's, Abingdon in Leland /tin. (1769) VII. 80 Than
ciafti men for the querry made crowes of yre. i48oCAXTON
Descr. Brit. 5 Quareyes of marble of diuerse maner stones.
1561 Act 5 KHz. c. 13 § 3 The Rubbish or smallest broken
Stones of any Quarry. 1577 NORTHBROOKE />«>**,£• (1843) 135
Let him be punished and cast . . in the quarries to digge stones.
1664 DRYDKN Rival Ladies \\. i, If thou wouldst offer both
the Indies to me, The Eastern Quarries, and the Western
Mines. 17*8 YOUNG Love of Fame \. 168 Belus .. builds
himself a name; and, to be great, Sinks in a quarry an
immense estate ! 1759 JOHNSON Rasselas xxxvii, Walls
supply stones more easily than quarries. 1838 TJURLWALL,
Greece xv. II. 320 The quarries were filled with these un-
fortunate captives. 1877 A. B. EDWARDS Up Nile vii. 165
An ancient quarry from which the stone has been cut out in
smooth masses.
fig. 1647 COWLEY Mistr., Thraldom v, Others with sad
and tedious art, Labour i' the Quarries of a stony Heart.
1663 SIR G. MACKENZIE Relig. Stoic xyil (1685) 152 Each
sentence seems a quarry of rich meditations. 1847 Lu.
LINDSAY Chr. Art I. 60 The whole quarry of legends} cere-
monies and superstitions which Rome . . employed in the
structure of., the church of the middle ages.
b, transf. Any place from which stones may be
obtained as from a quarry.
1838 THIRLWALL Greece II. 364 Houses, temples, the
monuments of the dead, were the quarries from which they
drew. 1858 HAWTHORNE Fr. fy It. Jrnls. (1872) I. 48 Its
walls were a quarry of precious stones. 1871 FREEMAN
Norm. Conq, (1876) IV. xviii. 220 The ruins of the Roman
town still remained as a quarry ; where all who would might
seek materials for their own buildings.
f 2. A large mass of stone or rock in its natural
state, capable of being quarried. Obs.
£1630 MILTON Passion 46 On the softned Quarry would
I score My plaining vers. 1670 DRYDEN 2nd Pt. Conq.
Granada v. i, As some huge rock, Rent from its quarry,
does the waves divide. 1711 J. JAMES tr. Le Blond's
Gardening 107 When they meet with Rocks or Quarries,
they make use of Gun-powder to blow them up. 1764
Museum Rust. M. Ixxviii. 272 Where lucern is planted upon
a quarry, if the stone hath not many interstices .. the length
of the roots will be impeded.
fig. ,/ 1625 FLETCHER Love's Pilgr. v. iv, Though I am
none of those Flinty fathers, yet . . AH are not of my quarry.
f 3. The hard granular part of a pear. Obs.
raw1. (So F. carriere^}
1707 Curiosities in Hnsb. $ Card. 47 Besides these Parts,
a Pear has one called the Quarry, which is a little heap of
stony Knobs.
4. attrib. and Comb., as quarry-cart, -district,
-ground, -hole, -land, -mason, -master, -owner,
-pit, -rid (refuse), -slaw, -stone , etc.; quarrylike
adj. ; quarry-faced a., rough-faced, as taken from
the quarry ; quarry-stone bond, rubble masonry ;
quarry-sap, -water, the moisture contained in
newly quarried stone.
1805 R. W. DICKSON Pract. Agric, (1807) 1. 62 The *quarry-
cart, a strong low cart for the loading and carrying of heavy
stones. 1577 HARRISON England n. xxil. (1877) i. 337 Where
the rocks and *quarrie grounds are. 1891 G. NEILSON Per
Lineam Valli 32 Hundreds of *quarry-holes, mere surface
pitmarks on the hill sides. 17^2 A. YOUNG Trav. France
289 Rock and quarry-land, with sandy gravels, abound
there. 1856 MRS. H. B. STOWE Dred II. vi. 76 They are
*quarry-masters, that quarry out marble enough for a genera-
tion to work up. 1579-80 NORTH Plutarch (1676) 9^5
Dionysius .. sent him forthwith to dig In the *Quarry-pit.
1862 Alin. Proc. Inst. C. E. XXI. 482 Covered with a layer
of puddled clay . . ' *quarry rid ' and broken stone. 1883
Stonemason J[an., So that .. the *quarry sap might be
thoroughly dried out of them, and the stone.. fit for use.
1813 J. FORSYTH Rent. Excnrs. Italy 271 An iron crow . .
appears to have been left there by some ancient *quarry-
slave. 1856 BRYANT Thanatopsis 77 Like the quarry-slave
at night, Scourged to his dungeon. 1878 HUXLEY Physiogr.
22 Stone when freshly taken from the quarry usually holds
moisture, known to the workman as **quarry water'.
Quarry (kwo-ri),j/;.3 Also 6 -ey, 7 -ie. [Later
form of QUARREL sb.1, perh. after QUARRY a. or K.
'tf sb. (see next).]
fl. A square-headed arrow. = QUARREL i. Obs.
1600 FAIRFAX Tasso in. xlix, The shafts and quarries from
heir engins file. 1627 DRAYTON Aginconrt 20 Out of the
Towne come quarries thick as haile.
2. A pane of glass. «= QUARREL 3.
1611 COTGR., Rhombe,..*, figure that hath equall sides, and
vnequall angles ; as a quarrie of glasse, etc. 1652-62
HEYUN Cosmogr. \. (1682) 145 They only open a little
quarry of Glass, and presently shut it close again. 1727-41
CHAMBERS Cycl. s. v. Quarry, Quarries, or quarrels, of glass,
are of two kinds : viz. square and long ; . . the acute angle
being 77° 19' in the square quarries, and 67° 22' in the long
ones. 1733 NEAL Hist.^Pnrit. II. 234 He took down a
quarry or two in a quiet and peaceable manner. 1879
MRS. OUFHANT Within Precincts (Tauchn.) I. iv. 62 This
window was filled with old painted glass in. .quarries.
attril'. 1703 T. N. City -y C Purchaser 158 For taking
VOL. VIII.
VOL. VII
25
•
down Quarry -glass, Scouring it .. and setting up again, the
usual Price is iA</. per Foot.
3. A square stone, tile, or brick. = QUARREL 4.
1555 EDEN Decades 329 Al matters of hard compositions
as quarreysand stones. 1664 H. MORE^/J-J/. Iniij. 379 Lying
nut.. as the quarries of a Pavement, but as the scales of
Fishes. 1709 SIEKLE Tatler No. 175 p 8 What Ground
remains . . is flagged with large Quarries of white Marble.
1876 GEO. ELIOT Dan. Der. \\. xvi, Scoured deal, red
quarries, and white-wash.
J'S> J593 NASHE 4 Lett. Confut. 68 In a verse, when
a worde of three sillables cannot thrust in but sidehngs, to
ioynt him euen, we are oftentimes faine to borrowe some
lesser quarry of elocution from the Latine.
Comb. 1885 Census Instruct. 87 Brick-, Tile-maker..
Quarry Layer, Presser, Maker.
t Quarry,^.4 Obs. rare-^. [?a.F.£/«wr/(now
carrt) a square piece, sb. use of qttarrt QUARUY a.
See also QUARION, QUARRIER.] A square candle.
1536 Honseh. Ord. (1790) 157 One of the groomes..to carry
to the chaundrie all the remaine of morters, torches, quarries,
pricketts.
t Qua'rry, al Obs. Also 4-5 quarre, (4 -ee,
-ey, quare, ?quaire), 6 quarye, 7 quarrie. [a.
OF. quarrt (mod.F. carrt} :— L. quadrat-us square,
QUADRATE #.] Square ; squarely built, stout.
1297 R. GLOUC. (Rolls) 8527 Quarre [t'.r. quarry, quare] he
was & wel ymad vor to be strong. £1330 R. BRUNNE
Chron. Wace (Rolls) 10310 pat lough ys here yn bys contre,
Cornerd as a cheker quarre. c 1380 Sir Fentmb, 1072
Brode scholdres had he with-alle; & brustes ful quarree.
(•1400 tr. Secreta Secret., Gov. Lordsh. 92 Anober [plant].,
whos braunche is quarre, whos leuys er round, c 1440
Protnp. Parv. 419/1 Quarry, thykk mann, or womann,..
corpulentus,gro$sns. 1571} G. HARVEY Letter-bit* (Camden)
93 They are so quarry bigge and righte Babylonian like.
1601 HOLLAND Pliny II. 499 To make his images of a quarry
and square stature. 1611 COTGR., Corpulent, grosse, big-
bodied, quarrie, fat.
"f Qua'rry, «.2 Obs. rare. In 6-7 quar(r)ie.
[f. QUAR r.'-f-yl.] Clotted, coagulated.
1587 MASCALL Govt. Cattle, Sheepe (1627) 241 Put the
fine powder of rozen into the cod, and that will dry vp the
quarie bloud. 1638 FEATLEY Transnbst. 76 You touch no
soft flesh with your hand, nor quarrie blood with your lips.
Quarry (kwo-ri), vl [f. QUARRY j/>.i]
fl. trans, a. To teach (a hawk) to seize its
quarry, b. To supply with a quarry (in quot.^^".)
1575 TURBERV. Faulconrie 121 At the beginning rewarde
hir and feede hir well vpon the quarrey.. .When she is well
in bloude, and well quarried, then let hir flee with other
liawkes. 1613 BEAUM. & Fu Captain HI. iii, 'Tis pity Thou
shouldst not be well quarred at thy entr'ing Thou art so high
flown for him. 1618 LATHAM 2«rf Bk. Falconry (1633) 117
Hautng a good make Hawke, you shall wel quarrie her,
and then she will bee worthy the accounting of.
t 2. intr. To pounce or seize on, as a hawk on
its quarry ; to prey or feed on. Obs.
1627-77 FELTHAM Resolves i. xxi. 38 She quarries on the
prey she meets withal, a 1658 CLEVELAND Poetns, To Pro-
tector (1677) 144 Can your Towring Spirit, which hath
quarried upon Kingdoms, make a stoop at us? 1681 T.
FLATMAN Heraclitus Ridens No. 9 (1713) I. 58 Though
Eagles do not quarry upon Flies. 1709 JER. COLLIER Ess.
Alor. Sttbj. iv. 39 He has quarryed upon the whole, and
master'd the Men, as well as the Money.
3. trans. To hunt clown or kill (a beast of chase).
1820 BYRON Mar. Fal. in. ii. 402 Nor turn aside to strike
at such a prey, Till nobler game is quarried.
Quarry (kwg'ri), v.% [f. QUARRY sb.2]
1. trans. To obtain (stone, etc.) by the processes
employed in a quarry. Also with out,
1774 GOLDSMITH Hist. Earth v, In the mountains of Cas-
travan..they quarry out a white stone. 1811 PINKERTON
Petral. II. 57 It is quarried at Vulpino, 15 leagues from
Milan. 1853 KANE Grinnell Exfi. xxx. (1856) 258 Now we
had to quarry out the blocks [of ice] in flinty, glassy lumps.
1872 YEATS Growth Comm. 39 Higher up the river valley
were quarried the massive syenite slabs used in the erection
of their temples.
b. fig. To obtain or extract by laborious methods.
1860 MAURY Phys. Geog, Sea x. (Low) § 465 Materials
which a certain kind of insect quarried from the sea water.
1868 J. H. BLUNT Ref. Ch. Eng. I. 361 His only object was
to quarry gold and silver out of the monastic treasuries.
2. To form a quarry in, to cut into (rock, etc.).
1847 EMERSON Poems, The House, She ransacks mines
and ledges, And quarries every rock. 1866 LIDDON Bampt.
Lect. i. (1875) 34 The rocky hillside is no longer beautiful
when it has been quarried. 1877 A. B. EDWARDS Up Nile
v. 120 The rocky barrier .. quarried here and there in
dazzling gaps of snow-white cuttings.
3. intr. To cut or dig in, or as in, a quarry.
1848 KINGSLEY Saint's 7"ra%. n. x, Something did strike
my heart. .Which quarries daily there with dead dull pain.
1874 L. STEPHEN Hours in Library (1892) I. x. 345 The
industrious will find . . waste paper in which they may quarry
to their heart's content.
Hence Qua-rrying1 vbl. sb. Also//, and attrib.
1823 CRABH, Quarryings, pieces that are broken off from
the different materials that are wrought in quarries. 1854
H. MILLER Sch. $ Sckm. xiii, (1860) 138 On first commencing
our quarrying operations. 1865 SWINBURNE Poems fy Ball.,
Orchard 33 No quarrying now the corner-stone is hewn.
Qua'rry, z'.3 rare"1, [f. QUARRY $b.$ 2 or 3.]
trans. To glaze or lay with quarries,
1851 TURNER Dom. Archil. I. v. 246 To whitewash and
quarry the King's chamber.
Qua'rryman (kwg'rimoen). [f. QUARRY sb.-]
One employed in quarrying; one who works in
a quarry.
1611 COTGR., Qmtrrieurt a Quarrier, or Quarrey-man.
QUART.
a 1718 WOODWARD (J.), The quarryman assured me [it] was
flat. 1806 A. DUNCAN Nelson 284 His father, a quarryman
lived at Rusty Anchor. 1862 ANSTED Channel IsL iv.
App. B (ed. 2,1 570 In Guernsey, six hundred and fifty-three
were quarry men. 1883 Manch, Exam. 28 May 5/2 The
whole Welsh people, from the aristocracy down to the
collier and quarryman, are agreed.
t Quart, quert, a. and sbl Obs. Forms : 4-5
quarte, quert i^e, qwert(e, 5 qwarte, -tt, whert,
whart(e, 4-6 quart, fapp. a. ON. *kwertt neut.
of *kwer-r (of which the recorded forms are Icel.
tyrr^ ONorw. kvirr, Da. tjv^r, Sw. qvar} quiet,
still = !Al\G.kurre(G.kirre}, Goth, qairrus gentle,
mild. For the retention of the neuter ending cf.
thwart. In Engl. the word is chiefly poetic.]
A. adj. Healthy ; in good condition ; whole and
sound.
a 1300 Cursor M. 26119 (CotL) Opins to your lauerd vpur
hert. And riues it, to mak it quert i$...Seuy» Sag. (W.)
771 The cradel turnd up so doun . . The stapeles hit upheld
a! quert. a 1400 Stockh. Merf. MS. i. 146 in Anglia XVIII.
298 pis drinke xal . . makyn hym hwngry for to etc As a
qwert man al maner mete. 01420 HOCCLEVE De Reg.
Princ. 1061 Be thou riche or poor, or sike or quert. c 1450
Life St. Cuthb. 4215 On one his eye was hale and whart.
1556 ABP. PARKER Ps. IxxiiL 203 Their paunches ful : their
helth so quart.
B. sb. Health ; healthy or sound condition ; the
state of being alive and well. Chiefly in phr. in
quart (freq. in 14-1501 c.).
a 1300 Cursor M. 1803 pof bat noe was in quert, He was
noght al at es in hert. ^1330 R. BRUNNE Chron. Wace
(Rolls) 9990 Ouer al was wo, & no whar quert. (-1400
Destr, Troy 6941 [pai] fayn were . . ^at bai had hym at bond
& in holl qwert. c 1450 Life St. Cuthbert 3958 Bischop
Edbart Wex full seke and oute of whart. 1522 MORE De
gnat. Nouiss. Wks. 80/1 Ye would recken your belly not in
good quart. 1559 MORWYNG Evonym. 149 It preserveth it
in good health and in good quart.
b. That which gives health or soundness, rare.
a 1300 Cursor M. 21354 pe rode. .Gains al ur care it es ur
quert. ^1400 Ywaine ty Gaw. 1488 My leman swete,..My
joy, my comforth, and my quert.
Quart (kwgjt), sb.z Forms : 5 qwh-, qvarte,
5-7 quarte, 17 dial, whart), 4- quart. [a. F.
quarte fern. (i3th c. in sense i) and quart masc.
(= It. quarta, quarto, Sp. cuarta, cuarto], repr. L.
quarta, -turn, fern, and neut. of qttartus fourth.]
1. An English measure of capacity, one-fourth of
a gallon, or two pints.
c 1325 Poem times Edw. //, xxix, He wil drawe at a
drawjt A gode quart other more Of gode ale. c 1386
CHAUCER Miller's T. 311 This Carpenter .. broghte of
myghiy Ale a large quart, c 1410 Liber Cocorum (1862) 26
Ofnony a qwharte thou take. 1500-20 DUNBAR Poems xl.
27 They drank twa quartis, sowp and sowp. 1555 EDEN
Decades 197 They take for euery man two or three quartes
of water. 1579 in W. H. Turner Select. Rec, Oxford 401
An ale quarte for a penye. 1599 HAKLUYT Voy. I. 506 Your
wines shalbe sold by hogs heads, pipes or buttes, but not by
quartes nor pintes. 1709 PRIOR I'ng. Gent Int. in Love 58
He.. drank a Quart of Milk and Tea. 1816 J. SMITH
Panorama Sc. <$• Art II. 782 Four ounces of Brazil-wood. .
In a quart of water. 1896 SIR M. HICKS-BEACH in Daily
News 23 July 4/3 What he might describe in homely phrase
as putting a quart into a pint pot.
Jig. 1797 COLMAN Heir at Law nt. it, He can ladle you
out Latin by the quart,
b. A vessel holding a quart; a quart-pot or
quart-bottle.
c 1450 M\RcPar.Pr.7i2 False measures,busshelles,galones,
..quartes. 1500-20 DUNBAR Poems xxvi. 95 Mony fowll
drunckart, With can and collep, cop and quart. 1535 LYNDE-
SAV Satyre 1373 To fill the Quart I sail rin to tne toun.
1596 SHAKS. Tarn. Shr, Ind. ii. 89 Because she brought
stone-lugs, and no seal'd quarts. 1688 R. HoLMEArrneury
m. 294, 3 Quarts, their lids open, . . born by Quaffer. c 1800
[see GILL sb? 2). 1885 H. F 'INCM-HATT ON Advance Austral.
in A tin quart of water is set down by the fire.
c. attrib.) as quart-ale, bottle, flagon, -measure,
retort (see quot.). See also QUART-POT.
1454 Paston Lett. No. 219 I. 307 To sende horn wyn and
ij. quart botelys. 1611 FLORIO, Quarta, . . a quart measure.
ci6$o BRATHWAIT Bartiabees Jrnl. iv. (i8i8j 167 Thence
to Lonesdale, where were at it Boyes that scorned quart-ale
by statute, 1764 COLMAN Prose Strv, Occas. (1787) II. §i
I'o see a man get into a Quart Bottle. 1767 WOULFE in
Phil. Trans. LVII. 521 note, What goes by the name of
a quart retort holds better than two gallons of water. 1828
SCOTT F. M. Perth xvi He filled a quart flagon.
f2. [F. quart m.} A quarter ^/"something. Obs.
1454 Paston Lett. No. 201 I. 278 Be the space of on
qaurte [quarte] of an houre. 1561 HOLLYBUSH Horn. Apoth.
9 Take a quarte of an unce.
fb. A quarter of a pound. Obs. rare*1,
1496 Fysshynge w. angle (1883) 10 Take, .a lytyll iuce of
walnot leuys and a quarte of alym.
t C. ' Frob., the fourth part of the great tithes
(Jam.). Obs. rar£~l.
1630 GORDON Hist. Earls Snthcr Id. (1813} 32 Thcr peculiar
landward (or rurall) churches, together with the particular
tithes, crofts, manses, gleibs, andt quartes, ar severatlie
appoynted to everie one of the dignites and channons.
f3. a. A quarter of the horizon, b. A quarter,
region. Obs. rare.
"559 W.CLTNINCHAM Cosmogr. Glasse 154 Betwixt either of
these quartes, two other windes brost out. 1590 SPF.NSER
F. Q. n. x. 14 Albanact had all the Northerne part .. And
Camber did possesse the Westerne quart.
f4. [ad. Sp. tuarto.] A Spanish copper coin,
worth four maravedis. Obs.
QUART.
1631 Celcstina iv. 52, 1 never wanted . . a Quarte, that is
the eighth part of sixepence to send for wine. 1777 « .
DALRYMPLE Trait. Sp. f, Port, xxviii, An officer of the
customs, demanded a toll, each horse paying three quarts.
5. Mus. The interval of a fourth, rare.
1890 Academy 18 Jan. 51 A succession of parallel quarts,
quints, and octaves,, .intolerable to modem ears.
Quart (kaUt), sb.l [ad. F. quarte : see prec.]
1. A position in fencing (see quot. 1692) = QUABTE,
CARTE2. Quart and tierce, practice between
fencers who thrust and parry in quart and tierce
alternately ; also^ff.
1692 SIR W. HOPE Fencing-Master 4 When a Man holdeth
the Nails of his Sword-hand quite upwards, he is said to
hold his hand in Quart. 1698 KARQUHAR Love f, Bottle 11.
ii, A Frenchman is bounded on the North with Quart, on the
South with Tierce. 1727 BOYER Anfl.-Fr. Diet., Quarte,
a Quart, a Pass in Fencing. 1800 MALKIN tr. Gil Bias iv.
vii.ii88i) II. 13 The assassin stab of time was parried by
the quart and tierce of art. 1889 TENNYSON Demeter, etc.
173 Subtle at tierce and quart of mind with mind.
attrit. 1692 SIR W. HOPE Fencing-Master 22 The Quart
Parade, or the Parade within the Sword. Itid, 105 Keep-
ing this Quart Guard with a streight point 1794 Hope's
newMeth. Fencing^ Supplying the defect of the Ordinary
Quart Guard.
2. A sequence of four cards, in piquet and other
card-games. Quart major, the sequence of ace,
king, queen, knave.
1727 BOYER Angl.-Fr. Diet., Quarte, a Quart, or fourth,
at Picket. 1746 HOYLE Whist (ed. 6) 26 Suppose you have
. .a Quart from a King ; . . your Partner has a Quart-major.
1826 Miss MITFORD Village Ser. 11. (1863) 342 [She] never
dealt the right number of cards . . did not know a quart from
a quint, 1860 Bohn's Hand-tk. Games Pref. 12 Lead the
highest of a sequence, but if you have a quart . . to a King,
lead the lowest. Itid. II. 45 A suit of which your partner
has a quart-major.
t Quart, sb.*, obs. variant of CABTE!, chart.
1529 RASTELL Pastyme Prol. (1811) 5 As they . . may well
perceyue by the syght of the quart or Mappa mundi.
Quart, a. : see sb.1 above.
Quart (kait), tv.l [ad. F. quarter (Moliere),
f. quarte QUART i*. 3] a. intr. To use the posi-
tion ' quart ' in fencing, b. trans. To draw back
(the head and shoulders) in doing so. Hence
QuaTtiiig vbl. sb.
1691 SIR W. HOPE Fencing-Master *4 You must give it
with your Nails in Quart, and Quart your head well Ibid.
31 The Quarting of your head preserveth you from being
hit in the face. (.1700 B. E. Diet. Cant. Crew, Quarting
upon the strtight line, keeping the Head and Shoulders very
much back from the Adversary's Sword, when one thrusts
with his own. 1833 New AfonMyAf of. \XXVlll. 343 He
quarts and tiercesfor twenty minutes.
Quart, z>.2, variant of QUARTER v. 1 1 b. rare-1.
1812 Sporting Mag. XXXIX. 136 The coachman .. on
quai tint; out as usual, and finding himself thus borne down
upon, poured forth a volley of abuse.
Quartan (kwgutan), a. and sb. Forms: 4-7
quartaine, 4, 7 -ain, 5-6 -ayn(e ; 4-6 quarteyn(o,
(4 -en, 5 -ein) ; 5-7 quartane, (6 cart-), 6- quar-
tan. See also QUARTERN, a. [Orig. a. F. (fiivrc)
quartaine, ad. L. (febris) quartan-a fern, of quar-
tan-us, f. quartus fourth. The mod. form is directly
based on the L.]
A. adj. 1. Path. Of a fever or ague : Charac-
terized by the occurrence of a paroxysm every
fourth (in mod. reckoning, every third) day.
In early use placed after the sb., as in F.
a 1300 Cursor M. 11828 He. .bar-wit had feuer quartain.
01400 Stockh, Med. MS. ii. 954 in Anglia XVIII. 330
Ageyn feuerys quarteyn It is medicyn souereyn. 1494
FABYAN Chron. vn. 520 The appellaunt . . was sore vexyd
with a feuer quarteyne. 1547 BOORDE Brrv. Health cxxxix.
51 A fever quartayne. .doth infeste a man every thyrd day,
that is to say two dayes whole and one sycke. 1570 GOOGE
Pop. Kingd. iv. 52 b, The quartan ague and such other sick-
nesse greate. a 1612 HARINGTON Saterne's Regim. (1634)
25 Cow flesh, Harts flesh,. . doe engender fever Quartaines.
1750 tr. Leonardos' Mirr. Stones 73 Taken with wine, it
drives away quartan agues. 1852 Miss YONGE Cameos
(1877) II. xxxiii. 339 Quartan ague had seized on the en-
feebled frame of her father. 1875 JOWETT Plato (ed. 2) III.
670 A quartan fever, which can with difficulty be shaken off.
f2. Belonging to the fourth place or degree. Obs.
1794 E. DARWIN Zoon. (1801) IV. 185 The tertian or quartan
links of associate motions are actuated by direct sympathy.
B. sb. A (or the) quartan ague or fever.
Double quartan, one in which there are two sets of
paroxysms, each recurring every fourth (third) day.
1387 TREVISA Higden (Rolls) IV. 249 Porcius. .slows hym
self for noye and sorwe of a double quarteyn. 1450-80 tr.
Secreta Secret. 32 He shalle haue no dowte of flewme . . and
he shalle haue no quarteyne. c 1491 CAXTON Chast. Goddes
Chyld. 23 Of this quarteyn some men falle in to another
feuer that is cleped double quartern. 1597 GERARDE Hertal
l. ciii. § 2. 170 A roote or two. .is a good remedie against
old quartaines. 1633 Bp. HALL Occas. Medit. (1851) 147
The quartan hath of old been justly styled the shame of
physicians. 1725 BRADLEY Fam. Diet. s.v. Spider, The
Spider it self will cure Quartans. 1822-34 Goods Study
Med. (ed, 4) I. 607 The tertian [has] a longer paroxysm and
a shorter interval than the quartan. 1898 P. MAN-SON Trof.
Diseases i. 25 In quartans and tertians, but especially in
the former, sporulating rosette forms are seen occasionally.
fie- '590 NASHE Pasquifs Afol. 1. Biij, He that hath
such a dubble quartane of curiositie..will prooue passing
treacherous.
Quartan : see QUARTERN si.2 5.
t Quartana-rian = next sb. a. Obs. ran—1.
26
•
i68o SIR T. BROWNE tt'kt. (1852) III. 472 Formerly they
gave not the cortex to quartanarians, before they had been
ill a considerable time.
t Qua'rtanary, sb. and a. Obs. Also j quart -
enare, 7 -ainary. [ad. late L. quarfanari-ns (in
sense A. a) : see prec. and -ABY.]
A. sb. a. One who has a quartan fever or ague.
b. = QUABTAN sb. rare.
£•1440 Promp. Parv. 419/1 Quartenare, or bat hathe be
quarteyne. 1684 tr. Sonet's Merc. Comfit, vi. 223 Quart-
anaries. .gather much crude humours.
B. adj. Pertaining to, of the nature of, a quartan
fever or ague ; characterized by quartans.
1669 BOYLE Contn. New Exf. l. 176 An odd Quartainary
Distemper, that I slighted so long, as to give it time to take
Root. 1679 LOCKE JrnL 15 Nov. in Bourne Life (18761 I.
viii. 451 The constitution of this autumn was intermittent
and quartanary, though many of the fevers . . were continued
and several made so by ill management.
Quartar(e, obs. forms of QUARTER sb.
Quartary (kw§-Jtari), sb. and a. [ad. L. quart-
art-us, the fourth part of any measure, esp. of a
sextarius, f. quartus : see QOABT st.2] t a. sb. (See
quot 1656.) Obs. rare—", b. adj. Fourth, rare—1.
1656 BLOUNT Glossogr,, Quartary, the fourth part of a
Sextary ; also a quarter of a pound. 1839 J. ROGERS Anti-
fopopr. x. ii. 255 Where to go to find the fourth or quartary
set of mediators.
Quartation (kwgatf'-Jsn). [f. L. quart-us
fourth + -ATION.] The operation of combining
silver with gold so that the latter metal forms one
quarter of the whole ; the gold is then separated
from the silver, and at the same time freed from
its impurities, by means of nitric acid.
i6i> WOODALL Surf. Male Wks. (1653) 273 Quartation is
the separation of Gold and Silver mixt together, by four
unequal parts. 1680 BOYLE Scept. Chetn. IL 144 That
Operation that Refiners call Quartation, which they employ
to purifie Gold. 1758 REID tr. Macquer's Chym. L 149 The
gold . . is frequently alloyed with more or less silver, from
which it is to be separated by quartation. 1868 SEYD Bul-
lion 219 Fine Gold may also be assayed without Quartation.
II Quarte (kart, kiut). [a. ?. quarte: see QUART
si.3] A position in fencing. <= QUART sb.% i.
a 1700 B. E. Diet. Cant. Crew, Quarte, Nails of the
Sword-Hand quite up. ^1830 G. ROLAND Iiitrod. Course
Fencing 16 The parade of quarte is made by offering, with
the nails turned upwards, the fort of your blade to the foible
of your adversary's. 1885 E. CASTLE Sck. Fence 133 A
heavy sweep in seconde from a high quarte at arm's length.
fig. 1872 BROWNING Fifine xvi, Words urged in vain . .
You waste your quarte and tierce.
f Quarteer, -ier. Obs. rare. [? for quartereer :
see -EER, -IER.] = QUARTERMASTER i.
1719 D'URFEY Pills III. 305 The Quartier must Cun,
Whilst the foremast-man steers. 1717-4' CHAMBERS Cycl.
s.v. Quarter-master, The quarter-master, or quarteer, is
also to mind the ship's loading ; which is the business he is
chiefly employed about.
tQuartelet. Obs. rare. [a. OF. quartelettc,
dim. of quarte QUART sb.v\ A small quart.
1453 Test. Ebor. (Surtees) II. 191 Item ii pottis quarte-
lettis of siluer couered. 1459 in Paston Lett. No. 336 I .
488 Item, .j. quartelet for wine.
Quartenare, variant of QUABTANABV.
Quarter (kwgutaj), sb. Also 4 quartare,
qwatteer, 4-6 quartre, 5 quartere, -yer,
wharter, qwarter, 5-6 quartar, 6 qwartter, (7
ooter). [a. OF. quarter, -ier ( 1 2th c. in Littre) :—
L. quart 'ar-ius a fourth part (of a measure), f.
quartus fourth : see QUART sb.z and -ER 2 3.]
I. One of four equal or corresponding parts
into which anything is or may be divided.
1. Of things generally.
ij.. Guy Wanu. (A.) 1497 Gwichard smot Gij .. Opon be
hefme . . pat a quarter out fleye. c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints xl.
(ffinian) 737 Nere be quartare of a myl. c 1400 Rom. Rose
3184 Non herte may thenke . . A quarter of my wo and
peyne. £1470 HENRY Wallace ix. 079 Than off the day
thre quartans was went. 1564 Child Marriages 124 About
a quarter of a yere ago. 1599 SHAKS. Hen. V. L ii. 215
Diuide your happy England into foure, Whereof, take you
one quarter into France. 1650 B. Discolliminiuni 49 And
now I am 3 quarters Presbyterian, I keep one quarter still
Independent. 1607 DRYDEN Virg. Georg. i. 349 The four
quarters of the rolling year. 1796 MRS. GLASSE Cookery 79
Garnish with a Seville orange cut in quarters. 1841 Q. Rev.
LXV1I. 358 Some quarter of a century ago. 1880 GEIKIK
Phys. Geog. i. 29 Exactly a quarter of a circle, or 90°.
b. Phr. A bad (etc.) quarter of an hour [tr. F.
tin mauvais quart d'lieure], a short but very un-
pleasant period of time.
[1717 tr. Frezier's \'oy. no Rablais's Quarter of an Hour,
that is, when the Reckoning is to be paid.] 1887 J. BALL
Nat. in S. Anter. 338 When I reached the station .. I had
an unpleasant quarter of an hour. 1897 W. E. NORRIS
Marietta's Marr. xxxl 225, I hope he will have a rather
nasty quarter of an hour.
c. Qualifying an adv. or advb. phrase (cf. HALF
adv. I d) ; f formerly also without a.
1522 SIR T. CHEYNF. in State Papers (1849) VI. 88 He had
rather ryde into England . . then to ryde a quarter so farre to
eny other Prince living. 1545 ASCHAM Toxoph. ll. (Arb.) 157
Sumtyme ful side wynde, sumtyme quarter with hym and
more. 1818 BUSBY Grantm. Mns. 69 A quaver is only one
quarter as long as a Minim.
d. Const, with sbs. without o/(c{. HALF a. I b).
1866 MRS. OLIPHANT Madonna Mary (Tauchn.) I. xiv. 184
She had not . . a quarter the pleasures you have. 1897 MARY
QUARTER.
KINCSLEY JP". Africa 663There is not one-quarter the amount
of drunkenness.
e. tttipt. in various contextual uses, as (a) t a
quarter-barge ; (K) a ' quarter-note ' or crotchet in
Music (f. S.) ; (f) a quarter- mile race.
1508 Walerf. Arch, in loM Kef. Hist. MSS.Coiam. App.
v. 325 Noo boote shal bring woode butt only half barges and
quarters. . . And every quarter to have iiii. men. 1890 H 'hi ta-
ker's Aim. 637/1 Harrison also won the ' Quarter ' by a foot.
2. One of the four parts, each including a leg,
into which the carcases of quadrupeds are com-
monly divided ; also of fowls, a part containing
a leg or wing. Fifth quarter : the hide and fat
of a slaughtered animal (Funk's Stand. Diet.,
1893). See also FOBE 3, HIND a.
c 1310 Sir Tristr. 453 Bestes bai brae and bare, In quarters
bai hem wroujt. r 1420 Liter Cocorum (1862) 8 Hew horn
[chickens] in quarteres and lay horn inne. £1430 Two
Cookery-tks. I. 6 Take fayre beef of be rybbys of be fore
quartern's. 1563-7 BUCHANAN Refm-tti. St. Andros Wks.
(1892) 6 Ane quartar of mouton. 1660 PF.PYS Diary 17 July,
They bought a Quarter of Lamb. 1709 STF.EI.E Taller No.
2t P 13 A Butcher's Daughter, .sometimes brings a Quarter
of Mutton. 1776 ADAM SMITH W. N. I. XL I. (1869) I. 160
The four quarters of an ox weighing six hundred pounds.
1853 SOYER Pantroph. 147 Place a quarter of lamb in a
saucepan.
b. //. The four parts, each containing a limb, of
a human body similarly divided, as was commonly
done in the case of those executed for treason.
1197 R. GLOUC. (Rolls) 10873 A four half engelond is
quarters isend were. ^1330 R. BRUNNE Chron. (1810) 244
His hede bei of smyten .7|>e quarters wer sent to henge at
four cilez. c 1400 Dtstr. Troy 1971 Brittonet [shuld be) bi
body into bare qwarters. 1660 PEPYS Diary 15 Oct., This
morning Mr. Carew was hanged and quartered, .but his
quarters . . are not to be hanged up. 1773 BRYDONE Sicily
XXL (1809) 217 The quarters of a number of robbery were
hung up upon hooks. 1855 MACAULAY Hist. Eng. xii. III.
207 Their heads and quarters were still rotting on poles.
c. Of a live person or animal, esp. of a horse ;
also freq. = hind-quarter, haunch.
a 1400 Marie Arih. 3389 Abowte scho whirles the whele. .
Tille alle my qwarters .. ware qwaste. 1590 SPENSER f. Q.
Ii. Hi. 16 Is not enough fowre quarters of a man, Withouten
sword or shield, an hoste to quayle? 1665 BRATHWAIT
Comm. Chaucer (1901) 84 She had unnimbly rushed down
upon her four Quarters, and . . done her Reverence. 1678
BUTLER Hud. in. i. 1150 They put him to the Cudgel .. They
stoutly on his Quarters laid. 1806 A. DUNCAN Nelson s
Fun. 35 Two of his . . servants walked at each side of the
horse's quarter. 1853 LYTTON My Novel i. vi, Down came
the staff on the quarters of the donkey.
8. Her. One of the four parts into which a shield
is divided by quartering (see QDARTEB v. 3 b).
The four quarters are : i dexter chief; 2 sinister chief;
3 dexter base ; 4 sinister base. When one of these is agam
divided, and the sub-divisions occupied by several coats, it
is termed a ' grand quarter '.
1486 Bit. St. A loans, Her. D ij b, In the right side of the
shelde in the first quarter she bare tharmys of fraunce. 1610
GUILLIM Heraldry v. i. 238 Without any charge occupying
the quarters of the Escocheon. 17*7-41 CHAMBERS Cycl.,
Quarter is also applied to the parts, or members, of the
first division of a coat that is quartered, or divided into
four quarters. 1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3} VIII. 443/1 A per-
pendicular and horizontal line, which, crossing each other at
the centre of the field, divide it into four equal parts called
quarters. 1864 BOUTELL Her. Hist, f, Pop, xv. (ed. 3) 205
The third quarter of his shield. [See also QUARTERLY adv.
2 b.) 1893 CUSSANS Her. (ed. 4) 165 The second quarter of
the Royal Arms of England. Ibid. 168 Second and Third
grand Quarters, quarterly quartered.
b. A charge occupying one fourth of the shield,
placed in chief.
159* WYRLEY Armorie, Ld. Chandos 41 In gold Lord
Basset dight Three Rubie piles, a quarter ermins bright.
1610 GUILLIM Heraldry ll. vi. 61 The Quarter is an
Ordinary of like composition with the Canton,., the quarter
comprehendeth the full fourth. 1727-41 CHAMBERS Cycl.
s. v., Franc-quarter is a quarter single or alone ; which is
to possess one-fourth part of the field. This makes one of
the honourable ordinaries of a coat. 1838 Penny Cycl. XII.
141/2 The Quarter is, as its hame imports, the fourth part
of the shield, and is always placed in chief. 1893 CUSSANS
Her. (ed. 4) 66 The Quarter . . is formed by two straight
lines, drawn in the direction of the Fess and the Pale, and
meeting at the Fess-point. Examples of this charge are
very rarely to be met with.
C. = QUABTEBING vbl. sb. 2 b.
1727-41 CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v., There are sixteen quarters
required to prove nobility, in companies, or orders, where
none but nobles are admitted. 1816 SCOTT Antiq. xxiv,
A baron of sixteen quarters. 1831 CARLYLE Sart. Res. (1858)
61 A duke's son that only knew there were two-and-thirty
quarters on the family-coach.
II. The fourth part of some usual measure or
standard.
4. As a measure of capacity for grain, etc. a.
The British imperial quarter = 8 bushels ; the
fifth (? originally the fourth) part of a wey or load;
also, local variations of this, containing more or
less than 8 bushels, t Formerly sometimes const.
without of.
c 1290 S. Eng. Leg. I. 244/130 Ane hondret quarters of bat
corn, c 1320 Sir Beues 1424 A ston gret, pat we? seue quarters
of whet. CI330 R. BRUNNE Chron. (1810) 174 pe hungre
was so grete . . pat a quarter whete was at twenty mark.
c 1386 CHAUCER Semtn. T. 255 A ! yif that covent half
a quarter otes. 1494 FABYAN Chron. cxxxvi. 122 A quarter
of whete was worth .ii. marks and a halfe. 1523 FITZHERB.
Hnsb. § 12 Foure London busshelles [of beans] fullye, and
that is half a quarter. 1623 Althorp JUS. in Simpkinson
QUARTER.
Washington* (1860) App. 48 For 3 coters of rye bought at
Harlcstoii. 1663 COWLKY £ss., Avarice 129 In thy vast
Barns Millions of Quarters store. 1763 Museum Rust. I. 74
Wheat will one year sell for 5!. a load (that is, five quarters).
184$ McCuLLOCH Taxation i, \. (1852) 49 A farm which pro-
duces 100 quarters of wheat. 1862 ANSTED Channel I si. iv.
(ed. 2) App. A. 567 The Jersey quarter (thirty-four gallons
and three quarts) [contains] a little more than half an imperial
quarter. /&<£, The English imperial quarter is equivalent
to about two Guernsey quarters.
b. In the Channel Islands (cf. quot* 1862 in
prec.) used as a unit of value for land.
i68a WARBURTON Hist. Guernsey (1822) 94 He that has
occasion to take up money on his estate, sells so many
quarters. 1694 FALLE Jersey ii. 85 The way of reckoning
an Estate with us, is not by Pounds, but by Quarters of
Wheat. i86a ANSTED Channel Isl. iv. xxiv. (ed. 2) 550 The
Guernsey ' quarter of rent ' is estimated as worth, on an
average, twenty pounds currency.
c. The fourth part of a chaldron.
1434 E. E. Wills 101, I bequethe to lohn Wodrof . .
v quarteres of coles. 1706 PHILLIPS (ed. Kersey), Quarter
. . In Measure . . the fourth part of a Chaldron. 17:17-41
CHAMBERS Cyct., Quarter is also a dry measure, containing
.. of coals the fourth part of a chaldron. 1858 GREENLEAF
National Arithm. (u.S.\ cited by Worcester.
fd. The fourth part of a peck. Obs. rare—1.
1475 Bk. Noblesse (Roxb.) 26 The ringis of golde . . were . .
mesurid to tbe quantite of mesure of .xij, quarters or more.
f 5. The fourth part of a cask or barrel. Obs.""'
1579 in W. H. Turner Select Rec. Oxford(\W>o) 400 Martine
Colepeper. .setteth the pryce of a quarter of the best stronge
ale at iij* iiij*.
6. As a weight, 7" a. The fourth part of a
pound. Obs.
a. 1400 Stockk. Medical MS. i. 43 m Anglia XVIII. 296
A quarter of vergyn-wax bou take. a. 1450 Fysshynge w.
Angle (1883) 9 Take small ale a potell and stamp it with
iij handful of walnot levys and a quarter of alom. c 14^0
Two Cookery'bks. 106 Take a quarter of clarefied honey, iij
vnces of pouder peper.
b. The fourth part of a hundredweight = 28 Ibs.
(£7. S. commonly 25 Ibs.)
Ordinarily used only where the hundredweight is also
mentioned, and usually abbreviated 'qr.'
1543 RECORDE Gr. Aries (1575) 203 The halfe hundred is
56 ; the quarter 28 [pounde]. 1588 Bk. of Charges in Dom.
St. Papers CCXV. 88, 4 quille of ropes wayeinge sixe
hundred, a quarter, and one pound. 1727-41 CHAMBERS
Cycl.) Quarter^ in weights, is a fourth part of the quintal, or
hundred weight. The quarter is 28 pounds avoirdupois.
1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) X.VII. 410 Iron, 5 cwt. 2 qrs. 24 Ib.
fc. * The fourth part of a Dram* (Phillips, 1706).
7. As a measure of length or area. a. The
fourth part of a yard : nine inches. AlsoyS^.
M33. R°tt$ Parlt. IV. 451/2 Clothe of colour shold
conteigne .. in brede vi quarters di. 6-1450 Bk. Citrtasye
359 in Babees Bk., A stafe, a fyngur gret, two wharters long.
1483 Act i Rich. ///, c. 8 Preamble^ Some of the same Clothes
.. ben drawen out .. in Brede from .vii. Quarters unto the
Brede of .ii. Yerdys. 1596 SHAKS. Taut. Shr. iv. iiL 109
Thou yard, three quarters, halfe yard, quarter, naile. 1634
CAPT. SMITH Virginia n. 25 His arrowes were fiue quarters
long. 1708 J. C Compl. Collier (1845) 16 The 3 Quarter
Coal [is] about 3 Quarters thick or more. 1778 Eng. Gazetteer
(ed. 2) s. v. Witney, Blankets, .from. 10 to 12 quarters wide.
b. Nattt, The fourth part of a fathom.
1769 FALCONER Diet. Marine (1789) Mm ivb, If he judges
it to be a quarter . . more than any particular number, he
calls, 'And a quarter five!' Ibid.) At four fathoms and
3-quarters he calls 'A quarter less five!' 1855 English'
woman in Russia i ' By the quarter seven ' sang out . . the
sailor .. engaged in heaving the lead.
c. An Irish land-measure (tr. Ir. ceatkramhadh,
sometimes anglicized as carrow} : see quots.
1607 DAVIES ist Let. to Ld. Salisbury (1787) 245 Every
ballibetagh is divided into four quarters of lands, and every
quarter into four taths. 1683 J. KEOGH Acct. Roscommon
in O'Donovan Hy Fiachraich (1844! 453 These countries
were subdivided into townlands . . which were called Ballys
. .and each town land was divided again into quarters. Ibid.)
I have been sometimes perplexed to know how many acres
a quarter contains, but I have learned it is an uncertain
measure. 1883 SEEBOHM Eng. Village Comm. viL 223
Annexed is an example of an ancient bally divided into
quarters. ..Two of the quarters, now townlands, still bear
the names of ' Cartron ' and ' Carrow ', or ' Quarter '. 1892
EMILY LAWLESS Crania II. 3 Mishmaan possesses but two
townlands, containing six quarters each.
8. As a measure of time.
a. The fourth part of a year, esp. as divided
by the recognized QUARTER-DAYS. Also (esp. in
Scotland), the fourth part of the school-year, or
of the period during which instruction is usually
given, containing about eleven weeks. (See also 1 1 .)
1389 in Eng. Gilds (1870) 7 What man is take in to be
brother, schal paie. . eueri quarter, .iij. d. C 1440 ipomydon
762 My greyhondes ranne not bis quartere. 1530 BOORDE
Lett, in Introd. Knowl. (1870) 53 To come to yow ons in
a qwartter. 1591 NASHE Prognost. Wks. 1883-4 H- l$4
The predominant qualities of this quarter [summer] is heate
and drynesse. a 1610 HEALEY Theophrastus (1636) 40
A quarters rent of his house. 1623 Althorp MS. in Simp-
kinson Washingtons (1860) App. 41 To the hoggheard for
a coter's wages. 1731 SWIFT On his Death) He must ..
change his comrades once a quarter. 1819 SHELLEY Peter
Bell vi. iii, Then seriatim, month and quarter, Appeared
such mad tirades. 1836 Penny Cycl. V. 238 For a com-
mercial education, a guinea a quarter is charged. 1865
DICKENS fl/ut. Fr. i. iv, The gentleman proposes to take
your apartments by tbe quarter.
b. A fourth part of the lunar period. Also,
the moon's position when between the first and
second or third and fourth quarters; quadrature.
27
c 1400 MAUNDEV. (Roxb.l xxxiii. 149 (>e moone may no?t
be sene bare, bot in be secund quartere. 1632 MASSINGER
Maid of Hon. i. i, His sheepshearine . . Is in every quarter
of the moon, and constant. 1694 W. HOLDER Time v. 82
How near she is to her Quarters, Full, or next New-moon.
17*8 PEMBERTON Newton s P kilos. 201 But. .in the quarters
the moon . . will be made to approach it [the earth]. 1853
MAURICE Propk. $ Kings xi. 189 We sometimes see the
moon in her first quarter with one bright luminous border.
1867 SMYTH Sailor s IVord-bk. s. v., When the moon appears
exactly as a half-moon, 90° from the sun towards the east,
she Is in the first quarter.
fig. 1806 LAMB Let. to Hazlttt 15 Jan. Wks. 1852. 77/1
Prudentia is in the last quarter of her tutelary sinning
over me.
c. The fourth part of an hour ; the space of
fifteen minutes. Also, the moment, as denoted by
a mark on the dial, the sound of a bell, etc., at
which one quarter of an hour (cf. HOUR 3) ends
and the next begins; chiefly used of the quarter
after or before an hour, as ' a quarter past nine ',
' a quarter to ten *.
[1599 SHAKS. Much Ado v. ii. 85 An hower in clamour
and a quarter in rhewme.] 1617 MORYSON I tin. \. 31 In
the upper part of the clocke are . . statuaes, which strike the
quarters of the houre. 1659 MAYNE City Mutch u. iii. 27
A fellow that turnes upon his toe In a steeple, and strikes
quarters. 1727 BAILEY vol. Iij Quarters [in a Clock or
Movement] are little Bells which sound the Quarters or
other Parts of an Hour. 1821 BYRON Vis. Judgm. Ixxxvii,
I've scarcely been ten minutes . . At least a quarter it can
hardly be. 184* TENNYSON St. Sim. Styl. 218, I shall die
to-night, A quarter before twelve. 1844 DICKENS Mart.
Chuz. xiv, ' The quarter's gone ! ' cried Mr. Tapley.
[n attrib. phrases. 1849 MRS. CARLYLE Lett. II. 77,
I was up to leaving . . by the quarter-after-eight train. 1857
HUGHES TomBrown t.v iii. 192 The quarter-to-ten bell. .rang.
t<L The fourth part of the night, or of the
period between two canonical hours. Obs. rare.
f 1369 CHAUCER Dethe Blaunche 198 Ther-as she lay,
Right even a quarter before day. 1412-20 LYDG. Chron*
Troy i. vi, She . . founde a quarter passed after pryme.
9. Of coins, t a- A farthing. Obs.
1389 in Eng. Gilds 60 Euery broyer and syster shal offeryn
[1799 WASHINGTON Lett. Writ. 1893 XIV. 150 It ought not
to be larger than would cover a quarter of a dollar.] 1856
OLMSTED Slave States 4 Here's a quarter for you. 1883
Harpers Mag. Nov. 950/2 Twenty, .oranges for a quarter.
10. Naut. f a. (See first quot.) Obs.
1727-41 CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v., A quarter of a point, wind,
or rhumb, is the fourth part of a cardinal point wind, or
rhumb J or of the distance between two cardinal points,
winds, etc. The quarter contains an arch of n degrees 15
minutes. 1796 H. HUNTER tr. St,-Pierre*s Stud. Nat. (1799)
I. 156 The highest Tide. .set in from east-quarter-north.
b. The fourth part of a point on the compass ;
2° 48' 45". Also quarter-point (see 30).
1793 HUTTON Math. Diet. II. 319.
11. ellipt. (from 8 a). A quarterly instalment of
an allowance or payment.
1679-88 Seer. Serv. Money Chas. fy Jos. (Camden) 63
Interest and gratuity for advancing the Dutchess of Ports-
mouth's quarter when she went into France. 1849 THACKERAY
Pendennis Iviii, Pay me down the first quarter now.
III. Senses denoting locality, and transferred
uses of these.
12. The region lying about or under one of the
four principal points of the compass or divisions of
the horizon ; the point or division itself. Also spec.
in AstroL (see quot. 1696).
<ri39i CHAUCER AstroL i. § 5 The 4 principals plages or
quarters of the firmament. 1536 TINDALE Rev. xx. 8 The
people which are in the foure quarters (Gr. yamatt] of the
erth. 1535 COVERDALH Jcr. xlix. 34 Vpon Elam I wil
bringe the foure wyndes from y° foure quarters of heauen.
1611 BIBLE i Chron. ix. 24 In foure quarters were the
Porters : toward the East, West, North, and South. 1696
PHILLIPS, Quarters of Heaven .. in Astronomy, the [1706
Among Astrologers, certain] Intersections of the Spheres as
well in the World as in the Zodiack [1706 of which two
are termed Oriental, and counted Masculine ; the other two
being Occidental and Feminine]. 1748 Attson's Voy. n. ii.
136 We espied a sail in the northern quarter. i8a6 SCOTT
Woodst. ii, Joceline . . looked . . to the four quarters of the
horizon. 1835 SIR J. Ross Narr. ind Voy. xv. 231 Venus
was also seen in the southern quarter. 1860 DICKENS Utt-
comnt. Trav. iv, The Four Quarters of the World came out
of the globe.
trans/. 1543 RECORDC Gr. Aries (1575) »97 The rose . . is
enuironed on the 4 quarters with 4 flottre deluce.
f b. Boundary or limit towards one of the car-
dinal points ; side. Obs.
1551 ROBINSON tr. Mores Utop. n. (Arb.) 78 A. drie diche
. . goeth about thre sides or quarters of the city. To the
fourth side the riuer it selfe serueth for a ditche, 1596 DAL-
RYMCLE tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. (1885) I. 2, I wil first.,
descriue the quarteris and boundes of Scotland. 1611 BIBLE
Josh, xviii. 14, 15 This was the West quarter. And the
South quarter was from the end of Kiriatn-iearim.
C. A direction or point of the compass, when,
more than four are mentioned or may be implied.
1604 K. G[RIMSTONE] D'Acostas Hist. Indies in. v. 132
They reckon but twoo and thirty quarters of ihe windes, for
that more would confound the memorie. 1664 EVELYN
Sp/7'«(i679) 16 How speedily they [oaks] spread, and dilate
themselves to all quarters. 1674 GRKW Veget. Trunks vi.
§ 7 Setting down the respect it. -balh to any Quarter in the
Heavens. 1784 COWPER Task i. 373 Win Js from all quarters
agitate the air. 1806-7 f. HKKKSFOKD Miseries Hum. Life
(1826) n. xiii, From every quarter of the compass to which
QUARTER.
you turn for refuge. 1818 SCOTT Rob Roy viii, ' Whew ! sits
the wind in that quarter?' enquired the justice.
13. Region, district, place, locality.
The pi. is sometimes used in much the same sense as the
sing. With the preps, fro>/it in, to, this sense cannot always
be clearly distinguished from 12 c.
13.. K. Alts. 1902 Sixty citees, in that quarter, Heo for-
brente. 1471 E. PASTON in P. Lett. III. 27, I trow sche be
in ?our quarters. 1534 MORE Cotnf. agst. Trio. in. Wks.
1214/1 In this quarter here about vs. 1555 W. WATREMAN
Fardte Facions n. vii. 157 Suche commodities as the
quartre beareth..wher they dwelle. 1667 MILTON P. L. v.
686 Where we possess The Quarters of the North. 1734
SALE Koran Prelim. Disc. § i (Chandos ed.) i In which
quarter they dwelt in respect to the Jews. 1765 Museum
Rusticunt IV. 377 There were in that single quarter [of
France] above one hundred acres of transplanted cole-seed.
1855 PRESCOTT Philip //, ii. vi. (1857) 270 The marquis. .had
left the place on a visit to a distant quarter. 1867 FREEMAN
Norm. Cong. (1876) I. v. 383 Troops flocked to him from all
quarters.
b. Indicating a certain portion or member of
a community, or some thing or things, without
reference to actual locality.
1777 SHERIDAN Sch. Scand. i. i, I was hurt, .to learn, from
the same quarter, that. .Sir Peter and Lady Teazle have not
agreed lately. 1818 JAS. MILL Brit. India II. v. viii. 668 The
quarter from which this proposition proceeded . . was no
secret to him. i8si J. W. CHOKER in Diary (1884) June 6
This is erroneous in fact, . . butT. insisted he had it from a
good quarter. 1856 FROUDE Hist. Eng. (1858) I. ii. 136 A
suspicion that even in the highest quarters justice had ceased
to be much considered. 1886 E. MILLER Textual Guide 27
This deference to B. . .leads the two learned Professors to
follow it whenever it ts supported by only slight testimony
from other quarters.
14. A particular division or district of a town or
city, esp. that appropriated to a particular class or
race of people, as thejeivish quarter, etc.
1526 TINDALE Luke xiv. 21 Goo out quickly into the
stretes and quarters [1611 lanes] of the citie. 1541 Act 33
Hen. l>rlfft c. 15 The said saincluarymen .. enter in euery
parte and quarter of the same towne. i6oa Return Jr. Par-
nass. v. iv, What newes with you in this quarter of the Citty ?
1711 ADDISON Spect. No. 31 T i The several Shows that are
exhibited in different Quarters of the Town. 1756-7 tr.
Keyslers Trav. (1760) II. 467 Rome is divided into fourteen
rioni or quarters. 1820 W. IRVING Sketch Bk. I. 121 In
the most dark and dingy quarters of the city. 1864 D. G.
MITCHELL Sev. Star. 214 A narrow court .. which leads
into a moldering quarter of the city.
f t>. A particular place or point (in a building,
etc.). Obs.
ci44o Jacob's Wellfx) pis wose of pride has viij. corneres,
or viij. quarterys. ? 1449 Paston Lett. No. 67 I. 83 They
have made wykets on every quarter of the hwse to schote
owte atte. c 1470 HENRY Wallace vm. 1051 At a quartar,
quhar fyr had nocht ourtayn, Thai tuk thaim out fra that
castell. i$»6 Pjlgr. Per/, (W. de W. 1531) 131 That v«
ennemy may fynde in vs no quarter to entre.
f C. A part of a gathering or assembly, army,
camp, etc. Obs.
1591 SHAKS. i Hen. Vft n. i. 63 Had all your Quarters
been as safely kept As that whereof I had the gouernement,
We had not beene. .surpriz'd. 1596 Edward ///, iv. iv.
S These quarters, squadrons, and these regiments. 1599
AKLUYT Voy. II. ir. 137 It is a thing almost impossible,
at any your Faires or publique assemblies to finde any
quarter thereof sober.
fd. To keep good quarter \ To keep good watch ;
to preserve good order. Obs.
1595 SHAKS. John v. v. 20 Well : keepe good quarter, &
good care to night. 1653 H. MORE Antid. Ath. u. viii. § 2
(1712) 63 To have made Man that he might be a Lord over
the rest of the Creation and keep good quarter among them.
fe. To keep a . . . quarter : To maintain a (bad)
state of things, to behave in a (bad) way ; hence,
even without adj., to make a noise or disturbance.
1632 LITHGOW Trav. in. 88 The Souldiers kept a bloody
quarter among themselues. a 1654 SELDEN Table-t. (Arb.}
81 They keep a huge quarter when they carry it into the
Cellar. 1659 Conttnw. Ball. (Percy Soc.) 150 For all you
kept such a quarter, you are out of the councell of state.
1668 PEFYS Diary 29 Jan., They had fiddlers, and danced,
and kept a quarter, which pleased me though it disturbed
me. 1736 AINSWORTH Lat. Diet., What a quarter they keep
in the market. 1760 BARETTI Engl.'Ital. Dict.> To keep a
heavy quarter, fare un grande strepito.
15. Place of stay or residence ; dwelling-place,
lodgings, esp. of soldiers. Now usu. in//.
Free quarterns) : see FREE-QUARTER. Head-, home-, out-,
siimmer-iWinter-quartcrs: see the first element. Quarters
of refreshment (see quot. 1702-11). To beat up the quarters
of: see BEAT v.1 28. To take up one's quarters \ to estab-
lish oneself (in a place).
sing. 1591 Carrara's Art Warre 77 Let him remember. .
to bring backe again into his Quarter those souldiers bee
hath led foorth to any enterprise. 1649 G. DANIEL Trtnarch.,
Hen. IV. Ixxxiv, The Lords who must in state Lodge at the
Crowne . . Defray their Quarter at a Double Rate. 1679
Establ. Test. 25 In a place remote from his quarter, he ren-
devouzes with his fellow adventurers. 1719 DE WotCrtua*
ii. vi. I went from their quarter. 1837 CARLYLE Fr. Rev.
III. i. v, The grate which led to our quarter opened anew.
1897 HUGHES Medit. Fever ii. 62 The staff-sergeant . .occu-
pied a two-room quarter a few yards away.
j5 1598 B- JONSON Ev. Man. in Hum. iv. v, Turnbull,
Whitechapel, Shoreditch, which were then my quarters.
i64S w- HKOWNE Let. to Wood 9 Sept. in WO&C* Life
(O. H.S.) I. 122 notet Our horse from Oxon. fell on the
enemies quarters at Thame. 1660 BANCROFT Serin. 18 Nov.
in D'Oyly Life (1821) II. 320 God and his church pay their
quarters wherever they come. i7oa-u Afilit. <fr Sea Diet.
(ed. 4) i, Quarters of Refreshment ^ the Place or Places, where
Troops that haue been much harass'd, are put in to recover
4-2
QUARTER.
themselues, during some time »f the Summer or Season for
the Campaign. 1733 DE FOE Moll Flanders (1840) 355,
I found we must shift our quarters. 1758 JOHNSON Idler
No. 21 P 3, I wandered with the regiment as the quarters
were changed. 1807 DE QUINCEY in H. A. Page Life (1877)
I. vii. 125 Mrs. Koster did me the honour to call at my
quarters. 1856 KANE A ret. ExpL I. iii. 35 We had a
rough time in working to our present quarters. 1881 BESANT
& RICK Chapl, of Fleet i. vi. (1883) 51 Where .. robbers of
the road had their customary quarters.
f b. The compulsory provision by private per-
sons of lodging for troops. Obs,
1647 N- BACON Disc. Gout. Eng. i. Ixvi. (1739) 142 The
Clergy are charged with Quarter, Cart-Service, and Purvey-
ing. 1781 GIBBON Decl. <$• ^. xvii. 1 1. 45 The most flourishing
cities were oppressed by the intolerable weight of quarters.
C. U. S. (South). The cabins in which the
negroes on a plantation live.
1804 Europ. Mag. XLV. 19/1, I walked away to the
Suarter. [Note. The place of abode for the negroes.] 1856
LMSTED Slave States in Several cabins are placed near
together, and they are called ' the quarters '. 1889 Harper's
Mag. Jan. 253 Let us go out to the quarters, grandpa ; they
will be dancing by now.
d. A plice of exercise for dogs.
1844 SportingRev. XI. 209 If you have sufficient walks or
quarters, as they are sometimes called, to enable you to
bring your own {hounds], begin with a good stock at first.
10. Assigned or appropriate position, f To keep
quarter : to keep one s own place, f To hold quar-
ter with : to remain beside. Quarter of assembly
(see quot. 1802). See also CLOSE QUARTERS.
1549 Coinpl. Scot. vi. 41 Gunnaris, cum heir and stand by
Spur artail^ee, euyrie gunnar til his auen quartar. 1606
SHAKS. Ant. $ Ct. iv. iii. 22 Follow the noyse so farre as we
haue quarter. i6tx BEAUM. & Ft. Pkilaster\\. ii, Let me
hold quarter with you ; we'll talk an hour Out quickly.
1612 BACON £ss.t Love (Arb.) 446 They doe best that make
this affection keepe quarter, and seuer it wholly from their
serious affaires. 1667 MILTON P. L. m. 714 Swift to thir
several Quarters hasted then The cumbrous Elements,
Earth, Flood, Aire, Fire. 1701-11 Milit. <fr Sea Diet. (ed.
4) i. s.v., A Quarter at a Siege, An Incampment upon any
of the principal Avenues of the Place. 1769 FALCONER Diet.
Marine (1780), Quarters, a name given, at sea, to the
several stations where the officers and crew of the ship of
war are posted in action. i8oa JAMES Milit. Dict.t Quar-
ter of Assembly, the place where the troops meet to march
from in body, and is the same as the place of rendezvous.
1836 MARRYAT Midsk. Easy xxvi, 'Call the drummer', said
Captain Wilson, ' and let him beat to quarters '.
1 17. Relations with, or conduct towards, another;
esp. in phr. to keep good (or fair) quarterns') with.
1590 SHAKS. Com. Err. n. i. 108 So he would keepe faire
quarter with his bed. 1604 — ('///. n. Iii. 180 Friends all..
In Quarter, and in termes like Bride, and Groome. 1615
BACON £ss., Cunning (Arb.) 439 Two, that were Competitors,
. .yet kept good Quarter betweene themselues. 1637 RUTHER-
FORD Lett. (1862) I. 207, 1 find it to be hard wrestling to play
fair with Christ and to keep good quarters with Him.
a 1674 CLARENDON Snrv. Leviathan (1676) 153 The two
next Kings.. kept very fair quarter with Paschal.
fb. (Good or fair) treatment or terms. Obs.
exc. arch.
1648 Eikon Bas. iv. 2^, I never had any thoughts of going
from my House at Whitehall, if I could have had but any
reasonable fair Quarter. 1699 BENTLEY Phal. 319 Lucian
should have no better Quarter from him. 1705 STANHOPE
Paraphr. II. 268 No other Person must expect fair Quarter.
'735 BOLINGBROKE On Parties Ded. (1738) 7 He would
deserve certainly much better Quarter [etc.]- '8»6 SCOTT
Woods t. xxxiii, Neither I nor my fellows will deliver it up
but upon good quarter and conditions. Ibid.t They will
give thee fair quarter.
18. Exemption from being immediately put to
death, granted to a vanquished opponent by the
victor in a battle or fight ; clemency or mercy
shown in sparing the life of one who surrenders,
f Formerly also //. f To cry quarter : to call for
quarter.
The precise origin of this sense is obscure, but it may be
derived from 17, or even from 15 on the supposition that to
give quarter originally meant to provide prisoners with
quarters. The assertion of De Brieux (1672 Origines . .
de plusieurs fa$ons de parler, 16) that it arose in an
agreement between the Dutch and Spaniards, by which the
ransom of an officer or private was to be a quarter of his
pay, is at variance with the constant sense of the phrases
give and receive quarter.
1611 COTGR,, Quartier . . Quarter, or faire war, wherein
souldiers are taken prisoners and ransomed at a certaine
rate, c 1645 HOWELL Lett. (1655) I. 231 He suffered Tilly
to take that great Town with so much effusion of blood,
because they wood receiue no quarter. 1659 B. HARRIS
Parivats Iron Age 308 Many were cut down, the Swedes
giving no quarter. 1693 Mem. Cf. Teckely it. 89 As this was
not a NVar of Quarter, they defended themselves desperately.
17*0 DE FOE Capt. Singleton xi. (1840)188 The Portuguese
cry quarter. 1788 PRIESTLEY Lect. Hist. v. Ixii. 494 Civil
wars are also peculiarly bloody, because less quarter is
expected in them. 1816 BYRON Siege Cor. xxiv, Cry For
quarter, or for victory. 1841 JAMES Brigand iii, Several of
them uttered a cry of ' Quarter quarter '. 1865 KINGSLEY
Herew, vii, Hereward bid his men give quarter.
pi. c 1644 MS. Hist. Somerville Fam. in Scott's Rokeby,
Having refused quarters, every man fell in the same order
and ranke wherin he had foughten. \Gb^Scanderbcg Rediv.
iv, 91 There was no Quarters given during the heat of the
fight. 1716 SHERLOCKE Voy. round World 129 They
instantly came to, and call'd for quarters. 1747 Gentl. Mag.
486 Near 7 at night she [the Terrible] called out for quarters.
1769 FALCONER Diet. Marine \ 1780) s.v., Quarters is also an
exclamation to implore mercy from a victorious enemy.
b. transf. and jig.
1647 WABD &////. Cooler 72 Heshewesmore true fortitude,
28
that prayes quarter of. . Truth. 1684 J. PETER Siefe Vienna
51 Nor was there any quarter given to the Wine-Cellars of
the Emperor's Ministers. 1745 DE FOE Eng. Tradesman
(1841* I. vii. 55 The tradesman can expect no quarter from
his creditors. 1761 KAMES Elem. Crit. xix. (1833) 344 Mere
witticisms, which ought to have no quarter. 1817 SHELLEY
Rat. Islam Pref., There is no quarter given to Revenge, or
Envy, or Prejudice. 1871 MORLEY Crit. Misc. Ser. l. fan-
venargucs (1878) 25 The Trappist theory of the conditions
of virtue found no quarter with him.
IV. Technical uses, in most of which the ori-
ginal sense is much obscured.
19. Carpentry. A piece of wood, four inches wide
by two or four inches thick (see quot. 1703), used
as an upright stud or scantling in partitions and
other framing. Chiefly in //.
[1331 in J. T. Smith Antif. Wettminsttr (1807) 207 Two
pieces of timber eight feet long called quarters.] 1497 Naval
Ace. Hen. VII (1896) 235 Sawyng of tymbre into plankes
quarters Bourde and other necessaries. 1565-73 COOPER
Thesaurus, Clostrum, . . a rayle or other like thinge made
of quarters. 1617 MINSHEU Dnctor, A quarter, a peece of
timber commonly foure square, and foure inches thicke, as
it were a quarter or fourth part of a beame. 1665 PEPVS
Diary 21 Sept., The posts and quarters in the walls. 1703
MOXON Mech. Exerc. 163 Single Quarters are. .two Inches
thick, and four Inches broad. The Double Quarters are
sawen to Four Inches square. 1811 Self Instructor 141
Plastering .. between the quarters in partitioning. 18*5
J. NICHOLSON Oferat. Mechanic 627 If the workman find
materials for rendering between quarters, one-fifth must be
added for quarters. 1875 KNIGHT Diet. Mech. 1843/2 The
English rule is to place the quarters at a distance not ex-
ceeding 14 inches.
20. a. Farriery. One side of a horse's hoof;
one half of the coffin, extending between heel and
toe; sometimes, the part of this immediately in
front of the heel. False quarter: see FALSE a. 7.
b. The corresponding part of a horse-shoe.
1513 etc. [see FALSE a. 7]. 1607 TOPSELL Four-f. Beasts
(1658) 309 You shall easily perceive whether his grief be in
the inward quarter or in the outward quarter ; the quarter
is to be understood, from the mid hoof to the heel. 1685
Land. Gaz. No. 2054/4 A Brown Dun Mare . .with, .a false
quarter in one of her fore Feet 17*7 BRADLEY Fam. Diet.
s. v. Cuf, If . . the Horse Cuts himself, or interferes, thicken
the inner Quarters or Spunges of his Shoes. 18*9 Nat.
Philos., Prelim. Treat. (U.K.S.) 37 The frog coming down
in the middle between the quarters, adds greatly to the
elasticity. 1875 .KNIGHT Diet. Mech. 1843/2 Quarter,., the
rear or heel portion of a horseshoe.
c. That part of a shoe or boot lying immedi-
ately in front of the back-line, on either side of
the foot ; the piece of leather, or other stuff, forming
this part of the shoe from the heel to the vamp.
1753 HANWAY Trav. (1762) I. m. i. 228 They wear slippers
like women's shoes, without quarters. 1817 MAR. EDGEWORTH
Harrington vi, A slipper, with a heel so high, and a quarter so
low. 1834 PLANCHE Brit. Costume 315 The shoes were worn
with longer quarters and larger Duckies. 1885 Harper's
Mag. Jan. 280/2 The small quarter and button piece are
' closed ' on the large quarter.
1 21. A bed or plot in a garden. Obs.
Possibly due,in part at least,to confusion between 'quarter '
and ' square ' (as in the case of quadrant, quadrate) ; cf. F.
carrt, Sp. cuadro square, garden-plot.
1565 COOPER Thesaurus, Area in hortis, ..a platte or
quarter. 1571 MASCALL riant, fy Graff. (1592) 8 Ye may
plant or set all your Nuttes in one square or quarter to-
gether. 1688 R. HOLME Armoury n. 118/1 Statues or
Figures cut in Stone [are proper] to be in the quarters of the
Garden. 1706 LONDON & WISE Retir'd Gard"ntr 12 Dig
put of the Walks all the good Earth, and wheel or throw it
into the Quarters. 1764 Museum Rnsticum III. xvl 73
This year they began to attack a large quarter of new-
grafted apples.
22. Natit. a. The upper part of a ship's side
between the after part of the main chains and the
stern. On the quarter, in a direction about mid-
way between astern and on the beam.
'599 ISM AFTER a. 4 b]. a 1618 RALEIGH Royal Navy 10
Otherwise the bow and quarter will utterly spoile her sayling.
1624 T. TAYLOR (Water P.) Brave Sea-fight Wks. (1630) ill.
39/2 To clap the Portugall aboord on the Larboord quarter.
1719 DE FOE Crusoe i. xiii, All the stern and quarter of her was
beaten to pieces with the sea. 1769 FALCONER Diet. Marine
(1780) s. v., If we were to divide the ship's sides into five
equal portions . . the first, from the stern, would be the quarter.
Hid., s. v. Bearing. These bearings, .which may be called
mechanical, are on the beam, . . on the quarter [etc.].
1805 Lag of H. M.S. Tonnant 21 Oct in Nicolas -Dist.
Nelson(rt&) VII. rfjnote, The French Admiral'sShip under
our quarter had lost her foremast. 1840 R. H. DANA Be/.
Mast iv. 8 Leaving the land on our quarter. 1878 Masque
Poets 120 The sea that came over her quarter.
b. Of a yard : The part between the slings and
the yard-arm (see also quot. 1769).
1769 FALCONER Diet. Marine (1780) s.v. Yard, The
distance between the slings and the yard-arms on each side
is . . divided into quarters, which are distinguished into the
first, second, third quarters, and yard-arms. ci86o H. STUART
Seaman's Catech. 25 The quarter of the mainyard. i88a
NARES Seamanship (ed. 6) 41 The truss strop on the quarter
of the yard.
1 23. The skirt of a coat or other garment. Obs.
1535 COVERDALE Dent. xxii. 12 Thou shall make gardes
vpon the foure quarters of thy garment. 1591 PERCIVALL
Sp. Diet., Falda, the lap of a coate, the skirtes, the quarters
of a coate. £1658 lvit Restored 167 Chill put on my
zunday parrell That's lac't about the quarters.
b. Of a saddle : (see quot.).
'753 CHAMBERS Cycl. Snpp. s. v., Quarters of a saddle are
the pieces of leather or stuff made fast to the lower part of
the sides of a saddle, and hanging down below the saddle.
QUARTER.
24. Out of the four parts into which a road is
divided by the horse-track and the wheel-ruts.
1^67 A. YOUNG Lett, to People (1771) I. 445 A road. .upon
which the tracks may vary, without having quarters a yard
high to cross. 1789 Trans. Soc. Arts VII. 204 Gravelled
roads,, .where quarters are formed by carriages following in
one continued track. 1805 DICKSON f'racticat Agric. I.
Plate xxxvii, It is drawn by two horses abreast, the outside
horse on the outer quarter, and the other in the path. . . Thus
an inside and outside quarter are taken in going, and the
others in returning. 1879 in Norfolk Arch. VIII. 172.
25. dial. One of the four teats of a cow (cf.
QUARTER-EVIL 2). False quarter (see quot. 1797).
1797 J. BILLINGSLEY View Agric. Somerset 249 This dis-
order frequently affects the udder, and brings on a false
quarter, that is, a deprivation of milk in one teat. 1886
HOLLAND Cheshire Gloss, s.v., When a cow. .ceases to give
milk from one teat, she is said to have lost a quarter.
26. Miscellaneous uses.
a. Fencing. Some kind of stroke or blow (cf. quarter-blow^
•stroke in 30). t b- ? A square space. Obs. to. ? A
square block. Obs. f d- Typog. One of the divisions of
a form (see quot.). Obs. t e. In the manege (see quot.).
Obs . t f. //. In the old style of Rugby football (see quot.).
Obs. g. Arch. A portion of a Gothic arch (Knight Diet.
Mech, 1875). h. Carpentry. A section of a winding stair
(tbid.). i. A section of a mill-stone dress (ibid,). j.
That part of the side of a cask which lies between the
chime and bulge (ibid.). k. An angular piece of cork,
ready for rounding (il'id,).
a. c 1450 Fencing iv. hyo handed Sword in Ret. Ant. \.
309 Thy rakys, thy rowndis, thy quarters abowte. b. 1454
m Dugdale Antiq. IVanuicksh, 356 Under every principal!
housing a goodly quarter for a Scutcheon of copper and gilt
to beset in. c. 1601 HOLLAND /ViVy II. 602 In Portugall
, . there be found great crystal quarters or masses of a won-
derful weight. d. 1683 MOXON Mech. Exerc^ Printing
§"8 Quarto's, Octavo's and Twelves Forms are Imposed in
uar lets. They are called Quarters, not from their equal
visions ; but because they are Imposed and Lockt up
apart. Thus half the Short-Cross in a Twelves Form is
called a Quarter, though it be indeed but one Sixth part of
the Form, e. 1737 BAILEY vol. II, To work from Quarter^
to Quarter, is to ride a Horse three Times an End upon
the first of the four Lines of a Square, and then changing
Hands to ride him three Times upon the second, and so to
do upon the third and fourth, f. 1857 HUGHES Tom Brown
l. v. 114 The captain of quarters .. spread his men.. half-
way between their own goal and the body of their own
players-up.
V. attrib. and Comb.
27. General combs, (sense i), as quarter-barrel,
-ebb) -face, -flood, -hogshead, -inch, -look, -mile,
pay, -pint, -rations, -size, -yard, etc. ; quarter'
faced adj. ; quarter-yearly adv.
x88s OUIDA Marennna, I, 245 There is a trifle of oil, a
*quarter barrel. ^1391 CHAUCER Astral, n. § 46 Whet>iril be
. . half or*quarter ebbe. i6a6 CAPT. SMITH Accid.yng. Sea*
men 17 A spring tide, ebbe, a quarter ebbe, half ebbe. 1846
McCuLLOCH Ace. Brit. Empire (1854) I. 251 Measured from
rignt. c 1391 CHAUCER Astrol. n. §46 Half flode or *quarter
flode. 1626 CAPT. SMITH Accid. yng. Sea-wen 17 [The sea]
flowes quarter floud, high water, or a still water. 1801
NELSON 15 Aug. in Nicolas Disp. (1845) IV. 460 At last
quarter-flood, at the Pier-head. 1891 T. HARDY Tcss
xxxviii, The washing-tub stood.. on the same old *quarter-
hogshead. 1890 W. J. GORDON Foundry 58 Nearly all of
them are to a "quarter-inch scale. 1636 MASSINGEK Bashf.
Lover i. i, Observe his posture But with a *quarter-look.
1895 Westm. Gaz. n Jan. 5/2 A "quarter-mile straight race
for professionals. 1691 LUTTRELL Brief Ret. (1857) II. 275
The seamen shall be . . kept in *quarter pay till spring.
1744 BERKELEY Let. to Hanmer 21 Aug. in Fraser Lijev'ni.
(1871) 299 You may take this quantity either in half-pint or
*quarter-pint glasses. 1856 LEVER Martins ofCro" M. 201
A shipwrecked crew reduced to "quarter-rations. 1889
Anthony's Phot o^r. Bull. II. 3 A "quarter-size 'detective'
camera, a 1400 Stockh. Med. MS. ii. 657 in Anglia XVIII.
323 His stalke is "quarter }erde longe. 1795 HAMILTON
Wks. (1886) VII. 95 His allowance is at the rate of 25,000
dollars per annum, 6,250 dollars "quarter -yearly.
b. With names of coins, as quarter-angel, -dollar,
-ducat, -eagle, -florin, -guinea, -noble, -pound, -shekel,
-shilling, -sovereign, etc.
1866 CRUMP Banking x. 223 * Quarter- an gel. 1837 HT.
MARTINEAU Soc. Amer. II. 89 The lowest price .. was a
"quarter-dollar per acre. 1639 FORD Lady s Trial v. i,
Pistol a straggler for a *quarter-ducat. 1874 RAYMOND 6//i
Rep, Mines 524 Eagles . . Half-eagles . . "Quarter-eagles.
1707 FLEETWOOD Chron. Free. 21 The "Quarter Floren he
[Fabian] calls a Farthing, val if. v'rnd. 1776 Ann. Reg. 140
"Quarter guineas more deficient in weight than..i dwt.8 grs.
1803 HATCHKTT in Phil. Trans. XCI1I. 137 George I. a
quarter-guinea. 1866 CRUMP Banking x. 222 "Quarter-
noble. Ibid. 223 "Quarter- pound. 170* R. L'ESTRANGE
Josephns, Antiq. vi. v. (1733) 136 The Servants told him that
he had a "Quarter-Side left yet. 1561 Prod. A bossing
Coynfs in Stafford Exam. Complaints (1876) 101 The
"Quarter shilling That was curraunt for iijrfshalbe curraunt
forij*/.
f C. Artillery, denoting small sizes of certain
pieces, as quarter-cannon, -culverin, -slang, -sling.
Obs. (Cf. HALF- II. d.)
1549 Compl. Scot. vi. 41 Mak reddysour .. slangis, & half
slanpis, quarter slangis. 1570 DROUT Ganlfr. fy Barn. (1844)
C 2 Thy roaring cannons . . Yea bases, foulers, quarter-slings.
1611 FLORIO, Quarto caxnone, a quarter Cannon, which is
but weakely fortifide or mettalled. 1684 J. PETER Siege
Vienna in Quarter Cannon, each 12 pound 306. Ibid. 109
Quarter Culverin. .26.
d. With names of persons, as quarter-carrier,
-fairy, -ruler, -tyrant. Also QUAHTKRMASTER 3. -
1611 SHAKS. & FL. Two Koble K. i. ii. 108 Were he a
QUARTER.
"quarter carrier of that honour which His enemy conies in.
a i634KANnoi.rn Amyntus v. 6'] hey. do caper Like "quarter
K.iiries at the least. 1610 HKALEV St. Ang. Citie of God
iv. xi. (1620) 160 A "quarter ruler with his brethren and
sisters, c 1640 J. SMYTH Lives Berkeley* (18831 I- "6 The
lawes. .as some have written, were as "quarter-tirants.
f 28. (Sense 8 a) = ' quarter's ', ' quarterly ', as
quarter-allowance, -almoner, -feast, -fee, -salary,
-sermon, -service, -sttpper. Also QUARTER-DAY,
-SESSIONS, -WAITER.
1727 DOVER Diet, Fr.-AngL, Quarter, .. 'Quarter-allow-
ance. 1599 SANDYS Europx Spec. 9 With an eye perhaps
that themselves would be his "quarter Almoners. 1609 li.
JONSON Silent Woman It. ii, It is his "quarter-feast, sir.
1615 I. STEPHENS Satyr. Ess. n Clearkes and other knaves
. . Will take a pention or a "quarter-fee. 1583 STUBBES Anat.
Abus. It. (1882) 77 Preaching their *quarter sermons them-
selues. a 1555 LATIMER Serin, ff Rein. (1845) 243 Any ser-
vices in your churches, either trental, Quarter-service, or
other. 1591 in Acts Prev. Counc. N. S. XXII. 564 Irysche
customes as .. "Quartersupers called Quidraighe.
29. Naut. (sense 22 a) as quarter- badge, -bitt,
-boat, -check, -davits, -fast, -netting, -port, -rail,
-railing, -stanchions (cf. quots.). See also quarter-
board, -cloth, -ladder, -timbers in 30, and QUARTER-
GALLERY, -LINE, -PIECE, -WIND.
1807 ROBINSON ArchxoL Grxca iv. xiv. 390 To the aicpo-
aroAia in the prow answered the d<£Aa(7Ta, "quarter-badges,
in the stern. 1867 SMYTH Sailor's Word-ok., Quarter-
badge, artificial galleries; a carved ornament near the stern
of those vessels which have no quarter-galleries. 1805 Sir
E. BERRY 13 Oct. in Nicolas Disp. (1846) VII. 118 note,
I ordered the weather "quarter-boat to be cut away. 1840
R. H. DANA Be/. Mast vi. 13 The watch on deck were
lowering away the quarter-boat 1833 MARRYAT P. Simple
(1863) 41 Request that he will cast off the "quarter check.
1898 J. CONRAD Nigger ef Narcissus 246 Let go your
quarter-checks !. .The ropes splashed heavily, falling in the
water. 1867 SMYTH Sailor's Word-bk., *Quarter-davits,
pieces of iron or timber with sheaves or blocks at their
outer ends, projecting from a vessel's quarters, to hoist boats
up to. 1846 A. YOUNG Naut. Diet. 117 Fast, a rope or
chain by which a vessel is secured to a wharf or quay. They
are called bow, head, "quarter, and stern fasts. 1769 FAL-
CONER Diet. Marine (1780), *Quarter-Netting, a sort of
net-work, extended along the rails on the upper part of a
ship's quarter. 1867 SMYTH Sailor's Word-bk., Quarter-
Nettings, the place alloted on the quarters for the stowage
of hammocks. Ibid., *Quarter-ports, those made in the
after side-timbers and especially in round-stern vessels.
1769 FALCONER Diet. Marine (1780), *Quctrter-rails, are
narrow-moulded planks, generally of fir, reaching from the
top of the stern to the gangway. £1850 Rudim. Navig.
(Weale) 139 Quarter-rails, rails fixed into stanchions from
the stern to the gangway, and serving as a fence. 1809
W. IRVING Knickerb. (1861) 200 Anthony. .was leaning over
the "quarter-railing of the galley. 1860 LONGF. Wayside
Inn, Saga K. Oltif xx, He sat concealed, .. behind the
quarter-railing. 1846 A. YOUNG Naut. Diet. 243 *Quartcr-
stanchions, strong stanchions in the quarters of a square-
sterned vessel, one of which forms the outmost boundary of
the stern on either side : it connects the main rail with the
tafirail; [etc.].
3O. Special combs., as quarter-ail = QUARTER-
ILL ; + quarter-ale, an ' ale ' or festival held by
the people of a certain quarter (? or quarterly) ;
quarter-angled a., at a quarter of a right angle ;
also Her. = QUADRATE a. 5 ; quarter-aspect,
quartile-aspect (Worcester 1860, citing Brande) ;
quarter-back, in American football, a player
stationed between the forwards and half-backs;
(see also quot. 1895); f quarterrbasm, Se. (?) ;
quarter-bell, a bell in a clock which sounds the
quarters ; quarter-bend, a section of pipe bent
into a quarter-circle (Knight Diet. Mech. Suppl.
1884); quarter-bill, Naut. (see quot.) ; quarter-
binding, a style of bookbinding with narrow
leather back and no leather corners; quarter-
blanket, a small blanket for a horse's back
(Knight) ; quarter-block, Naut. a block fitted
under the quarter of a yard ; f quarter-blow (cf.
QUARTER 26 a, and quarter-stroke} ; quarter-
board, fsome kind of board used in carpentry;
also Nattt. in //. (see quot. 1846); fiuarter-
book, ? a book containing quarterly accounts ;
quarter-boot, a leather boot used to protect the
heels of a horse's fore-feet from being injured by the
hind feet (Knight) ; quarter-bound a., in Book-
binding (see quarter-binding) ; quarter-boy, a
quarter-jack in the form of a boy ; quarter-bred,
of animals : having one fourth good blood (Ogilvie,
1 882) ; -(-quarter-bullet (see quot.) ; quarter-butt,
in Billiards, a cue smaller than the HALF-BUTT;
quarter-cask, (a) a quarter-hogshead; (b) aquarter-
butt ; f quarter-cast, a. of a horse (see quot.) ;
quarter-clock, a clock that strikes the quarters ;
quarter-cloth, (a) Naut. (see quot.) ; (i>) =
quarter-blanket ; quarter-coal, a periodical allow-
ance of coal made to miners (Gresley Gloss. Coal-
mining 1883); quarter-column, .MY. (see quots.);
t quarter-cord, Afiningipeeqaot. 1 747 ' ; quarter-
course, t'.S., a quarter-mile racing course ; quar-
ter-crack, a crack on the inner quarter of a horse's
fore-hoof (Syd.Soc.Lex. 1897) ; t quarter-curtsey,
a slight curtsey; quarter-cut, plank cut to a
quarter of an inch in thickness ; quarter distance,
29
Mil. a distance intermediate between half and close
distance ; quarter-fishes [Fisu sl>.-], Naut. ' stout
pieces of wood hooped on to a mast to strengthen
it ' (Cent. Diet.} ; f quarter- foot = quarter-hoof;
t quarter-four, (?) ; quarter-galley, Naut. • a
Barbary cruiser ' (Smyth) ; quarter-grain, the
grain of wood in the plane of the medullary fibres
and radially from the centre, shown when a log is
quartered ; f quarter-ground (Isle of Man) =
QUAHTEHLANU; f quarter- he ad, a brad or flat-nail
with a bill or projection at the head; f quarter-
heel = QUARTER 20 c ; quarter-hollow, a concave
moulding, having an arc which is approximately a
quadrant ; also attrib., or adj., as in quarter-hollow
tool (Cent. Diet. 1891); f quarter-hoof, ? a hoof
with one of the quarters cut (cf. quarter-cast};
quarter-hoop, a hoop on the quarter of a cask ;
also attrib. ; quarter-hung a., of a gun : having
trunnions with their axis below the line of bore
(Knight) ; quarter-iron, a boom-iron on the
quarter of a yard ; quarter-ladder, Naut, (see
quots.) ; quarter-left, Mil. one quarter of a right-
angle towards the left ; quarter-light, a side-
window in the body of a close carriage, as distinct
from the door-light ; quarter-miler, one who is
good at running a quarter-mile race ; f quarter-
moon, (a) a crescent moon ; (6) — QUADRATURE
4 b ; f quarter-night, the time when a quarter of
the night has passed ; quarter-note, Mus. a
crotchet; zk-.oattrib.&s, quarter-note rest; quarter-
pace, a resting-place or landing on a stair, con-
taining a quadrant or 'quarter-turn'; quarter-
partition, a partition whose framework is made of
quarters ; quarter-pierced a., Her, (see qnots.) ;
quarter-plate, a photographic plate measuring
3^ x 4$ inches ; also, a photograph taken on a plate
of this size ; also attrib. ; quarter-ply a. (?) ;
quarter-point, Naut. — QUARTER i o b ; quarter-
pointed a., Her. (see quot.) ; quarter-pole, a pole
marking the quarter-mile on a race-course ; quar-
ter-quibble, ? a poor or weak quibble ; quarter-
race, U.S., a quarter-mile race ; quarter-rack, a
rack which regulates the striking of the quarters in
a clock ; f quarter-ranger, ? the ranger or keeper
of a certain quarter ; quarter-repeater, a repeater-
watch which strikes the quarters; quarter-rest,
Mus. a rest equal in time to a quarter-note, a
crotchet-rest (Cent. Diet.} ; quarter-right, Mil.
one quarter of a right angle towards the right ;
t quarter-road, an ordinary road with quarters
separated by horse- track and ruts ; quarter-round,
a convex moulding having an outline of a quarter-
circle, an ovolo or echinus ; also attrib., or adj.,
as quarter-round tool ; f quarter-sack, a sack
capable of holding a quarter of grain ; quarter-
sawed a., of wood : quartered ; quarter-screw,
one of the four screws in a compensation balance
by which the watch is regulated ; quarter-seal,
a seal pertaining to the Chancery of Scotland,
having the shape and impression of a fourth part
of the Great Seal ; quarter-section (U. S. and
Canada), a quarter of a square mile of land,
1 60 acres ; quarter-sights, sights engraved on the
base-ring of a cannon in quarter degrees (Smyth) ;
quarter-slings, Naut. (see quot.) ; quarter-snail
(see quot.); quarter-space = quarter-pace ^Nichol-
son, 1 8 2 3) ; t quarter-spells, some game ; quarter-
square, the fourth part of the square of a number ;
quarter-stroke, f (a) = quarter-blow; (b} the
stroke with which a clock marks the quarters ;
quarter-stuff, (a) =quarter-timber\>; (b} —quar-
ter-cut (Knight) ; quarter-tackle, Naut. (see
quot.) ; f quarter-tale, reckoning (grain) by quar-
ters ; quarter-timber, f (<*) quartered timber ; (i)
timber in the form of quarters (sense 19) ; (c)
Naut. in //. (see quot. 1846) ; quarter-tone,
Mus. one half of a semitone ; quarter-track =
quarter- course ; quarter-turn, (a} a rifle in whicli
the shot makes a quarter of a revolution in the
length of the barrel ; (b} a bend of a quarter of
a circle ; also attrib. ; quarter-twist = prec. a ;
quarter-vine, an American vine (Bignonia capreo-
lata}, the stem of which readily divides into
quarters (Cent. Diet.} ; f quarter-voided a., Her.
= quarter-pierced; quarter-watch, Naut. a ship's
watch composed of one-fourth of the crew ; quar-
ter-wheeling, turning through a quarter of a
circle ; f quarter-wood = quarter-timber.
1797 J. BILLINGSLEY View Agric,, Somerset 249 A disorder
proymcially called the *quarter*ail, which is a mortification
beginning at the hock. 1574 Proviso in Lease in Worsley
Hist. Isle Wight 210 If the Quarter shall need .. to make
a "Quarter-Ale, or Church-Ale. 1775 ADAIR A incr. Ind. 269
Rushed off with impetuous violence, on a "quarter-angled
course. 1895 Wcstm. (.'«;. 8 Nov. 2/1 Your ' "quarter-backs ,
QUARTER.
as half-backs were then called, waited for the ball to roll out.
1899 W. CAMP in Badminton Football xx\\. 286 Seven rushers
or forwards, . . a quarter-back, who stands just behind this
line ; two half-backs [etc.]. 179. BURNS Lass Etcle/echani,
A mickle "quarter basin. 1872 ELLACOMBE Bells of CA. in
Cli. Bells Devon viii. 393 The four "quarter bells were cast
1769 FALCONER Diet. Marine (1780), *Quarter-Bill, a roll, or
list, containing the different stations, to which all the officers
and crew of the ship are quartered, in the time of battle,
and the names of all the persons appointed to those stations.
"794 Digging ff Seamanship I. 157 Tliick-and-thin, or
''Quarter bloek, is a double block . . used to lead down the
topsail-sheets and clue-lines. < 1860 H. STUART Seaman's
Catech. 38 Topsail sheets when made of chain are rove
GREENE Menaphon (Arb.) 85 Breaking a few quarter blowes
with such countrey glances as they coulde. 1638 HHYWOOU
Wise Wont. iv. Wks. 1874 V. 330, I had my wards, and
foynes, and quarter-blowes. 1452 in Willis and Clark Cam-
bridge (1886) I. 282 The selyng boord .. shalbe "quartere
borde an inche thyk. 1497 Naval Ace. Hen. V/I (1896) 296
Sawyng of certeyn tymbre into plankes [&] quarterbordes.
1548 Privy Council Acts (1890) II. 174 Quarter boord, iijml.
1846 A. YOUNG Naut. Diet. 242 Quarter-Boards or 7V/-
gallant Quarter. Boards, a thin bulwark boarding, forming
an additional height to the bulwarks at the after part of a
vessel. They also get the name of Topgallant bulwarks.
1679-88 Seer. Serv. Money Chas. Sf Jos. (Camden) 146 His
allowance, .for returning the "quarter books to Sr Edmund
Turner. 1826 SOUTHEY K/«<f. Eecl. Angl. 260 The machinery
..by which his own "quarter-boys in Fleet-street perform
their office. 1900 Academy 28 Apr. 365/1 The grotesque
' quarter-boys ' — corpulent cherubs on either side of the
clock — beat the quarters on the dial. 1627 CAPT. SMITH Si'a-
man's Gram. xiv. 69 *Quarter Bullets is., any bullet
quartered in foure or eight parts. 1873 BENNETT & CAVEN-
DISH Billiards 27 The cue-butt or *quarter-butt is larger in
diameter than the cue, about 5 feet long, and leathered
at the bottom. 1711-* Advt. in Spectator (1891) 904,
22 Hogsheads and 3 "quarter Casks of new Bene-Carlos
Barcelona Wine , . at . . 5/. per Hogshead and 2$j. per Quarter
Cask. 1727 BAILEY vol. II, *Quarter-cast (with Horsemen),
a Horse is said to cast his Quarter, where for any Disorder
in the Coffin, there is a Necessity to cut one of the Quarters
of the Hoof. 1626 DONNE Serin. Ixxiii. 748 There was
never heard "Quarter-clock to strike. 1884 F. J. BRITTEN
Watch fs Clockin. 217 [A] Quarter Clock, .[is] a clock that
strikes or chimes at the quarter hours. 1769 FALCONER
Diet. Marine (1780), *Quarter-cloth.s, long pieces of painted
canvas, extended on the outside of the quarter-netting
from the upper part of the gallery to the gangway. 1894
field 9 June 828/3 The names of his two horses em-
broidered on the quarter cloths. 1879 Cassell's Teclm.
Educ. IV. 218/2 The "quarter-column is the formation . . most
employed when large oodles of troops are working together.
1884 St. James's Gaz. 21 Aug. 5/2 A battalion of eight
companies in quarter-column, that is, in column of companies
one behind the other. 1747 HOOSON Miners Diet. Q ij b,
*Quartereord [is] a Measure used in laying out of Flats, 'tis
a superficial Measure, and one fourth part of a Mear ; it is a
Square, each side being seven Yards and one Quarter long.
1851 TAPPING Gloss. Mining Terms (E. D. S.), s.v., So long
as a mine is wrought . . everything upon the quarter cord
belongs to the miner. 1885 Century Mag. XXX. 397/2
' *Quarter-courses ' usually consisted of two parallel patns,
and were run by two horses at a time. 1753 SMOLLETT Ct.
fathom (1784) 147/1 A "quarter curtsey, or slight inclination
of the head. 1895 Westtn. Gaz. 30 Mar. 3/1 The skin of . .all
kinds of racing eights, is known as "quarter cut'. 1796
Instr, ff Reg. Cavalry (1813) 164 The rear .. [divisions]
quicken their march, and close up to "quarter distance.
1842 ALISON Hist. Europe (1849-50) XIV. xciv. § 7. 7 They
were drawn up in two lines, but the enemy chiefly in quarter-
distance columns. 1711 Land. Gaz. No. 4888/4 A ^quarter
Foot the near Foot behind. 1776 G. SEMPLE Building in
Water 66 A nine Foot Pantile-lath or a "Quarter-four. 1745
P. THOMAS Voy. S. Seas 58 We found here in the Road . .
two "Quarter Galleys. 1867 [see HALF-GALLEY). 1703 T.N.
OYy ff C. Purc/taser 187 The "Quarter-grain, .is that Grain
which is seen to run in straight Lines towards the Pitch.
1825 J. NICHOLSON Of era-t. Mechanic 612 Clear them [laths]
into thicknesses by the quarter grain. 1593 Statutes Isle
Man (1821) 76 To pay for every "Quarter Ground in
respect of their . . Custom Turves. 1703 T. N. City $ C.
Purchaser 35 "Quarter-heads, or Bill-brads for soft Wood-
floors. 1727 A. HAMILTON New Ace. E. Ind. I. vii. 67
Their Shoes, .very low and stiff at the "Quarter-heels, 1713
Land. Gaz. No. 5148/12 A "Quarter-hoof on one of his hind
Feet 1885 Census Instruct., "Quarter Hoop Maker, Bender,
Shaver, c i8«o H. STUART Seaman's Catech. 75 On each
quarter is a "quarter-iron that opens with a hinge to allow
the topmast studding sail booms to be raised or lowered.
1769 FALCONER Diet. Marine (1789), 'Quarter-Ladders,
two ladders of rope, depending from the right and left side
of a ship's stern. 1867 SMYTH Sailor's Word-bk., Quarter.
Ladder, from the quarter-deck to the poop. 1832 Regal.
Instr. Cavalry in. 93 The., command will be given,
Squadrons .. "Quarter or Half Left. 1881 Daily News
15 Sept. 3/2 The engine.. struck the side of the three last
carriages .. smashed a number of the_' "quarter lights . 1890
With horned points like to a "quarter moone. i6fc-« Phil.
Trans I. 55 The Course of irregular Tides about the
Quartermoons. c 1386 CHAUCER Miller's T. 330 A Monday
next, at 'quarter-night, Shall fall a reyn. 1763 J. BROWN
Poetry ft Mus. v. 63%>uarter-Notes;. .an Interval which no
human Ear can precisely distinguish. 1773 HARRINGTON
Singing of Birds nt Phil. Trans. LXIII. 264 Such a minute
interval . . when a quarter-note for example might be re-
quired. 1825 J. NICHOLSON (>/V>w/. Mechanic 504 Where
the height of a story is considerable, resting places are
necessary, which go under the name of ^quarter-paces, and
half-paces, according as the passenger .. has to describe a
quadrant or semi-circle. 1858 Skyring's Guilders' Prices
(ed. 48) 13 The Plates and Braces in "Quarter Partitions must
be added. 1841-59 GWII.T Arc/lit, (ed. 4) § 2024 The scant
QUARTER.
lings of the timbers of a quarter partition should vary accord-
ing to the extent of bearing. 1678 PHILLIPS (ed. 4), ^Quarter
Pierced^ in Heraldry is when there is a hole of a square form
made in the middle of a Cross. 1893 CUSSANS Her. (ed. 4) 63
The Cross.. If.. that part where the limbs are conjoined be
removed, it is termea Quarterly-pierced. A Cross with a
square aperture in its centre, smaller than the last example,
is Quarter-pierced. 1890 Anthony's Photogr. Bull. 111.273
A 'lialf'plate ' or a ' *quarter-plate ' lens. Ibid.t A beginner
buying his first quarter-plate outfit. 1856 OLMSTED Slave
States 3 Three yards of ragged and faded "quarter-ply car-
peting, 1717-41 CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v. Point, Half of that,
or 2° 48' 3, [is] a *quarter point, 1769 FALCONER Diet.
Marine (1789), The quarter-points of the Compass., are
distinguished, .by the word by. 1840 MARRYAT Olio. Podr.
111.26 How was it possible that a man could navigate a ship
with only one quarter point of the compass in nis head?
1825 9 W. BERRY Encycl. Htr.>* Quarter-pointed,, .extend-
ing from dexter chief towards the base, and terminated in
the fesse point. It.. is just one-fourth part of a partition
per saltier. 1894 Outing (U.S.) XXIV. 142/2 Held his place
until the "quarter-pole was reached. 1663 DRYDEN ll'ilti
Gallant i. i. Wks. 1882 II. 35 A bare clinch will serve the
turn ; a carwichet, a "quarter-quibble, or a pun. 1719 T.
COOKE Tales, etc. 96 Quarter-quibbles made his Heart right
glad. 1791 Descr. Kentucky 12 His time is employed in
"quarter-races, cock-fights. 1885 Century Mag. XXX.
397/2 In North Carolina., quarter-races were much esteemed.
1884 F. J, BRITTEN Watch fy Clockm. 219 The "quarter rack
. .falls against the bent arm of the hour rack hook, a 1613
OVERBURY Characters^ Sargeant Wks. (1856) 163 The gaf-
lowes are his pur lues, in which the hangman and heearethe
"Quarter-rangers. 1884 F. J. BRITTEN Watch $ Clockm. 224
In a "quarter repeater the last hour is struck, and afterwards
the number of quarters that have elapsed since. 183* Regul.
Instr. Cavalry n. 72 The Troops . . wheel "quarter right. Ibid.
90 The previous command is given, Squadrons quarter or half-
right. 1767 A. YOUNG Lett, to People 282 A broad-wheel
waggon will go in any "quarter- road, 1706 PHILLIPS (ed.
Kersey), Echinus. .\% termed .. Ovolo by the Italians; but
the English Workmen commonly call it the "Quarter-round.
*753 HOGARTH Anal. Beauty xii. 171 Let us observe the
' ovolo ', or quarter- round, in a cornice. 1851 TURNER Dom.
Archit. II. vi. 372 The arches and purlins are well moulded,
with the quarter round and fillet. 15.. Merie Tales of
Skelton S-'s Wks. 1843 I. p. Ixx, The miller hauying a great
"quarter sacke. ax66i FULLER Worthies, Catnbridge i.
(1662) 156 Quarter-sacks were here first used, men commonly
carrying . . eight bushels of Early. 1884 F. J. BRITTEN
Watch fy Clockm. 25 Drawing out the "quarter screws of
the balance nearest the fast position . . and setting in the
ones nearest to slow position. 1706 Act 6 Anne c. n Art,
xxiv, The privy seal. ."quarter seal and seals of Courts now
used in Scotland. 1879 LD. BEACONSFIELD Sp. 18 Sept. 2/3
Every man of fair character who comes to Canada, has a
right.. to obtain what is called a "quarter -section of land.
i88a Contemp. Rev. Aug. 233 Each township, section, and
quarter-section .. marked off by mounds and posts. 1876
VOYLE & STEVENSON Milit. Diet. 385/2 In smooth-bore guns,
"quarter-sights are cut on the upper quarter of the base ring,
and numbered up to 3°. 1867 SMYTH Sailor's Word-bit.^
*Quarter-S lings, are supports attached to a yard or other
spar at one or both sides of (but not in) its centre. 1881 F. J.
BRITTEN Watch «$• Clockm. 219 [The] "Quarter Snail . . [is] the
snail used in the quarter part of clocks and repeating watches.
1448 in Bacon Ann. Ipswich 105 John Lackford accused for
cheating at Games called Whistilds, Prelleds, and "Quarter
spells. 1841 Penny Cycl. XIX. 199/2 A table which gives the
squares of the halves of numbers will, by the addition of the
squares of the halves or "quarter-squares, give the product.
1559 AYLMER Harborowe H,Theymust know their "quarter
strookes, and the waye how to defende their head. 1589
Marprel. Epit. D ij, Such a precher. -as this, would quickly
with his quarter strokes, ouerturneal religion. iTSoCowpER
Table Talk 531 The clock-work tintinnabulum of rhyme,.,
such mere quarter-strokes are not for me. 1711 J. JAMES
tr. Le Blond's Gardening 71 They make use. .of *Quarter'
Stuff for large Plinths and Facias. 1799 Naval Chron. II.
389 Timber . . , blocks, quarterstuff, candles. 1815 Falconer's
Mar. Z>*V/.(ed. Kmnizy)* Quarter-tackle, a strong tackle fixed
occasionally upon the quarter of the main- or fore-yard, to
hoist boats and heavy packages into and out of the ship.
1641 BEST Farm. Bks. (Surtees) 132 For burying of Corne by
"Quarter-tayle . . to have 6W. a quarter for barley, ^d, a I
quarter for oates. z6oi HOLLAND Pliny I. 488 The "quarter j
timber, or that which runneth with foure grains, is simply
the best. 1846 A. YOUNG Nant. Diet. 243 Quarter-timbers,
the framing limbers in a vessel's quarter. 1776 BURNF.Y
Hist. Mus. (1789) I. ii. 23 A Diesis or "Quarter-tone. 1811
BUSBY Diet. Mus. s.v., The Quarter-tone is of two kinds, viz.
the major-enharmonic . . and the enharmonic minor. 1866
ENGEL Nat. Mus. ii. 45 The seven intervals of the Hindu
Scale . . are subdivided into twenty-two srooti, correspond-
ing to quarter-tones. 1888 JL C. HARRIS Free foe, etc. 10
There was a "quarter-track,, .if he chose., horse-racing. 1810
Snorting Mag. XXXVI. 272 A "quarter turn, which is the
kind of rifle the line uses. 1661 MORGAN Spk. Gentry u. iii.
29 Or . . a Crosse "quarter- voided azure. 1701-11 Milit. t?
Sea Diet. (ed. 4) u, ^Quarter- Watch is when a Quarter of the
Ship's Company watches, which is us'd in Harbour, when
there is no Danger. 1769 FALCONER Diet. Marine (1789),
Faire la petite Bordee, to set the quarter- watch. 1887 G. B.
GOODE Fisheries (7. S. V. ii. 229 On the whaling ground.,
they stand ' quarter- watches \ >7»7-4i CHAMBERS Cycl.t
*Quarter-w/ieeling..mtiie military art, is a motion whereby
the front of a body of men is turned round to where the flank
was. 16x1 in Cheshire Gloss. 275 "Quarter wood att the^
wiche howses.
Quarter (kwgutw), v. Also 4-6 quartre. [f.
QUARTER sb. AF. quarter^ is found c 1350.]
1. trans. To cut into quarters ; to divide into
four equal or equivalent parts. Also with out
(cf. 2 b). a. things in general.
c 1430 Two Cookery-bks. 18 Take a Capoun . .quarter hym.
cigoo in Prymer (E. E. T. S.) 171 Take a penyworthe of
hyt, and quarter hyt in fowre. c 1590 MARLOWE /*««,?/. vii,
The streets . . Quarter the town in four Equivalents. 1646
SIR T. BROWNE Pseud. Ep. 284 As for the divisions of the
yeare, and the quartering out this remarkable standard
30
of time [etc.]. 1735 POPE Donne Sat. iv. 136 He knows . .
Whose place is quarter'd out, three parts in four. 1796
MRS. &I.&SSE. Cookery x\v. 260 Pare and quarter your apples
and take out the cores. 1860 READF, Cloister <$• H. hi,
So [to] halve their land instead of quartering it.
b. the body of a person, esp. of a traitor or
criminal. (Cf. quots. for HANG v. 3, DRAW v. 4.)
1387 TREVISA Higden (Rolls) VIII. 291 His body was
i-quartred and i-sent into dyvers places of Engelonde.
1440 J. SHIRLEY Dethe K. 'fames 23 The said hongman
smut of thare hedes, and there quartard hem. 1508 KEN-
NEDIE Flyting w. Dunl>ar 416 Hang Dunbar, Quarter and
draw. 1601 SHAKS. Jnl. C. m. i. 268 Infants quartered
with the hands of Warre. 1723 DE FOE Col. Jack (1840)
202 Being discovered, betrayed, .. hanged, quartered, &c.
1849 MACAULAV Hist, Eng. v. 1. 614 A few . . were set apart
for the hideous office of quartering the captives.
trans/, and fig. 1595 SHAKS. John \\. i. 506 Hang'd in
the frowning wrinkle of her brow ! — And quarter'd in her
heart. 163* LITHGOW Trav. i. 2 The very Gospell it selfe, . .
is quartered, mangled, and reiected. 18x4-8 LAN DOR [wag.
Conv, Wks. 1846 I. 359 At present the one hangs property,
the other quarters it.
c. Meek. To fix cranks on (a shaft), to make
wrist-pin holes in (a driving-wheel), a quarter of
a circle apart (Knight Diet, Meek. 1875).
2. To divide into parts fewer or more than four.
Also with out.
14. . Sir Beues (M.) 4239 Dede bodyes quarterrid m thre.
1551 HULOF.T, Quarter or trymme a garden, defonnare
aream. 1506 SPENSER /•". Q. vi. ii. 44 Clad all in gilden armes,
with azure band Quartred athwart. 1599 T. M[OUFET] Silk-
wortnes 55 Send Witte the knife to quarter out their meats
as need requires. 1637 CAPT. SMITH Seaman's Gram. xiv.
69 Quarter Bullets is .. any bullet quartered in foure or
eight parts. 1634 MILTON Comas 29 This He.. He quarters
to his blu-hair'd deities, a 1800 A. Malcolm $ Sir Cohrin
in Child Ballads II. 62/2 Here is a sword .. Will quarter
you in three.
fb. To quarter out \ To mark out, outline. Obs.
1600 SURFLET Countrie Farme in. xxyiL 484 The iuice [of
the fig] doth constraine the skin to fall into wreathes and to
quarter out a thousand shapes. 1616 SURFL. & MARKH.
Country Farme 158 You shall quarter out a bed for Leekes.
3. Her. a. To place or bear (charges or coats
of arms) quarterly upon a shield ; to add (another's
coat) to one's hereditary arms ; to place in alter-
nate quarters with*
\4..Tournam. Tottenham 153 in Hazl. E. P. P. III. 89
The chefe was of a ploo mell, .. Quartered with the mone
li^t. 1571 GASCOIGNE Dettise of Maske Wks. (Roxb.) I. 85
Confessing that he . . bare the selfe same armes that I dyd
quarter in my Scute. 1605 CAM DEN Rem.t Rytktnes 25
King Edward the third when he first quartered the Armes
of France with England. i6a8 COKE On Litt. Pref., This
faire descended Family de Littleton, .. quartereth many
faire Coates. 1761-71 H. WALPOLE Vertn es A need. Paint.
(1786) I. 152 [Henrys] sacrificing the gallant earl of Surrey
for quartering the arms of England, as he undoubtedly had
a right to quarter them. 1854 HAWTHORNE Eng. Note-bks.
(1883) I. 493 The royal banner of England, quartering the
lion, the leopard, and the harp. 1880 DIXOH Windsor III.
ix. 89 Norfolk, .had quartered his wife's arms.
absol. 17*7-41 CHAMBF.RS Cycl. s. v. Quartering^ The King
of Great Britain quarters with Great Britain, France,
Ireland, Brunswick, &c. 1893 CUSSANS Heraldry (ed. 4) 171
Neither would their issue — being unable to quarter — be per-
mitted to bear their maternal coat.
b. To divide (a shield) into quarters, or into
any number of divisions formed by vertical and
horizontal lines.
1590 SPENSER F.Q. H. t 18 In his silver shield He bore a
bloodie Crosse that quartred all the field. 17*7-41 CHAMBERS
Cycl.j Counter-quartered . . denotes the escutcheon, after
being quartered, to have each quarter divided again into
two. 1868 BROWNING Ring •$• Bk. vi. 237 Our arms are those
of Fiesole itself, The shield quartered with white and red.
4. To put (soldiers or others) into quarters; to
station, place or lodge in a particular place. Also
pass. = to have one's abode, lodging, etc.
1594 SHAKS. Rick, ///, v. iiL 34 Where is Lord Stanley
quarter'd, do you know? 1665 MANLEY Grotius1 Lo^v C.
Warres 221 The Duke of Parma all this Winter, quarter'd
his men in the village of Brabant. 1713 DE FOE Col. Jack
(1840) 233 After this campaign I was quartered at Cremona.
1795 WELLINGTON in Gurw. DesP. (1837) I. 2 The 33*-* Regi-
ment was landed and quartered at Poole. 1822 W. IRVING
Braceb. Hall i. 4, I am again quartered in the panelled
chamber. i88a B. D. W. RAMSAY Recoil. Mil. Serv. I. i. 5
He was then quartered in Edinburgh as a lieutenant.
b. With on, upon : To impose (soldiers) upon
(a householder, town, etc.), to be lodged and fed.
1683 Apol. Prof. France ii. 29 He quartered his Men upon
those of the Protestant Religion. 1815 J. W. CROKER in C.
Papers 14 July (1884), Blucher has quartered a guard of
Prussians on him. 1874 GREBN Short Hist. \\\\. § 3. 485
Soldiers were quartered on recalcitrant boroughs.
trans/, and Jig. 1663 BUTLER Hud. i. ii. 274 He'd suck
his Claws And quarter himself upon his Paws. 1714 Sfect.
No. 595 f 6 You have Quartered all the foul Language upon
me, that could be raked out of the Air of Billingsgate. 1812
L. HUNT in Examiner 24 Aug. 531/1 Those upon whom the
Attorney -General is pleased to quarter his attentions. 1874
GREEN Short Hist. in. § 5. 139 Italian clergy were quartered
on the best livings of the Church.
5. intr. To take up (one's) quarters; to stay,
reside, lodge. (Freq. in i;th c.)
1581 SAVILE Tacitus, Hist. n. Ixvi. (1591) 91 That they and
the cohorts of Batauians should quarter together. 1624
CAPT. SMITH Virginia \\\. ii. 49 That night they quart erd
in the woods. 1670 R. MONTAGU in Buccleuch MSS. (Hist
MSS. Comm.) I. 482 The whole army .. will quarter there
for some time. 17*3 DE FOE Col. Jack (1840) 240 The man
in whose house I quartered was exceedingly civil to me.
QUARTER.
1781 HAMILTON Wks. (1886) VIII. 44, I quarter, at present,
by a. .warm invitation, with General Lincoln. 1863 Co\\ DEN
CLAHKE Shaks. Char. x. 262 An atmosphere of manner be-
longing to those who have quartered in various countries.
trans/. 1668 CULPEPPER & COLE Barthol. Anat. Manual
I. v. 312 A remarkable Vein about the Heart .. quartering
on the one side, without another on the other side.
b. With on or upon. (Cf. 4 b.) ? Obs.
1650 FULLER 'Pisgah n. v. 122 The Canaanites quartered
..liard on the men of Asher. 1681 Land. Gaz. No. 1583/4
A body of men should be sent to quarter upon the Country.
6. To give quarters to ; to furnish with quarters
or lodgings. ? Obs.
1681 \V. ROBERTSON Phraseol. Gen. (1693) 1040 To quarter,
hospitio accipere. i68z BUNVAN Holy War (Cassell) 177
They had called his soldiers into the town [and] coveted
who should quarter tlie most of them.
absol. 1667 Ormonde MSS. in loM Rep. Hist. MSS.
Comm. App. v. 56 [Certain] inhabitants of the said towne,
refuse to quarter or pay the allowances for quartering.
7. Naut. To assign (men) to a particular quarter
on board ship ; to place or station for action.
1695 T. SMITH Voy. Constantinople in Misc. Cur. (1708)
III. 6 The Captain quartered his Men, and the Decks were
cleared. IMfXMM*'* r*oy. in. viii. 378 He had not hands
enough remaining to quarter a sufficient numberto each great
gun. 1769 FALCONER Diet. Marine (17 ^80) Ggij, The marines
are generally quartered on the poop and forecastle. 1809
I. DALE in Naval Chron. XXIV. 78 The Europeans .. had
been quartered to the upper deck guns.
8. Natit. a. intr. To sail with the wind on the
quarter, i. e. between beam and stern.
i6»7 CAPT. SMITH Seaman's Grant, vii. 31 When you goe
before the wind, or quartering. z6s8 DIGBV Voy. Medit.
(1868) 83 Quartering with one tacke abord till you gett your
chace vpon your beame. 1715 DE SAUMAREZ in Phil. Trans.
XXXIII. 424 Sometimes sailing right before the Wind, then
quartering.
b. intr. Of wind : To blow on a ship's quarter.
1710 DE FOE Capt. Singleton xi. (1840) 193 She came
down upon us with the wind quartering.
C. Of a sea : To strike (a ship) on the quarter.
1890 CLARK RUSSELL Ocean Trag. \. v. 94 The sea had
quartered her and swept, .along her lustrous bends.
9. Build. To construct (a wall or partition)
with quarters of wood.
1703 T. N. City $ C. Purchaser 278 The Walls being
quarter'd and Lathed between the Timber. 1848 Jriu.
R. Agric. Soc. IX. n. 570 The former [circle] above the
brickwork being quartered and plastered.
10. To range or traverse (ground, etc.) in every
direction. Said esp. of dogs in search of game.
1700 J. COLLIER widDef. Short View 118 He has rang'd
over a great deal of Ground, and Quarter'd the Fields of
Greece and Italy. 1760-7* H. BROOKR FoolofQual. (1809)
IV. 139 They crossed and quartered the country at pleasure.
1766 PENNANT Brit. Zool. (1768) U. 235 Who pass over the
fields and quarter the ground as a setting dog. 1788 WOLCOTT
(P. Pindar) Sir J. Banks % Emp. of Morocco Wks.i8i2 II. 94
just like a Pointer quartering well his ground. 1873 TRIS-
TRAM Moab viii. 143 To traverse and quarter these ruins is a
good day's work. 1888 Antifod, Notes 6 Two boats are
. .quartering the sea, as a. .pointer quarters a turnip-field.
D. intr. To range to and fro; to shift from
point to point.
1857 HUGHES Tom firown it. v, They quarter over the
ground again and again, Tom always on the defensive.
1873 G. C. DAVIES Mount, fy Mere x. 76 The hounds
quartered to and fro.
C. intr. To drive from side to side of the road.
In quot. 1834 app. a misinterpretation of sense n.
1834 DE QUINCEY Autob. Sk. Wks. 1862 XIV. 296 The
postillion, .was employed, .eternally, in quartering^ i.e., in
crossing from side to side, according to the casualties of the
ground. 1886 ELWORTHY W. Somerset Word~l>k., Quarter
to drive uphill in such a way that the horse crosses the road
backwards and forwards so as to diminish the gradient.
d. intr. To move in a slanting direction.
1894 Outing (U. S.) XXIV. 387/1 The bird quartered past
the Judge who had only cut a bunch of feathers from it.
1895 Ibid. XXVI. 401/1 We. .changed our direction so as to
'quarter' by them.
11. intr. To drive a cart or carriage so that the
right and left wheels are on (two of) the quarters
of a road, with a rut between. Also, of a horse :
To walk with the feet thus placed ; hence, to walk
in front of the wheel.
This is also the sense of F. cartayer, Walloon quateler
(Littrei, which are etymological ly related to the Engl. word.
1800 TUKE Agric. 300 Two-horse carts should be drawn by
the horses abreast, .oy which means they would be enabled
to quarter or stride the ruts. 1806-7 J. BERESFORD Miseries
Hum. Life (1826) n. xxvii, A rugged narrow lane in which
the ruts refuse to fit your wheels and yet there is no room
to quarter. 1847 Jrnl. R. Agric. See. VIII. ii. 277 The
carting off the cabbages . . is done with a quarter-cart, as it
is termed in Suffolk, having the shafts so placed that the
horse walks before the right hand wheel j in other words, it
' quarters '. 1859 MRS. GASKELL Round the So/a 20 We had
to quarter, as Randal called it, nearly all the way along
the deep-rutted miry lanes. 1879- In dialect glossaries
(Shropsh., Chesh., etc.).
b. intr. To drive to the side in order to allow
another vehicle to pass. (Cf. QUART v.*}
1849 DE QUINCEY Eng. AfailCoach'Wks, 1862 IV. 334 Every
creature that met us would rely upon us for quartering.
1866 GEO. ELIOT F. Holt i Elderly gentlemen in pony-
chaises, quartering nervously to make way [etc.].
c. To set (the shafts of a cart) so that the horse
walks in front of one of the wheels.
1847 JrnL R. Agric. Soc. VIII. n. 268 The shafts are
quartered, so that the horses (usually two) walk in the
furrow followed by one wheel.
QUARTERAGE.
12. intr. Of the moon: To begin a fresh quarter.
Also with ;';/.
1789 <~1. KRATF /V/.'a- fsl. 227 They would have bad
weather until the moon quartered. 1833 MAHRYAT /'.
_SY«///f (1863) 157 The new moon's quartered in with foul
weather.
Quarterage (kw^Mtared^). Also 4 qwarter-,
5 quater-, 6 quartrage, -errage, querterage, 6-S
quartridge, (6 -redge), 7-8 -eridge, (7 -eridg, S
-erridge). [f. QUARTER sb. + -AGE ; pt-rh. a.
OF. quarterage (Godef.).]
1. A contribution, subscription, tax, or other
charge paid by a person every quarter ; a quarterly
payment made by one.
1389 in Eng. Gilds (1870) 3 Which wardeins schul gadere
J>e qwarterage of bretheren & sustren. 1452 in Gross Gild
Merck. II. 69 All maner fynnys, amercyments & quarteragys.
1529 in Vicary's An at. (1888) App. xiv. 251 So Alweys that
the sayde quarterage be lawfullye demaunded. 1602 DEKKKR
Satirom. Wks. 1873 1. 262 You shall not brag that your Vize-
royes or Tributorie kings have done homage to you, or paide
quarterage. 1708 Brit. Apollo No. 42. i Most of our sub-
scribers having paid their Quarterridges [etc.], 1795 BURKE
Tracts Popery Laws Wks. 1842 II. 434 They trade and
work in their own native towns as alienSj paying, as such,
quarterage, and other charges and impositions. 1887 Titties
20 Jan, 4/3 The plaintiff had not paid his quarterages.
2. A sum paid to, or received by, a person every
quarter ; a quarter's wages, allowance, pension, etc.
1433 Lett Bk. in Sharp Cw. Myst. (1825) 207 The! shall
have ij men of every ward, every quarter, to help them to
gather her Quarterage, c 1515 Cache Lorelts B. 4 Than
came a pardoner with his boke, His quarterage of euery
man he toke. 1590 TARLTON News Pnrgat. (1844) 82 He,
being then bare of pence, because his quarterage was not
come in, 1666 PEPYS Diary 8 Jan., My uncle Thomas
with me to receive his quarterage, 1727 SWIFT Richmond
Lodge fy MarbU Hill, An idle Rogue, who spends his
Suartridge In tippling at the Dog and Partridge. 1830
'ISRAELI C/ias, /, III. xvii. 370 A half-starved^Clerk, eked
out his lean quarterage, by these merry perquisites. 1892
Cor itk. Mag. July 27 He must wait till his new quarterage
came before he could pay.
3. Quarters, place of abode ; quartering of troops,
or the expense of this. rare.
1577 HOLINSHED Ckron.t Scof. I. 485 The Scots that lay
in Kelso, and other'places keeping their quarterrage on the
bordures. 1647 in Pictpn L'pool Mvnic. Rec. (1883) I. 143
Agreed that a Ley. .be imposed upon the Towne for paye-
ing of the Quarterage of the horse. Ibid,) These burdens
of quarterage. 1841 Tail's Mag. VIII. 562 Common sense
is driven out of her native quarterage in the brain. 1873
O'CuRRY Lect. Ancient Irish i. xvi. 336 Any noble residence
at which they [great stewards] intended to claim the free
quarterage due to their official dignity.
4. attrib. i as qiiarterage-bill^ -book, -day, -fee.
1533 in Sharp Cov. Myst. (1825) 214 Paid to the mynstrell
at quarterage day . . viijW. 1692 Lond. Gaz. No. 2799/4
A large Folio Book, .called the Carmens Quar tend g- Book.
1771-2 Ess. fr. Batchelor (1773) II. 192 The Quarterage-
bill, like all others, must pass through both houses of parlia-
ment. 1894 Times 19 Oct. 6/2 The 'quarterage' fees of 4$.
per annum per member.
Quarter-cart : see QUARTER v. 1 1 (quot. 1847).
Quarter-deft, a- and sb. Chiefly dial. Also
7 -cliff, 9 -clift. [See CLEFT sb. and///, a.]
A. adj. (See quots.) rare*0.
1850 OGILVIE, Qnarter-cleft Rody a rod cleft at one end,
the cleft extending to one-fourth of its length. 1882 Ibid.)
Quarter-cleft^ said of timber cut from the centre to the
circumference.
B. sb. 1. Wood cleft in four; quartered wood ;
also, one of the pieces produced by cleaving in four.
1641 BEST Farm. Bks. (Surtees) 15 Wee gette the biggest
of [the willows] riven with iron wedges into quarter-cliffe.
Ibid.t Shorte forke-shaftes, made of seasoned ashe, and
quarter cliffe. 1887 Scott. Leader 21 Sept. 6 A large stick
known in Tipperary as a 'quarter-clift '.
2. A slightly-crazed or * half-cracked J person.
1831 Prater's Mag. IV. 327 A mere nincompoop, or quarter-
cliffi or what else you will that implies feebleness of intellect.
1856 Chambers' Jrnl. V. 139 (Ulster Proverbs, etc.) An
eccentric person . . is said . . to ' want a square of being round '.
The next degree of aberration constitutes a 'quarter clift '.
1880 Antrim <$• Down Gloss.) Quarter cleft) a crazy person.
Quarter- co(u)sen, -cozin, corrupt varr. of
CATER-COUSIN.
1656 in BLOUNT Glossogr. 1681 in W. ROBERTSON Phraseol.
General (1693) 1040.
Quarter-day. [QUARTER sb. 8 a.] One of the
four days fixed by custom as marking off the
quarters of the year, on which tenancy of houses
usually begins and ends, and the payment of rent
and other quarterly charges falls due.
In England and Ireland the quarter-days are Lady Day
(March 25), Midsummer Day (June 24), Michaelmas (Sept.
29), and Christmas (Dec. 25). The name is also sometimes
applied to the Scottish terms of Candlemas (Feb. 2), Whit-
Sunday (May 15), Lammas (Aug. i),and Martinmas (Nov. 11).
1480 in Eng. Gilds 315 Ther shall be iiij quarter dayys that
euery Brother . . shall assemble at oure comen hall. 1566
HARYNGTON in Leisure H. (1884) 630/2 All which sommcs
shal be duly paide each quarter-day. 1596 Edw, III, in. ii,
What, is it quarter-day, that you remove, And carry bag
and baggage too? 1660 FULLER Mixt Contempl. (1841) 197
A gentleman had two tenants, whereof one,, .repaired to his
landlord on thequarter-day. 1769 BUbCKBTOiBCMIM.!! 124
Rent.. for the occupation of the land since the last quarter
day. 1805 SOUTHEV Ball. $ Metr. T. Poet. Wks. VI. 80, 1 was
idle, and quarter-day came on, And I had not the rent in
store, 1840 DICKKNS Barn. Rndge xiii, The twenty-fifth of
Mai x-h,.. one of those unpleasant epochs termed quarter-days.
31
Jig. 1641 BROME Jot'tall Crf-.u II. Wks. 1873 III. 382 If
ever any just or charitable Steward was commended, sure
tli" 11 vlialt be at the last Quarter-day. 1851 THACKERAY
/.>.. limn. ii. (1876) 174 [They] had.. a happy quarter-day
coming round for them.
Qu-arter-deck. Naut. fa. Originally, a
smaller deck situated above the HALF-DECK (q. v.),
covering about a quarter of the vessel. Obs. b.
In later use : That part of the upper or spar-deck
which extends between the stern and after-mast,
and is used as a promenade by the superior officers
or cabin-passengers.
1627 CAPT. SMITH Seaman's Gram. ii. 6 The halfe Decke
is from the maine mast to the steareage, and the quarter
Decke from that to the Masters Cabin called the round
house, w<h is the ytmost of all. 16*7 DENHAM Direct. Paint.
I. 55 Each Captain from his Quarter-deck commands. 1748
Ansan's Voy. i. iii/29 Many of the principal Officers were
on the quarter-deck, indulging in the freshness of the night
air. 1840 R. H. DANA Be/. Mast xxiii. 67 The chief mate
walking the quarter-deck, and keeping a general supervision.
1884 PAF. Eustace 67 I'd have you to remember that you
are not on the quarter-deck just now.
jig-, 1853 LYTTON My Norel i. x, Too old a sailor to think
that the State.. should admit Jack upon quarterdeck.
attrib. 1712 E. COOKE Voy. S. Sea. 167 Each Ship is to
answer the other with a Quarter-Deck Gun. 1797 NELSON
in A. Duncan Life (1806) 42 A Spanish officer looked over
the quarter-deck rail. 1828 P. CUNNINGHAM N. S. Wales
(ed. 3) II. 299 When surgeon of a brig of war, my quarter-
deck promenade was confined to eight paces. 1840 R. H.
DANA Bef. Mast ix. 19 The quarter-deck dignity and elo-
quence of the captain.
Hence Qtia-rter-decier, -deckish (see quots.).
1867 SMYTH Sailor's Word-bk., Quarter-Deckers, those
officers more remarkable for etiquette than for a knowledge
of seamanship. Ibid., Quarter-Deckish, punctilious, severe.
1889 A. CONAN DOYLE Micah Clarke 244 It's your blue-
coated, gold-braided, .quarter-deckers that talk of canes.
Quarters, obs. form of QUARTEB sb.
Quartered (kwg-itaid) ,///.«. [f. QUARTEBZ/.]
1. Cut into quarters ; divided in four ; spec, of
quarter-cleft timber, which being afterwards cut
into planks shows the grain to advantage.
1501 Priv. Purse Exp. Eliz. of York (1830) 74 For twoo
quartred bourdes with vysys. 1601 YARINGTON Two Lament.
Traj. iv. iii. in Bullen O. PI. IV, Bull always strips all
quartered traitors quite. 1626 CAPT. SMITH Acrid. Yng.
Sea-men 32 Musquet shot, Colyuer shot, quartred shot.
1719 LONDON & WISE Compl. Card. 187 The most con-
venient . . is a Lattice of quarter'd Wood, or Heart of Oak.
1805 WORDSWORTH Prelude n. 83 Through three divisions
of the quartered year. 1854 P. B. ST. JOHN Amy Moss 21
These palisades were formed of quartered oak.
b. Her. Of a shield or arms : Divided or
arranged quarterly. Of across: Quarterly-pierced.
1486 Bk. St. Albans, Her. D ijb, Certan arrays ther be
quarterit and irrasit as here apperis, the Wich..ar called
quarterit armys irrasit. 1864 BOUTELL Her. Hist. $ Pop.
xvi. 235 He assumed the quartered arms on his accession to
the ducal dignity. 1893 CUSSANS Heraldry (ed. 4) 166 The
earliest known example of a quartered shield occurs on the
monument of Eleanor, .wife of Edward the First.
fe. Of a building: Cruciform. Obs. rare"1.
1591 PERCIVALL Sp. Diet., Cruzero en edfficio, a kinde of
quartered building, Structura qwtdrivialis,
2. Mil. Lodged in or belonging to quarters.
1611 SHAKS. Cymb. iv. iv. 18 When they heare their Roman
horses neigh, Behold their quarter'd Fires. 1824 WIFFEN
Tasso i. vi, To breme winter's wing The quartered hosts
give place.
3. Belonging to a quarter or part of the horizon.
1671 MILTON P. K. iv. 202 And on the earth Nations
besides from all the quarter'd winds.
4. Having quarters of a specified character.
The sense in first quot. is not clear: the F. orig. has
quarrfz ' square '.
[1481 CAXTON Godefroy 286 His armes grete and wel
quartred.] 1641 BEST Farm. Bks. (Surtees) 5 The lambes
that forbeare grasse the longest prove, .the straightest, and
best quartered. 1891 Cent. Diet, s.v., A short-quartered
horse. Ibid., Low-quartered shoes.
5. Carpentry. Made of quarters.
1842-59 GWILT Arc/lit, (ed. 4) § 2024 The framework of
timber used for dividing the internal parts of a house into
rooms is called a partition or quartered partition.
Quarterer (kwgutersi). [f. QUAKTER v. +
-ER !.] One who quarters, in various senses of the
verb ; esp. one who takes up quarters, a lodger.
1648 C. WALKER Hist. Independ. i. 66 If these quarterers
offer violence . . they are protected. 1681 W. ROBERTSON
Phraseol. Gen. (1693) 1040 A quarterer or hang-man, a 1802
Dk. Athole's Nurse ix. in Child Ballads IV. 152 Had you
a quarterer here last night, . . We are come to clear his
lawing. 1881 GREGOR Folk-lore 57 Now and again there
was a quarterer [a class of beggar] in the family.
t Qua'rteret. Obs. rare. [f. QUARTER sb. 14
or 15 -I- -ET.] A small quarter or allotted space.
1598 BARRET T/ieor. Warres v. iv, The 3000 launciers are
deuided and allodged into 6 quarterets. Ibid. Gloss. 252
Quarteret, is the diminutiue of quarter.
Quarter-evil. 1- = QUARTER-ILL.
a 1722 LISLE Observ. Husb. (1757) 290 The joint-murrain
in calves . . by others is called the quarter-evil. 1800 TUKE
Agric. 259 A complaint very prevalent amongst calves, when
a year old, is called the . . quarter evil. .The calves are first
seized in one quarter, and are lame. 1841 DICK Man. Vet.
Science (1862) 148 In two or three hours the animal is dead,
from the Quarter-evil. 1896 Allbutts Syst. Med. I. 54=
Rabbits, which are relatively refractory to quarter-evil.
2. [QUARTER sb. 25.] An inflammation of part of
the udder (Syd. Soc. J.ex. 1897).
QUARTERING.
Quarterfoil, f-foyle, erron. ff. QUATREFOIL.
Quarter-gallery. Natit. [QUARTEB iA. 22.]
1. A kind of balcony with windows, projecting
from the quarter of a large vessel ; cf. GALLERY 2 d.
1769 in FALCONER Diet. Marine (1789) D ij. 1796 NELSON
10 Mar. in Nicolas Disp. (1846) VII. xxxvii.The very heavy
§ales . . carried away the starboard quarter-gallery. 1830
COTT Demonol. x. 363 He saw that the captain had thrown
himself into the sea from the quarter-gallery. 1836 MARRYAT
Miiish. Kasy xiii, Pulled them out of the quarter gallery.
1867 [see Quarter-badge, in QUARTER sb. 29].
attrib. 1707 NELSON Feb. in Nicolas Disp. (1845) II. 342
A soldier, .having broke the upper quarter-gallery window.
2. A small projection on the quarter of a ship,
containing lavatory accommodation (Cent. Diet.}.
Quarter-guard. Mil. [QUARTER sb. 140.]
A small guard mounted in front of each battalion
in a camp, at about eighty paces distant.
1741 S. SPEED in Buccleuch MSS. (Hist. MSS. Comm.)
I. 309 Col. Cockran's and Brigadier Lowther's Regiments . .
were not able to give more than nine men for their quarter-
guard. 1758 WATSON Milit. Diet. (ed. 5) s.v. Guard,
Quarter Guards are more for preserving the Peace and
Tranquillity within the Regiment .. than for a Security
against the Enemy. 1844 Regul. fy Ord.Anny 32 On these
occasions, the Tents of the Quarter Guards are to be struck.
1892 R. KM-LING Ball., East ff West 89 When they drew to
the Quarter-Guard, full twenty swords flew clear.
Quarter-gunner. Naut. An officer sub-
ordinate to the gunner, whom he assists in all
departments of his work (cf. quots. 1769, 1846).
1627 CAPT. SMITH Sea-wait's Gram. viii. 35 The Master
Gunner hath charge of the ordnance . . the rest of the
Gunners, or quarter Gunners to receive their charge from
him. 1702 Royal Declar. i June in Lend. Gaz. No. 3815/2
The Trumpeter, Quarter Gunners, Carpenters Crew [etc.].
1769 FALCONER Diet. Marine (1780) s. v., The number of
quarter-gunners in any ship is always in proportion to the
number of her artillery, one quarter-gunner being allowed
to every four cannon. 1804 Med. Jriil. XII. 476 One of
his Majesty's frigates, on board of which her husband served
in the quality of a quarter-gunner. 1846 A. YOUNG Naut.
Diet. 242 Quarter-Gunner, in a ship of war, an able seaman,
generally one of the gunner's crew, appointed to act as his
assistant under the gunner's mates.
Quarter-ill. An inflammatory disease of
cattle and sheep (symptomatic anthrax), causing
putrefaction in one or more of the quarters. Called
also quarter-evil, black quarter, etc.
1797 BAILEY & GULLEY View Agric. Nortlunnl. 130 The
loss of lambs is sometimes very considerable . . from . . the
'quarter-ill '. 1834 YOUATT Cattle 362 The first symptoms
are those of quarter ill. 1855 STEPHENS Book Farm (ed. 2)
II. 185 Another effect of the same febrile affection in calves
in autumn is the quarter ill or evil. 1881 GREGOR Folk-lore
186 When the quarter-ill made its appearance [etc.].
Quartering (kwgutarirj), vbl. sb. [f. QUAR-
TEB v. + -ING l.J The action of the verb.
1. Division into four equal parts ; also, division
in general.
1610 W. FOLKINCHAM Art of Survey i. ix. 23 The quarter-
ing of the sweard of Ant-hils, casting their ballas't, and
playning the_ir Plots for pasture. 1694 Phil. Trans. XVIII.
70 The halving, trisecting, quartering, &c. is performed by
extracting the Square Root, . . &c. of the Terms. 1727-41
[see QUARTERIZATION]. 1895 Pall Mall Gaz. 18 Jan. 10/3
Even in ' quartering '—the term for breaking up the great
nodules of flint — it is not muscle, but eye, that tells.
2. Her. The dividing of a shield into quarters ;
the marshalling or bringing in of various coats
upon one shield, to denote the alliances of one
family with the heiresses of others.
1592 WYRLEY Armorie 4 An other thing that is amisse..is
the quartering of many marks in one shield, coale, or
banner. 1595 Blanchardyn ii. (1890) 15 Then questioned
he with his Master, of the blazonry of armes, and y
quartering of these coates. 1605 CAMDEN Rein. (1636) 225
Quartering of Coates, beganne, first . . in Spaine in the Armes
of Castile and Leon. 1727-41 CHAMBERS Cycl. s. v., Quarter-
ing, in heraldry, the act of dividing a coat into four or more
quarters. .byparting,couping,&c. /Wrf.,Colombiere reckons
twelve sorts of quarterings. 1893 CUSSANS Her. (ed. 3) 166
Quartering, .was not generally adopted until the end of the
Fourteenth Century. The manner in which various coats
are brought in, and marshalled by Quartering [etc.].
b. pi. The various coats marshalled upon a
shield ; rarely sing., one of these coats.
1719 ASHMOLE Berkshire II. 214 A Surcoat .. of the
Quarterings impaled with Fetiplace. 1763 C. JOHNSTON
Reverie II. 55, I have nine quarterings more than he.
1826 DISRAELI Viv. Grey vi. iv, He did nothing but ..
think of the quarterings of his immaculate shield. 1879
GEO. ELIOT Theo. Such ii. 42 Some of them.. belong to
families with many quarterings.
traxsf. 1833 MARRYAT P. Simple (1863) 229 The pride of
colour is very great in the West Indies, and they have as
many quarterings as a German prince in his coat of arms.
3. The assigning of quarters to a person ; u
action of taking up quarters ; t a place in which
one is or may be quartered.
1625 Br. MOUNTACU App. drsar xviii. 236 Heaven.. is not
. so narrowed . . that there cannot bee divers Designations,
RegioTis, Habitations, Mansions, or Quarterings there. 1747
H. WALPOLE /,?«. (1846111. 177 A motion for inquiring into
useless places and quarterings.
b. spec. The billeting of soldiers ; the fact of
having soldiers quartered upon one ; the provision
of quarters for soldiers.
1646 SIR E. NICHOLAS in N. Papers (Camden) 68 Your
Honours frendsatWinterborne are well, but much oppressed
with quarteringe. 1667 Ormonde .l/.V.S". in icM Kef. Hist.
QUARTERING.
MSS. Conim. App. v. 58 Your petitioner was heretofore
charged with the quartering of two private souldiers. 1705
Lond.Gaz.'No. 4098/2 The Inhabitants. . much impoverished
by the Quartering of Soldiers. 1867 SMILES Huguenots
Eng. xii. (1880)205 In anticipation of the quartering of the
dragoons on the family, his wife had gone into concealment.
4. Build, a. The placing or using of quarters
in construction, b. Work formed of quarters, c.
Wood in the form, or of the size, of quarters.
1703 T. N. City ff C. Purchaser 232 Quartering .. signifies
the putting in of Quarters. Sometimes 'tis us'd to signifie
the Quarters themselves. 1815 J. NICHOLSON Opcrat.
Mechanic 580 The braces should be rated . . at a superior
price to that of the quartering*. 1854 Jrnl. R. Agric. Soc.
XV. 255 Farms, .built of quartering and weather boarding.
5. Driving on the quarters of a road.
1815 SCOTT PauTs Lett. (1839) 207 The French postilions
..contrived, by dint of quartering and tugging, to drag us
safe through. i8»$ C. M. WESTMACOTT Eng. Spy 1. 313 No
ruts or quarterings now.
6. The moon's passage from one quarter to
another ; also = QUARTER 8 b.
1854 L. TOMLINSON tr. Arago's Astron. 67 Changes of
weather are not more frequent at the moon s quarterings
than at any other period. 1880 L. WALLACE Ben-llvr 234
Before the new moon .. passes into its next quartering.
7. attrib. and Comb., as quartering-block, -knife ;
quartering-belt, a belt connecting pulleys which
have their axles at right angles to each other
(Knight Diet. Mech. 1875); quartering-hammer,
a steel-hammer with which the rough masses of
flint are shaped for flaking (ibid.") ; quartering-
raachine, a machine for boring the wrist-pin
holes in driving-wheels a quarter of a circle apart
(ibid.} ; •)• quarteriug-mouey, money paid in lieu
of giving quarters to soldiers.
1688 in 'WoAravHisi.Ch.Scot.(\T2i) 1.283 Exacting Cess
or Quartering-money for more Soldiers' than were actually
present. 1818 COBBETT Pol. Reg. XXXIII. 425 Why do
they . . resort to gags, dungeons, halters, axes, and quartering-
knives ? 1855 MACAULAY Hist. Eng. xii. HI. 218 Those who
were doomed to the gallows and the quartering block.
Quartering (kwg-jtarin),///. a. [f. QUARTER
v. + -ING 2.] That quarters, in senses of the vb.
1591 SHAKS. i Hen. fl,n. ii. 11 You tempt the fury of my
three attendants, Leane Famine, quartering Steele, and
climbing Fire. 1692 Capt. Smith's Seaman 's Gram. I. xvi.
76 The Ship goes Lasking, Quartering, Veering, or Large ;
are terms of the same signification, viz. that she neither goes
by a Wind nor before the Wind, but betwixt both. 1701-11
Milit. fy Sea Diet. (ed. 4) 11, Quartering, is when a Gun lies
so, and may be so travers'd, that it will shoot on the same
Line, or Point of the Compass as the Quarter bears. 1765
Museum Rusticum IV. 341 The track was just of a proper
breadth for post-chaises and all quartering carriages to run
in. 1769 FALCONER Diet. Marine (1789), Vent Largue, a
large, or quartering wind. 1860 MAURY Phys. Geog. Sea
(Low) xx. § 815 Through the former [ocean] the wind is aft ;
through the latter quartering. 1893 Times 13 June 12/1
Sheets trimmed for a quartering breeze.
t Quarteriza-tion. Obs. rare-". (See quot.)
1717-41 CHAMBERS Cycl., Quartcrization, Quartering,
part of the punishment of a traitor, by dividing his boay
into four quarters.
Quarter-jack.
1. [JACK f*;i 6.] A jack of the clock which strikes
the quarters.
1604 MIDDLETON Father HubbanTs T. Wks. (Bullen)
VIII. 54 The quarter-jacks in Paul's, that are up with
their elbows four times an hour. 1771 [see JACK sb.1 6],
1874 T. HARDY Far fr. Mad. Crowd I. xvi. 190 A little
canopy with a quarter-jack and small bell beneath it.
2. QAf— j^.7] A jack-boot cut down.
iooy A. Sir Frantic the Reformer 75 His first born
Long with these boots did's shanks adorn, Until . . He made
them into quarter-jacks.
Qua'rterland. A certain division of land in
the Isle of Man, originally the fourth part of a
treen or balla ; also the class of lands included in
such divisions.
Called ' Quarter of Land* in 1593 (Statutes 78) ; see also
quarter-ground s.v. QUARTER so. 30.
1645 Statutes Isle Man (1821) 107 Lands and Tenements
in the said Island called Farme Lands or Quarter Lands.
1798 J. FELTHAM Tour I si. Mann iv. 46 Divisions of land
prevail here, termed Quarterlands. It is uncertain how
they obtained the name. 1845 TRAIN Isle Man I. 51 For
each four quarterlands he made a chapel. 1865 Notes <$-
Queries Ser. 3 VIII. 310/2 Treens . . usually contain from
three to four quarterlands. Ibid., Quarterlands, which are
estates of inheritance, vary in size, and contain from 120 to
140 acres. 1890 A. W. MOORE Surnames Isle Man 211 The
lowlands about the church are still intack, not quarterland.
1900 — Hist. Isle Man II. vii. 873.
Quarter-line. Naut.
17 The position of ships in a column when each
successive vessel has its bows abaft the beam of the
one in front, and a little to one side.
1875 BEDFORD Sailor's Pocket Si. i. (ed. 2) 22 A Column
is said to be in Quarter Line when the ships are ranged in
one line abaft each others' beam, but not right astern.
2. a. A line from a vessel's quarter.
_i88(5 R. C. LESLIE Sea.painter's Log vii. 146 The quarter-
line is cast overboard.
b. An additional line fastened to the underside of
a seine to assist in drawing it in (Cent. Diet.}.
Quarterly (kwg-jtsjli), a. and sb. Also 6 -be.
[f. QUARTER sb. + -LY1.] A. adj.
1. That takes place, is done, etc., every quarter
32
of a year ; relating to, or covering, a quarter of
a year, f Quarterly waiter = QUARTER- WAITER.
1563 in Maitl. Club Misc. (18331 32 Takand ilk quarter
225o7. As the capitane of the said Gardis quarterlie ac-
quittances proportis. 1688 MIEGK s. v., The quarterly Seasons
of Devotion, called the Ember-weeks. 1717 BOVER Fr.-
Angl. Diet. s. v. Quartier, Officicr lie Quartier,* quarterly
Waiter. 1750 WESLEY Wks. (1872) 1 1. 205 We had a Quarterly
Meeting. 1802 Miss EDGEWORTH Mitral T. (t8i6) I. xix.
158 Quarterly and half-yearly payments. 1861 SALA Ship-
chandler 37 Mine is a quarterly hiring, and my quarter is
out to-morrow. 1885 Lalu Tints LXXIX. 191/1 The
necessity of having a quarterly gaol delivery.
trans/. 1694 W. HOLDER On Time\. 22 The Moon, .makes
also four Quarterly Seasons within her little Year.
2. Pertaining or relating to a quarter (in other
senses). \Quarterly book: (see quot. 1776).
Quarterly wind, a wind on the quarter.
1769 FALCONER Diet. Marine (1789), Vtnt lie quartier,
a quarterly, or quartering wind. 1776 JOHNSON Let. to
Wethcrell 12 Mar. in Boswell II. 14 We must .. superadd
what is called the quarterly-book, or for every hundred books
so charged we must deliver an hundred and four. 1889
Standard 16 Mar. 3/8 The wind. . was .. quarterly.
B. sb. A quarterly review, magazine, etc.
1855 in Hun. VIK .S';<///. 1871 BESANT& Vi\ce.Ready-tiioney
on the table.
Quarterly (kwgutaali), adv. (a., sl>.) [-LY 2.]
1. Every quarter of a year ; once in a quarter.
1458 in Sharp Cm. Myst. (1825) 208 To go with be wayts
to gader their wages quarterly. 1519 Act 21 Hen. VIII
c. 13 $ 28 Chaplains .. daily or quarterly attending. 1581
MULCASTER Position! xii. (1887) 234 That there were no
admission into schooles, but foure times in the yeare
quarterly, a 1633 AUSTIN Meiiit. (1635) 254 They be Times
that Quarterly bring us in Revenew for our temporal!
profit. 171* ADDISON Spect. No. 295 P i She should have
40 >/. a Year for Pin-money, which I obliged my self to pay
Quarterly. 1878 JEVONS Prim. Pol. Econ. 53 Managers,
officers, secretaries, and others, are paid quarterly, or sonic-
times half-yearly.
2. Her. In the four divisions of a shield formed
by a vertical and a horizontal line drawn through
the fess point ; usu. with reference to two tinctures,
charges, or coats of arms, placed in the diagonally
opposite quarters.
c 1450 HOLLAND Howlat 591 He bare quarterly ..the armes
of the Dowglass. 1515 LD. BERNERS Froiss. II. clxviii. 192
He bare syluer and sables quarterly. 159* WYRLEY Armorie
91 Sir Neal Loring, who fairly Arms put on Quarterly white
and red. 1684 Lond, Gaz. No. 1952/4 The Arms of the said
Count, being in an Eschutcheon Four Coats quarterly.
1765 H. WALPOLE Otranto iii. (1798) 51 A banner with the
arms of Vicenza and Otranto quarterly. 1824 SCOTT St.
Ronan's xviii, A white lion for Mowbray, to be borne
quarterly, with three stunted or scrog-bushes for Scrogie.
1893 CUSSANS Her. (ed. 3) 168 Their daughter. . is entitled to
bear both her Father's and her Mother's Arms quarterly.
b. With ref. to the division of the shield into
quarters, or to blazoning it by quarters. Quarterly-
quartered, having one or more quarters divided
in four ; so quarterly-quartering.
1610 GUILLIM Heraldry v. i. (1611) 238 If they be charged,
then I hold it best blazoned quarterly. 1705 HEARNE Col-
lect. 2iDec.(O. H. S.)I. i36HisArms,quarte[r]lypartedper {
Cross. 1709 STRYPE Ann. Ref. Introd. i. 8 This [shield] im- '
paled quarterly, i. The arms of Scotland. 2. The arms of
England. The third as the second. The fourth as the first.
1864 BOUTELL Her. Hist. $ Pop. iii. (ed. 3) 16 The Grand
Quarters of which the first and the fourth . . are Quarterly-
quartered. Ibid. xiv. 142 The Marshalling now proceeds by
Quarterly Quartering,
c. ellipt. as adj. >= divided quarterly, or (by
extension) into any number of parts by lines at
right angles to each other, as quarterly of eight ;
also as sb. •= a shield divided or charged quarterly.
1869 W. S. Ems Antiq. Her. x. 228 Aubrey de Vere . .
transmitted his . . coat of Quarterly to his descendants.
d. Quarterly-pierced: (see quots.).
1780 EDMONDSON Body Her., Gloss. II, Quarterly Pierced,
is used to express a square hole in a saltire, a cross millrine,
&c. through which aperture the field is seen. 1893 CUSSANS
Her. (ed. 3) 63 If. . that part where the limbs (of the cross] are
conjoined be removed, it is termed Quarterly-pierced.
t 3. a. Into four parts, b. At four equidistant
points on a circle, c. Through each quarter of
a town. Obs. rare.
a. 1576 GASCOICNE Philomene (Arb.) 107 They tore in peces
quarterly The corps, b. 1605 CAMDEN Rem. (1637) 167 A
Wing with these foure Letters, F. E. L. D. quarterly about it.
c. a 1670 SPALDING Trout. (1828) I. 199 The baillies went
quarterly about, to cause ilk inhabitant snbscrive.
Qua-rternian.
•fl. ? One of the quarter-guard. Obs. rare-1.
1599 in Harington's Nugae Antigu3e(eA. Park 1804) I. 274
The deathes of our captaines were revenged by our quarter-
men_ and scoutemen, who . . slewe 7 of the rebells, whiche
assaied to force the quarter.
2. A foreman-shipwright.
1793 SMEATON Edystone L. § 62 That species of foreman
shipwright, called a Quarter-man in Plymouth dock. 1803
R. PERING in Naval Chron. XV. 155 The quartermen . . give
an account of the work performed to the job office. Ibid.
157 Quartermen of shipwrights and caulkers., have appren-
tices. 1861 SMILES Engineers II. 30 [He] was then a fore-
man of shipwrights, called a quarterman, in Plymouth Dock.
Quartermaster (kwg-jtajma^stai). [In sense I
npp. from QUARTER «M 16 ; sense 2 (from QUARTER
sl>. 15) is app. the original meaning of F. quartier-
QTJARTERN.
maitre, Du. kwartier-meester, G. quartier-meister,
etc., and may have been adopted from one or
other of these languages.]
1. JVatil. A petty officer who attends to the
steering of the ship, the binnacle, signals, stowing
of the hold, etc.
1442 Rolls^ Parlt. V. 60/1 The Maisters of the Shippes,
Quarter Maisters, Shipmen and Soudeours. 1509 BARCLAY
Shyp of Folys (1570) rr iij, Purser and Captayne, Quarter
master, Lodesman. 1549 Compl. Scot. vi. 41 Euery quartar
master til his auen quartar. 1626 CAPT. SMITH Accid. Yng.
Seamen 5 The quarter^ Maisters hath the charge of the hold
for stowage, rommageing, and trimming the shippe ; and of
their squadrons for their watch. 1643 Decliir. Commons,
Reb. Irel. 50 He is one of the Quarter -masters of the Dun-
kirke Frigot. 1708 Royal Proclam. 20 May in Lond. Gaz.
No. 4440/1 The Midshipmen, . . Quarter-Master, Quarter-
Masters Mates,, .and Serjeants of Marines. 1836 MARRVAT
Midsh. Easy xxvi, Up with the helm, quarter-master.
b. transf. Steering-gear.
i88j Standard 26 Dec. 2/2 She will have a brigantine rig,
. . and [be] steered by a steam ' quartermaster '. 1899 F. T.
BULLEN Way Nary 37 Like everything else in this giant
vessel, the steam quartermaster is on an immense scale.
2. Mil. An officer, ranking as lieutenant, attached
to each regiment, with the duties of providing
quarters for the soldiers, laying out the camp, and
looking after the rations, ammunition and other
supplies of the regiment.
1600 DYMMOK Ireland (1843) 33 The small losse we sus-
teyned . . was multiplied upon the rebell by our quarter and
skoutmasters. a 1653 GOUGE Conim. Heb. vi. 18 A quarter-
master, who goeth Ijefore hand to prepare quarters for
souldiers. 1711 DE FOE Mem. Cavafier (1840) 97 The king
. .made him a quarter-master to a troop of Cuirassiers. 1803
WELLINGTON Let. to Col. Stevenson 16 Sept. in Gurw. Desp.
(1837) II. 308, I rather believe that your Quarter Masters
have 1000 bullocks for each regiment. 1893 FORBES-
MITCHELL Remin. Gt. Mutiny 150 Our quartermaster
divided among us a lot of shirts and underclothing.
b. Quartermaster-general, a staff-officer who
is chief of the department exercising control over
all matters relating to the quartering, encamping,
marching and equipment of troops.
1701 Lond. Gaz. No. 3732/1 The said Quartermaster-
General and Adjutant-General Baron Riedt were sent out
to view the Ground. 1813 WELLINGTON Let. to Sir G.
Cnllier 19 Aug. in Gurw. Desp. (1838) XL 15, I enclose a
letter to the Quarter Master General directing that the
Infantry now in the horse ships at Bilbao may be removed.
1876 BANCROFT Hist. U. S. V. xliv. 35 Mifflin, who in August
had been appointed quartermaster-general.
C. Quartermaster-sergeant, a non-commis-
sioned officer, ranking as a staff-sergeant, who
assists the quartermaster in his duties.
1869 E. A. PARKES Pract. Hygiene (ed. 3} 309 The Serjeant-
major and Quarter-master -Serjeant are entitled to two rooms
and a kitchen.
t 3. One who shares authority with another to the
extent of a fourth. Obs.
Prob. transf. from sense i, with pun on quarter =: one
fourth ; cf. QUARTER sb. 27 d.
1550 LATIMER Last Serm. bef. Ediv, VI in They do it,
because they will be quarter maister with their husbandes :
Quarter maister ? nay halfe maisters: yea some of them will
be whole maisters. 1617 COLLINS Def. Bp. Ely i. i. 7 Dis-
cerne you no better betweene Popes and Councels, which
are the Church in effect ? or shall these play quarter-
masters with the Pope ? 1685 R. BURTON Eng. Emp. Amer.
ii. 28 The English Nation . . might have made themselves
Quarter-Masters, at least with the Spaniards.
1 4. A gild-official, having charge of the gilds-
men in a quarter of the town. Obs.
1646 in G. Tate Alnwick II. xvii. 338 It is agreed that
none of the wood shall be sould but with the consent of the
four quartermaisters. [1868-90. TATE. ^/«w*V£ II. xvii. 338
Wood and bark were therefore bought for the whole com-
pany, by officers called quartermasters, who allotted to each
tanner a proportional share of every purchase.]
Hence Qua-rterma ster v., to perform the
duties of a quartermaster (hence quartermastering
vbl. sb.) ; Qtiartermasterlveness, the qualities
of a quartermaster (nonce-ivd.) ; Quartermaster-
ship, the office of quartermaster (so also Quarter-
masler-generalsh ip\
1745 Obscrv. Cone. Navy 44 Sales of Ensignships, Adjutan-
cies, Quarter-Master-ships, &c. 1824 McCuLLOCH Scotland I.
370 His organ of quarter-masteriveness must have been woe-
fully in arrear. l86a Times 8 Jan. 8/6 Questions of massing,
manoeuvring, or quartermastering. 1870 Daily News 3 Nov.,
The quartermastership..of the district around Metz. 1876
BANCROFT Hist. U. S. VI. Index 553 [Greene] resigns [the]
quartermaster-generalship abruptly.
f Quartern, sb.1 Obs. Forms: i cweartern,
-en, owert-, cwiertern, 1-2 owart-, quartern,
3 cwarrt-, quarrterrne, cwart- , quarter ne.
[Of obscure origin, poss. an alteration of OE.
carciern, carcern, ad. L. career.] A prison.
C975 Rush™. Gosp. Matt. xxv. 39 Hwonne we be sefcun
untrymne obSe in quartern ? c 1000 J^ELFRIC Exod. xl. 3 pa
dyde hix man on cweartern . . and Jses cwearternes hirde
betxhte hrg losepe. c 1154 O. E. Chron. an. 1137 Hi dyden
heom in quarterne. c laoo ORMIN 6168 Himm patt i cwarr-
terrne tip Forrbundenn. Ibid. 18187 Inntill quarrterrne
worrpenn. c 1205 [see QuALE1 b]. a 1225 Leg. Kath. 670
AI be cwarterne of his cume leitede o leie.
Quartern. (kw§utain), sb.'* Forms : 3-7
quartron, (4 -run, -roun, -eroun, quaterone,
6 -eren), 5-7 quarteron, (5 -eren, -rone), 6-7
quarterne, ^7 coterne), 7-9 Ir. cartron, 9 quar-
QUARTER-PIECE.
tan, dial wartern, 6- quartern, [a. AF. quar-
fritti, OF. q^^art(e}ron, guat(ti)ront used in most
of the senses of the E. word (see Godef.) f. quart (e,
fourth, fourth part.]
1. A quarter <?/" anything. Obs. exc. dial.
c 1*90 S. Eng. Leg. I. 476/510 With-inne a quariron of J»e
acre buy comen to Marcilie. < 1440 Anc. Cookery in
Housek. Ord. (1790) 455 A quarirone of a pounde of pynes.
1547 BOORIIK Brez'. Health 20 Take of . . greate reasons, .a
quartron of a pounde. 1587 HARRISON England \\. vi.
(1877) i. 159 She addeth .. halfe a quarterne of an ounce of
balberries. 1607 TOPSELL Four-/. Beasts (1658) 287 Take of
Hony a quartern of a pinte. 1647 Will of John Clarke of
Scawthorpe (N. W. Line. Gloss.), Three quatrans of one
oxgange of land, a 1796 in PEGGK Derhicisms. 1877 N. W.
Line. Gloss., Quartern^ a quarter of anything.
f 2. tllipt. A quarter of something (esp. a weight
or measure) already specified. Obs. Cf. 3.
136* LAHGL. P. PI. A. v. 131 The pound that heo peysede
by peisede a quartrun [t>.r. quarteroun] more then myn
auncel dude, c 1400 MAUNDEV. (1839) xxx. 301 There is not
the Mone seyn in alle the Lunacioun, saf only the seconde
quarteroun. 1480 Wardr. Ace. Edw. /K (1830) 130 Sylk
j Ib. an unce and j quarteron. 1496 Naval Ace. Hen. VII
(1896) 174 A Chalder and a quarteron of Smythes Coles.
1613 Althorp MS. in Simpkinson The Washingtons (1860)
App. 42, 2 barrells of neates tongues weight 100 and a coterne.
Ibid. 45 For 3 pintes wanting di. a coterne of aquavita. 1653
URQUHART Rabelais \\. xxix. 187 Weighing nine thousand
seven hundred kintals and two quarterons.
3. A quarter of various weights and measures.
a. of a pound. Now rare. b. of an ounce. C. of a
chalder, hundredweight, etc. Now only dial, fd- =
QUARTER 43. e. of a stone or peck. \t. of some measure
of land ; in Ireland — QUARTER 7 c, or the fourth part of
this. g. of a pint.
a. [13*6 Durham Ace. Rolls (Surtees) 15 In uno quar-
teroun croci, i6i<£] c 1400 Master oj 'Game xil. (MS. Digby
182), Take ye vi poundes of hony, and a quartron of vert-
grece. ci^ytMJS. Med. Bk, (Heinrich) 173 Tak pre quar-
terons of clene rosyn, & a quateron of good perrosyn, & half
a pounde of good oile de olyue. 1520 WHITINTON Vulg.
(1527) 12 b. Bye me a halfe pounde of saffron, a quarteren of
cynamon. 1754-6 Connoisseur No. 76 At every petty
Chandler's shop in town, while the half quarterns of tea are
weighed out. 1836-9 DICKENS Sk. Boz, Tales iv, He dis-
pensed tea and coffee by the quartern, retailed sugar by the
ounce. 1878 Cumbld. Gloss. Suppl., Quartern^ a quarter of
a pound of flax ready for being spun.
b. 1607 T. COCKS Diary (1901) 5/6 Paide for a quartern
of sylke 4^. 1862 MRS. H. WOOD Mrs. Hallib. (1864) II.
viii. 193 That surly old foreman says. .'What d'ye leave for
silk?. .There's two quarterns down '.
G. 1497 Naval A cc. Hen. VII (1896) 230, iiij quarterons
salte. 1590 RECORDE, etc. Gr. Arts (1646) 134 There bee
greater weights, which are called a hundred, halfe a hun-
dred, and a quarterne, and also a halfe quarterne. 1883
Almondb, <$• Huddersf. Gloss., Wartern, i.e. a quartern, a
weight of woolen warp which is, when complete, twenty-four
or twenty-five pounds.
d. 1583 in Collect. (O. H. S.) I. 234, 53 quarterns, 3
bushelts of malt.
6. 1836-9 DICKENS^. Boz, Tales\v^ Applicants for.. half-
quarterns of bread.
f. 1679 BLOUNT/}«C. Tenures 3 Each [bondman] held one
Messuage, and one Quartron of Land. 1683 J. KEOGK
Ace. Roscommon in O'Donovan Tribes Hy.Fiachraich
(1844) 454 The lands here are generally set and let. .by the
name of quarters, cartrons, and gnieves, a quarter being the
fourth part of a townland . . and a cartron . . the fourth part
of a quarter. 1883 [see QUARTER 7 c].
(t. 1706 PHILLIPS (ed. Kersey), Quartern, a sort of
Measure, the fourth part of a Pint. 1762 SMOLLETT Launce-
lot Greaves (1703) II. xvii. 90 The waiter .. returned with
a quartern of brandy. 1835 MARRVAT Jac. Faithf. xxii.
There is my mother with a quartern of gin before her.
1839 CARLYLE Chartism iv. 132 Liquid Madness [Gin] sold
at ten-pence the quartern.
f4. A quarter of a hundred; twenty-five. Quar-
tern-book', (see quot. 1584). Obs.
1471-3 Rolls Parlt. VI. 37/2 Item, C of Milwell and
Lyng drye ; Item, a quartern of Mersaunte Lyng. 1561
AwDBLAV Frat. Vacab. 12 The xxv orders of Knaves, other-
wise called a quarterne of Knaves. i^StarChamb. Decree
(1863) 15 Any Stationer that shall bye a quarterne at ones or
more ; which quartern is xxv bokes, in which case the byer
hath alwaie a quarterne boke given him freely, that is to
sale, one boke for everie xxv that he byeth. 1630 J. TAYLOR
(Water P.) T.'s Water -worke Ded., A Quarterne of new-
catcht Epigrams caught the last Fishing-tide. 1650 TRAPP
Comm. Deut. xvii. 4 The Catholikes follow the Bible (saith
Hill, in his quartern of Reasons).
5. A quarter of a sheet of paper.
1821 SOUTHEY Lett. (1856) III. 249 During the last year. .
at Westminster, one imposition served me : . . it lasted till
the appearance of the quartan might have betrayed its
history. 1874 DASENT Half^ a Life 232 This message,
written on a ' quartern \ that is, on a quarter of a sheet of
ruled paper, on which we wrote our exercises.
6. A quartern-loaf.
1844 DICKENS Mart. Chuz. viii, That., loaf which is known
to housekeepers as a slack-baked crummy quartern.
7. C0/«£.,as fquartern-book (see 4); quartern-
loaf, a loaf made of a quartern of flour, a four-
pound loaf; f quartern -wind, a quarter-wind.
1592 GRKENE Disfnt. i Thinke you a quarterne winde
cannot make a quicke saile. iSis Examiner 24 Aug. 531/1
1 he price of the Quartern Loaf still continues at i*. 8^.
1887 JKSSOPP Arcaify vi. 176 Ben has been seen to eat two
quartern loaves at a sitting.
tQuartern(e a.t erron. forms of QUARTAN,
through assimilation to prec. 06s.
1548 HOOPER Ten Comntandm. ix. Wks. (Parker Soc.) 373
Those, .that bid the pestilence, the fever quartern,, .or such
other execrations. 1588 J. READ Com fiend. Meth. 64 \\ The
dropsie, quarterne fluxes and strangurie.
VOL. VIII.
33
Quarteron, -oon, variants of QUADROON.
Quarter-piece.
fl. A quarter of a standard coin. Obs. rare—1.
1650 FULLER Pisgah \. xii. 38 Some English coines, being
quarter-peices, cannot be put away in payment without loss,
except four of them be joyned together.
2. Naut. f a. A piece of ordnance placed on the
quarter of a vessel. Obs. rare"1.
1626 CAPT. SMITH Accid. yng. Sea-men 31 The peeces
in the prow,, .in the sterne, the quarter peeces [etc.].
b. (See quots.)
1711 W. SUTHERLAND Shipbuild. Assist. 162 Quarter-
pieces ; large carved Pieces fixed to terminate the Quarter
with the Stern. 1769 FALCONER Diet. Marine (1780) G g,
The quarter-pieces, which limit and form the outlines of the
stern. 1797 Encycl.Brit, XVII. 4o8/zThetaflfarel and quarter
pieces, which terminate the ship abaft, the former above
and the latter on each side. 1846 A. VOUNG Newt. Diet.
243 If there be a quarter-gallery, the quarter-piece forms its
after end.
C. * Projections beyond the quarters of a ship for
additional cabin accommodation* (Cent. Diet.').
f3. =QUARTER 19 and 20 c. Obs. rare*0.
1688 MIEGE Grt. Fr. Diet, n, Quarter-piece, quartier. The
two Quarter-pieces of a Shoe. 1736 AINSWORTH Lat.Dict.^
A double quarter piece, trabs crassior.
Quarter- sessions. [QUARTER sb. 8 a.]
1. In England and Ireland : A court of limited
criminal and civil jurisdiction, and of appeal, held
quarterly by the justices of peace in the counties (in
Ireland by county-court judges), and by the recorder
in boroughs.
1577 HARRISON Englana n. iv. (1877) i. 100 They haue
finalhe their quarter sessions, wherein they are assisted by
the justices and gentlemen of the countrie. 1660 R. COKE
Power ff Subj. 233 Justices of Peace in their Quarter-
sessions, have power to hear and determine the offences
aforesaid. 1711 ADDISON Spect. No. 122 F 4 There is not
one in the Town where he lives that he has not sued at
a Quarter- Sessions. 1844 Lp. BROUGHAM Brit. Const, xi.v.
§ 6 (1862) 375 Much of the criminal business of England is
transacted by the quarter-sessions. 1901 L, COURTNEY
Working Const. U.K. n. 248 Prisoners apprehended under
charge of crime are . , committed for trial at the Assizes or
Quarter Sessions.
attrib. 1847 TENNYSON Princ. Concl. 90 A quarter-sessions
chairman, abler none.
2. In Scotland: A court of review and appeal
held quarterly by the Justices of the Peace on days
appointed by statute (1661).
1661 Sc. Acts Part. c,xxxvni.(i6B*), The Justices of Peace
. .shall appoint at the Quarter Sessions, .the ordinary Hire
and Wages of Labourers. 1679 in Wodrow Hist. Ch. Scot.
(1722) II. 17 With Power, .to call the remanent Justices of
Peace to the Quarter-sessions. 1773 J. ERSKINE Inst. Laws
Scot. i. iv. 6p Constables . . are appointed by them in their
quarter-sessions. 1898 Green's Encycl. Laiv Scot. VII. 268
A judgment in Quarter Sessions cannot be reviewed by a
later Quarter Sessions.
Qua rterstaff. 1. A stout pole, from six to
eight feet long and tipped with iron, formerly used
as a weapon by the English peasantry.
The exact sense of quarter is not clear : quot. 1589 sug-
gests that the staff may have been made from a tree of a
certain size cleft in four; cf. QUARTER-CLEFT B. i.
<'
..
a stout frere I met, And a quarter-staffe in his hande. 1589
R. HARVEY PI. Perc. (1860) 3 Plodding through Aldersgate,
all armed as I was, with a quarter Ashe staffe on my
shoulder. (.1626 Dick of Devon iv. iiL in Bullen Old PI.
II. 81 My owne Country weapon. What? A Quarter
staffe. i7oo DRYDEN Cymon <$• iph. 82 His quarter-staff . .
Hung half before and half behind his back. 1725 DE FOE
Voy. round World ^1840) 121 A cane abobt eight foot long
and an inch and a half in diameter much like a quarter-
staff. 1821 SCOTT Kenil'w. xxv, Their rude drivers, .began
to debate precedence with their waggon-whips and quarter-
staves. 1887 BESANT The World went xv. 128 [He] took
the quarterstaff, . . poised it in his hands, and turned a smiling
face to his adversary.
attrib. 1890 Daily News 19 June 6/4 Dumb-bell and
quarter-staff drill.
2. Fighting or exercise with the quarterstaff.
171* ARBUTHNOT John Bulli, ii, He had acquir'd immense
Riches, which he used to squander away at Back-Sword,
Quarter-Staff, and Cudgell-Play. 1775 SHERIDAN Rzvalsiv.
i, If you wanted a bout at boxing, quarter staff, or short-
staff. 1849 MACAULAY Hist. Eng. ii. I. 252 He . . wrestled,
played at quarterstaff, and won footraces.
Hence Qua'rter staff v., to beat with a quarter-
staff.
1709 STEELE Tatler No, 31 p 5, 400 Senators . . thought it
an Honour to be cudgelled and quarterstaffed.
Quarter- tense, corrupt f.
,
1869 T. ARNOLD in Wyclifs SeL Wks. I. 377 'Quatuor
Tempora \ or, as it is called in Ireland, Quarter Tense.
T Qua*rterth.y a. Obs. [f. QUARTER sb. + -TH.]
Fourth (part).
1658 Capet sRem. To Rdr., His recipees amounted not to
the half nor quarterth part of a common Apothecaries Bill.
Quarter-waiter. [QUARTER sb. 8 a.] One
belonging to the lower class of Gentlemen-Ushers,
who remained in waiting for a quarter of a year.
a 1522 in Rutland Papers (Camd.) 102 Gentilmen ushers
quarter wayters. c 1600 SIR J. DAVIES Dialogue (Tanner MS.
79 If. 15), Gentleman Usher. I should know something that
havebeene a quarter-wayter these 15 yeares. 1610 Househ,
Ord. (1790) 338 The gentlemen ushers, daily waiters, and
quarter waiters. 1656 FINETT For. Ambass.^z^ They gave
to the hand of a Gentleman Usher Quarter-waiter 10 mew.
1731 Gcntl. Mag. I. 126 One of the .. Quarter-waiters in
ordinary to his Majesty.
QUARTILE.
Quarter-wind, a. A wind blowing on a
vessel's quarter, f b. A wind from one of the car-
dinal points. Obs.
a. IS9I PERCIVALL Sf. Diet., Aorfa, with a quarter winde.
1627 CAI-T. SMITH Seaman's^ Gram. vii. 32 Few ships will
steare vpon quarter winds with one saile. 1692 Ibid. i. xvi.
80 Quarter Winds, are when the Wind comes in abaft the
main-mast-shrouds even with the Quarter. 1727-41 CHAM-
BERS Cycl. s.v., The quarter-wind is the best of all winds,
as bearing into all the sails. 1846 A. YOUNG Nattt. Diet. 243.
b. 1598 FLORIO, Quarta, . . a quarter winde of the com-
passe.
f Quartessen.ee. Obs. rare—1, [f. L. quarto.
fourth, after QUINTESSENCE.] An essence one
degree less pure than a quintessence.
1605 TIMME Quersit. \. xi. 48 It is called a quintessence,
but more truly and properly a quartessence.
Quartet, quartette (kwgate-t). Also 9 -tett.
[a. F. quartette, ad. It. qitartetto : see next.]
1. Mus. A composition for four voices or instru-
ments, esp. one for four stringed instruments.
1790 COLERIDGE Inside the Coach, We snore quartettes in
ecstasy of nose. 1845 E. HOLMES Mozart 245 A single
quartet for stringed instruments. i867MACFARREN7/arw<wy
i. 14 Beethoven's Quartet in A, &c. attrib. 1872 BROWNING
Fijine cxvi, Inspect this quartett-score t
fig. 1838 DICKENS 0. Twist xxxix, A quartette of 'Shame-
ful! ' with which the Dianas concluded.
2. a. Mus. A set of four singers or players who
render a quartet, b. transf. A set of iour persons.
1814 SIR R. WILSON Priv. Diaty II. 304 We are a quartett
of miserables. 1849 THACKERAY Penaennis I. 204 The
parties are arranged in messes of four, each of which
quartets has its piece of beef. 1876 GEO. ELIOT Dan. Der. n.
xv, When the quartette of gentlemen . . met on the terrace.
3. A set of four things ; e. g., of lines in a sonnet,
of runs at cricket, etc.
1837-9 HALLAM Hist. Lit. II. n. v. § 44. 208 The first lines
or quartets of the sonnet excite a soft expectation, which is
harmoniously filled by the tercets, or last six lines. 1882
Daily Tel. 17 May, Shaw, letting out at that bowler's next
delivery, drove it to the boundary for a quartette. 1889
GROVE Diet. Mus. IV. 341 A glass case containing two
quartets of stringed instruments.
II Quartette (kwgite-to). ? Obs. [a. It. quar-
tetto, i. quarto fourth : see prec.]
1. Mus. = QUARTET i.
1775 in ASH Snppl. 1789 BURNEY Hist. Mus. III. Introd. 9
In 1752, Quantz classed Quartettes at the head of Instru-
mental Music. 1806-7 J- BERESFORD Miseries Hum. Life
(1826) xvi. ii. 89 Playing the solo part for the flute in a
quartette. 1835 L. RITCHIE Wand, by Seine 201 Every
song was at least a quartetto.
2. =QUABTET 2 and 3.
1790 COWPER Lett. Wks. 1836 VI. 340 Wishing much
that you could change our trio into a quartetto. 1807 SIR
R. C. HOARE Tour Irel. 235 Potatoes, oats, flax, and bog,
the almost inseparable quartetto. 1819 T. HOPE A nastasius
III. xiv. (1820) 362 The quartetto.. consisted of a poet, a
scene-painter, a musical composer and a ballet-master.
attrib. 1842 MRS. BROWNING Grk. Chr. Poets 173 A large
soul . . containing sundry Queen Anne's men, one within
another, like quartetto tables.
[Quarteus, an error for CERCEAUS, q.v.
1340 Ayenb. 159 Yef |>e onderstondinge . . wybwent ayen
ase deb f>e quarteus, al be inwyt ssel by byestre.]
Quarteyn, obs. form of QUAKTAN.
Qua'rtful, sb. rare. [f. QUART sb.z + -FUL.]
As much as a quart-vessel will hold.
1745 SWIFT Direct, to Servants Wks. (1869) 571/1 Carry
two quartsful [of ale] to the stable.
t Qua'rtfnl, a. Obs. Also 5 qwar(t)-, quar-
fulle, quarty-, 5-6 whart-. [f. QUART s/>.1 +
-FUL.] Sound, healthy ; safe, prosperous.
c 1460 Towneley Myst. vi. 29 Whartfull shall I make thi
gate, I shal the help erly and late. 1483 Cath. Angl. 206/2
Quartyfulle (A . Qwartfulle), compos, prosper, sospes. Ibid.
297/1 To make Quarfulle, prosperare. 1530 Test. Ebor.
(Surtees) V. 290 Whartfull the mynd, and compleit in
remembrance. 1337 Will of Agnes Bell (Somerset Ho.),
Heyll and quartfufi in mynde.
Hence f Quar(t)fulness, health, prosperity. Obs.
1483 Cath. Angl. 297/1 A Quarfullnes, prosperitas.
Quartic (kwgutik), a. and sb. Math. [f. L.
quart-us fourth + -1C.] a. adj. Of the fourth
degree, b. sb. A quantic, curve, or surface of the
fourth degree.
1856 CAYLEY Wks. (1889) II. 263 We have for the quartic
the following irreducible covariants, viz. the quartic itself
U [etc.]. 1885 SALMON Mod. Higher A Igebra 345 Sylvester
proved that every invariant of a quartic is a rational function
of i' and T.
Quartier, variant of QUARTEEB.
Qnartile (kwg-Jtil) , a. and sb. Astr. and Astral.
[ad. med.L. qtiartilis, f. quartus fourth : cf. quin-
tile, sextile.]
A. adj. Quartile aspect, the aspect of two
heavenly bodies which are 90° distant from each
other. (Cf. QUADRATE a. 2.) t). Connected with,
relating to, a quartile aspect.
1585 LUPTON Thous. Notable Th. vm. § 43 (1660) 201 If
the Aspect be .. by a Quartile or Opposite Aspect, he shall
get it with tediousness. 1647 LILLY Chr. Astral, i. 26 When
two Planets are ninety degrees distant one from another,
wee call that Aspect a Quartile Aspect, and write it thus, p.
1768 SMEATON in Phil. Trans. LV1II. 166 If the quartile
observations are made when the planets are considerably to
the east or west of the meridian. 1856 R. A. VAUGHAN
Mystics (1860) II. 51 To think that he must toil in obscurity
like a gnome, calculating aspects, sextite and quartile.
6
QUARTINE.
B. sb. A quartile aspect ; a quadrature.
1509 HAWF.S Past. Pleas, xxxvi. (Percy Soc.) 188 When
fyve oodies above on the heaven Wente retrogarde . . With
divers quartils. 1621 BURTON Anal. Mel. I. i. i. i, The
Heauens threaten vs with their, .oppositions, quartiles, and
such vnfriendly aspects. 1686 GOAD Celest. Bodies I. vi. 22
The Full Moon, the Interlunia, and the Quartiles. 1768
SMEATON in Phil. 7'rans. LVIII. 163 Let the place of Mars
be observed when the Moon is nearest her quartile with
Mars. 1839 BAILEY Festus ix. (1852) 121 Your partite
quartiles, and your plastic trines, And all your Heavenly
houses and effects.
Quartine (kwg-Jtsin). rare. [f. L. quarl-us
fourth + -INE* and 6.]
1. Bat. Mirbel's name for a fourth integument
supposed by him to occur in some ovules.
1831 LINDLEY Introd. But. 158 [Quoting Mirbel], I have
only discovered the quartine in ovula of which the tercine
is incorporated at an early period with the secondine.
2. Chem. (See qnot.)
1873 RALFE Phys. Chem. p. xviii, Triads. Glycerin
Series. Quartine or Crotonylene Ci He.
Quartinva-riant. Math. [f. as prec. + IN-
VARIANT.J An invariant of the fourth degree.
1884 W. R. W. ROBERTS in Hermathena X. 182 The
evectants of the quavtinvariants of the quantics. 1885
SALMON Mod. Higher Algebra Index, Quartinvariant of
odd quantic.
t Quartle, a. Obs. rare. [a. OF. quartet,
pa. pple. of quart-, carteler to quarter.] Quartered.
£1430 Liber Cocontm (1862) 37 Take fyggus quartle, and
raysyns, tho Hole dates, almondes. 4:1440 Prontp. Parv.
419/2 Quartle (S. quarteryd), quadripartite*.
So t ftuartled, Her. quartered. Obs.
1480 CAXTON Chron. Eng. 'ccxxv. 231 The kynges armes of
fraunce quartled with the armes of englond.
Quart-major : see QUART sb? t.
Quarto (kwg-Jto). Also written 410, 4°. [L.
(in) quarto, (in) the fourth (of a sheet), abl. sing,
of quartm fourth.]
1. The size of paper obtained by folding a whole
sheet twice, so as to form four leaves, in which as
a rule the height is not markedly in excess of the
breadth. Orig. and chiefly in phr. in quarto.
Quarto-sizes range from 15X11 inches (.imperial quarto)
to 7 J X 6J (pot quarto), according to the size of the original
sheet.
1589 Pappe w. Hatchet B iij, All his works bound close,
ate at least sixe sheetes in quarto. 1633 PKYNNE Histrio-m.
To Chr. Rdr., Some Play-books . . are growne from Quarto
into Folio. 1679 [see FOLIO 5]. 1710 Loml. Gaz. No. 5851/4
Sets of his Homer in . . large or small Paper, or Quarto
Royal may be had. 1793 BOSWKLL Johnson Pref. 2nd ed.,
These I have ordered to be printed separately in quarto.
1837-9 HALLAM Hist. Lit. I. i. iii. § 148. 250 The Psalter of
t457» and the Donatus of the same year, are in quarto. 1898
S. LEE Life Shaks. xix. (ed. 3) 299 In 1616 there had been
printed in quarto seven editions of his ' Venus and Adonis '.
atlrib. 1868 BROWNING Ring $ Bk. i. 85 Small-quarto
size, part print part manuscript.
fig, 1640. GLAPTHORNE Wit in Constable n. Wks. 1874 I.
195 The rest were made But fooles in Quarto, but I finde
myselfe An asse in Folio.
• 2. A book composed of paper in this form ; a
quarto-volume.
1641 FULLER Holy f, Prof. Si. ill. xxv. 228 Those which
they bought in Folio shrink quickly into Quarto's. 17*8
POPE Dune. i. 141 Quarto's, octavo's, shape the less'ning
pyre. 1769 Junius Lett. xx. 90 The form and magnitude
of a quarto imposes upon the mind. 1839 YEOWELL Anc.
Brit. Ch. Pref. (1847) 7 His writings, .contain more matter
than would be comprised in twenty modern quartos. 1898
S. LEE LifeShaks. xix. (ed. 3) 301 These sixteen quartos were
publishers' ventures.
Comb. 1814 COLERIDGE Lett. (1895) 11.638 Of all scribblers
these agricultural quarto-mongers are the vilest.
3. attrib. or as adj. Of paper : Folded so as to
form four leaves out of the original sheet ; having
the size or shape of a quarter-sheet. Of books :
Printed on paper thus folded or having this form.
Of works : Published in quarto.
1633 PRYNNE Histrio-m. To Chr. Rdr. i b, Farre better
paper than most Octavo or Quarto Bibles, a 1658 CLEVE-
LAND lyks, (1687) 248 Where others go before In Quarto
Pages. 1711 HEARNE CVttvtf. (O. H.SOIII. 131 These verses
I have transcrib'd in a Q<°. paper. . . He has also lent me a
Quarto Vol. 1789 DK. LEEDS Polit. Mem. (1884) 137 It con-
sisted of three sheets of Quarto Paper. 1807 Life Ficlding'm
Tom Jones, Every thing . . in the London quarto edition . .
is included in this new edition. 1821 BYRON Juan in. I
Ixxxvi, He would write.. a six canto quarto tale.
Quartodeciman (kw^itode-siman), si. and a.
Also 7 -decuman, [ad. med.L. quarta-, quarto-
deciman-us, f. qtiartus decimus fourteenth.]
A. si. One of those early Christians who cele-
brated Easter on the day of the Jewish Passover (the
I4th of Nizan), whether this was a Sunday or not.
The practice (chiefly observed in Proconsular Asia) was
condemned by the Council of Nice, A. D. 325.
1614 DARCIB Birth of Heresies viii. 31 The Phrygian
Montanists condemne the Quartodecumans. 1641 HALES
Schism 7 Why might not it be lawful . . to celebrate Easter
with the Quartodeciman. 1709 J. JOHNSON Clergym. Vade
M. it. p. cxv, When Austin came first to this island, the
Christians he found here were Quartodecimans. 1833 J. H.
NEWMAN A Hans i. i. (1876) 13. 1883 P. SCHAFF Hist.Chnrch
1 1 . xit. Ixxxiii. 706 There is no evidence at all that the apostle
John celebrated Easter with the Quarto-decimans.
B. adj. Of or relating to the Quartodecimans, or
their method of observing Easter.
1701 ECHARD Keel. Hist. (1710) 478 The Quartodeciman
34
controversy . . between the Eastern and Western churches.
1761 HUME Hist. Eng. I. i. 38 The quartodeciman schism
as it was called. 1833 J. H. NEWMAN Arians i. i. (1876) 13
Polycrates, who was primateof the Quarto-deciman churches.
1879 MACLEAR Celts xi. 180 The quarto-deciman view of
the earlier Asiatics of Asia Minor.
Hence Quartode cimauisra, the views or practice
of the Qnartodecimans.
1880 Athenaeum 9 Oct. .(63/2 The quartodecimanism of
.John._ 1885 G. SALMON in Academy 5 Dec. 367/2 The
Ignatian letters have not a word about Quartodecimanism.
So f Quartodecimarian a. Obs, rare—1.
1666 BP. SAM. PARKER Frit Censure 90 That early and
unhappy Quartodecimarian Schism.
Quart-pot. A pot capable of containing the
measure of a quart.
1412-1 Al'ingdon Ace. (1802) 94 Item j quartpot. 1463
Bury Wills (Camden) 23 A quart pot of pewter. 1550
CROWLEY Epigr. 363 Go fyll me thys quarte pot 1593
SHAKS. 2 Hen. VI, iv. x. 16 Many a time . . it hath seru'd
me insteede of a quart pot to drinke in. 1613 WITHER
Abuses Stript i. v. 240 Sometime in reuenge the quart-pot
flies. 1711 STEELE Sfect. No. » p 5, I came in with a Tub
about me, that Tub hung with Quart-pots. 1838 DICKENS
O. Twist xxv, A quart-pot . . filled with gin and water.
1870 LOWELL Study Wind. 47 Quartpots are for muddier
liquor than nectar.
b. attrib., as quart-pot tea. Austral, (see quot.
1885).
1878 MRS. H. JONES Long Years in Australia 87 Taking
a long draught of the quart-pot tea. 1885 H. FINCH-
HATTON Advance Austral. HI 'Quart-pot tea', as tea
made in the Bush is always called. . . A tin quart of water is
set down by the fire, and when it is boiling hard a handful
of tea is thrown in.
Quartre, Quartr age,-redge, -ridge, Quart*
ron(e, -r(o)un, obs. ff. QUABTER sb. and ».,
QUARTERAGE, QUARTERN.
f Quart-saw. Obs. rare"1. (?)
1577 Wills 4- Inv. IV. C. (Surtees 1835) 414 In the Ireon
Seller. Eighte qwarte sawes xvj'. — thre whope sawes xx\
QuarUrmvirate. rare-1. [Cf. QUADRUM-,
QUATRUMVIRATE.] = QOATUORVIRATE.
1819 SYD. SMITH Wks, (1850) I. 282/1 The noble quaitum-
virate, in all matters of foreign policy, have a veto on the
king's decisions.
Quartyer, obs. form of QUARTER sb.
Quartz (kw§Jts). Min. [a. G. quart (first in
MHG.) of uncertain origin : hence also Du. kwartst
F. quartz, It quarto.]
1. A widely diffused mineral, massive or crys-
tallizing in hexagonal prisms ; in a pure form
consisting of silica or silicon dioxide (SiO2), but
varying greatly in colour, lustre, etc., according to
the different impurities it contains.
Quartz forms the rocks quartzite and sandstone, and is an
important constituent in granite, gneiss, and other rocks.
It frequently contains gold, and is largely mined and crushed
for the purpose of extracting this metal (cf. quots. in a). The
numerous varieties are chiefly denoted by adjs. descriptive
of their structure or colour, as (i) amorphous, asteriated
(star-quartz), capped^ cavernous^ com£actt (crypto-) crystal-
line^ fibrous, grained, radiated, sagenitic, sparry ^ etc., (2)
blue (siderite or sapphire-quartz), ^r^yw or smoky (cairngorm,
morion), green (chrysoprase, prase), milky (milk-quartz),
purple (amethyst), red, rose, yellow (citrine), etc. ; SL\&Q Babel
or Babylonian Quartz, found in Devonshire, showing on its
under-. surface the impression of the crystals of fluor-spar on
which it was deposited. The colourless crystalline variety
b known as ROCK-CRYSTAL.
1756 Observ. IsL Stilly 71 White debas'd Crystal (which
the Germans call Quartz). 177* tr. Cronstedfs Min. 57,
I shall adopt this name of quartz in English as it bas already
gained access into other European languages. 1831 BREW-
STER Optics xvii. § 94. 151/2 Among the crystals best fitted
for exhibiting the phenomena of positive double refraction
is rock crystal or quartz. 1859 R. F. BURTON Centr. Afr.
in JrnL Geoff. Soc. XXIX. 107 Boulders of primitive forma-
tion, streaked with snow-white quartz. 1879 RUTLEY Stud.
Rocks x. 150 Quartz is infusible before the blowpipe, in-
soluble in all acids except fluoric acid.
2. attrib. and Comb.
a. attrib. in sense ' consisting of quartz ', or
'containing quartz ', as quartz-boil (see quot. 1869),
-crystal, -gritstone, -lode, -pebble., -porphyry , -reef,
-rock, -sand, -schist, -slate, -vein, etc.
17851 SAUNDERS in Phil. Trans. LXXIX. 82 It is known
to mmeralists in that state by the name of quartz gritstone.
i8oa PLAYFAIR lllnstr. ffutton, Th, 167 Vertical strata
much intersected by quartz veins. Ibid, 326 Granites con-
taining quartz-crystals. 1833 LYKLL Princ. Geol. III. 567
Beds of pure quartz rock. 1843 PORTLOCK Geol. 170 Mica
slate passing into quartz slate. 1869 R. B. SMYTH Gold
Fields Victoria 283 Quartz reefs are richer as they increase
in depth. Ibid. 618 Quartz-boil, an outcrop of a quartz reef
on the surface, or an outburst or extension in width of the
reef beneath it 1877 RAYMOND Statist. Mines <$• Mining
218 Very little work has been done, .on quartz-lodes.
b. attrib. in other senses, obj., and obj. gen.,
chiefly in terms relating to the extraction of gold
from quartz, as quartz-battery, -crusher, -crushing
a4J-i 'gold (see quot. 1874), -mill, -mining, -pros-
pecting, -reefing ( = mining), etc.
1861 MRS. MEREDITH Over the Straits iv. 133 Quartz-
reefin's the payinest game, now. 1871 RAYMOND Statist.
Mines $ Mining 17 Some gold quartz-mining enterprises
have been in operation. 1874 Ibid. 317 It is largely 'quartz
gold', that Is, not rounded and water-worn, but irregular
and frequently twisted in form, usually very bright, and
always of fine quality, as is the gold of the quartz-veins.
1877 Ibid, 220 The discovery . . of quartz-claims in the
QUASH.
district. This action gave an impetus to quartz-prospecting.
1882 Kef. to Ho. Refr. Prec. Met. U. S. 596 Quartz-crush-
ing machines yet to be invented.
Quartziferous (kw§Jtsi-fer3s\ a. [f. prec. +
-(I)FEBOUS.] Bearing or containing quattz.
1831 DE LA HECHE Geol. Man. (ed. 2) 403 The pieces of
quartziferous porphyry . . have better resisted attrition 1872
W. S. SYMONDS Rec. Rocks iii. 49 The Quartziferous brec-
cias . . of the Caernarvon peninsula. 1879 RUTLEY Stud.
Roc/is xii. 242^ A . . ndmber of diorites are quartziferous.
Qua'rtzine, a. rare—1, [f. as prec. + -IKE1.]
Quartzose, quartzy.
1853 KANE Grinntll Exp. v. 40 Gneiss . . was the basis
material, the quartzine element greatly predominating.
Quartzite (kwg-Jtsait). Min. Also -yte. [f.
as prec. + -ITE.J An extremely compact, granular
rock, consisting essentially of quartz.
1849 MURCHISON Si/uria viii. 167 The quartzites of the
west are manifestly altered sandstones. 1873 J. GEIKIE Gt.
tee Age App. 479 A boulder of quartzite . . was found em-
bedded in a seam of coal.
attrib. 1870 Pall Mall G. 17 Nov. 4 The stag is formed
of white quartzite stones. 1880 DAWKINS Early Alan vii.
181 There were also quartzite flakes and implements.
Hence Quartzitic a., of the nature of quartzite.
i8ra W. S. SYMONDS Rec. Rocks vi. 191 This remarkable
yellowish and quartzitic conglomerate. 187* PACE Adi:
Text-bk. Geol. viii. 157 Bands of quartzitic rock.
Qua'rtzless, a. [f. as prec. + -LESS.] Desti-
tute of quartz.
1879 RUTLEY Stud. Rocks xii. 235 Some of these rocks are
very poor in quartz, and they then pass into the quartzless
hornblende andesites. 1891 Nation (N. Y.) 28 July 73/2
This widely distributed andesite is highly basic, in many
cases being almost quartzless.
Qua'rtzoid. [f. as prec. + -OID.] A crystal
having the form of a double six-sided pyramid.
1864 WEBSTER cites DANA. 1881 DANA Man. Min. (ed. 4) 47.
Quartzose (kwg-jtso«s), a. [f. as prec. + -OSE.]
Mainly or entirely composed of quartz ; of the
nature of quartz.
'757 DA COSTA Fossils 275 Pellucid quartzose grains it has
none. 1857 BIRCH Anc. Pottery (1858) II. 332 Some
varieties of this ware are filled with quarlzose sand. 1878
A. H. GREEN, etc. Coal ii. 47 Thick masses of very coarse
quartzose conglomerate.
So f Qua-rtzous a. Obs.
*•&> Monthly Rev. III. 547 It appears, that hard quartzous
and sihcious stones give a reddish light. 1815 Chron. in
Ann. Reg. 540 The sand.. is quartzous.
Quartzy (kwgutsi), a. [f. as prec. + -T1.] Of
the nature of quartz ; resembling quartz.
'774 PENNANT Tour Scotl. in 1772, 218 The stones of this
mountain are white— quartzy and composed of small grains.
1836 MACOILLIVRAY tr. Humboldfs Trav. xviii. 256 The
bottom, which consists of white quartzy sand, is usually
visible. 1880 BIRDWOOD Ind. Art \l. 4 The iron ore is ..
separated from its granitic or quartzy matrix by washing.
fig. 1864 ROGERS Nevi Ruon n. 42 He .. avows his in-
ability to find Another lyric in his quartzy mind.
Quarved, ? error for quarred: see QUAB v.1
1617 JACKSON Creed vi. xii. % 9 This, .current of life, .the
more it is dammed or quarued by opposition of the sonnes of
darknesse, the more plentifully it overflowes the sons of light
t Qua-ry. 06s.-'. [? ad. L. quari wherefore.]
01550 Image Hypocr. in Sktltm't Wks. (1843) II. 427
With quibes and quaryes Of inventataries.
Quaryndo(u)n, obs. forms of QUAHENDEN.
Quas, variant of KVASH.
Quas e, obs. northern forms of WHOSE.
in JOHNSON and later Diets'] 1813 T. ROUOHLEY Jamaica
Planter's Guide 74 The Indian kale, ochro, quash, peppers,
akys, and a variety of pulse, being natural to the climate.
Quash, rf.2 rare-1. [Cf. WASH.] ? A stretch
of shallow water.
1790 BEATSON Nav. f, Mil. Mem. I. 69 From the report
made by those who sounded the quash opposite the town . .
there was not found water sufficient to enable them to
undertake the enterprize.
Quash (kwgj), v. Forms: 4-5 quasse, (5
qwas-), 4 quasche, 5 qv-, quasohyn, quassh-,
quaysoh-, 6- quash. [In branch I, ad. OF. quasser
= casser to annul, ad. late L. cassart (med.L. also
quassare), (. cassus null, void ; in branch II, ad. OF.
quasser, casserto break, smash, etc. :— L. quassare,
freq. of quatlre to shake. In later F. the form in
all senses is casser. Senses 2 and 3 may be partly
derived from 4, and the later examples in 5 may be
partly of onomatopoeic origin. Cf. SQDASH v.]
I. 1. trans. To annul, to make null or void
(a law, decision, election, etc.) ; to throw out or
reject (a writ, indictment, etc.) as invalid ; to put
an end to, stop completely (legal proceedings),
t Also with down.
^1330 R. BRUNNE Chron. (1810) 209 pe pape at his dome
her Elites quassed doun. Ibid. 217 J>e purueiance . . He
quassed it ilk dele borgh jugement. c 1430 Pilgr. LyJ
Mankvae I. Ixxvi. (1869) 44 Michel it displeseth hire that ye
quassen thus hire ordinaunces. 1589 WARNER Alb. Eng.
vi. xxx. (1612) 151 Phcebus his plainte did quash. 1671
F. PHILLIPS Reg. Ifecess. 521 All the then Judges did agree,
that if a Writ of that Form should be brought unto them.,
they would immediately quash it. 17*8 BLACKSTONE Comm.
III. 303 Praying 'judgment of the writ, or declaration, and
that the same may be quashed ', cassetur, made void, or
abated. 1829 SCOTT Detnonol. ix. 335 The Lord Advocate . .
QUASHEE.
quashed all farther procedure. 1882 SERJT. BAI.LANTINE
Exfcr. iv. 43 My clients were completely exonerated and
the conviction was quashed.
b. Used adverbially with go (suggesting sense 4).
1802-12 BENTIIAM Ration. Jttiiic. Evid. (1827) IV. 406 Down
comes the money, quash goes the conviction, like a snail
under our feet.
2. To bring to nothing ; to crush or destroy ; to
put down or suppress completely; to stifle (esp.
a feeling, idea, scheme, undertaking, proceeding,
etc.). Also with dmvn.
1609 BIBLE (Douay) Ecclus. vi. 2 Extol not thyself., lest
perhaps thy strength be quashed. 1646 P. BULKELEY Gospel
Covt. v. 366 Balaam had faire hopes before him . . but all was
quasht in a moment. 1717 TABOR in Phil. Trans. XXX. 552
When the Ground about the Pavement was dug, all these
Suppositions were quash'd. I774GOLDSM. Nat. Hist. (1862)
I. 34 The sound seemed at last quashed in a bed of water.
1834 PRINGLE Afr. Sk. 316 Every such attempt had hereto-
fore been . . quashed by the . . authorities. 1857 MRS. CARLYLE
Lett. II. 313, I wanted to scream, but the physical weari-
ness had quashed down that nonsense. 1879 r ROUDE Cxsar
xviii. 305 The preparations for the election were quashed.
3. To crush, quell, or utterly subdue (a person) ;
to squash. Now rare.
1630 G. DANIEL Ecclits. xxxv. 50 His Arme Shall Quash
the Cruell, and prevent their harme. 1643 BURROUGHES
Exp. Hosea I. v. 128 They did not stay the building of the
wall of Jerusalem, till all their adversaries were quashed.
1753 HANwAY'TVaz'. (1762) II. vli. ii. 168 This .. resolution
..would in all probability have quashed their enemies. 1876
BLACKIE Songs Relig. <y Life 182 When, by Logic's iron
rule, I've quashed each briskly babbling fool.
II. f 4- To break or dash in pieces ; to smash ;
also, to crush, squeeze, squash. Obs.
1387 TREVISA Higiien (Rolls) IV 439 panne be secounde
wal was i-quasched [v.r. yquaysched]. ? a 1400 Morte
A rth. 3389 Abowte scho whirles the whele , . Tille alle my
qwarters . . ware q waste al to peces. 1563-87 FOXE A. fy M.
(1596) 310/2 A mightie stone . . able tonaue quashed him in
peeces. 1608 TopsELL.Sf^MJ'.r (1658) 628 Then, shepheard,
take both stone in hand, and blade, To quash his swelling
neck. 1650 BULWER Anthropomet. 12 The Fathers and
Mothers never faile to quash, or flat down that part of the
face which is between the eyes and mouth. 1750 W. ELLIS
Mod. Husbandm. IV. iii. 85 (E. D. S.) [Boys] rejoice when
they find a nest of eggs to quash with their feet.
t b. To dash or smash on or against something.
1448 UDALL Erasm. Par. Luke ix. 99 The eiuill spirit that
was in hym tooke hym, quashyng the chylde on the grounde.
1620 WILKINSON Coroners ft Sheri/cs 19 A man falleth from
his horse and quasheth his head against a blocke. c 1645
WALLER Batt. Summer-lsl. n. 25 The whales Against sharp
rocks, like reeling vessels quash'd. .are in pieces dash'd.
t 5. intr. To shake ; to splash, to make a splash-
ing noise. Obs.
iw LANGL. P. PI. C. xxl. 64 The erthe quook and quashte
as hit quyke were. 1691 RAY Creation n. (1692) 12 A thin
and fine Membrane strait and closely adhering to keep it
1750 W. t-LUsJIfoii. Husbandm. HI. i. i3o(E.D.S.)
the butter is come, which you may know by its quashing.
Hence Quashed (kwjjt) ppl. a. ; Qua shing vbl.
sli. and///, a.
a 1665 J. GOODWIN Filled iv. the Spirit (1867) 107 A notion
..of a dangerous and quashing import to the spirit of all
signal excellency. 1802-12 BENTHAM Ration, jfudic. Evid.
(1827) IV. 408 A rare trade, this quashing trade. 1816 W.
TAYLOR in Monthly Maf. XLI I. 35 These are called stratous
clouds from their sinking^ quashed appearance. 1846 J.
HAMILTON Mt. of Olives viii. 196 With quashed delight and
bitter fancies. 1859 I. TAYLOR Logic in Theol. 270 A fac-
titious quashing of any sensibility.
Quash, obs. variant of KVASS.
Quashee (kw9-J«), quashie (kwg-Ji). [Ashan-
tee or Fantee Kwasi, a name commonly given to
a child born on Sunday.] A negro personal name,
adopted as a general name for any negro.
1833 M. SCOTT Tom Cringle (1862) 246 Then Quashie him.
self, or a company of free blacks. 1850 MRS. CARLYLE Lett.
II. 122 A certain sympathy with Quashee ! 1889 CLARK
RUSSELL Marooned (1890) 275 The same Quashee whom I
had supposed dead.
Quashey. rare-1. (See quot. and cf. QUASH rf.l)
1823 SOUTHEY Lett. (1856) III. 391 With regard to these said
quasheys (which, I believe, is their name,— first cousins to
the squash pumpkin).
Quasi (kwv'-ssi), adv. and pref. [L. quasi as
if, as it were, almost.] I. In limiting sense.
1. Used parenthetically = ' as it were ', ' almost ',
' virtually '. rare.
In Caxton after F. quasi (isth c., from It. or L.).
1485 CAXTON Paris f, V. (1868) 30 Whereof he was moche
angry, and quasi half in despair. — Chas. Gt. 204 After
that charles had the domynacyon quasi in al espayne.
1692 T. WATSON Body of Dhi. 97 Men come quasi armed
11 Coat of Male, that the Sword of the Word will not enter.
1818 CRUISE Digest (ed. 2) V. 184 This devolution, .is quasi
a descent performam doni.
2. In close connexion with the word following ;
hence usually treated as a prefix and hyphened.
a. With sbs.: (A) kind of; resembling or simu-
lating, but not really the same as, that properly so
termed.
1643 SIR T. BROWNE Relig. Med. i. § 49 An Empyriall
e:*~,en' a ?"«« vacuitie. 1676 R. DIXON Two Testaments
30 I he reason why God confirmed his Testament . . is, be-
cause this was an act of his Quasi-dying. 1727-41 CHAM-
BERS Cycl. s.v.. In a quasi-contract, one party may be bound
..without having given his consent, ifid,. The reparation
of quasi-crimes. 1815 J. ADAMS M'kt. (1856) X. 151 A. .plot
35
. . to draw me into a decided instead of a qua.si war with
France, 1837 CAKLYLK /•>. Rev. I. vi. iv, The art, or quasi-
art, of standing in tail. 1864 KINCSLEY Kom. <J- Tcut. iii.
(1875) 91 Romans, with Greek names who become quasi-
emperors. 1889 SWINBURNE Stud. Jonson 47 The epithala-
inium of these quasi-nuptials is fine.
b. With adjs., more rarely with advbs. or vbs. :
Seemingly, or in appearance, but not really; almost,
nearly, virtually.
1802 iz BENTHAM Ration. Judic. Eviif. (1827) I. 149 False-
hood in this quasi-colloquial shape, as well as in the shape
of ordinary discourse. 1826 SOUTHEY Vind. Ecd. Angl. 394
We neither deify nor quasi-deify the head of our Church.
1836 SIR H. TAYLOR Statesman viii. 50 His functions in
these cases are quasi-judicial. 1861 KINGSLEY Lett. (1878)
II. 80 The independent and quasi-Episcopal position of the
rector. 1888 BRYCE A met: Cmimw. II. HI. Ixxiv. 610
Public or quasi-public organisms.
II. 3. Introducing an etymological explanation
of a word: ' As if it were '. (Abbreviated a., qu. :
see Q. II. I.)
1588 SHAKS. L. L. L. IV. ii. 85 Master person, quasi
Pers-on. c 1630 RISDON Sitrv. Devon § 82 (1810) 81 Cub/ie,
so called, as some say, quasi Calme. 1686 PLOT Staffordsh.
419 They are more properly call'd Almanacks, quasi Al-
mon-aght. 1816 SCOTT Woodstock Note 3 Rere-suppers
(quasi arricre) belonged to a species of luxury [etc.]. 1866
LOWELL Biglow P. Wks. (1880) 181/2 The Earls of Wil-
brnham (quasi wild boar ham).
Quasi, Quasie, Quass, obs. ' ff. QUASSIA,
QUEASY, KVASS.
t Quass, v. Obs, Also 6-7 quasso. [a. MLG.
quassen (qttasen, quatzen : see Grimm) to eat or
drink immoderately : prob. of onomatopoeic origin.]
intr. To drink copiously or in excess ; to quaff.
Hence f Qua'ssing vbl. sb.
'549 CHALONER Erasm. on Folly E iv, Rernembre the law
of quassyng, ' Other drinke thy drinke, or rise, and goe thy
waie '. c 1572 GASCOIGNE Fruites Warrc Ixxxvii, Hope
brings the bol! wherein they all must quasse [rime passe].
1607 MARSTON What You- Will n. i, Sing, sing, or stay
weele quasse or any thing.
Qnassa'tioil. rare. [ad. L. quassdtion-em,
n. of action f. quassdre to shake : see QUASH z/.j
A shaking, beating, pounding.
1654 GAYTON Pleas. Notes in. i. 68 Solidated by continual
contusions, threshings, and quassations. i683PErrus.^y?/a
Min. n. 15 Byquassation and constant compressure of such
flexible grounds. 1897 Syd. Sue. Lex., Quassation, . . in
Pharmacy, . . reducing roots and tough bark to pieces, to
facilitate the extraction of their chief active principles.
t Quassative, a. Obs. rare-1, [f. ppl. stem of
L. quassare (see prec.) + -IVE.] Inclined to shake.
1626 MH>Di.inon Anything/or Quiet Life in. ii, A French-
man's heart is more quassative and subject to tremor than
an Englishman's.
Quassia (kw£e-sia, kwoe-J-, kw9'Jia). Also 8
quassi, quassy, quasi, (quaoiae). [Named by
Linnseus, about 1761, after a Surinam negro, Gra-
man ( = grand man) Quassi or Quacy ( = QUASHEE),
who discovered the virtues of the root in 1730.
Quassi communicated his discovery to C. G. Dahlberg, by
whom it was made known to Linnaeus : see C. M. Blom in
C. Linnxi Amtrnitates Academical VI. (1764) 420, and
Stedman Surinam II. xxix.]
1. The wood, bark, or root of a South American
tree (Quassia amara), found esp. in Surinam, and
of some other trees, esp. the bitter ash (Ptcrsena
excelsa) of Jamaica, and the bitter damson (Sima-
ruba amara} of the West Indies and S. America.
b. The bitter decoction prepared from this, used
for medicinal and other purposes.
The quassia now in use is chiefly that obtained from the
titter ash, commonly sold in the form of chips.
1765 [cf. 3]. 1770 Gentl. Mag-. XL. 227 The quasi was ad-
ministered in decoction. 1803 DAVY in Phil. Trans. XCI1I.
268 The infusions of quassia . . are scarcely affected by
muriate of tin. 1830 HERSCHEL Stud. Nat. Phil. 86 An
intense and pure bitter like quassia. 1878 T. BRYANT
Pract. Surg. (1879) II- 59 An enema of some bitter vegetable
infusion, such as quassia.
2. Any of the trees yielding quassia, esp. the
Quassia amara of Surinam.
1766 [cf. 3]. 1797 Encycl. Brit. XV. 753/1 Dr. Wright
found tnis tree to be a species of quassia. 1859 All Year
Round No. 32. 127 Why not.. cultivate.. quassia, which is
such a handsome shrub? 1876 HARLEY Mat. Med. (ed. 6)
673 ^Quassia bears some resemblance to the common ash,
attains a height of 50, 60, or even loo feet.
3. attrib., as quassia-bark, -chips, -root, -tree,
-wood; quassia cup, a drinking cup made of
quassia wood, a ' bitter cup'.
1765 Ann. Reg. 114 Linnaeus, .has lately recommended.,
a new medicine, called quassi-wood. 1766 Ibid. 76 They
write from Pensacola that the true Quassi medicinal tree
has lately been discovered in the western parts of that
fovince. 1767 HAKLEY in Phil. Trans. LVIII. 81 At last
tryed the Quassi Root. 1834 T. I. GRAHAM Dom. Med.
(ed. 6) 70 Quassia wood comes from Jamaica and the Carib-
bean islands. 1860 PIESSE Lab. Cnem. Wonders 171 The
purest bitter principle is yielded by the quassia tree.
Qnassm (kwarsin). [f. QUASS-IA + -IN!.] The
bitter principle of quassia.
1819 in J. G. Children Chem. Anal. 288. 1845 Penny Cycl.
Suppl. I. 349/2 Quassin dissolves readily in alcohol and
in aether. 1876 HARLEY Mat. Med. (ed. 6) 675 A neutral,
odourless, crystallisable principle, termed quassin.
Also Qua ssite, in same sense.
1838 T. THOMSON Chem. Org. Bodies 705 Quassite has
been given by Wiggers to the bitter principle of the quassia
QTIATENUS.
amara. and exctlsa. 1841 Penny Cycl. XXII. 26/1 Its chief
constituents are quassite, resin [etc.].
Quassing, vbl. sb. : see QUASS v.
Qua-sum, north, variant of WHO-SOMB.
Quasy, obs. form of QUEASY.
Quat (kw9t), rf.l Obs. exc. dial. Also 8-9
quot. [Of obscure origin.]
1. A pimple or pustule ; a small boil ; a stye.
1579 LANCHAM Card. Healtk 153 Inflammations and soft
swellings, burnings and impostumes, and choleric sores or
quats. 1752^-3 A. MURPHY Gray's Inn Jrnl. No. 15 A Quat,
or Quot, being a small Heat or Pimple. 1848 A. B. EVANS
Leicesttrs/i. Words s.v., He was rubbing his throat, and he
broke the head of his quot. 1896 Warwick Gloss., Quat,
a sty or poke.
1 2. trans/. Applied contemptuously to a (young)
person. Obs.
1604 SHAKS. Oth. v. i. n, I haue rub'd this yong Quat
almost to the sense, And he growes angry. 1609 DEKKER
Gvlls Horne-bk. 151 Whether he be a young quat of the
first year's revenue, or some austere and sullen-faced steward.
1623 WEBSTER Devil's Law-Case 11. i, O young quat, in-
continence is plagu'd In all the creatures of the world.
t Quat, sb* 06s. rare. Also 7 quatte. [f.
QUAT f .1] The act or state of squatting.
1602 Narcissus (1893) 475 The doggs have putt the hare
from quatte. 1612 WEBSTER White Devil Wks. (Rtldg.)
31/2 A full cry for a quarter of an hour, And then . . put to
the dead quat.
Quat (kwgt), a. Obs. exc. dial. Also 9 quot.
[Related to prec. and next : cf. SQUAT a., and It.
ijuailo ' squatting, cowering, quiet, still ' (Baretti).]
1. Squatted, close, still, quiet, in hiding.
c 1450 Merlin xxv. 463 The x traitoris that were quatte in
the gardin vnder an ympe. Ibid., Bretell and Vlfin. .weren
quat vnder the steyres. 1682 BUNYAN Holy War 310 The
rest lay so quat and close that they could not be appre-
hended. 1685 — Bk. Boys f, Girls 21 My lying quat, until
the Fly is catcht Shews [etc.]. 1879 Miss JACKSON Shropsh.
Word-bk., Quat, close, still, as a hare on her form. 1886 in
ELWORTHY W. Som. Wd.-bk.
2. Low and broad ; squat.
1863 BARNES Dorset Gloss., ' There's a little quot rick '.
Quat (kwgt), zi.l Obs. exc. dial. Also 5 qwat(te,
8 quatt, 9 quot. [a. OF. quaitir, qualirlo beat
or press down, to force in, to hide (mod.F. catir to
press), f. OF. *quait, Prov. quait, It. quatto (see
prec.) :— L. coactus pressed together, COAOT.]
1. trans. To beat or press down ; to squash,
flatten, extinguish. Also absol.
11400-50 Alexander 560 All flames be flode..And ban
ouer-qwelmys in a qwirre & qwatis euer e-like. 1589 GREENE
Tullies Love (1609) Fiij, Her resolution .. quatted the
conceit of his former hope. 1590 — Never too late (1600)
K 4 The renowne of her chastity . . almost quatted those
sparks that heated him on to such lawlesse affection. 1893
Wiltsh. Gloss., Quat, qvjot,..\o flatten, to squash flat.
b. To load, sate, glut (the stomach). See also
QUOT pa. pple.
IS79 LVLY Evphues (Arb.) 44 To the stomack quatted
with dainties, al delicates seeme queasie. 1606 J. HYND
Eliosto Libid. 58 Amazias having quatted the quesy stomaks
of the rebels, .returned with safety to Famagosta.
2. intr. To crouch down or lie close, as an animal
in hiding; to squat. ( = OF. se quatir.)
c 1400 Master of Game ii. (MS. Digby 182), pen he shall
ruse oute of be wey for to stalle or qwatte to rest hym.
1602-12 [implied in QUAT sb?\ 1757 FOOTE A uthor u. Wks.
1799 1. 149 You grow tir'd at last and quat, Then I catch you.
1781 W. BLANE Ess. Hunt. (1788) 125 She will only leap off
a few rods, and quat. 1879 JEFFERIES Wild Life in S. C.
222 The crake .. will then .. if still hunted, ' quat ' in the
thickest bunch of grass or weeds he can find.
fb. To sink, subside. Obs. rare.
411723 LISLE Husb. (1752) 118 If rain in the interim should
come, such ground will quatt, and the furrow will fill up.
Hence Qua'tting vbl. sb.
'757 FOOTE Author n. Wks. 1799 I. 149 Begin and start
me, that 1 may come the sooner to quatting.
Quat, v.'~ Sc. var. (also pa. t. and pa. pple) of
QU:T v. (Cf. QUATED.)
1573 Satir. Poems Reform, xxxix. 54 So had the cause
bene quat, wer not for shame. 1597 MONTGOMERIE Cherrie
ffS^laeii'jQ Thou.. Gars courage quat them. 1637-50 J. Row
Hist. Kirk Scotl. (1842) 254 So he quat his mimstrie. 1714
RAMSAY Elegy jfo/tn Cowper xii. (1877) I. 168 To quat the
frip he was right laith. 1786 BURNS To James Smith xxix,
shall say nae mair, But quat my sang. 1836 M. MACIN-
TOSH Cottager's Daughter 49 For your threats ae truth I
winna quat.
Quat, obs. f. QUOTH, WHAT; Sc. var. QUIT a.
Quata, var. of COAITA.
t Quatch. !. Obs. [f. quatch, var. QCETCH v. :
cf. QUINCH s&.] A word, a sound.
ni63S BP. CORBET Poems (1807) 114 Noe; not a quatch,
sad poets ; doubt you, There is not greife enough without
you? 1783 NICHOLS Bibl. Top. (1790) IV. 57 (Berks) A
quatch is a word. (Hence in GROSE and HALLIWELU)
t Quatch2. Obs. rare—1. (Meaning uncertain.)
1601 SHAKS. All's Well\\. ii. 18 A Barber's chaire, that fits
all buttockes, the pin buttocke, the quatch-buttocke [etc.].
Quatch, variant of QUETCH.
Quate, variant of WHATE, fortune. Obs.
Quated, obs. Sc. var. quited: see QUIT v.
rt 1605 MONTGOMERY Misc. Poems xlv. 27 Alace ! suld my
treu service thus be quated ? [rime hated).
II Quatenus (kw^'-t.rn»s), adv. [L., ' how far ',
' to what extent', f. qua where + /i'H/« up to.] lu
so far as ; in the quality or capacity of ; QUA.
6-2
QUATER-CENTENARY.
i6sa N. CULVF.RWEL Lt. Nature xi. (1661) 78 An innate
power of the Soul, that is fitted, and fashioned for the
receiving of spirituals, quatenus Spirituals. 1664 BUTLER
Hnd. II. ii. 277 A broken Oath is, quat'nus Oath, As
sound t* all purposes of Troth. 1673 WOOD Life (O. H. S.)
II. 274 That every canon of Ch. Ch. should (quatenus as
a member of the university) preach at St. Marie's, and
(quatenus canon) at Ch. Ch. 1697 J. DENNIS Plot and no
Plot 52 Tho the Viscount be my superiour, quatenus Vis-
count, yet he does esteem himself my equal.
Quater, obs. form of QUATRE.
Quater-centenary, rare. [f. L. quater four
times ; cf. tercentenary] A four-hundredth anni-
versary, or the celebration of this.
1883 Harpers Mag. Aug. 479/1 The forthcoming celebra-
tion of the Luther quater-centenary.
Quater-co(u)sin, obs. ff. of CATER-COUSIN.
1656 in BLOUNT Glossogr. 1755- in JOHNSON, etc.
Quaterime : see QUATREME.
Quate'rn, sl>. rare. [a. F. quaterne set of four
numbers, f quire (Godef.), ad. L. quaternus : see
QUATERNION and QUIRE.]
f 1. Sc. A quire of paper. Obs.
1578 in Mail!. Cl. Misc. (1840) I. 12 Tuentie fyve countis
and quaternis of the Q. and Q. regent,
2. A set of four numbers in a lottery.
1868 BROWNING Ring ff Bk. xn. 158 But that he forbid
The Lottery, why, Twelve were Tem Quatern I
t Quate'rn, a. Bat. Obs. rare—*, [ad. L. qua-
terni four together, by fours.] Arranged in fours.
1760 J. LEE Introd. Bot. ill. xxiii. (1765) 235 In respect to
Opposition, opposite Leaves will sometimes become tern,
quatern or qume, growing by Threes, Fours, or Fives.
Quate'rnal, a. rare. [f. as prec. + -AL.] a.
=QUATERNARY a. i. b. erron. = QUADRENNIAL.
«6i« R. C. Times' Whistle Cert. Poems (1871) 150 His first
Advent yeilds a quaternall section, His birth, his life, his
death, his resurrection. 1655 MOUFET & BENNET Health's
Imprav. (1746) i6r The Carthaginians, whose famous qua-
ternal Feast consisted only of four Dishes. 1813 J. C.
HOBHOUSE Journey (ed. 2) 581 Prizes distributed at each
quaternal celebration of the Olympian games.
Quaterna-rian, a. rare. [f. as next -i- -A.V.]
= <yCATERNARY a. I.
1647 M. HUDSON Div. Right Govt. I. vi. 55 A quaternarian
number, as four beasts, and four wheels. 1856-8 W. CLARK
Van der Hoeven's Zopl. 1. 108 Arrangement of parts usually
quaternarian.
Quaternary (kwgts-Jnari), a. and sb. [ad. L.
quaterndri-us, f. quaterni four together, by fours.
Cf. F. quatcmaire (1515).]
A. adj. 1. Consisting of four things or parts;
characterized by the number four. Now chiefly
Chem. in quaternary compound, a combination of
four elements or radicals.
Quaternary number, usually — 4, but sometimes taken as
= 10 (see B).
1605 TIMME Qttersit. I. xi. 45 To appoynt a quaternarie
number of elements, out of the quaternary number of the
fower qualities. 1695 F. GREGORY Doctr. Trin. 63 We read
what great respect Pythagoras and his sect had for their
quaternary number. 18*5 T. THOMSON \st Princ. Chem.
I. 37 Ammonia, is a quaternary compound, consisting of i
atom azote and 3 atoms hydrogen. 1830 LINDLEY Nat.
Syst. Bot. 14 The quaternary number of the divisions of the
flower. 1871 OLIVER Elem. Bot. i. ii. 17 The nitrogen
occurs combined with the same three elements, forming
a quaternary compound.
2. Geol. Used, with the sense of ' fourth in order ',
as an epithet of the most recent of the geological
periods (following on the Tertiary), and of the
deposits, animals, etc., belonging to it.
1843 W. HUMBLE Diet. Geol. 216 Quaternary formations.
1865 TYLOR Early Hist. Man. viii. 198 The instruments of
the Drift, or Quaternary deposits. 1871 DARWIN Desc. Man
I. vii. 237 The quaternary race of the caverns of Belgium.
1880 A. R. WALLACE Isl. Life xxi. 448 Deposits which may
be of Quaternary or even of Pliocene age.
B. sb. A set of four (things) ; the number four.
Quaternary of numbers, the Pythagorean rerpoxTvy, or
1 + 2+3+4 = 10.
c 1430 Art ofNomtrynge (E. E. T. S.) 8 Withdraw ther-for
the quaternary, of the article of his denominacion twics, of
.40., And ther remaynethe .32. 1603 HOLLAND Plutarch's
Mor. 1310 The quaternarie is the first square or quadrate
number, a 1638 MEDE Wks. (1672) 654 In which Quaternary
of Kingdoms . . the Roman, being the Last of the Four, is
the Last Kingdom. 1661 LOVELL Hist. Anita, fy Min. 438
According to quaternaries, or septenaries [of days] after the
nature of the disease. 1809 W. IRVING Knickerb. (1861) 44
They are regarded with as much veneration as were the
disciples of Pythagoras . . when initiated into the sacred
quaternary of numbers. 1845 DAY An. Chem. I. 141 Thus
quaternary compounds may be split into several quaternaries
with the same or a different radical
Quaternate (kwgtsun^t), a. [f. as prec. +
-ATE2 : cf. F. quaterni] Arranged in, or forming,
a set or sets of four ; composed of four parts.
1753 CHAMBERS Cycl. Stiff. s.v. Leaf. 1867 J. HOGG
Microsc. ii. L 295 The Sarcina ventriculi, with its remark-
able-looking quaternate spores. 1875 BENNETT & DYER tr.
Sachs' Bot. 391 With a long stalk and a quaternate lamina.
Comb. 1829 LOUDON Encycl. Plants Gloss. 1103/2 Quater.
nate-pinnate, pinnate, the pinnae being arranged in fours.
II Quate'rnio. rare. = next.
1678 CUDWORTH Intell. Syst. I. iii. § 9. in Aristotle in his
Metaphysicks, speaking of the Quaternio of Causes [etc.].
1681 H. MORE Ejrp. Dan. ii. 25 These are the Four Winds
of^ Heaven, The Quaternio of the Angelical Ministers of
Divine Providence. 187* D. BROWN Life John Duncan v.
87 Watson broke up the quaternio by going to Edinburgh.
36
Quaternion (kwgtaunipn). [ad. late L. qua-
ternio, -ion-em, f. quaterni four together : cf. obs.
F. quaternion (Godef.).]
1. A group or set of four persons or things.
1381 WYCLIF Acts xii. 4 Bitakinge [him] to foure qua-
ternyouns of Kny^tis . . for to kepe him. [TlNDALE and
later versions, quaternions of soudiers (souldiers).] 1599
B. JONSON Cynthia's Rev. v. iii. (Masque i), The fitter to
conduct this quaternion [--these four fair virgins]. 1648
JENKYN Blind Guide Pref. Aiij, He puts his whole Booke
under a quaternion of topicks. 1695 TRYON Dreams fy Vis.
x. 185 This. . Elementary Quaternion of Earth, Air, Water
and Fire. 1745 tr. Colianella's Hush. HI. xx, So let us be
content with a certain Quaternion as it were of chosen vines.
1868 MH.MAN St. PauCs xii. 329 His great quaternion of
English writers, Shakspeare, Hooker, Bacon, Jeremy Taylor.
b. A quatrain. rare~ '.
1846 LANDOR Pentam. iv. Wks. 1876 III. 517 You have
given me a noble quaternion.
2. Of paper or parchment: a. A quire of four
sheets folded in two. t b. A sheet folded twice.
t6»5 USSHER Anrat. "Jesuit 398 The quaternion, .in which
I transcribed these things out of my table-booke. 1656
BLOUNT Glossogr., Quaternion, .. a Quire with four sheets,
or a sheet foulded into four parts. 1816 SINGER Hist. Cards
167 Before they had completed the third quaternion (or
gathering of four sheets) 4000 florins were expended. 1881-3
SCHAFF EHcycl. Relig. Knawl. I. 268 The books were
mostly made up of quaternions, i.e. quires of four sheets,
doubled so as to make sixteen pages.
3. The number 4 or 10 (cf. QUATERNARY).
1637 HEYWOOD Land. Spec. Wkl 1874 IV. 310 The
Pythagoreans expresse their holy oath in the quaternion.
1768-74 TUCKER Lt. Nat. (1834) I. 462 Adore the sacred
quaternion : the quaternion containeth under it one, two,
and three. . . The quaternion four alone is one and uncom-
pounded.
4. Math. a. The quotient of two vectors, or the
operator which changes one vector into another,
so called as depending on four geometrical elements,
and capable of being expressed by the quadrinomial
formula w + xi + yj + zk, in which w, x, y, z are
scalars, and i, j, k are mutually perpendicular
vectors whose squares are — i. b. //. That form
of the calculus of vectors in which this operator is
employed, invented by Sir W. R. Hamilton in 1 843.
1843 SIR W. R. HAMILTON Let. in Pkilm. Mag. XXV.
493 We have, then, this first law for the multiplication of
two quaternions together. 1858 — Let. 15 Oct. ibid. 436
To-morrow will be the isth birthday of the Quaternions.
They started into life, or light, full grown on the i6th of
October, 1843. 1866 — (Title) Elements of Quaternions.
1873 H. SrENCER-SfW. Sxiol. (1882) 7 The value of Quater-
nions for pursuing researches in physics.
5. attrib. or as adj. Consisting of four persons,
things, or parts.
1814 GARY Dante, Purgatory xxxill. 3 The trinal now,
and now the virgin band Quaternion, their sweet psalmody
began. 1849 TICKNOR Span. Lit. I. 27 When and where
this quaternion rhyme, as it is used by Berceo, was first in-
troduced, cannot be determined.
Hence t Quate rnion v., to arrange in quaternions
(only \nfa.fple. Quate'rnioned) ; Qnaternio'nlc
a., pertaining to quaternions; Quate-rnionist.
one who studies quaternions.
1641 MILTON Ch. Gmt. \. i, Yea, the Angels themselves. .
are distinguish'd and quaternion'd into their Celestial
Princedoms, and Satrapies. 1873 TAIT Quaternions (ed. 2)
266 It would be easy to give this a more strictly quaternionic
form. 1881 J. VENN Syrttbolic Logic 91 Do we depart wider
from the primary traditions of arithmetic than the Quater-
nionist does ?
Quate:rnita-rian. rare. [f. next, after uni-,
tnnitarian.] One who believes that there are four
persons in the Godhead.
18*9 GEN. P. THOMPSON Exerc. (1842) I. 72 We should all
have been Quaternitarians, and Quaternitarians would have
been the orthodox. 1805 M. ARNOLD Ess. Crit. viii, (1875)
328 The Jansenists . . are, without thinking or intending it,
Quaternitarians.
Qnaternity (kwgta-miti). [ad. late L. quater-
mtas (Augustine, etc.), f. quaterni four together :
see -TY. Cf. F. qualemitd.]
1. A set of four persons (esp. in the Godhead, in
contrast to the Trinity) or of four things.
1519 MORE Dyaloge \. Wks. 145/1 He is bounden to beleue
in y8 trinite. And y" felowe beleueth in a quaternitie. 1603
SIR C. HEYDON Jud, Astral, xx. 405 Antiquitie did deuide
the elements into a treble quaternitie. 1678 CUDWORTH
Intell. Syst. i. iv. § 36. 557 Not a Trinity, but a Quaternity,
or Four Ranks and Degrees of Beings. 1702 ECHARD Eccl.
Hist. 349 [The Marcosians] instead of a Trinity . . held a Qua-
ternity composed of Ineffability, of Silence, of the Father,
and of the Truth. 1830 J. DOUGLAS Truths Relig. iv. (1832)
185 Plato may be argued to have held either a trinity or a
quaternity. 1889 Sat. Rev. 26 Oct. 475/1 A remarkable
quaternity of great-grandmamma, grandmamma, mamma,
and little daughter.
2. The fact or condition of being four in number,
or an aggregate of four.
1839 BAILEY Festus xix. (1852) 287 Some [held] that in
mystical quaternity all Deity existed.
•f 3. erron. A quarter. Obs. rare—'.
1633 P. FLETCHER Purple lil. v. xii, The first with divers
..turnings wries, Cutting the town in four quaternities.
Quateron, obs. variant of QUADROON.
t Quaterpetal. Obs. rare-*, [f. L. quater four
times.] A plant whose flowers have four petals.
1715 J. PETIVER in Phil. Trans. XXIX. 274 Hertx Telra-
petalx, Quaterpetals.
QUATRE.
t Quater-pierced. Her. Var. of quarter-
pierced; see QUARTER sb. 30. Obs.
1610 GUILLIM Heraldry n. vii. (1611) 71 He beareth azure
a crosse moline, Quater-pierced, or. . . This is termed
puater-pierced, quasi Quadrate pierced, for that the piercing
is square as a Trencher.
t Quater-temper, -temps. Obs. rare. [a. OF.
quatior-, quatuortempre (ad. L. qttatuor tempora]
and quatretemps't. quatre four + temps time. Cf.
QUAKTER-TENSE.] The four fasting-periods of the
year: see EMBER ^
1535 in Weaver Wells Wills (1890) 205 All crysten sowles
contynually remembryd in the fraternyteof y«quaier temps
of y« same. x«o BALE Eng . Votaries \\. 53 They appointed
the laye people to fast y* Lent, .. aduent, rogacyon dayes,
and quatertemper.
t Quatervois. Obs. rare. Also 7 quatrefois.
[Refashioning of CARFAX, after F. quatre four -f
voie way.] A place where four ways meet.
1646 J. GREGORY Notes 4- Obs. (1650) 108 In the Tetram-
podus or Quatrefois of that City . . there stood a marble
statue of Venus. 1687 WOOD Life Sept. (O. H. S.) III. 230
When he came to Quatervois he was entertaind with the
wind musick or waits belonging to the city and Universitie.
Quateryme : see QUATREME.
Quath(e, obs. variants of QUOTH.
t Qua*thrigan. Obs. rare, [ad. L. quadriga]
= QUADRIGA (by Ormin supposed to be a four-
wheeled chariot) ; also fig. the four gospels.
rizoo ORMIN Pref. 3 J>iss boc..iss wrohht off quabbrigan,
Off goddspetl bokess fowwre. Ibid. 21 patt wa^n iss
nemmnedd quabbrigan bat hafebj> fowwre wheless.
Quatkin, obs. form of WHATKIN.
Quatorzaiu (kae't^iz^n). Also 6 quaterzayn,
7 quatorzen, 9 quatuorzain. See also QUATOR-
ZIEM. [a. F. quatorzaitte a set of fourteen (persons,
days, etc.), f. quatorze \ see next.] A piece of verse
consisting of fourteen lines ; a sonnet. In mod. use
spec. A poem of fourteen lines resembling a sonnet,
but without strict observance of sonnet-rules.
1583 G. BUCKE Commend. Verses in 7*. Watson's Centtirie
of Lone ( Arb. ) 33 The Thuscan's poesie, Who skald [ = scaled]
the skies in lofty Quatorzain. 1591 NASHE Pref. Sidney's
Astr. $ Stella^ Put out your rush candles you poets and
rimers and bequeath your quaterzayns to chandlers. 1605
CHAPMAN All Fooles u. i. 174 Sonnets in Doozens or your
Quatorzaines [printed -anies]. iSia LOFFT (title\ Laura:
or, an Anthology of Sonnets (on the Petrarcan model), and
Elegiac Quatuorzains. 1836 H. F. CHORLEY Mrs.Hemans
(1837) II. 276 This volume .. contains also many beautiful
sonnets, or more strictly speaking, quatuorzains. 1880 Sat.
Rev. 27 Mar. 421 The sonnet became.. as incorrect as in..
Cowper's exquisite quatorzain to Mrs. Unwin.
II Quatorze (kat^uz), [F. quatorze :— L quatuor-
dectm fourteen.] In piquet, a set of four similar
cards (either aces, kings, queens, knaves, or tens)
held by one player, which count as fourteen.
1701 FARQUHAR Sir H. Wildair v. iv, Show for it, my
lord ! I showed quint and quatorze for it. 1778 C. JONP.S
Hoyle's Games Impr. 127 Let us suppose the Younger-hand
to have two Quatorze against him. 1821 LAMB Elia Ser. i.
Mrs. Battle on Whist. I love to get a tierce or a quatorze,
though they mean nothing. 1868 PARDON Card Player 51
You are to call a quatorze preferably to three aces.
Quatorziem, -sime, obs. Sc. varr. QUATORZAIN.
For the change of ending, cf. QUINZIEME 2.
1615 in Montgonterie's Poems (S. T. S.) Introd. 51 The
Cherrie and the Slae. .Newly altered, perfyted and divided
into 1 14 Ouatorziems. (c 1724 RAMSAY Some Contents Ever-
green ix, Montgomery's quatorsimes sail evirpleis.]
Quatrain (kwjtrf**). Also 6 quadrain,
-rein(e, -reyne, 7 -ren, -rin, -ran. [a. F. quat-
raittj f quadrain (Cotgr.), f. quatre four.]
1. A stanza of four lines, usually with alternate
rimes ; four lines of verse.
a. 1585 JAS. I Ess. Poesie (Arb.) 13 Ane qvadrain of Alex-
andrin verse. 1589 PUTTENHAM Eng. Poesie n. ii. (Arb.) 81
It is not a hultane or a staffe of eight, but two quadrems.
1611 FLORID, Quartette,, .a quadren of a Sonnet, or staffe of
foure verses. 1651 DELAUNE (title] A Legacie to his bonnes.
Digested into Quadrins.
p. 1666 DRVDEN Pref. Ann. Mirab. Wks. (Globe) 38, J
have chosen to write my poem in quatrains or stanzas of four
in alternate rhyme. 1083 TEMPLE Mem. Wks. 1731 I. 478
A Quatrain recited out of Nostredamns. 1823 ROSCOE tr.
Sistnondt's Lit. Eitr. (1846) I. iv. 102 The beautiful stanza
of ten lines, in one quatrain and two tercets. 1856 R. A.
VAUGHAN Mystics (1860) II. 7 There are many terse and
happy couplets and quatrains in the Wanderer.
b. A set of four persons, nonce-use.
1862 S. LUCAS SeLiilaria 289 There were four English
men of letters .. of this stately quatrain Swift and Dryden
are the only two he has encountered in his history.
2. = QUARTERN 5. rare"1.
1819 SOUTHEY Lett. (1856) III. 120 Did I send you the
opening of ' Oliver Newman ', in a small square size . . or in
half quatrain form?
II Quatre (katr, ka-tai). Also 6 quatter, 6, 8
quater. [F. quatre four.] The number four ; the
four in dice. = CATER sb*
a 1550 Image Hypocr. iv. in Skelton's Wks. II. 442/1
Swordemen and knightes, That for the faith fightes With
sise, sinke, and quatter. c 1570 Pride fy L&ivl. (1841) 75 All
for a matter deer of quater ase. 1611 FLORIO, Quaderni, two
quaters or foures at dice. 1694 MOTTEUX Rabelais v. x.
(1737) 37 Cinques, Quaters, Treys. 1772 FOOTE Xabob n.
Wks. 1799 II. 301 Cinque and quater: you're out. 1814
GARY Dantt\ Paradise v. 59 Included, as the quatre in the
sise. 1850 Bohn's Hand-bk. Games 383 Should two quatres
be thrown, any of the following moves may be played.
\
?,
QUATBEBLE.
Hence Qnatre-crested a., having four crests. .
iniCowrKR Iliadu. 48 His helmet quatre-cresled. lA'ote.
Juatre-crestcd. So I have rendered Terpo</>aAijpoi'.]
t Quatreble, «• and s6. Obs. Also 5 -trebil,
tribill, 6 -treple, quadreble, -ible. [Alteration
.f V. i/itaJritpk on anal, of triblc TREBLE.]
A. adj. = QUADRUPLE.
1398 I HKVISA Bartli. DC P. R. xix. cxxv. (1495) 925 Thre
trcbk to one; and fowre is quatreble to one. [See also
JUIMIII.K.] c 1400 tr. Secreta Secret., Col'. Lordsli. 82
Treble or qnalreblee [odours], 1454 Rolls Parlt. V. 273
The quatreble value of Wolles . . so shippid. 1489 Harbour's
Hrui t(Edinb. MS.) xvm. 30 He suld fecht that day Thocht
tribill and quatribill war thai. 1553 Respublica (Brandl) n.
iii. 4 Ye, double knave youe, will ye never be other? .. Ye,
quatreble Value of that which he hath taken.)
B. sb. 1. A fourfold amount.
14 . . Lansdowne .VS. 763 in N. ,$• Q. 4th Ser. (1870) VI.
117/1 The same proportion that is betwene twoe small
numberis, the same is betwene doubles and treblis, and
quatrebils and quiniblis. 1439 Rolls Parlt. IV. 349/1 Ye
parte pleynyng shal have ye quatreble of his damages.
1540-1 ELYOT Image Gov. 51 If they had dooen euill, tney
shuld paie the quatreple or foure tymes so much as they
receiued.
2. Mus. A note higher than the treble, being an
octave above the mean. (Cf. QUINIBLE.)
1518 [see next quot.]. 1855-7 W. CHAPPEUL Pop. Mus.
Olden Time I. 34 To sing a 'quatrible' [means] to descant
hyfourths. The. .term is used by Cornish in his Treatise be-
tween Trowthe and Enformacion, 1528. 1870 — in N. <$• Q.
4th Ser. VI. 117/1 The quatreble began and ended a twelfth
above [the plain song] and the quimble a fifteenth.
Hence f Quatreble (qnadrible) v., to quadruple ;
also Mus., to sing a qnatreble.
1398 TREVISA Barth. De P. R. xvm. ix. (1495) 759 Some
serpentes haue many hedys, for some ben dowole and some
treblyd and some quatrebled. £'1500 i'rov. in Antiq. Re£.
(1809) IV. 406 He that quadribilithe to hy, his voice is
variable. 1607 J. NORDEN Surv. Dial. II. 67 The profile
was twice quadrebled.
Quatrefoil (kje'tajfoil), sb. and a. Forms : 5
quaterfoile, -foyl(e, katir-, katerfoil, quarter-
foyle, (9 -foil), 6 quaterfoille, -foyle, -fold,
caterfoyle, 7 -foile, 8- quadre-, quatrefoil, (9
-feuil-le). [a. OF. type *quatrefoil, f. quatre four
+foil leaf, FOIL sb^- Cf. CINQUEFOIL.]
f A. adj. Having four leaves. Obs. rare.
c 1420 Pallad. on Hush. n. 57 Whan whete is quaterfoyle
[L. quatuor /oliorum] and barley fyue. .hit is to wede hem.
Ibid. xi. nS'And katerfoil, when thai beth vp yspronge,
Transplaunte hem.
B. sb. f 1- A set of four leaves. Obs. rare—1.
c 14*0 Pallad. on Husb. HI. 623 Let grounden glas go
syfte on hem . . When theyr trefoyl or quaterfoyl is owte.
2. A compound leaf or flower consisting of four
(usually rounded) leaflets or petals radiating from
a common centre ; also, a representation or con-
ventional imitation of this, esp. as a charge in
Heraldry, b. Arch. An opening or ornament,
having its outline so divided by cusps as to give it
the appearance of four radiating leaflets or petals.
Double quatrefoil, an ornament, etc., having eight divisions
similarly disposed.
1494 FABYAN Chrott. vii. 600 Quynces in compost. Blaund
lure, powderyd with quarter foyles gylt. 1520 in Archxo-
logia LI1I. 19 A crosse sylver and gylte like a quaterfold.
1561 LEIGH Armorie (1597) nob, He beareth .. a double
Caterfoyle. . . He beareth the quaterfoyle double . . because
he is the viij from the heire. 1610 GUILLIM Heraldry \. vi.
(1611)26 The Crosse Moline, and the Double Cater-foile.
1771 Antiq. Sarisb. 191 A little cross . . like a quaterfoille.
1805 SCOTT Last Minstr. n. ix, The key-stone, that lock'd
each ribbed aisle, Was a fleur-de-lys, or a quatre-feuille.
1849 FREEMAN Archil. 360 We .. find in Early Gothic the
head of a couplet filled with a circle, a quatrefoil [etc.].
Hence Qua-trefoiled a., having the form of a
quatrefoil, divided into four parts by cusps.
1848 B. WEBB Cont. EcclesM. 62 The side lights having
quatrefoiled circles in their heads. 1855 F.cdesiologist XVI.
295 A taller column, quatrefoiled in section. 1881 N. $ Q.
6th Ser. III. 133/1 A brass seal with a quatrefoiled handle.
So Quatrefo'liated a.
1850 T. INKERSLEY Inq. Rom. fy Pointed Archit. France
300 Sustaining two quatrefoliated circles.
Quatrefois, variant of QUATERVOIS.
1 Quatreme, -ime. Obs. rare. In 5 quat-
erime,-(e)ryme, katereme. [a. OF. quatrieme,
-esnie (i-tth c. in Godef.), subst. use of quatrHinc.
fourth.] A duty or tax of a fourth part levied on
certain commodities.
1:1460 FORTKSCUK Abs. $ Lint. Mon. x. (1885) 131 The
gabell off the salt, and the quaterimes of the wynes, were
graunted to the kynge by the iij estates of France, c 1465
Eng. Chroii. (Camden 1856) 48 Alle maner custumez, fe fer-
mez. and quatrymez. 1480 CAXTON Citron. Eng. vii. (1520)
149/2 All maner customes and fee fermes and katerenits.
Quatreple, -trible, variants of QUATHEBLK.
t Quatri-dual, a. Obs. rare-1, [f. L. quat-
ridu-um + -AL.] Lasting for four days.
1646 R. BAII.I.IK Annlaplism (1647) 34 This is the fruit of
th'-ir qu.itiidual fastings.
Qua'trin. Now rare. Also 5 katereyn, (>
-in, -yn, 6-7 quatrine. [a. OF. quatrin, qttaJrin
(Godef.), or It. quattrino, f. quattro four.] A small
piece of money ; a farthing. Cf. QUAUBINK '.
37
t 1400 Afol. Loll. 12 pou schalt ;cue me foure floreynis. . .
And he ansuerid, So)?Ii, I haue but foure katereynis. 1547
BOURDE Introd. Kutnvl. xxiii. (1870) 179 (Italy) In bras they
haue kateryns, and byokes, and denares. 1582 MUNDAV
ting. Rom. Life in Harl. Misc. (Malh.) II. 202 Supping so
well as I coulde, with two quatrines woorth of leekes. 1617
MOKYSON I tin. i. 92 From hence [Bologna] we hired a boat
for foure bollnei and foure quatrines. 1888 Pall Mall G.
17 Nov. 2/2 Does it refer to the Pope who had not a quatrin,
or to St. Martin?
Quatriplate, Quatrivial, Quatron(e,
Quatroon, varr. or obs. ff. Qu ADR u PLATE, QUAD-
KIVIAL, QUARTERN, QUADROON.
fQuatrumvirate. Ofa.-1 = QUATUORVIRATE.
1684 T. GODDARD Ptato's Demon 53 The whole Trium-
virate, or if you will, Quatrumvirate are included.
Quat-so-(euer), Quatt, obs. ff. WHAT-SO-
(BVER), WHAT. Quatter, obs. f. QUATBE.
II Quattrocento (kwatt&itfrnte). [It., lit.
* four hundred ', but used for ' fourteen hundred * :
cf. CINQUECENTO.] The fifteenth century (14..))
as a period of Italian art, architecture, etc.
1875 POLLEN Anc. fy Mod, Furn. 61 The better known
Italian furniture of the quattrocento . . is gilt and painted.
1882-3 J- L. CORNING in Schaff Encycl. Relig, Knowl. III.
2139 We may include both of these — the quatrocento [stc]
and the cinquecento — in the third great period of Christian
sculpture.
Hence Quattroce'ntist, |1 -centrsta (It., with
pi. -isti), -centiste (F.), an Italian artist, author,
etc. of the i.5th c. ; also attrib. or as adj.
1855 MOTLEY Corr. (1889) I. vi. 182 The wonderful Quattro
Centisti of Florence, the painters, I mean, of the fifteenth
century. 1873 OUIDA Pascarel I. 66 He would bring out
from its corner his little old quattrocentiste viol. 1886
HOLMAN HUNT in Contemp. Rev. XLIX. 476, I began to
trace the purity of work in the quattrocentists, to this
drilling of undeviating manipulation. Ibid. 477 The quattro-
centist work .. became dearer to me as I progressed.
Qua'tuor. Mus. [L. 'four .1 = QUARTET i.
The current term in Fr., but not now in Eng. use.
17*6 BAILEY, Quatuor (in Musick Books) signifies Musick
composed for 4 Voices. 1811 in BUSBY Diet. Mus, (ed. 3^
f Quatuordecangle, Obs. mre~-\ [f. L.
quatitor four + dec-em ten + ANGLE.] A figure
having fourteen angles.
1667 COLLINS in Rigaud Corr, Sci. Men (1841) I. 128 The
side of a regular quatuordecangle inscribed in a circle.
Quatuo'rvirate. rare-*, [ad. L, quatuor-
virat-us, f. quatttor four + vtr man. Cf. QUAD-
RUM-, QUARTUM-, QUATKUMVIRATE.] A body of
four men.
1856 W, C. LAKE in Life (1901) 195 Lending his religious
influence to the Triumvirate or Quatuorvirate.
fQuaught, v. Obs. rare—9, [var. of quaff,
QUAFF v. or of Sc. WATJCHT.] To drink deeply.
1530 PALSGR. 676/2, I quaught, I drinke all out. Je boys
dautant. Wyll you quawght with me?
Quauk, Sc. form of QDAKE v,
t Quavef sb. Obs. [f. next.] A shake, tremble.
138*, etc. [see EARTH-QUAVE]. c 1440 Promp, Parv. 419/2
Quaue, of a myre (K.t P. quaue, as of a myre), labina.
1635 SWAN Spec. M. (1670) 196 A quave of the earth
swallowed a middle part of the city Misia.
t Quave, v. Obs. Also 3 cwauien, 4, 6 quaue,
5 qvavyn, 6 queaue. [Early ME. cwavien, prob.
repr. an OE. *cwafian^ of parallel formation to
cwacian QUAKE ; for the stem cf. QUIVER v.~\
1. intr. To quake, shake, tremble.
<z 1225 Si. Marker. 19 Al be eorSe .. bigon to cwakien
[B. ant to cwauien]. 1377 LANGL. P. PI. B. xviu. 61 The
wal wagged and clef, and al the worlde quaued. 1383
WYCLIF i Sam. xxviii. 5 And Saul, .dradde, and his herte
quauyde ful myche. c 1440 Prontp. Parv. 419/2 Qvavyn,
as myre, trento. 1481 CAXTON Myrr. II. c. 22 Now vnder-
stande ye . . how the erthe quaueth and shaketh. 1509
Part. Devylles Ivi, The erthe quaued .. Valeys and stones
brest asonder. 1687 MIEGE Grt. Fr. Diet, n, To Quave.
As to quave with fat. [1825 see Qnaving ppl. a.J
2. intr. To beat, palpitate ; to throb with life.
1387 TREVISA Higden (Rolls) VII. 37 fe place at Schaftes-
bury J>ere his longes jit quaveb al fresche and sound. 1389
PUTTENHAM Eng. Poestc in. xix. (Arb.) 223 Is he aliue, Is
he as I left him queauing and quick.
Hence f Qua'ving vfrl. sb. and ///. a.
13. . E. E. Allit. P. B. 324, I schal. .quelle alle bat is quik
with quauende flodez. 1382 WYCLIF i Kings xix. n After
the wynde, quauynge ; not in the quauyng the Lord. 1533
ELYOT Cast. Heltk i. ii, That body is called fleumatike,
wherein water hath pre-eminence, and is perceiued by these
signes : fatnesse, quaving^ and soft. 1610 HOLLAND Cam-
den's Brit. \. 530 So quavmg soft and moist the Bases were.
1825 BRITTON Beauties Wilts^ III. 8 In the valley, .are
some quagmires, called by the inhabitants quaving-gogs,
t Qna'vemire. Obs. [f. QUAVE v. + MIRE.]
^QUAGMIRE (q.v.).
1530 PALSGR., Quave myre, foundrierf) crouliere. 1565
JEWEL Def. Apol. (1611)404 Pooles, Marishes,. .and Quaue-
mires. 1601 HOLLAND Pliny I. 221 Dyonisius was forced
to leaue his horse sticking fast in a quaue-mire. 1610 —
Camdeti's Brit. 529 The Lower [part] hath in it foule and
slabby quave mires, yea and most troublesome fennes.
Jtf. 1581 J. BELL Haddon's Attsw. Osor. 206 They do
winne nothing by thys distinction : seeing that they fall
back into the same quavemire.
Quaver (kw^'-vaa), sb. [f. the vb.]
1. Mus. A note, equal in length to half a crotchet
or one-eighth of a semibreve.
1570 LEVINS Manip. 76/18 A Quauer, otfaua pars men-
surz. 1597 MOKLEY Introd. Mus, Annot., Who inuented
QUAVERING.
the Crotchet, Quauer and Semiquauer is vncertaine. 1659
LKAK Waterwks. 31 Demi-crocnets or Quavers, whereof
there are sixteen in one measure. 1706 A. BEDFORD Temple
Mus. viii. 165 The greatest Part, .is sung tn Short Notes. .
and are Prickt with Quavers. 1789 E. DARWIN Bat, Card.
ii. (1791) 60 And then the third on four concordant lines,
Prints the lone crotchet, and the quaver joins. 1866 ENGKI,
Nat. Mus. iii. 90 A slight alteration of the melody.. such
as a substitution of two quavers for a crotchet.
fig. a 1619 FOTHERBY Atheont. n.xii. § i (1622) 327, I will
not strictly examine euery crochet and quauer.
2. Mus. A shake or trill in singing,
x6n CORYAT Crudities 27, I heard a certaine French man
who sung very melodiously with curious quauers. 1711
ADDISON Sped. No. 29 F n A Voice so full of Shakes and
Quavers, mat I should have thought the Murmurs of a
Country Brook the much more agreeable Musick. 1768-74
TUCKER Lt. Nat. (1834) II. 443 The people . . attend solely
to their quavers, without heeding the substance of what
they sing. 1817 BYRON Beppo ii, There are songs and
quavers, roaring, humming. 1883 STEVENSON Treas. 1st.
v. xxiii, A. .sailor's song, with a droop and a quaver at the
end of every verse.
b. in instrumental music, rare.
Instrument [the Cat-call] itself, or those several Quavers and
Graces which are thrown into the playing of it.
3. A shake or tremble in the voice ; a tremulous
voice or cry.
1748 RICHARDSON Clarissa (1811) III. xiii. 86 [She] drew
a sigh into two or three but just audible quavers. 1833 HT.
MARTINEAU TaUofTyne iii. 53 There was. .a quaver of the
voice which belied what he said. i88a STEVENSON New
Arab. Nts. (1884) 63 Silas, with a quaver, admitted that he
had done so.
4. A quivering or tremulous movement. Alsq/Jf.
1736 H. BROOKE Univ. Beauty v. 136 Tissu'd wing its
folded membrane frees, And with blithe quavers fans the
gath'ring breeze. 1881 STEVENSON Virg. Puerisqite, Eng.
Admirals 208 The worth of such actions is not a thing to
be decided in a quaver of sensibility.
Quaver (kw^'vai), v. Also 5 qwaver. [f.
QUAVE v. + -ERS. Cf. QUIVER v.]
1. intr. To vibrate, tremble, quiver. Now rare.
1430-40 LVDG. Bochas vm. viii. (1558) fol. vi, Whose
double whele quauereth euer in dout. 1477 SIR J. PASTON
in P. Lett. III. 174 It semythe that the worlde is alle
qwaveryng. 1590 MARLOWE wd Pt. Tamburl. i. iii, Their
fingers made to quaver on a lute. 1629 GAULE Holy Madn,
206 Tongue stammers, lips quauer. 1692 LUTTRELL Brief
Rel. (1857) II. 571 The earthquake was so severe, .that the
streets quavered like the waves of the sea. 1839 BAILEY
Festus ix. (1852) 125 Like rivers over reeds Which quaver
in the current. 1887 STEVENSON Misadv. J. Nicholson ii.
4 The breeze, .set the flames of the street-lamps quavering.
b. Of the voice : To shake, tremble.
1741 RICHARDSON Pamela II. 43 That melodious Voice
praying for me. .still hangs upon my Ears, and quavers upon
my Memory. i8ag J. NEAL Bro. Jonathan 1.401 His fine
voice quavered. 1866 G. MACDONALD Ann. Q. Neighb. \.
(1878) 2 When my voice quavers.
2. intr. To use trills or shakes in singing.
1538 ELYOT, Vibrisso* To quauer in syngynge. a 159*
H. SMITH in Spurgeon Treas. Dav. Ps. cxxxvi. i Like
a nightingale, which . . quavers and capers, and trebles
upon it. 1665 BRATHWAIT Cotnm, 2 Tales 23 He quavers
in his musical Aires melodiously. 1684 tr. Agrippa s Van.
Arts liv. 147 In Singing also the Italians Bleat, the
Spaniards Whine, the Germans Howl, and the French
Quaver. 1708 J. PHILIPS Cyder ii. 413 Now sportive Youth
Carol incondite Rhythms with suiting Notes, And quaver
unharmonious. 1806-7 J. BERESFORD Miseries Hum. Life
(1826) v. xii, One poor singer quavering like Orpheus of old
to the trees. 1854 H. MILLER Sch. ff Schm. (1858) 403 Jock
laboured hard to keep up with his guide; quavering and
semi-quavering, as his breath served.
3. trans. To sing (a note, song, etc.) with trills
or quavers. Also withyfetit, out.
Can a groan Be quaver'd out by soft division? 1757 DYER
Fleece (1807) 94 TV am'rous youth . . Quavers the choicest
of his sonnets. 1820 W. IRVING Sketch Bk. (1859) 150 He
quavered forth a quaint old ditty. 1856 R. W. PROCTER
Barber's Shop xiv. (1883) 118 The song which Jack, .liked
most to quaver was Alice Gray.
4. trans. To drive away by playing quavers.
1780 COWPER Progr. Err. 127 With wire and catgut ..
Quavering and seimquavering care away.
Hence Qua- vered ///. a. Also Qna-verer, one
who quavers.
1611 COTCR., Gringuenoteur^ A warbler, shaker, quauerer.
176* SIR W. JONES Arcadia 164 His tune so various and
uncouth he made, That, .not a nymph [could] the quaver d
notes approve. i8oa in Spirit Pub. Jrnls. VI. 222 Italia
sends us home Three quaverers together.
Quaver, obs. Sc. form of QUIVER sb.\
Quavering (kw^1 -varin) , vbl. sb. [f. QUAVBB v.
+ -INQ1.1 The action of the vb., in various senses.
1551 HULOET, Quauerynge, vibratio. 1577 ^.Bullinger's
Decades (15921 932 A Hymne .. may bee humbhe vttered
without quauering of the voice. 1634 WITHER Embl. 82
T'will cause a thousand quaverings in your breast. 1706
A. BEDFORD Temple Mus. vii. 158 Tebhir .. may denote a
Shake or Quavering of the Voice. 1826 SCOTT Woodst.i,
The . . Mayor then interrupted the quavering of . . the clerk.
1892 E. REEVES Homeward Bound ^222 A buzzing, humming
sound, .with quaverings on its sharp and flat.
Quavering (kw^'varirj),///. a. [f. as prec. +
-ING-.] That quavers, in senses of the vb.
1430-40 LVDG. Bochas iv. xx. (1554) 119 In al such quauer-
ing perseuerance Thinke on Lisymachus. 1561 HOLLVBUSH
QUAVERINGLY.
//tun. Afxilh. 22 S. Ihons l>eries. .be good for the quauering
harte. 1607 TOPSELL Four-/. Beasts (1658) 272 Such pass-
ing sweet musick as that his fine quavering hand could
sometime make. 1725 POPE Odyss. xx. 222 With quavering
cries the vaulted roofs resound. 1873 HOLLAND A. Bonnie.
xxi. 340 A voice quite unnatural in its quavering sharpness.
HenceQua-verin{flya<3fo.,ina quavering manner;
with a quaver in the voice.
1594 NASHE Unforl. Trail. Wks. 1883-4 V. 185 tarring on
them quaueringly with his hammer. 1882 J. HAWTHORNE
Fort. Fool i. xiu, ( I don't want to have you go, Jack ! ' said
she, quaveringly.
Quavery (kw^'-vari), a. rare. [f. as prec. +
-Tfi.J Apt to quaver ; somewhat quavering.
1519 HORMAN Vulg. 240 A quauery or maris and vnstable
foundacion, must be holpe with great pylys of alder rammed
downe. 1866 Miss BRADDON Lady's Mile 35 Quavery old
sextons. 1890 HALL CAINE Bondman in. iv, He began to
sing, .in his hoarse and quavery voice.
So Qua-very-ma-very, in an uncertain or pre-
carious condition, rare.
1800 MALKIN Gil Bias x. ii. f 3 Your father . . is standing,
as a body may say, quavery-mavery between life and death.
a 1815 FORBY Voc. F.. Anglia,Quavery-mavery, undecided ;
and hesitating how to decide.
Quaving, vbl. s6. and ///. a. : see QUAVE v.
tQuaviver. Obs. Also 7 quaui(u)er, qua-
wiuer. [app. f. VIVEK ; the first element is obscure.]
The fish called sea-dragon or dragonet.
1589 RIDER Bibl. Scholast. 1723 A quaviuer, a kind of sea
fish, araneus dracxna. 1611 COTCR., Traigne, the sea
Dragon, Viuer,Quauiuer. 1655 MOUFET& BENNET Health's
Improv. (1746) 258 Quawiuers, for so the Scots and Northern
English term them, are very subtile and crafty Fishes. 1725
BRADLEY Fain. Diet. s.v. Fish, Your Quavivers or Perches
must be boiled in Water with Salt. 1783 AINSWORTH Lat.
Diet. (Morell) n, Draco,, .a fish called a quaviver.
t QuaTy, a. Ois. rare. Also 5 quauie, qwauy.
[f. QUAVE v. + -yl.] Soft, flabby.
1398 TREVISA Earth. De P. R. iv. ix. (Tollem. MS.), Dull
of witte .. nesche of flesche and quauy. Ibid. vi. iv. (1405)
191 The chyldes flesshe that is newe borne is tendre, nesshe,
qwauy and vnsadde.
Quavyr, obs. Sc. var. of QUIVER sb.1
Quaw (kwg). Sc. Also 9 qua(a, quah. [Of
obscure origin, poss. repr. an earlier *quall: cf.
quallmire and the forms cited s.v. QUAGMIRE.]
A quag, quagmire. Also Quawmlre.
"535 LYNDESAY Satyre 837 (Laing) Lyk ane quaw myre.
1595 DUNCAN App. Etym. (E. D. S.), I'n-ago, a gulfe, or
quaw-myre. 1814 MACTACGART Gallovid. Encycl., Qnakin-
qtiaws —or Quaws, or moving quagmire bogs. 1880 A ntrim
fy Down Gloss., Qttaa, quah, a marsh; a quagmire, or
shaking bog. 1894 CROCKETT Raiders 167 Green, deceitful
' quakkin-qua's ', covered with a scum that looked like
tender young grass.
Quaw-bird, variant of QUA-BIRD.
Quawght, variant of QUADGHT. Obs.
Quawk (kw§k), v . dial. [Imitative ; cf. CAWK
sbf\ intr. To caw. Hence Quawking vbl. sb.
1821 CLARE fill. Minstr. I. 24 Rous'd by quawking of the
flopping crows. Ibid. II. 121 The rooks. .Quawk clamorous
to the spring's approach. 1879- In dial, glossaries (Leic.,
Shropsh., etc.).
t Quax, v. Oh.-1 [? var. QUASS v.] To quaff.
1509 BARCLAY Shyp o/Folys (1874) II. 261 Some drynkes :
some quaxes the canykyn halfe full.
Quay (k« ), sb. [Later spelling of kay, KEY sb?,
after F. quai. The pron. is that of key ; cf. how-
ever quots. 1723 and 1850.] An artificial bank or
landing-place, built of stone or other solid material,
lying along or projecting into a navigable water
for convenience of loading and unloading ships.
1696 PHILLIPS (ed. 5), Quay or Kay, a broad Space pay'd
upon the Shore of a River, Haven or Port, for the loading
and unloading of Goods. 1713 SWIFT Stella at Wood-Park
46 But now arrives the dismal day, She must return to
Ormond-quay. 1756-7 tr. Keysler's Trim. (1760) II. 382
Repairs and improvement of the ancient quay. 1800 COL-
QUHOL-N Comm. I, Pol. Thames \. 26 The small Vessels land
their Goods at the Quays. 1850 TENNYSON In Mem. xiv.
If . . I went down unto the quay [rime to-day], And found
thee lying in the port. 1884 PAE Eustace xviii. 233 A small
quay ran along the north of the little harbour.
b. at t rib. and Comb., as quay -berth, -charges,
-dues, -edge, -head, -holder, -labourer, -like adj.,
•man, -master, -room, -side (hence -sider), -space,
-stone, -wall, etc.
1798 R. DODD Port Loud. 7 Regular quay-walls on lx>th
sides the river. Ibid. 9 The legal quay-holders and wharf-
ingers. 1820 KEATS Lamia i. 224 His galley now Grated the
quay-stones, c 1820 S. ROGERS Italy, Como 28 A quay-like
scene, glittering and full of life. 1862 ANSTED Channel Is!.
I. iii. (ed. 2) 40 The quay-room was extremely narrow and
restricted. 1889 P. H. EMERSON Eng. Idyls 128 Paddling
to a quay-head, they landed.
Hence Quay z).l trans., to provide with a quay.
Also Quayed (k»d) ///. a.
1799 W. TOOKE View Russian Emp. I. 256 The whole
extent of the left-hand bank, Catharine the second caused
to be quayed with granite. 1807 J. BARLOW Columb. iv.
592 Quay the calm ports and dike the lawns I lave. 1857
Ecclesiologist XVI 1 1. 175 The quayed and purified Thames.
t Quay, v.* Obs. rare-1. [? Alteration of QUAIL
v.] trans. To depress, subdue, daunt.
1590 SPENSER F. O. i. viii. 14^ Therewith his sturdie corage
soon was quayd, And all his sences were with suddem
dread dismayd.
Quay, obs. form of WHEY.
38
Quayage (kf-edg). [In sense i for earlier kay-,
KEY AGE, q.v. ; in sense 2 f. QUAY sb. + -AGE.]
1. Dues levied on goods landed or shipped at
a quay, or on ships using the quay.
1756 in ROLT Diet. Trade. 1778 Kngl. Gazetteer (ed. 2)
s.v. Truro, The quayage of goods laden or unladen there.
1894 T. H. WYLIE Hut. Eng. Hen. H', II. 475 A quayage
ofi 6a. was levied on every ship bringing articles alongside.
2. Quay-room, quay-space.
1840 Evid. Hull Docks Comm. 29 You have allotted con-
siderable room for quayage. 1881 W. WILKINS Songs of
Study 32 We strolled by the quayage and bridges. 1888
Spectator 30 June 891/2 A hundred years ago, the quayage
of the harbour [Glasgow] measured 382 yards.
Quayer(e, obs. forms of QUIRE sb.^
t Quayf(e, quaff, obs. ff. COIF. (In qnots. —
' omentum ' ; cf. COIP 6, and Cotgr. s. v. Caiffe.)
1597 LOWE Chimrg. (1634) 223 The cure [of tumor in the
Navel] is . . reduce the pudding and Quaffe [etc.]. 1611
). REYNOLDS God's Revenge n. 195 On his right side; but
it touch't neither his bowels nor quayfe.
Quayful. [f. QUAY sb. + -rut.] A quantity
sufficient to fill a quay.
1856 KANE Arct. ExpL II. xvii. 181 Much like a gang of
stevedores going to work over a quayfut of broken cargo.
Quayl e, Quaym, obs. ff. QUAIL sb. and v.,
WHOM. Quaynt(e, obs. f. QUAINT a. ; obs. pa.
pple. of QUENCH v. Quayntance : see QUAINT-
ANCE. Quayre, Quays, obs. ff. QUIKE, WHOSE.
Que, obs. f. CUE si.i and sb?, QUEY.
Queach.(kwftJ). Obs.m.dial. Also 5 queoh(e,
7 queioh. [Of obscure etym.] A dense growth
of bushes; a thicket (see also quot. iSzij).
c 1450 Merlin xxvii. 540 The! rode so longe till the! com
in to a thikke queche in a depe valey. 1486 Bk. St. Albans
Dj, When ye come to a wode or a quech of bushus. 1565
GOLDING Ovid's Met. i. (1593) 4 Their houses were the
thicks, And bushie queaches. 1653 SIR W. DENNY Peleca-
nicidium in. ix. 7 Through furzie Queaches thou must
goe. a 1815 FORBY Vac. E. Anrlia, Oueach, a plat of ground
adjoining arable land, and left unploughed, because full of
bushes or roots of trees. 1831 L, HUNT Poems 198 Wood,
copse, or queach.
Queachy (kwrtfi), a. Obs. exc. dial. Also 6-7
queohy, 9 {dial.) queeohy. [f. prec. + -Y^. For
the connexion between senses I and 2, cf. CARR2.]
1 1. Forming a dense growth or thicket. Obs.
1565 GOLDING Ovid's Met.TiO Rdr. (1593) i Eche queachie
grove, eche cragged clifle, the name of Godhead tooke.
1586 W. WEBBE £nf. Poetrie (Arb,) 76 Neuer againe shall
I . . See ye in queachie briers, .clambrmg on a high hill.
2. Of ground : Swampy, boggy. Obs. exc. dial.
'593 PEELE Edw. I E iv, The dampes that rise from out
the quechy [1599 quesie] plots. 1613 HEYWOOD Braz. Age
n. ii. Wks. 1874 III. 190 Aime them at yon fiend, Den'd in
the quechy bogge. 1631 CHETTLE Hoffmann I b, Nor doth
the sun sucke from the queachy plot The ranknes . . of the
Earth. 1886 ELWORTHY W. Sam. Word-it., Queechy, ..
Applied to land — wet ; sodden ; swampy.
3. dial. Feeble, weak, small.
1859 GEO. ELIOT A. Bede x, They're poor queechy things,
gells is. 1886 ELWORTHY W. Som. Word-bk., Queechy,
sickly, feeble, queasy.
Quoad, variant of QUED, bad. Obs.
Queal, queel (kw* 1), v. Obs. exc. dial. [Later
form of QUAIL v. ; for the change of vowel, cf.
QUEASY.] intr. and trans. = QUAIL v.
1515 BARCLAY Egloges ii. (1570) B v, Their matters quealeth,
for solde is all Justice. i«p HOOPER Serni. Jonas vii.
Wks. (Parker Soc.) 552 He bringeth forth a young tree...
But the Lord queeleth it again straightway. z6aa W.
YONOE Diary 19 Aug. (Camden) 63 The wind, .quealed all
hedges towards the south. 1847-78 HALLIWELL, Queal to
faint away. Devon, Ibid., Qneel, to grow flabby. Devon.
1848 A. B. EVANS Leicestersli. Words, Queel, to extinguish :
' He could not queel the fire'.
Queale, obs. form of WHEAL.
Quealy (?), a. : see QUEASY 3 c, qnot. 1649.
Quean vkw«n). Forms: I, 3cwene,(i owyne),
3-0 quene, (5 qw-), 4-5 quen, queyne, 5 qw-,
queyn, 4-6 queine, 7 queene, 7-8 queen, (8
north, whein) ; 6-7 queane, (8 quane, 8-9 north.
whean), 6- quean ; 8-9 Sc. quine. [OE. cwene
wk. fern. =» OS. quena (MDu. quene, Dn. kwecn
a barren cow), OHG. quina, quena, c/t(w)ena,
ON. kvenna, kvinna (gen. pi.), Goth, qino woman
:— OTeut. *kwendn-, a lengthened form of the stem
which appears in Zend genS, Gr. ywij, OS1. and
Russ. Zend, Olr. ben, repr. a common Aryan type
*gwend: cf. QUEEN.
In ME. the word was distinguished from QUEEN by its
open e, which in the 14-15111 c. was sometimes denoted by
the spelling with ei or ey, and later (as in other words of
the class) by fa.]
1. A woman, a female ; from early ME. a term
of disparagement or abuse, hence: A bold, impu-
dent, or ill-behaved woman ; a jade, hussy ; and
spec, a harlot, strumpet (esp. in i6-i7th c.).
tflooo^VrtWwlxxiii.flxxiv.) i Icweesfemne5eong,feaxhar
cwene. a 1023 WULPSTAN Horn, xxiii. (1883) 161 note, pzt
. . ane cwenan Xemainum ceape bicXaS . . and wi5 j>a ane
fyloe adreoxaO. cizos LAY. 12872 Whair swa heo funden
seine mon..|>a quenen [<: 1275 cwenes] lude lo^en. £-1290
S. Eng. Leg. I. 194/6 An old quene bare was biside, strong
hore and baudestrote. 1393 LANGL. P. PI. C. ix. 46 At
churche in the charnel cheorles aren vuel to knowe.. other
a queyne fro a queene. 1481 CAXTON Reynard (Arb.) 95
QUEASY.
The fowle olde quenes wold fayne haue beten vs. 1532
MORE Con/iit. Tindale Wks. 618/1 Tyll he ..catch him
a queane & cal her his wife. 1589 NASHE Almond for
Parrat 17 b, All spent in a Tauerne amongst a consort of
queanes and fidlers. 1627 HAKEWILL Afol. (1630) 361 The
common queanes, which got their maintenance by that
trade. 1670 G. H. Hist. Cardinals i. in. 98 A certain
paultry Queen in mans apparel, that would pass for a Lady.
1777 SHERIDAN Sch. Scand. in. ii, Here's to the flaunting
extravagant quean And here's to the housewife that's
thrifty. 1823 BYRON Juan vi. xcvi, This martial scold,
This modern Amazon and queen of queans. 1880 WEBB
Goethe's Faust in. ii. 190 The dame's a most commodious
quean, A gypsy born and go-between !
trans/, a 184$ HOOD Flowers i, The tulip is a courtly
quean, whom, therefore, I will shun.
2. Sc. A young woman, girl, lass; usually denoting
one of a healthy and robust appearance.
i 1470 HENRY Wallace iv. 782 A stalwart queyne, forsuth,
yon semys to be. 1718 W. STARRAT Ep. to Kamsay 13
Blaw up my heart-strings, ye Pierian quines. 1787 BURNS
GuidTiiifc Wauchope iii, I see her yet, the sonsie quean,
That lighted up my jingle. 1818 SCOTT Rob Roy xxvii, It
shews a kind heart . . in sae young a quean ; Mattie's a carefu'
lass. 1871 W. ALEXANDER Johnny Gibb (1873) 215, 1 notice*
brawly that the quine hed been greetin.
Hence f Quea ning-, associating with immodest
women ; t Quea'nisli a., of the nature of, charac-
teristic of, a quean ; f Quea'nry = Queaning.
citfio A. SCOTT Poems (S. T. S.) xxxiv. 124 Quhair hur-
dome ay vnhappis, With quenry, canis, and coppis. 1569
J. SANFORD tr. Agrippa's Van. Artes 119 b, In feastinge,
Night Raven (1620) 25 If she would seeke to mend her
queanish life, a 1693 MOTTEUX Rabelais III. xxxiv. 284
Queamsh flurting Harlots.
Queare, obs. form of CHOIB sb.
t Quease, ~'.] Ois. rare. Also 5 qveyse, 6
queash. [See SQUEEZE v.] To press, squeeze.
< M50.M. Hawking in Kel.Ant. I. 302 Take mellfoyle
and stamp it.. then after take al togedere, and put in a
lynnyn cloth, and (jveyse out the jus. c 1550 LLOYD Treas.
Health (1585) E iij, Presse the holowe ulceie, so that the
rottenness may be queashed or crushed out. 1601 R. JOHN-
SON Kingd. «r Commw. (1603) 168 Their chiefest sustenance
is mtlke dried in the sunne after the butter is queased out.
tQueaae, v? Obs. rare-1. Insqweaase. (Of
obscure origin and meaning.)
c 1460 Tmvneley Myst. xiii. 487, I may not well qweasse.
Ich fote that ye trede goys thorow my nese.
Quea-sily, adv. [f. as next + -LY *.] In a queasy
manner. (In quot. used as adj. ; cf. badly.)
1845 BROWNING Flight Duchess xii. Wks. (1896) I. 416/2
Since, before breakfast, a man feels but queasily.
Queasiness (kwrzines). Also 6 queai-, 7
queisi-, que(e)zi-. [f. QUEASY a. + -NESS.] The
state or condition of being queasy (lit. and^f.).
1579 LYLY Euphues (Arb.) 1 16 Their slibber sawces, whiche
bring quesinesse to the stomacke. 1632 tr. Bruefs Praxis
Med. 44 Then queisinesse and gnawing of the stomacke
doth very much trouble him. 1660 H. MORE Myst. Godl.
To Rdr. 29 A pretended queziness of Conscience. 1710
T. FULLER Pharm. Extcmp. 120 It is prevalent against..
Queasiness. 1851 D. JERROLD St. Giles viii. 78 [He] felt an
odd queasiness in his throat, and could say nothing. 1808
STEVENSON St. Ives xxxiv, Captain Colenso perceived my
queasiness, and advised me to seek my berth and lie down.
Quea'som, v . Obs. exc. dial. Also 6 queso-
men. queazen, 9 dial, quessom, quezzen. [Of
obscure origin.] a. trans. To choke, stifle, b. intr.
To be choked or smothered.
i5«i i DAUS tr. Bullinger on A foe. (1573) 99 Without
breathing and cooling, men must needes wither and be
quesomened and choked vp. 1599 NASHE Lenten Stuffc
57 The spirable odor and pestilent steame . . would haue
queazened him. 1616 HAYWARD Sanct. Trout. Soul I. iii.
(1620) 46 Behold (O Lord) how my conscience lyeth quea-
somed vnder the multitude of my offences, a 1825 FORBY
Voc. E. Angtia, Quezzen, (i) To suffocate with noxious
vapour. (2) To smother away without flame. If the fuel be
damp, the fire quezzens out.
Queasy (kwf'zi), a. Forms : 5-6 coisy, coysy ;
5 qweysye, 5-6 queysy, (6 -se, -sie), 6 quaisie,
-sy, 6-7 queisie; 5-6 quasy, (6 -ie, -ye); 5
qwesye, 6 quesie, -y(e, 6-7 queasie, (6 -ye),
queazie, -y, 7- queasy. [Of obscure history.
The early forms coisy and queisy prob. indicate a F. origin,
and connexion ^ with OF. coisier to hurt, wound (Godef.),
seems possible, if the original sense was ' wounded ', ' bruised '
and hence ' tender ', ' uneasy ', but of this there is no clear
evidence. A similar development of sense is implied in the
usual etym. from ON. kvcisa boil (see CWEISE), wnence perh.
Ice!, kveistinn tender, touchy, but there is little evidence
for this as an Eng. word, and the form coisy would remain
unexplained. The change from gueisy or oitaisy to queasy
is parallel to quail : giteal and quair : qnear, QUIRE.]
f 1. Of the times or state of affairs : Unsettled,
troublous, ticklish. Obs. (Cf. also 5 b.)
1459 Paston Lett. I. 497 Be my feyth, here is a coysy
werd. 1471 SIR J. PASTON Hid. III. 4 The worlde I ensur
yow is ryght qwesye. c 1563 Jack juggler 1. 66 The time
is so quesie That he that speaketh best, is lest thanke
worthie. 1586 J. HOOKER Hist. /re/, in Holinshed II.
136/2 So manie of hir maiesties priuie councell, as could in
that quesie time be assembled. 1611 SPEED Hist. Gt. Brit.
IX. xx. % 47. 065 The times being queasie, the King wisely
forbare to take any seuere reuenge.
t b. Of a matter : Uncertain, hazardous. Obs.
1589 COOPER Adnwn. 203, I must, .protest it is a queisie
6 dangerous matter. 1605 SHAKS. Lear II. i. 19, I haue
one thing of a queazie question Which I must act.
QUEBRACHO.
2. Of articles of diet: Unsettling the stomach or
health ; causing sickness or nausea. Now rare.
1496 Fysshyngt to. Angle (1883) 24 The barbyll ..is a
i;i^y meete & a peryllous for mannys body. 15.. 1'icfs
< Fitllhnm 19 in Hazl. E. P. P. II. 3 Kodlynges, konger,
• suche queyse [v.r. coisy] fysche. 1544 PHAER Pesti-
nce (1553) N viij b, In this disease ye mayc eate no
ueasie meates, as eles, gese, duckes. 1579 LVLV EMjtima
Arb.) 44 To the stomacke sated with dainties, all dehcates
*eme queasie. 1653 MANTON Exp. jfowcs i. 21 Like a hot
morsel or queasy bit, it was soon given up again. 1661
LOVELL Hist. Anim. If Min. 225 Their flesh is queasy,
corruptible, and aguish. 1876 G. MEREDITH Beauch.
Career I. xiv. 210 The .. queasy brew .. which she calls by
the innocent name of tea.
t b. Of seasons : Unhealthy ; in which sickness
is prevalent. Also of days of ill-health. Obs.
1510-20 Compl. them that ben tolate maiyed (Collier 1862)
16, I haue passed full many quasy dayes. 1603 KNOLLES
Hist. Turks (1621) 732 Infection taken in the canipe in
strange aire, and a most queasie time of the yeare.
fo. Of land: Unfavourable to growth. Obs. rare.
1509 [see QUEACHY 2], 1649 BLITHE Eng. Iwprov. xiv.
80 ft was great Lands . . full of your soft Rushes . . and
lay very wet.. it was so Weake and Barren, so cold and
queasy. [Cf. ibid. xxiv. 149 The coldest and most quealiest
Q misprint) parts of thy Lands.]
3. Of the stomach : Easily upset ; unable to digest
strong food ; inclined to sickness or nausea. (In
i 6-1 7th c. freq. fig. and in fig. context.) Hence
of the body, heart, health, etc.
1545 RAVNOLD Byrth Mankynde fol. 142 She shall better
digest and lyke her meate ; her stomacke nothyng so
quesy ne feable. 1574 NEWTON Health Mag. 26 It is
better for . . stronge Stomackes then for Quasie and weake
grew worse, their queasy stomachs began to loathe it.
a 1684 LEIGHTON Wks. (1830) I. 42 A full table, but a sickly
body and queasy stomach. 1839 J. FUME ' Paper on
Tobacco ' 70 Not digested without grumbling by certain
queasy stomachs. 1889 C. KEENE Let. in Life xiii. (1892)
409 My stomach is in such a queasy state, that a gram in
excess puts me all wrong.
fb. trans/. Of the mind, feelings, etc. : Delicate,
fastidious, nice. Obs.
1545 ASCHAM Toxoph. i. (Arb.) 40 These Instrumentes
make a mannes wit . . so tender and quaisie that they be
lesse able to brooke strong and tough studie. c 1590 GREENK
Fr. Bacon x. 130 Eyes are dissemblers, and fancy is but
queasy. 1641 ROGERS Naaman 565 Beware then of a sullen,
queazy, coy and proud heart. 1659 EEDES Wisdom's Jvstif.
40 The queasie soul that receives not the Word.
C. Of conscience, etc. : Tender, scrupulous.
1579 G. HARVEY Letter-Ik. (Camden) 76 The thinges
themselves. .ar not so offensive to quesy consciences. 1646
SIR T. BROWNE Pseud. Ef. 374 The ambition of Boniface
made no scruple thereof; nor of more queasie resolutions
have been their Successors ever since. 1781 COWPER Charity
447 When queasy conscience has its qualms. 1886 SYMONDS
Kenaiss. //., Cath. React. (1898) I. iv. 223 Ignatius recom-
mended fishers of souls to humour queasy consciences.
4. Of pains, etc. : Of the nature of sickness ;
uneasy, uncomfortable.
1589 Pappe 10. Hatchet (r844) 13 O what queasie girds
were they towards the fall of the leafe. 1650 BULWER
Anthropomet. 158 To return by Art their queasie paine
upon women, to the great reproach of Nature. 1878 STEVEN-
SON Inland Voy. 114,! had a queasy sense that I wore my
last dry clothes upon my body.
6. Of persons: Having a queasy stomach ; liable
to turn sick ; subject to, or affected with, nausea.
1606 SHAKS. Ant. ff Cl. in. vi. 20 [The Romans] queazie
with his insolence already, Will their good thoughts call
from him. i6az FLETCHER Span. Cur. lit. ii, Your queazie
lams
T. L. PEACOCK Headlong Hall vii, The Reverend Doctor
Gaster found himself rather queasy in the morning. 1855
BROWNING Grammar. Funeral 64 Even to the crumbs I'd
fain eat up the feast, Ay, nor feel queasy.
b. trans/, (with earlier quots. cf. sense i).
1579 G. HARVEY Letter-bis. (Camden) 73 Over-stale for so
queynte and queasye a worlde. 1601 MARSTON Ant. * Me I.
II. Wks. 1856 I. 22 O that the stomack of this queasie age
Digestes, or brookes such raw unseasoned gobs. 1641
S. MARSHALL Fast Sernt. tef. Ho. Comm. Ep. Ded. 3 A
time so queasie and distempered as can hardly beare that
Food or Physicke which is needfull. 1869 BROWNING Ring
fr Bk. x. 113 The queasy river could not hold Its swallowed
Jonas, but discharged the meal.
6. Comb, queasy-stomached a. (see sense 3).
1579-80 NORTH Plutarch (1676) 757 Antonius . . being
queasie stomacked with his Surfeit. 1608 ARM™ West
Ninn. (1842) 6 The World, queasie stomackt as one fed with
the earth's nectar, and delicates. 1635 QUARLES Embl. m.
xiv. (1718) 181 Look, sister, how the queazy.stomach'd
graves Vomit their dead.
Queat;e, Queatch(e, Queave, Queazen:
see QUIET, WHEAT, QUETCH, QUAVE, QUEASOM.
t Quebas. Obs. rare—1. Some kind of a game.
i««8 ETHEREDCF. She mou'd if she con'd in. iii, Did I
associate myself with the Gaming Madams, and were every
afternoon at my Lady Briefes. .at Umbre and Quebas.
II Quebracho (ka>ra-t|0). [Sp. quebracho, also
quielira-hac/ia, {. quebrar to break + hacha axe.]
The name of several American trees, having
extremely hard timber and medicinal bnrk; esp.
the white quebracho of S. America {Aspidosferma
39
Quebracho) and the red quebracho of Mexico
(Schinopsis Lorentzif]. Also attrib. as quebracho
bark, gum. b. = Quebracho-bark. Hence Qne-
bra'chamine, Qxiebra chine, alkaloids found in
quebracho-bark.
1881 WATTS Diet, Cheat. 3rd Suppl. 916, 1731. 1891 W.
MARTINDALE Extra Phannacop* (ed. 6) 325 White Oue-
I bracho Bark . . imported from the Argentine Republic. laid.,
\ Quebracho contains six alkaloids, . . Quebrachine, Que-
brachamine [etc.]. 1897 Syd. Soc. Lex, s.v., Quebracho is
a valuable remedy for dyspnoea.
Quecchen, Quech(ef obs. forms of QUETCH.
Quech(e, obs. forms of QUEAOH, WHICH.
t Queck, sh. Obs. rare—1. ? A knock, whack.
1554 Entcrl. Youth Aij, If I fal I catche a quecke, I may
fortune to breke my necke.
tQueckjZ'.1 Obs, Also 4-5 quek. [Imitative:
cf. Du. kwekken^ and see QUACK z/.2] intr. To
quack, as a duck. Hence Que'cking vbl. sb.
ci»5 Gloss. Wt de BMeytv.^m Kel. Ant. II. 79 [The
gander] quekez, taroile. Quekine, taroil, 1491 in Archiv
A(W. nett. Spr. LXXXIX. 285 He toke a gose fast by the
nek, And tne goose thoo began to quek. 1573 TWYNE
sEneidy,. Ddiv, Whom stars of heauen obeyen at beck.,
and chattring birds with long that queck. a 1693 MOTTRUX
Rabelais in. xiii. 107 The . . pioling of Pelicanes, quecking
of Ducks,., and wailing of Turtles.
f Queck, v.2 Obs. rare—1. ?^ QUETCH z>.
a 1550 Image HyJ>ocr. in. in Sheltoiis Wks. (1843) II.
436/2 Not for his life to cjuecke \rime necke] But stande
vpp, like a bosse. [1755 m JOHNSON (and hence in some
later diets.), with quot. from Bacon £s$.t in which however
the correct reading is queching^
Queck: see QUEK (E.
t Qued, quede, a. and sb. Obs. Forms: 3
cwead, 3-4 quoad, 4 kuead ; 3 owed, 3-5 qued,
quede, 4 kued, quet, 4-6 queed, (5 qw-), 5
queyd,quethe,qwej?e ; 3-4 (6 Sc.} quad,4 (6 Sf.)
7 quade, 6 Sc. quaid. [Early ME. ciuead, cnved,
cwad=z OFris. ^a«/(mod.Fris. quoad, qua£}> MDu.
quaett quaed- (Du. kwaad\ MLG. quat, qufid-, of
uncertain origin. OHG. qu&t (M HG. qttdt, kdt, kdt,
G. tot, koth~}t filth, is usually regarded as a snbst.
use of the same adj., but the vowel of the corresp.
OE. cwtad presents difficulties.]
A. adj. Evil, wicked, bad.
c 1205-25 [Implied in OUEDSHIP], 1:1250 Gen. ff Ex. 536
Wapmen bigunnen quad mester. a 1300 Vox ff Wolf 200
in Hazl. E. P. P. (1864) I. 64 Ich habhe ben qued al mi
lif-daie. ^1330 Arth. $ MerL 1498 (Kolbing) pat o>er
dragoun. .clowes he hadde qued. 1340 Ayenb. 17 pe uerste
is kuead, ^o oj>er worse, "be |)ridde alt>erworst. (1386
CHAUCER Prioress' Prol. 4 God yeue this monk a thousand
last quade yeer. c 1420 Liber Cocorum (1862) 37 pou take
gode ale, ]>at is not quede. 1501 DOUGLAS Pal. Hon, \.
Ixii, This inordinate court, and proces quaid {rime braid,
laid] I will obiect. 1560 HOLLAND Crt. Venus n. 161 The
quader was his weird. Ibid. 333 Quad knaif, thow was
ouir negligent. 1669 STURMY Mariner's Mag. i. ii. 18 ' How
Wind you?' 'East'. A bad quade Wind.
b. Hostile, inimical to. rare.
1x1300 Cursor M. 8535 (Gott.) pe cyte of cartage, |>at to
Rome was euer quede. 1418-20 Siege Rouen in A rchxologia
XXI. 65 Owre men gaff ham sum off here brede, Thow
thay to us ware now so quede.
B. sb. 1. A bad or wicked person.
£•1250 Gen. ff Ex. 295 Dowgte 5is quead, *hu ma it ben
[etc.] '. Ibid. 4063 Balaam, Sat ille quad [rime dead],
c 1300 Prov, Hending xxvi. in Kemble Salomon ff Sat.
(1848) 277 Ant himself is be meste qued pat may breke eny
bred. ^1330 R. BRUNNE Chron, Wace (Rolls) 8596 Kyng
of Amalek was that qued, A ful fers kyng. a 1400 Minor
Poents/r. Vernon MS. (E. E. T. S.) 589/440 Kep, and saue
bi gode los, And beo I-holden no qued. c 1460 Towneley
Myst. ix. 117, 1 am fulle bowne To spyr and spy. .After that
wykkyd queyd.
b. spec. The evil one ; the Devil.
c 1150 Death 246 in O. E. Misc. 182 Ne mai no tunge telle
hu lodlich is be cwed. 1297 R. GLOUC. (Rolls) 6429 Hii
bitoke J>e quea hpr soule, be kunde eirs to bitraye. c 1325
Chron. Eng. 210 in Ritson, Tho thes maister was ded, Anon
he wende to the qued. 1377 LANGL. P. PI. B. xiv. 189 He
shulde take the acquitance. .and to the qued schewe it.
ci4So LONELICH Grail xxxvii. 634 He [Jesus] travailled..
Man-kynde to byen from the qwed.
2. Evil, mischief, harm.
a 12*5 Ancr. R. 72 Moni mon weneft to don wel ^ he deS
alto cweade. a 1300 Vox ff Wolf 210 in Hazl. E. P. P.
(1864) I. 65 Forjef hit me, Ich habbe ofte sehtd qued bi the.
cmo Arth. ff MerL 5508 (KOlbing) Com we noujt hider
for pi qued . . ac for bi gode. 1340 Ayenb. 28 pe kueades of
obren he hise more|> and arereb' *t>e his mi3te. 1387 TREVISA
Higden (Rolls) I. 417 At Penbrook in a stede Fendes doob
ofte quede. a. 1529 SKELTON Epitkaphe 4 This knaues be
deade, Full of myschiefe and queed.
Hence fQuedfnl a., full of evil or wickedness ;
Quedhead [s= OFris. quadhed, Du. kwaadheid\
~ Quedship\ Qnedly adv. [ = OFris. qua(de]liki\t
wickedly ; Qnedness, Quedship, evil, wickedness.
1340 Ayenb. 6 pajles be wone is *kueaduol and may wel
wende to zenne dyadliche. 1340-70 Alex, ff Dind. 541 To
quern quedfulle godeis bat quenchen your blisse. c 1315
SHOREHAM 151 O justyse . . [that] dampneth theves for to
ordeyne Peys in londe..Ne for "queadhevede. 1340 Ayenb.
101 pet bou hatye zenne and uouihedes and kueadhedes.
ciy»E. E. Psalter xvii. 22 (Harl. MS.), I shemed waies
of Laverd wel, Ne *quedltc bare I fra mi God na del. 1340
Ayenb. 2 Na?t kueadliche ake lijtiiche antl wyboute sklaun-
dre. c 1300 E. E. Psalter x. 6 pat loues "quednes, his
saule hates he. 1340 Ayenb. 40 Ofte lycse be guode playntes
be hare kueadnessc. .1205 LAY. 5067 Ne sculde na cniht
QUEEN.
..on his cuhSe "quedschipe wurchen. ritso Bes
Fox is hire to name for hire queSsipe. a 1225 Ancr. K. 422
Al Sodomes cweadschipe com of idelnesse & of ful wombe
Quede, vnr. QUIDE sb. QueSen, var. QUETHE v.,
WHETHEN adv. QueKer, Quedir, -ur, obs. ff.
WHETHER, WHITHER. Quee, Queece, Queech,
varr. QUEY, QUEEST, QUETCH. Queed, var.QcED(s
a. \ dial. var. Cun. Queel, var. QUEAL v.
Queen (kwfn), sb. Forms: i owcen, cwten,
cwe'nn, 1-3 cweu, (i ou-), 2-3 owene, kwene ;
2-4 quen, (3 quu-, 4 qw-), 2-6 quene, (4-6 qw-,
5 V-)t 3 quiene, quyene, 4 qwhene, 4-5 whene,
queyn, 4-6 queyne, 4-7 queene, 6 quein(e, 4-
queen. [OE. cwen str. fem.= OS. qu&n (once in
Hel.), ON. kvsen (also kvaii), Goth, qbis woman
:— OTeut. *kw£ni-z f., an ablaut-var. of the stem
represented by OE. cwene QUEAN. The gen. sing.
quene (OE. cwine) is occas. found in ME.]
1. A (king's) wife or consort ; a lady who is wife
to a king.
Even in OE., cwen was app. not an ordinary term for
' wife ', but was applied only to the wife of a king or (in
poetry) some famous person ; in later use the only distinc-
tion between this sense and 2 a is that here the relationship
of the queen to her husband is formally expressed.
c 893 K. ALFRED Oros. i. ii. § 2 /Ufter his deaSe Sameramis
his cwen [L. uxor] fengc . . to (Jaem rice, a 1000 Csedmons
Gen. 2259 Da wearo unbliSe Abrahames cwen. c 1050 O. E.
Chron. (Laud MS.) an. 1048 {>a forlet se cyng ba hUefdian
seo was xehal^od him to cwene. a 1123 Ibid. an. 1115
Willelme |>e he be his cwene hjefde. c 1205 LAY. 43 vElienor
be wes Henries quene. 13.. Coer de L. 1123 Erlys and
barouns come hym to, And his quene dede alsoo. 1591
SHAKS. i Hen. VI,\. iii. 117 lie vndertake to make thee
Henries Queene. 1611 — Wint. T. in. ii. 12 Hermione,
?ueene to the worthy Leontes, King of Sicilia. 1859
ENNYSON Elaine 1215 As Arthur's Queen I move and rule.
2. a. The wife or consort of a king. b. A woman
who is the chief ruler of a state, having the same
rank and position as a king.
1:825 Vesp. Psalter xliv. 10 ^Etstod cwoen [L. regina] to
swiftran Sire, c 1000 ^LFRIC Horn. II. 584 Sum cwen waes
on Sam dagum on suSdaele, Saba jehaten. c 1205 LAY.
24555.Pe king, .to his mete uerde. .ba quene [^1275 cweane]
en oSer halue hire hereberwe isohte. t- 1290 A". Eng. Leg.
I. 2/41 Bifore (?e quyene huy come. 1297 R. GLOUC. (Rolls)
608 f>e quene fader Corineus. 13., Gaw. <$• Gr. Knt. 2492
wille. 1473 WARKW. Chrm. (Camden) 9 The Lorde Scales,
the Quenes brother, was sent thedere. 1562 WINJET Cert.
Tractates Wks. 1888 I. 32 Dew obedience . . to kingis,
quenis, princes, and prelatis. 1490 SHAKS. Mids. N. n. i. 19
The King doth keepe his Reuels here to night, Take heed
the Queene come not within his sight. 1628 MILTON Vacat.
Exerc. 47 Then sing of secret things.. And last of Kings
and Queens and Hero's old. 1710 SWIFT Lett. (1767) III.
29 My memorial which was given to the queen. 1845
S. AUSTIN Ranke's Hist. Ref. 1 1. 385 His sister waited m
Vittoria. .in order to enter France as queen.
c. With additions, as queen-consort, -dowager,
t -dowrier, -rectrix, -regent, -regnant, -•widow : see
CONSORT, etc. ; also QUEEI*-MOTHEK.
'555 [see DOWRIER]. 1622 BACON Hen. VII, Mor. & Hist.
Wks. (Bohn, 1860) 31 1 To remain with the queen dowager her
mother. 1650 BULWER Anthropomet. 198 A late Queen-
Rectrix. 1727 DE FOE Sys t. Magic i. ii. (1840) 42 The queen
dowager was with child, and would bring forth a prince.
1765 BLACKSTONE Comm. i. iv. 212 The queen of England
is either queen regent, queen consort, or queen dowager.
1818 SCOTT Hrt. Midi, xxxvii, Since Margaret of Anjou, no
queen-consort had exercised such weight in the political
affairs of England. 1891 C. CREIGHTON Hist. Epidetti.
Brit. 288 The queen-widow (mother of Edward V) had died
of the plague.
3. As a title, placed immediately before a personal
name (f in OE. immediately after it) ; also the
queen, before or after the name (now arch.). See
also QUEEN ANNE.
£•893 K. ALFRED Oros. i. x. § 3 pier wearS Marsepia sio
cwen ofslagen. 1:893 O. E. Chron. (Parker MS.) an. 888
^belswibcuen, sio wa?s/*E!fredessweostorcyninges. a 1x21
Ibid. (Laud MS.) an. 1097 Malcomes sunu cynges &
Margarite baere cwenan. £1205 LAY. 2122 Hit is icleped
Wales for pere quen Galoes. 13.. Gaw. $ Gr. Knt. 74
Whene Guenore ful gay, grayped in be myddes. 1387
TREVISA Higden (Rolls) VI L 165 pan be queene Emme gaf
unto seynt Swithyn nyne maneres. 1506 GUYLFORDE Pylgr.
(1851) 4 Lasheles, where lyethe quene Elyanour of Englonde.
1572 Memorial in Bnccletich MSS. (Hist. MSS. Comm.) 23
Young Quein Marie. 1673 WYCHERLEY Gent. Dancing-
Master v. i. 95 You must, .furnish as becomes one of my
Quality ; for don't you think we'll take up with your old
Queen Elizabeth Furniture, a 1700 B. E. Diet. Cant.
Crnv, Queen Elizabeth's Pocket-pistol, a Brass-Cannon of
the modern world to themselves j and be Queen Elizabeth's
women. 1847 WORDSW. Ode Install. Pr. Attert&A. fin., The
pride of theislands, Victoria the Queen. 1884 KNIGHT Diet.
Mech. Suppl. 733/2 Queen Charlotte's ware, now known by
the contracted title [QueenswareJ.
4. With speci6cation of the people, country, etc.
ruled over by a queen or by the king her consort,
as Queen of Scots, of France. Also Queen of Spain
(see qnot. 1866 and FRITILLARY 2\
^•950 Lindisf. Gosp. Matt. xii. 42 Cuen su5-da?!es arises. .
in dom. £-1205 LAV. 4570 He bohte to habben Delgan to
quene of Denemarke. c 1250 Gen. 4 Ex. 296 Hu ma it
l>en, Adam ben king and eue quuen Of alle Se Singe in
QUEEN.
werlde ben, c 1386 CHAUCER Man of Law's T. 63, I . .wolde
she were of all Europe the queene. < 1440 Generydes 17
His doughter quene of Inde. 1562 WINJET Cert. Tractates
Wks. 1888 I. 2 The maist excellent and gracius Souerane,
Marie Quene of Scottis. 1606 SHAKS. Ant, «$• Cl. m. vi. ii
He . . made her Of lower Syria, Cyprus, Lydia, absolute
Queene. 1713-4 POPE Rape Lock in. 13 One speaks the
glory of the British Queen. 1770 Ann. Reg, 102 Died
lately, at her hut at Norwood, Bridget, the Oueen of the
Gipseys. 1818 CRUISE Digest (ed. 2) III. 200 Her Majesty
or her successors, kings or queens of the realm. 1866
BLACKMORE Cradock Nowell xxx, If by the 'Queen of
Spain' you mean that common brown little butterfly.
o. transf, A female whose rank or pre-eminence
is comparable to that of a queen.
a. Applied to the Virgin Mary, esp. in phr. as
Queen of glory ; grace, heaven, paradise , ivomen, etc.
a 900 CVNEWUU-' Christ 276 Seo claeneste cwen ofer eorban.
_• 33 i"
O. E. Misc. 195 Leuedi quene of parays. c 1375 Sc. Leg.
Saints xxiv. (Alexis) 26 pat he in weding borne was of
mary, |t>e quene of grace, c 1410 HOCCLEVK Mother of Cod
2 O blisful queene, of queenes Emperice. ("1470 HENRY
Wallace i. 261 Quhen scno him saw scho thankit hewynnis
queyn. 1500-20 DUNBAR Poems Ixxxv. 37 Haile, qwene
serene ! Haile, mosteamene! i6o4E.G[KiHSTONE]Z>'^f(»j/a'j
Hist. Indies vn. xxvii. 582 The favour which the Queene
of glorie did to our men. 1798 COLERIDGE Anc. Mar. v. i,
To Mary-queen the praise be yeven. 1840 I. TAYLOR Ancient
Chr. (1842) 1 1. ii. 1 60 Our Queen, though the Queen of heaven
as well as of earth [etc.].
b. Applied to the goddesses of ancient religions
or mythologies ; also in phrases, as queen of heaven t
love, marriage, etc.
1381 WVCLIF Jer. viL 18 That thei make sweete cakis to
the quen of heuene. 1508 DUNBAR Gold. Targe 73 Thare
saw I Nature, and [als dame] Venus quene. 1500-90 —
Poems xlviii. 63 Haill princes Natur, haill Venus luvis quene.
1591 SHAKS. yen, <J- Ad. 251 Poor queen of love, in thine
own law forlorn ! 1608 — Per. n. ni. 30 By Juno, that is
queen of marriage. 16*9 MILTON Ode Nativity 201 Mooned
Ashtaroth, Heavn's Queen and Mother both. 1809 in Spirit
Pub. Jrnls. (1810) XIII, 328 O Venus, Queen of Drurv Lane.
a 1812 SHELLEY Horn. Venus 13 Diana, golden-shafted queen.
c. Applied to a woman as a term of endearment
and honour.
1588 SHAKS. L. L. L. iv. iii. 41 O Queene of Queenes,
how farre dost thou excel), No thought can thinke. 1596
— Merck, y. ii. i. 12, I would not change this hue, Except
to steale your thoughts, my gentle Queene. 1865 R us KIN
Sesame 185 Queens you must always be; queens to your
lovers ; queens to your husbands and your sons.
d. A woman who has pre-eminence or authority
in a specified sphere, -f Queen of the Bean : see
BEAN 6 c. Queen of Hearts (cf. 8 b). Queen of
the May : see MAT.
owELLLetf. ii. xii. (1650) 13 The Lady Elizabeth, which
. . is called . . for her winning Princely comportment, the
Queen of Hearts. 1652 J. WRIGHT tr. Camus' Nat. Paradox
in. 53 Shee thought to triumph over all her Competitors and
be Queen of the Bean. 18x6 KEATS To my Brother George
87 Upon a morn in May . . that lovely lass Who chosen is
their queen, a 1822 SHELLKY Chas. I, ii. 394 The Twelfth-
night Queen of Hearts. 1830 TENNYSON Isabel ii, Isabel. .
The queen of marriage, a most perfect wife. 1858 LYTTON
What will He do i. xiv, Lady Selma Vipont was one of the
queens of London.
6. Applied to things : a. Anything personified as
a woman and looked upon as the chief, esp. the
most excellent or beautiful, of its class.
a 1050 Liber Scintill. xvii. (1889) 84 Ealdorlicra leahtra
cwen and modor ofermodignyss ys. a 1*25 St. Marker. 19
Met$had be is cwen of all e nrihtes. 1340 Ayenb. iu pc kuen
of uirtues, dame charite. 1508 DUNBAR Gold. Targe 82
There saw I May, of myrthfull monethis quene. 1563
FOXE A. 4- M. 333/2 That noble ground and quene of
prouinces. 1604 E. G[RIMSTONE] D'Acosta's Hist. Indies
n. vi. 93 This river (which in my opinion, deserves well the
name of Empresse and Queene of all flouds). a 1720 SHEF-
FIELD (Dk. Buckhm.) Wks. (1753) I. 6 Paris, the queen of
cities. 1861 S. THOMSON Wild Ft. in. (ed. 4) 286 The ' lady
fern1 .. sometimes called the 'Queen of Ferns'. 1886
E. MILLER Text. Guide 75 The Peshito has been called
' The Queen of Versions '.
b. That which in a particular sphere has pre-
eminence comparable to that of a queen.
Queen of heaven, night^ the tides^ the moon. Queen of
the ntendtnv(s. MEADOW-SWEET. Queen of the ^ra-irie^ an
American herbaceous plant, Spima lobata (N. O. Rosaceae).
Medowes. 1611 SHAKS. Wint. T. iv. iv. 146 Each your
doing. .Crownes what you are doing. .That ail your Actes,
are Queenes. 1671 MILTON P. R. iv. 45 Great and glorious
Rome, Queen of the Earth. 1812 BYRON Ch. Har. \\. Ixxx,
The Queen of tides on high consenting shone. 1840 ALISON
Hist. Europe H. § 52 The Emperor travelled . . to Venice :
he there admired the marble palaces of the Queen of the
Adriatic. 1878 Bosw. SMITH Carthage 9 Destined . . to
become the Queen of the Mediterranean. 1883 G. MAC-
DONALD Dottal Grant ii. 18 Bushes of meadow-sweet, or
queen-of-the-meadow, as it is called in Scotland.
7. The perfect female of bees, wasps, or ants.
1609 C. BUTLER Fern. Mon. i Of the nature and properties
of Bees, and of their Queene. a 1711 KEN Sion Poet. Wks.
1721 IV. 352 The same Tune . .In which the Bees . . For their
Dismission to their Queen entreat. 1724 DERHAM in Phil.
Trans. XXXIII. 54 The Male Wasps are lesser than the
Queens. 1774 GOLUSM. Nat. Hist, (1776) V11I. 124 The
40
working ants having, .deposed their queens. 1847 TENNY-
SON Princ, I. 39 Around them both Sweet thoughts would
swarm as bees about their queen. 1892 LUBBOCK Beaut.
A/i/. 60 The working Ants and Bees always turn their heads
towards the Queen.
8. In games, a. In chess : The piece which has
greatest freedom of movement, and hence is most
effective for defending the king, next to which it is
placed at the beginning of the game. Also, the
position on the board attained by a pawn when it
is queened (see QUEEN v. 4).
Queen's bislup, knight .foam, etc. : cf. KING oa. Queen's
gambit : see GAMBIT, f To make a Queen = QUEEN v. 4.
c \wGesta Rom. xxi. 71 (Harl. MS.) The fifthe [piece]
is be quene, that goth fro blak to blak, or fro white to white,
and is yset beside*be kyng. 1474 CAXTON Cfiesse n. ii. B iij b,
Thus ought the Quene be maad ; She ought to be a fayr
lady sittyng in a chayer [etc.]. 156* ROWBOTHUM Playe of
Ckeasts Cy, Thou shalte playe thy queenes Paune one
steppe geuing him checke by discouery of thy queenes
Bishoppe. 1597 G. B. Ludtts Schaccte A 4 When he [the
pawn} can . . arrive at the last ranke of his enemies he is
Queen and Bishops in distress. 1735 BERTW Chess 38
The Queens Gambet, which gives a Pawn with a design to
catch her adversary's Queen's Rook. 1761 HOYLE Chess 51
The exact Number of Moves, before you can make a Queen.
1773 PHILIDOR Chess Analysed 13 The King's Pawn makes
a Queen, and wins the Game. 1797 Entycl. Brit. (ed. 3)
IV. 640 He should take the adversary's pawns, and move
the others to queen. 181* W. LEWIS Elem. Game Chess
149 If a Pawn be on a Rook's file it will go to Queen. 1838
LYTTON Alice 160, I think I will take the queen's pawn.
1894 J. MASON Principles Chess 77 Just as the foremost
[Pawn] is but a square from Queen.
b. In ordinary playing-cards: A card bearing
the figure of a queen, of which there are four in
each pack, ranking next to the kings.
1575 Gamm. Gurton n. ii. 29 There is five trumps beside
the queene. 1607 HEYWOOD Worn. Killed w. Kindn. Wks.
1874 II. 123 This Queene I haue more then my owne. .Giue
me the stocke. 1712-4 POPE Rape cf Lock in. 88 The
Knave of Diamonds . . wins . . the Queen of Hearts. 1791
Gentl. Afar. 141 The Queen of Clubs is called in Northamp-
tonshire, Queen Bess. 1816 SINGER Hist. Cards 39 Like the
Italians and Germans, they [the Spaniards] have no Queen
in the Pack. 1885 R. A. PROCTOR Whist 5, I lead Ace, and
follow with Queen of my best suit.
9. Technical uses. a. //. One of the classes into
which fullers' teasels are sorted (see quot.).
1813 T. RUDGE Gen. View Agric. Glouc. 156 The produce
of the second and subsequent cuttings are sorted, according
to their size, into Queens, which are the best teazles;
Middlings.. and Scrubs.
b. A roofing-slate, measuring three feet by two.
i8a< J. NICHOLSON Opo-at. Mechanic 622 Slaters class the
Welsh slates in the following order : Doubles, Ladies, . .
Queens. 1893 J. BROWN Of ex. Railw. to Delabole xxiii,
We've countess, duchess, queens and rags.
c. //. A class of apples, the rennets (q.v.).
1836 LOUDON Encycl. Plants 426 Apples are classed as
pippins or seedlings, . .rennets or queens, specked fruits.
10. a. A name of the scallop and cockle. =Quitr.
1803(3. MONTAGU Teslacea Brit. I. nGPecten opemtlaris
..in Devonshire and Cornwall is.. known by the name of
Frills or Queens. 1883 N. JOLY Man before Metals n. i. 200
Several molluscs, especially oysters, . . mussels, queens,
whelks, and snails.
b. A local name for the smear-dab.
1674 RAY Call. Words, Sea Fishes 100 Queens: a Fish
thinner than a Plaise. 1884 St. James's Gaz. 18 Jan. 6/1
The . . lemon-dab or queen.
11. A female cat. (Cf. queen-cat in 13.)
1898 Bishopsgate Cats in Ladies' Field 6 Aug. 378/1 A few
outdoor houses for the queens are used.
II. attrib. and Comb.
12. General combs, a. appositive, as qtuen-
bride, -county, -galley, -moon, -rose, -spirit, -spouse,
-strumpet, b. attrib., as queen-craft, -features.
c. objective, as queen-killing.
1606 Proc. agst. late Traitors 105 That King-killing
and Queen-killing was not indeed a doctrine of theirs.
1634 FORD Perk. \Varbeck in. ii, This new queen-bride
must henceforth be no more My daughter, a 1661 FULLER
Worthies, Kent (1662) I. 67 She [Q. Elizabeth] was well
skilled in the Queen-craft. 1820 KEATS Ode to Nightingale
36 Haply the Queen-Moon is on her throne. 1846 BROWNING
Lett. 16 June (1809) II. 241 You must, .add the queen-rose
to his garland. 1863 .1 tlantic Monthly Oct. 502 The queen-
strumpet of modern history. 1880 HAY Pike County Ball.
ir3 The still queen-features glorious In the dawn of love's
first gleams. 1888 TH. WATTS in Athenseum 18 Aug. 224/2
See how the four queen-galleys ride.
13. Special combs. : t queen-apple, an early
variety of apple ; queen-bee, a fully developed
female bee ; also trans/. ; queen-bird, a swan ;
queen-cage, an apparatus for conveying or trans-
ferring a queen-bee to a hive ; queen-cake, a small
currant-cake, usually heart-shaped ; queen-cat =
QUEEN 1 1 ; queen-cell, a cell in a bee-hive, in
which the queen is reared ; queen closer, a quarter
of a brick, used in building to ' close ' the end of
a course (see CLOSER2 3) ; queen-conch, a large
marine shell, Strombus gigas; queen-excluder,
a device in a bee-hive to prevent the passage of
the queen without excluding the workers (Funk's
Stand. Diet?) ; queen-fish, a small edible fish
(Seriphus politus) found along the Pacific coast of
America (Cent. Diet. 1891); t queen-gold, a
QUEEN.
former revenue of the king's consort, consisting of
one-tenth on certain fines paid to the king ; queen-
lily, a Peruvian ornamental flowering plant of the
genus riwdranassa (Cent. Diet.) ; queen-pigeon
= queen's pigeon (Funk's Stand. Did.'); queen-
stitch, a fancy stitch in embroidery; fqueen-suit,
n set of cards belonging to one suit, of which the
queen is the highest ; queen-truss, a roof-truss in
which there are QUEEN-POSTS; queen -wasp, a
perfect female wasp ; queenwood, an Australian
timber tree, Davidsonia pruriens (see also quot.).
1579 SPENSER Sheph. Cal. June 43 Tho would I seeke for
*Queene apples vnrype. 1626 BACON Syhia § 511 Few
Fruits are coloured Red within; The Queen-apple it. 1707
MORTIMER Husbandry 537 The Queen Apple, those, .of the
Summer kind, are good Cyder Apples, mix'd with others.
1609 C. BUTLRR Fern. Mon. i. A 3 The *Q[u]ecne-bee is
a Bee of a comely and stately shape. 1753 CHAMBERS
CycL Sttpp., Queen-bee, a term given by late writers to
what used to be called the king-bee. 1823 BYRON Juan
xiii. xiii, Sweet Adeline, amidst the gay world's hum, Was
the Queen-Bee. 1830 Miss MITFORD Village Ser. iv. (1863)
286 Repeating, .as we met the *Queen-birds, 'The swans
on fair St. Mary's lake '. 1875 J. HUNTER Manual Bee-
keeping 82 There are many more "Queen cages in use,
and . . there is no reason why any Bee-keeper should not
make modifications. 1769 MRS. RAFFALD Eng. Housekpr.
(1778) 271 To make *Queen Cakes. 1840 MRS. F. TROLLOPE
Widow Married xii, When I've done eating this one queen-
cake more. 1691 RAY N.-C. Words, Wheen-cat, a 'queen-
cat. 1843 Zoologist I. 158, 1 had the satisfaction of seeing
that one 'queen-cell had been commenced. 1842-59 GWILT
Archit. (ed. 4) § 1896 It becomes necessary near the angles
to interpose a quarter brick, .called a * queen closer. 1813
Sketches Character (ed. 2) I. 150 That *Queen Conch wants
only colouring to persuade us it is a real one. 1885 LADY
BRASSEY The Trades 303 Some years ago the queen-conch
(a shell with a delicate pink lining) was in great demand.
1679 BLOUKT./IW. Tenures 36 * Queen-gold is a Royal duty
of Ten in the Hundred. 1765 BLACKSTONE Comm. I. 221
The queen, .is intitled to an antient perquisite called queen-
gold or aurunt reginae. 1875 STUBBS Const. Hist. II. xv.
218 note. In 1255 the citizens refused to pay queen-gold.
1882 CAULFEILD & SAWARD Diet. Needlework 192 *Queen
Stitch.— Also known as Double Square. [Description
follows.] 1744 HOYLH Piquet Q The younger-hand is gene-
rally to carry Guards to his 'Queen-suits. 1778 C. JONES
Movie's Games Impr. 71. 1724 DERHAM in Phil. Trans.
XXXIII. 59 The 'Queen-Wasps, .were weak, and did not
buz long. 1827 E. BEVAN Honey-Bee 187 The queen-
wasps were unusually numerous in the spring of that year.
1882 OCILVIE (citing Weale), *Queen-wood, a name some-
times given to woods of the greenheart and cocoa-wood
character, imported from the Brazils.
14. Combinations with queen's, a. In titles or
appellations, with the sense of ' belonging to, in
the service of, the queen ', ' royal ' (cf. KINO'S), as
Queen's advocate, bench, cotmsel, English, evidence,
highway, keys, letter, messenger, pay, peace, prison,
servant, wardrobe : see these words.
In these terms, as in many of those given under b, the
use of queen's in place of king's is largely or entirely a
result of the long reign of Quten Victoria (1837-1901).
b. queen's allowance (seequot.) ; queen's arm,
a musket ; f queen's cloth (?) ; queen's colours,
one of the pair of colours carried by a regiment,
the royal colours; queen's cushion, a seat (for
a girl) made by the crossed hands of two persons
(Jamieson, 1808); •)• queen's evil = king's evil,
scrofula ; queen's gambit : see GAMBIT ; queen's
game: see DOUBLET 3 b; f queen's head, a postage
stamp ; queen's metal, an alloy of tin, antimony,
bismuth, and lead; queen's own, Government
property or provisions (Smyth Sailor's Word-bk.
1867) ; queen's parade, the quarter-deck (ibid.);
queen's pigeon, a large and beautiful crested
pigeon of the Papuan region, Gaura Viclorise;
queen's pipe, a furnace formerly used for destroy-
ing smuggled or damaged tobacco ; queen's shil-
ling, a shilling formerly given to a recruit when
enlisting ; f queen's stuff (?) ; queen's tobacco
pipe = queen's pipe; queen's ware, (a) a cream-
coloured kind of Wedgwood ware ; (*) a kind of
stone - ware ; queen's weather, fine weather ;
queen's yellow, turpeth mineral, used as a yellow
pigment.
1876 VOYLE & STEVENSON Milit. Diet. 320/2 'Queen's
allffivance, an allowance in aid of the expenses of the officers'
mess. 1848 LOWELL Bigltnv P. Ser. I. The Coitrtin', The
ole *queen's-arm that gran'ther Young Fetched back from
Concord busted. 14.. Yoc. in Wr.-Wiilcker 607/19 Regilla,
a *Quenyscloth. 1597 A. M. tr. Guillemtau's Fr. Chirurg.
19/2 The curinge of "Queenes evil. 1600 SURFLET Countrie
Farme I. xii. 58 For the Queenes euill [margin The Kinges
etiillj. c 1554 Interlude of Youth C iij, I can teache you to
play at the dice, At the 'queues game and at the Iryshe.
a 1618 J. DAVIES Wittes Pilgr. (1878) 32 (D.) Here Love at
tick-tack plaies, or at Queen's-gatne, But Irish hates. 1844
ALB. SMITH Adv. Mr. Ledbury xv. (1886) 45 Notes it
would not do to stick a penny 'Queen's Head upon. 1860
MissYoNGE.S'/ofoi/fj'.SVrr.i. (1861)16, 1 must have a queen's-
head to write to Mamma. 1839 URE Diet. Arts 952 'Queen's
metal .. serves also for teapots and other domestic utensils.
1856 MILLER Inorg. Chem. II. 930 Another alloy, which i
intermediate in properties between pewter and Britanni
once being taken, .there was no help for the recruit, unles
QUEEN.
he was bought out. 1766 W. GORDON Gen, Counting-ho.
428, 16 fine brocaded 'queens stuffs. 1843 Penny Cycl.
XXV. 17 The damaged tobacco thus removed is consumed
in a furnace.. jocularly termed the ' *queen's tobacco-pipe'.
178* WEDGWOOD in Phil. Trans. LXX. 320 Delft ware
is fired by a heat of 40 or 41°; cream-coloured or *Oueen's
ware, by 86°. 1792 A. YOUNG Trav. France 79 English
goods . . hard and queen's ware ; cloths and cottons. 1884
Health Exhib. Catal. 40/2 Sanitary appliances in action,
and general Queen's Ware. 1899 Johannesburg Star
(weekly ed.) 22 Apr., Although the wind is rather high,
•Queen's weather prevails. 1839 URE Diet. Arts 1054
*Qneens Yellow is an antient name of Turbith Mineral, or
yellow subsulphate of mercury. 1851-61 MAVHEW Lond.
Labour 1 1. 70 When canaries are * a bad colour ' . . they are
re-dyed, by the application of. . ' Queen's Yellow '.
c. in names of plants, as t queen's balm,
alyssum ; queen's berry, the cloudberry, Rubus
Cham&moms ; queen's cushion, cut-leaved saxi-
frage (Treas. Bot. 1866); queen's delight, an
American euphorbiaceous plant, Stilttngia syl-
•uatica (ibid,} ; queen's flower, an Indian tree
(Lagerstrctmia Flos-Reginx) with beautiful rose-
coloured (lowers (Cent. Diet. 1891) ; queen's gilli-
flower or July-flower, dame's violet, Hesperis
Matronalis ; t queen's herb, tobacco (see QUEEN-
MOTHER 4) ; queen's pincushion, the flowers of
the guelder rose (CasselVs Encycl. Diet. 1886) ;
queen's TOOt = t/ueetis delight (Mayne Expos. Lex.
1858) ; queen's violet - queens gillyflower.
1767 ABERCROMBIE Ev, Man his own Gardener (1803) 735/1
List of Hardy Annuals . . Alysson, or mad- wort, *Queens
Balm. 1861 S. THOMSON Wild Fl. in. (ed. 4) 221 It is the
cloud-berry or 'queen's- berry. 1573 TUSSER Huso. (1878) 96
Herbes, branches, and flowers, for windowes and pots.
*Queenes gilleflowers. 1597 GERARDE Herbal\\. cxxii. (1633)
461 Dames Violets or Queenes Gillofloures. 1760 J. LEE
Introd. Bot. App. 324 Queen's July-flower. 1577 FRAMPTON
Joyfull Newes n. Ixxvi. 42 Some haue called this Hearbe
the *Queenes herbe, because it was firste sente vnto her.
[1894 S. J. WEYMAN Man in Black 60 You take the Queen's
herb, you sneeze.] 1731 MILLER Card. Diet. Index (1733)1
*Queen's Violet, vide Hesperis.
Queen (kw/h), v. [f. prec.]
1. To queen it : To be a queen ; to act or rule as
queen ; to have pre-eminence like a queen.
1611 SHAKS. Wtnt. T. iv. iv. 460 lie Queene it no inch
farther, But milke my Ewes, and weepe. 16x3 — Hen. VIII^
u. iii. 37 A threepence bow'd would hire me Old as I am, to
Queene it. 1790 BURNS Prol, Theatre Dumfries 2 Yon
great city That queens it o'er our taste. 1818 MILMAN
Samor 7 Her milk-white neck embour'd in arching spray,
Queens it along the waters. 1826 SCOTT Woodst. xxvi, The
imperious Vashti is left to queen it in solitude. 1894 MRS.
F. ELLIOT Roman Gossip vi. 181 Josephine was queening
it at the Tuileries.
b. ahsol. in same sense, rare.
1843 LYTTON Last Bar. iv. H, * I can scarce queen while
Warwick is minister ', said Elizabeth.
2. trans. To make (a woman) a queen. Also fig.
1843 LYTTON Last Bar. n. i, This Dame Woodville, whom
I queened. 1880 LADY MARTIN Shaks. Fern. Char. 120 That
passionate childlike loving queens her in his sight.
3. To rule over as a queen.
1839 BAILEY Festus xvi. (1852) 182 As the moon doth
Queen the night. 1843 E. JONES Poems, Sens, fy Event 115
His will, a trembling rudder She held to play with, or to
queen.
4. Chess. To advance (a pawn) to the opponent's
end of the board, where it acquires the power of,
and is replaced by, a queen or such other piece as
the player may choose. Also absol.
1789 Twiss Chess II. 155 Darner le Piont literally to
queen tJie Pawn, is a French expression. 1797 Encycl.
Brit. (ed. 3) IV. 640 note. To queen is to make a queen. 1808
Studies Chess I. 219 The pawn is queened, and wins the
game. 1848 H . R. AGNEL Chess 63 You . . queen your Pawn,
and instead of claiming a Queen, you take a Knight, 1894
J. MASON Principles Chess 88 That the player who Queens
first wins is a rule.
b. intr. Of a pawn : To reach the position at
which it acquires the power of a queen.
1894 J. MASON Principles Chess 61 Attacking the Pawn,
and taking it on the next move, whether it queens or not.
was now queened.
Hence Queened///. a.t Q,uee-ning vbl. sb.
1860 STAUNTON Chess Praxis iv. ^i The spirit of the
Bishop.
Queen Anne. The Queen of Great Britain
ana Ireland who reigned from 1702 to 1714.
Queen Anne is dead: a phrase implying stale news (cf.
QUEEN 3, quot. 1738). Queen Anne's bounty, see BOUNTY
5 a. Queen Anne^s free gift '. see quot. 1867.
1840 BARHAM Ingol. Leg. Ser. i. Ace. New Play, Lord
Brougham, it appears, isn t dead, though Queen Anne is.
1859 THACKERAY Virgin, Ixxiii, On which my lady cried
petulantly, ' Oh Lord, Queen Anne's dead, I suppose.' 1867
SMYTH Sailor's Word-bk., Queen Anne's Free Gift, a sum
of money formerly granted to surgeons annually, in addition
to their monthly twopences from each man.
b. attrib, as an epithet of the style of furniture,
buildings, etc., characteristic of Queen Anne's reign,
or of things made in this style. Also absol.
1881 A. LANG Library 36 What furniture-dealers indiffer-
ently call the 'Queen Anne' or the 'Chippendale' style.
VOL, VIII.
41
1883 Harper s^ Mag. Sept. 560/2 In all Queen Anne build-
ings the architecture is appliqitt. However, to disparage
Queen Anne is not to explain its acceptance.
Hence Queen A nneified a. , in Queen Anne style ;
Queen A'nneism, employment of, or preference
for, a Queen Anne style; Queen A'nneist, -ite,
one who adopts or favours this style.
a 1878 SIR G. SCOTT Recoil, ix. (1879) 375 The Queen-
Anne-ites soon threw off this disguise. 1879 Athenasuitt
No. 2696. 818 Even Queen -Anne-ism should draw the line
somewhere. 1887 J. C. ROBINSON in Times 17 Aug. 5/4
All architects, Gothic, Classic, and Queen Anneists alike.
1889 J, K. JEROME Idle Thoughts 43 ' Drinking the waters *
sounded fashionable and Queen Anneified.
Queendom (kwj-ndsm). [f. QUEEN sb. + -DOM.]
1. The country ruled over by a queen. Also^^-.
1606 G. W[OODCOCKK] Hist. Ivstine u. 9 The Queendome
was governed by two of the foure Sisters. 1705 HICKERIN-
GILL Priest-cr. u. viii. 75 It has been fatal and ruinous to
these Queendoms already. 1834 Prater's Mag. IX. 248
Ours is a literary kingdom, or rather, queendom. 1873
RUSKIN Fors Clav. xxxiii. (1896) II. 217 She should as
seldom leave it [her home] as a queen her queendom.
2. The position of a queen ; queenhood.
1657 TRAPP Comm. Esther \\. 12 Whereby they might get
the Kings favour and attaine to the Queendome. 1844
MRS. BROWNING Dead Pan xi, Will thy queendom all he
hid Meekly under either lid? c 1861 MRS. CHAIK Eiiz. fy
Viet. (1870) 121 Womanhood is higher than queendom. 1877
G. MACDONALD Marquis ofLosiie xl, [The moon] shone out
fair and clear, in conscious queendom of the night.
Queenhood (kwrnhud). [f. as prec. + -HOOD.]
The rank or dignity of a queen ; queenly estate.
1859 TENNYSON Enid 176 She. .with all grace Of woman-
hood and Queenhood, answered him. 1885 MRS. LYNN
LINTON in Fortn. Rev. Nov. 629 Her queenhood was not
real. 1894 RALPH in Harpers Mag. Aug. 338 Thousands
of tiny flowers, over which the wood- violet, the strawberry,
and the arbutus struggle for queenhood.
Queening (kwrnin). Also 5 quenyng, 7
queenen. [? f. QUEEN sb, + -INQ3.] A variety of
apple. Cf. WINTER-QUEENING.
£1430 LYDG. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 15 Eke the frutis
wiche more comon be, Quenyngez, pechis, costardes, etiam
wardens. 1635 QUARLES Embl.v. h. (1818) 262 'Tis not the
lasting deuzan I require, Nor y^et the red-cheeked queening.
1688 R. HOLME Armoury it. iii. 48 The Queening, is a fair
red striped Apple, and beautiful in its Season, being a kind
of Winter Fruit. 1698 M. LISTER Joitm. Paris (1699) 194
It was the White Queenen (or Calvil d'Este) the Stem
of the bigness only of my Thumb. 1879 Miss JACKSON
Shropsh. Word-bit ., Queening^ a fine-flavoured sweet apple,
common in the cider-orchards.
t Quee'nist. Obs. rare. = QUEENITE (applied
to partisans of Mary, Queen of Scots).
1563 WINZET Four Scoir Thre Quest. Wks. 1888 I. 59
Thai wold mok ws on lyke manere, and call ws Kingistis
and Queneistis. 1584 CALDERWOOD in \Vodrow Soc. Misc.
I. 426 In their places entered . . Queenists, such as employed
their witts and force with his Mother against himself.
Quee'nite. [f. QUEEN sb. + -ITE.] One of the
partisans of a queen, esp. of Queen Caroline against
George IV, or of Queen Isabella of Spain against
Don Carlos.
1820 J. JEKYLL Corr. iii. (1894) 106 Fourteen at table ..
mixed of Queenites and Anti-Queenites. 1837 MAJOR
RICHARDSON Brit. Legion v. (ed. 2) 132 The inhabitants of
Vitoria are infinitely more Carlists than Queenites. 1859
DK. BUCKINGHAM Mem. Geo. IV, I. 87 Theodore Hook ..
made the respectable portion of the Queenites heartily
ashamed of their cause.
attrib. 1839 THACKERAY Major Gahagan iii, A troop of
the Queenite lancers [in Spain].
Quee'nless, a. [-LESS.] Having no queen.
1858 Sat. Rev. VI. 29/1 They may learn what happens to
the queenless swarm. 1880 LUBBOCK in Jrnl. Linn. Soc.
XV. 176, I procured a queen, .and put her with some hone_y
in a queenless nest. 1882 Harper's Mag. LXV. 252 Gladis
hung the cage for one day in her queenless hive.
Hence Quee nlessness.
1884 Bee-keeping (Brit. Bee-keepers'1 Assoc.) 26 With me
queenlessness presents the worst of all difficulties.
Quee-nlet. [-LET.] A petty queen.
1833 CARLYLE Diderot in Misc. Ess. (1888) V. 33 The
whole North swarms with kinglets and queenlets of the like
temper. 1899 Month Apr. 429, 1 thought this queenlet
lived among the forest folk.
Quee*nlike, «• [-LIKE.] Like a queen ; ma-
jestic, haughty, etc., as a queen ; queenly.
161* DRAYTON Poiy-olb. x. 117 Istrad likewise hies Unto
the Queen-like Cluyd. 1670 HANNAH WOLLKY (title) The
Queen-like Closet ; or Rich Cabinet stored with all manner
of Rare Receipts. 1828 CARLYLE Misc. (1857) I. 200 With
queenlike indifference she cast it from her hand. 1871
CARLYLE in Mrs. C.'s Lett. II. 310 The most queen-like
woman I had ever known.
Queenliness (kwrnlinea). [f. QUEENLY a. +
-NESS.] The condition or quality of being queenly.
1863 GEO. ELIOT R onto la I. 290 Casting around, as it
were, an odour of queenliness. 1874 GREEN Short Hist.
vij. § 8. 446 If she [Elizabeth] once broke the silence, it was
with a flash of her old queenliness. 1875 BROWNING Inn
Album iv, The lady's proud pale queenliness of scorn.
Queenly (kwnui), a. [f. QUEEN sb. + -LY*.
OE. had cwtnlic in the sense of * feminine '.]
1. Belonging to, appropriate to, a queen.
c 1540 CROMWELL Let. to Hen. VIII in Bumet Rec. (1779)
I. in. 193, 1 answered and said.. that I thought she had a
Queenly manner. 1550 BALE Eng. Votaries n. Diij, He
deprived her of all queenly honour. 1570 FOXE A. fat, I.
546 Whether they shal be eyther of regal, quenely, or im-
perial dignitie. 1849 W. M. W. CULL Reverberations ii. 2
Soon Alcestis . . With a queenlier presence . . Slept forth.
QUEER.
1878 GLADSTONE Print. Homer 133 In the Odyssey Helen
reappears full of queenly dignity.
2. Resembling a queen ; queenlike. Alsoyfy.
1814 Miss MIIFORD Village Ser. i. (1863) 87 That queenly
flower becomes the water. 1854 DORAN Habits % Men 704
Anne of Denmark, .did not look queenly even in Elizabeth's
robes. 1869 FREEMAN Norm. Cong, (1876) III. xi. 33 It had
i brought forth its queenly leaves and its kingly fruit.
Comb. 1871 AMY DUTTON Streets ff Lanes i. 32 A queenly-
looking old lady.
So Queenly adv., in the manner of a queen.
rt 1851 MOIR To a wounded Ptarmigan vi, The wild swan
from the lake, Ice-unfetter 'd oar'd it queenly. 1864 TENNY-
SON Ayhner's FitMi6g Queenly responsive when the loyal
hand Rose . . as she past.
Queeii-mo'ther. [See QDEEN 2 c.]
L A queen dowager who is the mother of the
reigning sovereign.
1577 FRAMPTON Joyfull Newes n. Ixxvi. 43 b He . . did
sende it to kyng Fraunces the seconde, and to the Queene
Mother. 1664-5 PEPYS Diary (1879) III. 106 Mr. Povy
carried me to Somerset House and showed me the Queene-
Mother's Chamber. 1768 H. WALPOLE Hist. Doubts 98
Why was not the queen-mother applied to. -for his support
and education? 1853 MAURICE I'roph. fy Kitigs xi. 177 A
usurpation by the queen-mother for six years follows.
2. A queen who is a mother. Also applied to
a queen-bee, andyf^f.
1602 SHAKS. Ham. ill. i. 190 Let his Queene Mother all
alone intreat him To shew his Greefes. a 1658 CLEVELAND
Myrtle-Grove 9 Clarinda rose .. Like the Queen mother of
the Stars above. 1816 KIRBY & St. Entomol. (1818) II.
xviii. 118 The first fruits of the queen-mother's vernal par-
turition assist her. 1890 Westm. Gaz. 24 May 5/1 For more
than sixty years the Queen-mother has gone in and out
among generations of Windsor people.
3. a. A variety of plum. b. A variety of pear.
1664 EVELYN Kal. Hort. (r 729) 233/2 Plums, . .Saint Julian,
Queen Mother. 1767 J. ABERCROMBIE Ev. Man his tnvti
Gardener (1803) 673 Pears, . . Queen mother, Myrobalan
[etc.]. 1770 FOOTE Lame Lover in. Wks. 1799 II. 86 A da-
mascen plum . . does pretty well indeed in a tart, but ..to
compare it with the queen mother, the padrigons [etc.].
4. attrib., as t queen-mother herb, 'queen's
herb", tobacco (Minsheu Due/or 1617). Obs.
So called after Catherine de Medici, to whom it was sent
by Nicot, then ambassador in Portugal (1559-61).
Quee'ii-post. [Cf. KING-POST.] One of two
upright timbers in a roof-truss, which are framed
above into the rafters and below into the tie-beam,
at points equidistant from its middle or ends.
1823 P. NICHOLSON Pract. Build. 127 The use of the
queen-posts is similar to that of the king-posts ; viz. for fur-
nishing a general support for the principals. 1847 SMEATON
Builder's Man. 72 When the king-post is not thought to be
sufficient to support the pressure . . Queen-posts . . may be
used. 1851 TURNER Dom. Archit. II. iv. 162 This [roof] is
very strong and massive, with tie-beams and queen posts.
attrib. 1836 PARKER Gloss. Archit. (1850) 394 A king-
post roof has one vertical post in each truss, a queen-post
roof has two.
Queenship (kwfnjip). [f. QUEEN sb. + -SHIP.]
1. The dignity or office of a queen.
1536 ANNE BOLEYN in Ld. Herbert Hen. VIII (1683) 447
Neither did I . . forget my self in my exaltation, or received
Queenship. 1648 HERRICK Hesfer., to Julia (1860) 28 For
thy queen-ship on thy head is set Of flowers a sweet com.
mingled coronet. 1848 FABER Sfir. Confer, (i860 146 What
name can we give to a queenship so grand? 1876 J. ELLIS
Cxsar in Egypt 83 Hast thou not saved my State.. And
given me Queenship?
2. The personality of a queen ; (her) majesty.
1603 DRAYTON Heroical Ef. xiii. 107 Y faith her Queene-
ship little Rest should take. 1894 MOTTEUX Rabelais v.
xxii. (1737) 101 We. .thank'd her Queenship. 1767 Woman
of Fashion I. 91 It was my Ladyship, I presume, that put
her in mind of Cleopatra, no Disparagement to her
Queenship.
Queer (kwi°r), a.1 Forms: 6 queir, queyr,
que(e)re, 7 quer, 7- queer. [Of doubtful origin.
Commonlyregarded as a.G.a,iier(MHG.lwer,see THWART),
cross, oblique, squint, perverse, wrongheaded ; but the date
at which the word appears in Sc. is against this, and the
prominent sense does not precisely correspond to any of the
uses of G. yuer. There are few examples prior to 1700.]
1. Strange, odd, peculiar, eccentric, in appear-
ance or character. Also, of questionable character,
suspicious, dubious.
1508 DUNBAR Fly ting 218 Heir cumis our awin queir Clerk.
1513 DOUGLAS Mneis vm. Prol. 43 The cadgear . . Calland
the coljear ane knaif and culroun full queyr. 1550 BALE
Eng. Votaries n. 21 \° Chronycles. .contayne muche more
truthe than their quere legendes. 1598 MARSTON Pygmal.
i. 138 Show thy queere substance, worthlesse, most absurd.
1621 W. YONGE Diary 27 Aug. (Camden) 43 The emperor is
in that quer case, that he is not able to bid battle. 1663
Flagellum or O. Cromwell 109 That the world may see
what queer hypocrites his attendants were. 1712 STEELE
Sfect. No. 474 p 2 Let me be known all at once for a queer
Fellow, and avoided. 1742 RICHARDSON Pamela : III. 224,
I have heard of many queer Pranks among my Bedfordshire
Neighbours. 1840 DICKENS Barn. Rudge xxxix, It was
a queer fancy, .but he was a queer subject altogether. 1870
H. SMART Race fir Wife i. In the queer old room with its
still queerer attempts at decoration.
absol. 1826 SCOTT Woodstock (1894) II. 19 His appear-
ance bordered.. upon what is vulgarly called the queer.
2. Not in a normal condition ; out of sorts ;
giddy, faint, or ill : esp. in phr. to feel (or look)
queer. Also slang: Drunk.
1800 W. B. RHODES Bomb. Fur. i. (1830) 8 We feel our-
selves a little queer. 1826 Sporting Mag. XVIII. 285
Galloping, -with a rummish team, and himself queer. 1848
6
QUEER.
DICKENS Dombty i, I am so very queer that I must ask you
for a glass of wine and a morsel of that cake. 1885 Miss
BRAODON Wyllard"s Weird I. i. 39 That business on the
railway was enough to make any man feel queer.
3. Queer Street : An imaginary street where
people in difficulties are supposed to reside ;
hence, any difficulty, fix, or trouble, bad circum-
stances, debt, illness, etc. slang.
1837 LYTTON E. Maltrav. iv. vii, You are in the wrong
box — planted in Queer Street, as we say in London. 1865
DICKENS Mat. Fr. in. i, Queer Street is full of lodgers just
at present. 1886 STEVENSON Dr. Jekyll t. (ed. 2) it The
more it looks like Queer Street, the less I ask.
4. Comb., as queer-looking, -shaped, -tempered.
iSas J. NEAL Brn. Jonathan 1 1. 171 A little, modest, queer-
looking brown girl. 1838 DICKENS Nick. Nick, x, You are
the longest-headed, queerest-tempered, old coiner of gold
and silver there ever was. 1891 1 . HARDY Tea (1900) 105/1
The queer-shaped flints.
Queer, «.2 Thieve? cant. Forms : 6 quyer,
quyre, 6-7 quire, quyre, 7 queere, 9 queer.
[Of obscure origin: in later use (from c 1700)
identified in form with prec., and perh. associated
with it in meaning.] Bad; worthless.
The exact sense varies with the sb. j for a list of the common-
est phrases, as queer bird, buffer, bung, cole, etc. see the Diet.
Cant. Creia (a 1700). Cf. also the sbs., as CUFFIN, CULL,
etc. In quot. 1561 there may be an allusion to fuire choir.
1561 AWDELAY Frat. Yacab. (1869) 4 A Quire bird is one
that came lately out of prison. 1567 HARMAN Caveat (1869)
84 To ctitte quyre ivhyiides, to geue euell wordes or euell
languages. 1609 DEKKER Lanth. f, Candle Lt. Ciijb, To
the quier cuffing we bing. 1641 BROMR Jovial Crew iv. ii.
Wks. 1873 III. 431 The Quire Cove and the Harmanbeck.
a 1700 B. E. Diet. Cant. Crnv, Oueere, base, Roguish,
naught. i8» J. H. VAUX Flash Diet., Queer-tail, Persons
of no repute, hired to bail a prisoner in any bailable case.
[1865 DICKENS Mut. Fr. in. i, Concerning that bill-broking
branch of the business. .. What queer bills are to be bought,
and at what prices ':]
b. as sb. : Bad money ; base coin.
i8» J. H. VAUX Flash Diet.
Queer (kwl<u), v. slang, [f. QUEER a.l or a.2]
1. trans, a. To quiz or ridicule ; to puzzle, b.
To impose on, swindle, cheat.
1790 By-Stamler 343 Young rascals, who are telling you . .
Br. Grins, Two Parsons Ixviii, A shoulder-knotted puppy,
with a grin, Queering the threadbare curate, let him in.
1819 BORROW Wand. Children in W. J. Knapp Lift I. 64
Well, we have tramped the roads, and queered Full many
a sharp and flat.
2. To spoil, put out of order.
iSu J. H. VAUX Flash Diet. 1818 Sforting Mag. II. 189
His ogles were queered . . and his head was dunned. 1884
G. MOORE Mummer's Wife (1887) 190 All they [the chorus]
dared do they did lo ' queer ' her Scene.
3. To put (one) out ; to make (one') feel queer.
1845 W. CORY Lett. * Jrnls. (1897) 34 Hallam was rather
queered (it not being in his line to do anything so con-
spicuousi. 1894 Outing (U. S.) XXIV. 362/2 It queered me
to think what would happen if they were to lose foothold.
Hence Quee'rer, one who queers.
iSiaCoLMAN Br. Grins, Two Parsons Ixxxv, These wooden
wits, these quizzers, queerers, smokers.
Queer, obs. form of quere QUAERE, QUIRE.
Queer(e, obs. forms of CHOIB sb.
\ Queering, ? syncopated f. kevering COVERING.
1688 R. HOLME Armoury IIL 261/2 Queering is the cover-
ing of a Wall . . new built, that Rain drive not into it.
Queerish (kwis-rij), a. Also 8 quear-. [f.
QUEEK a.l + -ISH.] Somewhat queer.
. : queerish. 1819
SHELLEY Peter Bell n. vi, He called the ghost .. It had
a queerish look. 1846 LANDOR Exam. Shaks. Wks. II. 274,
I myself did feel queerish and qualmy.
Hence Quee rishuess.
1805 RAMSAY Scoll. I; Scotsmen in i8//5 C. (Allardyce,
18881 I. 382 The queerishness of his countenance.
Queerister, obs. form of CHORISTER.
Queerity (kwi»-riti). Also 8 que(a)r-. [f.
QUEER <z.i + -ITY.] Queerness, oddity.
1711 STEELE Sped. No. 17 F 3 No Person .. shall be
admitted without a visible Quearity in his Aspect, or
peculiar Cast of Countenance. 1710-1 Lett. fr. Mist's Jrnl.
(1722) II. 303 When I survey the Querity of thy Aspect.
a 1849 POE Marginalia Wks. 1864 III. 555 The pages have
now and then a typographical queerity. 1880 BLACKMORE
Mary Antrley II. 146 York city, teeming .. with most
delightful queerities.
Queerk, obs. form of QUIRK sb.
Queer ly (kwi<>Mli), arfz/.i [f. QUEER al + -LT 2.]
Strangely, oddly.
1707 HEARNE Collect. 16 Apr. (O. H. S.) II. 6 [He] liv'd
querely. 1714 in Somers Tracts (1748) I. 387 The Earl
looked q^ueerly. 1790 MAD. D'ARBLAY Diary 6 May,
A sister-in-law of the queerly celebrated Miss Monckton.
1864 SIR F. PALCRAVE Norm, tj Eng. IV. 395 Names.,
queerly inappropriate.
t Quee-rly, adv? Obs. Cant. [f. QUEER a. 2]
In a bad or rascally manner.
a 1700 B. E. Diet. Cant. Crew s. v. Queere, ffaw Queerely
the Cull Touts, how roguishly the Fellow looks.
Queerness (kwl»-jnes). [f. QUEER a.i +
-NESS.] Strangeness (f reluctance) ; queer ways,
condition, etc. Also, an instance of this.
42
1687 Br. TRELAWNY in T. Papers Camden Misc. (1853) II.
19 There seemed a greate querenesse in them to the signing
of it. 1748 RICHARDSON Clarissa (i8ir) IV. 171 Queernesses
I could not away with. 1811-30 LD. COCKBURN Mem. 54 The
boys stared at him for his queerness. 1879 ATCHERLEY Trip
Boerland 43 Six or eight Joxen] were lying dead, and the
whole, .were showing unmistakable signs of queerness.
Queest (kw/st). Forms: a. 5 quysht(e,
quyste, quisle, 7, 9 quist, quoist, (7 eoist), 8
quiest, 9 quest, queist, 7- queest. ft. 7 quees,
quiese, 8-9 queece, 9 queeze, quice, quoiee,
etc. [ME. quishl, ?for *cusht, var. of CUSHAT
(OE. cuscote, -sceote) by elision of the second
vowel. Still current in western dialects.] The
ring-dove, wood-pigeon.
a. c 1410 Pallad. on Husb. i. 758 So hoot is no donge Of
foul as of the dowue, a quyshte out take. (-1430 Two
Cookery-bks. 8 Take quystes, an stoppe hem wyth-in wyth
hole peper. 1598 SYLVESTER Du Bartas I. v. 713 The
grizel Quoist. 1601 HOLLAND Pliny I. 342 Coists or Stock-
doues. 1611 CcnGR.,Paavier,n Ringdoue, Queest, Coushot,
Woodculuer. 1800 Genii. Mag. I. 106 The ring-dove or
quiest. 1843 Zoologist 1. 213 Hiding himself in a barn,
waiting for 'queests'. 1860 WHYTE MELVILLE Holmby
House II. iii. 29 The quest's soft, plaintive lullaby. 1870
M. COLLINS Vivian II. iii. 35 As pensive as a quoist.
attrib. 1653 URQUHART Rabelais n. xxvii, The homes of
a roebuck, .the feet of foure queest-doves.
ft. 1688 R. HOLME Armoury n. 244/2 The Stock Dove..
U also termed by us a Quees or Quiese. 188* W. Wore.
Gloss., Queece. 189$ Bham Weekly Post 16 Feb. 4/8
A wood-pigeon, or ' quice ', as it is commonly called.
collect. 1896 Westm. Gaz. 12 May 4/1 Sitting with his
gun waiting for quoice. The quoice were disappointing.
Queet, var. COOT sb.-, ankle-joint. Queethe,
var. QUETHE v. Queeziness, obs. f. QUEASI-
NESS. Queff, Quegh, varr. QUAIGH. Quehen,
obs. f. WHEN. Quehte, obs. pa. t. of QUETCH v.
Queich, var. QUAIOH, QUEACH. Queif, obs. Sc.
f. COIP. Queijte, obs. pa. t. of QUETCH v.
t Quermish, a. (also 5 qweymows), obs. var.
SQUEAMISH, q.v. Hence Quei'mishly adv.
a 1485 Promf. Pan. 419/2 (MS. S.) Qweymows, infra in
skeymowse, or sweymows, al'hominativus. 1594 CHAP-
MAN Shadmu Night, Ded. Aij, They queimishlie commende
it for a pretie toy.
Queine, obs. f. QUEAN, QUEEN. Queint, obs.
f. QUAINT a. ; obs. pa. pple. of QUENCH ; var.
QUENT v. Queintise, etc. : see QUAINT-. Queir,
obs. Sc. f. CHOIR. Queist, var. QUEEST. Queit,
obs. f. QUOIT sb. Queite, obs. pa. t. of QUETCH v.
Queith : see QUETHB sb. and v.
tQuek, queke. Obs. rare. [Of obscure
origin.] A chequer or chess-board; some game
played on this. Also Queke-board.
[1376 in Riley Lottd. Mem. (1868) 395 A pair of tables on
the outside of which was painted a chequer-board that is
called a 'quek'. The complainants played with the de-
fendant N icholas at quek. ] 1426 LVDG. DC Gitil. Pilgr. 1 1 108
Rede . . On .thyng that ys nat worth a lek ; Pleye at the
keyles & the quelc. 1477 Act 17 Edw. IV, c. 3 Diversez
. , .
novelx ymaginez jeuez appellez Cloishe Kaylez half kewle
Hondyn & Hondoute & Quekeborde. a 1500 in Freeman
Exeter (1887) 161 Yongpeple. .within the said cloUtrehave
exercised unlawful games as the toppe, queke, penny prykke.
Quek, var. of QUECK z>.i Obs.
Quek(e, obs. forms of QUICK.
t Queke, int. Obs. rare-1. [Cf. Du. kweken to
quack.] An imitation of the note of a goose.
c 1381 CHAUCER Par/. Foules (Harl. MS.) 594 $a queke
yit saide the goos ful wele & faire.
Queken, -yn, obs. forms of QUICKEN v.
Queich (.kwelf, -tj), v. rare. Also 7 quelsh.
[Related to SQUELCH as quash, quat to squash,
squat.'} intr. and trans. To squelch.
(1883) 210 With the water quelching in his boots. 1896
A. J. C. HARE Life II. x. 277 Any good opinion of me ..
was quelched by my want of admiration.
Queldepoynte : see QUILTPOINT.
t Quele, v. Obs. [OE. ewelait = OS. quelan
to die a violent death (MDu. quelen to suffer, be
ill), OHG. quelen (MHG. queln) :-OTeut. "kivel-
an from root *kivel- : see QUELL v.] To die.
c looo Sajvn LeeM. III. 272 Swa swa fixas cwelaS jyf
hi of waetere beoS. ^1175 Lamb. Ham. in Du gederast
mare & mare, & men cwela8 on hungre. c 1105 LAY. 31815
MorO wes iwur5en ; quelen ba eorles, quelen ba beornes
[etc.], a 1150 Prov. jElfreii 155 in O. E. Misc. 112 pat he
may. .god iqueme er he quele.
Quele, obs. north, form of WHEEL.
t Quelet, quylet(e. Obs. rare. [a. OF. cueil-
lete, cuillette, etc.: see CULET!.] A gathering,
collection ; congregation.
138* WYCLIF Lea. xxiii. 36 It is forsothe of companye, and
of quelet. — Dent. xvi. 8 The quylet of the Lord thi God.
I4« tr. Secreta Secret. Priv. Priv. vii. 136 There shall
noone quylete of auere, ne no hepe of tresure .. make his
roialme ayeyne come.
Quelk-chose, var. quelque-chose KICK-SHAW.
Quell (kwel), sbl rare. [f. QCELL v.l] Slay-
ing, slaughter ; power or means to quell.
c uxoAnturs ofArth. 49 (Douce MS.) Withe gret questes
and quelles Bothe in frethes and felles. 1543 GRAFTON
Contn. Harding 518 Through al the tyme of hys vsurped
QUELLER.
reygne neuer ceased theyre quel, murder, death & slaughter.
1605 SHAHS. Macb. i. vii. 72 His spungie Officers, .shall beare
the guilt Of our great quell. 1818 KEATS Enrlynt. n. 537
Awfully he stands, A sovereign quell is in his waving hands.
Quell, sb.* rare-', [a. G. quelle spring: cf.
QUELL v.-~\ A spring, fountain.
1894 'G.EcERTON ' Discords 213 She was . .the quell of living
waters out of which he drew fresh strength for new lays.
Quell (kwel), v.i Forms: i cwellan, (ewoel-
lan), 3 ewelle, -enn ; 3-4 quelleu, (5 qvellyn),
3-5 quelle, 5 qwell(e, whell(e, 4, 6 quel, 4-
quell. Pa. t. I cwealde, 3 qualde, quolde, (//.
cwelden, cwaldenn, qualden), 3-4 queld(e;
4- quelled, (4 -id, 6 Sc. -it, -yt). Pa. pple. 3
i-queld, 4 quelt, 6 queld, 4- quelled, (5 -et).
[OE. civilian — OS. qtiellian (MDu. quellen, Du.
kwellen), OHG. quellen, chellen (MHG. quellen
queln, etc. G. qudlen), ON. kvelja (Sw. qviilja,
Da. kvsele) :— OTeut. *kwaljan> causative from the
root /nual- : see QUALE, QUELE.]
1. trans. To kill, slay, put to death, destroy
(a person or animal). Now rare or Obs. (in later
use associated with sense 3).
£897 K. ALFRED Gregory's Past. xlv. 342 Swelce hwa
wille blotan a«em fxder. .hitMtn beam, & hit Sonne ewelle
beforan his ea;um. c loco J*LFRIC Exod. xxix. 16 ponne
bu hine cwelst, bu nymst his blod. c i*>5 LAY. 1752 Heo
qualden \c 1275 cwelden] ba Frensce alle ba heo funden.
c 1150 Death 14 in O. E. Misc. 168 pe feond (>enche3 iwis be
sawle forto ewelle [». r. quelle]. fijso Will. Palerne 179
Briddes & smale bestes wtb his bow he quelles. a 1400-50
Alexander 1307 He. .Bretens doun all be bild & be bernys
quellis [v.r. whellis]. 1:1510 BARCLAY Mirr. Go". Manners
(1570) D vj, If he be much cruell which doth his body quell
Who killeth his owne soule is much more cruell. 1598
HAKLUYT Voy. I. 20 Like barbarous miscreants, they
quelled virgins vnto death. 1658 J. JONES Ovid's Ibis 93
my just defence.
absol. 1197 R. GLOUC. (Rolls) 885 pis king, .bigan berne
& quelle. 1590 SHAKS. Mids. N. v. i. 292 O Fates. .Quaile,
crush, conclude, and quell.
fb. To dash out, knock down. (Cf. KILL v.
i.) Obs. rare.
c 1374 CHAUCER Tnylus IV. 18 (46) They fyghte . . And with
here axes out be braynes quelle. 1538 STEWART Cron. Scot.
1. 636 With mony knok the Romanes doun tha quell, a 1550
Christis Kirke Gr. xxi, The carlis with clubbis coud udir
quell Quhyle blude at breistis out bokkit.
C. To kill, destroy (a plant), rare — 1.
1778 [W. MARSHALL] Minutes Agric. 6 June 1775 A dry
summer, no doubt, quells the roots.
2. To destroy, put an end to, suppress, extin-
guish, etc. (a thing or state of things, esp. a bad
or disagreeable one, a feeling, disposition, etc.).
l3..Gaw. «, Gr. Knt. 751 pat syre bat .. was borne oure
baret to quelle. a 1400 Ipotis 334 in Horstm. Altengl. Leg.
(1881) 345 He wente to helle, pe fendes pouste for to quelle.
1591 SHAKS. T-uto Gent. iv. ii. 13 All her sodaine quips, The
least whereof would quell a louers hope. 1650 FULLER
Pisgah n. iv. 103 Here some Commentators being not able
to quell, never raise this objection. 1678 Trans. Crt. Spain
25 This light punishment quelled all the false reports. 1725
DE FOE Yoy. round World (1840) 342 The captain quelled
this mutiny. 1781 GIBBON Decl. * F. xxxi. III. 249 An in.
defatigable ardour, which could neither be quelled by ad-
versity, nor satiated by success. 1831 LANDER Adv. Niger
II. xii. 181 We soon succeeded in quelling their fears. 1868
FREEMAN Norm. Cong. (1876) II. vuL 173 All opposition was
quelled by fire and sword.
3. To crash or overcome (a person or thing) ; to
subdue, vanquish, reduce to subjection or sub-
mission ; f to force down to.
1570 Satir. Poems Reform, xxiii. 124 Thay did comfort vs,
And maid vs fre quhen strangers did vs quell. 1610 HEALEY
St. Aug. City of God 650 Pompey the great quelled them
first, and made them tributaries to Rome. 1645 MILTON
Tetrach. Wks. (1847) 178/1 (Gen. i. 27) The want of this
quells_ them to a servile sense of their own conscious un-
worthiness. 1748 GRAY Alliance 91 With side-long plough
to quell the flinty ground. i838TmRLWAiLGr«« IV. xxxni.
320 It might enable him to quell the revolted Egyptians.
1868 FREEMAN Norm. Com;. (1876) II. viii. 297 The energy
of William had thus thoroughly quelled all his foes.
absol. 1853 C. BRONTE Villette xv, He quelled, he kept
down when he could.
1 4. intr. = QUAIL v. 2, QUEAL v. Obs.
"579 SPENSER Sheph. Col. Mar. 8 Winters wrath beginnes
to quell [gloss, to abate], a 1599 — F. Q. vn. vii 42 Then
came old January, wrapped well . , Yet did he quake and
quiver, like to quell. 1616 SL-'RFL. & MARKH. Country Fartne
114 Where ten thousand haue died for want of this exercise,
not one hath quelled which hath beene vsed in this manner.
Hence Quelled ppl. a.
13. . Caw. «r Gr. Knt. 1324 Quykly of be quelled dere
a querre' bay maked. 1821 JOANNA BAILLIE Metr. Leg.,
Wallace iii, Her quell'd chiefs must tamely bear From brag-
gart pride the taunting jeer.
Quell, v* rare. [In first quot. app. repr. an
OK. "cwellan = OS., OHG. quellan : in second
quot. a. G. quellen.] intr. To well out, flow.
1340 Ayenb. 248 pe welle eurelestinde bet alneway kuel?
and fayly ne may. 1863 K|NGSLEY Water.Bnb. i, Out of
a low cave.. the great fountain rose, quelling and bubbling.
Queller (kwe-bj). [OE. cwellewO'K. kvel-
jari: see QUELL z>.l and -EH '.] One who quells,
in senses of the vb.
Freq. as a second element in combs., e. g. boy-, child-,
dfril-t giant-, titanqueller.
QUELLING.
fooo tr. Bxffas Hist. \. vii. (1890) 38 Se sylfa cwellere Se
hine slean sceoide. cxooo Ags. Gosp. Mark vi. 27 Se
cinincg.-sendeaenne cwellere. c izoo.V. Eng. Leg. I. 37/116
(To] losie >e quellare he was bi-take. 1388 WYCLIF Tobit
hi. tjThousleeresse \v,r, quellerejofthinhosebondis. c 1520
BARCLAY Jugurtha (ed. 2) 48 The ioye of the quellars and
murderers. 1671 MILTON P. R. iv. 633 Hail Son of the most
High. .Queller of Satan. 1804 W. TAYLOR in Ann, JFtfP.lI.
219 The promoters and quellers of the Wexford insurrection.
1881 SEELKY Bonaparte in Afacm. Mag. XLIV. 168/2 The
queller of Jacobinism . . Bonaparte.
Quelling (kwe-lirj), vbl. sb. [f. QUELL ^.1 +
-ING *.] The action of the vb. QUELL.
i»07 R. GLOUC. (Rolls) 5996 Brenningge & robberye &
quefhnge. 1513 DOUGLAS /D«*M xni. iii. 116 All the fludis
walxynreid. .Ofmannisquelling. x6o3OwEN Pembrokeshire
(1891) 91 The fallinge of the earth and the quellinge of the
poore people. 1641 HINDK ?". Bnien xlv. 143 The killing or
(liicllin^ of many noysome lusts. 1779 HERVEY Nav. Hist,
II. 97 The quelling of Tyrone's rebellion.
Quelling (kwe'lirj), ppl. a. [f. as prec. +
-ING ^.] That quells, in senses of the vb.
1581 T. HOWELL Denises (1879) 211 Through quelling cares
lhat threat my woful wrack. 1603 CAREW Cornwall 125 b,
The imaginary Prince receiued a quelling wound in his head.
1641 MILTON Ch. Govi. \\. iii, The heaviest and most quelling
tyranny. 1894 MRS. H. WARD Marcella I. 124 Lord Max-
well had written him a quelling letter.
t Que'llio. Obs. [ad. Sp. cuello neck, collar
:— L. collum neck.] A Spanish ruff. Also attrib.
1631 MASSINGER City Madam iv. iv, Your Hungerland
bands, and Spanish quellio ruffs. 1633 SHIRLEY Triumph
Peace 9, I ha' scene.. Baboones in Quellios, and, so forth.
1638 FORD Lady's Trial ii. i, Our rich mockado doublet,
With our cut cloth-of-gold sleeves, and our quellio.
tQuelm, v. Obs. [OE. cwtfman, cwitfman
( = OS. quelmian once in Hel.), f. cwealm QUALM.]
trans. To torment ; to kill, destroy.
c8ag Vesp. Psalter xxxvi. ii Denedon bo^an his. .3aet hie
cwaelmen 5a rehtheortan. 971 Blickl. Horn. 63 Judas nu
is cwylmed . . on J«em ecum witum. a 1300 E. E. Psalter
xxxvi. 14 He bent his bowe . . bat he . . quelm rightwis of hert.
Hence f Que'lmer, a destroyer. Obs.
1:14x5 LYDG. Assembly of Gods 709 Quelmers of chyldren,
with fornycatours.
f Quelme, obs. variant of WHELM.
1647 H. MORE SongofSonl i. i. xxv, So School-boyes do
aspire With coppella hat to quelme the Bee.
Quelp, obs. f. WHELP. Quelque-chose :
see KICKSHAW. Quelt, obs. f. KILT sb.
t Queme, sb. Obs, Also 2-3 cweme, 5 wheme.
[App. subst. use of next.] Pleasure, satisfaction,
Chiefly in phr. to queme^ so as to please or satisfy ;
also, to take to queme, to accept.
c 1175 Lamb, Horn. 23 Ne bu ne imjt beon wel iscrifen god
almihti to cweme. (11300 Cursor M. 1064 (Gott.) Godd
toke to queme his sacrefis. c 1330 R. BRUNNE Chron. Wace
(Rolls) 2018 Of alle scheo was most til his queme. a 1400
Minor Poems fr. Vernon AfS. 624/444, 1 was cros to monnes
quemus. c 1460 Towneley Myst. vii. 62 Thou shall .. serue
to wheme God with all thi hart.
Queme, #• Obs. exc. north, dial. Forms:
a. 3 cweme, 3-5 queme, 4-5 quern, 5 qwem(e,
6 queeme, 7-8 Sc. quim, 9 Sc, queem. 0. north.
5 wheme, 7 wheeme, 7-9 wheam, wheem, 8-9
whim, 9 weam, weme. [ME. cweme, queme, repr.
OE. *€wc'tne (cf. cw&nan, cwjmnes), or zecwjme
I-QUEME = ON. kvsem-r (MSw. qvani) : cf. OJKG.
piqitdmi (MHG. bequxme^ G. bequem = MDu.
bequame* Du. bekwaatit}. The stem kw&mi-
belongs to the ablaut -series of the vb. COMB,: for
the sense cf. Goth gaqimip it is fitting, Eng.
BECOME v. 7 ff., and L. convening
1 1. Pleasing, agreeable, acceptable to a person.
(In early use with dat. of person.) Obs.
c iioo ORMIN 466 He wass . . god prest & Godd full cweme.
c 1200 Trin. Coll. Horn. 63 pat me is quemere bat unbmdeS
be bendes of wiSerfulnesse. c 1250 Gen. <$• Ex. 3764 Dan
sulde we . . sen Quilc gure sal god quemest ben. 1x1300
Cursor M. 26559 f° deme quic and ded als him es queme.
c 1375 Sc. Leg: Saints \. (Katharine) 29 Quha sacrifice mad
till hym quern. £1460 Toivneley Myst. i. 42 This warke to
me is queme.
b. Of pleasing appearance ; specious; beautiful,
fair ; neat, tidy.
a 1300 Cursor M. 28128, I ..sayd my scryft wit wordes
queme (>at my syn be lesse huld seme. 13.. E. E. Allit.
P. B. 1178 Me payed ful ille to be outfleme . . Fro alle bo
sy)tcz so quykez & queme. c 1400 Destr. Troy 6203 The
whelis full wheme, all of white aumber. t 1450 Mirour
Saluadoun 2892 A newe grave fulle qweme. iX&^Altiiondb,
•V H ttff tiers/. Gloss. , Weant^ uwnet .. tidy ..'A nice little
weme packet*.
C. dial. Closed against or protected from the
vind, snug ; unruffled, smooth.
1674-91 RAY N.'C. Words^ Wlieam^ ivkeem, near, close,
so as no wind can enter it. 1820 Marmaiden rf Clyde in
Whitelaw Bk. Sc. Ballads (1874) 93/2 Whan the year
grown auld brings winter cauld We flee till our ha's sae
queem. 18x4 MACTAGGART Gallovid. Encycl. (1876) 391
Dream _that the ocean's queem.
2. Fit, fitting, suitable ; convenient, handy ;
near at hand, close. Const, to or dative.
((1300 Cursor M. 8734 Sai me nuquat yow thine queme.
Ibid. 8809 PC tre was als mete and quern, Als animan bar-to
cuth deme. a, 1400-50 Alexander 5078 [A way] |?at to be
marche of Messedone was him mast qweme. 157° LEVINS
Manip. 60/15 Queeme, aryttus, compar. 1674-91 RAY N.-C.
ords^ IMeaw, whcetti^ , . very handsome and convenient
r one, 1812 T. WILKINSON Death of Roger in Gilpiu
43
Poetry Cuml'trt. 206 How wheem to Matty's elbow draws
his chair. 1882 Lancasli. Gloss. , Whtcm, handy, convenient.
3. Of persons : t &• Friendly or well-disposed
(to), intimate (with). Obs.
c 1335 llfctr. Horn. 20 That he be til us quern that day.
c 1400 Destr. Troy 1763 To qwit claym all querels, & be
qweme fryndes. c 1440 Botit; Flor. 145 They lefte a purges
feyre and whcme, All ther schyppys for to yeme. a 1687
M' WARD Contend. 262 (Jam.) They shall fall . . into an
intimacy with the malignant enemies to the work of God,
and grow quim and co.sh with them. 1731 Plain Reasons
Presoyt. Dissent. 53 Quim and cosh with them.
b. Quiet, still, etc.
c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints v. (John) 324 Sa bu wil bis folk mak
quern . . 1 sal sone consent bar-to. 1873 S-waledale Gfoss.,
Wheel", smooth, demure, still, slyly quiet, mock-modest.
1883 Almondb. fr Huddersf. Gloss,, Weam or Weme, quiet
. . ' A weme woman in a house is a jewel '.
f C. Skilled, clever ; smart, active. Obs, rare.
c 1400 Destr. Troy 4202 Who is now so qweme or qwaint
of his wit, That couthe mesure our might. 1611 COTGR.,
Adroit,. . Handsome, nimble, wheeme, readieor quicke [etc.).
1 4. As adv. — QUEMELY. Obs. rare.
c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints vi. (Thomas) 180 And 36 be bidding
5eme of be arxjstil wel & queme. 1513 DOUGLAS j*Eneis IX.
xii. 6 He thristis to the levys of the jet, And closit queym
the entre.
t Queme, v. Ois. Forms: I cw6man, 3
cweme(n, -enn ; 2-3 quemen, (4-5 -yn), 3-6, 8
queme, (4 quern, quime, kueme), 5-6 queeme,
(5 Q^-) ! 3-5 qweme, (5 qwh-, wh-). fa. t.
1 quemde, 1-3 owemde, 3 owemmde, quern-,
quamede, 4 quemed, (5 -et, 6 Sc. -it). Pa.
pple. 3 ewemedd, owemmd, 3-5 quemed, (5
-yd). [OE cwtman ( =gecw£man I-QUEME v.)
{. (£e)cw(me adj. ; see prec. and cf. MSw. gvdmma,
qvemma, G. bequemen (f. bequem adj.).]
1. Of persons : To please, gratify (another, esp.
a superior) ; to act so as to please (one). Orig.
const, with dat. or to, later with objective case.
a 750 Blickl. Glosses 13 in O.E. Texts 123 Conplacebatn,
quemde. £897 K. /ELFRED Gregory's Past. xix. 146 Daet ic
inonnum cweine & Hcige. c 1175 Lamb. Horn. 67 ?ef bu bus
dost, .bu quelnest god. £1250 Gait, ff Ex. 1380 Him..\Vi5
watres drinc ghe quemede wel. 1340 Ayenb. 26 To. .do bet
kuead, uor to kueme kuead-liche to be wordle. c 1374
CHAUCER Troylns v. 695 My fader nyl . . do me grace . . for
ought I kan hym queme. 1496 Dives ff Paup. (W. de W.)
vin. xiv. 342/1 We haue not gyuen hym ne wherwith to
?ueme hym but that we take of hym. [1530 PALSGR. 676/2,
tjutwe, . . This worde is nowe out of use.]
absol. c 1275 Moral Ode 96 in O. E. Misc., Hwat schulle
we beren vs bi-voren ; Mid hwan schulle we queme. a 1300
E. E. Psalter lii. 6 God skatered banes of ba Unto men fat
qwemes swa,
2. Of things : a. To please, to be acceptable or
agreeable to (a person). Const, as prec.
a 1000 Sal. fj Sat. (Gr.) 165 Naeni^ man scile oft oroances
ut abredan waspnes ecsje, Seah Se him se wlite cweme.
a 1225 After. R. 338 Seruises inedde ne cwemeS nout ure
Louerde. 1:1330 R. BRUNNE Citron. lYace (Rolls) 578 Jty
dom vs alle quemes. 1390 GOWER Conf. II. 273 Every newe
love quemeth To him which newefongel is. 1447 BOKENHAM
Seyntys (Roxb.) 196 Tyl it hym queme To returnyn ageyn.
a 1500 How the good wife etc. in Hazlitt E. P. P. I. 188
A dede wele done herte it whemyth. 1579 SPENSER Sheph.
Cal. May 15 Such merimake holy Saints doth queme \gloss.
please). 1602 DAVISON Rhapsody (1611) 53 Like peerlesse
pleasures wont us for to queeme.
b. To be suitable or fining far. rare—1.
c 1400 Destr. Troy 3404 Paris . . Worshippit bat worthy in
wedys full riche As qwemet for a qwene.
3. trans. To satisfy, appease, mitigate, rare.
c 1250 Gen. ff Ex. 408 Swilc tiding Shugte adam god, And
sumdel quemeS it his seri mod. Ibid. 978 At a welle quemede
hire list. 1430-40 LVDG. Bochas (1494) i. xxiii. 125 All the
worlde outcneth of vs tweyn Whos hatful ire by vs may
nat be quemyd.
4. To join or fit closely. Sc. rare.
»Spi DOUGLAS Pal. Hon. ill. Ixvii, And thame [the stones]
coniunctlie ionit fast and quemit. 1808-80 JAMIESON, To
Qtteem, to fit exactly; as, to queem the mortice, or joint
in wood. Upp. Lanarks.
5. To slip in. rare~°.
1727 BAILEY vol. II, To Qitetne, as to queme a Thing into
one's Hand, to put it in privately.
Hence f Quemed ppl. a. ; t Quo-ruing vbl. sb.
c 1250 Gen. ff Ex. 86 Til ihesus crist fro helle nam His
quemed wid cue and adam. a 1300 E. E. Psalter cxlvi. 10
Noght . . in schines of man queming bes him tille. 1340
Ayenb. 26 pe ilke ssame comb of kueade kuemynge. c 1440
Promp. Parv. 420/1 Qwemynge, or peesynge, paciftcacio.
t Que'meful, a. Obs. Also quemful(l,
qwem-, qweemeful. [f. QUEME sb. + -FUL.]
Pleasing, pleasant, agreeable; kind, gracious.
11340 HAMPOLE Psalter, Cant. 495 Dwelland out tharof.
psalme is noght quemeful til ihu crist. 1388 WYCLIF Job
xxxiii. 26 God. .scnal be quemeful to hym.
Hence t Qae'mefully adv. Obs. rare —'.
c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints i. (Katharine) 1204 To leyd cure
lyflf sa quemfully till hyme, bat we ma cum. .to bat loy.
Que'mely, "di>, ? Obs. Also 5 qwem-, 8
wheem-, whim-, 9 queem-. [f. QUEME a. +
-LY2. Cf. MSw. (/vat/ieHlta.] In a pleasing,
agreeable, or becoming manner; neatly, gently,
smoothly, etc.
t 1380 WVCLIF Serin. Sel. Wks. II. 361 No bing is more
resonable ban to quemely serve God. £1400 Destr. Troy
11783 The golde was all gotyn,& the grete sommes. .qwemly
to-gedur. c 1475 RnnfCoityar 684 The flure..couerlt full
dene, Cuinmand fra the Cornellis closand quemely. 1703
QUENCH.
THORF.SBY Lei. to Ray (E.D.S.), Wheemly. neatly. 1788
W. MARSHALL Yorksh. Gloss. (E.D.S.), Whimly, softly,
silently, or with little noise. 1824 MACTAGGART Gallovid.
Eucyct. s.v. Queem, ' The gled glides queemly alang ' ; the
kite glides smoothly along.
So f Que'meness, pleasure, satisfaction. Obs. rare.
C900 tr. Bantu's Hist. i. xvi. [xxvii.] (1890) 82 Cwernnis
uncysta. c 1200 Trin. Coll. Horn. 55 Ne muge we noht
singe be blissfulle songes. .gode to quemnesse.
Quen, obs. form of QUEEH, WHEW.
Quence, obs. form of QUENCH, QUINCE.
Quench, obs. variant of QUINCB.
Quench, sb. rare. [f. the vb.] The act of
quenching ; the state or fact of being quenched.
1529 MORE Dyaloge n. Wks. 184/1 [To] lye and smolder
as coles doth in quenche. 1546 J. HEYWOOD Prox>. (1867) 9
A whyle kepe we in quenche All this Case, c 1611 CHAPMAN
Iliad xix. 365 A harmfull fire let runne .. none came To
giue it quench. 1818 T. BROWN in Welsh Life vi. (1825) 389
The quench Of hope . . Made even the ghastly change . .
Seem ghastlier.
Quench, (kwenj), v. Forms : 3 Orm. cwenn-
kenn, 3-5 quenohen, 3-6 quenche, 4- quench,
(also 4-5 qwench, whench, 5 quynche, 6
quence, -she, 7 quensh). Pa. t. 3 cwen(ch)te,
quein(c)te, 5 queynte, 6 qwent ; 4- quenched
(4-5 -id, -yd), fa. pple. 3 Orm. cwenukedd,
(-enn), 4 ykuenct (-Jt), -quenct, 4-5 (i)queynt,
(5 yqueynte), 4-6 queint, quaynt, 6 quent ;
4- quenched (4-5 -id, 5 -yd). [Early ME.
civenken, quenchen :— OE. *cwpican (cf. dcwettcan
AQUENCH) : — *cwancjan, causative form corre-
sponding to the strong vb. cwincan (acuuincan)
to go out, be extinguished = Fris. kwinka (see
QUINKLE): cf. drench, drink, .]
I. trans. 1. To put out, extinguish (fire, flame,
or light, lit. or Jig.}, f Also with out. Now rhet.
a izoo Marat Ode 249 pet fur . . ne mei nawiht hit quenchen.
c laoo ORMIN 10126 Waterr hafebb mahht To sleckenn fir &
cwennkenn. c 1320 Cast. Love 1708 Fyre that may not be
queynte.. 1340 Ayenb. 186 Huanne hit faileb, J»et uer is
y.kuenct. 1387 TREVISA Higden (Rolls) I. 119 ?if be li^t is
i-queynt, it duppeb doun and dryncheb. 1481 CAXTON
Myrr. in. xiii. 161 In one day alle the fyre thurgh out
Rome faylled and was quenchid. 1581 RICH Farcvi., I
. . will not . . extinguishe or quence the flames of so fervent
and constaunte a love. 1604 E. G[RIMSTONE] D' Acosta's
Hist. Indies in. viii. 142 Greene wood . .smoakes most when
the flame is quenched. i«aa MASSINGER & DEKKER Virg.
Mart. n. iii, O ! my admired mistress, quench not out The
holy fires within you. 1713 BERKELEY Guardian No. 35
r 5 He had almost quenched that light which his Creator
had set up in his soul. 1810 SCOTT Lady of L. ill. xi,
Quench thou his light, Destruction dark ! 1880 MRS. FOR-
RESTER Roy ft V. I. 49 A tear comes into either eye and
quenches the fire there.
b. To put out, extinguish, the fire or flame of
(something that burns or gives light, lit. or Jig.~).
\ Also with away, out. Now only rhet.
1381 WYCLIF 2 CAroil. xxix. 7 Thei . . quencheden the
lanterns. 1382 — Isa. xlii. 3 Flax smokende he shal not
quenchen. 138* — Epk. vi. 16 }e mown quenche alle the
firy dartis of the worste enmye. 1413 Pilgr. Sowle II. Ixi.
(1859) 58 Wax smelleth wors after it is quenchid, than
doth any talowe. 1513 DOUGLAS /Eneis iv. ii. 60 The lycht
of day Ay mair and mair the mone quenchit away. 1548
UDALL, etc. Erasm. Par. Matt. xii. 71 He wyll not quenche
out the smokyng flaxe. 1604 SHAKS. Oik. ii. i. 15 The
winde-shak'd-Surge . . Seemes to . . quench the Guards of
th'euer-fixcd Pole. [1667 MILTON P. L. xll. 492 Able to
resist Satans assaults, and quench his fierie darts.] 1810
SCOTT Lady of L. in. xi, The . .points of Sparkling Wood
He quenched among the bubbling blood. 1853 C. BRONTE
Villette xxii, There stood the candle quencned on the
drawers. 1870 MORRIS Earthly Par. I. I. 392 As she
turned.. To quench the lamp.
c. To destroy the sight or light of (the eye).
1667 MILTON P. L. HI. 25 These eyes, that rowle in vain. .
So thick a drop serene hath quencht thir Orbs. 1791 S.
ROGERS Pleas. Mem. n. 137 When age has quenched the
eye and closed the ear. 1850 MRS. BROWNING Lam. for
Adonis ii, His eyeballs lie quenched.
2. To extinguish (heat or warmth, lit. or Jig.)
by cooling, f Also with out.
1406 HOCCLEVE La Male Regie 135 Heuy purs, with
herte liberal, Qwenchith the thirsty hete of hertes dne.
£1410 — Mother of God 28 That al the hete of brennyng
Leccherie He qwenche in me. 1513 DOUGLAS Mneis iv.
Prol. 119 Heit . . in to agit failjeis, and is out quent. 1604
E. G[RIMSTONE] D' Acosta's Hist. Indies in. ix. 150 A
kinde of cold so piercing, that it quencheth the vitall heate.
1884 TENNYSON Bectet n. ii, Pity, my lord, that you have
quenched the warmth of France toward you.
b. To cool (a heated object) by means of cold
water or other liquid.
1398 TREVISA Earth. De P. R. vii. xxxv. (1495) 250
Gotes mylke in the whyche stones of ryuers ben quenchyd.
(1636) 34 [Rice]..boyled in Mllke wherein hot s
beene quenched. i«i» WOODALL Surf. Mate Wks. (1653)
358 Hot Bricks, somewhat quenched with water. 1747
WESLEY Prim. Physic (1762) 61 Quench it in half a Pint of
French white Wine. i8j« SCOTT Woodst. i, Was the steel
quenched with water from Rosamond's well.
jig. 1719 YOUNG Paraphr. Job Wks. 1757 1 . 208 Who can
refresh the burning sandy plain, And quench the summer
with a waste of rain?
t C. To slake (lime). Obs. rare.
1577 HARRISON England n. xii. (1877) i. 234 The white
lime. .being quenched. 1643 J. STEER tr. Exf. Chyrurg. i.
3 When Lytne is quenched, .it is. .heated.
6-3
i'i
QUENCHABLE.
3. transf. To put an end to, stifle, suppress (a
feeling, act, condition, quality, or other non-mate-
rial thing, in early use chiefly something bad).
riaoo ORMIN 4911 All idell ?ellp& idell ros |>u cwennkesst.
c iyt$ Songs of Mercy mE. E. P. (1862) 120, I whenched al J»i
care, c 1330 R. BRUNNE Chron. Wace ( Rolls) 16357 Louerd !
JK>U quencbe his wykkednesse. 1494 FABYAN Chron, v.
xci. 67 In thysc Prouynces the faythe of Criste was all
quenchyd. 1545 BRINKLOW Compl. iii. (1874) 16 How
mercifully dyd God quench the fury of the peple. 1631
LITHGOW Trav. in. 84 Quenching the least suspition he
might conceiue. 1744 YOUNG Nt. Th, n. 340 All god-like
passion for eternals quencht. 1833 HT. MARTINEAU Loom
$ Lugger ii. v. 81 The observance of this rule would soon
quench the desire for protection. 1876 TAIT Rec. Adv.
Phys, Sc. vii. (ed. 2) 172 The final effect of the tides in
stopping or quenching the earth's rotation.
p. To slake (thirst) completely; t rarely, to
satisfy or dispel (hunger).
1390 GOWER Conf. II. 201 Thus the thurst of gold was
ueynt. 41533 LD. BERNEHS Gold. Bk, M. Aurel. (1546)
^>ijb, His hunger is not thereby quenched. 1535 COVER-
DALE Ps. ciiilij. ii That the wylde asses maye quench
their thyrste. 1661 LOVELL Hist. Anim, 4- Min. 335
Stickle-backs .. serve better to quench hunger, than to
nourish, tyyt YOUNG Brothers iv. i, Friends, sworn to.,
quench infernal thirst in kindred blood. 1841 ELPHINSTONE
Hist. Ind. I. 489 Where they could quench their thirst at a
well of brackish water.
t C. With personal object. Obs. rare.
16x1 SHAKS. Cymb. v. v. 195 Being thus quench'd Of hope,
not longing [etc]. 16x4 B. JONSON Barth, Fair n. ii, A
botle of Ale, to quench mee, Rascal.
4. To destroy, kill (a person) ; to oppress or
crush, t Also with out. Now rare.
c xsoo ORMIN 19632 pejs wolldenn himm forrfaretm all &
cwennkenn. 1:1380 WYCLIF Set. Wks. III. 363 He wi|> his
part J>at love)? be world quenchen men )?at speken bis. 1399
LANGL. Rick. Redeles in. 327 They constrewed quarellis to
quenche the peple. 1567 Triall Treas. (18501 44, I, Tyme,
. .quenche out the ungodly, their memory and fame. 1850
DOBELL Roman iv. Poet. Wks. (1875) 54 Oh sea, if thou
hast waves, Quench him ! 1850 TENNYSON I'iz'icn 216 (67)
His greatness whom she quench'd.
absoL tr 1*00 ORMIN 15213 Swillc iss winess kinde, }iff ..
mann drinnke|>j> iu att oferrdon, itt cwennkebb.
b. To put down (in a dispute), to squash.
1840 DICKENS Barn. Rudge ix, I knew I should quench
her, said Tim. 1868 Miss ALCOTT Little Women (1869) I.
vi. 94 Jo quenched her by slamming down the window.
t o. To destroy some quality of (a thing). Obs.
1398 TREVISA Barth. De P. R. xvi, vii. (1495) 556 Quycke
syluer .. is quenchyd wyth spotyll whanne it is frotyd
thetwyth.
II. intr. f 6. Of fire, a burning thing, etc. :
To he extinguished, to go out, to cease to burn or
shine. Obs.
1 1190 S. Eng. Leg. I. 19/6 Heore li^t que'mcte ouer-al.
c 1386 CHAUCER Knt's T. 1479 Right anon on of the
fires queinte . . And as it queinte, it made a whisteling.
1460 Lybcaus Disc. 1805 The torches that brende bryght
Quenched anon ryght. 1513 DOUGLAS sEneis iv. xii. 121
Thair with all the natural! neit out quent. c 1586 C'TESS
PEMBROKE Ps. cxx. iv, Coales. .which quickly fired, Flame
very hott, very hardly quenching. 1613 FLETCHER Bloody
Brother iv. in, Like a false star that quenches as it glides.
•f b. transf. Of non-material things : To come
to an end, perish, disappear. Obs.
1:1305 St. Edmund in in E. E. P. (1862) 74 Quenche
rai^te hire fole bojt mid blod j?at heo schadde. c 1400 Rom.
Rose 5324 This love, .wole faile, and quenche anoon. 1641
MILTON Reform. Wks. 1738 I. 16 The Spirit daily quench*
ing and dying in them.
tc. Of a person : To cool down. Obs. rare—*.
1611 SHAKS. Cymb. \. v. 47 Dost thou thinke in time She
will not quench, and let instructions enter Where Folly now
possesses.
Hence Quenched (kwenjt)///. a., extinguished.
1814 BYRON Lara i. xxix, Quench'd existence crouches in
a grave. 1825 J. NEAL Bro. Jonathan III. 412 He could
not bear the Took of the quenched eyes. 1868 BROWNING
Ring $ Bk. vt. 148 To relume the quenched flax.
Quenchable (kwe-nfab'l), a. [f, prec. +
-ABLE.] That may be quenched.
1611 COTGR., Atnortissable, quenchable, stintable, dissolue-
able. a i6ao J. DYKE.?*/. Serm. (1640) 8 If., it be a quench-
able fire. 1818 SCOTT Br. Lamm, v, Had we thought that
your, .drought was quenchable. 1837 CARLYLE Fr. Rev. II.
iv. ix, Fire itself is quenchable, yet only quenchable at first.
Hence Que'nchableness (Bailey vol. II. 1737).
t Que'nch-coal. Obs. [f. as prec. + COAL.]
Something which extinguishes burning coal. In
quots. fig. : An extinguisher.
1615 S. WAR
ARD Coal fr. Altar Serm., etc. (1862) 71 Zeal
hath in this our earthly mould little fuel, much quench-
coal. 1641 SYMONDS Serm. bef. Ho. Comm. p iii b, Opinions
should not be quench-coales of love. 1741 J. WILLISON Balm
ofGiUad ii. (1800) 25 Carnal company oft proves a dangerous
quench-coal to zeal.
Quenche, obs. form of QUINCE.
Quencher (kwe-nfai). [f. as prec. -t- -ER1.]
One who, or that which, quenches.
c 1440 CAPGRAVE Life St. Kath. i. 820 Norysshere of vertu
and quenchere of vice. 1561 PRESTON KingCambyses&s^Qt
the same [heat] the quencher you must be. a 166$ J . GOOD-
WIN Filled w. the Spirit (1867) 353 Those quenchers of the
Spirit in themselves. 1704 r. FULLER Med. Gymn, (1711)
86 Liquorice .. was ever reputed by the Ancients, for the
greatest quencher of Thirst in Nature. 1848 DICKENS
Dombey viii, Mrs. Pipchin's presence was a quencher to any
number of candles. 1879 H. N. HUDSON Hamlet Pref. 4
A feast so overlaid with quenchers of the appetite.
b. colloq. Something to quench thirst ; a drink.
44
1840 DICKENS Old C. Shof xxxv, Mr. Swiveller replied. .
that be was still open to a 'modest quencher'. 1856!'.
HUGHES Tom Brawn \. i, A pleasant public, whereat we
must really take a modest quencher. 1857 KINGSLEY Two
y. Ago xviii, Trebooze . . now offers Tom a ' quencher ', as
he calls it.
t Que-nch-fire. Obs. rare-1. An apparatus,
or substance, for extinguishing fires.
1667 EVELYN Diary 10 July, I went to see Sir Sam. Mor-
land's inventions and machines, arithmetical wheeles, quench-
fires, and new harp.
Quenching (kwe-nfin), vbl. sb. [f. QUENCH v.
+ INQl.j
1. The action of the vb. in various senses.
c luo Bestiary 207 Dat is soule drink, sinnes quenching.
£1390 S. Eng. Leg I. 315/556 per is banne selde wete to
maken quencningue of fuyre. 1398 TREVISA Barth. De P. R.
v. xxx. (1495) 141 Quenchyng and deynge of the herte is in
the nayles moste openly schewed. 1544 PHAER Regim. Life
(1553) 1 ij, Stinking thinges, as assafetlda. .and the quench*
yng out of candels. 1664 MARVELL Corr. Wks. 1872-5 II.
176 Engins, such as are used frequently in the quenching
of great fires. 1730 SAVERY in Phil. Trans. XXXVI. 307
Steel hardened by quenching, a 1864 HAWTHORNE Amer.
Note-bks. (1870) 1. 222 A quenching of the sunshine.
b. spec. The process of throwing water upon
the molten metal in a refining-hearth or crucible, so
that it may be removed in disks or ' rosettes '.
1875 KNIGHT Diet. Meek. 1847/2, 1984/1.
2. attrib. and Comb, as quenching-test, -tub.
1875 KNIGHT Diet. Meek. 1847/2 Quenching-tub. 1879
C asseU' sTech. Educ. IV. 373/1 These conditions provide for
the so called ' quenching and bending tests being applied
to a piece cut from each plate and bar.
So Qne nchinff ///. <-., that quenches.
1381 WYCLIP Wisd. xix. 19 Water format his quenchende
kinde. 1398 TREVISA Barth. De P. R. x. ix. (1405) 379
Cinis is lytyll asshes lefte of quenchynge and sparklynge
matere. 1559 Mirr. Mag., George Plantag. fiv, Like
Quenching blastes, which oft reuiye the flame. 1611 BIBLE
t'isd. xix. 20 The water forgat his owne quenching nature.
Quenchless (kwe-njles), a. [f. as prec. +
-LESS.] That cannot be quenched ; unquenchable,
inextinguishable.
1557 Tottelfs Misc. (Arb.) 137 These hellish houndes, with
paines of quenchlesse fyre. c 1631 COWLEY Elegy Ld.
Carleton, An angry Fever, Whose quenchless Thirst, by
Blood was sated never. 1741 YOUNG Nt. Th. vi. 473 In
faculties of endless growth, In quenchless passions. 1816
BYRON Ch. Har. in. xlii, Fire. ., but once kindled, quenchless
evermore. 1877 C GEIKIE Christ Ivii. (1879) 691 A last sad
look of quenchless pity.
Hence Que nchlessly adv. ; Que-nchlessness.
1594 KYD Cornelia v. 403 Sacred Temples quenchlessly
enflam'd. 1848 CRAIG, Quenchlessness.
tQue-nchour. Obs. rare—1. Quenching.
1460-70 Bk. Quintessence 6 Loke bat ?e haue a sotilte and
a slei3pe to quenche sodeynly be fier. .and whanne }e haue
do 3oure quenchour, putte alfe be watris togidere.
Quency, obs. form of QUINSY.
t Quene, obs. form of COIN sb.
1505 Will of Leek (Somerset Ho.}, Exspencis bidding of
the church and makyng of my tombe w( suche Quene as
I shall leve in their hande.
Quene, obs. form of QUEEN, WHEN.
II Quenelle (k.re-1). [F., of uncertain origin.]
In Cookery, a seasoned ball, of which the chief
ingredient, commonly meat or fish, has been
reduced to a paste.
1883 V. STUART Egypt 296 Savoury quenelles of mutton
enveloped in fennel leaves. 1888 Queen 15 Dec. 786/2 The
insipid sweetbread . . the pasty quenelle, the sticky jelly.
t Quengeoun, var. CONGEON. Obs.
c 1430 Syr Gener. (Roxb.) 1339 Thou mysproude quen-
geovn, Whi answerst thou not to my reason.
t Quenger, obs. var. CONJURE.
1567 Tales f, QuickC Anfw. (Berthelet) Contents Uxx, Of
the olde man that quengered the boy oute of the apletre
with stones.
t Quenqueste, obs. form of CONQUEST.
1422 tr. Secreta Secret., Priv. Priv. 171 Ihon de curcy,
and many otheres of the quenqueste of I rland.
Quenstedtite (kwe-nstetait). Min. [Named
in 1888 after Prof. F. A. von Qucnstedt : see -ITK'.]
Hydrous sulphate of iron found in Chili.
iSS&Ataer. Jrnt.Sc.XXXVl. 156 The name quenstedtite
is given to a salt occurring in reddish-violet, tabular crystals.
t Quent, sb. Obs. rare. [ad. Sp. quento,
cuento = It. canto, OF. cotite, COUNT sb.] A mil-
lion (of maravedis).
1555 EDEN Decades 314 Luys of S. Angell . . sente theym
syxe quentes of marauedes. 1577 HELLOWES Guevara's
Fam. Ep. 68 A.. gentleman of more than a Quent of rent.
t Qnent, v. Obs. rare. Also 6 queint. [erron.
f. queint, obs. pa. pple. of QUENCH z>.] trans.
and intr. To quench.
'557 Tottelts Misc. (Arb.) 262 Set about my hersse, Two
lampes to burne and 'not to queint {rime spent], 1567
TuKBERv. Epit., etc., Myrr.Fall nf Pride, He thought forth-
with his thirst to quent . . But there he found or ere he went
a greater drougth.
fQuent, Sc. f. a(c)fuent, ACQUAINT///, a.
1536 BELLENDRN Cron. Scot. (1821) I. i4_9 New servandis
ar m derisioun amang the quent servitouns.
Quent, obs. f. QUAINT a. ; obs. pa. pple. of
QUENCH v. Quentance, -ise, var. QUAINTANCE,
-ISE. Quenthing, erron. f. QUETHING.
fQue-ntin. Obs. rare — ", [a. F. ijueiilin
' French Lauae'(Cotgr.). Cf. QUINTIN.] 'A sort
QUERCITRON.
of French Linnen-cloth that comes from S. Quentin
in Picardy* (Miege 1687; also in Phillips 1706,
Bailey 1721).
Queor, obs. form of CHOIR.
Quep, erron. archaism for guep : see GUP.
1822 SCOTT Nigel iv, Marry quep of your advice. 1825 —
Betrothed ix, Marry quep, my cousin the weaver.
t Quequer, late var. COCKER, a quiver. Obs.
c 1500 Roiiii Hood ft Potter 51 in Child Ballads III. 112
To a quequer Roben went, A god bolt owthe he toke.
Quer, obs. form of CHOIR, WHERE.
t Queral, obs. form of CORAL.
1533 GAU Richt Vay 85 Mony prayis ye psalter of our
ladie..vith queral bedis.
tQuerant. Obs. rare-'1, [a. F. ?««•««/, pple. of
querir to inquire (cf. QUERE v.).'] — QUERENT sb.l
1591 SPARRY tr. Cattail's Geomancie 81 The questions.,
touching the siluer of the brother or sister of the querant.
t Querbole, obs. form of CUIR-BOUILLI.
«453 Test. Ebor. (Surtees, 1855) II. 190, j par of tables ..
case of querbole.
Quercetin (kwausftin). Chem. [Arbitrarily
f. L. juerc-us oak + -IN l. (Cf. L. quercetum an
oak-wood.)] A yellow crystalline substance widely
distributed in the vegetable kingdom, but usually
obtained by decomposition of qnercitrin.
1857 MILLER Eletn. Chem. in. 512 When quercitrin is
boiled with dilute sulphuric or hydrochloric acid, it is de-
composed into glucose and quercetin. 187* WATTS Diet.
Chent. ist Suppl. 982 Gintl . . has found quercetin in the
leaves of the ash-tree.
Hence Querce tamide, an amide obtained from
.quercetin in the form of an amorphous orange-
yellow powder. Quercetic (kwaise'tik) a., derived
from quercetin, as in qttercetic acid.
1868 WATTS Diet. Ckem. V. 3 On adding ammonia to the
acid filtrate, quercetamide is obtained. Ibid. 5 Quercetin
heated with potash yields quercetic acid and other products.
1893 T. E. THORPE Diet. Chem. III. 324 If the melting is
continued longer than necessary to obtain quercetic acid,
then quercimeric acid is obtained.
t Querch e, obs. forms of CUKCH, kerchief.
c 1375 .Sc. Leg. Saints ii. (Pau[) 265 With be querch [he]
hid ms face. Ibid. 295 Paule myn querche gaf to me.
Quercimeric (kwarsime-rik), a. Chem. [f.
querci-, comb, form of L. qttercus oak + Gr. \iifxn
part + -1C.] Quercimeric acid, an acid derived
from quercetin or quercetic acid.
1868 WATTS Diet. Chem. V. 5 Quercimeric acid. .Produced
by the action of melting potash on quercetic acid. 1893
T. E. THORPE Diet. Chem. III. 324 Quercimeric acid .. is
isolated in the same manner as quercetic acid, from which
it differs by being much more soluble in water. [See also
QUERCETIC.]
Quercin (kwausin). Chem. [f. L. quercus oak
+ -IN'.] (See quots.)
1845 Penny Cycl. Suppl. I. 349/2 Quercin, a neutral
crystalline substance procured from the bark of the oak.
1894 ly'atts' Diet. Chem., Quercin .. occurs in oak bark,
being obtained from the motner-liquors in the preparation
of quercite.^
Qnercine (kwausain), a. [ad. L. quercin-us, f.
quercus oak : see -INK2.] Of or pertaining to the
oak ; made of oak, oaken.
1656 BLOUNT Glossogr., Qnercine. oken, make of Okes.
1658 PHILLIPS Quercine, belonging to an oak. 1854 B.
TAYLOR Lands Saracen xxxvii. (1855) 440 The mast . . was
as sweet and palatable as chestnuts, with very little of the
bitter quercine flavour.
Qnercitannin (kwajsitas'nin). Chem. [f. L.
querci- oak- + TANNIN.] A form of tannin obtained
from oak-bark. So Quercita nnic a., in querci-
tannic acid = quercitannin.
1845 W. GREGORY Outl. Org. Chem. 416 Tannic Acid .
Syn. Quercitannic Acid, Tannine. This acid occurs chiefly
in oak-bark and in nut-galls. 1852 MORFIT Tanning and
Currying (1853) 78 The tannin of tea is similar in properties
to quercitannin. 1895 Naturalist 25 A tannin, which is
probably quercitannin.
Quercite (kw5-jsait). Ckem. [f. L. quercus
oak + -ITE 1 4.] A sweet crystalline alcohol obtained
from acorns.
1857 MILLER Eletn. Chent. m. 72 Quercite . . from acorns.
..Transparent prisms. 1863 FOWNES Chem. 434 The juice
of the acorn is submitted to fermentation. The fermented
liquor, on evaporation, yields small prisms of quercite.
Hence Qneroitiu(e) = QUERCETIN (Webster 1 864,
citing Gregory). Que'rcitol = QUERCITE (Watts
Diet. Chem. 3rd Suppl. 1881).
Quercitron (kwausitren). [Abbreviated for
querci-citron, f. L. quercus oak + CITRON. Named
by Dr. Bancroft about 1 784.] The black or dyer's
oak of N. America (Quercus lincloria'} : also called
quercitron oak. b. The inner bark of this, used as
a yellow dye and in tanning : also quercitron bark.
1794 BANCROFT Philos. Perwan. Colours xii^ The Quer-
citron bark . . is one of the objects of a discovery, of which
the use and application for dying, calico-printing, &c. are
exclusively vested in me . . by an act of parliament passed
in the 25th year of his present Majesty's reign. 1851
MORKIT Tanning fft Currying (1853) loo The black, or
quercitron oak, is a large tree found throughout the United
States. Ibid. 101 The quercitron, so much used in dyeing, is
obtained from the cellular integument.
attrib. 1813 \]RK Diet. Chem. (ed. 2) 398/1 Cloth .. sub-
jected to the quercitron bath.
Hence Querci'trein, a product of quercitrin.
QUERCIVOROTTS.
? Obs. Qnerci'tric a., derived from quercitrin,
as in quercilrit acid (Watts Diet. Chem. 1868).
Qne-rcitriu, the yellow crystalline colouring
matter of quercitron bark.
1833 Kncycl. Ftrit. (ed. 7) VIII. 320/2 To this colouring
matter Chevreul has given the name of quercitrin. IHd.
321/1 Yellow crystals possessing the characters of quercitrin.
1841 Penny Cycl. XIX. 211/1 The tannin which quercitrin
contains, .gives a green colour with peroxide of iron. 1845
Ibid. SuppH I. 349/2 On boiling a solution of quercitrin, it
becomes turbid, and deposits a quantity of small acicular
crystals of quercitrein.
Quercivorous (kwsasi'vSras1, a. [f. L. quercus
oak + -vorus devouring.] Feeding on oak-leaves.
1858 Zoologist XVI. 6154^ An individual [caterpillar] which
had already become quercivorous.
Querck, obs. form of QUIRK.
t Querculane, a. Obs. rare — ", [ad. mod.L.
qtierculan-us, f. quercus oak.] = QUERCINE a.
1656 BLOUNT Glossogr-. [Hence in some later diets.]
Querdlynge : see CODLING 2.
t Quere, z". Obs. rare. Also 5 quire, [a. OF.
quer-re (in conj. quier, quer- ; mod.F. querir) :— L.
quxrifre : see INQUIRE.] To ask, inquire.
13.. Propr. Sanct. (Vernon MS.) in Archrv neu. Spr.
LXXXI. 319/7 He wolde wile and quere What-maner mon
bat he were, a 1400-50 Alexander1 1703 His qualite, his
quantite, he quirys [Dubl. MS. enquirez] all-to-gedire.
a 1415 Cursor M. 19611 (Trin.) As he bus went to quere
[Cott. sek] & aske . . pe fuyr of helle him smot. c 1425
fellows come to quere for me, Tell them I am asleep.]
Quere, obs. form of CHOIR, QU^IRE, QUEER.
Quereboly, obs. form of CUIR-BOUILLI.
t Querelatory, a. Obs. rare—', [f. ppl. stem
of med.L. querelare to complain (see QUEBELE) +
-OBY.l Of the nature of a complaint.
'553 in Strype Eccl. Mem. (1721) III. i. ii. 23 [Bonner did
present his libel called in the instrument] a certain ap-
pellatory and querelatory Libel.
t Querele, sb. Obs. [Orig. form of QUAKRED
:6.3 (q.v.), occasionally employed (prob. under
influence of L. querela) after quar(r)el had become
the usual form.]
1. A complaint; an action. =QuABBEL I.
1494 FABYAN Chron. an. 1123 To go before the king with
a lamentable querele expressing how with true despites he
was deformed. 1542 UDALL Erasrn. Apoph. 146 Such
persones, as dooe by a wrongfull querele obiecte vnto me,
that [etc.]. «6a8 COKE On Litt. 292 If a man release all
Quereles..all actions reall and personal! are released. 1726
AYLIFFE Parerg. [189] Not in Causes of Appeal, but in
Causes of first Instance and simple Querele only.
2. A cause, affair, etc. = QUARREL 2.
1551 Order St. Bartholomew's A v, So sufficiently . . set
forth this enormitie of the Citezeins, as semed behouefull
for the querele of charitie. 1566 GRINDAL Lett, to Sir W.
Cecil Wks. (Parker Soc.) 289 All ministers, now to be
deprived in this querele of rites.
So f Querele v. — QUARREL v. Hence t Quereler ,
quarreller, objector. Obs.
1549 UDALL Erasm. Apoph. 306 The faulte fynder or
quereler. 1548 — Par. Luke xv. 133 The elder sonne..
proudely quereled and reasoned the mattier with his father.
Querele, -ell, obs. forms of QUABBEL s6.3
t QuerelOUS, a. Obs. rare. [ad. late L. quere-
las-us, {. querela QUERELE.] =QUEBULOUS (q.v.).
For earlier examples of the form see QUARRELLOUS.
1581 J. HAMILTON in Co/A. Tract. (S. T. S.) 84 Thir ar
murmurers, querelus [L. querulosi\. 1614 Bp. HALL No
Peace with Rome § 2 That querelous libell of the Macedo-
nians, a 1661 FULLER Worthies, Kent II. (1662) 74 Though
generally the Irish are querelous of their Deputies . . yet
ir Henry left a good memory. 1751 Affecting Narr. of
Wager 32 A Midshipman . . of an insolent querelous Temper.
Hence t Querelousness. Obs. rare**.
1643 PRYNNE Open. Gt. Seal Ep., The querelousnesse of
the clamorous Opposites.
Querent(kwi»'rent), sb.1 Also 7 queer-, [ad.
L. quserent-em, pres. pple. of quxrOre to inquire :
cf. QUERANT, QUERIST.] One who asks or inquires ;
spec, one who consults, or seeks to learn something
by means of, an astrologer.
1598 F. WITHER tr. Dariot Astrol. Judg. O 3, By this
meanes the Querent shall not haue his desyre. 1647 LILLY
Chr. Astrol. vi. 49 [see QUESITED], 1653 SIR G. WHARTON
Comets Wks. (1683) 141 Many Queries .. which I have
answered . . to my own and the Querents admiration. 1696
AUBREY Misc. (1784) 129 The Magicians now use a crystal-
cohere, .. which is inspected .. sometimes by the Querent
himself. 1705 BOSMAN Guinea 152 If the Priest is enclined
to oblige the Querent, the Questions are put. 1845 White-
hall x\\. 151 The astrologer, fixing his keen, cunning eyes
on the querent. 1881 [see QUESITED].
Que'rent, sb.'i and a. rare. [ad. L. querent-em,
pres. pple. of queri to complain.] a. sb. ' A com-
plainant, plaintiff '(!•)• b. adj. Complaining.
1727 in BAILEY, vol. II. 1845 Whitehall li. 363 A process
in which Joyce assisted with manifest sulkiness, and many
a querent glance at his young commander.
Quereour, Queresoeuer, Querester(e,
Querf, Querfore, obs. ff. QUARRIER i, WHERE-
80KVEH, CHORISTER, WHARF, WHEREFOBE.
tQue-rical, a. and sb. Obs. rare. [f. quere
QU.EBE sb., or QUERY sb. + -ICAL.] a. adj. Of the
nature of a query or queries, b. sb. A query.
45
i6go (title], Querical Demonstrations writ by Prince
Hutler Author of the Eleven Queries [etc.]. Ibid. 24
Don't dUdain, My Querical Strain, And 1 . . have yet in
store, Of such Quericals more, At least a whole Score.
Querie, obs. var. EQUERRY (q.v.).
Que'ried,//*/. a. [f. QDEKV v. + -ED!.] Called
in question ; marked with a query.
177* Ann, Rfg. 241/2 You have insisted, .that you should
not nave rejected the queried votes, if you had not been con-
vinced . . that they were all corrupted.
Querier (kwle-ria.!). [f. QUERY z>. + -EB1.] One
who queries ; also slang, a chimney-sweep who
asks for work.
1672 PENN Spir. Truth Vind. 93 That would have been
no Answer to their weighty Question, nor any allay to that
earnest Enquiry.. the Queriers were under. 1861 MAYHEW
Lend. Labour II. 377 The knuller is also styled a 'querier ',
a name derived from his making inquiries at the doors of the
houses as to whether his services are required.
Querimonions (kwerim^'nias), a. Also 7
quere-. [ad. late L. querimonios-us : see next
and -oos. Cf. obs. F. querimonieux (Godef.).]
Full of, addicted to, complaining.
1604 in R. CAWDREY Table Alph. 1630 J. TAVLOR (Water
P.) Epigr. xxxvi. Wks. II. 266/1 Querimonious paines Doe
puluerise the concaue of my brames. 1658 OSBORN Adv.
Son (1673) 206 Querimonious accusations of his best
Servants. 1791 COLLINSON Hist. Somerset 608 It was on
this solitary island that Gildas. .composed his querimonious
treatise. 1848 MOZLEY Ess., Luther (1878) I. 354 That
passionate and querimonious temper.
Hence Querimo-niously adv. ; Querimo-iiious-
ness (Bailey vol. II. 1727).
01668 DENHAM A Dialogue, Most queremoniously con-
fessing That I of late have been compressing.
QueriniOliy (kwe'rimsni). [ad. L. querinwnia,
f. queri\.o complain : cf. F. qutrimonie (iGthc.).]
Complaint, complaining.
1539 in Froude Hist. Eng. (1856) I. 217 By way of queri-
mony and complaint, a 1548 HALL Citron., Ediu. 7^239 b,
The king .. troubled with hys brothers dayly querimonye.
1610 Bp. HALL Apol. Broitmists 39 marg., To which vniust
and triuialt quenmony, our most iust defence hath beene
[etc.]. 1887 BLACKMORE Springhaven (ed. 4) I. viii. 61 The
scholars of the Virgil class . . had recovered from the queri-
monies of those two sons of Ovid.
t QueTism. Obs. rare-1, [f. as next + -ISM.]
The practice of inquiring or asking.
1648 JENKYN Blind Guide iv. 88 Your engagement against
querism or seeking . . will come to nothing.
Querist (kwlo'rist). [f. L. queer-Ore to ask +
-1ST : cf. QUERENT, QuEBY.] One who asks or
inquires ; a questioner, interrogator.
1633 EARL MANCH. Al Mondo (1636) 147 Those Querists
who must haue a reason for every thing in Religion. 1713
STEELE Englishm. No. 5. 31 This Querist thinks himself.,
very seasonable in the Questions, a 1774 GOLDSM. Sum.
Exp. Philos. (1776) II. 2 Were we asked . . what is air, we
should refer the querist to his experiencealone. 1875 JOWETT
Plato (ed. 2) III. 92 A troublesome querist comes and asks,
' What is the just and good? '
Querister, variant of CHOBISTEB.
Querity, Querk, obs. ff. QUEERITY, QUIBK.
Querken (kw5Mk'n),z>. Obs. exc. dial. Forms:
5 querkyn, qwerken, -yn, 6 quarken, 7 quirk-,
whirken, 8 dial, quacken, 9 dial, wlrken, quock-
en, 5-6 (8-9 dial.) querken. [ = OFris. querka
(mod. querke, quirke), ON. kvirkja, kyrkja (Da.
kvxrke, kyrke), i. OFris. querk, ON. kverk (MSw.
qvark), OHG. querca throat.] trans. To choke,
suffocate, stifle. Hence Que-rkening vbl. sb.
c 1440 Promp. Parv. 420/2 Querkenyd, sujfocatus. Quer-
kenynge, sujfocacio. Querkyn, idem quod quellyn. 1450-
1530 Myrr. our Ladye 249 The bytternesse of sorowe quer-
kynde & stopped, .the virgins harte. 1540 PALSGR. Acolastus
H ij, I haue a throte bolle almoste strangled, snarled, or
quarkennyd with extreme hunger. 1541 R. COPLAND Gnydon's
Quest. Ckiriig,, Maner exam, lazares, Q iv, Yf there apere
any straytnes of breth as yf wolde querken [sic]. 1607 WALK-
INGTON Opt. Glass 124 It wil . . send up such an ascending
fome that it will bee ready to quirken and stifle vs. 1611
COTGR-, Noyer, to drowne, to whirken, or stifle with water,
etc. Ibid., S vffocation, a suffocation,.. whirkening. 1783
LEMON Eng. Etytn., Querkened, sometimes written, and pro-
nounced quackned. 1828 Craven Gloss., Querkened, suffo-
cated. 1848 A. B. EVANS Leicestersh. Words s. v., The
wind was so high . . that I was welly quockened. 1880 in
Cheshire Gloss. (1886), Wirken.
Querl (kw5.ll), sb. U. S. Also quirl. [? var.
of CURL, or a. G. querl, quirl from MHG. twirl
TWIRL.] A curl, twist, twirl.
1880 in WEBSTER Suppl. 1883 Cent. Mag. Dec. 201/1 The
forms are grotesque beyond comparison : twists, querls,
contortions. 1885 Harpers Mag. LXX. 219 The crooks and
querls of the branches on the floor.
So Qnerl v., to twirl, coil, etc. (Knowles, 1835).
Quern1 (kwaan). Forms: I oweorn, cwyrn,
(coern, cern), oweorne, cwearne, 4 queern(e,
quyerne, qwhern, 4-7 querne, 5 queren, 5-6
qwern, 6 quearn, (wherne, wyrne), St. queirn,
7 quarn, 8 St. quirn, 7- quern. [OK. ciaeorn,
cwi^rn sir. fern., cweorne wk. fem. - OFris. quern,
OS. quern (or querna, MDu. i/tiereii-e, Du. kweern),
OHG. quirn, churn and chuirna (MHG. kuni,
kurne), ON. kvern (Icel. kvorn, Sw. qvarii , Da.
tva-rti), Goth, -qairnus, from a pre-Teut. stem
*g"'eni , variations of which appear in synonymous
QUEKULATION.
forms in other Aryan languages, as Lith. glrttos,
OS1. ir/ltiy and zrfmfivfi, Kuss. SKCpHOBT,, Pol.
zarna, Olr. bri (gen. broott), W. breuan, etc.] A
simple apparatus for grinding corn, usually con-
sisting of two circular stones, the upper of which
is turned by hand; also, a small hand-mill for
grinding pepper, mustard, or similar substances (see
pepper-, mustard-quern).
(-950 Lindisf. Gosp. Matt. xxiv. 41 Tuu wif jegrundon on
coernae [Kuskvi. Jet cweorne]. c 1000 V£LFRIC Exod. xi. 5
Jtere wylne..bset silt xt baere cweornan. £1305 Pilate
in E. E. P. (1862) in Bi a melewardes doubter he lai..And
bijat on hire vnder be querne be libere bern. 1340 Ayenb.
181 Samson. .uil into be honden of his yuo, bet him deden
grinde ate querne. CI374 CHAUCER Former Age 6 Onknowyn
was b' quyerne and ek the melle. c 14110 Pallad. on Hush.
I. 831 Eek as for hail a russet weede is To kest vpon the
querne. 1513 DOUGLAS sEneis i. iv. 39 For skant of victuall
the cornes in quernis of stane Thai grand. 1577 B. Gooce
HeresbacKs Husb. (1586) 10 A Querne or a hand Mill doth
but a little good. 164^7 LILLY Chr. Astrol. 1. 354 Some
necessary thing . . to use m his house, as a Furnace or Quern,
or such like. 1699 EVELYN Acetaria (1729) 148 The seeds
are pounded in a Mortar, or . . ground in a Quern contriv'd
for this Purpose. 1771 PENNANT Tour in Scotl. (1794) 232
Saw here a Quern, a sort of portable mill made of two stones.
1841 S. C. HALE Ireland III. 296 Two women generally
worked the Quern, one sitting facing the other, the quern
between them. 1884 J. COLBORNE Hicks Pasha. 60 The
circular querns of Lower Egypt, which are turned by means
of a wooden handle.
b. attrib. and Comb., as quern-chant, -house,
-mill, -picker, -song, -staff; quern-like adv. See
also QUERN-STONE.
1898 Edinli. Rev. Apr. 440 In the North, where he often
heard the rhythmical *quern-chant. 1525 in Southwell
Visit. (1891) 123, ij leads that standes in *wherne-house.
1591 SYLVESTER Du Bartas i. vi. 595 Two equall ranks of
Orient Pearls.. (*Quern-like) grinding small Th' imperfect
food. 1600 HOLLAND Livy xxxm. xlv. 706 Troughs and
*querne mils. 1441 in Bury Wills (Camden) 256 [The will
of William Toly], ' *quernepykker ', [1441, is in Lib. Osbern,
f. 247). 1816 W. TAYLOR in Monthly Rev. LXXXI. 73 We
will now subjoin the Grotta-Saungr or *quern-song. 1483
CatJt. Angl. 297/1 A *Querne-staffe, inolucrum.
t Quern-. Obs. rare~l. In 5 qwerne, qweryn.
App., a large piece of ice.
a 1400-50 Alexander 3003 Alexander, .rydis To be grete
flode of Granton & it on a glace fyndis. Or he was so?t
to be side git sondird f?e qweryns [Dubl. MS. qwernes],
Quern, obs. variant of KEEN z/.l
Que'rnal, a. rare. [f. L. quern-us, f. quercus
oak + -AL.]
fl. Made of oak-leaves ; oaken. Obs. rare—1.
1599 THYNNE Animadv. (1875) 49 The Quernall crowne
gyven to those whiche had saued a cytyzen.
2. Bot. Quernal alliance, Lindley's name for his
' alliance ' of diclinous exogens, containing the
orders Corylaceie an&Juglandacese.
1846 LINDLEY Veget. Kingd. 289 If it were not for the
minute embryo . . it might take its place in the Quernal
Alliance.
t Querne. Obs. i-nre—{. [a. OF. querne (Godef.)
for quaterne, after terne.'} A qnatre or four in
dice-playing (in quot._/ff.).
13 . . Coer de L. 2009 Richard . . gave him a stroke on the
molde . . Ternes and quernes he gave him there.
Quernell, square : see QUABNELL.
Querner, obs. form of CORNER si.1
Que'rn-stone. [Cf. ON. kvemsleinn.] One
ofthe two stones forming a quern ; a millstone.
C9SO Lindisf. Gosp. Matt, xviii. 6 Behofas him baet he
gehongiga coern-stan . . in suire his [c 1000 Ags. Gosp. cwyrn-,
cweorn-stan], 1388 WYCLIF Num. xi. 8 And the puple jede
aboute, and gaderide it, and brak with a queerne stoon.
14 . . Notn. in Wr.-Wulcker 725/24 Hec mola, a qwernston.
1581 STANVHURSTyiE««j I. (Arb.) 23 Theyre corne in quern-
Sloans they doe grind. 1610 HOLLAND Camden's Brit. I.
760 Round stones as much as milstones or quernstones.
1663 Ireland, Stat. at Large (1765) II. 416 Quern-stones,
large, the last, £13. IM. 1811 J. SMYTH Pract. of Customs
(1821) 242 Quern Stones under three feet in diameter, and
not exceeding six inches in thickness. 1875 W. MC!LWRAITH
GuideWigtowushire^ Opposite the east gable ofthe Church
a quern-stone . . has been stuck up.
Querof, obs. form of WHEREOF.
t Queror. Obs. rare-", [a, OF. quereor, -cut;
agent-n. f. querre, querir QUERE v.] An inquirer.
14.. Voc. in Wr.-Wulcker 610/18 Scitor, a querour.
Querpo, variant of CUEBPO Obs.
Querquedule (kwa-jkwWi;;!). Omith. [ad.
\Jquerquedula a species of duck.] a. ' A genus
of ducks, one species of which . . is the common
teal ' (Worcester, i86o\ b. ' The pin-tail duck '
(Webster, 1864, citing Eng. Cyc.}.
Querre, var. QDAB v. ; obs. f. QUARRY rf.i
Querrell, Querrister, Querrour, Querry,
obs.ff. QUARREL sb.3 and v., CHORISTER, QUARRIER >,
EQUERRY. Quert : see QUART a. and sW
t Querulation. Obs. rare—1, [n. of action
f. med.L. juerularilo complain, f. quenil-us: see
next.] Complaint, complaining. So also (from
stem £««•»/-) Quernle-ntal, -le-ntialn., querulous.
Qne'rnUng vbl.sb., complaining. Qne'rnlist, one
who complains. Qnertrlity, Qnerulo-sity (cf.
next"), habit or spirit of complaining.
QUERULOUS.
1614 T. ADAMS Sinners Passing Bell Wks. (1629) 264 Will
not these mournings, menaces, *querulations, stirre your
hearts? 1785 R. CUMBERLAND Observer No. 103 P 3 A lady . .
rather captious and *querulental. 1806 — Mem. 17 Wai-
pole had. .a plea for being captious and *querulential, for
he was a martyr to the gout. 1838 S. BELLAMY Betrayal 94
The Devil give thee heed ! Haply he'll better care thy
*queruling Than He I follow mine. 1788 T. TOUCHSTONE
Trifler 431, I have carefully examined the various subjects
of complaint. .If my third fair *querulist would [etc.]. 1866
. . _
Querulous (kwe'mZtos), a. Also 6 -ose, 7
querr-. [ad. late L. querulos-us^ f. qiterulus, f.
tjuerito complain : cf. QUERELOUS, QUARBELOUS.]
1. Of persons : Complaining, given to complain-
ing, full of complaints, peevish.
In first quot. possibly for querelous QUARRELOUS ; a certain
confusion between the words is also suggested by some ipth
c. quots., which at least do not imply peevish or whining
complaint.
? a 1500 Mankind (Brand! 1896) 46/200 My body wyth my
soull ys euer querulose [rime house]. 1594 HOOKER EccL
Pol. in. xi. § 9 A people, .by nature hard-hearted, querulous,
wrathfull. « 1610 HEALEY Theophrastus (1636) 63 These are
the maners of a querrulous waiward man. 1651 BAXTER Inf.
Bapt. 242, I would have no godly man be over querulous,
when God hath done so much for us. 1750 JOHNSON Ramble''
No. 73 F i The querulous are seldom received with great
ardour of kindness. 1837 WHEWELL Hist. Induct. Sc. (1857)
II. 149 He was naturally querulous and jaundiced in his
views. 1879 FROUDE Cxsar xxvi. 445 His sons and nephews
were equally querulous and dissatisfied.
b. Of animals or things: Uttering or producing
sounds expressive or suggestive of complaint.
1635 SWAN Spec. M. viii. § 2 (1643) 409 The Lapwing
174 Ye purling quer'llous Brooks! o'ercharged with grief.
1847 DICKENS Haunted M. (C. D. ed.) 205 One querulous
rook, unable to sleep, protested now and then.
2. Of the nature of, characterized by, complaining.
£1540 tr. Pol. Verg. Eng. Hist. (Camden) 100 Queru-
lous repetition, as well of late as of almost forgotten fault es.
1642 HOWELL For. Trait. (Arb.) 19 French . . hath a whining
kind of querulous tone. 1714 S6ect. No. 618 r 2 His Versifi-
cation . . should be soft, ancf all his Numbers flowing
and querulous. 1783 JOHNSON Let. to Mrs. ThraU 19 June,
I am almost ashamed of this querulous letter. 1848 DICKENS
Dombey xxxiv, She uttered a querulous cry of disappoint-
ment and misery. 1874 L. STEPHEN Hours tn Library (1893)
II. vii. 225 The querulous comments of old ladies.
Que'rulously, adv. [f. prec. + -LY2.] In a
querulous manner.
165* GAULE Magastrom. 147 Querulously accusing her for
playing with her own gifts. 17*8 YOUNG Love Fame vi. 138
His wounded ears complaints eternal fill, As unoil'd hinges,
querulously shrill. 1812 H. & J. SMITH Rej. Addr. x, Ob-
jections, .captiously urged and querulously maintained. 1883
SIR T. MARTIN La. Lyndhurst xiv. 366 [They] complained
almost querulously of the bitterness of Lord Lynrthurst's
invectives.
Que'rulousness. [f. as prec. + -NESS.] The
state or condition of being querulous.
x6$a J, AUDLEY Engl. Commonw. Ded., To answer the
querulousnesse of some persons. 1730 JOHNSON Rambler
No. 50 P 7 The querulousness ana indignation which is
observed so often [etc.]. 1828 D(!SRAELI Cktts. /, I. ii. 23
That impatient querulousness, which betrays its moments of
weakness. 1884 Expositor Feb. 87 Querulousness and the
captiousness of despair took possession of them.
Query (kwi»*ri), j^.l Also 7 queree, queeree,
7^5 queery. [Anglicizing of quere^ QUAERE.]
1. Introducing a question: = QILERE i.
Now rarely written in full, being usually expressed by the
abbreviation gy. (<?r,, git.) or the sign ?.
1667 PEPYS Diary 23 Aug., Query, whether a glass-coach
would have permitted us to have made the escape? 1732
SWIFT Corr. (1766) II. 690 That .. the subscription be.,
paid into the hands of (query, Mr. Thorn, ,. a very proper
person?). 1763 HOYLE Back-gammon 200 Query, Whether
the Probability is for his gammoning me, or not? 1888
^ % Q- 7th Ser. V. 185/2 It was afterwards repurchased by
that monarch (but query if purchase money was ever paid).
2. A question. = QILERE 2.
a. 164$ R. SYMONDS Diary (Camden) 270 The cowardly
commissioners, .put queries. Where shall wee have winter
quarters? 1658 J. DURHAM Exp. Revelation (1680) VH. 342
This is the scope of the Queree. 1692 BENTLEY Boyle
Lect. vi. (1735) 203 We are now enabled to give Answers
to some bold Queries and Objections of Atheists. 1767
A. YOUNG Farmer's Lett, to People 270 It may.. admit of
a query, Whether the above expences are not too great for
the crops to repay? 1813 SCOTT Rokeby i. x, [He] forced
the embarrass'd host to buy, By query close, direct reply.
1866 GEO. ELIOT F. Holt (1868) 22 She had prepared herself
.. to suppress all . . queries which her son might resent.
P. a 1635 CORBET Poems (1807) 63 He that is guilty of no
quaery here, Out-lasts his epitaph. 1648 JENKYN Blind
Guide iv.gfi My first quaeree, is whether grace DC an adjutory.
1684 T. BURNET Th. Earth n. 218 A great many queries
and difficulties might be proposed relating to the millennium.
1719 D'URFEY Pills (1872) II. 99 What News, is the Quary.
3. A mark of interrogation (?), used to indicate
a doubt as to the correctness of the statement,
phrase, letter, etc. to which it is appended or
refers ; the abbreviation qy* etc. used for the same
purpose. 1836 in SMART. 1882- in OGILVIE, etc.
t Query, sb? Obs. rare"1. [App. f. L. querl
to complain,] ? Complaint.
13 . . E. E. A Hit. P. A. 802 As a schep to be sla^t her lad
was he, & as lombe. .So closed he hys mouth fro vch query.
46
Query (kwi^'ri), v. Also 7 qusery. [f. QUEBY
so\ Ct. QU^KE v.1
1. trans. To put as a question. ? Obs.
1657 Narr. late Par It. in Select.fr. Harl. Misc. (1793) 409
The like may be queried concerning the swordsmen's capacity
to sit. 1661 GLANVILL Van. Dogtn. 188 It's queried whether
there be any Science in the sense of the Dogmatists. 17*6
BERKELEY Let. 1 2 Oct., in Fraser Ltfe'vf. (1871) 136, I do ..
entreat you to answer all that I have queried on that head.
1755 B. MARTIN Mag. Arts $ Sc. 130, I .. shall suspend
what I have further to query 'till To-morrow.
b. With interrogative clause as obj. : To ask,
inquire, put a question (whether, if, what, etc.).
1657 S. PURCHAS Tkeat. Pot. Flying-Ins. 15 Some query
whether a living creature can subsist without the head.
1658 SIR T. BROWNE Pseud. Ep.\. xxii. (ed. 3) 328 We shall
not proceed to querie, What truth there is in Palmistrie.
1681 E. MURPHY State Ireland § 40 The Deponent, .queried
if Captain Butler was come thither. 1756 H. WALPOLE Lett,
to Mann 17 Oct. (1846) III. 245 Should not one query
whether he had not those proofs in his hands antecedent to
the cabinet ? 1818 SCOTT Hrt. Midi, xiii, ' Shall we remove
Mr. Butler ? ', queried the assistant. 1866 WHITTIER Marg .
Smith's Jrxl* Pr. Wks. 1889 I. 64 On my querying whether
any did find treasures hereabout, my aunt laughed.
C. absol. To ask a question or questions.
1681 T. FLATMAN Heraclitns Ridens No. 4 (1713) I. 23
Nay, if you be for that Sport, e'en Query by your self. 17x0
S. PARKER Bibliotheca Biblica I. 394 He queried, and
reason'd thus with himself. 17x8 POPE Dune. n. 349 Each
prompt to query, answer, and debate. 1814 BYRON Lara
i. i notet A passenger queried as to the author.
2. To question, interrogate (a person), rare,
1654 GAYTON Pleas. Notes 97 The Don . . assaults the first
pittifull Scout . . whom he should have quxried in this
manner. 1690 CHILD Disc. Trade (1608) 47 So I have been
assured by many antient men whom I have queried parti-
cularly as to this matter, t 1890 A. MURDOCH Yoskiwara
Episode in Fr. Anstr. to Japan (1892) 49 He . . began to
query her about the financial part of the business.
3. To call (a thing) in question ; to mark as
doubtful.
1771 Ann. Reg. 54/2 The returning officer . . had queried
76 [votes]. 1839 DISRAELI Curios. Lit. (1849) H* 324 $'r
John., afterwards came to doubt it with a 'i^zVr hoc quaere*
query this !
b. To question, doubt, */] etc.
18x5 W. H. IRELAND Scribbleomania 140, I very much
query if two, and sometimes three of Sonim's Alpine pictures
were not condensed into one by the author.
Hence Que'rying1 vbl. sb. and ppl. a. ; Que'ry-
ingly adv. ; Qne'ryist = QUERIST.
1669 W. SIMPSON Hydrol. Chym. 107 One able physitian
being asked... The querying person returned, that [etc.].
1706 W. JONES Synop. Palmar. Matkeseos 140 The Query-
ing Term in the 3«i. Place. 1863 Reader 19 Dec. 720 A queryist
in the American Publishers Circular. 1865 E. BURRITT
Walk to Land's End 286 A pair of baby eyes, peering up-
ward with querying wonder. 1890 Harper's Mag* July
272/1 The query jngs of philosophy. 1890 JEAN MIDDLEMASS
Two False Moves I. xv. 226 He looked at her querymgly.
Queryster, obs. form of CHOBISTEB.
Quesal, variant of QUETZAL.
Quesing, Quesion, obs. ff. COUSIN, CUSHION.
Quesited (kw/sai'ted), a. and sb. [f. med.L.
guestt-, L. qusesft-, ppl. stem of qugerfre to seek +
-ED*. Cf. QU^SITUM.]
t 1. adj. Sought for, asked about, etc. Obs. rare.
1647 LILLY Ckr. Astro/, vi. 49 Significator of the Querent or
thing quesited. 1674 JEAKE Arith. (1696) 20 The remains
are the Numbers quesited.
2. sb. Astrol. The thing or person inquired about.
1647 LILLY Chr. Astrol. xx. 123 The Quesited is he or
she, or the thing sought and enquired after. 1881 SHORT-
HOUSE J. Inelesant I. xv. 282 A very good argument that
the querent should see the quesited speedily.
So f Qnesiti'tions a. = QUESITED a. Obs. rare.
Qne-sitive a., interrogative. ' Quesitive quantity ',
quantity expressed by an interrogative numeral *
(Cent. Diet. 1891).
1674 JEAKE Aritk. (1606) 334 As in Extraction of Roots and
Equations, A. .is called the Supposititious or Quesit[it]ious
Root, 1690 LEYBOURN Cnrs. Math. 341 Multiplying the
assumed Root l> + c in the place of the Quesititious Root a.
Quesomen : see QUEASOM.
Quest (kwest), sb.l Also 4 quiste, 4-6 queste,
5-6 wheat, (qw-), 6 queaat. [a. OF. qtieste (F.
qu$te] = Prov. questa, qitista, Sp. cuesta, It. chiesta
:— pop. L. ^ quest a ^ pa. pple. of quer^re^ L. quxrere
to seek, inquire : cf. INQUEST sb.~\
I. 1. An official or judicial inquiry. ~ INQUEST
sb. i. Obs. exc. dial. (cf. CROWNER2).
1303 R. BRUNNE Handl. Synne 5508 Perof shal Code take
a quest. £1330 — Chron. (1810)238 Of clippers, ofroungers,
of suilk takes he questis. 1377 LANGL. P. PL B. xx. i6r
Her syre was a sysour . . ateynte at vch a queste. c 1440
Gesta Rom. i. Ixx. 387 (Addit. MS.) When the lustice was
comyn, he ordeyned a false queste. 1545 BRINKLOW Lament.
(1874) 91 There is a custome in the Cytie, ones a yeare to
haue a quest called the warnmall queste, to redresse vices.
a 1577 SIR T. SMITH Comtn-w. Eng. (1609) 73 Enquest or
quest is called this lawful! kinde of trial! by twelue men.
1694 LUTTRELL Brief Rel. (1857) III. 417 The lord mayor
and aldermen of London have forbid feasting at the quests.
1876- In dial, glossaries (Yks., Chesh., Som., etc.).
2. The body of persons appointed to hold an
inquiry. = INQUEST sb. 2. Now rare.
13 . . Evang. Nicod. 243 in Archiv neu. Sfir. LIII. 396 He
chesed a quest, on him to pas. c 1440 Jacob* $ Well 257 J>ou
schalt . . aftyrward be pourgyd out wyth a quest of clerkys.
1470-83 MAUORY^r/Awrin. viii, Byordenaunceof thequene
QUEST.
ther was set a quest of ladyes on syr gauayn. 1549 LATIHER
5/A Senn. bef. Ediv. VI (Arb.) 153 The quest commes in and
sayes not guilty. 1579 FULKE Heskins' Parl. 499 He bhoulde
haue twelue which make a quest, to giue verdict in this
matter. 1612 T. TAYLOR Comm. Titus lii. i Which is as if
a theife should be tried by a quest of cut-purses, a 1661
FULLER Worthies (1840) II. 483 One quest of gentlemen,
another of yeomen passed upon him. 1706 [see QUEST-
WAN i]. 11845 HOOD To Tom Woodgate vi, Twelve brave
mermen for a 'quest. 1884 St. Jameses Gaz. 4 Tan. 3/2 The
coroner's quest pronounces * in accordance with the evidence '.
fig. c 1600 SHAKS. Sonn. xlvi. To side this title is im-
pannelled A quest of thoughts, all tennant to the heart.
fb. transf. A dozen (cf. quot. 1579 above). Obs.
1589 Almond for Parrat 14 lie haue a spare fellowe shall
make mee a whole quest effaces for three farthinges.
3. Any inquiry or investigation made in order to
discover some fact ; also, the object of such inquiry.
1598 FLO RIO Diet. Ep. Ded. 3, 1 in this search or quest of
inquirie haue spent most of my studies. 1627 Lisander
fyCal. in. 39 The quest ended with no more knowledge than
it began. 1717 SWIFT To Earl of Oxford, In quest, who
might this parson be. 1831 CARLYLE Sari. Res. ii. viii, Let
us not forget the great generality, which is our chief quest
here. 1878 Masque Poets 101 The guest Half paused to ask
in idle quest.
H. 4. Search or pursuit, made in order to find
or obtain something. Const, of ^ for.
13. . E. E. Allit. P. B. 39 Hit arn fettled in on forme . .
& by quest of her quoyntyse enquylen on mede. 1526 Pilgr.
Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 96 b, Peace & brotherly Concorde
dissolueth this quest & assaute of enuy. 1605 SHAKS. Lear
i. i. 196 What. .Will you require in present Dower with her,
Or cease your quest of Loue ? 1655 H. VAURHAN Silex Scint.
i. Search (1858) 34 My Quest is vaine, Hee'll not be found
where he was slaine. 1704 F. FULLER Med. Gymn. (1711) 138
To rouse People into a Quest of Health. 1816 BYRON Ch.
Har. in. Ixxvi, Whose desire Was to be glorious; 'twas
a foolish quest. 1874 GREEN Short Hist. viii. 5 4. 491
Luckily the quest of gold proved a vain one.
b. Freq. in phr. in quest of (f after, or inf.).
1575 CHURCHYARD Chippes (1817) 24 In quest of solace, he
retired to Bath, c 1600 SHAKS. Sonn. cxxix, Had, haumg,
and in quest to haue. 1663 BUTLER Hud. i. iii. 233 He went
in quest of Hudibras. 1705 HEARNE Collect, 6 Oct. (O. H. S.)
I. 52 He is in quest after other Pieces. iSao W. IRVING
Sketch Bk. II. 349 The ghost rides forth to the scene of
battle in nightly quest of his head. i86a GOULBURN Pers.
Relig. iv. i. (1873) 256 Eager running to and fro in quest of
worldly wealth.
f c. A person (or set of persons) employed in
searching. Obs. rare"~l.
1604 SHAKS. Oth. i. ii. 46 The Senate hath sent about three
seuerall Quests, To search you out.
5. In mediaeval romance : An expedition or ad-
venture undertaken by a knight to procure some
thing or achieve some exploit ; the knights engaged
in such an enterprise. Also transf.
(1384 CHAUCER H. Fame in. 648 They that have do
noble jestes And acheved all hir questes. ^1450 Merlin
503 Thei entered m to many questes forto knowe which
was the beste knyght. 1470-85 MALORY Arthur xvi. xii,
They supposed he was one of the quest of the Sancgreal.
1590 SPENSER F. Q. in. viii. 53 Her well beseemes that
Quest. 1813 SCOTT Triermain i. xi, Rather he chose, that
Monarch bold, On vent'rous quest to ride, 1850 KINGSLEY
Alt. Locke xl, You are my servant now, by the laws of
chivalry, and you must fulfil my quest. 1876 GREEN Stray
Stud. 262 The Quest of >£neas is no self-sought quest.
6. a. The search for game made by hounds, b.
The baying of hounds in pursuit of game; a
peculiar barking uttered by dogs when in sight of
game, Obs. exc. dial*
13 .. Gaw. * Gr. Knt. 1150 At J»e fyrst quethe of be
quest quaked pe wylde. c 14*0 Anturs of Art h. 49 Withe
Bet questes and quelles Bothe in frethes and felles. 1513
OUGLAS sEneis v. v. 26 For hundis quest it semyt the lift
rife wald. 1589 R. ROBINSON Gold. Mirr. (Chetham Soc.)
12 Thus as I stood to heare this merry quest I heard the
names of houndes that hunted best. 1649 G. DANIEL
Trinarch.j Hen. 7F, Ixxiv, 'Twas soe resolu d ; vpon the
doubtfull Quest The Game gets to safe Covert. 1688
HOLME A rmoury ui. 188/2 Quest,. .the first opening, or cry,
of the Dogs when they have found the scent. 1876 SWIN-
BURNE Erechtheus 1306 Lo, night is arisen on the noon, and
her hounds are in quest by day. 1878 Cumbld. Gloss.)
Quest, the early morning search for a hare by the scent of
the hounds. x886 ELWORTHY W. Somerset Word-bk. s.v.t
He don't never give no quest 'thout he's right 'pon it.
transf. 13.. S. Erken-wolde 133 in Horstmann Altengl.
Leg. (1881) 269 pe masse he begynnes..With queme questis
of pe quere with ful quaynt notes. (11633 G. HERBERT
Temple, Content ii, Gad not abroad at ev 'ry quest and call
Of an untrained hope or passion.
7. R. C. Ch. The collection of alms or donations
for religious purposes.
1528 ROY Rede me (Arb.) 76 The observauntis no people
do spare, Makynge their quest every wheare With most
importunate cravynge. 1691 tr. D Etnilliane's Frauds
Romish Monks 262 The Farmer [of Purgatory money] sends
some of his Emissaries into the Fields, to carry on the
Quest there for the said Souls. 1748 Earthquake Peru i.
85 If we consider the extraordinary Product of the Quest
[of the Franciscans]. 1873 BROWNING RedCoit. Nt.-capgji
When Marquise jokes 'My quest, forsooth? Each doit I
scrape together goes for Peter-pence.'
8. Comb., as f quest -ale, prob. ale of special
quality (cf. audit-ale} ; f quest - diter, -ganger,
= QUEST-MONGER. Also QUEST-HOUSE, -MAN.
c 1460 Tffwneley Myst. xxii. 24 All fals endytars, Quest-
gangars, and lurars, .. Ar welcome to me. Ibid. xxx. 185
Thise rolles Ar of bakbytars And fals quest-dytars. a 1704
T. BROWN Pleas. EpistleWVs. 1730 I. no Private delibera-
tions over brawn and quest-ale.
QUEST.
t Quest, sb?- Olis. [Related to QDETHF. v., as
bequest (q.v.) to oeqiHOtA.] A bequest.
c IMO llarclok 219 He made his quisle swithe wel. c 1400
Gamelyn 64, I byseke yow . . For Gamelynes love, that my
queste stonde. 1418 E. F.. ll'ills (1882) 35 After my detlis
payde and my questes fulfilled. 1478 Croscombt Cniirch-vi.
Ace. (Som. Kec. Soc.) 8 And bryngs in of the quest of
Water Bigge xij </.
So t Questword. Obs. rare-'.
1792 Archaeologia X. 197 The legacies or questword of
the deceased supplied the rest.
Quest ',kwest), v.l [a. OF. quester (t . qneter),
f. quisle QUEST rf.i]
1. intr. Of hunting dogs, etc. : To search for
game. Also with about.
c 1350 Ipmmdon (Kiilbing) 619 A brachet of thee beste,
That euer wold trewly queste And securly pursewe. c 1420
Anturs of Artli. 49 pay questede and quellys By frythis
and fellis. 1323 SKELTON Carl. Laurellnag The howndes
began to yerne and to quest. 1607 TOPSELL Four-f. Beasts
(1658) 133 Such [Dogs] as delight on the land, play their
parts, either by swiftness of foot, or by often questing, to
search out and to spring the bird, a 1680 BUTLER Rem.
(1759) II. 88 If they prosper they .. give the Jackal some
small Snip for his Pains in questing. 1826 SCOTT Woodst.
xxxi, Bevis, questing about, found the body.
fie- I59° SOUTHWELL M. Magd. Funerall Teares 113 Why
doth thy sorrow quest so much upon the place where he is ?
1668 DRYDEN Even.'s Love_ 11. i, Cast about quickly, . .
Range, quest, and spring a lie immediately.
b. Of animals : To search about for food.
1796 PEGCE Anonym. (1809) 137 It would be natural for
them [the whales] to quest about for that jelly they live
upon. 1879 JsrtEtiiES Amateur Poacfor xii. 236 There was
the pheasant not fifteen yards away, quietly questing about.
2. Of hunting dogs : To break out into a peculiar
bark at the sight of game ; to give tongue ; to bark
or yelp. Obs. exc. dial.
^1420 in Rel. Ant. II. 7 Kenettes questede to quelle, Al
—ay perceive the beast resting
banke, the dogs questing on the other brim. 1616 SURFL. &
MARKH. Country Farme 681 You shall then take care, that
not at any time, . . he dare to quest or ooen his mouth, but
that he hunt so silent and mute as is possible. 1681 OTWAY
Soldier's Fort. iv. (1735) 84 Lie still, you knave, close, close,
. . you had best quest, and spoil the Sport, you had. 1831
Miss MITFORD in L'Estrange Life (1870) II. xiv. 328 Just
before the coursing season began, he [a dog] began lo
dream of going out and 'quested' in his sleep. 1886 in
ELWORTHY W. Somerset Word-bk.
f b. transf. Of frogs : To croak. Obs. rare-1.
1607 TOPSELL Serpents (1658) 725, I mean the little Frog
questing hoarse voyce amain.
3. Of persons : To go about in search of some-
thing; to search or seek. Also with about, and
constr. after, for. (Chiefly transf. from sense I.)'
1624 HF.YWOOD Captives i. i. in Bullen O. PI. IV, This too
yeares I have quested to his howse. 1686 F. SPENCE tr.
Varilla's Ho. Medicis 281 This young Lord had won the
prize of a Turnament, and lay questing after a panegyrick.
1701 COLLIER M. Aurel. (1726) 89 They went questing with
flambeaux. 1864 Miss YONGE Trial I. v. ot One of the
bridal pairs . . was seen questing about as if disposed to
invade our premises. 1882 STEVENSON Mem. ff Portraits
xvi. (1887) 288 Neither Mr. James nor the author . . has ever
gone questing after gold.
b. A'. C. Ch. To ask for alms or donations.
1748 Earthquake Peru iii. 303 If the Friars go into the
Country, a questing for their Monastery. 1867 R. PALMKR
Life Philip Howard 104 There were not to be more than
thirteen religious, who were never to quest or beg alms.
4. trans, a. To search for, pursue, seek out.
1751 BYROM Enthusiasm in Poems 1773 II. 34 Averse to
Heav'n, .. They quest Annihilation's monst'rous Theme.
1842 Miss MITFORD in Friendsh. Miss Mitford (1882) II.
v. 77 Flush found a hare, and quested it for two miles.
1855 SINGLETON Virgil I. 164 In noontide heats Quest out
a shady dell. 1882 SIR E. ARNOLD Pearls of Faith xxviii.
(1883) 99 A wild bee questing honey-buds.
b. To question, request, demand, rare.
1897 F. THOMPSON New Poems 35, [I] quested its secret of
the sun.
t Quest, v.'t Obs. rare. [? cf. LG. questen, var.
quessen, quetsen (G. quctscken, Du. kwetsen") to
press, squeeze.] trans. To crush.
1647 HARVEY Schola Cordis xv. 8 If Thy presse stand,
Mine heart may chance slip out. O quest it into nothing.
1674-91 RAY N. C. Words s. v., Pies are said to be quested,
whose sides have been crushed by each other.
Quest, variant of QUEEST, ring-dove.
Questane, obs. form of WHETSTONE.
t Que-stant. Obs. rare—1. = QUESTEB.
1601 SHAKS. Alts IVell n. i. 16 You come Not to wooe
honour, but to wed it, when The bravest questant shrinkes.
Quest-dove ; see QUEEST.
Quester (kwe-stai). [f. QUEST v.i + -ER!.]
One who quests, in senses of the vb.
a 1550 Image Hypocr. iv. in Skelton's Wks. (1843) II. 440
Redy regesters, Pardoners and questers. 1707 J. STEVENS
tr. Qitevedo's Com. Wks. (1709) 208 The wicked Quester
tuck'd up his.. Robe. 1718 ROWE tr. Lucan- IV. (R.), The
quester..to the wood they loose, Who silently the tainted
track pursues. 1875 DctwDKNSha&sperf 10 It is the ascetic
quester, Galahad . . who beholds the mystical Grail.
Questeroun, variant of CUSTRON. Obs.
Que-stful, a. rare—1, [f. QDEST s6* + -FUL.]
Full of questing or searching.
1869 I.OWF.LL Invita Mineri-a 246 The summer day he
spent in quMtful round.
47
t Quest-house. 06s. The house at which the
inquests in a ward or parish were commonly held.
1571 Ace. St. Cihs, Cripplegate in MS. Addit. 12222
[cited by Halliwell.s.v.]. 1607 DEKKER& WEBSTER Northw.
Hoe i. D.'s Wks. 1873 III. 12 Are all the Quest-houses
broken vp? 1668 PEPYS Diary 24 Jan., At the Quest
House, where the company meets to the burial of my cozen
Joyce. 1696 Loud. Gaz. No. 3239/4 At the Quest-house on
Little-Tower-Hill is a Grammar-School. 1828 NARKS Let.
to A. Dyce, A Quest-house was the chief Watch-house in a
parish. . . Some parishes in London still have them, e. g. St.
Giles's Cripplegate.
fig. 1635 QUARLF.S Embl. 102 It is a world, whose Work..
Is vanity, and vexation ; . . A Quest-house of complaint.
attrit. 1628 SPELMAN De Sepult. (1641) 22 A Parish Audit,
or a Quest-House dinner.
Questing (kwe-stin), vbl. s6. [(. QUEST v.i +
-ING1.] The action of the vb. in various senses.
1470-85 MALORY Arthur \. xix, The noyse was . . lyke
vnto the questyng of xxx coupyl houndes. 1540-1 ELYOT
Image Gov. Pref. (1556) 10 After two or three questynges,
he lept to the great Olyphante. 1603 FLORIO Montaigne n.
xi. (1632) 238 A long questing and beating for some game.
1700 JER. COLLIER vnd Def. Short View 118 All this
Questing has sprung but very little Game. 1814 Miss MIT-
FORD Village Ser. i. (1863) 109 Nothing is more certain than
Dash's questing, . . for a better spaniel never went into the
field. 1839 BAILEY Festns vi. (1848) 63 Must thou still Revel
in bootless questings ?
Questing (kwe'stirj), ///. a. [f. as prec. +
-ING2.] That quests, in senses of the vb.
1513 DOUGLAS sEneis xin. iii. 25 Than the remanent of
that questing sort, . . Wythdrawis. c 1600 DRAYTON Miseries
Q. Margaret cxlvi, When they heare the questing Spaniels
fone. 1714 Earthquake Peru \. 80 Even the Questing-
rothers presume to interrupt People at their Prayers. 1810
SCOTT Lady of L. HI. xiii, Thread the brake like questing
hound. 1888 P. FITZGERALD Fatal Zero xxvii. 168 That
questing, roving eye . . that looks out of the corners sharply.
Question (kwe'styan), sb. Also 4 questiun,
4-^ -oun, questyon, (4 qw-, 5 -one, -oun), 5
whestion. [a. AK. questiun, OF. question
(Godef.), ad. L. qusestion-em, n. of action from
quxrere to ask, inquire : cf. QUJERE, QUEKY.]
I. The action of inquiring or asking.
1. The stating or investigation of a problem;
inquiry into a matter ; discussion of some doubtful
point, f To make question, to raise discussion or
talk, to express or entertain doubt (whether, of,
abouf). Obs.
1375 BARBOUR Bruce I. 249 Than mayss clerkis questioun
.. Quhethir he his lordis neid suld let. (1386 CHAUCER
Knt.'s T. 1656 Peples . . holdynge hir question Dyuynynge
of thise Thebane knyghtes two. 1447 BOKENHAM Seyntys
(Roxb.) 2 If be what or why Be questyoun maad of thys
tretyhs [etc.J. 1523 LD. BERNERS Froiss. I. 592 Qvestyon
was made therof before the marshalles. 1599 SHAKS. Hen. V,
i. i. 5 The..vnquiet time Did push it out of farther ques-
tion. 1638 R. BAKER tr. Balzac's Lett. II. 102 Let us ..
never make question whether we ought to call them in-
firmitiesof age, orfruits of reason. 1778 F. BURNEY .Eztf//«<z
xxxiv. As to consulting you . . it was out of all question. 1824
I. MARSHALL Const. Of in. (1839) 3" We cannot perceive
now the occupation of these vessels can be drawn into
question. 1886 RUSKIN Prxterita I. vi. 185 [My father]
allowed it without question.
b. In adverbial phrases, as Beyond (all) question,
oaf of, past, without question : Unquestionably.
1586 T. B. La Primaud. Fr. Acad. 189 Out of question
we will judge those men verie blinde. 1601 SHAKS. Twel. N.
i. iii. 104 And. Why, would that haue mended my haire? To.
Past question. 1680-90 TEMPLE Ess., Heroic Virtue Wks.
1731 I. 212 He was without Question, a Great and Heroick
Genius. 1756 BURKE Vind. Nat. Soc. Wks. 1842 I. 5 In
the state of nature, without question, mankind was sub-
jected to many and great inconveniences. z8i8 JAS. MILL
Brit. India If. v. viii. 684 He is beyond all question the
most eminent of the chief rulers. 1880 L. STEPHEN Pope
v. 118 The Dunciad. .is beyond all question full of coarse
abuse.
c. f/« question, in dispute, in controversy; in
a doubtful or undecided state. Obs. So also with
into and in = into ; chiefly, and now only, in phr.
to call in question : see CALL v. 18.
1390 in Rec. Coldingham Priory (Surtees) 65 That yhour
ricnte be na mare putt in questioun. 1494 FABYAN Chron.
(1533) vil. ccxxxii. 158 b, A longe whyle thys fyghte stode
in questyon, why ther partye shulde obteyne vyctorye. 1513
MORE in GraftonC^n>«.( 1568) 1 1. 769 If it fortune the Crowne
to come in question. 1529 — Dyaloge I. Wks. 123/2 The
thynge standinge in debate and question. 1565 JEWEL Def.
Apol. (1611) 324 How could these so doubtfull matters euer
,haue fallen in question amongst your fellowes. 1620 J.
WILKINSON Coroners ff Sherifes 13 It hath beene in ques-
tion and ambiguity. 1683 DRYDEN Life Plutarch in P.'t
Lives (i^oo) 1. 18 The Pyrrhonians. . who bring all certainty
in Question. 1720 WATERLAND Eight Serm. 138 Which is
supposing the Thing in Question. 1768 T. PowNALL-4rfw/«.
Brit. Col. (1774) I. 5 A right to call into question some.,
exertions of power.
d. In question, under consideration, forming the
subject of discourse. To come into question, to
be thought of as possible.
1611 SHAKS. Cymb. i. i. 34 His Father.. had (besides this
Gentleman in question) Two other Sonnes. 1653 DOROTHY
OSBORNE Lett, to Sir IV. Temple (1888) 100 After dinner we
sit and talk till Mr. B. comes in question, and then I am gone.
1775 SHERIDAN Rivals n. i, He does not think his friend . .
ever saw the lady in question. 1831 MACKINTOSH Hist. Eng.
1 1. 96 The very ill-fated man in question was John de la Pole,
1874 STUBBS Const. Hist. I. i. 7 'I Tie succession of masters wns
too rapid to allow a change of language to come into question
among the greater, .part of the people. 1893 TRAILI. Soc.
QUESTION.
Eng. Introd. p. xxxvi, Discoveries of a far-reaching . .
character, have during the period in question been made.
2. The action of questioning, interrogating, or
examining a person, or the fact of being 'ques-
tioned, etc.; t hence, talk, discourse.
1390 GOWER Conf. i. 1013 Ferst he let the Prestes take, ..
He put hem into questioun. 1456 SIR G. HAVE Law Arms
(S. T. S.) 185 He aw nocht to be stoppit, hot frely to have
passage throu all realmes but questioun. 1596 SHAKS.
Merch. V. IV. i. 346 lie stay no longer question. 1605 --
Mace. in. iv. 118 Ross. What sights, my Lord? La. I pray
you speake not . . Question enrages him. 1690 LOCKE Govt.
n. ii. § 13 One Man. .may do. .whatever he pleases, without
the least question or control!. 1849 M. ARNOLD Sonnets,
Shaksp., Others abide our question. Thou art free. 1869
TENNYSON Coming A rthur 311 Fixing full eyes of question
on her face.
b. spec. The application of torture as part of
a judicial examination.
1583 Exec, for Treason (1675) ifl No one was called to
any capital or bloody question upon matters of Religion.
1651 EVELYN Mem. (1857) I. 275 A malefactor was to have
the question, or torture, given to him. 1689 BURNET Tracts
\. 80 The common Question that they give.. is, that they
tye the Hands of the suspected P_erson behind his back [etc.].
1761 HUME Hist. Eng. III. li. no He urged too, that
F elton should be put to the question in order to extort from
him a discovery of his accomplices. 1871 H. AINSWORTH
Tower Hill in. xix, Let him be submitted to the question,
ordinary and extraordinary.
\ C. In question : Under judicial examination ;
on trial. Obs. r'are.
1589 HORSEY Trav. (Hakluyt Soc.) App. 330 John Chapele
..was. .ymprisoned almost a yeare, in question to have
bene executed. 1597 SHAKS. 2 Hen. IV, \. ii. 68 He that
was in question for the robbery.
d. To call in (•)• or into*) question : To examine
judicially, bring to trial ; to take to task, call to
account.
1611 BIBLE Acts xix. 40 We are in danger to be called in
question for this dayes vprore. a 1641 Bp. MOUNTAGU Acts Sf
Mon. (1642) 59 Socrates, .was called into question, and had
sentence of death pronounced against him. 1647 J. CARTER
Nail $ Wheel 78 Presently he was.. called in question as
a delinquent.
II. What is asked or inquired (about).
3. The interrogative statement of some point to
be investigated or discussed ; a problem ; hence,
a matter forming, or capable of forming, the basis
of a problem ; a subject involving more or less
difficulty or uncertainty. The question : the precise
matter receiving or requiring deliberation or dis-
cussion. To beg the question : see BEG v. 6.
a 1300 Cursor M. 26104 par-wit-al sum questiones we sal
vndo (>e merk resons. 1387 TREVISA Higden (Rolls) I. 15
Wei nyh al problemj's and questiouns of the wiseste men.
1467 in Rymer Foedera (1710) XI. 579 If.. any Difficultie
or Question in trie Lawe happen to ryse. c 1510 MORE
Picus Wks. 3/2 Some good simple folk, that should of zele
to the faith . . impugne those questions, as new thinges. 1598
SHAKS. Merry IV. i. i. 227 But that is not the question : the
question is concerning your marriage. 1663 BUTLER Hud.
i. ii. 465 It was a Question, whether he Or 's Horse were of
a Family More worshipful. 1768 T. POWNALL Admin.
Brit. Col. (1774) I. 7 This American question.. must now
come for\yard. 1854 KINGSLEY Lett. (1878) I. 416 This is a
question involving the lives of thousands and tens of thou-
sands of human beings. 1879 MCCARTHY Own Time II.
xxv. 219 The Eastern Question it was that disturbed the
dream of peace.
b. spec. A subject for discussion, a proposal to
be debated or voted on, in a meeting or delibera-
tive assembly, esp. in Parliament ; t the putting of
this proposal to the vote. Question !, used (a) to
recall a speaker to the subject under discussion,
f(i) to demand that the vote be taken (quot.
1817). Previous question: see PREVIOUS.
1658-9 Burton's Diary (t8z8) IV. 37 The persons con-
cerned must withdraw when any question is. 1678 MARVELL
Grmvth Popery 24 Whereupon the greater number called
for the Question, and had it in the Affirmative, that the
Debate should be laid aside. 1791 Debate Abolit. Slave-
Trade 119 A loud cry [being] kept up a considerable time
for the question. 1817 Hansarifs Part. Debates XXXV.
758/2 Lord Cochrane rose, amidst reiterated cries of
the question. Ibid. 140 If it be wished to avoid a question,
it is usual to move that the chairman do leave the chair.
C. Const. <:/" (the subject-matter or sphere). Now
freq. in phr. it is a question of = what is required
or involved is, etc.
1382 WYCLIF Acts xviii. 15 If questiouns ben of the word,
and names of the lawe. 1526 TINDALE Acts xviii. 15 Yf it
be a question off wordes or off names or of youre lawe. 1812
H. & J. SMITH Rtj. Addr., Living Lustres ii, The question
of Houses I leave to the jury. 1836 J. GILBERT Chr.
Atonem. ix. (1852) 275 The recovery of transgressors is not
a question of mere power. 1867 FREEMAN Norm. Conq.
(1876) I. iv. 223 It was a question of time.
d. Phr. Out of the question, foreign to the subject;
hence, not to be considered or thought of.
1700 COLLIER vnd Def. Short View 122 His Objection. .is
out of the Question. 1815 B'NESS BUNSEN in Hare Life
(1879) I. iii. 88 To go on describing the different effects, .is
out of the question. 1878 Bosw. SMITH Carthage 210 The
third alternative was no longer open, .for retreat was out of
the question.
4. A subject of discussion, debate, or strife between
parties, or of one party with another.
QUESTION.
OF. question occurs freq. in the sense of 'difference',
' dispute ', ' quarrel '.
1382 WYCLIF John iii. 25 A questioun is maad of Johms
disciplis with the Jewis, of the purificacioun. 1390 GOWER
Conf. vii. 4148 A question betwen the tuo Thus writen In
abok I fond. 1456 SIR G. HAY Law Arms (S. T. S.) 115 It
efferis to the constable to here all questiounis, querelis and
complayntis of his menje. 1484 CAXTON Fables of&sop v.
x, Telle me your resons and cans.. that the better I may
gyue the sentence of your dyferent and question. 1533
BELLENDEN Livy HI. xxv, J?e samyn place & land, of quhuk
now J>e questioun occurris [cf. infra for quhilk be debate
occurris]. 1606 SHAKS. Tr. fy Cr. ii. u. 18 Since the first
sword was drawne about this question. 1818 CRUISE Digest
(ed. a) VI. 249 A question arose between the heir at law
and the younger children, whether it passed by the will.
5. In negative expressions. It is no (or not a)
question, there is no question, f or simply no ques-
tion : There is no room for dispute or doubt (but,
that\ To make no question : To raise or entertain
no doubt (of or about a thing, but or inf.).
1585 W. FULKE Def. Tr. Script. Pref. 5 We make no
question but that it is Apostolical. 1593 SHAKS. 2 Hen. K/,
iv. ii. 61, I am able to endure much. No question of that.
1596 — Merck. V. i. i. 184, I no question make To haue it.
1605 VERSTEGAN Dec. fntell. ii. (1628) 25 That pur Saxon
ancestors came out of Germanic . . is no question. 1615
BURGES Pers. Tithes 2 My Purpose is not here to fall vpon
that Question, (for I make no Question of it) Whether [etc.].
1711 ADDISON Spect. No. 59 P 3, I make no Question but it
would have been looked upon as one of the most valuable
Treasuries of the Greek Tongue. 1815 JANE AUSTEN Emma
i. ix, I cannot make a question., about that; it is a certainty.
1845 McCuLLOCH Taxation Introd. (1852) 21/2 It is no
longer a question that the disgust occasioned by this in-
equality, .mainly contributed to throw France into a tlame.
t b. No question loused parenthetically) : No
doubt, without question. Obs.
1594 O. B. Quest. Profit. Concern. 27 We haue set at
naught.. the poor e.. whose accusations, no question, are
gone vp into neauen. 1621 BP. MOUNTAGU Diatribx 273
Alluding, no question, vnto that of the Psalme. a 1674
CLARENDON Surv. Leviatk. (1676) 260 This no Question is
his meaning. 171* DE FOE Plague (1884) 125 There were,
no Question, Accounts kept of their Charity.
6. A sentence of interrogative form, addressed by
one person to another in order to elicit information ;
an interrogation, query, inquiry.
a 1300 Cursor M. 22891 iCott.) An crafti clerc. .asked him
a questiun of a wolf and a Icon. 1340 HAM POLE Pr. Consc.
8288 Now may bou ask me . . A questyon, and say . . Salle J>ai
[etc.]? a 1400-50 Alexander itio Inquire me noght f>is
question, I queth it be neuer. (1485 Digby Myst. iv. 1311
Yeaskithym. .a whestion. c 1580 SIDNEY Ps. XLII. ii, Their
daily questions . .Where is now thy God soe good? 1665
BOYLE Occas. Refl. iv. xvii, Before we could answer that
Question, we must ask one of him, which was, what he had
been doing. 1773 GOLDSM. Stoops to Cong. in. in Ask me
no questions and I'll tell you no fibs. 1776 Trial of Nundo-
comar 73/2 If you do not give a plain answer to a plain
question, you will be committed. 1869 Q. Rev. July 211
Go and put that question to the great armies of Austria.
•f* b. Questions and commands^ the name of a
game in which one person addressed ludicrous
questions and commands to each member of the
company. Obs.
1673 WYCHERLHY GentL Dancing-Master \\. ii, He is as
dull as a country-squire at questions and commands. 1709
STEELE Tatler No. 144 F i Just as one is chosen King at
the game of Questions and Commands. 1731 FIELDING Grub
St. Opera in. vii, Unless when we have [kissed] at questions
and commands.
c. St. in //. The catechism (cf. question-book
in 7). Also transf.
1795 BURNS Election v, The billie is gettin' his questions,
To say in St. Stephen's the morn. 1893 STEVENSON Cairiona
31, 1 judged . . he would think the better of me if I knew the
questions.
III. 7. attrib. and Comb. a. attrib.,as^ww/w»-
box, -hour, -time ; b. objective, as question- answer-
ing, -asking, -begging (see BEG v. 6), -putting, sbs.
or adjs. ; c. phrasal, as question-and-answer lesson ;
d. question-book Sc.t a catechism (formerly often
containing also the alphabet or a spelling-book) ;
question-mark, -stop, a mark of interrogation;
f question-sick, having a mania for questioning;
T question- wise adv., as a question.
164* R. H ARRIS Sjtrmon 29 If wee follow Chrysostom's sense
..and read the words Questionwbe, IVillhee suffer long ?
1647 TRAPP Comm. Acts viii. 24 All Christ's scholars are
questionists, though not question-sick, c 1700 in Wodrow's
Hist. Ch. Scot. (1828) II. 54 Having a mind to learn to
read, I bought a Question Book. 1839 Lett.fr. Madras
(1843) 255 The question-and-answer lessons on Scripture
History. cx86o WHATELY Comm-pl. Bk. (1864) 263 What
Jeremy Bentham calls 'question-begging appellatives'. 1862
T. A. TROLLOPE Marietta I. xl 200 Looking at her like a
question stop. 1869 LOWELL Cathedr.t This age, that blots
out life with question-marks. 1884 E. YATES Recoil, (ed.
Tauchn.) II. vii. 259 Much is said of., their constant
question-asking. 1885 Manck. Exam. 28 Feb. 6/1 Sitting
apathetically through a rather lively question time.
Question (kwe-styan), v. Also 5-6 -yon, (5
-one), [a. OF. questionner (ijth c.), f. question
QUESTION sb.]
1. trans. To ask a question or questions of (a
person or fig. a thing) ; to interrogate, f Also
with double object (quot. 1604).
1490 CAXTON Eneydos xv. 58 Fame . . sette herself . . with
the porters and mynystres for to questyone theym. 1600
SHAKS. A. Y. L. n. iv. 64 One of you question yon'd man,
48
If he for gold will giue vs any foode. 1604 — Oth. \. iii. 129
Her Father. .Still question 'd me the Storie of my life. 1714
SWIFT hnit. Hor. ii. vi, And question me of this and that.
1814 GARY Dante, Paradise HI. 133, I to question her be-
I came less prompt. 1863 OF.O. ELIOT Rontola Introd., The
night-student, who had been questioning the stars or the
sages, .for that hidden knowledge.
b. To examine judicially ; hence, to call to
account, challenge, accuse (of}. Now rare.
1637 HEYLIN^WJW. Bvrtoubo When you were questioned
pubhckely for your misdemeanours, a 1641 BP. MOUNTAGU
Acts $ Mon. (1642) 240 Socrates was questioned and con-
demned at Athens. 1656 BRAMHALL Replic. ii. 96 He had
rather his own Church should be questioned of Idolatry.
1789 Constitution U. S. Art. i. § 6 For any speech or debate
in either house [members of Congress] shall not be questioned
in any other place. 1839 MACAULAY Ess. (1843) H. 458 [He]
cannot be questioned before any tribunal for his baseness
and ingratitude.
f C. To challenge, defy (one) to do something.
06s. rare-1.
1643 SIR T. BROWNE Relig. Med. i. § 27, I cannot see why
the Angel of God should question Esdras to recall the time
past, if it were beyond his owne power.
t 2. intr. To question with : To ask questions of;
to hold discourse or conversation with ; to dispute
with. Obs.
1470-85 MALORY Arthur x. iv, These two knyghtes mette
with syre Tristram and questioned with hym. 1555 EDEN
Decades 10. I questioned with hym as concernynge the
eleuation of the pole. 1614 JACKSON Creed in. j. g 5 Little
would it boote vs to question with them about their meaning.
1760-71 H. BROOKE Fool of 'Qua/. (1800.) II. 97, I was not
far from murmuring and questioning with my God.
3. intr. To ask or put questions.
1584 LYLY Campaspe v. ii, Thy sighs when he questioned,
may breed in him a jealousy. 1593 SHAKS. 3 Hen. /-'/, in.
ii. 122 Goe wee . . to the man that tooke him To question of
his apprehension. 1626 D'EwKs in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. i.
III. 217 Others hearing not well what he saiea hind red those |
by questioning which might have heard. 17*5 POPE Odyss.
xxiii. no, I scarce uplift my eyes, Nor dare to question.
1858 LONGF. M. Statidish ix. 53 Questioning, answering, . .
and each interrupting the other.
b. trans, with clause stating the question. ? Obs.
1592 GREENE Upst. Courtier in Harl. Misc. (Malh.) II.
237, I . . was so bould as to question what they were, and of
their lnisines.se. x6xi SHAKS. Wtrtt. T. i. ii. 433 Tis safer
to Auoid what's growne, then question how 'tis borne. 1651
HOBBES Leviath. n. xxi. no They never questioned what
crime he had done.
t c. intr. To inquire or seek after. Obs. rare~~Y.
i6o6G.W[ooDcocKE]#w*. I-vstine xxxi. 105 Which flattery
. . so much delighted him that them which before his affection
hated, now his desire earnestly questioned after.
4. trans. To make a question of, to raise the
question {whether, if, etc.) ; hence, to doubt, hold •
as uncertain.
1533 FRITH Answ. More Wks. (1573) 33 Whether it be so
or not it may be questioned. 1659 SLISGSBY Diary (1836)
356, I sent you a leter . . but I question whether you re-
ceived it. 1745 P. THOMAS Jrnl. Anson's Voy. 286, 1 much
question if those who left them bad once fired them. 1758
JOHNSON Idler No. 4 P 9 No man can question whether
wounds and sickness are not really painful. 1883 Law
Times 20 Oct. 408/1 Whether the request, .can be complied
with.. may be questioned.
b. In negative expressions, as / do not question
(but) etc.) = I have no doubt, I am sure (that) ;
also pass. (cf. 5) it cannot be questioned =• it is
certain; etc.
1613 SHAKS. Hen. VIII ^ n. iv. 50 It is not to be question 'd,
That they had gather'd a wise Councell. 1687 T. BROWN
Saints in Uproar Wks. 1730 I. 82, I .. question not but
you'll do me and these two martyrs justice, a 1730 SEWEL
Hist. Quakers (1795) I. Pref. 23 Some cases which I did not
question to be true. 1749 FIELDING Tom yones xvm. ii. He
did not In the least question succeeding with his daughter.
1869 HUXLEY in Set. Opin. 21 Apr. 464/3 Nor can it be
questioned that [etc.]. 1878 SIMPSON Sch. Shafts. I. 120 He
did not question but the native Irish would join him.
5. a. To call in question, dispute, oppose.
1632 Gahvay Arch, in loM Rep. Hist. MSS. Conint. App.
V. 478 Wee question the truth of your informacion. 1647
N. BACON Disc. Govt. Eng. i. lix. (1739) 112 This the wilful
Archbishop never questioned, till he questioned all Author-
ity. 1781 GIBBON Decl. $ F. xxvii. III. 3 The worthless
delegates of his power, whose merit it was made sacrilege
to question. 1831 HT. MARTINEAU Life in Wilds vii. 96
There would be no true humility in questioning your decision.
1883 FROUDE Short Stud. IV. n. L 164 Any one who openly
questioned the truth of Christianity was treated as a public
offender.
t b. To bring into question, make doubtful or
insecure. Obs. rare.
1637 HEYWOOD Royall King in. Wks. 1874 VI. 43 This
emulation Begets our hate, and questions him of life, a 1643
SUCKLING Goblins v. (1646) 58 Behold (grave Lords) the man
Whose death questioned the life of these.
f C. To state as a question. Obs. rare*1.
1643 SlR T. BROWNE Relig. Med. i. § 21 Myself could shew
a Catalogue of doubts, never yet imagined nor questioned.
t 6« To ask or inquire about, to investigate (a
thing). Obs. rare.
1599 SHAKS. Hen. V> \\. iv. 142 Dispatch vs with all speed,
least that our King Come here himselfe to question our
delay, a 1633 AUSTIN Medit. (1635) 1 33 When they Question
such things, as the Holy-ghost is silent in. 1655 STANLEY
Hist. Philos. in. (1701) 87/1 Socrates asked them if. .he might
be permitted to question what he understood not.
Questionabrlity, = QuEaTioNABLENEss.
1845 CARLYLE Cromwell (1871) V. 125 Widening into new
dreariness, new quest ionabil it y.
QUESTIONARY.
Questionable (kwe-styanab'I}, a. [f. QUES-
TION V. + -ABLE.]
1 1. a. Of a person : That may be interrogated ;
of whom questions may be asked, b. Of a ques-
tion : That may be asked or put. c. Of a place :
Where questions may easily be asked. Obs. rare.
\$y>C.$.Kight Relig. i It is a question, scarse questionable.
i6oa SHAKS. Ham. i. iv. 43 Thou com'st in such a question-
able shape.That l,will speake to thee. 1607 MIDDLETON Fire
Gallants n. iii, In such public as a tavern, such a questionable
place. [1878 SIMPSON Sch. Shafts. II. 119 (tr. Prodigal Son}
Hollah ! boy. .Stay still and be questionable. Tellme[etc.J.]
t 2. Of persons or acts : Liable to be called to
account or dealt with judicially. Obs,
1639 GENTILIS Servita's Inquis. (1676) 833 The delinquent
shall be sent to the place where he is questionable for
spiritual Matters. 1660 Trial Regie. 51 Whatever was
done by their Commands, or their Authority, is not question-
able by your Lordships. 1685 COTTON tr. Montaigne (1877)
I. 60 Many have thought we are not fairly questionable for
anything but what we commit against our conscience.
3. Of things, facts, etc. : That may be questioned
or called in question (rarely const, by) \ open to
question or dispute; doubtful, uncertain. Freq. ]
in phr. it is questionable (whether, if, etc.).
1607 TOPSELL Four-/, Beasts (1658) 96 It is questionable,
whether they have any Hindes or females. 1643 PKVNNE
Treach. A Disloyalty in. 127 (R.) Making it a thing not
questionable by our Prelates and Clergie. 1685 LADY
RUSSELL in Bucclfuck MSS. (Hist. MSS. Comm.) I. 341
The Queen, is not at all well ; . . 'tis questionable if she can
endure the ceremony of the Coronation. 177* Junius Lett.
Ded. 6 The right of juries to return a general verdict, in all
cases whatsoever is. .not. .in any shape questionable by the
legislature. 1790 BURKE Fr. Rev. 63 Whatever rendered
property questionable, ambiguous, and insecure. 1818
CRUISE Digest (ed. 2) IV. 147 This doctrine is very ques-
tionable. i88a SPURGEON Treas. Dav. Ps. cxxiv. Introd.,
They have ventured upon so many other questionable state,
ments that we are not bound to receive this dictum. 1883
SIR J. C. MATHEW in Law Rep. ii Queen's Bench Div. 592
It was very questionable whether the words used were
defamatory per se.
b. Of doubtful or obscure meaning, rare.
174* RICHARDSON Pamela III. 408 When I cannot answer
for myself, to render anything dark or questionable in it.
1835 I. TAYLOR Spir. Despot, iv. 119 In the lapse of ages,
the phraseology of law may become first obsolete, and then
questionable.
c. of qualities, properties, etc. : About the exist-
ence or presence of which there may be question.
1796 MORSE Amer. Geog. I. vii, The propriety of importing
any of our school books from Great Britain . . is very question-
able. 1856 KANE Arct. Expl. I. xii. 123 The questionable
privilege of having as many wives as he could support.
1885 Afanch. Exant. 20 Feb. 5/1 Either its object is of
questionable expediency, or its work is imperfectly done.
d. Of doubtful nature, character, or quality;
dubious in respect of goodness, respectability, etc.
1806 SURR Winter in Land. II. 261 There are a thousand
questionable thoughts rushing at once upon my mind, a x8ai
SHELLEY Chas. /, n. 203 Stick not even at questionable
means. 1880 L. STEPHEN Pope iii. 79 A coolness ensued
between the principal and his partners in consequence of
these questionable dealings.
Que-stionableness. [f. prec. + -NESS.] The
state of being questionable ; doubtfulness, etc.
1668 H. MORE Div. Dial. II. xxii. (1713) 158 trtarg., From
the Questionableness whether . . there does not as much
good redound to the Universe. 1857 DE QUINCEY Keats
Wks. 1 862 V. 270 The questionableness of its particular state-
ments. 1867 C. J. SMITH Syn. <$• Antonyms s.v. Apparent,
The adverb apparently admits the sense of questionableness
still more strongly.
Questionably, adv. [f. as prec. + -Lv2.] in
a questionable manner.
1859 WILSON & GEIKIE Mein. E. Forbes i. 8 This dim pre-
historic dawn, through which the shadowy figures of . .
Druids questionably hover. 1885 Mag. of Art Sept. 443/1
An eccentric and questionably drawn performance.
f Que-stional, a. Obs. rare-1, [f. QUESTION sb.
•f -AL.] Relating to questions.
1607 R. C. tr. Estien*e*s World Wond. xxxix. 327 The
Decretals haue had their part, . . the Questionall, Distinction-
all, Quodlibeticall bookes .. theirs.
tQue'stionary,^.1 Obs. rare. Also9qu8est-.
[ad. med.L. questionari-us : see QUESTION and
-ABY1.] 1. = QUE8TIONIST.
1435 MISYN Fire oj Love 3, I trowe bies Binges here
questionary him selfe. 1787 Minor \\. xx. 141 Are you
become a questionary at this time of day ?
2. — QUESTOR I.
1820 SCOTT Abbot xxvii, A qusestionary or pardoner, one
of those itinerants who hawked about . . reliques.
Que'Stionary, sb& rare. [ad. med.L. ques-
tionarium ; or, in mod. use, ad. F. questionnaire :
see -ART1.] A list of questions ; t a treatise in the
form of questions, a catechism.
1541 R. COPLAND Guydon's Quest. Ckirurg. Pref., This
lytell questyonary & formulary, .haue ben often requyred
and soughte for. 1887 A theuseum 10 Sept. 345/3 Answers
to the society's questionary of sociology and ethnography.
Questionary (kwe'styanari), a. [ad. late L.
qnsest-, questionari-us (Boethius) : see QUESTION
and -ARY1.]
1. Having the form of a question ; consisting of
questions ; conducted by means of questioning.
QTJESTIONATIVELY.
1653 MANTON Exf. fames iii. 13 The questionary proposal
intimateth the rare contemporation of these two qualities.
1 1715 KuRNF.T Own Tin" ('724) I. 35 The questionary trial
•ame last, Every Minister asking such questions as he
pleased. 1775 ADAIH Amcr. InJ. 60 The reply confirms the
meaning of the questionary salute. 1838 CHALMERS Wks.
XIII. 75 Let us institute a questionary process upon the
doings.
2. That asks questions, rare—1.
1711 STEEI.E Spect* No. 80 f 6 Let those two questionary
Petitioners try to do thus with their Who's and their
Whiches.
f Que-stionatively, adv. Obs. rare-1. [Perh.
on anal, of interrogatively, imperatively, etc.] As
a question.
1657 REEVE GotFs Plea ^ These words are put question-
atively-
Questioned (kwe-styand), ///. a. [f. QUES-
TION v. + -EDl.] That is questioned, in senses of
the vb. Also absol. ns sb.
1680 BAXTER /I «7<i.i'//ffi)i5/?.xxxiv.58TheIittledin'erences
of our questioned Assemblies. 1753 H. JONES Earl of Essex
(1756) 26 Clear Your questioned conduct from disloyal guilt.
1881 Times 18 May 11/5 At other times questioner and
questioned agree in seeking an occasion to state a fact.
Questionee-. rare—1. One who is questioned.
1866 Sat. Rev. 12 May 564 Questioner and questionee
will soon lose each other m the wilderness of words.
Questioner (kwe-styanai). [f. QUESTION v. +
-ER!.] One who questions; an interrogator, in-
quirer; j an interrogative form of speech ; erotema.
1551 CRANMER Aiisiv, Gardiner 73 The curious questioner,
the foolishe answerer. 1589 PUTTENHAM Eng. Poesie in.
xix, (Arb.) 220 This figure I call the Questioner or inquisitiue.
1645 MILTON Tetrach. Wks. (1851) 228 (Matt. xix. 7-8) God
.. was making hel for curious questioners. 1709 STEELE
Tatler No. 41 p 6 He was a Questioner, who . . is one who
asks Questions, not with a Design to receive Information,
but an Affectation to show his Uneasiness for Want of it.
1801 SOUTHEV Thalaba v. xvi, Stranger, in thy turn,.. who
art thou, the questioner? 1890 H. S. SALT Thoreau 30 He
was. .a fearless thinker and questioner on. .matters social
and religious.
t Que-stionful. nonce-wd. [f. QUESTION sb. +
-FDL.] A full reply to a question.
1647 WARD Simp. Cobler 30 If any body comes to me for
a question-full or two about fashions, they never complain
of me for giving them hard measure, or under-weight.
Questioning (kwe-styanin), vbl. sb. [f.
QUESTION z». + -INQI.]
1. The action of the vb., in various senses.
(11635 SlniiES Confer. Christ fy Mary (1656) 04 The
ministeriall questioning of sinners. 1646 SIR T. BROWNE
Psend. Ep. 208 The questioning of their true endowments.
1776 JOHNSON in BosTuell Mar. (at Lichfield), Questioning is
not the mode of conversation among gentlemen. 1861 GEO.
ELIOT Silas M. 48 Silas now told bis story under frequent
questioning.
attrib. 1837 WHEWELL Hist. Induct. Sc. I. 25 The vigour
and confidence of the questioning spirit.
2. With a and//. : An instance of this.
1607 HIERON Wks. I. 266 An aduised questioning with
himselfe, touching the value of this offered treasure. 1677
GILPIN Demonol. (1867) 303 Unseemly questionings of his
goodness and compassion. 1803-$ WORDSW. Ode Intim.
Ititmort. 1^2 Those obstinate questionings Of sense and
outward things. 1885 SIR R. BAGGALLAV in Law Ref> 15
Queen's Bench Div. 59 There are four species of questionings
to which the debtor is to be subject.
Questioning (kwe'stysnirj),///. a. [f. as prec.
-(--ING2.] That questions, in senses of the vb.
1801 CHARLOTTE SMITH Lett, Solit. Wand. I. 234 Under
.. the questioning eye of his father. 1818 SHELLEY/?^'.
Islam v. xii, Earnest countenances on me shed The light
of questioning looks. 1858 LONGF. M. Standish VI. 31 Like
a ghost that is speechless, Till some questioning voice dis-
solves the spell of its silence.
Hence Que-stioningly adv., in a questioning
manner; inquiringly.
1863 B. TAYLOR H. Tkursioa I. 87 As he looked keenly
and questioningly at the little figure.
Questionist (kwe-styanist). Also 7 -est. [f.
QUESTION v. + -IST.]
1. A habitual or professed questioner, spec, in
theological matters. (In early use applied to certain
of the schoolmen, as Aquinas and Duns Scotus.)
1513 [CovERDALE] Old God if New (1534) Rij, Opinia.
tors & questtonistes braulynge and striuyng among them
selues. 1518 ROY Rede Me (Arb.) 43 They sent thether
Thomas and ScoteWithwotherquestionistes. ai$68AscHAM
Scholem. (Arb.) 137 The worst of all, as Questionistes, and
all the barbarous nation of scholemen. 1660 INGELO Bentiv.
ft Ur. i. (1682) 142 They let alone the trifling niceties of
Questionists. 1762 Gentt. Mag. 84 Your respectable rendez-
vous of curious questionists. i8ia COLERIDGE Lett., to his
Wife (1895) 581 He is a fearful questionist, whenever he
thinks he can pick up any information. 1874 SYLVESTER
in Proc. Roy. Instil. VII. 184 note, A questionist ill the
'Educational Times'.
2. Formerly, at Cambridge and Harvard: An
undergraduate in his last term before proceeding
to the degree of B.A.
'574. M. STOKYS in Peacock Slat. Cambridge (1841) App.
A. p. iv, The Questionists shall gyue the Bedels warnynge
..that they may proclayme..thentrynge of their Questions.
1650 [see INCEPTOR i). 1661 K. W. Con/. Charac. (1860) 95
six weeks of their preparation. 1887 Cambridge Univ. Cal.
64 If any Ouestionist have been prevented by illness from
, a Certificate must be delivered.
VOL. VIII.
49
Questionless (kwe'stysnles), a. and adv. [f.
QUESTION jA + -LESS.]
A. adj. 1. Not admitting of question; unques-
tionable, indubitable.
1532 MORE Confut. Tindale Wks. 814/2 Thys questionlesse
and cleare vndowted churche. c 1611 CHAPMAN Iliad iv, 17
The conquest yet is questionless. 1642 J. EATON Honey-c.
Free Jnstif. 81 It is questionlesse that all our sins are in
Gods sight. i86a LVTTON Sir, Story II. 37 Reft from my
senses are the laws which gave order and place to their old
questionless realm. 1870 LOWELL Among my Bks, Ser. i.
(1873)226 He. .remained always its born and questionless
master.
2. That asks no questions ; unquestioning.
1880 L. WALLACE Ben Hur 498 With the same clear mind
and questionless faith.
B. adv. Without question, beyond all question;
unquestionably ; undoubtedly.
In common use from about 1550 to 1750 ; since then some-
what rare.
1412-20 LYDG. Chron. Troy n. xix, And questionles
reporte this of me That [etc.]. 1530 BALE Eng. Votaries
Qiv, Questionlesse theyr brutishe neades are to blockish.
1624 CAPT. SMITH Virginia 107 If they . . had not so soone
returned, questionlesse the Indians would haue destroied
the Fort. 1676 HALE Contempt, i. 83 Each did questionless
make a deep impression upon our Saviour. 1760-72 H.
RRQOKE foot 0f Qua!. (1809) IV. 23 The first man who came
into the world was, questionless, the most perfect. 1809
MALKIN Gil Bias vn. xiii. P 6 Questionless, said I, talents
like yours are convertible to every purpose. 1866 GEO.
ELIOT F. Holt v, A young man . . who can questionless write
a good hand and keep books.
Hence Que-stionleasly adv. a. = QUESTIONLESS
B. b. Without asking questions.
1658 EARL MONM. tr. Pandas Wars Cyprus 169 The
advantage of the League, which was questionlesly known,
would be very great. 1863 MRS. WHITNEY Gayworthys
II. 175 To-day, still calmly, questionlessly, he did more.
1877 KI'SKIM Fors Clai>. Ixxx. 225 Being simply and ques-
tionlessly father-laws from the beginning.
Que'stman. [f. QUEST
1. A member of a * quest * ; one appointed to
make official inquiry into any matter ; spec, f a. a
parish or ward official elected annually (see quot.
1706). Obs.
1 1548 GESTE Serm. in H. G. Dugdale Life (1840) 188 All
judges, all officers, all quest men which have sworne to
speake the truthe. 1509 NASHE Lenten Stvjffe Wks. 1883-4
V. 239 They . . come to bear office of Quest man and Scauinger
in the Parish where they dwell. 1631 BRATHWAIT Whimziest
Questman 125 This Questman. .becomes frequently versed
in sundry ancient Presidents. 1706 PHILLIPS (ed. Kersejj),
Quest or Quest-Men, Persons who are chosen yearly in
every Ward, and meet about Christmas, to enquire into
Abuses and Misdemeanours committed therein, especially
such as relate to Weights and Measures. 1761 London 4-
Environs IV. 23 [The mob of 1381] levelled to the ground
the houses of all lawyers and questmen.
b. £ccl. A churchwarden's assistant ; a sides-
man. Now only Hist.
1454 in T. Gardner Hist. Dunivick (1754) 149 To the
8uest Men for the Ton \-zd. 1555 BP. HOPLIN in Ellis
rig. Lett. Ser. i. II. 189, I dyd sende ymedyatlie for the
sayd Curate, the Churche wardeyns, and the questmen.
1624 Bi>. HALL True Peace Maker in Var. Treat. (1627)
543 Who troubles the house?.. In the Church, .not the care-
lesse questman, not the corrupt of tidal I ; but the clamorous
preacher, a 1656 — Rem. Wks. (1660) 342 We have in every
Parish. .Churchwardens, Questmen, or Sldemen, and Over-
seers for the Poor. [1731 NEAL Hist. Purit. I. 307 To give
f all
.Churchwardens, Questmen, or Sldemen, and Over-
NEAL
arge
Non-conformists. 1895 J. BROWN Pilgrim Fathers I. 35
it in charge to their Quest-men to present the names of
. .
He swore in six questmen to bring presentments against
such as come not to church.]
t2. = QUESTOR i. Obs. rare^-.
1691 tr. Entiltannts Frauds Rom. Monks (ed. 3) 262 One
of the Quest-men told her, That they would take care to
make a little shift of it, for some small Soul in Purgatory.
t Que'stiuonger. Obs. Also 4-6 -mongere,
5 -manger, 6- moonger. [f. QUEST ^ + MONGER.]
One who made a business of conducting inquests.
1377 LANCL. P. PI. B. xix. 367 Lyeres and questmongeres
that^were forsworen ofte. c 1449 PECOCK Repr. v. vi. 516
Vnpiteful questmongers and forsworen iuerers. 1494 FABYAN
Chron. in. 530 They . . slewe as many men of lawe and
questmongers as they myght fynde. 1553 LATIMER Serin.
Lord's Prayer iv. 28 Aboue all thynges, these questmongers
had neede to take heede. 1622 BACON Hen. F/7, 211 Hauing
euer a Rabble of Promoters, Questmongers and Leading
lurors at their Command. [1776 ENTICK London I. 293
Lawyers, jurors, and questmongers.1
Questor (kwe-stf?.!, -3i). Also 6, 9 quaestor, [a.
med.L. questor agent-n. f. quertre = quxrfre to ask
(c£ QUAESTOR) : hence also l\..qufstore, F. gttcsteur.]
1. R. C. Ch. An official appointed by the Pope
or by a bishop to grant indulgences on the gift of
alms to the Church ; a pardoner.
1387 TREVISA Higden (Rolls) IV. 49 Now cherles and
pardoneres beeb i-cleped questores. 1415 York Myst. I ntrod.
26 Escriueners, Lum[i]ners, Questors [Pardoners 'written
abffve], Dubbers. 1502 Ord. Crysten Men (W. de W. 1506)
iv. xxi. 239 Yf he hath suffred wyttyngly questours to renne
thrughe his dyocese in prechynge false indulgences. 1580
FULKE Agst. Alien 168 Men pay monie to the Pope or his
pardoning qua:stors, for leaden bulls. 1748 Earthquake
Peru i. 85 The great Monastery alone has twenty-four
Questors. 1823 LINGARD Hist. Eng. VI. 125 Ninety-five
short theses on the nature of indulgences and the errors of
the questors. 1895 Month July 447 The malpractices of the
t,) ucs tors.
2. a. In France : One of the treasurers of the
National Assembly.
QUETCH.
1848 W. H. KELLY tr. L. Blanc's Hist. Ten Y. I. 413 He
arrived at the Palais Hourbon . . went straight to the questors
[etc.). 1896 Daily News 28 Mar. 5/5 There seemed a
danger yesterday.. that the Questors would be obliged to
call in the police.
b. In Italy : A commissary of police.
1865 MAFFEI Brigand Life II. 169 The indefatigable
questor of Naples, .says [etc.).
3. [? f. QUEST v.] One who seeks or searches.
1887 Miss BETHAM-EDWARDS Next of Kin Wanted II. x.
117 Unhappy questors after something to their advantage.
Questor, obs. variant of QU.ESTOR.
Questorian, -ie : see QU.SSTORIAN, -T.
tQuestrel, variant of CUSTREL, groom. Obs.
1551 EDW. VI Lett, in Lit. Rent. (Roxb.) 72 They had
noe pages, questrells, nor demilaunces, but al wel armed.
t Que-strist. Obs. rare"1. [f.QuESTER + -isT.]
One who goes in quest of another.
1605 SHAKS. Lear m. vii. 17 Thirty of his Knights Hot
Questrists after him, met him at gate.
Quest rope : see GUEST ROPE.
t Que-stry. Obs. rare-1, [f. QUEST sb., prob.
after jury> vestry.] Only in questrymen, jnrymen.
c 1690 Sir Hugh of the Graeme in Roxb. Ball. (1888) VI.
596 The Quest of Jury-men was call'd . . Then other Questry-
men was call'd.
Questuary, obs. form of QU^STUART.
Questure : see QU^STURE.
Questword : see QUEST sb.z
Quet, variant of QUED(E, bad. Obs.
Quetans, obs. form of QUITTANCE.
Quetcli, quitch, v. Obs. exc. dial. Forms :
a. i cweccan, (cu-}, 3 quecchen, queche, 6
queech, queatche, 6-7 que(t)ch ; &. (? 3 owich,
quic), 5 qvycch-, qvyhch-, qvytchyn, quycche,
6 quytch(e, quyche, quich, 6-7 quitch, 9 dial.
quitchy ; 7. 6 (9 dial.} quatoh. Pa. t. i cwsehte,
i, 3 cwehte, 3 quehte, qu-f cuahte, 4 quei($)te,
qua}te ; also 6 quitched, 6-7 quetched, 7
quatched, quitcht. [OE. cw$ccan>.—*cwacjant
causative from the root *cwac- : see QUAKE, and
cf. OS. quekilik glossing L. versatilem or vibra-
bilem (gladiuni}. See also AQUETCH.]
fl. trans. To shake; to brandish; to drive, chase.
Obs. (OE. and early ME.)
c8a$ Vesp. Psalter vii. 13 Nemne ge slen secerde, sweord
his [he] cweceS. c 1000 Ags. Gosfi. Matt, xxvii. 39 J>a wejfe-
renden . . cwehton [v. r. cwaeh tun ] heora heafod. c 1205 LAV.
23907 Heo quehten [c 1275 cwehten] heore scaftes. Ibid.
31475 Hi^endliche he heom quehte ouer pere Humbre.
f2. ititr. Of things: To shake, tremble. Obs.
c 1205 LAY. 20141 pa eorSe a;,-cn quehte [c 1*75 cwehte).
Ibid. 26919 Quahten on hafden helmes he^en. 1:1380 Sir
f'enttnb. 607 So Sterne strokes bay arau^te . . J>at al be erthe
per-of qua^te alnyle & more on lenghbe.
f3. intr. To stir or move from one place to
another; to go, ran, hasten. Obs.
c 1205 LAY. 826 Ne lete ;e nenne quick quecchen to holte
[ci275 scapie to felde]. Ibid. 7271 pa heo weoren ouer-
cumen \>*& quahten [c 1275 wendenl^ieo wide. £ 1350 Will.
Paler ne 4344 pat werwolf, .queite toward }>e quene.
4. intr. Of persons (or animals) : a. To move
the body or any part of it ; to stir ; in later use
esp. to shrink, wince, twitch (with pain), and
usually in negative clauses, Obs. exc. dial.
The phr. cwich ne cwe$ m Leg. St. Kath. i26r, qnic ne
y?teff in Ancr. R. 122 (two MSS.), app. belongs here, mean*
ing ' stirred nor spoke ', though the form is difficult to
account for.
c 1205 LAY. 25844 pa fond he ber ane quene quecchen mid
hafde. c 1330 Arth. fy MerL 9051 (Kolbing) pe stede he
smot, bat it quei?te. c 1440 Promp. Parv. 421/1 Qvycchyn,
or mevyn. 1530 PALSGR. 677/2, I quytche, I styrreor move
with my bodye. 1579-80 NORTH Plutarch (1676) 587 He . .
never stirred hand nor foot, nor quitched when the fire took
him. 1596 SPENSER F. Q. v. ix. 33 With a strong yron chaine
and coller bound, That once be could not move, nor quich
at all. 1609 HOLLAND Amnt. Marcell. xxix. i. 357 Simo-
nides .. endured the flames, and never quetched [L.
immobilis\. 1636 FEATLY Clavis Myst. \\\. 33 He who suf-
fereth all this, quatcheth not, stirreth not. a 1664 FRANK
Sermons (1672) 147 To . . look up stedfastly still, not quich
aside. 1685 COTTON tr. Montaigne I. 253, 1 have seen men
. . that would neither cry out, wince nor quitch, for a good
swinging beating. 1886 ELWORTHY W. Somerset Word-bk..
Qnitc/iy, to twitch; to make sudden, involuntary movements.
b. intr. To utter a sound. (Usually in negative
clauses.) Also with against, at. Obs. exc. dial.
1530 PALSGR. 601 She layde upon him lyke a mantle sacke
and the poore boye durste nat ones quytche [F. nosa pas
against it. 1657 w- MORICE Coena quasi Koifij Def. xvi. 256
To snatch their mouths full of earth, that they might not
be heard to quetch or groan. 1672 MARVELL Reh. Transp.
I. 159, 1 will speak alwayes with so Magisterial a confidence,
that no modest man ..shall so much as quetch at me. 1847-
78 HALLIWELL, QuatcAt to betray, tell. . - Ox/. 1888 Berksh.
Gloss.^l Not to]Quatch, to keep absolute silence as regards
a certain subject.
f c. Freq. in phr. one dare (or durst] not quetckt
implying fear or absolute submission. Also const.
against, at. Obs.
13.. K. A /is. 4747 Dar no man agein hym queche. 1496
Dives <$• Paup. (W. de W.) ix. viii, 358/1 Be he so solempne
& so myghty, that no man dare quycche ayenst hym. 1528
in FurnivaH's Ballads from J/.S'.V. I. 359 Thow knowyste
how..mortimer, in ^is fende dyd Rule & Rayne, For whom
no man durste quyche. 1565 GOLDING Ovid's Met. v. (1593)
7
QUETCHING.
124 The seelie lamb that dares not stirre nor quetch, when
he heares the howling of the woolfe. 1587 FLEMING Canlit.
Holinshed\l\. 975/1 They durst not queech in his presence,
but were like a sort of timorous cattell. 1638 FEATLY Strict.
Lyndom. I. no A most learned worke, against which never
a Papist yet durst quatch. 1653 H. CoGANtr. Pinto' i Trav.
xix. 67 Which put them in such a fear as they durst not so
much as quetch.
Hence t Que'tching, qui'tohing vbl. sb. Obs.
1676 H. MORE Rent. Disc. Hale 94 The quitching of the
skin.
Quete, obs. form of WHEAT.
Quetenite (kwe-tenait). [Named l89° ((?"*•
Unit) from Quetena, in Chili, its locality: see
-1TE1.] ' Hydrous sulphate of iron and magnesium,
found in reddish-brown masses' (Chester).
1890 Amer. Jrnl. Sc. Ser. in. XL. 259 Quetenite occurs
at the Salvador Mine in Quetena.
Queter, obs. form of QUITTER rf.l
tQuethe, st. Obs. rare. Also 6 Sc. queitb.
[f. the vb.] Speech, address ; sound, cry.
13 .. Caw. 4- Gr. Knt. 1 1 50 At )>e fyrst quethe of J>e quest
quaked be wylde. 1513 DOUGLAS j&neis v. ii. 102 Quairfor
Enee begouth again renew His faderis hie saull queith.
tQuethe, v. Obs. (exc. in pa. t. QUOTH).
Forms : Inf. i cwe'San,(cw8e8an)cwi1San,cuoet!a,
etc.), 2 cwepen, 2-3 queften, 5 queth(yn, (qv-,
qw-). Pres. t. (i sg.) i owrfie, (owedBu, cuefio,
etc.), 4 queJ>e,4-5 queth(e, 5 qwethe, 6 quey the.
fa. t. i cwsel!, etc., 1-2 owed, 1-3 oweU, 2 owet,
quafi, 3 cwapp, qu(u ad. quefi, 4 quape, quath,
(quejjed, 5 ? qwithit) : see also QUOTU. Pa. fple.
i cweden, 2 i-owe(8e(n, 2-3 i-queUen, 3 i-cwede,
i-queUe, queUen, 6 queythed. [OE. cweSan
(cwat, cwsedon, cwtt/en] — OFris. quetha, queda,
quan, OS. qiieiian (qtialt, quath, quad; fiuid'un,
quaduti), OHG. quedan, chweden (quad, quat;
quAdun, qu&tun : MHO. queden, keden], ON.
kveSa (kvaS, kvdtium, kveSinn : Da. kvsfde, Sw.
qvada to sing), Goth, qifan (qa]>, qfjmm, qi]>an) : —
OTeut. *kwepan, kwaj>t kw$3um, kwe#ono-.~\
1. trans. To speak, say, tell, declare, call.
c8aj Vcsp. Psalter ii. 7 Dryhten cwjeS to me, ' sunu min
8u ear5'. Ibid. xli. 4 i)onne bi6 cweden to me..'hweris
god Sin1. 071 Blickl. Horn. 183 |>a cwseb Neron to Petre,
4 jehyrstu, Petrus, hwxt Simon cwib ' ? c x 175 Lamb. Ham.
EDo summe of Msse |>inge be ic wutle nu cweben. c 1*50
r«. ff Ex, 1496 Sel me oo wunes, 5e queSen ben 3e firme
sunes. a 1300 Cursor Jl/. 22973 Mani man. -Wat noght bis
word i for-wit quath. ("1330 R. BRUNNE(T//rtf«. ll'ate (Rolls)
1224^ Series, )>ys were our most profit, Wib loue & leue he
quepe [v.r. quede] vs quyt. a 1400-50 Alexander 4325,
I sail quethe be forqui & quat is be cause.
b. intr. in phr. Quick and qnething : Alive and
able to speak.
1539 MORE Dyahge i. Wks. 131/2 A man and a woman
whyche are yet quickeand quething. 1546 GARDINER Declar.
Joye 39 b, I meruayle where he had lerned that lesson being
yet qutcke and quethynge.
2. To promise, rare.
£1150 Gen. <$• Ex. 64 God hem quuad 5or seli suriurn.
Ibid. 2788 Nu am ic ligt to fren hem oeoen And milche and
hunige lond hem queoen.
3. To assign by will, to bequeath.
1303 R. BRUNNE Handl. Synne 6294 Hous, and rente, and
ou£er byng, Mow bey quebe at here endyng. £1330 —
Ckron. (1810) 135 To temples in Acres he quath flue bousand
marke. 1387 TREVISA //iir<rV« (Rolls) V. 321, I quebe me to
be trone of pat luge pat neuere hab ende. 1416 LYDG. De
Gvil. filgr. 4794 My body, I quethe also To the sepulkre,
for dayes thre. 1463 Bury Wills (Camden) 16 Item I geue
and quethe to William Hussher iijf. iiij*/. 1530 PALSGR. 676/2
Hath he queythed you any thyng in his testament?
b. ? To bestow, deliver, rare—1.
c 1400 Deslr. Troy 6973 To Qwimilion the quern he qwithit
a dynt, Woundit hym wickidly.
Hence tone-thing- vbl. sb., bequeathing; queth-
ing word, last farewell. Also f Que'the-word,
a legacy, bequest.
c 1380 WYCLIF Sri. Wks. III. 373 By beggynge, by queeth-
yng [v. r. quebinge] . . and o|>er fals meenes [they] erven
evere after worldly godis. 1481 in T. Gardner Hist. Dim-
'Mich (1754) 148 Of Cutberd Eyer, for the Queth Word
of Tym Chawmbyr 403. 1:1490 Proaif. Pan: 420/2 (MS.
K) Qvethe worde .. legatuiit. 1513 DOUGLAS SEticis ix.
viii. 62 Thi last regrait and quething wordis to say. 1532
Ckurchm. Ace. Wigtoft, Lines, in Nichols Illvstr. Ant.
Matin. (1797), Item, receyvyd of Margaret Brygg for y*
quethword of Rob* Brygg hir husband i/-.
Quethe, var. QUED(E, bad. Quethen, -un,
varr. WHETHEN, whence. Quether, -ur, obs. ff.
WHETHER. Quetor, -our, -ure, obs. ff. QUITTER
sb\ Quetstone, obs. f. WHETSTONE.
Quetzal (ke-tsal). Also quezal, quesal. [a.
Sp. quetzal, older quetzale, a. Aztec quetzalli a
tail-feather of the bird called quetzaltatotl (f. the
comb, form of quetzalli + tototl bird).] An ex-
tremely beautiful bird (Pharomacrus mocinno] of
Central America (esp. Guatemala), belonging to the
Trogon family ; the cock is remarkable for its long
tail-coverts, of a resplendent golden -green colour.
1817 J. WILSON Let. in Mem. iv. (1859) 124 That long,
tailed fellow, the quezal from Vera Paz. 1838 J. GOULD
Troganidx Plate 21, Trojan resplendent . . Habitat Guati-
mala in Mexico, where it is called Quesal. 1864 G. R.
MATHEW Lei. in Ld. Malmesbury Meitt. Ex-. Minister (1885)
586 One of the famed ' quezals ', whose plumage under the
50
Aztec Emperor was reserved for imperial wear. 1887 W. T.
BRIGHAM (title) Guatemala, the Land of the Quetzal.
Queue (ki«), sb. Also 9 queu. [a. F. queue >
Of. couCj ciiet e0£:—L. caitda tail ; see CUE *£.•'*]
1. //£/-. The tail of a beast.
Queue fourchf(e^ having a forked or double tail.
1591 WVRLEY Armorie 41 Gold ramping Lion queue doth
forked hold. 1864 BOUTELL Her. Hist. 4- Pop. xiv, (ed. 3)
164 The lion of Gueldres is also queue fourchee. 1868
CUSSANS Her, (18931 86 A Lion, with its tail between its
legs, is said to be Ctnvarti; when furnished with two tails,
Queue fourckf) or Double queued.
2. A long plait of hair worn hanging down behind,
from the head or from a wig ; a pig-tail.
1748 SMOLLETT Rod. Rand, (1760) II. xlix. 116 A.. coat
over which his own hair descended in a leathern queue. 1774
GOLDSM, Nat. Hist. II. v. 100 The largeness of the doctor's
wig arises from the same pride with the small ness of the
beau's queue. i8oa JAMES Milit. Diet., Queue, .an append-
age that every British soldier is directed to wear in lieu of
a club. 1843 LE FEVRE Life Trav. Phyt* I. i. viii. 183 Old
cocked-hats, and tied queues, still stalk about the town.
1888 W. R. CARLES Life in Corea iii. 40 These boys were all
bachelors, and wore their hair in a queue down their backs.
3. A number of persons ranged in a line, awaiting
their turn to proceed, as at a ticket-office; also,
a line of carriages, etc.
1837 CARLYLE Fr. Rev, I. vn. iv, That talent . . of spon-
taneously standing in queue, distinguishes . . the French
People. i86a THACKERAY Philip II. viii. 177 A half-mile
queue of carriages was formed along the street. 1876 C. M.
DAVIES Unorth. Lond.(td. 2) 120 A long queue, like that
outside a Parisian theatre.
4. A support for the butt of a lance.
1855 in OGILVIE Suppl. 1860 HEWITT Ancient Armour
Suppl. 647 The butt of the lance, .is supported by the piece
called the queue : this was of iron, and made fast to the
body-armour by screws.
5. a. ' The tail-piece of a violin or other instru-
ment' b. ' The tail of a note1 (Stainer & Barrett
Diet. Mus. Terms 1876).
Queue (kiw), v. [f. prec. sb.]
1. trans. To put up (the hair) in a queue. Also
with personal obj.
1777 W. DALRYMPLE Trav. Sf, $ Port. Ixvi, They came
not out.. in the morning till their hair was queued. i8ao
W. IRVING Sketch Bk. II. 385 Their hair generally queued
in the fashion of the times. 1858 CARLYLE Fredk. Gt. (1872)
II. iv. viii. 19 While they are combing and queuing him.
1885 Century Mag. XXIX. 891/2 Some of them clubbed
and some of them queued their hair.
St. intr. To move int in a line of people.
1803 Westm. Gaz. 31 Jan. 6/3 You queue in, hand your
card to somebody, pass on.
t Queu6 a. Her. Obs. rare—1, [a. OF. qucul*
cod:— L. caudat-uni) f. cauda tail, QUEUE] «next.
1613 PEACHAM Painting 170 The King of Bohemia beares
Gules, a Lion double Queue.
Queued (kiwd), a. Htr, Also 7 queved. [f.
QUEUE si'. + -ED2.] Furnished with a tail ; in comb.
double-queued.
1688 HOLME Armoury n. 459/2 A Lion double queved and
crowned. 1727-41 CHAMBERS Cycl. s. v. Queue, If a lion have
a forked tail, he is blazoned by double-queued. 1868 [see
QUEUED, i j.
t Queve, for queue, obs. var. CUE sb2
1659 H. L'EsTRANGE Alliance Div. Off. 317 They had no
other queve to direct them, then the loud pronunciation [etc. J.
|| Quevee, a. Her. [For queute = QUEO£ a.]
Tailed, in comb, double quevte (cf. QUEUED).
1761 Brit. Mag. II. 532 Supporters. Two lions double
quevee. 1840 H. AINSWORTH Tower of London \ A lion
rampant, or, double quevee, vert.
t Queven, v, Obs. rare-1. [? Related to ON.
kvefja (kefja) to put under water.] ? To plunge.
c 1315 Metr. Horn. 128 Quen Satenas sal Jowes queuen
{printed quenen j rime heuinj In ouer mirkenes.
Quever, Quew, obs. forms of QUIVER «., CUE.
Quey (kw*1). St. and north, dial. Forms: a.
4 P*wy, 5 qui, 5-6 qwye, 6 quy, 6-7 quye ; 5
quo, 5-9 quee ; 8- quey; 6 koy, 6-9 quoy,
9 coy. 0. north. 5-9 why(e, 6 qwhy, 7-8
whee, whie, 7-9 whey, 9 wy(e, etc. [a. ON.
kviga (Sw. qviga, Da. kvie), app. f. kii Cow.]
A young cow before it has had a calf; a heifer.
a. 1374 Durh. ffalm. Rolls (Surtees) 124, xij slots et
qwyis. c 1425 Voc. in Wr.-Wiilcker 669/10 Hec juuenca^
quee. 1485 Will in Ripon Ch. Acts (Surtees) 277 That
Elyne Peke have a quye. 1508 DUNBAR Flytingui Beggand
koy and ox. 1513 DOUGLAS JEneis iv. ii. 19 Ane vniamyt
jounj* quoy. 1673 Defios. Cast. York (Surtees) 196 A quye
. .which now pines away. 1725 RAMSAY Gentle Shefih. n. i,
Ye ..sauld your crummock, and her bassand quey. 1768
A. Ross Fort. Shepherdess HI, 112 The beef of the new
slaughter" d quoy. 1818 SCOTT Hrt. Midi, xxxix, If Gowans,
the brockit cow, has a quey. 1884 STREATFEILD Lincoln
fy Danes 263 The garthman. .will be proud to show you . .
the slots and quees.
ft. 1483 Cath. Angl. 416/1 A Why, buciifatjuutnca. 1565
Wills <$• Inv. N. C. (Surtees 1835) 230, vj oxen iiijor kye or
qwhyes. 1614 lm\ in Trans. Cumbld. <$• West m Id, Arch.
Soc. III. 113, 20 stotts, 5 whies, 14 younger neats. 1726
Diet. Rust. (ed. 3l, Whee or Whey, a Word us'd in York.
shire, for an Heifer. iSoa in Anderson Cumbld. Ball. 23,
I carried our whye to the bull.
b. Comb, quey-calf [= ON. kvfaukatfr, Sw.
qvigkalfi Da. kviekalv], a female calf.
1568 Wills % Inv. N. C. (Surtees 1835) 293, I gyue vnto. .
my dowghter one quye calfe. 1575 in R. Welford Hist.
Newcastle (1885) II. 465 The first whey calf that God sends
QUIBBLE.
him. 1715 RAMSAY Gentle S/tef/i. in. ii, Twa quey cawfi
I'll yearly to them give. iSssSiKHUCNS Ilk. of Farm (ed. 2)
I. 506/2 The quey-calf occupies the near, and the bull-calf
the off-side horn.
Hence Quey ock (nlso 6quiok,7 quoy-,quyaeh,
9 queyooh, etc.) ; = QUEV.
1513 DOUGLAS AZneis vm. iv. 76 In the cave . . a quyok
lowis. 1536 HKLLKNDEN Cron. Scot. (i&2i) I. p. iv, The
quiokis war nevir'slane quhill they wer with calfe. 1609
SKENE Reg. Mnj. 2 b, Item for the Serjant, ane colpindach
^ane quyach, ane 3011113 kow).
Queyd, var. QUED(.E, bad. Queyere, obs. f.
CHOIR. Queynose, obs. f. QCINSY. Queynt:
see QUAINT a., QUENCH v. Queynt-a(u)nce,
-ise, varr. QUAINTANCE, -ISE. Queyr, obs. f.
CHOIR sb.t QUEER a. Queyse, var. QUEASE v.
Queysie, obs. f. QUKASY a. Queythe, var.
QUETHE v.
Quezal, var. QUETZAL. Queziness, obs. f.
QUKASINESS. Quezzen, dial. var. QUEASOM.
Qull-, an obs., chiefly Scottish, variant of the
initial combination iuh- (OE. kw-), as in quhan,
ijtt/iat, quhele, quhete = when, what, wheel, wheat
(Also quhou, quhow, quhu = how.) The use of
quh- for original qu- is much rarer, in most cases
perhaps accidental. See the introductory note on
the letter Q.
Qui, obs. form of QCBT, WHT.
t Quib, sb. Obs. Also 6 -be, 7 -bbe. [App.
ad. (orig. in pi.) L. quibits, dat. or abl. pi. of qui
' who, which , as a word of frequent occurrence in
legal documents and hence associated with the
' quirks and quillets * of the law.
For other allusive uses of the L. word, cf. F. quibus money,
cash ; Du. kwibns fool, weathercock.)
1. <- QUIBBLE sb. i.
a 1550 Image Hypocr. in Skelton's Wks. (1843) 11.427 His
tottes and quottes Be full of blottes: With quibes and
quaryes Of inventataries. 1591 GREENE Upst. Courtier in
Hart. Misc. (Math.) II. 232 These lawiers haue..such quibs
and quiddits, that beggering their clients they purchase to
themselues whole lordships. 1608 HIERON Defence n. 221
M. H. answerelh by an unsound reason, two quibbes & two
authors onely produced.
2. A gibe, gird, QUIP, rare — '.
1656 BRADFORD Plymouth Plant. 151 M1. Weston .. gave
them this quib (behind their baksK.That though they were
but yonge justices, yet they wear good beggers. [1736 in
AINSWORTH ; hence in JOHNSON and later diets.]
t Quib, v. Obs. rare. [f. prec. sb.] trans, and
intr. To taunt, gibe (at), QUIP.
1591 KYD Mnrthtr. I. Brcwm Wks. (1901) 291 When he
quibd her with vnkindnes..she asked him if he would haue
her fotsworne. 1608 HIERON Defence n. 323 He goeth on
& saith..thus quibbing at the Ministers.
fQuib, adv. Obs. rare—1. [Cf. prec. sb. and
vb.] In an affected or punning style.
1614 B. JONSON Earth. Fair \. i, When a quirk, or a
quihlin do s scape thee, and thou dost not watch, and ap-
prehend it, and bring it afore the Constable of conceit (there
now, I speake quib too).
Quibble Ckwi-b'l), sb. [? dim. of QUIB.]
1. A play upon words, a pun.
1611 L. BARRY Ham Alley in. i, We old men have our
crotchets, our conundrums, Our Agarics, quirks and quibbles,
As well as youth. 1711 SHAFTESB. Ckarac. i. 8 2 (1737) I.
64 All Humour had something of the Quibble. The very
Language of the Court was Punning. 1779-81 JOHNSON L.
P., Pope Wks. IV. 156 The opposition of Immortalis and
Mortalis, is a mere sound, or a mere quibble. 1858 O. W.
HOLMES Aut. Breakf.-t. xi. 100 Several questions, involving
a quibble or play upon words.
2. An equivocation, evasion of the point at issue ;
an argument depending on some likeness or differ-
ence between words or their meanings, or on some
circumstance of no real importance.
1670 Moral State Eng. 23 An unnatural Antithesis, a forced
quibble. 1675 BAXTER Cath. Theol. i. m. 41 To answer all
these fallacies and quibbles, founded in some false supposition
or ambiguous word. 1768 H. WALPOLE Hist. Doubts 100
note, Henry was so reduced to make out any title to the
crown, that he catched even at a quibble. i8ss MACAULAY
Hist. Eng, xiv. III. 471 To a plain understanding his
objections seem to be mere quibbles. 1878 LECKY Eag. in
i8M C. 1. ii. 280 Those advocates of persecution, who would
stoop to any quibble in their cause.
fig' '79* MRS. M. ROBINSON Angelina II. 184 His features
were all quibbles ; for it was impossible to guess what they
meant for two minutes together.
b. The use of quibbles, quibbling.
1710 PALMER Proverbs 100 A liar is upon the reserve, and
wou'd throw off the odium by quibble and equivocation. 1771
yunins Lett. IxL 319 You attribute it to an honest zeal in
behalf of innqcence, oppressed by quibble and chicane.
3. attrib. and Comb., as quibble-catching, -loving
adj., -sanctioning adj., -springe.
1678 RVMER Trag. last Age 4 Much less have I cast
about for Jests, and gone a quibble-catching. 1802 12
BENTHAM Ration, yitdic. Evid.tifafiV. 234 A quibble-loving
lawyer. 18*9 — Justice ff Cod. Petit. 115 The quibble-
sanctioning judge. 1830 MORIARTY Husband Hunter III.
202 Law pun-traps and quibble-springes.
Quibble (kwi'b'l), i*.1 Also 7 quible. [f.
prec. sb.J
1 1. intr. To pun, to play on words. Obs.
a 1629 T. GOFFE Careless Sheph. Prsel. 129 His part has all
the wit, For none speaks, carps and Quibbles besides him.
1670 EACHARD Cont. Clergy 130 How the ministers them-
selves do jingle, quibble, and play the fools with their texts.
QUIBBLE.
1711 ADDISON Sfcct. No. 61 p 2 Nothing is more usual than
to see a Hero weeping and quibbling for a dozen Lines
together. 1751 CHKSTKKK. Lett. (1792) III. 121 Were I in-
clined to quibble I would say [etc. ; a pun on air}.
2. ttitr. To argue in a purely verbal way; to
evade the real point by a quibble.
1656 CROMWELL Sp. 17 Sept. in Carlyle, Needlessly to
mind things that are not essential ; to be quibbling about
words, 1839 JAMES Louis XIV) II. 83 Mazarin proceeded
to irritate I)e Retz . . by quibbling upon the words of his
bargain. 1854 tr. Lu>nar tine's Celebr. C/tar. II. 26, I shall
not quibble between the titles of King or Protector. 1864
BOWEN Logic ix. 393 A satirical disputant quibbling about
the meaning of words.
b. To wriggle out o/t to trifle or deal unfairly
with, by quibbling, rare.
1842 DICKENS Airier, Notes (1850) 99/1 The simple warriors
..who only learned .. from white men how to break their
faith, and quibble out of forms and bonds. 18590. MEREDITH
R. Fcverel xxxiv, Sensible that she had been quibbled with.
3. trans, with advbs. : To cheat or bring out of,
waste or explain away, by quibbling.
1713 BIRCH Guard. No. 36 p 4 Who ever lost his estate in
Westminster Hall, but complained that he was quibbled out
of his right? 1768 BOVER Diet. Royal II. s.v., He en-
deavoured to quibble away, (to elude,) the sanctity of an
oath. 1857 TOULMIN SMITH Parish 101 This Act has also,
in many cases, been quibbled away.
Qui'bble, z>-2 Obs. exc. dial. [? Onomatopoeic :
cf. QUIVER.] intr. To quiver; to shake.
1726 BAILEV, Quibble, to move as the Guts do. 1886
ELWORTHY W. Sam. Word-bk. s.v., I be afeard I've a catcht
a chill, I do quibbly all over. •
Qurbbleism. rare"1, [f. QUIBBLE sb. + -ISM!.]
The practice of quibbling.
1836 Mew Monthly Mag. XLVI I. 417 The use he may make
of the most ordinary words for the purposes of quibbleism.
Quibbler (kwi-bba). [f. QUIBBLE z;.1 + -KR*.]
One who quibbles, in senses of the verb.
a 1680 BUTLER Rent. (1759) II. 206 A Quibbler is a Jugler
of Words, that shows Tricks with them, to make them . .
serve two Senses at once, 1737 LAW Demonstr. gross En:
of late Bk. (1769) 227 If your heart is shut up in death and
dryness, your reason will be a poor quibbler in words and dead
images. 1807 Med. Jrnl. XVII. 42 M. C.,. .asall Quibblers
do, works in words which are not mine. 1883 Law Times
27 Oct. 231/2 A race of astute quibblers, and not a body of
scientific lawyers.
Quibbling (kwi-blig), vbl. sb. [-ING!.] The
action of the verb QUIBBLE. Also with a and//.,
an instance or specimen of this.
1628 SHIRLEY Witty Fair One in. ii, I have made a quib-
bling in praise of her. 1658-9 Burtons Diary (1828) IV. 36
You say you will bound, and you will not bound. It looks
like quibbling. 1681 \V. ROBERTSON Phraseol. Gen. (1693)
487 There's nothing which these disputants will not oppose
by their niceties ana quibblings. 1831 BLAKEY Free-wilt 172
The various quibblings, shufflings, reservations, and quali-
fications, .must be abundantly evident to everyone. 1855
MACAULAY/^/J^. Eng, xv. III. 514 In spite of this quibbling,
he was pronounced guilty.
Quibbling (kwrblirj),///. a. [-INQ2.] That
quibbles ; characterized by quibbles.
1657 J. JORDAN Walks Islington n. ii, Pox on your Cobling
jeasts, you quibling Coxcombe. 1675 BAXTER Cath. Theol.
ii. ii. 250, I have detected the fraud of their quibling dis-
tinction. 177* Junius Lett. Ixviii. 353 A cunning quibbling
to ^(ed. 2)
attorney might, .discover a flaw. 1875 JOWETT
I. 266 The quibbling follies of the Sophists.
Hence Qui'bblingly adv.
1657 J. SERGEANT Schism Dispach't Post-scr., Their old
method of talking preachingly, quotingly, and quibblingly.
Qui'bbly, fl. rare—1. Of the nature of a quibble.
1895 Cath. News 28 Dec. 4/3 The arguments — small,
quibbly and lacking of elemental foundation.
Quibe, variant of QUIB sb.
Quibib(e, -bibbe, obs. forms of CUBEB.
tQuibibble, obs. var. QUIBBLE sb. (Cf. next.)
1606 Choice^ Chance, etc, (1881) 40 You are so full of
ijuibibbles, that I feare you meane knauery.
tQuibi'be. Obs. rare-1. [?A fanciful ex-
tension of quibe QUIB ; cf. prec.] = QUIBBLE sb. 2.
ai$$o Image Hypocr. in Skelton's Wks. (1843) II. 440
Lawyers and scribes With many quibibes.
tQuibi'ble. 06s. Also6-byble. [Of obscure
origin.] ? A pipe or whistle. Alsoyf^.
a 1529 SKELTON Dk. Albany 389 Your braynes are ydell
It is time for you to brydell, And pype in a quibyble. 164*
SHIRLEY Sisters u. i, MoriUIa. I'll try what I can do !
[Draws her knife.] Piperollo. Oh ! my quibibles !
Quible, -ler, obs. forms of QUIBBLE, -LEB.
Qniblet (kwi-bli't). Obs. exc. U.S. [f. QUIB or
QUIBBLE: see -LET.] = QUIBBLED.
1630 J. TAYLOR (Water P.) Wit f, Mirth Wits. 181/2 A
quiblet . . Nay, then I cannot blame you to be angry. 1636
ABP. WILLIAMS Holy Table (1637) 128 This Quiblet is
grounded upon a mere Errour of the Printer. 1681 T.
FLATMAN Hcraclitm Kiiiens No. 46 (1713) II. 43, I cannot
admire the Quiblet of the Influences of a Half-moon. 1890
BARHERE & LULAND S/aiii? Diet., QniMsls^ (American), a
kind of witticism much in vogue in negro minstrelsy.
tQui'blin. O/>s. [f. QUIB or QUIBBLE; cf.
QUIBBLING.] A pun or quibble ; a trick.
1605 CHAPMAN, etc. Eastu>. floe in. i, Tis a trick rampant ;
'lis a very quiblin. 1610 B. JONSUN Alch. iv. vii, 'I 'lik is
some trick ; Come, leave your quiblins, Dorothee. 1614 —
Barth. Fair I. i, When a quirk, or a quiblin do's scape thce.
Quibling, obs. form of QUIBBLING ///. a.
Quibyb(e, -byble : see CUBEB, QUIBIBI.E.
Quic, obs. f. QUICK a. ; see also QUETCH v.
51
t Quice. Oi>s. rare. In 5 qwyoe. [Of obscure
origin.] Only in quice-tree = gorse, whin.
c 1440 Promp. Parv. 162/1 Fyrrys, or qwyce tre, or gorstys
tre, ruscus. Ibid. 204/1, 421/1.
Quice, Quich, variants of QUEEST, QUETCH.
Quich(e, obs. forms of WHICH.
Quick (kwik), «., ji.l, and adv. Forms : a. i
cwio(u), o(w)ucu, cue-, cwyc, 1-2 owuc, (2
cwuoe), 1-3 cwic, 3 cwioo, ewi(c)k-, 4 kuio,
kuik ; 3-4 quic, 3-5 quick-, 4 quyc, 5 quyck,
5-6 quycke, (5 qw-), 5-7 quicke, (5 qw-), 5-
quick; 3-6 quik, quyk, (5-6 qw-), 4 quiyk-,
4-5 quikke, quyk(k)e, (5 qw-), 5 quike, quikk,
(qw-) ; 4-5 quek, 5 qu-, qweke. &. Sc. and
north. 5 quhyk, qwhick, -ikke, -yke, 5 whik,
whicke, whyk, 6-9 whick, 9 wick. y. 5 whyt, 7
whitt. [Coram. Teut. : OE. cwicu, c(w)ucu and
cwic, c(w}uc-, = OFris. quik, quek (mod.Fris. quick,
queck), OS. quik (MDu. quic, Du. kwik), OHG.
quec, quecch- and chec, checch- (MHG. quec, queck-
and kec, keck-, G. keck lively, pert, bold ; also dial.
queck, quick}, ON. kvik-r, kvikv- and kyk-r, kykv-
(MSw.avi&,fve&,Svt.gvic&; Da. kvik,&\sokva'g sb.,
'cattle , and kvxg-, kvik- in combs, as kvxg- or
kviksancT) :— OTeut. *kwikwo-z. The origin of the
second k is obscure ; it is absent in the Gothic
*qius (in pi. qiwai) -.—"kwiwo-s, from the common
Aryan *gwiwo- which appears in Skr./ftxf, L. vtvus
(for *gvivus), Lith. gyvas, OSlav. Sivit, Olr. <$/«,
fe> alive, living, Gr. 0ios life. An ablaut-variant
of the Teut. stem is found in ON. kveikja to kindle.]
A. nil/.
I. Characterized by the presence of life.
1. Living, endowed with life, in contrast to what
is naturally inanimate. Now dial, or arch.
<r888 K. ALFRED Boeth. xxxix. § 3 |?aette men & ealle
cwuca wuhta habbaS..andan betwuh him. c 1200 ORMIN
3691 He batt fedebb enngle}>eod & alle cwike shaffte. c 1300
St. Brandan 163 As a quic thing hupte up and down. 1387
TREVISA Higden (Rolls) I. 383 Goddes heste, bat heet be
erbe brynge forb gras and quyk bestes. 1422 tr. Secreta
Secret. 208 Sowne of thynges that bene not quycke as the
Sowne of watyr, & brekynge of trees, thundyr [etc.]. 1523
FITZHERB. Hush, § 102 The bottes .. be quycke, and stycke
faste in the mawe-syde. i6xz SPEED Hist. Gt. Brit. ix. xiii.
(1623) 741 They could see no quicke things left but onely
Owles. 1820 SHELLEY Witch Atl. ix, Where the quick
heart of the great world doth pant. 1857 E. WAUCH Lane.
Life 29 There isn't a wick thing i' this world can wortch as
it should do, if it doesn't heyt [= eat] as it should do.
f b. Of possessions or property : Consisting of
animals ; live (stock). Freq. in phrases quick cattle,
good(s, stock, etc., and hence, by analogy, quick
beast. Obs. Cf. also OE. cwicsht, -feoh.
871-89 Charter 45 in Sweet O. E. Texts 451 Ic .. sello
werburje . . has lond mid cwice erfe & mid earoe. 971 Blickl.
Horn. 39 pone teoban dael on urum wzestmum & on cwicum
ceape. 1297 R. GLOUC. (Rolls) 11108 Sir Ion gifiard nom to
himisquiceijteechon. n,-nE.E. Wills 95 Alle my goodes
& catelles, bothe quike & dede. 1523 FITZHERB. S-urv. xu.
(1539) 29 He that hath no quycke good, shall giue his beste
deed good. 1526 Lane, Wills I. 15, I bequeth ffor my
mortuarye my best qwyk beast. 1592 WEST ist Pt. Symbol.
§ 25 Houses and landes and quicke beastes, as sheepe and
oxen. i«49 Bp. HALL Cases Come. ix. (1654) 62 If they be
quick commodities, as horses, sheep, kine and the like, 1686
R. P. in Phil. Trans. XX. 383 Houshold-goods . . lost ;
besides many quick Goods. 1745 W. STOUT A utobiog. (1851)
ad fin., A public sale of all his quick goods and cattle.
c. Applied to things properly inanimate in
various transf. vcfig. uses (cf. II).
cyx> tr. Bzda's Hist. IV. xx. [xviii.] (1800) 314 He..beaw
)*es songes cwicre staefne . . sangeras laerde. c gup Lindisf.
the well of lyfe. 1586 J. HOOKER Hist. Irel. in Holinshed
II. 101/2 To rush through such quicke iron walles [armed
Galloglasses]. 1732 POPE Ess. Man I. 234 See ^thro'.. this
earth All matter quick, and bursting into birth. 1894
CROCKETT Raiders 13 Young green leaves breaking from
the quick and breathing earth.
2. Of persons and animals: In a live state,
living, alive. Now dial, or arch.
c 888 K. ^ELFRED Boeth. xxxvi. § 7 [Ne] ma Se we mason
habban deadne mon for cwucone. c xooo Sax. Leechd. I.
362 WiS miltwrsce, cwices hundes milte abred of. a 1225
Leg. St. Kath. 63 pe riche reooeren & schep. .brohten to
lake, be poure cwike briddes. (11300 Cursor M.Z&4S MI
quik child has bou stoln . . And has bi ded barn laid bi me.
1362 LANCL. f. PI. A. 11. 14 Ther nis no qweene qweyntore
that quik is alyue. c 1450 Two Caokcry-bks. 11. 99 1 ake
a quyk lamprey, And lete him blode at be nauell. a 1329
SKELTON Elynoiir Rummyng 431 A cantell of Bssex
chese . . well a fote thycke, Full of maggottes quycke. 1584
R. SCOT Discov. Wilchcr. v. vi. (1886) 81 marg., To hold
a quick eele by the taile. a l«6l FULLER Worthies (1840)
I. v. 212 Not the quick but dead worthies properly pertain
to my pen. 1790 MRS. WHEELF.R WatmU. Dial. (1821) 08
Worthor giants alive? Mary. Nay, nay, .. they er net
whick I racken. 1873 Spectator 23 Aug. 1069/1 Q<»<£
animals, to use a Yorkshire phrase, are sold here. 1875
Sussex Glass, s.v., I thought at first that sheep was dead,
but I found it was quick still. .
b. Freq. as complement to the subject of mtr.
QUICK.
and pass, verbs, or to the object (rarely subj.) of
trans, verbs ; sometimes with intensive all prefixed.
£825 Vesp. Psalter cxxiii. 3 Cwice forswel^aS usic. 971
Blickl. Horn. IQI He woldan-.bonecaserecwicenne forbacrnan.
c 1122 O. E. Chron. (Laud MS.) an. 1009 pat he Wulfnoo"
cuconne o6oe deadne be^ytan sceolde. c 1200 ORMIN 1364 An
bucc rann bzr awc« all cwice. 1297 R. GLOUC. (Rolls) 4166
Some he mid strencpe nom & al quic nom vret. 13 ,. Evang.
Nicod. 1082 in Herrig Archiv LIU. 411 Ely be prophete . .
whik to heuen yhede. c 1400 Rom. Rose 4070 Al quik
I wolde be dolven depe. c 1450 Mirour Saluacionn 737 But
offred hire vnto godde to serue hym qwhikke swetlye. a 1533
LD. BEKNERS Huoti xlvii. 159 Y« lechour.-shalbe flaynepjl
quycke. 1632 LITHGOW Trav. I. 37 There was a gray Frier
burning quicke at S. Markes pillar. 1678 R. L'ESTRANGE
Seneca s Mor. (1702) 246 Privacy, without Letters, is but
the Burying of a Man Quick. 1708 I. PHILIPS Cyder i. 12
Ingulft By the wide yawning Earth, to Stygian Shades
Went quick.
t c. Of the flesh or parts of the body. Obs.
a 1225 Ancr. R. 112 So pet flesch is cwickure, so be pine
berof & bet hurt is more & sarre. Ibid., His fleschs were
tendrust & cwickest of alle vlesches. 1382 WVCLIF Lev.
xiii. 15 If the quyk flesh is spreynt with lepre, it is vnclene.
(-1420 Chron. vilod. 2624 A lyuyng mone,V hadde be lette
blode in a quyke veyne. 1513 DOUGLAS &neis vtn. viii. 69
Quhill quyk mouthis dyd deyd moulhis kys. 1527 L. ANDREW
tr. jf. Bntnswyke's Distyl. Waters C ii, The lame lyimm-s
and membres . . become quycke agayne. 1603 FLORIO tr.
Montaigne II. iii. (1807) III. 51 To cut and slice great
mammocks of their quicke flesh. 1649 DRUMM. OF HAWTH.
Poems Wks. (1711) 1/2 My wasted heart, Made quick by
death, more lively still remains.
d. transf. and jig., chiefly of qualities, feelings,
etc. (cf. II).
c 1200 Trin. Coll. Horn. 171 po unbileffule men be bi here
quica Hue here sunnes ne forleten. £1380 WVCLIF Wks.
(1880) 369 pai suffre not criste to be alyue in be sowlis of
his peple bi qwike faythe. 1547 Hotnilies i. Faith i. (1640)
2 As the other vaine faith is called a dead faith, so may
POPE Dune. I. 59 Hints, like spawn, scarce quick in embryo
He. 1895 I. ZANGWILL The blaster n. vii. 213 Not only . .
the glamour of the dead past, but the poetry of the quick.
3. Of plants or their parts : Alive, growing. See
also QUICKWOOD.
c 1000 Ags. Ps. (Th.) ciii. 16 Cwice cederbeamas. c 1200
ORMIN 10002 pe}} waerenn o be treo All cwike & grene
bo}hess. 1552 HULOET, Arboure or place made with quicke
springes. 1577 Nottingha»i Kec. IV. 168 Dressyng of the
hedge of quycke grose. 1626 BACON Sylva § 514 Dividing
a Quick-Tree downe to the Ground. 1647-8 COTTERELL
Dtivila's Hist. Fr. (1678) 27 If there be any quick roots left,
which may send forth new sprouts. 1802 W. FORSVTH Fruit
Trees (1824) 214 If any of the old dead snags remain they
should be cut off close to the quick wood.
b. Composed of living plants, esp. hawthorn, as
quick fence, \frith, hedge (cf. Du. kwikhaag),
mound. Cf. QUICKSET.
1467 Bury Wills (Camden) 45 The qwyk heige set frame
the gate on to the hall doore. 1563 HVLL A rt Garden. ( 1 593)
7 A quick hedge, which we cal a quickset hedge. itfaMS.
Ace. St. John's Hasp., Canterb., To enclose the vij acres
of land . . wyth a quyk fryth. 1627 F. LITTLE Man. Chr.
Munif. (1871) 93 They fenced it with a quick mound. 16*9
WORLIDGE Syst. Ayic. (1681) rs A thousand Acres of Land
divided with good Quick-fences. 1719 DE FOE Crusoe i. viii,
A quick or fiving hedge. 1804 J. T. FOWLER Adamnan
Introd. 38 On the top a palisade and quick hedge.
4. Const, with.
a. Quick with child, said of a female in the stage
of pregnancy at which the motion of the foetus is
felt. Now rare or Obs.
(This use has app. arisen by inversion of the phr. with
.ay, that E. L. is not pregnant with quick Child.)
CUSP LONELICH Merlin 826 (Kolbing) This good man
sawh, that sche Qwyk with childe was. i«3 Ftsttrall
(W. de W. 1515) 106 Thenne conceyued Elyzabeth and
whan she was quycke w' chylde [etc.]. 1616 R. C. Times
Whistle iii. 1163 His vnckles wife surviues, purchance Left
quick with childe. 1678 LADY CHAWORTH in i2//< Rep.
Hist. MSS. Cai/im. App. V. 51 Sister Salisbery and sister
Ansley [are] both quicke with child. 1774 GOLDSM. Nat.
Hist. (1776) II. 43 Women . . quick with child, as their ex-
pression is, at the end of two months.
fig. 1870 LOWELL Ammg my Bks. Ser. i. 238 Puritanism,
believing itself quick with the seed of religious liberty, laid,
without Knowing it, the egg of democracy,
t b. absol. in same sense. Obs.
1588 SHAKS. L. L. L. v. ii. 687 Then shall Hector be
whipt for laquenetta that is quicke by him. 1647 I]
Coliim. Koni.ix. n Acknowledging .. her issue for their
Prince, before she as yet had felt her self quick.
c. Alive, instinct with (life, soul, feeling, etc.;.
In some cases prob. associated with sense 10.
1837 DISRAELI Venetia iv. iv, That languid form quick with
excitement. 1839 BAILEY Festus xxiu. (1852) 4;& Thy
palpitating piles of ruin. .quick With soul immortal. 1873
hixoN TwoQxeens I. i. ix. 63 I" Barcelona everyone was
quick with rage. 1883 A. E. HAKE Slory Chinese Cordon
xii. (1884) 294 To give peace to a country quick with war.
II. Of things: Having some specific quality
characteristic or suggestive of a living thing.
* In a sound or natural condition ; fresh ; pro-
ductive.
1 5. Of the complexion : Having the freshness of
life. Obs. rare.
a. i3i$ A ncr. K. 332 pe cwike rude of be nebbe makeS to
7-3
QUICK.
understonden bet te soule bet. .nefde bute dead heou, haueO
ikeiht cwic heou. 1423 tr. Secreta Secret. 223 The [fifth
token] Is that a man haue quyke coloure. 1656 [see QUICK-
NESS 2], 0x693 AUBREY Lives (1898) I. 60 (W. Aubrey)
He had a delicate, quick, lively .. complexion.
f6. Of things seen: Lifelike, vivid. Obs. rare.
13. . E. E. A Hit. P. A. 1179 Fro alle bo sy^tez so quyker
[Iread quyke] & queme. c 1450 tr. De Imitations I. xviii.
19 Beholde £e quicke ensamples of olde fadres. 1533
BELLENDEN Livy Prol. (1901) 4 Of awfull batallis, .. 3« may
fynd here, . . Als quyk as bai war led afore jour Ee.
f 7. a. Of rock : Natural, * living '. b. Of earth :
(see quot. 1620). Obs.
C*47S Partenay 1125 Vppon the quicke Roche thay it
sett tho. Ibid. 4352 A caue.. Within the quike roche.
1620 MARKHAM Farew. Hush. n. ii. (1668) 7 You shall be
sure to raise up the quick earth which had not been stirred
up with the Plough before.
8. a. Mining. Of veins, etc. : Containing ore,
productive. (Cf. DEAD a. 10.)
1676 J. BEAUMONT in Phil. Trans. XI. 735 Subterraneous
Vaults or Grotto' $t whereof some . . are said by our Miners
to be quick, haying often oar in them. 1747 HOOSON
Miner's Diet. Q ij b, Veins, Serins, Pipes, &c. if they bear
any Ore, are called Quick ; and such as have no Ore, go by
the Names of Dead Veins. 1881 in RAYMOND Mining Gloss,
b. Of stock, capital, etc. : Productive of interest
or profit.
1701 LUTTRELL Brief R el. (1857) V. i The quick stock of
both companies shal be paid for discharge of their debts.
« 1711 KEN Christojfhil Poet. Wks. 1721 I. 423, 1. .spent on
the Quick-stock which I could never drain. 1818 JAS. MII.I,
Brit. India 1. 1. v. 81 The estimate which was formed of
their quick and dead stock. 1891 Pall Mall G. 19 Nov. 7/1
The quick assets [of the American Cotton Oil Trust] ..
amounted on August 31 last to 5,928,338 dots.
** Possessed of motion.
9. Of wells, springs, streams, or water: Running,
flowing. (Cf. OE. cwiewtlle adj.) Now rare*
t- 1000 Ags. Ps. (Th.) cxiii. 8 He. .clifu cyrreS on cwicu..
waeteres wellan. c izso Bestiary 34 1 Bihoue5 us to rennen
to cristes quike welle. 1340 Ayenb. 98 To lhade of be zeue
streames be quikke weteres. c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints xxxiii.
(George) 319 In be mydis J>e altere a quyk wel sprang.
c 1430 LYDG. Com6l. Bl. Knt. xi, A litel welle, That had his
cours .. with quikke stremes colde. 1600 HOLLAND Livy
XLH. liv. 1 147 The place is . . watered also with many quicke
and running springs. 1677 EVELYN Diary (1827) II. 425
Whose house stands inviron'd with very sweete and quick
streams. ^1710 CELIA FIENNES Diary (1888) 289 Its not
a quick spring and very often is dranke drye. 1816 BYRON
Parisina xx, The living stream lies quick below, And flows,
and cannot cease to flow. 1889 PATER G. de Latour 75
Gently winding valleys, with clear, quick water.
10. Of soil, etc. : Mobile, shifting, readily yield-
ing to pressure. Now rare. Cf. QUICKSAND.
a 1340 HAMPOLE Psalter i. i As he b* gas on qwik grauel
bat eers him synk bl standis bar on. 155* HULOET,
Quycke sandes or shelues, syrtes. x6oa CAREW Cornwall
8 b, The quicke ground (as they call it) that mooued
with the floud. 1696 Phil. Trans. XIX. 352 Great
Freshes . . make the Sands Shift, and consequently Quick.
1771 SMOLLETT Humph. Cl. 12 Sept., The Solway sands,. .
as the tide makes, . . become quick in different places. 1890
EMERSON Wild Life 58, I pulled my legs out of the soft
ooze, and was soon across the patch of quick ground.
*** Having some form of activity or energy.
11. f a. Of coals : Live, burning. Obs.
c 1000 Sax. Leechd. II. 224 Do to fyre on croccan, ofer
wylle on godum gledum clanum & cwicum. 1340 Ayenb.
205 A quic col berninde ope ane hyeape of dyade coles.
c 1400 MAUtfpCV. (Roxb.) xxxi. 142 If a man . .couer be coles
beroff with aschez, bai will bald in quikk a twelfmonth.
-_,&._. „ v ...
1657 TRAPP Comm. Ps. cxx. 4 Juniper . . maketh a very
scorching fire, and quick coals, such as last long. 1764
HARMER Observ. iii. 118 They. .put it into an oven upon
the quick coals.
b. Of fire or flames : Burning strongly or briskly.
Also of an oven : Exposed to a brisk fire.
c 1374 CHAUCER Boeth. iv. pr. vi. 104 (Camb. MS.) A ryht
lyfly and quyk fyre of thpwht, 1604 E. G[KIMSTONE]
D'Acosta's hist. Indies II. vii. 96 If it [the fire] bee quicke
and violent, it doth greatly evaporate the quick-silver.
16x4 QUARLES Stan's Satin, xx. 19 Thy breath . . incends
quicke flames, where Ember'd sparkes but shine. 1708
J. C Compl. Collier (1845) 16 It makes a hot quick Fire.
1769 MRS. RAFFALD Eng. Housekpr. (1778) 4 Bake it in
a quick oven three hours. i8ai SHELLEY Prometk. Unb.
III. i. 38 God ! Spare rrte ! I sustain not the quick flames.
1863 READE Hard Cask xiv, You will cook your own
goose— by a quick fire.
f!2. Of speech, writings, etc. : Lively, full of
:igge :
quicke scele o)Ter aperte miracle. ^1386 CHAUCER Prol.
306 That [speech] was . . short and quyk, and ful of hy
sentence, c 1400 Apol. Loll. 8 Ajen swilk feynid . .indulgens,
howij> a feibful prest to multiply quek resouns. 1531
ELVOT Gov. i. x, Some quicke and mery dialoges elect out
of Luciane. 1589 PUTTENHAM Eng. Poesie I. xxviii. (Arb.)
70 An inscription.. in few verses, pithie, quicke and senten-
tious. i6as GILL Sacr. Philos. Pref., Though his writings
be easie and quicke, yet his matiers are scattered.
1 13. Of places or times : Full of activity or
business ; busy. Of trade : Brisk. Obs.
c 1386 CHAUCER Frankl. T. 774 Amyd the toun, right in
the quyke strete. 1538 LELAND Itiii. I. 8 A good quik
Market Toune. 1641 BEST Farm. Bks- (Surtees) 102 The
kinge beinge there, the markets were very quicke. ft 1661
FULLER Worthies (1840) II. 190 He called Manchester the
fairest and quickest town in this county, a 1687 PETTY
52
Pol. Arith. (1690) 18 Some where or other in the World,
Trade is always quick enough. 1726-46 THOMSON Winter
779 Pure, quick, and sportful is the wholesome day.
•(•14. Of sulphur: Keadilyinflammable, fiery. Obs.
c 1530 Hickscorner in Had. Dodsley I. 179 He asked for
a mouthful of quick brimstone. 1559 MORWYNG Evany tn.
323, ij unces of bothe kindes of Sulphur or brimstone, that
is of the quik and dead. 1590 SPENSER /•'. Q. i. vii. 13 That
divelish yron Engin,..With windy Nitre and quick Sulphur
fraught. 1661 LOVELL Hist. Anim. $ Mitt. 107 Honey,
nitre, . . and quick brimstone, reduced unto the consistence
of honey.
1 15. Of wine and other liquors : Brisk, effer-
vescent. Obs.
i6zo VENNER Via. Recta ii, 25 A pure and quicke wine.
1677 YARRANTON Eng. Iniprov. 122 As the different heat of
the Climate is, so the Liquor shall ripen and grow quick
and fit to drink. 1730-46 THOMSON Autumn 706 The
mellow-tasted burgundy; and, quick As is the wit it gives,
the gay champagne.
**** Producing a strong effect on the senses or
mind.
16. fa. Of the voice: Loud, clear. Obs. rare"*,
c 1105 LAY. 12306 Heo ..him to cleopeden quickere stseuene
[c 1275 mid swife loude stemne].
b. Of colour : Vivid, bright, dazzling, rare.
1664 POWER Exp. Pkilos. i. 13 Eyes. .of a very quick and
lively transparency or fulgour. 1851 G. MEREDITH Ltnv
in the Valley xx, Stain are the poppies that shot their
random scarlet Quick amid the wheatears.
17. Of feelings : Lively, vivid, keen, strongly felt.
£•1449 PECOCK Kepr. n. viii. 183 Quyk and feruent and ..
deuout remembraunce. 1551 ROBINSON tr. Mare's Utofi. n.
ix. (1895) 284 Onles they, by quycke repentaunce approue
the amendement of their lyffes. 1665 GLANVILL Def.
Vain Dogtn. 75, I have still a quick resentment of the
Vanity of Confiding in Opinions. 1710 STEELE Tatter No.
196 F 5 These have in their several Stations a quick Relish
of the exquisite Pleasure of doing Good. 175* CHESTERF.
Lett. (1792) III. 254 The scene of quick and lively pleasures,
1839 BAILEY Festus viii. (1848) 87 Firestranded, rolling in
quick agony.
18. fa. Of a taste or smell : Sharp, pungent ;
brisk. Also of things iu respect of taste or smell
(cf. 15). Obs.
1573 Treas, Hid. Secrets xlHi, If white Saunders. .be old,
and have no pleasant and quicke odour, they are nothing
worth. 1578 LYTE Dodoens v. xx. 574 These two Purce-
laynes are., of a sharps or quicke taste. 1641 FRENCH
Distill, v. (1651) 126 It will tast as quick as bottle beer that
is a fortnight old. 1670 NARBOROUGH JmL in Ace. Sev.
Late Voy, (1694) i. 68 This Rind . . is hotter than Pepper and
more quicker. 1758 REID tr. Macquer's Chynt. I. 33 Its
smell is.. extremely quick and suffocating when it smokes.
1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) I. 625/2 Their smell is quick and
penetrating, their taste pungent.
fb. Of speech or writing : Sharp, caustic. Obs.
1580 LYLY Enphues (Arb.) 280 A quicke aunswere that
might cut him. 1589 NASHE Pref. Greene's Menafhon
(Arb.) 9 In Scholler-like matters of controuersie, a quicker
stile may pass as commendable. 1616 BULLOKAR Eng . Expos.t
QitippC) a quicke checke, a pretty taunt. 1685 Roxb, Bali.
IV. 284 These quirks are too quick, you do put on me.
1748 JOHNSON Van. Hum. Wishes 62 ^How wouldst thou
. .Dart the quick taunt, and edge the piercing gibe?
C. Of air or light : Sharp, piercing, rare.
1608 SHAKS. Per. iv. i. 28 The air is quick there, And it
pierces and sharpens the stomach. 1818 KEATS Endym. n.
918 Other light, Though it be quick and sharp enough to
blight The Olympian eagle's vision, is dark.
•f* d. Of what causes pain. Obs. rare~~l.
a 1716 SOUTH Serm. (1744) II. 27 The punishment of the
Cross Is . . the quickest and the most acute.
III. Having in a high degree the vigour or
energy characteristic of life, and hence distinguished
by, or capable of, prompt or rapid action or move-
ment.
19. Of persons (or animals) : Full of vigour,
energy, or activity (now rare] ; prompt or ready
to act ; acting, or able to act, with speed or rapidity
(freq. with suggestion or implication of sense 23).
13. . E. E. Allit. P. B. 624 He. .Comaunded hir to be cof
and quyk at pis one;, c 1330 R. BRUNNE Chron. Wace
(Rolls) 16372 Jtey smette to-gedere so bitterlyke, J>at cyber
side fond ober quyke. 1434 MISYN Mending Life 118 So
bat qwen ba rise to pray, ba be qwhickar pen pai before
were. (1440 Promp. Parv. 421/1 Quykj or lyvely, or de-
lyvyr, vivax, 1535 COVERDALE Ezra vii. 6 Ezdras . . was
a quycke scrybe in the jawe of Moses, n 1548 HALL Chron.,
Hen. flf 32 b, This king was ..formally compact, quicke
and deliver and of a stout courage. 1611 BIBLK Ecclns.
xxxi. 22 In all thy workes bee quicke. a 1715 BURNET Own
Time in. (1724) I. 382 Seimour..was a graceful man, bold
and quick. 1816 BYRON (,'/;. Har. in. xiij, Quiet to quick
bosoms is a hell. 1833 TENNYSON Rosalind ii, The quick
lark's closest-caroll'd strains.
b. Of qualities in a person (or animal).
4:1380 WYCLIF Serm. Set Wks. I. 109 Crist fastide fourty
daies . . and he was in quyke age, and listide wel to ete.
1535 STEWART Chron. Scot. I. 12 Thair curage .. that tyme
wessoquik. c 1580 SIDNEY Ps. xxxm. xi,Of quick strength
is an horse, a 1661 FULLER Worthies (1840) II. 536 He was
a good patriot, of a quick and clear spirit. 1733 NEAL
Hist. Purft. I. 342 He was a little man, of a quick
spirit. 1819 SHELLEY Cenci i. iii. 173 The resolution of
quick youth Within my veins.
c. Of things (material and immaterial).
1545 ASCHAM Toxoph. n. (Arb.) 117 So that he [a. bow] be
, . quycke and spedye ynoughe for farre castynge. 1551
ROBINSON tr. Morels Utop, n. iv. (1895) 149 They., finde
spedy and quicke remedies for present fautes. 1592 SHAKS.
Rom. <y Jut. v. iii. 120 O true Appothecary : Thy drugs
are quicke. 1699 Pennsylvania Arch. I. 127, I am obliged
for thy quick Care about ye Wine. 1820 SHELLEY Vision
QUICK.
of Sea 30 A lead-coloured fog . . Whose breath was quick
pestilence. 1883 GRESLEY Gloss. Coal-mining s. v., Blasting
powder is said to be quick when it burns or goes off very
rapidly.
20. Of the eye, ear, etc. : Keen or rapid in its
function; capable of ready or swift perception.
c 1420 Pallad. on Husb. viu. 126 Digestioun hit macth
and eyon quyk. 01450 Knt. de la Tour (1868) 18 She.,
hadd a quicke yeej and a light. 1590 SPENSER F.Q,\. ii. 26
Busying his quicke eies her face to view, a 1661 FULLER
Worthies (1840) III. 104 They have a quicker palate than
I, who can make any such discovery. 1778 JOHNSON L. /*.,
Milton Wks. I. 140 His eyes .. must have been once quic1
1818 SHELLEY Rosal. fy Helen 1212 The same lady ,.Wi
silver locks and quick brown eyes. 1864 Cornk. Mag.
655 The quick ear of Midwinter detected something wrong
in the tone of Mr. Brock's voice.
b. So of the senses, perception, feeling, etc.
a 1548 HALL Chron.t Hen. VJ 130 The kynges counsaill,
whiche did not with quicke sight, forese .. thynges for to
come. 1604 E. G[RIMSTONE] D'Acosta's Hist. Indies iv.
xxxvii. 309 Those [birds], .have a very quicke sight. 1849
MACAULAY Hist. Eng. v. I. 618 Several dogs of quick scent
were turned out. 1870 ROCK Text. Fabr. Introd. 87 Women
being gifted with such quick feeling of linger.
21. Mentally active or vigorous ; of ready appre-
hension or wit ; prompt to learn, think, invent, etc.
1484 CAXTON Fables ofPoge xii, Two prestes . . of whome
that one was quyck and coude putte hym self forth. 1551
ROBINSON tr. More's Utop. n. vi. (1895) 212 The people be
gentle, merye, quycke, and fyne wytted. 1606 SHAKS. Ant.
4- Cl. v. ii. 216 The quicke Comedians Extemporally will
stage vs. 1640 BP. REYNOLDS Passions xiii. 121 Another by
nature quicke and of noble intellectuals wholly applyeth
himselfe unto it [learning]. 179* Ld. Auckland's Corr.(\%pi)
I 1. 410 He is a quick, sensible man. 1847 TENNYSON Princ.
Prol. 137, 1 would teach them all that men are taught; We
are twice as quick.
b. So of mind, wit, etc., and of qualities or opera-
tions (cf. 25) of the mind.
c 900 tr. Bzda's Hist. v. x vii. [xix. ] (i 890) 452 He }>a. cwices
modes jeornlice leornade ba bing. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W.
de W. 1531) 8 In theyr owne pregnaunt and quycke wytte and
reason. 1589 PUTTENHAM Eng. Poesie in. xvii. (Arb.) 196
Synecdoche,, .because it seemeth to aske a good, quick, and
pregnant capacitie,. .1 chose to call him the figure.. of quick
conceite. 1651 HOBBES Leviatk. i. xiii. 60 One man . . of
quicker mind then another, a 1715 BURNET Own Time in.
( 1724) I. 354 Lord Sunderland was a man of. . a quick decision
in business. 1785 PALEY Mor. Philos. (1818) I. 361 At our
public schools .. quick parts are cultivated, slow ones are
neglected. 1804 Ann. Rev. II. 79/1 The author is evidently
a man of quick observation and lively fancy. 1855 MACAULAY
Hist. Eng. xix. IV. 310 Queen Mary.. had naturally a quick
perception of what was excellent in art.
22. Hasty, impatient, hot-tempered. ? Obs.
1549 LATIMER 6th Serm. bef. Edw. VI (Arb.) 172 The
Byshop was some what quicke wyth theym, and signified
that he was muche offended. 1588 SHAKS. L. L. L. n. i.
118 You must not be so quicke. 1628 FORD Lover's Mel.
n. i, Are you so quick? Well, I may chance to cross Your
peevishness.
b. So of temper, disposition, etc.
1837 DISRAELI Venetia \. viii, The expressions of a quick
and offended temper. 1 1850 Arab. Nts. (Rtldg.) 89 The
quick and violent disposition of his master.
23. Moving, or able to move, with speed.
c 1450 Cov. Myst. xxx. (Shaks. Soc.) 298, I am as whyt
[= whyk] as thought. aiSpgSKELTQti £fyrtoi(r Rummyng
337 Her tonge was verye quycke, But she spake somwhat
thycke. 1599 SHAKS. Hen. K, v. i. 91 lie. .something leane
to Cut-purse of quicke hand. 1605 — Lear iv. vii. 35 The
most terrible and nimble stroke Of quick, cross lightning.
1730-46 THOMSON Autumn 526 The quick dice .. leaping
from the box. iSax SHELLEY Epipsych. 532 The young
stars glance Between the quick bats in their twilight dance.
1861 THORNBURY Brit. Artists I. 247 The quick lizard is
already out.
24. Of movement or succession : Rapid, swift.
1297 R. GLOUC. (Rolls) 4544 He sywede after be traytour
mid wel quic pas. 1602 T. MIDDLETON in Shaks. Cent, of
Praise (1879) 51 To keep quick time unto the owl. 1610
SHAKS. Temp. iv. i. 39 Incite them to quicke motion. 1632
LITHGOW Trav. vi. 298 The Dromidory hath a quicke
and hard-reaching trot. 1655 STANLEY Hist. Philos. i.
(1701) 63/2 The Body, which is continually in quick motion,
is., called sether. 1759 JOHNSON Kasselas vi, There may be
danger of too quick descent. 1771 yunitts Lett. lix. 310
There is a quick succession of subjects. 1860 TYNDALL
Glac. n. xxvu. 384 The quicker flow of the centre causes
this structure to bend.
25. Of an action, occurrence, process, etc. : That
is done, happens, or takes place, rapidly or with
speed ; esp. that is over within a short space of
time; that is soon finished or completed.
a 1548 HALL C/tren., Hen. VI 169 And therfore willed her
in so quicke a mischief, to provide a hasty remedy. 1591
SHAKS. i Hen. K/, v. iii. 8 This speedy and quicke appear-
ance argues proofe Of your accustom'd diligence. 1607 —
Tiinon i. i. 91 Morall Paintings . . That shall demonstrate
these quicke blows of Fortune. 1634 MILTON Conins 284
They, .purpos'd quick return. Ibid, 841 She. .underwent a
quick immortal change. 1664 MARVELL Corr. Wks. 1872-5
quic immortal change. 1664 MA
II. 151 Give me a quick dispatch one way or other,
872-5
. a 1756
MRS. HEVWOOD New Present (1771) 263 A quick Way
to take Grease out of Woollen Cloth. 1819 SHELLEY Mask
of Anarchy Ixxv, With a quick and startling sound. i8» —
Proweth, Unb. in. iii. 135 It feeds the quick growth of the
serpent vine. 1821 — Epipsych. 547 The pebble-paven shore,
Under the quick, faint kisses of the sea Trembles. 1854
RONALDS & RICHARDSON Chem, Technol. (ed. 2) I. 343 A
quick process of distillation.
t 26. Of steel : Breaking readily ; brittle. Obs.
1677 MOXON Mech. Exerc. 55 The Spanish Steel .. is too
quick (as Workmen call it) that is, too brittle for Springs or
Punches,
QUICK.
27. Of a curve, turn, etc. : Sharp.
1725 W. HALFPENNY Sound Building 9 If the Arch is
•equired to be quicker or flatter on the Hanse. 1793
"MEATON Edystone L. § 81 A much quicker curve, or sweep
r a less Radius. 1858 Skyring's Builders' Prices (ed. 48)
' Mouldings, .circular on plan, .quick sweep.
fig* 1732 POPE Ep. Cobham 64 Tho' strong the bent, yet
nek the turns of mind. 1781 CowPER^CVmnVy 544 The
irns are quick, the polished points surprise.
28. With constructions :
a. with to and infra.
1297 R. GLOUC. (Rolls) 9327 Slou to fijte & qujc to fie
& bat nis no manhede. 1584 LYLY Campaspe ii. ii, A wit
apt to conceive, and quick to answer. 1593 SHAKS. Rich. //,
H. i. 234 Quicke is mine eare to heare of good towards him.
1808 SCOTT Marnt. \\. Introd. 95 The widow's deafen 'd ear
Grows quick that lady's step to hear. 1870 CHURCH Spenser
139 Those who. .are quick to respond to English manliness
and tenderness.
b. with in,
<i449 PECOCK Kefir, n. xvi. 243 Summe othere . . weren
quycker in natural witt and waxiden better philsophiris.
1551 ROBINSON tr. M ore's Utop. n, vi. (1895) 218 The wyttes
therefore of the Vtopians . . be maruelous quycke in the
inuentyon of feates. 1588 SHAKS. L. L. L. \. ii. 31, 1 do say
thou art quick in answers. 1642 FULLER Holy <fr Prof. St.
II. i. 51 Others that are so quick in searching, seldome
search to the quick. 1837 MARRYAT Perdval Keens xii,
He's not very quick in temper. 1882 J. H. BLUNT Ref. Ch.
Eng. II. 190 So quick was justice in overtaking the rebels.
C. with of.
1560 HOLLAND Crt. Venus Prol. 27 Quik of Ingyne, of
Lordschipcouetous. i57jTus_SER Husb. (1878) 173 Launders
and millers be quick of their toll. 1607-12 BACON Ess.t
Death (Arb.) 384 The most vitall partes are not the quickest
of sence. (21626 BP. ANDREWES Serm. (1841) IV. 43 More
quick of touch than the rest. 1840 DICKENS Barn. Rudge
x, He is quick of foot. 1859 TENNYSON Elaine 1198 It may
be, I am quicker of belief.
d. with at, for, unto.
1590 SHAKS. Mids. N. in. ii. 342 Your hands then mine,
are quicker fora fray. 1640 A. MELVILLE Comttion.pl. Bk.
(1899) 18 Quhick at meitt, quhick at work. 1850 TENNYSON
In Mem, xxxiii, Her hands are quicker unto good.
IV. 29. Combs., chiefly parasynthetic adjs., as
quick-answered, -bom, -chapt, -eared, -handed,
^hearted, -nosed, -paced, -scented ', ( -sensedness) ,
-shod, -spirited, ( \-spr ighted} , -tempered^ • thoughted^
•voiced, -winged. Also QUICK-EYED, -SIGHTED,
-WITTED.
x6n SHAKS. Cymb. in. iv. 161 Ready in gybes, *quicke-
answer'd, sawcie. a 1300 Cursor M. 28547 j>at *q_uikborne
child i haue fprdon. 1824 BYRON Def. Transf. \. ii. Si His
own twin, quickborn of the same womb. 1598 E. GILPIN
Skial. (1878) 50 Here his wife's bated by some "quick-chapt
youth. 1771 MRS. GRIFFITH Hist. Lady Barton I. 118
They are..*<^uick-eared as the mole. 1847 JAMES J. Mar*
ston Hall vii, You are a good, *quick-handed boy. 1820
L. HUNT Indicator No. 29 (1822) I. 231 Ending with that
simple, *quick-hearted line. 1561 T. NORTON Calvin's Inst.
i. 40 Many *quicknosed men do laugh at this. 1607 TOP*
SELL Four-/. Beasts (\6$%) i u Dogs.. are called sharp.. and
quick-nosed. 1590 R. HARVEY PI. Perc. A ij b, Being
*quicksented [I] thrust forward on the trale. 1647 SANDER-
SON Serm. \\. 216 So quick-scented where there is a likeli-
hood of gain. 1656 W. D. tr. Comenius* Gate Lat. Unl.
149 The sagacitie or *quick -sensed ness of reason. 1645
City Alarum 23 If the Souldier be *quickshod with this
metlall [etc.]. 155* HULOET, *Quycke spirited, and quycke
of spirite. a 1653 GOUGE Comm. Heb. iv. 12 iTiat is
said to be 'quick' .. which is active.. as.. quick-spirited.
"quick-tempered ! 1782
Expostulation 316 Laborious and *quick-thoughted man.
1820 KEATS Hyperion \. 149 Thus she *quick-voiced spake.
1833 MRS. BROWNING Prometh. Bound Wks. 1850 I. 152
On the back of the *quick-winged bird I glode.
B. Elliptical or absolute uses passing: into sb.
(rf.i).
1. a. //. (Without article or -s.) Living persons.
(Chiefly in echoes of Acts x. 42 or the Apostles'
Creed, in phr. quick and dead.")
ctyj K. ALFRED Gngary's Past. xv. 96 Se >e demende is
cwicum & deadum. a 900 CYNEWULF Christ 997 Daer biS
cirm ond ccaru ond cwicra *ewin. 1067 Charter of Etui-
•meard in Kemble Cod. Dipt. IV. zzo For alle quiken and
for alle dede to helpe. c izoo ORMIN 10557 'lo demenn
cwike & dxdc. 1:1380 WYCLIF Serm. Scl. Wks. II. 213
His preier . . doib more harm to quike and dede. f 1440
Jacob's Well 65 Paye . . to qwyke & to dede, )>at (>ou owyst.
156* COOPER Answ. Priv. Masse (1850) 56 For then ye
applied it to high, to low,, .to quick, to dead. 1667 MILTON
P. L. xii. 460 To judge both quick & dead. 1732 LAW
Serious C. ii. (ed. 2) 22 The Judge of quick and dead.
b. The quick, the living. Usu. //., and in con-
junction with the dead (cf. prec.).
c888 K. ALFRED Boelh. xxxvi § 7 Ne biS se cwuca Sonne
nytlraSesedeada. cgoo tr. Bxda's Hist. i. xi. (»iv.) (1890)
50 Da cwican no jenih tsumedon J>aet hi 3a deadan bebyri^dan.
'i 1200 Moral Ode 190 pet he seal deme (>a quike and ba
dede. 1197 R. GLOUC. (Rolls) 5877 Me halt euere mid >e
quike ; be dede w as sone stille. c 1330 R. BRUNNE Chron.
WtKe (Rolls) 4388 pe quiyke vponHpe dede }ede. ^1400
Apol. Loll. 49 What rijtfulnes is bis to 5ef ;eftis to be dead,
& spoyle be quek? 1567 Guile f, Godlie B. (S.T.S.) 41 Gif
ony to the quick ?eid from the deide, Trewlie they suld
repent. 1654 FULLER Two Serm. 55 Such Volumes as con-
cern the Quick at that Day. 1717 DE FOE Hist. Appar.
vn. 99 The dead could never come to the quick. 1800-24
CAMPBELL Death-Boat of Heligoland 2 The quick have their
sleep-walkers, so have the dead. 1850 BLACKIE jKschylns
I. 156 He, who was dead, has slain the quick.
t c. That which is alive. (OE. and early ME.
in gen. sing.) Obs.
53
Beowulf (Z.) 2314 No 5aer aht cwices laS lyft floja laefan
wolde. c 1000 ^TLLFRIC Gen. viii. 21 Ne ofslea ic . . mid
wa:tere JE!C bing cuces. c 1*05 LAV. 25758 Na whit heo ne
funden quikes uppen wolden. a 1125 Ancr. K, 334 pe ruade
{deade C.J see, bet nowiht cwices [nis] inne.
t d. Live stock, cattle. (So OFris. quek) quik,
LG. queck, quick, Da. kvxg*} Obs. rare—1.
a 1400-5° Alexander 4469 Of any gud at ?e geet a gift ye
bam ofiirre, A quantite of all-quat, of quike & of ellis.
2. With a and //. A living thing, rare (now
only dial.\
f looo Ags. Ps. (Th.) ciii. 24 His is mycel sa?..baer Is
unrim on ealra cwicra. 13.. E. E. A Hit. P. B. 567 As to
quelle alle quykez for qued bat my.3t falle. 1579 SPENSER
Sheph. Cat. Mar. 74, [1] Might see the moving of some
quicke Whose shape appeared not. 1664 POWER Exf>.
I* kilos, i. 34 You shall see these little Quicks.. grow feebler
in their motion. 1899 Cumbld. Gtoss,t Whicks, .. maggots.
3. coll. Living plants, spec, of white hawthorn,
set to form a hedge. = QUICKSET i a.
1456-7 Durham Ace. Rolls (Surtees) 241 Pro factura
unius fosse et insercione de lez Whyke. 1484-5 Ibid. 98
Pro CCm* qweke et plantacione ejusdem. 1641 EVELYN
hedg'd with
same
r_ 0 ^ ....apt the
Alder, Elder, Furz, and Holly. i^MuseumRnsticum III.
Ixiii. 285, 1 keep the quick regularly clipped, which, in a few
years, renders the fence impenetrable. 1818 Relig; Clcrici
405 Hedges of living quick, a yew alcove. 1881 Card. Chron.
26 Mar. 409 Planting two hollies and six quick in every yard.
b. With a and//. A single plant of this descrip-
tion. = QUICKSET i b.
1507-8 Durham Ace. Rolls (Surtees) 660 Et sol...sepienti-
bus cum lez Wykkes . . querend. le Whikkes. 1671 Vestry
Bks. (Surtees) 202 For quickes, S.T. 8rf. 1765 EARL HAD-
DINGTON Forest trees 40 Upon this I laid another turf, .and
a row of thorns, or quicks. 179* Trans. Soc. Arts (ed. 2)
III. 173 Quicks thus'planted will at an early age, form a
"50 TENNYSON In Mem. Ixxxviii, Wild bird, whose
fence. _
warble, . , Rings Eden thro' the budded quicks.
fc. (See quot.) Obs. rare~°.
1753 CHAMBERS Cycl. Svpp. App., QuickC the name by
whicn some call a species of Mespilus^ or medlar.
4. The quick : The tender or sensitive flesh in
any part of the body, as that under the nails or
beneath callous parts; also, the tender part of
a sore or wound. Usu. in phr. to the quick* •{• Also
without article (quot. 1562).
1523 FITZHERB. Husb. § 115 An hurte, that commeth of
yll shoynge, whan a smyth dryueth a nayle in to the
?uycke. 1561 J. HEYWOOD Prov. 4- Epigr, (1867) 178
tching and smartyng, both touch vs at quicke. 1571
Satir. Poems Reform, xxvi. 168 Fra tyme ye spur and hit
him on the quik. i6oa SHAKS. Ham. iv. vii. 124 But, to
my nose or forehead, where they stung me to the quick.
1767 WESLEY Jml. i Nov. (1827) III. 293 Five nails were
driven into the quick, 1825 KNAPP & BALDW. Newgate
Col. IV. 350/2 Picking his fingers until he brought blood
thro' the quick. 1862 SALA Seven Sons I. x. 243 He was
in the habit of biting his nails to the quick.
b. fig, with ref. to persons, chiefly in phrases
denoting acute mental pain or irritation, as touched,
galled, stung) etc. to the quick.
15*6 SKELTON Magnyf. 1630 Yf a man fortune to louche
you on the quyke, Then feyne yourselfe dyseased. 1551
ROBINSON tr.^/f^'j£//(7/.i.(i8g5)46Theirtenauntes,.. whom
they polle and shaue to the quycke, by reysing their rentes.
1579-^80 NORTH Plutarch (1676) 433 Tigranes. . was galled to
the quick, and hit at the heart. 1628 WITHER Brit. Rememb,
"• 933) I confesse that on the quick they grated, Who in
this manner have expostulated. 1647 TRAPP Comm. Rom.
ii. 3 This is preaching to the conscience, to the quick.
I7M DE FOE Moll Flanders (1840) 44 This stung the
elder brother to the quick. 1^93 MAD. D'ARBLAY Lett,
2: Oct., I could not deeply consider the situation of these
venerable men, without feeling for them to the quick.
1842 TENNYSON Walk, to the Mail 73 A Tory to the quick.
1883 FROUDE Short Stud. IV. i. iv. 45 His proud temper
was chafed to the quick, and he turned sick with anger.
C. transf. of things (esp. immaterial things) :
The central, vital, or most important part.
1567 R. EDWARDS Damon $ Pithias in Hazl. Dodsley IV.
12 In comedies the greatest skill is this, rightly to touch
All things to the quick. 1600 SURFLET Countrie Farme in.
xlvi, 516 There is neede to digge trees at the foote in winter
vnto the very quick of the earth. 1643 BURROUGHES E*p.
Hosea ix. (1652) 314 If things were examined to the quick
in our receiving the Sacrament. 1693 EVELYN tr. De laQuint.
Compl. Card. II. 19 The Tree .. must be refresh 'd as far
as the quipk. 1837 Ho WITT Rur. Life vi. i. (1862) 404 It is
existence shorn of all its spreading and flowering branches,
but not pared to the quick. 1876 GEO. ELIOT Dan. Der.
vii. Ii, The point touched the quick of his experience.
d. With a and //. : A tender, sensitive, or vital
part. rare.
c 1550 BALE K. Johan (Camden) 77 To drive hym to holde
and searche hym in the quyckes, 1705 WROE in Phil.
Trans. XXV. 1900 There appearing great quicks (as they
call them) or Roots under the Nails. 1892 J. LUCAS tr.
K aim's England 6g They have ready to hand a multitude
of the quicks [Sw. qwickan\ or inner parts of Ox-horns.
5. The quick : The life (see LIFE sd. 7). Chiefly
in phr. to the quick.
1563 MAN tr. Mitsculits Commonpl. 43 Images, .with mar-
tielouse deuice set forth to the quicke. 1727 BOYER Diet.
Royal II, To draw to the quick (or to the life). 1858 J.
BROWN Horae Subs. (1863) 3, 1 think I have only to sit down
and write it [my father s lifej off, and do it to the quick.
1880 G. MEREDITH Trag. Com. 11881) 96 Our blood runs
through it, our history in the quick.
QUICK-.
f0. = Quick-mire (see D.). Obs. rare—1.
1648 BANCROFT in H. Cary Mem. Gt. Civ. War (1842) II.
40, I am here in Sloughland, in the midst of quicks and
quagmires.
7. U.S. Mining. Abbrev. of QUICKSILVER. (So
G. quick.)
1882 Rep. to Ho. Repr., Prec. Met. U. S. 651 From this
groove the amalgam and quicksilver run in gas-pipes to the
securely-locked 'amalgam safes', in which the surplus
' quick is strained off.
C. adv. 1. = QUICKLY.
£•1290 Michael 502 in S. Eng. Leg. 314 Heo..mai beo
noube here and ^er ase quik ase marines muynde. c 1330
R. BRUNNE Chron. (1810) 79 Bot comen is William quik,
and sekes ^am fulle streit. 1377 LANGL. P. PI. B. xiv. 189
He shulde take the acquitance as quik. 11529 SKELTON
Elynour Rummyng 206 This ale shal be thycker, And
flpwre the more quicker. 1610 SHAKS. Temp. v. i. 304 Such
discourse, as . . shall make itfthe night] Goe quicke away.
1667 MILTON P. L. iv. 1004 The latter quick up flew, and
kickt the beam. 1692 LOCKE Educ. § 160 Any.. Person
who writes well, and quick. 1748 CHESTERF. Lett. (1792)
1 1. 25, 1 am told that you speak very quick. 1788 CHARLOTTE
SMITH Emmeline (1816) IV. 55, I am going .. to Havre,
whence I shall get the quickest to Southampton. 1840
DICKENS Barn. Rudge x, The* person who'd go quickest,
is a sort of natural. 1865 TENNYSON On a Mourner iii,
Nature . . on thy heart a finger lays, Saying ' Beat quicker '.
1874 GREEN Short Hist. ii. 88 A peaceful invasion . . followed
quick on the conquest of the Norman soldiery.
b. Phr., (As} quick as lightning, thought ', wink,
etc. (cf. A. 23, quot. ^1450).
1813 SCOTT Rokeby i. xix, Thoughts . . Glance quick as
lightning through the heart. 18*5 Brother Jonathan I. in
Fire away as quick as wink. 1871 B. TAYLOR Faust (1875)
II. i. ii. 8 As quick as thought.. Him to replace there came
another. \W\Scribner 's Mag. XXII. 108/2 Quick as thought,
Roger slipped his hands from their, .noose. 1893 FORBES
MITCHELL Remin. Gt. Mutiny 88 Quick as thought I.,
clasped it.
2. Used imperatively. (In some cases perh.
representing the adj. in the phr. Be quick!} See
also QUICK MARCH 2.
1596 SHAKS. Merch. V. n. ix. i Quick, quick I pray thee,
draw the curtain strait. 1604 — Oth. v. i. 3 Quicke, quicke,
feare nothing ; lie be at thy Elbow. i8a» SHELLEY tr.
Calderon HI. 176 Livia, quick, bring my cloak. 1852 MRS.
STOWE Uncle Tom's C. v. 31 Get on your clothes, old man,
quick ! 1872 TENNYSON Gareth <$• Lynette 147 Nay— quick !
the proof to prove me.
3. Combs, a. With present participles, as quick-
acting^ -burning^ -coming, -conceiving, -decaying^
-designing, -devouring, 'fading (see quot.), -falling,
-firing, -fiowing, -glancing, -growing, -guiding^
'gushing, -labouring, -moving, -piercing, -relishing,
-returning, -rolling, -running, -scenting, -self-
lessening, -setting, -shifting, -shutting, -spouting,
-stepping, -thriving (chiefly adjs.).
1878 ABNEY Photogr. (1881) 222 Those *qmck-acting
lenses.. for taking instantaneous pictures. 1799 G. SMITH
Laboratory I. 43 Prime it with a *quick-burnmg charge.
1870 MORRIS Earthly Par. Apol. 3, 1 cannot., make 'quick-
coming death a little thing. 1596 SHAKS. i Hen. IP, i. iii.
189 To your *quicke conceyuing Discontents, lie reade you
Matter, deepe and dangerous. 1708 J. PHILIPS Cyder ii.
64 Freezing Nose, and *quick-decaying feet. 1676 D'URFEY
Mad. Fickle iv. ii, I'll.. bring it off with *quick designing
Wit. 1621 QUARLES Div. Poems, Hadassa (1638) 91 The
*quick-devouring fire of heaven. 1597 GERARDE Herbal \\.
cxxvii. § 2, 395 Ephemerum Mathioli, *Quicke fading
flower. 1661 LOVEU. Hist. Anim. fy Min. 57 The quick
fading flower, drunk with the grapes of wild vine. 1832
TENNYSON CEnone 200 * Quick- falling dew Of fruitful kisses.
1887 Pall Mall G. 17 Dec. 6/2 *Quick-firing gun ammuni-
tion. 1632 W. LYNNESAY in Lithgoufs Trav. B iij, Thou
hast sweetly sung . . in our *quick-flowing tongue. 1751
GRAY Spring 30 The insect youth, .show their gayly-gilded
trim *Quick-glancing to the sun. 1879 MRS. A. E. JAMES
Ind. Househ. Managem. 62 Planting a *quick-growing
shrub to form a hedge. 1793 HOLCROFT tr. Lavater's
Phystog. xxvii. 129 The work of the *quick-guiding Provi-
dence. 1845 MRS. NORTON Child of the Islands (1846) 135
The shy, ^quick-pushing blood. 1535 COVERDALE Prov. x.
4 A *quycke labonnge hande maketh riche. 1793 HOLCROFT
tr. Lavater's Physiog. xxxv. 180 The cheerful, open, free,
*quick-moving mouth. 1633 FORD Broken Heart i. iii,
Their *quick-piercing eyes, which dive . . Down to thy
quick-returning pang —
1584 Three Ladies Lond. i. in Hazl. Dodsley VI . 338 "Quick-
rolling eyes, her temples high. 174* FIELDING J.A ndrews
in. vi, The *quick-scenting dogs attacked him. 1613-0
W. BROWNE Brit. Past. 11. i, Braue birds they were, whose
*quick-selfe-less'ning kin Still wonne the girlonds from the
shutting eyes looked unutterable inings. 1013 ±. cuso
Lucretius I. in. 731 *Quick-spouting blood. .And fierce
convulsions. 1884 Times 27 Feb. 7/6 The high-standing,
*quick-stepping Clydesdales. 1669 WORLIDGE Syst. Agrtc.
(1681) 93 The Ash is a gallant 'quick-thriving wood.
b. With pa. pples., as quick-compounded, -drawn,
-gone, -raised, -wrought adjs.
S THOMSON Autumn 1363 _,
"quick -com pounded thought. 1882 J. HAWTHORNE
1730-46 THOMSON Autumn 1363 The mind, The varied
:ene of *quick-o_— r ......
<ort. Fool i. xii, A "quick-drawn, panting sigh. 1887
BOWEN I'irg. dStteid v. 202 The limb and the feverish lip
Quiver with quick-drawn breath. z8i8 KEATS Endym. \.
375 He could not miss His *quick gone love. 1596 SHAKS.
i Hen. IV, iv. iv. 12 The King, with mightie and *quick-
raysed Power. 1898 Q- Rev. Apr. 435 He wove for Theseus
a snare "quick-wrougnt.
QUICK.
D. Special combs, or phrases (chiefly the adj. in
close connexion with a sb., sometimes written as
a single word, or hyphened) : f quick anatomy
(see ANATOMY i b) ; quick-change, attrib. as
epithet of an actor or other performer who quickly
changes costume or appearance in order to play
a different part; t quick dissection, vivisection;
quick-fire, attrib. of a type of gun which can fire
shots in *apid succession ; quick-firer, a quick-
firing gun; quick-foot adv.) in haste, swiftly;
"t* quickfrith, plants to form a quick hedge ; quick-
in-the-hand, a popular name of the yellow balsam ;
t quick-iron, the load-stone, magnet ; f quick-
line, asbestos ; quick-loader, a device to enable
a gun to be loaded quickly; f quick -mire, a quag-
mire ; quick relief, Naut.^ ' one who turns out
speedily to relieve the watch'(Smyth Sailor's Word-
bk. 1867); quick-return, attrib. of gearing in a
cutting machine which brings the bed quickly back
after each cut of the tool (Knight Diet. Mech. \ 875) ;
quick saver, Naut., * a span formerly used to
prevent the courses from bellying too much when
off the wind * (Smyth) ; f quick-scab, a form of
scab in horses; f quick shot, fig.) small drink-
ing-vessels that are quickly emptied ; quick-
aide, Naut.t = FKEE-BOABD ; t quick-spring, a
running spring; f quick-spur, one who rides
quickly (in quot. fig.'} ; quick-stick^s), quickly,
without delay (also in quick sticks}; fquickthorn,
thorn used for hedging ; t quiokthorned a., resem-
bling hedge-thorn ; quick-water [ = G. quick-
ivasser]) a solution of nitrate of mercury and gold
used in water-gilding (Knight). See also QUICK-
BEAM, -LIME, MARCH, -MATCH, -SAND, -SET, -SILVER,
STEP, TIME, -WOOD, -WORK.
host 20 in S.'*f Wks. (1843) II. 155 With froth-canne and nick-
>t, and such nimble *quick shot. i6»7CAi*T. SMITH Seaman's
ram. ix. 39 Lest they . . if her *quicke side lie in the water,
artist
vtiliti f .. , _
haue beholden in quicke dissections. 1891 Times 7 Oct.
4/6 A Gruson *quick-fire howitzer, which is intended to
discharge shells m rapid succession. 1804 Pall Mall G.
23 Oct. 2/1 They .. carry in their huge fighting masts an
arsenal of *quick-firers. 1901 Spectator 12 Oct. 524/1 The
newest 6 in. quick-firers are not officially known as quick-
firers, because they have not a metal cartridge-case. 1891
ATKINSON Last of Giant-killers 52 Willy . . was sent off *quiclc-
foot. 1536 MS. Ace. St. John** Hasp., Canterb., Payd for
gatheryng*quykfryth. ,\i\)d. tjB$M\RTVN Reusseaus Sot.
xxvi. (1794) 407 We have also a wild species called Yellow
Balsam, and also by the familiar names of *Quick -in-hand
and Touch-me-not. 1864 PRIOR Plant-n., Quick-in-the-
hand, that is 'alive in the hand', the Touch-me-not, from
the sudden bursting and contortion of its seed pods upon
being pressed. 1398 TREVISA Barth. DC P. R. xvi. Ixii.
(1495) 573 The stone magnes drawyth to itself yron, therfore
in the comyn speche this yren is callyd "quycke yren.
1601 HOLLAND Pliny II. 515 The ignorant people seeing
these rings thus rubbed with the load-stone,, .call it quick-
yron. I Bid. 4 There is a kind of Line found out which will
not consume in the fire: this in Italy they call "Quick-line.
1884 Sat. Rev. 16 Feb. 209/2 A contrivance called a ' •quick-
loader' has been issued for simultaneous trial with the
Martini-Enfield. c 1394 P. PL Crede 226 WiJ? a face as fat
as a full bledder . . pat all wagged his Heche as a *quyk my re.
1577 DE? Rflat> Spir. i. (1659) 12 A place, where Springs,
Quick-mires, and Bogs are. 1639 DEFRAY Expert F'errier
11. xvii. 297 This malady, which we call the "Quick-scab, . .run-
neth from one member of the horse to the other.
Ghost
pot,
Gram. ix. 39 Lest they . . if her "qt
ouerset the ship. 1694 MOTTEUX Rabelais v. xvii. (1737) 76
Lest the Ship's Quick-Side should lye in the Water. i6as
A. COURT Constancie \, 33 Hence as from a *quick-spring
did flow that Constancie. 1660 SHARROCK Vegetables 89
You need but open that very place to your quick-spring,
and give it a clear vent, and certainly your bog would
decay. 1600 SURFLET Countrie Farms in. xxi. 4^73 As
concerning the grafting of it, you must take the time of
autumne, for . . this tree is a *quickespur and forerider. 1877
BLACKMORE Erema Ivi. (1880) 424 Die he must, and "quick
stick. 1890 R. BOLDREWOOD Squatter's Dream xvi. 204
We should have a note to settle our little account in quick
sticks. 1785 COWPER in Life (1836) V. 166 The people of
Turvey have burnt him ,. in effigy, with a bundle of
*quickthorn under his arm. 1567 MAPLET Gr. Forest 89
The Hedgehog hath a sharp and *quickthorned garment.
Quick, sb.2 Also 4 quike, 5 quyke, quikk,
9 north. w(h)ick. [Northern form of QUITCH sb.1]
coll. or//. Couch-grass, and other field-grasses and
weeds, or their underground stems. = QUICKEN sb.~
a 1387 Sinon. Barthol. (Anecd. Oxon.) 23 Gramen^ . .
speciahter accipitur in medicina pro quadam herba..an«*
quikes. 1483 Cath. Angl. 297/1 Quikk (A. Quyke), eraus.
1764 Museum Rusticitm III. 296 A machine, that would
clear . . land from quicks, or other weeds. 1800 TUKE A%ric.
85 Heavier harrows, .are used to clean the land from quicks.
1876- In northern dial, glossaries, in form ivhick or wick.
So Quick-grass. (Cf. Da. qvik-t qvxkgrxs.}
1617 MiNSHEU/?KC/<Jr, Quickgrasse,..Gr«»«r« canfnum.
1711 tr. Pomet's Hist, Drugs I. 52 There are several other
Roots sold in the Shops, .as the Dog grass, or Quick grass.
1765 Afusfttm Rtisticum IV. xxi. 94 It takes fresh root
at its joints, like quick-grass. 1770-4 A. HUNTER Georg.
Ess. (1804) II. 213 Turned over when the least particle
of quick-grass appears.
Quick (kwik), v^ arch. Forms : i cwic-,
cwyc-, cucian, 3 quikie} 5 quykee (?) ; 2 quiken,
54
4 quik(e, quyk(ke, 4-5 quyke, 5 qwyk, queke,
quek-, qvyk-, whykyn, 5-6 quycke, 6 quicke,
4> 7~ quick. [OE. cwician •.—fciuic(ijan, f. cwic
QUICK a., = OS. quikdn ; properly intransitive, but
even in OE. also used transitively, there being no
causative form corresponding to OHG. quichan,
quicken. In common use from c 1300-1450, after
which examples are very rare.]
1 1. intr. Of persons, animals, and plants, or their
parts: To come to life ; to revive. Ot>s. = QUICKEN
v. 6.
i 1000 Sax, Leechd. II. 338 Smire mid ba saran limu ; hie
cwiciab sona. c laoo Trin. Coll. Horn. 177 To-}enes sumere
alle moren quiken, and eoroe and trewes growen. c 1*90
.S. l-'.nt:. Leg. I. 476/485 Mi?hte bis wumman quikie a-^ein ;
and liuen and hire sturie ? c 1425 Cursor M. 20883 (Trin.)
A ded inon quyked bi his shade, c 1520 L. ANDREWE Noble
Lyfe in Babees Bk. (1868) 234 Whan she feleth her yonges
quycke, or stere in her body.
fig. c 1000 ^ELFRIC Horn. I. 494 Se synfulla mid godcundre
onbryrdnysse cucnb.
t b. Of a firebrand or fire : To kindle, begin to
burn. Obs. rare.
CUTS Lamt. Horn. 81 J>e brand be is al aquenched .. ne
quiked he neure. c 1384 CHAUCER //. Fame in. 988 As fire
ys wont to quyk and goo. c 1386 — Knt's T. 1477 Oon of
the fyres queynte And quyked agayn.
tc. Of a rumour: To arise, spread. 06s.rare~l.
1-1415 Cursor M. 17476 (Trin.) Wo was hem . . whenne (>is
tiding bigon to quyk.
2. fa. trans
QUICKEN z/. i.
fa. trans. To give or restore life to. Obs.
cgy> Lindisf. Gosp. John v. 21 Suae se faeder a*ua;cce3 Sa
deado & cuica#, sure sec 5e sunu 3a3e [he] wil cwicad.
a 1300 Cursor M. 8622 pe barn to fir in barm sco bar, And wel
sco wend to quik it J>ar. 1377 1 .ANGL. P. PI. B. xv. 23 ' The
whiles I quykke the corps 7 quod he, ' called am I Amma '.
c 1440 CAPCRAVE Life St. Katk. iv. 1801 Whan to the body
he cam it for to queke. 1447 BOKENHAM Seyntys (Roxb.)
85, I . .beseche for thi dede man Qwyk hym ageyne lord.
fig. c 1000 Ags. Ps. (Th.) cxviii. 50 Me (nn spraec spedum
cwycade. £1430 LYDG. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 177 Pray
we to Crist.. To quyke a figure in cure conscience.
b. To give or restore vigour to ; to stir up, in-
spire, etc. Now rare. = QUICKEN v. a.
a 1300 Cursor M. 25581 pou. .quicked vr hertes, suete iesu.
<rx33o R. BRCNNK Citron. Wace (Rolls) 13247 pe ton quiked
be io|>er to lyue, be Romayns to greue, fast gon J>ey stryue.
c 1386 CHAUCER Pars. T. p 462 Ire. .is the feruent blood of
man yquyked in his herte. c 1449 PECOCK Kefir, u. xv. 237
Forto quykee [sic] in hem the mynde..of the bifore seid
tiling"^. 1567 DRANT Horace, Ep. n. i. G vij. That poet . .
That can stere vp my passions, or quicke my sprytes at all.
1615 Albumazar i. h. in Ha/1. Dodsley XI. 308 Your lo\*e
sir, like strong water, .quicks your feeble limbs. 1898 T.
HARDY Wessex Poems 188 That swift sympathy With
living love Which quicks the world.
tc. To kindle (a fire). Obs.rare. -QUICKENS.
1:1374 CHAUCER Troylus HI. 484 (435) Pandarus to quyke
alwey pe fyr Was euere y-lyk prest and dyligent. c 1386 —
Frankl. T. 322 Hire [the moon's] desire Is to be quiked
and lighted of your (the sun's] fire.
Quick (kwik), v£ [f. QUICK a, B. 3.] trans.
To furnish with a quickset hedge, rare.
1801 Trans, Soc. Enc. Arts XIX. 73 A ditch.. quicked
with a double row of fine plants. 1819 T. THOMAS Ace.
Fencing. For quicking and ditching Leasehold.
Quick(kwik),z;.3 Also<#a/.w(h)ick. [f.QuiCK
sb.'^\ To pull up * quicks ' or couch-grass. Hence
Quicking'drag (see quot. 1800), -rake.
1800 TUKE Agric. 85 Quicking-drag. In the northern
part of the vale of Vorki a drag on an excellent construction
is used, for cleaning the land from quicks. 1874 E. PEACOCK
y. Markenfield III. 113 Their boys and girls released.,
from ' wick ing ' and ' singling ' turnips.
Qui ckbeam. Obs. exc. dial. [App. f. QUICK a.
+ BEAM, but the precise force of the adj. is not
clear : cf. G. qutck- and quickenbaum (also quitz-,
qwtzen-j quitschenbauni} service-tree. The name
belongs to the south of England.] = QUICKEN sb.^
In OE. glosses, cwtcbeam usually renders L. cariscus,
which seems to be otherwise unknown, and is perh. an error
for tamariscus (cf. quot. 1587 below).
a 700 Eptnal Gloss. 238 Cariscust cuicbeam. c 1000 Sax.
Leeckd. II. 66 |>orn, asc, cwicbeam. cio$o Ags. Voc. in
Wr.-Wulcker 423/23 funipentm, quicbeam. 1533 ELYOT
Cast. Helthe (1541) 59 Purgers of melancolye . . courage :
Hartis tongue : Quickbeme. 156* [see QUICKEN sb^\. 1578
LYTE Dodoens vi. Hi. 727 The barke of one kinde of Sorbus
(whiche b our Quickbeme). 1579 LAKGHAM Card. Health
(1633) 628 The barke of the roots of heath may be vsed
in stead of the barke of the root of Tamariske, rather then
the barke of quickebeame. 1731 ^i\\AX.^.Gard.Dict.tSorbust
The wild Service or Quickbeam. 1836 BRAY Descr. Tamar
£• Tavy vii. 122 Oaks .. interspersed with what is called
in Devonshire the quick-beam, or mountain -ash. 1873
O'CuRRY Lect. Ancient Irish II. 213 Let them cut down
and carry out loads of thequickbeam. 1884 JEFPERIES Red
Deer xii. 112 In the Exmoor country the mountain-ash is
called the quick-beam.
attrib. c 1000 Sax. Leeckd. 1 1. 78 Wyl on wsetere aescrinde,
cwicbeam rinde. 1562 TURNER Herbal n. (1568) 59 b, The
quikbem tre which is a kynde of sorbus. 1587 MASCALL
Govt, Cattle, Hogges (1627) 263 Tamarix, which as I thinke,
is called in the English quick-beame wood. 1760 J. LEE
Introd. Bot. App. 324 Quick beam- tree, Sorbus.
Quick-chaws, obs. variant of KICKSHAW.
Quicken (kwi-k'n), s&.1 Also 4 quiken, 6
quickene; 6- whicken, 7 whighen, 9 wicken,
wiggin. [The northern equivalent of QUICKBEAM,
and presumably from QUICK a.t but the exact nature
QUICKEN.
of the ending is not clear : in early use always in
comb, with tree. Cf. QUICK TREE.
An OE. cwictreow is found in glosses, rendering an obscure
L. crest's or jMvJk]
1. a. The mountain-ash, or rowan-tree (Pyrus
aucuparia). b. The service-tree (Sorbus domes-
tc. The juniper. (06s.)
. -- • kyi___
Enghshe a rountree or a Quicken tree. 156* — Herbal
n. (1568) 71 The tre whiche we call in the North countre
a quicken tre or a rown tre, & in the South countre a
quikbeme. 1686 PLOT Staffordsh. 223 The Fraxinus syl-
vestris or Quicken-tree, which they firmly believe will
certainly preserve them from all fascinations, and evill
spirits. 1756 SIR J. HILL Brit. Herbal ^514 We have two other
species, i. The common Service. .. 2. The Quicken-tree.
1844 M. A. RICHARDSON Borderer's Tablc-bk. VII. 182
Witchwood, the mountain ash .. called in divers parts of
Northumberland the whicken-tree. iSoO'GRADY Pursuit
Diarmuid 143 He . . followed Diarmuid s track to the foot
of the quicken tree.
iib&ol. 1674 in Depos. Cast. York 209 They tye soe much
whighen about him, I cannot come to my purpose, else
I could have worn him away once in two yeares. 1756
POCOCKE Truv. (1889) II. 217 The quicken and yew grow
here. 1769 R. FRENCH in A. Young Tour Irel. (1780) I.
380 Two small groves .. consisting of quicken or mountain
ash. 1857 O'GRADY Pursuit Diarmuid 143, I know that
Diarmuid is in the top of the quicken.
2. attrib., as quicken-berry ', -bough, -branch.
1579 LANGHAM Card. Health (1633) 88 Mulberies, Quicken-
berries, greene Grapes. 1671 SIR W. BOREMAN in F. P.
Verney Mem. Verney Fam. (1892) 1. 15 The king's, .thankes
for the Quickenbury trees yu sent his ma'*. 1879 H ENDERSON
Folk-lore vi. 184 Twigs of mountain-ash or quicken- berry.
1894 YEATS Celtic Twilight 86 One of these bands carried
quicken boughs in their hands.
Quicken (kwi-k'n), sb* Sc. and north, dial.
Also north, whick-, wicken. [f. QUICK sb?t the
northern form of QUITCH.] Couch-grass; also//,
the underground stems of this and other grasses.
1684 MERITON Yorksh. Dial 41 Our Land is tewgh, and
full of strang whickens. 1816 SCOTT A ntiq. xxxv, The plant
Quicken, by which, Scottfcet we understand couch-grass,
dog-grass, or the Triticum refens of Linuseus. 1842 J.
AITON Domett. Kcon. (1857) 173 Quickens, docks, thistles,.,
furze, broom. 1898 J. R. CAMPBELL in Trans. Highl. $ Agric.
Soc. 85 Quickens are in reality underground stems. Unlike
roots they are jointed. .. Quickens are not confined to one
species of grass.
b. attrib. and Comb., as quicken-grass^ -producer,
quickens-sfuUh.
1843 HARDY in Proc, Berw. Nat. Club II. No. n. 63 note,
Loosening and breaking the roots of the quicken -grass.
1858 R. S. SURTEES Ask Mamma Ixv. 295 The rushes of
one field and the whicken grass of the other. 1898 J. R.
CAMPBELL in Trans. Highl. <J- Agric. Soc. 85 The grass that
is best known to farmers as a quicken-producer is couch-
grass. Ibid. 88 It is a common belief that fibrous root-
scutch belongs to Agrostis, and that quickens-scutch belongs
to couch-grass.
tQui*cken, sb$ Obs. rare"1. In 6 quiken.
[f. QUICK a. Cf. B. 2.] A living creature.
i$»3 FITZHERB. Husbt § 55 If thou cut the lyuer, therm
wyll IK: lyttell qttikens lyke flokes.
Quicken (kwi'k'n), v. Forms : a. 4 quicken,
-in, quikken, -in, quiken, -yn, queken, qui-,
quykne, quicn-, quykene(n, qwi-, qwycken,
(-kk-)> qwi., qwykyn, qwykn-, 4-5 qwyken, 5
quyknyn, 4-6 quyken, 5-6 quikin, 5-8 quickn-,
6 quycken, -yn, quyckn-, Sc. quyckyn, -kkin,
quikkine, quikn-, 6- quicken. £. 4 quhykine,
whiken, 5 qwhykkyn. [f. QUICK a. + -ENC. Cf.
ON. kviknaj kykna to come to life, come into being,
Sw. qvickna ; Da. dial, kvxgne to refresh. In Eng.
the trans, sense is more usual than the intr.]
I. Transitive senses.
1. To give or restore life to ; to make alive ; to
vivify or revive ; to animate (as the soul the body).
a 1300 Cursor M. 20883 Petre. .a ded he quickend wit his
schade. ^1380 WYCLIF Wks. (1880) 344 whenne he had
qwickened lazar, he brou^t him out of his sepulcre. c 1440
Prontp. Pan\ 421/1 Quyknyn [K.tP. quykyn], e^v/<?t vivi-
fco. 1535 COVERDALE 2 Kings v. 7 Am I God then, that
can kyll and quycken agayne. 1601 SHAKS. At? s Welt
n. L 77 A medicine . . able to breath life into a stone, Quicken
a rocke. 1674 N. FAIRFAX Bulk $ Seh>. 28 The soul that
I was quickned with at birth day, is the same that I am
quickned with at this day. 1730-46 THOMSON Autumn 664
Still the fresh Spring finds New plants to quicken. 1819
SHELLEY Cenei iv. i. 189 111 things Shall, with a spirit of
unnatural life, Stir and be quickened. 1876 MORRIS Sigurd
11. 84 How many things shall thou quicken, how many shalt
thou slay !
b. Jig. in renderings of Biblical passages, or
echoes of these, occas. with ref. to spiritual life.
a 1300 E. E. Psalter Ixxxiv. 6 God, IDOU turned qwycken
vs sal. 1357 Lay Folks Catcch. 150 [Crist] whikend \Latnb.
MS. qwyknyd) us un-to lyf thurgh his risyng. 138* WYCLIF
John vi. 64 It is the spirit that quykeneth, the fleysch pro-
fiteth nothing. 1513 DOUGLAS SEneis x. Prol. 128 To
quykkin thy sclavys tnolit schamful ded maiste fell. 1563
WINJET tr. Vincent. Lirin. Wks. 1800 II. 23 He wald ..
quikin his spiritual peple afoir slane. 11653 BINNING
Strm. (1845) 9 The second Adam aspired to quicken what
Adam killed.
f c. To be quickened = 6 b. Obs.
1599 NASHE Lenten. Stujffe Wks. 1883-4 v- z68 She was
now quickned, and cast away by the cruelty of ^Eolus. 1607
QUICKEN.
MARKHAM Caval. i. (1617) 50 Let their Mare-? after th*ey
are quickncd, be moderately travelled or wrought.
2. To give, add, or restore vigour to (a person or
thing) ; to stimulate, stir up, rouse, excite, inspire.
a. a person.
1523 LD. HKRNKKS Froiss. I. Ixxxix. m Loue quickened
hym day and nij»ht. 1515 Ibid. II. ex. [cvi.] 31^, I am
quickened so to do. 1542 N. UDALL in Lett. Lit. Men
(Camden) 7 A contynuall spurre . . to pricke and to quicken
me to goodnes. a 163* T. TAYLOR God's Judgein. i. n. hi.
(1642) 413 You .. he now quickened and stirred up to his
love. 1703 PKNN in Pa. Hist. Soc. Mem. IX. 271, 1 hope..
you will be quickened to show yourselves men in that affair.
1856 KANE Arct. Exf>l. I. xxviL 352 We were like men
driven to the wall, quickened, not depressed. 1874 GREKN
Short Hist. viii. § 5. 5 19 He rode through England to quicken
the electors to a sense of the crisis.
b. a feeling, faculty, action, course of things, etc.
f Also with w/.
1423 JAS. I Kingis Q. clxxxi, To quikin treuly day by day
my lore. 1450-1530 Myrr. our Ladye 68 Other bokes ther
be that ar made to quyken, & to sturre vp the affeccyons
of the soule. 1579-80 NORTH Plutarch (1595) 236 The first
honour that vallinnt mindes do come vnto, doth quicken vp
their appetite. 1659 RUSHW. Hist. Coll. I. 538 Sir Dudley
Diggs quickned his motion and spoke roundly, 1723 DE
FOE CW. Jack (1840) 89 This quickened^ my resolution.
1781 COWPER Charity 522 The frequent interjected dash
Quickens a market, and helps off the trash. 1853 MAURICE
Proph. 4- Kings ix. 150 The savage impulses of the soldier
became quickened. 1883 FROUDE Short Stnd. IV, n. iii.
194 Other conventional beliefs, too, were quickened into
startling realities.
C. absol.
1581 MULCASTER Positions xxxix. (1887) 215 To consider
of education and learning, what is good and quickneth.
1637 HEYWOOD Royall King \\. Wks. 1874 VI. 33 The
King . . quickens most where he would most destroy, a 1859
DEQUINCEY in ' Page '£/)£ (1877) !• »* 20 Pillar of fire, that
didst go before me to guide and to quicken,
3. To kindle (a fire) ; to cause or help to burn up.
121340 HAMPOLE Psalter xvii. 10 Coles Hat before ware
ded..ere kyndild and qwikynd agayn. 1:1386 CHAUCER
Frank!. T. 322 Her desir Is to be qwykkened and li^tned
of 3our fire. 1556 J. HEYWOOD Spider fy F. xiv. 59, 1 will
yet once againe, quicken this cole. 1751 Affect. Narr. of
Wa^er 105 The Fire they dress'd by was. .quickned by the
Timber of one of the Casks. 1870 MORRIS Earthly Par.
III. iv. 75 While she Quickened the fire. 1887 BROWNING
Parleying*^ F. Furini xi," Let my spark Quicken your
tinder.
4. a. To make (liquor or medicine) more sharp
or stimulant. ? Obs.
1591 SPENSER Muiopotm. 196 Dull Poppie, and drink-
quickning Setuale. 17x3 STEELE Guard. No. 143 F 8 Rack-
punch, quickned with brandy and gun-powder. 1733 CHEYN E
Eng. Malady it. xi. § 3 (1734) 232 Diaphoreticks. .quickened
withvolatill Spirits. 1799 M. UNDERWOOD Diseases Children
(ed. 4) I. 55 A few grains of magnesia . . forms a much neater
medicine (which maybe quickened and warmed by the addi-
tion of a few drops of tincture of senna).
b. To imbue (tin) with quicksilver, rare,
1799 [see QUICKENING vM. sb. and ///. a.}. 1825 J. NICHOL-
SON Operat. Mechanic 728 Mercury, .soon unites itself with
the tin, which then becomes very splendid, or, as the work-
men say, is quickened.
C. dial. To work with yeast. (Halliwell.)
5. To hasten, accelerate, give speed to.
i6a6 BACON Sylva § 990 You may sooner by Imagination
quicken or slacke a Motion, than raise or cease it. 1691
T. H[ALE] Ace. New Invent. 127 In what proportion
Smoothness, Sope and Tallow doth quicken [a ship's way].
1776 ADAM SMITH W. N. (1860) I. 1. 1. ii To facilitate and
quicken their own particular part of the work. 1786 MAD.
D'ARBLAV Diary 17 July, I was only quickening my pace,
when I was again stopped. 1838 THIRLWALL Greece IV,
381 It had induced him to quicken his departure. 1855
BAIN Senses <$• Int. n. iv. § n (1864) 275 In rapid walking,
the very thoughts are quickened.
b. To make (a curve) sharper.
1711 W. SUTHERLAND Shipbnild. Assist. 162 To Quicken
the Sheer ; to shorten the Radius that strikes out the Curve.
ciSgo Rndim. Navig. (Weale) 139 To quicken^ to give
anything a greater curve.
II. Intransitive senses.
6. To receive life, to become living ; f also, to
recover life, to revive.
138* WYCLIP^ i Kings xvii. 22 The soule of the child is
turned a^en with ynne hym, and he a^en quikenyde. 1530
PALSGR. 677/1, I quycken, I revyve, as a thyng dothe that
fyrst doth begyn to styrre, or that was wyddered, or almosie
deed. 1553 T. WILSON Khet. 29 Hym that killeth the child -
so sone as it beglnneth to quicken. 1604 SHAKS. Oth, iv. ii.
67 As Sommer Flyes . . That quicken euen with blowing. 1691
RAY Creation (1602) 74 Their Spawn would be lost in those
Seas, the bottom being too cold for it to quicken there. 1823
SCOTT Peveril xiii, The seed which is sown shall one day
sprout and quicken. 1841 TENNYSON I'ision of Sin 210
Below were men and horses pierced with worms, And slowly
quickening into lower forms.
fig. 1851 DIXON W. Penn xv. (1872) 132 The germ of
Pennsylvania was quickening into life.
b. Of a female : To reach the stage of pregnancy
at which the child shows signs of life. Cf, i c.
1530 PALSGR. 677/1 She quyckynned on al hallon day.
i66a-3^Pp,PYs Diary i Jan., She quickened at my Lord
Oerard sat dinner. 1748 [see QUICKENING vbl.sb.}. 1822-34
Good s Study Med. (ed. 4) IV. 183 A woman . . became preg-
nant, quickened and had a flow of milk in the breasts.
J*S- 1695 HLACKMORK Pr. Arth. n. 26 Barren Night did
pregnant grow, And quicken'd with the World in Embrio.
7* fig* To come into a state of existence or ac-
tivity comparable to life. Const, to, into.
a 1300 Cursor M. 26482 All quickens [a]gain his first
- tint was. 13.. E. K. Allit. P. C. 471 pat J»er
q
T
55
quikken no cloude bifore J« cler sunne. c 1386 CHAUCER
Pars. T, P 474 Looke how that fir of smale gleedes that been
almoost dede vnder asshcn wollen quike agayn. 1435 MISYN
Fire of Love 81 J?e self sawle. .qwhykkynand toheuenlylilc-
yng. i4"]Q PastonLctt. No.648 II. 406 The mater qwykenn-
ythe bothe flfor yowc and yowres. t$68GRAFTOtiC&r0tt, II.
203 At this time also, the warre began to quicken in Guyan.
1821 SHELLEY False Lawtls fy True n The hopes that
quicken.. Are flowers that wither. 1829 I. TAYLOR Rnthns.
vi. 177 Countries that were quickening into freedom, a 1881
ROSSETTI House of Life ii, At her heart Love lay Quicken-
ing In darkness.
D. To grow bright.
1712-4 POPE Rape Lock i. 144 Sees., keener lightnings
quicken in her eyes. 1859 TENNYSON Geraint fy Enid 535
The pale and bloodless east began To quicken to the sun.
1885 BRET HARTE Mamja i, Meanwhile the light (of day]
quickened.
8. To become faster, to be accelerated.
1805 [see QUICKENING^//, a.]. 1857 W. SMITH Thorndale
in. iv. 226 His step quickened, his countenance lighted up
with joy. 1891 T. HARDY 7'ess xxx, Tess's breath quickened.
t Qui'ckenaiice. Obs. rare. Also 7 quick- '
nance, [f. prec. + -ANCE.] = QUICKENING vbL sb. I
a 1617 BAYNE On Eph. (1643) 396 Could he not. .swallow I
up death, create life and quicknance m us. 1656 JEANES
Fuln. Christ 21 A living member of her, which nath ..
quickenance from the head of the Church.
Qurckened, fpl.a. [f. QUICKEN v. + -ED*.]
Made living or quick ; animated, stimulated ;
hastened, accelerated; etc.
1612 DRAYTON Poly-olb. in. 208 Not from the quick'ned
mine. 1660 Charac. Italy to Rdr. Aiv, Some Squeamish
Zealot, who.. is become a meer lump of quickened Care.
1805 SOUTHEY Madoc in Aztlan i, His blood Flow'd
from its quicken'd spring. 1894 H. DRUMMOND Ascent
Man 389 Courtship, with its vivid perceptions and quickened
emotions.
Quickener (kwi'k'naj). [f. QUICKEN V. +
-EB1.] One who or that which quickens, in various
senses of the verb.
1513 DOUGLAS sEneis xn. Prol, 254 Welcum quyknar of
florist flowris schene. 1581 MULCASTER Positions vi. ( 1887) 40
The soule, . . the quicRner of the body. 1653 H. MORE
Ant id. Ath. n. xii. § 12 Notable whetters and quickners of
the spirit of life. 1767 S. PATERSON Another Trav. I. 425
Re-edifiers of fallen temples, and quickeners of dead laurels.
1820 W. IRVING Sketch Bk. (1859) 137 These tokens of
regard, and quickeners of kind feelings. 1879 M. D. CON-
WAY Demonol. I. i. ii. q Baal . . represents the Sun in his
glory as quickener of Nature.
Qui'ckening, sl>. rare-1. = QUICKEN sl>.2 So
also Qurckening-grass.
1765 Museum Rusticunt IV. 454 Stones, quickemngs, and
every other thing that may hinder the growth of the flax,
should be removed. Ibid. 456 Quickening grass should not
be taken up. 1765 A. DICKSON Treat, Agric. (ed. 2) 106
Of the first sort is the quickemng-grass, or couch-grass.
Quickening (kwi'k'nirj),^/, sb. [f. QUICKENS.
+ -ING1.] The action of the vb. QUICKEN, in
various senses.
f 1430 Pilgr. Lyf Manhode n. cviii. (1869) 116 He hadde
with inne gret quiknyng of cole. 15*6 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de
W. 1531) ii b. For the. .quyckenynge of theyr reason. 1577
tr. Bnllingers Decades (1592) 45 Justification of life there-
fore is. .a quickening or translating from death to life. 1626
Naivorth Househ. Bks. (Surtees Soc.) 237 To Eyst for iij
quickinings,..xviij(1. 1655 H. VAUGHAN Silex Stint.) Holy
Cotnnmn. i, Nothing that is, or lives, But hath his Quick-
nings, and reprieves. 1748 Phil. Trans. XLV. 132 After
2uickening her Health became better. 1799 G. SMITH
aboratory I. Pref. 6 Quickening is a singular expression
to be employed in gilding. 1874 GREEN Short Hist, vii.
§ 7. 419 The intellectual quickening of the age had now
reached the mass of the people.
b. eoncr. That which quickens ; hence, yeast, a
quantity of yeast, dial.
1598 FLORIO, CremSre, yeast, barme, quickning. 1790
MRS. WHEELER Westmld. Dial. (1821) 81 Me mudder lent
her a whicknin, an we wor bawn at brew.
Quickening (kwi-k'nin), ///. a. [f. QUICKEN
v. + -ING2.] That quickens, in senses of the vb.
1382 WVCLIF i Cor. xv. 45 The laste Adam [is made] in to
creeping deadly cold away did shake. 1674 J, B[RIAN]
Harv. Home Postscr. 53, I finisht have The first part of
this quickning Text. 1799 G. SMITH Laboratory I. 89
A quickening water. Take one ounce of quicksilver, and as
much aqua fortis [etc.]. 1805 WORDSW. Prelude iv. i When
quickening steps Followed each other. 1870 H. MACMILLAN
Bible Teach, Pref. 15 Bursting buds and quickening roots.
Quickening-grass : see QUICKENING so.
Quicken-tree : see QUICKEN sbJ-
Quick-eyed, a. Having a quick eye (see
QUICK a. 20). Also/^-.
a 1616 BEAUM. & FL. Bondnca iv. Hi, Care, counsel, Quick-
eyed experience, and victory. 1647 H. MORE Song of Soul
H. iii. in. xli, The cheerfull children of the quick-ey'd Morn.
1717-46 THOMSON Summer 253 The quick -eyed trout Or dart-
ing salmon. 1809-10 CoLERiDCE/>7>«^(i865)2i4 Brissot. .
was rather a sublime visionary than a quick -eyed politician.
1876 T. HARDY Ethelberta (1890) 215 A quick-efed, light-
haired, slight-built woman.
Quick-grass: see QUICK sb.%
Quickhatch (kwi'kiheetf). Also 8 queeque-,
9 quicke-. [An adaptation of the Cree (Indian)
name, given by Richardson as okeecoohagees or
-gew, by Watkins (1865) as kwekwi4kao\ from
other Algonquin dialects come the forms CARCAJOU
and KINKAJUU.] The wolverene.
QUICKLY.
1743 M. CATFSBV Nat. Hist. I. xxx, The quickhatch . . ha*
not been observed by any author, or known in Europe, till
the year 1737, one was sent to Sir Hans Sloane. 1744
A. DOBBS Countries Adjacent to Hudson's Bay 40 The
beavers have three enemies, man, otters, and the carcajou
or queequehatch. 1829 J. RICHARDSON Fauna Boreali-
Americana I. 42 The European labourers in the service of
the Hudson's Bay Company term it Quickehatch.
Quick hedge : see QUICK a, 3 b.
Qui* eking, vbl. sbl rare. [f. QUICK r/.1 +
-ING*.] =QUICKENING vkl. $b.
ci^oo Afol. Loll. 54 pe principale and J>e finale wark of
Crist.. is pe quiking_ of soulis. a 1666 BROME On Death
K. Charles 18 He did fall, Whose influence gave quicking
to us all. 1825 J. NICHOLSON Operat. Mechanic 710 Some-
times the amalgam is applied to the surface to be gilt, with-
out any quicking, by spreading it with aqua-fords.
Qurcking, vbL sb? rare. [f. QUICK v.2 +
-ING1.] a. The action of planting with 'quick'.
b. concr. The quicksets for a hedge.
1469-70 Durham Ace. Rolls (Surtees) 244 Et sol .ijs. pro le
qwyking sepium unius clausura?. 1485-6 Ibid, 649 Pro le
qwhykkyng circa clausur. ..vijj. 1664 EVELYN Sylva (1776)
402, 1 find most do greatly affect the vulgar way of Quicking.
Quicking-drag : see QUICK z/.s
Qui'cklime. [f. QUICK a. + LIME, after L. tatx
•viva (Vitruvius), F. chaux vivey etc.] Lime which
has been burned and not yet slaked with water ;
calcium oxide, CaO.
r 1400 Rom. Rose 4179 The mortere .. Of quykke lyme
persant and egre. 1489 CAXTON Faytes of A. n. xxxix. 163
To be cast to the shyp of the enemies pottes full of quyk
lyme made in to pouldre. #1533 LD. BEBNERS Huon cxii.
389 They cast vpon them hote lede and boylynge oyle and
quycke Lyme. 1590 WEBBE Trav. (Arb.) 31 Constrained
to drinke salte water and quicklime. 1685 BOYLE Salubr.
Air 61 Such a thick smoke as good quicklime is wont to
doe, whilst men slake it with water. 1703 MOXON Mech.
Exerc. 242 Quick Lime . . consumes dead Bodies put therein.
1813 SIR H. DAVY Agric. Chem. vii. (1814) 317 Quicklime
in its pure state, .is injurious to plants. 1873 B. STEWART
Conserv. Force iii. 58 Limestone . . is decomposed when
subjected to the heat of a lime-kiln, carbonic acid being
given off, while quick-lime remains behind.
attrib. 1684 BOYLE Poroitsn. Anim. <$• Solid Bod. vi. 55 Dip
a very large Sponge in good Quick-lime-water. 1861 FLOR,
NIGHTINGALE Nursing \\, 23 Washing the walls and ceilings
with quick-lime wash.
f Qui*ckly, a. Obs. rare"1. In 5 qwhikly.
[f. QUICK a. + -LYl. Cf. ON. kuikligr.] Lively.
1435 MISYN Fire of Love 96 If t>ou lufe in bis maner. .to
] at qwhikly syght }>ou salt be nere full glorius.
Quickly (kwi'kli), adv. Forms: see QUICK a.
(Also comp. 3cwicluker, 5qwyklyar,qwhykliar;
sup. qwhikestly, 6 quyklyst.) [f. QUICK a. +
-LY2. Cf. pN. kvikliga^
1 1. In a living or lively manner ; with animation
or vigour ; also, with strong feeling, sensitively. Obs.
r TOGO Ags. Ps. (Th.) cxviii. 37 Me on soSne wej jiinne ..
laede cwiculice. c 1330 R. BRUNNE Chron. Wace (Rolls)
6722 Be $e doughty, & lereb of armes, & quykly defende
3ow fro narmes. c 1380 WYCLIF Serni. Sel. Wks. II. 251
Men shulden. .do quycly wib J>er lippis bi resoun of Goddis
cause. 1435 MISYN Fire of Love 77, I suld more loy or
ellis qwyklyar sy.nge. c 1440 HYLTON Scala Perf. (W. de
W. 1494) n. xxviii, Suche a man.. is soo quyckely and soo
felyngly inspired. ^1449 PKCOCK Repr. i. ix. 47 It is quikli
and smertli spoken. 15^6 DAI.RYMPLE tr. Leslie's Hist.
Scot. ix. 153 Al his speiking euer taisted of heavinlmes..to
. .steir thame up quiklier, quha war in the gud way. 1738
WARBURTON Div. Legat. ii. iv. (R.). It was proper to
T.L -II »!.-
Div. Legat. \\. iv. (RO, It was
represent a perfect lawgiver as quickly touched with alt th
affections of humanity. 1800 in Spirit Pub, Jrnls. IV. 340
Ministers of state have a right to feel rather quickly upon
the subject of character.
fb. With quickness of perception. Obs.
c 1330 R. BRUNNE Chron. Wace (Rolls) 7782 By alle \>e
costes quykly to wake pat no Saxoyn on 3ow aryue. 1486
Bk. St. AlbansC\\\) b, Of sharpenesse of hir corage and of
hir lokyng quicly. 1587 GOLDINO De Mornay xiv. 217
There are beasts which do heere, see, smel, taste, and feele
much better and quicklier than man doth.
t C. In a life-like manner ; to the life. Obs.
c 1477 CAXTON Jason 84 An ymage of fyn golde so quickly
made after the facon of appollo that it semed proprely his
persone. c 1535 SKELTON Garl. Lanrel 592 A lybbard,..
As quikly towchyd as it were flesshe and bones, a 1519 —
$»6
lses
1 274 IN
competent, So quiklie or liklie A form to represent.
2. Rapidly, with haste or speed.
a. Describing the rate of progress in a motion,
action, or process, without consideration of the
time at which it begins and ends.
1297 R. GLOUC. (Rolls) 7455 His folc quicliche to f>e
bataile sscet. a 1400-50 Alexander 1414 Sum braidis to
bar bowis .. Quethirs out quarels quikly betwene. i$
Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 119 We may fele our puls
bete quikly and continually. <ziS48 HALL Chron., Hen.
50 He. . folowed so quickely that the Frenchmen turnyng to
flyght, ranne [etc.]- 1829 LANDOR I mag. Conv.t Marvel ft
Bp. Parker\\ks. 1853 II. m/i We. .throw them down in
the dirt to make them followus the quicklier. i86oTvNDALL
Gtac. ii. i. 226 The wings of the small insect vibrate more
quickly than those of the larger one.
b. Denoting that the whole action or process is
begun and ended within a comparatively short
space of time.
a ia«s Ancr. K. 270 Ich chulle gon nu slepen & arisen
minon, & don cwicluker ben nu ^et ich schulde don nu.
c 1420 Pallad. on Hnsb. vi. 122 So smyte hem of, quycly
QUICK MARCH.
that hit be do. 1433 MISYN Fire of Love 81 Now qwhykliar,
now slawlyer, it warmes. 1544 PHAER Rcgim. Lyfe (1553]
E iij, A little good wine, .is the chiefe thing that quickliest
restoreth him. 1596 DALRYMPLE tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. I.
95 Breid wil thay make quiklier . . [in this way] nor vthirwyse.
1629 EARLE Microcosm., High-spirited Matt (Arb.) 92 A
man quickly fired, and quickly laid downe with satisfaction.
1677 JOHNSON in Ray's Corr. (1848) 128 Possibly their
stomach may digest very quickly. 1747 WESLEY Prim.
Physic. (1762) 117 This quickly heals even cut Veins and
Sinews. xSiz A. T. THOMSON Land. Disp. (1818) 607 On
this account decoctions should be quickly made. 1861
FLOR. NIGHTINGALE Nursing 41 Leave the sick room
quickly and come into it quickly, not suddenly, nor with
a rush.
c. Denoting that there is little or no interval
between a given point in time and the doing of an
act or happening of an event (freq. also implying
a or b) ; without delay ; very soon, shortly.
CMOS LAV. 4697 He.. bad hine quicliche ajeuen him his
quene. £1330 Arth. <fr Merl. 7809 (KSlbing) Soriandes ..
ojain ferd For to taken quiclike be children. 1393 LANGL.
P. PI. C. xxi. 76 Quikliche cam a cacchepol, and craked
a-two here legges. 1490 CAXTON Eneydos xxvi. 94 Aryse
vp quykly without taryenge. 1539'1'AVERNER Erasm.Prov.
('545) 25 He gyueth twyse, y' gyueth quyckelye. 1593
SHAKS. 3 /fen. VI, iv. i. 132 They are alreadie, or quickly
will be landed. 1605 — Macb. iv. iii. 200 If it be mine
Keepe it not from me, quickly let me haue it. 1666 BUNYAN
Grace Abound. § 29 But quickly after this, I fell in company
with one poor man. 1779-81 JOHNSON L. P., Mallet Wks.
1787 IV. 282 The series of great men, quickly to be
exhibited. 1847 MRS. A. KERR Hist. Servia. 308 Retalia-
tion and vengeance quickly followed. 1888 Pall Mall G.
12 Dec. 12/z Quickly afterwards a Conservative member . .
carried it off.
3. Used with ppl. adjs., as quickly-aging, gone,
•growing, -speaking, working.
1597 GERARDE Herbal Table Eng. Names, Quickly gone
flower, that is Uenice Mallow. 1866 DOLING Anim. Chem.
50 A quickly-growing leafy plant. 1870 W. D. CHRISTIE
in Dryden's Wks. (Globe) p. xv.An active and quickly
working brain. 1874 LISLE CARR Jnd. Gvjynne I. i. 44 The
quickly-speaking eyes of the dashing warrior.
Quick march.. Mil. [In i, f. QUICK a. +
MARCU sli. In i, f. (or altered to) QUICK «<fo. 2 +
MARCH v.]
1. A march in QDICK TIME. Also fig.
175* HUME Ess. t, Treat. (1777) I. 287 That quick march
of the spirits . . does in the end exhaust the mind. 1796
fnstr. $ Reg. Cavalry (1813) 247 The Quick March, 108
steps in a minute. 1867 SMYTH Sailor's Word-bk., Quick
march, . . the ordinary pace is 3} miles to the hour, or no
paces (275 feet)to the minute.
attrib. 1851 DICKENS Bleak Ho. II. iii. 32 Softly whistling,
in quick-march time.
2. Used as a command to soldiers to march in
quick time (see quots. 1803 and 1833).
1801 TAMES Atilit. Diet., Quick .. forms the cautionary
part of a word of command when troops are ordered to
move in quick time j as Quick— March. 1833 Regul. fnstr.
Cavalry 1. 18 Quick March. — The commandgaic*, March,
is to be given with a pause between the words, the word
Quick being considered as a caution. 1887 Times (weekly
ed.) 18 Nov. 2/4 The words of command were .. ( Eyes front,
by your right, quick march '.
Quick-match. A quick-burning match used
for firing cannon, igniting fire-works, shells, etc.,
consisting of cotton-wick soaked in a composition
of gum, spirits, water, and gunpowder.
1765 R. JONES Fireworks ii. 66 Quick-match is generally
made of such cotton AS is put in candles. 1803 WELLINGTON
Let, toCol.Stevenscmm&wnt.Dcsp. (1837) II. 418 Ashell
or two. .having in them a bit of quick match, besides the
fuse^ 1847 ALB. SMITH Chr. Tadpole xxxviii. (1870)324 Any
family wrong acted like a quick-match amongst them all.
attrib: iSos JAMES Milit. Diet. s.v. Laboratory, Stores
for a Fire-ship of 100 tons. .Quick -match barrels i.
Quickness (kwi-knea). [f. QUICK a. + -NESS.]
1. Life, vitality, vital principle. Now rare.
a 1135 Ancr. R. 150 pe rinde. .is pe treouwes warde, & wit
[ — keeps] hit ine strencSe & ine cwicnesse. c 1440 Prontp.
Parv. 421/1 Quyknesse, of lyve, vita. 1538 STARKEY
Dialogue 87 In a goute the handys and fete .Toe as dede,
wythout lyfe and quyknes to procure thyngys necessary
for the body. 1545 RAYNOLD Byrth Mankynde 139 The
lyfe and quycknesse of the grayne is vtterly destroyed.
1613 M. RIDLEY Magn. Bodies 63 As though they had a new
life of quicknesse infused into them. 1655 H. VAUGHAN
Silex Scintill. n. Quickness v, Life is . . A quickness, which
my God hath kist. 1883 Pop. Sci. Monthly XXII. 168 All
the energies seen in nature are .. but manifestations of the
essential life or quickness of matter.
1 2. Animation, liveliness, briskness, vigour, fresh-
ness, etc. 06s.
c 1369 CHAUCER Dtthe Blaunche 26 Defaulte of slepe, and
hevynesse Hath sleyne my spirite of quyknesse. c 1430
Pol. Rel. 4- L. Poems (1866) 28 To grant it [a statue] lyfe
and qwiknesse of langage. 1529 MORE Dyalogc n. Wks. 1557
1183/1 Make hym do al hys good woorkes wearyly, and
withoute consolacion or quyckenes. 1589 PUTTENHAM Eng,
Poesie I. xxvii. (Arb.) 69 That disticke of Virgil . . I will
recite for the breifnes and quicknes of it. 1656 A rtif. Hand-
som. 162 Adding a quicknesse of complexion to the face.
3. Liveliness, readiness, rapidity, or acuteness of
feeling, perception or apprehension.
a. Physical ; esp. of the eyes or sight.
1398 TREVISA Barth. De P. R. v. xxix. (1495) 140 For
quyknes and lyfnes of thesynewes. . in the ouermest partyes
of the fyngres. |6jj COCKERAM it, Quicknesse of sight,
perspicacitie. 1695 La PRESTON Bocth. i. 3 A Woman . .
with sparkling Eyes, which were of an extraordinary Force
and Quickness. 1841 LwEArat. Nts. 1. 127 The astonish-
ing quickness of sight of one of the hawks.
56
b. Mental; of the mind, etc.
1516 Pilgr. Per/. (W. de W. 1531) 216 b, He hath this
viuacite or quycknes of wytte. 1596 DALRYMPLE tr. Leslie's
Hist. Scot. I. 118 Our lelderis, throuch quiknes of thair
ingine perceiued perfytlie . . the dissolute maneris of thair
people. 111661 FULLER Worthies (1840) 11.382 Whom he
much resembled in quickness of parts. 1735 POPE Ep. Lady
97 With too much Quickness ever to ije taught. 179!
EDGEWORTH Pract. Educ. (1822) I. 115 Attentive patience
can do as much as quickness of intellect. 1884 L. J. JEN-
NINGS Croker Papers I. viii. 233 A man of great quickness
of spirit and acuteness.
4. Speed, rapidity (of action, motion, etc.); sharp-
ness (of a curve) ; hastiness (of temper).
a 1548 HALL Chron., Hen. K6o Their quicknes and swift-
nes did more prejudice to theyr enemyes. 1597 HOOKER
Eccl. Pol. v. xxxiii, As if they were darts thrown out with a
kind of sudden quickness. 1698 G. THOMAS Pensilvania 41
The Water-Mills far exceed those in England.. for quick,
ness. 1719 Col. 2fec: Pennsylv. III. 366 His Horse was
hurt through the quickness of the Journey. 1796 MORSE
Amer. Geog. I. 62 The quickness of vegetation .. proceeds
from the duration of the sun above the horizon. 1858
Skyrin/fs Builder's Prices (ed. 48) 57 The quickness of the
curve and depth of the quirks make them difficult of access
to work. 1863 A. BLOMPIELD Mem. Bp. Blomfield II. ix.
180 A quickness of temper which .. marred the perfection of
his character.
b. With a and //. : A case or instance of this.
1656 tr. Hobbes' Elem. Philos. (1839) 218 The sum of aL
the several quicknesses or impetus. 1883 BESANT >4//m <z
Garden Fair (1886) 78 Little quicknesses of gesture.
1 5. Sharpness, keenness ; pungency or acidity of
taste ; sharpness of speech. Obs.
1611 BEKUM. & Fu Maicfs Trag. i. i. To see my sword,
and feel The quickness of the edge. 1647 CLARENDON His t.
Reb. i. § 83 Her Majesty answering with some quickness.
1651-61 HEYLIN Cosmogr. in. (1682) 29 Lemmons, Pome-
granats, Citrons . . much praised for their quickness of taste.
1741 Compl. Fam.-Piece I. i. 52 The Quickness of the Liquor,
which may make him weep. 1748 RICHARDSON Clarissa I.
xvii. (1811) 117 This quickness upon me. .is not to be borne.
Quicksand (kwi-ksamd). [ME. (f. QUICK a. lo),
= Du. kwikzand, G. quick-, Da. kvik-, Sw. qvick-
sand, Icel. kviksandr; but it is doubtful whether
all of these are independent formations.]
1. A bed of extremely loose wet sand, easily
yielding to pressure and thus readily swallowing
up any heavy object resting on it. Quicksands are
frequent on some coasts, and are very dangerous to
travellers, stranded ships, etc.
14. . Burlesque in Reliq. Antiq. (1841) I. 82, -vij. acurs of
londe betwyxeDover and Qwykkesand. 1480 CAXTON Chron.
Eng. ccxliv. (1482) 304 He brought hem thurgh a quyke
sand and so in to an He. 1513 FITZHERB. Huso. § 128 It is
in manner of a quycke sande that harde it is for any thynge
to goe ouer. 1610 HOLLAND Camden's Brit. L 753 Uncer-
taine sands .. ready to catch and swallow, they call them
Quick -sands, c 1700 PRIOR The Ladle 26 Amphitrite clean
his way From rocks and quicksands in the sea. 1784
COWPER Tiroc, 870 Conscious that there lay. .quicksands in
his way. 1851 MAYNE REID Scalp Hunt. v. 39, I was
sinking in a quicksand.
b. fig. Applied to things (more rarely to persons)
having the absorbent, yielding, or treacherous
character of a quicksand.
i93 SHAKS, 3 Hen. VI, v. iv. 26 What [is] Clarence, but
juick-sand of Deceit ? 1601 MARSTON A ntonio's Rev. iv.
iv, I am a poore, poore orphan t . . the very ouze, The quick-
sand that devours all miserie. 1608 MIDDLETON Trick to
Catch Old One i. i, Swallowed in the quicksands of law-
quillets. 1697 Jos. WOODWARD Relig. Sac. x. (1704) 157 Self-
conceit . . is a quicksand in which thousands have been
swallowed up. 1781 COWPER Progr. Err, 552 Sinking in the
quicksand he defends, He dies disputing. 1879 CHURCH
Spenser 161 He once more tried the quicksands of the Court.
attrib. 01616 BEAUM. & Fu Bonduca IL i, Fling their
fame and fortunes Into this Britain gulf, this quicksand ruin.
2. Without article : Loose yielding sand.
1838 Civil Eng. 4 Arch. JrnL I. 151/1 It passes through
quicksand, clay [etc.]. 1859 MARCY Prairie Trav. iii. 75 A
man incurs no danger in walking over quicksand provided
he step rapidly. 1881 RAYMOND Mining Gloss., Quicksand,
sand which is. .shifting, easily movable or semi-liquid.
Hence Qui'cksaond v. in pass., to be stuck in a
quicksand. Qui'cksanded a., full of quicksands.
//;'. Qui-cksandy a., of the nature of a quicksand.
1614 T. ADAMS Phys. from Heaven Wks. 1861 I. 358 The
rotten, moorish, quicksandy grounds, that some have set
:heir edifices on. 1618 MYNSHUL Ess. Prison, faylors 30
Many men . . forsake the calmes of their owne happy
fortunes, to arriue on these quicksanded Shores. 1899
Westm. Gaz. 20 May 5/2 The animal and the cart became
quicksanded.
Quickset (kwi-kset), s&.l and a. Also 5-6
quyk-, 6 quyck-, quyke-, 7 qnic-, etc. [f. QUICK
a. 3 + SET///, a. and **.]
1. a. collect. Live slips or cuttings of plants, set
in the ground to grow, esp. those of whitethorn
or other shrub of which hedges are made.
1484 Kent roll St. Wolstan's Hasp,, Worcester (Bodleian
Rolls, Wore. No. i), Et soluti pro fodicione . . cum Quyksette
hoc anno— ijs. jd. 1573 TUSSER Husb. (1878) 51 Where
speedy quickset for a fence ye wil drawe. 1607 J. NORDEN
Sum. Dial. v. 237 They plant them in hedges, and the
quickset of them make a strong fence. 17*7 BRADLEY Fam.
Diet. s.v. Agriculture, To make a Hedge and lay the
Quickset, is three Pence a Pole. 1816 SOUTHEY Ea. (1832)
I. 206 He. .inclosed the ground with a single row of quick-
set. 1837 DICKENS Pick™, v, To extricate their unfortunate
companions from their bed of quickset.
fig. 1847-9 HELPS Friends in C. Ser. i. (1851) II. 4 Men
QUICKSILVER.
would have one sturdy quickset of the. same height and
colour — both in their fellow-men and their hedges.
b. With a and//. A single slip or cutting of this
kind.
1513 FITZHERB. Husb. § 124 Get thy quycksettes in the
wode-contrey and let them be of whyte thorne and crabtre
for they be beste ; holy and hasell be good. 1601 HOLLAND
Pliny I. 530 When a quick-set of a vine is planted in a vine-
yard. 1669 WORLIDCE Syst. Agric. (1681) 266 Plant Timber-
trees, or any Coppice-wood, or Hedge-wood ; and also
Quick-sets. 1794 Act for inclosing South Kelsey 13 For
preserving the young Quicksets to be planted in the Fences.
1866 ROGERS Agric. e, Prices I. xviii. 428 Quicksets are also
purchased, for the same purposes as those which are familiar
to the modern agriculturist.
2. A quickset hedge or thicket.
quick-set about mee. 1680 OTWAY Caius Marius iv. i, A
new Quick-set, which I had just made to keep the Swine
from the Beans. 1768 PENNANT Brit. Zool. II. 338 They
generally chuse a quickset to make their nest in. 1896
Cornh. Mar. Dec. 799 We strode with difficulty . . through
this great dark quickset of nature.
trans/. 1605 BACON Adv. Learn, n. vii. 8 7 The haires of
the Eye-liddes are for a quic-sette and fence about the
Sight. 1650 FULLER Pisgah iv. ii. § 34 Esau, who Satyr-like
had a quickset of hair on his body.
B. adj. (or attrib.) Of a hedge : Formed of
living plants. So also with fence, rank, row,
screen, etc. Cf. QUICK a. 3 b.
1535 Nottingham Rec. III. 374 For cuttyng up the quyke
set hege. 1597-8 Bp. HALL Sat. v. i. As thicke as wealthy
Scrobioes quicke-set rowes. Ibid, iii, Beset around with
treble quickset ranks. 1644 in Rushw. Hist. Coll. in. 1 1. 743
Between the Pallisado's and the quick-set Hedge. 1774
GOLDSM. Nat. Hist. (1776) IV. 10 An hare, sorely hunted,
has got upon the top of a cut quick-set hedge. 1819 S K nu v
Peter Bell the Third v. xi, Many a ditch and quickset
fence. 1875 W. S. HAYWARD Love agst. World ii They
approached the first hedge, a pretty stiff quickset one.
trans/, andyi'.f. 1631 HEVWOOD vndPt. 'iron Age n. Wks,
1874 III- 382 Are we not rounded with a quick-set hedge Of
pointed steele ? 1653 STERRV Eng. Deliv. North. Presb. 7
Enclosed with the Quick-set hedge of his Divine Wisdome.
1816 COLERIDGE Statesm. Man. (1817) 356 Aristotle's works
a quickset hedge of fruitless and thorny distinctions !
D. transf. Of a beard : Rough, bristling.
1599 B. JONSOM Ev. Man out 'of Hum, v. viii, Hang him
rascall . .with his wilde quickset beard there.
Quick-set, sbt (See ouot.)
1851 P. Parley's Ann. 174 What are technically called
quick-sets, which consist of a screw and a nut, provided
with a large hook at the top, and a small pointed hook at
the bottom.
t Quickset, v. Obs. [f. QUICKSET sb?\ trans.
To furnish (plant, enclose, etc.) with a quickset
hedge. Also absol.
1508 in Cal. Doc. Scotl. (1888) 351 [To] diche, quyk set,
enclose, and dyvyde into clausures the boundes of Berwyk.
1523 FITZHERB. Husb. § 123 It is lesse cost for hym.. to
quyck set dyche and hedge. 1573 TUSSER Husb, (1878) 113
Bankes newly quicksetted, some weeding doo craue. 163*
EARL OF CORK Diary in Lisnwre Papers Ser. i. (1886) ifi.
166 Enclosing and quicksetting the lands. x6jw PETTY Pol.
Anat. (1691) 14 Gardens. . ditch 'd and quicksetted.
Hence f Quicksetting vbl. sb. Obs.
1533 FITZHERB. Husb. § 124 If thou haue pastures, thou
muste nedes haue quyckesettynge, dychynge and plassh-
ynge. 1541 Nottingham Rec. III. 390 Dykyng and quyck.
settyng of the Long Hedge.
f Quickshaw, obs. variant of KICKSHAW.
1655 tr. Com. Hist. Frandon HI. 73 Tarts, Custards, Fruit,
and such like quickshawes.
tQuickship. Obs. rare—1. = QUICKNESS.
a IMS Ancr. R. 150 Ine strencSe & ine cwicnesse {MS. C.
quicshipej.
Quick-sighted. (Stress variable.) [f. quick
sight + -ED*: see QUICK a. 20 b.] Having quick
sight, (lit. and _/%-.)
155* HULOET, Quycke syghted, oculatus. 1571 GOLDING
Calvin on Ps. Ixiii. 17 They doo nought else but dote, that
wil bee wel eyed and qutcksighted of themselves. 1610
HOLLAND Camden's Brit. \. 348 A man right skilfull and
deepely quick-sighted. 1677 HORNECK Gt. Law Consid. v.
(1704) 353 Such writings, as acute and quick-sighted men had
dispersed throughout the world. *755 SMOLLETT Quix.
(1803) IV. 296 The boys, who are quick-sighted as lynxes.
177* PRIESTLEY Inst. Relig. (1782) I. 400 They are quick-
sighted to foresee. 1837 W. IRVING Capt. Bonneville II. 03
It was dangerous to . . light a lire . . where such . . quick-
sighted enemies were at nand. 1870 Miss BRIDGMAN R.
Lynne I. xi. 165 Rose was quicker-sighted.
Hence Quick si' ghtedness.
1652 J. WRIGHT tr. Camus' Nat. Paradox iv. 84 The
Symptomes, whereby his quick-sighted ness read her Disease.
1749 FIELDING Tom Jones xi. x, Quick-sightedness into
evil. 1869 J. MARTINEAU Ess. II. 400 The mere quick-
".ightedness of a pilot in a strange sea.
QuicksilV6r(kwi'ksHv3j),,$A \QfiL.cwicscolfor
=^)HG. quecsilbar^ -silper (MHG. quec-, kecsilbert
^. quecksilber\ Du. kwikzilver, ON. kviksilfr (Sw.
qvicksilfver ', Da. kwtg-tkvik$ofo)t after \^.argentum
rivwn (Pliny) : see QUICK a. and SILVER.]
1. The metal mercury, so called from its liquid
mobile form at ordinary temperatures.
ciooo Sax. Leechd. II, 356 Wi|> magan wserce rudan saed
: cwic seolfor. c 1386 CHAUCER Can. Yeom. Prol, <$• T. 269
The firste spirit quyksiluer called is. 1436 Pol. Poems
Rolls) II. 160 Commodytes . . commynge out of Spayne,
.Bene fygues.. Saffron, quicksilver. 1555 EDEN Decades
335 By the helpe of quickesyluer it is drawen owt. 1615
QUICKSILVER.
N. CAEPENTEK Gtog. Del. n. v. (1635) 71 Quick-siluer . . will
gather it selfe to a round body. 1669 WORI.IDGF. Syst. Agric.
(1681) 309 This Column of Quick-silver in the Tube, is
supported by the weight of the Air Ambient. i?8j COWPER
spattered qu — ,-
Quicksilver is met with pure in minute globules, but for the
purposes of commerce it is obtained from one of its ores,—
cinnabar, a red sulphide of mercury.
2. Used allusively, a. with reference to the quick
motion of which the metal is capable.
1562 J. HEVWOOD Proa, fy Epigr. (1867) 165 She is quycke
syluer. 1621 BACON Hen, VII 102 Perkin (who was made
of Quick-silver, which is hard to hold or imprison) began to
stirre. 1820 SCOTT Abbot xix, Thou hast quicksilver in the
veins of thee to a certainty. 1889 Roy's Own Paper 17 Aug.
730/3, I . . had come off the journey with my veins full of
quicksilver.
b. with ref. to its use in mirrors (see the vb.).
1851 ROBERTSON Serm. Ser. n. xii. (1864) 166 The dull
quicksilver of their own selfishness behind the glass.
3. atlrib. and Comb. a. attributive, in senses
' consisting of, containing, pertaining to, etc. quick-
silver', as quicksilver bath, battery, earth, field,
globe, mine, ore, plaster, ship, tank,valve,water,etc.
1552 HULOET, Quyckesyluer earth, antrax. a 1631 DONNE
Poems, Apparition, In a cold Quicksilver bath. 1685 Lonti.
Gaz. No. 1996/1 The Quick-Silver Ships may be expected
this month at Cadiz. 1731 MRS. DELANV Antoliiog. (1861)
III. 53 Quick-silver-water is the most effectual remedy for
worms. 1756-7 tr. Keysler's Traa. (1760) IV. 152 Cinnabar
orquicksilver ore. 1839 MARRYAT Phant. Ship iii. (1874) 25
In the centre of the ceiling hung a quicksilver globe, a
common ornament in those days. 1877 RAYMOND Statist.
Mines ff Mining 10 A very important quicksilver-field is
about to be opened in the far north, laid. 260 A.. clever
arrangement of quicksilver-tanks.
b. attrib. in sense ' resembling quicksilver (in
quickness of movement) ', as quicksilver mind,
rebel, rogue, temper.
1655 GURNALL Chr. in Arm. V. § 4 (1669) 94/1 Labour
therefore in hearing the Word to fix thy quick-silver mind.
1676 W. HUBBARD Happiness of People 29 These are
Inguicta ingenia of Quick-silver tempers. 1796 EARL BAL-
CARRES in Bryan Edwards Proc. Maroon Negroes (1796) 35
Until such time as these quick-silver rebels are under lock
and key. 1863 COWDEN CLARKE Shales. Char. xiv. 360 That
prince of quicksilver rogues — Master Autolycus.
C. objective, and obj. genitive, as quicksilver-
feeder, -fixation, -producing adj., -reduction, etc.
1834 MACAULAY Ess., Pitt (1887) 306 The periwig company,
and the Spanish-jack-ass-company, and the quicksilver-
fixation-company. 1877 RAYMOND Statist. Mines <$• Mining
19 Coming south from Trinity, the next quicksilver-pro*
ducing locality . . is in the Coast Range. 1882 Rep. Ho.
Repr. Free. Met. U.S. 507 A quicksilver feeder has been
devised for feeding mercury to gold mills.
Hence Qui-cksi Iverish a., somewhat quick-
silvery (hence Qni'cksi Iverishness ; Qxii ck-
sMvery a., of the nature of, resembling, quicksilver.
1611 COTGR., Vtf-Argentin, quicke-siluerie. 1829 Anni-
versary, Honeycomb * Bitter Gourd 118 The flighty and
quicksilvery youth of the parish. 1852 MRS. CRMK Agatha's
Husband II. i. 17 She had . . a certain quicksilverishness of
manner, jumping here there everywhere like mercury on
a plate. 1891 T. HARDY Tess (1900) 70/2 The quicksilvery
glaze on the rivers and pools.
Quicksilver (kwi-ksi Ivaj), v. [f. prec. sb.]
To treat, imbue, or mix with quicksilver ; esp. to
coat (the back of glass) with an amalgam of tin in
order to give a reflecting power.
1704 NEWTON Optics (1721)94 Metal, .reflects not so much
Light as Glass quick-siiver'd over does. 1799 G. SMITH
Laboratory I. 178 How to Quicksilver the inside of Glass
Globes, so as to make them look like Looking-glass. 1831
BREWSTER Optics i. 4 The glass is always quicksilvered on
the back, to make it reflect more light.
Hence Qni cksi Ivered ppl. a. (in early quots.
fig.}. Quicksilvering- vol. s6., the action or
process of coating, etc., with quicksilver; also
concr. a coating of quicksilver or amalgam.
1599 E. SANDYS Eiiropx Spec. (1632) So Those nimble and
Sucksilverd braines which itch after change. £1645
OWELL Lett. (1650) I. iv. 21 The Leaden-heeld pace of the
one, and the Quick-silver'd motions of the other. 1753
PARSONS in Phil. Trans. XLVIII. 380, 1 took a quicksilver^
glass. 1823 J. NICHOLSON Oferat. Mechanic 728 The
quicksilvered tin-foil adheres, .firmly to the glass.
Quick step, qui ckstep.
1. Mil. The step used in marching in quick time.
Also quasi-aafe., at a quick step.
1802-1876 [see QUICK TIME], 1875 W. MC!LWRAITH Guide
Wigtownshire 51 We now move, quick-step, over the
pasture-fields.
transf. 1877 TALMACE 50 Serin. 26 Nearly all the verses
of the Bible have a quick-step.
2. Mus. A march in military quick time.
1811 BUSBY Diet. Mus., Quick-step, a species of march
generally wr'«en in two crotchets in a bar. 1885 Harpers
Mag. Feb. 384/1 The drum . . beats a . . quickstep. 1897
H. PORTER Campaigning with Grant in Century Mag.
Apr. 826 Bands were playing stirring quicksteps.
Quick stick(a : see QUICK a. D.
Quick time. Mil. A rate of marching which
in the British army now consists of 128 paces of
33 inches each (=118 yards) in a minute, or four
miles an hour. Formerly the rate per minute was
108, then u6, and latterly 120 paces of 30 inches
each (cf. quots. and DOUBLE-QUICK).
VOL. VIII.
57
1802 JAMES Milit. Diet., Quick Step, or Quick Time, is
108 steps of 30 inches each, or 270 feet in a minute, and
is the step used in all filings of divisions. Quickest Step, or
Quickest Time is 120 steps of 30 inches each, or 300 feet in
a minute. 1833 Regul. Instr. Cavalry \. 18 The Quick
Step, The cadence of the slow pace having become..
habitual to the recruits, they are. .to be taught to march in
'quick time', which is 108 steps in a minute, each of 30
inches. 1876 VOYLE & STEVENSON Milit. Diet., Quick-
time, a pace soldiers ordinarily march at, viz. 3-3 miles an
hour. Ibid. s. v. Step, Quick step, a military step of 30
inches, with a cadence. .of 116 per minute, in the British
army. It constitutes what is technically called quick time
in marching,
b. quasi-flf/z'. In quick time.
1816 SCOTT Old Mort. x, Come, come, Mrs. Janet— march,
troop-— quick time.
t Quick tree. Obs. rare—1. -= QUICKEN sb.i
1548 TURNER Names Herbes (E. D. S.) 54 Myrica, other-
wyse named tamarix . . The Poticaries of London vse nowe
for thys quik tree.
Quick-witted, a. (Stress variable.) [f. quick
epf?+-XD&.] Having a quick or ready wit ; mentally
acute, sharp, clever.
1530 TINDAL Pent., Lev. Prol. (1884) 297 Allegoryes make
a man qwick wilted. 1596 SHAKS. Tarn. Shr. v. ii. 38
How likes Gremio these quicke-witted folkes? 1693 DKVDI:^
Juvenal iii. (1697) 50 Quick-Witted, Brazen-fac'd, with
fluent Tongues. 170* MEAD Mech. Ace. Poisons Wks.
U775) 5<> Impatient, ready to action, quickwitted. 1824
Miss MITFORD Village Ser. i. (1863) 133 There is always
great freshness and originality in an uneducated and quick-
witted person. 1870 LOWELL Among my Bks. Ser. i. (1873)
189 The cultivated and quick-witted men in whose familiar
society he lived.
Hence Quick wi'ttedness.
1863 COWDEN CLARKE Shaks. Char. x. 257 He has French
quick- wit ted ness, French good temper. 1883 P. SCHAFF
Hist. Church Per. i. II. Ixxxiii. 712 The curiosity and quick-
wittedness of the Samaritan Magdalene.
Qui'ckwood. [f. QUICK a, 3.] « QUICK sb. 3,
QUICKSET. (Chiefly attrib.'}
1473-4 Durham Ace. •/?<?/& (Surtees) 645 Pro..plantacione
de le Whikwod. 1696 AUBREY Misc. (1721) 104 A Pond .,
adjoyning to a Quick-wood-hedge. 1769 Adome Inclos.
Act 10 All the new quick-wood fences. 1800 TUKE Agric.
91 White thorn (provincially quickwood) constitutes the
most common fence throughout the Riding. 1891 J. D.
HOOD Waterspouts Yorksh. Wolds 25 Rooting up a strong
quickwood fence.
Qui*ck-work. Naut. (See quots.)
1711 W. SUTHERLAND Shipbuild. Assist. 162 Quick-work ;
that part of a Ship's Sides both within and without Board,
above the Channel-wales and Decks. 1730 CAPT. W.
' This
deck. 1776 FALCONER Diet. Marine (ed. 2), Quc- or, . . a
general name given to all that part of a ship which is
under the surface of the water when she is laden. 1780
Ibid. (ed. 3), Vibord, the quick-work, or that part of a ship's
side., comprehended between the drift-rails and the waist-
rail. £1850 Rudim. Navig. (Weale) 139 Quickwork. A
denomination given to the strakes which shut in between
the spirketing and clamps. 1867 SMYTH Sailor's Word'bk.,
Quick- Work, is also applied to that part of the inner upper-
works of a ship above the covering board. Also, the short
£*anks worked inside between the ports. . . In general par-
nee quick-work is synonymous with spirketting.
t Quicqui'dlibet. Obs. rare*-1. [L., f. quic-
quid whatever + libet it pleases.] Whatever one
pleases, anything whatsoever.
1647 WARD Simp. Cobler 22 A multimonstrous maufrey of
heteroclytes and quicquidlibets.
II Quid (kwid), sbl- [L. quid what, anything,
something, neut. sing, of quis who, any one, etc.]
1. That which a thing is. Cf. QUIDDITY i.
1606 MARSTON Parasitaster i. ii, My age Hath scene the
beings and the quide [sic] of things. 1611 L, BARRY Ram
A lley in Dpdsley (1874) X. 363 A widow that has known the
quid of things. 1675 [Bp. CROFT] Naked Truth 25 The
quid, the quale, the quantum, and such-like quack-salving
forms. 1727-41 CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v., Hence we have two
kinds of quids, nominal . . and real. 1875 JOWETT Plato
(ed. 2) I. 270 When I do not know the * quid ' of anything
how can I know the 'quale'?
f2. = QUIDDIT, QUIDDITY 2. Obs. rare—1.
1576 GASCOICNE Steeled. (Arb.) 77 That Logjke leape not
ouer euery stile . . With curious quids to main taine argument.
3. U* S, (abbrev. of tertium quid.} A name given
to a section of the Republican party in 1805-11.
1805 JEFFERSON Writ, (1830) IV. 45 Those called the third
party, or Quids. 1882 H. ADAMS J. Randolph (1884) 182
He belonged to the third party, the quiddists or quids, being
that tertium quid.. which had no name, but was really an
anti-Madison movement.
Quid, sb.% slang. [Of obscure origin,]
1, A sovereign; fa guinea.
(PI. usually without -s, as two quid, a few* quid, etc.).
1688 SHADWELL Sqr. Alsatia in. i, Let me equip thee
with a Quid. 1791-3 in Spirit Pub. Jrnls. (1799) I. 244 The
man . . rarely has more than from thirty to fifty quids a year.
1796 Mod, Gulliver 165 The twenty last are worth full
forty quid. 1834 H. AINSWORTH Rootnuood III. in. xiii.
166 One quid, two coach wheels. 1883 BESANT All in
Garden Fair n. x, It isn't two quid a week that will keep
a young gentleman of your powers.
f 2. //. (with -j.) Money, cash. Obs. rare.
a 1700 B. E. Diet. Cant. Crew.
Quid (kwid), jA.3 [var. of CUD sb. q.v.] A
piece of something (usu. of tobacco), suitable to
be held in the mouth and chewed.
1727 in BAILEY vol. II. 1731 Gentl. Mag.\. 349 Spitting
about the church . . As if he d got a quid m's mouth. 1780
G. KEATE Ptlcw Isl. 27 Beetle-nut and Chinam, of which
QUIDDITY.
they had always a quid in their mouths. 1833 MARRYAT
/'. Simple (1863) 89 Ihe first lieutenant, .perceived that he
had a quid of tobacco in his cheek. 1883 STEVENSON Silver-
ado Sq. (1886)68 His mind was.. revolving the problem of
existence like a quid of gum.
fig. 1805 W. HUNTER in Naval Chron. XIII. 35, 1 chewed
my Quid of bitterness.
t Quid, v^ Obs. Forms : i cwyddiau, 2-3
cwidden, quidd(i)en. [OE. cwiddian, f. tavttC
QUIDE (q.v.).] trans, and intr. To say, speak.
c looo ALFRIC Horn. 11^388 Crist hi befran hu men cwyd-
£1200 OKMIN 3048 patt illke word wass
.v. 9825 Bi-)>enc Jm a J>ine quides ^
dodon be him.
cwiddedd aer. 1-1205 LAY. <,
Jm sulf quiddest. c 1275 'Woman Samaria 55 In O. £.
Misc. 85 Nv quidde)> men, J>at cumen is Messyas.
Quid, v2 [f. QUID sb*]
1. intr. To chew tobacco ; to chew the cud.
1773 in ASH. 1778 Gentl. Mag. July 311/1 The cow chews
her cud, and the man, when he chews tobacco, calls it
quidding. 1893 Surrey Gloss., Ouidding, chewing the cud.
1 The heifer's getting better, she^ quidding all right '.
2. trans. Of horses : To let (food) drop from the
mouth when half chewed.
1831 YOUATT Horse (1847) 258 The Horse quids his hay,
and gulps his water. 1888 W. WILLIAMS Princ. Vet. Med.
(ed. 5) 376 Soreness of the throat is indicated by ' quidding
of the food '.
Hence Qui'dder, a horse which * quids * (CasseWs
Encycl Diet. 1886).
II Quidam (kwai-dam). rare. [L., f. qui who:
cf. QUIDAM.] Somebody ; a certain person.
1579 E. K. Ded. Spenser's Sheph, Cal. Post-scr., So many
vnworthy Quidams, which catch at the garlond which to
you alone is dewe, 1624 BEDELL Lett. xi. 143 Who were these
quidams that laid hands on Scory ? a 1641 BP. MOUNTACU
Actsff Mon. (1642) 48 Some Indimduum vagumt a certaine
Quidam in the Clouds.
Hence Quida'mity, an allusion to ' somebody'.
1892 Athenaeum 9 July 65/1 A retort lay ready to his hand
more effective than any indulgence in quidam-\\\*.*.
tQui'ddany,^. Obs. Also 7 quiddanet,-onie,
quidenie, 7*8 quiddeny, -ony, 8 quidony. [ad.
obs. F. codignat, condoignac, etc. (mod.F. cotignae,
It. cotognato) = med.L. codoniatum, var. of cydoni-
atum, f. L. cydonia : see QUINCE, and cf. CODINIAC,
COTINIATE, QUINDINIAC,] A thick fruit-syrup or
jelly ; orig. and properly, one made from quinces.
i6i6BuLLOKAR£«^-. Expos.iQwddanet, a sweete mixture
thicker than a sirupe, and not so thicke nor stiffe as marma-
until! it be as thicke as for quiddonie. 1695 WESTMACOTT
Script. Herb. 203 Sloes in the form of a Quiddeny, or
Marmalade. 171* tr. Poinet's Hist. Drugs I. 133 It is us'd
in Rob or Quiddony, made with Damask-Rose- Water. 1736
BAILEY Housek. Diet. 494 Quiddany of Quinces.
Hence •)• Qni'ddany v. trans., to make into a
quiddany. (In quot.ySjf.)
1647 WARD Simf. Cobler 18 He will .. Quidanye Christ
with Sugar and Rats-bane.
Qurddative, a. rare, [For quidditative ; cf.
qualitive, quantitive.} = QUIDDITATIVE.
1642 }, JACKSON Bk. Conscience 18 Find out the very
quiddative nature and being of Conscience. 1727 41
CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v. Quiddity, What is essential to a thing
is said to be quiddative — as quiddative knowledge. 1898
Dublin Rev. Oct. 299 The quiddative unity of things.
Quiddenie, -eny, varr. QUIDDANY.
Qurdder, (? a. and) adv. Sc. rare. [Cf. Norw.
dial, kvidra to dart about.] Only in phr. quick and
quidder, quickly, forthwith.
In first quot. perh. as adj. = ' alive and lively '.
1633 Fife Witch-Trial in Statist. Ace. Scot!. XVIII. 658
He gave her, soul and body, quick and quidder full to the
devil. 1866 EDMONDSTON Gloss. Stietl. 4- Orkn^Quick-and-
Quidder, swiftly, quickly.
Quiddist : see QUID j/).l 3, quot 1882.
Quiddit (kwi'dit). Now arch. = QUIDDITY a.
1592 GREENE Ufst.Courtierln Harl. Misc. (Malh.) II. 232
These lawiers haue . . such quibs & quiddits. a 16x3 OVER-
BURY A Wife, etc. (1638) 188 He makes his Will in forme of
a Law-case, full of quiddits. 1635 HEYWOOD Hierarch. iv.
202 He .. Stretches each Quiddit of the Law to finde Him
culpable. 1838 HOR. SMITH Tor Hill 11. 221 Rhyming
couplets, quirks, quiddits and riddles. 1855 BROWNING Old
Fief. Florence xx, The first of the new . . Beats the last of
the old ; 'tis no idle quiddit.
f Qui'dditative, a. Obs. [f. QDIDDIT-Y +
-ATIVE. See also QUIDDATIVE.]
1. Pertaining to the quiddity or essence of a thing.
1650 CHARLETON Paradoxes 9 The quidditative and
peculiarly expresse causes of all those admirable effects of
the Loadstone. 1656 [? J. SERGEANT] tr. T. White's Peripat.
Inst. 220 The quidditative notion of an Element,
2. Full of equivocations, quirky.
1611 COTGR., Quidditatif, quidditatiue, doubtful!, obscure,
full of quirkes, fraught with quiddities. 1637 GILLESPIE
Eng. Pot. Crrem. \. ix. 3r A weak and easily penetrable
hedge of some quidditative Cautions.
Hence f Qui'dditatively adv.
ci6ooTimon iv. iii. (1842) 66 The moone may bee taken.,
either specificatiuely, or quidditatiuely, or superficially, or
catapod tally.
Quiddity (kwrditi). [ad. schol. L. quidJitas :
see QUID si>.l and -ITY ; so F. qiriddilt (I4th c.).]
1. The real nature or essence of a thing; that
which makes a thing what it is.
1569 J. SANFORD tr. Agriffa's Van. Aries 2r The true
demonstration . . is that whiche is made (as the Logitioners
8
QUIDDLE.
Vita Sana x. 106 These notions being too.. remote from
the quiddity, essence and spring of the Disease. 17x0
BERKELEY Princ. Hum. Knowl. § 81 The positive abstract
idea of quiddity, entity, or existence. 1828 DE QUINCEY
Rhetoric Wks. 1862 X. 76 The quiddity, or characteristic
difference, of poetry as distinguished from prose. 1897 S. S.
SPRIGGE Life of T. Wakley xiii. 125 The quiddity of each
attitude was the desire to curtail the privileges of the hospital
surgeons.
b. Something intangible. rare~l.
1774 BURKE Sf. Amer. Tax. Wks. 1842 I. 158 Fighting
for a phantom ; a quiddity ; a thing that wants, not only
a substance, but even a name.
2. A subtlety or captious nicety in argument;
a quirk, quibble. (Alluding to scholastic argu-
ments on the 'quiddity' of things.)
1539 TAVERNER Card. Wysed. I. 18 b, [He] must nat playe
with hys sophemes and quyddities. 1579 FULKR Heskins'
Parl. 475 Hee saith hee will not vse the quiddities of the
schooles, but plaine examples. 1678 R. BARCLAY Apol.
Quakers § 12. 371 To find out and invent subtile Distinctions
and Quiddities. 1731 Plain Reas.for Presbyi. Dissent. 138
The most honest cause is often run down with the torrent
and speat of law-quirks and quiddities. 1807 W. IRVING
Salt/tag. (1824) 33, I humbly solicit . . A quiddity, quirk, or
remonstrance to send. 1877 C. GEIKIE Christ xxv. (1879)
281 Their .. quiddities and quillets, and casuistical cases.
Comb. 1863 DE MORGAN Pref. in From Matter to Spirit
40, I went back to the old quiddity-mongers.
b. Subtlety (of wit); ability or tendency to
employ quiddities.
1600 W. WATSON Decacordon (1602) 140 How shall euer
those come in heauen, that haue neither quatitie of body to
get it., nor quidditie of wit to keepe it? 1881 W. S. GILBERT
Patience, To stuff his conversation full of quibble and of
quiddity. 1884 R. BUCHANNAN in Pall Mall G. 16 Apr., With
the intellectual strength and bodily height of an Anak, he
possessed the quiddity and animal spirits of Tom Thumb.
Quiddle (kwi-d'l), sb. dial, and U. S. [f.
QUIDDLE ».] A fastidious person.
1856 EMERSON Eng. Traits vi. 108 The Englishman is
very petulant and precise about his accommodation . . a
quiddle about his toast and his chop [etc.].
Quiddle (kwi-d'l), v. Now chiefly dial, and
U.S. [Of obscure origin : cf. twiddle, fiddle]
1. intr. a. To discourse in a trifling way.
1567 EDWARDS Daman $ Pithias in Hazl. Dodsley IV. 81
Set out your bussing base, and we will quiddle upon it. 1587
FLEMING Contn. Holinshed III. 1275/2 Which name of the
Marishes, Marshes, or Moores, if it like them to expound it,
as I doubt not but manie will quiddle therevpon. 1863-70
[see QUIDDLING].
b. To trifle, waste time (witK).
1832 in WEBSTER, a 1877 in J. Cook Orthodoxy iv. (1882)
81 Don't quiddle with the goody little notes to Gibbon by
Milman and others.
f 2. trans. To trifle or play with. Obs.
a 1652 BROME City Wit in. i. Wks. 1873 I. 311 Cras. How
does she feel your hand? Lin, O, she does so quiddle it,
shake it, and gripe it !
Hence Qurddling- vol. sb. and ///. a. Also
Qnfddler, a trifler.
1832 in WEBSTER. 1860 EMERSON Cond. Life iv. (1861) 92
Neither will we be driven into a quiddling abstemiousness.
'Tis a superstition to insist on a special diet. 1863 W.
PHILLIPS Speeches vii. 181 Lawyers, bound by quiddling
technicalities. 1870 H. STEVENS Bibl. Histor. Introd. 14
He indulged in . . bibliographical quiddling about the
mechanical and manufacturing points of the books.
Quiddonie, -y, variants of QUIDDANY.
tQuide. Obs. Forms: I owyde, 1-2 owide,
3 quede, quefce, 3-4 quide, 4 qwede. [OE.
cwide (cwyde) = OS. quidi, OHG. quidi, chwiti,
etc., ON. kviSr verdict :-OTeut. *kwi(K-z, f. the
root *kwep- to say, QUETHE.]
1. A saying, speech, statement.
1:888 K. ALFRED Boeth. in. § 4 Is bis nu se cwide be bu
me geo saedest ? c 1080 O. E. Chron. (Parker MS.) an. 1070
Se ar'h . . mid strangan cwydan bset ylce ^efaestnode. c 1205
LAY. 9141 Hit wes Jare iqueSen. pa quides beoS nu soSe.
a 1250 Oivl Sf Night. 685 Alvered seide of olde quide [etc.].
b. A promise, rare— '.
CI2SO Gen. «r Exod. 1463 He bad god. .Sat he sulde fillen
oat quede, oe he abraham quilum dede.
2. A will, legacy, bequest.
950 in Thorpe Diplom. 500/1 Dis is Byrhtrices & .dElfswySe
his wifes nihsta cwide. pe hi cwzdon . . on heora ma^a
gewitnesse. 01050 Liber Scintill. xliv. (1889) 146 On
cwyde pinum laef (jearfum. c 1205 LAY. 14857 Ich for^iue
selchere widewe hire lauerdes quide. 13.. K. Alts. 8020
To have theo kyngis qwede, Muche bataile was heom myde.
Quidenie, variant of QUIDDANY.
Quider, obs. form of WHITHEB.
t Quidi-fical, a. Obs. rare—1, [f. QUID sfi.l +
-(I)FIC + -AL.] Quibbling, captious.
1542 UDALL Erasm. Apoph. 124 Diogenes mockyng suche
quidincal! trifles saied [etc.).
Quidighe, var. CUDDYI. (See QUIDRATBE.)
t Quidlit, obs. var. of (or misprint for) QUIDDIT
or QUILLET. (In quot. atlrib.~)
1598 GILPIN Skial., Satyr n. 43 Then whats a wench but
a quirke, quidlit case, Which makes a Painters pallat of
her face ?
Quidnunc (kwi-dn»rjk). [f. L. quid what +
nunc now.] One who is constantly asking : ' What
now ? ' ' What's the news ? ' ; hence, an inquisitive
person ; a gossip ; a newsmonger.
58
1709 STEELE Taller No. 10 p 2 The Insignificancy of my
Manners . . makes the Laughers called me a Quid Nunc.
1782 COWPER Wks. (1837) XV. 126 Acknowledge, now. . that
1 should make no small figure among the quidnuncs of
Olney. 1832 W. IRVING Alhambra II. 95 He was a sort of
scandalous chronicle for the quid-nuncs of Granada. 1874 L.
STEPHEN Hours in Library (1892) I. x. 352 Some wretched
intrigue which had puzzled two generations of quidnuncs.
attrib. 1880 iqfA Cent. VII. 191 Not for the mere grati-
fication of quidnunc curiosity.
Hence Qnid-nunc-ism, Quidnunckery, curio-
sity, love of news or gossip, nonce-wets.
1804 in Spirit Put. Jrnls. VIII. 93 His attachment to
quidnunckery is as constant as ever. 1847 J. CAIRNS Let.
in Life xi. (1895) 281 The ne plus ultra of disappointed
religious quid-nunc-ism.
Quidony, variant of QUIDDANY.
II Quid pro quo (kwid pi 6* kwou) , sl>. [L. quiil
something, pro lor, quo (abl. of quid} something.]
1. One thing in place of another ; trig, and esp.
one medicinal substance used for another, either
intentionally, fraudulently, or by mistake.
1565 CALFHILL Answ. Martiall 32 b, A leude Apoticarie,
that vnderstandeth not his bil, but giueth Quid pro Otto.
1601 HOLLAND Pliny II. A vj b, Succedan, that drug which
may be used for default of another. The Apothecaries
call such Quid fro quo. 1654 R. WHITLOCK Zootomia
60 The Apothecaries themselves, both take, and receive
(from Herbe-women) Quid pro Quo, one thing for another,
many, many Times. 1738 STEWARD in Phil. Trans. XL.
449 A Mistake .. and a putting of quid pro quo (as 'tis
commonly express'd). 1804 Edinb. Rev. III. 416 Referring
the proximate cause of this disease to a deficiency of azote
is only substituting quid pro quo,
b. The action or fact of using or putting one
thing for another ; the result of this ; a mistake or
blunder consisting in such a substitution.
1679 EVERARD Discourses 35 A Capital quid pro quo of
Estate of the most part of the Potentates of Europe. 1687
MIEGE Grt. Fr. Diet., Quitt-pro-quo or mistake, tin Qui
pro quo. 1717-41 CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v. Quid. A northern
physician, in a printed thesis on quid pro quo's, owns in-
genuously, that they are very frequent. 18*4 LADY MORGAN
Salvator Rosa I. v. 263 He .. produces the most ludicrous
quid pro quo's by misapplied erudition, witty absurdities,
and naive questions. 1843 THACKERAY Misc. Essays (1885)
44 A laughable quid pro quo .. occurred to him in a con-
versation.
t C. One who assumes a false character. Obs.
1689 HiCKER!NGlLL,fl/<W«//«7HiVfVx ii. loHave we ru>t still
. . some (Quid pro quo's, amongst us) Papists in Masquerade ?
2. One thing (or action) in return or exchange
for another ; tit for tat.
1591 SIIAKS. i Hen. VI, v. iii. 109, I cry you mercy, 'tis
but Quid for Quo. 1608 MIDDLETON Mad World II. iv. 44
Let him trap me in gold, and I'll lap him in lead ; quid pro
quo, 1705 HICKERINGILL Priest-cr. iv. (1721) 206 Every
Church is the Old-Exchange, Spiritual Things in exchange
for Carnal Things ; Heaven for Earth ; QuidproQuo. 1717
BOYER Diet. Royal II. s.v. Quid. To give one Quid-pro-
quo (or tit for tat). 1820 COMBE Dr. Syntax 11. xxix. (1869)
167, I shall be able . . to bestow What you will find a quid
pro quo. 1871 M. COLLINS Mrq. If Merck. 1 1. ix. 276 The
tradesman gets his quid pro quo.
attrib. 1861 T. A. TROLLOPE La Beata II. xvii. 187
A system of conduct based on the theory of a quid-pro-quo
purchase.
t Quidrathe. Obs. rare. Also -raighe. [Ir.
cuid part, portion + rdithe quarter of a year.] A
quarterly tax, payment, or entertainment.
1570 in nM Rep. Dep. Kpr. Irel. 235 An Irish custom of
£ 10 sterling called quidrathe. 1591 in Acts Privy Council
N.S. XXII. 564 Unlawfull taxacions of Iryshe customes as
Quony, Quoshirs, Nightsupers called Quidighe, Quarter-
supers called Quidraighe, Huerye for their horses or anie
other like taxes.
Quie, obs. form of QDET.
t Quiell, obs. var. KEEL sb)- (after F. quille or
Pg. quilha).
1582 N. LICHEFILD tr. Castanheda's Conq. E. Ind. 336
They have no quiell, but are flat-bottomed.
fQuiennal. Obs. rare. In 4 qui-, quyenal.
[For quinquennal, on anal, of BI-, TBIENNAI,, q. v.]
A dispensation or indulgence for five years.
£1380 WYCLIF Stl. Wks. III. 398 Freris..mony times
bringen veyne pardouns, quienals, and ober veyne privi-
legies. — Wkt. (1880) 66 To paie. .for pardons, quyenals,
priuylegies, for assoilyngis of wowes, & many feyned iapis.
Quier, obs. form of QCEER a?
Quier(e, obs. forms of CHOIK, QUIRE sb)
Quierie, obs. variant of querry EQTJERBY.
Quiesce (kwai,e-s), v. [ad. L. quiesclre to be
quiet, f. quits QDIET si.]
1. intr. To become quiescent ; to subside into.
1833 Wild Sports of West I. 27 Did tired nature quiesce
for a moment, I was.. roused with a tornado of. .sounds.
1888 HOWELLS Annie Kilbum xxx. 330 The village, after
a season of acute conjecture, quiesced into . . sufferance of
the anomaly.
2. intr. Of a letter: To become silent; said of
the feeble consonants in Hebrew when their sound
is absorbed in that of a preceding vowel.
i8a8 STUART Elem. Heb. Lang. (1831) 25 A moveable con-
sonant is one which is sounded, and does not quiesce or
coalesce. 1853}. R. WOLF Practical ffet. Gr. 8 The letters
'•ON are said to quiesce in the vowels after which they are
placed.
Quiescence (kwai,e-sens). [ad. late L. qui-
escentia : see QUIESCENT and -ENCE.] The state of
being quiescent ; quietness ; an instance of this.
QUIET.
a 1631 DONNE Lett. Ixxx. Wks. (ed. Alford) VI. 397 Bless
them with a satisfaction and Quiescence. 1664 POWER
Exp. Philos. Pref. n That there is no such thing in the
World as an absolute quiescence. 1751 JOHNSON Rambler
No. 137 F 2 To sleep in the gloomy quiescence of astonish-
ment. 1812 WOODHOUSE Astron. xxitt. 239 The anomalous
retrogradations and quiescences of the planets. 1830 LYELL
Princ. of Geol. (1875) II. n. xxx. 177 The local quiescence
or dormant condition of the subterranean igneous causes.
1879 PROCTOR Pleas. IVays Sc. ii. 29 The usual condition
of the air . . is one of motion, not of quiescence.
b. spec, in Hebrew grammar : see QUIESCE v. 2.
1828 STUART Elem. Heb. Lang. (1831) 54 Quiescence
sometimes happens when the Evi would (by analogy) have
a vowel. 1853 J. R. WOLF Practical Heb. Gram. 1x2 This
quiescence consists in such letters losing their consonantal
power when preceded by certain vowels.
Quiescency (k\vai,e'sensi). [See prec. and
-ENCY.] = QUIESCENCE.
1649 BULWER Pathomyot. n. i, 82 To find a quiescency
many Muscles working. 1664 POWER Exp. Philos. i. 70
When the Animal Spirits are in Quiescency. 18x4 LANDOR
Ima$.Conv.,Soutkey $ Porson Wks. 1853 I. 79/2 Much
of this quiescency induces debility. 1881-3 SCHAFF Encycl.
Relig. Knowl. I. 465 His Godhead . . was in a state of
quiescency during his humiliation.
Quiescent (kwsiie-sent), a. and sb. [a. ppl.
stem of L. quiescfre to QUIESCE. So mod.F.
quiescent^ A. adj.
1. Motionless, inactive, at rest.
1646 SIR T. BROWNE Pseud. Ep, 190 The active or moving
side.. the weaker or more quiescent part. 1710 BERKELEY
Princ. Hunt. Knowl. § 114 A man m a ship may be said to
be quiescent with relation to the sides of the vessel. 1753
CHAMBERS Cycl. Suppl. App. s.v. Force ; The pressure of the
quiescent body against the obstacle that hinders it to move.
1812 WOODHOUSE Astron. i. 3 The pole, which is the place of
a quiescent star. 1874 LUBBOCK prig. $• Met. Ins. iv. 63
The quiescent and death-like condition of the pupa,
f b. Quiescent reason^ the fallacy of sorites.
1656 STANLEY Hist. Philos. vm. (i.) xxxii, Sorites .. is
called also j\tjv\a.fy$v Aoyos, the quiescent reason, because
the way to withstand it, is by stopping, and withholding the
assent.
2. Of a letter; Not sounded, silent; spec, in
Hebrew grammar (see QUIESCE v. 2). Quiescent
verbi (see quot. 1853).
1609 C. BUTLER Fern. Mon. (1634) p. iv, The E silent or
quiescent, which yieldeth no sound. 1711 J. GREENWOOD
Eng. Gram. 301 Other Letters . . are quiescent or silent.
1807 G. CHALMERS Caledonia I. i. iv. 160 The Irish Raths
have the same origin, the [th] being quiescent. 1807 HUR-
WITZ_ Elem. Heb. Lang. 101 According to the system of
reading by points, the letters *1 JTN are in many instances
quiescent. 1853 J- R* WOLF Practical Heb. Gram, in
Quiescent verbs are those in which one of the feeble letters
*1 7T N occurs as a radical letter.
b. Of a person : Silent, not speaking, rare.
1791 BOSWELL Johnson an. 1784. 17 May, Johnson was
very quiescent to-day.
B. sb. 1. A quiescent letter.
1717 in BAILEY, vol. II. 1807 HURWITZ Elem. Heb. Lang.
134 Whenever a letter is written and not pronounced, it is
called by Hebrew Grammarians.. an invisible quiescent, or
a mute. 1831 LEE Hebr. Gram. (1832) 36 The. .letters,
considered either as consonants or quiescents, will occasion-
ally be changed for one another. 1882-3 F. BROWN in Schaff
Encycl. Relig Knowl. I. 583/1 The weaker Shemitic gut-
turals and the quiescents.
2. A quiescent verb (see 2 above).
1831 LEE Hebr. Gram. (1832) 222 We do not think it
necessary here to divide these verbs into Defectives and
Quiescents as has usually been done.
Quiescently, adv. [f. prec. + -LY2.] In a
quiescent manner ; at rest ; in repose.
1805 FOSTER Ess. 11. iii. 146 Quiescently regarding the
conclusions. 1887 Twin Soul I. xiii. 131 They float
quiescently upon the fleecy clouds.
t Quie'SCeous, a. Obs. rare-1. [irreg. f.
QOIESCE v. + -CDS.] Belonging to quiescence.
1688 R. HOLME Armoury u. 388/2 The Sense of Ease and
Rest. .it shall be termed The Quiesceous sense.
Quiese, obs. form of QUEEST, wood-pigeon.
Quiet (kwai-et), sb. Also 4-6 quyet(e, quiete,
7 quiett. [ad. L. quiet-, stem of quies rest, repose,
quiet. An AF. quiete may have existed beside
quiett QUIETY.]
1. Absence of disturbance or tumult ; peaceful -
condition of affairs in social or political life.
13 . . Cursor M. 29341 (CptU Galba), [Cursed] er bai bat . .
robbes or reues on ani side, Whare pese and quiet suld
bityde. £*375 Sc. Leg, Saints iii. (Andrew) 519 pe quyet
of our lord Inesu, luk in vnreste je turne nocht now. 1470-85
MALORY Arthur xx. xvii, In this realme wyll be now no
quyete but euer stryf and debate. 1542-3 Act 34 $ 35 Hen,
K//7, c. 27 § 119 Lawes and ordinaunces Tor the., good quiet
of his saide dominion of Wales. 1651 HOBBES Leviath. iv.
xlvi. 380 To whom the care of the Publique quiet is com-
mitted. 1763 BURKE Corr. (1844) !• 43 W^V is not the
nation's quiet secured, and its independance asserted ? 1874
BANCROFT Footpr. Time \. 104 A long period of almost
absolute quiet followed the establishment of the empire.
personified. 1590 SPENSER F. Q. i. i. 41 Carelesse Quiet
lyes, Wrapt in eternall silence farre from enimyes. 1632
MILTON Penseroso 45 Join with thee calm Peace, and
Quiet, Spare Fast, that oft with gods doth diet. 1754 GRAY
Pleasure 53 Humble quiet builds her cell.
b. Absence of noise or (rapid) motion ; calm-
ness, stillness.
a 1400 Stockh. Medical MS. ii. 382 in Anglia XVIII. 316
Ageyn cowrs of watyr wyll he flete, 5if be water renne in
good quiete. 1602 MARSTON Antonio s Rev. i. i. Wks.
1856 I. 73 No breath disturbs the quiet of the ayre. 1816
QUIET.
SHELLEV A lastor 393 A smooth spot Of glassy quiet mid
those battling tides Is left. 1867 SMILES Huguenots Eng.
iii. (1880) 51 It was only the quiet that preceded the out-
break of another storm.
2. Freedom from external disturbance, molesta-
tion, interruption, or noise; f freedom from work
or occupation ; rest, repose.
1340 HAMPOLE Pr. Consc. 0128 Whare .ille ryghtwyse men
salle won at ees, In ioyfufle quyete, and- rest, and pesu.
1:1430 LYDG, Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 249 Lat me nat reste
nor have no quyete, Occupye my soule with spiritual travayl.
1494 FABVAN Chron. vir. ccxxx. 156 This foresayd countesse
.. with her sonne .. was in quyete of theyr countrey and
castell. 1592 GREENE Conny catching\\\. 12 She seeing him
laid in bed . . commits him to his quiet. 1638 R. BAKER tr.
Balzac's Lett. (vol. II) 26, I have too much care of my own
quiet, to goe about to trouble his. 1749 FIELDING Tom
Jones vin. xi, An arrant vixen of a wife soured his domestic
quiet. 1865 HOOK Lives Abps. III. 301 It often happens
that a man, turbulent in his youth, will make great sacrifices
to procure peace and quiet in his old age.
//. 1650 WELDON Crt. Jus. /, 185 More beneficial! to the
Subjects in respect of their quiets.
b. Freedom from mental agitation or excitement;
calm or peace of mind.
a. 1628 PRESTON New Caut. (1634) 421 As wondrous quiet
and peaceable ness, and calmness m the heart. 1688 LADY
R, RUSSELL Lett. I. Ixxi. 156 Such letters as yours, Sir,
do not disturb my quiet. 1726 SWIFT Corr. Wks. 1841 II.
586 An accident that must be so fatal to my quiet. 1840
LADY C. BURY Hist, of Flirt vi, A matter that concerns
my quiet.
3. The condition of remaining quiet, of refraining
from disturbance, hurry, exertion, etc.
'559 Mirr. Mag.^Henry Vt^ vii, My mynde to quyet bent,
had not bene tossed so. c 1586 C'TESS PEMBROKE Ps, cxxxi,
None more [than me] for quiet might compare Ev'n with
the babe. 1604 E. G[RIMSTONE] D Acosta's Hist. Indies v.
v. 343 That God was a great Lord, who with great quiet
and leasure performeth his workes. 1750 JOHNSON Rambler
No. 74 P 12 Knowledge and genius are often enemies to
quiet, by suggesting ideas of excellence. 1889 PATER G. de
Latour (1896) 41 How becomingly .. that self-respecting
quiet sat upon their high-bred figures.
4. Freq. in phrases at, t *«, and f out of quiet ',
with vbs. of being, remaining, maintaining, etc.
1377 LANGL. P. PI. B. i. 121 God .. garte the heuene to
stekye and stonden in quiete. c 1450 tr. De Imitatione n.
vi. 46 An evel conscience is euer dredful and oute of quiete.
1533 FRITH Another Bk. agst, Rastell Prol. (1573) 61
They could neuer be at quiet, .untill they had dronken his
bloud. 1577 Test. XII Patriarchs (1604) 101 Bear your
losses willingly, and be not out of quiet for it. 1699 BURNKT
39 Art. \. (1700) 21 Every part of it is at quiet till it is put
in motion. 1771 JEFFERSON Writ. (ed. Ford) II. 129
Matters . .are too much in quiet to send you news from hence.
1830 SCOTT Demonol. viii. 266 The country remained at
quiet. 1886 STEVENSON Dr. Jekyll 54 Mr. Utterson began
..to grow more at quiet with himself.
f b. With adjs., esp. at (a) good (or better] quiet.
1:1470 HENRY Wallace vin. 587 The ost he maid in gud
quyet to be. 1603 KNOLLES Hist. Turks (1638) 62 The
other Christian Princes also being at no better quiet. 165*
COTTERELL Cassandra, iv. (1676) 68 He began to be at a little
better quiet. i663PEPYS Diary y> June, Aly differences with
my uncle Thomas at a good quiett, blessed be God !
Quidt (kwai'et), a. Forms: 4-7 quyet, (4-6
-te, 6 -tt), 5 quiete, 6 quyat, quyit, queat, 8 Sc.
quait, 6- quiet, [a. OF. quiete or ad. L. quietus,
pa. pple. to quiSscere to come to rest, f. root of
quits rest, QUIET sb. The popular Fr. form coi is
represented by COY a."]
I. 1. Of persons (or animals) : Making no stir,
commotion, or noise ; causing no trouble or disturb-
ance ; remaining at rest ; not moving or acting.
1382 WYCLIF i Thess. iv. n We preyen ?ou . . that }e be
quyet, and do joure nede. 1560 DAUS tr. Sleidanc's Comm.
277 b, Obteyne of the Clergie, that they wyll be quiet, tyll
suche tyme as the other States may declare [etc.]. 1586
WAKNER Alb. Eng. \. vi. (1612) 24 Lycus .. did cast his
haughtie armes abroad, as who would say, be queat. 1715
RAMSAY Chrisfs Kirk Gr. n. vi, Let gae my hands, I say,
be quait. 1738 SWIFT Polite Conv. Wks. 1883 IX. 403,
I wish you would be quiet, you have more tricks than
a dancing bear. 1837 MRS. SHERWOOD Henry Milner in.
iii. 44 The young men began to call to them crying, ' Whisht,
whisht, what ails the curs? — quiet there, Viper'. 1843
MIAI.L in Noneonf. III. 635 Rebecca's rights once obtained
we will be as quiet as mice.
b. (Also of nature or disposition.) Habitually
or naturally peaceful or averse to making stir,
noise, etc. Of an animal : Gentle.
1431-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) II. 167 The peple of the
sowthe is meke and quiete. 1535 COVERDALE i Chron.
xxii[i]. 9 The sonne which shal be borne vnto the, shal be a
quyete man. 1609 BIBLE (Douay) Mic. iv. cornm,, Quiet
patient people . . suffering persecution with alacritie of
minde. 1669 CLARENDON Ess. Tracts (1727) 148 Quiet and
easy natures are like fair weather, a 1720 SEWEL Hist.
Quakers (1795) I. Pref. 18 They always were quiet and
never made any resistance. 1811 Sporting Mag. XXXVI 1 1.
212 The defendant did not put the question .. whether it
were a quiet horse? 1840 DICKENS Barn. Rudge vi,
Barnaby is not in his quietest humour to-night. 1863
Q. Rev. July 262 It is a great relief to quiet people when
the Easter ceremonies are wound up.
f C. Sc. in specific senses : Acting or living
quietly ; remaining hid or secret ; fast asleep. Obs.
'533 ('AU Richi Vay 17 Thay that ar quiet and fals
flatterers. 1536 BKLLENDEN Cron. Scot. x. vii, Traistyng. .
sum quiet persoms liand ay in wait to inuaid hym. 1632
LITHGOW Trav. x. 444, I could not beleeue, that the Patrons
of so great a Monarchy, could be so quiet ; yea, as quiet us
a Countrey Baron is with vs. 1651 WELDON Crt. Jas. /, 107
59
Loveston replies, He is quiet (which in the Scotish dialect |
is fast asleep).
2. Of things : Not active ; not moving or stirring ;
also, making no noise ; still.
Quiet disease, latent hip-joint disease in children (SyJ.
Soe. Lex. 1897). ^Quiet tetter, a quiescent letter.
1599 SHAKS. Hen. K, in. ii. 36 For Pistoll, hee hath a
killing Tongue, and a quiet Sword. 1658 P. GOODWIN
Myst. Dreams in Spurgeon Treas. Dav. Ps. cxxvii. 2 The
Hebrew word . . being with aleph, a quiet or resting letter.
1798 WORDSW. Tintern Abbey 47 An eye made quiet by the
power Of harmony. 1816 SCOTT Antiq. iii, The dust was
very ancient, peaceful, quiet dust about an hour ago.
a. 1889 ELIZA COOK Poems (Rtldg.) 51, 1 prize the soul That
slumbers in a quiet eye. 1808 j. HUTCHINSON in Arch.
Surg. IX. 330 Doubts might have been felt as to whether
the induration was really malignant. It was quite quiet.
b. Free from excess ; not going to extremes ;
moderate, gentle ; esp. of colour, dress, style, etc. :
Not obtrusive, glaring or showy.
1560 DAUS tr. Steidane's Comm, 261 b, That for the appeas-
ing of religion, they would use lawful! and quiet remedies.
1634 SIR T. HERBERT Trav. 5 Now you shall have a quiet
breath and gale, and suddenly an unexpected violent gust.
1685 DKYDEN Horace^ Odes in. xxix. 54 The tide of bus ness
.. Is sometimes high, and sometimes low, A quiet ebb, or
a tempestuous flow. 1768 STERNE Sent. Jonrn. (1778) I.
63 (Remise Door), I made them a quiet bow, and wished
them a good passage to Dover. 1838 LYTTON Alice 21
A woman of quiet and pleasing exterior. 1856 RUSKIN Mod.
faint. III. iv. App. 346 The beautiful quiet English of
Helps. 1885 R. L. & F. STEVENSON Dynamiter 185 He
was conscious of a certain regular and quiet sound. 1889
Catholic News 15 June 8/6 There was a quiet trade in pigs.
c. Avoiding or escaping notice ; private, secret,
underhand. (In older use only Sc.}
a 1578 LINDESAY (Pitscottie) Chron. Scot. (S. T. S.) I. 87
He. .send quyit messagis to his freindis. a 1600 MONT-
GOMERY Misc. Poems xviii. 65 Thair companie [it] wes not
quyet, Bot or they wist they wer beuryde. i6o«j SKENE
Reg. Maj. 52 (Acts Robt. ///, c. 2) The kings lieges, are
truoled in their lands, be volunter and quyet recognitions,
made be the overlords. 1899 Westm. Gaz. 29 Dec. 8/2
' Quiet cases ' meaning the insurance of lives without the
knowledge of the persons so insured.
II. 3. Free from disturbance, molestation, or
annoyance ; not interfered or meddled with ; left
in peace, a. of a state, condition, procedure, etc.
1381 WYCLIF i Tim. ii. 2 That we lede quyet and pesyble
lyf. c 1450 St. Cnthbert (Surtees) 3720 In quiete prayers he
contenued. £153* Du WES Introd. Fr. in Palsgr. 921 A
quyete slepe is right necessary and delycious. 1560 DAUS (
tr. Sleidane's Comm. 94 b, If they maye have their Religion
quiet untill the counsel!, they are also contented to become
con tributaries. 1601 R. JOHNSON Kingd. $ Commw. (1603)
96 They sent, .to Caesar, to intreat a quiet passage through
the Romana province. 1642 FULLER Holy % Prof. St. (1648)
18 Though prayer purchaseth blessings, giving praise doth
keep quiet possession of them. 1760 BLACKSTONE Comm,
II. 304 The grantor may covenant . . for the grantee's quiet
enjoyment.
fb. of a person, people, or country. Also
const, from. Obs.
1558 GOODMAN How to Obey 175 Hailing your Realme
free from strangers, and quiete from all enimies. 1599 SHAKS.
Muck Ado 11. i. 266 While she is heere, a man may Hue as
?uiet in hell, as in a sanctuary. 1611 BIBLE Job iii. 26,
was not in safetie, neither had I rest, neither was I quiet.
1655 FULLER Ch. Hist. n. iii. § 26 That the abbot should be
quiet from the bishop's right. 1671 MILTON P. R. HI. 360
Long to enjoy it quiet and secure.
fC. Quit, clear. Obs. rare—1.
1473-4 in Swayne Sarum Church-iv, Ace. (1896) 16, Iiijj.
vija; the which ben forgeven them . . and so they ben quyete.
4. Characterized by the absence of all strife,
bustle, stir, or commotion ; also, free from noise or
uproar, silent, still.
1514 BARCLAY Cyt. % Uflondyskm. (Percy Soc.) n Than
. .Wedlocke was quyet & pleasaunt without stryfe. 1596
SHAKS. i Hen. IV, v. i. 25, 1 could be well content To enter-
taine the Lagge-end of my life With quiet houres. 1611
BIBLE Wisd. xviil. 14 While all things were in quiet silence.
1655 FULLER Ch. Hist. in. xii. § 27 He chose a quiet county
before a cumbersome kingdom. 1791 MRS. RADCLIFFE Rom.
Forest x, In the second chamber all was quiet and in order.
1831-3 E. BURTON Eccl. Hist. \. (1845) 9 If the state of things
might bedescribed as at all quiet. 1856 KANE A relic Explor.
II. xxiv. 204 We gave two quiet hours to the memory of
our dead brother. 187* RUSKIN Eagle's N. § 179 My hope
..that the streams of the Isis and Cherwell will be kept
pure and quiet.
b. Remote from scenes of activity ; retired.
1500-20 DUNBAR Poems (S. T. S.) xliii. 33 In quyet place,
. . They can, percaice, Purchess some grace, a 1578 LINDE-
SAY (Pitscottie) Chron. Scot. (S. T. SO I. 187 They .. past
to the wall heid at ane quyit place quhair the watches might
haue no sight of them. 1738 GRAY Profertius iii. 105 Then
to my quiet Urn awhile draw near. 1861 H. KINCSLEY
Ra-venshoe xxxvii, As soon as he and Lady Ascot were
seated on a quiet sofa.
C. Partaken of, or enjoyed, in quiet.
1837 DICKENS Pickw. xxvi, To have a quiet cup of tea.
1892 ANSTEY Voces Pop. Ser. u. 85 A cup of coffee, and
a quiet cigar.
O. Of the mind, conscience, etc. : Not troubled or
distressed ; free from agitation or excitement. So
also of persons in respect of the mind, etc.
1535 COVERDALE Prov. xv. 15 A quyete herte is as a con-
tynuall feast. 1552 Bk. Com. Prayer Commun., With
a quiet conscience. 1558 GOODMAN How to Obey 230 That
you cannot be quiete in conscience. 1593 SHAKS. Rich. //,
i. iii. 96 Truth hath a quiet breast. 1631 GOUGE Gtf*
Arrows i. § 5. 8 The bond of a Creditor, so lies on the
debter, that he is not quiet till it be discharged.
QUIETATION.
t 6. Sheltered from the wind. Obs. rare.
1596 DALRYMPLE tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. I. 30 In the scoug
of the craig and castell is a verie quyet nauining place.
1697 DRYDEN yirg. Georg. iv. 10 For thy Bees a quiet
Station find. And lodge 'em under Covert of the Wind.
III. f7. Used as adv. = QUIETLY. Obs. rare-1.
1573 TUSSER Httsb. (1878) 63 More profit is quieter found
(where pastures in several bee).
8. Quasi-j^., in phr. On the quiet, privately, in
secret. (Abbrev. q. t. : see Q II. 2.) slang or colloq.
1873 Slang Diet. s. v., ' On the quiet ', clandestinely, so as
to avoid observation. ' under the rose '. 1881 Punch 8 Jan.
4/1 I'd just like to have a bit of chinwag with you on the
quiet about the .. troubles of a Cabby. 1889 H. O'REILLY
50 Yrs. on Trail -j Having on the quiet found out a passenger
steamboat.
9 . Comb. , as quiet-eyed, -mannered, -m inded,
-spoken, 'tempered ; quiet-going, -living, -looking,
-moving, -seeming adjs.
1780 S. J.PRATT EmrnaCorbett(e&, 4) 1. 107, 1 can.. impress
the quiet-seeming sentiment. 1825 J. NKAL Jonathan II.
194 An old, stately, quiet-looking negro. 1848 DICKENS
Dombey iii, She was a quiet-tempered lady. Ibid, iv, He
was a slow, quiet-spoken, .old fellow. ;886 H. F. LESTER
Under two fig Trees 59 The exciting incidents which now
and then ruffle the life of even the most quiet-going family.
1888 BRYCE Amer. Commw. II. u. xlii. 119 A larger sum
than a quiet-living man can need.
Quiet (kwai-et), v. Also 6 quyet. [ad. med.L.
quietdre, f. L. quietus QUIET a.~\
1 1. trans. To quit, acquit (oneself or another).
c 1440 Generydes 2861 Eche of hem iij so wele quiete them
ther. 1472-3 Rolls Parlt. VI. 50/1 That your said sup-
pliaunt..be discharged, relesed and quieted, of almaner
. . fynes, paynes [etc.].
2. To make quiet (in various senses) ; to reduce
to quietness :
a. a person or people, a material thing, etc.
X55° CROWLEY Way to Wealth 269 Quiet thy selfe therfore,
and striue not againste the streame. 1599 SHAKS. Hen. V,
v. i. 54 Quiet thy Cudgell, thpu dost see I eate. 1609
HOLLAND Amm. Marcell. 109 Those savage nations whom
he had quieted. 1665 MANLEY Grotius' Low-C. Warres 520
A very difficult piece ofWork .. to quiet all the right side of
the Rhine. 1786 MAD. D'ARBLAY Diary 8 Nov., I did what
was possible to quiet her, but to no purpose. 1855 M ACAULAY
Hist. Eng. xii. HI. 211 In trying to quiet one set of male-
contents, he had created another. 1866 G. MACDONALD
Ann. Q. Neiehb. vi. (1878) 73 She knew she had no chance
of quieting tne girl.
D. a feeling or emotion, esp. of fear.
1526 Pilgr. Per/. (W. de W. 1531) 2b, His naturall in-
clinacyon and appetyte can neuer be sacyate, contented and
quieted. 1552 Bk. Com. Prayer Commun., If there be any
of you which .. cannot quiet his own conscience. 1748
Anson's Voy, n. xi. 253 This quieted our apprehensions for
some days. 1855 MACAULAY Hist. Eng. XL III, 32 The
event quieted the fears of one party. 1888 BRYCE Amer.
Commie, III. Ixxxviii. 190 In order to quiet these suspicions
the comptroller played a very bold game.
C. a disturbance, dissension, etc.
1560 DAUS tr. Sicilians Comm. 174 The byshop wyl
sende thether. .to quiet the controversy. 1601 I. WHEELER
Treat. Comm. 33 Till the said King Edward had quieted
the troubles with his subiects at home. 1674 Essex Papers
(Camden) 1. 193 Some companys of ye Guard being comanded
together to quiet y« Tumult. 1792 BURKE Let. to R. Burke
Corr. IV, 4 Measures which may quiet the unhappy divisions
of the country. 1846 TRENCH Mirac. iv. (1862) 147 Quieting
with a word the tempest in their bosoms. 1875 JOWETT
Plato (ed. 2) V, 360 The motion . . quiets the restless palpi-
tation of the heart.
3. To settle or establish in quiet. Chiefly Law.
cxs86 C'TESS PEMBROKE Ps. LXXXII. iii, You should unto
the weake extend Your hand, to loose and quiet his estate.
1654 G. GODDARD Introd. Burton's Diary (1828) I. 190 A
Bill for quieting the possession of the government. 1668
Ormonde AfSS. in lotk Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. V. 69
Your petitioner .. made surrender of his estate unto the
Crowne so soone as he was quieted in the possession
thereof. 1884 SIR J. BACON in Law Rep.-zj Chanc. Div. 47
The Plaintiffs are entitled . . to be quieted in the possession
they have had for so many years.
4. intr. To become quiet. Also to quiet down.
1791 PAINE Rights of Man (ed. 4) 27 The mind can hardly
..conceive the possibility of its quieting so soon. 1851
MAYNE REID Scalp Hunt, xxxii. 247, I have never seen
buffaloes 'quieting' down before. 1865 MRS. WHITNEY
Gayworthys II. 237 By and by she quieted, and, from pure
exhaustion, fell asleep.
Hence Qui'eted///. a.
1894 E. F. BENSON Dodo 185 The darkened house, the
quieted movements.
tQuietance. Obs. [ad. med.L. quistancia, i.
quietare to QUIET : see -ANCE.] «= QUITTANCES.
1451 Rolls Parlt. V. 224/1 Libertees, Fraunchises and
2uietaunces conteyned in the same. J571 Act ^EUz. c. 29
11 manner of Liberties, Franchises, Immunities, Quietances
and Privileges.
Quietant (kwai'etant). [f. QUIET v.4--ABffl.J
Anything that makes quiet or soothes.
1875 H. C. WOOD Therap. (1879) 340 As a nocturnal
quietant and hypnotic, it would appear to offer very great
advantages.
t Qruieta-fcion. Obs. Also 6 quietacion, -cyon,
quyat-, quyetacyon, -cion. [ad. med.L. qweta-
tidn-em, n. of action f. quietare to QUIET. Cf.
obs. F. quictafion (Godef.).] The action of quiet-
ing ; the state of being quieted or quiet.
1502 W. ATKYNSON tr. DC Imitatione in. xl. 229 If thou
seke here rest, how shall thou come to euerlastyng rest &
quietacion inheuen? 15*6-9 LD. DUDLEY in V\\\*Orig.Lttt.
Ser. in. II. 84 For the quyatacion of the Kyngs subgetts.
8-3
QUIETEN.
1640 J. STOUGHTON De/. <j- Distrib. Divinity iii. 90 Such a
fruition of all good, .as brings with it a perfect quietation of
the natural appetite, a 1711 KE.K Anodynes Pott. Wks. 1721
III. 427 From God I ease or succour find, And Quietation
to my Mind.
Quiete, variant of QUIETT Obs.
Quieten (kwsi-et'n), v. [f. QUIET a. + -EN?.]
1. trans. To make qniet.
i8a8 in Craven Gloss. 1844 N. Brit. Rev. I. 182 To
* quieten ' the children . . is not English. 1853 MRS. GASKELL
Ritik III. x. 280, I will stay,, .partly to quieten the fears of
this poor, faithful fellow. 1888 Chatnb. Jrnl. 7 Apr. 223
The incident did not quieten the audience.
2. intr. To become quiet. Commonly with down.
1890 C. DIXON Stray Feathers v. 67 They soon quieten
down. 1897 Westtii. Gaz. 21 Aug. 5/1 Towards the close
the market quietened.
Hence Qui'etener, = next. (Cf. QUIETANT.)
i88j Frasefs Mag. XXV. 35 The poisonous method of
giving soothing or narcotic quieteners to children.
Quieter (kwai-etai). [f. QUIET v. + -ER!.] One
who or that which makes quiet.
a 1541 WYATT in Tottets Misc. (Arb.) 45 The bodyes ease,
and troubler of my heart : Quieter of minde. 1547-64
BAULDWIN Mor. Philos. (Palfr.) 140 It is also a satistier or
ioyfull quieter ofthe minde. 1831 SOUTHF.Y .£»#. (1856) IV.
261 Half an hour of some goodly grave old book .. as a
quieter for the night.
tQui-etful, a. Obs. rare—1, [f. QUIET sb. +
-FUL.] Full of quiet ; calm.
c 1440 HYLTON Scala Perf. (W. de W. 1494) m. xv, A
quyetful langynge with a trusty desyrynge to heuenly Joye.
Quietie, variant of QUIETY Obs.
Qui'eting, vbl. sb. [f. QUIET K. + -INQ!.] The
action of the vb.
of all those riots and tumults. 1783 MAO. D^\RBLAY Diary
18 Jan., I felt so fagged.. that I really wanted quieting and
refitting. 1861 GOLDW. SM;TH Irish Hist. 105 To withhold
the capital ' grace ' concerning the quieting of titles to land.
Qureting, ppl.a. [ -ING 2/1 That quiets.
1659 A- HAY Diary (S. H. S.) So There is a quieting rest
under Christ's wings. 1759 H. WALPOLE Lett, to Mann
. . .
nder Christ's wings. 1759 H. WALPOLE Lett, to Mann
Feb. (1846) III. 432 The Parliament has taken a quieting-
raught. 1839 I. TAYLOR Anc. Chr. I. 22 The quieting
recollection tnat they themselves are members of a series.
1846 TRENCH Mirac. xxxii. (1862) 450 The Lord spoke these
quieting words to his disciples.
Quietism (kwai-etiz'm). [ad. It. quittismo
(whence also F. quiitisme, mod.L.y«/SM/«»j,etc.) :
see QUIET a. and -ISM.]
1. A form of religious mysticism (originated prior
to 1675 by Molinos, a Spanish priest), consisting in
passive devotional contemplation, with extinction
of the will and withdrawal from all things of the
senses; hence, any form of mysticism in which
such principles are enjoined.
The Guida spirituale in which Molinos expounded his
views was published at Rome in 1675, and condemned by
the Inquisition in 1685.
1687 m Burnet Lett. (1688) Suppl. 46, I will here digress
little from the business of Quietism. 1698 tr. Fcnelon's
e rom e usness o uietsm. 19 tr. cneons
Maxims of Saints Introd., There are but a few people
that have not heard of Molinos, and his Doctrine of
AyAvias unurtn. ^.onn. 200 AO avoid me i^naryuais o
carnalism, there is no need to seek the Scylla of Quietism.
2. A state of calmness and passivity of mind or
body ; repose, quietness, tranquillity.
1771 Town If Country Mag. 86 This discovery deprived
him of all his quietism. 1795 JEFFERSON Writ. (1859) IV.
122 That quietism into which people naturally fall after
first sensations are over. 1856 Eraser's Mag. XIII. 526
They could, .disturb his quietism by acrimonious attacks.
Quietist (kwsr&ist). [ad. It. quietista (F.
qui(liste) : cf. prec. and -1ST.]
1. One who believes in or practises Quietism, or
any form of mysticism resembling it.
1685 BURNET Letter from Rome (1689) 205 A state of inward
quietness, from which the name of Quietists was given to all
his followers. 1687 Lond, Gaz. No. 2269/3 They write from
Rome that the Pope had assisted a third time at a Con-
gregation held concerning the Quietists. 173* BERKELEY
Alcifkr. in. § 14 The disinterested Stoics (therein not unlike
our modern Quietists). 1840 THIRLWALL Greece VII. liii.
14 He conceived a like admiration for the Indian quietists.
1893 C. G. LBUBD Memoirs I. 23 Reading works by Mys-
tics, Quietists, and the like.
2. One whose attitude towards political or social
movements is analogous to Quietism in religion.
1798 CHARLOTTE SMITH Yng. Philos. IV. 393, 1 will not
talk to you about rjolitics because you are among the
moderates and quietists. 1834 SOUTHEY Doctor cii. (1862)
232 He was not like him a political quietist from indifference.
1871 R. H. HUTTON Ess. II. 442 He was, in political and
social conviction, a democratic quietist ; one might almost
say a fatalist.
8. attrib. or as adj.
1856 R. A. VAUCHAN Mystics (1860) II. xi. ii. 224 The
Quietist doctrine of unconsciousness. 1860 O. W. HOLMES
Elsie y. xxviii. (1891) 413 Hymns .. of the Methodist and
Quietist character. 1873 MORLEY Rousseau II. x. 29 Rous-
seau raised feeling, now passionate, now quietist.
Quietistic (kwaieti-stik), a. [f. prec.: see
-ISTIC.] Belonging to, or characteristic of, quietists.
60
1850 H. BUSHNELL Cod in Christ 321 They make a study
of the mystic and quietistic writers. 1876 Matin. Mag.
XXXIV. 194 He displays . . the most tender love and quiet-
istic resignation.
Quietive (kwai-etiv). [f. QUIET v. + -IVE.]
That which tends to produce quiet ; a sedative.
1894 BRUCE Paul's Concept. Chr. xx. 365 It is his quietive
amid disgusts.
Qui-etize, v. rare-1, [f. QUIET a. + -IZE.]
trans. To make quiet.
1791 MAD. D'ARBLAY Diary (1842-6) V. yi. 271 Solitude,
and patience, and religion, have now quietized both father
and daughter into tolerable contentment.
Qui-etless, a. rare-1, [f. QUIET sl>. + -IESS.]
Devoid of quiet.
1839 BAILEY Festits (1852) 376 The moon, .comes haunting
the cold earth . . quietless.
Quietlike, a. and adv. Sc. [See -LIKE 2 b.]
Apparently qniet ; quietly.
c 1470 HENRY Wallace v. 577 AH his four men bar ihuini
quietlik. Mod. Sc. Your horse is a quietlike beast.
Quietly (kwsi-etli), adv. Forms : 5-6 quyetly,
-lie, 6 quietlie, -ely, 6- quietly, (9 dial, whietly ).
[f. QUIET a. + -LY 2.] In a quiet manner ; without
molestation, peacefully; withoutexcitement, tumult,
or noise; without moving or stirring, etc.
1494 FABYAN Ckron. I. iv. n He was stablysshed in his
Realme quyetly. 1535 COVERDALE i Sam. xxiv. 4 Dauid
stode vp and cut ofthe typpe of Sauls garment quyetly.
1568 GRAFTON Ckron. 1 1. 378 They entred into the Otie, and
there abode quietly. 1611 TOURNEUR Ath, Trag. i. ii. Wks.
1878 I. 35 That he may sleepe the quietlier. 1729 BUTLER
Serin. Hum. Nat. ii. Wks. 1874 II. 20 Let every one then
quietly follow his nature. 1793 SMEATON Edystone L. § 227
A weight of lead . . which, in all such trials as had hitherto
been made thereof, had lain quietly. 1878 HUXLEY Physiogr.
xvii. 281 When the river.. quietly deposited mud and sand.
Quietness (kwai-etnes). Forms: 5-7 quiet-
nes(se, 6 quyetne8(se, 7 quiett-, quyettnes, 6-
quietness. [f. as prec. + -NESS.] The condition
of being quiet or undisturbed ; absence of noise,
motion, or excitement ; calmness, tranquillity.
£1450 tr. De Ifttitatione I. ix. 10 pou shalt neure finde
quietnes but in meke subieccion under a prelate. 1536
Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 142 It is lesse labour and more
quietnes. a 1578 LINDESAY (Pitscottie) Ckron. Scot. (S.T.S.)
I. 185 Althocht the conspiratouris thocht to have this matter
. . in quyetnes, yet .. the king of France gat wit of the samin.
i68a NORHIS Hicrocles 71 The knowing man . . will learn
quietness and sedateness. 1730 EARL OF OXFORD in Swift's
Lett. (1768) IV. 25 Enjoying the fruit of his victory, peace
and quietness. 1807 WORDSW. White Doe i. 294 Happy in
the shy recess Of Barden's lowly quietness. 1874 GLADSTONE
in Contemp. Rev. Oct. 664 A word spoken in quietness . .
can rarely fail to be in season.
f b. With a (not followed by that). Obs.
•11548 HALL Ckron., Hen. y?sb, To set all thynges in a
quietnes. 1549 LATIMER ?nd Serm. bef. Edw. VI (Arb.) 73
That she wold let the great man haue a quietnes in hyr
Lande. 1596 SHAKS. Merck. V. iv. i. 12, I .. am arm'd To
suffer, with a quietnesse of spirit [etc.].
t Qui-etous, a. Obs. rare. [f. QUIET sb. + -ous.]
Quiet, peaceful. Hence f Qui'etously adv.
1550 BALE Image Bath Ck. 84 b, Quietously to rest for a
season. Ibid. 93 D, Bringing men to a quietous holde and
sure stay in the Lord.
Qui-etsome, a. Ots. exc. dial. [f. QUIET a.
+ -SOME.] Quiet.
1595 SPENSER Efitkat. 326 Let the night be calme and
quietspme. 1876 \Ykitty Gloss., Quietsotne, retired ; silent.
Quietude (kw3i-eti»d). [a. F. quiitude (c 1500)
or ad. late L. quietftdo, f. quiet-us QUIET a.] =
QUIETNESS; rest, calm, tranquillity.
. tr. Gnilleineau's Fr. Chin
QUILL.
'597 A'
inirg, 46b/2 That
' . . . nir, 4
parte requireth nothinge els then quietude. 1675 OTWAY
Alcibiades in. i, How sweet a Quietude's in Fetters found.
I7S5 J- SHEBBEARE Lydia. (1769) II. 3 Love, .. urged his
bosom too vehemently, to suffer a moment's quietude or
delay. 1832 LYTTON Eugene A. \. v. 28 Philosophy has
become another name for mental quietude. 1877 ' H. A.
PACE ' De Qnincey II. xyi. 29 The quietude of the Meadows
. . made them his favourite resorts.
II Quietus (kwai,f t»s). [Short for next.]
1. A discharge or acquittance given on payment
of sums due, or clearing of accounts ; a receipt.
1540 Act 32 Hen. VIII (Pardon), Such issues fines
or amerciaments . . and haue his or their Quietus for the
same. 1633 WEBSTER Duck. Malfi in. ii, You had the tricke
in Audit time to be sicke, Till I had sign'd your Quietus.
1688 EVELYN Diary 15 Mar., I gave in my account about
the Sick and Wounded, in order to have my quietus. 1780
BURKE Sp. Econ. Refortn Wks. 1826 HI. 297 A final acquit-
tance, (or a quietus, as they term it) is scarcely ever to be
obtained [from the exchequer]. 1887 i$tk Dtp. Keeper's
Rep. 628 The several Books . . being preserved, and . , the
satisfaction or quietus being therein entered.
1 2. A discharge from office or duty. Obs,
c 1670 WOOD Life an. 1650-1, 16 Ian. (O. H. S.) I. 166 Had
A. W. continued postmaster a little longer, he had, without
doubt, received his quietus. 1687 LUTTRELL Brief Rel.
(1857) I. 401 Sir Francis Withens, a judge of the Kings
bench, hath his quietus. (11711 KEN Hymiotheo Poet.
Wks. 1721 III. 155 The Guardian to relieve, Who his
Quietus shall in Heav'n receive. 1788 WALPOLE Letters
(1902) 104 A Veteran Author ought to take out his quietus
as much as the Superannuated of any other Profession.
3. Discharge or release from life ; death, or that
which brings death.
i6oz SHAKS. Ham. in. i. 75 When he himselfe might his
quietus make With a bare bodkin. 1768-74 TUCKER Lt.
Nat. (1834) II. 639 Some obtain their quietus without any
signs of pain at all. 1775 SHERIDAN Rivals v. ui, If an
unlucky bullet should carry a quietus with it. a 1839
PRAED Poems (1864) II. 65 Sought his quietus in a duel.
.
1872 BAKER Nile Tribitt. v. 65 This shot, far from producing
a quietus, gave rise to a series of convulsive struggles.
b. Final settlement or extinction.
1806-7 BERESFORD Miseries Hum. Life (ed. 5) I. 233 We
have now, I think, given a quietus to the parlour. 1885
CLODD Myths fy Dr. i. iv. 73 This law gave the quietus to
theories of common origin.
4. (By assoc. with quiet.} Something which
quiets or represses,
1824 Miss FEKRIER Inker, xxxii, This disaster, .had the
effect of a quietus upon Miss P. for some time, 1855
THACKERAY Newcomes II. 304 The nurse ran to give its
accustomed quietus to the little screaming infant.
Hence f Quietus v . trans,, to discharge. Obs.
1688 in Ellis Corr. II. 22 The other Powell and Holloway,
who are quletus'd.
II Quietus est. Obs. [(med.)L. = 'heisquit'.]
= QUIETUS.
1427-8 Rolls Parlt. V. 400/2 That thei haue not theire
Quietus est out of the Eschequier. 1530 LATIMER Rem,
(Parker Soc.) 309 To have.. your quietus est sealed with the
blood of our Saviour Christ. 1594 CAREW Hxarte's Exam,
Wits (1616)217 That Steward.. valued vp all his reckonings,
and got his quietus est. 1681 LUTTRELL Brief Rel. (1857)
I. 74 On Monday the nth of Aprill the lord cheif justice
Scrpggs received his quietus est. 1706 PHILLIPS (ed. Kersey),
Quietus est . . a Phrase us'd by the Clerk of the Pipe and
Auditors in the Exchequer, in their Acquittances and
Discharges given to Accountants : A Quietus est granted
to the Sheriff likewise discharges him of all Accounts due
to the Queen.
t Qui'ety. Sc. Obs. rare. In 6 quiete, -tie, 7
quyetie. [a. OF. quittt, quitt (Godef.) :— L. type
*quietat-em^ f. quiet-its QUIET a.] Quietness.
f' 1470 HENRVSON Mor. Fab. it. (Town $ C. Mouse) xxxi,
Blisstt be sober feist in quiete \ed. 1621 quyetie). 1528
LYNDESAY Dreme 283 Secreit synnis done in quietie.
Quife, Quig, Quight, obs. ff. COIF, WHIG,
QUITE.
II Qui-hy (kwaiihai). Also -hi. [Urdu (Hindi)
any one C^") tnere?'
a call used in India to summon a servant.] An
Anglo-Indian, esp. one belonging to the Bengal
Presidency.
1816 ' Quiz ' (title), The Grand Master, or Adventures of
Oui Hi in Hindostan. 1822 Blac/nvootCs Mag. Aug. 133 So
if you are neither a qu, by [sic] nor a politician [etc.]. 1834
MEDWIN Angler in Wales I. jr An apparition. . not unusual at
that refuge for Indians, a ' qui bi '. 1864 TREVELYAN Compel.
Wallah (1866) 170 Old Quibyes, with clogged livers and
shattered nerves.
attrib. 1840 E. E. NAPIER Scenes <f Sports For. Lands II.
iv. 91, I sent to my Qui Hi friend an Arab pony.
Quik(e, quikk(e, etc., obs. ff. QUICK a. and v.
Quil, obs. form of WHILE, WHICH.
t Quilate. Obs. Also 6 quillat(e. [a. Sp. or
Pg. quilate: cf. KILLAT.] —CARAT, q.v.
*577 FRAMPTON Joyfull Newes n. 55 They shall put the
water lower, in Quillats. 1622 M ABBE tr. Airman's Gitztnait
<fAlf.i. 27 Shee would rather die. . then., faile one quilate in
the touch and finenesse of her punctualitie. 1622 Ibid. u.
320 Hee teacheth vs the quilates and aloy of that gold.
Quilc, obs. f. WHICH. Qtiile, var. COIL $b&
haycock, WHILE. Quiler, var. QUOILEB.
t Quilicom. Obs. rare-1. [Of obscure forma-
tion.] App., an idle fancy, conceit, or quibble.
1644 QUARLES Barnabas $ B. (1651) 43 It is enough for
me to know, that God is a good man .. and for all other
Quilicpms, they shall never trouble my braines.
Quilis, -1st, obs. forms of WHILES, WHILST.
Quilk, obs. form of WHICH.
Quill (kwil), j^.l Forms: 4-7 quil, 5 quyl,
qwil, qvylle, 6 quyll, 6- quill. [Of obscure
etym. : cf. LG. quiele, G. kid, dial, keil (MHG.
£//), quill (of a feather).]
1 1. A hollow stem or stalk, as that of a reed ;
a smooth piece of stem between two joints. Obs.
14x2-20 LYDG. Chron. Troy \. vi, They take a quil . . or a
large can, And in the ende this stone they set. c 1440
Promp. Parv. 421/1 Qvylle, stalke, calamns. 1688 R. HOLME
Armoury u. 84/2 Of a Tree., the Quill, is the Cane, or
space between two such joints.
b. A piece of reed or other hollow stem on
which yarn is wound ; hence, a bobbin, spool, or
pirn of any material.
14. . Voc. in Wr.-Wiilcker 613/1 Spola, a Quyl, or a Spole.
1547 SALESBURY Welsh Diet., Priaied edafedd^ a quyll of
yorne, 1610 GUILLIM Heraldry iv. vii. (1611) 204 Hee
beareth Argent three Weauer's Shuttles Sable tipped and
furnished with Quils of Yarne. 1635 Roxb. Ball. (1890)
VII. 142 If I should a Weaver have, .. Either wind silk,
or fill his quills, 'tis either I can fit. 1771 MRS. DELANY
Lett. Ser. n. I. 382 Neither by force or art can I get the
present quill off the spindle. 1831 G. R. PORTER Silk
Miinuf, 221 The quantity of silk wound upon each of these
?uills is necessarily but small. 1886 ELWORTHY W. Som.
Vord-bk., Quill^ to wind the yarn from the hank or skein
on to a bobbin, called a quill, for the weaver's shuttle.
c. A musical pipe, made of a hollow stem.
1567 TURBERV. Epit.t etc. 56 Assist mee with your skilfull
Quilfes and listen when I call. 1633 P. FLETCHER Purple
1st. .\i. ii, Who now shall teach to change my oaten quill
For trumpet 'larms. 1710 PHILIPS Pastorals iv. 28 Yet
Colinet . . My ringers guided on the tuneful Quill. 1749
COLLINS Svperslit. Highlands ii, There, must thou wake
QITILL.
perforce thy Doric quill. 1878 BROWNING Poets Croisic
xlviii, Joining the Delphic quill and Getic trump.
d. A piece of cinnamon or cinchona bark curled
up in the form of a tube. Also, the extent to which
61
such bark curls up in drying.
1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) VT 12/2 The bark which is
rolled up into short thick quills .. was esteemed the best.
1811 A. T. THOMSON Loud. Disp. (1818) 116 The secondary
[characteristics] . . are exterior coat, fracture, weight, thick-
ness, and quill. 1851 MORFIT Tanning fr Currying (1853)
86 It is known to commerce as cassia, and comes in single
quills. 1880 C. R. MARKHAM Perttv. Bark 71 The bark
which comes from Loxa is in the minutest quills.
t 2. A small pipe or tube ; esp. a small water-
pipe. 06s.
<-i433 in Willis & Clark Cambridge (1886) II. 429 /That
the! niowe take oonly to their vse a qwil out of the pipe of
the conduyt. 1579-80 NORTH Plutarch (1676) 297 He jcut
off the pipes and quils private men had made to convey
Water into their Houses and Gardens. 1660 BOYLE New
Exf>. Phys, Meek. vi. 57 We took a slender Quill of Glass
which happen'd to be at hand. 1712 J. JAMES tr. Le Blondes
Gardening \w1\K Bore of the Quill ought to be four Times
less than the Bore., of the Conduit-Pipe.
*f-b. A tap or faucet. 06s.
1611 SPEED Hist. Gt. Brit. ix. xv. (1623) 8n With what
quill these wines were vented from the setled Lees. 1611
COTGR., Git tile, the quill, or faucet of a wine vessel. 1737
BOYER Diet. Royal II, The Quill (or Tap) of a Barrel.
c. The hollow steel mandrel of a seal-engraver's
lathe, into which the engraving tools are fitted.
1873 KNIGHT Diet. Mech. 2081/2 The quill is of steel,
about 2 inches long and i inch in diameter.
3. The tube or barrel of a feather, the part by
which it is attached to the skin. Sometimes ex-
tended to include the shaft, or used loosely in the
sense of ( feather ' (esp. one of the strong wing- or
tail-feathers) and/o&A for 'wing',
1555 EDEN Decades 163 Suche thmges as they make of
fethers and quilles impaled with golde. 1575 TURBEBV.
Faitlconrie 331 The seconde kinde of Teynte which fretteth
the principals of a Hawke to the verie Quill. IS93 Q-
ELIZABETH Boetk. iv. met. i. 76 Spedy quilles haue I That
fur aboue the Pole do reache. a 1682 SIR T. BROWNE
Tracts 83 A hard reed about the compass of a Goose or
Swans quill. 1713 C'TESS WINCHELSEA Misc. Poems 216
No Quill, thence pull'd, was shap'd into a pen. 1774
GOLDSM. Nat. Hist. (1776) V. 102 One of the quills was two
feet four inches long; and the barrel, or hollow part, was
six inches and three quarters. 1834 McMuRTRiE Cieviers
Anim. Kingd. 114 The bony tail, .has a range oflarge quills,
which, .assist in supporting the bird.
b. The feather of a large bird (usually a goose)
formed into a pen by pointing and slitting the
lower end of the barrel.
Brother^ Knigkt of the quill \ see BROTHER, KNIGHT. To
draw the quill: see DRAW.
155* [see GOOSE-QUILL], 1581 DERRICKS Image Irel.
(1883) 19 Lorde guide my quiuryng quill. 1591 FLORIO
znd Fruites 97 A serpents tooth bites not so ill, As dooth
a schollers angrie quill 1663 BOYLE Ustf. Exp. Nat,
Philos, i. iv. 87 The quill that a philosopher writes with,
beinj* dipt in ink [etc.]- '704 SWIFT T. Tub i. (1709) 32
A quill worn to the pith in the service of the State. 1771
SMOLLETT Humph. Cl. 10 June, Let. i, His house is open
to all unfortunate brothers of the quill. 1871 B. TAYLOR
Faust (1875) II. it. i. 84 The quill. .Wherewith his compact
with the devil he signed.
c. A plectrum formed of the quill of a feather,
used for plucking the strings of a musical instru-
ment ; in instruments of the harpsichord type, a
piece of crow-quill, fixed on a jack and set in
motion by the keys.
1551 HULOET, Quyll, with whiche a musician vseth to
play to saue his fingers, or any lyke thinge, plectrum.
1647 WARD Simp. Cobler 84 The world's a well strung
fidle, mans tongue the quill. 1697 DRYDEN SEneidw. 879
His flying fingers, and harmonious quill, Strike sev'n dis-
tinguish'd notes. 1776 BURNEY Hist, Mns. (1789) I. ix. 150
To produce a clear tone . . by the common means of quills
or hammers.
d. The float of a fishing-line, made of a quill.
a 1639 SIR H. WOOTTON On a Bank 8 (Percy Soc.) VI. 17
There stood my friend, with patient skill Attending of his
trembling quill. 1650 E. POWEL in Walton Angler (1875) 13
This Fisherman , . sits by a brook, watching a quill, a 1678
MARVELL Upon Appteton House 640 But now away my
Hooks, my Quills, And Angles, idle Utensils.
e. A toothpick made of a quill.
1784 COWPER Task ii. 628 He picks clean teeth, and, busy
as he seems With an old tavern quill, is hungry yet.
f. Alining. A blasting-fuse, consisting of a quill
filled with powder (Cent. Diet. 1891).
4. One of the hollow sharp spines forming part
of the covering of a porcupine.
1602 SHAKS. Ham. \. v. 20 Make . . each particular haire
to stand an end, Like Quilles vpon the fretfull Porpentine.
1675 GREW Disc. Tastes Plants vi. § 9 As the Quills in the
Skin of a Porcupine. 1774 GOLDSM. Nat. Hist. (17^76) IV.
108 All these quills .. incline backwards, like the bristles of
an hog. 1855 LONGF. Hiaw. iv. 41 Leggings, Richly wrought
I with quills and wampum.
f 5. One of the cylindrical plaits or folds of a
ruff (Nares) ; ? a quilled ruff. Obs.
a 1818 The Gardener xi. in Child Ballads IV. 213 The lily
white to be your smock . . And the jelly-flower to be your quilt.
6. A quill-gnat (see 8 b).
1899 IVestm. Gaz. 2 June 3/2 They prefer to kill their ..
fish with smaller patterns — a red quill, or a Wickham's
Fancy.
7. (In full quill-stroke?) A particular stroke in
the game of billiards.
1896 R. D. WALKER in W. Broadfoot Billiards 370 The
so-called quill or feather stroke, which was tabooed years
and years ago. 1901 Q. Rev. Apr. 483 What was known as
the feather stroke or the 'quill' Mardon considered ex-
tremely serviceable.
8. attrib. and Comb. a. General combs., as
(sense i b) quill-boy, -winder ; (sense 3 or 3 b)
quill-barrel^ -dealer^ -dresser, -employment* -encty
-gun, -man, -merchant, -nib, -pen, -shaped adj.,
-timber, -vendor ; (sense 4) quill-darting, -like adjs.
1770 KUCKHAN in Phil. Trans. LX. 314 An incision just
big enough to introduce the end of a *qu ill-barrel. 1812
SOUTH EY in Q. Rev. VIII. 351 What quantity of quill- barrel
ought to be allowed for a clerk's daily consumption. 17*7
BOYER Diet. Royal II, *Quill-Boy, Epeulier. 1670 S.
CLARKE 4 Plant. Amer. 32 *Quil-darting Porcupines and
Rackcopnes. a 1735 ARBUTHNOT & POPE Mem. M. Scrib-
employment was to the King's secretaries. 1797 Encycl,
Brit. (ed. 3) XVII. 692/2 The small *quill ends which touch
the strings. 1859 URE Diet. Arts 454 Into this the quill
end of the feather must be plunged. 1617 LANE Contn.
Syr.'s T. (1887) 37 What *quill-gon bownces dares shee not
[709 STEELE Tatler No. 19 ? 2 Small *Ql
and Transcribing Clerks. 1830 SCOTT Ayrsh. Trag. \. i,
Quintin the quillman, Quintin the comptroller. 1813
Examiner 8 Feb. 86/1 J. Jones, .. *quill merchant. 1853
SIMMONDS Diet. Traiie 310 *Quill-nibs. 1875 KNIGHT Diet.
Mech. 1848/2 Bramah probably first suggested quill-nibs.
i86j MRS. CARLYLE Lett. III. 109 A couple of good "quill-
pens of your own making. xSsaMoRFlT Tanning $ Currying
(1853) 86 Cinnamon of Ceylon .. is found in commerce in
thin *quill-shaped pieces. 1650 FULLER PisgaJi in. v. 419
They conceive this third . . Temple never had other then
paper-wals, inke-mortar, and *quil-timber. 1833 J. HOLLAND
Manuf. Metal II. 324 The "quill-venders have found their
occupation tpfalloff. i885C<?M<«/Hj/™<r/.,*QuillWinder.
b. Special combs. ; quill-back, an American
fish of the genus Carpiodes; the spearfish (Cent.
Diet. 1891) ; quill-bark, cinchona bark in the
form of quills ; quill-bit, a boring-tool for a brace,
having a hollow barrel (Simmonds Diet. Trade
1853) ; quill-coverts, the feathers which cover the
base of the quill-feathers ; quill-feather, one of the
stiff, comparatively large, feathers arranged in two
rows along the edge of a bird's wing ; also, one of
the similar feathers of the tail; quill-gnat, a species
of gnat, or an imitation of it used in angling ; quill-
jack, a jack fitted with a quill (see 3 c) ; quill-
stroke (see 7) ; quill-tail (coot) U.S., the spiny-
tailed duck (Cent. Diet.) ; quill-tool, -tube (see
quots.) ; quill-turn, -wheel, a wheel for winding
spools ; quill-wort, an aquatic plant of the genus
fsaetes,esp.f. /ao^/m, Merlin's grass, having quill-
like leaves.
1785 Gentl. Mag. LV. 61 The red-bark is in much less esteem
abroad than the *quill-bark. 1880 C. R. MARKHAM Pertiv.
Bark 72 The root-shoots had scarcely grown to a sufficient
size to yield anything but quill bark. 1766 PENNANT Zool.
(1768) I. 156 The *quil feathers are dusky, barred with red.
1854 OWEN Skel. fr Teeth in Circ. Sc., Organ. Nat. I. 223
The ulna is often impressed by the insertions of the great
quill-feathers of the wing. 1867 F. FRANCIS Bk. Angling
189 The *Quill gnat.. makes its appearance late in April.
1891 Field 7 Mar. 342/2 In a disused fly-book . . reposes
a small collection of quill gnats. 1875 KNIGHT Diet. Mech.
1691/1 The substitution of *quill-jacks for the hammer. 1&S9
SALA Gas-light ty D. ii. 23 Another is fluting columns with
a thin brush called a *' quill tool1. 1867 SMYTH Sailor's
\Vord-bk., *Quill-tubes, thos_e in use with port-fires for firing
guns before the introduction of detonating and friction
tubes. 1617 MINSHEU Ductor, A *Quil-turne, that turnes
the quilles, or spoyling Wheele. 1886 ELWORTHY IV. Sam.
Word-bk., Quill-turn, the hand-wheel and spindle upon
which the Dobbin or quill is wound for the weaver's use.
i8as KNAPP & BALDW. Newgate Cal. III. 379/1 The block
of trie *quill.wheel. 1787 tr. Linnxus' Fam. Plants II. 832
•Quillwort. 1706 WITHERING Brit. Plants (ed. 3) III. 300
Quillwort. At the bottom of lakes. 1864 T. MOORE Brit.
Ferns 103 The European Quillwort, or Merlin's Grass.
Hence Qui'lldom, the province of literature.
Qul'll-less a., not provided with quills.
1888 Century Mag . XXXVI. 6n/r [A porcupine's] quilless
and vulnerable under side. 1891 I. ZANGWILL Bachelors*
Club 69, I was recognised in quilldom as.. brilliant.
t Quill, rf.2 Obs. rare. Also 6 quille. [?a.
OF. *quille = F. cueille gathering, harvest, sb. f.
aieillir (OF. quillir, etc.) to gather, CULL z/.1]
1. = COIL so.3
1588 Book of Charges July (Dom. St. Papers, P. R. O.
CCXV. 88) A Quille of ropes wayeing xxv".
2. In the (or a) quill : In a body ; in combination
or concert. To jump in quill, to act simultaneously
or in harmony.
1593 SHAKS. 2 //en. VI, \, iii. 4 Let's stand close, .and then
wee may deliuer our Supplications in the Quill. 1687 Hist.
Sir y. Hawkivood x. 18 Nor . . did they less jump in quill ;
for just as he w_as debating this matter with himself, they
came down to him, and besought him that he would dismiss
theru. c 1690 Roxb. Ball. II. 136 Thus those Females were
all in a Quill, and following on their Pastime still.
Quill (kwil), v. [f. QUILL rf.1]
1. trans. To form into small cylindrical plaits or
folds resembling 'a quill ; to goffer.
1711 STEELE Sfeci. No. 478 f 12 It might have been as
expensive in queen Elisabeth's time only to wash and quill
a ruff. i?s8-«s GOLIJSM. Ess. V. Wks. (Globe) 296/1 His
QUILLED.
cravat seemed quilled into a ruff. 1865 Art Jrnl. No. 321
91/2 'Quilled ' her frills as usual. 1869 MRS. WHITNEY We
Girls v. (1873) 82 Ribbon that she was quilling up.
2. To cut the quills off (a wing). rare~l.
ryio-^n SWIFT Lett. (1767) 111. 115 As for Patrick's bird ..
His wings have been quilled thrice, and are now up again.
3. To cover with, or as with, quills.
1783 WOLCOTT (P. Pindar) Ode to R. A.'s Wks. 1813 I. 64
Thou'rt like a hedgehog quill'd By the dire shafts of merci-
less Ridicule. 1814 SOUTHEY Roderick xvn, His whole
body had been gored with wounds, And quill'd with spears.
b. To fit (a harpsichord) with quills.
1785 [see QUILLING vil. si.].
4. intr. To wind thread or yarn on a quill ; to
fill spools.
-1640 [see QUILLING vbl. sb.\. 1825 KNAPP & BALDW.
Newgate Cal. III. 377/1 Quilling, i. e. putting silk on a
shuttle. 1851 S. JUDD Margaret ii. (1871) 5 The child
Margaret sits . . with a small wheel, winding spools, in our
vernacular ' quilling '. 1886 [see QUILL sb.1 i b].
Quill, obs. form of WHILE.
II Quillai (kilar). Also oullay. [Chilian
(Araucanian) quillai, quillay, f. quillcait to wash.]
The soap-bark tree of Chili {Quillaia, saponaria] :
see next. Also attrib,, as quillai-bark, -tree.
1866 Treas. Bot. 952/2 Q. Saponaria, the Quiltai or
Cullay of the Chilians, is a tree from fifty to sixty feet high.
II Quillaia (kwil/'-ya). Also quillaja. [mod.L.,
f. prec.] a. A genus of S. American rosaceous
trees, the bark of which possesses soap-like proper-
ties. b. The quillai-tree (see prec.) or its bark
1848 in CRAIG. 1866 Treas. Bot. 952/2 Quillaja differs . . in
the ten stamens being in two instead of one row. 1886 Pall
MallG. 13 Sept, 10/2 Ginger-beer, .the head or foam is pro-
duced either by white of egg or by quillaia bark.
Hence Qnillaic (kwifeHk) a. in quillaic acid, an
acid of quillaia-bark ; Quilla'in, an extract of
quillaia-bark (Syd. Soc. Lex. 1897).
1891 W. MARTINDALE Extra Phartiiacop. (ed. 6) 386 The
bark .. contains quillaic acid and sapotoxin.
Quillat(e, variants of QUILATE, carat.
Qui'll-driver. [QuiLL rf.i 3 b.] One who
works with a quill or pen; a clerk or author.
(Chiefly with contemptuous force.)
1760 Voy. IV. O. G. Vaughan I. 129 As good as any of the
Grub-street Quill-drivers cou'd write. 1846 THACKERAY Crit.
Rev. Wks. 1886 XXIII. 96 The quill-driver of the present
day, with his doubtful position and small gains. 1887 T. A.
TROLLOPE What I remember II. xix. 379, 1 used. .to do all
my writing standing ; and I strongly recommend the practice
to brother quill-drivers.
So Qui'll-drivinff vbl. sb. and///, a. (pres.pple.*).
1710 D'URFEY Pills (1872) IV. 319 Quill-driving Prigs,
Flocked to St. James's. 1756 TOLDERVY Hist. 2 Orphans
I. 181 Richmond . . went to quill-driving till ten. 1829
SCOTT Jrnl. rj Jan., At such times I have wished myself a
clerk, quill-driving for twopence per page. 1880 BROWNING
Clive ^[Q That greenhorn, that quill-driving clerk.
Quille, variant of QUILL sb.*
Quilled (kwild), a. and ///. a. [f. QDILL s6.l
and v. + -ED.]
1. Having the form of a quill or quills.
a. of cinchona bark : see QUILL j£.l I d.
1717-41 CHAMBERS Cyc I. s.v. CortextThz small, fine, quilled
barks . . are the most esteemed. 1786 T. SKEETES ^titU)
Kxperimentsand Observations on Quilled and Red Peruvian
Bark. 1822-34 Goafs Stud. Mad. (ed. 4) I. 630 The lance-
leaved, pale, or quilled bark. 1893 Chambers' Encycl. s.v.
Cinchona, The quilled form of the thinner bark is acquired
in drying.
b. of cloth : see QUILL v. I. Also (of persons)
quilled up : wearing a quilled ruff.
1783 COLMAN Prose Sev. Occas. (1787) III. 237 (The
Maidens of Queen Bess's reign) Quill'd up like Porcupines,
they shot their darts. 1804 COLLINS Scripscrap 32 A close
quill'd-up coif, their noddles just did fit. 1858-61 J. BROWN
Hone Subs., Jacob. Fam. (1882) no A close cap with a
quilled border. 1886 St. Stephen's Rev. 13 Mar. 14/r The
border, .was entirely composed of fully quilled black lace.
c. of glass: (see quot. 1854).
1800 HENRY Epit. Chtm. (1808) 8 It is expedient to have
the quilled part accurately ground to the neck of the bottle.
1854 J. SCOFFERN in Orr's Circ. Sc., Cheat. 301 Every portion
of the glass tube is of the kind known as quilled glass, not
much larger, .than the stem of a clay tobacco-pipe.
d. Bot. of florets : Tubular, instead of normally
ligulate. Hence of flowers : Having tubular florets.
1825 Greenhouse Comp. I. 126 The varieties of the Chry-
santhemum . . are, the . . Quilled white, . . Quilled yellow [etc.].
1849 Florist 233 The quilled form is an instance of it. 1876
Encycl. Brit. IV. 129 In the Dahlia the florets are rendered
quilled [by cultivation].
2. Having, or fitted with, a quill or quills.
a. of a receiver : Ending in a narrow tube.
1767 WOULFE in Phil. Trans. LVII. 411 The retort was
into a bottle beneath. This vessel . . is termed a quilled
receiver.
b. of a suture : Having the thread secured to
pieces of quill on each side of the wound.
1768 tr. Heistcr's Surg. I. i. yi. 74 A large crooked needle,
for stitching large Wounds, with a double Thread, to make
the quilled Suture.
c. of a jack in a harpsichord : Tipped with a
piece of crow-quill.
1842 Penny Cycl. XXII. 349/1 The Spinet had but one
string to each note, which was struck by a quilled jack.
QUILLEK.
d. Her. of a feather: Having a quill (of a
specified tincture).
1864 in BOUTELL Her. Hist. $ Pop. (ed. 3) 86.
tQui'ller. Obs. rare~. [f. QUILL sbl 2 + -ER.J
A bird not fully fledged. In quot./^.
1591 LYLY Endym. v. ii, O sir, your chinne is but a quyller
yet, you will be most majesticall when it is full fledge.
Quillet (kwi'let), rf.1 Also 6 coylett, quyllett,
6-7 quillett. [Of obscure origin.]
1. A small plot or narrow strip of land. Now
only local or Antiq.
1533-4 Act 25 Hen. Vlll, c. r3 § 10 No muner person . .
shall take in ferme . . any quillettes of landes or pastures.
1538 LELAND Itin. IV. 82 § 2 Impropriating Benefices unto
them and giving them Coyletts of Land, c 1640 J. SMYTH
Lives Berkeleys (1883) 1. 151 Reducinge his scattered quillets
of ground togeather into entire enclosures. 1774 T. WEST
Antiq. Furness p. xlv, The abbots of Furness permitted
the inhabitants to enclose quillets to their houses. 1814
HEBER Jrnl. 9 Aug., Each quillet.. had its little stage and
shed for the watchman. 1888 Archxolog. Rev. Mar. 17 The
fields, .in North Wales are still, in many cases, divided into
. . ' quillets ', that is to say, into open strips marked off from
each other merely by boundary stones.
t 2. A hamlet. Obs. rare-1.
1597-8 Act 39 Eliz. c. 25 The sayde Hundred doth con-
siste onely of five small villages and thre small Quyllettes or
Hamlettes,
Quillet (kwi'let), sb? Also 7 quilit, 7-9
quillit. [? Abbrev. of QUILLITY ; d.quip,quippy
and quiddit, quiddity.] A verbal nicety or subtle
distinction ; a quirk, quibble.
1588 SHAKS. L. L. L. iv. iii. 288 Some tricks, some quillets,
how to cheat the diuell. 1609 HOLLAND Amm. Marcell.
?\
V. 117 [Thou] didst ask them concerning :
of a question. 1708 Brit. Apollo No. 69. 3/2 Like Ignoramus,
For Quillets most famous. 1818 SCOTT Hrt. Midi, x, Sharp-
eyed as a lynx . . in the nice sharp quill its of legal discussion.
1890 J. H. STIRLING Giford Lect. viii. 153 The word is too
unequivocal for any quillet to be hung upon it.
Hence f Qui-llet v. intr., to quibble. Obs.
1653 HOLCROFT Procopius i. xx. 25 It is inconvenient for
men in hazard for the main, to quillet about the rest.
Quillet (kwi-let), so.z [app. f. QUILL si.1 +
-ET.] A small quill, or tube, etc., resembling this.
1876 BLACKMORE Cripps II. xiv. 211 Sprays, that . .held in
every downy quillet liquid, rather than solid, gem. 1879
Daily Tel. 29 May, As many codicils as there are paper
quillets to a schoolboy's kite.
Quilleted (kwHeted), a. [f. QUILLET s6.1 +
-ED.] Divided into quillets.
1888 Archxolog. Rev. Mar. 21 The whole of this quilleted
tract is grouped about the ancient site of the parish church.
1893 A. N. PALMER Hist. Wrexham IV. 102 The quilleted
close nearest the town.
Quillety, variant of QUILLITY.
Quilling (kwi-lirj), vbl. sb. [f. QUILL v.]
1. The action of the vb. QUILL ; esp. filling a quill
with thread or yarn.
cl«4oj. SMYTH Lives Berkeleys (1883) I. 167 The charges
in . . quillinge, weaving_e . . and the like. 1780 A. YOUNG
Tour Irel. I. 315 Quilling, warping, and winding ; the
?uilling by children. 1785 JEFFERSON Writ. (1859) I. 440,
do not altogether despair of making something of your
method of quilling [a harpsichord]. 1856 WHITTIER Ranger
vii, Leave your quilling, leave your spinning.
2. A ribbon, strip of lace or other material
gathered into small cylindrical folds resembling
a row of quills.
1813 LADY BURGHERSH Lett. (1893) 61 An immense quilling
of lace or ribbon round the poke. 1829 Glover's Hist. Derby
I. 247 Quillings or narrow edgings of lace. 1882 Standard
ii Sept 6/6 Quillings and rucnings continue dull.
t Qui'Uity. Obs. rare. Also 7 quillety.
[? Alteration of QUIDDITY 2.] A quillet, a quibble.
1573 G. HARVEY Letter-bk. (Camden) 135 In nise poyntes
and quillityes none more praecise. 1616 ABP. MATTHEWS in
Usher's Lett. (1686) 36 Our adversaries do not .. intangle
others . . in any one Quillity, or Cavil, more than in that
particular.
transf. 1653 URQUHART Rabelais i. xi. (1900) 56 One of
them would call it .. her staffe of love, her quillety. [1678
MRS. BEHN Sir P. Fancy v. i, We shall soon rectifie the
quiblets and quillittes of his blood, if he observes our direc-
tions and diet.]
II Qnillon (kt'yon). [Fr. (1611 in Cotgr.), app.
f. i/uil/e ninepin : see KAYLES.] One or other of
the two arms forming the cross-guard of a sword.
i$X& Archzologia LI. I. 513 The quillons, which start from
a rectangular block through which the blade passes. 1894
R. S. FERGUSON Charters of Carlisle 292 His sword which
has plain straight quillons, hangs at his left side.
Quilly (kwi-li), a. rare. [f. QUILL y*.l + -Yl.]
Resembling a quill ; pertaining to qrjills.
1S°5 J. HALLE Hist. Expost. 90 The circulare or quilly
hardnes of fistules. 1886 Sat. Rev. 19 June 844/2 Being
men rather of horny hands than of quilly pens.
Quilome, Quilpe, Quito, obs. ft. WHILOHE,
WHELP, WHILES.
Quilt (kwilt), rf.l Forms : a.. 3 oowlte, //.
quoiltene, 4 qwylte, 4-5 quilte, 5 qu-, qvylte,
(coylte), 5-6quylt, 5- quilt. /3. north, gqwhilte,
wilt, wylt, 5-6 whiltfe. 7. 5-6 twilt, twylt.
[a. OF. cuilte (i 2th c.), coilte (later coite, coete,
cottete, mod. couttte) :—*colcta, *culcta :— L. culcita
a stuffed sack, mattress, cushion, etc., whence also
Sp. and Pg. colcha. Also OF. coute (later written
62
rousle, coulte) :—*colta, *culla. The L. variant cul-
citra is represented by It. coltrice, OSp. colcedra,
and its shortened form *cuktra by It. coltre, Genevan
coitre, couatre, OF. colre.]
1. An article of bed-furniture, consisting essentially
of two large pieces of woven material having a layer
of some soft substance (such as wool, flock, or down)
placed between them j originally, an article of this
kind for lying on (now obs.) ; in later use, a coverlet
of similar make, esp. one in which the lining is kept
in place by stitches or lines of stitching passing
through the whole (the mediaeval quiltpoint or
counterpoint, q.v.) ; hence, any thick outer bed-
covering, a counterpane.
c 1190 S. Eng. Leg. 188/125 Maketh a bed . . Of quoiltene
and of materasz. a 1300 Body I, Soul in Maps Poems 334
Jwere beon .. Thine cowltes and thi covertoures? c 13*0
Sir Beufs (MS. A.) 3906 Foure hondred beddes of selk
echon, Quiltes of gold par vpon. c 1450 Merlin 539 Thei
lay down to slepe vpon the grasse for other quyltes ne
pilowes ha'dde thei noon. 1454 Durham Ace. Rolls
(Surtees) 148, ij qwhiltez . . j whilte. 1477 in Ripon Ch.Acts
(Surtees) 179 unum twylt. 1489 CAXTON Faytes of A. IL
xxxvi. 154 Coyltes or matrases or sacques. 1544 PHAER
Regim. Lyfe (1553) A viij b, A coife, made of double linnen
clothe, and sowed like a cotten quilt. i6»6 MIDDLETON
Women Beware Women in. i. 27 Never a green silk quilt is
there .. To cast upon my bed? 1692 LOCKE Educ. 23 Let
his Bed be hard, and rather Quilts than Feathers. 1715
DE FOE Voy. round World (1840) 237 The way of lodging
upon quilts, and in beds. .1 need not describe. 1758 JOHN-
SON Idler No. 13 r 8 We have .. three flourished quilts for
every bed. 1851 MRS. SMVTHIES Bride Elect xxv. She
threw herself on her knees by her bed side, and hid her face
in the quilt.
b. trans/. A thick covering (for soft bed).
k1
_^ _ rd.
II. 92 You must lay* a finger thick of Moss upon those
Shefves, which may serve, as it were for a kind of Quilt.
1801 WOLCOTT (P. Pindar) Tears It Smiles Wks. 1812 V. 58
To hide their slumbering heads beneath Those downy quilts,
their wings. 1863 BAKING-GOULD Iceland 115 The dull
quilt of cloud obscuring the sun.
c. The material of or for a quilt; quilting.
1766 W. GORDON Celt. Counting-ho. 427, i piece yard-wide
quilt.
2. A piece of padded material used to defend the
body, as a substitute or lining for armour.
159* WYRLEY Armorie, Capitallde Buz 127 No hardned
steele, no quilt, no warped meale Could make resist. 16*5
K. LONG tr. Barclay's A rgenis n. vii. 84 The inside of the
Bracelet . . being lined with a silken quilt, next to his arme.
1791 COWPER Iliad iv. 219 The hauberk, and the tough
interior quilt .. its force repress'd. 1870 BRYANT Homer I.
iv. in The plated quilt which next his skin The hero wore.
1 3. A pad smeared or stuffed with a medicinal
substance, and applied to some part of the body.
1601 HOLLAND Pliny II. 339 The same rennet applied as
a cataplasme vpon a quilt of wooll. 1626 BACON Sylva § 56
The Quilts of Roses, Spices,. .£c. arc nothing so helpfull
as to take a Cake of New bread. 1684 tr. Batted Merc.
Compit. III. 68 Concerning Quilts and Caps.. such as are
made of very strong scented things do affect the Head.
4. attrib. and Comb. a. objective gen., as quilt-
maker, -manufacturer ; 7 b. = quilted, as guilt-
cap, -nightgown, -work.
c 1515 Cocke LoreWs B. o Quylte makers, shermen, and
armorers. 16*3 T. GOAD Dole/. Euen. Song 7 Hee . . put
vpon his head a red quilt cap, hauing a linnen white one
vnder it. 1676 Land. Gaz. No. 1081/4 Also Six Holland
Shifts., one Quilt Night Gown. 1709 Ibid. No. 4559/4
Michael Scott of Fetter-lane, . . Quilt-maker.
Quilt, sb* dial. ? Obs. [Related to QUILT V?]
The swallowing-point of the throat.
a 1711 LISLE Huso. (1757) 347 (E. D. S.) He puts them
down the calf's throat beyond the quilt.
Quilt (kwilt), D.I Also 6 quilte, 6 (9 dial.}
twilt(e. [f. QUILT rf.l]
L trans. To pad, line, or cover (a thing) with some
material, after the method employed in making a
quilt, or in some similar way.
'SSS J- PROCTOR Hist. Wyat's 'Rebellion 35 A priuie cote
that ne had quilted with angels. 1577 HARRISON England
n. xvi. (1877) i. 279 Jackes quilted and couered ouer with
leather. 1616 BACON Sytua § 56 A Bagge quilted with Bran,
is likewise very good. 1681 WHELER Joum. Greece i. 16
Course Ticking-Cloth, well quilted with Wool. 1713 AR-
BUTHNOT John Bull (1727) 82 Mayn't I quilt my rope? It
galls my neck strangely. 1828 SCOTT F. M. Perth iv, His
black velvet bonnet was lined with steel, quilted between the
metal and his head. 1869 TROLLOPE He knew, etc. xxxvi.
(1878) 205, I am quilting your cap.
trans/, xn&fig. 1630 DKKKI.K ind Pt. Honest Wh. Wks.
1873 II. 149 He so quilt your cap with old Iron, that your
coxcombe shall ake the worse these seuen yeeres for 't. 1650
FULLER Pisgak\.xx\. 184 Long standing tents were quilted
with timber, for their stronger support, a 1678 MARVELL
Upon Appleton House 422 The plain Lyes quilted ore with
bodies slain. 1808 SCOTT Marm. v. iii, His steel-jack, a
swarthy vest, With iron quilted well.
b. To cover with interlaced cord.
c 1611 CHAPMAN Iliad x. 230 His helmit fashion'd of a
hide ; the workman did bestow Much labour in it, quilting
it with bowstrings. 1776 [see QUILTING vbl. sb. i]. 1802
JAMES Milit. Diet. s.y. Laboratory* With a strong pack-
thread the whole is quitted to keep the shot from moving.
1838 DICKENS Old C. Shop (C. D. ed.) 197 A short pipe
quilted over with string.
2. To fasten together (two pieces or thicknesses
QUILTED.
of woven material) by stitches or lines of stitching,
so as to hold in position a layer of some soft
substance placed between them. Also, to sew
(several thicknesses) together, usually by stitches
arranged in some regular or decorative pattern.
1555 EDEN Decades 79 The mens [apparel!] is double and
quilted. 1599 A. M. tr. Cabelhouers Bk. Physicke 96/1
Quilte the bagge least the herbes sacke the one vpon the
other. 1615 MARKHAM Eng. Housew. n. i. (1668) 12 Quilt it
in a manner of a course imbroydery. 1717 SWIFT Gulliver
i. viii, By quilting thirteen fold of their strongest linnen
together. 1794 W. FELTON Carriages (1801) II. 16 Quilting
the lining [of a Coach] with small tufts. 1870 ROCK Text.
Fair. 1. 14 Skirt of a Lady's Dress, .quilted round the lower
border with a scroll.
trans/. 1593 NASHE 4 Lett. Confut. 63 Thy Father. . had
neuer the art to twilt vp such a grim triangle of hair as that.
.b. intr. To admit of being sewn as a quilt.
i6aa MARKHAM 5 Decades War x. 38 Buckram . . is too
stiffe and unplyable, by which means it will not quilt like
the other.
o. fig. To compile (a literary work) by putting
together scraps from various sources ; to join to-
gether (extracts) as in a quilt.
In some cases the reference is to a patchwork quilt : cf.
QUILTED a.
1605 CAMDEN Rem. (1636) 14 It's quilted as it were out of
shreds of divers Poets. 1649 MILTON Eikon. i. Wks. (1851)
344 Manuals, and. Handmaids of Devotion,, .clapt together
and quilted out of Scripture phrases. 1891 Rev. of Rev.
510/2 Mrs. Ross quilts together numerous extracts.
d. To mark or seam with points or lines resem-
bling the stitching in a quilt.
17*0 GOLDSM. Cit. W. xlvi, A hateful phiz, quilted into a
thousand seams by the hand of deformity. 1808 Sketches
of Character (1813) I. 164 ' Poor Amelia ! ' cried Mrs. Pytt.
• she's terribly quilted ' [with smallpox].
8. To sew up (some object or material) between
two pieces of stuff, as in making a quilt.
1562 BULLEYN Bk. Simples (1579) 65 The Nutmegge .. is
holsome in plasters for the stomacke, quilted in Leather and
Sylke. 1634 T. JOHNSON Farcy's Chirurg. xxvi. xxxix.
(1678) 656 The powdefs . . must be sewed up or quilted in a
bag of Linnen or Taffaty. 1695 BLACKMORE Pr. Arth. ix.
361 Those that . . were found too light Quilt Lead into their
Belts to give them weight. 1745 BYROM Rem. (1857) 410
He had three guineas quilted in the flap of his waistcoat.
1891 W. D. HAMILTON Pref. St. Papers, Dam. Ser. 1645-47
p. ix, These secret despatches . . were carried by a woman
quilted up in a truss of linen.
fig. 1641 SIR E. DERING Sf. on Relig. 54 Some of the
Protestant [Bishops] doe quilt a gentler sence into these
words.
4. intr. To make a quilt or quilts. U.S.
1861 MRS. STOWE Pearl Orr's /si. 21 Miss Roxy and Miss
Rucy.. could upholster and quilt. 1881 C. D. WARNER
Washington Irving iii. 32 A number of girls were quilting.
Quilt (kwilt), 0.2 dial. Also quilty. [Of un-
known origin : current in most S. and S. W. dialects.]
trans, and intr. To swallow.
to swallow". . used of swallowing in'the natural way, while
glutch is to swallow with difficulty.
Quilt (kwilt), v.3 dial, and U.S. Also twilt.
[Perh. a transf. use of QuiLT v.\ originating in the
common phr. to guilt one's jacket (cf. QUILT v.1 i,
quot. 1630^%-.).] trans. To beat, thrash, flog.
1836 HALIBURTON Clockm. Ser. i. xix. (1837) 195 Your
Cumberland critters, . . the more you quilt them, the more
they wont go. 1851 R. S. SURTEES Sponge's Sp. Tour iii.
10 [He] quilted the old crocodile of a horse all the way.
Quilted (kwHted),///. a. [f. QUILT a.l + -ED!.]
1. Of cloth, a garment, etc. : Padded with some
soft substance held in position by being sewn as in
a quilt ; composed of several layers sewn together.
1533 ELYOT Cast. Helthe (1541) 79, 1 dyd throwe away my
quyfted cappe, and my other close bonettes. 1594 NASHE
Vnfort. Trait. 20 A round twilled Taylors cushion, for
a target. 1681 Land. Gaz. No. 1739/4 A quilted Petticoat
of Lead-colour'd Sattin. 1768 STERNE Sent. Joiirn. (1778)
II. 97 (Temptation), Lined with a little bit of white quilted
sattm. i86g LIVINGSTONE Zambesi xx. 405 A present of a
quilted coverlet.
fb. ? Stuffed. Ots. rare-1.
1668 PEPYS Diary 26 Sept., I had two quilted pigeon.-,
very handsome and good meat.
2. Pieced or joined together, as in a quilt,
t Also transf. of a person.
eat Ball. 1877 LONGF. Keramos n O'er his features,
like a mask, The quilted sunshine and leaf-shade Moved.
1885 Pall Mall G. i Jan. 2/1 That is a modest programme
of quilted shreds and patches.
3. Covered with, or as with, a quilt or quilted
garments. Quilted grape : (see quot.).
1843 CARLYLE Past f, Pres. i. ii, All manner of quilted
trumpeters. 1845 — Cromwell Introd. (i860 I. 78 Lord
Clarendon.. speaks always in official language; a clothed,
nay sometimes even quilted dialect. 1876 VOYLE & STEVEN-
SON Milit. Diet. 321/1 Quilted Grape, the old pattern grape
shot .. quilted with canvas, and tied so as to appear .. some-
thing like a bunch of grapes.
4. Tossed in a quilt.
1881 DUFFIELD Don Quixote I. 210 The cries which the
hapless quilted one gave forth.
Hence t Qui-ltedly adv. Obs. rare-".
QUILTER.
1659 TORRMNO, Borrevolmentet stuffingly, gulchingly,
.
Quitter (kwrltaj). [f. QUILT z*.1 +-KH1.] A
person who quilts ; an apparatus for quilting.
1563 T. NEWBERY Dives Pragmaticns Prol. 67 in Huth
Fugitive Tracts Ser. i, Al Kroyderers, Taylers, Ouylters
and Limners. 17*3 f^omi. Gtiz. No. 6191/4 Jane Clubb, ..
Quilter. 1765 Citron, in Ann. Reg. 67/1 This, .will only be
.. taking the bread from the poor qu liters, 1879 Daily
Ctron. 30 Apr., Quilters. .wanted for infants' cloaks.
Quilting (kwHtirj), vbl. sbJ- [f. QUILT z/.l]
1. The action of padding, sewing together, etc.
1611 FLORIO, Abborracciam£nto% a stuffing, or quilting.
1776 FALCONER Diet. Marine^ Quilting, . . the operation of
weaving a sort of coat, or texture, formed of the strands
of rope, about the outside of any vessel, to contain water.
2. a. Quilted material ; quilted work. b. Material
for making a quilt, c. A kind of cloth with a
diagonal pattern suggestive of the appearance of
an ordinary quilt.
c 1710 CELIA I1 IENNES Diary (1888) 236 The next room has
such a bed but that is fine Indian quilting. 1718 LADY
M. W. MONTAGU Lett, to Ctess Mar 10 Mar., Fine Indian
quilting, embroidered with gold, a 1850 ROSSETTI Dante
$ Circ. i. (1874) 244 Quilting from Cortona warm and tough.
1867 SMYTH Sailor's Word*bk.> Quilting^ a kind of coating
formed of sinnet, strands of rope, &c., outside any vessel
containing water.
3. dial, and U. S. A quilting-party.
1819 ANDERSON Cnmbld. Ball, 108 Now, lasses : aw thrang
at our quiltin. 1890 HOSMER Anglo-Sax. Freed. 279 Zekle
squired Huldy . . to the singing-school or apple-paring, to
quilting or sugaring off.
4. ath-ib.zsquilting-needU)-seam ; quilting-bee,
-feast, -frolic, -party, (U.S^} a gathering of girls
held for the purpose of making a quilt, and serving
as an occasion for enjoyment ; quilting-cotton,
raw cotton prepared for stuffing quilts ; quilting
frame, a frame on which a counterpane is stretched
during the process of quilting.
18257. NEAL Bro. Jonathan I. 54 She gives what is there
; frolick. « i8$c
called a quilting :
1859 W. IRVING Knickerb, vii.
ii. (1900) 255 Now .. were instituted 'quilting bees', .. and
other rural assemblages. 1879 H. GEORGE Progr. <fr Pov.
iv. ii. (1881) 214 Husking bees, and apple parings, and
quilting parties.
Quilting (kwrltirj), vbl, sb.* [f. QUILT v.%]
A flogging.
1836 HALIBURTON Clockm. Ser. i. xix. (1837) 191, I'll give
you such a quiltin as you never had. 1885 -S/iA Rev. 20 June
809/2, I will give him such a quilting as will cause him
bitterly to remember the consequences.
t QuHtpoint. Obs. rare. Also 4 quelde-
poynte. [a. OF. cuilte pointe :— L. culcita puncta
pierced quilt : see QUILT and POINT, and cf.
COUNTERPOINT $b?\ A counterpane.
13 . . Gaw. $ Gr. Knt. 877 Whyssynes vpon queldepoyntes,
J»at koynt wer boj>e, 1386 Will in T. Madox Formnl.
Anglic. 428 Item lego . . i. lectum rubeum quiltpoint cum
i. testro de eadem setta.
Quilum, obs. form of WHILOM.
Quim, late Sc. variant of QUEME a.
Qnin (kwin). [Of obscure etym. : cf. QUEEN 10 a,
and SQUIN.] A variety of pecten (/*. opercularis}.
1840 Penny Cycl. XVII. 358/1 Pectens .. make a rich and
sapid dish, as might be expected from the name of them
when so prepared, ' Quins '. 1851-6 WOODWARD Mollusca
257 The Scallop (P. maximus) and * quin ' (P, opercularis)
are esteemed delicacies ; the latter covers extensive hanks,
especially on the N. and W. of Ireland.
t Quin, Sc. var. of cun CON vl 3. Obs.
c 1560 Sat. Toun Ladyes 83 in Maitland Poems (1830) 30
Mycounseill I geve generallie To all wemen..This lessoun
for to quin perqueir.
Quina (kr na, kwai'na). [Sp. spelling of Quichua
kina bark : see QUINQUINA.] a. The bark of several
species of Cinchona that yield quinine, b. Chem.
= QUINIA, QUININE.
1830 LINDLEY Nat. Syst. Bot. 205 The febrifugal properties
.. of Cincona are known to depend upon the presence of
two alkalies, called cinchonia and Quina. 1841 Penny
Cycl. XIX. 221/1 The salts of quina are in general dis-
tinguished by their strong taste of Cinchona, and by their
pearly lustre.
attrib. 1880 C R. MARKHAM Pernv. Bark 432 twtet
Quzneturn, . . a collection of quina alkaloids.
t Quina'de. Obs. rare-1, [a. OF. *quinade,
f. *quin, coin COYN + -ADE.] A conserve of quinces.
c 1430 Two Cookery-bks. 27 Quynade. Take Quynces, &
pare hem clene [etc.].
Quinamine (kwi-namain). Chem. [f. QUIN-A
+ AMINE.] A natural crystallizable alkaloid found
in the bark of Cinchona succintbra by Dr. Hesse
in 1872, Also called Quinami na and Quina mia,
Hence Qnina'micine, Qnina*midine, artificial
isomeric alkaloids obtained from qninamine.
1875 WATTS Diet. Chem. 2 SuppL 346 Quinamine crystal-
hses in delicate, asbestiform anhydrous prisms. 1880 C. R.
MARKHAM Peruv. Bark 430 He also detected, in all of them,
the presence of a new alkaloid called qumamine. 1889
Watts' Diet. Chem. II. 180 Quinamicine .. Formed by
heating quinamine with dilute acids at 130°. Ibid.^ Quina-
midine.. Formed by the action of acids upon quinamine.
Quinancy, obs. form of QUINSY.
tQuinaqui'na. Obs. Med. Also china-china,
kina-kina. — QUINQUINA, q.v.
1707 Phil. Trans. XXV. 2446 The Skin or ttark of that
Tree, which is called China China. 1787-41 CHAMBERS
Cycl* & v. Quinquina^ The tree that produces the yvina-
63
quina is tall. 1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) V. 12/1 The bark
. -called. .Kinakina or. .Quinaquina.
f Quina-re. Obs. rare—1, [ad. L. quhtarius :
cf. DENABE.] = QUINARY B. 2 a.
1601 HOLLAND Pliny (1634) II. 463 That the siluer denier,
which went beforetime for ten Asses, should be worth
sixteene ; the halfe Denier or Quinare, eight.
Quinariau (,kwine°-rian), a. and sb. [See
QUINARY and -IAN.]
A. adj. Pertaining to, characterized by, a quinary
division.
1843 CHAMBERS Vestiges Nat. Hist. Creation, Classif.
Organisms, The quinarian part of the theory. 1865 A then-
xum No. 1953. 460/2 The circular quinarian system of nature.
B. sb. One who advocates or adopts the quinary
system in zoology.
1851-6 WOODWARD Mollusca 58 The Quinarians make out
five molluscous classes by excluding the Tunicata. 1885
NEWTON in Encycl. /?/7/.XVIII. 16/1 Whose common sense
refused to accept . . the mystical jargon of the Quinarians.
t Quina-rity. Obs. rare—1, [f. next + -ITY.]
? The nature of a quintessence.
1471 RIPLEY Comp. Alch. x. xi. in Ashm. (1652) 181 Of thy
Medcyn . . trew graduacyon ; Tyll hyt be brought to a
quynaryte temperat.
Quinary (kwai'nari), a. and sb. [ad. L. qui-
nari-us, f. qttmi distrib. to quinque five: cf. F.
quinaire.]
A. adj. Pertaining to, characterized by, the
number five ; consisting of five (things or parts).
Quinary system, a principle of division in zoology,
introduced by Macleay in 1819, but now discarded.
1603 HOLLAND Plutarch's Mor. 1342 Plato hath reduced
the number of five worldes to the five primitive figures
of regular bodies, saying, that God in ordaining and
describing the whole world used the Quinarie construction.
1682 H. MORE Annot. GlanmTs Lux Orient 180 Every
number, suppose, Binary, Quinary, Ternary, is such a setled
number and no other. 1788 T. TAYLOR Proclus I. xcvi.
(Disser.), The quinary, and septenary numbers are especially
attributed to the soul. 1816 KIRBY & SPENCE Entomol.
Let. xlvii. IV. 399 Though Mr. MacLeay regards this
quinary arrangement of natural objects as very general, it
does not appear that he looks upon it as absolutely universal.
1837 WHEWELL Hist. Induct. Sc. (1857) '• 93 Designating
the successive numbers . . by means of names, framed accord-
ing to the decimal, quinary or vigenary scale. 1843 Penny
Cycl. XXVII. 8io/i On the Continent the Quinary System
has never found favour, and it has now few if any followers
in this country.
B. sb. 1. A set of five ; a compound consisting
of five things. Now rare.
1651 J. F[REAKE] Agrippa's Occ. Pkilos, 391 Angels, who
might rule the signs, tnplicities, decans, quinaries, degrees
and stars. 1678 CUDWORTH Intellect. Syst. i. iv. § 36. 625
The juniour Platonists . . did . . no longer acknowledge a
Trinity, but either a quaternity, or a quinary, or more, of
Divine Hypostases. 1889 Pop. Sci. Monthly XXXIV. 740
Quaternaries, , . quinaries, sextaries, etc., according as the
number of the constituent elements increases.
1 2. a. A Roman silver coin, of the value of half
a denarius, b. A small Roman medal. Obs. rare.
1727-41 CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v., The gold quinary is the half
of a gold medal. Ibid., The quinaries were of a finer and
more finished coin than the other medals.
Quinate (kwi'n-, kwsi-n/t), sb. Chem. Also
kinate. [f. QUIN-A + -ATE i c.] A salt of quinic
acid.
1836 J. M. GULLY Magendie's Fortnul. 56 The quinia and
cinchonia of the quinates are precipitated and collected ;
the quinate of lime remains in solution. 1841 Penny Cycl.
XIX. 221/1 Kinate, or rather Superkinate of Quina, is the
salt which exists naturally in the bark. 1857 MILLER Elem.
Chem. in. 352 Adding a solution of subacetate of lead to a
neutral kinate [1862 quinate].
Quinate (kwsrna), a. Bot. [f. L. quint (see
QUINAKY), after binate.'] Of a leaf: Composed of
five leaflets ; quinquefoliolate.
1806 GALPINE Brit. Bot. 233 L[eaf) pinnate, quinate &
ternate. 1861 Miss PRATT Flower. PI. I. 4 A quinate leaf
consists of five leaflets, as in Marsh Cinquefoil.
Comb. 1825 Greenhouse Comp. II. 42 Quinate-leaved.
Quince (kwins). Forms : a. (4 wince), 5
qwince, quenoe, 5-6 quynoe, quynse, (5 qw-),
7- quince. /3. 6 quench, 6-7 quinoh. [Prop,
pi. of quine, quyne COYN (q.v.), used first as a
collective and then as a sing.]
1. The hard, acid, yellowish, pear-shaped fruit of
a small tree (Pyrus Cydonia) belonging to the pear-
family, used in cookery as a preserve or to flavour
dishes of other fruits ; the seeds are also employed
in medicine and the arts. Also, the tree bearing
this fruit.
Several varieties are named after their localities, as the
Barbary, Chinese, Japanese, Lyons, Portugal, etc., giiince.
a. c 1325 [see quince-tree in 3]. a 1400 Pistill Susan
(Phillips MS.) 102 Ouere her heais gan hyng The qwince
\Vernon MS. wince] and be qwerdlyng. c 1420 Pallad. cm
H»sb. n. 249 Ek graffe hem .. In whit thorn in hem silf, in
quynce also, c 1430 Two Cookery-Iks. 51 Take fayre raw
Quynces, & pare hem with a knyf. 1533 ELYOT Cast.
Helthe (1539) 20 b, Quynces be colde and drye. 1604 E.
G[RIMSTONE] D'Acostas Hist. Indies iv. xxxvii. 311 The
quinces, poungranets, and other fruites there. 1731 FIELDING
Grub St. Opera in. iii, An apple-pye with quinces— why
quinces, when you know quinces are so dear? 1875 H. C.
WOOD Therap. (1879) 579 The seeds of the quince contain
a large quantity of mucilage.
p. 1561 HOI.LYBUSH Ham. Apoth. 14 The karnels of
quinches. Ibid. 27 b, As yelowe as a quenche. 1615 W,
QUINCTTNCIAL.
LAWSON Country Hoitsew. Card. U626) 3 We meddle not
with Apricocks nor Peaches, nor scarcely with Quinches.
2. Applied to other fruits or trees resembling the
quince.
Bengal Quince : see BKNGAL 2. Native Quince, the
Australian hitter-bark, emu-apple, or quinine-tree. Wild
Quince, the Australian black ash (Morris A astral Engl)
1876 HARLF.Y Mat. Med.(t&. 6)696 Indian Bad or Bengal
Quince is common in India. 1881 Garden 27 May 358/2
What Mr. Ross calls .. ' the wild Quince ' is a handsome
large flowered tree.
3. atlrib.a.n<\ Comb., as quince-apple, -cake, -cheat,
-cream, -glim, -marmalade, -mucilage, -peach, -feai,
-pie, -stock, -line/, -tree, -wine, -wood.
1600 SURFLET Countrie Faring ill. xxv. 480 The male. . is
called the 'quince apple. 1664 EVELYN Kal. Hort. (1729) 216
Lording-Apple, Pear-Apple, Quince-Apple. 1616 SURFLET
& MARKH. Country farm in. 1. 423 To make 'Quince-
cakes thin [etc.). 1635 MASSINGF.R New Way n. ii, Put these
few quince-cakes into your pocket. 1884 Leisure Hour
June 375/1 Apple syrup, 'quince cheese, candied fruits, were
among the delicacies of the age. 1663 BOYLE Use/. Exp.
Nat. Philos. \\. i, A kinde of jelly, in colour and consistence
not unlike "quince marmalade. 1664 EVELYN Kal. Hort.
(1729) 213 Roman Peach, Man Peach, "Quince Peach. 1551
HULOET, "Quince peare, cidotiiutn. 1596 BARROUGH Main,
fhysick (ed. 3) 436 The iuice of quince peares and pome-
granates. i6ao VKNNER Via Recta vii. in Quince- Peares are
of a very hard and wooddish substance. 1608 ARMIN Ntst
Ninn. (1842) 13 Hee tolde them it was a 'quince pie. 1706
LONDON & WISE Rctir'dGarJner I. n. xii. 160 You would
graft a Pear-tree upon a 'Quince-stock. 1845 BROWNING
Flight of Duchess xi, Her cheek, .whitened thro' all its
'qumce-tinct. c 1315 Gloss. W. de Bibbcsw. in Wright Vac.
163 A coyn-tre (*quince-tre), coigner. 1398 TREVISA Earth,
De P. R. xvll. cxlviii. (MS. e Museo 16), Storax..is a tre of
Arabia liche to a quynce tree, c 1440 Proinp. Parv. 420/1
Quencetree,*:<7<:/0««£. 1707 Curios. inH. <$• Card. 197 Vines,
Fig-trees, Quince-Trees. 1837 BROWNING Strafford v. ii,
Under a quince-tree by a fishpond side. 1706 BAYNARD in
Sir J. Floyer Hot 4- Cold Bath. n. 239 Hey ! for Lime-
water, 'Quince-wine. 1885 LADY BRASSEY The Trades 201
The principal exports, .are logwood, .and 'quince wood.
Quince, variant of QCINCH v.
Quincentenary (kwinse'ntfnari, -senU'-nari),
a. and s6. [Irregularly f. L. quin^que) five + CEN-
TENAKT, q.v. Cf. QUINCENTENARY.] a. adj. Per-
taining to, connected with, a five-hundredth year.
b. sb. A five-hundredth anniversary, or the cele-
bration of this.
1879 Sat. Rev. 4 Oct. 412 Duocentenaries, tercentenaries,
and quin.centenaries have all lately taken place. 1864
Manch. Exam. 22 May 5/1 The quin-centenary celebration
ofthedeathofWickliffe.
So Quincente-nnial.
1884 J. L. WILSON Life Wycliffe i. 12 To aid in giving to
the revival, in this quincentennial year, somewhat of mean-
ing and force.
t Qui-ncess. Obs. rare. The ' female ' quince.
1600 SURFLET Countrie Farme nr, xxv. 480 The male is
Ies.se, more writhled and wrinkled, dryer, of a sweeter smell
and of a more golden colour than the quincesse.
fQuinch, sb. Obs. rare—1, [f. next.] Not a
quinch = ' not a start', not the least.
1571 R. EDWARDS Damon $ Pitkias in Dodsley (17^80) I.
182, 1 wyll change mycoppy, how be it I care not a quinche,
1 know the galde horse will soonest winche.
t Quinch, v. Obs. Also 7 quince. [? var. of
quitch QUETCH, by assoc. with winch WINCE ; or
related to winch as quag to wag.] intr. To move,
stir, make a slight noise; to start, flinch.
1530 PALSGR. 677/1, 1 Quynche, I styrre, je moitvu. Ibid.,
I quynche, I make a noyse, je tynte. 1576 HOLINSHED
Chron. (1586) III. 583/2 (He was) so manfull of mind as neuer
seene to quinch at a wound. 1607 R. QAREW] tr. Estienne's
World of Wonders 49 None durst once quince or speake a
word against him. 1627 F. E. Edward II (1680) 81 Which
single durst not quinch, much less encounter.
Quinch, Quincie, obs. ff. QDINCE, QUINSY.
Qnincite (kwi-nssit). Mia. Also -yte, -eite.
[Named (Quincyte} by Berthier in 1825, from its
locality, Quincy in France.] Hydrous silicate of
magnesium and iron, found in limestone in carmine-
red particles.
1835 SHEPARD Mitt. II. 151 Quincyte. Massive, composi-
tion granular. 1837 DANA Min. 257 Quincite of Berthier,
is a red colored substance, which is disseminated through a
limestone deposit, .in France.
Quinck, variant of QUINK.
t Quincunce, obs. var. QCINCDNX.
1686 GOAD Celest. Bodies i. ii. 39 The new Aspects . . are
not much to be regarded^ unless Perhaps jhe_Quincunc
and
Trt
Quiucuncial (kwink»'njal),a. Also 7 -untial.
[act. L. quincuncial-is : see QUINCUNX and cf. F.
quinconcial.] Arranged in the form of a quincunx
or quincunxes ; involving or characterized by this
arrangement.
1601 HOLLAND Pliny I. 5" For the order of setting trees
wee ought to follow the vsuall maner of checquer row,
called Quincuntial. 1658 SIR T. BROWNE Card. Cyrus i. 89
The Quincunciall, Lozenge or Net-work Plantations of the
Ancients. 1705 T. GREENHILL in Phil. Trans. XXV. 2011
They were in number 22, some triangular, quadrangular,
quincuncial, etc. 1870 GILLMOKE tr. Figuitr's Reptiles 4-
Birds iii. 102 Scales on the back rounded, qumcuncial,
imbricate. 1885 Mtttm. Mag. Nov. 75/2 Cocoa-nut palms,
planted in quincuncial fashion.
b. Bot. Of oestivation : Having five leaves so
QUINCUNCIALLY.
disposed that two are exterior and two interior,
while the fifth is partly exterior and partly interior.
1830 LINDLEY Nat. Syst. Bot. 63 Petals equal in number
to the segments of the calyx, with a quincuncial aestivation.
1887 Jrnl. Educ. Dec. 520 The quincuncial or tristichons
arrangement [of leaves].
Hence Quincrvncially adv., in a quincuncial
manner ; in the form of a quincunx.
1658 SIR T. BROWNE Card. Cyrus 153 The legges alone do
move Quincuncially by single angles. 1841 JOHNSTON in
Proc. Beriv. Nat. Club II. No. 10. 34 The tongue is very
long.. with the spinous teeth arranged quincuncially in five
series.
Quincunx (kwi'nkcnks). [a. L. quincunx
(quincunc-eni) five-twelfths, f. quinqtie five + tmcia
a twelfth, OUNCE. Hence also F. quinconce (^-cunce,
-cunx} : cf. QUINCUNCE.]
1. Astrol. An aspect of planets in which these
are at a distance of 5 signs or 150 degrees from
each other, rare.
1647 LILLY Chr. Astrol. iii. 32 One Kepler, a learned man,
hath added some new ones, as follow, viz. : A Quincunx Vc
consisting of 150 degrees. 1686 GOAD Cdest. Bodies n. iv.
199 Whereas if e? be about the Quincunx of Sol, a Sign
distant from the Oppositional Line, he is in a chill posture.
2. An arrangement or disposition of five objects
so placed that four occupy the corners, and the fifth
the centre, of a square or other rectangle ; a set of
five things arranged in this manner.
This sense, which also existed in L., is app. due to the use
of five dots or dashes, thus arranged, to denote five-twelfths
of an as.
1658 SIR T. BROWNE Card. Cyrus iii. 122 The single Quin-
cunx of the Hyades upon the neck of Taurus. 1750 Phil.
Trans. XLVII. 107 These cellules are .. disposed in the
manner of a quincunx. 1785 MARTYN Rousseau's Bot. vi.
(1794) 68 The florets .. are placed very thick . . in form of a
quincunx, or the checks upon a chess-board. 1858 \V. CLARK
tr. Van der Hoeven's Zooi (1866) II. 64 Teeth crowded, ar-
ranged in a quincunx.
b. spec, as a basis of arrangement in planting
trees, either in a single set of five or in combin-
ations of this ; a group of five trees so planted.
1664 EVELYN Pomona 15 [The orchard] may assume the
Ornament of Cyrus, and flourish in the Quincunx. 1731
POPE Ef. Burlington 80 His Quincunx darkens, his Espa-
liers meet 1781 V. KNOX Ess. clviii. (1819) III. 189 Planta-
tions perfectly regular, and laid out in quincunxes. z88o
C. R. MARKHAM Peruv. Bark 20 For every tree felled, the
bark collector should plant a quincunx.
C. Sot. Quincuncial aestivation.
1831 LINDLEY Introd. Bot. 411.
d. attrib. In the form, on the principle of, a
quincunx, as quincunx arrangement, fashion, form,
order.
1707 WOODWARD Acct. Roman Urns (1713) § 19 In some
. (1824)
345 If trees are planted in the quincunx order. 1883 \gth
Cent. Nov. 871 Where trees are planted in straight lines,
on the quincunx arrangement, that is every four trees form-
ing not a square but a diamond.
3. A cruciform reliquary having five equal parts,
which can be closed up by folding the outer parts
over the central one. (Fallows Suppl.Dict. 1886.)
Hence Qnincn nxial a. = QUINCUNCIAL. rare.
1676 WORLIDGE Cyder (1691) 100 That the one may stand
against the space last preceding in a quincunxial order.
1835 J. S. HENSLOW Dcscr. Phys. Bot. 130 The 'quin-
cunxial ' arrangement, where the appendages [on the stem]
range in five ranks.
f Quincu-pedal, sb. and a. Obs. rare~°. [a.
L. quinatpedal var. quinquepedal: see QTJINQUE-
and PEDAL.] (See quots.)
1656 BLOUNT Glossogr., Quincupedal, a measure or rule of
five foot long. 1658 PHILLIPS, Quincupcdal, having five feet,
or of the measure of five feet.
t Qurncuple, a. Obs. rare-1, [ad. L. quin-
cuplex, f. quinqtte five-t-//iV- fold.] —QUINTUPLE.
1774 MITFORD Ess. Harmony Lang. 276 The sescuplex,
which we should, by analogy, perhaps rather call quincuple
time, as it would make a bar of five equal notes.
tQuincu-rion. Obs. rare-1, [f. L. quinque five,
after decurion.~\ A leader of five men. So-fftuin-
cury, a body of five men. Obs. rare—1.
1631 HOLLAND Cyrufxdia •$, The best Decurions should be
advanced to the rowme of Caporals : and the Quincurions
likewise to the leading of Decuries. Ibid., That the Quincury
under his charge may be like unto himselfe.
Quincy, obs. form of QUINSY.
Qui'ndecad. rare-1, [f. L. quindec-im after
decad.} A set of fifteen.
1855 W. H. MILL Afflic. Panth. Princ. (1861) 154 The
first quindecad is accurate according to the Old Testament
genealogies.
Quindecagon (kwinde-kagffo). Geom. Also
7 -gone, 8 -deka-. [irreg. f. L. quindecim, after
decagon, dodecagon : see -OON. So F. quindecagone]
A plane figure having fifteen angles.
'570 BILLINGSLEY Euclid iv. xvL 124 In a circle geuen
to describe a quindecagon or figure of fiftene angles. 1651
i. RUDD Enclide 179 In a given Circle to inscribe a Quin-
decagon. a 1696 SCARBURGH Eucliddjo^l 174 The Quinde-
cagon is the only derivative Polygon that Euclide thought
'JCI;?s,s,ary to be consi<ler'd. 1778 Learning at a Loss II. 88
A Fellow . . who . . crams you with Pentagons, Hexagons and
Qumdekagons. 1886 NIXON Euclid Revised iv. xvi. 202 A
regular, .quindecagon can be circumscribed about a circle.
64
Quindecangle. rare"1, [f. as prec. + -angle
as in quadrangle, quinquangle, etc.] = prec.
1788 T. TAYLOR Proclus II. 69 Those who describe in a
circle a quindecangle passing through the poles [etc.].
Quindecasylla-bie, a. rare. [f. as prec., after
decasyllabic] Consisting of fifteen syllables.
1880 Athenaeum 6 Nov. 602/1 A fair specimen of the
quindecasyllabic verse in which many of the popular Byzan-
tine songs are composed.
Quindecemvir (kwindfte-mvaj). Rom. Antiq.
[L., f. quindecim fifteen + vir man.] A member of
a body, commission, etc., of fifteen men ; up. one
of the priestswho had charge of the Sibylline books.
1601 HOLLAND Pliny I. '77 One of the fifteen Quindecem-
virs deputed for diuision of lands among the souldiers. 1781
GIBBON DecL
virs deputed for diuision of lands among the souldiers.
F. xxviii. III. 70 Fifteen keepers of the
Sybilline books (their name of Quindecemvirs was derived
from their number).
Hence Qrundece-mvirate, ' the body of fifteen
priests and their office ' (Craig 1848).
f Qui-ndecil(e, a. Astral. 06s. [ad. med. or
mod.L. quindecilis, f. quindecim fifteen : cf. quar-
tile, quin/ile, etc.] Of a planetary aspect : Con-
taining one-fifteenth of a circle, or 24°.
1674 JEAKE Arith. (1696) 10 Astronomicks . . Aspects . .
Quindecilis, puindecil. 1686 GOAD Ctlest. Bodies i. ii. 39
Then the Vigintile, and Quindecile, and Decile, &c. will also
look to be counted ; while we hope . . we shall never be
forced to own such Driblets of Aspects.
Qnindecim (kwi-nd/sim), t-disme. Forms:
5 quyndesyn, quindecym e, 5 -dezim, 6 quyn-
dezim, -dsimc , 6-7 Quindecim, -disme , 7-desme,
-dizm(e. [Alteration of AF.yw/»sK»/«QuiNZiEME,
after L. quindecim and Eng. disme DIME.]
t L A tax or duty of a fifteenth part. Obs.
a 146} GREGORY Chron. (Camden) 142 In the whyche
Parlyment was grauntyd a quyndesyn and a dyme to the
kynge. c 1470 HARDING Chron. cu Hi, For whiche y" Church
a disme Hym graunted, so dyd the Commons a quindecyme.
151* Act 4 Hen. VIII. c. 8 fhe two quyndezims graunted
. . in this present Parliament 1611 SPEED Hist. Gt. Brit,
ix. xxi. (1623) 1033 A taxe or quindecim, granted vnto you
by Act of Parliament. 1647 N- BACON Disc. Govt. Eng. i.
Ixvi. (1739) 140 Some extraordinary exaction .. Quindizms,
Benevolences, or other such likt
2. Eccl. Antiq. — QUINDENE.
Pasche next. 1802-11 BENTIIAM Ration. Judic. Evid. (1827)
IV. 296 Octaves, quindecims, and morrows of All Souls.
Quindekagon, obs. form of QUINDEOAQON.
t Quinde-nary. Obs, rare. [ad. late L. quin-
denari-us, f, quindeni, distrib. to quindecim fifteen.]
A set of fifteen.
1681 H. MORE Exf. Dan. 237 Both the Numbers consisting
. . of Quindenaries or Indictions. Ibid. 238 This happened
in the last Quindenarie of the first Number.
Quindene (kwi-ndm). Eccl.Antiq. [ad. med.L.
quindena, f. L. quindeni, distrib. of quindecim
fifteen.] The fifteenth (in mod. reckoning, four-
teenth) day after a church-festival. Cf. QumzifeME.
1494 FABYAN Chron. II. 460 He toke his leu« of seynt
Denys about y" quyndene of Pasche. 1605 STOW Ann. 487
On the eleuenth of March, the Parliament was proroged
vnto the quinden of Pasch. 1610 HOLLAND Camden's Brit.
II. Ireland 177 In the Quindene of Easter, news out of Eng-
land arrived in Ireland. 1700 TYRRELL Hist. Eng. II. 873
)inted.
, on the Quin
Hilary last past 1875 STUBBS Const. Hist. II. xiv. 65 note,
The second parliament was held at Oxford in the quindene
of Easter.
t Quinderkyn, obs. form of KILDERKIN.
1430 Lift. Red Bk. Bristol (1900) II. 165, j quinderkyn
[shall contain] xv. galons, litell more or litell lasse.
Qumdesme, -dezim : see QOINDECIM.
t Quindi-niac. Obs. rare-1, [ad. obs. F. con-
doignac, var. codignac CODINIAC.] = QUIDDANY.
a 1655 SIR T. MAYERNE Archimag. Anglo-Call, No. 148
(1658) loo To make Quindiniackes of an Apricocke Colour.
Quindisme, -izm(e, -dsime: see QUINDECIM.
tQuine,a. Bot. Obs. rare-1, [f. L. quint five
by five.] Arranged in fives.
1760 [see QUATERN «.].
Quine, obs. f. COIN si. and ». ; COTN, quince ;
QUOIN ; WHINE, whence ; also Sc. f. QUEAN.
Quinesye, obs. form of QUINSY.
Quiiiet, variant of QUINNET.
Quinetum (kwinrtftn). Med. [f. QUINA + L.
term, -etum taken as = ' a collection ' : named by
Dr. De Vrij.] A mixture of febrifugal alkaloids
obtained from red cinchona bark, used in India as
a cheap substitute for quinine ; cinchona febrifuge.
1880 C. R. MARK MAM Peruv. Bark 432 About 10,000 Ibs. •
of chinchona febrifuge or quinetum can be annually issued.
1891 W. MARTINDALE Extra Pkarmacof. 326 Quinetum . .
consists principally of cinchonidine.
fQuinfoil (in 5 quynfole, qwynfoile), obs.
var. CINQUEFOIL (q.v.).
1448 [see CINQUEFOIL 2]. 1486 Bk. St. Allans, Her.
B iij b, Gerattyng haue .ix. bagges of cootarmuris. . . The
fifthe baage is quynfolis.
t Quingena-rious, a. Obs. rare-", [ad. L.
QUININA.
quingenari-us , f. quingeni, distrib. of quingentt
five hundred.] ' Of five hundred, or weighing five
hundred pound' (Blount Glossogr. 1656).
Quingentenary (kwindje-nt/hari, -d.2,en-
trnari), a. and sb. [f. L. quingentt five hundred,
after centenary, etc.] = QUINCENTENARY.
1884 Guardian 758/1 Tne quingentenary festival is a com-
memoration of his death. 1891 Sat. Rev. 26 Nov. 609/2 The
quingentenary of Winchester.
t Quingentu-mvirate. Obs. rare—1, [f. L.
quingenti (see prec.), after triumvirate, etc.] A
government consisting of five hundred men.
1641 HOWEI.L True Informer (\tA\\ 29 England is turned
hereby from a Monarchy to a Democracy, to a perpetual
kind of Quingentumvirat.
Quinhydrone (kwinb^i-droun). Chem. [f.
QUIN-A + H YDKONE.] A green crystalline substance
formed by direct union of quinol and qninone.
1865-71 [see HVDROQUINONE]. 1893 T. E. THORPE Diet.
Applied Chem. III. 340 Quinhydrones. .the composition of
which has not been established with certainty.
Quinia (kwi-nia). Chem. (Afed.) [mod.L., f.
QUINA : see -IA.I.] = QUININE.
1816 HENRY Elem. Chem. (ed. 9) II. 311 Quinia was dis-
covered by Pelletier and Caventou in the yellow bark of the
Cinchona Cordifolia. 1831 BABBAGE Econ. Manuf. xxxy,
The greatest part of the sulphate of quinia now used in this
country is imported from France. 1876 GROSS Dis. Bladder,
etc. 32 When hectic irritation is present, the best remedies
are quinia and elixir of vitriol.
t Quini'ble, a. and sb. Obs. rare. Also 5
quynnyble. [Irreg. f. L. quinique) five, on anal,
of trible, TREBLE, qualrible, QUATREBLE.]
A. adj. Fivefold; quintuple.
1398 TREVISA Bartk. DeP.R. v. xxxix. (MS. e Museo 16),
In some treble and in some quatreble, in some quynyble.
B. sb. 1. A fivefold amount.
14 . . [see QUATREBLB B. i],
2. A part in music, one octave above the treble.
(Cf. QUATREBLE B. 2.)
c 1386 CHAUCER Miller's T. 146 Ther to he song som tyme
a loud quynyble. a 1550 Image Ipocr. in. 78 in Skeleton's
Wks. II. 434/1 They finger ther fidles And cry in quinibles.
Quinic (kwi-nik), kinic (ki-nik), a. Chem.
[f. QUIN-A + -10. Cf. F. quinique.} Derived from
quina. Quinic acid : a vegetable acid found chiefly
in cinchona barks. Quinic fever : a fever which
sometimes attacks persons engaged in the manu-
facture of quinine (Syd. Soc. Lex. 1897).
1814 SIR H. DAVY Agric. Chem. 108 The Kinic Acid in a
Salt afforded by Peruvian bark. 1857 MILLER Elem. Chem.
in. 352 Kinic [1861 quinic] acid crystallizes in colourless,
oblique rhombic prisms, which have a strongly acid taste.
1860 New Sydenham Soc. Year-bk. (1861) 413 Quinic ether
inhalations in ague. 1880 C. R. MARKHAM Peruv. Bark
31 In 1803 another chemist found a crystalline substance
in the bark which, .was nothing more than the combination
of lime with an acid which was named quinic acid.
Quinicine (kwrnisain). Chem, [f. prec. +
-INE6.] An alkaloid, isomeric with quinine and
quinidine, from which it is obtained by heating
with glycerol.
1853 L. PASTEUR in Phannac. Jml. XIII. 374 When any
salt of this base [quinine] is heated, a new alkaloid is
formed, isomeric with it. . .To this new base I give the name
of quinicine. 1857 MILLER Elem. Chem. in. 275 Quinicine
is freely soluble in alcohol.
Quini-damine. Chem. [Cf. next and AMINE.]
A natural alkaloid of red cinchona bark.
1890 I. S. BILLINGS National Med. Diet. I. 281.
Quinide (kwi-naid). Chem. [f. QUIN-A + -IDE.]
A crystalline anhydride formed by heating quinic
acid.
1894 Watts' Diet. Chem. IV. 374 Quinide is acid in re-
action, and is reconverted by bases into quinic acid.
Quini-dia. Chem. [-U1.] = next.
1856 G. B. WOOD Theraf. 4- Pharmacol. \. 281 Sulphate
of quinidia .. is obtained for use from the barks which most
abound in quinidia. 1876 HARLEY Mat. Med. (ed, 6) 559
Quinidia is isomeric with quinia.
Quinidine (kwi'nidain). Chem. Also quino-.
[f. QUIN-A -i- -id- -t- -INE 5.] An alkaloid found in
some cinchona barks along with quinine, with
which it is isomeric.
1836 J. GULLY Mag.'s Formul. 68 There remains another
alkaloid substance, found in 1833, in the yellow cinchona,
by MM. Henry and Delondre. . . This is quinodine. 1853
L. PASTEUR in Pharmac, yrnl. XIII. 3^5 When subjected
to the action of a moderate heat, . . quinidine, like quinine,
is converted into quinicine. 1857 MILLER Elem. Chem.
in. 275. 1880 C. R. MARKHAM Peruv. Bark 324 Their
bark was found to produce the more efficacious alkaloid
quinidine. instead of. . chinchonine.
Quini-ferpus, a. Chem. [f. QUIN-A + -(I)FEK-
ous.] Yielding quinine.
1854 J. SCOFFERN in Orr's Circ. Sc., Chem. 94 A quini-
ferous solution. Ibid., A quiniferous liquid.
Quini-metry. Chem. [f. as prec. + -METRY.]
The measuring of the amount of quinine and other
alkaloids in cinchona bark (Syd. Soc. Lex. 1897).
II Quini'na. Chem. (Med.) [mod.L. : see
next.] = QUININE.
1838 T. THOMSON Chem. Org. Bodies 230 Sulphate of
quinina has come into general use as a medicine, and has
almost superseded the administration of bark. 1839 URE
Diet. Arts 1054 Quinina and cinchonina are two vegetable
alkalis, which exist in Peruvian bark.
QUININE.
Quinine (kwinz'n, -ai-n, U.S. kwsrnain). Also
quinin. [f. QUIN-A 4- -INE5.] An important
alkaloid (C20 H24 N2 Oa) found in the bark of various
species of cinchona and remigia, used largely in
medicine as a febrifuge, tonic, and antiperiodic,
chiefly in the form of the salt, sulphate of qninine,
which is popularly termed quinine.
* Quinine was introduced into medical practice in 1820 '
(SyJ. Sx. Lex. 1897).
1816 S. COOPER First Lines Surf. (ed. 5) 36 A still better
preparation, now much used, is the sulphate of quinine.
1834 [see CINCHONINE]. 1859 WILSON & GEIKIE Mem. E.
Forbes iv. 127 A few grains of silky white crystals of
quinine were found sufficient to dispel the fever. 1887
Athenzum 19 Feb. 260/1 Antifebrin is stated to be more
effective than quinine in reducing fever.
b. attrib. and Comb., as quinine-bark, -compound,
-purifier, -test; quinine-producing, -yielding adjs.;
quinine-flower U.S., a. plant of the gentian family,
used locally as a febrifuge ; quinine-tree Austral.,
(a) the horse-radish tree ; (£) the native quince.
1880 C. R. MARKHAM Peruv. Bark 216 The richest of
quinine yielding trees. Ibid. 249 The tree has peculiarities
not possessed by any other quinine-producing species. 1884
BOWER & SCOTT De Bary's Phaner. 537 Examples are
afforded . . by the Quinine barks. 1898 P. MANSON Trop.
Diseases \\. 105 The quinine test is generally conclusive in
intermittents.
Hence Quini'nio a., pertaining to, derived from,
quinine. Quini'nism = QUINISM (Mayne Expos.
Lex. 1858). Quini-nize».= QUINIZE. Quinino'-
metry = QUINIMETRT.
fQuinio, variant of COTNYE, billeting, etc.
1577 CAMPION Hist. Irel. in Holinshed II. 74/2 The Irish
impositions of Quinio and Liuery,
Quiniretin (kwinire-tin). Chem. [f. QOINI-A
+ RETIN.] A yellowish-brown precipitate formed
in quinine solutions when exposed to sunlight, iso-
meric with quinine, but without alkaline reaction.
1881 WATTS Diet. Chem. 3rd Suppl. 1736.
Quinisext (kwrnisekst), a. Eccl. Hist. [ad.
med.L. quinisexta (tr. G. irfvOfXTtj sc. avvoSos), f.
quini five each, five + sext-us sixth.] Quinisext
Council: The Council in Trullo, convoked by
Justinian II at Constantinople in 692, so called
because it was regarded as supplementary to the
fifth and sixth oecumenical councils.
'6S7 J* COSIN Canon Script, ix. 143 Towards the end of
this Century the Sixt General Council was held at Constan-
tinople, and the Quini-sext there in Trullo. 1890 T. W.
ALLIES Peter's Rock 263 Justinian II summoned a Greek
Council to meet in the same hall of his palace, called the
Dome. .. It called itself the Quinisext.
So Quinise xtine a.
1868 LIGHTFOOT Philip. 1 86 note, He quotes.. Can. 10 of
the Quinisextine Council, .as favouring his view.
Quinism (kwai-nizm). Path. [f. QUIN-A + -ISM.]
The abnormal physical state (giddiness, deafness,
loss of sight, etc.) produced by the excessive use of
quinine; cinchonism.
1897 Alltutt's Syst. Med. II. 375 [Quinine] may be given
..until symptoms of quinism shew themselves.
Quini-zarin. Chem. [f. QUIN-A + (AL)IZABIN.]
A crystalline compound obtained from quinol, iso-
meric with alizarin.
1881 WATTS Diet. Chem. 3rd Suppl. 1736.
Quinize (kw9i-naiz), v. [f. QUIN-A + -IZE.] To
dose or impregnate with quinine; to cinchonize.
Hence Qui'nized ///. a.
1875 H. C. WOOD Therap. (1879) 64 In the quinized animal
neither galvanization of a sensitive nerve nor asphyxia was
able to produce vascular contraction.
Qnink. Sc. [? Imitative of the cry.]
T 1. A variety of goose, variously identified with
the grey-legged goose (Anserferus} and the brent-
goose (Bernicla brenta). Obs.
1551 Sc. Acts Mary c. n (1814) II. 484 The claik quink and
rule the price of the peece xviijW. 1578 LESLEY De Orig.
Scot. 37 Alia sex Anserum genera apud nos inueniuntur.
Margin. Vulgus his uocibus eos distinguit : Quinck [etc.].
2. The golden-eyed duck.
1808 in JAM. 1866 EDMONSTON Orkney Vocat, 88.
t Quinkle, v. Sc. Obs. rare-1. In 6 quynkill.
[App. freq. f. *quink = OE.. cwincan: see QUENCH
v.~\ Of a light : To go out.
1513 DOUGLAS SEneh xm. Prol. 29 The lycht begouth to
quynkill owt and faill.
Quinnat (kwi-nat). [N. Amer. Indian : Clatsop
ikwlnnajkwunna.Chmookiltwdna^GibbsChinook
Vocab. 1863).] The king-salmon ; the Californian,
Columbian, or Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus
chouicha or quinnat) of the N. Pacific coast.
1819 SIR J. RICHARDSON Fauna Bar. Atner. 219 This
salmon . . is known by the name of quinnat. 1859 COOPER &
SUCKLEY Nat. Hist. 322 The quinnat . . is by far the most
valuable salmon of any species found in Oregon.
Quinnet (kwi-net). dial. Also 9 quinet. [a.
OF. quignet, var. coignet, dim. of coign , coin a wedge,
QUOIN.] A wedge (see qttots.).
1684 J. BEAUMONT in Phil. Trans. XV. 854 A little Iron
wedge 4 inches in length, by the Miners call'd a Quinnet.
1847-78 HALLIWELL, Qninet, a wedge. Clone. [1890 in
Glouc. Gloss.] 1893 Wiltsh. Gloss., Quinnet. a wedge, as
the iron wedge fastening the ring of the scythe nibs in
VOL. VIII.
65
place, or the wooden wedge or cleat which secures the head
of an axe or hammer.
Quinoa (krnoia, kwimw-a). Also quinua. [Sp.
spelling of Peruvian (Quichuan) kinua, iinoa."] An
annual plant (Chenopodium Quinoa, N.O. Cheno-
podiacese) found on the Pacific slopes of the Andes,
cultivated in Chili and Peru for its edible farina-
ceous seeds. Also attrib.
1625 PURCHAS Pilgrims IV. vn. xiii. 1465 They had Maiz,
Quinua, Pulse. 1760-72 tr. Juan <$• Ulloa's Voy. (ed. 3) I.
289 This useful species of grain, here called quinoa, resembles
a lentil in shape, but much less, and very white. 1880
C. R. MARKHAM Peruv. Bark 484 The earliest mention of
the quinua grain of Peru occurs in the ' Cronica ' of Pedro
de Cieza de Leon. Ibid. 485 The Indians also make a
beverage of the quinua. 1886 A. H. CHURCH Food Grains
Ind. no Quinoa seeds are extremely small.
Quinodine, obs. form of QUINIDINE. .
Qui'nogen. Chem. [f. QUIN-A •*• -o- + -GEN.]
'A hypothetical radical of the alkaloids of cinchona'
(Webster Suppl. 1880).
Quinoidine (kwinoi'dsin). Chem. Also -ina.
[f. QUIN-A + -DID + -INE 5.] A brownish-black,
resinous substance, consisting of amorphous alka-
loids, obtained as a by-product in preparing salts
of quinia. b. Animal quinoidine, an alkaloid sub-
stance resembling quinine found in animal tissues.
1845 Penny Cycl. Suppl. I. 350/1 Quinoidina, the name
given by Sertuerner to a third alkali, contained in yellow and
red bark. 1853 L. PASTEUR in Phartnac. Jrnl. XIII. 375
Quinoidine. .is always a product of transformation of the
cinchona alkalies. 1857 MILLER Elem. Chem. HI. 273.
1867 Proc. Royal Soc. XV. 92 This fluorescent substance . .
has a very close optical and chemical resemblance to
quinine . . we have therefore called it ' animal quinoidine '.
Quinoil : see QUINOYL.
Quinol (kwi-nfl). Chem. [f. QUIN-A + -OL.]
= HTDBOQUINONK. Also attrib.
1881 WATTS Diet. Chem. y& Suppl. 1742. 1886 ROSCOE &
SCHORLEMMER Treat. Chem. III. in. § 995 Quinol is. .found
in the distillation products of the salts of succinic acid.
1889 Anthony's Photogr. Bull. II. 365 Quinol ammonia,
quinol soda, and quinol potash.
Hence Quino-lic a., derived from quinol ; Qui-no-
lene, a hydrocarbon obtained from quinol.
1881 WATTS Diet. Chem. 3rd Suppl. 1742 Quinolic Ether.
1894 Ibid. IV. 379 Quinolic acid. 1896 Naturalist 91 The . .
quinolene series of hydrocarbons.
Quinoline (kwi'n<yi3in). Chem. Also -olein(e.
[f. as prec. + -INKS.] = CHINOLINE.
1845 W. GREGORY Out!. Org. Chem. 481 Quinoline . . is
formed artificially, by distilling quinine, cinchonine, or
strychnine, along with caustic potash. 1845 Penny^ Cycl.
Suppl. I. 350/1 The taste of quinolein is very acrid and
bitter. 1881 Athenxum 12 Mar. 370/2 Heating quinoline
and benzoyl chloride in sealed tubes.
Quinologist (kwinflodgist). [f. QUIN-A -t-
-(O)LOGIST.J One who makes a special study of,
or is an authority on, quinine.
1869-76 J. E. HOWARD Q-uinology E. Indian Plant. 13
The Quinologist appointed by Government. 1890 Times
5 Feb. 9/5 [The] late quinologist to the Bengal Government.
So Qnlno'logy, the scientific study of quinine ;
cinchonology. (Cf. Sp. quinologia, F. quinologie.)
1862 J. E. HOWARD lllustr. Nueva Quinologia 2 Much
valuable assistance . . in the pursuit of Quinology. 1869-76
— (title) The Quinology of East Indian Plantations.
f Quinombrom, obs. variant of CONUNDBUM.
1659 HOWELL Lexicon Tetragl. Let. French Prov. , You
will judge perhaps, that the Author hath some strange
freaks, or quinombroms in his noddle.
Quinoue (kwrn0nn, kwinou-n). Chem. Also 9
kinone. [f. QUIN-A + -ONE.] a. spec. A crystal-
line compound (benzoquinone, C6H4O2), the sim-
plest type of the class of quinones. b. Any one
of a series of aromatic compounds derived from
the benzene series of hydrocarbons when two
hydrogen atoms are replaced by two of oxygen.
' Quinone was first obtained, in 1838, by Woskresensky '
(Thorpe Diet. Appl. Chem. III. 338) ; see QUINOYL.
1853 STENHOUSE in Pharmac. Jrnl. XIII. 384 The kinone
was .. obtained in crystals from the coffee-bean. 1857
MILLER Elem. Chem. in. 353 When kinone [1862 quinone] is
treated with reducing agents. 1885 REMZEN Org. Chem.
306 The quinones are peculiar bodies which in some ways
are allied to the ketones.
Comb. 1886 ROSCOE & SCHORLEMMER Treat. Chem. III.
in. § 1006 A sharp taste and a weak quinone-like odour.
Quinota-nnic, a. Chetn. [f. QUIN-A + -o- +
TANNIC.] Quinotannic acid, a form of tannic acid
found in cinchona bark. Hence Quinota'nnate.
1868 WATTS Diet. Chem. V. 30 Quinotannic acid is a light-
yellow, friable, very hygroscopic mass, which becomes
electric by friction. Ibid., The quinotannate of lead.
Quinova- (kwin<?"-va), an arbitrary comb, form
of mod.L. quina nova false cinchona bark, as in
quinova-bitter = quinovin ; quinova-red,a resin-
ous substance obtained from quinovatannic acid ;
quinova-sugar, a saccharine substance obtained
from quinovin ; quinovata-nnio (acid} a., derived
from quina nova.
1868 WATTS Diet. Chem. V. 31 The alcoholic solution ..
leaves the quinova-sugar, on evaporation, as an uncrystal-
lisable hygroscopic mass. Ibid. 32 Quinova-bitter [see
gumoviN]. 1894 IbU. IV. 392 Quinova red is a nearly
ack resin. Ibid., Quinovatannic acid.
QUINQUAGESIMA.
Quinovic (kwinou-vik), kmo"vic, a. CAem.
[See prec. and -1C.] Quinovic acid, an acid found
in false cinchona bark (see qnot. 1868).
1838 T. THOMSON Chem. Org. Bodies 805 The kinovic acid
of Pelletier and Caventou has considerable analogy with the
oily acids. 1868 WATTS Diet. Chetn. V. 31 Quinovic Acid
. . was originally used as a synonym for quinovin or quinova-
bitter, but is now applied . . to an acid produced, together
with quinova-sugar, by the decomposition of quinovin.
So Quino-vate, kino'vate [-ATE I c], a salt of
quinovic acid (Mayne Expos. Lex. 1855). Quino-
vin, kino'vin [-IN1], an amorphous bitter com-
pound found in (false and other) cinchona-barks.
Quino'vite, a product of the resolution of quinovin.
1868 WATTS Diet. Chem. V. 32 Quinovin. .. Quinova-
bitter ; formerly also called Quinovic, Quinovatic or Chio-
coccic acid. 1894 Ibid. IV. 392 Quinovin . . occurs also in
true cinchona bark, .and in tormentilla root. Ibid. , Resolved
by acids into quinovic acid and quinovite.
Quinoyl (kwi-no,il). Chem. Also kinoyle,
quinoil. [f. QUIN-A + -o- + -YL.] a. = QUINONE.
b. (See quot. 1868.)
Woskresensky, the discoverer of quinone, named it Chinoyl,
for which Berzelius substituted Chinon.
1845 Penny Cycl. Suppl. I. 350/1 Quinoil, a neutral sub-
stance obtained when kinic acid is decomposed by heat. . . It
is of a golden yellow colour. 1848 CRAIG, Kinoyle, a sub-
limate obtained in golden yellow needles when a kinate is
distilled. 1868 WATTS Diet. Chem. V. 32 Quinoyl, a diatomic
radicle, which may be supposed to exist in quinone and its
derivatives, quinone itself being regarded as the hydride.
f Quinqua-drate. Math. Obs. rare—1, [f. L.
quin(que~) + QUADBATE.] A thirty-second power.
1674 JEAKE Arith. (1696) 273 [see QUAQUADRATE],
Quinquagenarian (kwi'nkwadgftieVrian), sb.
and a. [f. as next + -AN.]
A. sb. f 1. A captain of fifty men. Obs. rare.
XS^9 J. SANFORD tr. Agrippa's Van. Artes 130 Moses did
then appoint them . . Centurians, Quinquagenarians, and
Decans. 1609 BIBLE (Douay) Exod. xviii. 21 Centurions,
and quinquagenarians, and deanes.
2. A person aged fifty; or between fifty and
sixty. 1843 New Mirror (cited in Cent. Diet.).
B. adj. f 1. Commanding fifty men. Obs. rare.
1600 W. WATSON Decacordon (1602) 356 Two Quinqua-
genarian Captains. 1629 MAUDE tr. Fonseca's Dev. Contemp.
592 One Elias consumed with fire Ahabs Quinquagenarian
Captaines and their souldiers.
2. Of fifty years of age; characteristic of one
who is fifty years old.
1822 New Monthly Mag. V. 46 The quinquagenarian
bachelor. 1848 CLOUGH Amours de Voy. n. 141 The trem-
bling Quinquagenarian fears of two lone British spinsters.
Quinquagenary (kwinkwae'dj/hari), sb. and a.
[ad. L. quinqudgenari-us consisting of fifty, fifty
years old, captain of fifty, f. quinquageni, distrib.
of quinquaginta fifty : cf. F. quinquagtnaire]
A. sb. fl. = QUINQUAGENARIAN .r*. i. Obs. rare.
1382 WVCLIF Deut. \. 15, 1 haue ordeynd hem. .tribunes,
and centuriouns, and quynquagenaryes. 1483 CAXTON
Cold, Leg. 59/2 Moyses . . ordeyned them . . tribunes Cen-
turiones qumquagenaries.
2. A fiftieth year or anniversary.
1588 J. HARVEY Disc. Probl. 25 The Quinquagenarie, or
50 yeere, . .termed the yeere of lubilee. 1894 Westm. Gaz.
28 June 2/2 Rossall, which has been celebrating its jubilee
—not a quingentenary like Winchester, but a modest quin-
quagenary.
B. adj. = QUINQUAGENAKIAN a. t.
1715 tr. Pancirollus' Rerum Mem. I. IV. viii. 171 The
Servant of Claudius, had in his Time a Quinquagenary
Charger, which was valu'd at 5000 Crowns. 1829 BENTHAM
Let. to O'Connell 10 Nov., Wks. 1843 XI. 28 My dear quin-
quagenary child shall never more be thus tormented by.. his
octogenary. .guardian.
t Quivnquagene. Obs. rare. [ad. L. quinqua-
gent, distrib. of quinquaginta fifty.] A set of fifty.
1560 ABP. PARKER Ps. n. (title), The Seconde Quinquagene
of Dauids Psalter translated into Englishe Metre.
it is not certain wneuier tue wtura m uuc iu m*. i**... ...
the Sunday in question is the fiftieth day before Easter
(reckoning inclusively), or was simply formed on anal, of
QUADRAGESIMA (cf. sex-, septuagesima).\
f a. The period beginning with the Sunday im-
mediately preceding Lent and ending on Easter
Sunday. Obs. fb. The first week of this period.
Obs. O. (Also Quinquagesima Sunday.) The
Sunday before Lent ; Shrove Sunday.
1387 TREVISA Higden (Rolls) VIII. 297 He. .was i-crowned
. . Je Sonday in Quinquagesima, bat is bat day a fourte.
nyft after Alleluya is ?-closed. .1398 - Barth. De P. R.
ix. xxix. (1495) 3«4 Quinquagesima begynnyth the thyrd
Sondaye after Septuagesima and endyth in the sonday of
the Resurreccion 1432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) VII. 143
This emperoure goynge to here masse.. in the Sonneday of
Quinquagesima. .612 SELDEN ' II™*- 0™*™* Polyolb
Catholic Diet. (1897) 559/2 St. Ambrose.. censures those
who began Lent with Sexagesima or Quinquagesima.
atlrit. 1885 Catholic Diet. (1897)559/1 On the Monday
in Quinquagesima week. 1901 PROCTOR & FRERE Bk. Com.
Prayer 533 The Quinquagesima Collect.
QUINQUAGESIMAL.
Quiuquage'simal, a. [f. as prec. + -AI..]
belonging to a set of fifty ; containing fifty days.
1844 LINCARD Anglo-Sax. Ch. (1858) II. xL 179 note, The
quinquagesimal days were the fifty days between Easter
and Whitsunday. 1884 SCIIAFF Encycl. Relig. Knmvl.
III. 1801/2 As designating the last day of this quinqua-
gesimal period, the word ' Pentecost ' is first found in.. 305.
t Quiiiquagesime, -gesme. Obs. Also 5
quynquegesym, qwynquaaim (?), 6 -gissime.
[a. OF. quinquaghime (i4thc.)orad. med.L. quin-
quagesima : see above.] = QUINQUAGESIMA.
c 1380 WYCLIF Sel. Wks. II. 40 J>e Gospel on J>ursdai in
Cath. Angl. 297/2 Ouynquegesym (A. Qwynquasim), quin.
qitagesima. 1533 MORE Debell. Salem Wks. 1030/2 1'he
priestes should eate no flesh fro quinquagissime to Easter.
c 1535 FISHER Wks, (E. E. T. S.) 434 Y" gospell.redde in the
church this quinquagesime sondaye. 1658 in PHILLIPS.
t Qurnquangle, a. and sb. Obs. rare. [ad.
late L. qitinquangulus, -urn (Priscian, Boeth.J, f.
quinque five + angulus ANGLE. Cf. obs. F. qiiin-
qitangle (Godef.).]
A. adj. ' Having five angles or corners' (Blount
Glossogr. 1656).
B. sb. A pentagon.
i6«8 H. MORE Div. Dial. 1. 29 To inscribe a Quinquangle
into a Circle. 1677 PLOT Oxfordsh. 334 Rather a quin-
quangle than a square. 1788 T. TAYLOR Proclvs I. 178 A
triangle . . will in this case have all its angles acute, and a
quinquangle all its angles obtuse.
Quinquangular (kwinkwreTjgi?<lai), a. [f.
as prec. + -AB : cf. F. quinquangulaire.~\ Having
five angles or corners ; pentagonal.
1633 H. MORE Antid. Ath. il. vi. (1712) 54 If it [a stone]
be but exactly round, .or ordinately Quinquangular. 1657
TOMLINSON Renou's Disp. 258 The leaves of Briony are
broad, and quinquangular. 1704 Collect. Voy, (Churchill)
III. 701/1 The. . Fortress .. was of a Quinquangular Figure.
1816 in KIRBY & SP. Entomol. IV. 262. 1871 E. TROLLOPS
Sleaford^y* Its east end terminates in a quinquangular apse.
So Quinqua-ngulate, -ous adjs. (Lee Introd.
Bot. 1788; Mayne Expos. Lex. 1858).
Quinquarticular (kwinkwajti-ki;aai),a. [ad.
mod.L. quinquarticuldr-is, f. quinque five + arli-
culus ABTICLE.] Relating to the five articles or
points of Arminian doctrine condemned by the
Calvinists at the Synod of Dort in 1618.
1661 GLANVILL Van. Dognt. 102 That darkness and con-
fusion that is upon the face of the quinquarticular debates.
1674 HICKMAN Hist. Quinqnart. (ed. 2) 2 Our Subject must
be the unhappy Quinquarticular Controversie. 1755 CARTE
Hist. Eng. IV. 53 The troubles complained of by the Dutcli
deputies related to what was called the quinquarticular
controversy. 1834 FABER Lett. (1869) 17 The quinquarticular
doctrines of the Synod of Dort. 1861 W. S. PERRY His!.
Ch. Eng. I. x. 348 One long versed in the intricacies of
these quinquarticular disputes.
Quinqua-tric, a. rare. [f. L. quinqudtriis f.
pi. or quinquatria n. pi. + -jc.] Rom. Antiq. Per-
taining to the festival of Minerva (March 19-23).
1839 J. TAYLOR Poems * Trans!. 210 The name of the
Quinquatric Festival is derivable from the 5} days by which
the year exceeds twelve months of thirty days each.
.
(kwi-nkwf), a first element (a. L.
quinque- five-) employed in combs, with the sense
' having, consisting of, etc. five (things specified) '.
Examples of snch formations in classical L. are the
sbs. quinquefolium, quinquennium, quinqueremis ,
quinquevir(f), the adjs. quinquefolius, -mestris,
quinquennalis, and the ppl. form quinquepartitus ;
others appear in the later language. Those adopted
or formed in English are chiefly terms of Sot. or
Zool., and correspond to similar formations in F.,
as quinqufdente, -digM, -lob{, -loculaire, -nervi,
•valve, etc. For the meaning of the second element
in the following compare the corresponding forms
under BI-, QUADKI-.
t Qulnque-a-ngle, -a-ngled, -a-ngular adjs.,
quinquangular, pentagonal ; quinque-a-nnulate,
-arti'culate, -ca-psular, -oo'state, -de'ntate,
t-dentated,-drgitate(d),-fa-riou3a^>.; qni-n-
queflda. (see QUINQUIFID) ; f quinquefoil, cinque-
foil ; quinquefo-liats, f -foliated, -fo'liolate,
-jvrgou8,-la'teral, -li-brala^>.; quinqueli'teral
a. and sb.; quiuquolo-bate, -lobed, -lo'oular,
f -mestrial adjs. ; f -metre ; -uefval, -nerved,
-pedal, -peda-lian, -pe-taloid, -pu-notal, -pu-no-
tate, -ra-diate, -se-ptate, -se-rial, -se-riate,
-sylla'bic adjs. ; quinquesyllable ; quinque-
tube'roular, -tube'rculate adjs, ; quinqueva-
lent a. = QUINQUIVALENT ; qui-nquevalve a. and
^.,t-va-lvous,-va-lvular,-veTbal,-ve-rbiala^.
1590 MARLOWE md Pt. Tamhirl. HI. iii, In champion
grounds what figure serves you best, For which the *quinque-
angle form is meet. 1679 MOXON Alath. Diet, 125 *Quinqvg'
Angled. 1760?. MILLER Introd. Bot. 21 A *quinqueangular
or five cornered leaf. 1856-8 W. CLARK Van der ffoeven's
Zool. I. 318 Abdomen *qumqueannulate. lbi>t. 300 Antennae
filiform, *quinquearticulate. 1870 ROLLESTON Anim. Life
66
J. LEE Introd. But. 11. xx. (1765) 116 The Brim *quinque-
dentate. 1870 BF.NTLEY Man. Bot. (ed. 2) 217, 5-toothed or
tjuinquedentate. 1777 PENNANT British Zool, (ed. 2) IV. 4
Smooth body, *quinque-dentated front. 1858 MAYNE Expos,
Lex.QuinquedigitatHs, . . *quinquedigitated. i8j8WEBSTER,
*Quinquefariotts. 1617 MINSHEU Ditctor, *Quinquefoile,
. . .
152 It is said to be .. live-ribbed or *quinquecostate. 1760
leaf,., a pinnate leaf, with rive pairs of leaflets. 1856-!
CLARK Van der Hoevens- ZooL I. 157 Kody cylindrical or
*quinquelateral. 1656 BLOUNT Glossogr.^ *Qitinque-libral,
. .of five pound weight. 1674 JEAKE Arith. (1696) 91 Some
mention a Triple Choenix, as Bilibral, Quadrilibral, and
Quinquelibral. 1793 BEDDOES Math. Evid. 133 They as-
sume triliteral ana quadriliteral. .roots, and are doubtful
whether there are not *quinqueliteraL 1846-52 B. DAVIES tr.
Gesenius' Ifeb. Grant, n. Jj 30 Combining into one word
two triliteral stems, by which process even quinqueliterals
.are formed. 1819 Pantologia X. *Quinquelooate leaf.
1849-52 TODD Cycl. Anat, IV. 875/1 Sometimes it [the tooth]
is made quinquelobate by a double notch. 1775 J. JEN*
KI\'.SON tr. Linnaeus' Brit. PI. Gloss. 255 *Quinquelobed.
1760 J. LEE Introd. Bot. n. xxxii. (1765) 157 Campanula,
with Fruit *quinquelocular. 1870 BENTLEY Man. Bot. (ed. 2)
290 The ovary is quinquelocular. 1611 CORYAT Crudities
Char. Authour, Author of these *Quinque-mestriale Crudi-
ties, c 1560 Am1. PARKER Psalter 1! j, Dauid Metres made ;
1855 Fraser's Mag. LI. 63 A series of tripedal, quadrupedal,
and *quinquepedal cocks. 1841 HODGSON Life Napoleon
in R. Oastler fleet Papers (1842) II. 397 Its lengthened
"quinquepedalian notes. 1678 PHILLIPS (ed. 4) List Bar.
barous Words, *Quinquipunctal, having five points. 1858
MAYNE Expos. Lex., Quitiquepunctatus, . . "quinquepunc-
tate. 1886 A tkenaeum 12 June 782/3 There are four, six,
culate. 1776 DA COSTA Eleui. Conchol. xiv. 270 Anatifera:
or Barnacles. These shells are *quinque-valves. 1777
PENNANT Brit. Zool, (ed. 2) IV. 5 Mouth quinquevalve,
placed beneath. 1681 GREW Catal, Rarities Greskam Coll.
fab. 14 Indian Plum-stones. ."Quinquevalvous, Oval. i8a8
WEBSTER, *(?K»«?»«'a/z/j</rtr-. 1664 H. MORE 5>«»/w/V<i//i.
332 The papal transubstantiation . . by virtue of their *quin-
queverbal charm. — Antid. Idolatry x. 128 No more.,
then their 'Quinqueverbiall Charm can transubstantiate the
Bread_and Wine into the Body and Bloud of Christ.
Quinquenary, a. rare. [For quinary, after
L. quinque.] = QuiNABY.
1600 LICVBOURN Curs. Math. 339 AH Squares . . are to be
marked with Points, .over every Binary or second Figure.. .
Sursolids over every Quinquenary Figure. 1815 T. THOM-
SON ist Princ. Chem. I. 37 Nitrous acid is a quinquenary
compound, composed of i atom sulphur and 3 atoms oxygen.
t Quiuque nnal, «. and sb. Obs. Also 6 quin-
quinall. [ad. L. quinquennal-is : cf. F. quin-
quennal.} a. adj. = QUINQUENNIAL, b. sb. =
QUINQUENNIUM.
1531 [see QUINQUENNIAL a. i). 1601 HOLLAND Pliny I. 543
At what tune as.. the two Censors held their Quinquennafl
solemne sacrifices. 1618 BOLTON Fiona (1636) 114 At the
Quinquennal, or Five-yeerely playes. 111646 J. GREGORY
Posthuma, De Mris et Epochis (1649) 140 Allowing for
each of those a Lustrum or Quinquennal.
t Quinquenna Uan, a. Obs. rare-1, [f. QUIN-
QUENNAL + -IAN.] = QUINQUENNIAL a. 2.
1691 O. WALKER Gr. f, Rom. Hist. Illnstr. n. 224 Certain
Qumquennalian Games celebrated at Actium.
Qurnquenna-rian. rare-1. [f.L.quinquenn-is
quinquennial.] One who is five years old.
i8u Blackw. Mag. X. 118 Teaching scholars .. mostly
qmnquennarians, or at most sexennarians.
Quinquenniad (kwinkwe-niad). [f. as next
+ -AD, after decad.~\ = QUINQUENNIUM.
1842 TENNYSON Day-Dream L'Envoi ii, Thro' sunny
decads..Or gay qumquenniads. 1878 DOWDEN Stud. Lit.
M Prolonged through many decades and quinquenniads.
1897 Allbutti Syst. Med. II. 185 At all ages .. except in
he quinquenmad ten to fourteen.
Quinquennial (kwinkwe-nial) , a. and sb. Also
5 quiuqueniale. [f. L. quinquennis + -AL, or ad.
L. qmnquennalis : cf. biennial, centennial, etc.]
A. <*#. 1. Lasting, continuing, holding office,
etc., for five years.
c 1460 FORTESCUE Aos, (, Lim. Man. xii. (,885) 140 When
the reaume gaff to thair kyng a quinsime and a desime
quinquemale [i&t MS. Digby quinquinall]. 1601 Bp. W
BARLOW Defence 30 So splendently appearing these 60
yeares together (onely a quinquennial Eclyps . . excepted)
«i648 LD. HERBERT Hen._ VIII (.683) 79*10 procure a
general League among Christian Princes (or at least a quin.
quenmal Truce). 1711 STEELE Sfect. No. 32 F 2, 1 find by
my quinquennial Observations that we shall never Bet
Ladies enough to make a Party. 1821 T. TAYLOR At*lt£u
2£LlrP el place?, .me among the quinquennial Decurions.
1876 BANCROFT Hist. U.S. V. xv. 507 The fifteen ' gentlemen '
thus chosen constituted the quinquennial senate of Mary-
land, and themselves filled up any vacancy that mienl
occur in their number during their term of five years. '
b. Consisting of five years.
1884 Law Reports \n Queen's Bench Div. 393 The business
profits made.. during the quinquennial period.
2. Occurring every fifth year.
1610 HOLLAND Canuleris Brit. i. 105 The Quinquennial
feasts and solemnities of the.. Caesars. 1687 \nMagd.Coll,
QUINQUIFID.
ft fas. // (O. H. S.) 112 His visitations are., limited to
quinquennial. 1749 G. WEST tr. Pindar^ Nemean Odes
xi, The great Quinquennial Festival of Jove. 1848 MILL
Pol. Econ, i. x. § 3 The population . . in every quinquennial
census. 1871 ALABASTER Wheel of Law p. xxxiv, He orders
his subjects to hold quinquennial assemblies.
3. Hve years old (KKnmt Glossogr. 1656).
B. sb. 1. A period of five years.
2. A magistrate holding office for five years.
1895 Oracle EncycL II. 118 They had duumvirs, quin-
quennial*, and decurions, in imitation of the consuls, censors,
and praetors of Rome.
Hence Quinque'nnially adv.) every five years.
Also Quinque-nniaiiBt, one who advocates a
(legislative) period of five years.
i7»7 in BAILEY vol. II. 1816 G. S. FABER Orig. Pagan
Idol. II. 478 In one region annually, and in another quin-
quennially. 1868 GLADSTONE ym>entns Mundi i. (1870) 21
To provide . . for the recitation of his songs . . quinquennially
at tne Panathenaia. 1888 Times (weekly ed.) 3 Feb. 16/3
On behalf of the quinquennialists, it was argued that the
change was one of mere expediency.
tQuinque-nnie, anglicized f. next. Obs. rare— *.
1606 True * Perfect Relat. H 3 In the Quinquennie, the
five yeeres of Queene Mary, there were cruelly put to death,
about 300 persons for Religion.
II Quinquennium (kwinkwe*nu>m). Pl.-ennia.
[L.f f. quinque five + annus year.] A period of five
years ; f spec, in Law (see quot. 1823).
x6ax B. JONSON Gipsies Metam. Wks. (Rtldg.) 619/1 He..
looks as if he never saw his quinquennium* 1654 tr.
Bendery's Curia Pol. 77, I am out young, and have not
seen more then a Quinquennium of my reig^n. i77i-a Ess,
fr. Batchelor (1773) II. 204 In the quinquemum (sic) of Lord
Townshend's administrations. 1823 CRABB, Quinquennium^
a respite of five years, which insolvent debtors formerly
obtained, by virtue of the King's letter, to have time for
the payment of their debts. 1879 GLADSTONE in iqth Cent.
Sept. 580 The last quinquennium of trade does not exhibit
an increase.
Quinquepartite (kwinkwJpaMtsit), a. [ad.
L. quinquepartitus, f. quinqtte five + partitas pa.
pple. of parttri to divide: cf. F. quinqittpartite^
Divided into, consisting of, five parts.
1591 WEST ist Pt. Symbol. § 47 These deedes indented
are not only bypartite . . but also may be made tripartite,.,
quinquepartite [etc.]. 1677 PLOT Oxfordsh. 107 A sort of
quinquepartite or stellated eggs. 1725 Land. Gaz. No.
6377/1 The Quinquepartite Indenture. 1760 P. MILLER
Introd. Bot. 24 A quinquepartite leaf. 1879 SIR G. SCOTT
Lect, Archit. II. 197 It may be adopted on one side only,
and so be quinquepartite [vaulting].
Quinqnereme (kwi-nkw/rfm), a. and sb. fad.
L. quinqttercmis^ f. quinque five + remits oar : cf.
F. quinqufrtme (1530).]
A. adj. Of ancient ships: Having five banks of
oars.
1654-66 EARL ORRERY Parthen. (1676) 716 Hardly any
one had escaped, but a few Quinquereme Galleys, 1697
[see QUADRIREME A]. 185* GROTE Greece n. Ixxxii. X. 669
One among his newly-invented quinquereme vessels.
B. sb. A ship having five banks of oars.
X5S3 BRENDE Q. Curtius iv. 41 b, The firste Galley of the
Macedons that came nere them was a quinquereme. 1600
HOLLAND Livy XLII. xlvii. 1143 Himselfe was sent back
againe with certaine Quinqueremes. 1734 tr. Rollings Anc*
Hist. (1827) I. n, 376 Quinqueremes, or galleys with five
benches of oars. 1709 [see QUADRIREME B]. 1840 ARNOLD
Hist. Rome II. 566 1 ney had not a single quinquereme, the
class of ships which may be called (he line of battle ships of
that period. 1865 Athensewn No. 1949. 307/3 A Cartha-
ginian quinquereme.
f Quinque-rtian, a. Obs. rare-1. [f.L.yuin-
querti-um, f. quinqne + ars ART.] = PENTATHLIC.
1623 BINGHAM Xenophon 80 Other wrestled, and fought
with fists, and vsed the Quinquertian exercise.
Quinquesect (kwi-nkw/sekt), v. Also 7-9
quinqui-. [f. L. quinque five + sect- ppl. stem of
secdre to cut, after £*'-, trisect.] To cut into five
(equal) parts. Hence Qui -nquesecting vbL sb.
1697 G. K. Disc. Geom. Problems 7 By quinqui section of
the Cord of an Angle it [the angle] is quinqulsected. 1786
Phil. Trans. LXXVI. 16 Mr. Graham.. perceived.. how
very much more easy a given line was to bisect than to
trisect or quinquesect. 1809 CAVENDISH ibui. XCIX. 225 Let
ao. be the arch to be quinquesected. Ibid. 227 In quinque-
secting the error of the two middle points is 2.4 times greater
than in bisecting. 1853 SIR W. R. HAMILTON in R. P. Graves
Life (1889) HI. 453 The Royal Commissioners .. have pre-
cisely quinquisected the diligence.
So Quinquese-ction, section into five parts.
1684 [see QUINTUPLATION]. 1697 [see above]. 1786 Pkil.
Trans. LXXVI. 16 The division of the arc of 90. required
trisections and quinquesecdons. 18*5 J. NICHOLSON Operat.
Mechanic 320, I was apprehensive some error might arise
from quinquesect ion and trisect ion.
Quinquevirate(kwinkwe'vir^t). Also 8 quin-
quin- (??. [ad. L. quinqueviratus , f. quinqueviri
five men.] An association, board, etc., consisting
of five men. Also attrib.
1710 HARLEV Seer. Hist. Arlns fy Odolpkns 20 Odolphus
. . went himself Express with the news of his Defeat to the
Quinquinvirate. 1763 tr, Bitsching s Syst. Ceof*. V. 513 The
quinquevirate- court for the reparation of injuries. 1885
ia/. Rev . 3 Jan. i/i When the Quinquevirate sat round
that famous table.
Quinquifid (kwrnkwifid), a. Bot. Also 8-9
quinque-. [ad. L. quinquifid-ns > f. quinque -t-
fid- : see QUADBIFID.] Cleft in five.
1703 J. PF.TIVER in Pkil. Trans. XXIII. 1425 The calyx
is quinquifid and hoary. 1785 MARTYN Rousseau's Bot.
QUINQUINA.
xxi. (1794) 291 Their common characters are a quinquefid
calyx. 1876 HARL&Y Mat. Med. (ed. 6) 711 The .. true
calyx is one-leafed, .with an obtusely quinquifid Margin.
fQuinquin, -quene, varr. KINKIN, kilderkin.
a 1600 Aberd. Reg. (Jam.), A quinquin of oynyeonis. Ibid.,
Ane quinquene of peares.
Quinquina (kinkrna, kwinkwai'na). Med.
Auo 7 kinkina, 8 kinquina. See also QUINA-
QUINA. [Sp. spelling of Peruvian (Quichuan) kin-
kina or kina-kina, rcdupl. of kina bark, QUINA.
' In Quichua, when the name of a plant is reduplicated, it
almost invariably implies that it possesses some medicinal
qualities '. C. R. Markham Pernv. Bark (1880) 5.)
a. Peruvian or Jesuits' bark ; the bark of several
species of cinchona, yielding quinine and other
febrifugal alkaloids, b. One or other of the trees
producing cinchona-bark.
1656 SIR K. DIOBY Let. in Winthrop Papers (1849) 15,
I haue made knowne. .in these partes, a barke of a tree that
infallibly curelh all intermittent feauours. It cometh from
Peru ; and is the barke of a tree called by the Spaniardes
Kinkina. 1681 (title) tr. Bellon's New Mystery in Ph'ysitk
discovered by curing of fevers and agues by quinquina or
Jesuites' Powder. 1755 Gentl. Mag. XXV. 406 Physicians,
who . . prescribe the bark of the Quinquina. 1852 THACKERAY
Esmond i. v, He cured him of an aguewith quinquina. 1871
W. H. G. KINGSTON On the banks of the Amazon (ityb) 101
Since its use became general in Europe, the export trade of
the quinquina has been very considerable.
attrib. 1717-41 CHAMBERS Cycl. s-v., The corregidor of
Loxa sent to the viceroy a quantity of the quinquina bark.
1880 C. R. MARKHAM Piruv. Bark 17 The first description
of the quinquina-tree is due to that memorable French
expedition to South America.
Quinquinvirate : see QUINQUEVIRATE.
t Quinqui-plicate, v. Obs. rare—0, [f. ppl.
stem of L. quinquiplicdre : cf. QUADRUPLICATE ZA]
' To multiply by fives, to double five times ' (Blount
Glossogr. 1656). So t Quinquiplioa'tion, ' a
making four times double ' (Phillips, 1678).
Quinquisect, variant of QUINQUESECT.
Qui-nquity. rare—1, [f. L. quinque + -ITY :
cf. F. quinquinitie (Littr^).] A set of five things.
1849 tr- Hamilton's Fairy Tales (Bohn) 129 She.. was
composed of nothing but qumquities ; for she had five arms,
five legs [etc.].
Quinquivalent (kwinkwi'valent), a. Chcm.
[f. L. quinqui- five- + valent as in equivalent,
quadrivalent.} Capable of combining with five
univalent atoms ; pentavalent.
1877 WATTS Fownes Chem. 1. 256 Quinquivalent elements,
or Pentads. 1880 CLEMINSHAW Wurtz' A torn. Th. 229 It is
quinquivalent in chloric acid. 1885 REMSEN Org. Chem.
(1888) 209 In contact with certain substances it [the nitrogen]
becomes quinquivalent.
t Quinse, v. Obs. rare. Also 6 cuinse, kinse.
[Origin obscure. The form cuinse, cited by Halli-
well from the Bk. of Hunting 1586, may be a mis-
print : the Bk. St. Albans gives ' A Plouer Mynsed '
as the proper term.] To cut, carve.
or m wining Quailes. [1803 SALA Capt. Dangerous 111. i. o,
I.. succeeded in Quincing his face as neatly as a housewife
would slice Fruit for a Devonshire Squab Pie.]
t Quinsell. Obs. rare — °. Also 6 -zell. [ad.
obs. F. guinsal (Godef.), or It. guinzaglio rein,
leash.] A horse-rein.
1598 FLORID, Guinzaglio, . . among riders a long rayne of
leather called a quinzell. 16x1 COTGR., Dillon, a Quinsell,
for a horse.
Quinsie;s)m, -sime, obs. forms of QUINZI^ME.
Quinsy (kwi'nzi). Forms : a. 4 qwinaci,
quinesye, 5 queynose. 0. 5 quynsy, qwynse,
5-6 quynoe, 6 quenoy, 6 quinsye, 7 -S6> -oy, 8
-sie, 6-9 quinsey, (8 -zey), 6- quinsy. 7. 6
quynuanoy, quinanoie, 6, 9 -cy. [ad. med.L.
quinancia, f. Gr. Kwafxt CYNANCHE, perh. as a
refashioning of the commoner squinancia, whence
the current Romanic forms, and Engl. squinacy
(i3th c.), -ancy, SQUINSY.] Inflammation of the
throat or parts of the throat ; suppuration of the
tonsils ; tonsillitis. Also, a form or attack of this.
a. 13 .. Minor^ Poems fr. Vernon MS. 16^ Men called
}>at vuel Comuynli, pat he hedde the Qwinaci. 14.. Voc.
in Wr.-Wiilcker 791/9 Hec sfn[in]acia, a queynose. a 1450
ME. Med. Bk. (Hemrich) 215 Ferst lete hym blod .. to
rype J»e quinesye.
P. 14 .. \'oc. in Wr.-Wtilcker 587/32 Glttturna, Quynsy.
14.. Nominate ibid. 709/1 The qwynse. 1493 Festivall
(W. de W. 1515) 95 b, On a tyme he was nere deed of the
quency. 1534 MORE Com/, agst. Trib. III. Wks. 1246/1 He
collereth them by the neck with a quinsye. 1570 B. GOOGE
Pop. Kingd. HI. 38 b, Blase driues away the quinsey quight,
with water sanctifide. 1646 SiRT. BROWNE Pseud. Ep. 102
A famous medicine in Quinses, sore throats, and strangula-
tions. 1753 RICHARDSON Grandison (1781) II. xvi. 167 She
tried to swallow, as one in a quinsey. 1841 CATLIN N.Atner.
Ind. (1844) U- Ivi'- 221 An alarming attack of the quinsey
or putrid sore throat. 1892 Daily Neu<s 6 Oct. 5^3 Since
the gout left his throat the patient has had three quinsies.
Y. 1530 PALSGR, 182 Les escrorelles, a disease called the
quynnancy or the kynges y veil. 1587 MASCALL Govt. C^attle,
Horses (1627) 125 The quinancy is an ill sorenesse . . in the
throat of the horse.
b. Comb., as quinsy-berry, the black currant,
Ribesnigrtttn (Treas. Bot. 1866); quinsy-wort,
the small woodruff (Asperula cynanchica}.
67
1846 SOWERBY Brit. Bat, (ed. 3\ Quinsey wort. 1861
Miss PRATT Flower. Ft. III. 159 Its specific name, .as well
as its English name of Quinsey-wort or Quinancy-wort,
refer to its ancient uses in disorders of the throat.
Hence Qui'nsied a., afflicted with quinsy.
1855 SINGLETON Virgil I. l?8 Drips from their nostrils
sable blood, And presses quinsied jaws a furry tongue.
Quinszisme, obs. form of QUINZI^ME.
Quint (kwint), sb^ Also 6 quints, [a. F.
quint m. (sense l), or quinte !. (senses 2 and 3) :—
L. quint-us, -a, -urn, ordinal to quinque five.]
1. A tax of one-fifth.
1516 in Dillon Customs of Pale (1892) 83 He must paye to
the kinge the v'h pennie of his goods for the quinte. 1852
TH. Ross tr. Humboldt's Trav, I. v. 176 The payment of
the quint to the officers of the crown.
2. Mus. a. An interval of a fifth.
1865 tr. Spohr's Autobiog. II. 14 Three ugly quints follow
each other. 1887 A. RILEY Athos 406 It is not founded
upon the modern system of octaves, but is a succession of
similar quints.
b. (In full quint-stop^) An organ-stop which
gives a tone a fifth higher than the normal.
1855 E. J. HOPKINS Organ xxi. no Some [stops] sound g
on the C key . . Those are called ' fifth-sounding ' or Quint
Stops. Ibid. 117 The Quint on the Pedal is almost invari-
ably composed of stopped pipes.
Quint (kint, kwint), sb.- [a. F. quinte f.: see
prec. Formerly pronounced (kent) or (ksnt).]
1. In piquet : A sequence of five cards of the
same suit, counting as fifteen.
1680 COTTON Compl. Gamester 59 A Quart is a sequence
of four Cards, a Quint of five. Ibid. 60 You must reckon
for every . . Quart four, but for a Quint fifteen. 1719 R.
SEYMOUR Court Gamester 76 Quint or Quinze, fifteen,
though by a Corruption of Pronunciation we call it Kent.
18*6 Miss MITFORD Village Ser. n. (1863) 342 Never dealt the
right number of cards.. did not know a quart from a quint.
1877 SIR S. NOKTHCOTE in Life (1890) I. i. 3 note, He got
the point and also two quints, and thus a repique.
b. Quint major, the ace, king, queen, knave
and ten of a suit. Quint minor, the five cards
from the knave to the seven.
1650 Shuffling, Cutting fs Deal. 3 Two Quint Minors will
winthegame. 1663 DRYDEN USiMGallantn.i.'Wks. 1882 II.
84 Zounds, the rogue has a quint-major. 1720 R. SEYMOUR
Compl. Gamester i. 93 He who.. has a Quint-Major in his
Hand, .cuts the other off from counting any inferior Quint,
Quart or Tierce. 1860 Bohn'sHand-bk. Games It. 44 Suppose
you have ace .. with a quint-major of another suit. 187^3
'CAVENDISH ' Piquet 34 The elder hand, when calling his
sequence, names it thus : 'A quint minor ' [etc.].
f2. trans/. A set of five persons. 06s. rare—1.
1678 BUTLER Hud. in. ii. 1541 Since the State has made
a Quint Of Generals, he's listed in't.
Quint, sb.z, abbrev. of QUINTET 3.
1807 Daily News 8 June 9/4 Belts was obliged to stop, the
chain of his pacing quint having given way.
Quint, a. rare—1, [ad. L. quint-us : see QUINT
ji.1] Quinary.
1881 A. H. KEANE in Nature XXIII. 220 They often still
retain the old quint system, .in the Oceanic area now mostly
replaced by the decimal.
Quint-, erroneously used in combs, in place of
QUINQTJ(E)-, as quintangular,quintennial, -^quint-
partite. (Cf. QUINTI-.)
1687 Good Advice 52 The Indenture will at least be, quint -
pertite, and Parties are not so mortal as Men. 1787 M.
CUTLER in Life, Jrnls. ff Corr. (1888) I. 206 Large timbers,
laid . . so as to make the form of the wells quintangular.
1871 Daily News 14 Aug., A system of annual, triennial,
or quintennial Parliaments. 1894 Westm. Gaz. 5 Apr. 2/1
The Quintangular Tournament which followed this event.
il Qninta (krnta). [Sp. and pg-> olig- denoting
a house and farm let at a rent of one-fifth (quinta
parte) of the produce of the latter.] A country-
house or villa in Spain or Portugal.
1777 W. DALRYMPLE Trav. Sf. 4 Port, cxxix, Passed
several quintas or country houses. 1811 WELLINGTON Let.
to Hillm Gurw. Dest. (1838) VIII. 167 My head quarters
are in a quinta near Portalegre. 1893 T. B. FOREMAN Trip
to Spain 27 We pass some charming quintas, surrounded by
gardens ablaze with flowers.
Quintagena-rian,erron. f. QUINQUAGENARIAN.
1844 W. H. MAXWELL Sport ff Adv. Scot. ix. (1855) 88
A literary quintagenarian at your elbow.
Quintain1 (kwi'nten). Obs. e\c. Hist. Forms:
a. 5-6 quyn-, 6 quiutayne, 6-7 -aine, 6- quin-
tain ; 5 qwaintan, 7 quintan(e, whinta(i)ne ;
7 quinten. 0. 5 quyntyne, 6 -ine, 6-8 quin-
tine, 7, 9 -in. 7. 7 quintel(l, -al, -il. [a. OF.
quintaine, -tene, -tine, etc. (see Godef.) = Prov.,
It. quintana, med.L. quintana, -tena ; usually re-
garded as identical with L. quintana the market
and business-place of a camp (f. quintus fifth, sc.
maniple), on the supposition that military exercises
may have been practised there.] A stout post or
plank, or some object mounted on such a support,
set up as a mark to be tilted at with lances or
poles, or thrown at with darts, as an exercise of
skill for horsemen or footmen ; also, the exercise
or sport of tilting, etc. at such a mark.
The actual form of the quintain, and the object of the
sport, varied considerably. In some cases the post or block
had to be struck so as to break the lance ; in others tl
quintain consisted of a revolving figure, or a bar weigntcU
with a sand-bag, which swung round and struck the unskil-
ful tiller. In the middle age., tilling at the quintain was a
QUINTAN.
common knightly exercise ; in the ij-iSth c. it is mentioned
as a favourite country sport at weddings.
[a 1259 MATTH. PARIS Cron. Maj. (Rolls) V. 367 Eodem
tempore (an. I253)juvenes Londinenses, statute pavone pro
bravio, ad stadium quod quintena vulgariter dicitur, vires
proprias et equorum cursus sunt expert!.]
o. c 1400 Dt'str. Troy 1627 Somur qwenes and qwaintans,
& o^er qwaint gamnes. c 1450 Merlin 133 After mete was
the quyntayne reysed. c 1530 LD. BURNERS A rth. Lyt. Bryt.
(1814) 530 Than Hector caused a faire quintayne to be
pyght vp in the myddes of the cyte : and tlierat ran these
yonge knyghtes, brekynge and sheueringe of theyr speres.
1611 COTGR., Quintaine, a Quintane (or Whlntane) for
day there is to be a Carousel, viz. Running at the Quintain
and the Ring. 1727-41 CHAMBERS Cycl. s. v., The custom
is still retained in Shropshire, and some other counties,
among the nuptial solemnities. — He that breaks most poles
against the quintain, has the prize. 1814 SCOTT Chivalry
(1874) 26 Making him ride a career against a wooden figure
holding a buckler called a quintaine. 1808 Westm. Gaz.
26 July 10/1 This quintain [at Offham, Kent] (said to be
the only surviving specimen in England).
ft. £1440 Proitip. Parv. 421/1 Quyntyne, guirinarium.
1530 PALSGR. 178 Bersault, a quyntine. 1575 LANEHAM
Let. (1871)21 Before the Castl-.wnear azwaz pight a cumly
quintine for featz at armz. 1656 BLOUNT Glosso^r. s. v.,
A Quintin . . is set fast in the ground in the Highway,
where the Bride and Bridegroom are to pass. 1707 HEARNE
Collect. (O. H. S.) I. 334 Sports on the Sabbath amongst
which the Quintine. 1885 J. PAYN Talk of Town I. 137
That ancient game the quintin.
Y. 1617 MINSHEU Dvctor, A Quintaine, or (Juinlell, a
game in request at marriages, when Jac and Tom, Die,
Hob, and Will, striue for the gay garland. 1644 QUARLES
Sheph. Orac. vi, Harmless sports.. And ceremonious Quin.
tils, that belongs To Shepheard's rural mirth. _ 1677 PLOT
Oxfordsh. 200 Running at the Quinten, ..or Quintel.
b. trans/. o^Jig.
1598 BP. HALL Sat. iv. iv. 32 Paune thou no gloue..Nor
make thy Quintaine others armed head. 1600 SHAKS.
A. y. L. i. il. 263 That which here stands vp Is but a quin-
tine, a meere liuelesse blocke. 1641 EARL MONM. tr. Biondi's
Civil Warres l. 20 Imagining himself to bee „ the only
quintan those lances addressed themselves against. 1694
S. JOHNSON Notes Past. Let. Bp. Burnet \. 98 [It] was
afterwards set up by it self for a Countrey Quintin, to be
thrown at. by all the Loyal Sparks of the Nation.
c. attrib., as quintain-knight, -post.
1575 LANEHAM Let. (1871) 46 Her quintine knights, &
proper bickerings of the Couentree men. 1857 TROLLOPE
Barchester T. III. 31 The quintain post stood .. before him.
Hence f Qui'ntaining, riding at the quintain.
'575 LANEHAM Let. (1871) 24 Theez ryderz .. leaft thear
quintining, and ran one at anoother.
t Quintain-. Obs. rare—1, [f. L. quint- fifth,
after quatrain.] A stanza of five'lines ; a cinquain.
1589 PUTTENHAM Eng. Poesie II. x[i]. (Arb.) 102 This is in
a stafle of . . ten verses : whereas without a band in the
middle, it would seeme..two quintaines.
Quintain 3; see QDINTIN.
Quintal (kwi-ntal),krntal,ke-ntle. Forms:
a. 6 quintals, 6-7 quintall, 7 -tell, 5- quintal.
0. 5 //. kyntawes, 5-6 kyntal(l, 6 -tayl, 6-7
kintall, 6 kintal ; 6-7 kentall, 7 -tal, 9 kentle.
[a. OF. quintal (i3th c.), pi. quinlaus, Sp. and Pg.
quintal, It. quintals, med.L. quintals (-allus}, quin-
lile, ad. Arab, qintdr : see KANTAB.]
a. A weight of one hundred pounds ; a hundred-
weight (i 1 2 Ibs.). b. In the metric system : A
weight of 100 kilograms.
o. c 1470 in Si. Bk. Exchet). (Rolls) II. 153 Of eche quintal
of balayn, iiij d. 1555 EDEN Decadesi\T, Two or more qum-
tales of powder. 1580 HOLLYBAND Treat. Fr. Tone, Betweene
the quintall .. of Englande to that of Fraunce, there is foure
poundes lost. 1613 PURCHAS Pilgrimage ym. i. 608 Ihey
draw yearely eight thousand quintals of Quick-silver. 1691
LUTTRELL Brief Rel. (1857) II- 627 Some French privateers
have taken 3 or 4 English ships, with 15,000 quintals of
fish. 1731 LEDIARD Sethos II. vn. 26 Elephants teeth so
large that those of one elephant weigh two quintals. l8«5
J. NICHOLSON Operat. Mechanic 761 A quintal of the ore is
put into a retort. 1873 R"SK!N ?*" clav- xxx- <I.89°), IL
135 The Easter ox., weighed well its twenty-five quintals.
8 1477 EARL RIVERS (Caxton) Dictes 16 b, He wolde
yeue him C Kyntawes of golde. 1501 ARNOLDS Chron.
(1811) 100, xv. kyntayls yron of the weyght of Este Spayne.
1539 T/PERY in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. H. II. 140 He sawe a
brassyne bell, whiche bell myght waye ij kyntalles. 1593
NASHE Christ's T. 39 b, Nothing he talks on but Kental [Is
of Pearle i6« WHITBOURNE Newfoundland 79 It will
then make at Marseiles aboue two and^ twenty hundred
Kentalls of that waight. 1678 WANLEY Wond. Lit. Worla
i xxiv. 8 16. 38/2 An Ass with his load which commonly
weighed threl Kintals. 184. BISCHOFF Woollen Manuf.
II 17 Wool [from Smyrna] .. 2,000 Kintals. 1861 L. L.
NOBLE Icebergs 282 Kentles of whitc-fleshert cod.
Quintal, obs. variant of QUINTAIN!.
Quintan (kwi-ntan), a. and sb. [ad. L. quintana
(sc./Wm), fem. of quintanus f. quintus fifth: cf.
F. quintans, t quintaine (Pare, t6th c.). See
QUARTAN.] a. adj. Of a fever or ague: Having
a paroxysm every fifth (= fourth) day. b. sb. A
fever or ague of this kind.
1747 tr. Astruc's Fevers 63 What is called a quintan, is in
fact a tertian, whose third accession is either suppressed or
imperceptible. 1803 Mid. Jrnl. IX. 216 A type more
resembling a quartan and quintan than any other. 1897
A Mutt's Syst. Med. II. 317 Further modifications have
been recognized by nosologists as quintan, sextan, octan.
Quintan(e, -ayne, obs. forms of QUINTAIN'.
9-3
QUINTANT.
t Qui-ntant. Obs. rare -'. [f. L. quint-us fifth,
after QUADRANT ii.l] The fifth part of a circle.
1684 J. WALLIS Angular Sections iv. 31 The same Chord
subtends on the one side to one Quintant, and on the other
side to four such.
tQui-ntary. Obs. rare-1, [f. L. quint-us fifth :
cf. QUINARY.] A multiple of five.
1710 SHELVOCKE Artillery iv. 230 Every Number between
the Quintaries of this table.
II Quinte (kSnt). [F. : see QUINT sbl and sb.2]
1. The fifth thrust or parry of the eight taught in
fencing-schools. Also attrib.
1707 SIR W. HOPE New Method Fencing iv. 58 There is
also a Quinte, or fifth Position, as they pretend, of the
Sword-Hand. 1765 ANGELO School Fencing 20 The thrust
68
parade, you parry seconde and flanconade. 1889 POLLOCK
Fencing 44 Quinte.— The hand to the left in pronation, at
the height of the belt; the point well beyond the inside line.
f2. = QUINTAL Obs. rare-1.
1710 A. SEYMOUR Compl. Gamester I. 93 Cards . . which
are Sequents . . are called, either Tierces, Quartes, Quintes
. . according to their Number and Value.
Quintel(l, -en, obs. forms of QUINTAIN 1.
Quintennial : see QUINT-.
Qninterniou (kwintauni^n). [f. L. quinque
five, or quintus fifth, after quaternion] A set or
' gathering ' of five sheets of paper.
1651 URQUHART Jewel Wks. (1834) 189 The quinternion
consisting of five sheets, and the quire of five and twenty.
1883 AXON Introd. Caxton's Chesse p. xi, The book, .con-
sists of eight quaternions, .and one quinternion or section of
five sheets folded together.
Quinteron, -oon, variants of QUINTBOON.
Quintessence (kwinte'sens), sb. Also 5
-essencie, quyntencense, 6 quintaessence ; Sc.
quintessance ,-iseence, queiitassens, 7 -escense.
[a. F. quintessence, f quinte essence (I4th c.), or ad.
med.L. quinta essenlia 'fifth essence'.
Metrical quots. show that during the i6-i8th c. the stress
was usually on the first and third syllables (hence the
abbrev. quintessence in Quarles), but gttinte 'ssence is found
as early as 1597 ', both stressings occur in Milton 'sPar. Lost
(ill. 716 and vn. 244).]
1. The ' fifth essence ' of ancient and mediaeval
philosophy, supposed to be the substance of which
the heavenly bodies were composed, and to be
actually latent in all things, the extraction of it by
distillation or other methods being one of the great
objects of alchemy.
(•1430 LYDG. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 51 Aurum potabile
. . In quyntencense, best restauracioun. _ 1460-70 Bk. Quint-
essence 14 If je putte seedis or fiouris . . into oure 5 essencie
forsobe sich 5 essence 3e schulen haue berfore. 1500-20
DUNBAR Poems xxxiii. 58 Me thocht sair fassonis he assail-
3eit, To mak the quintessance, and fail^eit. 1561 EDEN
A rte Naitig. i. iv, The quint essence or fyfte substaunce, is a
body of it selfe. i6aa MALYNES Anc. Law-Merck. 256
This cannot bee done without proiection of the Elixar or
Quintescense vpon mettalls. 1660 tr. Paracelsus' ' Archidoxis
I. iv. 35 The Quintessence therefore, is a certain matter
Corporally extracted out of all things, which Nature hath
produced. iToa tr. Le Clerc's Prim. Fathers 309 That the
Soul was of the same Nature with Heaven or of the Quint-
Essence which Heaven is made of. 1847 EMERSON Poems,
Uriel, The young deities discussed , . Orb, quintessence, and
sunbeams. 1879 Casselfs Techn. Educ. IV. 330/2 The
vivifying quintessence of the elements of Raymond Lully.
2. The most essential part of any substance, ex-
tracted by natural or artificial processes ; a highly
refined essence or extract ; spec, in older chemistry,
an alcoholic tincture obtained by digestion at a
gentle heat.
1576 BAKER (title) tr. Gesner's New Jewell of Health, . .
treating very amplye of all Dystillations of Waters, of Oyles,
Balmes, Quintessences, etc. 1582 HESTER Seer. Phiorav.
1. xvii. 18 Then vse our Quintaessence of Wine. 1671
SALMON Syn. Med. HI. Ixxv. 671 Quintessence of Vipers., is
of wonderful virtue for purifying the blood, &c. 1709
ADDISON Tatler No. 131 F 9, I looked upon that sooty
Drug.. as the Quintessence of English Bourdeaux. 1850
ROBERTSON Serin. Ser. m. i. (1872) 3 In the drop of venom
.. there is concentrated the quintessence of a poison.
b. The most essential part or feature of some
non-material thing ; esp. the purest or most perfect
form or manifestation of some quality.
1570 R. HICHCOCK Quintess. Wit Aij, A natural! quint-
essence of knowledge. 1611 CORYAT Crudities 29 Certayne
artificiall rocks, most curiously contriued by the very quint-
essence of art. 1649 MILTON Eifcon. vi. 53' The Law of
England, which Lawyers say is the quintessence of reason.
'759 FRANKLIN Ess. Wks. 1840 III. 408 The last period of the
governor's message was the very quintessence of invective.
1879 FARRAR St. Paul II. iSt note. This passage contains
the very quintessence of Pauline theology.
c. The most perfect embodiment of the typical
qualities of a certain class of persons, etc.
1590 R. HARVEY PI. Perc. 8 A Quintessence of all the
picked yoouth. 1610 Histrio-m. n. 161 Heere's the very
quintessence of Duckes. 1823 SCOTT Fam. Lett. (1894) II.
xix. 176 You have escaped the quintessence of bores. 1845
JAMES Arrah Neil ii, He was the quintessence of an
ordinary-minded man.
Quintessence, v. Now rare. [f. prec. sb.
CfF. quintessencier (1611 in Cotgr.).] trans, a.
To extract the quintessence of. b. To take out of
(something) as a quintessence.
DRUMM. OF HAWTH. /w«Wks. (1711) 170 Forquintessencing
and alembicking thee, and using thee, as alchymists do
gold. 1844 For. Q. Rev. XXXIII. 186 The science of the
cook consists . . in quintessencing (so to speak) the viands.
Quintessential (kwintese-nfal), a. [f. as
QUINTESSENCE sb. + -IAL : cf. essential &iA Tf.quint-
essendel (l6th c., Pare).] Of the nature of a quint-
essence ; the purest or most refined of its kind.
1605 TIMME Quersit. Pref. 6 The ajthereal and quint-
essential physick. 1681 H. MORE Exp. Dan. v. Notes 157
Mere Quintessential Devils, such as consist onely of envy,
pride and malice, a 1711 KEN Hymns Evang. Poet. Wks.
1721 I. 32 The.. Flow'rs..all strove their quintessential
Sweets to drain, Perfuming Earth. 1813 BYRON Juan ix.
Ixvii, A quintessential laudanum. 1887 T. A. TROLLOPE
What I remember I. ii. 48 Eldon's quintessential Toryism.
Hence Quintessentia-lity ; Quintesse utially.
1838 New Monthly Mag. LI 1 1. 304 A concentrated quint-
essentiality of them alj. 1887 T. A. TROLLOPE What I
remember I. xv. 315 Quintessentially German in manner.
Quintesse ntialize, v. [f. prec. + -IZE.]
trans. To make quintessential ; to refine or purify
in the highest degree.
i8zo Examiner 7/1 Congreve in his discourses has so
distilled, re-distilled, and quintessentialized each individual
period. 1880 SWINBURNE in Forln. Rev. XXVII. 766 As he
advances in age the poet quintessentializes..his thought.
Hence Quintesse-ntialized///. a.
1847 MRS. C. CLARKE Sliaks. Prov. 7 Such quintessen-
tialised drops of wisdom are surely not ill stored up.
Quiiitesse-ntiate, v. rare. [f. as QUINT-
ESSENCE sb. + -ATE : cf. essentiate.~\ = QUINT-
ESSENCE v. Hence Qumtesso-ntiated ppl. a.
1606 BRETON Sidney's Ourania 3 He kens no Crotchets
of contentious breed Nor has that Quintessentiated skill.
1894 Daily Chron. ro Jan. 3 Was there ever a talent so hard
to formulate, to quirite--eiuiate, as that of Goethe?
Quintet, quintette (kwinte-t). Also 9 -tett.
[a. F. quintette, ad. It. quintetlo : see next.]
1. Mus. A composition for five voices or instru-
ments. Also attrib.
1811 L. M. HAWKINS Ctess tf Gertr. II. 67 One of the
quartet and quintet gentlemen. 1864 Home News 19 Dec.
21/1 The quintette .. which forms the first finale. 1880
Academy 13 Nov. 356 Arranged, .as a quintet for strings.
2. a. Mus. A set of five singers or players, b.
A set of five persons or things.
1881 Daily News 8 June 2/6 The Ascot Derby Stakes, for
which a quintette came to the post. 1893 Chicago Advance
7 Sept., A remarkable quintet surely, to have lived in the
same generation.
3. A cycle for five riders; a quintuplet. (Cf.
QUINT 3.) Also attrib.
1896 Westm. Gaz. 28 Oct. 7/2 We are threatened with a
' quintet ' match, . . but we would rather be spared the sight
of two quintets racing neck and neck round a bend ! 1898
Daily News 30 June 4/5 During a cycle race . . one of the
handle bars of a quintette ridden by pacers broke.
II Quintette (kwinte-ta). ? Obs. [It., f. quinto
fifth : cf. quartetto] 1. = QUINTET i.
1792 A. YOUNG Trav. France 201 It was the Impresario
in Augusta, by .. Cimarosa; there is a quintetto in it.
1795 MASON Ch. Mus. i. 77 The finest Quintetto of Haydn.
2. = QUINTET 2 b.
1779 SHERIDAN Critic n. ii, A very orthodox quintetto !
1816 T. L. PEACOCK Headlong Hall vi, This amiable . .
quintetto were busily employed in flattering one another.
t Quintfoil, obs. variant of QUINFOIL (q.y.).
'595.£*- o/Armorie 53 Flower de luce, & Quint foiles.
Quinti-, properly a comb, form of L. quint-us
fifth, but sometimes incorrectly employed in place
of QDINQUE-, as in quintiliteral, -partition, -ptd.
(Cf. QUINT-, and F. quintiforme, -section.)
1674 JEAKE Arith. (1696) 33 Quintipartition, or to divide
by 5 may likewise be effected thus. 1839 PAUU Analecta
Hebraica xxviii. 205 The so-called Quadri- and Quinti-
literals are compounds. 1889 H. MAcCoLL Mr. Strange's
Sealed Packet v. 50 All the creatures . . were quadrupeds ;
there were no quintipeds, sexipeds, or anything of that sort.
QuintlC (kwi-ntik), a. and sb. Math. [f. L.
quint-us fifth + -ic.]
A. adj. Of the fifth order or degree.
1853 SYLVESTER in Philos. Mag. May, To express the
number of distinct Quintic and Sextic invariants. 1876
CAYLEY Math. Papers (1806) X. xi A general quintic equa-
tion is not solvable by radicals.
B. sb. A quantic or surface of the fifth degree.
1856 A. CAYLEY Wks. (1889) II. 253 In the case of a quantic
of the fifth order or quintic. 1884 W. R. W. ROBERTS
in Hertnathena X. 183 Covariants of binary quintics.
Qumtil, obs. variant of QUINTAIN!.
Quintile (kwi-ntil), a. and sb.l Astral. Also
7 -il(l. [f. L. quint-us fifth + -ILE, after quartile.]
Quintile (aspect) : A planetary aspect, introduced
by Kepler, in which the planets are one-fifth of
a circle, or 72 degrees, distant from each other.
c 1610 SIR C. HEYDON A strol. Disc. (1650) 95 In these our
days our late Artists . . have added unto these former Aspects
three others, viz. the Quintile [etc.]. 1647 LILLY Chr.
Astral, iii. 32 A Quintill consists of two Signes twelve
degrees. 1686 GOAD Celest. Bodies i. ii. 30 This Notable
Effect may be accounted for without these Quintiles
t Quintile, sb? Obs. rare-0, [ad. L. quinfilis :
cf. prec.] July. (Blount Glossogr. 1656.) Hence
+ Quintilian «. Obs. rare ~~°.
16*3 COCKEKAM, Quintilian tnoncth, the moneth of July.
QUINTUPLE.
tQuinti-lle. Obs. rare—1, [a. F. quintille
ad. Sp. quinlillo 1. quinto fifth : cf. QUADBILLE
sb.^} A form of ombre, played by five persons.
1734 R. SEYMOUR Compl. Gamester (ed. 3) i. 46 Quintille,
or Ombre by Five, from whence Quadrille has its Original.
Quiuti'Uion (kwinti'lysn). [f. L. quint-us fifth
+\m]itlion : see BiLLioN.] a. In Great Britain :
The fifth power of a million, expressed by I followed
by thirty ciphers, b. In U. S. (as in France) : The
cube of a million, or I followed by eighteen ciphers.
1674 JEAKE Arith. (1606) 14 Others, .call, .the Thirty first
place Quintillion, &c. 1841 TLTPER Twins xxii, A thousand
men in all earth's huge quintillion. 1862 SIR 11. HOLLAND
£ss., Life <r Organization 66 A quintillion of living beings.
Hence Quinti llionth a.
a 1845 HOOD To Hahnemann v, Would a quintillionth dose
of the New Drop Restore him ?
t Quintin. Obs. rare. Also 9 quintain, [a.
F. quintin, f quintain, (. Quintin, a town in Brit-
tany. Cf. QUENTIN.] A kind of lawn.
I7«i C. KING Brit. Merck. II. 348, 809 pieces of Quintins
at ior. [1869 MRS. PALLISER Lace ii. 15 Beneath this net-
work was gummed a piece of fine cloth, called quintain.]
Quintin, variant of QUINTAIN '.
Quintine (kwi-ntsin). [f. L. quint-us fifth.]
1. Hot. Mirbel's name for a supposed fifth integu-
ment of an ovule (cf. QUABTINE).
1831 LINDLEY Introd. Bot. 159 It is apparently this
quintine that Mr. Brown describes, in the ovulum of the
Orchis tribe.
2. Chem. (See quot.)
1873 KALI K Phys. Ghent, p. xviii, Triads, Glycerin Series,
Quintine or Valerylene Cr, H«.
Quintine, variant of QUINTAIN '.
Quintis, variant of QUAINTISE.
Quintole (kwi-nt<7»l). Mus. [Obscurely f.
It. quinto or L. quint-us fifth.] A group of five
notes to be played in the time of four. (Stainer
& Barrett 1876). So Qul-ntolet.
1884 GROVE Diet. Mus. IV. 173 These groups, which are
sometimes called quintolets, sg. violets, etc. . . always have
their numbers written above them.
Quint-pertite : see QUINTI-.
Quintroon (kwi-ntr«n). rare. Also quinter-
on, -oon. [ad. Sp. quinteron, f. quinto fifth.]
One who is fifth in descent from a negro (cf. QUAD-
BOON I b), and has one-sixteenth of negro blood.
1707 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) XII, 796 note, The children of
a white and quinteroon consider themselves as free from all
taint of the negro race. 1835 D. BOOTH Anal. Diet. 324
1 The child of a Quintroon by a white father is free by law.1
Such was recently the West-Indian slave-code. 1878
HARTLEY tr. Topinartfs Anthrop. II. vii. 374 The first are
called mulattoes...the fourth, quintroons.
f Quintupla'tion. Obs. rare- •'. [f. QUINTU-
PLE V. + -ATION.] = QUINTUPLICATION.
1684 J. WALLIS Angular Sections iv, Of the Quintupla-
tion and Quinquisection of an Arch or Angle.
Quintuple (kwi'ntiup'l), a. and sb. [a. F. quin-
tuple (1484), f. L. quint-us fifth, after quadruple.]
A. adj. Fivefold ; multiplied by five ; consisting
of five things or parts.
Quintuple power, proportion, ratio, the ratio of five to
one. Quintuple time in Mus. (see quot. 1 806).
1570 BILLINGSLEY Euclid Xlll. ii. 391 If a right line be in
power quintuple to a segment of the same line. 1605 BACON
Adv. Learn, ii. xvi. § 6 A proportion quintuple at most of
the writing infolding to the writing infolded. 1633 HEYWOOD
Eng. Trav. I. i. WKS. 1874 IV. 7 Bring backe His ship and
charge, with profits quintuple. 167* PETTY Pol. Anat.
(1691) 24 The number and natural force of the Irish [was]
quintuple to that of the English. 1711 WYLDE Eng. Master
Defence 26 A Falsify is made single,.. quadruple, quintuple,
or as oft as your Fanc^ directs. 1806 CALLCOTT Mus . Grain.
iii. 40 A species of Time called Quintuple, which contains
five Crotchets in a Bar. 1875 BLAKE Zool. 335 In the Sea.
urchins, .the body has a quintuple arrangement.
b. Comb., as quintuple-nerved, -ribbed.
1833 LINDLEY Introd. Bot. (1839) 129 A leaf. .is called
triple, quintuple, &c. nerved, if the nerves all proceed from
the midrib towards the margin. 1861 BENTLEY Man. Bot.
153 If two such ribs arise on each side of the midrib, it is
termed quintuple-ribbed or quintuplicostate.
B. sb. A fivefold amount ; a group of five. rare.
1684 J. WALLIS Angular Sections iv. 27 The Quintuple of
the Subtense of an Arch. Ibid. The Quintuple of the Cube
of the same Subtense. 1784 HERSCHEL in Phil. Trans.
LXXV. 91 Five more [stars] in view, differently dispersed
about the quintuple.
Quintuple (kwi-nti«p'l), v. [f. prec. Cf. F.
quintupler!\
1. trans. To multiply by five ; to make five times
as much or as great.
1639 SHIRLEY Ball n. i, In three months your estate Will
be five tiro
imes as much, or quintupled. 1674 JEAKE Arith.
(1696) 200 Quintuple it, and the Product shall be the
Divisor. 1796 BURNEY Mem, Mctastasio III. 101, I beg of
you to quintuple, . . the embraces, which I consign to you
for her use. 111852 MACGILLIVRAY Nat. Hist. Dee Side
(1855) 21 Who has by his various improvements quintupled
his rental. 1889 Spectator 13 Apr., The_endless difficulty
of communication . . quintuples all other difficulties.
b. To produce five times as much as.
1824 LANDOR I mag. Cottv,, Pallavinchi <y /.rtWorWks.
1853 I. 42/2 This, and the celebrated vine at Hampton
Court, .have quintupled the most prolific.
2. intr. To increase fivefold ; to become five
times as many or as great.
QUINTUPLET.
1816 SOUTHEY in Q. Rev. XV. 538 The population of
London must at least have quintupled since that time.
187* BUCKLE Misc. Wks. I. 468 It is stated that within
sixty years rents had quintupled.
Quintuplet (kwrntiaplet). [f. QUINTUPLE a.]
1. A set of five things; in Mus. = QUINTOLE.
1873 H. C. BANISTER Music 13 Other irregularities, .such
as four notes for three, termed a Quadruplet ; five for four,
are arranged in quintuplets.
2. //. Five children born at a birth.
1889 Lancet No. 3417. 392/1 Five years subsequently she
gave birth to quintuplets. 1895 Aberdeen Free Press
25 Oct. 4 This is the first case of quintuplets in England.
3. A cycle for five riders ; a quintet.
1895 Westin. Gaz. 17 Oct. 7/2 The latest cycling machine
is a quintuplet. 1896 Daily Neil's 17 July 7/1 Five spun
along at a terrific pace on a quintuplet.
Quintupli-, comb, form of QUINTUPLE a., em-
ployed in a few terms of Hot., as qui'ntuplieo'-
state, -nerved, -ribbed, -veined.
1861 [see QUINTUPLE i b], 1880 GRAY Struct. Bat. _93
The appearance of a second pair of such strengthened veins
makes the venation quintuph-ribbed or quintupli-nerved.
[f. QUINTUPLE, after duplicate, quadruplicate.']
A. adj. Five times repeated ; consisting of five
things, similar parts, etc. Quintuplicate propor-
tion: cf. QUADRUPLICATE a. i.
1656 tr. Hobbes' Elem. Philos. (1839) 240 The lengths
transmitted shall be to the times in which they are trans-
mitted, in proportion quadruplicate, quintuplicate [etc.].
B. st>. a. A set of five. b. One of a set of five
similar things.
1851 TRENCH Stud. Words vi. (1869) 229 We possess in
English a great many duplicates, not to speak of triplicates
or of such a quintuplicate as that which I adduced just now.
Quintuplica-tion. rare, [noun of action to
*quintnplicate vb. : cf. prec.]
1. The action of multiplying by five.
1674 JEAKE Arith. (1696) 24 To multiply by 5, called
Quintuplication, adjoyn a Cypher ..and take the half
thereof. 1888 Encycl. Brit. XXIV. 119 The perceptible
are evolved out of the imperceptible elements by the
process of quintuplication.
2. Civil and Canon Law. A reply on behalf of
the pursuer to the defendant's quadruplication.
1860 MOTLEY Netherl. xviii. II. (1869) 376 Lord Henry's
harmless thunder was answered., by a 'Quintuplication .
t Quintuply, sb. Sc. Law. Obs. [f. QUINTUPLE,
after duply, quadruply.] = QDINTUPLICATION 2.
1663 Proc. Justiciary Court (MS.) 85 Quintuplyes. Maxwell
for the Pursuer. The Testificate forsaid proceeds [etc.].
1674 Ibid. 654 Quintuplys. Sir Andrew Birnie. That the
Defender Robert Steuart cannot pretend ignorance [etc.].
Qui'ntuply, adv. rare. [f. QUINTUPLE a. +
-LY2.] In a fivefold manner.
1870 H. SPENCER Princ. Psychol. (ed. 2) I. v. § 239. 548
We may say that they [sensations] are thus characterized
by being quintuplv-clustered.
Quin.ua, variant of QUINOA.
tQui-nyie. Sc. Obs. Alsc . ,-.„-,
-see, 8 quine, qunie. [var. CUNYE, Sc. f. COIN sb.\
t Qui-nyie. Sc. Obs. Also 6 quinje, -jie, 7
-see, 8 quine, qunie. [var. CUNYE, Sc. f. COIN s&.]
1. A coin. Quinyie-hottse, the mint. rare.
1506 DALRYMPLE tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. yin. 97 To lat
stryk a brassin quinjie. Ibid. x. 350 Onything that in his
tyme he had spendet in the Quin^ehous.
2. A corner. Quinyie-stane, corner-stone.
1588 in M'Crie Life A. Melville I. 440 That the bell and
clock be transported to the high steeple, and that the kirk
have a quinjee left at the steeple foresaid for the relief
thereof. 1734 Jrnl. fr. London to Scarborough 1-2 A
whittle that lies i' the quinyie o' the maun [=basketj.
<ii8oo in Child Ballads V. 248 Ye [have] tane out the
quine-stane. Ibid. IT, The qunie-stane.
Quinzaine (kwi-nzc'n, F. kaehzgn). rare. [a.
F. quinzaine, a set of fifteen things, a period of
fifteen days, f. quinze : see next.
Blount Glossogr. (1656) has ' Quinzain (Fr.) a term or delay
of fifteen days ; also a staff of fifteen verses '. Through
Phillips, Bailey, &c., the latter sense has passed into mod.
Diets., but there is no evidence that it has ever been in ac-
tual Eng. use. In sense 2 quinzaine represents AF. quin-
zein, for tjuinzime QUINZIEME.]
1. A fortnightly event, meeting, etc. rare —'.
1856 MRS. HAWTHORNE in N. Hawthorne fy Wife (1885)
II. 85 Aunt Sue intended to have Quinzaines (fortnightly
soirees) this winter.
2. Hist. — QUINDENE, QUINZIEME 2.
1863 J. R. WALBRANjtfwK. Fountains
143 1 he military levies granted in the Parliament at Lincoln
in the Quinzaine of St. Hiliary 9 Edw. II. 1899 R. SHARPE
Cal. Let, Bk. A. 16, £12 10*. for wine, to be paid in the
quinzaine of St. Michael (1277). Ibid. 17,^9 for leather ;..
to be paid in the quinzaine of Easter.
Quinze (kwinz, F. kSnz). [a. F. quinze :— L.
quiniiecim fifteen.] A card-game depending on
chance, in which the winner is that player who
obtains fifteen points, or comes nearest to that
number without exceeding it.
1716 LADY M. W. MONTAGU Let. to C'tess Mar 14 Sept.,
When the ladies were come in, she sat down to quin/c.
1778 SHERIDAN Camp n. iii, I daresay you would have
thought of proper marquees for ha/ard and quinze. 1811
LAUY GRANVILIE Lett. (1894) I. 22 They play at quinze half
the night.
Come. ^1762 in Cunningham Ilandbk. London (1850) 546/2
The Quinze players shall pay for their own cards.
69
Quinzell, variant of QOINSBLL.
Quinzieme (f. kanizygm). Forms : 5 quyn-
z(i)eme, -zyeme, -sym(e, quinzeme, -zi(s)me,
-zy me, 5 - 6 quiusime , 6 -siem , -ziesme, 7 -siesme,
8 -zieme, 9 -zieme. [a. AF. quinzisme, -zime,
-zieme (mod.F. quinziemc'), ordinal f. quinze fifteen :
cf. QUINDECIM. In sense 3 substituted for quin-
seiiie QUINZAINE.]
1. A tax or duty of a fifteenth. Now only Hist.
1429 Rolls Parlt. IV. 336/2 Graunt to you our ...Lord
the Kyng . . an hole Quinszisme, and an hole Disme. c 1460
FORTESCUE Abs. ff Lim. Mon. xii. (1885) 140 When the
reaume gaff to thair kyng a quinsime and a desime
quinquemale. 1480 CAXTON Chron. Eng. clviii. 140 A quin-
zeme of goodes were graunted for the newe chartres.
1559 in Strype Ann. Re/. (1824) I. n. App. viii. 427 The
clergie chardged with quinsiems and other payements.
rtX577 SIR T. SMITH Commw. Eng. (1633) 145 _ Incident
acquisitions, bee they rents customes tenths quinziesmes
taxes [etc.]. 1777 Ann. Reg. II. ^i The clergy had com-
pounded for a tax called the quinzieme or fifteenth penny.
1891 Q. Rev. Oct. in It paid the highest quinzieme of any
port except London.
t 2. The fifteenth ( = fourteenth) day after a
church festival ; = QUINDENE. Obs.
1433 Rolls Parlt. IV. 420/2 Bytwix this and the Quins-
zisme of Seint Michell next, c 1450 Merlin 374 This was
the quynsyme after Pentecoste. 1480 CAXTON Chron. Eng.
ccxxvi. 232 At his parlement holden at Westmynstre the
quynzeme of Paske.
f3. A period of fifteen days ; spec, the day of a
church festival and the two weeks following. Obs.
c 1430 Pilgr. Lyf Manhode III. x. (1869) 146, I selle it bi
dayes and bi wookes, bi vtases and bi quinzimes, bi
monethes, and bi yeeres al hoi. 1480 CAXTON Chron. Eng.
Ixiii. 47 Tho two bretheren of Constance shall come byfore
a quynzieme passed.
tQuinziue. Obs. rare. In 5 quynsine,
-syn(n)e, 6 -zysne. [Alteration of prec.]
1. = QUINZIEME i.
1502 ARNOLDE Chron. 179 The quynzysne by your saide
commons afore this tyme so often graunted.
2. The fifteenth (= fourteenth) day after a speci-
fied day; spec. = QUINZIEME 2.
c 1450 Merlin 62 Thus suffred Merlyn to the quynsyne of
Pentecoste. Ibid. 65 That ye somowne a grete courte . .
and that ye make hem all to wite that it shall holde to the
quynsine. and that eche come araide to a-bide xv dayes.
Quick, obs. variant of QUEYOCK, heifer.
Quip (kwip), sb. Also 6 quyppe, 6-7 quipp(e.
[var. of QUIPPT (q.v.), perh. associated with words
of similar ending (as clip, nip, snip, wkif} which
contain the idea of something sharp or cutting.]
1. A sharp or sarcastic remark directed against
a person ; a clever gird or hit. In later use also
without implication of sharpness : A clever, smart,
or witty saying ; a verbal conceit. Freq. in phr.
quips and cranks (after quot. 1632).
In common use down to c 1650, after which literary ex-
amples are rare till after 1800.
1531 MORE Confut. Tindale Wks. 709/2 With this goodly
quyppe agaynste me. 1584 LYLY Alex. $ Camp. HI. ii,
What's a quip ? Man. Wee great girders call it a short saying
of a sharpe wit, with a bitter sense in a sweet word. 1638
MILTON L' Allegro 27 Quips and Cranks, and wanton Wiles.
i66«J MANLEY Grotius Low C, Warres 351 This by a
military jest, and facetious quip, they called the Common-
wealth. 1784 COWPER Task IL 472 Direct me to a quip Or
merry turn in all he [Paul] ever wrote. 1843 LEVER J. Hinton
xliv, The whole conversation is., a hailstorm of short stories,
quips, and retorts. 1855 A. MANNING O. Chelsea Btin-ho.
xvi. 274 She. -gave him back quip for crank.
b. A verbal equivocation ; a quibble.
c 1590 GREENE Fr. Bacon_ ix. 225 These Schollers know . .
How to vse quips and sleights of Sophistrie. 1812 KNOX
& JEBB Corr. II. 95 The practical goodness may be readily
overlooked, whilst theological quips and quiddities may be
fastened on. 1850 KINGSLEY Alt. Locke xxxvii, I will not
..entrap you by quips and special pleading. 1875 JowETt
Plato (ed. 2) III. 73 Tricks of controversy and quips of law.
2. a. A curious, odd, or fantastic action or feature.
1820 SHELLEY Witch Alias Ii, Many quips and cranks
She played upon the water, a 1864 HAWTHORNE Amer.
Note-bks. (1879) I. 136 His manner was full of quirks and
quips. 1878 MRS. STOWE Poganuc P. ix. 75 AH the quips
and turns and oddities of human nature.
b. An odd and whimsical trifle ; a knick-knack.
1820 SHELLEY Let. to Maria Gislorne 55 Upon the table
More knacks and quips there be than I am able To cata-
loguize. 1814 Miss MITFORD Village Ser. I. (1863) 216 The
quips and quiddities of these degenerate days, little bits of
riband, and pasteboard, and gilt paper.
Hence Qui pful, Qui'ppish, Qui-ppy, Qni'p-
some adjs., given to or characterized by quips ; so
Qui-psomeness ; Qui'pster, one given to quips.
1859 w- CHADWICK Life De Foe vii. 372 As a writer, he
was a quippy slack-wire performer. 1876 J. WEISS Wit,
Hum. $ Shaks. vi. 198 There never was such a jaunty and
irrepressible quipster. i88x Sat. Rev. 23 Apr. 528 His
very style is young, and not without a certain quipsomeness.
1884 Miss YONGE in Eng. Illustr. Mag. I. 462 Is it only
that the lad is thy very marrow, quipsome one?
Quip (kwip), v. 'Now rare. [f. prec. sb.]
1. trans. To assail with a quip or quips.
1584 I.VLY Alcx.f, Catnp.m. ii, Didst thou not finde I did
juip thee 1 1625 W. R True School War 56 Hee spake the^e
QUIRE.
2. intr. To use a quip or quips; to be wittily
sarcastic. Const, at.
1579 LYLY Euphues (Arb.) 206 Ye malitious haue more
minde to quip, then might to cut. 1603 FLORIO Montaiene
n. ix. (1897) III. 129 Tacitus doth pleasantly quip and jest
at the men of war of our ancient Gaules. 1633 PRVNNE
ist^Pt. llistrio-tn. vui. vi. 796 If you will learne..to deride,
quippe, scorne,. .you neede not goe to any other schooles.
Hence Qui'pper, one who quips.
1589 NASHE Introd. Greene's Menaphon (Arb.) 14 Here,
peraduenture, some desperate quipper will canuaze my pro-
posed comparison, a 1603 in Nichols Progr. III. 143 What
meane you, a starmonger, the quipper of the firmament.
1611 COTGR., Lardonneur,* quipper, girder, flowter.
Quip(pe, obs. forms of WHIP.
Quipping (kwi-pirj), vbl. sb. [f. QUIP v. +
-ING 1J The action of the vb.
1579 G. HARVEY Letter-bk. (Camden) 61 Whisperings open
ng of . _
Theat. Ins. 1007 Terambus a SatyrisF, did not abstain from
quipping of the Muses. 1887 SAINTSBURY Elizab. Lit. xii.
(1890) 437 In contradistinction to this perpetual quipping.,
the general style of Fuller is. . rather more modern.
ing (kwi'pirj), ppl. a. [f. as prec. +
^£ UJ.£l£I^A4g ^Jk II i i J/' ff'* ' L '
-ING 2!] That quips ; of the nature of a quip.
1577-87 HOLINSHED Chron. I. 34/1 In frumpmg of his
adversaries with quipping taunts. 1603 KNOLLES Hist.
Turks (1621) 703 The bishop .. after his quipping manner
requested [etc.]. 1605 CAMDEN Rein. 195 His salt and
sharpe quipping speeches. 1660 Charac. Italy 54 A Conceit
no less facetious than quipping.
tQui'ppy. Obs. rare. Also6quipp-,quyppie.
[Of obscure origin ; perh. a. L. quippe indeed, for-
sooth (with sarcastic force).] = QUIP sb.
1519 HORMAN Vulg. 61 § 3 To rayle and rage vpon hyrr
in rymes and quyppies. 1549 CHALONER Erasm. on Foil}
^ lipu (k»'p», kwi-pw). Also o.uipo, quippu,
-o. " [Quichuan qttipu knot.] A device of the
ancient Peruvians and others for recording events,
keeping accounts, sending messages, etc., consisting
of cords or threads of various colours, knotted in
various ways.
1704 tr. Ovalle's Kingd. Chile in Churchill's Voy. III. 74
They have their quipoes, which is a sort of strings of
different bigness in which they make knots of several
colours, by which they remember... When they go to con-
fession these quipoes serve them to remember their sins.
1777 ROBERTSON Hist. Amer. II. yn. 304 The quipos seem
to have been a device for rendering calculation more ex-
peditious and accurate. 1853 TH. Ross Humboldt's Trav.
III. xxvi. 88 These quipos or knotted cords are found in
Canada, in Mexico, in Peru, in the plains of Guiana, in
Central Asia, in China, and in India. 1870 LUBBOCK Orig.
Civiliz. ii. (1875) 43 Even the Peruvians had no better
means of recording events than the Quippu or Quipu.
attrit. 1830 CARLYLE Misc. (1857) II. 168 History has
been written with quipo-threads, with feather pictures, with
wampum-belts. 1845 — Cromwell (1871) I. Introd. 4 Monu-
mental stoneheaps and Quipo thrums to keep record by.
b. transf. and fig.
1781 Mrs. Delanys Corr. Ser. n. II. 64, I believe you
would contrive to knot them some quipos of kind remem-
brance. 1885 MRS. LYNN LINTON Chr. Kirkland III. iii.
83 Marian Evans, whose first knot in the quipos of her
fame was made by this work.
Quir, obs. form of quire CHOIB.
f Quirace, obs. f. CUIRASS. (Also pi. quiracies.)
1584 HUDSON Z>« Bartas' Judith v. 365 AU their bucklers,
Morions, and Quiraces Were of no proofe against their pei-
sant maces. 1596 DANETT tr. Comities (1614) 12 There were
not foure hundred of them armed with quiracies.
Quirboil(l)y, obs. form of CUIB-BOUILLI.
Quire (kwsi'j), rf.1 Forms : a. 3 owaer, quaer,
4-5 quayer,(5 -ere,qwayer,quaier),4-6quayre,
(5 qwayre, qvayr), 5-6 qv-, quare, quair, 5-7
quaire, (6 qw-). 0. 6 quear(e, quere, 6-7
queere, 6-7 (9 <ffo/.) queer. 7. 6 quier, quyer,
5- quire, [a. OF. quaer, quaier (later cater, mod.
cahier a quire of six sheets, a copy-book, writing-
book, etc.) = Prov. cazern. It. quaderno :— pop. L.
*quatemum (med.L. quaternus, -urn}, f. L. qua-
ternt a set of four, f. quatluor four : see QUATER-
NION. The loss of the final -n in F. quaer for
*quaem is normal ; cf. chair, enfer, etc. Icel. kver
a quire, little book, is from F. or Eng.
There are three main forms of the word in Eng., fuatr,
quear (quere), anire. The second of these arises from a
narrowing of the vowel after the *- sound (cf. guail and
qucal, quaisy and queasy, kay and key, kayles and teals,
kaiser and keasar), and the further change to quier, quirt
is similar to that of brcre, frere to briar, fnar.}
1. A set of four sheets of parchment or paper
doubled so as to form eight leaves, a common unit
in mediaeval manuscripts ; hence, any collection or
gathering of leaves, one within the other, in a
manuscript or printed book. Also, twenty-four
(formerly sometimes twenty-five) sheets of writing-
paper.
a. c 1450 St. Cuthbcrt (Surtees) 1549-50 Of quayers seuen
I haue a boke We may ilk a day a quayer loke. 1469
Paston Lett. II. 355, I did write to quairs of papir of
witnessis, every quair conteynyng xiiij leves. 1531 ELYOT
Gov. 172 Muche more he wrote, as it seemed, for diuers
QUIRE.
quaires lacked in theboke. 1613 Mem. St. Giles's, Durham
(Suttees) 42 A quaire of paper for the use of the parishe.
f. 1530 PALSGK. 164 Mayn, bothe for a hande and for a
queare of paper. 1575 CHURCHYARD Chifpes (1817) 106 If
heere I should all skirmishes expresse . . Of paper sure,
a quere would not suffice. 1597 Br. HALL Sat. n. i. 10
Lo what it is that makes white rags so deare, That men
must giue a teston for a queare. 1696 in Pall Mall G.
(1889) 8 Jan. 7/2 A Queerof paper.. A Coppy Booke. 1815
BROCKETT N. C. Gloss., Queer, a quire of paper.
>. 1497 Naval Ace. lien. VII (1896) 128, j reame & vij
quires of small paper. 1560 Ludlow Churckw. Ace.
(Camden) 96 A quyer of paper., \ii\d. 1589 Pappe w.
Hatchet B, Heele spend alf he hath in a quire of paper.
1646 J. HALL Poems i How better were it for you to
remain (Poore Quires) in ancient raggs. 1688 R. HOLME
Armoury III. 120/1 Cassie Quires, are the two outside
Quires in a Ream, called also Cording Quires. 1771 Juniut
Lett. Ixviii. 354 He was charged . . for feloniously stealing
eleven quires of writing paper. 1879 Print. Trades Jriil.
No. 26. 20 The cost of paper from one quire to one ream.
b. /» quires : Unbound, in sheets.
c 1480 Pastou Lett. III. 301 Item, in quayers, Tully de
Senectute. Ibid., Item, in qwayers, a Boke de Sapiencia.
1549 Bk. Com. Prayer (Grafton) colophon, The Imprinter
to sell this Booke in Queres for two shillynges and sixe
pence. 1679 WOOD Life 10 Feb. (O. H. S.) II. 439. 1 8ave
my book, .to the Heralds Office in quires. 1733 SWIFT On
Poetry 144 Your poem sunk. And sent in quires to line
a trunk. 1885 Booksellers Mar. 313 Advt., The valuable
publication stock, in Cloth and Quires.
fig. i«8a GREW Anal. Plants Ep. Ded., So that a Plant
is, as it were, an Animal in Quires.
1 2. A small pamphlet or book, consisting of a
single quire; a short poem, treatise, etc., which is
or might be contained in a quire. Obs.
a 1225 Ancr. R. 248 peo ancre fet wernde anoSer a cwaer
uorto Tenen. Ibid. 282 3if bu hauest knif ooer cloo ;;
scrowe ooer quaer. c 1430 LYDC. Compl. Bl. Knt. xcvii,
Go litel quayre, go unto my lyves queene. c 1430 Life St.
Kath. (1884) i Ther was take to me a quayere. Where
yn was drawe in to englesshe . . hire martirdom. c 1500
MS. Selden B. 24 If. 191 Heirefter followis the quair maid
be King James of Scotland the first, callit the kingis quair.
a 1529 SKELTON Sp. Parrot 280 Go litell quayre, namyd the
Popagay. c 1535 FISHER Wks. (E.E.T.S.) 429 Who so euer
ye be, y' shall fortune to rede this queare. 1570 FOXE A.
<J- M. 1393/2 The bishop of Salis. drewe out a quire of the
Concordance, and layd it before the bishop of Harford.
8. Comb., as quire-work ; quire stock, books in
quires ; quire- wise adv., on double leaves, which
can be formed into quires to be sewed.
1688 R. HOLME Armoury in. 124/1 When quire work is
Printed. 1885 Bookseller 5 Mar. Advt., Bookselling Busi-
ness for Sale. .including. .bound and quire Stock.
Quire, sb2 : see CHOIR.
Quire (kwai»j), v.1 [f. QUIRE rf.1] trans. To
arrange in quires. Hence Quired/^/, a.
1683 MOXON Mech, Exerc., Printing xxil. P4 If they be
Quir d Sheets, that is, two, three, or four' Sheets Quir'd
together. Ibid. xxv. r 4 The Backs of the Quired Books.
1688 R. HOLME Armoury III. 124/1 The number of Sheets
Quired one in the other. 1875 SOUTHWARD Diet.
117 Quired. Two sheets so imposed as when fold
made up will lie one within the other.
Quire, v.-, to sing: see CHOIR v.
Quire, obs. f. QUARRY st.1, QUEEB a.'-*; var.
QUERE v. to inquire.
t Quirer. Obs. -' [f. QUIRE z>.2] A chorister.
1624 HEYWOOD Gunaik. vil. 335 Neere to the chamber
doore the Quirers thus sing.
Quirester, obs. form of CHORISTER.
Quirie, obs. variant of querry EQUERKY, q. v.
t Qui-rily, adv. Obs. rare—1. ? Quiveringly.
1581 STANYHURST SEneis i. (Arb.) 24 Some doe slise owt
collops on spits yeet quirilye trembling.
Quirister, obs. or arch, form of CHORISTER.
Quiritarian (kwirite»-rian), a. Rom. Law. [f.
as next + -AN.] = QUIRITARY.
1841-3 W. Smith's Diet. Gr. f, Rom. Antiq. s.v. Lega-
ium, The legatee had the quiritarian . . ownership of the
legacy. ^1861 [see BONITARIAN]. 1871 POSTE Gains m. § 80
Quiritarian ownership is only acquired by usucapion.
Quiritary (kwi-ritari), a. [ad. late L. quiri-
tari-us, f. Qtiirltes Roman citizens.] That is in
accordance with Roman civil law ; legal, as op-
posed to equitable (see BONITARIAN). Also of pro-
perty : Held by legal right or under Roman law.
1865 MERIVALE Rom. Emp. VIII. Ixvii. 285 Every citizen
..so far as he was the occupier of Roman or Quiritary soil,
. .enjoyed exemption from the tribute or rent-charge due to
the state. 1871 POSTE Gains m. 285 A quaestor . . who sold
under the spear, the symbol of quiritary dominion. 1880
MyiRHEAD Gaius i. 119, I say that this slave is mine in
quiritary right.
f Quirita-tion. Obs. rare. [ad. L. quiritalio
(Livy), n. of action f. quiritdre to cry, lament.]
A complaint, lament.
1634 BP. HALL Contempl., N. T. iv. Crucifixion, How is
it then, with thee, O Saviour, that thou thus astonishest
men and Angels with so woful a quiritation. 1656 in BLOUNT
Glossogr.
Quiritian (kwiri-j'an). rare. [f. L. Quirit-es
(see QUIHITAHY) + -IAN.] A Roman citizen.
1880 MUIRHEAD Gains 11. § 40 A man was either owner
according to the law of the Quiritians, or he was not held
to be owner at all.
Quirk (kwajk). Also 6 quircke, queerk, 6-7
quirke, 6-9 querk, 7 quirck, quer(c)ke, quirt,
(qirk). [Of obscure origin and history; app.
native in western dialects.
and
70
The original sense was prob. as in 6, whence on the one
hand the techn. and dial, uses in 7, in which the * quirk ' is
in some material thing, and on the other hand the literary
uses in 1-5, referring to mental operations, modes of action,
etc. The earliest trace of the word appears in Salesbury's
Welsh Diet. (1547), where Kwyrk-hosan is given as the
W. equivalent of Eng. clock (see 7 a); the term is still
current in Wales, but its form proves it to be from Eng.]
1. A verbal trick, subtlety, shift or evasion ; a
quibble, quibbling argument.
,565 T. STAPLETON Fortr. Faith 100* Not vpon quirkes
and suttelties in matters indifferent. 1566 DRANT Horetce^
Sat. i. v. C iij b, The quiddityes and queerks of logique
darke. 1583 STUBBES Anat. Abns. n. (1882)46 They inuente
quirckes and quiddities, shiftes, and put-offes ynough to
blinde the eies of the magistrates. 1615 W. PEMBLE Justi-
fication (1629) 190 The shifting quercke of a schoolemans
braine. 1678 R. L'ESTRANCE Seneca's Mor. (1702) 131 Not
with Syllogisms or Quirks of Wit; but with plain and
weighty Reason. 1711 E. WARD VulgHS Brit. n. 132 Per-
verting solid Sense, With artful Querks and Impudence.
178* COWPER Progr. Err. 550 His still refuted quirks he
still repeats. 1814 DISRAELI Quarrels Aittk. (1867) 251
A true feeling of religion does not depend on the quirks and
quibbles of human reasonings. 1878 BROWNING Poets
Croisic cxxx, In vain the Chevalier beat brain for quirk To
help in this conjuncture.
Comb. x8o*-» BENTHAM Ration. Judic. Evid. (1827)
IV. 386 The quirk-abjuring ejaculation .. of lord Hale.
b. The employment of quirks ; quibbling.
1674 N. FAIRFAX Bulk $ Sftv. 173 This indeed smells
pretty strong of quirk, but -relishes as faintly as may be of
reason. 1796 CHARLOTTE SMITH Marchmont IV. 221 His
fears lest chicane and quirk . . should deprive Althea . . of the
two thousand pounds, 1839 CARLYLE Chartism v. (1858)
25 Shiftiness, quirk, attorney-cunning . . fancies itself . . to be
talent.
2. A clever or witty turn or conceit ; a quip.
1599 SHAKS. Much Ado 11. i. 245, I may chance haue some
odde quirkes and remnants of wttte broken on mee. 1633
T. ADAMS Exp. 2 Peter i. 4 It is not enough to have quirks
of wit, but soundness of doctrine. 1690 BENTLEY Phal.
iii. 145 His Quirks and Witticisms upon Me are all grafted
upon his own mistakes. 1794 GODWIN Cal. Williams 28
Your rhymes and your reousses, your quirks and your
conundrums. 1835 MARRYAT fac. Faithf. xxvii, He had
a quiz and a quirk for everybody that passed. 1882 L.
CAMPBELL Life Clerk Maxwell ii. 31 He must, .enliven it
with some quirk of fancy.
3. Mtts. A sudden turn ; a fantastic phrase, rare.
1579 GOSSON Sch. Abuse (Arb.) 28 How many tmaies,
how many restes, how many queries. 1731 POPE Ep.
Burlington 143 Light quirks of Nlusic, broken and uneven.
1883 LATHROP^Saw. Vistas 126 The quirks of the melody
are not unlike those of very old English ballads.
4. A trick or peculiarity in action or behaviour ;
f a knack, a fad.
1601 SHAKS. Tiuel. N. in. iv. 268, I have heard of some
kinde of men that put quarreles purposely on others, to
taste their valour ; belike this is a man of that quirke. a. 1635
CORBET Poems (1807) 100 He hath besides a pretty quirk ,.
how to work In iron with much ease. 1656 EARLMONM.
tr. Boccalinfs Ad-vts. fr. Parnass. i. xlL (1674) 54 Having
their heads full of querks and new inventions. 1791 LEAR-
MONT Poems 42 He is .. markin* out some dyke, or drainin'
WP mony a quirk. 0x864 HAWTHORNE Amer. Note-bks.
(1879)!. 136 His manner was full of quirks. 1868 Miss AL-
COTT Lit. Women (1869) I. iii. 44 How do you learn all the
proper quirks ?
f6. A fit, start, sudden stroke. Obs. rare*-\
x6ox SHAKS. Atts Well in. ii. 51, 1 haue felt so many
quirkes of ioy and greefe.
6. A sudden twist, turn, or curve ; esp. in drawing
or writing : A flourish.
1605 B. JONSON Votyone HI. vii, Some yong Frenchman..
That . . Knew euery quirke within lusts laborinth. 1840
THACKERAY George Cntikshank Wks. 1900 XIII. 309 These
little dots and specks, and fantastical quirks of the pencil.
1860 BUSHNELL in Life xx. (1880) 437 Write a large, full,
regular, and free hand. Bring in no quirks and flourishes.
7. teckn. or dial.
a. In a stocking = CLOCK sb£
1547 [see etym. note]. 1583 STUBBES Anat. A bus. l. E iij b,
Then haue they nether-stocks to these gay hosen . . with
quirks and clocks about the ancles. [1834 PLANCHE Brit,
Costume 260 Hose, .with quirks, clocks, open seams.] 1879-
In dial, glossaries (Chesh., Shroph., Som., etc.).
• b. A diamond-shaped piece of leather inserted
at the junction of the fingers with the palm in some
makes of gloves.
1688 R. HOLME Armoury m. 18/1 Of a Glove, .the Querks,
the little square peeces at the bottom of the Fingers. 1881
Oxfordshire Gloss. Suppl., Quirkst the bits between the
fingers of leather gloves, where they open.
C. A piece added to, or taken from, a regular
figure, or cut out of a certain surface (see quots.).
1679 MOXON Mech. Exerc. I. 130 If either a Quirk or any
Addition be added to the Building, on any side of your
Ground-plot, you must describe it also proper tionably.
1688 R. HOLME Armoury m. 110/2 A square being struck
into four parts, one of those parts in Carpentry Terms is
called a Quirk. 1842 FRANCIS Diet. Arts s. v., The irregular
garden beds, cut out of grass lawns, are . . as truly quirks
as any other example that can be adduced.
d. An irregular pane of glass (see quots.).
x688 R. HOLME Armoury in. 385/2 Querke, is a nook
shoten Pane, or any Pane whose sides and top run out of
a square form. 1847-78 HALLIWELL, Quirk, ..a pane of
glass cut at the sides and top in the form of a rhomb.
e. Arch. An acute hollow between the convex
part of certain mouldings and the soffit or fillet.
1816 J. SMITH Panorama Sc. fy Art I. 173 The Grecian
mouldings are often, .worked with a small return, techni-
cally called a quirk. 1836 PARKER Gloss. Archit. (1850) I.
379 In Gothic architecture quirks are abundantly used
QTTIBT.
between mouldings. 1876 T. HARDY Ethelbcrta v, Along
tillct, quirk, arris, and moulding.
8. Comb, quirk-float, a plasterer's float used for
angles ; quirk-moulding, a moulding with a
quirk or sharp return (Crabb, 1823).
1842-59 GWILT Arckit. § 2242 Floats are of three sorts:
the band float . . ; the quirk float, which is used on or in
angles ; and the Derby.
Quirk (kwsak), z/.l [f. prec. sb.]
1. a. trans. To assail with quirks or quips, b.
intr. To use quirks or quips. Also with it.
1596 NASHE Saffron Walden 41 Not so much to quirke or
crosse me thereby, as to blesse himselfe. 1599 — Lenten
Stuffe Wks. 1883-4 Y- 3°7 Wee shall haue some spawne of
a goose-quill . . quirking and girding. 18*3 Blttcfav. Mag.
XIII. 673 Merely quirking it upon the strength of a dozen
or two hard words.
2. trans. To form or furnish with a quirk ; to
groove. Usually in fa. pple.
1841-59 GWILT Archit. § 2106 When a bead is stuck so that
it does not on the section merely fall in with its square
returns, but leaves a space .. between the junctions at the
sides, it is said to be quirked. 1886 ELWORTHY W. Somerset
WordJik., Quirk,, .used by carpenters and stonemasons.
To form a narrow groove, usually in a moulding.
3. To move in a sudden and jerky manner. [Perh
an independent formation.]
1821 CLARE Vill. Minstr. II. 33 We saw many a mouse
Quirking round for the kernels. [See also QUIRKING ppl. a.]
1876 G. MEREDITH Beatich. Career xiy, That is the thing to
set an audience bounding and quirking.
Quirk (kwsjk), v. 2 dial. Also querk. [Imita-
tive.] To grunt, groan, croak, etc. ; to grumble.
1746 Exmoor Scolding (E. D. S.) 43 Thee art a crewnting,
querking, ..chockling Baggage. 1787 GROSE Prov. Gloss.,
Quirking, Complaining. Wilts. 1830 Miss MITFORD Village
Ser. iv. (1863) 195 The poor little lass, .sighed, and quirked,
and fidgeted, and seemed ready to cry. 1886- In dial.
glossaries (Surrey, Berks, Wilts, Som., etc.). 1894 E. H.
BARKER Two Stunmers in Gityenne 289 Green frogs . .
quirked defiance from the banks.
Quirked (kwaikt), ///. a. [f. QUIRK v.'1 or si.
+ -ED.] Arch. Furnished with a quirk.
1823 P. NICHOLSON' Pract. Build. 162 A moulding de-
nominated a Quirked Ovolo. 1836 PARKER Gloss. Arckit.
(1850) I. 779 The quirked ogee from the arch of Constantino.
1841-59 GWILT Archit. § 2126 The cylindrical part is called
a bead, and the sinking a quirk ; the whole combination
being called a quirked bead.
Quirken, variant of QUEEKEN, to choke.
Qui'rkiiiess. [f. QUIRKY a. + -NESS.] The
quality of being quirky.
1879 SIR G. SCOTT Led. Archit. I. 355 All the . . pieces of
quirkiness which one sees, are things which I have rarely if
ever found in old work.
Quirking (kwaukirj), vbl. sb. [f. QUIRK v.1 +
-ING l.] The action of the vb. in its various senses,
or the result of this.
<x 1688 BUNYAN Mr. Badman (1767) I. 735 Forbear quirking
and mocking. 18x0 SHELLEY (Ed. Tyr. I. 254 If you had
hung her With canting and quirking. 1891 Harper's Mag.
Feb. 411/1 Ed. In all uncomely? Atk. Ay, to the very
quirking of her eyebrows.
Quirking (kws'ikirj), ///. a.1
-ING2.] That quirks.
[f. as prec. +
1605 F. MASON Serm. (1607) 25 Surely . . quirking braines
may haue their conceits. 1679 C. NESSE Antid. agsl.
Popery 65 This quirking fryar. i8»i CLARE Vill. Minstr.
II. 23 The quirking rabbit scarcely leaves her hole.
Quirking, ///. a.'* : see QUIRK z;.2 (quot. 1746).
Quirkish (kwaukij), a. [f. QUIRK si. + -ISH.]
OFthe nature of a quirk.
a 1677 BARROW Serm. (1687) I. xiv. 195 A smart answer,. .
a quirkish reason. 1882 E. P. Hoop in Leisure Hour Pi.fi.
227 He sets forth a number of quirkish reasons.
Qurrksome, a. rare. [ + -SOME.] Quirky.
i&96 CROCKETT Grey Max xlvi. 310 For all his quirksome
guile, he had gotten on the wrong side.
Quirky (kwsuki), a. [f. as prec. + -Y !.]
1. Full of quirks or shifts ; tricky.
1806 R. JAMIESON Pop. Ballads I. 297 Tarn Tod was an
ald-farran birkie, . . Slee. snackie, and wilie, and quirkie.
1823 GALT Entail II. xviii. 164 A quirkie bodie, capable o'
making law no law at a'. 1898 A. BALFOUR TtAnujm. 153
Out upon you for a quack — a quirky quibbling quack, Sir.
2. Full of twists, turns, or flourishes.
1885 in Cent. Diet. 1896 N. MUNRO Lost Pibroch (1902)
So [The) quirky lanes and closes were as black as the pit.
Quirl, variant of QUERL.
Quirlewind, obs. form of WHIRLWIND.
Quirlicue, variant of CURLICUE.
1885 Home Missionary (N. Y.) Apr. 459 The Rocky
Mountains, ..like little feather quirlicues on a map.
Quirn, dial, variant of QDERN.
Quirpo, variant of CUERPO Obs.
fQuirr-6. Obs. rate-1. In 5 quyrre. [a- OF.
quirec,quirie,\3.T.cuirie: see CUIRASS.] Aleathern
habergeon or cuirass.
c 1400 tr. Secreta Secret., Cm'. Lordsh. no Wendc noght
in host with oute haberion or quyrre.
Quirrester, -ister, obs. forms of CHORISTER.
Quirry, obs. variant of querry EQUERRY.
Quirt (kwsjt), sb. U.S. [? ad. Sp. corto short,
CURT, or cuerda CORU.] A kind of riding-whip
used in the western United States and Spanish
America, having a short handle and a braided
leather lash about two feet long.
1851 WAYNE REID Scalp Hunt. xxxi. 240 The young hunter
QUIRT.
laid his quirt to the flanks of the mustang. 1888 [see QUIRT
I..2J. 1894 Outing (U. S.) XXIV. 215/2 The spectators even
went so far as to strike the bare backs of their favorites
with quirts, or whips, to urge them on.
t Quirt, v.1 Obs. rare. Also 1 quurt. [Of
obscure origin.]
1. trans. To block, fill, or stop up (an opening).
1587 FLEMING Contn. Holinshed\\\, 1009/1 The said earle
. .did leuie and build a new weere in the said aperture ..
stopping, filling, and quirting the same, with great trees,
timber,and stones. 1602 CARE\vCVr«7yrt/7 105 b, To let., three
or foure shouels full of earth fall softly downe by the inner
side of the floodgate, which will quurt vp his chinkes.
2. inlr. Of a river : To be dammed back.
1602 CARRW Cornwall 152 Under it runneth the river Lo,
. . thwarted by a sandy banke, which forceth the same to
quurt back a great way.
Quirt (kwait), v.* U.S. [f. QUIRT sb.] trans.
To strike with a quirt.
1888 TH. ROOSEVELT in Century Mag. Apr. 854 A first-
class rider will sit throughout it all . . quirting his horse all
the time. . . Quirt is the name of the short flexible riding-
whip used throughout cowboy land. The term is a Spanish
one. 1807 // 'estm. Gaz. 8 Oct. 2/1 One [horsej . . was
1 quirted , ' raked ', and nearly killed.
Quirtayn, obs. f. COBTAIN. Quiry, var. querry,
EQUERRY. Quis, obs. f. Quiz.
Quisby (kwi'zbi).rf. slang. [Of obscure forma-
tion.] An idler. Doing quisby, not working.
1837 Fraser's Mag. XVI. 155 He eyes the twaddler who'd
enjoin a halt, ., Hating .. a stop by such a quisby. 1851
MAVHEW Land. Labour III. 219 One morning, when we
had been doing ' quisby ', that is, stopping idle.
Quisby (kwi-zbi), a. slang, [cf. prec.] Queer,
not quite right ; bankrupt.
1853 Household Wds. VIII. 75/2 To say that a man is
without money, or in poverty, some persons remark that he
is. .quisby, done up. 1854 Tait'sMag. XXI. 532 Larson is
not so well as he should be — rather quisby about the
throat. 1892 Punch 12 Mar. 123/1 He's a-looking queer
and quisby.
Quischen, -on, etc., obs. forms of CUSHION.
Quiseos(kos) : see QUISQUOSE.
t Quish, obs. form of CUISSE.
a 1548 HALL Chron., Hen. IV an. i (R.) One sort had the
quisbes, the greues, the surlettes, y« sockettes on the ryght
side and on the left side sylver. 1557 GRIMALD Death
Zoroas in Tottell's Misc. (Arb.) 122 Aboue the greaue, At
tli' opening of his quishes.
Quishan, -en, etc., obs. forms of CUSHION.
Quisle, obs. form of WHISTLE v.
t Quisqui'lian, a. Obs. rare—1, [f. as next +
-AN.] Quisquilious. So Quisqurliory a.
17x6 M. DAVIES^M?;/. Brit. II. 394 Miscreant quisquilian
Scraps and Fragments. 1817 Blficfffw. Mag. I. 470 Those
shallow and fidimplicitary coxcombs, who fill our too
credulous ears with their quisquiliary deblaterations.
Quisquilious (kwiskwi-liss), a. rare. [f. L.
quisquilise f. pi., waste matter, refuse, rubbish, etc.]
Of the nature of rubbish or refuse.
1802-11 BENTHAM Ration. Judic. Evid. (1827) IV. 412 The
science is overloaded by the quisquilious matter they rake
together. 41839 — Deontol. (1834) I. 295 Dr. Priest-
ley . . expunged what, in the quaint phraseology once in
vogue, was called the ' quisquilious matter ', 1857 Fraser's
Mag. LVI. 460 Besides garden fruit insects and worms, the
Jay's diet is sufficiently quisquilious.
Quisquose, -quous, a. Sc. Also 9 quis-
oos(kos). [Of obscure origin.] Difficult to deal
with or settle, ticklish, ' kittle '.
1710 Wodrow Corr. (1843) II. 485 Being biassed with his
opinion in quisquose and difficult matters. 1721 WODROW
Hist. Suffer. Ch. Scot. (1829) II. n. xiii. 499 The truths
delivered by ministers.. on quisquous subjects. 1830 GALT
LawrieT. iv. ix. (1849) 175 Your conduct this day has been
very quiscos. 1836 — in Tait's Mag. III. 33 The ladies
maybe a wee quiscoskos in character.
t Quissers. Obs. rare—1, [a. OF. cuissere, -iere,
f. cuisse thigh.] = CDISSE.
£1330 Arth. t, Merl. 2076 (Kolbing) Helme & brini &
hauberioun, Saumbers, quissers & aketoun.
Quisshen, -in(g, quissin(g, -ion, -yn, obs.
ff. CUSHION. Quiasonday, obs. f. WHITSUNDAY.
t Quist, obs. variant of WHIST, silent.
1598 R. BERNARD tr. Terence 289 Quist, quist, what man
art thou well in thy witts? Ibid. 310 He is quist.
Quister, variant of WHITESTEB Obs.
Quisteroun, obs. form of CUSTRON.
t Quistounes, -sumnes. [Form and meaning
uncertain ; the ref. is to the wheel of Fortune.]
a 1400-50 Alexander 3303 Lo 1 so be quele of qwistsumnes
my quahte has changid. Ibid. 4660 For so pe quele of
qwistounes ;oure quahte encreses.
Quistrel, variant of COISTBEL or CUSTBEL.
Quistron, variant of CUSTBON.
Quit (kwit), sb?- [Perh. imitative ; but Gosse
suggests that it may be African.] The popular
name of many small Jamaican birds.
1847 GOSSE Birds Jamaica 254 The name of Quit is
applied without much discrimination by the negroes of
Jamnica, to several small birds, such as the Banana Quit,
which is a Creeper, and the Blue Quit, and Grass Quits
which are finches. 1882- in OCILVIE and later Diets. 1804
NEWTON Diet. Birds 761.
Quit (kwit), rf.2 rare. [f. QUIT ».] A point
ofaeparture.
1892 H. A. NEWTON in Astronomy fy Astrophysics Jan. 15
Of the 839 comets.. 267.. will have quits less than 45° from
71
Jupiter's quit, while 38 of them will have quits less than 45°
from Jupiter's goal.
Quit (kwit), f quite, a. Forms: a. 3 cwite,
3-6 quyt,(4 qw-),4-6 quyte, (4-5 qw-), 6 quight,
3-7 quite. 3. 4 kuytte, 5 quytt(e, qwytt,
qw(h)itte,6quitt, 6-7 quitte, 3- quit, [(i) In
the a-forms (ME. types guile, quit), a. OF. quite —
Pr. quiti, Sp. qtiito, med.L. quitus, unmolested,
free, clear, etc., ad. L. quietus QUIET. Hence also
OFris. guyt, qwyt (mod. quijt), MDu. quite, quijt
(Du. kwijt), MLG. and MHG. quit (obs. G. queit}.
(2) In the 0-forms (ME. types quitte, quit}, orig.
a. OF. quitte, later form of quite : cf. med.L.
quitlus, MHG. quit (G. quiti), ON. kvittr (Sw.
qvitt, Da. kvit}. The pa. pple. of QUITE v. may
also have contributed to the use of quit.
Although there appears to be sufficient evidence for the
existence in ME. of forms with a short vowel, clear
instances are somewhat rare, as the spelling is often am-
biguous or misleading, and the rimes usually show quite,
quit. The exact range of?;/?/ is therefore uncertain until
the ifith c., when its gradual supersession of quite is prob.
connected with the similar change in the verb.]
I. In predicative use.
1. Free, clear, (t Occas. qttite and clear, quite
and free.) To be quit for, to get off with, suffer
nothing more than.
a 1225 Ancr. R. 6 Sum. .mei ful wel beo cwite & paie god
mid lesse. c 1275 Pass. Lord 310 in O. E. Misc. 46 Ye nelle^
. .lete me gon quite. Ibid. 370 Hit is eur kustume to habbe'
quyt enne. c 1290 Beket 812 in S. Eng. Leg. I. 129 po was
bis guode Man quit I-nov. c 1330 R. BRUNNE Chron. Wace
(Rolls) 1224 pys were our most profit, Wib loue & leue he
quebe vs quyt. c 1400 Yvjaine <y Gaw. 685 Bot so he
wend have passed quite. 1470-85 MALORY Arthur xiv.
vi, Yf thow be ouercome thou shall not be quyte for losyng
of ony of thy membrys. 1509 BARCLAY Shypof'Folys (1570)
72 The great fishe are taken . . Where as the small escape
quite and free. 1577 NORTHBROOKE Dicing (1843) 77 What
faultes great men alwayes committe Are pardoned still, and
goeth quitte. 1609 SKENE Reg. Maj. 22 Gif the persewer
compeirs nocht. .the defender sail passe quite. 1671 MILTON
P. R. r. 476, 1 . .must submiss endure Check or reproof, and
glad to scape so quit. 1768 GRAY in Corr. "w. Nicholls (1843)
72 We . . are quit for the fright except the damage above-
mentioned. 1817 W. SELWYN Law Nisi Priits (ed. 4) II.
761 The judgment shall be against him only. .and the other
shall go quit. 1852 THACKERAY Esmond I. xiii, Harry Es-
mond was quit for a fall on the grass. 1866 ROGERS Agric.
tr Prices I. v. 124 When the book was restored the borrower
[was] declared quit.
b. Free, clear, rid of (a thing or person). fAlso
with omission of prep. (quot. 1630).
a 1225 A ncr. R . 90 Ase quite ase ge beoS of swuch. a 1300
Cursor M, 6287 Godd. .had mad bam quite Of al bair soru
and al bair site. 1340 Ayenb. 41 Of these zennes ne byeb
[they] najt kuytte. c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints xxxiv. (Pelagia)
136 Haftand rycht gret delyte Of bare synnis to be quyte.
11450 Mirour Saluacioun 1511 Who is qwitte of one
temptacionne happily. 1470-85 MALORY Arthur x. xxiv,
Now my moder is quyte of the. 1596 DALRYMPLE tr.
Leslie's Hist. Scot. n. 141 Throuch desyre . . to be quyte of
the glore of a king, c 1630 MILTON On Time 20 Then all
this Earthy grosnes quit, .. we shall for ever sit [etc.]. 1741
CHESTERF. Lett. (1792) I. 208 Aukwardnesses, which many
people contract .. and cannot get quit of them. 1840 Miss
MITFORD in L'Hstrange Life (1870) III. vii. 108 To me . . it
would be a great release to be quit of the trouble and
expense. 1875 CROLL Climate # T. v. 91 In order that the
sea may get quit of its heat.
c. Const, from. Now rare.
1471 RIPLEY Com*. Alch. iii. in Ashm. (1652) 140 Fro
feculent feces when hyt ys quytt. c 1586 C'TESS PEMBROKE
Ps. cxix. i, Quitt and cleere from doing wrong. 1591
SPENSER Ruins of Rome viii, Nought from the Romane
Empire might be quight. 1660 H. MORE Myst. Godl. v.
xvii. 209 Nor shall we ever be quit from the crime of slaying
the Witnesses. 1845 Economy 154 It is the doctor's duty to
see you quit from all this.
t d. To make quit (of}, to do away with, dis-
pose of; to make a clearance. Sc. Obs. rare.
c 1470 HENRY Wallace vn. 504 The formast sone hym selff
sesyt in hand, Maid quyt off hym. 15 . . Droichis Part of
Play 108 in Dunltar's Poems (1893) 3i8Thair is nocht thair
bot tak and slae, Cut throppillis and mak quyte.
f2. Destitute, deprived of ( from}. Obs.
c 1290 S. Eng. Leg. I. 399/242 Of ore leoue sones quite we
beoth, alas ! £1330 R. BKUNNE Chron. (1810) 319 Me and
many mo, fro our wages jede quite, a 1352 MINOT Poems
vii. 124 Now haue bai made bi biging bare, Of all bi catell
ertou quite, c 1430 Hymns Virg : (1867) 35 Of bi blis y were
ful qwytt If y hadde aftir bat y haue do. 1573 Satir. Poems
Reform, xiii. 91 1 It wald mak vs quyte Of Christis Euangell,
our delyte. 1596 DALRYMPLE tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. IV. 232
Ethelfred is maid quyt of ane eye.
t 3. = QUITS 2. Double or quit : see DOUBLE
adv. 4. Obs.
c 1489 CAXTON Sonnes of Aymmt x. 268, I have yelde you
agen that ye had gyven me ; we be now quyte. 1596
SHAKS. Ta»t. Shr. in. i. 92 If once I finde thee ranging,
Hortensio will be quit with thee by changing. 1607 — Cor.
IV. v. 89 To be full quit of those my Banishers Stand I
before thee heere. 1687 PRIOR Efigr., ' To John I ow'd ',
Sure John and I are more than quit. 1757 MRS. GRIFFITH
Lett. Henry ff Frances (1767) I. 21 But we are now quit ;
and your generosity is equal to mine.
(•b. To cry quit (with one), cry one quit (cf.
QUITTANCE 4). Obs.
1626-7 >n Crt. q- Times Chas. /, I. 205 If it would please
God . . to prosper what we undertake, we might, ere long,
cry them quit. 1641 SMECTYMNUUS Vind. Answ. i. 5 If we
would cry quit with the Remonstrant . . wee could tell him
a Tul,:.
QUIT.
II. Attributive.
1 4. Clean, complete. Obs. rare.
1583 BABINCTON Commanam. viii. (1637) 73 To.. the quite
marring of all her musicke. 1604 RUDD in Consid. Peace fy
Goodiv, Prot. 7 If . . there cannot be obtained a quite re-
movall of the Premises. lOO^TopSELLAowr-/ Be<uit(l6}j)
487 [This will] make a quit riddance of all their hurts.
Quit (kwit j, f quite, v. Forms : a. Infin. 3-5
qiuten, quyten, (5 -yn), 4 quyty, 4-7 quyte,
quite, 5 qwite, qwyt(e, qw-, queyt, 5-6 quyt ;
5 qu-, qwyght, 6 quight ; also north. 5 whyte,
6 -tte, 5, 7-9 •white, 9 wheyte. Pa. t. 4-5 quitte,
quyt, 4-6 quit(t, quytte, 5 qwit, 5-6 quyte;
5-6 quyted, 6 quited, quighted. Pa. fple. 4-5
iquytt, i-, yquyt(te, yquit ; 4 quite, 4-5 quitte,
4-6 quit, quyt, 5 qwit(t(e, Sc. quet, 5-6 quyte,
qwytt, 6 quitt, Sc. quyite; 4 i-quited, 5-7
quited, 6 quyted. /3. 4, 7 quitte, 5 quytte, 6
quitt, 4- quit. 7. See QUAT v? [(i) In a-forms
(ME. lypequiten), a..OF.fuiter = Sp., Pg. quitar,
It. quitare, med.L. quitare, ad. med.L. quietare to
make quiet, put in quiet, set free, absolve, etc., f.
quietus QUIET (cf. QUIT a.). (2) In 0-forms (ME.
type quitten}, a. later OF. quitter (cf. ON. kvitta,
Sw. qvitta, Da. Irvitte). The origin of this F. form
is obscure ; it apparently became common in the
I4th c., but med.L. quit/are is found in documents
of the 1 3th (Du Cange).
The exact range of ME. f«Jtte(n is difficult to determine
(cf. QUIT a.); the usual form was undoubtedly quite(H. The
pa. t. and pa. pple. of this were usually ouitte, quit (less
commonly quiied), and this fact may have assisted in the
general substitution of quit for quite which began in the
latter part of the i6th c., and was practically complete by
1650. During the first half of the i7th c. the pa. t. and pple.
vary between quit^ and quitted, the former being freq. em-
ployed even by writers who use quit in the inf. and pres. ; in
later use quitted is the standard form, quit being now dial,
and U.S. colloquial.]
I. •(• 1. trans. To set free, release, deliver, redeem
(usually a person ; also absol.}. Const, from, out
of, and occas. with out adv. Obs.
a 1300 Cursor M. 6680 Dei bai sal wit-vten lite, Wit-vten
raunscun for to quitte. 1303 R. BRUNNE Handl. Synne
9582 Quyte be weyl oute of borghegang. c 1374 CHAUCER
Troylus IV. 177 (205) Alias ! they quitte him out to rathe.
c 1450 Miroitr Saluacioun 1352 Crist borne to qwite man
out of infernale disese. 1483 CAXTON Gold. Leg. 143 b/2
But for al that was not he quyte fro the pryson of helle.
a 1569 KINCESMYLL Man'sEsl. xi. (1580) 74 They counselled
the people to quite Barabbas. 1579 SPENSER Slieph. Col.
Feb. 213 For nought mought they quitten him from decay.
1616 R. C. Times Whistle vi. 2537 A litle mony from the
law will quite thee. 1642 ROGERS Ntiaman 557 Arise
therefore, quite thy cause, deliver thy people. 1652 GATAKER
Antinom. 4 My intent, .was. .to qit one passage of Scrip-
ture from their abuse thereof.
f b. To free, clear, rid of. Obs.
1387 TREVISA Higden (Rolls) VI. 317 He delyvered and
quitte alle be cherches. .of alle manere kynges tribute. 1530
PALSGR. 677/1, I wyll quyte hym for a grpte of all the
dettes he oweth. 1593 SHAKS. 2 Hen. F/.in.ii. 218, 1 should
rob the Deaths-man of his Fee, Quitting thee thereby of ten
thousand shames. 1606 G. W[OODCOCKE] Lives Emperors
in Hist. Ivstine I i 5 He quited Ancona and Dalmatiaof the
Saracens. 1668 PEPYS Diary 5 Mar., She . . made me re-
solve to quit my hands of this office. 1715 ROWE Lady
jfane Gray iv. i, That Mercy, Which quits me of the vast
unequal Task. 1798 Geraldina II. 201 Two thousand
guineas will not quit Revel of the expence.
c. refl. To rid (oneself) of.
(1340 Cursor M. 11198 (Fairf.) He did alle mennys namys
wryte That of this yeld shuld none hem quyte. 1606 G.
WJOODCOCKE] Lives Emperors in Hist. Ivstine I i 5 He
quitted himselfe of further trouble, c 1665 MRS. HUTCHIN-
SON Mem. Col. Hutchinson 10 He quitted himself of his
employment abroad, a 1703 BURKITT On N. T., Luke w.
30 It was an easy thing for him .. to quit himself of any
mortal enemies. 1857 RUSKIN Pol. Earn. Art ill requires
some boldness to quit ourselves of these feelings.
f2. To clear (a suspected or accused person)
from a charge ; to prove (one) innocent of. Chiefly
refl. Obs.
a 1300 Cursor M. 14857 If it war sli maner wile pat he
bar -of ne moght him quite, c 1320 Seuyn Sag. (W.) 2898
If he haue this day respite, Tomorn he sal himseluen quite.
1533 J. HEYWOOO Merry Play (1830) 18, I thought . . That
he nad lovyd my wyfe, for to deseyve me, And now he
quytyth hymself. 1590 SPENSER F. Q. n. i. 20 He . . shall
againe be tryde, And fairely quit him of th* imputed blame.
1683 Apol. Prot. France iii. n Do not conclude before you
have quitted the Subjects from that suspicion. 17x5 BENT-
LEY Serm. x. 350 Their known Poverty and perpetual Aus-
terities wholly quit them of that suspicion.
t b. To absolve, acquit {of, from}. Obs.
1303 R, BRUNNE Handl. Synne 1337 J>ys fals men, bat beyn
sysours, pat . . wyl . . a befe for syluer quyte. 1451 fasten
Lett. I. 208 We undirstand he shall not be quyte but before
the Justice. 1509 BARCLAY Shyp o/f'olys (1570) 4 There shall
be no delayes vntill another Sise, But either quit, or to
infernal! Gayle. 1584 PEELE Arraignm. Paris IV. iv, The
man must quited be by heav'ns laws. 1609 BIBLE (Douay)
2 Mace. iv. 47 Menelaus certes being guiltie of al the evil
was quitted of the crimes. 1677 W. HUBBARD Narrative
(1865) I. 96 Upon Tryal the said Prisoners were all of them
quitted from the Fact. 1755 Monitor No. n. 1. 84 It will be
difficult to quit the advisers of such a misapplication, from
a crime.
absol. 1549 COVERDALE, etc. Erasm. Par. i Cor. 4 Menne
maye peraduenture vnrighteously condemne or quyte. 1560
ROLLAND Crt. Venus \. 927, I creat }ow to condampne or
to quite, My luge deput.
QUIT.
3. reft. To do one's part, behave, bear oneself,
(usually in a specified way). Now arch.
r 1386 CHAUCER Frankl. T. Prol. i In feith, Squier, tbow
hast thee wel yquit. 1455 PastonLett. I. 329 To quyte us
lyke men in this querell. 1480 CAXTON Chron. Eng. ccxliii.
(1482) 291 Manly and knyghtly he quytte hym in al maner
poyntes. 1589 Marfrel. Epit. Dijb, lohn of London ..
could haue quited himselfe no better then this. 1611 BIBLE
x Sam. iv. 9 Quit your selues like men, and fight. 1642
ROGERS Naaman 188 Labour to quite our selves well in our
sufferings, a 1716 SOUTH Serm. (1744) X. 302-3 This is the
fourth means to enable us to quit ourselves in the great
duty of peaceableness. 1868 BROWNING Ring ff Bk. v. 278,
I rode, danced and gamed, Quitted me like a courtier.
f b. To acquit oneself (well, etc.) of a task or
duty. Obs.
14x3 Pilgr.Sowle (Caxton 1483) v. xi. 103 Of these, .seuen
[signes] ye haue quyte yow well, c 1450 Robin Hood 4-
Monk Ixxvii. in Child Ballads III. 100/2, I haue done be
a gode turne for an euyll, Quyte be whan bou may. 1600
HAKLUYT Voy. (1810) III. 383 One which knewe so well to
quite himselfe of his charge, that all rancour., ceased.
f c. To use (the hands) ; to play (one's part).
1396 HARINGTON Metaw, Ajax (1814) 35 That I were as
likely to quit my hands in the fray as well as any man.
1603 SHAKS. Meas.for M. ir. iv. 28 The generall subiect to
a wel-wisht King Quit their owne part,
f 4. To remit (a debt, etc.). Obs. rare.
£1400 Rom. Rose 6032 They shall quyte your oth al free.
1523 LD. BERNERS Froiss. I. xvtii. 22 The lordes dyd quyt
me my ransom and prison. 1596 SHAKS, Merck, y. iv. i. 381
To quit the fine for one halfe of his goods, I am content.
1671 MILTON Samson 509 Perhaps God will relent, and quit
thee all his debt. 1693 Drydeit's Juvenal vii. (1697) 178
For that Revenge I'll quit the whole Arrear.
5. To give up, let go, renounce, etc. ; to cease to
have, use, enjoy, be engaged in or occupied with.
(Freq. with implication of sense 70
c 1440 Generydes ^608 As for the land of Perce . . My lord
and fader quyte it m his dayes. 1560 ROLLANO Crt. Venus
i. 900 The copie clene I quite it is sa skant. x6ia SELDEN
To Rdr. in Drayton's Poly-olb., The Capricious faction will . .
neuerquit their Beliefe of wrong. ax66x FULLER Worthies
(1840) II. 434 It seems that tbe Christian Britons at the font
quitted their native names as barbarous. 1671 True Non-
conformist 2 That Nonconformists think they may quite
the communion of the church, if [etc.]. *7"9 BuTLERiSVrw.
Resentm. Wks. 1874 II. 100 Resentment has taken posses-
sion of the temper, ..and will not quit its hold. 1788
FRANKLIN Autobiog. Wks. 1840 I. 156 Choosing rather to
quit their power than their principle. 1828 D'!SRAELI
Chas, /, II. ii. 47 Richelieu, once resolved, never quitted
his object, till it became his own. 1851 HELPS Comp.Solit.
xiii. (1874) 236 There are very few men who know how to
quit any great office.
b. To give up, yield, hand over to another.
Now rare or Obs.
a 1450 Knt. de la Tour (1868) 101, I have leuer to quytte
yow and gyue yow my parte. 1559 KENNEDY Lett, to
Willockin Wodrow Misc. (1844) 273, I quyte 3ou the haill
cause without farther disputatioun. 1617 HAKEWILL Apol.
(1630) 106 As God had quitted unto them, all dominion over
his creatures. 1647 CLARENDON Hist, Reb. in. § 138 He
might wisely quit his Mastership of the Wards to the Lord
Say. 1769 ROBERTSON Chas. P', xn. Wks. 1826 III. 371
Every argument which . . could induce him to quit the
Imperial throne to Philip. 1824 J. JOHNSON Typogr. I. 551
His father seems to have quitted the trade to him in 1576.
c. To let go (something held or grasped).
1633 G. HERBERT Temple 122 Love unknown n The
servant instantly Quitting the fruit, seiz'd on my heart
alone, 1711 ADDISON Spect. No. 102 F 7 This teaches a
Lady to quit her Fan gracefully when she throws it aside.
1808 J. BARLOW Columb. vni. 82 The weak moment when
she quits her shield. 1841 ELPHINSTONE Hist. Ind. II. 145
A horseman .. sprung from his horse, and, without quitting
the bridle, rushed into the tent.
6. To cease, stop, discontinue (doing something).
Now U.S.
X7S4 in Picton Vpool Munic. Rec. (1886) II. 166 Persons
who rent seats., after they quitt sitting in them [etc.].
1837 W. IRVING Capt. Bonneville II. 165 They followed on
his trail, nor quit hovering about him . . until [etc.]. 1882
A. E. SWEET Sk. Texas Si/tings 62 The dog-catchers have
quit going their rounds.
b. absol. Also U.S. with off.
a 1641 SUCKLING Why so pale and-wan ii Quit ! quit for
shame ! this will not move. 1753 H. WALPOLE Lett. (1833)
III. 25 It is I, that will not act with such fellows .. if they
are kept, I will quit ; and if the Bishop is dismissed, I will
quit too. 1868 Morning^Star jo Mar., The good old maxim
for speech-makers, ' Quit when you've done . 1894 Chicago
Advance x Mar., I don't see how you ever made up your
mind to quit off [from study],
7. To leave, go away or depart from (a place or
person) ; to part or separate from (a thing).
1603 FLORIO Montaigne n. ii. (1897) H*- 29 ^ur m'.nde
cannot out of her place attaine so high. She must quit it
and raise her selfe aloft. 1623 MASSINGER Dk. Milan iv. ii,
We know our duty, And quit the room. 1653 H. COGAN tr.
Pinto' s Trav. vii. 19 Having quit the river he marched
somewhat faster than ordinary. 1732 POPE Ess. Man n. 274
Hope travels thro1, nor quits us when we die. 1787 WINTER
Syst. Husb. 306 When the earth is sufficiently dry, so as to
quit the hoe. 1805 SCOTT Last Minstr. i. iv, They quitted
not their harness bright, Neither by day, nor yet by night.
1833 HT. MARTINEAU Briery Creek v. 100 It is a senous
matter to quit country and family and friends. 1874 GREFN
Short Hist. v. 242 The labourer was forbidden to quit the
parish where he lived.
b. absol. To leave the premises which one occu-
pies as a tenant.
1768 [see QUITTING v6l. sb.}. x8x8 CRUISE Digest (ed. 2)
IV. 74 A lease.. determinable ..on giving reasonable notice
to quit. 1831 LAMB Elia Ser. it. To the Shade of F.lliston^
72
Thou . . had notice to quit, I fear, before thou wert quite
ready to abandon this fleshly tenement.
o. absol. To go away. dial, and U.S.
1839 MARRY AT Diary Amer. Ser. I. II. 231 Clear out, quit,
and put— all mean ' be off'. 1850 LYELL 2nd Visit U. S. II.
99 No sooner was I engaged . . than all the other workmen
quitted. 1883 STEVENSON Silverado Sy. 146 He rose at
once, and said, .he reckoned he would quit.
8. intr. To quit with, to part with or from. rare.
1635 SHIRLEY Traitor t. i, If You can find dispensation to
quit with Amidea, . . be confident Oriana may be won. 1816
SCOTT Old Mart, viii, Ye hae preached twenty punds out o'
the Laird's pocket that he likes as ill to quit wi'.
9. trans. To remove ; to put, take, or send away
(also with dat of person) ; to dismiss. Now rare.
1575 TURBERV. Fmtlconric 364 This medicine, .cureth and
quitteth the mangie. 1598 BARRET Theor. Warra 116
Having quited and depriued them the preheminence to
elect Captaines. 1625 MASSINGER New U'ay 11. iii, I'll
quit you From my employments. 1649 EVELYN Afttn,(i&5j)
III. 45 The small intelligence come to us., would have
?uitted you this trouble. 1755 J. SHEBBEARE Lydia (1769)
. 361 Miss Arabella . . took it out again, without quitting
her hand from it. 1847 Infantry Man. (1854) 38 Quit the
left hand smartly to the left side.
II. 1O. To repay, reward, requite (a person with
some return for something done). Obs. exc. north,
dial, (in phr. God etc. quite, white, twite").
Generydes 6975 Thus quyte he them that were to hym so
Itynd. £1530 LD. BERNERS Artk. Lyt. Brjit. (1814) 178
Syth he had done me one displeasure, I shall quite him
agayne with two. 1576 WOOLTON Chr. Manual Ci, Let
vs not with like thanks quite almightye God for his greate
benefyts bestowed vppon vs. 1599 MASSINGER, etc. Old Law
if. ii, when I visit, 1 come comfortably, And look to be so
quited. 1664 BUTLER Hud. H. i. 448, I understand .. how to
quit you your own way. 1691 RAY N. C. Words, White,
to requite ; as, ' God white you '. 1790 MRS. WHEELER
Westmld. Dial. (1839) 16 Odd white.. Justice an king teea,
for meaakin sic laas.
•flL To make a return to (a person) for (some-
thing done, a benefit or injury received, etc.). Obs.
a 1300 Cursor M. 4422 111 es pe quit J?i god seruis ! 1:1320
Sir Trislr. 2258 Je quite him iuel his swink. c 1386 CHAUCER
Manciple's T. 189 O false theef ! . . I wol thee quite anon
thy false tale ! c 1440 Partonopc 1554 His kyndenes so he
wole hym quyte. 1509 BARCLAY 6Vy/ of Folys (1570) i?i
God shall thee heare, and quite thee thy trauayle. 1548 W.
PATTEN Expcd. Scot. Pref. a ij, Since we soo quyt theym
their kyndnes, and departed so title in their det.
b. With omission of personal object : To repay,
make a return for (something done to or for one).
CI3SO Will. Palerne 325 Alle pi frendes fordedes faire
schalstow quite, r 1420 Citron. Vilod. 1187 His trauelle
shalle be ryjt welle y-quytte. c 1470 Gol. «J- Caw. itoi As
I am cristynit perfite, I sail thi kyndnes quyte. a 1533 LD.
BERNERS Huon liv. 183, I shall quyte your mockes. c 1586
C'TESS PEMBROKE Ps. cxxxvu. iv, Thou, O Lord, will not
forgett To quit the paines of Edoms race. 1607 TOURNEUR
Rev. Trag. v. iii, The rape of your good Lady has been
quited. a 1631 T. TAYLOR Gods Judgem. i. i. ix. (1642) 199
On this manner was the Duke of Orleance death quitted.
1850 BLACKIE sEschyliis I. 137 Like quit with like, and
harm with harm repay. 1879 SIR E. ARNOLD Lt. Asia v.
xxvii, If I attain I will return and quit thy love.
t c. To be a return or equivalent for, to balance ;
esp. in phr. to quit (the) cost. Obs.
c 1420 Pallad. on //us/', i. 185 A litel tiled wel will quyte
expence. c 1440 Generydes 5700 On good turne another
quytith. 1523 FITZHERB. ffusi. § 14 The roughe otes be the
worst e, and it quiteth not the coste to so we them. 1608-11
BP. HALL Epist. i. viiL Wks. (1627) 288 Nothing can quite
the cost and labour of trauell but the gaine of wisdome. 1646
J. GREGORY Notes <$• Ots. (1650) 63 The strangeness hath been
quitted by an Experience of later dales. 1659 BROME Eng.
Moor I. i. Wks. 1873 II. 4 It is not grief can quit a father's
blood. 1787 JEFFERSON Wn/.dSjg) II. 106 Nor would that
country quit the cost of being retained against the will of
the inhabitants.
HI. 12. To pay, pay up, clear off (a debt, etc.).
a 1300 Cursor M. 28428, 1 wit-balden ha my tende, and has
it quitte til o)>er men. 1340 HAMPOLE Pr. Come. 3920 He
may J>an In purgatory qwyte alle be dett. c 1386 CHAUCER
Wye of BatKs T. 152 Koude ye me wisse, I wolde wel
quite youre hire, a 1450 MYRC 1978 }ef hys godes to luyte
be For to quyte bat oweth he. 1590 SHAKS. Com. Err. i.
i. 23 A thousand markes. .To quit the penalty, and to ran-
some him. 1649 G. DANIEL Trinarch., Rich. II, clvii,
Hee meant To quit all scores, after the Parliament. 1677
YARRANTON Eng. Impr. no I'le pay the reckoning, and quit
this honest Countrey-mans Charge, a 1800 COWPER Ep. to
R. Lloyd 22 That I may fairly quit The debt which justly
became due. 1854 in Whately Cautions for Times 131
The souls in Purgatory.. only quit the score of punishment
which they have not yet paid in this life.
absol. 1393 LANGL. P. PI. C. xvu. 32 Of en's satisfactio
that.. for alle synnes soueraynliche quiteth.
f b. With dat. of person, esp. in phr. to quite
one his meed, hire, etc. Obs.
13 . . Coer de L. 1420, 1 schal quyten hym hys mede. a 135*
MINOT Poems vii. 66 Inglis men ..quit fam baire hire, c 1400
Gamelyn 512 Ther was non of hemalle..That he ne.. quitte
him his dette. 1550 CROWLEY Last Trumpet 446 Let me
take vengeance, saith the Lord, And I wyll quyte them all
theyr hyre. 1567 Satir. Poems Reform, xiv. 99 All Faith-
full hartis quyte thair meid.
1 13. To pay, or give, back ; to give in return.
a 1300 Cursor M. 27867 (Fairf.) He gas to paine, til wrange
tane ping be quite agame. c 1380 WYCLIF Wks. (1880) 173
Pes worldly prestis . . quiten not ajen but stynkynge preiere
bifore god. Ibid. 215 For o schrewed word a man mot
quyte anober or moo. 14 . . Good Counsel in King's Quair
(.S. T. S.) 51 For ilk ynch he wyll the quyte a spane.
QUITCLAIM.
f b. absol. To make return or repayment. Obs.
a 1340 HAMPOLE Fsattfrxxxvi. 22 pe synful sail borow and
he sail noght quyte. c 1460 Townelcy Myst. xiii. 294 Eft
whyte when I may Bot this will I borow.
1 14. To pay for (a thing). Obs. rare.
c 1*50 Sotk Sermun 77 jn O, £. Misc. 190 Robin wule Gilot
leden to ben ale . . H« mai quiten hire ale. a 1300 Cursor
M. 6685 be smiter sal quite his lechyng. c 1330 R. BRUNNE
Chron. Wace (Rolls) 11852 Alle oure scabes schul bey quyte.
Quit, variant of COOT sb? ; obs. form of WHITE.
Quital : see QUITTAL.
II Qui tam (kwai tsem). Law. [L., the first
words of the clause qui tam pro domino rege quant
pro se ipso sequitur ' who as well for the lord the
king as for himself sues '.] An action brought on
a penal statute by an informer, who sues for the
penalty both on his own behalf and on that of the
crown, b. transf. An informer.
1755 CHESTERF. in World No. 105 An action popular, or
of qm tam, would certainly He. 1783 Chron. in Ann. Reg.
313/2 An action was tried brought by qui tam on the statute
of usury. 18x6 'Quiz' Grand Master nt. 63 While the
qui tarns abuse each other, From hangman Murtagh to .
attrib. 1803 Mcd. Jrnl. X. 170 Whatever certainty is
required in an indictment, the same is necessary in a qui tam
information. 1812 Sporting Mag. XXXIX. 23 Amongst
. . these are some qui tam gentry. 1853 * • '• WHARTON
Pennsytv. Digest (ed. 6) II. 17 Qui tam informations are
in the nature of civil suits.
Quitance : see QUITTANCE.
Quitasol(e : see KITTISOL.
Quitch (kwitf), $bl Forms : i quice, cwice,
etc., 6 quyche, 7-8 quich, 7 cuich, quoich, 6-
quitch. See also QCICK sb.2, COUCH sb.2, and
TWITCH. [OE. cwice = MLG. kweke (hence G.
quecke\ Du. kweek ; usually supposed to be related
to cwiC) QUICK a., in reference to its vitality.]
1. A species of grass. = COUCH sb.2
a 700 Epinal Gloss. 464 Gramen, quiquae [Erfurt quicae,
Corpus quice]. riooo Sax. Leechd. I. 182 genym bysse
wyrte leaf be man gramen & oorum naman cwice nemneS.
1523 FITZHERB. Husb. § 14 All these maner of otes weare
the ground very sore, and maketh it to beare quyche. 1658
SIR T. BROWNE Hydriot. 22 Some long roots of Quich, or
Dogs-grass wreathed about the bones. 17*7 BRADLEY Fam.
Diet, s. v. Corn land, A good fallowing . . will kill the Quitch
Sorrel, moss and other trumpery. 1816 F. VANDERSTRAETEN
Improved Agric. p. xv, Destroying weeds, and particularly
quitch or dog -grass. 1884 BRITTEN & HOLLAND Plani-n. 394.
fig- 18fi9 TENNYSON Enid 1751 The vicious quitch Of blood
and custom.
b. Also quitch-grass in same sense.
1587 MASCALL Govt. Cattle, Oxen (1627) 73 [It] groweth in
some Gardens like to a quitch grasse. 1601 HOLLAND Pliny
II. 2o6TheQuich-grasse. .or Dogs-grasse, is the commonest
herbe that groweth. 1711 J. JAMES tr. Le Blond's Garden-
ing 66 You avoid Quich-grass, and other Weeds. 1840
BROWNING Sordello iv. 23 The thoroughfares were overrun
with weed— Docks, quitcngrass.
t 2. Quitch-hay (see quot.). Obs. rare~l.
1533 FITZHERB. Husb. § 25 Quyche hey commeth of a
grasse called crofote, . .and it is the beste hey for horses and
beastes, and the sweteste.
f Quitch, j*.2, obs. variant of TWITCH sb.
1600 SURFLET Countrie Forme i. xxii. 271 Two straight
rules of wood as it were, .quitches or pincers.
t Quitch, $b$t obs. variant of COACH.
a 1693 AUBREY Ltvest ff. Aubrey (1898) I. 60 He kept his
coach, which was rare in those dayes. The Judge told me
they then (vulgarly) called it a Quitch,
Quitch, variant of QUETCH v.
t Quitchineel, obs. form of COCHINEAL.
1622 FLETCHER Beggars Busk i. iii, Indico, Quitchineel
choise Chyna stuffs.
Quitclaim (kwrtkl^m), sb. Also 5 -clayme,
7 -claime. [a. AF. quitedame (Godef.), sb. f.
quiteclamer\ see next] fa- A formal discharge or
release. Obs. b. A formal renunciation or giving
up of a claim.
1450 Rolls Parlt. V. 199/1 Letters Patentes of relesse,
Siit-clayme and discharge. 1473 Ibid. VI. 95/2 Any. .Relesse,
ischarge or Quyte clayme. 1611 SPEED Hist. Gt. Brit.
ix. vii. § 19. 517 [He] gaue vnto him for the quit-claime of
his sisters loyncture, twenty thousand ounces of gold. 1658
PHILLIPS, Quite claitn^ in Common Law, is an acquitting of
a man for any action that he hath against him. 1865 N ICHOLS
Britton II. 151 The person to whom the quitclaim was
made was not .. in seisin of the tenement. 1891 B. HARTE
First Fam. Tasajara i, There's the papers— the quit-
claim— all drawn up and Signed.
attrib. 1893 GUNTER Miss Dividends 182 A quit-claim
deed.. of the Mineral Hill locations.
Quitclaim (kwitkl^m) , v. Forms : see QUIT
a. and CLAIM v. Also 5 quik-, quicke-. [a. AF.
and OF. quitedamer, -cfaimer, f. quite QUIT, clear,
free, etc. + ctamer to proclaim, declare (see CLAIM
v. 6). In later use associated with QUIT v. and
CLAIM sb. (see 2b)J
f 1. To declare (a person) free ; to release, acquit,
discharge, etc. Obs.
c 1314 Guy Warw. (A.) 6654 pai ben out of prisoun y-gon
Ober quite-cleymed ichon. c 1450 Merlin 19 Quod Merlyn,
' Thow haste quyte claymed {printed clayned] my moder. . . '
Quod the luge, ' It is soth'. 1456 SIR G. HAVE Law Arnts
(S. T, S.) 167 He suld be content thai quite clamand him in
tyme tocum. 1596 SPENSER F. Q. vi. ii. 14 Neither will I
Him charge with guilt, but rather doe quite clame. 1609
SKENE Keg. Maj. 23 b, Everie frie man, haueand natiue
bond-men, may quiteclame and make them frie.
QUTTCLAIMANCE.
2. To renounce, resign, give up (a possession,
claim, right, pursuit, etc.).
13. . Caw. $ Cr. Knt. 293, 1 quit clayme hit for euer, kepe
hit as his auen. c 1400 Sege Jerus. (E. E. T. S.) 28/504 |>at
querel y quik cleyme. 1480 Bury Wills (Camden) 66 To
reles and quyteclayme all their right, title, and interest in the
seid maner. 1508 DUNBAR Flyting 62 Quytclame clergie,
and cleik to the ane club. 1560 ROLLAND Crt. Venus n. 741
For ay mirth clenlie I quitclame. 1639 DRUM M. OF HAWTH.
Mem. State Wks. (1711) 130 Whether a subject may .. give
over and quit-claim all right and title [etc.]. 1760 T.
HUTCHINSON Hist. Mass. (1765) I. 89 Having sold or quit,
claimed.. a tract for a plantation. 1809 BAWDWEN Domes-
day Bk. 2 The land .. which Hugo the Sheriff quitclaimed
to Walcherus. 1885 W. Ross Aberdour ^ Inchcolme ii. 39
He quitclaims the land of Leyis to the Monastery.
b. With quit taken as verb. Const, to.
a 1706 HOWE in Spurgeon Treas. Dav. Ps. xii. 4 We must
quit claim to ourselves and look on God as our owner. 1809
R. LANGFORD Introd. Trade 108, 1, A. B. . . having remisseo,
released, and for ever quit claim to C. D. . . of all , . debts.
1886 Fox BOURNE Eng. Merchants I. 66 Having.. remitted
and quitted claim to the king for all. .debts.
Hence Quitclaiming vbl. sb.
1472-3 Rolls Parlt. VI. 45/1 For that knowelache, re-
misyng, quiteclaymyng . . the seid William . . graunted . . the
seid maners.
t Quitclaimance. Obs. rare-1. In 4 quite-
clamance. [a. AF. qiiiteclamance, -aunce (Britton,
etc.).] = QUITCLAIM sb.
c 1330 R. BRUNNE Chron. (1810) 186 Of bat Philip . . Mad R.
a quite clamance {so in Laagtoft\ fro him & alle hise.
Quite (kwsit), adv. Forms : 4-6 quit, quyte,
5 Sc. quhyt, 5-6 quyt, 6 quyght, 6-7 quight,
4- quite, [f. quite QUIT a.]
I. Completely, wholly, altogether, entirely ; to
the fullest extent or degree.
1. With verbs, esp. in the pa. pple., denoting the
thorough completion of the action, f Formerly
also in phr. quite and clean : see CLEAN adv. 6.
c 1330 R. BRUNNE Chron. (1810) 45 Lyndessie he destroied
quite alle bidene. c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints iv. (James) 288 In
be entent pat bai suld have bene qiiyt schent. a 1529
SKELTON Phyllyp Sparavje 706 Comfort had he none For
she was quyte gone. 1560 DAUS tr. Sleidane's Comm.
273 b, All that was there begonne, was quite dasshed. 1590
SPENSER F. Q. in. v. 41 His foule sore . . she reduced, but
himselfe destroyed quight. 1603 KNOLLES Hist. Turks
(162,1) 204 For now was the Greeke Emperour. .quite driuen
put of the lesser Asia. 1630 PRYNNE Anti-Armin. 133
That I may quite vnuaile the hidden mysteries of this
vniuersal grace. 1700 S. L. tr. Fryke's Voy. E. Ind. 57
We found our selves forced to Intrench, lest they should
have routed us quite. 1785 REID Wks. (1863) I. 67/2 My
distemper is almost quite gone. 1859 M. ARNOLD Southern
Night in Poems (1869) I. 218 Thy memory, thy pain, to-
night .. Possess me quite. 1880 JEFFERIES Gt. Estate 59
Haws, .which often quite cover the hawthorn bushes.
2. With prepositional or adverbial phrases.
ciyi$Sc. Leg. Saints xxxiv. (Pelagia) 124 It .. flaw vpe
quyt in be ayre. £1440 Generydes 3048 It ranne down
quyte thorough the harnes. 1470-85 MALORY Arthur x,
Ixxix, He smote hym doune quyte from his hors. 1545
BRINKLOW Compl. 28 b, He bracke it quyte in pecys. 1551
ROBINSON tr. Mare's Utop. i. (1895) 112 That is .. quyte
out of remembraunce. a 1600 HOOKER Serm. Sorrow <$•
Fear Wks. 1888 III. 649 The sword that pierceth their
souls quite through. 1638 R. BAKER tr. Balzac's Lett.
(vol. II) 43, 1 have done it against the streame of my resolu-
tion quite. ^1710 CELIA FIENNES Diary (1888) 91 Severall
nitches for statues quite round it. 1766 GOLDSM. yic. W.
xviii, Dry-den's and Rowe's manner . . are quite out of fashion.
Ibid, xxi, I had thrown all their power quite away. 1816
J. WILSON City of Plague n. ii. 3 Here have I sat . . Quite by
myself. 1870 E. PEACOCK Ralf Skirl. 1. 153 The room was
not quite without ornament.
8. With adjs., and advbs. or sbs. derived from
these, denoting that they are to be understood in
their fullest or most absolute sense.
CI37S Sc. Leg. Saints xl. (Ninian) 1336 Blynd I ame
quhyt & fre. 1597 Bp. HALL Sat. I. iii. 17 Threats, That
his poore hearers hayre quite vpright sets. 1604 Bp.
ANDREWES Wks. II. 142 Able to quicken our consideration,
if it be not quite dead. 1671 MILTON P. R. iv. 317 One
regardless quite Of mortal things. 1751 FRANKLIN Lett.
Wks. 1840 V. 263 By quite dry air, I mean the dryest we
have. 1765 A. DICKSON Treat. Agric. (ed. 2) 196 The
mold-board in the common ploughs is . . almost quite
straight. 1860 TYNDALL Glac. i. xxiv. 170, I spent that day
quite alone upon the Mer de Glace. 1879 R. K. DOUGLAS
Confucianism iv. 95 A man should be quite certain what he
knows and what he does not know.
b. Preceded by def. or indef. article, chiefly with
adjs. expressing difference. *\A quite other = quite
another; \the quite contrary (freq. in 1 7th c.)
= quite the contrary (see next).
1594 CAREW Huarte's Exam. Wits nS In the Spaniards,
we discerne the quite contrarie. 1618 BOLTON Flams n. vi.
loS Livius marcht . . into the quite opposit quarter. 1661
CKESSY Refl. Oathes Suprem. f, Alleg. 51-2 It speaks a
quite other language. 1665 Ra-n.t-.Ouas.Ref!. W.xiii.(i848)
249 Upon a quite contrary account than they intended.
1712 STEELE Sped. No. 493 r i In proportion to his deserving
quite separate question who is to have them.
c. Preceding the article, chiefly as in prec., and
esp. in phr. quite another (thing, question, etc.) ;
occas. with intervening prep. (cf. 2).
1626 BACON Sylva § 125 For the Impression of the Sound,
It is quite another Thing. 1657 W. RAND tr. GasscmUs
Life Peiresc n. 262 Trees, quite of another kind. 1664
VOL. VIII.
73
Pms^Dlary III. 91 The comet .. is gone quite to a new
place in the heavens. 1679 PENN Addr. Prat. u. 146 That's
quite another thing than being certain. 1716 DAVIES
A then. Brit. II. 401 Which was quite the reverse in those
two. .Prelates. 1751 R. PALTOCK /'. Wilkins (1883) II. 194
That I did first was quite of a different colour from the leaf.
1810 BENTHAM Offic, Apt. Maximized, De/. Econ. (1830) 52
Any such accidental display is quite another business. 1845
M. PATTISON Ess. (1889) I. 16 For quite another reason.
II. Actually, really, truly, positively (implying
that the case or circumstances are such as fully
justify the use of the word or phrase thus qualified).
4. With adjs. or pa. pples., and derived advbs.
1742 RICHARDSON Pamela (i&ii) III. 311 They tell meshe's
. . quite smart and handsome. 1749 FIELDING Tom Jones
xni. v, The widow, quite charmed with her new lodger,
invited him .. to breakfast. 1805 EMILY CLARK Banks of
Doiiro I. 248 She felt, .so perturbed .. that she was quite ill
and restless. 1834 BECKFORD Italy I. 326 The gallery im-
mediately before its entrance appeared quite gay. 1848
HERSCHEL Ess. (1857) 342 A ship sailing northwards passes
quite suddenly from cold into hot water. 1871 RUSKIN
Fors Clav. iii. 17 You would observe .. the quite Anglican
character of Richard.
b. Preceding the indef. article.
1756 TOLDERVY Hist. 2 Orphans III. 49 It is quite a
(1865) J. 403 Up to quite a recent pei
Lett. (1870) 184 They are quite a large party in Edinburgh.
1884 Manch. Exam. 3 May 6/1 At quite an early hour.
c. Coupled with too.
1763 C. JOHNSTON Reverie I. 137 Your offer is quite too
low. 1782 Miss BURNEY Cecilia VII. i. (1893) 269 Going to
Mr. Harrel's again would have been quite too dismal. 1843
J. MARTINEAU Chr. Life (1867) 14 Presenting the Creator
to us in a relation quite too mean. 1882 H. C. MERIVALE
Faucet of B. III. ii. xii. 47, 1 quite too awfully near put my
foot in it !
d. With superlatives.
1883 Harper's Mag. Nov. 882/1 The auditorium is quite
the largest in the world.
5. With substantives preceded by a, or rn.pl.
c 1586 C'TESS PEMBROKE Ps. LXIX. iv, To my kynn a
stranger quite, Quite an alien am I grown. 1737 POPE Hor.
Sat. n. vi._i46 Something .. quite a scandal not to learn.
— Ep. i. i. 50 Far from a Lynx, and not a Giant quite.
1762 LLOYD Poet. Wks. (1774) I. 183 It's quite a journey to
come here. 1806-7 J- BERESFORD Miseries Hum. Life I.
291 That must have been quite a scene. 1840 THACKERAY
Catherine i, There's many a girl in the village that at my
age is quite chits. 1896 T. F. TOUT Edw. /, iv. 79 A
daughter., who died when quite a child.
b. With sbs. preceded by the (also with adj.).
1762 GOLDSM. Cit. W. Ixxvii, It [silk] is at once rich,
tasty, and quite the thing. 1799 COLERIDGE Lett. (1895) 277
Pipes are quite the rage. 1803 in Spirit' Put. jrnls. VII.
20 Quite the 'tippy for the boxes. 1865 Sat. Rev. July 14
The Chancellor is not quite the right man for his . . place.
1888 Poor Nellie 114 It was quite the thing to be in love.
6. With verbs (= 'to go as far as', 'to do as
much as").
1770 ELIZ. CARTER Lett., to Mrs. Montagii II. 67, I quite
longed for you to share my admiration of it. 1819 Metro-
polis I._ 213 Lady Mildew . . quite haunts us. Ibid. 249
A certain upstart commoner, .quite made love to me. 1848
J. H. NEWMAN Loss fit Gain 192 A great personage .. quite
scoffed at their persisting to hold it. 1866 G. MACDONALD
Ann. Q. Neighb. xiii. (1878) 285 You can't quite believe there
is a God at all.
7. With prep, phrases or advbs.
1846 LANDOR Wks. II. 16 There are minerals and instru-
ments quite at hand.
Quite, obs. form of QUIT a. and v. ; WHITE.
tQui'tely, adv. Obs. [f. QUIT(E a.+ -LY2.]
1. Freely, at liberty.
Arcite, and this Palamon, That quitly weren out of my
prison.
2. Completely, altogether. = QUITE adv. i.
a 1500 Cursor M. 1582 pe find wend . . (;at al man kind
quitli war his. a. 1340 HAMPOLE Psalter Ixxxvii. 5 It
semes as |»u had whitely [v. r. qwitly) forgetten. c 1400
Rom. Rose 5843 He hath geten a peny or two, That quytely
is his owne in holde.
f Qui-tement, adv. Obs. rare—1, [a. Of. quite-
went (i 2th c.), f. quite: see QDIT(E a.] = prec. 2.
13. . Coer de L, 2002 The scull brake with that dent, The
rignt eye flew out quitement.
Quiter, obs. f. QUITTER sb?- Quither, obs. f.
WHETHER, WHITHEK. Quiting, vbl. sb.: see
QUITTING. Quitli, var.QuiTELYa<A/. Quitoure,
obs. f. QUITTER sb.l
Quit-rent (kwrtrent). Also 5-6 quite-,
(quyte-, 5 white-, etc.). [f. quite QDIT a. + RENT.]
1. A rent, usually of small amount, paid by a
freeholder or copyholder in lieu of services which
might be required of him.
c 1460 Pol. Ret. ff L. Poems (1866) 24 Consydere what
seruyce longyth ther-to And the quyterent that there-of
oute shalle goo. 1463 Bury Wills (Camden) 24, xijj. of
white rente. 1511 FAUYAN Will in Chron. (1811) Pref.
p. xi, All the charges and quyterents . . goyng owte of the
same. 1532-3 in Swayne Sarum Chvrch.'w. Ace. (1896)
264 To my lorde of Salisbury for quytrent, vij*. iiijrt'. a 1680
CHARNOCK Attrib. 6W(i834) II.57-8 He that pays not the
quit-rent . .disowns the sovereignty of the lord of the Manor.
1706 MRS. RAY in Lett. Lit. Men (Camden) 208, ,£40 a year
. .out of which taxes, repairs, and quit-rent make a great
hole. 1776 ADAM SMITH W. N. (1869) I. n. iii. 336 The
QUITTANCE.
rent they paid was often nominally little more than a quit,
rent. 1848 MILL Pol. Econ. n. vii. § i A tenant at a quit
rent is to all intents and purposes a proprietor.
b. transf. or Jig.
1607 TOURNEUR Rev. Trag. i. i. Wks. 1878 II. 7 Vengence
thpu murder's Quit-rent. 1645 QUARLES Sat. Recant, in. 54
Is't not enough that we poor Farmers pay Quit-rent to
Nature at the very day! 1737 GREEN Spleen 657 Fit
dwelling for the feather'd throng, Who pay their quit-rents
with a song. 1833 H. COLERIDGE Poems I. 12 The rose-
lipp'd shells Which Neptune to the earth for quit-rent pays.
attrib. 1782 COWPER Table Talk no The courtly laureate
pays His quitrent ode, his peppercorn of praise.
2. A charge upon an estate for some special
purpose. 10l>s.
1454 Rolls Parlt. V. 258/1 Devysed and by his legate or-
I deyned, vi mark of annuell quyte rente to the sustenaunce of
a Prest perpetual!, a 1500 Colyn Blowbols Test. 180 in Hazl.
E. P. P. (1864) 1. 101 Sauf only a certeyn quyte-rent, Which
that I have gevyn with good entent To pay for me, unto my
confessour. 1712 ADDISON Sped. No. 517 p 2 The gifts of
charity which, .he had left as quit-rents upon the estate.
Quits (kwits), a. and sb. [Cf. QUIT a., but the
origin of the -s is obscure ; it may be due to a
colloquial use of the med.L. quit(t]us in receipts
(cf. QUITSEST).] A. adj.
1 1. Clear, discharged (of a. liability). Ots.
1478 Croscomoe Church-w. Ace. (Som. Rec. Soc.) 7 Rest to
the Wardenes xviijs. ixd. paid them, so quits herof. 1590
Acc.-bk. W. Wray in Antiquary XXXII. 374 Su[mma) is
iijj //'. iiij s. ij d. ; payd and quits.
2. Even or equal (with another) by means of
repayment or retaliation.
i«3 COWLEY Cutter Caiman St. v. ii, War. I had quite
forgot you. . . JolL_ Faith, we're both quits then ; . . I ha'
think, as I had no wages, I may be supposed to be quits ?
1816 W. IRVING in Life ff Lett. (1864) I. 356, I shall be con-
tent to be quits with fortune for a very moderate portion.
1879 DIXON Windsor II. xx. 215 When all was paid, the
young King and the sorceress queen were quits.
b. To cry quits (cf. QUITTANCE 4).
1639 FULLER Holy War in. xi. (1840) 134 To cry quits
with them, our English authors impute it to the-envy of the
French. 1837 MARRYAT PercivalKcene*\y., 1 should have
fired at you, so we may cry quits on that score. 1884 J.
GILMOUR Mongols 133 On the young man making an
apology, the old man had been content to cry quits.
c. JJouble or quits : see DOUBLE adv. 4.
3. Quit or rid of. rare—1.
1885 LADY HERBERT tr. Lagrange's Life Bp. Diipanlonp
I. 277 They only wish to be quits of the whole thing.
B. so. a. An equivalent, a recompense, b. Re-
prisal, retaliation, rare.
1806 SURR Winter in Land. III. 259 Fifty pounds, .which
..was to be quits for sister's virtue. 1865 W. G. PALGRAVE
Arabia. I. 38 Not finding the occasion favourable for taking
immediate quits.
tQuitsest. Obs. rare—1. [? Colloquial var.
of QUIETUS EST : see QUITS.] Release, discharge.
1587 HOLINSHED Chron. III. 1170/1 It pleased God to send
England .. a quitsest from former broiles of a turbulent
t Quit shilling. Obs. [f. QUIT v. 2 b.] (See quot.)
1882 J. ASHTON Social Life Q. Anne II. 245 Were any
one [of the prisoners in Newgate] lucky enough to be ac-
quitted, he had to spend a Quit Shilling for their delight.
Quitt, obs. form of QUIT, QUITE.
t Qui-ttal, qui'tal. Ots. [f. QUIT v. + -AL.]
a. Requital, b. Acquittal.
£•1530 LD. BF.RNERS Arth. Lyt. Bryt. (1814) 178 It is I ..
that oereth the hurte, therfore . . let me be at the quital
therof. 1592 KYD Sp. Trag. in. i. 79 Let him vnbinde thee
that is bound to death, To make a quitall for thy discontent.
X593 SHAKS. Liter. 236 As in reuenge or quittall of such
strife, a 1633 AUSTIN Medit. (1635) 124 His Doome [is] thy
Quittall.
Quittance (kwi'tans), sb. Forms : 3 owit-
aunce, 4 quitance, 5 qvyt-, qwyt-, 5-6 quet-,
quyt-, 6- quittance (also 5 -awnoe, 5-6 -ans,
-aunoe, and 7 cuttans). [a. OF. quitance (later
quittance}, f. quiter to QUIT. Cf. med.L. quit(f}-,
quietantia."\
1. The act of freeing or clearing ; release ; f ac-
quittal.
In mod. examples pern, associated with sense 5.
a 1225 Ancr. R. 126 WiSute cwitaunce, up of his prisun
nis non in iimcn. c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints xxii. (Laurence} 702
For quetance scho suld ga one ane heyt yrne. 14?* •£• •£«
Wills 71 pe costes of his qwytaunce of his enditement.
1523 LD. BERNERS/^CTM. I. xliii. 58 We wolL.demaunde of
you quytance of our bondes. 1603 Court Bk. Earl Orkney
21 June (Jam. Suppl.l, Under quittance of the stowt of his
nyhbor's peits. 1858 J. ROBERTSON Poems 99 Thy work is
done Bless thy good quittance from superfluous life. 1867
TROLLOPS Chron. Barset II. xlix. 49 They [quarrels] come
very easily, . . but the quittance from them is sometimes
terribly difficult.
2. A release or discharge from a debt or obliga-
tion ; a document certifying such discharge ; a
receipt.
c 1330 R. BRUNNE Chron. (1810) 156 Richard said him his
right, his tresore & his toun, .. To mak certeyn partie, R. a
quitance toke. 1464 Paston Lett. II. 162 A quetaunce of
suche money as ye have receyved. c 1500 Melutine 356-7
Ye desyre of me quytaunce therof so wyl I haue quytaunce
of hym that receyueth it of you. 1600 HAKLUYT Voy. 11.272
Hauing paid the custome, it behoueth to haue a quittance.
1628 WITHER Brit. Rememb. V. 784, 1 have thy Quittance,
10
QUITTANCE.
though I am thy Debtor. 1819 SCOTT Ivanhoe x, Gurth . .
folded the quittance, and put it under his cap. 1863 J. G.
MURPHY Comin., Gen. xxiv. 5-8 He .. obtains a quittance
from his oath. 1883 OUIDA Maremma I. 248 We let her
take our substance and never asked her a quittance.
fig- 13°3 R- BRUNNE Handl. Synne 10813 pe fourbe
sacrament ys penaunce, pat ys for synne a quytaunce. 1595
Locrine v. iv. 188 Soon shall I ..with my sword. .Seal thee
a quittance for thy bold attempts. 1649 QUARLES Div.
Poems I. 60 Deare Mercy made a Quittance for her sin.
Prov. 1563 J. HEYWOOD Prov. ff Epigr. (1867) 161 Suffrans
is no quittans. 1600 SHAKS. A. Y. L. ill. v. 133 That's all
one : omittance is no quittance.
3. Recompense or requital ; repayment ; reprisal.
<rxS9o MARLOWE Faust. Wks. (Rtldg.) 126/1 On his head,
in quittance of my wrongs, I'll nail huge forked horns. 1600
HOLLAND Livy vn. xix. 262 This execution made quittance
with them, for sacrificing the Romanes. 1637 SHIRLEY Hyde
Park I. i. B iij b, In quittance of your loving,nonest_Councen.
1813 BYRON Corsair n. vi; Each . . sinks outwearied . . His
last faint quittance rendering with his breath. 1879 BUTCHER
& LANG Odyssey 18 In quittance whereof ye now work me
harm.
Coml. 1862 RUSKIN Unto this Last 138 note, Tisiphone,
the ' requiter (or quittance-taker} of death '.
•)• 4. To cry quittance, to declare oneself clear or
even with another ; hence, to make full repayment
or retaliation. (Cf. QUITS 2 b. ) Obs.
I57j LYLY Eufhucs (Arb.) 202 Desirous to crye quittaunce
for hir present tongue. 1622 MABBE tr. Aleman's Guzman
d'Alf.l. 234, I thought I had just cause to crie quittance
with him. 1679 DRYDEN Troilus tfC.i. ii, He was struck
down yesterday in the Battle, but. .he'll cry Quittance with
'em to-day.
6. The act of quitting or leaving, rare.
1893 Black If White 22 Oct. 462/2 After his quittance of
the jail he resumed the editorship.
f Qui'ttance, v. Obs. [f. prec. sb. Cf. OF.
quittancer (Godef.).]
1. intr. To give a discharge, rare"1.
igoa ARNOLDE Chron. (1811) 108, I .. graunte to my sayd
atturnays . . to take playnt and arest . . and to relece and
quitaunce [etc.].
2. trans. To give up, cancel. = QUIT v. 5.
1593 GREENE Canny catching ii. 2 b, Shall I be made a
slaue because I am bound to you : no no, I can quittance
my indenture when I list.
8. To repay, requite (a person, service, injury, etc.).
1590 GREENE Orl. Fur. Wks. (Rtldg.) 95 Hate calls me on
to quittance all my ills. 1630 Su'etnam A rraigned (1880) 35
Ere long, It may be in Our power to quittance him. 1624
HEYWOOD Gunaik. i. 54 To quittance this He guerdons
Midas with his golden wish.
Quittaaol, variant of KITTISOL.
Quitter, quitter (kwi-tai), sbl Now rare.
Forms : 3-4 quiture, 4 quy t-, 5 quet-, 5-6 quytt-,
(5 -ur), 6-7 quitture, (7 -ur) ; 4 qwetour, quet-,
quitoure, 5 quyteour, whitour, whytoure, 7
quittour ; 5 quetor, 7-9 quittor ; 4-5 quyter(e,
quytter(e, 5 quet-, quiter, 6- quitter, (8 coutre).
[Perh. a. OF. quiture, culture cooking, decoction,
etc. (but app. not recorded in the specific sense of
the Eng. word).]
fl. Pus; suppurating matter; a purulent dis-
charge from a wound or sore. Obs.
1297 R. GLOUC. (Rolls) 8596 Heo. .wess hor vet & clene be
quiture [v.rr. qwetour, quetoure] out so;te. CITOJ St. Ed-
mund 159 in E. E. P. (1862) 75 Moche del his bodi orn in
quitoure & in blode. 1382 WYCLIF Job ii. 8 [Job] with a
sherd scrapide awei the quyture. c 1400 Lanfranc's Cirurg.
37 pilke quyttere & blood schulde lette be helynge of pe
wounde. c 1440 Protnp. Parv. 525/2 Whytowre, of a soore,
sanies. 1543 TRAHERON Vigors Chirurg. Interpret. Strange
Wordes, Colde apostemes utterynge quytture or fylthe.
x6ox HOLLAND Pliny II. 424 The filthy excrements, attyr,
and quitter, that gather in sores and wounds. 1686 PLOT
Stajfordsh. 305 The nourishing juice.. emptying it self by
those corrupted sores in a quitture or Sanies. 1689 HICKER-
INGILL Ceremony Monger Concl. i. Wks. 1716 II. 454 To let
the corrupted Quitter out.
fig. c 1380 WYCLIF Sel. Wks. III. 23r So shulde men . .
thrtste oute bo quyter of hor olde synnes.
2. Farriery. = Quitter-bone (see 4).
1703 Land. Gaz. No. 3964/4 A Quitter lately taken out of
his further Foot behind. IJM Sporting Mag. 111.34 Sand-
cracks, quittors, strains in the back-sinews. 1843 YOUATT
Horse xix. 394 Quittor . . has been described as being the
result of neglected or bad tread, or over-reach.
•(• 3. The dross of tin. Obs. rare~°.
1674 BLOUNT Glossogr. (ed. 4). 1736 AINSWORTH 'Lot. Diet.
[Hence in JOHNSON and mod. Diets.]
4. Comb, f quitter-bone, an nicer or suppurat-
ing sore on the coronet of a horse's hoof. Obs. (See
also TWITTER-BONE.)
1598 FLORIO, Seta, .. a disease in a horse called a quitter-
bone. 1614 B. JONSON Barth. Fair II. v, She has . . the
quitter bone i' the tother legge. 1639 T. DE GRAY Expert
Ferrier II. xvii. 298 A Quitter-bone . . commeth to a horse
by some hurt he hath taken in the foot. 17x0 Land. Gaz.
No._ 4771/4 Lately cured of a Coutre Bone on the off Foot
behind.
called by our farriers a quittor bone.
Hence f Qurtterish, f Qui'tterous, fQui't-
quyttery. 1343 - . .„„ .
Chirurg. n. i. lii. 48 Apostemes, . . quitterous, ful of water.
1583 BATMAN On Barthol. xxix. 97 In whom the spettle is
quittei ie and venemous. 1668 CULPEPPER & COLE Barthol.
Anat. n. v. 95 Of a quittorish nature.
74
Quitter (kwi-taj), sb? [f. QUIT z>. + -ER i .]
fl. One who frees, discharges, etc. 06s. rare- °.
1611 COTGR., Quiteur, a quitter, acquiter, freer, discharger.
[1736 in AINSWORTH Lat. Diet. Hence in JOHNSON, and later
Diets.)
2. U.S. One who, or that which, 'quits', goes
away, shirks, etc.
1881 Standard 7 Sept. 5/2 They may perhaps have a right
to the term 'quitter', to stigmatise an animal that will not
make a fight 1887 Columbus (Ohio) Disp. 31 May, The
mighty pressure gives confidence that the [gas] well will
not be a quitter. 1897 Outing (U. S.) XXIX. 581/1 Leggins
may be fat, but he's no quitter.
t Qurtter, w.1 Obs. Forms : 4 quyter, 5
quittur, whytowryn. [f. QUITTBB sb?\ intr.
To form pus ; to fill with pus. Also pass, in same
sense. Hence Qui -tiering fpl. a. (in quotyfc.).
1383 WYCLIF Wisd. vi. 25 Ne with the quyterende enuye
weie I shal han. c 1400 Lanfranc's Cirurg. o If bat tweye
woundis ben euene I-quytturid. Ibid. 207 Whanne be en-
postym is quitturid & sufficiently rotid. c 1440 Promp.
Para. 525/2 Whytowryn, as soorys, idem guod whelyn.
tQtirtter, ».2 Sc. Obs. rare. [Prob. of
Scand. origin : cf. MSw. qvitra, Sw. qvittra, Da.
kvidre to chirp, twitter.] a. To twitter, b. To
flicker, qniver.
1513 DOUGLAS j&ncis n. viii. 63 With forkit long intil hir
moutht quitterand. Ibid. xn. Prol. 241 The gukgo galis,
and so quytteris the quaill.
Quitter, obs. f. whiter, comp. of WHITE.
Qurttered, a. rare. [f. QUITTER j&i] Affected
w:th quitter-bone.
1778 H. BROOKE Charitable Assoc. n. i. Wks. 1778 IV. 234
Put the new set of greys to the coach . . Old Robin the
quitter'd bay. .may limp after.
Quitting (kwi-tirj) , vbl. sb. [f. QUIT v. + -INQ 1.]
The action of the vb. in various senses.
\ypAycnb. 114 lesu crist ous tekb zuo to oxi uorveuenesse
and quittinge. 1387 TREVISA Higdeii (Rolls) II. 125 For
quytynge berof he Jaf to be bisshop of Lyncolne a realcitee.
15x9 HORMAN K«/f. 271 He was rewarded . . for his manly
quytynge. 1581 MARBECK Bk. of Notes 1115 That such
stones did in olde time witnesse the quitting of a man.
1688 WOOD Life \ July (O. H. S.) III. 272 Thanksgiving. .
for the deliverance and quitting of the archbishop. 1768
BLACKSTONE Comm. III. 211 In case the notice of quitting
proceeds from any tenant
So {Jui'tting///. a.
i«86 Pall MallG. 9 Oct. n/i The quitting tenant is for-
bidden to remove . . trees and bushes.
Quittor, -our, -ure: see QUITTER rf.i (and?.).
Quittusol, variant of KITTISOL.
Quiver (kwi-vai), st.1 Forms : 4 quy-, qwyu-
ere, 4-7 quiuer, (6 quy-), 5-6 qwyver, (5 -uer,
-were), 5- quiver, (5 quy-) ; 5 whywer, 5-6
-ver. (3. Sc. 6 quavyr, quauir, 6-J quaver,
[a. AF. quiveir, OF. quivre, quevre (cu-), coivre,
etc., app. a. the«Teutonic word represented in Eng.
by COOKER si.1]
1. A case for holding arrows (sometimes also the
bow).
o. a 1300 E. E. Psalter x. 2 J?air bowe bai bent, pair anves
in a quiuer sente. a 1340 HAMPOLE Psalter x. 2 pai redied
baire aruys in qwyuere. c 1400 Destr. Troy 2375 My bow
pat was bigge, & my bright qwyuer. 1483 Cath. Attgl.
417/1 A Whywer for bowes, architesis. 1555 EDEN Decades
56 When they_ had emptied theyr quyuers. 1624 CAPT.
SMITH Virginia n, 25 His arrowes . . he wore in a Woolues
skinne at his backe for his Quiver. 1740 SOMERVILLE Hob.
bittpl in. 170 Fair Virgin Huntress, for the Chace array'd
With painted Quiver, and unerring Bow. 1813 SCOTT
Trienn. ill. xx, A quiver on their shoulders lay. 1854 CDU
WISEMAN Fabiola n. xxiv. 284 A gaily-painted quiver, full of
arrows.
(3. 1513 DOUGLAS sEneis vrit Hi. 165 Ane courtly quavyr
..Wyth arrowis mayd in Lycia. a 1584 MONTGOMERIE
Cherrie ff Slae 114 His quaver.. Hang in ane siluer lace.
b. transf. wAfig.
1382 WYCLIF Ecclus. xxvi. 15 Asen alle arewe [she] shal
opene quyuere. 1533 COVERDALE Ps. cxxvi[i]. 5 Happie is
the man, y< hath his quyuer full of them. 1641 MILTON Ch.
Govt. I. vi, When the quiver of your arguments . . is quite
empty, your course is to betake ye to your other quiver of
slander, a 1711 KEN Edmund Poet. Wks. 1721 II. 289 The
taper'd Dart, Design'd to make its Quiver in my Heart.
1839 BAILEY Festus ii. (1852) 14 Bow of my life, thou yet
art full of spring 1 My quiver still hath many purposes.
1864 TROLLOPE Small Ho. at Allington ix, Boyce being a
man who had his quiver full of them [children].
C. The contents of a quiver ; a quiverful.
1599 SHAKS. Much Ado i. L 274 Nay, if Cupid haue not
spent all his Quiuer in Venice, thou wilt quake for this
shortly. 1623 WEBSTER Duchess Malfi v. ii, Your bright
eyes carry a quiver of darts in them sharper than sunbeams.
2. altrib. and Comb., as quiver-bearing adj. ;
t quiver-case = sense i ; quiver-tree, the South
African Aloe dichotoma (Treas. Bot. 1866).
c 1560 A. SCOTT Poems (S. T. S.) iv. 47 Sic treitment is a
trane To cleive thair quaver caice. 1798 LANDOR Gebir VII.
45 Woody Nebrissa's quiver-bearing crew.
Quiver (kwi-v3j),j*.2 [f. QDIVEK z>.l] An act
ofquivering ; a tremble ; ettipt. a trembling of the
voice. fAlso = QUAVER.^, i.
X7_i5 PENNECUIK Foetus 73 Cupid.. Tun'd all his Crotchets,
Quiuers, Semibrieues. 1786 MAD. D'AKBLAY Lett. 16 Oct.,
I was all in a quiver, but gathered courage [etc.]. 1853 ^'
BRONTE Villette xiv, Heaven was . . grand with the quiver
of its living fires. 1875 JOWETT Plato (ed. 2) III. 204
Thrasymachus, I said, with a quiver, have mercy on us.
QUIVERING.
Quiver (kwrvsj) , a. Obs. exc. dial. Forms :
i cwifer, 3 cwiuer, couer, 5 qwy-, 5-6 quyuer,
(6 quo-), 5-7 quiuer, 6, 9 quiver. [OE. *cwifer,
prob. onomatopoeic : cf. QUIVEB z>.2] Active,
nimble ; quick, raj>id.
^960 [implied in QUIVERLY]. ^1225 A tier. R. 140 pet
fleshs is her et home . . ant for Jmi hit is cwointe & cwiuer
[v.r. couer]. 1398 TKEVISA Barth. De P. R. xvm. xv.
(1495) 774 Some wylde oxen ben . . moost qwyuer and swyfte.
1519 HORMAN Vulg. 281 He or she is aquyuer gester. 1548
UDALL Erasm. Par. Luke it 34 Of body feble and im-
potent, but of soule quiuer and lustie. I^TURBERV. F.pit.
etc. 46 b, Thy quick and quiuer wings. 1597 SHAKS. 2 Hen.
IV j in. ii. 301 A little quiuer fellow. 18*3 E. MOOR Suffolk
Words 302 We . . use the word in a sense of briskness, smart-
ness— ' lie's a quiver little fellow.'
Quiver (kwi-vaj), vl [f. QUIVER j<M] trans.
To put into or as into a qniver. (Chiefly in pa.
pple. ; cf. QUIVERED 2.)
a 1643 EARL OF CUMBERLAND Ps. in Farr S. P. Jos. I
(1848) 112 Thy galling shafts lye quiuered in my bones.
rti7« KEN EdmundVo^. Wks. 1721 II. 310 Use Spears,
your Arrows quiver, case your Bows. 1866 J. B. ROSE tr.
Ovid's Met. 137 His thousand arrows lie Quivered around.
Quiver (kwi'vaj), #.2 Forms : 5 quyuer, 6
quyver, 6-7 quiuer, 4- quiver. [Prob. onomato-
poeic : cf. QUIVEB a. and the vbs. QUAVE, QUAVER.
The existence of an obs. Du. kuyveren^ given by Kilian as
meaning 'to quiver ', is not otherwise authenticated.}
1. intr. To shake, tremble, or vibrate, with a
slight but rapid agitation. (Said of persons, esp.
under the influence of some emotion, of things,
light, etc.)
1490 CAXTON Eneydos xxvii. 103 Dido quyuered & shoke
of grete rage, 1530 PALSGR. 677/2 The poore boye quivereth
for colde. 158* STANYHURST^wm in. (Arb,) 73 Scant had
I thus spoken, when seats al quiuered about vs. 16*0 MID*
DLETON Chaste Maid \. L 118 A brave court-spirit makes
our virgins quiver. 1670 EACHARD Cont, Clergy 55 Do you
not perceive the gold to be in a dismal fear, to curl and
quiver at the first reading of these words. 17x3 ADDISON
Cato in. ii. O'er the dying lamp thr unsteady flame Hangs
quivering. 1751 JOHNSON Rambler No. 205 F i The gales
quivered among the branches. 1798 WORDSW. Peter Bell
Ii. i, Upon the stream the moonbeams quiver. 1853 MAURICE
Proph. ($• Kings xxi. 376 This .. made his lips quiver and his
hands tremble. 1869 FREEMAN Norm. Conq, (1876) III. xii.
243 His hand trembled and his flesh quivered.
fig. 1840 ALISON Europe (1849-53) VIII. 1. § 44. 267 The
contest was quivering in the balance. 1861 THACKERAY
Four Georges n. (1862) 86 Scorn and hate quivering in his
smile. 1874 S. Cox Pilgr. Ps. vii. 133 The darkness ..
quivers on this night with a nameless horror.
2. trans. To cause to vibrate or tremble.
1599 MINSHEU Span. Diet., Blandtar, to brandish or
quiuer a sword. 1789 J. WHITE Earl Strongbow II, 146
He had a way of quivering his head and turning up his nose.
1804 GRAHAME Sabbath 288 The lark . . quivers the wing
With more than wonted joy. 1898 R. KEARTON Wild Life
at Home 53 He then began to quiver his drooping wings.
b. To produce in or by quivering, rare"1.
1848 KINGSLEY Saint's Trag. iv. iv. 102 The mad air
quivered Unutterable music.
Hence Quivera'nte (after andante}, Quivera*-
tion. nonce-wets. Also Qui'verer ; Qui'verisli a. ;
Qui/very a. (rare).
1581 MULCASTER Positions xviL (1887) 77 Wrastling . . is
daungerous to be delt with in agues, as to vehement and
conspiring with the quiuerer. 158* STANYHURST JEneis HI.
(Arb.) 71 With a quiuerish horror. 1775 SHERIDAN Rivals
ii. i, Such a mistress of flat and sharp, squallante, rumblante,
and quiverante ! 1812 J. ADAMS Wks. (1856) X. 16 My
health is .. good, excepting a quiveration of the hands...
Excuse the word quiveration, which. .1 borrowed, -from an
Irish boy. 1877 Daily News n June 5/5 Like a dreamland
that trembles in the quivery air.
Quivered (kwrvaid), a. and ///. a. Chiefly
poet. [f. QUIVEB sbl or z>,* + -ED.]
1. Provided or equipped with a quiver.
1634 MILTON Connts 422 Like a quiver'd Nymph with Arrows
keen, a 1661 HOLYDAY Juvenal 22 Quiver'd Semiramis th'
Assyrian ne're Did thus. 1717 ADDISON tr. Ovid's Met.
Wks. 1758 I. 169 Diana, with a sprightly train Of quiver'd
virgins. 1813 SCOTT Rokeby i. xxi, A giant he, With qui-
vered back. 1874 W. BRUCE Hebrew Odes 24 Safe from the
shout of the quivered foe.
2. Placed or kept in, or as in, a quiver.
1651 SHERBURNE Rape Helen, When his quiver'd Shafts
slie did not see, She Icnew he was not Love. 1723 POPE
Odyss. xxn. 4 Full in their face the. lifted bow he bore, And
quiver'd deaths. 1846 KEBLE Lyra Innoc. (1873) 175 If she
once unlock her quivered store.
Qui'verful. [f. QUIVER sd.1 + -FUL.] As
much as a quiver can hold. Usually_/^. with ref.
to Ps. cxxvii. 5 (see QUIVER sb.1 i b, quot. 1535).
1861 BUMSTEAD Ven. Dis. (1879) 210 Women .. who have
'replenished the earth' with many quiverfuls of offspring.
1885 Manch. Exam. 18 Feb. 5/2 A quiverful of satirical
invectives. 1890 Long-m. Mag. July 208 She was surrounded
by a quiverful of chubby-cheeked children.
b. Used as adj. Having one's quiver full.
1869 Daily News 20 Mar., The quiverful and luckless
Paterfamilias.
Quivering (kwrvarin), vbl. sb. [f. QUIVER v*
+ -ING !.] The action of the vb.
1363 TURNER Herbal n. (1568) 23 b, The same .. is good.,
for quiueringe or shakinge. 1597 A. M. tr. Guillenteau's Fr,
Chirurg. 10/1 The Spasmus possessed the whole bodye
element. 1863 GEO. ELIOT Rome fa i. vi, A momentary
QUIVERING.
quivering of the lip. 1884 tr. Lotze"s Logic 437 The confused
notion that . . colours [are] merely quiverings of the ether.
Quivering (kwi-varirj \ ///. a. [ + -ING ^.J
1. That quivers ; tremulous.
a 1547 SURREY j^Enciit II. 224 Holding . . her targe and
quiuering spere. 1631 LITHGOW Trav. VI. 273 A soft paued
lodging for quiuering Goates. 1700 DRYDFN tr. Ovid s
Metam. xiil. 124 Let his quiv'ring Heart confess his Fear.
1735 SOMERVILLE Chase in. 429 The quiv'ring Bog Soft
yielding to the Step. 1820 W. IRVING Sketch Bk. I. 124
The sequestered pool, reflecting the cruivering trees. 1871-4
J. THOMSON City Dreadf. Nt. xvll. ii, The quivering moon*
bridge on the deep black stream.
2. Of the nature of quivering.
1849 NOAD Electricity 42 A wide brush of pale ramifica-
tions, having a quivering motion. 1882 A. W. WARD Dickens
iv. 103 The story of experiences . . to which his own mind
could not recur without a quivering sensitiveness.
Quiveringly (kwi-varirjli), adv. [f. prec. +
-LV 2.] In a quivering manner ; with a quiver in
the voice.
1808 HELEN ST. VICTOR Ruins of Rigonda III. 164 He
started, then quiveringly exclaimed. 1862 R. H. PATTERSON
l:ss. Hist, ^f Art 365 Pale tremulous rays . . shooting qui-
veringly along the sky. 1876 GEO. ELIOT Dan. Der. v.
xxxvn, One of those quivenngly-poised natures that lend
themselves to second-sight. 1894 Temple Bar Mag. CI.
514, ' I did hope ' (quiveringly) ' that you knew me better.'
t Qui'verly, adv. 06s. [f. QUIVER a. + -LY^.]
Actively, quickly, smartly.
cg6o Rnle St. Benet (Schroer) 122 Donne he wel 5enab&
ures drihtnes heorde cwiferlice gealgaS & to rihte manad.
1519 HORMAN Vulg. 279 b, Thou playest featly at the tynis
and very quyuerly. 1637 GILLESPIE Eng. Pop. Cerem. Ep.
Aiv, Whiles ourOpposites so quiverlygoe about. .is it time
for us., to sit still!
So f Qui-verness, activity, etc. Obs.
1338 BALE Thre Laiues 1323 And toke from me cleane
the quyuernesse ofbodye. 1581 J. BELL tf addon's Ansiu.
Osor. 142 The Goale is not attained by the quyvernes of
the person, nor successe of battell by prowesse.
II Qui Vive (kz v/"v). [F., lit. ' (long) live who ? '
a sentinel's challenge, intended to discover to which
party the person challenged belongs, and properly re-
quiring an answer of the form (vive) le rot, la France,
etc.] On the qtti vive, on the alert or look-out.
1726 SWIFT in rope's Wks. (1871) VII. 82 It is imagined
that I must be..alway upon the qitivive and the slip-slop.
1752 FIELDING Amelia Wks. 1775 X. 223 Though he be a
little too much on the giti-vive, he is a man of great honour.
1833 MARRYAT P. Simple lii, This put us all on the q ui vive.
1883 E. P. ROE in Harper's Mag. Dec. 56/1 ' What now ? '
cried Burtis, all on the gui vive.
Quixote (kwi-ks^t), sb. Also 7 -ot, 8 -iot, 9
-otte. [The name of the hero of Cervantes' romance
(see DON sbl c), = Sp. quixote, now written quijote
(kz'xtf'te) a cuisse.] An enthusiastic visionary person
like Don Quixote, inspired by lofty and chivalrous
but false or unrealizable ideals.
1648 Merc. Prog. No. i. A ij, The Romance's and Gazetta's
of the famous Victories and Exploits of the godly Quixots.
11658 CLEVELAND Gen. Poems, etc. (1677) «a Thus the
Quixots of this Age fight with the Windmils of their own
heads. 1786-7 BONNYCASTLE Astron. i. 17 There are
Quixotes and pedants in every profession. 1811 JEFFERSON
Writ. (1830) IV. 164 What these Quixottes are clamoring
for. 1896 ^Spectator 7 Mar. 337/1 Where the more sober
thinker fails, the Quixote is often of service.
Comb. 1800 MRS. HERVEY Monrlray Fain. IV.4I Quixote-
like, going to fight when he had no occasion.
b. attrib. passing into adj. = QUIXOTIC.
1708 OZELL tr. Boileau's Lalrin IV. (1730) 209 A weak
Defence for Quixiot kings. 1757 LADY M. W. MONTAGU
Let. to C'less flute 7 July, The Quixote reputation of re-
dressing wrongs. 1782 H. WALPOLE Lett, to M. Cole 14 Feb.
(184^6) VI. 160 My diet-drink is not all of so Quixote a dis-
position. 1810 BENTHAM Packing (1821) 198 Our Quixote
Sheriff.
Hence Qui'xote v. intr. (also with zV),to act like
a Quixote.
1702 VANBRUGH False Friend v. i, When you . . are upon
your rantipole adventures, you shall Quixot it by your self
for Lopez. 1803 JANE PORTER Thaddeus (1826) I. vi. 131,
I will not be the first to tell him of our quixoting.
Quixotic (kwiksjrtik), a. (sh.~) [f. QUIXOTE sl>.]
1. Of persons : Resembling Don Quixote ; hence,
striving with lofty enthusiasm for visionary ideals.
1815 J. ADAMS Wks. (1856) X. 157, I considered Miranda
as a vagrant, a vagabond, a Quixotic adventurer. 1857
HUGHES Tom Brown i. i,T'his family training., makes them
eminently quixotic. 1896 Spectator ^ Mar. 336 Any one
can exceed, but few can be really Quixotic.
2. Of actions, undertakings, etc. : Characteristic
of, appropriate to, Don Quixote.
1851 GALLENGA Italy 131 A daring that would seem almost
•ague and qi
private ones.
b. //. as sb. Quixotic sentiments.
1896 Spectator 7 Mar. 337 If,. our Quixotics seem foolish
or extravagant.
HunceQuixo-ticaltf.; Quixo'ticaUyaw'z;.; Quix-
o-ticism = QUIXOTISM.
1850 Erasers Mag. XLII. 482 No Quixotical redresser of
wron£. 1862 Sat. Rev. XIII. 660/2 A mathematician who
. -Quixotically endeavoured to cure him. i88a Athenseum
23 Sept. 410/1 The symbol of his noble quixoticism.
Quixotism (kwi-ksjJtiz'm). [f. as prec. + -ISM.]
Quixotic principles, character, or practice ; an
instance of this, a quixotic action or idea.
1688 Pulpit Popery, True Popery 36 All the Herolca
"" otism. 1723 Briton No. 20
uld appear mere Quixotism
Fictions of Ecclesiastical Quixotism. "1723 Briton No, 20
(1724) 86 His Publick Spirit woultl
il 345 The scorn which inopportune quixotism provoke
So Qui'xotize v. a. intr.t to act in a quixotic
manner ; b. trans., to render quixotic.
1831 Examiner 226/1 The folly to think of quixotlzmg
through all Europe. 1894 Du MAURIER Trilby 99 A thing
to Quixotize a modern French masher !
Quixotry (kwi'ks^tri). Also 8 -ery. [f. as
prec. + -RY.J = QUIXOTISM.
[1718 MOTTEUX Quix. (1733) III. 45 Many.. cry out Give
us more Quixotery.] 1814 SCOTT Drama (1874) 217 An
adventurous spirit of profligate Quixotry. 1873 H. ROGERS
Orig. Bible (1874) 411 We may wait for such an objector
before^ indulging in the equal Quixotry of confuting him,
Quiyke, obs. form of QUICK a.
Quiz (kwiz), sb.l Also 8 quis. [Of obscure
origin : possibly a fanciful coinage, but it is doubt-
ful whether any reliance can be placed on the
anecdote of its invention by Daly, a Dublin theatre-
manager. Senses 3 and 4 are app. from Quiz ^.1 1.
The anecdote is given by Smart in his Walker Remodelled
1836, but is omitted in the ed. of 1840. The very circum-
stantial version in F. T. Porter's Cleanings fy Reminis-
cences (1875) 32 gives the date of the alleged invention as
1791 ; but this is later than the actual appearance of the
word and its derivative quizzity.\
1. An odd or eccentric person, in character or
appearance. Now rare.
1782 MAD. D'ARBLAY Early Diary 24 June, He's a droll
quiz, and I rather like him. 1785 Span. Rivals 8 Ay, he's
a queer Quis. 1793 in W. Roberts Looker-on No. 54 (1794)
II. 311 Some college cell, Where muzzing quizzes mutter
monkish schemes. 1818 EARL DUDLEY Lett. 14 Feb. (1840)
196 Nor are we by any means such quizzes or such bores as
the wags pretend. 1852 MRS. SMYTHIES Bride Elect xiii,
If she really means to marry that quiz for the sake of his
thousands. 1857 C. BRONTE Professor iii, He was not odd
— no quiz.
b. An odd-looking thing, rare ~1.
1798 JANE AUSTEN Northaug. Abb. (1850) 26 Where did
you get that quiz of a hat?
f2. — BANDALORE, q.v. Obs.
c 17^90 in Moore Mem. I. 12 The Duke ,. was, I recollect,
playing with one of those toys called quizzes. 1792 B.
Munckausen (1790) II. xi. 137 She darted and recoiled the
quizzes in her right and left hand. #1833 MOORE Mem. I.
ii A certain toy very fashionable about the year 1789 or 1790
called in French a * bandalore ' and in English a * quiz '.
3. One who quizzes.
1797 The Quiz No. 13. 85 Now, gentlemen, as you have
taken to yourselves the name of Quizzes, I request to know
[etc.]. 1836 Ibid. No. i. 4/2 A trtie Quiz is impertur-
bable : therefore is Talleyrand the Prince of Quizzers.
1870 Q. Rev. July 238 She could write letters to Horace
Walpole (perhaps because she knew him to be a quiz) in a vein
untinctured by narrowness or pharisaism. 1899 Eng. Hist.
Rev. April 36 Braving the ridicule with which it pleased
the quizzes of the day to asperse the husband chosen for her.
4. A practical joke ; a hoax, a piece of humbug,
banter or ridicule ; a jest or witticism.
i8o7_ Antid. Miseries Hum. Life 121, I was engaged a
few nights ago . . in a good quiz for a watchman. 1810 SCOTT
Fam. Lett. 14 Apr. (1894) I. vi. 171, 1 am impatient to know
if the whole be not one grand blunder or quiz. 1826 —
Jrnl, n Feb., I should have thought the thing a quiz, but
that the novel was real. 1835 WILLIS Pencillings\\. Ixiv.
189 Whipping in with a quiz or a witticism whenever he
could get an opportunity. 1840 HOOD Up the Rhine no
Frank said he was travelling for Rundell and Bridge, but I
suspect that was only a quiz. 1850 T. A. TROLLOPE Impress.
Wand, vi. 77 We have . . a quiz on all and each of the newly-
arisen tribe of journalists.
b. The act or practice of quizzing.
1819 QuizzicalGaz. No. 5/1 The Editor, -declares this the
only article in the Paper devoid of Quiz, a 1845 HOOD Tale
Trumpet xxx, You may join the genteelest party that
is, And enjoy all the scandal, and gossip, and quiz. 1870
GREEN Lett. in. (1901) 254 What a taste for quiza Professor-
ship seems to develop.
Quiz (kwiz), j£.2 U.S. [f. Quiz z;.2] An act
of quizzing or questioning; spec, an oral examina-
tion of a student or class by a teacher.
1891 in Cent. Diet. 1895 J. W. BROWN in Proc.
vent. Instruct, Deaf '314 My first lesson should be in the
form of a quiz.
Quiz (kwiz), z>.i tcf- QUIZ sb^\
1. trans. To make sport or fun of (a person or
thing), to turn to ridicule ; occasionally, to regard
with an air of mockery.
1796 Campaigns 1793-4, II. viii. 51 And quiz every block-
head accounted a boar. 1802 MAR. EDGEWORTH Moral T.
(1816) I. iv. 19 He spent his time in . . ridiculing, or, in his
own phrase, quizzing every sensible young man. 1825
C. M. WESTMACOTT English Spy I. 231 Quizzing the little
daughter of Terpsichore through his eye-glass. 1833
MARRYAT P. Simple (1863) 113 Young gentlemen are apt to
quiz; and I think that being quizzed hurts my authority
with the men. 1874 GREEN Short Hist. v. 214 Chaucer . .
quizzes in the rime of Sir Thopaz the wearisome idleness of
the French romance.
absol. 1815 Sporting Mag. XLV. 161 All were sneering at
Sam, and they quizz'd and theygaz'd. iSTpGREEN^^/.ni.
(1901) 254 What a charming tongue Latin is for quiz/ing in.
t2. intr. To play with a quiz (W'.1 2). Obs.
a 1800 MOORE in Mem. \. n The ladies too, when in the
streets, . . Went quizzing on, to show their shapes and grace-
ful mien.
QUIZZINESS.
Quiz (kwiz), v* dial, and U. S. [Prob. a trans-
ferred use of prec., by association with question or
inquisitive. .] trans, a. To question, interrogate
(a person) ; U.S. to examine (a student or class)
orally (cf. Quiz j^). Also absol. b. To find out
(a thing) by questioning.
1886 ELWORTHY (K. Som. Wordlik. s.v., Her on't be very
long vore her'll quiz it all out. 1893 FERGUSSON My Village
xi. 99 She would gossip . . and quiz her visitors as to what
was going on in the village.
Quiz (kwiz), z>.3 rare-1. [Echoic.] intr. To
make a whizzing sound.
1866 Village on Cliff xiii. in Cornhill Mag. Nov. 526
ihere was a sound of grasshoppers quizzing at their feet.
Qurzzable, a. [f. Quiz z/.i + -ABLE.] That
may be quizzed. Hence QuizzaW'lity.
'797 The Quiz No. 13. 85 Every body seems to set me down
as a butt made on purpose to be ridiculed,.. as if I had
I his man is quizable ', pasted in large letters on my back.
1849 Blackw. Mag. LXV1. 687 It may be something
satirical, if they see anything quizzable— something about
yourself. 1858 CARLVLE Fredk. Gt. v. vii. I. 616 Even
book-men . . are good for something, more especially if rich
mines of quizzability turn-out to be workable in them.
So Qnizza'cions a., given to quizzing. Quizza-
to-rial a., of a quizzing character. Quizzee', one
who is quizzed.
1810 BENTHAM Packing d82i) 179 Another epigram, still
more pointed and quizzatorial than the Italian one. 1823
R. P. WARD Tremaine I. xxiv. 184 For quizzing to take
effect, there must be two parties, . . the quizzer and quizzee.
£1830 BENTHAM Wks. (1838-43) X. 285, I made a little quiz-
zacious attack upon the bishop. 1840 New Monthly Mag.
LVIII. 526 Taking care to make their remarks .. loud
enough to be heard by the quizzees.
Quizzer (kwi-zsi). [f. Quiz z/.i + -EH i.]
1. One who quizzes or is given to quizzing.
1797 The Quiz No. 13. 84 At every corner, I am accosted
by some of these Quizzers. 1810 SCOTT Let. to Ellis in
Lockltart xx, This said Kehama affords cruel openings for
the cjuizzers. a 1843 HOOD Tale Trumpet xvii, The
mischievous quizzers, Sharp as knives, but double as
scissors. 111876 HT. MARTINEAU Autobiog. (1877) II. 306
My lectures were maliciously misrepresented by a quizzer
here and there.
2. «= QUIZZING-GLASS, rare—'1.
1806 SURR Winter in Loxii. II. 83 'You must have a
qnizzer.' ' What is that ?' said Edward. ' Oh, an eye-glass.'
Quizzery (kwi'zari). [f. Quiz ».l + -ERY.] The
practice of quizzing ; an instance of this.
1821 Examiner 348/1 A law.. destructive to mirth and
quizzery. 1825 T. H. LISTER Granby Ivi. (1836) 394 He
began with a little gentle qnizzery of the Ladies Manvers.
i&f i CAROLINE Fox Old Friends (1882) 122 Of Mrs. Carlyle's
quizzeries, he thinks [etc.].
Qui'zziblo, a. and sb. rare. [f. Quiz t>.l + -IBLE.]
a. adj. = QUIZZABLE. b. sb. Something quizzable.
1816 MOORE Let. to Byron 29 Feb., There is so much of
the quizzible in all he writes. 1822 I, WILSON in Blackw.
Mag. XI. 479 On the whole the book wants vigour, and it
is full of quizzibles.
Quizzical (kwi-zikal), a. [f. Quiz sbl and z/.l]
1. Of the nature of a quiz or oddity; causing
amusement; comical.
ti8oo MRS. HERVEY Mourtray Fattt. II. 47 Nothing but a
little joke of mine, at his quizzical figure. 1812 Sporting
Mag. XL. 263 Whilst they were quizzing others, they.,
made themselves quizzical. 1842 MOTLEY Corr. (1889) I. iv.
joi One of the most quizzical of old-fashioned, towns of
quizzical Germany. 1873 HOLLAND A. Bonnie, xi. 188 With
a quizzical expression of countenance, as if he were puzzled
to know exactly what his feelings were.
Comb. 1834 Taits Mag. I. 440/2 Some quizzical-looking
fellow-countryman in a seedy coat.
2. Given to quizzing ; pertaining to, or charac-
terized by, quizzing.
1801 Sporting Mag. XVII. 140 One of our quizzical cor.
respondents remarks, that this is the age for producing fat
Hence Quizzica'lity, Qui zzicalness.
1821 New Monthly Mag. I. 574 The ne plus ultra of un-
becoming quizzicality. 1825 Ettgl. Life I. 76 Cornelia
pouring forth her badinage and her quizzicalness. 1831
Fraser's Mag. IV. 85 Somewhat of quizzicality began to be
associated with the phrase.
Quizzically (kwi'zikali), adv. [f. QUIZZICAL +
LY^.] In a quizzical manner.
1849 G BRONTE Shirley xvii, Somewhat quizzically scan-
quizzically close. 1878 M. C. JACKSON utaperons <-arts
II. viii. 87 Looking at me quizzically through those eye-
glasses of his.
Quizzifica-tion. [f. as next : see -FICATION.]
The action of quizzing ; a quiz.
1800 MAR. EDGEWORTH Belinda (1832) I. xi. 207 After all,
. . the whole may be a quizzification of Sir Philip s. 1856
Chaml'. Jrnl. VI. 179 It is sure to be made a subject of
quizzification.
Quizzify (kwi-zifai), v. rare-1, [f. Quiz rf.l
-t- -(I)PY.] To make into a quiz.
1834 SOUTHF.Y Doctor cxii. (1862) 270 The caxon quizzifies
:he figure, and thereby mars the effect [etc.].
Qui'zziness. rare—1, [f. QUIZZY a. + -NESS.]
Eccentricity, oddness.
1798 MAD. D'ARBLAY Lett. Mar. VI. 187 His singularities
md affectation of affectation . . and his spirit of satire are
mere quizziness.
10-2
QUIZZING.
The action of the vb.
1797 The Quiz No. 31. 208 On Quizzing. 1802 G. ROSE
Diaries (1860) I. 508 note, He made a most brilliant
speech with much quizzing on Mr. A. 1830 D'IsRAELl
Chat. I, III. v. 75 A remarkable instance of .. persiflage,
or what we now call quizzing. 1861 SHIRLEY [J. Skellon]
Nugx Crit. ix. 402 That indirect and gentlemanly quizzing,
..so much relished by the House of Commons.
Comb. 1805 Edin. Rev. VI. 184 He acquits himself of all
share in a quizzing scene. 1806-7 J- BERESFORD Miseries
Hum. Life (1826) xviii. 213 Thinking his Critic a capital
Quizzing-stock.
Quizzing (kwi-zirj), ///. a. [f. as prec. + -ING 2.]
That quizzes.
"797 The Quiz No. 31. 208 The supposed robber, was no
other than a quizzing fellow. 1806 SURR Winter in Lond.
III. 197 A subject of mirthful wonder to several quizzing
beaux. 1808 SCOTT Let. to Gifford 25 Oct. in Lockhart,
A notable subject for a quizzing article. 1866 FELTON Anc.
«V Mod. Gr. II. v. 348 Attacked by the older students., with
all sorts of quizzing questions.
Qui-zzing-glass. [f. QUIZZING vbl. si.] A
single eye-glass ; a monocle. Cf. QUIZZES 2.
iSoj Europ. Mag. June 500 The prizes consisted of shawls,
parasols, handkerchiefs, quizzing glasses, &c. 1840-1 S.
WARREN Ten Thousand a »«r(ed. Warne) 96/2 A quizzing-
glass was stuck in his right eye. 1885 J. PAYN Talk ofTmtm
I. 152 He wore round his neck what was then called a
quizzing-glass, held by the hand.
Qui'zzingly, adv. [f. QUIZZING ///. a. + -LY 2.]
In a quizzing manner.
1831 Fraser*s Mag. IV. 147 A lady who was quizzingly
condoling with him. 1865 CARLYLE Fredk. Gt. xvn. ii.
(1872) VII. 23 Friedrich .. answers quizzingly: 'Island of
Tobago ? '
Quizzish. (kwi-zij), a. 1 0/is. [f. Quiz z>.l + -ISH.]
•= QUIZZICAL i. Also Comb.
1791 J. BUDWORTH Fortn. Ramtle i. 2 A very quizzish
looking man threw himself into a knowing attitude. 1797
MRS. A. M. BENNETT Beggar Girl IV. ii. 51, I cant help
laughing to think how quizzish the old Doctor will look
when he finds my lord has got the girl.
Qui'zzity. rare—1, [f. Quiz rf.l] Oddity.
1788 ANNA SEWARD Lett. (iSn) II. 91 His height and
proportion mighty slender.. nor are his sharp features.. a
whit behind them in quizzity.
Quizzy (kwi-zi), a. [f.Quizrf.l] =QUIZZICALI.
1797-1805 S. & HT. LEE Canterb. T. V. 13 She had taken
all this trouble for some quizzy old bachelor. 1835 Blacfnv .
Mag. XXXVII. 84 A quizzy couple, self-proclaimed as man
and wife.
Quo, obs. variant of WHO.
Quo", abbrev. of QUOTH.
Ii Quoad _(kwOT-jed). [L., ' so far as ', ' as much
as ', ' as to ', f. quo where, whither + ad to.] To
the extent of, as regards, with respect to.
1741 GILBERT Reports of Cases in Equity 3 To supply the
Defect of the Will quoad that Daughter. 1807 VANCOUVER
Agnc. Devon (1813) 462 It will operate beneficially, quoad
the quantity applied. 1839 ARNOLD in £^(,844) II. ix. 149
The Order of Deacons, which has been long, Quoad the
reality, dead. 187* E. BRADDON Life in fadiam. 58 His
peculiar position, .quoad the natives subject, .to him.
b. Quoad hoc, to this extent, as far as this, with
respect to this.
1601 J. CHAMBER Apt. fudic. Astral, iv. 24 It followeth,
that these figure-flingers may sometime hit, and sometime
. . . 21 at wc
they do have must .. render the hermaphrodite imperfect
quoad hoc. 1884 Law Times LXXVIII. 169/2 The Bank-
r Insolvent Court Act., which quoad hoc is unre.
C. Qnoad sacra (s^'-kra), ' as far as concerns
sacred matters , used esp. in Scotland with ref. to
parishes constituted for purely ecclesiastical pur-
poses (as contrasted with parishes quoad civilia) ;
hence attrib. with church, minister, parish.
The usual Sc. pron. is (kwiJ'ad) or (kwod sa'kra)
l8»S PUNLOP Treat. Law Scot. § 125 When a part of a
parish is disjoined, or annexed, quoad sacra merely Tele 1
l84? New Statist. Ace. XV. Caithness 163 The quooLl sacra
parish of Keise was erected 1833. 1882 J. CUNNINGHAM Ch.
Hist. (ed. 2) xxx. 534 The quoad sacra ministers in general
lost nothing by the Secession.
Quoat, obs. f. QUOTE v. Quob, dial. var. QUAB
sb* and -a. Quobb(e, var. of QUAB rf.i, burbot.
Quobmire, dial. var. QUABMIBE. Quock, obs.
pa. t. QUAKE v. Quocken, dial. var. QCEHKEN.
Quocyent, obs. f. QUOTIENT.
Quod (kwpd), si.l Slang. Also quad. [Of
uncertain origin ; commonly regarded as identical
with quod QUAD sb.\ but there is no evidence that
this is really the case. See quot. a 1 700.] Prison.
<z 1700 B. E Diet. Cant. Crew, Quod, Newgate ; also any
Prison, tho' for Debt. i75a FIELDING Amelia i. xii, There
is not such a pickpocket m the whole quad. 1795 in Spirit
Pub. Jrnls. IV. 226 Coming home, was cast in quod Till
subjects paid his ransom. 1848 THACKERAY Van. Fair\\i,
"he s- -grudged me:l hundred pound to get me out of quod.
1862 WRAXALL tr. Hugo's ' Miserable! ' w. x. (1877) 7 Do
you know I have been in quod for a fortnight?
Comb. 1811 I. H. VAUX Flash Diet., Quod-cove, the
keeper of a gaol.
t Quod, sl>tt obs. var. COD sb.l 7, a cocoon
1615 tr. Z* Montforts Surv. E. Indies 32 They lay so
many [silkworms] on it, leauing them there without any
Sytbe spurfne" "" '
76
Quod (kwpd), v . [f. QUOD sil] trans. To put
in prison.
i8ia J. H. VAUX Flash Diet. s.v., To quod a person is to send
him to gaol. 1813 in Spirit Pub. Jrnls. 282 Since Carlije's
been quoded, We wanted some shopman about of your size.
1850 THACKERAY Ballad of Eliza Davis, The cell where
she was quodded, In the Close of Clerkenwell.
Quod, Quod-a, obs. varr. QUOTH, QUOTHA.
t Quo:dammo-dota:tive, a. and si. Obs. [f. L.
quodam modo in a certain way + -(T)ATIVE.] a.
adj. Existing in a certain manner, b. si. A thing
that exists in a certain way.
1656 STANLEY Hist. Philos. vin. l. xiii. (1687) 437/1 Things
are subdivided into foure Genus's, Subjects, and Qualita-
lives and Quodammodotatives in themselves, and Quodam.
modotatives as to others. Ibid. xvii. 438/2 Aristo. .defined
Quodammodotative-Relatives to be those, whose being i:
. .their Quodammodotative being to one another.
QuO'ddity. rare. [f. L. quod (that) which,
neut. of qui who + -ITT.] A quasi-scholastic term
formed on the anal, of QUIDDITY, q.v.
mind his instances, his quiddities and his quoddities.
Quo'ddle, v. Now dial, (quaddle). [var. of
WADDLE : cf. quag and •wag.'} To waddle.
1661 STILLINGFL. Orig.Sacr. in. i. § 16 You will presently
see . . the Duck quoddling into a pool 1886 ELWORTHY
IV. Sam. Word-bk., Quaddle, to waddle.
Quod(d)le, Quodgell, obs. forms of CODDLE.
CUDGELL.
II Quodlibet (kw<rdlibet). Also 6 quot-. [a.
L. quodlibet (f. quod what + libet it pleases (one)),
or ad. med.L. quodlibetum : cf.F. quolibet (i3th c.).]
1. Any question in philosophy or theology pro-
posed as an exercise in argument or disputation ;
hence, a scholastic debate, thesis, or exercise on a
question of this kind (chiefly//, in University use,
esp. in phr. to do quodlibets}. Now only Hist.
1377 LANGU P. PI. B. xv. 375 Of diuinite maistres. That
shulde. .answere to argumentz and also to a quodlibet . .if
suche weren apposed. 1516 Pilgr. Per/. (W. de W. 1531)
164 As saynt Thomas wytnesseth in his thyrde quodlibet.
?$*9 MORE Djialoge in. Wks. 246/1 Among other such as
o kepe a quotlibet & a pot parlament vpon. 1603
Arts and Bachelors in Art. 1631 WEEVER Am. Fun. Man.
806 A man of great repute in the Vniuersitie of Oxford for
his Quodlibets, ordinary questions, and his Interpretations
of the sacred Scriptures. 1687 WILDING in Collect. (O. H. S )
I. 265 For doing Qdlibets . . oo 07 06. 1717 PBIOR Alma
in. 347 All his quodlibets of art Could not expound its [the
heart's] pulse and heat. 1868 MILMAN St. Paul's iii. 70 He
was also an author, of theological lectures and quodlibets.
2. Mus. A fanciful combination of several airs ;
a fantasia, medley.
1845 E. HOLMES Mozart 38 The young musician wrote a
symphony and a Quodlibet for the Installation festival of
the Prince of Orange.
Quo'dlibetal, a. rare. [f. prec. + -AL.] =
QUODLIBETICAL.
1839 tr. Hugo's Notre Dame i. i, Down with the cardinal
and quodhbetal disputations. 1883 JlfancA. Guard. 26 Dec.
7/2 Who chose to consult him on things spiritual, temporal,
and quodhbetal.
Qnodlibeta-rian. [f. as next + -AN.]
fa. =QUODLIBETABT A. b. Obs. b. One who
discusses quodlibets.
1717 BAILEY vol. II, Quodlibetarian, one who follows the
,1"^?? TL °W" ,Fancv' '79i-i8»3 D'ISRAELI Cur. Lit.
(1858) I. 60 The works of the scholastics, with the debates
of these Quodhbetarians, at once show the greatness and
the littleness of the human intellect.
Quo'dlibetary, sb. and a. rare. [f. L. quod-
Met QUODLIBET + -ART.]
tA. sb. a. ?A quodlibetical argument, b.
(See quot. 1656.) 06s.
n*.^1 jrLE ^*e!*' t10^1) 162 So, he having made use of
le quodlibetaries, imputations against the other, cannot
be obnoxious himself in tSatkinde. i6sf>BLOv»TGLsofr.,
guodhhtanti those that run after their own fancy or
imagination, and do what they list.
B. adj. Pertaining or relating to quodlibets.
i89S tr. Hugos Notre Dame i. i, Down with the dis-
putations, cardinal, and quodlibetary.
^QuodlibO'tic, a. rare. [f. as prec. + -ic.] =
, n wPaa "e the principles
..of some Quodhbetick Presbyters ! i8iiSiHW HAMH
£"«"• <'8Si> 406. The hall of the Faculty of Ar£ in
performed Quodhbctlc Disputations were still annually
Quodlibetical (kwpdlibe-tikal), a. [f. as prec.
-t- AL.] i the nature of, connected or concerned
with, a quodlibet or quodlibets
ReS, ,
Kellgion and State, c 1665 R. CARPENTER Prarni Jesuit
47/2 Quodlibetical Brains have Consciences of afsorfs and
sizes 17,0 y.DufMs Eccl. Hist. ,6M C. I. ,,,4", He
public y read Divinity upon those that they [call] Quodli-
betical Questions. i79,-i8« D'IsRAELl Cur. Lit. (,858) I
62 They at length collected all these quodlibetical questions
into enormous volumes.
Hence Quodlibe-tically adv.
QUOIN.
1657 J- SERGEANT Schism Dispach't 174 His Divisionary
art, in which it is his common custome to talke quodli-
betically. i58z SIR T. BROWNE Cltr. Mor. ii. (1756) 58 Many
positions seem quodlibetically constituted.
t Quo:dlibeti-ficate, v. trans. To deal quib-
blinglywith. nonce-pid. So also f Quo'dlibetiug
a., dealing in quodlibets. t Quo'dlibetist, one
who deals in quodlibets. Obs.
1610 COOKE Pope Joan in ffarl. Misc. (Malh.) IV 96
Watson, the quodlibetting priest. 1616 W. FENNER Hidden
Manna (1652) 22 These heretical Opinionists, schismatical
Quodlibetists. ? 1743 in M. Pennington Mem. Eliz. Carter
(1816) II. 147 To..quodlibetificate any word into a pun.
Quodling, obs. form of CODLING *, apple, etc.
t Quods, 1 var. CODS. (Cf. OoTs buds, etc.)
1593 NASHE 4 Lett. Confut. 84 Quods, quods giuc mee my
Text pen agame, for I haue a little more Text to launce.
Quoff, obs. Sc. variant of COFP, to buy.
Quohog, variant of QUAHAUG.
Quoice, local var. (also fl.) of QUEEST, ring-
dove. Hence Quoice-neek (see quot.).
1883 GRESLEY Gloss. Coal-mining, Quoiceneck, . . greyish
black clay with shining surfaces, and streaked.
Quoich, var. QUAICH. Quoif(e, quoiff,
quoiffure, obs. ff. COIF, COIFFURE. Quoik,
obs. Sc. pa. t. QUAKE v. Quoil, obs. f. COIL.
Quoi'ler. dial. Also quiler. [Cf. COILEB 2.]
pl7 The breech-harness of a cart-horse. Also atlrib.
as quoiler-harness, -horse.
l«97 Land. Gaz. No. 3317/4 A black Horse., the Hair
rubbed off behind with the Quilers. 1876 Surrey Gloss.,
Quoilers, the breeching of a cart-harness. Quoiler-harness
or thill-harness is the trace-harness. 1901 Kentish Express
13 July 12/4 Good Quoiler Horse.
Quoin (koin), sb. Forms: 6 quoyne, 6-8
quoyn, 7 quoine, 7- quoin; 7 quain; 7-8
quine. [var. spelling of COIN, formerly used in
all senses of that word, but now restricted to the
following uses, in which coin, coign are also occa-
sionally employed.]
L Build, a. An external angle of a wall or
building; also, one of the stones or bricks serving
to form the angle; a corner-stone. = COIN sb. i.
Rustic quoin, one projecting from the general surface of
the wall, usually with bevelled edges.
they razed and tear a down. 1663 GERBIER Counsel 71
Flowers for the Cross work in the gallace in these quains.
1670 L. STUCLEY Gospel-Glass xxxiv. 365 So many quoines
to lock together all parts of the building into one. 1703
iloxoN Mech.Exerc.i6i At an upright Quine.. lay a three
uarter Bat at the Quine in the stretching course. 1715
SRADLEY Fam. Diet. s.v. Wall, Certain courses, ledges, or
* ----- -' • -• -• • i'_ •?_..,'• ,
quoins. 186* ANSTED Channel Isl. i. iMed. 2) 29 The walls
are of island Sand-stone, with quoins of Caen stone.
b. An internal angle or comer, as of a room.
Hollow quoin, a recess in the walls at each end of
a canal lock, to receive the heel-post of the gate.
1815 I. NICHOLSON Opcrat. Mechanic 627 If a room con-
sists of more than four quoins, the additional corners must
be allowed at per foot run. 1838 SIMMS Pub. Wks. Gt. Brit.
11. 6 The joint between the heel-post and hollow quoin is
made watertight by the gate being . . worked backwards and
forwards.
2. A wedge, or wedge-shaped block, used for
various special purposes, a. Printing. A short
wedge nsed to lock up a form.
1570 LEVINS Manip. 215/17 A Printers quoyn, cunens,
cuneolus. 1683 MOXON Mech. Exerc,, Printing viii, Quoyns
are. .of different Lengths, and different Breadths. Ibid. x.
r 9 The extuberancies of Nail-heads would hinder the free
sliding of the Quoins. 1717-41 CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v. Printing,
quoins which secure the chase. 1880 Printing Times
«5 Feb. 30/1 The form having been properlyplaned. .slightly
-lacken the quoins.
b. Gunnery, (a) A wedge-shaped piece of wood,
with a handle at the thick end, used to raise or
lower a gun. (6) = QUOINEB. 1 Obs. (c) A small
wedge nsed in fixing the breech of a gun.
1617 CAPT. SMITH Seaman's Gram. xiv. 65 Quoines.. are
;reat wedges of wood with a little handle at the end to put
:hem .forward or backward for leuelling the Peece. 1707
Gloss. Angl. Nova, Quoin, a wedge fastned on the Deck,
:lose to the Breech of the Carriages of the great Guns, to
keep them firm up to the Ship's sides. 1711 Milit. Q Sea
Diet. (ed. 4) s.v., The Quoyns the Gunners use under the
Guns, to mount them higher or lower. 1805 in Nicolas
Diif. Nelson (1845) VII. 171 note, Our people took the
quoins out, and elevated their guns. 1881 GREENER Gun
176 _ For the larger cannon Sir W. G. Armstrong uses a
quoin tightened by a screwed breech-plug.
c. Naut. A wedge nsed to prevent casks from
rolling. Caittic quoin, standing quoin (see quot.
1711, and cf. CANTIC a., CANTING/)^/. <z.l).
1711 Milit. tt Sea Diet. (ed. 4) s.v., Cantick Quoyns, being
hort, with three Edges, to put betwixt the Cask at the
:{ildge_ Hoops, to keep the Cask steady from rowling, and
abouring one against another. .. The standing Quoyns,.. a
t Length to be driven across tietwixtthe Buts..to keep the
Chine of the But steady from jogging 1769 FALCONER
Diet. Marine (1776) Yyiij, Quoins or coins used in the
towage of a ship's hold. 1867 in SMYTH Sailor's Word-Ilk.
QUOIN.
d. Build. The key-stone, or any one of the
wedge-shaped stones (voussoirs) of an arch, rare,
1730 A. GORDON Maffefs Amphith. 306 In the middle, at
the Key-Stone or Quoin. 1873 TRISTRAM Maab ii. 20 Over
the doorway, .was let in an old quoin on which was cut an
Arabic inscription.
3. An angle, or angular object, rare.
1838 SIMMS rub. Whs, Gt* Brit. 36 The quantity thus cut
off from the acute quoin is gradually diminished to the
opposite or obtuse quoin. 1868 KINGLAKE Crimea (1877)
IV. ix. 230 It is only \>y an isthmus, .of high land that the
triangular quoin remains joined to the bulk of the Chersonese.
1878 GURNEY Crystallogr. 30 Similar quoins or solid angles
are such as are contained by the same number of plane
angles.
4. Comb., as quoin-drawer, -post, -stone (see
quots.).
1688 R. HOLME Armoury in. 111/2 Quine stones. .are
Stones laid in a Brick wall at the corners of a House— a
yard long and three Brick in thickness. 1875 J. SOUTH-
WARD Diet. Tyfiogr. 117 Quoin-drawer, a drawer in the
frame of the imposing-stone in which the quoins are kept.
1875 KNIGHT Diet. Mech. 1849/2 Quoin Post, the heel-post
of a lock-gate.
Quoin (koin), v. [See prec. and COIN z/.2]
1. trans. To secure or raise with a quoin or
wedge. Also with up,
1683 MOXON Mech. Exerc., Printing xxiv. f 7 He.. then
Quoins up the two ends of the Chase. 1769 FALCONER Diet*
Marine (1776), Cater also signifies to quoin or wedge up
any thing. 1854 JACOB ABBOTT Wallace vii. 138 What Mr.
Grey meant by quoining up, was filling in the spaces under
the large stones.. and thus wedging them up to their proper
level. 1875 I. SOUTHWARD Diet, Typogr. 117 Quoining a
Forme, the fitting of the quoins in a forme so that when it
ts locked up they shall., wedge up and secure the types.
2. To provide with quoins or corners.
1834 Gentl. Mag. CIV. I. 96 A well, curiously quoined with
stone.
Quoinage, obs. form of COINAGE.
f Quoine, obs. variant of COIN v.1
1786 MRS. A. M. BENNETT Juvenile Indiscr. III. 181 He
lend you money ! he must quoine it I believe if he does.
t Quoi*ner. Obs. rare. In 7 quoyn-. [f. QUOIN
v. + -ER,] A wedge used to secure a gun.
1669 STURMV Mariner's Mag. v. 64 In Ships . . if the Ropes
be suspected not to be good, they nail down Quoyners to
the Fore-Trucks of heavy Guns, that he may not have any
play ; and if Britchings, and Tackles, and Quoyners should
give way in foul weather, presently dismount her.
Quoining (koi-nirj). Also 6 quenynge. [f.
QUOIN sb. + -ING1. Cf. COINING vbl. sb.v\ The
stone or brick-work forming the quoin of a wall,
or the manner in which this is placed.
i56»-3 in Willis & Clark Cambridge (i%%6) II. 567 Stone. .
new wrought, .to ashler and quenynge. 1848 RICKMAN Styles
Archit. £"«f.App.p. iv, There isapeculiarsortofquoining,..
consisting of a long stone set at the corner and a short one
lying on it, and bonding one way or both into the wall. 1876
A rchseol. Cant. X. Hi, The quoining of the nave and chancel.
Quoining, obs. form of COINING vbl. sbj-
Quoit (koit, kwoit),j£. Forms : a. 4-7 coyte,
5-0 (9) coite, 6 c(h)oytte, 7 coyt, coight, 6-
coit. #. 7 quoite, quoyt(e, 6- quoit. 7. 6-7
quaite, 7 quayte, queit, 8 quait. [Of obscure
etym. ; the variation of form between coit, quoit,
and quait prob. indicates a French origin.
m Derivation from OF. cottier, quoitier ' to prick, spur,
incite, hasten ', has been suggested, but it does not appear
that this vb. had also the sense ' to throw, hurl ', which
would be necessary to make the connexion probable ; and
the sb. coite, qnoite means only ' prick (of spur), encounter,
haste'.]
1. In orig. and widest sense (now only with ref.
to the Greek and Roman discus), a flat disc of
stone or metal, thrown as an exercise of strength
or skill ; spec, in mod. use, a heavy flattish ring
of iron, slightly convex on the upper side and
concave on the under, so as to give it an edge
capable of cutting into the ground when it falls, if
skilfully thrown. Also, the ring of rope used in
deck-quoits (see 2).
a. c 1440 Promp. Parv. 86/1 Coyter, or caster of a coyte,
petreludus. CQytetj>etrelitda. ^1449 PECOCK Repr. i. xx.
120 That men. .schulden pleie..bl casting of coitis. 1530
PALSGR. 206/2 Coyte to playe with, paL't. Coyte of stone,
bricoteav, 1591 HARINGTON Orl. Fur. xnr. xxxiv, This like
a coight at them Orlando tost. 1657 R. LIGON Barbadoes
(1673) 28 There is no part of it so broad, but you may
cast a Coyte over it. 1711 ADDISON Spect. No. 56 p 4 Some
of them were tossing the Figure of a Coit. 1807 CRABBE
Par. Reg. n. 393 Tossed the broad coite or took th inspiring
ale.
/3. ci6n CHAPMAN Iliad xxm. 388 Nestors sonne..got
as farre before, As any youth can cast a quoyte. 1715-20
Poi'E Iliad xxm. 712 Tho' 'tis not thine to hurl the distant
Dart, The Quoit to toss. 1783 CRABBE Village \, Who..
made thepond'rous quoit obliquely fall. 1843 LYTTON Last
Bar. i. i, They had learned to wrestle, .. to pitch the bar
or the quoit. 1870 BRYANT Iliad II. xxm. 360 As far as flies
a quoit Thrown from the shoulder of a vigorous youth.
•y. i56o_(see b], 1658 J. JONES tr. Ovid's Ibis 144 If Queit
thou cast into the open air, let Queit thee kill like Hyacinth
the f;ur. 1711 J. GREENWOOD Ertg. Gram. 188 Coit, quait.
f b. Phr. A quoit" s cast, distance, the distance
to which a quoit is commonly thrown. Obs.
a 1490 BOTONER I tin, (1778) 147 Distans per spacium coytys
cast, 1560 WHITKHORNE Ord. Souldiours xxiv, It would
scant be able to drive their pellettes a quaites caste, a 1604
HANMER Chron. Irtl. (1633) 10 The Welch Prophet could
not see a quoits cast from him. 1644 MILTON Areof. (Arb.)
77
57 Every acute reader., will be ready., to ding the book
a coits distance from him. 1791 COWPER Iliad xxm. 648
Menelaus. .fell A full quoit's cast behind.
c. A curling-stone, rare.
1827 HONE Everyday Bk. II. 164 The stones used are
called coifs, or quoits, or coiling^ or quoiting-stones.
2. //. (rarely sing?) The sport of throwing the
quoit or of playing with quoits ; in the modern
form of this the quoit is aimed at a pin stuck in
the ground, and is intended to fall with the ring
surrounding this, or to cut into the ground as near
to it as possible. Deck-quoits ^ an imitation of this
game, played on shipboard with rings of rope.
1388 Act 12 Rich. 77, c. 6 § i Les jeues appelez coytes
dyces [etc.]. 1477 Rolls Parlt. VI. 188/1 No persone shuld
use any unlawful! Pleys, as Dise, Coyte, Foteball. 1527
GaljuayArch. in \oth Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. V. 402
Plainge at choyttes or stonis. 1551 ROBINSON tr. More's
Utop. i. (1895) 57 Lewde, and vnlawfull games, as. .tennyes,
bolles, coytes. 1592 LYLY Galatkea ii. iv, I will now. .play
at quaites abroade. 1611 BURTON Anat. Mel. n. ii. iv. 342
Keelpins, tronkes, coits . . are the common recreations of
countrey folks. i7o8W. KING Cd0£t?ry 117 He.. From Nine-
pins, Coits, and from Trap-ball abstains. 1841 Q. Rev.
LXVH. 355 Devoting hours on hours to quoits, cricket, and.
so forth. 1847 TENNYSON Princ. in. 199 Quoit, tennis, ball —
no games? 1892 E. REEVES Homeward Bound 22 One of
the best amusements provided on shipboard is ' Quoits '.
3. transf. f a. A quoit-shaped stone or piece of
metal. Obs. rare.
1593 P. NICHOLS Drake Revived (1628) 78 Thirteene bars
of siluer, and some few quoits of Gold. Ibid. 79 Promising
to give him a fine quoit of gold, a 1635 CORBET Iter Bar.
1 14 No pompous weight Upon him, but a pebble, or aquayte.
b. The flat covering stone of a cromlech or cist ;
also, by extension, a cromlech or cist as a whole.
1753 BOFLASE in Phil. Trans. XLVIII. 87 A flat rock.,
(which in our country [Cornwall] we call a quoit). Ibid.^
On the top of this quoit there is a remarkable incision. 1827
G. HIGGINS Celtic Drjiids Pref. 49 Under this Quoit I caused
to be sunk a pit. ^ 1867 MAX MILLER Chips (1870) III. xiii.
291 In Bosprennis Cross there was a very large coit or
cromlech. 1887 BARING-GOULD Red Spider I. ii. 18 A rude
franite slab.. [which] had been the 'quoit' of a great pre-
istonc dolmen or cromlech.
f4. A cast or throw. Obs. rare*"1.
1706 George a Green in Thorns Prose Rom. (1858) II. 165
With such a tumbling quait, as we call a back somerset.
5. attrib. and Comb., as quoit-cast, -pitcher ',
-player, -playing, -thrower, etc. ; quoit-like adj.
1538 LELAND //&. VI. 56 A Coyte or Stone Cast beneth
the Kinges Bridge. 1818 KEATS Endym. i. 306 They might
watch the quoit-pitchers, intent On either side. 1871
ALABASTER Wheel of Law 169 The quoit-like weapon
(chakra) the emblem of power of India. 1887 UPCOTT
Introd. Gk. Sculpt, iv. 57 The most familiar of Myron's
works is the Quoit-thrower. Ibid., The quoit-player, who
is stooping forward in attitude to throw.
Quoit (koit, kwoit), v. Forms : 5 coytyn, 6
coyte, quayt-, 7 coit, quait, 7- quoit, [f. the sb.]
1. intr. To play at quoits, rare.
c 1440 Promp. Parv. 86/1 Coytyn, petrilndo. 1530 PALSGR.
488/2 Let us leave all boyes games, and go coyte a whyle.
1570 LEVINS Manip. 216/18 To coyte, discum mittere. 1684
DRYDEN Ovid's Met. i. 599 To Quoit, to Run, and Steeds and
Chariots drive.
2. trans. To throw like a quoit. Also with advbs.
as away, down, off, out.
1597 SHAKS, 2 Hen. IVt ii. iv. 206 Quoit him downe. .like
a shoue-groat shilling. 1630 J. TAYLOR (Water P.) Brave
Sea-fight Wks. in. 39/2 So neere, as a man might quoit a
Bisket Cake into her. 1660 SHIRLEY Andromana i. v. 47
Tis more impossible for me to leave thee, Then for this
carkase to quait away its grave-stone. 1681 COTTON Poet.
Wks. (1765) 326 If you coit a Stone. 1791 COWPER Iliad
xxiti. 1042 Leonteus. .quoited it next. 1823 LAMB /?//<* Ser.
i. Praise Chimneysweepers, One unfortunate wight .. was
quoited out of the presence with universal indignation.
1870 THORNBURY Tour Ene. I. iv. 77 It was just beyond.,
where Falstaff was quoitedinto the Thames.
Quoi'ter. [f. QUOIT v. + -ER!.] One who
plays at quoits ; a quoit-thrower.
c 1440 Promp. Parv. 86/1 Coyter, or caster of a coyte,
flung.
1884 Sporting Times 9 June 4/6 The death of William
Eagle, . . well known amongst quoiters.
Quorting, vbl. sb. Forms: 5-7 coyt-,6koyt-,
quait-, quayt-, 7 coit-, 7- quoit-, [f. as prec. +
-ING l.] The action or game of playing at quoits.
1467 Nottingham Rec. II. 264 Luserunt ad quendam
ludum illicitum et prohibitum vocatum ' le coytyng '. 1532
MORE Confitt. Tindale Wks. 574/2 Suche prety pfayes. .as
chyldren be woont to playe, as cheristone, mary bone,.. or
quayting. 1541 Act 33 Hen, VIII, c. 9 § ii Any common
house, aley or place of boulynge, coytynge [etc.]. 1563 IJ.
GOOGE Eglogs vii. (Arb.) 58 Suche_ thynges; wherin we
Shepeheardes haue delyght, As in Quatting. a 1619
FOTHERBY Atheom. ir. i. § 8 (1622) 188 Running, Wrestling,
Leaping, Coy ting. 1799 E. Du Bois Piece Family Biog.
I. 16 Wrestling, running, quoiting, .. and every description
of rural sport. 1836 LYTTON Athens (1837) I. 179 At first
only the footrace was exhibited, afterwards were added
wrestling, leaping, quoiting.
Comb. 1530 PALSGR. 488/2, 1 Coyte. I play with a coyting
stone. 1837 [see QUOIT sb. i c]. 1897 CROCKETT Lads' Love
xviii. 189 He.. fairly dragged me into the quoiting-ground.
Ibid. 195 The matter of the quohing-match.
t b. A method of cheating at dice. Obs. rare—1.
1545 ASCHAM Toxoph. I. (Arb.) 54 If they be true disc,
what shyfte wil they make to set ye one of them with
slydiug, with cogging,.. with coytinge as they call it.
QUOP.
Quok(e, obs. pa. t. of QUAKE v.
Quoll (kwpl). [Aboriginal name.] The ' native
cat ' (Dasyurus macrurus) of Australia.
1770 HAWKESWORTH Voy. (1773) III. 626, I can add only
one more [animal], resembling a polecat, which the natives
call Quoll. 1835 in OGILVIE Suppl., and in recent Diets.
Quom, obs. form of WHOM.
t Quominus, auo minus. Obs. Law. [L.,
' by which the less (viz. one may exercise a right,
or perform a duty).] a. A writ to restrain a person
from committing waste in a wood after granting
' housebote and haybote ' to another, b. An Ex-
chequer writ available for a steward or debtor to
the King against one indebted to himself.
1595 RASTELL7Vr;««Z.az</M 156. Hid. (1598) i6ob. 1623
in loM Kef. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. IV. 433 [Paid) to
Mr. Hill for suinge out several Quommuses and for his fee,
341. 8rf. 1642 Perkins' Prof. Bk. i. § 5. 3 He shall have a
Quo minus against the vendre in the Exchequer.
II Quomodo (kv/ou-mtdo), quo mode (kw«u
mtm-dfl). [L. ' in what way ? '] The quomodo, the
manner, way, means.
1671 EVELYN Corr. (1879) III. 583 The difference between
us and the Church of Rome consists chiefly in the definition
of the manner of the change ; the quomodo or modus. 1749
FIELDING Tom Jones vii. xv, Northerton was desirous of
departing and nothing remained for him but to contrive the
quomodo. 1791 Burke's Corr. (1844) IH« 3J8, I cannot
persuade myself that the obstacle is not to be removed.
The quomodo is the thing to be considered. 1828 Congress
Debates IV. n. 2724 (Stanf.) The quo inodo of executing it
is left to the wisdom of the government.
t Quomodocirnquize, v. nonce-iad. [f. L.
quomodocunque in whatever way (with allusion to
Horace Ep. I. i. 66) + -IZE.] intr. To make money
in any possible way.
1652 URQUHART Jewel Wks. (1834) 213 Those quomodo-
cunquizing clusterfists and rapacious varlets.
Quon, variant of WHONE, few. Obs.
Quondam (kwp-ndam), adv., sb., and a. Also
6 condam. [L., ' formerly '.]
A. adv. At one time, formerly, heretofore,
'whilome'. rare.
"537 WRIOTHESLEY Chron. (1875) I. 63 An Abbott condam
of * ountens, of the order of pyed monkes. 1611 CORYAT
Crudities 648 That, .most faithful attendant quondam vppon
the right Worshipfull Sir Edward Phillips. 1841 CATLIN
N. Amer, Ind. (1844) II. liii. 162 Mr, C. Jennings quondam
of the city hotel in New York.
t B. sb. The former holder of some office or
position ; one who has been deposed or ejected. Obs.
'535 Lett. Suppress. Monast. (Camden) 93 The kinges
fowndation thus to be mangellede by the quondam, I have
petie ; the prior now is . . a goode clerke. 1549 LATIMER \tk
Senn. bef. Edw. VI (Arb.) 107 Make them quondammes,
out with them, cast them out of ther office. 1583 STUOBES
Anat. Abus. (1882) n. 54 Let him be .. Jacke out of office,
make him a Quondam.
C. adj. That formerly was or existed :
a. of persons (the most frequent use).
1586 WARNER Alb. Eng. in. xiv. (1612) 65 In Albanie the
quondam King at eldest Daughters Court was setled scarce,
when she repynes. 1615 BRATHWAIT Strappaiio (1878) 86,
I see thy quondam friend, Hath cause to say his hopes are
at an end. 1675 COCKER Morals 47 Quarles, quondam Poet,
for rare Lines Divine. 1728 MORGAN Algiers II. ii. 234
This aspiring quondam Consort of his grew apace. 1825
BENTHAM Ojffic. Apt. Maximized (1830) 13 A quondam
country Gentleman with thirty years of. .experience. 1874
KUSKIN Fors Clav. xxxvii. (1874) IV. 3 The loquacious and
speculative disposition, .of all my quondam friends.
b. of things, qualities, etc.
1588 SHAKS. L. L. L. v. i. 6, I did conuerse this quondam
day with a companion of the kings. 1600 S. NICHOLSON
Acolasttts (1876) 34 Marke .. How euery thing in quondam
sort appeares. 1642 VICARS God in Mount (1644) 44 The
heighth of their quondam pride and cruelty. 17x7 Bp.
NICOLSON in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. n. IV. 318 His quondam
dioce_se of Derry. 1795-6 WORDSW. Borderer t. 79 The tale
of this his quondam Barony Is cunningly devised.
Hence Quo'ndamly adv., formerly; tQno'n-
damship, the state of being out of office. Obs.
1549 LATIMER 4t& Serin, bef. Ed™. VI (Arb.) 108 As for
my quondamshyp I thancke God that he gaue me ye grace
to come by it by so honest a meanes as 1 dyd. 1814 Sport-
ing Mag. XLIV. 53 Certain gentlemen smiths, who have
been quondamly in habits of wearing such articles.
Quondary, variant of QUANDABY.
Quoner, compar. of WHOSE, few. Obs.
Quonet, variant of QCANNET.
t Quo-niam. Obs. rare—1. [? Some allusive use
of L. quoniam whereas.] (See quot)
1609 HEALEY Disc. New World (*) The drinke is sure to
go, be it out of Can, Quoniam, or lourdan. [Note. A Quo-
niam is a glasse . . well knowne in Drink-allia.]
Quonundrum, obs. variant of CONUNDBUU.
Quony, variant of COYNYE. (See QUIDHATHK.)
Quook(e, obs. north, pa. t. QUAKE v.
Quop (kwpp), v. Obs. exc. dial. [Later form of
QUAP v .] To beat, throb, palpitate.
a 1658 CLEVELAND Model Nnu Relig. 32 How Quops the
Spirit? In what Garb or Air? 1679 DRYDEN Limbcrttam\\\.
ii Oh my Eyes grow dim ! my Heart quops, and my back
aketh. 1681 Ballad Dk. Monmouth in Shaksf. Cent. Praise
387 H is great H eart quops his Courage fails. 1848 A. B. EVANS
Leicfstersk. lVordst Quop, to throb (used also in Gloucester-
shire) as in the suppuration of boils and abscesses. 1889
GISSINC Both of tnis Parish I. v. 103 It makes a body's
heart quop to bear tell of such a history.
QUORUM.
Qupr, Quore, obs. variants of WHERE, CORE.
Quorister, obs. form of CHORISTER.
f Quorse, ? obs. variant of CORSE.
1463 in Ellacombe Bells o/Ch. ix. (1872) 469 Wan they
rynge for any quorse or obiit.
II Quorum (kwo«-r»m). [L., lit. 'of whom',
from the wording of commissions in which certain
persons were specially designated as members of
a body by the words quorum vos . . . unum (duos,
etc.) esse voluwus ' of whom we will that you . . .
be one (two, etc.) '.]
1. Orig., certain justices of the peace, usually of
eminent learning or ability, whose presence was
necessary to constitute a bench ; latterly the term
was loosely applied to all justices.
1455 Kails Parlt. V. 334/1 The Justice/, or Justice of
the Pease of the Quorum yn the same Shire. 1495 Act
n Hen. VII, c. a § 5, ij of the Justices of the peas wherof
one shalbe of the Quorum. 1559 Mirr. Mag., R. Tresilian
vii, At sessions & at syses . . In patentes & commissions of
Quorum. 1581 LAMBARDE Eircn. i. ix. (1602) 46 So that the
one of those two [Justices] be of that select number, which
is commonly tearmed of the Quorum. For these of the
Euorum were wont., to bee chosen, specially for their know-
dge in the Lawes of the lande. 1625 MASSINGER New
Way I. i, Old Sir John Wellborn, Justice of Peace and
Quorum. 1691 WOOD Ath. Oxon. II. 274 George Wither
. . a Justice of Peace in Quorum for Hampshire. 1728
VANBR. £ CIB. Prm. Husb. 11. i. 43 I'm o' th' Quorum— I
have been at Sessions. 1855 MACAUUAY Hist. Eng. xxii.
IV. 705 A squire who was one of the quorum.
Comb. 1610 HUTTON Foil. Ana/., Ixious Wheels E iij b,
The Gods. .Quorum luslke warrants sent by poast,
b. transf. Applied to similarly distinguished
members of other bodies ; hence, a select company.
1602 WARNER Alb. Eng. ix. xlvi. (1612) 216 The Hellish
Potentates . . a new Commission framed, Narcissus ghost
and Ecchos voice therein of Quorum named, a 1661 FULLER
Worthies (1840) III. 187 He was afterwards of that quorum
in the translating of the Bible. 1678 MARVELL Grcnvth
Popery Wks. 1875 IV. 329 [They are] so small a scantling
in number, that men can scarce reckon of them more than a
quomtm. 1747 Scheme Equip. Men of War 24 A. Quorum
of Surgeons.. should be ordered to.. examine them. 1859
GKEEN Oxf. Stud. ii. § 10 (O. H. S.) 128 The deepest sot
among the topers of the quorum.
Comb. 1659 A. BROME Panegyr. Verses in R. Brome's
IVks. II, These would-be Quorum-Wits, and by their own
Commission, do invade Apollo's throne.
2. A fixed number of members of any body,
society, etc., whose presence is necessary for the
proper or valid transaction of business.
1616 in Row Hist. Kirk (1842) 81 The Assemblie appoynts
twenty Commissioners nominal, whereof six a quorum, to
attend the King's Majestie's ansuer. 1669 EVELYN Diary
19 May, It was order'd that 5 should be a quorum for a
Council. 1720 Wodrow Corr. (1843) II. 524 The Commission
should have met this day ; hut we have not a quorum in the
forenoon. 1800 COLQUHOUN Comm. Thames xiii. 369 At
the Meetings of the Directors, five Members shall be a
quorum, capable of acting. 1873 BURTON Hist. Scot. V.
Ivii. 163 Six were to be a quorum, of whom the chancellor
must always he one.
1 3. Necessary materials. Obs. rare.
1650 FULLER Pisgah i. vi. 12 Salt, Bread and Wine .. (all
of the Quorum to every feast). l6jg— Ch. Hist. in. xiv. § 12
Fullers earth, .a great Commodity of the Quorum to the
making of good Cloath.
Quos(e, obs. forms of WHOSE.
Quosher, var. COSHERT. (See QULDHATHE.)
Quo-so, obs. form of WHO-SO.
t Quoss, obs. var. Coss, to barter, exchange.
1515 Burgh Rec.Prcstwick(rtn)41 P« said George allegit
be had gottyn it [a sword] in quossyn fra be said James.
Quosshon, Quost, obs. ff. CUSHION, COAST.
t Quot, sb. Sc. : see QUOTE s6.l 2 b.
Quot (kwjJt), fa. pple. dial. Also 7 quotted,
8 quott. [f. quot QUAT v.1 I b.] Sated, cloyed.
1674-91 RAY S. ff E. C. Words, Quotted, cloyed, glutted.
Suss, c 1741 ELIZ. CARTER Let. in Mem. (1808) 1. 27, 1 believe
I am grown quott of assemblies, &c. 1887 Kentish Class.,
Quot, cloyed, glutted.
Quot, variant of QDAT a., squat.
Quota (kwtfu'ta) , sb. [med.L. quota(sc.pars'}\avi
great a part '), fern, of quotus, i. quot how many.]
1. The part or share which is, or ought to be,
paid or contributed by one to a total sum or
amount ; in early use chiefly with ref. to contribu-
tions of men, money, or supplies, from a particular
town, district, or country. (Cf. CONTINGENT sb. 5.)
1668 TEMPLE Lett., Ld. Arlington Wks. 1731 II. 165
Some certain Quota's upon the several Parts of the Empire.
1691 LUTTRELL Brief Kel. (1857) II. 236 If his master doe
not speedily rcinitt the money promised, and quota of
officers and engineers. 1712 ADDISON Spect. No. 439 F a
Newsgatherers and Intelligencers.. who bring in their re-
spective Quotas. 1756 NUGENT Gr. Tour,Germany II. 391
They have often balls and feasts, where every one pays their
quota. 1769 ROBERTSON Chas. V, xtl. III. 378 The Papal
troops were far inferior in number to the quota stipulated.
1844 DISRAELI Coningsby \. vi, The host, .always contributed
his quota to the general fund of polished sociability. 1887
JESSOPP Arcady \. 13 It is the village huckster who has to
pay his heavy quota towards the rate.
b. Comb, as quota-bill, a Parliamentary bill
passed in March, 1795, under which each county
and (by a supplementary bill passed in April) each
port had to supply its quota of men to the navy ;
so also quota-bounty, -man (see quots.).
several
I. 593 A
78
1823 BRENTON Naval Hist. Cl. Brit. I. 49 The quota-
bounty given in 1795, 1796, and 1797. .for manning the fleet.
Ibid., There were few, if any, seamen among them; and the
term ' quota-man ', or ' lord-mayor's man ', was supposed to
comprise every thing that was base and contemptible among
sailors. 1867 SMYTH Sailor's Word-bk., Quota-Men, those
raised for the navy . . by Pitt's quota-bill, in 1795 under
bounties of from ;£2o to ;£6o.
2. The part or share of a total which belongs, is
given, or is due, to one.
01700 B. E. Diet. Cant. Creiv, s. v., Tip me my Quota,
give me my Part of the Winnings, Booty, Plunder, &c.
1726 SHELVOCKE Voy. round World 227 Sometimes would
not allow me a quota of the fish that was caught. 1753
HANWAY Trav. (1762) II. I. xii. 61 They have great maga.
zines of East-India goods, this city having its quota of that
trade. 1806-7 }• BERESFORD Miseries Hum. Life (1826) i.
Introd., If nerves are necessary to a boiling fit of rage, I
must have my full quota of them. 1883 SHAW Local
Gov. Illinois 17 Having collected the total amount, the col-
lector disburses to each proper authority its respective quota.
Hence Quo'ta v. trans., to impose in quotas. Also
Quotaing vbl. sb.
1784 E. GERRY in New Eng. Hist. 4 Gen. Reg. (1895)
XLIX. 431 Troops to be required and quotied [sic} on the
sral Slates by Congress. 1786 JEFFERSON Writ. (1859)
;93 A convention . . by which the burthen of the war
might be quotaed on them, according to their respective
wealth. 1798 Ibid. (1896) VII. 267 This is to avoid the
quotaing. Ibid., Requeries under a quotaing law.
Quotable (kwJ«-tab'l), a. [f. QUOTE v. + -ABLE.]
Capable of being quoted ; suitable for quoting.
1821 Examiner 27/1 Passages of a still more quotable
nature. 1849 THOREAU Week Concord Riv. Thurs. 326 The
Spectators and Ramblers have not failed to cull some quot-
able sentences. 1883 Manch. Exam. 27 Nov. 4/6 There is
no quotable change at any of the spot markets.
Hence Quotabi-lity , Quo tableness. AlsoQuo"t-
ably adv., in a quotable manner, so as to be quoted.
a 1849 POE Marginalia Wks. 1865 III. 500 It is the
prosaicism of these two writers to which is owing their
especial quotability. 1881 Daily News 17 Jan. 3/3 Cotton
— "- J — ' Athenxum 24 Nov.
" leness
ig enough in themsel
t QuO'tal, a. Obs. rare —'. [f. L. quol-a {pars')
+ -AL : see QUOTA.] = ALIQUOT.
a 1696 SCARBURGH Euclid ( 1 705) 1 77 A Quotal part measures
the whole : which is then called a Multiple of that part.
t Quota-nnal, a. Obs. rare-1, [f. L. quotann-is
every year + -AL.] Yearly, annual.
1651 BIGGS New Disp. 170 A quotannal recidivation.
So f Quota'nnual a. (after annual). Obs.
1658 J. ROBINSON Eudoxa x. 55 There would be a fear of
. . a quotannuall Phaetontick combustion.
Quotation (kwrte'-Jan). Also 6-8 cotation.
[ad. med. L. quotation-em, n. of action f. quotare
to QUOTE. Cf. obs. F. quotation (Godef.).]
f 1. A numbering, number. Obs. rare ~l.
1456 SIR G. HAYE Law Arms (S. T.'S.) 100 Here efter
followis the chapitris of the ferde buke efter the quotaciouns
of the Rubricis.
f 2. A (marginal) reference to a passage in a
book : see QUOTE ». 2. Obs.
1532 MORE Con/ut. fiarnes vin. Wks. 776/1 His quotacion
is in the mergent in this maner. De pene. cTis. ii. Si itt
glossa. 1557 ff. T. (Genev.) To Rdr. *»iii. Then is it noted
with this starre *, as the cotations are. 1574 WHITGIFT Def.
Aunsw. 793 Although the wordes in the texte be altered,
yet the quotations in the margent remayne still. 1664 H.
MORE Apology 508 The Quotation of the place from whence
this Objection is taken is here omitted, but 1 question not
but that it aimes at that passage, Chap. 4. Sect. 3. Book 6.
which runs thus [etc. J. 1683 MOXON Mech. Exerc. , Printing
388 That the Compositer may. .Justifie his Notes or Quota-
tions exactly against the designed Line of the Page.
b. Typog. (ellipt. for quotation-quadrat.) A large
(usually hollow) quadrat used for filling up blanks
(orig. the blanks between marginal references).
1683 MOXON Mech. Exerc., Printing xxii. 224 He Justifies
his Stick-full just to the breadth of the Wooden Letter with
Quadrats or Quotations. Ibid. 236 He sets..arowof Quota-
tions almost down the length of the Page. 1771 P.LUCKOMBE
Hist. Printing 287 Justifiers, as well for broad as narrow
Quotations, are cast, from Double Pica to all the Regular
Bodies. 1808 STOWER Printers' Gram. 07 Quotations are
cast to two sizes, and are called broad and narrow. . .Quota-
tions should not be cast so high as they sometimes are.
1888 JACOBI Printers' Vocab. 109 Quotations, large quadrats,
generally of four-line pica.
3. The action or practice of quoting.
1646 SIR T. BROWNE Pseud. Ep. 279 This Translation .. is
often followed .. by our Saviour himselfe in the quotations
of the Old Testament. 176$ Museum Rust. IV. Ixiii. 286
Nothing can be more unfair than false quotation. 1781
JOHNSON in Boswell 8 May, Classical quotation is the parole
of literary men all over the world. 1875 EMERSON Lett, fy
Soc. Aims, Quot. <fr Orig., Quotation confesses inferiority.
b. A passage quoted from a book, speech, etc.
1690 LOCKE Hum. Und. w. xvi. (1695) 383 He.. cannot
doubt how little Credit the Quotations deserve, where the
Originals are wanting. 1711 STEELE Spect. No. n r i He
Sc
quotation trom the jou _
Chas. I, I. viii. 249 That prodigal erudition which delights
in inexhaustible quotations from writers whom we now
deem obscure. 1887 BOWEN Virgil Pref. (1889) 7 Hundreds
of Virgil's lines are for most of us familiar quotations.
f 4. A note or observation ; a matter noted. Obs.
1608 MIDDLETON Family of Love v. iii, Your wife can
furnish you with notes out of her cotations. a 1635 NAUNTON
Fragm. Reg. (Arb.) 51 H were not amisse to take into observa-
QUOTE.
tion two notable quotations. The first was, a violent indul-
gencie of the Queen [etc.].
f5. Share, QUOTA. Oh. rare—*.
1613 J. CHAMBEKLAIN MS. Let. to Sir D. Carle/on (TO,
That they should not be able to answer their quotations (as
they call them), or payments to the general charge.
6. The amount stated as the price of stocks or
any commodity for sale.
181* Examiner 21 Sept. 608/2 Sales . . sustain the last
quotation. 1861 GOSCHEN For. Exch. 56 To give any exact
or definite quotation of the price of long-dated paper. 1883
Fall Mall G. 7 Apr. 5/2 Manufacturers, .are disposed rather
to increase than to decrease their quotations.
7. attrib. and Comb., as (sense 3 b) quotation-
capping (see CAP z/.l 5), -monger; (sense 2 b)
-justifier, -quadrat ; quotation-marks, signs used
in writing or printing to mark the beginning and
end of a quotation ; in English the inverted comma
(see COMMA 4) and apostrophe are employed.
1683 MOXON Mech. Exerc., Printing xxii. 236 Then he sets
his mites, .and with Quotation Quadrats of proper Bodies,
Justifies them up. 1750 Student I. 284 The Author shews
is skill and address as a quotation-monger. 1771 P.
LUCKOMBE Hist, Printing 287 Question quadrats require
to be dressed and finished as carefully as any other sort.
1885 Pall Mall G. n Apr. 5/1 Characters who .. indulge
themselves in a little bout of quotation-capping. 1888 JACOBI
Printers' Vocab. i<y)Qi<otationjustr/iers, spaces for justify-
ing lines of quotations. 1897 Century Mag. 563/1. I must
put play in quotation-marks to express the sarcasm of it.
Hence Qnota-tional a., of or pertaining to a
quotation or quotations; Quota tionally adv., by
way of quotation, as a quotation; Quota'tionist,
one who (habitually) makes quotations.
1647 MILTON Divorce To Park. Eng., Let the Statutes of
God be.. considered not altogether by the narrow intellec-
tuals of Quotationists. 1829 Blackiu. Mag. XXVI. 443 The
quotationist . . never saw even the Parthian back of the lucky
fugitive. i86a Sat. Rev. 13 Sept. 308 He then observed
quotationally, ' Men cannot determine [etc.] '. 1869 EADIE
Calatians 239 It is only a quotational illustration of the
truth announced in the previous verse. 1878 J. W. EBS-
WORTH Introd. Brathivait's Strappado xv, The phrase, .has
the imperfect quotational marks before it.
Quotative (kwJu-tativ), a. [See QUOTE v. and
-ATIVE.] Relating to quoting ; inclined to quote.
1812 Sporting Mag. XL. 25 What do you think of my
quotative powers. 1891 Sat. Rev. 12 Sept. 304/1 Mr.
Liddell, though still quotative, is straightforward.
I Quote, sb.1 Obs. rare. Also 5 quoote, 6
cote ; Sc. 6 quoitt, 6-7 quott, 7 coitt, 8 quot.
[a. OF. cote, quote QUOTA.]
1. a. An aliquot part.
1460 CAPGRAVE Chron. 3 This noumbir eke of sex is praysed
for his particular noumberes, whech be on, too, thre ; and
these be cleped cote.
b. A quotient
1676 COLLINS in Rigaud Corr. Sci. Men (1841) II. 9 By
the second remainder divide the second divisor, reserve the
quotes. 1694 E. HALLEY in Phil. Trans. XVI 1 1. 250
Divide the Minutes of the said first ^Equation and the
Quote shall be the /Equation of Num. II. 1767 MURDOCH
ibid. LVIII. 26 The terms .. must involve a common
factor ; by which being divided, the quote may be [etc.].
2. = QUOTA i.
1451 Rolls Parlt. V. 222/1 Any part or parcel! of any
Dysmes, or other Quoote what so ever it be. 1491 Act ^
Hen. VII, c. 5 § i Quinzimes and dismes and other quotes
taxes and tallages. 1619 SIK J. SEMPILL Sacrilege Handled
78 Paul.. did not settle the NIedium, nor name the Quote.
b. Sc. Law. ' The portion of the goods of one
deceased appointed by law to be paid for the
confirmation of his testament, or for the right of
intromitting with his property ' ( Jamieson).
1516 A:. Acts Jos. V (1814) II. 306 The nerrest of bar
kyne..sall have bar gudis, without prejudice to beordinaris
anent be cote of thar testamentis. 1666 Acts Sederunt 28
Feb., Twelve pennies of every pound of the dead's part
shall be the quote of all testaments .. which shall be con-
firmed. [1754 ERSKINE Princ. Sc. Law (1800) 111. ix. § n.]
attrib. 1564 Acts Sederunt 13 Apr., The Queins writting
of the 1600 lib. of the quoitt silver.
Quote (kwou-t), sb2 [f. QUOTE V.]
•pi. A (marginal) reference ; a note. 06s.
1600 TOURNEUR Trans. Metamorph. Author to Book 2,
O were Thy margents cliffes of itching lust, Or quotes to
chalke out men the way to sin. 1611 COTGR., Quote, a quote,
or quoting ; a marke, or note vpon an article.
2. A quotation. Also quote-mark = b.
1885 Pall MatlG. 23 Jan. 6/1 The ' interviewer '( . . has not
the time come for leaving out the quote marks?)- 1888
Ibid. 12 Dec. 1 1/2 Stodgy ' quotes ' from the ancients ?
b. A quotation mark.
1888 JACOBI Printers' Vocab. 109. 1891 Scot. Leader
2 Apr. 6 The portion of this quotation which we have put
within quotes. 1895 Nation (N.Y.) 14 Mar. 191 Lodge's
"Americanism "..will get the "double quotes" every time.
Quote (kwffut), v. Also 4-7 cote, 6 eott,
quoate, 6-7 coat. [ad. med.L. quotare to mark
the number of, distinguish by numbers, f. quot how
many, or quota QUOTA. Cf. F. coter, f cotter (i gth c.),
whence prob. the obs. forms cote, colt.']
I. f 1. trans. To mark (a book) with numbers
(as of chapters, etc.), or with (marginal) references
to other passages or works. Obs. rare.
1387 TRKVISA Higden (Rolls) VIII. 205 Stevene be arch-
bisshop. .coted [L. quotavit\ be Bible at Parys, and marked
be chapitres. 1570 FOXE A. ff M. 1394/2, I was desirous
to see it agayne,. .and beyng sent to me the second tyme, it
was thus coted [1596 quoted] in y« margent as ye see.
QUOTE.
fb. To mark (witk lines). Obs. rare~\
F. cater is similarly used by Amyot, ' cicatrisez et cottez
de poinctes et picqueures ' (Godef. Compl.}.
1601 WEEVER Rlirr. Mart. C ij, Thou faire frame, with
azure lines thick quoted, Bright heauen.
f2. To give the reference to (a passage in a
book), by specifying the page, chapter, etc. -where
it is to be found. Obs.
1574 WHITCIFT Def. Aitnsw, 800 They quote for that pur-
pose in the margent the .10. of Matth. verse . 14. 15. 1581
J. HAMILTON in Catlwlic Tract. (S._T. S.) 104 Quhy haue
ye not cottit the places of your bybill, quhair out thaj ar
drauin. 1638 FEATLY Transubst. 46 If you have read.,
the passages which you cote out of Jewell. 1651 HOBBES
Leviath. in. xlii. 280 What needed he to quote any places
to prove his doctrine?
fig. 1588 SHAKS. L. L. L. n. 246 His faces owne margent
did coate such Amazes.
t b. absol. To set down references ; to refer to.
1580 LYLY Enpkiies (Arb.)27o He. .desired few parentheses
or digressions or gloses, but the text, where he him-se!f was
coting [later eds. coating] in the margant. 1657 F. COCKIN
Div. Blossomes 119 Another Book by the same Authour, to
the which this Quotes, and would be of great use to go
along with this.
8. f a. To cite or refer to (a book, author, etc.)
for a particular statement or passage. Obs. b. To
copy out or repeat a passage or passages from.
1589 Pasquits Ret. c, Mar. . . in other places he quoates
Scripture. Pas. He coateth Scriptures indeed. 1693
WASHINGTON tr. Milton's Def. Pop. M.'s Wks. 1738 I. 495
Pope Zachary . .in a Letter of his to the French, which you
your self quote. 17x0 STEELE Tatler No. 197 F 6 He shall
quote and recite one Author against another. 1781 WILKES
in Boswell Johnson 8 May, Upon the continent they all
quote the Vulgate Bible. Shakspeare is chiefly quoted here.
1849 MACAULAY Hist. Eng. iii. L 391 One series .. will be
occasionally quoted in the course of this work. 1871 JOWETT
Plato IV. 61 He still quotes the poets.
4. To copy out or repeat (a passage, statement,
etc.) from a book, document, speech, etc., with some
indication that one is giving the words of another
(unless this would otherwise be known).
a 1680 BUTLER Upon Plagiaries 102 'Twas counted learning
once, .what men understood by rote, By as implicit sense to
quote. 1711 ADDISON Spect. No. 333 r i, I omitted quoting
these oassages in my Observations on the former books.
1771 Junius Lett. liv. 283 He quotes verses without mercy.
1860 TYNDAM. Glac, 11. xxvii. 378, I quote the following
passage from this paper. 187^8 R. W. DALE Led. Preach.
v. 142 The rest of the sermon it is unnecessary to quote.
b. absol. To make quotations (from a book,
author, etc.).
1787 BUHNS Extempore in Crt. Session, He clench'd his
pamphlets . . He quoted and he hinted. 18*7 LYTTON Pelham
xiv, [He] had a peculiar art of quoting from each author he
reviewed. 1874 GREEN Short Hist. hi. § 5. 142 He. .quotes
largely from state documents,, .and exchequer rolls.
II. t 5. To write down ; to make a note or
record of, set down, mention in writing. Obs.
1573 TUSSER Husb. (1878)9 New lessons then I noted, and
some of them I coted. 1589 GREENE Menaphon (Arb.) 76
Her browes are pretie tables of conceate, Wliere Love his
records of delight doth quoate. 1612 WEBSTER White Devil
Wks. (Rtldg.) 27/2 It is reported you possess a book Wherein
you have quoted by intelligence The names of all offenders.
a 1635 N AUNTON Fragni. Reg. (Arb.) 54 It is already quoted,
they were such as awakened her spirits.
fig' f595 SHAKS. John iv. ii. 222 A fellow by the hand of
Nature mark'd, Quoted, and sign'd to do a deede of shame.
1599 MIODLETOK Micro-cynicon in, Fine madam Tiptoes..
That quotes her paces in characters down.
fb. To take mental note of; to notice, observe,
mark, scrutinize. Obs.
1588 SHAKS. Tit. A. iv. i. 50 Note how she quotes the
leaues. 1592 — Rom. fy Jul. \. iv, 31 What care I What
curious eye doth quote deformities, 1607 BEAUMONT Woman
Hater in. iii, I'll quote him to a tittle, let him speak
wisely, and plainly, . . or I shall crush him. 1640 GENT
Knai>e in Gr. i. i. Biij, My knowledge coated, and all Italy
spoke of a Damosell called Cornelia.
absol. 1573 TUSSER Hnso. (1878) 137 Who minds to cote,
vpon this note, may easily find ynough. 1605 B. JONSON
Volpone n. i, To obserue, To quote, to learne the language,
and so forth.
t c. To mention in speaking. Obs. rare"~l,
161* PasquiPs Night-Cog (1877) 23 Here could I cote
a rabble of those wmes, That you would wonder but to
heare them nam'd.
6. fa. To regard, look on, take as something;
to note, set down (a person or thing) for some-
thing; to speak of, mention, bring forward for
having done something. Obs.
1588 SHAKS. L. L. L. iv. iii. 87 Her Amber haires forfoule
hath amber coted. Ibid. v. ii. 796 Our letters ..shew'd
much more then lest. . . Rosa. We did not coat them so.
1601 — Airs Well v. iiL 205 He's quoted for a most per-
fidious slaue. a i63$NAUNTON Fragm. Reg. (Arb.) 42 They
quote him for a person that loved to stand top much alone.
1691 T. H[ALE] Ace. New Invent, p. xxxiii, Dr. Robert
Wood .. hath not been by any Author.. so much as quoted
for his illuminating us. 17*2 DE FOE Relig. Courtsh. \. ii.
(1840) 61 We can't quote our fathers for anything that is fit
to be named.
b. To bring forward, adduce, allege, cite as an
instance of or as being something.
1806-7 J- HERESFORD Miseries Hum. Life (1826) I. Introd,
As I will evidence in a few instances already quoted. 1855
BAIN Senses $ Int. n. i. § 6 (186^) 77 No impression from
without can be quoted as originating this contraction. 1858
W. PORTER Knts. Malta 277 This has, in more than one
case, been quoted as an excuse. 1863 COWDEN CLARKE
Skaks. Char. vii. 173 Few instances of concentrated disdain
could be quoted as more pungent.
79
7. To state the price of (a commodity).
1866 ROGERS Agric. ff Prices I. xx. 493 There are entries
of shingle-nails, though no shingles are quoted. 1884 Law
Rep. 9 App. Cases 7 The Leeds securities had been quoted,
and to a large amount sold, upon the.. exchanges.
Hence Quoted ///. a. Quotee-, one who is
quoted. Quo'teless a., 'that cannot be quoted'
(Wright). Quo-teworthy a., worthy of being
quoted. Quo ting- vbl. sb. Quo-tiugly adv.
1608 MIDDLE-TON Mad World i. ii, Let him find Some
book lie open . . And *coted scripture. 1858 J. 13. NORTON
Topics 4 Tne perusal of quoted as well as original matter.
1861 Sat. Rev. 14 Dec. 600 The quoted prices merely tell us
that buyers or sellers .. are on the increase. 1821 Examiner
461/1 Quotations of us between inverted commas without
naming the *quotee. 1870 F. JACOX Rec. Recluse II. xii.
241 [His] description .. is curious, and (to coin a phrase)
"quoteworthy. 1580 LYLY Euphues (Arb.) 320, I see thou
art come.. from *coting of ye Scriptures to courting with
Ladies. 1714 FORTESCUE- ALAND Pref. Fortescue's Abs.fy
Lim.Mon.*f> Like quoting of Dacier,fora Verse in Horace.
1657 J. SERGEANT Schism Dispatck't Post-scr., Their old
method of talking preachingly, "quotingly and quibbling! y.
Quote, variant of QUOT sb., WHOOT v.
Quote'nnial, a. rare-1, [f. L. quotannis,
after biennial, etc. ; cf. QUOTANNAL.] Yearly.
1878 SIMPSON Sell. Shots. I. 60 Hugh Stucley was in this
state of quotennial warfare with his cousin.
Quoter (kwan-taa). [f. QUOTE v. + -EH 1.] One
who quotes.
1589 Pasjuifs Ret. Biij, They are great quoters of
common places. 1674 BOYLE Excell. Theol. IL v. 194 Small
Tracts, . . being preserv'd in such a quoter or abridger.
a 1731 ATTERBURY (I.), I propose this passage entire, to take
off the disguise which its quoter put upon it 1846 LANDOR
Imaf. Comi. Wks. II. 26 A quoter is either ostentatious of
his acquirements or doubtful of his cause. 1875 EMERSON
Lett. «, Sac. Aims, Quot. 4 Orif., Next to the originator of
a good sentence is the first quoter of it.
Quoth (kw0ub), v. (j>a. t.) Now arch, or dial.
[Pa. t. of QUETHK v. to say.] Said.
1. Used with sbs., or pronouns of the first and
third persons, to indicate that the words of a speaker
are being repeated.
The vb. is always placed before the subject, and the
clause is commonly inserted parenthetically towards the
beginning of the words quoted, but may also precede or
follow the whole sentence or speech.
a. 3 owafl, 3-4 qua*, quad, (3 quat, hwat),
3-5 quap ; 3 //. quepen.
c 1200 Vices .J Virtues 67 ' Hlauerd,' cwaS he, ' hwat mai
ic don [etc.].1 ciaso Gen. # Exod. 1313 Quat abraham,
' god sal bi-sen [etc.].' Ibid. 3331 Quad moyses, ' loc ! her
nu bread.' c 1*90 S. Eng. Leg. 432/41 ' Leoue Moder,'
' . _ A .. j__... 1. : ' T? 7? » /-o*:_\
0. 3 pi. quoUen ; 4 quop, cojje, ooth, cuth, 4-
quoth, (6 qwoth).
CI250 Gen. ty Ex. 2093 QuoSen So wiches clerkes 'Sis
fortoken godes gastes is/ a 1300 Cursor M. 7575 (Cott.),
l»ou es, coth golias, hot ded. 13 . . Caw. f, Gr. Knt. 776
'Now bone hostel' cobe be burne. 1508 PUNBAR Tua.
tnariit viemen 161 To speik, quoth scho, I sail nought
spar. 1581 NOWELL & DAY in Confer, i. (1583) Eiiijb,
The fyre (quoth wee) hathe heate and lyght. 1655 FULLER
Ch. Hist. in. vii. § 6 No, Quoth the King, I will not be
both party and iudg. c 1705 POPE Jan. f, May 222 ' I say,'
quoth he, ' by heav'n the man's to blame.' 1783 COWPER
John Gilpin 25 Quoth Mrs. Gilpin, ' That's well said '.
1829 HOOD Eug.Aram xiii, ' And well ' quoth he, ' I know
for truth.' 1838 LYTTON Alia 146 'I know no man I
respect more than Maltravers,' quoth the admiral. 1884
BROWNING Ferishtah's Fancies, Mihrab Shah i Quoth an
inquirer, ' Praise the Merciful ! '
-y. 4 quot, cod, 4-7 quod (the prevailing form
quocl Wallace, quna lera met 15?J j-«ju^i^t:> si^nci*
vill. Prol. 122 Quod I, Lovne, thou leis. 1549 COVERDALE
etc. £nw»». Par. i Tim. 2, I haue not chosen (quod he) out
of an other mannes flocke. ct6*o A. HUME Brit. Tongue
(1865) 18 Be quhat reason ? quod the Doctour.
5. 5 quo, 6 ko, ka, 8 5<r. oo', 8-9 quo'.
c 1450 Merlin 33 'In feith,' quo the oon, ' I sholde suffer
grete myschef er he had eny harm.' a 1553 UDALL Royster
D. in. iii. (Arb.) 44 Bawawe what ye say (ko I) . . Nay I
feare him not (ko she). 1756 TOLDEHVY Hist. 2 Orphans
I. 39 Marry (quo1 she) I think it is the province of our elder
T Stickit Minister 127 orse or mue, quo se ec.,
t b. Used at the end of a piece to introduce the
name of the author. Obs. (Chiefly Sc.)
a 1500 King's Quair (S. T. S.) 48 Explicit, &c. Quod
Jacobus Primus. 1508 DUNBAR Lament *ioi Quod Dunbar
quhen he was seik. c 1550 Lusty Juventus. Finis. Quod
R Weuer. 1583 Satir. Poems Reform, xiv. *ui8 Finis.
Quod R. S. [1788 BURNS Friars Carse 55 Quod the Beads-
man of Nith-side.]
1 2. Used interrogatively with a pronoun of the
second person, with the same force as QUOTHA. 06s.
The form auothee may be a var. of QUOTHA.
a 1553 UDALL Royster 1). \. ii. (Arb.) 17 Enamoured, quod
you? Enamoured ka? ftiit. ill. iv. 54 Scnbler (ko you).
'573 M'TO Custom I. ii, Primitiue Constitution (quodes
QUOTIDIAN.
stowe) as much as my sleeve ! 1583 STUBBES Anat. Abtts.
II. (1882) 12 Rich, quoth you? They are rich indeede
toward the deuill and the world, a 1600 Grittt, the Collier
of Crpydon n. iv. (1662) 30 As it falls t quoth ye, marry a
foul fall is it. 1681 T. FLATMAN Heraclitus Ridens No. 5
(1713) I. 28 Earn .. And what Trade do they intend to
drive? Jest. What Trade, quothee?
^[ Hence (erroneously) Quo-thing, saying.
1864 SIR F. PALGRAVE Norm, fy Eng. III. 402 The owner
had the power of transmitting the possession to an heir by
bequest, by quothing or speaking forth the name of his in-
tended successor to the lord.
Quotha (kw<7u'ba), inter/. Now arch. Also 6
catha, quod a, quodha. [For quoth he (see A.
pron.*).~\ The phrase 'said he?', used with con-
temptuous or sarcastic force in repeating a word or
phrase used by another ; hence = indeed ! forsooth !
1519 Interl. Four Elem. (Percy Soc.) 24 Thre course
dysshes, quod a. 1528 Rede me, etc. (Arb.) 86 Wat. Hath
Christ amonge theym no place ? Jef. Christ catha? (1550
Lusty Jwventus C ii b, Lawful!, quodha, a, foole, foole.
1600 HEYWOOD ist ft. Edtu. IV Wks. 1874 I. 33 Forbid,
quotha? I, in good sadness. 1680 DRYDEN Span. Friar
in. ii, A novice quotha I you would make a novice of me
too, if you could. X773GOLDSM. Stoops to Conq. i. i, Learning,
quotha 1 a mere composition of tricks and mischief. 1835
WILLIS Pencillings II. xliii. 38 The ' fickle moon,' quotha 1
I wish my friends were half as constant. 1884 BROWNING
Ferishtah's Fancies, Mihrab Shah 99 Attributes, quotha ?
Here's poor flesh and bood.
f Quothe, quoath, obs. varr. COTHE v. to faint.
1567 GOLDING Ovid's Met. v. (1593) 107 He quothing as he
stood Did looke about where Atys lay. Ibid. vii. 179 She
quoath'd, and with her btoud Her little strength did fade.
Quothernicke : see COTHUKNIO.
t Qnoti'dial, a. Obs. In 6 cotidial, -yall, 7
quotidiall. [f. \^. cot-, quot idii daily + -AL.] Daily.
1502 ARNOLDE Chron. (1811) 125 Mekly besecheth . -your
cotidial oratur. 1540 BOORDE The boke/or to Lerne Cj b,
Many other cotidyall expences. 1609 W. M. Man in
Moone D ij b, Deuoting your selfe to quotidiall daliance.
t Quoti'dially, adv. Obs. Also 5-6 ootidi-, 6
ootydy-. [f. as prec. + -LY 2.] Day by day.
£1430 LYDG. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 63 The monke..
thought he wolde . . Cotidially withe hem only oure lady
please. 1542 BOORDE Dyetary x. (1870) 226 Cotydyally
remembryng your bountyful goodnes. 1547 — Brev. Health
cxiv. 43 Then cotidially . . use stufes wet and dry. 1623
COCKERAM ii, Continually, Sempeternal!y,..Quotidially.
Quotidian (kwoti'dian), a. and sb. Forms : 4, 6
cotidien, (4 -ene) ; 4-6 ootidian, -ane, (5 -yan,
cotydian, -yan, 6 -yane) ; 4- quotidian, (6 -ane,
-ene, quotydian). [a. OF. cotidien, -tan (i3th c.,
mod.F. quotidien), or ad. L. cot-, quotidian-us, f.
cot-, quotidie every day, daily.]
A. adj. 1. Of things, acts, etc. : Of or pertain-
ing to every day ; daily.
c 1380 WYCLIF Wks. (1880) 62 Jif (>ei preien, bat is . .
comunly for offrynge & cotidian distribucion. 1406 Hoc-
CLEVE La Male Regie 25 My grief and bisy sraert cotidian.
1432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls)_ V. 307 He made the preface
juotidian. 1483 CAXTON Gold. Leg. 274 b/2 [A] cotidyan
fornays is oure tonge humayne. 15x3 BRADSHAW St.
Werburge I. xx. 5 Ihe cotydyane labours her body to
chastyce. 155? VERON Godly Sayings (ed. Daniell 55
Though your sinnes be daily and quotidian, let not them
be deadly. 1603 HARSNET Pop. Impost, xxiii. 158 A Quo-
tidian imaginane oblation of a Sacrifice. 1635 QUARLES
Embl. I. xi. (1718) 45 And brazen lungs belch forth quoti-
dian fire, a 1711 KEN Hymns Evang. Poet. Wks. 1721
I. 29 Thence our Quotidian Raptures were begun. 1849
LONGFELLOW Kavanagh xi. 53 Five cats . . to receive their
quotidian morning's meal. 1861 THACKERAY Philip xvi,
Every man who wishes to succeed at the bar . . must know
the quotidian history of his country.
b. spec, of an intermittent fever or ague, recurring
every day. Cf. B. I.
In early use placed after the sb. ; cf. QUARTAN.
1340 HAMPOLE Pr. Consc. 2987 Som for pride.. Sal haf ._.
a fever cotidiene. 1390 GOWER Conf. II. 142 A Fievere it
is cotidian, Which every day wol come aboute. 1530
PALSGR. 209/1 Cotidien axes, fievre quotidietme. 1561
HOLLYBUSH Horn. Apoth. 41 b, Of the dayly ague or fever
quotidiane. 1656 RIDGLEY Pract. Physick 37 In chronical
diseases, as Quartane and Quotidian diseases. 1718 POPE
Let. to R. Digby 31 Mar., That spirit . . which I take to be
as familiar to you as a quotidian ague. 1876 tr. Wagners
Gen. Pathol. (ed. 6) 17 If the attack of fever returns every
day we have what is called a Quotidian rhythm or type.
fig. a 1548 HALL Chron., Hen. VI 177 b, This noble
realme .. shall never be unbuckeled from her quotidian
fever. 1663 COWLEY Verses S, Ess., Obscurity, We expose
our life to a Quotidian Ague of frigid impertmencies.
transf. 1723 COWPER in Ld. Campbell Chancellors (1857)
V. cxvii. 343 John's drunkenness seems a tertian . . except
that on Friday it proved quotidian.
2. Of persons : Performing some act, or sustaining
some character, daily, rare.
\ may call them) quotidian enemies. 1714 J. WALKER Suffer.
Clergy Pref. 37 The weekly writers (and therefore much
more the diurnal or quotidian hirelings).
3. Of an everyday character ; ordinary, common-
place, trivial.
1461-83 Liber Niger in tfouseh. Ord. (1790) 61 Not [to]
trouble the seyde soveraynes . . in smalle accustomed and
cotidyan thinges and questions. 1534 WHITINTON Tullyes
Offices I. (1540) 59 Tully treateth of two maner of speches,
the one after the rhetoricyen eloquent, the other quotydian
and vulgare. 1625 W. B. True School War TI Soordmarie
and so quotidian procurements of wantonnesse. 1665 J.
QTJOTIDIANARY.
SPENCER Vnlg- Proph. 53 Common and quotidian thoughts
are beneath the grace of a Verse, a 1763 SHENSTONE
Economy i. 149 To scorn quotidian scenes, to spurn the
bliss Of vulgar minds. 1816 W. TAYLOR in Monthly Mag.
XLII. 423 This (adds Wieland) is very quotidian scepticism.
1837 CARLYLE J*'r. Rev. III. n. viii, Pastry-cooks, coffee-
sellers, milkmen sing out their trivial quotidian cries.
B. sb. 1, A quotidian fever or ague.
1x1400 Stockh. Medical MS. ii. 50 in Anglia XVIII. 309
pat coueryth t»e cotidyan mythilyke. c 1400 Rom. Rose
2401 Cotidien, ne quarteyne, It is not so ful of peyne. c 1491
Chast. Goddes Chyld. 21 The fyrst feuere is callid a coty-
dian. 1547 BOORDE Brev, Health cxxxvii. sob, In Englyshe
it is named a quotidiane the which doth infest a man every
daye. 1663 BOYLE Use/. Exp. Nat. Philos. 11. v. ix. 211,
I myself was strangely cured of a violent quotidian, irja
ARBUTHNOT^?W/« of Diet 324 Tertians sornetimes redouble
their Paroxysms so as to appear like Quotidians. 1823-34
Good's Stud. Med. (ed. 4) 1. 607 The quotidian has a longer
interval than the tertian.
fis* 1430-40 LYDG. Bochas ix. xxxviii. (1554) 217 Trusting
..your liberal largesse Of thys quotidian shall releuen me.
his house.
psal. ______ _________________ f
reading than any other part'of Scripture. 1894 C. M.
CHURCH Chapt. Early Hist. Churcho/Wells^ Bishop Jocelm
. . increases the quotidians to all members of the Church of
St. Andrew in Wells.
So f Quoti'dianary a. Obs. rare"1.
1719 Free-thinker No. 139 F 3 Quotidianary Words and
Actions, .do not rise above the Powers of Mechanism.
Quotrdianly, adv. rare. [ + -LT 2.] Daily.
1447 BOKENHAM Seyntys (Roxb.) 180 Ryht cotydyanly
Aungelys lyftyn sevene sythys up me. £1470 HARDING
Chron. LXXIV. vi, Princes .. That auentures then sought
cotidianly. 1652 KIRKMAN Cterio $ Lozia 121 Consolate a
Lover who dyeth quotidianly. 1840 Ta.it" s Mag. VII. 384
Epics, .are quotidianly placed before us.
t Quotidia*rian. nonce-wd. [f. L. qnotidte (see
Gr.
QUOTIDIAN), as rendering of
A daily official (among the Essenes).
a 1641 BP. MOUNTAGU Acts t{ Mon. (1642) 434 At warning
given by one whom they call Ephemereutes or Qnoti-
diarian they all meet together.
Quotient (kw<7«»'j£nt). Forms : 5 quocient,
(quocyens), 6- quotient, [f. L. quotient how
many times, how often (f. quot how many), erron.
taken as a ppl. stem in -ent ; cf. F. quotient (earlier
quotiens}) It. quoziente^ Sp. quociente^\
1. Math. The result obtained by dividing one
arithmetical or algebraic quantity by another ; the
number of times one number is contained in another
as ascertained by division.
14.. Mann. <V Hovseh. Exp. (Roxb.) 439 Owt of that
nowmber take as many tymes clx. as ye may, beyinge for
euery tyme a quocyens. c 1430 A rt Nowbryng (E. E. T. S.)
12 The nombre that shewith be quocient. 154* RECORDE
Gr. Aries 129 Then I seke howe often the diuisor maye be
founde in the diuident, and that I fynde 3 tymes, then set
I 3 in the thyrde lyne for the quotient. 1614 T. BEDWELL
Nat. Geotn. Numbers i. 8 The quotients of 60, by i, 2, 3, ..
are 60, 30, 20. 1695 ALINGHAM Geom. Epit. 73 If. . I divide
54 by 3 the quotient is 18. 1727-41 CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v.
Division^ For 3 being only contained twice in 8, the last
number in the quotient will be 2. 1840 LARDNER Geom. 124
Multiply ^ by c and divide the product by a, and the
quotient will be d. 1884 A. PAUL Hist. Reform ii. 29 The
total was to be divided by 558, and the quotient to be deemed
the proportion of voters entitled to elect one member.
b. ottrib,) as quotient figure^ line, number \
quotient representation (see quot. 1884 above).
c 1430 Art Nombryng ($L. E. T. S.) 12 Above bat figure..
me most sette a cifre in ordre of the nombre quocient. 1543
RECORDS Gr. Aries 48 b, That is called the quotiente
numbre. 1557 — Whetst. K ij, The roote .2. I sette behind
the quotiente line. 1709 J. WARD Introd. Math. i. xi.
§ 7 (J734) '39 You must Increase, .the Divisor with Thrice
the Quotient Figure. 1889 Universal Rev. 7 Jan., Eq^ual
electoral districts, quotient representation of the population,
. .are a deduction from the democratic principle.
t 2. a. « QUOTUM. Obs. rare.
1621 BP. MOUNTAGU Diatribx 51 1 The first of their Apples
were offered to other gods : and for the quotient, it was
a Tenth. 1641 H. L'£STRANGE God's Sabbath 63 The fourth
80
Commandment . . declareth also his will concerning the
quotient, -so that one [day] in a week he must have.
t b. Number, total. Obs. rare~l.
1659 T. f^vxPamassiPuerp. 82 God is but One. Hells
Quotient, none assign.
QuO'tientive, a. rare-1, [f. as prec. + -IVE.]
Indicating how often.
1871 Puttie Sch. Lat. Gram. 73 Quotientive Adverbs,
. .answering the question Quoties, how often 1
Ouotiety (kwctsi-eti). [f. L. quot how many,
on anal, of words in -lety.] Condition in respect
of number ; relative frequency.
1861 LATHAM Comfar. Philol. 731 One, two, three, and
the other numerals convey the attribute of Quotiety, or
Howmanyness.
Quoting, Quotingly : see QUOTE v.
Quotity (kwp-titi). rare. [a. F. y«»//tf (i6thc.)
or 1. L. quot how many, quot-us of what number or
amount (see QUOTA) + -ITY. Cf. quantity.]
1. = QUOTUM.
1613 F. ROBARTS Revenue Cost. 128 What needeth this
contending for the quotity or determinate tenth? 1894
Jrnl. R. Agric. Sac. June 360 It is not a fixed quantity.,
but a fixed quotity of produce.
2. A certain number («/" individuals, etc.).
1837 CARLYLE Fr. Rev. I. iv. ii, These are the thrice-
famed 'Brigands': an actual existing quotity of persons.
1858 — Fredk. Gt. I. v. vi. 600 Assisting Prussia, .with a
like quotity of thousands.
Quott(ed: see QUOT /a. pple.
t Quotto, obs. form of COAITA.
1667 G. WARREN Surinam n The inhabitants of the trees
are Baboons, Quottoes, Monkeys [etc.].
II Quotum (kw0u'tym). [L., nent. sing.of quotus :
see QUOTA.] A number or quantity considered in
its proportional relationship to a larger number or
amount of which it forms part ; a quota.
a 1660 HAMMOND Wks. (1674) I. 89 The exact proportion or
quotum, I cannot prescribe y_ou, the Scripture.. intimating
that there is no set proportion to be defined. 1696 lip.
PATRICK Comm. Exodus xiv. (1697) 262 Observing that
Seventh Day. .not for the quotum of one Day in Seven., but
for the designation of that day. a 1716 BLACKALL Wks.
(1723) I. 394 Not a greater Sum. .than a poorer Man. .may
spare to give away with as little Inconvenience. .as the
richer Man can give away his larger quotum. 1859 MAX
MULLER Sc. Lang. Ser. i. (1864) 382 The number of names
which are really formed by an imitation of sound, dwindle
down to a very small quotum if cross-examined by the
comparative philologist. 1881 A. RIMMER Old Country
Towns 172 The quotum [of ships] Hythe had to furnish.
tQuotUple. Obs. rare—1, [f. L. quot how
many, after quadruple, etc.] = 'What multiple '.
a 16915 SCARBURGH Euclid v. i. (1705) 201, I say, that
guotuple AB is of E, Totuple shall AB, CD together, be of
, F together.
Quouk, obs. Sc. pa. t. QUAKE v.
t Quow, obs. Sc. form of Cow s&.1
1583 Satir. Poems Reform, xlv. 715 He had na mair grace
. . Nor it had bene ane hieland quow.
Quow, obs. form of How adv.
II Quo warranto (kw^i wgrarnto), sb. [Med.L.
' by what warrant '.] A King's Bench writ formerly
in use, by which a person or persons were called
upon to show by what warrant he or they held,
claimed, or exercised an office or franchise.
[1292 BRITTON i. xx. § 2 Nos brefs..del Quo warranto.]
'535 tr. Littleton's Nat. Brcv. 211 (Stanf.) A wryt de Quo
warranto. 1555 in W. H. Turner Select. Rec. Oxford 224
To make answere to the Quo Warranto. 1621 ELSING
Debates Ho. Lords (1870) 5 He conceived noe charge
against Yelverton for theis 3201 quo warrantos. a68i LUT-
TKELL Brief Ret. (1857) I- r53 A writt of quo warranto is
delivered to the sheriffs of London against the charter of the
citty. 11734 R. NORTH Life of Lord Keeper Morth(-i-]\^\ 129
That famous Practice .. of Quo Warrantors against some
Corporations. 1805 JEFFREY in Edin.Rev. VI. 19 We would
also move for a Quo Warranto against the spirits of the
river and the mountain.
Hence f Qno warra'nto v., in pass., to be served
with a writ of Quo warranto. Obs.
1690 J. PALMER in Andros Tracts I. 60 It can .. render
them liable to be questioned and Quo Warranto'd for their
Malefesance. 1691 C. MATHER 184. II. 331 Nor could you
have proceeded again as formerly upon your charter, with-
out being quo-warramoed.
QY.
Quowke, obs. Sc. pa. t. QUAKE v.
Quoy, Sc. variant of QUEY, heifer.
f Quoy-duck, obs. form of COY-DUCK.
1601 BOYS Wks. 389 The best trick y fouler hath is to
bring game to his snare by a stale or quoy duck.
Quoy(e, obs. ff. COY a. and t/.l Quoyl(e, obs.
ff. COIL sb2, st>.3 Quoyn(e, obs. ff. COIN, COYN,
QUOIN. Quoynt(e, Quoyntaunce, obs. ff.
QUAINT a., QDAINTANCE. Quoyt(e, obs. ff. Quorr.
t QuOZ. Obs. [App. a fanciful formation : cf.
Quiz.] a. A queer or absurd person or thing (also
as //.). b. Used as an ejaculation or retort, to
express incredulity, contempt, etc.
1790 Bystander 93 Mr. World [the newspaper] might
retort that Mr. Herald was a Quoz, and a low print. 1796
MAD. D'ARBLAY Camilla vn. xiii. 200 Upon my honour, ..
the quoz of the present season are beyond what a man
could have hoped to see ! 1802 in Spirit Pub, yrnls. VI.
197 At length it was announced, that fic-Nic, like Qiioz,
which was chalked some years ago on windows and doors,
really meant nothing. 1841 C N!ACKAY Mem. Pop. Delus.
I. 325 Many years ago the favourite phrase (for, though but
a monosyllable, it was a phrase in itself) was Quoz.
Qussyon, obs. form of CUSHION.
t Qnu-, obs. (chiefly early ME.) var. of Qu- and
WH-, as in quuad quoth, quuam whom, qiniaii
when, quuat when, quite cue, quuen queen, quno
who, quuor where ; also qitttow how.
Quuik, obs. Sc. pa. t. of QUAKE v.
Quurt, variant of QUIBT v.2 Obs.
Quy, obs. form of QUEY, WHY.
t Quy-i a common ME. variant of QOI-. Ex-
amples (exclusive of mere doublets of forms already
given under QUI-) are quyach queyock, quyc(c]he
quetch, quye quey, quylet quelet, quyn whin, quynce
quinsy ,quyndesyn, -dezim quindecim, quyner coiner,
quynkill quinkle, quynnancy quinsy, quynnyble
quinible, quynsc quince, guynsine, -syn(n)e quin-
zine, quyntans quaintance, quyral coral, quyras
cuirass, quyschile whistle, quysht qneest, quysper
whisper, quysseux, -ewes cuisses, qiiyteour, -er^e,
•ure quitter.
t Quye, obs. form of COY siJ-
1688 R. HOLME Annovry u. 312/1 A Decoy, vulgarly
called a Quye, [is] a place made to take wild Fowl in.
f Quyn(e, obs. forms of QUEEN sb.
1505 Mem. Hen. VII (Rolls) 248 Hit was saied that bolhe
the Kynge and the Quyn wold come by the see. Ibid. 249
In the liffe of the quyne.
t Quyne, variant of COYN, quince. Obs.
c 1450 T-wo Cookery-bks. 69 Quynes bakyn. c 153* Do
WES Introd. Fr. in Palsgr. 914 Quyne aple tre. 1575 [see
COYN].
f Qv-, occasional ME. var. of Qu- (and WH-),
as in qvan when , quart, qvayr quire, qvarelle quarrel.
qveise quease, qverel quarrel, qvycchyn, qvyhchyn
quetch, qvysperyn whisper, qvytaunce quittance,
qvytchyn quetch, qvyrlebone whirlbone ; etc.
So also Qvli-, var.of QUH-, as qvhischen^whishen
cushion, Qvhissonday Whitsunday.
t Qw-, freq. ME. (esp. northern) var. of Qu- (and
WH-), as qwa = qua who, qwal = qual whale,
qwarell quarrel, etc. (see the forms with Qu-). Also
qwainlan quintain, qwa/ester chorister, qwar/o
whereto, qivatteer quarter, qwaylle whale, qwe
whew, qweasse quease, qwcel wheel, qwelke whelk,
qwenock whinnock, qweschyn, qweseyn cushion,
qwinaci quinsy, qwissel whistle, qworle whorl.
So Qwh-, var. of QUH-, as qwhele wheel, qwhen
when, qwhete wheat, qwhite white, qwhylum whi-
lom; etc. AlsoQwy-, var. offuy-,Qvi-, vsqwy(c
quey, qwyce quice, qivych(e which, qwynne whin,
qwynse quinsy, qwysschewes cuisses, qivyuer quiver ;
etc. (See the forms with QUI-.)
Qy., abbrev. of QUERY.
1838 Civil Eng. f, Arch. Jrnl. I. 390/1 Qy. Is this pitch
the Trinidad asphalte ?
R.
R(ai), the eighteenth letter of the modern and
seventeenth of the ancient Roman alpha-
bet, is derived through early Greek P, P from
the Phoenician <J, representing the twentieth
letter of the early Semitic alphabet. In general
the character denotes an open voiced consonant
in the formation of which the point of the tongue
approaches the palate a little way behind the
teeth ; in many languages this is accompanied by
a vibration of the tongue, in which case the r is
said to be 'trilled'. This trill is almost or alto-
gether absent in the r of modern standard English,
which moreover retains its consonantal value only
when it precedes a vowel ; in other positions it
has been vocalized to an a-sound, in this Dic-
tionary denoted by (a), and even this is entirely
lost after certain vowels. The earlier history of
these sounds is somewhat obscure, as scholars
differ in their views as to the formation of r in
OE. times. In Scotland r is still strongly trilled
in all positions, and other varieties of the sound
are characteristic of certain districts, as the burred
r of Northumberland and the reverted r of the
south-west. By southern speakers r is frequently
introduced in hiatus, esp. in the phrase the idea(r)
of; in vulgar speech it is heard even in such forms
as draw(r)ing.
In all periods of English, r has exercised a
marked effect upon a preceding vowel. In OE.,
e and a before r + consonant became eo, ea, as in
steorfan starve, deorc dark, heorte heart, eorSe
earth ; hearm harm, wearp warp. In late ME.
and early mod.E. er usually became ar, ear, as in
(sterve) starve, (clerk) dark ; (herte) heart, (erthe)
earth, the date and extent of the change varying
in different dialects. In a few cases (as clerk, ser-
geant,Derby) the spelling with er has been retained,
while ar(ai) is pronounced. In mod.E. (prob. from
about 1650) e (or ea) and i before r in close syllables
have fallen together in one obscure vowel (5), as
in berth, birth (baib), dearth (dai]>), dirt (d3.it),
often not distinguished from (»), as in bur (bz)j),
burn (bcjn). The vowel-lengthening exemplified
in these words is common to all cases in which r
is not followed by a vowel, as far (fai), farm
((aim), /or (fpi), horse (h(5is). The effect of r is
also seen in the use of open vowels instead of the
normal close ones, as in care (ke«j), here (hi»i),
moor (mu*i},Jloor (flo»j). In a few words the vowel
has been affected by a preceding r, as in break
(bn?'k) , great (gr?t), broad (brgd).
OE. r usually represents Germanic r, but in some
cases takes the place of Germ, z (Goth. z or s), as
in iare ear (Goth, auso), mara more (Goth, maiza),
hard hoard (Goth, huzd) ; hence the variation in
verbal forms, as leosan, loren ; ceosan, coren. It
was rarely dropped (as in specan to speak, for
usual sprecait) ; but metathesis was frequent, and
many of the forms resulting from this have been
retained in the later language, as beornan to burn,
berstan to burst, hors horse, fryhtu fright, North.
firda third. In some Scottish texts of the i;-i6thc.
there is a similar tendency to transpose r (as trage
targe, rehress rehearse, scruge scourge), and it is
sometimes neglected in rimes (as large : age).
Among the native words beginning with r in
VOL. VIII.
modern Eng. are a certain number which in OE.
have initial hr-, as hring ring, hrsfn raven, hriod
reed. This h was usually written down to the close
of the OE. period, but had probably been dropped in
speech at a somewhat earlier date ; in the northern
Gospels it is often erroneously prefixed, as in hrsest
rest, hreafere reaver, hrioppa reap. On the other
hand, w before r was retained so late (being still
pronounced in some Scottish dialects) that con-
fusion between ivr- and r- is comparatively rare,
chiefly occurring with the words rack, wrack, and
rap, wrap.
I. 1. Illustrations of the literary use of the
letter or its name.
c 1000 ^ELFRIC Gram. iii. (Z) 6 Semivocales syndon seofan :
,.r,s, x. {1460 in Archaeologia (1842) XXIX. 331 There
was an V and thre arres to-gydre. c 1460 Pol. Rel. ff L.
Poems 2, iij ares for iij Richardes }>at bene of noble fames.
1530 PALSGR. 34, R in the frenche tonge shalbe sounded as
he is in latyn without any exception. 1559 H. BUTTES
Dyels drie Dinner M viij b, Oysters . . in those Moneths
that have the letter R. in their names. 1636 B. JONSON
Eng. Gram. (1640) 47, R is the Dogs Letter and hurreth in
the sound. 1737-41 CHAMBERS Cyc/. s.v., The Hebrews allow
the r the privilege of a guttural; that is, they never double
it. a 1854 CAROLINE B. SOUTHEV Poet. IVks. (1867) 21, R's
whose lower limbs Beyond the upper bulged unseemly out.
1888 Cortih. Mag. Oct. 365 The letter R is not yet menaced
with extinction in Washington.
ta. The ' r' months : Those months in the name
of which an r occurs (September to April), during
which oysters are in season (cf. quot. 1 599 above).
So also r-less month.
1764 CHESTERF. Lett, cccxlvi, Here is no domestic news of
changes and chances in the political world, which, like
oysters, are only in season in the R months, when the Par-
liament sits. 1856 LOWELL Lett. (1894) I. iv. 301, I don't
believe even the oysters found out what r-less month it was.
1888 Pall Mall G. 21 Sept, 7/2 The ' r ' months have, how-
ever, opened at Brussels in the usual way ; the Zeeland and
Ostend oysters, .made their welcome appearance.
2. Used to denote serial order, as 'R Battery',
'MS. R', etc., or as a symbol of some thing or
person, a point in a diagram, etc.
II. Abbreviations.
1. Of Latin words or phrases, a. t R (in mediaeval
notation) = 80. R. = rex king, regina queen. In
medical prescriptions: R, $! = recipe take. b. R.I.P.
= requiescat in pace,' may he (or she) rest in peace ';
or requiescant in pace, ' may they rest in peace '.
2. Of English words and phrases : a. R. =
Rabbi, radius, Railway, Reaumur, frest, right,
River, •)• rogue, Royal, Naut. run (see quots. 1706
and 1867), rupee; also various proper names, as
Richard, Robert, etc. ; r (Naut. in log-book) =
rain ; r = radius vector. R.A. = Rear Admiral,
Royal Academy or Academician, (Astron.~) right
ascension; R.C. = Roman Catholic ; R.H. = Royal
Highness ; R.M. = Resident Magistrate ; R.N. =
Royal Navy ; R.S. = Royal Society ; R.V. = Revised
Version (of the Bible) ; R.W. = Right Worthy or
Worshipful. Also RJ = response (to a versicle.)
IT 1330 R. BRUNNE Chron. (1810) 156 To mak certeyn
artie, R. a quitance toke. 1588 I. MELLIS Brief? Insti-.
)vj, Set the same down, .on this Creditor side.. with an K
seech"her R.H. that nothing that comes from me may in
any kinde be taken notice. 1661 STILLINGFL. Ong. Ancr.
ll.lv. § 3 R. Solomon makes this hill to be Kirjath-jearim.
1676 GLANVILL Ea. Philos. * Rtlig. titte-p., Joseph Glan-
vill . . Fellow of the R. S. 1706 Land. Gaz. No. 4216/3 All
such Seamen.., that are made Run, for not repairing to
their Duty, shall have their R's taken off. 1813 Examiner
17 May 316/1 Far above the mediocrity of most of our
R.A.'s. 1819 Pantologia'X.. Fj b, Then the radius vector r
is expressed Dy either of the following formulae. 1867 SMYTH
Sailor s Word-bit., R. in the muster-book means run, and is
placed against those who have deserted, or missed three
musters. 1881 Athenaeum 5 Nov. 603/2 The year of his
R.A.-ship. 1896 Expositor Aug. 126 Here the R.V. . . has
rightly translated,
b. The three Ks : Reading, (W)riting, (A)rith-
metic. See also quots. 1879, 1892.
The phrase is said to have originated with Sir W. Curtis
(1752-1829) who proposed it as a toast.
1 R's '. 1879 Athenaeum 5 Apr. 431/1 Romanism, Ritualism,
and Rationalism, the three 'r's' of theological contro-
versy. 1892 Academy 31 Dec. 602/3 Rhetoric, reflexion,
and repetition— those three R.s of the inexperienced book-
maker.
3. R.S.V.P.,abbrev. of the French phrase repondez,
s'il •vous plait, ' reply, if you please ' : commonly
placed in one of the corners of invitation-cards.
Also attrib.
a 1845 BARHAM Ingol. Leg, in. House Warmiiigi&t) Quad-
rilles in the afternoon, R.S.V.P. 1883 ANNIE THOMAS Mod.
Housew. 02 Attend strictly to the R.S.V.P. corner of your
' at home cards.
tBa. Sc. Obs. Also 6 rae, raye. [ = ON. rd
(Da. and Sw. ra), Du. ra (Kilian rae, rha, rah),
MLG. rd, MHG. rahe (G. rahe, raa) :— Comm.
Teut. *raha pole, stake. In Sc. prob. adopted
from ON., or Du.] A sail-yard.
1494 Accts. Ld. High Treasurer Scot. (1877) I. 253 Ane
gret mast, ane ra. Ibid., Thir rais and the takling. 1513
DOUGLAS JEneis v. xiv. 8 Thai .. Set in a fang, and threw
the same schipis . . and take the saillis fra the rais.
Ra, obs. f. RAW ; obs. north, f. ROE. Baaek,
obs. f. RACK st? Raad, var. RAD a.* Obs. Raaf,
obs. f. RAFF s6.3 Raak, obs. f. RAKE j*.i
Raas e, obs. forms of RACE rf.1, RASE v.1
Rab ' (rseb). [ad. F. rabot in same sense; cf.
RABBIT sb.^\ A wooden beater, formed like a
crutch, used for mixing the ingredients of mortar.
a 1825 FORBY Voc. E. Anglia. 1860 WORCESTER cites
LEONARD. 1875 KNIGHT Diet. Mech. 1850/1.
Bab 2. dial. = RAD s6* (q.v.).
1830 LOUDON Cottage Arch. § 840 Cob is used for filling
in the framework, which is previously lathed with stout slit
oak. . . This sort of work is called rab and dab.
t Ra'band. Sc. Obs. Also rai-. [f. RA -t
BAND : cf. Da. and Sw. raband, Du. raband
(Kilian raeband), G. rah-, raaband, and ON.
rabenda to bend a sail.] A roband or robbin.
i«3 DOUGLAS jEneis HI. iv. no Do lows the rabandis,
an3 fat doun the sail. 1549 Co,,,ft. Scot vi 40 Cut the
raibandis, and lat the mane sail and top sail fal.
Rabanet, variant of RABINET.
Rabarber, obs. form of RHDBABB.
tBabat1. Obs. rare-". Also 5 rabet. [a.
F rabot = Pg. rabSte.] A carpenter's plane.
ciua Promt. Pan. 421/2 Rabet, yryne tool of carpen-
Uye,rHHci»a. 1530 PALSGR. 260/1 Rabat an yrone for a
carpentar, rahot. 1571 HULOET, Rabat, a playne that car-
penters vse, rvticina.
t Rabat -. Sc. Obs. rare. Also 6 rabbat. [a.
F. rabat a turned-down collar.] = REBATO.
(Recent Diets, give rabat in senses of the mod. F. word.)
1578 /»!'. R. Wardr. (1815) 231 Huidis quaiffis collaris
rabattis. Ibid. 234 Ane rabbat of hollanc claith.
Rabat, obs. form of RABBET si.
11
RABATE.
t Rabate, sb. Obs. rare. Also rabbate. [a.
OF. rabat, rabbat sb. to rabattre : see next, and cf.
REBATE sb.] Diminution ; lessening, drawing in.
1589 PUTTENHAM Eng. Poesie \\. xi[i]. (Arb.) 109 In his
altitude he wil require diners rabates to hold so many sizes
of meetres. Ibid. in. xi. 173 Your figures of rabbate be as
many [as the ' figures of addition '.]
t Rabate, v. Obs. Also 6 rabbate. [a. F.
rabattre to beat down, etc. ; the more usual form
in Eng. is rebate.] = REBATE v. in various senses.
1480 Sc. Acts Jas. IV (181^) 222 And samekle..to be
defalkit and Rabatit in be price of be said siluer. 1530
PALSGR. 677/2, I rabate a porcyon out of a great somme.
1585 A. POULET Letter-bk. (1874) 69 Rabating so many of my
number . . cannot be any way chargeable. 1631 GUILLIM
Heraldry in. xx. (ed. 3) 228 She [a Hawk] is sayd to Rabate,
when by the motion of the bearers hand she recouerth the fist.
Hence f Rabated ppl. a. ; f Rabating vbl. sb.
1589 PUTTENHAM Eng. Poesie m. xi. (Arb.) 173 Sometimes
by adding sometimes by rabbattng of a sillable or letter.
Ibid. xxv. 310 The full and emptie euen, extant, rabbated.
hollow, or. .other figure and passion of quantitie.
Rabate, obs. form of RABBET sb. and v.
Rabatine. ran-1, [app. f. F. ratal RABAT 2
+ -INE.] A low collar.
1821 SCOTT Kenihu. xxiii, Reform.. that precise ruff of
thine for an open rabatine of lace and cut work.
Rabato, variant of REBATO Obs.
t Rabattued, a. Obs. rare-1, [f. F. rabattu
(pa. pple. of rabattre RABATE) -t- -ED.] Blunted.
1562 J. SHUTE tr. Cambinis Turk. Wars I b, Scanderbeg
. . delighted . , with his companiones to use the launce, and
the rabattued sworde.
Rabbat, Rabbate, varr. RABAT 2, RABATE. Obs.
Rabbatte, obs. form of RABBIT si.1
Rabbenet, obs. form of RABINET.
Rabbet (rarbet), si. Forms : 5 rabit, 5-8
rabet, 6 rabat(e, -att, -ett, rabbott-, 8-9 rabbit,
7- rabbet. See also REBATE, [a. OF. rabat, rabbat
the act of beating down, a check, abatement in
price, recess in a wall, etc., sb. from rabattre to
beat back or down : see REBATE z».]
I. 1. a. A channel, groove, or slot (usually of
rectangular section) cut along the edge or face of
a piece (or surface) of wood, stone, etc., and in-
tended to receive the edge or end of another piece
or pieces, or a tongue specially wrought on these
to fit the groove, b. A rectangular recess made
along a projecting angle or arris.
Both forms are extensively used in Carpentry in joining or
framing wood, the two pieces being commonly either in the
same plane or at right angles to each other. In a double
rabbet (b) the shoulder on one piece fits into the rabbet of
the other. In Masonry, a rabbet (b) is often made to receive
the edge of a door, window, etc. ; in picture-frames the
rabbet receives the edges of the glass.
1404 [see rabbet-stock in 3). 1:1415 WYNTOUN Croa. m.
11. 332 Thare he made than rak & rak Quhyll conyhe and
rabet bath he brak. c 1440 Promp. Pam. 421/2 Rabet, in
a werke of carpentrye, rime turn, incastratura. 1538 LKLAND
[tin. I. 55 By pulling one or all wold cum downe, briste
high in rabettes, and serve for Deskes. 1503-4 in Swayne
Sarum Church-tu. Ace. (1896) 299 Vetting in of the hookes
and hewinge of the Rabbottes. 1663 GERBIER Counsel 68
Oaken Windows with a double Rabet. 1711 W SUTHER-
LAND SMfbtild. Assist. 46 Cut the Rabbit of the Keel, Stem
and Stern-post the exact Bigness of your Plank. 1793
SMEATON Edystone £. § 51 The windows, shutters and doors
.. falling into a rabbet, when shut, their outside formed a
part of the general surface. 1830 HEDDERWICK Marine
Arch. 257 The rabbet is cut out in form of a V, having its
breadth equal to the thickness of the garboard-plank. 1870
H. MEADE New Zealand yz\ The parts are joined by scarf.
ing with a bevelled rabbet at the juncture.
2. fa. A tongue to fit into a groove. Obs. b.
One of the sides of a rabbet made in an arris;
a shoulder, a ledge.
1678 MOXON Meek, Exerc. I. 103 Upon this Rabbet rides a
Block with a Groove in its under side . . made fit to receive
the Rabbet on the Planck. 1728 DESAGULIERS in Phil.
Trans. XXXV. 606 A square Hole . . to receive a Piece
shutting close with a Rabbet or Shoulder. 1826 KIRBV &
SP. Entomol. I. IV. 544 So as to form a cavity all round of
a proper width to closely receive the rabbet. 1867 J. HOGG
Microsc. \. iii. 188 The dotted ring shows the rabbet on
which the centre-piece rests.
3. attrib., as rabbet-iron, -joint, measure, -plane,
-saw, f -stock ; rabbet-head (see quot.).
1830 LOUDON Cottage Arch. § 282 The 'rabbet-head of a
window is a Scotch term for what in England is called the
reveal of a window. 1552 HULOET s.v. Rabat. Runcina is
the *rabet iron. 1832 WEBSTER, Rabbeted, united by a
•rabbet joint. 1838 J. BRITTON Diet. Archil. 387 The junc-
tion thus effected being called a rabbet-joint. 1886 Pall
MallG. 26 July 4/2 A frame whose ' *rabbet ' measure is 96 by
72 inches. 1678 MOXON Mech.Exerc. I. 67 The 'Rabbet-plain
..is to cut part of the upper edge of a Board .. square down
lnt° the Board. 1881 YOUNG Every man his own Mechanic
92 The rabbet or rebate plane. 1875 KNIGHT Diet. Mech.
1650/1 'Rabbet-saw. 1404 Durham Ace. Rolls (Surtees) I.
396, j 'rabitstoke cum ij scrwes. 1573, 1688 [see CLAVE-
II. 1 4. Fencing. The act of beating down an
opponent's weapon. Obs. rare~\
ci4SO Fencingwith tuiohandedSTitord'm Rel. Ant. I. 309
5' 'hy f0y"yS ' ' Thy spryngys> thy <Iuarters. 'hy
5. An elastic beam fixed so as to give a
rebound to a large fixed hammer ; a spring-pole.
82
1825 J. NICHOLSON Operat. Mechanic 335 The hammer in
its ascent strikes against this beam, called the rabbit, which
by its elasticity reacts upon the hammer [etc.J. 1831 J.
HOLLAND Mann/. Metal I. 241 An elastic rabbet or spring
pole to give a rebound to the hammer. 1852 MORFJT
Tanning q Currying (1853) 231 Two vertical pieces, sup-
porting horizontally a rabbit, or wooden spring.
Rabbet (rx-bet),v. Forms : 4, 8 rabit, 5 rabat,
-yt, 5~9 rabet, (7 -ett), 6 rabate, rabbat, -ott,
-itt, 8 rabbit, 7- rabbet, [app. f. RABBET sb.,
but found earlier than this in the vbl. sb. rabilyng
(Wyclif), the second vowel of which makes direct
adoption of F. rabattre unlikely.]
1. trans. To join or fix by means of a rabbet or
rabbets. Also with in.
1565 COOPER Thesaurus, Traces compactiles,..JofgntA or
rabbated one within the other. 1620 BEST Farm. Bks.
(Surtees) 153 Hee is. .to sawe the rayles and posies, and sett
them in a groundsel!, and rabbin them in to the rayle above.
1693 EVELYN De La Quint. Compl. Card. II. Orange-
Trees ii. 5 A double Cloison made of Boards well Rabetted.
1829 Nat. Philos. I. Heat x. 60 (U. K. S.) It should have
a wooden cover, rabbeted in.
2. To form a rabbet in ; to provide with a rabbet ;
to cut away or down as in making a rabbet.
1572 HULOET, To rabate or make suche chaumfreyes in
any thing. 1667 PRIMATT City ff C. Build. 63 Suppose that
a Window hath four lights, and double rabbetted for Orna-
ment. 1679 MOXON Mech. Exerc. 1. 148 The Window Frame
hath every one of its Lights rabbetted on its outside about
half an Inch into the Frame. 1711 W. SUTHERLAND Ship-
build'. Assist. 25 When that is trim'd, scarf 'd, and rabbited,
mind to set it very streight. 1794 W. FELTON Carriage!
(iSor) I. 12 The middle rails are .. rabbetted on the top for
the boarding or pannels. 1877 COUES & ALLEN N. Amer.
Rod. 229 The general face is rabbeted down externally.
Ibid. 532 The outer portion is rabbeted away.
3. intr. To join on or lap over by means of
a rabbet.
c 1850 Rudim. Navig. (\Veale) 101 The upper piece rabbet-
ing on the lower piece. Ibid. 119 It rabbets over the ends
of the deals.
Rabbet, obs. form of RABBIT sb?-
Rabbeted (ra-beted), ///. a. [f. RABBET v.]
In which a rabbet is cut.
1797 Monthly Mag. III. 145 The door shuts without noise,
by means of a spring affixed in the rabitted jamb, c 1850
Rudim. Navig. (Weale) 101 Built with rabbeted or ciphered
plank. 1869 SIR E. REED Shipbvild. ii. 19 The. .steam-ship
' Persia '..has also a solid rabbeted keel.
Rabbeting (re-betirj), vbl. si. [f. RABBET v.
+ -ING !.] The process of grooving boards, etc. by
cutting rabbets, or of fitting rabbeted boards to-
gether; also the groove or rabbeted portion of
such boards.
1382 WYCLIF Exod. xxxvi. 22 Two rabitynges weren bi
eche tables, that the tone to that other my^t be ioyned.
c 1440 Promp. Parv. 421/2 Rabetynge to-gedyr of ij. bordys,
supra in knyttynge, or ioynynge. 1463 Mann. £ flouseh.
Exp. (Roxb.) 193 Settyng in ofhedys of pypys and barells,
and rabating of xl. her pypys. 1530 PALSGR. 260/1 Rabet-
tyng of hordes, rabetture. 1658 PHILLIPS, Rabbetings, a
term in Navigation, the letting in of the planks to the keel.
1678 MOXON Mech. Exerc. 1.67 When two Boards are thus
lapped on the edges over one another, this lapping over is
called Rabbetting. 1769 FALCONER Diet. Marine (1776),
Assembler, to unite the several pieces of a ship, as by
rabbeting, scarfing, scoring, tenanting, &c. 1869 SIR E.
REED Shipbuild. iii. 48 The rabbeting has now been almost
universally dispensed with.
Rabbett(e, obs. forms of RABBET, RABBIT.
Rabbi (ra-bsi, rarbi), si. Forms : 4-5 rabi,
4-6 raby, 5 rabe, 7 rabble, 8 rabby, 6- rabbi,
[a. (orig. through L. rabbi, Gr. flaPPi) Heb. '31
rabbi ' my master ', f. 31 rabh master, with prono-
minal suffix. Cf. OF. rabi, rabbi (mod.F. rabbin}.]
1. A title of respect (in use since the first century
B.C.) given by the Jews to doctors of the law.
a. As a form of address. (In English use only
in translations or echoes of N.T. passages.)
c 1000 Agt. Gosp. John i. 38 Hi cwaedon to him ' rabbi',
bset is jecweden & ^ereht lareow, ' hwar eardast bu ? ' a 1300
Cursor M. 15766 ludas . . lepe him to, ' Aue rabi ', coth ne.
X377 LANGL. P. PI. B. xvm. 50 ' Aue, rabby ! ' quod that
nbaude, and threw redes at hym. e 1386 CHAUCER Sompn.
T. 479 God liketh nat that Raby men vs calle. c 1450
HOLLAND Howlat 94 Befor the Pape .. on kneis he fell ;
said Aue Raby '. 1526 TINDALE Matt, xxiii. 8 Ye shall not
suffre youre selves to be called Rabi. a 1550 Image Hyfocr.
i. il?\nSkelton'sWks.(i*\-$\l. 416/1 W¥er they may haue
metmge With lordes and with ladyes, To be called Rabyes.
1611 BIBLE John i. 38 They said vnto him, Rabbi, (which
is to say being interpreted, Master) where dwellest thou?
b. Prefixed to personal names.
'340 HAMPOLE Pr. Consc. 7685 Raby Moyses says alle)ris.
1387 TREVJSA Higden (Rolls) I II. 365 Avicenna preyseb hym
wel . . and Raby Moyses. 154! R. COPLAND Guydon's Quest.
L/iirurg. Y iij b, Rabymoyses. .approued water dystylled of
a leane gotes mylke. 1587 GOLDING De Mornay xxix. 470
Ihe same man whom . . the Chronicle of the lewes calleth
Rabbi lohanan. 1677 HALE Prim. Orig. Mank. III. vii. 285
1 .? and Red *"n of Rabbi Elcha. tha« «me out of
the Mountains of Armenia. 1727-41 CHAMBERS Cycl. S.V.,
Rabbi Juda is said to have composed the Mischna..in the
lid century. 1838 Penny Cycl. XII. 92/2 The Jerusalem
Talmud appears to have been compiled . . by Rabbi Jochonan.
2. A Jewish doctor of the law. In mod. Jewish
use properly applied only to one who is authorized
by ordination to deal with questions of law and
ritual, and to perform certain, functions.
RABBINICAL.
When used in pi. as the designation of a class (the rabbis),
the reference is usually to those Jewish teachers or writers
who have more commonly been called rabbins.
1484 CAXTON Fables of Al/once\, A Rabe of Lucanye sayd
to his sone in this maner. 1590 SANDYS Europx Spec. (1632)
226 Each Synagogue hath his Rabbi, to expound their Law.
1641 MILTON Animady. ii. Wks. (1851) 207 The gowned
Rabbies . . were of opinion that hee was a friend of Beelzebub.
1688 R. HOLME Armoury in. 221/1 The Jews, .are Married
in the open Aire, either in the Streets or Gardens, by their
Rabbies. 1788 GIBBON Decl. f, F. 1. (ed. Milman) V. 22 The
dreams and traditions of the Jewish rabbis. 1838 LYTTON
Leila iv. v, I have been summoned into the presence of their
chief rabbi. 1838 Penny Cycl. XII. 92/2 The Rabbis of
Tiberias and Babylon wrote numerous commentaries upon
it [the Mishna]. 1897 AllbutCs Syst. Med. II. 391 The
early and almost universal seizures of medical officers, of the
clergy and rabbis.
fb. traits/. One whose learning, authority, or
office is comparable to that of a Jewish rabbi.
(Freq. contemptuous.) Obs.
IS53 BALE Gardiner's ' De vera Obed.' To Rdr. Avijb,
Yf these ruffling rabbies in theyr Sermons & aduised
Oratipnes said and wrote the truthe. 1629 L. OWEN Spec.
"Jesuit, i These great Rabbies that call themselues lesuites.
1647 N- BACON Disc. Govt. Eng. i. ii. (1739) 3 The deep
obligement of the People unto these their Rabbies [the
Druids). 1691 WooD.4M. Oxon. II. 175 This book, .pusled
the Presbyterian Rabbies for a time.
3. Comb., as Kabbi-like adj.
1611 COTGR., Rabinique, Rabble-like, of the Rabbies.
Hence f Ba'bbi ». trans., to call ' Rabbi '. Obs.
1583 STUBBES Anat. Alms. i. K iv, He who hath moni
enough shalbe rabbled and maistered at euery word.
Rabbin (ne-bin). Also 6 rabbyn, 6-7 -ine,
7 -yne; 6 rabyne, 6-7 -ine, 7-8 -in. [a. F.
rabbin or ad. med.L. rabbinus : cf. It. rabbino, Pg.,
Sp. rabino.
The source of the n in these forms is obscure : it may
have originated in pi. forms (rabbins, ratbini) on the sup-
position that the pi. of the Heb. word was 'rabbin (cf.
assassin, bedouin, etc.).]
= RABBI 2 (but mainly used in //. to designate
the chief Jewish authorities on matters of law and
doctrine, the most important of whom flourished be-
tween the second and thirteenth centuries of the
Christian era).
1579 E. K. in Spenser's Shcph. Cal. Gen. Argt., According
to the opinion of the best Rabbins . . God made the worlde in
that Moneth. 1612 BREREWOOD Lang, fy Relig. 239 The
Talmud and Targum. .and the books of the latter raobines.
1676 GLANVILL Ess. Philos. <$• Relig. v. 22 'Tis said in the
Talmud, If two Rabbins differ [etc.], 1741 WATTS Improv,
Mind^ \. iv. § i For a lawyer to learn Hebrew and read the
Rabbins. 1832 W. IRVING Alhambra II. 23 Instructed, .in
the language of birds, by a Jewish Rabbin. 1852 THACKERAY
Esmond \. xi, All the parsons, cardinals, ministers, muftis,
and rabbins in the world,
t b. = RABBI 2 b. Obs.
1531 ELYOT Gov. in. xxv, Some of those Rabines.. which in
comparison of the sayde noble doctours be . . unethe lettered.
I531 TINDALE £.*/. j John 5 We remayne all blynde gener-
aHy, as well our great Rabynes. .as the lay people. 1606 in
Crt. * Times Jas. I (1848) I. 65 Their masters and rabbins,
the Jesuits. 1632 LITHGOW Trav. \. 35 She is both the
Spouse, and the mother of God, saith a Rabbin of theirs.
C. Used as pi. (see etym. note).
1826 SIR W. DRUMMOND Orig. iii. 105 Many of the Rabbin
have understood by Baal Berith the Lord of the Covenant.
1860 MOTLEY Netherl, (1868) I. v. 146 A match for the
doctors, bishops or rabbin of Europe.
Rabbinate (rae-bin<*t). [f. prec. -t- -ATE : cf. F.
rabbinat.] a. The office or dignity of a rabbi.
b. The period during which some one is a rabbi.
C. coll. Rabbis as a body or class.
1702 C. MATHRR Magn. Chr. iv. ii. § 8. 146 He . . seemed
inclinable to the Jewish Rule about the Rabbinate. 1881
Encycl. Brit. XIII. 681 Gradually the Talmud., was
abandoned almost entirely to candidates for the rabbinate.
1800 Jeivish Intelligence Mar. 35 During the Rabbinate of Dr.
Adler. 1802 ZANGWILL Childr.Ghetto \. 27 The Rabbinate
was invited to address the philanthropists.
Rabbindom (rae1 bindsm). [f. as prec. + -DOM.]
The rule and government of rabbis ; the sphere of
rabbinical authority.
1889 BxvcEjCinfa'.God'xi. 266 The state of matters which
prevailed in Rabbindom. 1890 E. JOHNSON Rise Christen-
dom 32 The twelfth century is the great age of early Rab-
bindom.
Rabbinet, obs. form of RABINET.
Rabbinic (rabi-nik), a. and si. [f. RABBIN +
-1C, prob. after med. or mod.L. rabbinic-us. Cf.
F. rdbbinique (1611), It. rabbinico, Pg., Sp. rabi-
nico."] A. adj. = RABBINICAL.
1612 SELDEN Illustr. Drayton's Poly-olb. v. 168 The
Rabbinic conceit upon the Creation. 1678 CUDWORTH
Intell. Syst. i. iv. § 30. 469 Those Rabbinick Writers com-
monly interpret certain places of the Scripture to this sence.
a 1711 KEN Hyntnarium Poet. Wks. 1721 II. 146 To extract
from Mud rabbinick Gold. 1879 FARRAR St. Paul I. 136
Illiterate men, untrained in the schools of. . rabbinic wisdom.
B. sb. Rabbinical Hebrew.
1832 in WEBSTER. 1878 A cademy 606/3 A good means of,
and help in, practising Rabbinic.
Rabbinical (rabi-nikal), a. [f. as prec. + -At.]
1. Of things : Pertaining to, or characteristic of,
the rabbins, their learning, writings, etc.
1622 BOYS Wks. 4 It is a Rabinicall conceit, that the last
Psalme hath thirteene Halleluiahs [etc.]. 1713 ADDISON
Guard. No. 138 P 7 A Rabbinical story which has in it the
oriental way of thinking. 1779-81 JOHNSON L. P., Co:uley
BABBINICALLY.
(1790) I. 37 In the following verses we have a Rabbinical
opinion concerning Manna. 1856 STANLEY Sinai <V Pal. l. i.
34 The grotesqueness and absurdity of the Rabbinical inter-
pretations.
b. spec, of the later form of the Hebrew
language or character used by the rabbins.
1727-41 CHAMBERS Cycl. s. v. Hebrew, Modern, or Rab-
binical Hebrew character, is a good neat character, formed
of the square Hebrew by rounding it. Ibid.. The rabbinical
Hebrew must be allowed a very copious language. 1817
COLERIDGE Biog. Lit. 55 Of the Hebrew.. the remainder
seemed to be in the Rabbinical dialect.
2. Of persons : Belonging to the class of rabbis
or rabbins ; resembling a rabbi ; occupied with or
skilled in rabbinical literature.
1642 MILTON Afol. Smect. \. Wks. (1851) 282 The Maso-
reths and Rabbinicall Scholiasts. 1711 ADDISON Spect. No.
221 p 10 We had a Rabbinical Divine in England. 1828
SYDNEY SMITH Sena. Charity Wks. 1859 II. 248/1 A very
short, .apologue, taken from the Rabbinical writers. 1838-9
HALLAM Hist. Lit. II. n. viii. § 45. 349 Hugh Broughton
was a deeply learned and rabbinical scholar.
Hence Rabbi'nically «./,".. ina rabbinical manner.
1684 N. S. Crit. F.nq. Edit. Kible App. 286 Vossius. .who
so greedily catches at dreams more than Rabbinically.
a 1751 BOLINGBROKE Fragiit. Ixi. Wks. 1754 V. 456 If he
[the apostle] understood it as Locke did, he reasoned very
rabinically. 1833 New Monthly Mag. XXXVII. 149 Re-
sponding most rabbinically to the Serjeant on this knotty
matter.
t Ra-bbinish, a. Obs. rare-1. = RABBINICAL.
1652 GAULE Magastrom. 123 Errors of paganish, rabbinish,
and other magicians and astrologers.
Rabbinism (rarbiniz'm). [f. RABBIN + -ISM :
cf. F. rabbinisme, Pg., Sp. rabinismo.}
1. The teaching or doctrines of the rabbins.
1652 GAULE Magastrom. 43 The key of doctorall and
magisteriall rabbinismes and cabalismes. 1833 Blackw.
Mag. XXXIII. 628 Rabbinism has continued full of trivial
observances. 1887 Spectator i Oct. 1307 The history of
mediaeval rabbinism.
2. A rabbinical expression ; a peculiarity of the
language of the rabbins. 1832 in WEBSTER.
Rabbinist (rae-binist). [f. as prec. + -IST : cf.
F. rabbiniste, It. rabbinista, Pg., Sp. rabinista.}
An adherent or follower of the rabbins ; esp. among
the Jews, one who accepts the teaching of the
Talmud and the rabbins, in contrast to the Karaites,
who reject tradition.
1599 Brighton's Lett. x. 35 You .. shew you are a great
Rabbinist. 1609 Bp. HALL f Ann's. * Ckr. (1627) 408 At
deadly fevd with the other lewes, which they now call Rao-
binists. 1727-41 CHAMBERS Cycl. s. v. Caraite, If a Caraite
would become a rabbinist, he should never be received by
the other Jews. 1863 J. G. MURPHY Comm. Gtn. i. 4 Accord,
ing to the Pharisees and Rabbinists. 1882 FARRAR Early
Chr. II. 66 note. The Rabbinists also felt this.
Hence Rabbini'stic, Rabbini stical adjs.
'599 Brmghtm's Lett. vii. 24 Glorying of your reading
Rabbinisticall. 1676 Doctrine of Devils 174 What-ever
besotted Rabbins, and Rabbinistical men prate.. I care not,
1888 B. PICK in Librar. Mag. Mar. 247 The last Doctors of
the Law in the chain of Rabbinistic succession.
Rabbinite (roe-binait). [f. as prec. + -ITE!.]
= RABBINIST. 1832 in WEBSTER.
Hence Rabbiiii-tic a.
1884 SCHAFF Encycl. Relig. ffnowl. III. 2095/2 The
Jhansaic-rabbinitic system of tradition.
Rabbinize (rarbin3iz),z;. rare. [f. as prec. +
-IZE : cf. F. rabbiniser]
1. intr. To adopt or conform to rabbinism. ? Obs.
a 1641, 1652 [see Rabbinizing ppl. a.].
2. trans. To imbue with rabbinism.
1835 I. HARRIS Gt. Teacher (1837) 54 The whole of their
law had become rabbmized and overlaid with traditions.
Hence Ka'bbinized, Ka'bbinizing ppl, adjs.
01641 Bp. MOUNTAGU Acts f, Man. (1642) no A man
thoroughly enspired with a Rabbinising spirit. 1652 GAULE
Magastrom. 44 The rabbinizing and Christianizing magi-
cians and astrologers. 1894 BRUCE Paul's Concept. Chr. xx,
377 The bane to be dreaded is a rabbinised church.
Ra'bbinship. rare. [f. as prec. -t- -SHIP.]
Rabbinate ; the personality of a rabbi.
1599 Brighton's Lett. ix. 29 How knoweth your Rabbin-
ship that he is no Grecian? 1852 [see RABBISHIP].
Rabbious, variant of RABIOUS.
t Ra bbish, a. Obs. Forms : 4 rabbisshe, 5
rabbishe, -isch, -yshe, rabyssh, -sch. [? f. OF.
rabi, rabbi rabid, raging + -ISH, or directly from
the OF. fern, rabice, rabiche, the ending being
associated with -is/i.] Unruly, turbulent; incon-
siderate, rash ; rough or precipitate in action.
1387 TRF.VISA Higden (Rolls) VIII. 85 pan be rabbisshe
peple..up wib staves, battes, and stoones. 1398 — Earth
De f.Jl. n. xix. (1495) 45 By rabbyssh foole hardynesse he
takytn moore vpon hym than he maye doo. 1494 FABYAN
Uiron. vn 357 Many of the rabbishe and wylde commoners,
were in full purpose to haue defended the cytie.
Hence t Ra'bbishly <*fo. ; f Ra'bbishness. Obs.
1387 TREVISA Higden (Rolls) VIII. 147 A manere kynde-
hcne rabbischness of wit. c 1400 Harl. Contin. ibid. VII
533 Me wondreth gretlich that }e demeth }oure bischop so
abbischlich. 1-1475 1'artenay 4690 He. .A chambre per-
ceuied, m went rabhishly. 1494 FABYAN Chron. v. cxxxvi
123 Ihe kynge handelyd the body of Seynt Denys so rabi
bysshely, y> he brake one of his armes.
Rabbiship (rarbai-, ra."bi,Jip). [f. RABBI +
-SHIP.] The office of rabbi.
1669 PENH No Cross Wks. 1782 II. 81 He came . . to over-
83
throw their rabbyship. 1702 C. MATHER Maga. Chr. iv. ii.
§ 8. 146 The Jewish Rule, about the Rabbinate, Love the
Work, but Hate the Rabbiship [ed. 1852 rabbinship]. 1886
Daily NCVK 23 Dec. 5/7 His two sons quarrelled for Ihe
Rabbi-ship.
Rabbit (r;e-bit), rf.l Forms: 5-6 rab(b)ette,
5-7 rabet, 6-8 rabbet, (6 -atte), 7 rabytt, 8 -it,
8- rabbit, [app. of Northern French origin : cf.
Walloon robett (Remacle). The primitive seems
to occur in Flem. robbe (Kilian, De Bo ; the latter
also gives ribbe, rubbe}, dim. robbeke(n • the ulti-
mate etym. is unknown. If F. rabouilKre (the
burrow made by the female rabbit to kindle in) is
connected, the ME. rabet may be more primitive
in form than the Walloon and Flem. words.]
1. A common burrowing rodent of the hare-family
(Leporidaf) , esp. the common European species,
Lepus Cuniculus, which is naturally of a brownish-
grey colour, but in domestication also white, black,
or pied, f Orig. applied only to the young animal,
the full-grown one being called a CONY.
1398 TREVISA Earth. De P. R. xvin. Ixvii. 277 Conynges
. .bringep forbemany rabettes& multiplieb ful swibe. < 1440
Anc. Cookery'm Hotiseh. Ord. (1790)457 Then take conynges
parboyled, or elles rabets, for thai are better for a lorde.
1502 Privy Purse Exp. Eliz. York (1830) 13 A present of
Rabettes and quayles. 1576 TURBERV. Bit. Venerie Ixiii. 178
The Conic beareth her Rabettes xxx dayes, and then kin-
deleth. 1607 TOPSELL Four-f. Beasts (1658) 89 If two males
be put to one female, they fight fiercely ; but they will not
hurt the rabbets. 1653 WALTON Angler viii. 171 Take the
flesh of a Rabet or Cat cut smal. 1768 PENNANT Brit. Zool.
264/1 Large tracts are still honeycombed by the ubiquitous
biscacha, a gigantic rabbit.
2. transf. a. Applied contemptuously to a person.
b. A shadow resembling the form of a rabbit, cast
by the hands upon a wall. c. (See quot. 1878.)
d. (See qnot. 1882.) See also WELSH RABBIT.
1597 SHAKS. 2 Hen. IV, n. ii. 91 Away, you horson upright
Rabbet, away. 1849 Plymouth. Her. 21 Apr., Shadows . .
strong enough for children to make rabbits with their fingers
upon a wall. 1878 BESANT & RICE By Celia's Arbour xxx,
Even if you did happen to have a ' rabbit ', that is one of
the coats lined with white fur. 1882 Standard 4 Sept. 6/2
Though somewhat of a ' rabbit ', as a horse that runs ' in
and out ' is sometimes called.
3. attrib. and Comb. a. Simple attributive, as
rabbit-burrow, -cleve, f -hay, -hole, -house, -hutch,
-paw, -pie, -run, -skin, -stock, -warren.
1752 SIR J. HILL Hist. Anim. 423 Deserted 'rabbet-
burrows, or any other hollows of a like kind. 1883 E.
ig on the ridgL _ . —
cleve. i?2S BRADLEY f'am. Diet. s.v. Woodcock, Your Net
must be like your "Rabbet-Hays. 1703 BERKELEY Caw Dun-
more in Fraser Life (1871) 507 The earth turned up at the
entranceof a "rabbit.hole. 1885 LADY BRASSEY The Trades
264 We were assured., that there were no rabbit-holes in the
1876 T. HARDY Ethelberta xxxiii, Every detail of barrow,
rth, and "rabbit-run. 1829 RICHARDSON Zool. Brit, Amcr.
218 The winter skins of this animal [the American Hare]
are imported by the Hudson's Bay Company under the name
of "rabbit-skins. 1848 DICKENS Dombey vi, He hung the
rabbit-skin over his left arm. 1861 R. F. BURTON City
of Saints 590 They were dressed in the usual rabbit-skin
cape. 1805 DICKSON Pract. Agric. II. 1204 "Rabbit-
stock demands, on the whole, but little regard. 1775 ASH,
*Ratbitwarren. 1800 MAR. EDGEWORTH The Will i, There
is that rabbit-warren near Clover Hill. 1892 E. REEVES
Homeward Bound 295 It is almost as thickly populated
as a rabbit warren.
b. Objective and obj. genitive, as rabbit-breeder,
-breeding, -catcher, -chase, -chasing (sb. and adj.),
-coursing, -destroyer, -fancier, -keeper, -manage-
ment, -rearer, -shooting, -trapper.
1885 Census fns/ruct.,*Rnbbit Breeder, Catcher, Destroyer.
1848 MAUNDER Treas. Nat. Hist. 560/1 Otherwise .. will
Rabbit-breeding turn out a losing speculation. 1897
Outing(\J. S.) XXIX. 456/1 A genuine "rabbit-chase. Ibid.,
The season of "rabbit-chasing begins . . in October. 1895
Ibid. XXVI. 426/2 The "rabbit-chasing pups. 1891 Pall
Mall G. 23 Dec. 6/3 Fond of what they call "rabbit-cours-
ing. 1848 MAUNDER Treas. Nat. Hist. 560/1 The ingenuity
of "rabbit-fanciers has been shown in the production of
various breeds. 1848 Chambers' s Inform. People I. 628/2 Ex-
perienced "rabbit-keepers conceive too frequent breeding to
bemjurious. iSo^DiCKSntiPrac/.^fric. II. 1203 The hazard
and uncertainty of 'rabbit- management. 1848 Chambers' s
Inform. People I. 629/1 The duty of the 'rabbit-rearer.
1819 1'nntologia X. s.v., An occasional reduction.. is found
necessary . . in which case "rabbit-shooting is a pleasant
diversion. 1888 G. M. FENN Dick o' the fens 326 ' Ay ',
said the 'rabbit-trapper.
c. Similative and parasynthetic, as rabbit-mouth,
-shoulders ; rabbit-backed, -eared, -like adjs. ; rabbit-
wise adv.
1778 FOOTF. Trip Calais III. Wks. 1799 II. 370 Red-face.l,
"rabbet-back 'd. 1885 W. I. E. CRANE Bookbinding for
Amateurs 71 The book will be 'rabbit-backed'. 1835-40
HAI.IBURTON Ctockm. (1862) 185 That little, ."rabbit-eared
runt of a pis;. 1836-9 TODD Cycl. Anat. II. 52/2 The li.yht
"rabbit-like hyiax. 1849 .VX-. .Vat. Hist., Mammalia IV. (i
Body short, thick, and rabbit-like. 1833 DISUAHI .M June
in ( \» r. 7c. Sister (1886) 21 Handsome, .hut \vith one great
fault, a "rabbit mouth. 1784 J. BARKY in Lt'tt. Paint, ii.
BABBITRY.
(1848) 94 The excesses and deficiencies in the human form,
"rabbit shoulders, pot belly. 1846 MRS. GORE Eng Char
(1852) 139 A starveling cat roasted "rabbit-wise.
4. Special combs. : rabbit-bandicoot, a small
Australian marsupialofthegenus/>^a.fa/«; rabbit-
berry, the buffalo-berry of N. America ; rabbit-
brush, -bush, a common shrub (Bigelovia graveo-
lens~) of western N. America, giving shelter to jack-
rabbits; rabbit-fish, the name of several fishes
haying points of resemblance to a rabbit, as (a) the
British fishes Chimera monstrosa and the striped
rock-gurnard, (b) an American fish of the genus
Lagocephalus with teeth resembling a rabbit's in-
cisors; rabbit-foot (clover) = HARE'S-FOOT i ;
rabbit-moth, a N. American bombycid moth,
Logon opercularis ; rabbit-mouth sucker, a N.
American fish(see qnot.) ; rabbit-rat = HAPALOTE;
rabbit-root, the wild sarsaparilla, Aralia nudi-
caulis; rabbit-spout dial., a rabbit-burrow; rab-
bit-squirrel, a S. American chinchilla, esp. Lagi-
dium Cuvieri; f rabbit-starter, a young rabbit;
rabbit- weed, a N. American plant.
1832 BISCHOFF Van Diemen's Land II. 28 (Morris) There
are two kinds, the rat and the "rabbit bandicoot. 1896
SPENCER Thro' Larapurta Land 34 The white tips of the
tails of the rabbit-bandicoot. 1807 P. GASS Jrnl. 30 Small
red berries, the Indian name for which in English means
"rabbit berries. 1861 R. F. BURTON City of Saints 591 An
expanse of white sage and large "rabbit-bush. 1848 MAUNDER
Treas. Nat. Hist. 560/1 "Rabbit-fish, a local name for the
Northern Chimzra, or King of the Herrings. 1880 DAY
Fishes Gt. Brit. I. 57 Streaked gurnard,, .rock gurnard,
rabbit fish. 1883 SIMMONDS Diet. Usef. Animals, Rabbit-
fish, a name for Tetrodon larvigatus. .an American fish. 1884
MILLER Bat. Diet., Trifolinm arvense. Hare's foot Clover
or Trefoil, "Rabbit-foot, of N. America. 1882 JORDAN &
GILBERT Syn. Fishes N. America 144 Quassilabia lacera,
Hare-lip Sucker.. "Rabbit-mouth Sucker, a 1833 RICHARD-
SON in Hooker Flor. Bar. Amer. 1. 274 The Crees use the
root of this plant., under the name of. .("Rabbit-root). 1886
Field 27 Feb. 266/3 Here they, .run him into a 'rabbit-spout
in thegorse. 1651 WF.LDON Crt. jfas. / 125 Little children did
run up and downe the King's Lodgings, like little 'Rabbit-
starters about their boroughs. 1750 G. HUGHES Nat. Hist.
Barbados vi. 172 The Thistle, or "Rabbit-weed. 1884 E.
INGERSOLL in Harper's Mag. Sept. 502/2 Sorry bunch-grass
and sad rabbit-weed.
t Ra'bbit, -r*.2 Obs. Also rabit. [Of obscure
origin.] A wooden drinking-vessel.
1685 MERITON Praise Ycrksh. Ale i Strange Beer in Rabits
and cheating penny Cans, a 1700 B. E. Viet. Cant. Crew,
Rabbits, Wooden Kanns to Drink out of, once used on the
Roads, now almost laid by.
Ra'bbit, s6.s [a. F. robot.} = RABI (q.v.).
1850- in OGILVIE and later Diets.
Rabbit (rsrbit), z/.i [f. RABBIT rf.i]
1. intr. To hunt for or catch rabbits. Chiefly in
pres. pple.
1852 Meanderings of Mem. I. 20 Beer never bound him
rabbiting again. 1861 HUGHES Tom Brmun at Oxf. xxx,
She liked . . coming to look at them fishing or rabbiting.
1873 G. W. KITCHIN Hist. France I. m. viii. 341 This man
caught three Flemish students rabbiting in his warren.
2. intr. To crowd together like rabbits.
1892 Sunday Mag. Sept. 602 The common people, .rabbit
together in miserable warrens.
Rabbit (rae'bit), w.2 Vulgar. [Prob. a fanciful
alteration of rat in od rat (On !), drat.} A meaning-
less word used as an imprecation = DRAT, etc. Also
drabbit, od(d~) rabbit (see Oljl I b).
1742 FIELDING J. Andrews HI. viii, 'Rabbit the fellow'
cries he. 1768 GOLDSM. Good-n. Man m, Rabbit me, but
little Flanigan will look well in anything. 1787 GROSE
Prffuinc. Gloss., D'rabbtt it, a vulgar exclamation or abbre-
viation of God rabbit it, a foolish evasion of an oath. N.
1831 ROBY Trad. Lancash. Ser. n. (1879) II. 196 Rabbit
thee, Will, but the luggage will break thy back. 1880 MRS.
PARK Adam % Eve xxix. 397 Drabbit the maid ! 1889
DOYLE Micah Clarke 302 Rabbit me ! but you are to be
envied.
Rabbit, variant of RABBET sb. and v.
Rabbiter (roe-bitaj). [f. RABBIT W.I + -ER!.]
One who hunts rabbits ; a rabbit-catcher. Also
of a dog (quot. 1883).
rabbiters insisted on being shifted out to more rabbity
country.
Rabbiting1 (ne'bitirj), vii. si. [f. as prec. 4-
-ING 1.] Hunting, shooting, or catching rabbits.
1841 J. T. HEWLETT Parish Clerk I. 99 A day's rabbiting
or rat -catching. 1875 W. S. HAYWARD Love agst. World 27
The day's ' rabbitings ' on the heath with Giles' ferrets and
Giles' terriers.
b. Comb, in sense ' useful for rabbiting '.
1884 Western Morning Neius 5 Sept. 2/5 White Rabbiting
Spaniels. 1889 Dogs ii. 12 A capital rabbiting dog.
Rabbitish (rx-bitij), a. rare. [f. RABBIT so.1
4- -ISH.] Characteristic of a rabbit.
1834 BECKFORD Italy II. 14 My nose having lost all relish
for rabbitish odours. 1851 in Life A. Fonblanque (1874) 498
That is just the most rabbitish thing you could do.
Rabbitry (ne-bitri). [f. RABBIT s/>.1 + -RY.]
A place in which rabbits are kept ; a collection of
rabbits.
1838 LOUDON Supitroan Gardener 712 The Rabbitry. — ..
The warren may either be close to the rabbit-house, or at
any convenient distance. 1854 WoooXnAx. Life (ed. 2) 299
11-2
BABBIT-SUCKER.
A curious circumstance occurred in my rabbitry. 1886
Poultry, etc. 17 Sept. 463 Rye flour may be used to an
advantage in the rabbitry.
t Rabbit-sucker. Obs. [Properly an apposi-
tive comb., but in some of the transf. uses rabbit
may have been taken as objective.]
1. A sucking rabbit, a very young rabbit.
c 1460 J. RUSSELL Bk. Nurture 457 Rabettes sowkers, (>e
furber parte from be hyndur, ye devide. Ibid. 697 Rabettes
sowkere. 1591 LVLY Endjmi. Wks. 1858 II. 70, I preferre
an olde cony before a rabbet sucker, and an ancient henne
before a young chicken peeper. 1605 Trytill Chev. v. ii. in
Bullen OU PI. 1884 III. 350 If Dicke Bowyer be not writ
a bountiful! benefactor in hell. . I am a rabbit sucker. 1630
J. TAVLOR (Water P.) Ct. Eater of Kent 6 This same noble
Nicke. .hath made an end of an hogge all at once, as if it
had bin a rabbet-sucker.
2. transf. (See quots.)
1608 DEKKER Loath. * Candlelight E, The commodities
such Rabbet-suckers as these, a. 1700 B. E. Diet. Cant.
Crew, Rabbet-suckers^ young Unthrifts taking up Goods
upon Tick at excessive rates. 1715 New Cant. Diet.,
Rabbet-sucker, . . also a Name given to Pawn-brokers and
Tally-men.
Rabbity (rarbiti), a. [f. as prec. + -yl.]
Abounding in rabbits ; somewhat like a rabbit.
1887 [see RABBITER]. 1893 Field 10 Dec. 883/2 Any
gamey or rabbity district. 1897 W. C. HAZLITT 4 Genera-
tions II. 207 The legs are the only edible part. .and. .are of
a rabbity flavour.
Rabble (rarb'l\ si.1 (and a.). Forms: 4
rabel, -ul, 6 rabell, -il(I, -yll, rabbell,6-7 rable,
6- rabble. [Possibly connected with RABBLE w.i,
the root-notion being that of hurry and confusion ;
but the respective dates of sb. and vb. make the
relationship somewhat uncertain. In early examples
the idea of a string or series seems to be prominent.]
A. tl. A pack, string, swarm (of animals). Obs.
13.. Gaw. <$• Gr. Knt. 1703 [The dogs) runnen forth in a
rabel. Ibid. 1899 Renaudcom. . & alle be rabel.. ry^t at his
helez. 1513 DOUGLAS <E)ieis XI. ix. 29 The rawk vocit
swannis in a rabyll. a 1529 SKELTON P. Sparowe 1313 He
brought out a rable Of coursers and rounses. 1591 SYLVESTER
Dn Bartas \. v. 909 Flies, Butterflies, Gnats, Bees, and all
the rabbles Of other Insects.
2. A tumultuous crowd or array of people, a
disorderly assemblage, a mob.
1513 DOUGLAS SEneis xin. iv. 63 In lang rabill the wemen
. . fled, a 1529 SKELTON E. Runimyng 382 Now in Cometh
another rabell. Fyrst one with a ladell [etc.]. a 1568
ASCHAM Scholem. i. (Arb.) 69, I sawe. .cum out of London
..a great rable of meane and light persons. 1667 PEPYS
Diary (1879) 'v. 349 At last the rabble broke up and so
111. 332, 1 i
solence . . of an inraged rabble. 1840 THlRLV.'Ai.L'Greece VII.
249 He was accompanied . . by a mixed rabble of strangers
and disfranchised citizens. 1858 FROUDE Hist. Eng, III.
xiv. 194 He went unwillingly, with followers little better
than a rabble.
b. Applied contemptuously to a class or body
of persons, imagined as collected in a mob.
I5»9 MORE Dyaloge in. Wks. (1557) 228/1 That we should
not haue such a rabell [of priests]. 1560 DAUS tr. Sleidatu's
Comm, 249 b, Monkes and Freers and all tbat relygious
rabbell. 1652-61 HEYLIN Cosmogr. i. (1682) 285 That rabble
of 39 Kings.. mentioned by Hector Boetius. 1671 J. WEB-
STER Metallogr. ii. 29 The numerous, and almost innumer-
able rabble of the School-men. 1741 WARBURTON Div.
Legal, n. iv, Jupiter, Mercury, Bacchus, Venus, Mars,
and the whole rabble of licentious deities. 1792 BURKE
Pres. St. AJf. Wks. 1826 VII. 100 To class himself with that
rabble of murderers. 1847 TENNYSON Princ. vl. 290 To mob
me up with all The soft and milky rabble of womankind.
c. The rabble, the common, low, or disorderly
part of the populace (f or of a company) ; the mob.
1553 BALE Vocacyon in Hart. Misc. (Malh.) I. 357 Than
was all the rable of the shippe.. called to the reckeninge.
1581 J. BELL Haddon's Answ. Osor. 215 b, The meane and
inferiour subjectes, even the rascall rable and multitude.
1635 N. R. Caiiiden's Hist. Eliz. \. lor A few of the rabble
of the people raising a tumult. 1676 MARVELL Mr. Smirke
Wks. 1875 IV. 80 None but the noisy rabble love to hear
anything scurrilous or railing. 1711 ADDISON Sfect. No. 18
P 6 It is not the Taste of the Rabble, but of Persons of the
greatest Politeness. 1813 SHELLEY Q. Mab vn. 166 His name
unheard, Save by the rabble of his native town. 1873 SY-
MONDS Grk. Poets Ser. i. iii. 86 Theognis complains that the
rabble rule the state with monstrous laws.
transf. 1691 T. H[ALE] Ace. New Invent, p. xlvi, As to
the Rabble of Readers . . Water would have served their
turns as well.
d. Without article : Persons of the lowest class.
1726 DE FOE Hist. Devil tl. v. (1840) 235 The devil makes
use of scoundrels and rabble, beggars and vagabonds. 1734
T. SHERIDAN in Swift's Lett. (1768) IV. 67 You live in Dublm
among a parcel of rabble. 1856 MRS. STOWE Dred II. xxxii.
321 There is always an abundance of excitable rabble to be
got for a drink of whiskey.
1 8. = R ABBLEMENT j d. Obs. rare — '.
1722 BOLINCBROKE i Jan. in Swift's Lett. (1766) II. 23
The hurry and rabble of an impertinent town.
3. A disorderly collection, a confused medley (of
things), a. Of material things, rare.
'5'4 BARCLAY Cyl. ,$• V ' /ilondyshm. (Percy Soc.) p. xxxiii,
The boorde or table, With dishes charged twentie in a
rable. 1555 R. SMITH Let. in Foxe A. 4- M. (1583) 1699/2
Builde they neuer so strongly : yet downc shall theyr rabble
fall. 1581 J. BELL Haddan's Ansvi. Osor. 40 A wonderfull
84
rabble of wormeeaten pictures. 1803 W. TAYLOR in Ann,
Rev. I. 431 A rabble of books of all ages, sizes [etc.].
b. Of immaterial things. (In later use only
with direct reference to sense 2.)
1549 COVERDALE, etc. Erasm. Par. Rom. 14 All oure
desyres of transitorye pleasures, whose whole rable maye
well be called the body of synne. 1561 JEWKL Apol. Ch,
Eng, v. ix. (Parker Soc.) 89 Pardons, crosses, censings, and
an endless rabble of ceremonies. 1633 HART Diet of
Diseased Introd. 26 A rabble of remedies, which may so
easily be abused. 1768-74 TUCKER Lt. Wa/. (1834) II. 401
Reason, .overpowered by the rabble of appetites, passions,
and opinions. 1847 H. ROGERS Ess. I. v. 259 A seditious
rabble of doubts. 1861 EMERSON Soc. fy Solit., Old Age
Wks. (Bohn) III. 134 We live in youth amidst the rabble of
passions.
f4. A long string or series*^ words, etc., having
little meaning or value. Obs.
ci388 Wycltfs Sel. Wks. III. 466 Noufcr God ne alle
his seintus willen heren men for no rabul of wordis, ne
curiouse florischynge in ryme. 1545 BRINKLOW Lament.
(1874) 88 A rable ofVncommaunded tradicions. 1589 PUT-
TENHAM Eng. Poesie HI. xxiii. (Arb.) 271 Such a rable of
scholastical precepts which be tedious. 1641 EARL MONM.
tr. BiondVs Civil Warres v. 170 Hee told them a long
rabble of reasons, why hee had sate downe in that place.
1656 — tr. Boccalinfs Ativts.fr. Pamass. \. \\. (1674) 10
So horribly tedious did that rabble of discourse appear,
b. A rigmarole. (Cf. RABBLE z/.1) Now dial.
1592 CHETTLE Kind-harts Dr. (1841) 20 When I had read
this rabble, wherein I founde little reason, I laide it by.
pointes of Christian wisedorae. 1649 J.
Adv. Learn. 28 This would amount to a long rabble, and
degenerate into some Satyre or Pasquill. 1876 Mid-Yorksh.
Gloss. s.v., He made sike a rabble on it, I couldn't under*
stand a word he said.
c. Hurried or confused talk or reading.
Perh. directly from RABBLE v.\ but cf. 2e above.
1868 BROWNING Ring «r Bk. iv. 34 To hear the rabble and
brabble, you'd call the case Fused and confused past human
finding out.
5. Comb., as rabble-driver \ rabble-charming^
-chosen^ -courting^ -rousing adjs.
1686 SOUTH Serm. (1693) 455 With this powerful!, senseless
Engine the Rabble-driver shall be able to carry all before
him. a 17x6 Ibid. (172?) VI. 56 The Rabble-charming
words, which carryso much Wild-fire wrapt up in them. 1801
SYD. SMITH Wks. (1859) I- IO/2 Vulgar violence and the
eternal repetition of rabble-rousing words. 1839 Times
10 Apr., Wounded the pride of this rabble-courting despot.
1853 T. N. TALPOUKD Castilian \\. iii, A council rabble-
chosen.
B. attrib. passing into adj.
1. Of persons : Forming a rabble ; of or belong-
ing to the rabble.
1549 LATIMER yd Serm. bef. Edw. VI (Arb.) 93 You my
rable people that are wronged in the world, aske of my
father in your distresses. 1656 EARL MONM. tr. Bocca-
UnCs Advts.fr. Parnass. i. Ixxix. (1674) 107 To procure
them that number of followers of the rabble sort of people.
a 1683 OLDHAM Wks. (1685) 9 Let rabble Souls. .Stoop their
vile Necks. 1778 Heroic Ep. to Unfort. Monarch 7 Silent,
and watchful of the rabble-band. 1831 Lincoln Herald
23 Dec. 4/5 This old war-cry of the Newark blues, or rather
the rabble part of them. 1885 LOWE Bismarck I. 548 His
only resource left was . . to concentrate his rabble army
around . . Sedan.
2. Of things, actions, etc. : Characteristic of,
appropriate to, the rabble.
gave them a short Rabble-Scene, a 1734 NORTH Exam.
(1740) 306 How could any one of English Education, .swal-
low such a low Rabble Suggestion. 1780 JOHNSON Let. to
Mrs. Tkale xo June, To burn the jails .. was a good rabble
trick. 1848 ANNA JAMESON in Mrs. Macpherson Mem. (1878)
248 There are some disturbances here.. mere rabble-work.
3. Rabble-fish^ the worthless or less valuable fish
of a catch. (Cornwall.)
1862 COUCH Fishes I. 85 Other fishes.. are collectively
known by the name of rabble-fish, as being rejected from the
market. 1880-4 DAY Fishes Gt. Brit. II. 335 Things are
altered now, much of this rabble-fish going to Billingsgate
and other large inland markets.
Babble (rse-b'l), sb? Also 7 rabil. [a. K.
rdble, earlier roable^ rouable \— raed.L. rotabulum^
L. rutdbulum fire-shovel, f. mere to rake up.]
fl- A kind of shovel used by charcoal-burners to
remove the covering from the burned pile. Obs.
1664 EVELYN Sylva xxx. 102 Two or three days it will
only require for cooling, which.. they assist, by taking now
off the outward covering with a Rabil or Rubber.
2. ' A kind of rake ' (Halliwell).
3. An iron bar sharply bent at the end, used for
stirring and skimming molten metal in puddling ;
also, a steam-pipe used for the same purpose.
1864 Q Jrnl. Sc. I. 493 A stirring tool called a rabble by
which the workman stirs the melted iron. 1868 JOYNSON
Metals 67 The steam tube, or ( rabble ', being bent on the
end, so as to inject the steam on the liquid metal. 1877
RAYMOND Statist. Mines $ Mining 385 The slag is now
drawn with a rabble into molds prepared for it.
Babble (rce-b'l), v.l Obs. exc. dial. Forms:
5-6 rable, 8 Sc. raible, 9 rabble. [ = Du. rabbe-
ten to speak indistinctly, (L)G. rabbeln to talk
hurriedly and thoughtlessly; also, to struggle,
wriggle, Sw. rabbla upp to rattle over.]
1. a. trans. To utter (words or speech) in a
rapid confused manner. Also \\i\h forth, off, out,
BABBLEMENT.
over. b. intr. To speak or read in this fashion ;
to gabble. (Cf. RABBLE s/>.1 4.)
14.. Prov. Solomon in MS. Cantab. Ff. ii. 38 If. 24
(Halliw.) Let thy tunge.. rable not wordes recheles owt of
reson. c 1410 LOVE Bonavent. Mirr. xviii. 44 (Sherard MS.)
In the seyinge of the pater noster they, .rablen it forth with
oute deuocioun. 1450-1530 Myrr. our Ladye 53 [Du] not
rable them out togyther as though ye wolde say them all at
ones. 1583 FOXE A. <$• M. 1663/2 Thus father Traues you
may see my rashnes to rable out the scriptures without
purpose, ryme, or reason. 1627 J. CARTER Plain E*pps. 60
The Lords prayer is rabled ouer without , . vnderstanding or
reuerence. 1785 BURNS Hoty /-a/rxvii, Wee Miller. . Ortho-
doxy raibles. 1869- In various northern glossaries.
2. intr. To work in a hurried slovenly manner.
dial. b. trans. To rattle tip.
1862 MRS. H. WOOD Channings i. 5 * It looks as though it
had been rabbled up for the purpose1, cried Hurst in his
schoolboy phraseology. 1869 L onsii ale Gloss ^ Rabble ^..\\\
sewing, to take too long stitches, and without due care to
finish the work neatly. 1880 Jam iesoris Diet, , Rabble t ..to
do any kind of work in a careless and hurried manner.
Babble (rse-b'l),^ Also 8 rable. [f. RABBLE
slf.1 2.]
1. trans. To attack or assail (a person or his
property) as, along with, or by means of, a rabble ;
to mob. To rabble out of, to drive from (a place)
in this way.
The word was especially used to describe the attacks made
upon the Episcopalian clergy in Scotland by bands of
Presbyterians in the last few days of 1688 and early months
of 1689, and is frequently employed by historical writers in
reference to this.
1644 HOWELL Twelve Treat. (1661) 132 The same kind of
riotous Rascals which rabbled the K. out of Town. 1690
Ace. Pres. Persec. Ch. Scot. 26 Some who were then very
active in rabbling the Clergy. 1694 GIBSON in Lett. Lit.
Men iCamden) 227 He fail d not to cast in his mite when
the Episcopal Clergie were rabbl'd. c 1714 Cnlloden Papers
(1815) 336 The magistrates thought fitt to stirre up a mob
and rable them. 1818 SCOTT Hrt. Midi, vii, The aughty-
nine, when I was rabbled by the collegeaners. 1860 A. L.
WINDSOR Ethica iv. 199 He was continually receiving
missives threatening to rabble his house.
2. intr. To become a rabble.
1813 SIR R. WILSON Priv. Diary II. 448 We rabbled,
while he [the enemy] never loosened his solidity.
Hence Ba'bbled ///. a.
1855 MACAULAY Hist. Eng. xviii. IV. 186 William..
thought tbat the rabbled curates had been hardly treated.
Babble (nHW),r.8 [f. RABBLE sb*] trans.
To stir, skim, or rake with a rabble.
1877 R*VMOND Statist. Mines $ Mining 392 Just before
tapping it is rabbled for five minutes. 1894 BOWKER in
Harper's Mag. Jan. 420 The molten metal is thoroughly
stirred, or ' rabbled ' to make it uniform.
Babblement (rae-b'lment). Also 6 rabel-,
6-7 rablement. [f. RABBLE .s^.1 + -MKNT.]
1. s» RABBLE 2. Now dial.
1548 UDALL, etc. Erasm. Par. Mark \. 10 Thither flocked
a great rablement of souldiers. 1586 J. HOOKER Girald.
Hist.Irel. in Holinshed\\. 96/1 Two or three field peeces
..scattered Thomas and his rablement. 1665 J. WEBB
Stone-Heng (1725) 127 We are not then to wonder, that ..
such a promiscuous Rabblement were in great Confusion.
1833 LAMB Elia n. Productions Mod. Art, A. rabblement at
the heels of Rosinante. 1837 New Monthly Mag. LI. 118
A rude and noisy rabblement whom he could not command.
1877- In various dial, glossaries (Northumb., Lane., Som.).
f b. = RABBLE 2 b. Obs.
1549 CHALONER Erasm. on. Folly M iii, Dunsmen, and . .
Albertistes, together with the whole rablement of Sophis-
trers. 1605 CAMDEN Rent. (1637) 199 Church-robbers, Trai-
tours, and other of the same rabblement. 1674 Bp. BROWNRIG
Sertn. L xxi. 284 Usurers, Brokers, and the like rabblement
of City-thieves.
transf. 1599 NASHE Lenten Stitffe 25 AH the foure footed
rablement of herbagers and grasse champers.
c. = RABBLE 2 c. Now rare.
1601 SHAKS. Jul. C. i. ii. 245 As hee refus'd it, the rabble-
ment howted. 1611 Trav. Four Englisltm. 95 Messengers
. .sent to raise vp all the whole rabblement thereabout vpon
us. 1748 THOMSON Cast. Indol. n. xlv, The hubbub of the
rabblement. 1813 LD. THURLOE Poems 23 The rudest
rabblement With their ill darts upon her bosom glanc'd.
1841 H. SMITH Moneyed Man I. i. 12 Some of the passing
rabblement ordered him to desist.
d. Confusion, disturbance, or tumult like that
of a rabble ; riotous conduct, rare.
1590 SPENSER F. i
together in rude ral
blement, Brabblemei ,
Black Arrow 177 This impulse of rabblement was not re-
strained without a certain clamour of voices.
1 2. = RABBLE 3 b. Obs.
c 1550 Witt ofDeuyle (Collier) 8 The rablement of. . feined
and domme ceremonies. 1607 Scholttst. Disc, agst, Anti-
ckr. i. ii.66The rabblement of Roman rites which Augustine
..brought in. 1652 G. COLLIER Vindic. Sabbath (1656)44
The rabblement of Romish holi-daies.
t 3. = RABBLE 4. Obs.
1545 J°VE Exp. Dan. ix, An hole rabblement of significa-
tions and signes of an abominable desolation. 1581 MARBECK
Bk. of Notes 845 Prayer consisteth not in a rabblement of
words. 1612 tr. Benvenuto"1 s Passenger i. i. § 19. 73 An
whole rablement of Him flam tales. 1714 GAY Sheph. Week
Proem, A rout and rabblement of critical gallimawfry.
b. = RABBLE 4 b. Now only dial.
1547 RECORDE J-udic. Ur. i, I wyll. .overpasse the greate
rablement, only taking one generall sentence. 1654 GATAKER
Disc. Afol. 85 In both his Rabblements fraught with
Ribaldrie. 1665 J. WKBB Stone-Hcng (1725) 54 To reckon
up the rest of the Rabblement is needless. 1855 ROUINSON
Whitby Gloss.t Rabblement^ a long random discourse.
BABBLER.
85
RACCOURCY.
Babbler1 (rx-blaj). rare. [f. RABBLE v.
-EK 1.1 One who rabbles ; one of a rabble.
1634 }• CANNE Necess. Separ. (1849) 150 The scourges of
all God's people, ravening rabblers. 1692-1712 FOUNTAIN-
HALL in W. P. Brown Decis. Suppl. (1826) IV. 356-7 (Jam.)
He had there publicly called him a rabler and a robber.
1693 Apol. Clergy Scot. 5 Such of the Presbyterians as.,
directed the Methods that the Rabblers were to take.
Ba'bbler". [f. RABBLE z>.3] a. One who
uses a rabble, b. An instrument for rabbling.
1877 RAYMOND Statist. Mines % Mining 398 The upper
hearths are not very accessible to the rabblers. 1883 NASMYTH
Autobiog. xx. 368 My patent hollow steam Rabbler is at
work, producing iron of superior quality.
Babble rout (ne-b'lraut). [f. RABBLE rf.i +
RUCT.] = RABBLE 2, 2 b.
1599 MIDDLETON Micro-Cynicon Wks. (Bullen) VIII. 129
A crew of fiddling knaves abject, The very refuse of that
rabble rout. 1639 FULLER Holy War i. xii. (1840) 20 Besides
these well-meaning people, there went also a rabble-rout.
1768 WESLKY Jrnl. 3 June (1827) III. 327 A more rude
rabble-rout I never saw. 1822 W. IRVING Braceb. Hall
xvi. 134 There was a rabble rout on foot. 1881 BESANT
& RICE Chapl. of Fleet I. 158 The president of the rabble
rout was no other than the doctor himself.
b. = RABBLE 2 c. Now rare or Obs.
1654 EARL MONM. tr. Bintivoglio 's Warrs Flanders }8
The rabble rout now will, and anon will not. c 1680 in
Somers Tracts (1748) I. 213 Those Republicans who . . lead
the Rabble-rout by the plausible Cry of Religion. 1748
THOMSON Cast. Indol. 11. xli, With feigned respect he bade
give back The rabble rout.
Babbling (rre-blirj), vbl. st>.1 [f. RABBLE v.2
+ -ING '.] The action of the verb. Also, a par-
ticular instance of this.
1690 Ace. Pres. Persec. Ck. Scot. 26 Rabbling has been
all along in fashion, and continues to this moment. 1692
Se. Presbyt. Eloq. (1738.1 89 All the Evidences of their
Moderation, are rabbling, robbing, beating. 1693 Apol.
Clergy Scat, z To ward off the blame of the barbarous Rab-
blings of the Clergy. 1874 GREEN Short Hist. yiii. 527
The rabbling of the bishop
Parliament '.
hops proved that there was ' no free
Babbling (rse-blirj), vbl. sb? [f. RABBLE z>.3
+ -ING!.] The action of the verb. Also attrib.,
as rabbling-door, -machine.
1864 Q. Jml. Sc. I. 493 After ' rabbling ' the puddled ball
is ready for shingling. 1877 RAYMOND Statist. Mines Sf
Mining 397 The long reverbatory with rabbling-doors on
the side. 1882 Engineer 24 Feb. 133/2 The puddling fur-
naces, .on the top of each is fitted a rabbling machine.
Ba'bbling, a. Obs. exc. dial. [f. RABBLE
sl>.l] Disorderly, rowdy.
1575 R. B. Appius $ Virg. in Hazl. Dodsley IV. 143
O false Judge Appius, rabbling wretch. 1576 NEWTON
Lemnie's Complex. (1633) 162 A rabbling rout of idle Louts.
1652 WADSWORTH tr. Sandovafs Civ. Wars Spain 301 The
report . . made a number of rabbling people join. 1887
5. Chesh. Gloss., Rabblin', rowdy, noisy.
Rabbonet, Rabbott, Rabbyn(e, obs. ff. RA-
BINET, RABBET, RABBIN. Rabysch, -yssh, varr.
RABBISH Obs. Rabdo-, see RHABDO-.
Rabe, Rabel, obs. ff. RABBI, RABBLE.
t Rabelaic, a. Obs. rare. — next.
a 1768 STERNE Fragment i, Louginus Rabelaicus (who is
certainly, .as Rabelaic a fellow as ever existed).
Babelaisian (rsebel^'zian), a. (and sb.~) Also
-eesiaii. [f. the name of the French author Fran9ois
Rabelais (c 1490-1553) + -IAN.]
A. adj. Pertaining to, characteristic of, or re-
sembling Rabelais or his writings, which are dis-
tinguished by exuberance of imagination and lan-
guage, combined with extravagance and coarseness
of humour and satire.
1857 Sat. Rev. 2 May 404/2 The publications of the two
Brunets on Rabelsesian bibliography. 1864 — 5 Mar. 300
Persons of a Rabelaisian turn of mind, who relish La Fon-
taine and Boccaccio. 1876 LOWELL Among my Bks. Ser. n.
132 [Skeltonj was truly Rabelaisian before Rabelais. 1876
F. HARRISON Choice Bks. (1886) 177 The Rabelaisian re-
dundancy of his humour.
B. s/i. A student or admirer of Rabelais.
1893 Athenaeum 10 June 729/3 Modern Rabelaisians,
anxious concerning the mission of the master.
Hence Rabelai'siaiiism, the characteristic style
or attitude of Rabelais. So also Rabela ism.
1865 WRIGHT Hist. Caricat. xix. (1875) 342 Rabelaism,
did not, during the sixteenth century, make much progress
beyond the limits of France. i%K6Athenseum 23 Jan. 131/3
Rabelaisianism. .and Voltairean mockery.
Rabell, obs. form of RABBLE sb.1
Rabet, variant of RABAT plane.
Rabet(t, obs. form of RABBET ; var. RABITE.
11 Babi (rarbj). See also RUBBEE. [Urdu ^ ,
rabi (ad. Arab. .x-^J, rablf- Spring.] The most
important of the three grain crops of Hindustan,
sown in September and reaped in the Spring. Also
attrib. as rabi-crop, -harvest.
1882 HUNTKR Ind. Empire 385 According to the system
of classification in Upper India, wheat ranks as a ral>{ or
spring crop, bein,^ re aped at the clove of the cold weather in
April and May. 1886 A. H. CHI'RCH Food Grains Ind. 99
\Vhure indigo is grown in the kharif, barley is it* usual
accompaniment in the tnbi. 1898 A^ru. Litter V. No.
12. 16 Before the rabi-harvest.
Rabi, obs. form of RABBI.
tBa'biate, a. Obs. rare-'. [a. med.L.
rabidt-ns, pa. pple. of rabiare to be mad : see
RABIES.] Rabid.
c 1470 Lament. Mary Magd. xxxiv, Ah ye Jewes, worse
than dogges rabiate.
Ra'biator. Sc. rare. [Perh. a later form of
KUBIATOB, by assoc. with rabid.] ' A violent,
noisy, greedy person ' (Jam.).
a 1814 Watch-house n. i in New Brit. Theatre I. 60 They
a' barkit at me, like sae many rabiators. 1830 GALT Laurie
T. l. yii. (1849) 22 One morning that rabiator, Mr. Lapstone,
came into the shop.
Babic (roe-bile), a. [f. L. rab-ies + -ic. Cf.
F. rabique.]
1. Pertaining to, or caused by, rabies.
1885 LADY HAMILTON Life Pasteur 295 The saliva loses
its rabic virulence in twenty-four hours. 1897 Allbutt's
Syst. Med. II. 699 Rabic symptoms, .induced by the in-
oculation of milk from affected animals.
2. Affected with rabies.
1887 DOLAN Hydrophobia 33 Out of the 38 Russians bitten
by wolves, 3 died rabic.
f Ra-bical, a. Obs. rare—1, [f. rabi RABBI +
-ICAL.] Pertaining to a rabbi (in quot. transf.}.
1716 M. DAVIES Athen. Brit. II. 395 He is willing also to
be contented with some bare Rabical Preferment amongst
the Elementary Baptists.
Rabid (rse'bid), a. [ad. L. rabid-us, f. rabere
to rave, rage, be mad.]
1. Furious, raging ; madly violent in nature or
behaviour. Also transf. of things or parts of the
body.
c 1611 CHAPMAN Iliad xxi. 129 As my brows were fork'd
with rabid horns. 1615 — Odyss. xn. 428 All the rabide
flight Of winds that ruine ships arc bred in night. 1695
BLACKMORE Pr. Arth. iv. 501 He licks his rabid Jaws.
1722 WOLLASTON Relig. Nat. vii. 146 Some men are natu-
rally .. thievish, pugnacious, rabid. 1818 SHELLEY Rev.
Islam v. vii, Like rabid snakes, that sting some gentle child
Who brings them food. 1848 DICKENS Dombey x, He was
made so rabid by the gout.
b. Of feelings, passions, disease, etc.
1647 CRASHAW Ps. xxiii. Poems 34 He . . Strokes and tames
my rabid grief. 1700 DRYDEN Ovid's Met. xv. 512 With
rabid Hunger feed upon your kind. 1858 GLADSTONE Homer
I. 1^1 She nas not the rabid virulence against Troy which
distinguishes Juno. 1878 H. M. STANLEY DarkCont. II.
xii. 361 The itch dis_ease was rabid .. about a dozen of the
men were fearful objects of its virulence.
C. Of persons : Having some quality, feeling,
view, etc., in a violent degree.
1820 LAMB Elia i. Christ's Hasp. 35 Yrs. ago, B. was a
rabid pedant. 1841-4 EMERSON Ess., Nom. <§• Real. Wks.
(Bonn) I. 256 The rabid democrat, as soon as he is senator
and rich man [etc.]. 1884 EDNA LYALL We Two xiii, He is
very rabid on the subject.
2. spec. Of beasts (rarely of human beings) :
Affected with rabies ; mad.
1804 Mcd. frnl. XII. 388 Persons who have had reason
to believe, that they were bitten by a rabid animal. 1822
Good's Stud. Med. III. 347 A rabid young man. 1833
FORBES, etc. Cycl. Pract. Med. II. 489/1 The disease named
hydrophobia usually arises from the bite of a rabid dog.
1880 Med. Temp. Jrnl. July 147 Bites of rabid animals.
b. Pertaining to, of the nature of, rabies.
1806 Med. Jrnl. XV. 412 Nothing characteristic of rabid
hydrophobia. 1822 Good's Stud. Med. III. 375 Their plan
of abstracting rabid blood from the system. 1887 DOLAN
Hydrophobia 8 An accompaniment of the rabid virus.
Hence Rnbi rtity ; Ra/bitlly adv. ; Ra'bidness.
1649 JER. TAYLOR Gt. Exemp. xv. § 27 The furies and
rabidness of their passion. 1831 DISRAELI Young Duke v.
vi. 174 At any rate he must get rid of his rabidity. 1860
PUSEY Min. Proph. 409 Wolves . . going forth to prey when
urged to rabidness by hunger. 1864 CARLYLE Fredk. Gt. IV.
505 Bruhl's rabidities of appetite. 1877 KINGLAKE Crimea
VI. vi. § xiv. (1894) 272 Men shouting and rabidly yelling.
Babies (r?-bi|fz). [a. L. rabies, f. rabere to
rage, rave. Cf. RAGE.] Canine madness ; hydro-
phobia. Also/f^.
1661 LOVELL Hist. Anim. # Mm. 333 The rabies, which
is a madnesse, caused by some peculiar poyson. 1753
CHAMBERS Cycl. Supp. s. v. Madness, Dr. James relates the
cure he made of dogs that were mad, and how he preserved
others from the rabies. 1828 LYTTON Pelftam 1. xx. 152
Finding Lord Vincent so disposed to the biting mood, I*
immediately directed his rabies towards Mr. Aberton. 1846
J. BAXTER Libr. Pract. Agric. (ed. 4) II. 284 Whenever
rabies appears it is inevitably fatal. 1884 Graphic 22 Nov.
531/2 The alleged epidemic of rabies in South London.
attrib. 1886 Pall Mall C. 17 Nov. 5/1 The mad dog with
his rabies virus. 1887 British Med. Jrnl. 8 Jan. 82/2 A
discussion on Pasteur's rabies-inoculations.
Hence Rabie'tic a., affected with rabies, rabid ;
Rabi'fic a., causing rabies.
1879 DOLAN Rallies or Hydrophobia (ed. 2) 213 The total
extinction of the rabific contagion. 1886 Encyl. Brit. XX.
202 Rabific virus . . obtained from a rabbit.
Rabil(l, obs. forms of RABBLE sb.
Rabin(e, obs. forms of RABBIN.
Ba'binet. Obs. exc. Hist. Forms : 6 rabbi -
net, 7 -enet, rabanet, -init, 9 -onet. 6- rabinet.
[App. later form of RosiNET (q. v.).] A small
variety of cannon (see quot. 1644).
Smith Seaman s Gram. (1627) gives the diameter of bore
as i inch, and the charge as half-a-pound.
1587 [see ROBINET]. 1596 HAUINGION . //W. . Ijajr A 4 1 li'-y
made a sole batterie, with Kabbinets, millions, Sakors, ami
Demicannons. iggB BAXRKI '''"'•" • " ''"'>'''* v- '• '-•' '""
that shoot bullet of waight from scucnteenu pound dowue-
ward . . euen to the Rabinet. 1627 CAPT. SMITH Seaman's
Gram. ii. n Rabinits to cleare the Decks fore and aft.
1644 NYE Gnnnery \. (1647) 98 The Rabanet hath in diameter
at the bore one inch and an halfe, the weight of the shot
8 ounces of Iron, and of Lead 12, the weight of the peece
300, the length 5 foot and an halfe, the charge in powder
three quarters. 1727-41 CHAMBERS Cycl., Rabinet, a small
>iece of ordnance, between a falconet and a base. [1802
AMES Milit. Diet. s. v. Cannon, Rabinet, which carried a
lall of 16 ounces. 1894 C. N. ROBINSON Brit. Fleet 220
Falconets, and rabonets.]
Rabio-sity. rare—1, [f. as next + -ITY.] Rabies.
1824 H. C. KNIGHT Letters from South <5> West 70 Near
Loretto, they have a reputed remedy against canine
rabiosity.
t Ra/bious, a. Obs. Also rabb-. [ad. L.
rabios-us, f. rabies RABIES. Cf. obs. F. rabieux,
-euse (Godef.).] Rabid.
1613-18 DANIEL Coll. Hist. Eng. (1626) 15 Edmond . .
surnamed Ironside . . was imployed against this rabious in-
uader. 1646 BUCK Rick. Ill, n. 61 Their cruell Swords, so
rabious in their execution. 1689 HARVEY Curing Dis. by
Expect, xi. 76 Ignorant Arabian (or rather mad rabious)
Impostors.
Rabit, obs. form of RABBET, RABBIT.
tBabite. Obs. Forms: 4 rabit, -yt, 4-5
-yte, -yght, -et(t. [Aphetic for Arabite (in Gen.
& Exod. 1203), f. AEAB + -HE1. So also med.L.
rail/us or rabita (Du Cange), MHG. ravlt, ON.
rdblt-r.] An Arab steed. Also attrib.
13.. Coer de L. 2323 In the world nas not . . Steed rabyte,
ne camayl, That ran so swift, c 1320 Sir Beues (A.) 4475
Sire Gii lep on a rabit \varr. rabyt, -yte, -yghtj, pat was
meche & nobing lite. 1x1400 Octonian 1415 Thys ys a
stede of Arabye, . .A rabyte . .Therto was mare, a 1400-50
Alexander 1320 Be rawe of bar rabetis he ruschid to pe
erthe.
Rabi-tic, a. [Irreg. f. RABIES : cf. RABIETIC.]
Rabid.
1888 WHITMARSH Pasteur Treatm. 33 Rabitic dogs gene-
rally take three days before they die.
Rable, obs. form of RABBLE st.1 and v.
Rablin, obs. form of RAVELIN.
t Babone. Obs. rare. [? ad. Sp. rdbano, f.
raba RAPE.] A radish. Also attrib.
1597 GERARDE Herbal n. v. § 4. 184 Radish is called. .in
English Radish, and Rabone. 1611 COTGR., Raifort, the
raddish, or the Rabone, root (or hearb).
Raboyt, obs. Sc. form of REBUT v.
Rabscailion, obs. variant of RAPSCALLION.
Rabuke, obs. form of REBUKE, ROEBUCK.
Kabul, obs. form of RABBLE si. 1
t Ba'bulane. Obs. rare—1. [Of obscure
formation : cf. RABONE.] ? A radish.
1593 MUNDAY Def. Contraries 97 The Rabulanes, Onions
and Beanes of these seuerall Soifes.
t Ba'bnlous, a. Obs. rare—^. [f. L. raliula
a brawling or wrangling advocate.] Scurrilous.
1538 Stale Papers (1834) III. i He hath .. rayled and
raged ayenste me, calling me heritike and begger, with other
rabulouse revilinges.
Rabut, obs. Sc. var. REBUT sb. and v. Raby,
obs. f. RABBI. Rabyll, obs. f. RABBLE sbl Ra-
byne, obs. f. RABBIN. Rabyt(e, -yght, varr.
RABITE. Babytt, obs. f. RABBIT.
Rac, obs. f. RACK sb.\ sb? Rac-a-pee, var.
RACKAPEE. Racand, obs. f. RACKAN. Racare,
obs. f. RAKEB. Rachch, obs. f. RATCH v.
Racch(e, varr. RACHE. Bacckee, obs. f. RAKI.
HBacCO'lta. Obs. Also 7 re-, ro-, 7-8
racolta ; 6 //. raccolte. [It., = fem. pa. pple. of
raccogliere to collect (f. L. re- + ad- + colligcre).]
A gathering, collection ; harvest ; crop.
1591 Garrard's Art Warn 65 That at all times he may
my prospects upon the Future, with it. 1748 in Hanway
Trav. (1762) I. v. Ixxv. 345 To invest it in raw silk cannot
be done in less than three racoltas.
t BaccommO'de, v. Obs. Also 8 racomm-,
raccomode. [ad. F. raccommoder, f. re- +
accommoder to ACCOMMODATE.] trans. To restore
to good relations (with a person) ; to set right.
1673 DRYDEN Marr. a la Mode v. i, My dear French sir,
stay but a minute, till I raccommode myself with the prin-
cess. 1754 H. WALPOLE Lett. (1846) III.oo If you will take
this occasion to write him a line of joy, I am persuaded it
will raccomode everything. 1756 MRS. F. BKOOKE Ulit
Maid No. 16 (1764) -3°. 1 •• deranged the right wing a
little, but Betty has racommoded it passablement Blen.
Raccoon, variant of RACOON.
t Raccom(p)t, raccount, obs. varr. RECOUNT.
(Cf. F. raconter and RACONTEUR).
1560 DAUS tr. Sleidane's Comm. 300 In the beginning is
raccomted, how oftentymes the Emperour hath desired
a counsell. Ibid. 316 Kynge Ferdinandoraccompteth, how
he made truse with the Turke. 1663 flagellnm or
O. Cromwell (1672) 18, I have seen it r accounted by a
Worthy and Learned hand.
Baccou-rcy, a. Her. ? Obs. Also 8 -oi. [ad.
F. rafcourci, pa. pple. of raccourcir, f. re- + ae-
fourcir to shorten, f. court CURT.] = COUI-ED i.
1727-41 CHAMBERS Cycl., Raccout<y, in heraldry, signifies
the same as coupy, that is, cut off, or shortened. 1780 Ei>
MUNKSON ConM. lioiiy Iltr/Mry II. Gloss., Raccourcy, or
Reconrcie, is tne same as Coupe*.
RACE.
86
RACE.
Race (r?s), st>.l Forms : 3-4 ras, 4-5 raas,
4-6 rase, Sc. raiss, 5 north, rass, 6 Sc. raice,
rais, rays, 4- race. [a. ON. raj- (Norw. and Sw.
dial. f&), running, race, rush (of water), course,
channel, row, series = OE. rais RESE; of obscure
etym. Orig. a northern word, coming into general
use about the middle of the 1 6th c.]
I. 1. The act of running ; a run. Freq. in phr.
in, on, with, a race. Now Sc.
c 1325 Metr. Horn. 141 To the bischope in a ras He ran.
1340 HAMFOLE Pr. Cause. 8938 Assahelle. .thurgh rase wald
turne bath buk and ra. 1375 BARBOUR Bruce v. 638 In
a raiss to the king he ran. c 1460 Towneley Myst. xxii. 145
Thyn apostels full radly ar run from the a rase. 1535
STEWART Cron. Scot. II. 118 This nobill Dongard . . Than
with ane raice amang thame entert in. 1557 Tottell's Misc.
(Arb.) 199 Chast Diane. .And all her maides that sue her in
the race, a 1637 B. JONSON Discov. Wks. (Rtldg.) 756/1 In
the contention of leaping, they jump farthest, that fetch
their race largest. 1687 DRYDEN Hind^ fy P. i. 46 The
bristled baptist Boar . . mountains levelled in his furious race.
1810 SCOTT Lady of L, i. v, The noble stag. . Held westward
with unwearied race. Mod. Sc. If ye're to jump that, ye '11
need to tak' a race.
fie- "55.3 T. WILSON Rket. 48 Talking of faith, thei have
fetcht their ful race from the xii signes in the zodiake. 1579
GOSSON Sch. Abuse (Arb.) 20 Blocks of the Diuel that are
cast in our wayes, to cut off the rase of toward wittes. 1642
MILTON Apol. Smect. Introd., Wks. (1851) 273 This loose
rayler, . .having once begun his race, regards not how farre
he flies out beyond all truth and shame.
fb. Phr. To rue a (or one's) race. Chiefly./^.,
to repent of the course one has taken. Obs.
r 1440 York Myst. xxx. 214 Rugge hym in ropes, his rase
till he rewe. £1470 HENRYSON Mcr. Fab., Wolf ft Sheep
xiv, Ye sail rew this rais. Quhat was the caus, ye gaif me
sic ane catche? 1560 HOLLAND Seven Sages (1837) 32 He
knew That it wald caus ane greit Offence, Kend weill that
race that he wald rew.
C. fig. The course of life or some portion of it.
1513 DOUGLAS SEneis in. x. 122 The prince Eneas, . . The
fatis of goddis and rasis mony ane Reversing schew. 1559
W. CUNNINGHAM Cosmogr. Glasse i The Race that euery
man in this his transitory life haue to runne. 1667 MILTON
P. L. xn. 505 Thir Ministry perform'd, and race well run,..
They die. 1671 — Samson 597 My race of glory run, and
race of shame. 1697 DRYDEN Vir%. Georg. iv. 301 Thus
thro' the Race of Life they [bees] quickly run. 1709 WATTS
Hymn, 'A wake, our Souls' i, Awake, andrunthe heavenly
Race. 1784 COWPER Tiroc. 315 The well-known place
Whence first we started into life's long race. 1850 TENNY-
SON IH Mem, ix, My Arthur, whom I shall not see Till all
my widow'd race be run.
•f 2. A rush, onset, charge ; a raid. Obs.
'535 STEWART Cron. Scot. I. 498 Fulgentius, with mony
Pecht and Scot,. .Full mony raice attour the wall hes maid.
1560 ROLLAND Crt. Venus iv. 621 The sowr persute, and syne
the resistance, The rigorous rais. 1587 FLEMING Contn.
Holinslted III. 1986/1 Badlie yet could they make their
rase, by reason the furrowes laie trauerse to their course.
1 3. Rapid action, haste, hurry. 06s.
a 1300 Cursor M. 26732 Ne tell noght [bi dedis] ouer wit
renand ras, als dos bis men bat penis tas. c 1400 Sowdone
Bab. 489 ' Arise vp', he saide in a ras, ' We bene elles alle
I-take'. a 1400-50 Alexander 1996 And bairn redes on a
rase he & rechez to be sedes. c 1440 Partonope 846 [She]
ryseth vp in a grete raas.
1 4. a. The act of riding rapidly on horseback ;
a course in a tournament (cf. 7 b). 06s.
a 1400 Sir Pen. 1145 In he rydes one a rase Or that he
wiste where he was. c 1500 Lancelot 3088 Thir sex in
a Ras Deliuerly com prekand our the feldis. 1596 SPENSER
F. Q. iv. vi. 3 Scudamour . . issewed, To have rencountred
him in equal! race. 16. . Tom Potts 286 in Child Ballads
II. 445/2 Then they turned their horsses round about, To
run the race more egarlye.
t b. A journey or voyage. Obs.
<ri4oo Laud Troy Bk. 4252 Prothesaly the formast was
Off alle the schippis In that ras. 1513 DOUGLAS Mneis
in. vi. 22 To me all devote godlie wychtis Schew we suld
haue a prosper rais. Ibid. iv. x. 48 Sail I . . Bid thaim mak
sail anone, and a new rais? 1557 Tottell's Misc. (Arb.) 212
A Man may . . Thrise wander out Vlisses race : Yet neuer
finde Vlisses wife.
U. 5. Onward movement of a thing, as the
heavenly bodies, a vehicle, etc. ; running or rush
of water (cf. 6). 1 Obs. f Also, a sudden deviation
from a line (quot. 1670).
a 1300 Cursor M. 23588 'Sun and mon, and water and
stern, bat rinnes nu wit ras sa yern. 13. . Childh. Jesus 845
in Arckivneu. Spr. LXXIV. 338 Twa stremys. .That neuer-
mare of rase salle blyne. 1480 Robt. Devyll 048 He spyed
a great race of bloude in Robertes face. 1557 N. T. (Genev.)
2 Tim. ii. 9 note, The worde of God hath it race and in-
creaseth. 1581 MARBECK Bk. of Notes 164 The Chariot came
nigh unto them with a great race and mightie force. 1586
BRIGHT Melanch. xiii. 66 Some wheeles passing swifter than
other some, by divers rases. 1633 D. R[OGERS) Treatise of
Sacraments i. 168 Your streame weake ;. .and the staves of
your wheele which should support the race of it pittifully
broken. « 1649 WINTHROP New Eng. (1853) I. 4 The tide
set in with so strong a race. 1670 NARBOROUGH Jrnl, in
Ace. Sev. Late Voy. i. (1711) 76 It points off with a Race
from the other Mountains, .into the Channel.
b. esp. The daily (or annual) course of the
sun through the heavens. Similarly of the moon.
Chiefly by conscious metaphor from sense i, and usually
with vb. to run.
1590 SPENSER F. Q. i. v. 44 The mother of dredd darkness. .
took her wonted way To ronne her timely race. Ibid. xi. 33
Titan rose to runne his daily race. 1662 TUKE Adv. 5
Hours ir, The sun ..ere half his race be run. c 1742 GR«Y
Ignorance n Thrice hath Hyperion roll'd his annual race.
1784 COWPER Task vi. 126 Should God again, .interrupt the
race Of the undeviating and punctual sun. a 1822 SHELLEY
Horn. Sun. 10 The immortal Sun, Who, borne by heavenly
steeds, his race doth run Unconquerably.
c. The course of time. (Chiefly used as in b.)
1595 SHAKS. John in. iii. 39 If the mid-night bell Did ..
Sound on into thedrowzie race of night. ? 1630 MILTON On
Time i Fly envious Time, till thou run out thy race. 1697
DRVDEN Virg. Past. iv. 15 Majestick Months set out . . to
their appointed Race, a 1729 CONGREVE Imit. Horace,
Odes n. xiv. i Eternity 1 that boundless race Which Time
himself can never run.
fd. The course or progress of events, or of a
narrative. Obs. rare.
c 1590 BRUCE XI^ Serm. \. (1591) 6 Gif 3ee . . consider the
race of the historic, a 1626 BACON OH War -with Spain 7
The Prosecution and Race of the Warrej carrieth the De-
fendant, to assaile and inuade, the . . Patrimony of the fiwt
Aggressour.
f e. Impact ; a shock, blow. Obs. rare,
c 1400 Sowdone Bab. 1349 He raught a stroke to Fer umbra*
. . It brast his hawberke at bat ras. 1535 STEWART Cron.
Scot. I. 124 Sum gat ane rais gart all hir ribbis rak.
6. A strong current in the sea or a river.
Perh. partly ad. F. raz, ras in same sense, commonly re-
garded as a. Breton raz, a strait, narrow channel.
1375 BARBOUR Bruce HI. 697 By the mole thai passyt ?ar,
And entryt sone in-to the rase, c 1400 Sowdone Bab. 774
Wynde him blewe . . over the sake flode And over the pro-
founde rase. 1506 Kalender of Sheph. H ij, Amonge the
waues perylous on rases holowe. 1597 J. PAYNE Royal
Exch. 33 In your Sea stormes, . . cross tydes, dangerouse
races. 1625 N. CARPENTER Geog. Del. n. vii. (1635) 130 Hee
found a strong race, a Tide running sometimes Eastward,
sometimes Westward. 1697 DAMPIER Voy. (1729) I. 82 A
short cockling Sea, as if it had been a Race, or place where
two Tides meet. 1720 DE FOE Capt. Singleton xiv. (1840)
238 Among innumerable islands, . . without any pilot that
understood the channel and races between them. 1828
PLANCHE Desc. Danube 72 The river narrows, and a slight
fall, or what our sailors call a race, ensues. 1884 igtk Cent.
Feb. 245 We were able to head the races that spun out from
submerged trees.
trausf. 1894 CLARK RUSSELL Good Ship Mohock 1.15 The
sky was a race of large torn cloud, white as milk.
b. Used in the names of special currents.
1375 BARBOUR Bruce HI. 687 Quhar als gret stremys ar
rynnand, . . As is the raiss of Bretanjne. c 1530 Hickescorner
B iiij, I sawe them all drowned in the rase of Irelande. 1596
FITZ-GEFFRAY Sir F. Drake (1881) 80 In that faire palace
neere the milken race. 1697 Land. Gaz. No. 3317/4 He saw
5 Sail of Ships standing through the Race of Fountney.
1769 FALCONER Diet. Marine (1776) Eee ij b, The race of
Portland. 1862 ANSTED Channel /si. i. ii. 18 Through this
channel, the sea, at high spring tides, sweeps at the rate of
eight miles an hour. . . This passage is called the Race (or
Ras)ofAlderney.
III. 7. As a portion of time or space :
t a. A space of time ; a while. 06s. rare—1.
13 . . K. A lis. 7830 They lyved here bote lite ras ; And sone
echon forgete was !
t b. The distance or space between two points.
Knight's race (from 4 a) : see quot. 1562. Obs.
1562 LEIGH Artnorie 58 b, Alciatus saith that a man shall
discerne colour, if he may come within a knights rase of any
banner, but I neuer hard of any man, that came within an
100 rases of the Sun. Le \ What is a knights rase? Ge: It
is Ix. foote of assise in length, of the field, and is of Here-
haughts so called. 1600 HOLLAND Livy 1348 The plaine
and base plot of the cittie . . comprehendeth a Diameter or
race almost of 8 Stadia.
o. A piece of ground suitable for running or
racing (see 10). rare.
1612 DRAYTON Poly-olb. HI. 23 Nor yet the level South can
shew a smoother race. 21783 Fair Annie 64 in Child
Ballads II. 75/1, I wish that they were seven hares To run
the castle race. 1890 R. BRIDGES Shorter Poems n. 7
Perilous in steep places Soft in the level races.
1 8. The course, line, or path taken by a person
or a moving body. Also_/i^. 06s.
?< 1400 Sir jf. Mandevclle ft Gt. Souden 17 in Hazl. I
E. P. P. 1. 155 Your prestes that suld tech vertus trace, They :
ryn rakyll out of gud race. 1513 DOUGLAS jEneis v. xiv. 84 !
Prince Enee persauit by his rais, Quhow that the schip did
rok and tailjevey. 1555 EDEN Decades 28 He diuerted from
his accustomed rase which was by the Ilandes of Canarie.
1570 DEE Math. Pref. 3 Of the auncient Mathematiciens, a
Line is called the race or course of a Point, c 1580 SIDNEY
Ps. xxvi. i, I have made my race Within the boundes of
innocence to bide.
fb. A reach (of a river). Obs. rare—'.
1611 SPEED Thtat. Gt. Brit, xxxix. (1614) 77/1 A long race
of the river Ouse.
c. The channel or bed (of a stream) ; esp. an
artificial channel leading water to or from a point
where its energy is utilized, as in a mill or a mining
claim. Now chiefly U. S. See also HEAD-, MILL-,
TAIL-KACE.
It is not clear whether there is any connexion between
this sense and OF. rase, rasse, raze (isth c. in Godef.),
watercourse, trench, ditch, (mill-) race. '
1565:73 Durham Defos. (Surtees) 212 The [law-] suit, .for
the raic[e] of the said water come myln. 1777 Wallingfm
Inclos. Act 45 The beck, race, water, or watercourse. 1796
MORSE Amer. Geog. I. 536 The race,. .a canal 20 to 30 feet
wide, and carried .. through rocks and hills. 1805 West's
Antiq. Furness 74 There has been also a subterraneous
passage, leading from the race of the rivulet. itiG&Rep.U S.
Commissioners Agric. (1869) 334 The bottoms of the races
are covered with small stones and a layer of fine gravel.
1890 ' R. BoUffiKWOOD ' Col. Reformer (1891) 293 The
water, brought through races by miles of fluming, spouted
clear and strong over heaps of auriferous earth.
d. Weaving. The path or channel in the lay or j
batten along which the shuttle moves in crossing |
the web ; the board or other support on which the
shuttle slides.
"855 (see Lay-race s.v. LAY sb.*\ 1875 KNIGHT Diet.
Meek. 1263/1 The picker. .which strikes the fly-shuttle and
drives it along the race. 1879 BARLOW Weaving 87 The
warp threads are pressed down upon the race.
e. A circular path for a horse employed in driving
machinery. 1862 [see Gin-race s.v. GIN i*.1 12].
f. New Zeal. (See quot.)
1872 Rtldg.'s Ev. Boy's Ann. 53/2 Each lamb was driven
through the narrow hurdle-passage.. called a race.
g. Mech. The space in which a drum or wheel
revolves. (Cf. wheel-race^)
1883 GRESLEY Gloss. Coal-mining 197.
9. a. Mining. ' A small thread of spar or ore '
(Raymond Gloss. Mining 1881).
1580 F HAMPTON Dial. Yron ft Steele 144 If.. of brimstone
and quicksilver they were ingendred, there would be some
rase of them, in the mynes of golde and silver. i747HoosoN
Miners Diet. Kivb.This Keckle-Meckle Stuff has the Ore
run with it in small Strings and Races.
b. A row or series, dial, and techn.
Northumbld. Gloss., Race, a range or series. A race of pits.
1901 Scotsman 8 Mar. 5/1 They were run into by a race of
runaway hutches.
IV. 1O. The act of running, riding, sailing, etc.
in competition with one or more rivals ; a contest
of speed ; in//, usually denoting a series of horse-
races held at a fixed time on a regular course.
1513 DOUGLAS &neis v. vii. i Eftir thir raissis done, and
giftis gif. 1582 BIBLE (Rheims) i Cor. ix. 24 They that
runne in the race, al runne in deede, but one receiueth the
price. 1641 BROME Joviall Crew n. Wks. 1873 III. 372 In
Hide-Park, to see the Races, Horse and Foot. 1667 MILTON
P. L. ix. 33 To indite Warre ..or to describe Races and
Games. 1715-20 POPE Iliad xxin. 429 Young Nestor leads
the race ; Eumelus then. 1781 COWPER Truth 13 He that
would win the race must guide his horse Obedient to the
customs of the course. 1840 DICKENS Old C. Shop xvii,
We're going on to the races. 1860 LONGF. Wayside Inn,
K. Olafli, xi, Swimming, skating, snow-shoe races.
transf. au&Jlg. <zi$92 H. SMITH Serm. (1637) 518 Arace,
wherein they run striving who shall come first to the
devill. 1751 EARL ORRERY Remarks Swift (1752) 61 Every
competitor in the race of wit is left behind him. 1821
SHELLEY Hellas 856 Ere thou Didst start for this brief race
whose crown is death. 1871 FREEMAN Nortn. Cong. (1876) IV.
xvii. 86 The two nations which, if last in the race of political
freedom, were foremost in the race of material civilization.
b. slang. A bet on a horse-race.
1894 ASTLEY 50 years Life II. 196, I had a fair race on
Sir Bevys, L. Rothschild's horse, for the Derby.
V. 11. attrib. and Comb. a. General combs.
(sense 10), as race-boat, -dust, fund, -ground, list,
-manager, -meeting, -nag, night, -rider, -riding,
-runner, -week, -winner ; ' used or worn by one who
rides in a horse-race ', as race-cap, -jacket, -saddle ;
' intended for wearing at races ', as race-cloak, -coal,
-dress, -gown, -hat. b. Special combs., as race ball,
a ball held in connexion with a race-meeting ; race-
board, (a) a gang-board, (l>) the board on which
a shuttle slides (see 8 d) ; race-card, a printed card
giving information about races; race-circle, the
course of a spindle in a braiding machine ; race-
cloth, a cloth used with a racing-saddle, having
pockets to hold the weight required by the rules of
the course (Knight Diet. Mech. 1875); race-cup,
a cup or other piece of plate given as a prize to
the winner of a race ; race-glass, a field-glass for
use at races (hence race-glassed adj.); race-plate
= RACER 4 (see also CURB so. 9 c); race-stand,
a stand at a race-course ; race tankard (cf. race-
cup). See also RACE-COURSE, -DAY, -HORSE.
1775 SHERIDAN Rivals H. t, At our last *race ball. 1808
ASHE Travels III. 260 Ships have 'race boards to the bank,
which gives them an access so easy, that they are often
visited from the shore. 1879 BARLOW Weaving g-j The middle
shuttle boxes are .. lowered to the level of the race-board.
1866 ' ARGONAUT ' Rowing ft Training 7 The modern single-
straike *race-boat is composed, .of two parts. 1851 MAYHEW
Lond. Labour (1861) I. 265 This trade (with *race-cards) is
not carried on in town. 1875 KNIGHT Diet. Mech. 355/2 The
*race-circles, in which the spindles are caused to move. 1777
SHERIDAN Sch. Scaud. in. iii, All the family *racecups and
corporation bowls. 1850 MRS. BROWNING Poems 1. 216 Electric
Pindar, qujck as fear, With *race-dust on his cheeks. 1840
WHYTE Hist. Turf\. 200 The shareholders will receive five
per cent. . . the remainder to go to the *race fund. 1868 Daily
Tel. 27 May, Some *race-glassed and blue-veiled traveller.
1802 S. CmFNEYGt'Hius Genuine 52, I was the next morning
on the *race ground. 1840 WHYTE Hist. Turf I. 260 The
eincipal rooms overlooking the race-ground. 1856 H. H.
IXON Post ft Paddockx\\\. 228 As plentiful now as . .'garters '
in later years, among the list of *race-jackets. 1833 New
Sporting Mag. V. 398 Chancing to have the *race list in my
hand. 1812 Sporting Mag. XL. 154 *Race-manager, or
keeper of the stud-book at Newmarket. iSoyfoiit. XXXIII.
108 This almost universal success at the *race-meetings.
a 1634 RANDOLPH Poems (1875) II. 539 Keep his "race-nags,
and in Hyde Park be seen, a 1687 COTTON Wks. 11765) 119
The base Hag Can of a Cudgel make a Race-Nag. 1795
a 1700 B
RACE.
on my passion for race-riding. 1647 TRAPP Comm. Heb. iv.
i To come latf and late.. as lazy *Race-runners. 1860 H.
AINSWORTH OvingdeanGraage 174 No modern *race-stand
towered before the stern soldier of the Commonwealth. 1881
J. GRANT Camcronians I. i. 10 Indian jars and old silver *race
tankards. 1716 Loud. Gaz. No. 5436/4 To be fought all the
*Race-Week. 1814 Sporting Mag. XLIV. 181 In the race-
week, a long main of cocks was fought. 1894 ASTLEY 50
Years Life II. 198 We both got back to Newmarket a few
days before the race week. 1823 BYRON Juan xui. Ixxxvii,
Sir Henry Silvercup, the great *race-winner.
Race (r^'s), sb2 Also 6-7 rase. [a. F. race,
earlier also rasse (1512), a. It. razza — Sp. raza,
Pg. ra^a, of obscure origin.]
I. A group of persons, animals, or plants, con-
nected by common descent or origin.
In the widest sense the term includes all descendants from
the original stock, but may also be limited to a single line of
descent or to the group as it exists at a particular period.
1. The offspring or posterity of a person ; a set of
children or descendants. Chiefly/^/.
1570 FOXE A. ff M. II. i84r/i Thus was the outward race
& stocke of Abraham after flesh refused. 1606 SHAKS.
Ant. <V Cl, in. xiii. 107 Haue I .. Forborne the getting of a
lawfull Race, And by a lem of women. 1667 MILTON P.L.
x. 385 High proof ye now have giv'n to be the Race Of
Satan. 1712 POPE Messiah 65 Their Vines a shadow to their
Race shall yield. 1784 COWPER Task iv. 384 Her infant
race, .sit cow'ring o'er the sparks. 1842 TENNYSON Locksley
Hall 168, 1 will lake some savage woman, she shall rear my
dusky race.
transf. and fig. 1594 HOOKER Eccl. Pol. iv. v, Such, as
either we must acknowledge for our own forefathers or else
disdain the race of Christ. 1728 Poi'E Dune, i. 70 How
Tragedy and Comedy embrace, How Farce and Epic get
a jumbled race. 1820 SHELLEY Orpheus no Blackthorn
bushes with their infant race Of blushing rose blooms.
fb. Breeding, the production of offspring. Obs.
1607 'YovsELLFottr-f. Beasts (1658) 234 Itbehooveth there-
fore that the mares appointed for race be well compacted, of
a decent quality. 1653 GREAVES Seraglio 141 He hath also
stables of stallions for race. 1667 MILTON f. L. VH. 530
Male he created thee, but thy consort Femal for Race,
t C. A generation. Obs. rare.
1549-62 STERNHOLD & H. Ps. cii. 12 Thy remembrance
euer doth abide from race to race. 1727-41 CHAMBERS Cycl.
s.v., In several orders of knighthood, .the candidates must
prove a nobility of four races or descents. [1790 BURKE Fr.
Rev. 51 If the last generations of your country appeared
without much lustre in your eyes, you might have . . derived
your claims from a more early race of ancestors.]
2. A limited group of persons descended from
a common ancestor ; a house, family, kindred.
a 1600 WYNNE Hist. G-wydir Family {ifyfyy^ Someaffirme
Jevan ap Meredith to be the elder brother, and soe doth all
the race that are of him contend. 1653 HOLCROFT Procopius
\. 7 No Government to be conferr'd upon strangers in blood ;
but such onely to have the place, to whose race it did
belong. 1734 MRS. DELANY Antobiog, <$• Corr. (1861) I. 431
Lady Weymouth's person bears away the bell, even from the
Marlbprough race. 1768 STERNE Sent. Journ. (1778) I. 4
(Calais) The Bourbon is by no means a cruel race. 1833
TENNYSON Sisters i We were two daughters of one race.
1883 GREEN Cong. Eng. 418 [Eadmund Ironside] shared, no
doubt, the weak constitution of his race.
"b. A tribe, nation, or people, regarded as of
common stock.
a 1600 WYNNE Hist, Gwydir Family (1878) 20 Llewelyn
ap Gruffith last Prince of Wales of the Brittish race. 1667
MILTON P. L. i. 780 That Pigmean Race Beyond the Indian
Mount. 1715 POPE Iliad iv. 51 Troy's whole race thou
wouldst confound. 1726-46 THOMSON Winter qyt) A mighty
people come ! A race of heroes ! 1827 D. JOHNSON Ind.
Field Sports 140 The worst race of people inhabiting that
part. 1863 FR. A. KEMBLE Resid. in. Georgia n The. .pro-
scription under which their whole race is placed.
c. A group of several tribes or peoples, forming
a distinct ethnical stock.
1842 PRICHARD Nat. Hist. Man 150 No two races of Men
can be more strongly contrasted than were the ancient
Egyptian and the Syro-Arabian races. 1868 KINGSLEY
Heroes Pref. 10 They were all different tribes and peoples
of the one great Hellen race. 1883 GREEN Cong. Eng. 54
Courage., was a heritage of the whole German race.
d. One of the great divisions of mankind, having
certain physical peculiarities in common.
1774 GOLDSM. Nat. Hist,, Animals xxxiii, The second
great variety in the human species seems to be that of the
Tartar race. 1839 Penny Cycl. XIV. 361/2 Considerable
differences occur in the general stature of the several races
of mankind. x86i HULME tr. Moquin-Tandon i. v. 27
Blumenbach proposed to establish five races : ist, the Cau-
casian ; 2nd, the Mongolian ; 3rd, the Ethiopian ; 4th, the
American ; sth, the Malay.
3. A breed or stock of animals; a particular
variety of a species.
1580 BLL-NDEVIL Horsemanship \. iii. B j, Of all the races in
Grace, both the Horses and Mares of Thessalia. .are most
celebrated. 1641 HINDE J. Bruen yii. 26, I have scene a
Gentleman, .very carefull to have his horse of a generous
race. 1745 POCOCKE Descr. East II. i. 196 There is a race
of sheep in this country with four horns. 1781 GIBBON Decl.
«r F. II. 57 The plains.. bred a generous race of horses.
1839 Penny Cycl. XIV. 562/2 In the most highly domesti-
cated races, as the spaniel, the cranium is more fully de-
veloped. 1880 HUXLEY Crayfish 292 In this manner, a
variety, or race, is generated within the species.
t b. A stud or herd (of horses). Obs.
1547 Privy Council Acts (1890) II. 86 Persons having
custodie of a studde or race of mares. 1596 SHAKS. Merck.
V. v. i. 72 Doe but note a wilde and wanton heard Or race
of youthful and vnhandled coltes. a 1626 FLETCHER Double
Marriage i. i. The rases of our horses he takes from us.
1667 DUCHESS OF NEWCASTLE Life Duke of N. 11886) II. 152
All this stock was lost, besides his race of horses.
87
c. A genus, species, kind of animals.
1603 SHAKS. Macb, 11. iv. 15 Duncans Horses. .Beauteous,
and swift, the Minions of their Race. 1687 DRYDEN Hind
fy P. \. 160 The wolfish race Appear with belly gaunt and
famished face. 1727-46 THOMSON Summer 388 Slow move
the harmless race [sheep]. 1774 GOLDSM. Nat. Hist. (1776)
VII. 190 The generality of mankind regard this formidable
race [serpents] with horror, a 1822 SHELLEY Horn. Merc,
Iii, I wish the race of cows were perished.
4. A genus, species, or variety of plants (cf. quot.
1880).
1596 SPENSER F. Q. v. i. i The wicked seede of vice Began
to spring.. But evermore some of the vertuous race Rose
up. 1712 AODISON Sped. No. 387 p 7 The Seeds by which
the several Races of Plants are propagated and continued.
1804 KNAPP Brit. Grasses PL 119 The whole race of British
grasses now before us. 1880 ASA GRAY Struct. Bot. ix. § i.
320 A race in this technical sense of the term, is a variety
which is perpetuated with considerable certainty by sexual
propagation.
5. One of the great divisions of living creatures :
a. Mankind. In early use always the human
race, the race of men or mankind^ etc.
c 1580 SIDNEY Ps. xxi. x, From among the humane race
[thou shalt] Roote out their generation. 1607 SHAKS. Timon
iv. i. 40 His hate may grow To the whole race of Mankinde.
1667 MILTON P. L. n. 348 The happy seat Of som new Race
call'd Man. 1727-46 THOMSON Summer 36 The flux of
many thousand years, That oft has swept the toiling race
of men. .away. 1781 COWPER Charity 22 That every tribe. .
Might feel themselves all led to all the race. 1850 TENNYSON
In Mem. vi, One writes . . That ' Loss is common to the race '.
1871 MORLEY Voltaire (1886) 2 It was one of the cardinal
liberations of the growing race.
b. A class or kind of beings other than men or
animals.
1667 MILTON P. L. it. 194 Shall we then live thus vile, the
race of Heav'n Thus trampl'd. 1679 DRYDEN Ovid Met. i.
25« There dwells below a Race of Demi-Gods. 1781 COWPER
Anti-Tkelyphthora 199 The Fauns and Satyrs, a lascivious
race. 1820 SHELLEY Prometh. Unb. \. 244 The voice With
which our pallid race hold ghastly talk In darkness.
c. One of the chief classes of animals (as beasts,
birds, fishes, insects, etc.).
1726-46 THOMSON Winter 137 The plumy race, The tenants
of the sky. 1728-46 — Spring 123 Insect armies. .A feeble
race. 18x9 SHELLEY Cyclops 1 10 And who possess the land ?
The race of beasts? Ibid. 244 The sacred waves and all the
race of fishes.
6. Without article:
a. Denoting the stock, family, class, etc. to which
a person, animal, or plant belongs, chiefly in phr.
of (liable^ etc.) race.
1559 SACKVILLE Induct. Mirr. Mag. vi, Som were Dukes,
and came of regall race. 1590 SCENSER F. Q. i. x. 8 Una . .
Whom well she knew to spring from hevenly race. Ibid. 60
Thou, faire ymp, sprong out from English race. 1611
SHAKS. Wint. T. iv. iv. 95 [A] bud of Nobler race. 1660
STANLEY Hist. Philos. ix. (1701) 362/1 Who, in Race, and
Honour, and Wealth, excelled all the rest of the Citizens.
1703 POPE Thebetis I. 685 A fate . . unworthy those of race
divine ! 1754 GRAY Progr. Poesy 105 Two Coursers of
ethereal race. 1873 DIXON Two Queens I. i. i. 5 His ablest
servants were of Oriental race.
b. The fact or condition of belonging to a par-
ticular people or ethnical stock ; the qualities, etc.
resulting from this.
1849 MACAULAY Hist, Eng. i. I. 16 In no country has the
enmity of race been carried farther than in England. 1856
EMERSON Eng: Traits, Race VVks. (Bohn) II. 21 Race
in the negro is of appalling importance. 1890 Spectator
2£ Jan., They are separated by language, by degree of
civilisation, and by the indefinable aggregate of inherent
differences which we call ' race '.
t 7. Natural or inherited disposition. Obs. rare.
1603 SHAKS. Meas. for M. n. iv. 160 Now I giue my
sensuall race, the reine. 16x0 — Temp. i. ii. 358 Thy vild
race, .had that in't, which good natures Could not abide to
be with.
H. A group or class of persons, animals, or
things, having some common feature or features.
8. A set or class of persons.
1500-20 DUNBAR Poems xxvi. 50 Bakbyttaris of sindry
racis. a 1568 ASCHAM Scholent. i. (Arb.) 66 His onely
example had breed such a rase of worthie learned ientlemen,
as this Realme neuer yet did affourde. c 1580 SIDNEY Ps.
xii. i, Ev'n the race of good men are decai'd. a x6ix BEAUM.
& FL. Maids Trag. iv. ii, You preserve A race of idle people
here about you, Facers and talkers. X7ia BUDGELL Sfect.
No. 404 F 3 To this Affectation the World owes its whole
Race of Coxcombs. 1748 THOMSON Cast. Indol. i. Hi, The
race of learned men, Still at their books. 1821 LAMB Ella
Ser. i, The TIVO Races ofMent The men who borrow, and
the men who lend. 1875 JOWETT Plato (ed. 2) V. 56 There
arose a new race of poets.. who made pleasure the only
criterion of excellence.
b. One of the sexes, poet.
1590 SPENSER F. Q. in. v. 52 In gentle Ladies breste and
bounteous race Of woman kind. 1711 STEELE Spect. No.
113 F 4 She is beautiful beyond the Race of Women. 1725
POPE Odyss. xi. 349 Three gallant sons . . but of the softer
race, One nymph alone.
f c. The line or succession of persons holding
an office. Obs. rare—1.
1570-6 LAMBARDE Peramb. Kent (1826) 306 The whole
race of the Bishops succeeding lustus in this See.
0. A set, class, or kind of animals, plants, or
things. Chiefly poet.
1590 SPENSER F. Q. 11. xii. 8 Seagulles. . And Cormoy-
raunts, with birds of ravenous race. I^SHKKRICK Hester,,
On Spalt ( 1869) 226 Of pushes Spall has such a knottie race.
1715-20 POPE Iliad v. 66 Expert . . In woods and wjlds to
wound the savage race. 1783 JOHNSON Let. to Mrs. Tliralc
RACE.
20 Nov., I hope [her disease] is not of the cephalick race.
1823 SCOTT Peveril xxv. (motto), Amidst the faded race of
fallen leaves.
f b. One of the three * kingdoms ' of nature.
Obs. rare,
1697 DRYDEN f'W Georg. iv. 224 Of all the Race of
Animals, alone The Bees have common Cities of their own.
1707 Curiosities in Husb. <y Card. 184 All the Offsprings
that are produc'd in the Race of Vegetables and in the Race
of Animals. Ibid. 227 They can . . extract from Water
Minerals, Vegetables, and Animals, and give new Creatures
to these three Races of Nature.
10. A particular class of wine, or the character-
istic flavour of this, supposed to be due to the soil.
(Cf. RACINESS a, RACY O ? Obs.
1520 WHITINTON Vulg. (1527) 15 This is a cup of good
romney, and drynketh well of the rase. 1625 MASSING ER
New Way \. iii, A pipe Of rich Canary . . Is it of the right
race? £1645 HOWELL Lett. (1650) I. 370 One cannot pass
a day's journey but he will find a differing race of wine.
a 1682 SIR T. BROWNE Misc. Tracts (1684)25 A pure and
flosculous race or spirit. 1779-81 JOHNSON L. /*., Thomson
Wks. 1787 IV. 178* Race '..applied to wines, in its primitive
sense, means the flavour of the soil. 1835 Tait's Edm.
Mag. II. 350/1 Like certain wines and fruits .. in removal,
much of the race, or peculiar flavour of the soil, is sure to
be lost.
b. fig. Of speech, writing, etc. : A peculiar and
characteristic style or manner, esp. liveliness, spright-
liness, piquancy. (Cf. RACINESS b, RACY 3.)
1680-90 IEMPLE £ss.t Learning Wks. 1731 I. 166, 1 think
the Epistles of Phalaris to have more Race, more Spirit,
more Force of Wit and Genius, than any others I have ever
seen, either ancient or modern. 1711 P. H. View 2 last
Parits. 185 Mr.Dolben. .pursu'd the Charge with a peculiar
Race of Spirit. 1779-81 JOHNSON L. /*., Thomson Wks.
1787 IV. 178, I know not whether they [Thomson's PoemsJ
have not lost part of what Temple calls their ' race '. 1831
MACAULAY £ss., Boswell (1860) I. 369 We know no produc-
tion of the human mind which has so much of what may be
called the race, so much of the peculiar flavour of the soil
from which it sprang. 1875 MlCosH Scot. Philos. xxxi. 247
His conversation had a race and flavour peculiarly its own.
11. attrib. and Comb., as race-brood, -character^
-characteristic ) -difference , -distinction , -hatred,
-maintenance, -patriarch, -poem, -portrait, -skull,
etc. ; race-begotten, -maintaining, -wide adjs.
1878 B. TAYLOR Deukalion \\. ii. 62 The *race-begotten
child Is its own father's lord. 1583 STANYHURST SEncis HI.
(Arb.) 93 Agragas . . steeds courrageous with *racebrood
plentiful offred. 1866 Pall Mall G. 3 Jan. 5/2 It was
absurd to ignore all distinctions of "race-character in govern-
ing them (negroes], 1875 WHITNEY Life Lang. ii. 8 The
theory of a language as a "race-characteristic. Ibid. \. 4
Far greater "race-differences are met with among the
speakers of one language. 1883 GREEN Cong. Ettg. 117
*Race distinctions perpetuated themselves in the group of
little townships. 1882 Times 15 Mar., The furious *race-
hatred that has been raging over the South. 1879 H.
SPENCER Data of 'Ethics ii. § 5. 15 *Race-maintaining con-
duct, like self- maintaining conduct, arises gradually out of
that which cannot be called conduct. Ibid. 16 This conduct
which furthers "race-maintenance. 1859 R* B. ANDERSON
tr. Rydberg's Tent. Mythol. 106 The songs learned by Saxo
in regard to the northern *race-patriarch. 1888 Literary
World (Boston) 29 Sept. 314/3 The Kalevala..a "race-poem
whose enduring charm is its artlessness and spontaneity.
1875 TYLOR in Encycl. Brit. II. in/i The coloured ^ace-
portraits of ancient Egypt. 1864 J. HUNT tr. Vogt's Lect.
Man vii. 104 More of the Simian type than any other known
"race-skull. 1893 J. H. BARROWS World's Parlt. Relig. I.
72 An event of "race-wide and perpetual significance.
Race (iv's), $b$ [var. of RASE sb, (,q.v.). Cf.
RACE z>.3] A cut, slit, mark, scratch. Now only
techn. (see quot. 1819).
c 1500 Robt. Devyll in Thorns Prose Rom. (1858) I. 40
Robert had a race in his face. 1587 MASCALL Govt. Cattle,
Oxen (1627) 15 Yee must launce his feete gently round on
the edge of his hoofes, with small races not deepe. 1601
HOLLAND Pliny (1634) II. 572 That sand cutteth smooth
and cleane as it goeth, and leaues no race at all in the work.
1683 MOXON Meek. Exerc.t Printing xiii. f 4 He, with the
Tooth of the Gage makes a Mark or Race on the side of
the Face. 1819 REES Cycl. XXIX. Racc3 the mark made
on timber, &c. by a tool called a racing-knife.
attrib. 1705 Lond. Gaz. No. 4145 She hath had a little
Race Sore upon one of her hind Gambrels.
Race (r^'s), sb£ Obs. exc. dial. [f. RACE z/.4 :
cf. PLUCK sb.~\ The heart, liver, and lungs, esp. of
a calf.
1661 LOVELL Hist. Anim. fy Mzn. 25 The destilled water
of the race [of a calf] . . helpeth cold, c 1818 Yng. VYotnan's
Companion 1-2 The head and inwards are called the pluck ;
in some places they are called the calfs race. 1825 BRITTON
Beauties WiUsh. III. (£. D. S.). 1879- In dial, glossaries
(Shropsh., Leic., Wilts, etc.).
tRace, J&fi Obs. Also 6-7 rase, 7 raice.
[Of obscure origin ; cf. RACHE sb?\ A (white)
mark down the face of a horse (or dog).
1523 FITZHERB. Husb, § 73 A whyte rase or a ball in the
foreheed. 1674 Lond. Gaz. No. 841 A young black.. Dog,
with a little rase of white down his Face and Nose. 1679
Ibid. No. 1423 A sorrel Stonehorse-.with a white Star and
raice down his face. 1707 Ibid. No. 4304 A Pair of.. black
Coach-Mares, with Races in their Foreheads.
Race (r/'s), sb.% Also 6 rase, raze. [ad. OF.
rat's t raiz = Sp. raiz :— L. radic-em : see RADISH,
RADIX.] A root ^of ginger).
1547 BOORDE Brev. Health § 16. 324. 105 Take and eate
a race of grene ginger. 1627 CAPT. SMITH Seaman's Grant.
_ 361 Ginger . . the large
there very excellently well preserved. 1750 G. HUGHES
EACE.
Barbados* 233 Its roots are those tlattish digitated Races
called Ginger, c 1825 Houlston Tracts II. xlvji. 8 A race
of ginger you shall surely have. 1879 in CasselFs Techn.
Educ. n. 91/2 The ginger of commerce is the dry, wrinkled
rhizomes of the plant, which are called ' races '.
attrib. 1832 WEBSTER, s.v. Race-ginger.
Race (re's), sb^ [Origin unknown.] A cal-
careous concretion found in nodules in brick-clay.
1728 WOODWARD Fossils 16 There's one sort of this found
commonly among the clay us'd for making Tyles and Bricks;
which the Workmen call Race or Ranee. 1798 MIDDLETON
VietvAgric. 311 The calcarious matter is chalk, .in very small
pieces, .which the brickmakers about town call race. 1824
Ann. Reg. 238* By contact with these bones the clay is
converted into nodules of a blueish white substance, called
by the workmen race. 1885 Proc. R. Sue. XXXIX. 213
What were at first supposed to be pebbles . . prove on ex-
amination to be calcareous concretions (' race ' or ' kunkur ').
t Race, a. Obs. rare. [a. F. ras shaven, bare,
etc., ad. L. rds-us, pa. pple. of radZre to scrape,
shave ; cf. RASE v. and RAZEE.]
1. Of ships : Lying low in the water. Hence
Race-building, -built.
There is app. no authority for Kingsley's explanation.
1622 SIR R. HAWKINS Voy. S. Sea (1847) 199 Whether the
race or loftie built shippe bee best for the merchant. Ibid.
220 This race building, first came in by orermuch homing
in of our shippes. [1855 KINGSI.EY Westw. Ho II. xii. 322
The Spanish fashion . . was . . to build their men-of-war
flush-decked, or, as it was called, race.]
2. Of measure : Bare, without addition.
1736 PEGGE Kenticisms (E. D. S.), Full measure is 21 to
the score, as of corn, coals, &c. ; and race measure is but
20. . . When the bushel is upheap'd 'tis full ; when struck
with the strickle and even'd, 'tis race measure.
Race (r*>»), v.l [f. RACE rf.i]
1. intr. To run a race (witli), to compete (with*)
in speed.
1680, 1741-3 [see RACING M. so.}. 1818 KEATS Endym.
I. 534, I who . . would race With my own steed from Araby.
1830 TENNYSON Conf. Sensitive Mind 158 The lanib.-racetli
freely with his fere. 1855 BROWNING Loveamongthe Ruins
iv, A burning ring . . the chariots traced As they raced.
b. To practise or engage in horse-racing.
2. intr. To run, ride, sail, etc. swiftly. (In some
examples perh. with suggestion of sense I.)
1757 EVER Fleece i. (1761) 81 Those snow-white lambs ..
Skip on the green, and race iu little troops. 1821 CLARE
Vill. Minstr. \. 133 Scampering beetles rac'd away. 1847
TENNYSON Princ. v. 107 Inward raced the scouts- With
rumour of Prince Arac hard at hand. 1879 BROWNING Phei-
dippides 12 Run, Pheidippides, run and race, reach Sparta
for aid ! 1887 BOWEN Virg. sEneid III. 191 [We] Spread
to the gale our canvas, and race on the waves once more.
transf. or fig. 1874 RUi.cK.ie. Self-Cult. 46 There is a class
of people who do not walk through life, but race.
b. Of inanimate things.
1808 SCOTT Marm. III. Introd., Like streamlet .. racing
forth. 1845 DE QUINCEY Afflict. Childlwod Wks. 1897 I. 51
April, that sometimes cares little for racing across both
frontiers of May. 1883 OUIDA Wanda I. 31 The north
wind is racing in from the Polish steppes.
C. Of a steam engine, screw propeller, wheel, etc. :
To run or revolve with uncontrolled speed, when
resistance is diminished while the driving power
continues the same.
1862 Ilhistr. Catal. Internal. Exhib. II. xii. 2/1 The
'governor* prevents the engines from racing in heavy
weather. 1893 R. Km.lNG Many fnvent. isSTheRathmines
stood poised, her screw racing and drumming. 1900 Daily
News 5 Nov. 7/2 The loss of the propeller caused the engines
to ' race ' so fiercely that the shaft broke.
3. trans. To race with ; to try to beat in running.
1809 W. IRVING Knickerb. iv. (1820) 187 Fought cocks, and
raced their neighbours' horses. 1832 R. H. FROUDE in R em.
(1838) I. 291 She had two servants a-head, who. .raced him,
and . . contrived to keep a head. 1847 TENNYSON Princ. u.
230, I . . Flung ball, flew kite, and raced the purple fly. 1886
C. SCOTT Sheep-Farming 203 If he [a dog] lacks speed in
racing a sheep [etc.].
b. To hold, ' bring off' (a race).
1897 Westm. Gaz. 31 Aug. 7/2 A match open to the four-
teen feet boats . . will be raced off.
4. To cause to move swiftly or to make rapid
progress ; to cause to run a race or races.
c 1860 Miriam May xv, Whilst he will race horses, it is as
well that he should ..separate himself from holy things.
1862 H. KINGSLEY Ravenshoe III. ii. 24 That quiet looking
commander of hers was going to race her out under steam
the whole way. 1896 Daily News 9 June 7/4 No attempt
would be made by the Government to race the Bill through.
b. To race away : to lose by racing.
1856 Leisure Hour V. 818/1 He raced all his money away.
1887 RUSKIN in Pall Mall G. 8 June i It is of infinite
importance.. that the ancient Lords of England should ..
not gamble and race their estates away.
c. To convey swiftly, rare.
1896 R. KIPLING Song of the English iv, The clippers.,
that race the Southern Wool.
5. To suspend (a wheel, grindstone, etc.) in the
proper position for running.
1870 READE Put yourself in his place II. 40 The master
provides the stone, but the grinder hangs and races it.
t Race, v.% Obs. rare ~'. [a. F. racer, f. race
RACE sb:*\ intr. Of a parent-bird : To impart its
nature to its offspring.
1727-41 CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v. Race si., D'Hervieux ob-
serves, lhat . . the male usually races more than the female,
i. e. the young ones take more after the male.
88
Race (iv's), v.3 [var. of RASE (RAZE) v.i, in
common use c 1400-^ 1650, now only techn. in
sense i.]
1. trans. To scratch or tear with something
sharp ; to cut or slash. Now techn.
^1440 CAPGRAVE Life St. Kath. iv. 907 Lete hem take
vengeavnce now vp-on me,, .lete hem my body race. 1545
ASCHAM Toxoph. (Arb.) 108 Buckles and agglettes at vn-
wares, shall race hys bowe. 1588 PARKE tr. Mendozas Hist.
China 327 Al the men and women haue their faces raced, and
their legs and armes. 1617 MARKHAM Caval. VH. 54 The cure
is, with a sharpe knife to race him alongst his gummes.
1703 MOXON Meek. Exerc. 2^ Drawing, or racing with a
Point of hardned Steel, a bright Line by the side of the
Ruler. 1794 Rigging fy Seamanship I, 20 Every butt must
be.. raced across from side to side. 1819 [see RACERS],
1867 SMYTH Sailor's Word-bk. 557 To Race, applies to
marking timber with the race-tool.
f b. spec. To cut or slash (shoes or clothes) in
an ornamental fashion. Obs.
1430-40 I.YDG. Bochas ix. ix. 24 b, Their shone were raced
freshly to the tone. 1583 STUBBBS Anat. Afats. (1877) 58
[Shoes] raced, earned, cut, and stitched all ouer with silk.
1613 WITHER Abuses, Vanity 6$>6 Apparel, .shall be gathered,
stitcht,or lac't, Else plated, printed, iag'd, or cut and rac't.
1653 GREAVES SeragtieisS His shoes., are raced, and painted
like childrens shoes.
t c. To force (a way) by tearing or cutting.
ci6n CHAPMAN Iliad xi. 287 As when two chaced Bores
Turne head gainst kennels of bold hounds, and race way
through their gores.
t 2. intr. a. To cut a way ; to pierce, penetrate.
r 1403 LYDG. Temple Glas 756 A world of beaute com-
passid in hir face, Whose persant loke dob JHiruj myn
hert[e] race. 1412-90 — Citron. Troy in. xxn, The head of
stele. .Through plate and mayle mightly gan to glace But
to the skinne for nothing might it race. 1447 BOKENHAM
Seyntys (Roxb,) 31 So depe they dede in race Tyl at the
laste a chest they founde.
f b. Of boars : ? To slash with the tusks. Obs.
1470-85 MALORY Arthur \\\, xvii, They yede to bataille
ageyne tracyng racyng foynyng as two bores.
f3. trans. To scrape outt erase. Obs. (Now
written RASE or RAZE.)
c 1403 LYDG. Temple Glas 1238 Wi|>oute merci, shal falle
be vengeaunce Forto be raced clene out of my bokes. 1447
other place : From whence no toole away the skar can race.
1596 SPENSER F. Q. v. ix. 26 Bon, that once had written
bin, Was raced out, and Mai was now put in. 1704 Provi-
dence Records (1894) V. 220 The three words.. Raced out in
the thirty fift line.
fb. transf. and fig. (cf. ERASE and RASE). Obs.
It is difficult to decide whether some instances of race out
belong here or to RACE 7'.*
1579 TOMSON Calvin's Serm. Tim. 215/2 The remem-
braunce . . shoulde bee vtterly raced out of the worlde. 1588
SHAKS. Tit. A, I. i. 451 To massacre them all, And race
tbeir faction, and their familie. 1630 LORD Banians fy
Persees 89 The Lord utterly raced out all of the Tribe or
Cast of the Cutteryes. 1705 STANHOPE Paraphrase II. 596
It had made little Impression upon their Minds, or if it had,
Grief and Disorder had quite raced them out.
t4. To alter (a writing) by erasure. Obs.
^1440 Promp. Parv. 421/2 Racyng bokys, or ober lyke,
radO) abrado. 1530 PALSGR. 678/1 This indenture is raced,
all the worlde may se it. 1577 HARRISON England n. viii.
(1877) I. 176 The instrument is still wholie or in part raced
or reformed. 16x4 in Bury Witts (1850) 165 The last will
and testament of.. William Cooke, beinge in noe part therof
raced or interlyned.
f5. To level with the ground ; to RAZE. Obs.
c 1565 ABP. PARKER Psalter Ixxix, Thy holy house they
haue defylde, Hierusalem is raced. 1594 PLAT Jewell-house
i. 16 Hee had sentence giuen him to haue his house raced.
1637 RALEIGH Mahomet 50 Such Castles and strengths as
bee was jealous of were raced. 1679 G. R. tr. Boaystuatfs
Theatre World 11-2. Destroyed Cities, raced Fortresses.
t Race, v.4 Obs. See also RASE z>.2 [Aphetic
form of ARACE : cf. OF. racker, -ier for arrachier
ARRACHE.]
1. trans. To tear, snatch, pluck off, away, from,
out, dowtij up • to root out.
CI350 St. Agatha 148 in Horstm. AltengL Leg. (1881) 47
When hir pappes war raced hir fro. a 1400 Relig. Pieces
Jr. Thornton MS. iv. 219 pay . . racede of all >e skyne
bat tyde. c 1400 tr. Secreta Secret., Gov. Lordsh. 91 He
bat racys it vp by be rote, and etys be flour, c 1430 LYDG
Mm. Poems (Percy Soc.) 162 Lat every man doon his besy
cure, To race out pride, c 1470 HENRY Wallace x. 670
Sone to ground the baner doun he race [/a /] 1545
ASCHAM Toxoph. i. (Arb.) 89 As wild horses at a brunte
doth race and pluck in pieces many a stronge carte 1506
SPENSER F. Q. v. v. n Thinking at once both head juid
helmet to have raced.
2. intr. To tear, go in pieces, rare —\
a 1375 Lay Folks Mass Bk. App. iv. 137 So radii he gon
hit Rogge pat al be Rolle gon race
Race-building, -built : see RACE a.
Ra-ce-course. [f. RACE sb± + COURSE.]
1. a. A piece of ground laid out with a tract
horse-racing.
1764 in Fletcher S/. Leger (1902) 32 That the Corporation
raise the sum of ^50 to be run for upon Doncaster Race
Course. 1828 DARVILL Treat. Race-horse xi. 253 Race-
courses . . are sometimes made in the form of the figure 8
1833 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 7! XI. 624/1 The nature and form of
race-courses. 1863 Sat. Rev. 23 May 656 Those who knew
no more than had been seen on race-courses.
attrib. 1896 A. MORRISON Child of the Jago 114 A race-
course adventure involving bodily risk.
:rack for
RACEME.
b. The course for a boat-race.
1866 'ARGONAUT' Rmtringff Training 57 The usual length
of racecourses for eights, and all other descriptions of boats,
varies from i? to 2Jf miles.
2. Weaving. A shut tie -race.
1839 URE Diet. Arts 1285 The weaver.. sheds the warp.,
and opens a pathway* or race-course for the shuttle to
traverse the middle of the warp.
3. A water-way, mill-race.
1841 BREES Gloss. Civil Eng. 192 Race, or Race Course^
the cut or canal along which the water is conveyed to and
from a water-wheel.
4. Building. ? A string-course.
1883 MABGERISON Calverley Regisiers\\. 23 The old race-
course,., seen on the tower wall inside the church.
t Raced, ppl. a. Obs. rare, [f. RACE z>.3 i +
-ED*.] Scratched; cut, slashed.
1576 BAKER Jewell of Health 8 b, A wyer wreathed
rounde.. caused the Glasse..to cracke at the same raced
place. 1600 SURFLET Countrie Forme v. xxii. 722 Many
raced and checkered draughts, after the manner of small
squares. 1602 SHAKS. Ham. in. ii. 288 With two Prouinciall
Roses on my rac'd Shooes.
Ra'ce-day. [f. RACE sbl] The day on which
a race or set of races is held.
i6ao in Maitland Club Misc. I. 108 The horse.. salbe
obleist to be present . . befoir the said raice day. 1680 COTTON
Compl. Gamester xxxv. (ed. 2) 147 Saddle your Horse on the
Race-day in the stable. 1838 Civil Eng. $ Arch. Jrnl.
I. 263/2 The numbers of persons conveyed by this railway.,
during three of the race days. 1866 * ARGONAUT' Rowing
$ Training 51 He cannot look after his boat too much or
too carefully, especially on a race-day.
Ra-ce-liorse. [f. RACE j£.i + HORSE.]
1. A horse bred or kept for racing.
a 1626 MIDDLETON Worn, beware Worn. HI. ii, I will allow
you.. Your race-horses. 1657 R- L'CON Barbadoes (1673)
105 Another pleasure, the better sort of the people of
England take delight in, . . is Race-Horses. 1754 Ess.
Manning Fleet 4-2 A Race Horse is. .generally computed to
stand hjs Owner in ioo/. a Year. 1707 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3)
XV. 774/2 Race-horses have been for some time an object of
taxation. 1859 DARWIN Orig. Spec. i. 26 English racehorses
have come to surpass in fleetness and si7e the parent Arabs.
1878 SMILES Robt. Dick. v. 41 With the speed of a race-
horse.
attrib. 1870 Regul. Rlwy. Clearing-house § 298 The
charges for Race Horses conveyed in Race Horse Vans.
b. //. A gambling game in which small models
of horses are used.
1853 LD. MALMESBURY Mem. (1884) I. 414 We played at
race-horses after dinner.
2. A logger-head or steamer duck.
1773 HAWKESWORTH Voy. I. 406 Other Indians, .brought
with them some of the birds called Race-horses. 1777 ^»*
FORSTER Voy. round World II. 520 Five large ducks of the
short-winged sort, which our sailors called race-horses. 1845
DARWIN y&y. Nat. ix. (1873) 200 These ducks were called,
from their extraordinary manner of paddling or splashing
upon the water, race-horses.
Hence Ra*ce-horsing vbl. sbt and///, a.
1745 H. WALPOLE Lett. (1846) II. 60 A silly race-horsing
boy. 1894 Weshn. Gaz. 7 June 2/3 Preferring supreme
race-horsing to the supreme political office which he holds.
Race-knife, [f. RACE v.x] A cutting tool
with a bent Up used for marking on timber, etc. ;
a race-tool. 1875 in KNIGHT Diet. Wech.
Raceniate (rse-s/mA). Chem. [f. RACEM-IC +
-ATE 4 J A salt of racemic acid. Hence Ra'ce-
mated a., containing a proportion of racemic acid.
1838 T. THOMSON Chem. Org. Bodies 68 Some of the
principal tartrates and racemates. Ibid. 74 Racemated
suboxide of mercury. 1857 W. A. MILLER Elem. Chem. III.
333 The racemate of lime is soluble in hydrochloric acid.
1868 WATTS Diet. Chem. V. 37 Alkaline racemates form a
green precipitate with cupric salts.
t Racema'tion. Obs. [ad. late L. racema-
tion-em (Tertull.), f. racemus RACEME.]
1. The gleaning or gathering of grapes.
1623 in COCKEKAM. 1656 in BLOUNT [citing Hist. K. Chas.
= quot. 1654 in 2bJ. 1685 ^VKKW Life Bp. Bedell 220 Some
curious Instruments out of Italy for Racemation, Engraft-
ing, and Inoculating.
2. concr. a. A small number or quantity still
remaining, as grapes to be gleaned ; also, what is
gleaned, gleanings.
1650 FULLER Pisgah i. ix. 31 He suffered a small racema-
tion to remain, still preserving .. the solemn Jury of the
twelve Tribes. 1655 — Hist. Camb. 5 Yet a racemation at
least of Scholars, .remained in Cambridge. 1660 GAUDEN
Brownrig ^ His racemation, or after-gatherings [would be]
beyond their proudest Vintages.
b. A collection or cluster (of things or persons).
a 1641 BP. MOUNTAGU Acts fy Man. (1642) 389 Meere
Racemations, or Collections from the Writings of elder
Fathers then himselfe. 1646 SIR T. BROWNE Pseud. Ep.
m. xxviii. (1686) 147 The whole racemation or cluster of
Eggs. 1654 H. L'EsTRANGE Chas. I (1655) 115 Such a
racemation and cluster of abominations, as were never heard
of before.
Raceme (rasrm). Bot. [ad. L. racem-us a
cluster of grapes : cf. F. racdmej] A simple in-
florescence in which the flowers are arranged on
short, nearly equal, lateral pedicels, at equal dis-
tances on an elongated axis.
Compound raceme, one having the lower pedicels deve-
loped into secondary racemes.
1785 MARTYN tr. Rousseau^s Botany xxiii. (1794) 321 The
flowers also grow in a raceme. 1835 KIRBY Hah. fy fust.
AnitJi. I. App. 352 Each germ looks like what botanists call
a raceme of bell-shaped flowers. 1857 HENFREY Bot. § 127
BACEMED.
The raceme differs only from the spike in having the flowers
distinctly fttaHted. 1880 C. U. MAKKHAM /Vr/r,--. Hark 293
The Ut-ri't-ris .\[alioniit, with its.. long slender racemes of
yellow flowers.
Hence Bace inert a., disposed in racemes.
1830 LINDLEY Nat. Syst, Hot. 292 Flowers, .arranged in
a spiked, racemed, or panicled manner. 1870 HOOKER .Y/W.
Flora 225 Flowers racemed drooping. . Hare-bell.
Racemic (ifise-mik, rasrmik\ a. Chem. [f.
prec. + -1C: see quot. 1838.] Dei ived from grapes
or grape-juice.
Rattunic acid, an acid existing in certain tartars, isomeric
with tartaric acid, but differing from it in several respects,
esp. in its optical properties. (Discovered by Kestner in
1822, and also called paratartaric acid.) Racemic cam-
phor, a product of theoxidation of borneol. Racemicelhers,
the ;icid racemates of ethyl and methyl (Watts 18681.
1838 T. THOMSON Chem. Org. HoiUes 66 The term racemic
acid, given it by M. Gay-Lussac in 1828. 1857 W. A.
MILLER Klem. Chem. 1 1 1. 333 The ordinary sails of racemic
acid occur in symmetrical crystals. 1876 tr. Sc/iiitzenberger's
Ferment. 7 It might be thought that .. it resulted, like
racemic acid, from ihe union of two active but opposed
molecules. 1894 MORLEY & Mum IYatls' Diet. Chem. I.
672/2 The ' racemic ' camphor, bromo-camphor, and cam-
phoric acid were also prepared by mixture.
Racemiferous frees/ini-feres), a. rare. [f. L.
raccmifer cluster-beating (f. racem-us RACEME) +
-OU3 : see -FERGUS.] Bearing racemes or clusters.
1656 in BLOUNT Glcssogr. (Hence in Bailey, Johnson, etc.]
1813 J. FORBES Oriental Mem. 1 1 1. 76 A t» ig of the race-
miferous fig tree. 1819 H. BUSK Banquet \. 250 The vine
its racemiferous branches spread.
Race'iniforrn, a. [f. L. rac;»i-us + -(I)FORM.]
Having the form of a raceme (Cent. Diet. 1891).
Raceme- (ias<"mo), used as combining form of
L. racemtis RACEME in certain chemical terms, with
the sense of 'containing a proportion of racemic
acid', as racemo-carbonate, -methylate, -vinate;
racemo-carbonic, -oxalic, -vinic adjs.
1838 T. THOMSON Cheat. Org. Bodies 177 M. Guerin-Varry
discovered racemovinic acid. Ibid. 178 Racemovinate of
potash. I Mil. 184 Racemomethylate of potash. 1868 WATTS
Diet. Chem. V. 40 The ethylic racemo-carbonate may be
converted by heating with carbonate of potash. IHd.,
Racemocarbonic acid is tribasic.
Racemose (rce-sJhwus), «. [ad. L. racemos-iis
clustering, f. racim-its RACEME : see -OSE.]
1. Bot. a. Of flowers : Arranged in racemes, b.
Of an inflorescence or a vegetable growth gt nerally :
Having the form of a raceme.
1698 J. PETIVER in Phil. Trans. XX. 315 It has a race-
mose Flower. 180$ GALPINE Brit. Bot. 419 Stem cross-
branching, . . FL racemose. 1860 TYAS Wild Fl. 176 A
lengthened racemose spike of many closely crowded flowers.
1881 VINES Sachs' Bot. 179 A racemose system occurs when
the monopodial mother-shoot continues to develope more
strongly than all the lateral shoots, and when the lateral
shoots of each successive order behave in the same manner
in respect to their mother-shoot.
2. Anat. Having the form of, arranged as, a cluster
(esp. as an epithet of compound glands).
1835-6 TODD Cycl. Anat. I. 559/1 The ovisacs are racemose
or connected in bunches. 1841-71 T. R. JONES Anim.
Kingd. (ed. 4) 785 The viscus assumes a distinctly racemose
appearance. 1860 SIR H. THOMSON Dis. of Prostate (1868)
34 They are not crowded upon it so as to form a compact
mass, as in other racemose glands.
Hence Ba cemosely adv., in a racemose manner.
1840 PAXTON Bot. Diet., Racemosely-cttrytnbose
Racemous (ise-s/mas), a. Bot. rare. [f. as
prec. : see -ous.] = prec. I. Hence Ba-cemously
adv., in the manner of a raceme.
1657 TOMLINSON Renmi's Disp. 279 Their fruits small,
round, and racemously coherent. 1806 J. GALPINE Brit.
Bot. 181 Beroeris, Fl. racemous.
Racemnle (rte-s/mi?/!). Bot. [ad. L. type
"racfinul-us, dim. of racSm-us : see RACEME and
-ULE.] A small raceme ^Oyilvie 1882).
Race mulose, a. Bot. [See prec. and -OSE.]
Resembling a racemule ; somewhat racemose.
1864 WLBSTER cites HENSLOW.
Racer l (r^-saj). [f. RACE v.1 + -ER l.]
1. One who races or takes part in a race.
1649 LOVELACE Poems 30 Flye on, flye on swift Racer
1717 BERKELEY Tour in Italy 22 Jan. Wks. 1871 IV 533
Iwo towers where the racers used to prepare themselves.
1743 BULKELUY & CUMMINS Voy. S. Seas 150 They rode
backwards and forwards like Racers. 1818 KEATS Endym
i '- ' - 23 c=>ve 'e racers of the
world their own, 1 heir feather, and their froth.
2. A race-horse.
1670 EVELYN Diary 22 July, The jockeys breathing their
fine barbs and racers. 1719 D'URFEY /'//A- IV. 13 On Pads
Hawkers, Hunters, on Higlers and Racers. 1768 R. WAI l!
(title) A Dissertation on breeding Horses,.. an attempt to
promote thereby the Breed of Racers and Horses in general.
1833 MARRVAT P. S,,,,pl, (.863) 2,1 As much difference . as
there is between a racer and a cart-horse. 1887 Miss
BRADDON L,ke * Unlike i, He hasn't a racer's head.
p. Any animal having great speed, or fit for
racing; spec, as the name of several species of
American snakes (Webster 18641, of a sand-crab,
and of some varieties of American lake-trout.
1699 DORSET To Mr. E. Hm'ar.i 22 All the swift.finn'd
Racers of the Hood. 1711 SIIAFTESB. Charac -(1737) II. 303
1 is thus the aerial racers are able to perform so rapid and
VOL. VIII.
89
strong a motion. 1864-5 WOOD ironies without llantls
9o_Another Land Crab, which., is popularly called the Racer,
. . is a native of Ceylon. 1884 GoonE Nat. Hist. Us?/.
Aquatic Anim. 488 Two varieties [of lake-trout] are also
recognized, one.. known as 'Reef Trout', or when very
large are called ' Racers '. 1898 Wtstiii, Gaz. 25 Oct. 5/1 The
'carritr' pigeon has become a show bird; so have the
' Antwerp ', which succeeded it r.s a racer, and the ' homer '.
3. Anything used for racing, as a bicycle, yacht,
etc. ; anything capable of great speed.
1793 COWPER A Tale 30 A ship !. .This racer of the sea.
1885 Cyclist 19 Aug. 1107/1 Bicycles. .. Rudge racer, only
ridden in ten races. 1895 Westm. Gaz. 15 Aug. 3/2 No
train . . is timed to do the journey quicker than the above
racers.
b. Mech. A part of a machine having an un-
usually rapid motion.
1875 KNIGHT Diet. Mech. 355/2 When the braid is to be
laid up flat,, .each racer, as the spindle holders are called,
makes a single course. 1881 Standard 23 Aug. 2/4 The
' racer ', which is a half circle, and attached to the machinery,
came down with terrific force.
4. Gunnery. A rail, forming a horizontal arc, on
which the carriage or traversing- platform of a gun
is moved.
1861 Times 30 May, The carriages work on raised racers—
that is, semi-circular lines of metal raised about it inch
above the terre-pleine. 1879 Man. Artill. Exerc. 255 The
racer is secured to the bedding-plate by steel bolts. 1883
NARES Constr. lroncla<l 9 If a broadside ship, racers and
gun ports are fitted.
Racer- (r^-sai). rare. [f. RACE z».:>]
fL A scalpel, RAZOR. Obs. rare— °.
1570 LEVINS Manip. 72 A racer, scalprunt.
2. Hort. (See quot.)
1819 REES Cj/cl. XXIX, Racer, in Gardening, a name
applied to a sort of sward-cutter, or cutting implement, used
in racing out or culling through the surface of grass sward
Bace-tool. [f. RACERS] = RACE-KNIFE.
1867 [see RACE v.3 i].
Raceway (re'-s,w^). U.S. [f. RACE^.I]
1. A passage or channel for water; the bed of
a canal, etc. Cf. RACE sl>l 8 c.
1868 Rep. U. S. Commissioners Agric. (1869) 335 The sand
and gravel which covers the bottom of the raceway 1877
RAYMOND Statist. Mines $ Mining 292 From No. i the
water is carried through a race-way into tank No. 2.
trans/. 1873 LOWELL Poems, Orient Afol. xvii, A mere
Auricular canal or raceway to be fed .. From their vast heads
of milk-and-water-power.
2. A course or passage for a shuttle.
1875 KNIGHT Diet. Mech. 1355/2 s.v. Loom, A roller im-
parting a vibratory motion to the lay, in which is a raceway
for the shuttle.
Rache, ratch (roetp, jvM Obs. exc. arch.
Forms : 3-6 raoch-, (5 racheh-), 4-5 rach, 4-7, 9
raohe ; 5-6 ratch-, 7-8 ratch. [OE. raecc, related
to ON. rakki dog.] A hunting-dog which pursues
its prey by scent.
After c 1530 only in Sc. use : cf. quot. 1576.
c looo Ags. Voc. in Wr.-Wiilcker 276/4 Molosus, robhund.
Unfer, grijhund. Brncciis, race. c laoo ORMIN 13505
Rihht alls an hunnte takebb der Wibb hise jajpe racchess.
c i»7S Serving Christ 71 in O. E. Misc. 92 pe ronke racches
with houndys. c 1440 Promp. Pam. 422/1 Ratche, hownde,
odorixsecus. 1516 SKELTON Magnyf. 552 Here is a leysshe
of ratches to renne a hare, c 1570 Satir. Poems Reform.
xviii. 23 Throw out this Realme lyke Ratches se je range.
1576 FLEMING tr. Cams' Enr. Doggcs (1880) 7 Albeit some
of this sort in English be called Brache, in Scottishe Rache,
the cause hereof restcth in the shee sex and not in the
fenerall kinde. [i6oa ind ft. Return fr. Parnass. n. v.
73 Small Ladies puppies, ruches, and Bastards.] a 1733
RAMSAY Highland Lassie iv, With cockit gtm and ratches
tenty, To drive the deer out of their den. 1810 SCOTT
Detnonol. iv. 131 Three raches, or hounds of scent, followed
her closely. 1875 J. VEITCH Tweed 56 By her side seven
raches running free.
'''""{^ '597 J- MELVILL Diary (1842) 428 Craftie men..
Wha houndit furthe these ratches under night.
£<>'"*• >73» MACFARLANE Geneat. Coll. (igco) 306 Three
Wolves Heads erased supported by two Ratch hounds.
Hence t Ratchet (? after bracket from BBACH).
iS«3 BF.CON Acts Christ $ Antichr. Wks. III. 400 Anti-
christ hunteth the wilde dere..with houndes and ratchettes
ronnmg.
Rache, ratch >'tj, rsetf), sb? Obs. exc. dial.
Forms : 6 ratche, 6-8 raohe, 8 raich, 7, 9 rach,
9 dial, raitoh, ratoh. See also REACH. [Of
obscure etym. ; cf. RACE ^.5 and RAKE s6.?] A
(white) line or streak down a horse's face.
15*3 FITZHERB. Husk. (1598) § 68 Of markes . . a white
snyp, or a white rache is good. Ibid., A l.lacke Horse, so
he haue white feet, white ratche, and white feather. 1558
Wills f, Inv. ,V. C. (Surtees 1835) '73 My Hacke geldinge
hailing a white Rache in his faehead. 1610 IV[ARKHAM
Masterp. i. x. 27 A blacke with white starre, white rache or
white foote. 1689 N. Riding Rcc. VI I. 99 One bay guelding
with.. a white rache down his face. 1715 Land. Gaz. No.
6403/3 A black Filly, .. with a Raich down her face. i8n
Sporting Mag. XXXVII. 135 He is a good chesnnt, no
a white line down a horse's face.
fBache, v.* Obs. rare. [Of obscure origin.]
intr. and rejl. ? To hasten, make ready in haste.
a 1400-50 Afejfatufff 1239 Meliager with tiys men. .rachen
with bair route & ryden bolt a wivle. //vV/. 2031 Alexander
. . Rachez hym radly to ride.
BACHIS.
tBache, z-,2 0fc.-« [a. OF. racher, aphetic
f. arrac/ter ARBACHE.] trans. To pnll off
c 1400 Land Troy Bk. 5689 His hed was bare, his helme
was rached.
Bache, obs. f. REACH v. Bacheat, obs f
KECHEAT. Bachen, var. rechen RECHE. Bachet
var. RATCHET ; obs. f. ROCHET. Bachetic irree'
var. RACHITIC. Bachill, obs. f. RATCHEL.
Rachi- (r^i-k-i), rachio- (rf'-kio'i, comb, forms
of RACHIS, used in some (chiefly recent) terms of
Anat. and Path, relating to the spine or vertebral
column. (Also occasionally written with rh- : see
RACHIS.) Eachia-gra (see RACHISAGBA). Ba-
chia Ig-ia [Gr. -aAyra pain], pnin in or due to the
spine; painter's colic; hence Bachia-lgic a.
Eachialgi-tis [see -ITIS], inflammation of the
spinal chord, myelitis (Dunglison 1893). Rachi-
glo'ssate a. [Gr. y\Siaaa tongue], of certain
mollusca : having a median row of teeth on the
odontpphore (Cent. Diet. 1891). Ba'chlodont a.
[Gr. oSovr- tooth], of a genus of serpents (Kachio-
don) : having vertebral processes which penetrate
the gullet and serve as teeth (Casselfs Encycl.
Diet. 1887). Ba chi, o paralysis, paralysis of
the spine (Craig 1 848). Ba'chlotome [Gr. -T<!/ios
cutting], a dissecting instrument for cutting open
the spinal canal (Knight Diet. Mech. 1875).
Rachio tomy [Gr. -rofiia cutting], the operation
of cutting into the spinal canal (Dunglison 1893).
Ba-chitome = rachioiome (Ogilvie 1 883). Ba-
chi tornotis a., (a) of vertebrae : segmented, as
in batrachians and other low vertebrate types ;
(*) having segmented vertebrae.
<-J87 Sl??5 Mt£ Dict-> 'Kachialgia. 1812-34 Gorfs
Stud. Med. (ed. 4) II. 472 This disease was. .a modification
of rhachialgia. Ikid. I. 172 Without any "rhachialgic
pains. 1887 E. D. COPE Orig. Fittest 317 The reptiles,
in their primary representative order, . .have been probably
derived from the »rhachitomous Batrachia.
Rachial (r?-kial\ a. [f. RACHI-S + -AL.] Cha-
racterized by a rachis.
1848 MACDONALD in Proc. Zool. Sac. 140 The Rachidian
development . . is the longest, and forms the Rachial type.
Rachidian (raki-dian), a. Also rha-. [f.
r(h)arhid-, assumed stem of Gr. fAxls RACHI8 +
-IAN. Cf. F. rachidien] Of or pertaining to a
rachis, chiefly in sense 3 b. So also Bachl-dlal a.
1848 [see RACHIAL]. 1851 WOODWARD Mollusca iv. 27 The
rai hidi.in teeth sometimes form a single series. 1866 R.
TATE Brit. Mollusles iii. 51 Each transverse row consists of
one median or rachidian tooth. 1880 MACDONALD in Jrnl.
Linn. Soc. XV. 167 If the rhachidian series is suppressed.
Rachiform (r?-kif<am), a. Bot. [f. RACHI-
+ FOBM.] Having the form of a rachis (i a\
1866 J. SMITH Ferns Brit. $ for. (1879) =74 Fertile seg.
ments rachiform, compound paniculate.
II Rachilla (raki-la). Bot. [mod.L. dim. of
RACHIS.] (See quot. 1842.)
1841 BRANDE Diet., Rachilla, a branch of inflorescence ;
the zigzag centre upon which the florets are arranged in the
spikelets of grasses. 1881 BF.NTHAM in Jrtil. Linn. Soc.
XVIII. 367 The rhachilla present, but not exceeding the
glume.
Rachis (r^-kis). Also rha-. PI. rachides
i-kidfz). [mod.L., a. Gr. flaxis spine, ridge,
rib (of a leaf), etc. The more precise spelling
rhachis is chiefly confined to sense 2. The pi.
rachides is erroneous, as the stem of fax'* is not
toX'S- but fax'--]
1. Bat. a. The axis of an inflorescence in which
flower-stalks occur at short intervals from each
other, as in grasses.
1785 MARTVN Roiissean's Bot. xiii. (1794) 146 The teeth of
the rachis or receptacle of the spike bearded. 1830 LINDLEY
Nat. Syst. Sot. 258 Terminal flowers sessile upon a 2- or
3-branched rachis. 1861 S. THOMSON Wild Fl. n. (ed. 4)132
The grass blossoms are arranged upon a central stem or
rachis. 1875 BENNETT & DVER tr. Sachs' But. 544 The
ebracteate flowers stand on the rachis of the inflorescence.
b. The axis of a pinnately compound leaf or
frond, corresponding to the midrib of a simple
lei.f.
1831 LINDLEY fntrod. Boi. I. ii. 107 The term rachis is
applied by Willdenow and others . . to tl e petiole and costa
of Ferns. 1861 Miss PRATT Floiver. /'/. VI. 139 The stalk
[of fern] is often called the rachis, but strictly speaking,
it is composed of two parts. That part which bears the
green leaf is the rachis. i8?o C. & F. DARWIN Movent. PI,
36 The rachis of the bracken fern . . rises above ground under
the form of an arch.
2. Anat. The vertebral column, or the primitive
cord from which it develops.
1842 BRANDS Diet., Rat-his, a term applied by Illiger and
other zoologists to the vertebral column of mammals and
birds. 1878 BELL Gegenl'aur*s Coiirp. Anat. 428 The sepa-
ration of the rachis into sknt! and vertebral column is not
completely effected in Amphioxus,
b. The median part of the odontophore of a
mallusc, resembling a series of vertebra.
1851 WOODWARD Mollnsca iv. 27 The tongi-e, or lingual
ribbon, usually forms a triple band, of which the central prut
is called the rnchis. i8'.6 TATE Rrit. Molhisks iii. 50 The
central nrca_ is called ihe rachis, and the teeth form usually
a single series.
12
RACHISAGBA.
C. A cord of protoplasmic matter in the ovary
of nematoid worms, round which ova are developed.
1877 HUXLEY Anat. fnv. Anitti. xi. 640 An axile cord
of protoplasmic substance — the rhachis — and peripheral
masses, each, .connected by a stalk with the rhachis.
3. Ornith. The stem or shaft of a feather,
especially the part bearing the vexillnm, as dis-
tinguished from the quill.
1874 CODES Birds N. W. 607 The central pair, .form an
angle of 45° with the rachis. Ibid. 616 Rhachides of the
first two or three primaries pure white. 1893 NEWTON Diet.
Birds 245 In Casuarius each primitive feather consists of a
long and slender rhachis bearing two series of rami.
Rachisa-gra. Path. [Irreg. f. Gr.^axis RACHIS,
after xupiffa, woSaypa PODAGRA. Some recent
medical diets, also give raehidagra and (correctly)
rachiagra] Pain in the spine ; spinal gout.
1753 in CHAMBERS Cycl. Supp.
Rachitic (raki'tik), a. Also rh-, and (irreg.)
-etic. [f. RACHIT-IS + -1C. Cf. F. rachitique!\
a. Affected with rickets, rickety, b. Connected
with, pertaining to, rickets.
175.7 NICHOLSON Jrnl. Nat. Phil. I. 175 The nature of
rachitic acid. Ibid. In general the bile is wanting in rachitic
infants. 18x1-34 Gooas Stud. Med. (ed. 4) II. 486 A con-
stitution naturally feeble and rachetic. 1855 Household ll'ifs.
25 Aug. 89 Unfortunate little objects . . with rachitic limbs.
1876 BRISTOWE Tit. f, Pract. Med. (1878) 910 The shape of
the chest in rachitic children becomes remarkably modified.
transf. 1864 R. F. BURTON Dahome I. 25 The youngest.
and the most rachitic of Great Britain's large.. family of
colonies.
II Rachitis (rakai-tis). [mod.L., a. Gr. fax'™
(f. fax's KHACHIS + -ms -ITIS), properly meaning
' inflammation of the spine ', but adopted by
Gleeson, 1650, in his work De Kachitide as a
learned form of rickets.] 1. = RICKETS.
1717-41 in CHAMBERS Cycl. 1799 UNDERWOOD Treat. Dit.
Childr. (ed. 4) I. 339 It was named Rachitis, from the
Greek, implying that the spina dorsi is particularly affected
by it. 1830 R. KNOX Biclard's Anat. 241 The vertebral
column presents this softening in a very marked degree in
cases of rachitis. 1847-9 TODD Cycl. Anat. IV. 712/2 In
rachitis, the bones may be bent in any direction. 1876 tr.
Wagner*s Gen. Pathol. (ed. 6) 14 Phthisis and rachitis,
which usually last for years.
2. Sot. ' An abortion of the fruit or seed'.
1864 WEBSTER cites HENSLOW.
Racht, obs. Sc. pa. t. of REACH, RECK.
Rachter, obs. Sc. form of RAFTER ji.i
Racial O'-Jial, -Jail, a. [f. RACE sb? + -IAL.]
Belonging to, or characteristic of, race.
i86a R. H. PATTERSON Ea. Hist, t, Art 448 These racial
diversities are reflected in the character of the religion.
1883 S. WELLS WILLIAMS Mid. Kingd. (ed. 2) I. iv. 199 The
racial distinction between the Mongols and Manchus. 1885
CLODD Myths i, Dr. i. viii. 131 The light which this has
thrown upon the racial connection of peoples.
Hence Ba'cially adv., in respect of race.
1885 CLODD Myths Sf Dr. i. viii. 133 [They] were. .prob-
ably racially connected with the complex group of peoples
embracing the Tatar-Mongolians.
Racily (re'-sili), adv. [f. RACY a. + -LY*.]
In a racy manner or style.
1843 J- T- COLERIDGE in Stanley Arnold I. i. 17 His
language was quaintly and racily pointed with phrases from
[Aristotle]. 1899 Westm. Gat . 15 Apr. 3/1 We have . .
quoted largely from Major Y.'s racily-written pages.
t Raci-ne. Obs. rare-1, [a. F. racine :-pop.L.
*radicma dim. of radix: see RADIX.] A root.
£1400 Rom. Rose 4881 Of ech synne it is the rote Unle-
fulle lust . . And of alle yvelle the racyne.
Raciness (re'-sines). [f. RACY a. + -NESS.]
The fact or condition of being racy :
a. Of wine, fruit, etc.
i&8« Art It Myst. Vintners (1703)51 Nutmegs and Cloves
. .give a kind of Raciness. 1813 LAMB Lett., to B. Barton
Tim. 122 My jargonels..were of exquisite raciness. 1819
DE QUINCEY in ' H. A. Page ' Life (1877) I. xii. 265 New
potatoes of celestial earthiness and raciness.
b. Of speech, writing, manner, etc.
1778 JOHNSON L. P., Milton 1. 247 His images and descrip-
tions..do not seem.. to have the freshness, raciness, and
energy of immediate observation. 1798 W. TAYLOR in
Monthly Rev. XXVI. 545-6 That raciness, that taste of the
soil, which can alone endear any laws to a free people. 1834
DE QUINCEY in Tail's Mag. I. 200/2 An apparent strength
of character., and a raciness of manner. 1884 W. J. COURT-
HOPE Addison ix. 188 Using the language with a raciness
and rhythm probably unequalled in our literature.
Racing (r?-sirj), -vbl. rf.l [f. RACE rf.l or ».i
+ -ING1.]
1. The action of RACE z>i.l in its various senses.
1680 COTTON Ctmfl. Gamester (ed. 2) xxxv. Of Racing.
1753 CHAMBERS Cycl. Supp., Racing, the riding heats for
a plate or other premium. 1808 SCOTT Mann. v. xii, There
was racing and chasing on Cannobie Lee. 1832 LIEDER
Encycl. Amer. X. 474/1 Subsequent sovereigns have also
encouraged racing. 1856 EMERSON Eng. Trailsl Aristo-
cracy Wks. (Bohn) 11.86 Yet gaming, racing, drinking,.,
bring them down.
2. attrib. and Comb., as racing-boat, club, colt,
eight, establishment, -gig, -glass, jacket, man, out-
rigger, pace, -path, place, saddle, season, stable,
stud, -whip, world, yacht; racing-like, -tyred
adjs. ; tracing-bell, a small spherical bell for-
merly given as a prize in a horse-race (see BELL
sb.l 7) ; Racing Calendar, a yearly publication
90
giving particulars of horse-races run or to be ran ;
tracing-loser, one who loses in or by horse-
racing; racing-tail, the tail of natural length
worn by race-horses ; hence racing tailed a.
1850 KINGSLEY Alton Locke xii, I stood. . gazing across the
river, heed less of the "racing-boats. 1861 HUGHES 'J 'omBrovm
at Oxf. I. 68 The flooring, lines, and keel of a racing boat.
1709- (title) The "Racing Calendar. 1838 DE QUINCEY Wks.
1863 XV. 114 He would suppose himself reading the 'Racing
Calendar '. 1840 WHYTE Hist. Tur/ I. 191 Members of a
DARVILL Treat. Race horse 6 The home stables of a large
i large
-. Feb.
f 'asses. 1833 New Sporting Mag. V. 398 The "racing
cket, witn fancy buttons and velvet collar. Ibid. 132
he *racing-like style in which he did his work. 1852 R. S.
SURTEES Sponge's Sp. Tour (1893) 290 Sound, springy,
racing-like turf. 1680 COTTON Cotnpleat Gamester (ed. a)
xxxv. 148 The woful experience of too many 'Racing-
losers. 1838 DARVILL Treat. Race horse 218 'Racing men
endeavour . . to keep the secrets of their stables. 1866 * ARGO-
NAUT ' Rowing <$• Training 56 A regular *racing outrigger
may be substituted for the tub. 1828 DARVILL Treat. Race
horse 172 To come a long length at a 'racing pace. 1884
Longm. Mag, Mar. 484 The Teats accomplished .. on the
*racmg-path. *74l~3 POCOCKE Descr. East I. 10 The
'racing place, call d the Hippodromus. 18*8 DARVILL Treat.
Race horse 22 Racks and pegs for the 'racing saddles. 1840
WHYTE Hist. Turf II. 600 The conclusion of the "racing
season. 18*8 DARVILL Treat. Race horse p. v, Any one who
has not been brought up in 'racing stables. 1840 WHYTE
Hist. Turf I. 36 Oliver Cromwell .. kept a "racing stud.
1863 OUIDA Held in Bondage (1870) 51 She will cost, .more
than a racing stud. 1843 THACKERAY Jtromc faturot 361
A great floundering "racing-tailed horse. 1891 Pall Mali G.
of the year [ 1 838] in the "racing world, was the Epsom Races.
1885 Royal River xii. 338 The "racing yachts are clearing
for action.
t Ba-cing, vbl. st.2 Obs. [f. RACED."] The
action of scratching, cutting, or scraping out.
1576 BAKER Gesner's Jewell of Health 8 b, A waxed tbreede
was fastened about that place . . for the strayghter and evener
racing of the Glasse. 1591 WEST ist Ft. Symkolxogr. § 56
Cijb, Ingrossed in paper or parchment, without blotting,
racing, interlyning. 1633 HART Dirt of Diseased \n. IX. 264
By meanes of scarification or racing of the skinne.
attrit. 1794 Rigging <J- Seamanship I. 8 Racing-knife,
a small tool to race with. 18x9 [see RACE */>.;t].
Racing (r?-sirj), ppl. a. [f. RACE v.1 + -ING 2.]
That races, in various senses of the vb.
1720 POPE Iliad xxm. 342 The Prizes .. decreed To the
brave Rulers of the racing Steed. 1811 W. R. SPENCER
Poems 23 How swift from left and right, The racing fields
and hills recede. 18760. MEREDITH Beauck. Career xxxii,
Levelling his telescope to sight the racing cutters.
Br.ck (roek), si.1 Forms: 4 rac, 4-5 rakke,
4-6 rak. (5 rake), 6-7 racke, 5- rack. [Chiefly
a northern word, and perh. of Scandinavian origin ;
cf. Norw. and Sw. dial, rak (Sw. vrak, Da. vrag)
wreck, wreckage, refuse, rubbish, etc., f. reka to
drive, REKE.
The only form recorded in ON. is rek wreckage, but the
forms cited above seem to indicate an ON. *rak, parallel to
OE. write from torecan WREAK. The history of the word is
not quite clear, however, and some of the senses may have
a different origin.]
1 1. A rush, shock, collision, ? hard blow or push.
Also, a noise as of a shock ; a crash. Obs.
a 1300 Body $ Soul in Map's Potms (Camden) 335 Thou?
me lete have rap and rac. c 1330 Arth. /f Mert. 3476 (K51-
bing) Vlfines launce tobrac. Jte |>re come po gret rac. c 1400
Melayne 1249 Thay ruysschede Samen with swilke a rake
That many a Sara-,ene laye on his bake, c 1470 Go/. * Gam.
918 The bernys bo wit abak, Sa woundir rude wes the rak.
1508 DUNBAR Gold. Targe 240 Thay fyrit gunnis . . The
rochis all resownyt wyth the rak. 103 DOUGLAS SEncis
xi. xn. 41 Thai meyt in melle with a felloun rak.
1 2. A rush of wind ; a gale, storm. Obs. rare.
f 1400 Destr. Troy 1984 There a tempest horn toke..Arak
and a royde wynde rose in hor saile. 1513 DOUGLAS sEneis
x. v. 127 Thai fle the weddris blast and rak of wj-nd.
3. Clouds, or a mass of cloud, driven before the
wind in the upper air. (The main use.)
13.. E.E.A Hit. P. C. 176 What may gome trawe, Bot he
)>at rules pe rak may rwe on pose ober 1 c 1440 York Myst.
xvi. 7 The rakke of be rede skye fulle rappely I ridde.
c 1450 LONELICH Grail xxxv. 386 The Schipe wente . . Swiftere
than be Rakke In be Eyr. 1590 GREENE Never too late
(1600) 34 The welkin had no racke that seemed to glide.
i6a6 BACON Sytva § 115 The Windes in the Vpper Region
(which moue the Clouds aboue which we call the Racke).
1697 DRYDEN Virg. Georg. i. 435 With such a force the
flying rack is driv'n. 1789 E. DARWIN Bot. Card. n. (1791)
53 Now a speck is seen 1 And now the fleeting rack ob-
trudes between ! 1808 SCOTT Maria, iv. Introd., Along the
sky, Mixd with the rack, the snow mists fly. 1840
THACKERAY G. Cruikstiank (1869) 317 A great heavy rack
of clouds goes sweeping over the bridge. 1886 HALL CAINE
Son of Hagar i. vm. 150 The stars struggled one by one
through a rack of flying cloud.
fig. 1641 Curates' Confer, in Hart. Jlf;sc. I. .„„ J am
almost at the same ebb : but let us hope better : things will
not always ride in this rack.
Comb. 1618 S. WARD Jethro's Justice (1627) 57 It is the
ground wind, not the rack-winde, that driues mils and
ships. 1620 T. SCOTT God e, King (1633) 16 It is for me to
observe the ground-winde, not the rack-winde.
f b. Driving mist or fog. Obs.
RACK.
13. . Gaiv. <$• Gr. Knt. 1695 In rede rudede vpon rak rises
be sunne. \q&-v> Siege Rouen 993 in Archaeologist XXII.
373 The clothis. . Kepte hem there from rayne and rack.
1513 DOUGLAS /Eneis yii. ProL 131 Wyth cloudy gum and
rak ourquhelmyt the air. 1606 SHAKS. Ant. <y Cl. iv. xiv. 10
That which is now a Horse, euen with a thoght the Racke
dislimes, and makes it indistinct.
Jig. 1610 SHAKS. Tfrnp. iv. i. 156 The great Globe it selfe
..shall dissolue, And..Leaue not a racke behinde. [1874
PUSEY Lenten Strrn. 100 The most plausible will not leave
a rack behind.]
4. A (narrow) path or track. (Cf. RAKE sb,$]
Now only dial.
The identity of the south-western word (cf. also b) with the
northern is somewhat doubtful. With some of the senses
cf. also Du. rak a stretch (of road, river, etc.).
1879- Jn dial, glossaries (Shropsh., Glouc., Wilts, etc).
b. The track made by an animal ; esp. that of
a deer, as marked by gaps in hedges, etc.
161 1 COTGR., Lespasstes d"un Cerf, H is racke, or passages ;
the places which he has gone through, or by. 1817}. MAYER
Sportsm. Direct. 23 Rabbits are taken in various ways.. .If
they He in hedge-rows, .plant one or two guns at the end
where the racks meet. 1862 C. P. COLLVNS Notes Chase
Wild Red Deer 79 Can he find the ' rack ' or place where
the deer broke the fence into the wood ?
c. Sc. A ford in a river, d. Sc. The course in
curling (Jam.), e. north. A reach of a river.
C. ?i6. . Kinmont Willie iv. in Child Ballads III. 472/1
They led him thro the Liddel-rack, And also thro the
Carlisle sands.
e. 1838 T. WILSON Keelntanjs Tribute (Northumbld.
Gloss.), The keelman's dues liv iv'ry rack. .knew Faddy.
f. K of k of (the] eye \ (see quots.). dial.
a 1796 PEGCE Derbicisms (E. D. S.) 117 To judge of the
value of a thing by ' the rack o' th' eye , by view or sight,
without weighing or measuring. 1860 Lonsdale Gloss.,
Rack of eye, to work by. To be guided by the eye in the
execution of work done. 1886-7 in Cheshire glossaries.
Rack (rask), sb2 Forms: 4-5 rekke, rakk(e,
5 rak, 5-7 racke, 6- rack ; also 5-6 rake.
[App. a. ML)u. rec, reck- (Du. rek, rekke} or MLG.
reJk, rekke, rik (LG. and G. reck, recke • hence Da.
rxkket Sw. rack, racke}, applied to various con-
trivances (as a horizontal bar or pole, a frame-
work, shelf, etc.) on which things are hung or
placed, a henroost, rail, etc., prob. f. recken to
reach, stretch ; see RACK v.% The usual vowel of
the Eng. word appears also in Du. rak, (I-)G.
rack, variants of rek, reck, but may have been
developed independently.]
fl. ?An iron bar or framework to which pri-
soners were secured. Obs.
The exact sense in the first quot. is doubtful.
c 1305 St. Cristofher 192 in E. E. P. (1862) 64 O womman
he let honge, Heuye rekkes bynde to hire fet. 1502 ARNOLDE
Chron. (1811) 92 Y* warde must haue a racke w* ij. longe
cheynes of yrne. 157* Nottingham Rec. IV. 145, viij. Ib. of
eyron to the town s rackes and mendyng. 1590 SPENSER
/". Q. n. iv. 14 Both his hands fast bound behind his backe,
And both his feet in fetters to an yron racke.
2. A bar (usu, in //.) or set of bars of iron or
wood (see quot. 1617) used to support a spit
or other cooking utensil. Ohs. exc. dial.
1390 Earl Derby's Exped. (Camden) 18 Pro ij paribus
rakkes pro caudrons pendendis. 1414 E. E, Wills (1882) 56
Too spytes, and a peyre rakkes of yryne, and to brandernes.
Ibid. 102 Also a rake of yren forto rost on his eyren.
1467 Mann. <$• Househ. Exft. (Roxb.) 390 In makenge of
rakkes of tre to roste one, xij d. 1564 Wills fy /nv. N. C.
(Surtees 1835) 223 Toynges, gibcrokes, rakincroke, and
rackes. 1617 MINSHEU, a Racke or Cobborne to lay the
broch in at the fire. . . A racke is properly that which is of
yron which hath a long ranke of barres in it, and a Cobborne
or Coteburne are the little ones of wood, a 1643 CART-
WRIGHT Lady Errantt\. i, Spits, Andirons, Racks and such
like Utensils. 1706 PHILLIPS, Rack, a Wooden Frame . . to
lay Spits on in a Kitchin. 1888 Sheffield Gloss., Rack, a
piece of iron to hang a spit on.
3. A frame made with upright bars of wood or
metal to hold fodder for horses and cattle, either
fixed in a stable, or movable so as to be placed
where desired in a field or farmyard ; a heck.
14 .. in Tvndale's Vis. (1843) 124 To se that lord in a racke
lye That hathe hevon under hys poste. 1443 Pol. Poems
(Rolls) II. 213 In a streiht rakke lay ther the kyng of pees.
1494 FABVAN Chron. v. Ixxxiii. 61 The Calfe. .forthwith etc
haye with the dame at the Racke. 1540-54 CROKE xiii. Ps.
(Percy Soc.) 9 Bynde fast theire iawes vp to the racke.
1607 MARKHAM Caval. HI. (1617) 21 You shall put into his
racke a.. bottle of hay. 1697 DRYDEN Virg. Georg, m. 606
Salt Herbage for the fodd'nng Rack provide. 1781 COWPER
Charity 173 He breaks the cord that held him at the rack.
1859 DICKENS T. Two Cities 11. ix, The horses in the stables
rattled at their racks. 1886 C. SCOTT Sheep-Farming 65
A rack nine feet long will accommodate twenty sheep. ..
Whenever the racks are taken out to the fields [etc.].
b. Coupled with manger.
1391 Earl Derby's Exped. (Camden) 205 Pro factura de
rakks et mangers in diuersis stabulis. c 1450 Bk. Cnrtasyc
610 in Babees Bk., Euery horse schalle so muche haue, At
racke and manger. ^1475 Partenay 913 Both rekke and
manger at their ease gan make. 1573 TUSSER Hmb. (1878)
35 A racks and a manger, good litter and haie. 1707 LD.
RABV in Hearne Collect. 14 Sept. (O. H. S.) II. 42 His
Horses stand . . wthout either Racks or Mangers. 1868
Regitl. % Ord. Army § 570 To prevent infection from
glanders. .the rack and manger are to be scoured.
fig~ '577 HARRISON England n. ii. (1877) '• 44 Cantur-
BACK.
hurie was said to be the higher racke, but Winchester, .to
be the better mangier.
c. Phr. At rack and manger : in the midst of
abundance or plenty, wanting for nothing, f Also
rarely without prep. (Cf. HECK s/>.1 3.)
c 1380 WVCLIF Wks. (1880) 435 It is yuel to kepe a wast
hors in a stable .. but it is worse to have a womman wij)-
yrme or wib-oute at racke & at manger. 1592 WARNER Aid.
Eng. vin. xli. (1612) 200 A Queane coriuall with a Queene?
Nay kept at Racke and Manger? 1593 Bacchus Bountie
in ffarl. Misc. (1809) II. 275 Plaine rack and manger, where
euery one dranke himself out of danger. 1679 MRS. BEHN
Ft'ign'd Curtizan in. i, Danger, . . once o'recome, I lie at
rack and manger. 1843 CARLYLE Past $ Pr, n. i, John
Lackland . . tearing out the bowels of St. Edmundsbury
Convent, .by living at rack and manger there.
d. Hence Rack and manger, want of proper
economy or management, waste and destruction.
(? Associated with rack and ruin.) Now dial.
1687 MIEGE Gt. Ft; Diet. 11. s.v., To leave all at Rack and
Manger, laisscr tout a Fabandon. 1731 FIELDING Grub St.
Op. m. ii, The moment my back is turned, everything goes
to rack and manger. 1785 GROSE Class. Diet. Vulgar
Tongue s. v. Rackrent . . To lye at rack and manger, to be in
great disorder. 1883 in Hamfsh. Gloss.
4. A framework (varying greatly in form as
used for various purposes) in or on which articles
are placed or suspended.
Freq. with defining word prefixed as bacon-, bottle^ case-,
chcesc-} galley-^ hat-^ plate-rack (see the first element).
1537 Bury Wills (Camden) 130 The tramely yn the chem-
ney, and the rackes on the soler. c 1590 GREENE Fr. Bacon
iii, When we haue. .set our cheese safely vppn the rackes.
1683 MOXON Meek. Exerc. ^Printing xix. F 7 Every Stick-full
[of fetters] is set up upon the Racks, ready for the Dresser to
Dress. 1694 MOTTEUX Rabelais v. xxvii. (1737) 120 Having
laid their Boots and Spurs on a Rack. 1841 DICKENS Amer.
Notes^ (1850) 2/1 A rack fixed to the low roof, and stuck full
of drinking glasses and cruet stands. 1869 £. A. PARKES
Pract. Hygiene (ed. 3) 323 A wooden rack round the centre
pillar receives the rifles. 1871 C. GIBBON Lack of Gold
xviii, The dishes on the rack above.
5. In various special or technical uses.
a. An openwork side for a cart or wagon. ? Obs. b. A
framework set in a river to obstruct the passage of fish.
C. Nattt. (see quots.) ; also — halyard-rack (HALYARD 2)
and = FIDDLE 33. d. An inclined frame or table on which
tin-ore is washed (cf. WRKCK). e. In organ-building =
pipe-rack, tf. Part of a moulding-machine (see quot.). Obs.
a. 1593 HOLLYBAND Diet. Fr. <$• Eng.t Bers de chariot^
the sides or racks of a wagon. 1687 MIEGE Gt. Fr. Diet.
n. S.V., The Racks of the Cart are broken.
b. 1735 Col. Rec. Pennsylv. IV. 24 That Racks are a much
greater Obstruction to Navigation than Wears.
C. 1769 FALCONER Diet, Marine (1776), Rack, , ,a frame of
timber, containing several sheaves, and usually fixed on the
opposite sides of a ship's bowsprit. 1794 Rigging $ Seaman-
ship I. 171 Rackt a short thin plank, with holes made
through it, containing a number of belaying-pins. Ibid1. 172
Rack, a. long shell, containing a number of sheaves^ formerly
fixed over the bowsprit to lead in the running rigging. 1841
DANA Seaman's Man. 119 Rack,, .a. fair-leader for running
rigging.
d. 1839 URE Diet. A rts 1244 The rough [tin ore] is washed
in buddies;, .the slimes.. upon a kind of twin tables, called
racks. 1893 Longm. Mag. Feb. 375 note, A mine-girl that
works at a ' rack ', and who separates the particles of tin
from tbe finely crushed ore.
f. 1678 MOXON Mech. Exerc. I. 104 To this Engine
belongs a thin flat peece of Hard wood, about an Inch and
a quarter broad .. called the Rack. It hath its under flat
cut into those fashioned waves.. your work shall have.
6. Mech. A bar, straight or slightly curved,
having teeth or indentations on the side or edge,
which gear into those of a wheel, pinion, or worm
(for the conversion of circular into rectilinear
motion or vice versa), or serve to hold something
in a desired (and easily alterable) position.
1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) IX. 19 The teeth of these four
wheels take alternately into the teeth of four racks. 1805
R. W. DICKSON Pract. Agric. I. 39 The friction-bar . . being
connected .. to the front [of the cart] by a closely notched
or toothed rack. 1830 LOUDON Cottage Arch. § 630 The
writ ing- board, or flap, might be made to rise with a rack
and horse. 1881 YOUNG Every man his own Mechanic 238
The inner jaw is immovable and to the bottom of it a steel
rack is fastened.
b. Coupled with pinion.
1814 BUCHANAN Millivork (1823) 85 The rack and pinion
should be made upon the principles of spur geers. 1858
LARDNER Hand-bk. Nat. Phil. 32 Sliding shutters, which
are raised and lowered by racks and pinions.
c. Hence rack -and- pinion used attrib., with
adjustment^ movement, etc.
1837 GORING & PRITCHARD Microgr. 217 Various ingenious
contrivances . . retaining the rack-and-pinion movement.
1892 Plwtogr. Ann. II. 283 Rack and pinion focussing.
Ibid. 285 Rack and pinion adjustment.
7. In lace-making ; (see quots.). Also attrib,
1831 MORLEY in Ure Cotton Manuf. (1861) II. 356 A rack
is a certain length of work counted perpendicularly, and
contains 240 meshes or holes. 1832 BABBAGE Econ. Manuf.
xxx. (ed. 3) 296 The introduction of the ' rack ', which counts
the number of holes in the length of the piece. 1839 URE
Diet. Arts 733 A 24 rack piece.. is now sold for js.
8. Abbrev. of RACK-DEAL.
1835 WHITE in far/. Rep. Timber Duties 206 The mer-
chants would not sell a cargo without taking some rack and
some seconds.. and generally the timber merchants had a
great many of what were called second rack.
9. attrib. and Comb., as rack-block Nattt. (see
quot. and cf. sense 5 c) ; rack-board, one of the
boards forming the pipe-rack of an organ (also
91
attrib.} ; rack-calipers, calipers fitted with a rack
and pinion (Knight Did. Mech. 1875) ; rack-car,
a railway-car having open-work sides (cf. sense 3);
rack-chain, a chain by which a horse is fastened
to the rack in a stall ; rack-compass, a pair of
compasses fitted with a rack (sense 6), so also
rack-easel ; rack-hook, a hooked lever which
catches into the rack in the striking mechanism
of a clock ; rack-hurdle, -hurry (see quots.) ;
t rack lever, a lever terminating in a rack for-
merly employed in the escapement of a clock;
rack-pillar, one of the small upright pieces of
wood supporting the rack-boards in an organ ;
rack pole, one of the bars or staves forming a
rack (sense 3); rack-rail, a cogged rail, into
which a cogged wheel on a locomotive works ;
rack railway, a railway having a rack-rail laid
between or beside the bearing-rails; rack-rod =
RACK-BAB ; rack saw, a saw with wide-set teeth
(Simmonds Diet. Trade 1858) ; rack-side, one of
the horizontal bars of a rack (sense 3) ; rack-
spring, the spring attached to the rack in a clock ;
rack-stave, one of the upright staves of a rack
(sense 3) ; rack-table = sense 5 d ; rack-tail, an
appendage to the rack in a clock ; rack-tube,
a tube (in a microscope) worked by a rack (sense
6) ; rack-way = rack-rail; rack-wheel, a cog-
wheel ; rack-work, mechanism of the nature of,
or containing, a rack (sense 6) ; rack-yard, a
stock-yard provided with racks (sense 3).
1794 Rigging IT Seamanship I. 156 *Rack-blocks are a
range of small single blocks, made from one solid. 1867
SMYTH Sailor's Word-bk. 557. 1855 E. J- HOPKINS Organ
39 Some thin planks of wood, called "rack-boards ..laid
parallel with, but four or five inches above, the upper boards.
Ibid., Through these rack-board-holes the lower and narrow
ends of the pipe-feet pass. 1881 C. A. EDWARDS Organs 57
The Rack-boards . . are frames by which the pipes are sup.
ported in a perpendicular position over the upper boards.
1875 KNIGHT Diet. Mech. 1863/1 [Railway-cars] had four
wheels, no springs, and no roof; similar cars, termed ' *rack-
cars ', are still in use. 1828 DARVILL Treat. Race horse 55
A "rack-chain may be fixed in the centre of the stall. 1859
GULLICK & TIMBS Paint. 199 The square '*rack' easel
which allows the painter greater facility in raising or
lowering his picture. 1875 KNIGHT Diet. Mech. 1852; 'i* 'Rack-
hook. 1884 F. J. BRITTEN Watch ft Clockm. 251 The rack
hook is lifted free of the first tooth only at the half-hour.
1770-4 A. YOUNG in A. Hunter Georg. Ess. (1803) III. 145
"Rack-hurdles, which are made . . [by] leaving the middle
rail out and nailing spars across. 1888 Berksh. Gloss., Rack'
hurdles, hurdles of substantial lathing or split wood. 1788
J. RITSON Borrowd. Letter (Cumb. dial.), They feed em
[Sea-Nags=ships] wie beck-sand, . -but nut out o' "rack-
hurries. 1899 Cumbld. Gloss., Rack-hurry,, .a rack formed
of iron bars fixed in the shoot or hurry, which allowed
the small coal . . to drop through. 1884 F. J. BRITTEN
Watch $ Clockm. 219 The "rack lever is said to have been
invented by the Abbe Hautefeuille. 1881 C. A. EDWARDS
Organs 57 Rack-boards . . are supported by "rack-pillars.
1662 GERBIER Principles 32 The *Rack Poles three Inches
asunder and upright. 1838 WOOD Pract. Treat. Rail-roads
(ed. 3) 281 The toothed or "rack rail, was only laid on
one side of the road. 1884 KNIGHT Diet. Mech. Suppl.
734/1 *Rack Railway. 1895 Daily News I Mar. 5/3
Tourists, .who 'do' the Alps in rack railways. 1839 URE
Diet. Arts 360 A pushing rod .. that passes behind the
"rack rod. 1898 Daily News 8 Feb. 3/5 The "rack saw,
with its so-feet running platform. 1830 LOUDON Cottage
A rch. § 1 103 The "rack sides (top and bottom rails) to be
4 inches by 2 inches and a quarter, and to be fitted in with
turned rack-staves. 1892 F. J. BRITTEN Watch <V Clockm.
(ed. 8) 87 If the spring is weak, and the *rack spring strong,
it sometimes gives a little. 1587 MASCALL Govt. Cattle, Sheep
(1627)202 Their racks to be made.. with "rack-staues set
nigh together of a good length, a 1639 W. WHATELEY
Prototypes l. xvi. (1640) 166 Them that tie their horses to
the rack-staves. 1830 [see rack-side}. 1839 URE Diet.
Arts 1245 The slope of the "rack-table for washing the
roasted tin ore is 78 inches in the 9 feet. 1875 KNIGHT
Diet. Mech. 1852/1 ''Rack-tail. 1891 F. J. BRITTEN Watch
fy Clockm. (ed. 8) 87 Rack Tail— A frequent source of trouble
in some old clocks is the spring tail to the rack. 1867 J.
HOGG Microsc. \. ii. 61 So adjusted that its reservoir may
be close against the end of the "rack-tube. 1825 J. NICHOL-
SON Ojierat. Mechanic 439 The teeth of the "rack-way are
of the same pitch as the teeth of a wheel whose axle is in
the machine, a. 18*4 A.Scorr in Trans. High. Soc. (i824)VI.
33 On the same axis. .are fixed the two "rack-wheels, whose
teeth will act on the teeth of the racks. 1843 HISCHOFF Wool.
Manuf. II. 498 This cloth-beam, .is furnished with a rack-
wheel for the purpose of letting in or winding on the cloth.
1769 Phil. Trans. LIX. 189 My telescope.. was.. governed
by 'rack-work. 1861 All Year Round 13 July 369 There
was an unusual quantity of rackwork and windlass tackle
about. 1772 Ann. Reg. 120/2, 20 horses and 7 cows; the
latter in a house or "rack yard. 1877 N.W. Line. Gloss.,
Rack-yard, a fold-yard.
Back (rak), s6.3 Forms : 5-7 racke, 6 rakke,
(Sf. rak, ract), 6- rack; 6-8 wrack. Also 5-7
rake. [Related to RACK v.3, and perh. formed
from it in Eng., but cf. also G. recke, more com-
monly recke-, reck-, or rackbauk, a rack for draw-
ing wire, stretching leather, inflicting torture, etc.
An obs. Du. racke ' tormentum, fidicuUc, equuleus' is
alleged by Kilian, but its genuineness is doubtful, esp. as
Kilian also cites the Eng. word.]
1. An instrument of torture formerly in use, con-
sisting (usually) of a frame having a roller at each
RACK.
end ; the victim was fastened to these by the
wrists and ankles, and had the joints of his limbs
stretched by their rotation. (See also quot. 1633.)
f 1460 Towneley Myst. xxiii. 88 He wold haue turnyd
an othere croke Myght he haue had the rake. 1481
CAXTON Reynard (Arb.) 24 Your hows shal be byseged
al aboute and ther shal be made to fore it galowes and
racke. 1560 DAUS tr. Sleidane's Comm. 312 Streight waies
was he put upon the Racke, and examined by torture. 1581
CAMPION in Confer. \. (1584) C i b, He . . had bene twise on
the Racke, and . . racking was more grieuous then hanging
1631 LITHGOW Trav. x. 463 A Pottaro or Racke is . . made
of three plankes of Timber, the vpmost end whereof is
larger then a ful stride ; the lower end being narrow, a 1711
KEN Blandina Poet. Wks. 1721 IV. 520 Then on the Rack
the Saint they stretch, Her Limbs with Screws and Pulleys
retch. 18*7 HALI.AM Const. Hist. (1876) I. iii. 148 The
rack seldom stood idle in the Tower for all the latter part of
Elizabeth's reign. 1875 STUBBS Const. Hist. III. xviii. 281
The rack which bore the name of the duke of Exeter's
daughter.
Phr. 1587 HOLINSHED Chron. III. 1326/2 The chiefe
matter, .is as yet vnreuealed, and come racke, come rope,
neuer shall that be discouered.
b. trans/, and fig. That which (rarely one
who) causes acute suffering, physical or mental ;
also, the result produced by this ; intense pain or
suffering.
1591 GREENE Maidens Dr. xxxvi, Her outward woes
betrayed her inward rack. 1607 DEKKER Kiit.'s Conjur.
(1842) p. vi, They that haue once or twice lyen vpon the
rack of publicke censure, a 1641 SUCKLING Goblins v. (1646)
55 What a racke have I within me to see you suffer. 1718
PRIOR Power 142 The gout's fierce rack, the burning fever's
rage. 1792 S. ROGERS Pleas. Mem. n. 49 The racks of
thought, and freezings of despair. 1826 DISRAELI Viv. Grey
iv. iv, There is yet an intellectual rack of which few dream.
1848 THACKERAY Van. Fair vi, What is the rack in the
punch, at night, to the rack in the head of a morning.
c. Phr. On the rack : In a state of acute physical
or mental suffering ; in keen anxiety or suspense.
1596 SHAKS. Merck. V. in. ii. 25 Let me choose, For as I
am, I liue vppn the racke. 1668 TEMPLE Lett., Marq. de
Castel Rodrigo Wks. 1731 II. 116 To see him keep us three
or four Days on the Rack till the Affair was just breaking.
1711 ADDISON Spect. No. 170 P 5 A cool Behaviour sets him
on the Rack. 1737 Common Sense I. 178 He was upon the
Rack to be satisfied. 1863 KINGLAKE Crimea (1876) I. vii.
104 When for some time men's minds had been kept on the
rack, it became known [etc.].
d. To put or set (faculties, f words, etc.) on the
rack, to strain to the utmost. So to be on the
rack, to be at full stretch or strain.
1606 HIERON Wks. I. 65 My text very naturally, without
setting it vpon the racke, occasioneth the vrging of that
duty, a 1680 BUTLER Rent. (1759) I. 86 Sometimes I set
my Wits upon the Rack. 1693 R. FLEMING Disc. Earth-
quakes 23 Men are so much on the Rack how to solve all
by natural Demonstration. 1778 MAD. D'ARBLAY Diary
Aug., They have both worn themselves out by being eter-
nally on the rack to give entertainment to others. 1818
HYRON yuan i. clxix, Antonia's skill was put upon the rack.
1856 HUGHES Tom Brown it. iii, Martin's ingenuity was there-
fore for ever on the rack to supply himself with a light.
2. A frame on which cloth is stretched. Obs.
exc. dial.
1519 in Money Hist. Newbiiry (1887) 458 AH the Rakkys
and teynters as thei now stonde. 1533-4 Act 25 Hen. 1711I,
c. 18 § 5 Euerie suche clothe [shall], .be mealed both length
and brede .. before they be set vpon the racke and dried.
(11633 AUSTIN Medit. (1635) 281 A Web [is] .. sometimes
upon the Tenters sidewayes, and sometimes on the Racke
endwayes. 1678 Land. Gas. 1281/4 Lost .. off from the
Racks, 24 yards of Cloth. 1886 ELWORTHY W. Som. Word-
6k., Rack, a long upright frame on which woollen cloths are
stretched while drying.
f3. A windlass or winch for bending a cross-
bow. Ots.
1511 Test. Etor. (Surtees) V. 36 My bigge crosbowe w' the
rakke of it. 1578 Lane. Wills (1857) II. 60 One crosse bowe
w" the racke to the same. 1630 [see GAFFLE ij. 1648
WILKINS Math. Magick I. xiii. 91 The force of racks, which
serve for bending of the strongest bows. 1671 [see GAFFLE
i). 1687 MIEGE Gt. Fr. Diet. n. s. v., To set up a Cross-
bow with a Rack.
fig. a 1628 LD. BROOKE A laham iv. Chorus iv, Your safest
racke to winde us up is Loue.
4. = RACK-BENT (see also quot. 1688). Now
rare or Obs,
1605 SANDYS St. Relig. O ij b, The parish Priestes in Italie,
who have not the Tenthes, which.. considering the great
rents and rackes would be vnsupportable. 1688 R. HOLME
Armoury III. 70/1 Such as hold Lands and Livings . . upon
the Rack, or half-Rack, that is upon the Yearly value, or
half value, .avoiding at the Landlords pleasure. ijtoLond.
Can. No. 5895/3 Of the Value of I5oo/. per Annum on the
Rack. 1818 JAS. MILL Brit. India II. v. in. 387 When the
revenues were farmed to the Zemindars, these contractors
were induced to turn upon the ryots, .the same rack which
was applied to themselves.
5. That which racks or strains ; stress of weather ;
a storm.
1806 H. SIDDONS Maid, Wi/e * Widow I. 40 These she
had preserved amid the frowns of adversity and the rack of
wealth. ci86s W. WHITMAN Leaves of Grass (1884) 262
O Captain ! my Captain ! . . The ship has weather'd every
rack. 1891 Daily News 17 June 5/1 A strong voice, unworn
by age and the rack of various seas.
6. attrib. and Comb., as rack-bent, -proof adjs. ;
rack-master, an officer having charge of the rack.
1694 MOTTEUX Rabelais iv. xxxi. (1737) 127 A. ."rack-bent
Cross- How. 1581 in J. H. Pollen Acts Eng. Mart. (1891)
223 The old "rackmaster, Mr. Topcliffe. 1602 T. FlTZ-
HERBERT Apol. 4 The crvelty of the Rackmaisters in Eng-
12 -1
BACK.
land. 1886 J. GILLOW Lit. f, Biog. Hist. Eng. Cat/i. II.
125 It was
Back (reek), /<M Now rare. [Of obscure
origin : cf. KACKBONE.
Sometimes referred to hreacca, ht'ecca used to render L.
occiput in the earliest OE. glosses, but this is prob. an error
for hnecca neck.]
1. A neck, or fore-part of the spine, esp. of mutton
or pork. Now only dial.
1570 FOXE A. ft SI. 1191/1 A brothe made with the fore-
part of a racke of Mutton. 1585 Good Huswife's Jewell
n. i You may boyle Chytres and racks of Veale in all points
as this is. 1630 B. JONSON New Inn i. i, A poor quotidian
rack of mutton, a 1648 DIGBV Closet Open. (1677) 163 Cut
a rack of mutton into tender steaks. 1665 MAY Acconipl.
Cook 167 To carbonado a Rack of Pork, a 1796 in PEGGE
Derbicisms (E.D.S.). 1880- In various dial, glossaries.
b. At Winchester School : A rib of mutton.
1870 MANSFIELD Sch.'Life Winchester Coll. 84 All these
'Dispars ' had different names;, .the ribs ' Racks', 1893 W.
TUCKWELL Anc. Ways Winchester- 35 The saddles, legs,
shoulders, supplied the higher tables; the juniors had the
' racks '.
f2. A segment of the backbone or os sacrum. Ols.
1615 CROOKE Body of Man 809 The marrow concluded
within the rackes of the Holy-bone, c 1710 W. GIBSON
Farrier's Guide i. v. (1722) 65 Their Use is to bend the
Racks of their Loins.
3. a. The bones of a dead horse, b. A horse
consisting of ' skin and bone '.
1851 H. MAYHEW Lond. Labour I. 181 The bones (called
1 racks ' by the knackers) are chopped up and boiled. 1878
Daily Neivs 16 Sept. 3/1 Among the horses are some fine
specimens of racks, that is fleshless horses.
Back (rxk), sl>.5 [Variant of WHACK, WRECK
in various senses.}
1. Destruction ; chiefly in phr. to go (etc.) to rack
(and ruin).
1599 in Fowler Hist. C. C. C. (O.H.S.) 349 In the mean
season the College shall goe to rack and ruin, a 1609 Up.
ANDREWES AnMl(fftp) II. 249 Between Jehu and Jeroboam
Solomon's seed went to rack. 1667 MILTON P. L. xi. 821
A World devote to universal rack. 1781 ELIZ. BLOWRR
Geo. Bateman II. 126 Everything would soon go to sixes
and sevens, and rack and ruin. 1859 G. MEREDITH K. '
Feverel xxxix, If the world's not coming to rack. 1874 ;
BURNAND My Time xxxiii. 346 His academicals.. run to. .
utter rack and ruin.
t b. A crash as of something breaking. 06s.
1671 MILTON P. R. iv. 452, I heard the rack as Earth and
Skie would mingle.
2. f »• A wrecked ship. Obs. rare ~ '.
a 1658 CLEVELAND Whs. (1687) 365 Ten thousand Racks,
Cast on the Shore of the Red Sea.
b. What is cast up by the sea ; wrack.
1882 OUIDA Maremma I. 102 Well, go, rake some seaweed
together or any other rack of your precious sea that one
can burn.
Back (rsek), rf.6 Also 9 wrack. [Related
to RACK v.t, and perh. formed from it.] A horse's ]
gait in which the two feet on each side are lifted
almost simultaneously, and the body is left entirely
without support between the lifting of one pair
and the landing of the other. Now only (J. S.
1580 BLUNDEVIL Horsemanship \. Hi. B j b, Their [Turky
horses'] trauelling pace is neither amble, racke, nor trot ;
but a certaine kinde of easie traine. 1607 MARKHAM Caval.
n. (i6r7) 135 Exercise him . . first vpon an ordinarie rack or
foot-pace, then vpon a slow trott. Ibid. iv. 5. 1683 Lond.
Gaz. No. 1846/4 A full trust Nag, a good Trot, short Rack.
1833 FR. A. KEMBLE Girlhood III. 257 The Americans.,
like a horse to have a shambling sort of half-trot, half-
canter, which they judiciously call a rack. 1893 E. Muv-
DRIDGB Descr. ZooprtLxogr. 35 The rack is an ungraceful
gait of the horse, and disagreeable to those who seek comfort
in riding.
fig. 1641 HINDE y. Bnteitlix. 198 All the ease of such a
rack will be no other, but. .to gallop to the divel.
Back (raek), sdj Also 7 racke, raack.
[Aphetic form of ABBACK : so also G. rack.] =
ABBACK. Fool rack, see FOOL s/>.1 Also atlrib.
as rack-house, RACK-PUNCH.
1602 SIR J. LANCASTER in Purchas Pilgrims in. (1625) 154
The King .. dranke oft to the General! in their Wine,
which they call Racke. 1601-5 E. SCOT Ihid. 184 We . .
draue them into a Racke-house {Margin. Racke house
where hot drinks are sold). 1663 BOYLE Use/. Exf. Nat.
Philos. n. ii. 105 This rack, .is often drunk in hot weather.
1719 DE FOE Crusoe i. iv, Five or six gallons of rack. 1795
SIR J. DALRYMPLE Let. to Admiralty n Their common
beverage, water, and rack bad and new. 1821 BYRON Juan
iv. ! i i i , I would take refuge in weak punch, but rack . .
Wakes me next morning with its synonym. 1848 [see RACK
w" i b]. 1871 M. COLLINS Mrq. 4- Merch. I. ix. 291
Rooker took, .a glass'of ' rack '.
b. (See quot.)
1773 Encycl. Brit. HI. 525/1 Rack, a spirituous liquor
made by the Tartars of Tongusia. This kind of rack is
made of mare's milk, which is left to be sour [etc.].
t Back, sb. 8 Obs. rare -'. [? Related to RAKE
v.1 Cf. Icel. and Sw. dial, rak rakings.] A rick.
A doubtful form : ed. 1566 has reake.
1574 WITHALS Diet. 21/1 A ricke or racke of hay, struts.
Extrtw. to make up in rokes [sfc] or rackes.
Back (nek), sli.3 [Of obscure origin.] The
skin of a young rabbit (see quots.).
1805 R. W. DICKSON Pract. Agric. II. 1204 There is
annually a great loss in what are termed half skins, quarter
skins, and racks, sixteen of which are only allowed for as
one whole skin. 1878 Uris Diet. Arts IV. Suppl. 380 The
92
rabbit skins are.. sorted into four kinds, . .racks, or young
rabbits about two months old, which have not lost their first
coat.
Back (rak), V.T- [f. RACK rf.i 3.]
1. intr. Of clouds : To drive before the wind.
To rack up, to clear up, said of the sky (Jam.).
1590 [see RACKING///, a. 'J. la 1611 BEAUM. & FL. Four
Plays in One, Tri. Honour iv, Stay, clouds, ye rack too
fast. 1631 Celestina xix. 187 Looke on the cloudes and see
how speedily they racke away. 1678 BUNYAN Pilgr. I. 32,
I.. saw the Clouds rack at an unusual rate. 1812 SCOTT
Rokeby i. i, Racking o'er her [the Moon's] face, the cloud
Varies the tincture of her shroud. 1833 M. Scorr Tom
Cringle ii. (1858) 63 A thin fleecy shred of cloud racking
across the moon's disk.
Jig. 1626 T. H[AWKlss] Caussin's Holy Crt. 289 A fayth
floating, and racking vp, and downe, like clouds.
f 2. trans. Of the wind : To drive (clouds). Obs.
1596 Edw. Ill, II. i, Inconstant clouds, That, rack'd upon
the carriage of the winds, Increase or die.
Back (r*k), i/.2 [f. RACK sb?}
1. trans. To fit up (a stable), with racks. rare~l.
1583 in W. H. Turner Select. Rec. Oxford 432 The same
stable to be plancked and racked at the charges of this
Cytie.
t5a, transf. ?To feed as at a rack. Obs. rare-1.
1659 Burton's Diary (1828) IV. 268 They look upon them
[negroes] as their goods, horses, &c., and rack them only to
make their time out of them, and cherish them to perform
their work.
8. To rack up. a. inlr. To fill a stable-rack
with hay or straw before leaving the horse or
horses for the night.
177,8 [W. MARSHALL] Minutes Aerie. 22 Nov. 1775 The
hay is meant merely to rack-up witn. Ibid. 5 Feb. 1776 On
the hilts of Surry, the Farmers rack up with straw. 1888
in Berksh. Gloss.
b. trans. To fill the rack for (a horse).
1798 M IDDLETON Vitiv Aerie. 361 They must be taken into
the stable, and. .be racked up with tare hayat night. 1834
Brit. Ihtsb. I. 232 Pea-haulm is. .employed in cart-stables for
racking up the horses. 1893 Times 20 May 1 1/5 The younger
generation find it intolerably irksome to return after supper
to the stables to ' rack up ' the horses.
fig. 1844 J. T. HEWLETT Parsons $ W. xix, You might
have racked yourself up more comfortably.
c. To fasten (a horse) to the rack.
1886 ELWORTHY W. Som. Word-tie., Rack up, to fasten up
a horse with a short chain so that he cannot lie down. 1886
Sal. Kev. 6 Mar. 327/2 It is stupid of a groom to rack a
horse short up while he is feeding.
4. To place (a thing) in or on a rack.
1855 E. J. HOPKINS Organ 39 Most of the metal flue
pipes, .are racked in this manner. 1897 Daily Neivs 8 Nov.
3/1 The Manhattan Beach Cycle Track have racked i,oco
Cycles,
b. Milling. To wash on the rack (sense 5 f).
1891 in Cent. Diet.
5. a. To move, extend, etc. by means of a rack
and pinion, b. intr. To be moved in this way.
1867 J. HOGG Microsc. i. ii. 62 By racking up the condenser
for the best light. 1890 Anthony's Photogr. Bull. III. 94
A Double Extension Camera, .where the front racks out.
Ibid. 205 The camera is racked to a certain distance.
6. To give (a thing) the form of a rack; to
make as a rack.
1891 in Cent. Diet.
Back (ra?k), w.3 Also 5 rakke, 6 Sc. rak,
6-7 racke; 7 wrack, fa. pple. ract. [Prob. a.
MDn. recken (Dn. rekken)or MLG. w/k«,OHG.
recckan ,LG. and G. recken) to stretch, draw out,
= OE. reccan : see RECCHE.
A MLG. rackett is also recorded, and Kilian has racken
'torquere, tendere, tormentis exprimere'. Cf. also G.
racken to vex, torture (Grimm).]
1. trans. To stretch the joints of (a person) by
tugg'ng or pulling, esp. with intention to cause
severe pain, and spec, by means of a special
apparatus (see RACK s/>.3).
1433 LY"G. SI. Edmund n. 277 Worth! to been enhangid
bi the hals Or to be rakkid with a broke chyne. 1516 Pilgr.
Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 135 Some drowned,, .some racked,
some hanged on a gybet. 1582 STANYHURST Mneis in.
(Arb.) 71 You rack no forrener owtcast, You rent a Troian.
1632 LITHCOW Trav. x. 467 This they did.. to make me
beleeue I was going to be rackt againe. 1675 BROOKS
Gold. Key Wks. 1867 V. 89 His legs and hands were violently i
racked and pulled out to the places fitted for his fastenings.
1712 E. COOKE Voy. S. Sea 437 The Pirates exercis'd the |
most barbarous Cruelty, racking them inhumanly. 1829
bcoTT Demonol. viii. 275 Their mouths were stopped, their
throats choked, their limbs racked. 1876 GREEN Stray
i>tud. 146 A drummer who had joined in the attack was i
racked mercilessly.
transf. 1835 LYTTON Kienzi i. ix. The winds and storms
tOTture and rack the sea. ^75 MAINE Hist. l*st. vi. 183
1 neir country was racked with perpetual disturbance.
b. To affect with pain similar to that caused by
use of the rack. (Said esp. of diseases.)
BACK.
1601 SHAKS. Tivtl, N, v. i. 226 How haue the houres
rack'd, and tortur'd me, Since I haue lost thee? 1602 -2nd
ft. Return fr. Parnass. iv. ii. 1747 Till with my verses
I haue rackt his soule. 1647 COWLEY Mistr,, Dialogue vii,
The Sin Will rack and torture us within. 1709 STEELK
TatUr No. 98 r 3 How must she be racked with Jealousy.
1771 FLETCHER Checks Wks. 1795 II. 243 O how does.,
guilty horror rack then* breasts! 1838 LYTTON Alice 380,
1 regret no more the falsehood that so racked me for the
lime. 1865 DICKENS Mnt. Fr. m. xiii, Mr. Fledgeby meant
him to be racked.
t d. transf. To examine searchingly, as by the
application of torture. Obs. rare.
1581 J. BELL Haddon's Atuw. Osor. 126 There is nothing
so holy in workes, but.. must needes be imsavorie in the
sight of God, if without Christ it bee racked with exact
scrutyne of Gods severe Judgement.
f2. To stretch, pull out, increase the length
of (a thing, period of time, etc,). Obs.
1463-4 [see RACKING vbl. sb?\. 1558 Act i Eli*, c. 12
Preamble^ Certayne.. persons.. cast the peeces of cloth ouer
a beame. .and. .racke, stretche and drawe the same. 1565
JEWEL Def. Apol. (1611) 302 Heere perhaps yee will set
Faith vpon the Last, and racke her to a larger sise. 1613
PURCHAS Pilgrimage I. x. 48 The Chalda?an Kalendar,
which yet they racke higher to fowre hundred three score
and tenue thousand yeres. 1642 FULLER Holy <J- Prof. St.
ii. xiv. 102 He gives them their true dimensions, not racking
them for one, and shrinking them for another.
b. To pull or tear apart, to separate by force,
to "break up. Obs. exc. dial.
1549 COVERDALE, etc. Erasm. Par. Eph. 7 No more than
we see the mernbres of the body not agre or to be racked
one from an other because thei be not indifferently apte
al to one vse. i«6o BECOH New Catech, in. Wks. 1564 II.
327 b, They . . racke that one tente commaundement into two
for to supply the nomber. 1608 TOPSELL Serpents (1658) 595
Some thinke the putiide backe-bone in the grave rack'd..
the shape of snakes to take. 1848 A. B. EVANS Leicestersh.
Words, Rack and Rack npt to break up. * Why didn't ye
get at it, and rack it up '.
c. To shake (a thing) violently ; to strain ; to
injure by shaking or straining. Also absol.
1840 R. H. DANA Bef. Mast xxviii. 93 A dreadful cough,
which seemed to rack his whole shattered system. 1865
A, L. HOLLEY Ordnance $ Annor 134 To waste no power
in racking the whole side of the ship. 1867 Pall Mall G.
27 July 10 We assumed that the American guns specially
constructed to 'rack' would 'rack1 as intended. 1873
SYMONDS Ck. Poets Ser. L vii. 194 The Erinnyes leap upon
the palace of Atreus, and rack it like a tempest.
d. intr. To undergo stretching, strain, or dis-
location. Chiefly Sc,
1508 Di'NBAR Tua mariit tuetncn 350, I gert the renjeis
rak, et rif into sondir. 1535 STEWART Cron. Sfot. 1. 124 Sum
gat ane rais gart all hir ribbis rak. 1605 BLACKMORE Pr.
Arth. m. 47 The Earth's grip'd Bowels with Convulsions
rack. 1711 PERRY Daggenh. Breach 12 The weight of Earth
. .usually subjects them [Sluices] to rack and settle down at
the Foundation. 1625 JAMIESON s.v., He has a conscience
that will rack like raw plaiding. 1890 SERVICE Notandnnn
125 Lang or they win this length .. their chafts are like to
rack wi' the gantin'.
•f- 3. To strain the meaning of (words, etc.) ; to
give a forced interpretation to. 06s.
In quot. 1711 with allusion to sense i.
1549 LATIMER Sernt. Plonghers (Arb.) 17 This is one of
the places yat hath ben racked, as I tolde you of rackynge
scriptures. 1599 THYNNE^MZMWV. (1875)42 How you may
seme to force and racke the worde to Chaucers meaninge,
I knowe not. 1645 FULLER Good Th. in Bad T. (1841) 21
Grant that I may never rack a scripture simile beyond the
true intent thereof. 1692 BENTLEY Boyle Lect. ix. 328 The
native and naked Letter, which is not to be racked and
wrested from its obvious meaning. 1711 ' J. DISTAFF ' Char.
Don Satheverellio 4 He racks a Text to make it confess a
Meaning it never dream 'd of.
t b. To strain or wrest (law or justice). Obs.
__ . «M«m l"/"» -nur. JjtlUH 1UN III
Lauderdale Papers (Camden) III. xtvi. 76, I keep not
bedd much, nor am . . rack't with sharp and tormenting
diseases. 1742 GRAY Eton 85 This racks the joints, this
fires the veins, a 1859 MACAULAY Biog. (1867) 138 A cruel
malady racked his joints.
C. To inflict mental pain or torture on (a per-
son) ; to torture, distract, lacerate (the mind, j
soul, etc.).
1607
„ . and
neuer lustice Rack.
C. To strain, task severely, put pressure upon
(the mind, brain, etc.).
1583 W. BYRD in Farr S. P. Eliz, (1845) I. 224 Racke not
thy wit to win nt: by wicked waies. c 1680 BEVER!DGE6Vrw.
(1729) 1. 193 They rack their brains . .they hazard their lives for
it. 1713 STKELE Guard. No. 47 P 7 She racked her invention
to no purpose. 1768 MAD. D'ARBLAY Early Diary 20 May,
I have rack'd my brains half-an-hour — in vain. 1831
Society I. 216 Fanny was racking her brains for something
to say. 1880 L. STEPHEN Pope iv. 82 Racking his wits to
contrive exquisite compliments.
fd. To force, constrain to an action or feeling.
1601 MARSTON Antonio's Rev. v. Hi, The court is rackt to
pleasure ; each man straines To faine a jocund eye.
f e. To stretch or raise beyond the normal
extent, amount or degree (cf. 4). Obs.
1596 SHAKS. Merck. V. i. i. 181 My credit, .shall be rackt
euen to the vttermosL 1603 FLORIO Montaigne in. xii. 598
Striving about my ransome, which they racked so high [etc.].
1618 CHAPMAN Hesiod n. 22 Hasten thy labours, that thy
crowned fields, May load themselues to thee, and rack their
yeelds.
4. To raise (rent) above a fair or normal
amount. Cf. RACK-RENT.
1553 Primer Ediv. 1^7, P v b, [That they] may not racke
and stretche oute the rentes of their houses and landes.
1598 BP. HALL Sat. iv. ii. 20 They racke their rents vnto
a treble rate. I657TKAPP Cointn. Job xxxi. 39 If I have
caused.. the poor Rent-holders (by racking their rents) to
rnisse of a subsistence. 1778 /'////. Sun', S, Irel. 311 Racked
the rents to a pitch above the reach of the old tenant. 1826
Q. Rw. XXXIV. 214 He racked no rents to maintain the
expenses of his establishment.
BACK.
b. To charge an excessive rent for (land). tObs.
1581 RICH Farew. (1846) n Landes be so racked at such
a rate. 1628 WITHER Brit. Rememb. vu. 751 Yet stand
their Farmes already rackt so high, That they have beg-
ger'd halfe their Tenantry. 1641 BRO.M E Joviall Crelv Wks.
1873 III. 356 What Acre of your thousands have you rack'd ?
1766 Museum Rusticum VI. 145 Open fields may be as high
racked as inclosures.
c. To oppress (a person) by extortions or ex-
actions, esp. of excessive rent ; to bear hard upon
(one's purse, etc.).
1584 T. LUPTON Dreaine Dci'il ff Dives, Wo woorth the
time that ever we rackt our tenants. 1594 ist Part Con-
tention (1843) 34 Because I would not racke the needle
Commons. 1600 HEYWOOD \st Pt. Edu>. IV, Wks. 1874 I.
69 Oh, good Sir Humfrey, do not rack my purse. 1624
CAPT. SMITH Virginia vi. 210 Here are no hard Landlords
to racke vs with high rents, a 1674 CLARENDON Hist. Reb.
x. § 122 The declared Delinquents [were] racked to as high
compositions. 1701 NEWTE Tour Eng. $ Scot. 124 The
same increase of luxury which would induce the landlord
to rack his tenant [etc.]. 1861 J. A. ST. JOHN Four Conq.
Eng. II. 303 Racking the people with impost, and collecting
treasure from all parts. 1883 S. C. H\\.\*Retrospect\\. 315
Implying that tenants were to be racked to the utmost.
absot. 1774 CUMBERLAND in IVestm. Mag. II. 600 In vain
the steward racks, the tenants rave. 1823 BYRON yuan ix.
xv, Let this one toil for bread — tliat rack for rent,
fd. To extort (money, etc.). 06s.
1591 SPENSER M. Hnbberd 1306 Each place. .fild with
treasure rackt with robberies. 1623 FLETCHER Sea.Voy, I.
i, Here lies all . . The money I ha1 rack'd by usury, a 1680
BUTLER Rein. (1759) I. 310 When there is no more to be
racked out of the People upon any other Pretence.
absol. 1603 H. CROSSE Vertuis Comma/. (1878) 58 It is
neither right, nor honest, to racke, extort, and purloyne
from other.
e. To exhaust (tenants, land, etc.) by exactions
or excessive use. Also with out.
1778 Family Incompact 6 Her Lands and Tenants almost
rack'd. 1850 Jrnl. R. Agric. Sac. XL n. 717 Soon after it
was enclosed it was racked out by over-cropping. 1856
FHOUDE Hist. Eng. (1858) II. x. 410 It was thought, too,
that they had racked their estates. Ibid. III. xv. 283 Using
. .their last opportunity of racking out their properties.
f 5. To rack a horse's wind : to open his lungs.
Obs. rare.
1607 MARKHAM Coral, in. (1617) 45 The first chase will (as
the Northerne man saies) racke your Horses winde, and so
prepare him to his labor. 1614 — Cheap ffusb. I. i. 8 Tra-
uaile moderately in the morning, till his winde be rack'd,
and his limbes warmed.
Rack (raek), v.* [Of obscure origin : cf. RACK
sb$ The F. racquassure, by which Palsgr. renders
'racking', appears to be otherwise unknown.]
intr. Of animals, esp. horses : To move with the
gait called a rack.
'53« (see RACKING vbl. si.*]. 1589 PEELE Eclogue to Earl
Essex xii, His rain-deer racking with proud and stately
pace, c 1626 Dick of Devon \. iii. in Bullen Old PI. (1883)
II. 23 He .. trott up hill with you and racke downewards.
1671 Land. Gaz. No. 627/4 Bay Gelding . . trots and racks.
1*19 Sporting Mag. XXIII. 266 There can be little doubt
of his having racked a mile in even less than I stated. 1843
MARRYAT M. Violet xx. iy; No one ever saw him trotting
or galloping ; he only racks.
fig. a 1661 FULLER Worthies, Northampton. (1662) 292 He
was thorough-paced in all Spiritual Popery. .but in secular
Popery, .he did not so much as rack.
Back (reek), v.s [ad. Prov. (Gascon) arracar
in same sense, f. raca the stems and husks of
grapes, thick dregs : cf. obs. F. vin raque ' small or
course wine, squeezed from the marc or dregs of
the grapes ' (Cotgr.).]
1. trans. To draw off (wine, cider, etc.) from
the lees. Also with off.
c 1460 J. RUSSELL Bk. Nurture 115 The reboyle to Rakke
to be lies of be rose, J>at shalle be his amendynge. isio [see
RACKED///. «.<]. 1633 ffawortlt Househ. Bks. (Surtees)
330 To the cooper for rackinge 2 hogsheades of sack. 1604
PALLE Jersey u. 71 [To] ferment, rack and bottle our Cidar.
1741 Compl. Fam.-Piece \. \. 275 Rack off your Wine into
another Vessel. 1846 J. BAXTER Libr. Pract. Agric. (ed. 4)
II. 416 Whenever the wine becomes dry, rack off the clear
into a clean and sulphured cask. 1880 Act 43 ft 44 Viet.
c. 24 § 64 The proprietor of spirits, .may. .vat, blend, or
rack them in the warehouse.
absol. 1830 M. DONOVAN Dom. Econ. I. 303 It will be
necessary to rack off from one cask to another.
traits/. 1683 A. SNAPE Anat. Horse I. xxviii. (1686) 64
.Serving as a Pipe to rack the Urine as it were out of the
Bladder of the Young.
b. fig. in various senses.
.i«S3 GAUDEN Hicrasp. 74 Rack him off further, and refine
Every morning I wrote down in my pocket-book such anec-
dotes as I meant to rack off in the course of the day 1861
5ALA ln Temple Bar Mag. II. 302 His speech was of the
nnest jackeen just racked through a cask of Cork whisky.
1 2. io empty (a cask) by racking. Obs. rare.
1626 BACON Sylva § 306 Rack the one Vessell from the
Lees. 1703 Art f, Myst. Vintners 65 Rack your Cask very
clean, and let It remain full of water all night.
Back (raek\ w.o Naut. [Of obscure origin :
perh. a use of v* or v.3] (See quots.)
1769 FALCONER Out. Marine tijrf), Racking, the fasten-
cruss-turns. 1882 NARKS Seamans/iif (ed. 6) 131.
93
Rack, obs. var. RAKE sb.*, v.\ and v.3 ; obs.
north, and Sc. f. RECK ; pa. t. of REKK v. Obs.
t Raeka, obs. form of ARECA.
1625 PURCHAS Pilgrims in. 304 Their lading.. was prin-
cipally dryed Coco Nuts, .and Kacka Nuts.
Backan (rce-k'n), reckon (re-k'n). OAr.exc.
north. dial. Forms: i raoente,racete, .irakente,
5 rakende, racand, 6 raken, racon, 9 rackan ;
4 recawnt, 5-6 rekand, 5 rekande, rekanth,
-enth, 6 reckand, -en, recon, 7 reckan, 9
reckon. [OE. racenti wk. f. = ON. rekendi
(usually in pi. rekendr as if from sing. *rekandf),
OHG. rahchinza (Graff) : cf. RAKENTEIE. In
ME. and later use only north, dial., and chiefly in
forms rek-, reckan(d, which app. represent the
Scand. rather than the OE. word (but forms with
rak-, rack-, prevail in the comb. rackan-crooK)]
1 1. A chain, fetter. Obs.
c 888 K. ALFRED BoetH. xvi. § 2 paet he wearS jebunden
mid hira racentum. 971 Blickl. Horn. 43 Hie hine haefdon
Sebreatodne mid fyrenum racentum. a 1050 Liber Scintill.
(1889) 59 ^ebeorscipas swylce racetan. .forfleo lusta. 13..
E. E. Allit. P. C. 188 per ragnel in his rakentes hym rere
of his dremes. a 1400-50 Alexander 5128, I send 3ow..twa
hundred & ten., of rekanthes of rede gold. 14.. Sir Bents
(MS. N.) 1636 pe jailers liggen bothe dede & Beues li)>
bounde in rakende.
2. A chain or other apparatus by which cooking
vessels are suspended over a fire ; now usually
a vertical bar pierced with holes, into one of which
the pot-hook is inserted.
1400 Test. Ebor. (Surtees) I. 268 Unum recawnt de catenis
a peire of galows of yron. 1566 Richmond. Wills <$• In-.'.
{Surtees) 184, j paire of tongs, j iron scummer and one
recken. 1582 BEST Farm. Bks. (Surtees) 172 One recon,. .
one fier shole, one pare of tanges. 1674-91 RAY N. C.
Words 58 Reckans, Hooks to hang Pots or Kettles on over
the Fire. 1876 Mid-Yorksh. Gloss. s.v., Apot-hook.. sliding
through a hole in the bottom piece of the reckon.
Backau-crook. north, dial. Forms: 5-6
Taken-, 6 rakon-, racon-, raekyn-, rayckin-,
rakin(ge)-, 6, 9 rackin-, 7-9 raoken-, 9 rackan-,
rack-au'- ; 7 rekin-, 7-9 reckin-, 9 reckon-,
[f. prec. + CROOK. Kackan-hook is used in the same
sense in mod. dial.] A rackan serving as a pot-hook,
or a pot-hook used with a rackan.
1469-70 Durham Ace. Rolls (Surtees) 280 In repar. .unius
rakencroke, iiijW. 1364 Wills f, fuv. N. C. (Surtees 1835)
223 Gibcrokes, rakincroke, and racks,, .two Rayckincrokes
and iiij spetes. 1648 Lancash. Tracts Civil War (Chetham
Soc.) 254 The very racken crocks and pot hooks. 1684
MERITON Yorksh. Dialogue 39 Hing the Pan ore'th fire ith
Rekin-Creauk. 1781 J. H. Gloss. N. E. Words (E. D. S.),
Runnle-balk, a piece of wood in a chimney, from which is
hung the pot-crook, or racken-crook. 1869- In dialect
glossaries (Lonsdale, Rochdale, ShefT., Northumb.).
Backarock (ra-kar^k). [f. RACK v.3 + A a*
+ ROCK sb.] An explosive consisting of potassium
chlorate and nitrobenrol. Also attrib.
1885 Daily News 12 Oct., A six-pound cartridge of racka-
rock. 1891 Times 8 Oct. 5/4, 200 Ib. of rackarock powder. .
were set off. 1891 THORPE Diet. Appl. Chem. I. 84/2 The
rackarock cartridges were not fired electrically.
Rackat, obs. form of RACKET.
Back-bar.
1. Mech. [f. RACK sb.l 6.] A bar fitted with a
rack or racks.
21824 A. SCOTT in Trans. Highl. Soc. (1824) VI. 31 The
teeth of these two spur-wheels are to work . . into the teeth
of the rack-bars. 1879 Casselts Techn. Educ. IV. 395/1
A strong semicircle of cast iron, with which the telescope is
connected by a rack-bar.
2. Naut. [f. RACK z>.3] (See quot.)
1867 SMYTH Sailor's Word-bk., Rack-bar, a billet of wood
used for twisting the bight of a swifter round, in order to
bind a raft firmly together.
Rack-bolt, variant of RAO-BOLT.
1793 SMEATON Edystane L. § 58 Of trenails, screws, and
rack-bolts =500 each.
t Ea;ck-boiie. Obs. [RACK st>A] A vertebra.
1615 CROOKE Body of Man 775 The transuerse processes
of the racke-bones of the necke. Ibid. 800 The last spondels
or rackbones of the chest. 1656 W. D. tr. Cotnenius' Gate
Lat. Unl. (1659) 259 The chine or back bone, .is made up
of four and thirty rack-bones, c 1720 W. GIBSON Farriers
Guide I. v. (1738) 67 The Rack-bones that are between the
sixth Vertebrae of the Chest, and the middle of the Os
sacrum.
Rackcoone, obs. form of RACOON.
Ba'ck-deal. [f. RACK sb.'t] Deal set up in a
rack or framework and dried by exposure to the air.
1807 C. VANCOUVER Agric. Z>«wj(i8i3) 06 The floor above
is made of rack deal, or any soft wood plank. 1835 WHITE
in Par/. Rrf. Timber Duties 206 By being cut out with the
sap running to them, they would be both sappy and slabby ;
those are what we call rack deals. 1887 Diet. Archil, s.v.
Rack, The name of the framework in which deals or boards
are placed on end for air-drying. ..Hence the term 'rack
deals '.
Backed (rekt),///. «.i [f. RACK z».' + -ED'.]
Diiven along, as clouds by the wind.
1858 KINGSLEV Pot-ms 150 Winds, upon whose racked
eddies, far aloft, My thoughts in exultation held their way.
Backed (ia-kt), ///. a.- [f. RACK sl>.- or v.-
+ -J!l>.] Fitted with a rack or racks.
RACKET.
1890 Anthony's Photogr. Hull. III. 128 A metal racked
frame to fit inside a plain wooden box.
Backed (rakt), ///. a.* [f. RACK ».a 4- -ED i.]
1. That is racked, in various senses of the vb. ;
stretched, strained, tortured by stretching, etc.
1571 GOLDING Calvin on Ps. iv. j Wheras some translate
thys woord(forever)..! do reject as a racked translation.
1583 OTUBBES Anat. Ahis. II. i. (1882) 24 They will be sure to
make price of their racked cloth, double and triple more
than it cost them. 1611 CHAPMAN Widtnves T. Wks 1871
III. 59 Much more worth than the rackt value. 1632 LITH-
GOW Trav. x. 484 The maintayning of my Lame and Racked
body. 1867 I'KOI.LOPE Chron. Barset I. i. 1 1 He endeavoured
to tell the truth, as far as his poor racked imperfect memory
would allow him. 1894 HALL CAINE Manxman v. xix. 341
The torn heart and racked brain could hear no more.
2. Of rent: Raised to excess. Cf. RACK-RENT.
1583 STUBBES Anat. Abus. n. i. (1882) 29 He might haue it
freely for this racked rent. 1668 R. L'ESTRAKGE Vis. Quev.
(1708) 164 Impositions, hard Services, and Kackt Rents.
1725 RAMSAY Gentle Sheph. n. i, Never did he stent Us in
our thriving with a racket rent. 1799 J. ROBERTSON Agric.
Perth 404 Racked rents, .disable the tenant to improve.
b. Of men, their living, etc. : Oppressed by or
subjected to extortion or excessive rent.
1628 WITHER Brit.Remen:b.\\. 1713 That Crew of Spend-
thrifts. .Were now, among their racked Tenants faine To
seeke for shelter. 1643 PKYNNE Smi. Power Par/, u. 30
Weekely or monethly assessments and contributions. .ex-
ceeding many mens racked incomes. 1781 COWPER Expost.
304 Thy racked inhabitants repine, complain.
3. Backed-out, (a) completely exhausted ; (i)
passed through with suffering.
1870 SIR S. NORTHCOTE in Life (1890) II. xii. 30 The old
racked-out tobacco and corn lands. 1900 W. A. ELLIS Life
Wagner 332 The harvest of the last outlived, or rather
racked-out Summer.
Backed (raekt),///. <z.4 [f. RACK v.s + -ED'.]
Drawn off or emptied by racking.
1519 HORMAN Vu/g. 294 b, Whither so euer I go : I haue
with me racked wyne. 1363 T. GALE Antidot. n. 83 In the
latter drmke we haue vsed to put in rackte Renishe Wyne.
1626 BACON Sylra. § 306 Powre the Lees of the Racked
Vessell into the vnracked Vessell. 1764 Mass. Gazette
No. 3149/4 Good rack'd and refin'd Cyder.
Rackee, obs. f. RAM. Racken, north, and
Sc. var. RECKON. Racken-, var. RACKAN-CKOOK.
Backer J (rse-kai). [f. RACK z/.3 + .ER l.]
1. One who racks, in senses of the vb.
1565 COOPER Thesaurus, Contortor legimi, a racker of
lawes. 1607 DEKKEK Knt.'s Conjur. (1842) 72 Landlords
dare not quarter themselves here, because they are rackers
of rents. 011656 HALES Gold. Rem. (1688) 15 These Rackers
of Scripture are by St. Peter stiled Unstable. 1725 RAMSAY
Gentle Sheph. n. i, Rackers aft tine their rent. 1820
SOUTHEY in Q. Rev. XXIII. 568 The constant employment
of rackers and executioners.
f2. (See quot.) Obs. rare-1.
1688 R. HOLME Armoury in. 70/1 The Farmer, or Racker,
or Dairy-Man .. hold Lands.. from the Lords thereof upon
Rack or half-Rack, that is upon the yearly value or half
value, having no certain term of holding [etc.].
Backer 2 (rarksj). [f. RACK ».4 + -EH'.] A
racking horse.
1829 Sporting Mag. XXIII. 266 The racker comes to us
from our North Western territory. 1856 THOREAU Lett.
(1865) 146 The swiftest equine trotter or racker.
Backer 3 (rce-kaj). [f. RACK v.& + -EB '.]
1. One who racks wine or other liquor.
1611 COTGR., Frelateur, a racker of wine. 1865 Pall
Mall G. i Apr. 8 Harris was what is called a racker.
2. An apparatus for racking.
1846 TIZARD Brewing (ed. 2) xx. 551 The Floating Racker.
[Description follows.]
t Ba'cket, sbl Obs. rare. Also 4-5 raket.
[Etym. obscure.] Some game played with dice.
"374 CHAUCER Troylus iv. 432 (460) Canstow pleyen
raket, to and fro, Netle in, dokke out, now this, now that,
Pandare ? 1387-8 T. USK Test. Love i. ii. (Skeat) 166, 1 haue
not plaid raket, Nettle in, Docke out. 1430-40 LYDG.
Bochas V. xxix. (1554) 140 Kyng Phrahartes, in token he
was unstable, Sent him three dees, forged square of golde,
To play racket as a chylde chaungeable.
Backet (ra-ket), sb? Forms: 6 rackat, -it,
Sc. rakkett, rakcat, 6-7 rackette, 8 -ett, 5-
racket ; 6-9 raquet, 7 -ett, 9 racquet. See also
RAQUETTE. [a. F. raquetle (i6th c.) = Sp., Pg.
raquela, It. racchetla, lacchetta, of uncertain origin
(see Littre and Devic) : hence also Du. raket (in
Kilian racket), G. rakete, -Me.]
1. A bat used in the games of rackets, tennis,
etc., consisting of a network of cord or catgut
stretched across a somewhat elliptical frame formed
of a bent strip of wood, to the base of which a
handle is attached.
1500-20 DUNBAR Poetns xiv. 66 Sa mony rakkettis, sa
mony ketche-pillaris. 1540 (see bj. 1374 NEWTON Health
Mag. 6 Striking and receaving the balle with a raquet.
1624 CAPT. SMITH Virginia n. 27 The Beaver.. His taile
somewhat like the forme of a Racket. 1690 LOCKE Hum.
Und. xxi. § 9 A Tennis-Ball; whether in motion by the
stroke of a Racket, or lying still at rest. 1763 C. JOHNSTON
Reverie II. 206 He was seated at table with a parcel of
shuttle-cocks before him, and mending a racket. 1805 SCOTT
Last Minstr: n. xxxi, Like tennis-ball by raquet tossed.
1808 PIKE Sources Miisiss. (1810) 100 [In Lacrosse] one
catches the hall in his racket, and. .endeavors to carry it to
the goal. 1828 D' ISRAELI Clias. I, I. ii. 22 In the tennis-
court he toiled with the racquet. 1890 C. G. HEATHCOTE
Lawn Tennis 208 The main object of modern lawn tennis is
to meet the ball with a full racket.
RACKET.
fig-. I5*9 GREENE Menaphon (Arb. ) 51 Finding opportunitie
to giue her both bal and racket. 1610 HEALEY St. Aug.
Citie ofGoddfao) 616 Friuolous pamphlets, the very rackets
wherewith Greece bandieth ignorant heads about. 1705
HicKERiNGiLL Priest-cr. u. iii. 38 Antichrist is the common
Tennis- Ball that every malicious Racket bandies and tosses
against each other. 1809 MALKIN Git Bias viu. ix. r 9 You
have a racket for every ball ; nothing comes amiss to you.
b. A game of ball played by two persons, who
strike the ball alternately with their rackets and
endeavour to keep it rebounding from a wall. Now
always //. Alsoyff.
1519 LYNDESAY Compl. 175 Sum gart him raiffell at the
rakcat : Sum harld hym to the hurly hakcat. 1540 HEY-
WOOD Four P. P. 882 All the soules were playnge at racket.
None other rackettes they hadde in honde [etc.]. 1610
GUILLIM Heraldry iv. xii. 221 Such [games] are.. Racket,
Ballopne. 1748 RICHARDSON Clarissa (1811) III. xxxii. 191
All his address and conversation is one continual game at
raquet. 1822 HAZLITT Table-t. II. vii. 161 Rackets, .is, like
any other athletic game, very much a thing of skill and prac-
tice. 1890 E. O. P. BOUVERIE Rackets 359 The game of rackets
is now exclusively played in a court enclosed in four walls.
t 2. A military engine (see quot.). Obs.rare~l.
1535 COVERDALE i Mace. vi. 51 He made all maner ordi-
naunce : handbowes, fyrie dartes, rackettes to cast stones.
3. A snow-shoe made after the fashion of a
racket (sense i), as used in Northern America.
1613 PURCHAS Pilgrimage viu. iv. 753 Their Dogges..
haue rackets tied vnder their feet, the better to runne on
the snow. 1677 W. HUBBARD Narrative u. 130 Unless they
carried Rackets under their Feet, wherewith to walk upon
the Top of the Snow. 1758 Michmakis fy Maric/teets 55
Much more capable with their legs only, than we with our
rackets. 1790 BEWICK Hist. Quadrup. (1792) in The sports-
man pursues in his broad rackets or snow-shoes. 1875
TEMPLE & SHELDON Hist. Northfield, Mass. 84 Travel was
next to impossible, except upon rackets.
b. A broad wooden shoe for man or horse to
enable them to walk over marshy ground.
1864 in WEBSTER.
4. Ornith. A bird's tail-feather shaped like a
racket, a spatule. (Cassetts Encycl. Diet. 1887.)
5. attrib. and Comb., as (sense i) racket-frame,
-maker, -seller ; racket-like adj. ; (sense I b) racket-
ball, -bat, -court, -ground, -match, -player ; (sense
3) racket-string; racket-press (see quot.).
1651 OGILBY jEsot (1665) 164 Like "Racket-Bals with
Argos's I sport And the whole Ocean is my Tennis-Court.
1837 THACKERAY Ramnswing vi, Who hit [him] across the
shoulders with a *racket-bat. 1604 MIDDLETON Father
Hubtard's T. Wks. (Bullen) VIII. 103, I am no day from
the line of the "racket-court. 1860 All Year Round No. 66.
366 It is thoroughly inconvenient and defective as a racket,
court. 1837 DICKENS Pickut. xli, This area . . was the
•racket-ground. 1893 NEWTON Diet. Birds 168 The outer-
most pair [of feathers] are enlarged at the end in a Vacquet-
like form. 1611 COTGR., Raquetier, a "Racket-maker. 1838
JAS. GRANT Sk. Loud. 57 Employed to supply the "racket-
players with balls. 1890 C. G. HEATHCOTE Lawn Tennis
204 Among those [implements] which . . are useful, may be
mentioned the "racket press to keep the racket from warping.
1808 PIKE Sources Mississ. (1810) 75 The pressure of my
"racket strings brought the blood through my socks and :
mockmsons.
Racket (rarket), si.3 Also 8-9 racquet, j
[Prob. onomatopoeic. Gael, racaid, sometimes
cited as the source, is no doubt from Eng.]
1. Disturbance, loud noise, uproar, din ; usually
such as is produced by noisy or disorderly conduct
on the part of one or more persons.
In quot. 1597 with pun on sb?
1565 ABP. PARKER Corr. (Parker Soc.) 234, I send you a
letter sent to me of the racket stirred up by Withers
1597 SHAKS. 2 Hen. IV, u. ii. 23 But that the Tennis-
Cpurt-keeper knowes better then I, for it is a low ebbe of
Linnen with thee, when thou kept'st not Racket there.
a 1641 BP. MOUNTAGU Acts fy Man. (1642) 323 Antonius..
hearing what racket the Parthians kept in Syria. 1711
STEELE Spect. No. 336 T 3 After all this Racket and Clutter
[etc.]. 1791 El-nina II. 98 We wanted quiet, not racket.
1877 BLACK Green Past. xlii. (18^8) 336 A quiet country
life — no racket except the roosters in the morning.
b. With a and //. An instance of this.
i6« MABBE tr. Altaian's Guzman dAlf. u. 261 Then will
shee keepe a racket, and cry out. 1683 Pol. Ballads (1860)
I. 243 And made such a riot.. That never before such
a racket was known. 1741 RICHARDSON Pamela. (1824) I. 53
Your daughter has made a strange racket in my family.
1777 MAD. D'ARBLAY Early Diary 7 Apr., The drums and
trumpets again made a racket. 1824 SCOTT St. Roman's i,
Such dashers occasioned many a racket in Meg's house.
fig- l85S J- H. NEWMAN Callista (1890) 87 There is such
a racket and whirl of religions on all sides of me.
C. A noisy expression of opinion or feeling ;
clamour, outcry ; excitement or fuss (aiout some-
thing, or with a person).
1653 CULPEPPF.R Eng. Physic. 182 What a noise AuthoHrs
have made of Roses, what a ' Racket ' they have kept up.
'755 J- SHEBBEARE Lydia (1769) II. 270 She was astonished
.. at the racket which was made about a son of such a
creature. 1789 CHARLOTTE SMITH Ethelinde (1814) I. n
Though her father has always made such a racket with her.
2. The noise and whirl of society; excessive
social excitement or dissipation.
1784 R. BAGE Barham Downs I. 118 Charm 'd with dress
and trumpery, with racket and dissipation. i8» SCOTT
4 Set. in Fain. Le
94
b. A large or noisy social gathering.
1745 ELIZA HEYWOOD Female Sped. No. 12 (1748) II. 269
She told me, that when the number of company for play
exceeded ten tables, it was called a racquet. 1750 JOHNSON
Rambler No. 97 F 4 To idle amusements, and to negligence
of domestic business, to wicked rackets. 1876 T. HARDY
Ethelberta (1890) 402 She'll have her routs and her rackets
as well as the high-born ones.
3. slang. A trick, dodge, scheme, game, line of
business or action.
i8xa J. H. VAUX Flask Diet., Racket, some particular
kinds of fraud and robbery are so termed. 1851 MAYHEW
Land. Labour I. 224/1, I did wear a shovel hat when the
Bishop of London was our racket. 1884 Bread-winners
183 That's just our racket. 1891 KIPLING & UALKSTIER
Naulahka vi, What's your lay? What's your racket?
4. An exciting or trying situation or experience ;
an ordeal. To stand the racket, (a) to hold out
against strain or wear and tear ; (*) to face the
consequences of an action.
1823 ' J. BEE ' Diet, Turf, ' Racket— lo stand the ', when
one of a set stands forward to bear all the blame. 1817 T.
WILSON Pitman's Pay u. 63 Sic tussels nobbit pluck could
settle, For nowse less could the racket stand. 1837 WHIT-
TOCK Bk. Trades (1842) 404 (Shoemaker) Upon this.. pre-
paration depends his work standing the racket of adverse
seasons. 1878 BESANT & RICE Cellars Art, xxxii. (1887)
237, 1 escaped and came out of the whole racket un wounded.
5. Sc. A hard blow ; a severe slap.
1710 RUDDIMAN Douglas sEneis, Gloss, s.v. Rak, More
frequently, .we use Racket, as he gave him a racket on the
lug, i.e. a box on the ear. 1810 Cock's Simple Strains 135
(Jam.) The wabster lad bang'd to his feet, An' gae 'im a
waefu racket.
tRa-cket, v.1 Ol>s. Also 7 rackat. [f.
RACKET sb.'*\
1. trans. To strike with, or as with, a racket ; to
toss or bandy about. Chiefly fig.
1603 FLORIO Montaigne in. U. (1613) 540 The Gods perdie
doe reckon and racket us men as their tennis balles. 1609
B. JONSON Case is A Itered iv. iv. Then think, then speak, . .
And racket round about this body's court These two sweet
words, 'tis safe. 1631 R. H. Arraignm. Whole Creature
xiv. § 2. 244 They are moveable as Shittlecockes, or Tennis
Balls, now rackated here, now there. 1705 G. ScuorE
Efit. on himself (St. Michael's, Coventry), Here lyes an
Old Toss'd Tennis ball Was Racketted from Spring to Fall.
b. To racket away : To lose (money) in playing
with a racket.
1612 WEBSTER White Devil it i, I shall not shortly Racket
away five hundred crowns at tennis But it shall rest upon
record !
2. To racket it: To carry a racket, rare — *.
1605 CHAPMAM, etc. Eastw. Hoe i. i, There's thy fellowe
Premise, as good a Gentleman borne as thou art. .But does
hepumpe it or Racket it ?
Racket (ra-ket), ».* [f. RACKET sb.S\
1. intr. To live a gay life, to take part in social
excitement. Also with about.
1760 GRAY Lett., to Dr. Clarke, Poems (1775) 282 Company
his frame. 1886 H. WARD BEECHER in Horn. Rev. May
421 We hear the whole land racketed with the disturbance
produced by labor and capital.
Racketer1 (rae-ketai). rare. Also 6 rak-
ketter. [f. RACKET rf.2 + -BE 1.]
1. One who plays with a racket.
1581 MULCASTER Positions xxvii. (1887) 105 The rakketters
in tennyse play, .must shew them selues nymble. 1860 All
} ear Round No. 66. 366 These listless racketers rarely, if
ever, hit the ball twice before it dropped.
2. One who wears, or walks on, rackets or snow-
shoes (Funk's Stand. Diet. 1893).
Ra'cketer '-'. rare. [f. RACKET si.3 or f.2 +
-ER l.J A gay or noisy person.
1661 Sir A. Hosieries Last Will 3 The discontented
Party., may find our impregnant City a ready Foster-
Mother to nurse these distempers in her ranting Racketers.
1754 RICHARDSON Grandison (1781) I. xvi. 109 At a private
concert last night.. and again to be at a play this night :
I shall be a racketer, I doubt.
some time. 1833 MACAULAY in Life 4- Lett. (1880) I. 346,
I have been racketing lately, having dined twice with
Rogers and once with Grant.
2. intr. To make a noise or racket; to move
about in a noisy way.
1817 CAPT. HARDMAN Waterloo 16 A ball from their in-
fantry went through my jacket, Took the skin off my side,
and made me racket. 1851 S. JUDD Margaret xvii. 151 The
wind blazed and racketed through the narrow space between
the house and the hill. 1897 R. KIPLING Captains Courageous
iv. 86 The pots and pans . . jarred and racketed to each
plunge.
b. To get up with noise and confusion.
1847 ALB. SMITH Ckr. Tadpole Hi. (1879) 445 They're . .
obliged to racket up too early in the morning to catch the
tram, to lake anything.
3. trans. To keep lively, to disturb, destroy (also
with away), etc. by racketing, rare.
I7S3 RICHARDSON Grandison (1781) VI. xxvii. 166 Dearly
-""• »» wmp-_i j , vriiu im,r\.Cl ill III UlbMpailUIl. IOZZ OtOTT
4 Sept. in Fain. Lett. (1894) II. xviii. 149, I did not wish Eartp+1110- in-V»Hn\ v,hl ,h fr T> „
for you in the midst of afl this racquet of mirth and war. -KaCKetlllg ^a ketlrj), vbl. si. [f. KACkLT
1850 THACKERAY Lett., to Mrs. BrookfitU, With all this ""•' + "1NG -J "M action of the vb., esp. in
racket and gaiety, do you understand that a gentleman feels I " * ' — ;~-' r"-!-
very lonely? 1886 Spectator 6 Feb. 175/1 Dr. Johnson.,
did not live in the racket of Society.
sense i ; an instance of this.
'753 [see RACKET z<.a 3]. 1795 SCOTT 23 Aug. in Lockhart,
1 wish they may come down soon, as we shall have fine
RACKING.
racketting. i8u — 25 June in Font. Lett. (1894) II. xviii.
139 Late hours and raqueting. 1843 MM LI, in Nonconf.
III. 745 No racketing of engines to turn his domain into
a modern Babel. 1886 BARING-GOULD Mchalali 183 There'll
bejunketings and racketings.
Racketing (ravkelirj), ///. a. ff. as prec. +
-ING -.] That rackets, in senses of the vb. ; char-
acterized by racket or racketing.
1763 ELIZ. CARTER in Mem. (1808) I. 362 We live a very
racketting life at the Hague. 1811 JEFFREY in Cockburn
Life II. Ixxxvi, We have had a racketing feverish life since
we came here. 1847 w- IRVING in Life ft Lett. (1864) IV. 25
One of the most racketing cities in the world. 1895 BESANT
Westminster iii. 88 A place filled with noisy, racketing, even
uproarious life.
(ra-ketri). [f. RACKET st>.3 + -RY.]
Systematic or continuous noise or disturbance.
1884 in Bryce Amer. Comnmi. II. 639 The non-voters.,
constitute the muscle and sinew of the campaign racketry
— a word made indispensable by political conventions. Ibid.
640 All this racketry has been going on . for seven minutes.
Ra cket-tail. [f. RACKET sb:*\ A (bird's)
tail shaped like a tennis-racket ; hence used as a
name for various species of humming-birds and
motmots having tails of this form.
1851 JARDINE Contrib. Ornith. in The beautiful species
S\ patkura] Underwoodii, with its white boots and racket
tall. 1861 GOULD Humming Birds III. PI. 162 Spathttrti
Undenuooiii, white-booted Racket-tail. Ibid. 164 i". Peru-
ana, Peruvian Racket-tail. 1893 NEWTON Diet. Birds
446 The lateral feathers may. .suddenly enlarge into a ter-
minal spatulation as in the forms known as ' Racquet-tails '.
So Ba-cket-talled a., having a racket-tail.
i8u SHAW Gen. Zool. VIII. i. 317 The Racket-tailed Hum-
ming Bird is a rare species, and isanative of South America.
i8n}fja>mE.t/umiitiH£.BirJs II. no Rough-legged Racket-
tailed Humming-Bird. 1894 Naturalist on Prowl 178 The
ever-changing . . notes of the Racket-tailed Drongo.
Hackette, obs. form of RACKET sb?
Racket-wheel, variant of RATCHET-WHEEL.
1794 W. FELTON Carriages (1801) I. 78 The brace is fixed
to a spindle . . and is there confined by a small racket-wheel
and ketch. 1837 Penny Cycl. IX. 150/1 There is also
a racket-wheel to prevent its unwinding.
Rackety (rae-keti), a. Also -tty. [f. RACKET
s6.3 + -Y.]
1. Addicted to making a racket ; noisy, gay,
fond of excitement.
1773 BERRIUCE Chr. World Unmasked (1812) 27 Some
players are rude and racketty. 1857 KINGSLEV Two Years
Ago I. vii. 192 This strange metamorphosis in the rackety
little Irishman. 1885 Manch. Exam. 9 Apr. 5/3 The
rackety winds of March and April.
2. Characterized by noise, excitement, dissipa-
tion, or disturbance.
1827 (see RACKET r'.3 3]. 1840 HOOD Up the Rhine 61
Foreign travelling is very racketty work. 1865 CARLYLE
Fredk. Gt. x. ii. (1872) III. 221 He .. studies and learns
amazingly in such a rackety existence.
US.— RICKETY.
1824 W. IRVING T. Trav. I. 55 An old rackety inn, that
looked ready to fall to pieces.
Ra-ckful. [f. RACK so.*] The fill of a rack.
1898 C. G. ROBERTSON Voces Academ. 190 A rackful of
sticks and pipes.
Rackin-crook, variant of RACKAN-CROOK.
Ra'cking, vbl. s6.1 [f. RACK ».' + -ING!.]
The action of driving before the wind. rare — 1.
1631 Celestina Prol. A vj b, Those rackings to and fro of
the clouds.
Ra eking, vbl. sb.2 [f. RACK v.2] a. Fitting
with, placing in, etc., a rack or racks, b. The
washing of ore on a rack (Knight 1875).
1888 Daily News 18 July 2/6 Restitution of ' pennies ' if
the girls do their own racking.
Racking (ra-kirj), vbl. sb.z [f. RACK v.'*]
1. The action of stretching, extending, straining,
etc. ; pulling tight or making fast by rack-lashings.
Also with down.
1463-4 Rolls Parlt. V. 501/1 Brode Cloth . . after almanere
rakkyng, streynyng or teyntyng therof. 1565 JEWEL Repl.
Harding (i6ti) 364 It cannot be drawen, nor by racking
can be stretched toany other sense. 1577 HoLiNSHEoCV/nw.
II. 1751/2 Thys grieuous racking and extending of this
worde Procurement. 1764 CHURCHILL Gotham 12 The
daily, nightly racking of the brains, To range the thoughts.
1853 SIR H. DOUGLAS Milit. Bridges 170 The oars and poles
were used as ribands for racking. 1876 VOYLE & STEVENSON
Milit. Diet., Racking'dolvn, an operation performed with
the aid of rack-lashing in laying a gun or mortar platform.
b. Torturing by means of the rack.
1494 FADYAN Chron. vn. 490 Dyuerse tourmentes, as
rakkynge, heddynge, and hangynge. 1560 DAUS tr. Slei-
danf's Comm. 284 All racking and torture, that exceadeth
a meane, is uncerten and penllous. a 1653 GOUGE COHIIII.
Hebr. xi. 36 If racking, if scourging . . be reall persecutions,
then were theirs reall. 173* NEAL Hist. Purit. I. 429 He
had condemned racking for grievous offenders, as contrary
to Law. 1868 BROWNING Ring ff Bk. v. 13 Noblemen were
exempt, the vulgar thought, From racking.
c. Raising (of rents) to an excess. Also with up.
1581 W. STAFFORD Exam. Compl. iii. (1876) 82 This
rackynge and hoyssing vp of Rentes. 1617 HAKEWILL Apol.
(1630) 522 By unconscionable racking of rents and wresting
from them excessiue fines. 1690 CHILD Disc. Trade (1694)
50 The racking up of rents in the years 1651 and 1652.
2. The undergoing or causing of strain, distortion,
or dislocation.
1739 LABKLYE S/wrt Ace. Piers Westm. Bridge 18 The
Frames could move . . without any Danger of racking or
straining. 1793 SM EATON Edystane L. § 306 Nothing to
BACKING.
oppose the racking of the frame. 1868 Rep. Munitions
War 267 The ' Bellerophon* could pass the forts at New
York within 200 yards without suffering except by racking.
1869 SIR E. REED Shipbuilding ii. 23 This plan . . has the
important advantage of opposing the racking of the floor
plates longitudinally.
attrib. 1865 A. L. HOLLEY Ordnance $• Armor 212 The
' racking ' system, by means of heavy projectiles at low
velocities.
3. Intense pain.
1896 Allbntfs Syst. of Med. I. 680 Violent aching of the
head.. with racking m the bones.
Rac'king, vbl. sb* [f. RACK r>.4] Of a
horse : The action or fact of moving with a rack.
1530 PALSGR. 260/2 Rackyng of a horse in his pace, roe-
quassure. 1607 MARKHAM Caval. iv. 5 Taking his time-
keeping from trotting, and his motion of legges from ambling,
and so compound this which is called a Traine, or Racking,
1725 BRADLEY Fam. Diet. s.v. Rules for buying Horses,
Racking. .'tis the same Motion as Ambling, only it is a
sweeter Time. 1818 J. PALMER Jrnl. Travels 51 Racking
is a favourite ambling pace.
Racking (ne'kirj), vbl. sb$ [f. RACK v.^\
Drawing on wine, etc. from the lees.
c 1473 Liber Niger in Honseh. Ord. (1790) 74 The rackinge,
coynynge, rebatinge, and other salvations of wynes. 1626
BACON Sylva § 305 It is in common Practise, to draw Wine,
or Beere, from the Lees, (which we call Racking). 1703 Art
fy Myst. Vintners 23 The usual times for Racking, are Mid-
summer and Alhallontide. 1783 B. J. BROMWICH Exper.
Bee-keeper 59 If it does not become fine after the first
racking, the operation should be repeated. 1846 J. BAXTER
Libr. Pract. Agric. (ed. 4) I. 169 The manufacture of cider
may be divided into twelve heads : . . 8. The racking.
b. attrib., as racking-back, -can, -cellar, -cock,
-engine, -faucet, -hose, -pump, -shed, -tap, -vessel.
1846 TIZARD Brewing (ed. 2) xx. 547 A more perfect rack-
ing-engine than such as are in ordinary use. Ibid., The
racking tap. 1890 Pall Mall G. 4 Aug. 3/1 The cask . . is
further cleaned with steam .. before being allowed to roll off
into the 'racking shed ', where it is filled with porter. 1892
H. E. WRIGHT Handy Bk. Brewers 37 ' Settling backs ' or
' racking backs '. Ibid. 42 The fermenting or racking vessels.
Ibid. 503 Racking hose, .and racking cocks.
Ra'ckiilg, vbl. s&.G [f. RACK z>.6] A piece of
spun yarn or other material used for racking ropes.
1711 W. SUTHERLAND Shipbnild. Assist. 143 Racking and
Seizing for the Parrel, c 1860 H. STUART Seaman11 s Catech.
34 It will greatly assist the spunyarn racking. 1882 NARES
Seamanship (ed. 6) 116 Cast off the racking.
t Ra'Cking, vbl. sb.i [f. rack WRACK v. Cf.
RACK j£-5] Wrecking, destruction.
1689 Pol. Ballads (1860) II. 8 The Queen and Prince
banisht for what none dares own, Unless for the racking and
ruin o' the state.
Ra'cking1, ///. a.1 [f. RACK v.1 + -i
1. Of clouds : Driving before the wind.
1590 MARLOWE -znd Pt. Tamburl. iv. iv, Draw my chariot
swifter than the racking clouds. 1697 DRYDEN /Eneid iv.
361 Drives the racking clouds along the liquid Space. 1808
SCOTT Mann. in. xxii, Of middle air the demons proud,
Who ride upon the racking cloud.
2. Of winds : Driving, carrying along.
1667 MILTON P. L. u. 182 The sport and prey Of racking
whirlwinds. 1840 CARLYLE Heroes iii. (1858) 255 The racking
winds.. whirl them away again.
Racking (rue-kin,),///, a?- [f. RACK v.s\
1. Extortionate ; exacting.
1580 SIDNEY Arcadia \. (1508) 2 The court of affection,
held by that racking steward, Remembrance. 1636 FEATLY
Clavis Myst. vii. QO Hee layeth the blame on. .racking
Landlords. 1649 BP. HALLCVwwCVwwc. (1650) 12 Let those
. .learn to make no lesse conscience of a racking bargain.
1817 SCOTT Search after Happiness xvi, Cursed war and
racking tax Have left us scarcely raiment to our backs.
fb. Let at rack-rents. Obs. rare~l.
a 1619 BEAUM. & FL. Wit without M. i. i, Your racking
Pastures, that have eaten up as many singing Shepherds,
and their issues, as Andeluzia breeds.
2. Torturing ; causing intense pain, physical or
mental.
1667 MILTON P, L. xi. 481 Maladies Of gastly Spasm, or
racking torture. 1693 CONGREVE in Dryden^s Juvenal yi\.
(1697) 296 The most racking Thought, which can intrude.
1751 HUME Ess. fy Treat. (1777) II. 106 A man lying under
the racking pains of the Gout. 1806-7 J- BERESFORD
Miseries Hum. Life (1826) vi. xxii, Getting up for a journey
with a racking headache. 1873 G. C. DAVIES Mount. <y
Mere viii. 57, I had been kept awake by a most racking
tooth-ache.
3. Straining, dislocating; breaking under strain.
1868 Rep. Munitions War 262 To neutralize the vibration,
when struck a racking blow on one side. 1874 THEARLE
Naval Archit. 118 Great racking strains are set up, tending
• to alter the relative positions of the beams to each other and
to the ship's side. 1895 R. KIPLING in Pall Mall G. 25 Oct.
3/2 Spirits, goblins, and witch-people were moving about on
the racking ice.
Hence Ra'ckingly adv. , in a racking or exhaust-
ing manner.
1857 Chamb. Jrnl. VIII. 33 They will certainly become
..monotonous by virtue of being so rackingly relevant.
Ra-cking,///. at [f. RACK v.*\
1. Of a horse : Moving with a rack.
1562 Richmond. Wills (Surtees) 166 One old rackynge
nagg. 1585 Wills <$• Inv. N. C. (Surtees 1860) 108 My
rackinge blacke nagge. 1817 PAULDING Letters fr. South
(1835) I. 86, I bought a new horse,— one of your capital
racking ponies, as they are yclept.
fig. a x66x FULLER Worthies, Stajffbrdsh. (1662) 41 He
himself became a racking but no thorough-paced Protestant.
2. Racking pace = RACK sb$
»6it COTGR., Amble,, .an ambling, or racking pace. 1676
95
Lend. Gaz. 1138/4 Two Cart-Geldings, ,. a little racking-
pace. 1721 DUDLEY in Phil. Trans, XXXI. 167 A Moose
..shoves along side-ways, throwing out the Feet, much like
a Horse in a racking pace. 1819 REES Cycl. XXIX. s.v.
Rack) The racking pace is much the same as the amble.
Ra'cking, ppl. a A Naitt. [f. RACK z/.e]
That fastens ropes together.
1867 SMYTH Sailor's Word-bk. s.v. Nippering^ Fastening
nippers by taking turns crosswise between the parts. . . These
are called racking turns. 1882 NARES Seamanship (ed. 6)
34 It is. .secured with a racking seizing. 1886 J. M. CAUL-
FEILD Seamanship Notes 3 Secure, .reef-pendant to boom
with a racking or rolling hitch.
t Rack jack. Obs. rare— l. A racket.
1582 STANYHURST ASneis i. (Arb.) 22 Dare ye.. Too raise
such raks iaks on seas, and danger vnorderd?
Ra*ck-la:shing. Mil. [f. RACKT/.SJ A lashing
consisting of a piece of stout rope fastened to a
short tapering stick, by means of which it may be
twisted tight.
1834-47 J- S. MACAULAY Field For I i/. (1851) 74 A piece of
smaller scantling is laid on the top of the plank, .to which it
is secured with rack-lashings. 1859 F. A. GRIFFITHS Artil.
Man. (1862) 257.
Rackle (ne'kl), a. Obs. exc. Sc. and north, dial.
\ Forms : 4-5 rakel, -il, 4-6 -yl, (5 -yll), racle, 6
: ra(c)kle, Sc. rakill, 7 rackel, 8 raucle, 9 rackle,
rau(c)kle. [Of obscure origin.] Hasty, rash,
impetuous, headstrong ; rough or coarse in action ;
also Sc. possessed of rude strength, vigorous at an
advanced age. a. of persons :
4x300 in Horstm. Altengl. Leg. (1875) 37 To rakele Jro
bei were, 5 ware fore po huy fullen bere. 13. . E. E. Allit.
P. C. 526 He bat is to rakel to renden his clobez, Mot efte
sitte with more vnsounde to sewe hem togeder. c 1430
LYDG. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 30 To wyving be thou
nat racle. 1433 — St. Edmund 11. 512 The kyng, nat rakel,
, but of hih prudence. 1570 LEVINS Manip. 129/8 Rakyl,
I insolens. c 1670 Poor Man's Cup in G. Hickes Spirit of
\ Pofery (1680) 10 Samson was a Rackel and Rough-handed
i Saint, ready to Pelt the Philistines on all occasions. 1785
\ BURNS Jolly Beggars 4th Recit., Then niest outspak a
j raucle carlin. 1826 T. WILSON Pitman's Pay i. Ixvt, Te
j guide a rackle ram-stam wife. 1876 WAUGH Hermit Cobbler
(Lancash. dial.) 29 Is there ony news o' that rackle (reckless)
I brother o1 thine ?
b. of things, actions, feelings, etc.
c 1374 CHAUCER Troylns in. 380 (429) Eche rakll dede, and
eche unbridelid chere. c 1386 — Manciple's 7'.i85 A thousand
folk hath rakel Ire Fully fordoon. Ibid. 235 Wostow wher-
of a rakel tonge serueth. 1406 HOCCLEVE La Male Regie
83 His rakil wit only to him souffysith. c 1550 R. BIESTON
Betyte Fortune Aij, Thy tounge is racle, thy wit is rechles.
1786 BURNS Earnest Cry <$• Prayer xxii, Auld Scotland has
a raucie tongue.
Comb. 1715 Wodrow Corr. (1843) II. 39, I suspect this
will be a very rackle-handed committee.
? Hence t Backle v. intr.j to act rashly or roughly.
Obs. raw1.
ci374 CHAUCER Troylus in. 1593 (1642), I nil riot rakle as
for to greven here.
Rackle ness (rse'k'lnes). Obs. exc. dial, [f
RACKLE a. + -NESS.] fa. Rashness, hastiness. Obs.
b. Sc. (See quot. 1825).
c 1386 CHAUCER Manciple's T. 179 O euery man be war of
rakelnesse Ne trowe no thyng wlthouten strong witnesse.
1549 COVERDALE, etc. Erasm. Par. ^awf^oTrue godlynes
can in no wise agree with racklenes of tongue. 1825
JAMIESON Suppl., (Rackleness), Raucleness^ vigour and
freshness in an advanced period of life.
Ra-ckless, a. rare—1, [f. RACK sb3 + -LESS.]
Produced without a rack.
1867 G. GILFILLAN Night ix. 310 Rackless torture.
Rackless, obs. (north, and Sc.) f. RECKLESS.
t Ra'ckly, adv. Sc. Obs. rare~~l. In 6 raklie.
rynnand maist raklie at the ra.
Rackoon(e, obs. forms of RACOON.
Ra-ck-pin.
1. [f. RACK z/.3] = RACK-STICK.
1859 J. BROWN Rab $• F, (1862) 33, I had to brain him wi'
a rack-pin.
2. [f. RACK sb2] One of the pins supporting
the rack-boards in an organ.
1881 W. E. DICKSON Pract. Organ-building 91 The rack-
board . . may be placed on its rack.pins, and the feet dropped
into their places.
Rack-punch., [f. RACK sb3 -f PUNCH.] Punch
made with arrack.
1713 STEELE Guard. No. 143 F 3 Rack-punch, quickned
with brandy and gun-powder. 1752 FIELDING Amelia
Wks. 1775 X. 155 The governor .. trumpeted forth the
praises of his rack-punch. 1848 THACKERAY Van. Fair vi,
He insisted upon having a bowl of rack punch ; everybody
had rack punch at Vauxhall.
Ra*ck-rent, sb. [f. RACK z/.s 4 + RENT. Rack-
rented is found in 1591.] A very high, excessive,
or extortionate rent ; a rent equal (or nearly equal)
to the full value of the land.
1607 J. NORDEN Snrv. Dial. v. 80 An obseruing and
painefull husband, .thriueth as well upon his farme of rack
rent, as many.. Freeholders. 1715 Act Reg. Papists in
Lond. Gaz. (1716) No. 5455/3 Any Farmer or Tenant at
Rack-Rent. 1745 Season. Adv. Protest. 18 They steal from
their Neighbours, to enable them to pay the Land-jobber
his Rack-Rent. 1818 JAS. MILL Brit. India I. n. v. 184 _»<>A-,
One third to the cultivator, and two thirds to the proprietor,
would be accounted a rackrent in England. 1879 H. GEORGE
RACOON.
Progr. *f FPV. n. ii. (1881) in They lived on the potato,
because rack-rents stripped every thing else from them,
attrib. 1778 [W. MARSHALL) Minjttes Agric. 4 Dec. 1775
Obs., The rack-rent Gentlemen of landed property. 1834
Tait's Mag. I. 17/1 Every year growing worse than the last
in this rack-rent country.
transf. and fig. 1608 MIDDLF.TON Fain. Love \. ii, Nil
tilltliere levius. Tut, man, every one knows their worth
When they are at a rack rent. 1768 Woman of Honor II.
178 Subjecting to the rack-rent of avarice and insolence that
country of theirs.
Ra-ck-rent, v. [f. prec.]
1. trans. To subject (a person) to the payment
of rack-rent.
1748 RICHARDSON C/an'wa(i8n) I. xiii. 83 It was a maxim
with his family, .never to rack-rent old tenants or their
descendants. 1879 H. GEORGE Progr. fy Pov. 105 Who
rack-rent the cultivators most mercilessly.
absol. 1856 LEVER Martins of Cro'M. 138 He hunted,
and drank, and feasted and rack-rented.
2. To let (a farm, etc.) at a rack-rent.
1882 in OGILVIE.
Hence Kackre'ntable a., capable of being rack-
rented; Ra-clt-re iited //>/. a. (in quot. 1591 app.
f. the sb.) ; Ba'ck-retnting vbl. sb. and ppl, a.
1591 SYLVESTER Du Bartas i. iii. 1154 The needy, hard-
rack-rented Hinde. 1856 LEVER Martins of Cro'M. 308 Is
it rack-renting . . would make them popular ? 1875 M AINE
Hist. Inst. vi. 175 They were the first ' tenants at will'.,
and.. were always theoretically rackrentable. 1893 PEEL
Spen Valley 120 The appeal of the poor rack-rented
tenantry. 1897 Westm. Gaz. 9 Sept. 7/1 Even the most
rack-renting of landlords will find .. the impossibility of
extortion.
Ra'cfe-re^ntal. rare~l. The value (of land)
at rack-rent.
1812 SOUTHEY in Q. Rev. VIII. 328 The rack-rental of
England in that year [1803] was about forty millions.
Ra-ck-re:nter.
1. One who pays rack-rent.
1680 Sfirit of Popery 45 If they were Rack-renters. 1733
TULL Horse-hoeing Hnsb. Pref. 6 'Tis a publick Calamity,
that the Lands of a Country must be all or mostly in the
Hands of Rack- Renters, whose Interest it is.. that they
never may be improv'd. 1807 VANCOUVER Agric. Devon
(1813) 224 These meadows the rack renters are bound to dress
after every third crop of hay. 1826 COBBETT Rnr. Rides
(1885) II. 236 The farmers were real yeomen, and not miser-
able rack-renters.
2. One who exacts rack-rent.
1880 Times 23 Oct. 6/5 Not. .one [landlord] in 500 [will]
be found to merit the name of ' rack-renter '.
t Rack-sauch. Sc. Obs. rare-1, [f. RACK ».3
+ SAUCH, sallow, willow.] A gallows-bird.
1508 DUNBAR Flyting 245 Filling of tauch, rak sauch, cry
crauch, thow art our sett.
Ra-ck-staff. ? Obs. (See quots.)
1611 COTGR., Frayoire, the racke-staffe, or nog of a mill ;
the little peece of wood which rubbing against the hopper
makes the corne fall from it. 1688 R. HOLME Armoury in.
340/2 The parts of a Wind-Mill . . The Rack-staff, that
shakes the Shough. 1847-78 HALLIWELL, Rack-staff, a kind
of pole or staff used for adjusting the mill-stones.
Ra'ck-stick. [f. RACK v.s] A stick used for
tightening a rope placed round anything.
1859 F. A. GRIFFITHS Artil. Man. (1862) 258 Rack-sticks,
and lashings. Ibid. 259 The. .officer carries the rack sticks.
Rackt, obs. form of raked, RAKE v.1
t Rack vintage. Obs. (See quot. 1617.)
1540 Act 32 Hen. VIII, c. 14 For the freight of euery tun
wyne at the racke vintage, xvi.j. 1617 MINSHEU Ductor,
Racke vintage. An. 32. H. 8. cap. 14, is a second vintage or
voyage for wines by our Merchants into Fraunce, &c.
[Hence in Blount and later Diets.]
Rack-wind : see RACK s&.1 3.
Raekyn-croke, obs. form of RACKAN-CKOOK.
Racle, obs. f. RACKLE a. Racoille, var. RECUEIL
». Racolta, var. RACCOLTA. Racommode, var.
RACCOMMODE. Racoti, obs. f. RACKAN.
II Raconteur (rakontbr). [F., f. raconter to
relate : see RECOUNT v.1] One skilled in relating
anecdotes or stories.
1829 DISRAELI Yng. Duke I. xii. (1831) 97 Stamped the
illustrious narrator as the most consummate raconteur.
1855-6 THACKERAY Four Georges (1861) 183 Scott, .the very
best raconteur of his time. 1885 Manch. Exam. 13 Apr. s/7
He was a good raconteur. No one knew more good stories
or could tell them so well.
So Bacohteuse (-toz), a female raconteur.
iB63Omc*Sftldin Bondage (i^o) 46 'There's not one of
you men now-a-days like Selwyn ', began the old raconteuse
again. 1892 Daily Nevis 2 Aug. 5/1 Let us admit that she
is a good raconteuse, for the sake of grammar.
Racoon, raccoon (rak«-n, rsek«-n), sl>.
Forms : 7 (see etym. note ; also) racoone, -oune,
-owne, 7-8 raokoon, (? rack-, rookoone), 7-
raocoon, 8- racoon. See also COON and RATTOON.
[Powliatan (Virginia) dialect of Algonqnian. The
following quots. show more precise reproductions
of the native word :
1608 CART. SMITH True Relnt. Wks. (Arb.) 19 Couered
ith a great Coueving of Rahaugcums. _ 7/W._23^Presents
a beast like a fox. 1624 CAPT. SMITH Virginia II. 27 There
is a beast they call Aroughcun, much like a badger. Ibid.
in. ii. 48 A great robe, made of Rarowcun skinnes.]
An American nocturnal carnivore of the genus
Procyon. The common N. American species is
RACOON.
/*. lotor, a grayish-brown furry animal with bushy
tail and sharp snout.
1619 MIDDLETON Lffi'f $ Antiq. ig Minck, Stole, Miniuer,
Racoone, Moashye, Woluerine. 1632 T. MORTON New Eng.
Canaan v. (1838) 54 The Racowne is a beast as bigg, .as a
Foxe, with a Bushtayle. 167* JOSSELYN New Eng. Rarities
17 The Raccoon liveth in hollow trees, 1712 E. COOKE
Voy. S. Sea 326 Of wild Creatures, there are Raccoons,
Hares, Rabbits, &c. 1774 GOLDSM. Nat, Hist, (1776) IV.
333 The racoon, which some authors have called the Jamaica
rat, is about the size of a small badger. 1809 W. IRVING
Knickerb. (1861) 204 They were gallant bush-whackers and
hunters of racoons by moonlight. 1856 BRYANT Winter
Piece 52 The lighter track Of fox, and the racoon's broad
path, were there. 1895 Onting (U. S.) XXVI. 434/2 The
American raccoon . . is practically a bear.
b. attrib. and Comb.^ as racoon-hunt > -hunting,
-skin ; racoon-berry U, S'., the May-apple or man-
drake (Miller, 1884); racoon-bridge (see quot.
1791) ; racoon-oyster (7.S. (see quots. 1883-4).
1624 [see etym. note], 1670 D. DENTON Descr. New York
(1845) 2 Bevers, Otter, Raccoon skins, with other Furrs, 1791
W. BARTRAM Carolina 445 No other bridge than a sapling
felled across it, which is called a raccoon bridge. 1809
A. HENRY Trav. 131 Racoon-hunting was my., daily
employ. 1864 C. GEIKIE Life in Woods xix. (1874) 317,
I remember one racoon hunt. 1883 SIMMONDS Useful
Animals, Raccoon Oysters, o. variety of American oysters
from Appalichicola Bay, Florida. 1884 GOODE Nat. Hist.
Use/. Aquatic Anim. 752 From .. overcrowding the shells
of the individual Oysters become very narrow and greatly
elongated ; the peculiar forms which result are known to
oystermen as 'Raccoon Oysters' or 'Cats-tongues',
Hence Bacoo-n v. intr., to walk about at night,
like a racoon, nonce-ivd.
1855 MRS. GASKELL North $ S. xiii, She heard him pacing
about (racooning, as she and Edith used to call it).. long
after she began to listen as she lay in bed.
Racord, obs. So. form of RECORD.
Racoviatt (rak^-vian), a. and sb. [f. Rakow,
a town in Poland + -IAN.] a. adj. Of or pertaining
to Rakow, or to the Unitarians (Socinians) who
made it their chief centre in the 17th century, b. sb.
An adherent of the doctrines taught at Rakow.
1652 (title) The Racovian Catechisme. 1768-74 TUCKER
Lt. Nat. (1834) II. 47^ Should another Edwards do me the
honour to make another Mr. Locke of me by catling out,
Racovian ! 1837 HALLAM Hist. Lit. in. ii. § 39 The Raco-
vian institution was broken up and dispersed in 1638.
111861 CUNNINGHAM Hist. Theol. (1864) II. xxiii. 177 The
Racovian Catechism fills very nearly two hundred pages.
Racquet, -ette, varr. RACKET sb.t RAQUE|TE.
Ract, obs, Sc. form of RACK sb\
Racunnis, etc., obs. Sc. forms of RECOGNIZE.
Racy (r^'si), a. Also 7 racie, razy, 8 razie.
[f. RACE ^.2 IO + -Y!.]
1. Of wine or other liquors, vegetable juices, fruits,
etc. : Having a characteristically excellent taste,
flavour, or quality. So of taste, flavour, etc.
1654 GAYTON Pleas. Notes in. vi. 102 The generous oyle of
Sack, nitty, roapy, and razy. 1676 WORLIDGE Cyder (1691)
210 If ground early then is the cider more racy. 1756-7 tr.
Keysler's Trav. (1760) IV. 244 The racy flavour and strong
body of this wine, a 1774 GOLDSM. Surv. Exp. Philos.
(1776) 1 1. 243 The juices which iare nourished in the vegetable
world by the solar heat, are light, pungent, and racy. 1800
MOORE Anacreon i. 12 His lip exhaled.. The fragrance of
the racy tide. 1849 SIR J. STEPHEN Eccl. Biog. II. 228 The
grapes they yield are ponderous and racy, like the clusters
of Eshcoll.
fig. c 1650 DENIIAM Progr. Learn, 68 Might make old
Homer's skull the Muses' hive; And from his brain that
Helicon distil Whose racy liquor did his offspring fill.
1832 DE QuiNCEY^?/w/^r/c Wks. 1862 X. 50 English divinity
ceased to be the racy vineyard that it had been in ages of
ferment and struggle.
tb. Of plants: Full of sap, succulent. Obs.
1675 EVELYN Terra (1729) 25 Some Plants, the most racy,
and charg'd with Juice, .thrive well amongst Rocks.
2. a. Of persons : Having a distinctive quality
or vigour of character or intellect ; lively, spirited,
full of * go '. So of actions, qualities, etc.
1668 DRYDEN Even. Love u. i, A colony of Spaniards, or
spiritual Italians, planted among us, would make us much
more racy. 1849 C. BRONTE Shirley ix, Yorkshire has such
families here and there . , peculiar, racy, vigorous; of good
blood and strong brain. 1852 Miss MITFORD Recoil. II.
147 My friend the rector, raciest of men, i§ an Oxford
divine of the old school. 1864 BLACKMORE Clara Vaughaii
Ixi, That genial racy smile, which very few could resist.
b. Of animals or their parts : Showing high
breeding or good blood.
1841 ' WILDRAKE ' Cracks of the Day 190 The racy Mango
won him the St. Leger. 1885 Century Mag. XXXI. iiSThe
Gordon setter . . should have . . a narrow deep chest with racy
front. 1889 Pall Mall G. 21 Aug. 2/1 His [a horse's] head
having a racy, determined look.
fc. Of a sense: Noble, superior. Obs. rare"1.
1675 R. BURTIIOGGE Causa Dei 400 There are things Good,
and things Evil to this High and Racy Sense, as well as to
Inferiour Ones.
3. Of speech, writing, etc. : Having a character-
istic sprightliness, liveliness, or piquancy.
a 1667 COWLEY Answ. Verses fr, Jersey, Brisk racy
Verses, in which we The Soil from whence they came, last,
smell, and see. c 1817 GIFFORD Let. in Smiles Mem. J.
Murray (1891) II. xxi. 47 His style is racy and vivid. 1841
D'ISRAELI Amen. Lit. (.1867) 291 The conversations of Sir
Thomas More were racy. 1895 J. HOI.LINGSIIF.AD My Life-
time I. .\.\iv. 232 A rich imagination, and the power of racy
narrative.
96
4. Of pleasure, enjoyment, etc. : Peculiarly agree-
able or rich.
1690 SIIADWELL Am. Bigot n, "Tis difficulty makes the
pleasure high and racy. 1847 LYTTON Lncretia (1853) 166
i There was a racy, wholesome gusto in his enjoyment of
i novelty. i86z BURTON Bk. Hunter (1863) 163 The active
racy enjoyments of life — those enjoyments in which there is
also exertion and achievement.
6. Of the air : Pare, exhilarating.
1838 LYTTON Alice VIM. vii, Theresa's merry laugh sounded
clear and musical in the racy air.
6. Phr. Racy of the soil, characteristic of a certain
country or people (chiefly used with ref. to Ireland).
1870 Daily News 16 Feb., It is racy of the soil i and would
not admit of transplantation to England or Scotland. 1889
j Spectator 26 Oct, This popular [Irish] superstition .. is so
racy of the soil, that it is really deserving of a much wider
publicity.
Racyn, obs. form of RAISIN.
Racyonal, obs. form of RATIONAL.
Had (roed), rf.l Abbrev. of RADICAL sb. 5.
1831 Lincoln Herald 7 Jan., The tricolor rads of this
Borough. 1851 COL. HAWKER Diary (1893) II. 344 Hooted
at by the scum and rads at this dirty end of the town. 1882
BF.SANT All Sorts (1884) 139 He is the reddest of red-hot
Rads and the most advanced of Republicans.
Had, sb.* [Abbrev. of RADDLE s/>.1] In phr.
rad and dab : see RADDLK sl>J 2.
1887 in Diet. Arc/lit. VII.
Sad (rsed), a.1 and adv. Obs. exc. dial. Forms :
i hrad, breed, 1-3 reed, 3-6 rade, 5-6 radde, 3-6
(9 dial.) rad. [OE. hrad, hrsed= OHG. hrad, hral,
ON. hraS-r (MSw. rai/A).]
A. adj. Quick, hasty, speedy; active, prompt,
ready ; eager, elated.
a 700 Epiiial Gloss. 742 Percitus, hraed [Erfurt hrad].
c 888 K. ALFRED Bofth. iv, pu be on hraedum faerelde bone
heofon ymbhweorfest. c 897 --- Gregory's Past, xxxviii. 280
Sie ajjhwelc mon swiSe hrsed & swide seornfull to &ehie*
ranne. .' 1000 Ags. Gosf. Matt. xxvi. 41 Se gast is hred
[HattoH MS. raed], baet these ys untrum. c 1105 LAV.
12318 per fore wes be king glad & biderward wes swioe nrtl.
c 1250 Ccn. fy /..r. 2730 Du art of dede and o word to rad.
a 1310 in Wright Lyric P. 45 Wymmen. .beoth to rad urjon
huere red, To love (etc.], c 1400 Destr. Troy 917 The freike
. .raght to his Ryng in a rad haste, c 1425 Seven Sag. (P.)
1290 The tormentours wer ful rade To do tha[t] the Em-
perour bade, c 1470 HENRY Wallace vn. 526 Cast we doun
all, we mycht be demyt our rad. 1570 LEVINS Manif. 7/41
Radde, agilit, promptiis. 1876 Whltby Gloss. s.v., ' Either
top rad or too sad ',as a variable person, over-elated or, other-
wise, depressed. 1887 S. Chesh. Gloss., Ratl, quick, ready,
f B. adv. Quickly, readily, soon. Obs.
c 1250 Gen. <$• Ex. 998 Al Sat euere Se louerd bad dede
abraham redi and rad. 13.. Gaw. fy Gr. Kiit. 862 Ryche
robes ful rad renkkez hem broken, c 1400 Destr. Troy
9233 He made hym redy full rad, ron to the toun. 1486
Bk. St. Albans Fj b, Then ar thay glad In hope lhay shall
hym haue & renne so rad. c 1525 Priests of Peblis 1190
Thow thoclit I was not wort ane prene, And that I am, nil
rade on the will be sene.
Rad (roed), a* Ol>s. exc. &. Also 3 raad, 3-5
radd, rade, 4-6 radde, 6 raed ; 4, 8 rede ; 4-8
red, 5 redd, 6 redde. [a. ON. hrsedd-r (Sw. radd,
Da. rsed) frightened, afraid, pa. pple. of HrieSa to
frighten.] Frightened, afraid, alarmed. Const, of,
for, and mfin.
c laoo ORMIN 2170 5ho drefedd wass & radd off Godess
enngell. 13. . Cursor M. 5097 Bes noght rad bot mas godd
chere. Ibid. 23024 pai for him sal be sa redd, a 1340
HAMPOLE Psalter\xv. 8 All erthly lufers was rad for pyne.
1375 BARBOUR Bruce xil. 431 Thai war rad till byd fichling.
a 1400-50 Alexander 2510 pan am I redd all oure rewme be
reft vs for euire. c 1450 St. Cutktert ^urtees) 4627 For
hastyness bred us mishap, a 1708 Outlaw Murray^ xxvi. in
Child Ballads V. 192/1, I am right rad of treasonrie. 1791
LEARMONT Poems 284, I'm rede I tine the way.
Had, obs. f. RAID sb., obs. pa. t. READ, REDE,
RIDE.
t Radcolle. Obs.-0 A radish. (Cf. REDCOLL.)
1483 Cat/:. Angl. 298/1 Radcolle, raphanns.
Radd(e, variants of RAD a.l and a.2
Radde, obs. f. RAID ; obs. pa. t. READ, REDE.
Raddish, obs. form of RADISH.
Raddle (ire-cl'l), rf.l Obs. exc. dial. Also 6
radel(l, -yll, 8 reddle, 9 ruddle, [a. AF. reidele
(Wright Vocab. 168), OF. reddalle, ridelle, rndelle
(I4thc. in DuCange) a stout stick or pole, the rail
of a cart (so mod.F. ridelle), of obscure origin.]
1. fa. The rail of a cart. Obs. rare — ".
1530 PALSGR. 260/2 Radyll of a carte, costee.
b. north, dial, and U.S. A wooden bar with up-
right pegs, used to keep the threads of the warp in
place while it is being wound upon the beam.
1848 in WORCESTER. 1883 AlmoiuibiiryGloss.
2. A slender rod, wattle, or lath, fastened to or
twisted between upright stakes or posts to form
a fence, partition, or wall (in the latter case usually
plastered over with clay, whence the phr. raddle
and daub or dab, applied to walls or houses made
in this way).
1577 HARRISON England n. x[ii.] in Holinsked 84 b, The
houses of the Brytons were slitely set vppe with a few postes
and many radles, the like whereof almost is to be scene in
the fenny countries vnto this day. 1686 PLOT Staffords/i.
EADDLING.
233 Small stakes driven into the ground . . and Interwoven
with broom and other raddles. 1736 PI-:GGK Kenticisuis
(E. D. S.), Roddis-chimney, a chimney made of st uds, lathes,
or raddles, and covered with lome or lime, 1868 Sussex
Gloss, in Hurst fforsttattt (if&Q), Ruddles, long supple sticks
of greenwood interwoven between upright slicks to make a
hedge. 1869- In dial. glossaries (Lane., Chesh., Soni.).
attrib. 1736 PEGGE "Kexticistns (E.D.S.), Raddle-hedge.
1778 [\V. MARSHALL] Minnies Agric.) Observ. 167 A live
roddle Hedge.. is, perhaps, the Ultimate of Farm hedge-
making. 1785 MUTTON Bran New Wark (E.D.S.) 372 The
girl unsneck'dthe raddle heck. 1786-1805 H. TOOKE/'K?-/C>
(1820) II. 258 A raddle hedge, is a hedge of pleached or
plashed or twisted or wreathed twigs or boughs.
3. A piece of wattled work ; a hurdle, door,
hedge, etc. made with intertwined raddles.
1886 Cheshire Gloss, s.v., Long sticks were wound together
between the timber, forming a sort of basket-work or raddle.
1892 J. LUCAS tr. Kalm's England 398 In only a few places
were there any ' Raddles ', or wooden hurdles,
Raddle (rard'l), sbt Also 6 radel, raddell,
7-8radle. [var. RDDDLE, q.v. : cf. also REDDLE.J
1. Red ochre, RUDDLE.
i$»3 [see raddle-mark below). 1577 B. GOOGP. Hertstach's
Huso. (1586) 16 b, Stone, marble, sande, gravel!, raddell,
chalice, &c. 1631 J. BURGES Answ. Rejoined, Laivfiiln.
Kneeling 21 The raddle doth signifie more then the brand
alone. 1699 T. BROWN in K. 1, 'Estrange Collotj. Erastn.
(1711)402 To revive the decay 'd Red and White in their
cheeks with raddle and chalk. 1757 DYER Fleece \. 321 See
that thy scrip have store of . . marking pitch and raddle.
1805 DICKSON Pract. Agric. (1807) I. 360 note, Raddle. .has
lately been used with advantage on some lands. 1853
LANDOR Last fruits, Let. Wiseman vi. 194 He would
whistle the sheep into the ancient fold, marking them with
his raddle.
trans/. 1603 OWEN Pembrokeshire (1891) 83 ' Nod glas '
which in Englishe is blewe radle or blewe markinge stone.
b. A coarse red layer, nonce- use.
1860 THACKERAY Ronnd. Papers xxxii, To hide. .a yellow
cheek behind a raddle of rouge.
2. attrib. and Comb., as raiid/e-grouud, -mark;
raddle-red adj.
1523 FITZHERB. Hitsb. % 52 Se that they (the sheep] be
well marked, both eare-marke, pitche-marke, and radel-
marke. 1577 B. GOOGE Heresbaclis Husb. (1586) 18 A
raddell and a stonie grounde is discerned by the eye. 1897
Contttnp. Rev. June 765 The then new and raddle-red
penny postage stamps.
Ra-ddle, sb?, variant of RABBLE si.2
1875 in KNIGHT Did. Mcch.
Raddle ^ra-d'l), z/.i Also 6 rathel. [f. RADDLE
si.1] trans. To weave or twist together (like rad-
dles), to intertwine, interlace.
1671 St. Foine Improved 18 To wrap or wreath or raddle
the spiks or teeth of the Harrow. 1719 DE FOE Crusoe u. v,
They came at last to build up their Huts, .very handsomely ;
raddling or working it up like Basket-work all the way
ig boat's gripes ;
glossaries (Yks., Lane., Som.).
Hence Ra'ddled///. <z.l
1561 WITHALS Diet. 41 b/i A hartheled wall, or ratheled..
paries craticius. 1876 Whitby Gloss., Raddled, wrought
orpainted in a zigzag pattern.
Raddle (rse-d'l), z».2 [f. RADDLE so.2] trans.
To paint or mark with raddle ; to colour coarsely
with red or rouge.
1631 J. BURGES Ans.it). Rejoined, Laivfiiln. Kneeling 21
Hee that beside a pitch-brande, doth raddle the heads of
his fat sheepe, doth more then marke them. 1848 THACKERAY
Lett, i Nov., A chief raddled over with war-paint. 1879
SALA Paris herself again (1880) I. viii. 120 They do not
even go so far as to raddle themselves. Rouge is apparently
too dear.
Hence Ba-ddled ppl. a?
1681 CHETHAM Angler's Vade-nt. iv. | 7 (1700) 35 Perhaps
within an Hour again the bright ones will be taken, and
the radled Worms refused. 1854 THACKERAY Nmvcomes xx,
Those whitened and raddled old women.
Raddle (rse-d'l), v.3 north, dial. [Perh. f.
RADDLE so* (as if = to beat with a raddle).]
trans. To beat, thrash.
1688 SIIADWELL Sor. Alsatia u. i, I'st raddle the bones o'
thee, 1818 SCOTT Rob Roy vii, I'se raddle Dick the miller's
bones for him. 1855 Bon Gaulticr Ballads 171 Raddle him
well, till he roar again.
t Ra-ddled, a. Ol>s. rare-1. [Of obscure origin.]
Fuddled.
1694 MOTTEUX Raoelais V. xxxix, A. .sottish Fellow, con-
tinually raddled, and as drunk as a Wheelbarrow.
Ra'ddleman. [f. RADDLE rf.2] A digger
of, or dealer in, raddle, t Applied allusively to
Rutlandshire, and to a disease in wheat. Obs.
1622 DRAYTON Poly-olb. xxiii. 268 Little Rutlandshire is
tearmed Radclleman. a 1661 FULLER Worthies, Rutland
(1662) 347 Rutland Raddlemaii. . . Rad here is the same with
red (onely more broadly pronounced). .Raddle»iati then is
a Reddleman. 1798 Ann. Agric. XXVI. 177 Raddlemnn,
ear-cockle, the disease in wheat due to Vitno trtttci. Aai.
1881 in I.cicestersh. Gloss.
Ra'ddling. dial. Also 7, 9 radling. [f.
RADDLE s/>.^ + -ING *.]
1. A raddle, rod, twig, etc.
1616 Salford Portmote Kec. (1902) 121 Any sprinkelings
radlings or any other woode. 1626 Manchester Cotirt Le,'t
Rec. (1886) III. 114 John Wright ..got Radlings in the
grounds of Elizabeth Mosky. 1736 PEGGE KlHliciivil
'F..D.S.1, Katldlts. .. in some countries called radd/iags.
a 1796 — Dtrbicisms, Radlings, long slender poles for
RADDOUR.
Mmling hedges. 1841 S. BAMFORD Life of Radical I. xxi.
137 A timber frame, filled with raddlings and daub (wicker
work, plastered with clay).
2. (See quots.)
1674 RAY N. C. IVor/is 38 K adlings ; Windings of the wall.
1736 NEVE Builders* Diet. (ed. 3', Raddlings, in Architec-
ture, the Bowings-in, or copeings of Walls. 1824 Craven
Dialect, Raddling, Rattling, the winding or crookedness
of a wall
Raddock, obs. or dial, form of RUDDOCK.
t Raddour J. Sc. Obs. Forms : 5 redur(e,
reddure, redoure, 5-6 rad(d)our(e. [f. red
RADS.- + -OUB, -UBE. The formation is unusual
(cf. DREADOUR).] Fear, terror.
c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints xviii. (Egipciane) 701 Sic redure &
sic dowl me tuk, bat to-gyddir I swet & quok. Ibid. xix.
(Crhtofore) 391 He fel fore redoure doune. 1456 SIR G.
HAVE Law Arms (S. T. S.) 118 In raddour thare cummys
fayntnes, and failling of hert. 1513 DoufiLASy£K«J IX. xii.
67 Of dreidfull raddour trymlyng for affray, The Troianys
fled rycht fast.
t Raddour 2. north, and Sc. Obs. Also 5
-owre,radure. [var.oi'REDDOUR(q.v.).] Severity,
harshness, harsh treatment.
a 1400-50 Alexander 2329 (Dubl. MS.) Who bat rekenly
vs resaued no raddour tholett. c 1425 WYNTOUN Cron. vm.
xliv. 6941 Radure in prynce is a gud thyng For but radure
all governyng Sail al tyme hot dispysyd be.
Raddyk, obs. variant of RADISH.
t Bade, sb. Obs. rare. [ad. L. radius RADIOS :
see also RAY.] One of the arms of a star-fish.
16*1 LOVELL Hist. Anim. q Min. 283 Those of foure, six,
and twelve rades are edible.
Rade, var. RAD a. ; obs. f. RAID ; var. RATHE ;
obs. f. or var. of RED(D, REDE ; obs. pa. t. RIDE.
II Radeau (rado). [F., a. Prov. radel-.—L. *ra-
tell-us, dim. of ratis raft. Cf. med.L. radellus
(I5th c.}.] A raft ; spec, a floating battery.
1759 Hist. Ear. in Ann. Reg. 44/1 A great radeau 84 feet
in length and 20 in breadth which carried six twenty-four
pounders. 1801 SIR H. PARKER 6 Apr. in Nicolas Disp.
Nelson (1845) IV. 319, I reconnoitred the formidable line of
ships, Radeaus, Pontoons [etc.J.
t Radegound. Obs. rare-1. [App. f. GODND,
with obscure first element.] ? A running sore.
1377 LANGL. P. PI. B. xx. 82 Rewmes, and radegoundes
and roynouse scalles.
Radel(l, obs. ff. RADDLE sb. Radeliche, -ly,
varr. RADLY adv. Radem(e, obs. Sc. ff. REDEEM.
t Radeur, radour. Obs. rare. [a.OF. radeur,
radour, f. rode :— L. rapid-us RAPID.] Rapidity,
impetus, force.
c 1477 CAXTON Jason 30 He smote the king.. by such
radeur that he lefte him oute of his arsons. Ibid. 113 The
ship, .that saylled by a grete radour and a full sail, c 1500
Melusine 329 Thenne cam geffray toward the doore, rennyng
with a grete radeur.
t Radevore. Obi. rare. Also radi-, rady-,
raduore. [? a. OF. *ras de Vor rash of Vaur (in
Languedoc) : see Skeat Notes Eng. Elym. (1901)
239.] A kind of cloth.
c 1385 CHAUCER L. G. IV. 2352 Philomela, She werken and
embrowden kouthe, And weven in the stole the radevore.
i 1400 '/h ofteassyghes, etc.' (Tanner MS, 346 If. 73),Asofte
tymes as Penelapye Renewed her werk in the raduore.
Radeym, obs. Sc. form of REDEEM v.
Radfulle, variant of REDEFUL a.
•(•Radge. Obs. rare—1. A species of duck ; perh.
the gadwall. (Cf. RODGE.)
1620 VENNER Via Recta iii. 65 The Radge is next vnto
Teale in goodnes : But yet there is great difference in the
nourishment which they make. . . Neither is the Radge so
pleasant to the taste, .as the Teale.
Radgee, obs. form of RAJA(H.
Ra-diad, adv. Anat. [f. RADI-AL + -ad; see
DEXTRAD.] ' Towards the radial aspect '.
1803 BARCLAV New Anat. Nomencl. 165-6. 1808 — Mus-
cular Motions 409 The motions of the metacarp by its own
muscles, are Radiad, Thenad.
Radial (radial), a. and sb. [a. late L. radial-is
(see Qnicherat), F. radial (1611 in sense 5), or
directly f. KADI-US + -AL.] A. adj.
1. Of light, beams, etc. ; Proceeding or issuing
as rays from a common centre ; also, of or per-
taining to light in the form of rays. Now rare.
1370 DEE Math. Pref. 19 The certaine and determined
actiue Radiall emanations. 1637 R. ASHLEY tr. Malvezzis
David Persecuted 83 A violent starre, whose radiall beames
may_ be good. 1713, C'TESS WINCHKLSEA Misc. Poems 69
Enliv'ning Beams might from them fly, To re-inkindle. .The
radial sparks, a 1774 GOLDSM. Sitrv. Exp. Philos. (1776)
1 1- 353 Place an object that U blue under a yellow ray, the
object immediately assumes the radial colour.
trans/. 1650 CHARLETON Van Helntont's Tern. Paradoxes
Proleg. D i b, The omnipotent Odor, or radial activity
whereof. Ibid. D 2, An Influential or Radial activity (so
have I taken the liberty to Christen it).
2. Arranged like rays or the radii of a circle ;
having the position or direction of a radius.
1750 FRANKLIN Lett. etc. Wks. 1840 VI. 103 Eight con-
centric circles, and eight radial rows. 1756 BURKE Sitbl. <$•
B. IV. xvi, The contraction of the radial fibres of the iris.
1837 BREWSTER Magnet. 115 When the eight open radial
spaces were filled up with tin. 1860 TYNDALL Glac. \. xv.
100 The glacier of the Rhone . . its system of radial crevasses.
1884 BOWER & SCOTT De Btirys Phaner. 338 The radial
walls of the layer of cells bordering these canals.
b. Radial axle, an axle (of a railway carriage,
VOL. VIII.
97
tramway car, etc.) which on a curve of the track
assumes the position of a radius to that curve ; so
radial axle box.
1883 Daily Neivs 6 July 3/7 A system of cars by which . .
a truly radial axle is obtained. 1889 G. FINDLAY Eng.
Railway 104 The compound engines are fitted with 'Webb's
radial axle-box.'
c. Pertaining to the radius of a circle.
1869 RANKINE Machinery ff Milhvork in The radial
pitch [is to be found] by dividing the radius by the same
number.
3. Having spokes, bars, lines, etc., extending from
a centre ; spec, applied to certain apparatus or
machines having a part or parts thus arranged, as
radial drill, drilling-machine, plane, etc.
1763 FALCONER Shipwr. \. 174 In his radial wheel the
circling Sun Thro bright Astrea and the Scales had run.
Mag. V. 276/1 Bouhey':
seen that it is a radial drill. 1898 Cycling 46 The tangent
wheel, as it is called, is immensely stronger than the old-
fashioned radial or ' direct ' wheel.
b. Radial point = radiant point (sense a).
1867 J. HOGG Microsc. i. ii. 40 The pencil dn . . having
a radial point at / y.
4. Of immaterial things : Involving or character-
ized by the divergence of lines or parts from a
centre ; taking the direction of, acting or moving
along, such lines.
1833 HERSCHEL Astron. xi. 353 The radial part of the dis-
turbing force. 1862 H. SPENCER First Princ. II. xix. § 155
(1875) 426 When the blow is violent enough to fracture the
mass, we see, in the radial dispersion of its fragments [etc.].
1872 MIVART EleHt. Anat. 10 Another form of symmetry
which is entirely absent in Man is radial symmetry. 1875
BENNETT & DYER tr. Sachs' Bot. 692 The root takes an out-
ward radial direction, .the stem an inward radial direction.
fb. Radial curve (see quot.). Obs. rare~a.
1710 J. HARRIS Lex. Techn. II. s.y., Radial-Curves are
Curves of the Spiral-kind, whose Ordinates, if they may be
so called, do all terminate in the Centre of the including
Circle, and appear like so many Radii or Semi-diameters of
that including Circle. [Hence in Bailey, Chambers, Crabb,
Worcester, and recent Diets.]
5. Anat. Pertaining to the radius or chief bone
of the forearm, esp. in radial artery, nerve, vein.
1741 A. MONRO Anat. Nerves (ed. 3) 64 The posterior
Branches of the nlnar and radial Nerve. 1786 J. PEARSON
in Med. Commiin. II. 98 The radial artery. 1830 R. KNOX
Cloquet's Anat. 352 The section of the radial nerve at the
lower part of the arm. 1840 G. V. ELLIS Anat. 392 The
radial vein commences on the outer side of the back of the
hand. 1851 H. MAYO Pop. Svperst. (ed. 2) 195 The radial
(or thumb) edge of the wrist. 1870 ROLLESTON Anim. Life
14 The long radial extensor of the metacarpus.
B. sb. Anat. 1. A radiating segment of a
crinoid, between the stem and the brachials.
1872 NICHOLSON Palaeont. 125 A series of two or three
rows of plates, which are directly superimposed upon one
another, and which form the foundations of the arms. . . These
are termed the 'radials'. 1877 HUXLEY Anat. Inv. Anim.
ix. 583 The first radial corresponds in direction with the
origin of one of the arms, and is followed by a second and
third radial.
2. Cuvier's name for the scapula or hypercoracoid
bone of a fish. In recent Diets.
3. A radial nerve or artery.
1871 TURNER in Encycl. Brit. I. 868/2 The radial passes
through the forearm to the hand. 1809 Allbtttt'sSyst. Med.
VI. 368 Extending the inquiry from the radials of both sides
to the brachial and axillary arteries.
II Radiale (r^di^'-h'). PI. radialia. [L.,
neut. sing, of radialis : see prec.]
1. = RADIAL sb. i.
1877 HUXLEY Anat. Inv. Anim. ix. 583 Upon this follow
five pieces (first radialia) closely united together. Ibid. 584
At the third radiate, the series bifurcates into two series of
brachialia.
2. The carpal bone or element which lies on the
radial side of the carpus.
1888 PARKER in Proc. Royal Soc. XLIII. 486 Two well-
marked cat-pals have appeared, one of which — the radiale —
lies pre-axiad and slightly proximad of the other.
Radialization (rei'diabiztf'-Jsn). [f. as next
lines,
+ -ATION.] The state of being arranged in radiating
s, or the process of producing this.
1889 Q. Jrnl. Geol. Soc. XLV. 267 Thus the rocks exhibit
. . . . .
much evidence of a silicification (and often of a radialization
possibly connected with it).
Radialized (r^-diabizd),^/. a. [f.*radialize
vb. , f. RADIAL + -IZE.] Arranged in a radial manner.
1889 Q. Jrnl. Geol. Soc. XLV. 249 One fragment [of
felsite] exhibits part of a large radialized structure. Ibid.
260 The radialized crust.. follows the stellar points of the
interior.
Radially (r*1 -diali), adv. [f. R ADI AL a. + -LY 2.]
In a radial manner ; in the form of radii or rays.
1661 J. CHANDLER tr. K<i« Hclmonts Oriat. 274 Its whole
did shine only radially on the ignoble parts. 1754 G . ADAMS
Nat. * Exp. Philos. IV. xlix. 348 The sun.. is also con-
tinually agitating this fluid either radially or obliquely.
c 1860 FARADAY forces Nat., Electric Light 189 A number
of magnets placed radially upon a wheel. 1878 A. H.
GREEN, etc. Coal iii. 77 The primary medullary rays extend
..radially from pith to bark. 1884 BOWER & bcorr De
Bary's Phaner. 1 3 The radially arranged apical prolongation
of the periblem.
Radian (r<?'-ilian). Trig. [f. RADI-US + -AN.]
(See quot. 1879.)
RADIANT.
1879 THOMSON & TAIT N,it. Phil. 1. 1. § 41 The usual unit
angle is. .that which subtends at the centre of a circle an
arc whose length is equal to the radius ; . . for brevity we
shall call this angle a radian. 1881 HALSTED Mensuration
24 The number which expresses any angle in radians also
expresses its intercepted arc in terms of the radius.
Radiance (radians). Also 7 radience. [ad.
late or med.L. radiantia brightness : see RADIATE v.
and -ANCE.]
1. Light shining with diverging rays; hence,
brilliant light, vivid brightness, splendour.
1601 SHAKS. Alfs Well i. i. 99 In his bright radience and
colaterall light, must I be comforted. 1605 — Lear i. i. in
By the sacred radience of the Sunne. 1667 MILTON P. L.
vu. 194 The Son. .with radiance crown'd Of majesty divine.
1728-30 THOMSON Spring 191 The rapid Radiance in-
stantaneous strikes Tn1 illumin'd Mountain. 1795 SOUTHEY
Joan of Arc VI, Innocuous lightnings round the hallowed
banner Wreath'd their red radiance. 1812 J. WILSON Isle
of Palms I. 214 Well may the moon delight to shed Her
softest radiance round that head. 1874 H. R. REYNOLDS
John Bapt. i. n When the sun arose the morning star was
lost in his radiance.
fig. 1761 WARTON Poems (1777) 10 The radiance of the
regal name. 1822 B. CORNWALL Misc. Poems, The soul's
radiance in a wintry hour Flings a sweet summer halo
round us. 1896 MRS. CAFFVN Quaker Grandmother 13 It
was a soft, luminous radiance of sincerity and sympathy.
b. Brightness of the eye or look.
1748 THOMSON Cast. Indol. n. Ixxii, Sweet love their looks
a gentle radiance lends. 1769 SIR W. JONES Palace of
Fortune in Poems (1777) 8 The mild radiance of her sparkling
eye. 1863 Gf.a. ELIOT Romola 11. iv, There was a radiance
of satisfaction about him not quite usual.
2. = RADIATION.
1800 HERSCHEL in Phil. Trans. XC. 294 The. .agency of
heat in other circumstances than in its state of radiance, or
heat-making rays. 1885 CLERK MAXWELL in Encycl. Brit.
XIX. 2 Thus we have. .(3) Theory of radiance, (a) Geo-
metrical optics [etc.].
Radiancy (r<?''diansi). Also 7 -enoie, -ency.
[f. as prec. : see -AHOY.] The quality of being
radiant ; radiance.
1646 SIR T. BROWNE Pseud. Ef. n. (1672) 98 Too high an
apprehension [of the Carbuncle] and above its natural ra-
diancy. 1693 J . EDWARDS A nthor. O. N. Test. 243 The
radiency, the splendour of Moses's face. 1702 ECHARD
Eccl. Hist. (1710) 72 The skies were divided with great
radiancy. 1813 SHELLEV Q. Mao n. 10 The billowy clouds
Edged with intolerable radiancy. 1873 SYMONDS Gk. Poets
vii. 230 Euripides incontestably displays the quality of
radiancy.
Radiant (radiant), a. and sb. Also 5-6 rady-
ant, 6 -aunt(e, -iaunt; 6 radyent, 7-9 -lent. [ad.
L. radiant-em, pres. pple. of radidre to emit rays :
see RADIUS. Cf. mod.F. radiant.} A. adj.
1. Sending out rays of light ; shining brightly.
c 1450 Cov. Myst. xli. (Shaks. Soc.) 387 Heyl ! radyant
sterre, the sunne is not so bryth. c 1510 Gesta Rom. Add.
Stories ii. 433 [Christ's] body y' was . . more radyent than ony
syluer. 1500 SHAKS. A/ids. N. in. i. 95 Most radiant Pira-
mus, most Lilly white of hue. 1604 DRAYTON Owl (R.) The
great eagle.. Which from the mountain (with a radiant
eye) Brav'd the bright cressit of the glorious sky. 1667
MILTON P. L. in. 63 On his right The radiant image of his
Glory sat, His onely Son. 1742 YOUNG Nt. Th. w. 373
This gloom of night, ..with all her radiant worlds. 1812
J. WILSON Isle of Palms II. 493 Her little sail beneath the
sun Gleams radiant as the snow. 1872 BLACKIE Lays High!.
75 The height which bears. The sailor's radiant mark.
Jig. 1838 EMERSON Literary Ethics Wks. (Bohn) II. 208
The humblest.. in view of these radiant facts, may now
theorize and hope. 1874 H. R. REYNOLDS John Bapt. iv.
§ 6. 262 The author, .treats the Old Testament as radiant
with the features and fragrant with the Spirit of the Christ.
b. Represented as sending out rays of light, or
having radial projections resembling this. In Her.
= RAYONEE.
1614 SELUEN Titles Hon. 138 Which the learned Pascha.
lius interprets for a Crown radiant. 1661 MORGAN Sph.
Gentry IV. vi. 83 A kind of radiant or pointed Coronet. 1780
EDMONDSON Compl. Body Heraldry II. Gloss., Railiant,
Rayonned. .terms used to express any ordinary edged with
glittering rays, or shining beams. 1799 G. SMITH Labo-
ratory II. 16 The radiant crown, on ancient coin, signifies
that the prince was. .Deified.
c. Of the eyes or looks : Bright, expressive of
lively joy, hope, or the like ; beaming.
1794 BURNS Chaining Month of May 5 The glorious sun
Out-rival'd by the radiant eyes Of., charming Chloe.
Fr. * It. Jrnls. II. 287 The most
2 Issuing or appearing in the form of rays (of
light); hence, bright, shining, splendid. A\sotrausf.
of qualities, as beauty.
1509 HAWES Past. Pleas, iii. I
irygntnes
heads, c '750 SHKNSTONE KUgy ix. 28 All that bears the
radiant stamp of Kings. 178. COWPER Truth 6, Meridian
sunbeams tempt him to unfold His radiant glories. 1810
CRABBE Borough i, Velvet leaf with radiant beauty drest.
1878 M! A. BROWN Natieschda 66 A radiant glow o'erspread
Her rigid face.
fb. Of heat: Strong, fierce. Obs. rare-1.
1508 KISHKK 7 /'<•»(/. Ps. cxxx. Wks. (1876) 231 lonas. .
13
EADIANTLY.
made hym a shadowynge place for his defence agaynst the
radyaunt heet of the sonne.
3. Moving or operating in a radial manner j esp.
radiant heat : see HEAT sb. 2 b.
1800 HENRY Efit. Chcm. (1808) 29 Radiant Caloric ex-
hibits several interesting prdperties. 1835 KIRBV ffao. fy
fust. Anim. I. Introd. 40 Both in the vegetable and animal
it [Life] is a radiant principle. 1887 CROOKES in Proc. Royal
Sac. XLII. in (title} On Radiant Matter Spectroscopy.
4. (Chiefly Hot.) Extending in a radial manner ;
having parts so extending.
1830 LINDLKY Nat. Syst. Bat. 153 The radiant stigma of
Papaver. 1845 — Sch. Bat. vl. (1858) 84 Flowers either
flosculous or radiant. 1847 W. E. STEELE Field Bat. 34
Pet[als] ohcordate, the outer ones radiant and deeply bifid.
5. Characterized by radiation.
x8«5j. NICHOLSON Operat. Mechanic 406 Cut into grooves,
..in a radiant direction from the centre. 1851 RUSKIN
Stones yen. (1874) I. xx. 223 The scallop also is a pretty
radiant form. 1881 Nature XXIII. 462 A means. .for
carrying energy in a ' radiant ' manner.
6. Kadiant point: a. Any point forming a centre
from which rays or radii proceed.
1726 E. STONE New Math. Diet. 1737-41 CHAMBERS Cycl.
S.V., Every radiant point diffuses innumerable rays all round.
1831 BREWSTER Of tics i. 10 The point of divergence, .or the
rattiant point, as it is called. 1833 N. ARNOTT Physics
(ed. 5) II. 209 If the distance of the radiant point be very
great, they [the rays] really are. .nearly parallel.
b. Astron. The apparent focal point of a meteoric
shower. So radiant region.
1864 A. S. HERSCHEL in Monthly Notices R. Astron. Sac.
(1865) 33 Two radiant-points of shooting stars .. presented
themselves in Auriga and in Cetus. 1864 Brit. Assoc. Rep.
Meteors (1865) 101 Allowing a radiant-region of 10° to 15°
in diameter for each. 1867-77 G. F. CHAMBKRS Astron.
IX. iii. 799 Herrick regarded the position of the radiant,
point as being near the cluster.. in the sword-hand of
Perseus.
B. sb. 1. Physics. A point or object from which
light or heat radiates.
1717-41 CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v., All the rays proceeding from
the same radiant continually diverge . Every ray is sup-
posed to carry with it the species, or image, of the radiant.
1800 HERSCHEL in Phil. Trans. XC. 295 Our next division
comprehends the heat of coloured radiants. 1869 TYNDALL
Notes Led. Light § 291 All bodies, whether luminous or
non-luminous, are radiants ; if they do not radiate light
they radiate heat. 1880 LE CONTE Sight 29 The central
rays from all radiants cross each other in the lens.
2. Geom. ' A straight line pr< >ceeding from a given
point or fixed pole about which it is conceived to
revolve' (Brande Dut. Sci. 1842).
1841 BRANDE Diet. Sci., etc. 1012 The theory of the de-
scription of lines of the second order by the intersection of
radiants is given by Newton in the Principia. 1846 CLERK
MAXWELL in Campbell Life (1882) 77, r and r1 being the
radients to any point of the curve from the two foci.
3. Astron. A radiant point (see 6 b above).
1864 British Assoc. Rep. Meteors (1865) 101 Professor
Heis.. has. .divided his meteor-showers and radiants into
bi-monthly divisions. 1884 Athenaeum 20 Dec. 809/3 The
meteors from some radiants leave a streak ; those from others
are swift.
Radiantly (i/'-diantli), adv. [f. prec. + -LY2.]
1. In a radiant manner ; brightly, splendidly.
1557 PAYNELL Barclay's Jugitrth 89 The lyght and glorie
of the progenitours shineth more radiauntly by virtue of
their progeny. 1570 FOXE A. i, M. 197/1 A certayne ves-
sell..made of the pretious stone Onichinus, so radiantly
wrought, that in it appeared y lyuely come growing, acid
mens images walkyng [etc.]. 1819 SHELLEY Let. to Peacock
26 Jan, They are of marble, radiantly white. 1877 Hon-
ourable Miss Ferrard III. L 28 Helena was looking ra-
diantly lovely. 1880 MRS. FORRESTER Roy * K. I. 61 She
smiles radiantly at him.
2. = RADIALLY, rare—1.
iSii PINKERTON Petral. II. 409 A porous lava, .. mingled
with lamina; of mica, radiantly disposed.
Radiary (r^-diari). Zool. [ad. F. radiain or
mod.L. Radiaria (pi.), f. radius ray.] An animal
of the class Radiaria (comprising certain Inverte-
brates) in the systems of Lamarck and Owen.
1835 KIRBY Hob. S, Inst. Anim. \. vi. 199 We may say that
in some sense the whales were created for the gelatinous
radiaries. .and that these gelatinous radiaries were created
for the whales. 1846 PATTERSON Zool. 43 The anatomist is
baffled by the seeming simplicity and uniformity of texture
m the gelatinous Radiaries.
II Radiata (i*'di,*'-ta), sb. pi. Zool. [nent. pi. of
L. radidtus, pa. pple. of radiare to furnish with
rays : cf. next.] One of the great divisions of the
animal kingdom according to the system of Cuvier
(afterwards modified and now discarded), consisting
of animals with radial structure, as sea urchins, sea
anemones and polyps.
1828 STARK Elem. Nat. Hist. II. 393 Division iv.-
Radiata. 1842 H. MILLER O. K. Sandst. xiv. (ed. 2) 295 The
radiata cover the bank by thousands. 1855 H. SPENCER
Princ. Psychol. I. iv. i. (r872) 396 In such so-called Radiata
as the Star-fish. 1874 WOOD Nat. Hist. 767 A vast., division
°f Jiving beings, which have no joints whatever, and are
called Radiata.
Radiate (r^-diA), a. and sb. [ad. L. radiatus:
cf. next.] A. adj.
1. Having rays proceeding from a centre, or
having parts arranged in this manner. Radiate
animal, one of the Radiata. Radiate crown : see
RADIATED i. Radiate flower, a composite flower-
head having radial (usually ligulate) florets.
98
1668 WILKINS Real Char. n. iv. 84 Divided leaves ; having
a Radiate flower. 1751 HURD Marks o/ Imitation Wks.
1811 II. *253 Anciently the Sun was commonly emblematized
by a starry or radiate figure. 1769 De Foe's Tour Gt. Brit.
III. 139 Those Pieces that have radiate Crowns on the
Heads of the Effigies, they call Saracens Heads. 1785
MARTVN Rousseau's Bot. vi. (1794) 65 In the radiate flowers
the disk is often of one colour. 1846 PATTERSON Zool. 57
The naturalist who has been an observer of the radiate
animals. 1877 HUXLEY Anat. Inv. Anim. 591 The ap-
parently radiate Echinus or Star-fish.
2. Arranged like rays, diverging from a centre.
1822-34 Good's Study Med. (ed. 4) I. 271 A terminal mouth
surrounded by two rows of radiate hooks or holders. 1877
BURNETT Ear 65 The radiate fibres are strongly developed
in comparison with the circular fibres. 1882 VINES Vc. Sachs'
Bot. 131 The thickening tissue placed horizontally.. and
radially; out of which the radiate tissue is composed.
3. = RADIAL a. 4.
1859 J. TOMES Dental Surf. 394 The radiate direction
followed by the enamel fibres must be borne in mind. "
B. s6. 1. A radiate animal ; one of the Kadiata.
1854 EMERSON Lett, fy Sac. Aims, Poet, t, Imag. Wks.
(Bohn) 311. 141 From radiate, mollusk,. .up to man. 1863
DANA Man. Geol. 158 The sub-kingdom of Radiates con-
tains three classes.
2. A ray-like projection, a ray.
c 1885 in Cent. Diet.
Kadiate (r?-di,,;"t), v. [f. L. radial- ppl. stem
of radiare to furnish with rays, to emit rays, f.
radius a ray, RADIOS.]
1. intr. To emit rays of light ; to shine brightly.
Alsoyfc.
1649 HOWELL Verses fref. Lit. Herberts Hen. VIII,
Vertues shine more clear In Them, and radial like the Sun
at Noon. 1678 CUDWORTH Intellectual Syst. \. iv. § 27. 454
The Fixed stars, .strongly radiate with their light upon our
eyes. 1766-74 TUCKER Lt. Nat. (1834) I. 475 Everything
set forth in our theory radiates, as the saying is, with its
own lustre. 1852 D. G. MITCHELL Dream Life 17 It radiates
like a star, God-ward and earthward. 1865 CARLYLE Fredk.
Gt. xx. viii. (1872) IX. 158 The.. brow of Maria Theresa
..did not radiate in response; but gloomed indignantly.
b. To emit rays of heat.
1833 N. ARNOTT Physics (ed. 5) II. 4t Metal with a
scratched or roughened surface radiates or receives much
more rapidly than polished metal. 1878 E. CLARK Visit
S. America in Long grass radiates very freely.
2. inlr. Of light or heat : To issue in rays.
a 1704 LOCKE Elem. Nat. Phil. xi. (1754) 41 Light. .as it
radiates from luminous bodies directly to our eyes. 1746-7
HERVEY Medit. (1818) 263 A richer lustre than that which
radiates from thy resplendent orb. 1841 Pinny Cycl. XIX.
233/2 Heat . . which radiates from the glass after having
been for a time absorbed in it. 1854 BREWSTER More Worlds
ix. 158 Those eastern lands, . . from which the beams of
knowledge first radiated on mankind.
3. intr. To spread or move in all directions from
a centre ; to diverge from a central point.
1830 N. S. WHEATON Jnu. 387 The centre whence dili-
gences radiate to every part of this great empire. 1842
T. R. JONES A nim. Kingd. 314 One great central brain, from
whence nerves radiate to all parts of the body. 1856 STANLEY
Sinai f, Pal. iv. 200 The three valleys that radiate from the
uplands of Michmash.
b. Of immaterial things :
In quot. a 1619 perh.yf^-. from sense i.
a 1619 FOTHERBY Atheom. II. ii. § 8 (1622) 209 The Holy
and vndiuided Trinitie . . is easily able to fill it, and to radiate
into euery corner of it. 1807 J. BARLOW To Freedom in
Calami., Soul-searching Freedom 1 here assume thy stand,
And radiate hence to every distant land. 1871 SMILES
Charac. ii. (1876) 41 Philanthropy radiates from the home as
from a centre.
C. To converge to or towards a centre, rare.
1835 WILLIS Pencilling, I. iii. 27 Repelling the beggars
who radiated to us from every corner. 1866 ROGERS Agric.
«r Prices I. xxi. 543 A circumference of timber firmiy
mortised together, with spokes radiating to an axle.
4. trans. To emit (light or heat) in rays.
'794. J. HUTTON Phihs. Light, etc. 226 Whether., the
ody is thereby made to radiate or emit light. 1860 TYN.
DALL Glac. n. iii. 242 If . . we stand before a wall of ice, the
wall radiates heat to us, and we also radiate heat to it.
1868 LOCKYER Elem. Astron. ii. (1879) 51 The Sun sends
out> or radiates, its light and heat in all directions.
b. To spread or disseminate as from a centre.
1821 SHEU.EY Efifsych. 325 From her presence life was
radiated Through the grey earth. 187* W. R. GREG
Emgmas of Life (,873) 271 Those whom he softens and
purifies that they may radiate love and serenity around them.
o irradiate, illuminate, rare.
i6s8 H fanes Nine Serm. To Rdr., That glorious light:
which continually .. did radiate the souls of his faithful
Auditory. 1831 Eraser's Mag. III. 482 The .. pleasurable
feelings which, .radiate the broad disk of our. .face.
Radiated (r? dieted),///. a. [f. prec.]
1. Furnished with rays ; made or depicted with
rays issuing from it, esp. radiated crown
1658 SIR T. BROWNE Hydriot. (,736) 60 By the Radiated-
Crown, this Piece should be coined after his Death and
Consecration, a, 66, FULLER Worthies, Suffolk in. (,662)
5L ARadlated Circle as particular to Canonized Saints.
— Dial. Medals Vtks. 1721 I. 466 The radiated
icenix. 1864 BOUTELL Her. Hist. * Pot xxi
ted. 3) 368 Az,, three clouds radiated. 1876 HUMI-HREYS
frst/iifprince.117 ^ rad'ated ^ » f°U"d » ""
2. Having or consisting of parts arranged like
rays or radii. Cf. RADIATE a. i.
«775 J- JENKINSON Brit. Plant* Gloss., Radiated-flowers,
:8o7 T.
RADIATION.
THOMSON Chem. (ed. 3) II. 269 It hardens, and a radiated
crust forms on its surface. 1845 WHF.\\ ELL Indie. Creator t&
The symmetry of the radiated zoophytes. 18716 tr. Hneckefs
Hist. Great. I. iii. 53 The same holds good.. in Molluscous
and Radiated animals.
b. spec, in Ornitk, of birds having plumage or
markings thus arranged. Also radiated mole (see
quot. 1781).
1781 PENNANT Quadrupeds 488 Radiated Mole. [Ibid.
486 Nose long; the edges beset with radiated tendrils.]
1815 Shaw's Gen. Zool. IX. i. 281 Radiated Grosbeak {Loxia
Hneata). iSai LATHAM Gen. Hist. Birds I. 222 Radiated
Falcon. 1822 Ibid. IV. 256 Radiated Creeper. 1848 GOULD
Birds Australia I. PI. 16 Astnr Radiatus, Radiated
Goshawk.
3. Arranged like rays. = RADIATE a. 2.
1748 HARTLEY Observ. Man i. i. § 3. 100 The radiated
Fibres of the Uvea. 1845 DARWIN Voy. Nat. i. (1873) 6
Groups of beautifully radiated fibres resembling arragonite.
Comb. 1870 BENTLEV Man. Bot. (ed. 2) 147 The veins,,
diverge from each other, .as in the radiated* veined variety
of reticulated leaves.
4. Characterized by radiation. =» RADIAL a. 4.
1798 W. BLAIR Soldier's Friend 54 Bell tents, in which the
men lie in a radiated manner. 1830 LYELL Princ. Geol. \.
205 The same combination of concentric and radiated struc-
ture. 1848 CARPENTER Anim. Phys. 64 Arranged in a
circular manner around a common centre, so as to present
a radiated or rayed aspect.
Radiately (rr'-diAli), adv. [f. RADIATE a.
+ -LY 2.] In a radiate manner ; in the manner
of radii or rays.
184* DANA Zooph. (1848) 301 Corallum . . below radiately
echinulate. 1851-6 WOODWARD Mollusca 292 The sides are
concentrically furrowed, the posterior slope radiately striated.
1887 SOLLAS in Encycl.Brit. XXII. 413/2 From the walls..
ca:cal processes grow out radiately.
So Ra diateness, radiality (Cent. Diet. 1891).
Radia'tiform, a. Bot. [f. RADIATE a. +
-(I)FORM.] (See quot.).
1880 A. GRAY Struct. Bot. Gloss. 429 Radiatiform, said
of a capitulum of flowers which is radiate by enlargement of
some of the outer flowers, which however are not truly
ligulate, as in species of Centaurea.
Radiating (r^ di^'tig), vbl. sb. [f. RADIATE
v. + -ING '.] The action of the vb. Also attrib,
1833 N. ARNOTT Physics (ed. 5) II. 40 The comparative
absorbing powers of the substances and colours were very
nearly proportioned to their radiating powers. 1844 W.
UPTON Physioglyphics ii. 61 It will imply the radiating of
right lines over the one barrier or object.
Radiating (r^-di^dg), ///. a. [f. as prec.
+ -ING 2.] That radiates, in senses of the verb.
L That sends out rays (of light or heat).
1721 ¥>,\\\JEX, Radiating point, .is that Point from whence
the Rays of Light issue. 1841 Penny Cycl. XIX. 233/1 The
velocity of radiation depends more on the surface than on
the nature of the radiating body. 1892 J. TAIT Mind in
Matter 201 Radiat ing-points of light to the world at large.
b. Moving in a radial direction.
1841 Penny Cycl. XIX. 232/2 The radiating particles falling
upon the surfaces of any bodies . . are . . absorbed in them.
2. Extending in the manner of rays.
1849 MURCHISON Siluria x. 232 Furnished with radiating
ribs. 1870 HOOKER Stud. Flora 15 Stigma discoid or pyra-
midal with radiating lobes. 1884 BOWER & SCOTT De Bary's
Phaner. 97 They form a radiating ring round the margin of
the flat surface.
3. Characterized by radiation.
1831 R. KNOX Cfoguet's Anat. 680 They.. send twigs in
a radiating manner into the pectoralis major. 1869 PHILLIPS
Vesnv. iii. 67 The mountain became fissured in a radiating
direction. 1874 WOOD Nat. Hist. 555 Each plate being
marked with slight grooves in a radiating fashion.
Radiation (r^dii^'Jan). [ad.L. radiation-em
n. of action from radiare : see RADIATE z>. and cf.
F. radiation (1469).]
1. The action or condition of sending out rays
of light. Now rare (see note to 2).
1626 BACON Syfoa § 125 So it [sound] paralleleth in so
many other things with the Sight, and Radiation of Things
visible. 1646 SIR T. BROWNE Pseud. Ep. 260 As for Scio-
tericall Dialls, whether of the Sunne or Moon, they are only
of use in the actuall radiation of those Luminaries 1740
CHEYNE Regimen 123 The glorious Appearance and Radia-
tion of our Saviour's Body on the Mount. 1773 Encycl.
Brit. III. 525/2 Radiation^ the act of a body emitting
or diffusing rays of light all round, as from a centre.
b. A ray or quantity of light emitted by a
radiant body. Usually//.
1570 DEE Math. Pref. bj, Perspective . . demonstrateth
the inaner and properties, of all Radiations Direct, Broken,
and Reflected. 1626 BACON New At I. 39 Wee haue also
Perspectiue-Houses, wher wee make Demonstrations of all
Lights and Radiations. 179* DALTON Meteorol. Gas. (1834'
64 The beams lost their lateral motion, and were converted
..into the flashing radiations. 1837 BREWSTER Magnet.
225 The part of the heavens where all these beams or
radiations unite. 1871 TYNDALL Fragw. Sci. (1879) II.
xyi. 450 Dissolved in a proper vehicle, iodine cuts the
visible radiation sharply off.
. 165* JER. COLLIER Eccho in Benlowes Theoph.% The
diations of the Soul AH splendors of the flesh controul.
1750 JOHNSON Rambler No. 29 p 4 As the errors and follk-s
of a great genius are seldom without some radiations of
understanding, by which meaner minds may be enlightened.
1871 FARRAR Witnt Hist. ii. 83 This life is not a type of
any one excellence, but a radiation of them all.
f C. Astrol. — ASPECT sb. 4. Cos. rare.
1555 DIGGES Prognos. B iv, The Sextile aspecte or radia-
Jon..is with in 60 degrees thone from the other. 1688
R. HOLME Armoury n. i. 27 _Names or Terms used by
Astronomers... Aspect or Radiation.
RADIATIVE.
2. The emission and diffusion of heat-rays ; the
process by which heat passes from a heated body.
In its widest sense, radiation denotes the manner in which
the energy of a vibrating body is transmitted in all directions
by a surrounding medium. When this energy is imparted
to the elher, it produces waves which, according to their
frequency, affect the senses either as light or heat.
1811-16 PLAYPAIR Nat. Phil. (1819) I. 229 Heat escapes
from bodies.. by radiation, or by passing in straight lines
through the air with great rapidity. 1843 DARWIN Voy.
Nat xi. (1879) 249 The winter '5 rendered excessively cold
by the radiation from a large area of land into a clear sky.
1880 HAUGHTON Phys. Geog. ii. 50 This process.. goes on
in every planet, as long as it is losing heat by radiation.
fig. 1827 HARE Guesses Ser. I. (1873) 44 Under the im-
pulses of a mighty passion, he. .fuses every object by its
intense radiation.
3. Divergence from a central point ; radial
arrangement or structure.
1658 SIR T. BROWNE Card. Cyrus iii. 59 The motion
plumes. '868 STANLEY Westm. Abb. iii. 129 The radiation
of the polygonal chapels round the Choir.
b. One of a set of radiating things or parts.
1843 YOUATT Horse vi. (1847) no Rays or radiations of
bone extend thence in every direction. 1899 A llbutt's Syst.
Med. VI. 756 Division of the optic radiations was attended
by a descending degeneration.
4. Comb, as radiation-fog, a fog caused by
radiation of heat on low grounds ; radiation-
thermometer, a thermometer specially adapted
for measuring the effects of radiation.
1837 HERSCHEL Meteorol. (1861) 93 A radiation-fog once
formed tends to its own increase, by radiating off heat from
its own particles. 1868 Synums's Meteorol. Mag. 1 1 1. 7 The
sensitiveness of a terrestrial radiation thermometer. 1883
R. H. SCOTT Elem. Meteor. 121 A class of fogs, termed by
Herschel ' radiation fogs '.
Radiative (nF'-di/tiv), a. [f. as RADIATE v.
+ -IVE.] Pertaining to, connected with, radia-
tion ; having the quality of radiating.
1837 WHEWELL Hist. Induct. Sc. (1857) "• 383 *n tn's
manner the radiative effect of a body could be more precisely
traced. 1870 TYNDALL Heat xi. § 453. 343 Showing the
superior radiative power of this gas over air. 1889 Nature
28 Nov. 81 Our own sun falls nearly as far short of the ra-
diative strength of Arcturus.
Radiato- (re'di^Ho), used as a comb, form of
RADIATE a. to modify an adj., with the meaning
' in a radial direction, in the manner of rays ', as
radiato-patent, -porose, -striate, -sulcate, -undulate.
1819 Pantologia X, Radiato-patent, in botany. Radiate-
expanding : or, spreading out like rays. Applied to the
stigma. 1850 DANA Geol. App. i. 702 The surface of the
cast towards the beak is smooth, and not finely radiato-
striate. Ibid. 713 Upper and under-surfaces correspon-
dingly radiato-undulate. 1868 tr. Figuiers Ocean World
v. 119 Coeloptychium, .. radiato-porose above, flat and ra-
diato-sulcate below.
Radiator (r^'di^'laa). [agent-n. in L. form
from RADIATE z».] One who or that which radi-
ates ; esp. anything which radiates light or heat.
1836 BRANDE Chem. (ed. 4) 516 The polished metals are
very imperfect radiators and receivers of heat. 1858 LARD-
NER Haiid-bk. Nat. Phil., Hydrost., etc. 373 The power of
thermal rays, .is augmented by raising the temperature of
the radiator. 1879 PROCTOR Pleas. Ways Sc. xvi. 364 Glass
..is a good radiator, so that dew is freely deposited on
glass objects.
b. A small chamber or compartment heated by
means of steam or hot air, and radiating warmth
into a room or other place.
1873 KNIGHT Diet. Mech. 1853/1. 1899 Daily News 3 June
8/7 In cold weather some form of ' radiator ' should always
be used by those who can afford it.
Radiatory (r/'-diatari), a. [f. as RADIATE v.
+ -OBY.] Radiating, radiative.
1863 ALLMAN in Intellect. Observer (No. 38) 85 A series of
tubular cells.. extending in a radiatory direction from the
disc outwards.
Radiature (r/muthu). [f. as prec. -t- -UBE.]
Radiation ; an act of radiation.
1704 NORRIS Ideal World n. iii. 190 The proper business
of opticks, to consider the radiature of light. 1883 Nature
8 Feb. 351 In these radiatures motion is conveyed through
space by transfer of vibratory motions.
Radical (rae-dikal), a. and sb. Also 5-6 rady-
call, 5-7 -ioall. [ad. late L. radical-is (Augustine),
f. radic- RADIX. F. radical (i?-i6th c. as adj.)
is the direct source of sense 4 of the sb.]
A. adj. Of or pertaining to a root or to roots.
1. Radical humidity, humour, moisture, sap : In
mediaeval philosophy, the humour or moisture natu-
rally inherent in all plants and animals, its presence
being a necessary condition of their vitality. So
radical heat.
1398 TREVISA Rarth. De P. R. xvn. xlii. (Bodl. MS.)
Radical humouris isente into be herbe. 1 a 1412 LYDG.
Two Merchants 313 Thilke humydite i-called radical. 1471
RIPLEY Camp. Alch. vi. xx. in Ashm. (1652) 166 Moysture
radycall, whych theyr begynnyng was. 1530 RASTELL Bk.
Purgat. III. vii. 2 The radycall naturall humour of that
appell wyll increase whyle it is growynge. 1601 HOLLAND
Pliny \. 531 The better will she imploy her radicall sap and
moisture to fructitie and yeeld good store of grapes. 1643
SIR T. BROWNE Kelig. Med. i. § 43 Though the radicall
humor containe in it sufficient oylc for seventy, y<n I pcr-
«ivc in some it gives no light past thirty. 1772 FLKTCBBfl
99
Appeal Wks. 1795 I. 46 His intense application hath . . '
almost dried up his radical moisture. 1818 LADY MORGAN 1
Autobiog. (1850) 235 Our wood fire scarcely suffices to keep
up the radical heat. 1863 KINCSLEY Water Bab. 330 Being
a water-baby, his radical humours were of a moist and cold
nature.
Jig. 1626 Br.ANDKEWES.Sir>-;;;. (1856) I. 44sThese affections
be the radical humour or sap. 1635 QUARLES Embl. iv. xii.
230 Whilst thus my sorrow-wasting soule was feeding Upon
the rad'cal Humour of her thought. 1655 FULLER Ch.
Hist. IV. ix. § 15 Edward.. took order, that these Aliens
should no longer prey on the Radical moisture of this Land.
b. Of qualities : Inherent in the nature or essence
of a thing or person ; fundamental.
1362 BULLEYN Def. agst. Sickness, Bk. Sicke men 69 b, It
doeth.. consume, and waste the beste humour, or one of the
radical venues. 1611 TOURNEUR^! M. Trag. v. i. Wks. 1878
I. 137 These bodies are depriu'd of all The radicall abilitie
of nature. i663j. HEKTH Flagelhtm or O. Cromwell (^A. 2)
4 [Cromwell's] main policy was a radical and original Hypo-
crisie. " 1773 JOHNSON Tax. no Tyr. 23 The radical vigour
of the Mother-country. 1806 Med. Jmi. XV. 220 The
radical diversity of these rival maladies. 1828 J. M. SPEAR-
MAN Brit. Gunner (ed. 2) p. xiv, I have pointed out.. a
radical error in the graduation of these scales. 1871 R. H.
HUTTON Ess. (1877) I. Pref. 12 A sneer at the radical rotten-
ness of human nature.
2. Forming the root, basis, or foundation; original,
primary.
1560 ROLLAND Crt. Venus Prol. 235 Idilnes is Mother
Radycall, Of all vicis, and font original]. 1597 HOOKER
Eccl. Pol. v. Iv. § 4 They intimate the radicall cause out of
which it groweth. a 1639 W. WHATELEY Prototypes \. xi.
(1640) 94 This grace of faith is the radicall grace, that upon
which all other graces grow as on their roote. a 1677 HALE
Prim. Orig. Man. iv. ii. 305 Not. .all those kinds which we
now see,., but only those primitive and radical Species.
'755 JOHNSON Diet. Pref. r~ 50 When the radical idea
branches out into parallel ramifications. 1811 PINKERTON
Petrol. I ntrod. 30 The position that granite is the universally
radical rock. 1871 MORLEY Crit. Misc. Ser. I. Vauvenargucs
(1878) 4 A syllabus of the radical articles of the French creed
of the eighteenth century.
b. Anat. «= RADICULAB 2 b.
18. . DUNGLISON (cited by Worcester 1860).
3. Going to the root or origin ; touching or acting
upon what is essential and fundamental ; thorough ;
esp. radical change, cure.
1651 BAXTER Inf. Bapl. 294 Out of which Radical Re-
generation. .the exercised act of Faith and Graces is_wont
to be educed. 1735 BOLINGBROKE On Parties xviii. 220
Such a Remedy might have wrought a radical Cure of the
Evil, that threatens our Constitution. 1751 JOHNSON
Rambler No. 171 P 3 Desirous to fit men to his purpose by
complete and radical corruption. 1802 Med. Jrnl. VIII.
353 A radical and systematic change of that mode of living.
. . .
Crown led to a far more radical revolution in the admission
into the Great Council.
b. Radical reform, a thorough reform ; esp. as
a phrase of English politics in the end of the i8th
and early part of the igth century.
01786 J. JEBB in Disney Life Wks. 1787 I. 194 The
necessity of a substantial and radical reform in the repre-
sentation. 1798 A erne <y Septimiits in A nti-Jacobin 5 Feb.,
May success.. lead.. To one grand Radical Reform. 1815
Paris Chit-Chat (1816) I. 54 Every body seems sensible of
the necessity of radical reform both in politics and in
manners. 1830 GEN. P. THOMPSON Exerc. (1842) I. 227 The
actual agent . . will be a radical reform in what is called the
commons house of parliament.
o. Hence Radical reformer = RADICAL sb. 5.
1809 Morning Post 17 June, Reformer radical ! I love thy
song. 1819 SCOTT Let. to T. Scott 16 Oct. in Lockhart, You
will learn enough of the doings of the Radical Reformers
from the papers.
4. Math. a. Pertaining to or forming the root of
a number or quantity ; esp. radical sign, the sign
*/ used to indicate that a root of the number to
which it is prefixed is to be extracted ; f radical
number (see quot. 1557).
Used by itself, the sign \/ indicates that the square root is
to be taken ; for the cube, biquadratic, etc., appropriate
numbers are added, V, V, etc.
1557 RECORDE Whetst. Sj,_ Nombers radicalle, whiche
commonly bee called nombers irrationalle. ..Other men call
them more aptly Surde numbers. 1570 DEE Math. Pref. 5,
I ..do giue to this Practise, the name of the Arithmetike of
Radicall numbers. 1668 T. BKANCKER tr. Rhonii Algebra
43 In the quotient subjoyn the surd part with its first
radical Sign, a 1746 MAcLAURlN Algebra (1748) l. vili. 44
Placing above the radical Sign the Number that denominates
what kind of Root is required. 1897 H. F. BAKER Abelian
Functions 377 The most important of the radical functions
are those which are square roots of rational functions.
b. Geom. Used in several terms relating to the
intersection of circles and planes, esp. radical axis,
centre, circle, plane (cf. quots.).
1848-33 SALMON Conic Sect. (ed. 3) ix. § mThe line5-5"
..has been called [Note. By M. Gaulier, of Tours. .1813]
the radical axis of the two circles. Ibid. § 113 Given any
three circles, if we take the radical axis of each pair of circles,
these three lines will meet in a point, and this point is called
the radical centre of the three circles. 1889 J. CASEY S flier.
Trig, tor The circle of the system S, whose plane passes
through the centre of the sphere, is called the radic
circle of the system.
5. Philol. Of or belonging to the roots of words ;
connected with, based on, roots. Radical wont,
a simple uncompoumled word having the form of,
or directly based on, a root.
RADICAL.
1577 ^EE Kefat' Spir. i. (1659) 75 No word in his radical
form is extended. 1641 MILTON Anitnadv. i. Wks. (1851) 189
They thought it best not to screw the English mouth to a
harsh forretgne termination, so they kept the radicall word.
1777 J. RICHARDSON Dissert, East. Nations 2 Radical words
in any tongue are expressive of certain customs, objects and
modes of thinking. 1824 L. MURRAY Ettg . Gram. (ed. 5) I.
347 Three great principles of accentuation, .the radical, the
terminational, and the distinctive. 1838-9 HALLAM Hist.
Lit. II. n. i. 15 The arrangement of the lexicon is not
according to an alphabetical but a radical order. 1861 MAX
MULLER Sc. Lang. 275 As long as every word.. is felt to
express its own radical meaning, a language belongs to the
first or radical stage.
b. Radical letter, (a) an original unchanged
letter (so also radical sound) ; (K) a letter belonging
to the root of a word.
n sense (a} chiefly used of Welsh initial consonants, which
are liable to be altered by a preceding word ; in (b> chiefly
of the consonants (commonly three in number) of Hebrew
roots, and spec, of those which appear in roots only.
(a). £1645 HOWELL Lett. (16501 I. 457 Wallia, which the
Romans called Galtia, turning W into G, ..yet the Walloon
keeps his radical letter to this day. 1724 W. GAMBOLD
WelshGram. (1727) 114 Table of Words and Particles:.,
shewing what effect Theyhaue on the radical initial Letters
of Subsequent Words. 1833 Ibid. (ed. 3) 13 After the prefix
gor, the initials b, d,g, m, r, assume their Light sound ; but
after tra they retain their Radical sound ; as gorfod, . .
trablin.
(a), a 1653 GOUGE Comm. Hebr. xi. u Sarah hath all the
radical letters in it. 1658 SIR T. BROWNE Card. Cyrus v. 71
Why the radical! Letters in the Pentateuch should equall
the number of the Souldiery of the Tribes. 1762 PARK HURST
Heb. Gram. (1778) 3 Although the radical Letters.. are
never Servile, yet the servile letters are very often radical.
1831 LEE Hebr. Gram. (1832) 222 One of the two last radical
letters of any word, when both are the same, may . . be
rejected.
f C. Exhibiting the roots or radical letters. Obs.
1613 LISLE JElfric on O. 4- N. Test. Pref. 7 Huterus ..
in his Catalogue.. before his radicall Hebrew Bible.
t 6. Astral. Belonging to the radix of an astro-
logical calculation. Radical question (see quot.
1647). Obs.
1621 BURTON Anat. Mel. I. ii. I. iv, Any of those radicall
promissors in the geniture. 1647 LILLY Chr. Astral. 121 The
Question then shall be taken for radicall, or fit to be judged,
when as the Lord of the hour at the time of pr< posing the
Question, .and the Lord of the Ascendant or first House,
are of one Triplicity, or be one. 1634 CULPEPPER Opus
Astro!., Aphorisms § 69 A Radical Figure resembles either
the nativity or the revolution of the nativity of the Querent.
1679 MOXON Math. Diet. 38 The moons coming to the . .
Radical place, where she was at the beginning of the
sickness.
1. Mus. Belonging to the root of a chord, esp.
radical bass, cadence, number (cf. quots.).
'753 CHAMBERS Cycl. Supp. s.v., Radical numbers, .in the
Italian music, are, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and sometimes 10,
which are often met with in musical compositions, to denote
the accords of the thorough basses. 1867 MACFARREN
Harmony iii. 97 According to the radical progression of
ascending 4ths. 1873 H. C. BANISTER Music 69 By the root
of a chord, or its Radical Bass, is meant its Bass-note in
its original, uninverted form.
8. But. Of or belonging to the root of a plant ;
esp. of leaves or stalks : Springing directly from
the root-stock or the stem close to the root.
'753 CHAMBERS Cycl. Supp. s.v. Leaf, Radical Leaf, that
which grows immediately from the root of a plant, not from
the stalk. 17156 Museum Rust. VI. 47 From the top of this
turnep rise a number of leaves,. . which answer to the radical
leaves in other plants. 1851 RICHARDSON Geol. vn. 203
Leaves.. proceeding from the crown or radical plate. 1861
BENTLEY Man. Bot. (1870) 57 On young roots we find cells
..which are of the nature of hairs, and have therefore been
termed radical hairs.
t9. Chem. Radical vinegar, an old name tor
acetic acid. Obs.
1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) IV. 592/1 Experience has shown
nat radical vinegar differs considerably in its properties
rom the common acid. 1819 Pantologiit X. s.v.,The acid thus
btained . . was formerly distinguished by the names of
radical vinegar, and vinegar of Venus.
B. sb. (elliptical or absolute uses of the adj.)
1. Philol. A root; a word or part of a word
which cannot be analysed into simpler elements.
,64. WILKINS Mercuv xiii. (.707) 57 T Hebrew Lan-
that
fi
.,tiidyMed. IV. 592 it M.W u^i. .,..«... ----- - PL;/.!
is the Hebrew term . . (tsora). '874 SAYCE Comfar.
i. 54 Words derived from the same radical will often !
different forms in different languages.
b. A radical letter (see 5 b above).
r. Introd. (1674) 8/2
[BtH^M « *•• "— ' — -" ' • .,
course modified by the reduplication.
2 A basis, a fundamental thing or principle.
i«<7 VINES Lord's Supp. (1677) 357 Covenant-benefits,
covenant graces, the radicals, the vitals. 1808 Med. Jriil.
XIX. 41 Water doubtless concurs.. to produce this effect,
by supplying two radicals, which become assimilated to the
other nutritive principles. 1833 HOLLAND Mam/, in .)/.•/<"
13-2
RADICALS.
II. 304 With reference to a similar radical, that is to say,
the English penny.
b. A root or radicle.
1850 M'CosH Div. Govt. in. i. (1874) 292 They are roots
or radicals supporting all visible truth, but themselves un-
seen. 1807 Allbutfs Syst. Med. III. 380 The. .radicals of
the portal vein.
3. Math. a. A quantity forming or expressed
as a root of another quantity.
1738 DE MOIVBE in Phil. Trans. Atridg. VIII. 27r (title)
Of the Reduction of Radicals to more Simple Terms, a 1746
MACLAURIN Algebra (1748) xiv. 117 Multiply any two
Radicals as 2-ry by zxz. 1798 HUTTON Course Math. II.
298 Expand the radical or fraction . . into an infinite series of
simple terms. 1868 CAYLEY Math. Papers (1874) VII. 14
The expression cannot contain any radical such as [etc.].
b. The radical sign.
1780 HUTTON in Phil. Trans. LXX. 401 Where the two
denominators under the radicals differ by 4. x88a C. SMITH
Conic Sect. (1885) 33 It is necessary and sufficient that the
quantity under the radical should be a perfect square.
4. Chem. An element or atom {simple radical),
or a group of these (compound radical), forming
the base of a compound and remaining unaltered
during the ordinary chemical reactions to which
this is liable. (See also RADICLE.)
Introduced (in French) by G. de Morveau, 1787. When
used without adj., 'radical' usually denotes a compound
radical, and is thus contrasted with 'element ' or 'atom '.
1816 j. SMITH Panorama. Sc. fy Art II. 343 Oxygen is
called the radical or base of the gas. 1845 j. E. DAY tr.
Simon's Anim. Chem. I. 141 If we knew more of the com-
position of the extractive matters, we should doubtless find
a radical common to all of them. 1881 Nature No. 618. 415
Compounds of hydrogen with elements or radicals like
chlorine.
5. Politics. An advocate of ' radical reform ' (see
A. 3 b) ; one who holds the most advanced views
of political reform on democratic lines, and thus
belongs to the extreme section of the Liberal party.
1801 in Spirit Pub. Jrnls. VI. 4 The sagacious only could
have foreseen that he should have become a r — c— 1. 1819
SCOTT Let. to T. Scott 16 Oct. in Lockliart, Radical is a
word in very bad odour here, being used to denote a set of
blackguards [etc.]. 1830 GEN. P. THOMPSON Exerc. (1842)
I. 269 The term Radical once employed as a name of low
reproach, has found its way into high places, and is gone
forth as the title of a class, who glory in their designation.
1873 H. SPENCER Stud. Social, xi. 290 It is manifest to the
Tory that the Radical does not see the benefit there is in
that which he wishes to destroy.
fig. 1822 COBBETT Weekly Reg. 30 Mar. 779 Love is
a great leveller; a perfect Radical. 1831 TRELAWNEY Adv.
Younger Son xcvii, Gout, apoplexy, dropsy . . are in their
nature, radicals.
b. ellipt. A white hat, formerly affected by Radi-
cals (in consequence of one having been worn by
Henry Hunt at various political meetings in 1820).
1828 Lights $ Shaties I. 294 A whity-brown radical on his
head, the edges of which are worn down to the brown-paper
foundation. (Cf. radical hat in c.)
c. at tril>. or as adj '. in sense 5 , a s Radical butcher,
cause, hat, man, measure, member, mob, speech.
1820 SHELLEY (Edipus I. 12 Kings and laurelled Em-
perors, Radical butchers. 1837 DISRAELI in Corr, w. Sister
21 Nov. (1886) 75 Wakley made a most Radical speech and
amendment. 1839 Genii. Mag. Nov. 519/1 These Essays
are intended to advocate the popular or radical cause. 1840
CARLYLE Chartism 5 Radical members, above all, friends of
the people. 1841 S. BAMFORD Life of Radical I. 58 The
1856 EMERSON Eng. Traits, Truth Wks. (Bohn) II. 55 The
radical mob at Oxford.
Hence Ra-dical v. iittr., to act like a Radical.
1867 CAULYLE Reinin. (1881) II. 219 The notions they
seemed ' reforming ' (and radicalling, and quarrelling with
their superiors) upon !
Ra-dicale. Bot. rare. [In form = L. radical*
neut. sing, of radicalis RADICAL, but perh. intended
for radicle or radicule.~\ — RADICLE.
. 1763 GOLDSM. Mite. Wks. (1837) II. 544 The radicale or
incipient root,, .when shot into the ground, imbibes nourish-
ment, from thence. 1847 W. E. STEELE Field Bot. 158
A large, many-leaved plumule, and an inferior radicale.
Radicalism (rardikaliz'm). [f. RADICAL a. or
sb. + -ISM.]
1. The political views or principles characteristic
of Radicals.
1810 Ckrou. in Ann. Reg. i. 418 You are cherishing in the
mind of the multitude the spirit of ' radicalism '. 1853
SMEDLEY L. Arundel xxiv. 179 In all cases of incipient
radicalism, chartist tendencies, or socialist symptoms, his
Grace was an infallible specific. 1870 DICKENS Lett. (1880)
1 1. 436, 1 was determined that my Radicalism should not be
called in question.
b. transf. Thoroughness of method.
1830 GEN. P. THOMPSON Exerc. (1842) I. 306 This is an
attempt to carry ladicalism into Geometry; always meaning
by radicalism, the application of sound reason to tracing [
consequences to their roots. 1885 MAX MULLER in igt/i
Cent. XVIII. 921 There is a true radicalism in scholarship,
which despises all measures which do not go to the roots of
things.
2. The subject of (Hebrew) roots.
1849 S. R. MAITLAND tllustr. Mesmerism I. 61 No point
in Hebrew radicalism would have been considered more
clear and indisputable.
Radicality (rcedikoe-liu). [f. as prec. + -ITY.]
1. Radical state or condition ; the fact of beinij
radical.
100
1646 SIR T. BROWNE Pseud. /,/. 147 Equivocal! seeds and
Hermaphroditicall principles, which contain the radicality
and power of different formes. 1685 WALLIS Alg. xxv. 107,
I. .prefix the Root of such Power to the note of Radicality.
1737-41 CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v. Radical, V is the character of
radicality, and expresses the square root. 1819 JAS. WILSON
Cotnpl. Diet. Astral. 269 Numerous and strong testimonies
like these prove the radicality of the question.
2. a. = RADICALISM, b. The Radicals, or Radical
party.
1820 Blackvj. Mag. VII. 318 The demons of wbiggery and
radicality. 1831 }. WILSON Hid. XXXII. 722 We shall
play one section of you against the other this day, and both
sections against the radicality the next. 1841 Ibid. XLIX.
549 John remained a year or so opposed to Radicality.
Radicalize (roedikabiz), v. [f. RADICAL a.
+ -IZE.J
1. trans. To make Radical in politics ; to imbue
with Radical principles.
1830 I.D. ELLENBOKOUGH Diary 31 July (1881) II. 329 He
radicalise the boroughs.
2. intr. To become Radical in politics ; to uphold
Radical principles.
1823 Blackw. Mag. XIV. 295 Many an honest squire ..
rapidly radicalizing against Mr. Canning. 1839 LADY
LYTTON Chn>eley (ed. 2) I. viii. 184 When it [the Reform
Bill] and the Catholic question were both carried . . Herbert
Gnmstone radicalized.
Hence Ba dicalizing vbl. sb. and ///. a. Also
Radicaliza-tion.
1885 G. MEREDITH Diana III. v. 92 Such is the condition
of a rapidly Radicalizing country ! 1889 Palf Mall G.
27 July 2 A remarkable instance, this, of the Radicalising
of the Liberal parly. 1891 Ibid. 28 Feb. 7 The rapid
Radicalization. .of the Tory party.
Radically (ra-dikah), adv. [f. RADICAL a. +
1. With reference to root or origin ; primitively,
originally, naturally.
1624 DONNE Stria, il. 12 Mercy as it is Radically in God
and an essential! attribute of his. 1671 J. WEBSTER
Metallogr. xii. 175 Gold may be radically separated into
bait, Sulphur, and Mercury. 1796 MORSE Ame>: Ceog. u.
209 The language, which is called the Manks, is radically
Erse, or Irish. 1821 Good's Study Med. IV. 592 Psora is
allowed to import derivatively, what, upon this explanation,
it opposes radically. 1884 tr. Lotze's Logic 100 That the
different subjects, .are all radically of one common essence,
2. To or from the root or central part ; funda-
mentally ; completely, thoroughly.
1609 [Bp. W. BAKLOK-MIUW. Nameless Cath. 152 Naturally
inclined (at least radically instructed) to disobedience. 1674
R. GODFREY Inj. tf Ab. Physic Pref., How to cure a cut
t inger radically. 1696 TRYON Misc. ii. 53 What is more
profitable for all Lovers of Health and Wisdom, than Food
that is Radically Clean ? 1770 BURKE Prcs. Discont. Wks.
1808 II. 223 If these be radically and essentially vicious. .
those men are very unhappy. 1783 — Kef. Ajf. India
Wks. 1842 II. 12 That India should not be radically and
irretrievably ruined. 1822 Good's Study Med. I. 136 They
. . have some tendency to correct the disorder radically.
'871 TYNDALL Fragm. Sc. (1870) I. XL 333 Two radically
distinct modes of viewing the subject.
Ra/dicalness. [f. as prec. + -NESS.] The
condition of being radical.
1654 CULPEPPER Opus Astral., Aphorisms § 70 This is the
most absolute way to judge of the radicalness of a Figure.
1727 BAILEY, Radicalness, the Quality of being radical, of
having Roots, or of being well-founded. 1843 POE Pur-
loined Letter Wks. 1864 I. 278 The radicalness of these
differences, which was excessive.
Radicant (rre-dikant), a. Bot. rare. [a. L.
radicant-, ppl. stem of radicdre RADICATE. Cf.
F. radicant.] Producing roots; usually said of
parts of a plant which produce adventitious roots.
1753 CHAMBERS Cycl. Sufp. s.v. Leaf, Radicant Leaf, one
which pushes out roots from its summit, as some of the
ferns do. 1866 Treas. Bot. 954/2.
Radicarian (redike>rian), a, rare. [f. L.
radic- stem of RADIX + -arian.] Of or pertaining
to roots (of words).
1880 WHITNEY in Amer. yrnl. Pkilol. I. 338 The strength
ot the radicanan theory is that it accords with all that we
have learned as to the nature of language.
Radicate (rardikA), a. [ad. L. radicdt-us,
pa. pple. of radicdre : see next and -ATE ^.]
tl. Rooted, deep-seated, firmly established. Obs.
1656 H. MORE Enlhus. Tri. (1712) 27 Their settled and
radicate ignorance. 1720 WELTON Suffer. Son of God II.
xxiv. 643 The Cleansing of their Radicate Sores. 1768
WHITAKER Two Serm. ii. (1770) 39 We ..have found it . .
innate, and radicate in the heart.
t 2. Radicate vinegar : (see RADICAL a. 9). Obs.
1694 SALMON Bate's Disfens. (1713) 57,/i Spirit of Vinegar
may also be made radicate, and more strong if it be dis-
tilled anew upon Sal-armoniack. Ibid., The Uses of the
terebmthmated or radicate Vinegar.
3. Bot. Having a root (Treas. Bot. 1866).
Radicate Uae-diktrH), v. Now rare. Also 6
radycate, pa. pple. 5-6 radicate, 6 Sc. -eait. [ad.
I,, radical-, ppl. stem of radicdre or rdilicdri to
take root, f. radic- RADIX.]
1. trans. To cause to take root ; to plant or
establish firmly. Usually yfc. with reference to
qualities. Const, in.
a. passively, in pa. pple. (orig. in form radicate').
RADICLE.
c 1470 HENRYSON Mar. Fab. Prol. viii, Lust and appetyte
in thair myndis sa fast is radicate. 1531 ELYOT Cm n v
bemge ladicate in pride .. continued his way to the
Quhair his hart Radicait Was on all time
De*
•orus. 1775 JOHNSON Let. to Boswell 14 Sept., My regard
you is so radicated and fixed, that it is become part of
my mind. 1873 H. ROGERS O rig. Bible ii. 11874) 93 These
[actions] will want that quality which can alone crown them,
if not radicated in religious principle.
b. actively (less freq. than prec.).
IS3' ELYOT Cm. i. iv, Often remembrance, .of their estate
may happen to radycate in theyr hartes intolerable pride
1627 W. SCLATER Exf. , Thess. (1629) 6 By radicating or
making more firme Graces receiued. 1720 WELTON Suffer
bonofGod I. xi. 285 Radicate thy Love within me, O my
God, Let it be Rooted Deep. 1788 BURKE St. Warren
Hastings Wks. 1822 XIII. 65 That gulf, which manners,
opinions and laws have radicated in the very nature of the
people. 1873 H. ROGERS Orig. Bible i. (1874) 23 Philo-
sophers who did not care to radicate it [morality] in religion.
t2. mtr. To take root, become established. Obs.
1656 in BLOUNT Glossogr. 1681 RYCAUT tr. Gracian's
Lrttick 134 Trees began there to radicate where but lately
a shrub wanted moisture.
Radicated (rse-dike'ted), ///. a. [f. prec.]
1. Rooted, established, etc.
a. of qualities, etc. (freq. in 1 7th c.).
1633 HART Diet of Diseased Introd. 10 As for true radi-
cated Consumptions . . she was farre from curing any such.
i«79 J. GOODMAN Penitent Pardoned it. i. (1713) 150 The
breaking off old and radicated customs. 1703 KELSEY Serm.
235 The radicated Corruption of all Mankind 1722 DE FOE
Serious Reft. v. 215 A Mind of radicated Infidelity.
b. of a person, rare—1.
a 1661 FULLER Worthies, Warwickshire in. (1662) 123 Had
y assurance, that he had been a radicated Romanist.
beany
f 2. Radicated vinegar (see RADICAL a. 9). Obs.
1660 tr. Paracelsus' Archidoxis i. iv. 52 Pour thereto the
Acetum of the Roote, or Radicated Vinegar.
t 3. Bot. Having roots. Obs.
1753 CHAMBERS Cycl. Suff. s. v. Leaf.
Radication (roedik^i Jan), [n. of action from
radicdre : see RADICATE v. and -ATION. Cf. F.
radicalion] The process of radicating or taking
root; the fact of being rooted, firmly established,
etc. ; also, the manner in which a plant, etc., is
rooted ; an arrangement or system of roots,
t a. of veins or arteiies. Obs.
1615 CROOKE Body of Man 856 As the Liuer is the begin-
ning of Radication and Dispensation to the Veines, so is lie
Heart to the Arteries. 1638 A. READ Chirarg. ii. 14 If the
vesscll be cut . . asunder . . that part of it which is next the
radication of it, shrinketh up.
b. of plants, rare.
1638 SIR T. BROWNE Card. Cyrus iv. 59 Whereby they
maintained some proportion to their height, in Trees of large
radicalion. 1727-41 CHAMBERS Cycl. s. v., A great number
of curious observations on the germination and radication
of plants. 1775 ELLIS in Phil. Trans. LXVI. 5 To shew
in what it diners from what is called radication in plants.
1866 in Treas. Bot. 954/2.
c. Jig. of qualities, states, etc. ? Obs. (freq. in
the I7thc.).
1615 JACKSON Creed iv. ii. § i Faith . . different in want of
radication and durability, a 1658 C. CARTWRIGHT Except,
agst. Baxter (1675) 21 The confirmation, radication, and
further degree of grace. 1707 NORRIS Treat. Humility iii.
97 This shews such a deep and settled radication of vice in us.
t Ra-dicative, a. Obs. rare-', [f. ppl. stem of
L. radicdre RADICATE -t- -IVE.] = RADICAL a. 3.
1727 DOUGLAS in Phil. Trans. XXXV. 318 A Palliative
Cure, .where a radicative Cure could not be expected.
Radice, obs. form of RADISH.
Radicel (rse-disel). Bot. [zd.mod.L. radicetta,
dim. of RADIX. Cf. F. radice/Ie.] A rootlet.
18.. G*t,t Struct. Bat. (cited by Worcester 1800).
So Radice liar a., of the nature of rootlets.
Radice-llate a., belonging to the Radicellata, a
class of polyzoans. Ra'dicello sea., having rootlets.
1831 MACGILLIVRAY tr. Richard's Etein. Bot. 295 Through
which one or more radicellar tubercles are to issue. 1881
G. BUSK in Jrnl. Microsc. Sc. Jan. 12 Kitietoskias and
many other radicellate forms. 1881 SPRUCE in Jrnl. Bot. X.
12 Stems an inch high, ..very sparingly radicellose.
Radiche, obs. form of RADISH.
Radici-, comb, form of L. radix, rddic-em
RADIX, used in a few terms of Bot. and Zool., as
Kadici colons a., living on the roots of a plant.
Radi ciflo'rous i.'.. flowering from the root. Ra-
di ciform a., having the form of a root. Radici'-
vorous a., eating roots.
Cf. F. radicijlore, -forme, -vore (Littre").
1843 HUMPHREYS Brit. Moths II. 85 They are never.,
radicivorous in their habits. 1848 LINDLEY Introd. Bot.
(ed. 4) II. 104 Two or three radiciform prolongations. 1862
MAYNE Med. b'oc. (ed. 2), Kadiciflorous.
+ Radi-city. Obs. rare-1, [f. L. radic-, stem
of RADIX + -ITY.] = RADICALITY.
1651 BIGGS AVrc Disp. p 305 Diseases have not in them-
selves an essentiall radicity.
Radicle (rce-dik'l). [ad. L. rcidicula RADICULE ;
cf. follicle, ventricle, etc.]
1. Bot. a. That part of the embryo of a plant
which develops into the primary root.
RADICOSE.
1671 Pliil. Trans. VI. 3037 The one is called by him
[Grew] the Radicle, being that, which, upon the vegetation
of the Seed, becomes the Rout [= 1672 GKEW Anat. Vegtt.
7J. 1707 Curiosities in Hust. q Card. 31 The . . lowermost
part is called Radicle ; because 'tis the Origin of the Root.
T.The Radicle is likewise called the seminal Root. 1727-41
CHAMBERS Cvcl. s. v., When, in sowing, the radicle happens
to light lowest, it is no wonder the root should spread itself
under ground. 1796 C. MARSHALL Garden, ii, (1813) 15 The
substance of seeds appears to be spent first in feeding the
ladicle. 1880 C. & F. DARWIN Movem. PI. 5 The radicle
can be distinguished from the hypocotyl only by the presence
of root-hairs and the nature of its covering.
b. A rootlet.
1829 1. L. KNAPP yrnl. Naturalist 122 The radicles pene-
trate like the finest hairs into the substance. 1856 KANE
Arct. Expl. II. i. 10 Using the long radicles of a spongy
moss for wick.
2. Anat. One of the branching subdivisions of
veins, nerves, etc. resembling a part of a root.
1830 R. VixoxBeclarifs Anaf. 182 A doubling of a minute
artery which becomes a venous radicle. 1880 BASTIAN Brain
44 The radicles of a much branched nerve process.
3. Chem. = RADICAL sb. 4.
Radicle has been preferred to radical by some authorities,
and is the form at present employed in the Journal of the
Chemical Society, but its introduction appears to have been
due to a misunderstanding (see quot. 1862).
1862 W. MILLER Elem. Chem. III. 36 Liebig .. defined
organic chemistry to be the chemistry of compound radicles.
[Ibid, note, The German term radical is commonly, but
inaccurately translated radical, which is properly an adjec-
tive, the word radicle being the appropriate rendering.]
1880 FRISWELL in Sac. of Arts 444 The iodides of the alco-
holic radicles, methyl and ethyl.
4. Philol. (See quot.)
1870 F. A. MARCH Anglo-Saxon Gram. 33 Radicles are
elementary relational parts of words. They are generally
single sounds— oftenest a consonant sound.
Ra-dicose, a. Bot. rare"0, [ad. L. rddlcffs-us :
see RADIX and -OSE.] Having a large root (Treas.
Bot. 1866).
t Ka-dicous, a. Obs. rare. [cf. prec. and -oua.]
Root-like ; pertaining, or appropriate, to a root.
1767 BUSH HiberttiaCur. (1769) 78 A., kind of heath, which
..vegetates at the bottom into a close and extremely radicous
texture. Ibid. 84 Of. .radicous or lignous composition.
Radicular (radi'kirflaj), a. [f. L. radicula
RADICULE + -AK.]
1. Bot. Belonging to the radicle.
1830 LINDLEY Nat. Syst. Bot. 72 Radicular end next the
hilum. 1831 MACGILLIVRAY tr. Richard's Elem. Bot. 288
The radicular body or radicle constitutes one of the extremi-
ties of the embryo. 1875 BENNETT & DYER tr. Sachs'' Bot.
462 The embryo is thick at the radicular end.
2. a. Path. Affecting or attacking the roots (of a
tooth, nerve, etc.).
1878 T. BRYANT Pract. Surf. I. 561 Radicular Odontome
has attained the size of a chestnut 1899 Allbutfs Syst.
Med. VI. 652 To this form the name of radicular brachial
neuritis is given.
b. Anat. Belonging to, forming part of, the
roots of an artery, nerve, etc.
1897 Syd. Soc. Lex., Radicular arteries, fibres. 1899
Allbutt's Syst. Med. VII. 390 The radicular branches [of
arteries] to the bulbar nerves arise from the vertebral.
Radicule (rae'dikiwl). Bot. [ad. L. radicula,
dim. of RADIX. Cf. F. raduule.] = RADICLE.
1836 LOUDON Encycl. Plants Gloss. 1883 Knowledge
20 July 43/2 In five or six days the radicules will appear.
Hence fRadi-culode Bot. (see quot.). Obs.
Radi'culose a., having radicles.
1831 MACGILLIVRAY tr. Richard's Elem. Bot. 295 The
inferior extremity of the blastus . . bears the name of radi-
culode. 1880 GRAY Struct. Bot. Gloss, (ed. 6) 430 Jfadtcu-
lose, bearing rootlets.
Radie, obs. Sc. form of READY.
Radience, -ent, varr. of RADIANCE, RADIANT.
Radiescent (r^diie'sent), a. [Irreg. f. RADI-
ATE v. + -ESCENT.] = RADIANT.
1863 Reader 26 Sept. 348/3 The radiescent state of sub-
stances is known to originate in three different modes.
Radiism (r?'-di|izm). [f. RADI-US + -ISM.]
Radiate arrangement ; radiation.
1841 E. FORBES Brit. Starfishes 243 In the animals of
which we have now to treat, Radiism sets and Annulism
appears.
Radik, Radilie, obs. ft. RADISH, READILY.
Radio- (r/'-dw), comb, form of RADIUS, em-
ployed in some scientific terms.
1. Anal. Belonging to the radius in conjunction
with some other part, as Ra dio-ca'rpal, -di'gital,
-Uvrmeral, -mirscular, -pa'lmar, -n'lnar adjs.
1831 R. KNOX Cloqitet's Anat. 133 The external lateral
ligament of the radio-carpal articulation. 1845 TODD &
BOWMAN Phys. Anat. I. 137 Another example is the superior
radip-ulnar articulation. 1858 HOLDEN//M/W. Osteal. (1878)
160 The lower end of the bones of the fore-arm forms the
radio-carpal joint.
2. Physics. Connected with rays or radiation, as
Ra dio-a'ctive a., said of certain substances which
are capable of affecting a photographic plate or an
electrometer by radiation ; so Ra:dio-acti'vity.
Ra dio-condu'ctor, part of the receiver of a wire-
less telegraphy apparatus (usually a tube contain-
in},' iron filings), which is converted into a con-
ductor by the impact of the electric waves on the
collecting wire; a 'coherer'.
101
1898 Tit-Bits 28 May 175/3 M. Branly, whose ' radiocon-
ductor ' or ' coherer ' is used by Marconi in his wireless tele-
fraph. 1900 PRINCE KROPOTKIN in lyth _Cent. Dec. 932
laterial particles projected from the radio-active bodies.
Ibid., They communicate radio-activity . . to the surfaces of
the bodies.
Radiogram (r<?''di0grcem). [f. prec, -t- -GBAM.]
- RADIOGKAPH sb. 2.
1896 Photogram Apr. 105 Another title, . . suggested by
Dr. Hill-Norris, appears to us .. much superior ._. and we
propose to call prints made by radiography ' radiograms '.
1898 ISENTHAL & WARD Pract. Radiogr. 101 For develop-
ing radiograms, almost any of the usual developers may be
employed.
Radiograph (r^i-diograf), sb. [f. as prec. +
-GBAPH.]
1. An instrument by which the duration and in-
tensity of sunshine is measured and recorded.
1881 Jrnl. Science XVIII. 221 This instrument, which
Mr. Winstanley names the ' Radiograph ', is shown.
2. An impression or image of an object produced
on a sensitive plate by means of the Rontgen rays.
1896 Westm. Gaz. 21 Feb. 7/2 A ' radiograph ', or shadow
picture, of the hand of Mr. Alfred Lyttelton. 1896 Daily
Tel. 16 Mar. 7/2 A radiograph of the front portion of the
foot gave no trace of the needle.
So Ra diogfrapb. v. trans., to make a radiograph
of (a thing). Radiographer, one who practises
radiography. Ra diogra'prtic al a., relating to
radiography; hence Ba'diogra'phically adv. Ra-
dio-graphy, the production of images on sensitized
plates by means of the Rontgen rays.
1896 Daily News 29 Feb. 5/4 Mr. Stanley Kent photo-
graphed, shadowgraphed, electrographed, or "radiographed
— for the proper verb is still undetermined — a fractured
finger bone at St. Thomas's Hospital. 1896 Phologram
Apr. 108 Our illustration .. is the first complete human
skeleton ever radiographed. Ibid. 105 The high price of
Crookes' tubes is a matter of wonder to many *radiographers.
1896 Q. Rev. Apr. 501 The internal organs will be brought,
it is hoped, within the range of *radiographic inspection.
1898 ISENTHAL & WARD Pract. Radiogr. r35 The 'radio-
graphical study of Obstetrics. Ibid. 134 Coins,, .buttons,
1 J 1 * ,. 1 «.»,__ .. . 1 _0_^ D •*
ughbred equivalent ' actlnograpny
1898 Ibid. 7 May 1 196 Since the introduction of radiography
into surgery, many advances have been made in its applica-
II Radiolaria (r^-duneVria), ui>.//. Zool. [mod.
L. f. radiol-iis, dim. of RADIUS.] A class of rhizo-
pods (see quot. 1872).
1872 NICHOLSON Palxont. 66 The order Radiolaria is
defined as comprising those members of the Rhizopoda
which possess a siliceous test or siliceous spicules. 1879 tr.
Semper 's Anim. Life 74 Most of the Radiolaria . . bear in
their body certain . . particles known as the yellow cells.
Radiolarian (r^dunea-rian), a. and sb. Zool.
[f. prec. + -AN.]
A. adj. Of or pertaining to the Radiolaria.
1877 THOMSON ¥031. Challenger I. 231 It was found to
contain so large a proportion of the tests of radiolarians,
that Mr. Murray proposed for it the name ' radiolarian-
ooze '. 1889 ]. W. GREGORY in Q. Jrnl. Geol. Sac. Nov. 646
The Radiolarian deposits include a somewhat variable
series of marls.
B. sb. One of the Radiolaria.
1877 THOMSON Voy. Challenger I. iii. 186 They brought
back .. many large radiolarians. 1879 tr. Semfer's Anim.
Life 74 These yellow or sometimes green cells occur in
many fresh-water Radiolarians.
Radiolite (r<?'-di<;Uit). [f. RADIO- + -LITE.]
1. Conch. (See quot.)
1839 SOWERBY Conch. Man. 91 Radiolites. A family be-
longing to the order Cephalopoda . . containing the genera
Rotalina, Lenticulina, Placentula.
2. Palseont. A cretaceous fossil bivalve of the
family Rudista.
1842 in BRANDS Diet. Sci. 1851 WOODWARD Mollusca 280
The outer layer of shell in the Hippurite and Radiolite
consists of prismatic cellular structure.
3. Min. A variety of natrolite with radiated
structure.
1855 in ORK Geol. etc. 517. 1866 WATTS Diet. Chem. IV.
29 Radiolite, from Brevig [in NorwayJ.
Radiometer (r^'diiprnftaa). [f. RADIO- +
METEU.]
1 1. An instrument formerly used for measuring
angles ; a cross-staff, forestaff. 06s.
17*7-41 in CHAMBERS Cycl. 1802 in JAMES Milit. Diet.
2. An instrument invented by Sir W. Crookes,
with the design of illustrating the transformation
of radiant energy into mechanical force.
1873 CROOKES in Proc. R. Sue. XXIII. 377 The luminous
rays.. repel the black surface more energetically than they
do the white surface. Taking advantage of this fact, the
author has constructed an instrument which he calls a
radiometer. 1893 SIR R. BALL Story of Sun 256 Highly
rarefied i;"* like that contained in one of Mr. Crookes s
radiometers.
attrib. 1876 Nature XIV. 288/2 The friction of the radio-
meter vanes with the rarefied air of the globe. Ibid. 508/1
The radiometer experiments were successful.
Hence Ba'diome'tric a., pertaining to the radio-
meter or its use ; Radio metry, the use of the
radiometer.
a»^Athen.euni 10 Feb. 189/2 The efTects of all the dif-
ferent nans of the rttdioimtric apparatus in influencing
radionu:!, i nintinu. < 1890 A. K. BENNETT (title) On some
experiments in Kadiomeuy.
RADISH.
So Radiomicro meter, an instrument for measur-
ing minute degrees of radiation.
1887 C. V. BOYS in Proc. Royal Soc. XLII. 189 (title) Pre-
liminary Note on the * Radio-Micrometer'. 1888 Times
10 May_ 5/5 Mr. C. V. Boys's Radtomicrometer . . consists of
a circuit made of antimony, bismuth, and copper.
Radiophone (r^'-diofoun). [f. RADIO- + -PHONE.]
An instrument for the production of sound by inter-
mittent radiant energy, such as light or heat ; the
photophone and thermophone are special forms.
1881 BELL Sound by Radiant Energy 32 We have decided
to adopt the term ' radiophone ', proposed by M. Mercadier,
as a general term signifying an apparatus for the production
of sound by any form of radiant energy.
Radiophonic (rei:du;f<>-nik), a. [Cf. prec. and
-PHONIC.] Belonging to radiophony.
1881 Sci. Amer. 5 Feb., Radiophonic notes, such is the
new term, have been obtained by M. Mercadier from or-
dinary gas lamps. 1881 Nature XXIII. 367 The radio-
phonic sounds result from a direct action of radiations upon
the receiving substances.
Radiophony (re'di^-ftfai). [Cf. prec. and
-PHONY.] The theory or method of producing sound
by radiant light or heat.
1880 Athenxum 25 Dec. 870/3 M. Mercadier brought
before the Academy of Sciences a paper on ' Radiophony ',
as he names the phenomenon of using a ray of light for the
conveyance of sound. 1884 New Eng. yrnl. Educ. XIX.
374 Tyndall's experiments in radiophony.
Radioscopy (r^di^-sk^pi). [f. as prec. +
-scopy.] The examination of objects by means of
the Rontgen rays. So Radiosco pic a.
1898 ISENTHAL & WARD Pract. Radiogr. 114 The latter
method, .enables us. .to practise radioscopy in broad day-
light. Ibid. 121 The radioscopic or radiographic image.
tRa'diouS,<z. Obs. Forms: 6 radius, radyuss,
-ous, 6-8 radious. [ad. F. radieux (I5~i6th c.),
or L. radiosus (Plautus), f. radius ray.]
1. Radiant, bright.
1500-20 DUNBAR Poems xlviii. 132 A radius croun of
rubeis scho him gaif. 1552 LYNDESAY Monarche 5350
Thare Radious beymes ar turnit in reik. 1592 R. D.
Hypnerotomachia. 79 Two pleasant radious and glistering
eyes. 1610 G. FLETCHER Christ's Tri. I. xxxv, His radious
head with shamefull thorns they teare. 1678 CUDWORTH
Intell. Syst. i. iv. § 36. 582 That radious effulgency which,
immediately encompassing them, is beheld together with
them. 1692 O .WALKER Grk. fy Rom. Hist. Illmtr. 334 The
Sun (as Constantine) radious.
b. Forming rays of light, rare.
1709 BERKELEY Th. Vision^ 90 The Intersection made by
the Radious Pencils. 1733— Th. Vision Vind. § 50 The
Pictures, so called, being formed by the radious Pencils ..
are not so truly Pictures as Images.
2. Belonging to the radius of a circle or sphere ;
radial, rare~1.
1678 CUDWORTH Intell. Syst. i. iv. § 36. 598 The Centre,
Radious Distance, and Movable Circumference, may be all
said to be Co- Essential to a Sphere.
Radir, obs. form of RATHER.
Radish (rse-dij). Forms: o. i redic, rsedic,
3 redioh, 4 radiche, 5 radik, raddyk. 0. 5
radissh, 5-6 radys(s)he, 6- -ishe, -ice, redish,
6-7 raddish, 7 reddish, (7-8 erron. rhadish), 5-
radish. [In the a-forms ad. L. radic-em, with
subsequent palatalization in southern Eng. ; in the
1 5th c. readopted from F. radis, a. Pr. raditz, or
It. radice :— L. rddic-ein : see RADIX and RACE jAG]
1. a. The fleshy, slightly pungent, root of a widely
cultivated cruciferous plant (Raphanus sativus),
commonly eaten raw as a relish or in salads, b.
The plant of which this is the root.
Wild radish, a field-weed (R . Raf/umistrum), also called
jointed or joint-podded charlock.
a. c jooo Sax. Leechd. II. 64 Wi|> sidan sare. .redic, &
hwite chefran wyrc to clame. c 1000 /£LHRIC Gloss, in Wr.-
Wiilcker 135/23 Raphanum, uel radix, rzdic. c 1265 Voc.
Plants ibid. 556/20 Raffarium, . . redich. a 1387 Sitwn.
Bart hoi. (Anecd. Oxon.) 36 Raplianiim, radiche. c 1425
Voc. in Wr.-Wulcker 645/20 Raparium, raddyk.
p. c 1420 Pallad. on Husb. ix. 30 Now rape and neep
in places drie is sowe..and radish last. Ibid. 44 Radish
female hath litel bitternesse. 1548 TURNER Names Herbes
(r88i) 66 There are two kindes of radice, the one is the
commune radice wyth the longe roote..The other kynde
hath a rounde roote. 1598 B. JONSON Ev. Man. in Hum.
I v We will have a bunch of redish, and salt, to last our
wine. 1620 VENNER Via Recta vi. 99 Some Physitians
commend the eating of Radishes before meate. 1649 BLITHE
1853 LYTTON My Novel iv. viii, It was with some such
that Lenny was seasoning his crusts and his radishes.
2. altrib. and Comb., as radish-bed, -oil, -pod,
-root -seed; radish-leaved, -like adjs. ; radish-fly
(1/.S.1, a small dipterous insect, Anthomyia ra-
phani, whose larva; burrow in radishes (Cent. Diet.
1801); radish tree = HOUSE-RADISH TREE (*).
i8«E S. DELAMKK A'iVcA.C'<irA»(i86i)ii5The traveller
who has no 'radish-bed to go to. 1753 CHAMBERS Cjd.
V»/A s. v. Sisyinbrinm, The short podded 'radish-leaved
watewiX)""*"'""- '7" J- Pf-"VE» '" pllil- rr"»*- xxv.| '•
385 Auriculated, or rather small wing'd "Radish-liki
Leaves. 1728 E. SMITH Compl. Hmtsc-v. Index, "Radish
Pods pickled. 1855 DELAMKR Kitch. Garden (1861) 134
Radish-pods . . make an excellent pickle. 1533 ELYOI Cast.
RADIUS.
Htltne (1539) 25 'Radyshe rootes, bane tbe vertu to ex-
tenuate, or make thyn. tfei BACOK Srta* § 408 A Beet-
Root, a Barrage-Root, and a Raddbh-Root. iH8 WATTS
Diet. Ckem. \. j6 Radbh-roots contain . . water 959.74
[parts in 1000). 1538 ELYOT />*:/. ,C»/-fjW«, *radyshe seede.
1599 HAKLUTT l'*r. II. 16? Some others. .that practised to
worke that effect by Radish seed, rowS BACOK Sjfn* { 401
There were sown in a Bed, Turnip-seed, Radish-seed [etc.].
1898 Moaus Anstrmlfng. 376/1 -Radish-Tree, an Austra-
lian amber-tree, C.rfw.ij).! cotimMno, called also
Poplar in Central Australia.
Radius (rl<-dift>). Also 7 -ous. PL radii
(r^'-di|ii" ; also 7-8 radius's, S -uses. [a. L.
radius a staff or stake, measuring-rod, spoke, ray,
etc. (cf. senses below).]
1. A staff, rod, bar, or other straight object
fa. The staff of a cross; hence Astron. a CBOSS-
STAFF. Ofc.
1597 afoBLET IntntL Mns. 174 Tbe Radius or staffe of
the cross* containeth like wbe two panes in one. (1717-41
CHAMBEKS Cycl. s-v., K*j'ius mittfufmimt, an
usually called Jacob s staff, or the cross-staff) 1741 YOCMG
.\'t. Tk. ix. 646 With my Radius (the rich Gift Of Thought
nocturnal D 111 point out to thee Its various Lessons.
t b. The bony spine or sting near the base of
the tail of a sting-ray. 06s. rare—1.
1661 LOVELL Hist. Anim. * .»/«. 201 Fork-fish.. .Their
Radius only b poysonsome, which being cut off, tbe rosted
C. Aaat. The thicker and shorter of the two
bones of the forearm in man, extending from the
hnmerus to the thumb side of the wrist ; also the
corresponding bone of the foreleg in quadrupeds,
and of the wing in birds.
The name has also been given lo a bone of tbe pectoral
arch in fishes, held lo be homologous with the radius of
higher vertebrates.
1615 Cxoou Btvfy ff.Vmn (1618) 782 The whole hand
being sustained almost alone by the Radius, hath one and
the same motion. 1719 Qi ISCY Pkjrs. Diet. (17*2) s. v_ Altho
the L'IMM and Rmmuts accompany one another, they touch
but at their Extremities, ITS* J. S. Le Draw's Obserr. Snrf.
(1771) 12 Tbe Radius of the left Arm was. .broke. 1817
ABEXXETHV Snrf. H'ts. II. 72 Tbe carpal bones were.,
driven upwards, some befonuand others behind the ends of
the radius and ulna. 1841 R. E. GRANT C.-mf. AnmL 65
In the perch, .the two succeeding bones [are regarded] as
the ulna and the radius. 1881 MIYAXT Cmt 94 At its lower
end tbe radius becomes much broadened out. 1896 NEWTOX
Diet. Bints 659 la Birds.. there are. .only two nee carpal*
— one, generally termed the 'radial', ..articulating with the
data! end of both radius and ulna.
t d. i. In full radius articulatus.^ The alveolus
of a belemnite. Obs. ran—'.
1753 CHAMBEKS CTV/. S*t+. s. v_ Many of these nulii are
to£3 remarkabb- ' '
'
..."...'.
. bent, or distorted, which b
peculiar to the fossils formed in
e. A dorsal fin. rare —*.
i8xa G. A. MANTELL Gffi Sussex »9 Dorsal fin, or
radius, of a fish allied to the Balistes...It consists of thirteen
narrow parallel rays.
2. A rod, bar, etc, forming one of a set extending
in several directions from one point ; a wheel-spoke;
a radiating pan or filament, etc.
I7a6 BAILEY. RtuKns (in median.), a spoke, or felloe of
a wheel, because they issne like rays from the centre of it.
1800 Hi-ins fnm. Vmmgt 169 Hb fine-span radii flings
from side to side. 1805 SOUTHEY .IAtj.v IL x, Equal in
number, . . The spreading radii of the mystic wheel, Revolve.
1876 .\'.itnre XI V. 465/1 A horizontal wheel of iron., having
six radii. 1878 BELL Gtgm!*xrs CMC*. An*l. 41 In the
animals built on a radiate plan the number of the ganglia b
uBwai^£tu in correspondence wllli the radii.
t b. In fishes : (a) pi. The branchial lamella;.
(*) A fin-ray. OPS.
rfei RAY Cre
I. (1692) 66 These papilla: do well
resemble the Aristt or radii of a Fishes GUIs. 1753
CmVmmmQttSuM.*.f.fmmi1m the mackrel, tbe raJS
of the first fin of the back.. are absolutely simple.
c. Sot. (a} The ray or outer whorl of ligulate
florets surrounding the disk in a composite flower-
bead ; the border of enlarged petals on a partial
umbel ; ( S) a peduncle supporting a partial umbel ;
(e) a medullary ray.
177$ J. TENEIIXSOX tr. Linnms Brit. PL Gloss, RmJins, b
the senunoscnks that surround the dbk. 1796 EmycL Brit.
(ed. 3) IIL 448/1 RmJins, tbe rim or outward part, con-
sisting of irregular aorets. iSjsLjxDLEY/./rW. £W. US}})
156 The peduncles which support the partial umbels are
named rmtti. [1866 Trttu. AW. 955/1 Rm*u McdnlUm.
the medullary rays.) 1880 GUY Stnct. Bft. (ed. 6) 430/1
d. Ent. One of the radiating subdivisions of
a digitate wing.
i8a6 Kiurr & Sr. Entomtt. IV. r;S. 1848 MAUNDEX
Trau. \«i. fiat.. Gloss.
e. One of the five arched rod-like pieces set
radially in the month of a sea-urchin.
1877 HrxLEY Anat. fnv. Anim. 576 The Lantern consists
of twenty principal pieces— five teeth, five alveoli, five rotubc,
and five radii.
£ Omit*. One of the processes on the barb of
a feather, a barbule.
i»93 NKWTOK Diet. Birds 240 The radii or barbnles are
attached in two opposite rows to the thick upper rim of the
rami . . Each radius b a thin lamella, about i mm. in length.
3. .Vath. A straight line drawn to the circum-
ference of a circle or the surface of a sphere from
the centre, all lines so drawn being equal in length.
102
TOS& HOMES .Sir tatmt Wfcs. 1*45 VII. 256 Is the radios
that describes the inner circles equal to the radius that
describes the exterior! 1671 Bovut Yirtma tf Gems 6j
These rows of Planes Teaching euery way, almost like so
many radious's of a Sphere from ihe Centre.
Ctmmtnfl. St. Wks. 1871 I V.428 Circles on several radius's
ni Knu.
, .
.. be so made that it may be attached to the board alone any
radius. 1853 Hnscm. /V- /.&-/. Sfc i | n (1873) 41 In
a circle 22 miles in radius. . every town and tillage was
destroyed. 1879 CALDEKWOOO tlinJ « Br. ui. 70 A series
of fibres, some of which are arranged as radii, others in a
circular manner.
tntns/. iLodff. 1649 G. Damn. 7Vn««nst, /7«./r,x*r,
Thus when All Causes are melt, their Radij must Spread.
_ -{5.369
life FAUAK Orif. ZJKtlMj} >S the radii of ii
from many other sources all converge to the comma
of a similar hypothesis.
b. A radial line of a curve, drawn from a certain
point snch as the focus to any point on the curve.
iSj6 LAIDNU in CinJ Emf. * Are*. JmL I. 40/1 This ..
i- altogether independent of the radius of the curve. /ML,
A curve of large radius. dtoSauiavGMac •S«rt. (1855) 162
In the hyperbola, the difference of the focal radii b con-
slant. 1875 a WILLIAMSON Imttgr. Cmlt. 261 The area
between two focal radii of a parabola and the curve.
c. Any line in an arrangement of straight lines
diverging from a point, and resembling the radii
of a circle.
1774 PEXSAXT T**r ScttL in 1771, 358 On a five rack is
cut the radii of a dial l8o> JAMXS Jftfl*. Diet. S.V., In
fortification, the radius is distinguished into exterior, in*
terior, oblique, and right radios. . .The latter b a perpen-
dicular line drawn from the center of a polygon to the
exterior side.
d. In various phrases, as radius of concavity, of
curvature, of dissipation, of an acentric, of tit
ffolute, of rvo.'utioH, of explosion, of gyration, of
inversion, of rupture, of torsion (of, qnots. and see
the second element'!.
1753 CxAuaEis O»;i Snff. App, Kf£ta t/Ctmarity, in
Geometry, is sometimes used far the Radius or ray of
curvature. IbuL, s-v. Cnmtrrt, This circle b called the
circle of curvature - .and its semidiameter, the ray or radius
of curvature. rTjB I. LAKDCK KesiJ, AnmL vii. 75 The
right line Cf is called the radius of caution corresponding
to the point P. 1*34-47 J. S. MACAULAT fitU Fertif.
< 1851) 201 In common mines the horizontal radius of rupture
b equal to ii times the line of least resistance. .. In a vertical
direction, this radius is of tbe same length as the radius of
explosion. 1*79 THOMSON & TATT X*L PkU. L L f 281 The
radius of gyration about any axb is therefore the distance
from that axis at which, if the whole mass were placed, it
would have the same moment of inertia as before. iMi
CASEY Sffnri It Enclim m. xx. 41 Tbe point C b called the
inverse of the point />, ..and the constant R the radius of
inversion. 1887 D. A. Low .»/«. liW Dm. (1892) 47 The
distance from the centre of tbe sheave to the centre of the
shaft is called tbe radius or eccentricity of the eccentric.
e. Radius rector, a variable line drawn to a curve
from a fixed point as origin ; in astronomy the origin
is usually at the sun or a planet round which a satel-
lite revolves. Also//.
1753 in CHAKBEM Cr;L S**t. App. «8r6 PLAYFAII Sni.
Pkil. II. 103 The line drawn rrom the moveable to the
immoveable body, (the radius vector), describes areas round
the latter proportional to the times. 1*41 C G*AVES tr.
Cluula- Pr.ftrties tfCtmes 60 The sum or the difference
of the two radii vectores. I»T» PECCTOK Ess. Astrtn. xxx.
373 These cones wQl have a common axis— namely, the
Earth's radius vector.
4. A circular area of which the extent is measured
by the length of the radius of the circle which
bounds it Also //.
1*53 STOCQCELXK MiL EneftL s-v. GrmmJe, It bursts into
many pieces, scattering death and wounds among all who
are within its radii, life Miss Buncos LmJr Andlej
xiii.82,1 shall first go to Andiey Court, and look for George
Tauoys in a narrow radius. 1866 Cnmr Banking ix. 180
Restricting its operations to a radius of sixty-five miles
from London.
b. sfet: in London, a circle of four miles in all
directions from Charing Cross, outside of which
cab-fares are higher.
1889 BAEDEKEX London (ed. 7) 28 Beyond tbe 4-mile
radius from Charing Cross the fare is u. for every mile.
1899 W. PETT RIDGE (titk\ Outside the Radius. Stories
of a London Suburb.
5. Comb., as radius-bearing adj. ; radius-bar,
a bar pivoted at one end so that it can move in
a circle or arc of a circle, used esp. in the parallel
motion of a steam engine ; radius-finder, an in-
strument for finding two radii (and thereby the
centre) of a circle; radius rod = radius-bar;
radios-saw, a circular saw in which the plate is
joumaled to the end of a radius-bar 'Knight Diet.
Metk. SuppL 1884).
R. S. ROMXSOK A«a*. Sttxm Eng. 75 To these levers
secured the radius bars, which are rods of wiought-
iron, proceeding from the side tons. 1853 GLYXM Trtmi.
Pfwer H'mter 140 The radius bar carries a pen, the nib of
which b in the line of the radius. 185! Mcmuv Mnrimc
E ngines fed. 3) Gloss, AWnu nns or t*rs, . . are the cud-
ing rods in a parallel motion. OH LOCKWOOD Diet. Ttrwa
s.v., Rfjins fnntr, a centre square.
Finis 245 In Gallinge there are from
r*_... . - 1. - — ' . -. :
RADLY.
Radix j/<-diks). PI. 7-9 radices (r^-disiz),
7- radixes. [a. L. radix (stem radff-} a loot.]
— ROOT, in various senses.
1. Matk. ta. A root of a number. Obs.
1571 DICCES Paxtfm. n. 0. M j. The Radix Quadrate of
the Product, b the Hvpotbennsa. 1579 — Stratttt. 13
To Cod the square Radix, or Roote of any number. 171*
Diet. (ITU) S.V., A Number^ which multipued
1893 NEWTOX Diet.
10 to 12 somewhat stiff
into it self makes a Square, b called the Root, or Radix
b. A number or symbol which is made the basis
of a scale of numeration.
'The term "^ radix "U due to Robert Flower (1771)'. A. J.
Ellis in Xatm n&Si) XXIII. 37^%.
1798 HiTTpK Ctme ttmtk. 1. 148 When the radix r b=
to, then the index n becomes tbe common or Briggs's log. of
the number N. 1841 Penny CycL XIX. 234/1 Ten is the
radix of the decimal system of numeration, and the radix of
the common system of logarithms. 1888 C SMITH Algttrm
xviii. (1893) 271 To express a number. A', in the scale whose
radix v.r.
mttril. i88§ C. SMITH Ajfterm xvin. (1893) 273 Radix
fractions in any scale correspond to decimal fractions in the
ordinary scale.
t 2. Astral, and Astron. A basis of calculation,
as a nativity, a certain point in time, position of
a planet, etc. Oh.
HEYDON Jnd. AstrtL 363 These.. haue ener a prin-
aime, vnto the position of heauen, at the natiuite, as
the Radix, or roote of their operations. 1615 BEDWFLL
Armt. Trnng- Tarich.,The Astronomers, .do call it Rnaix,
whereby they vnderstand some set., time beginning at some
memorable action. 1674 FLAXSTECD in Rigaud Cerr. Sfi.
Men (1841) IL 143, I have pasted new radixes to the meri-
dian of Derby, that so they may comply the better with my
solar numbers. 17*6 tr. Gregorys Astnm. I. 469 Every
Planet's Radixes are to be settled, not of Longitude thereof,
..but of the Mean Anomaly of the Planet. 1774 J. KENNEDY
Eif I. bf. Astrtn. Ckrtn., Title, Ihe truth and reality of
the original Luni-Solar Radix.
3. The source or origin ; that in which anything
originates.
1607 HCYWOOO Fnir Mnitt Excnmnge Wks. 1874 ». 54
Her wit ball spirit, that spirit fire... able to bume the radix
of the best invention. 1654 H. L'EsntANCX C**t. / (1655)
in Tbe radix and ground of thb contest was thb. • 171*
SOCTH Sent. (1744) XL i. 5 Concupiscence, I shew, was tbe
radix of all sin. i8a*-34 Gftfs StnJy Jfa£(ed. 4) III. 26
Hence a separate and specific power has.. been ascribed to
the nervous fibres themselves, while the brain has been con-
templated as their radix. 1840 DE QUXCEY Essenes Wks.
i86i IX. 297 Judaism b the radix of Christianity.
1 4. Pkilol. An original word or form from which
other words are derived. Obs.
1641 E. LECH (ritlf} Critica Sacra. Observations on all
theRadices, or Primitive Hebrew words of the Old Testa.
menL i<68 Wiucixs Re*! Cnmr. tv. vi. 453 Of all other
Languages, the Greek b looked upon to be one of the most
copious ; the RadaAU. of which are esteemed to be about
3244. 1761 STEEKE Tr. Sktuuly IV. xxix, Inasmuch as the
radix of each word is hereby torn up. (771 W. JONES Zeel.
Eth. 102 A qnadriliteral word . . compounded of a doable
radix.
t 5. Ancestral root or stock. OPS. rare.
1651 C CABTWMGBT Cert. Rely. L 106, 1 shall ran your
pedigree to the radix. 165* H. C Lifting Gl*sse /rr
Lnmus A ij, Tbe two Twins of Grace and Venue descended
from the Radix of your Nobility.
t6- Mus. The root of a chord. Ots. rare-1.
ton Pkil. Trans. VIL 5154 Musical Sounds arc originally
in the Radix or Unbon.
7. Bot. The root of a plant.
17*7-41 in CHAKBEXS CycL 1886 Trtms. B*t. 955/1.
Radja, obs. form of RAJA(H.
Badknight ^rse-dnsit). Eng. Hist. Forms :
i radcniht. 7- radknight, (9 -cnecht, rade-
chnight). See also RODKSIGHT. [OE. nUeniht, (.
rod riding (see RAID and ROAD) 4- cnikt KXIGHT,
partially modemued by historical writers. In
Domesday Book the word appears as ra&henistre.]
In Old English times, a tenant holding land on
condition of performing service on horseback.
e 10*5 /nstxtntM Cnttti u. c. 59 in Liebermann Gesetse ner
Anrtls. L 73 In domo ^"— "»"• quern Angli nominant rad-
cnihi,aiiiuerosexhendeman. rti4 SELDEN Titles fifn. 134
Rodknights-.were such as held their hods by the sermce
to Ride vp and down with their Lords.. .They wen called
also Ra^ltKigltf^ 1*47 N. BACOK Disc. dot. Enf xxxi 76
Others served on horseback, and were caned Rad-kni(hts,
or Knights riders, as Bracton noteth. 1778 PDTXAKT T**r
U'aies (1883) L 56 The. .Rad-knights, who by the tenure of
their mods, were bound to rideroh or for the lord, as often
as hb affairs required. i8at HALLAM MU. Afa (1872) II.
361 Radechnights,and lesser thanes, seem to be included in
thb rank, xlfa PEAXSOK Emrfy « MU. Agrs Emf. 201
Radknights, or freemen owing tnananlahle service. 1872
Badle, Radling, obs. forms of R.VDDUE, -use.
t Ita'dlyJ<*A'- Obs. Forms: i hned-. rwdlioe,
j radlice. 4 radii, 4-5 radeliche, jradely,4-6
radly. 6-7 radlie, -lye. [f. RAD a.1 + -LY -.]
soon.
: bzr HroJgar sas.
tanc Smddft DC sine,
foroaniMswarasUiceseiitab. /«i xfi. | 5 pK on maeje
hnedlicost cnmon .. to binre ajenre cyooe. e ira O. E.
Ckrtn. (Laud MSJ an. 1127 Swa radlice swa he >K com
[etcj. c iaos LAT. 25603 pes drake and beore . . radliche
soneVgadere beo conVef .3.. E. E. AUU. P. R 797 He
ros vp ful radly & ran hem to mete, e 1400 Destr. Tny
6904 Radii on tc right syde Rakit be forth, c 14x0 CItrtn.
I'Ofn. u6(Haniw.>That bkssod vwnp..badde hym arys
radelicbe and Myve. c 1477 CAXTOK 7«w. 104 Therwuh
BADMAN.
was the boote seen approchyiifi inoche railely the Ryuage
1515 .\\,'t. 1'icM 417 in Chclltaui Mis,'. (iS5(j| 11, Kver>
ryncke to his restc full racllit- him clir^rd. a 1600 Florida.
F. vii. 11664) 60 Who radly by the ranks did ride.
Radmail (r:i"dm:tn). Jf.ng. Hist. [OK. *rAd-
manii, I. riid (ROAJ>) <• MAN.] = KADKNIUHT.
1086 Domrsilay ISvak (1783) I. i7*b/2 Ipsi radmans seca
bant Una die in anno. Ibid. 270/1 Sunt in dominio . . vi
burgenses et iij radmans. 1648 COKF. On Lift. l. 5 b, Cole-
bertl often also named in Domesday, signifieth Tenants in
free socage by free rent, and so it is expounded of. . Had
mans.. there also often named. 1778 PKNNANT Tour Wales
(1883) I. 56 iColeshill) had at the Conquest four villeyns
two boors, and a Radman. 1878 E. W. ROBERTSON Hist.
Ess. 139 A similar character seems traceable in the Radman
or Radcnecht of Southumbrian England.
I Ra'dneSS. Sc. and north. Ol>s. Also 5 Sc.
rednase, -nes. [f. RAD a.2 + -NESS.] Fear, fright.
a 1300 E. E. Psalter liv. 4 Radnes of dede felle ouer me.
c 1375 .V(. Leg. Saints iii. (Andrew} 1099 pe portare . . come
.. out delay, haffand wondir with rednes. ? a 1400 Mort.
Arth 120 The Romaynes for radnesse ruschte to the erthe.
c 1425 WYNTOUN Cron. \: i. 172 Thare Mary wes And
Joseph bathe in gret radness.
t BadO'te, v. Sc. Obs. rare -l. [ad. F. radoter :
see DOTE v.\ intr. To mutter disconnectedly.
1595-4 BUREL Pilgr. in Watson Coll. Sc. Poems (1709) II.
34 Than softliedid 1 suoufeand sleep.. Radoting, starnoting,
As wearie men will do.
Radoun, obs. Sc. f. REDOUND. Radour, var.
RADKUB. Radres, obs. Sc. f. REDRESS.
II Radula (iae-di«la). [L. radula scraper, scrap-
ing-iron, f. rad-ere to scrape : see RASE z>.]
1 1. Surf. (See quot.) 06s.
1753 CHAMBERS Cycl. Supp., Radula, the raspatory, a
chirurgical instrument used to cleanse foul bones.
2. Zool, The odontophore or lingual ribbon of
certain mollusks.
1877 HUXLEY Anat. Inv. Anim. viii. 488 The radula is
a cuticular chitinous product of the epithelium of the sub-
radular membrane. 1878 BELL Gegenlinitr's Comp. Anat.
341 They form the supporting apparatus of the radula and
the parts connected with it.
Hence Ra'dular a., pertaining to the radula ;
R.vdtilate, Radull'ferous adjs., provided with,
bearing a radula ; Ra'duliform a., rasp-like.
1849-52 TODD Cycl. Anat. IV. 874/1 The teeth of the sheat-
fish present all the gradations betweeji the villiform and
radufiform types. 1885 PENNELL Hist. Brit. F. W. Fish 34
Teeth . . when much shorter than the latter [card-like] . .
become raduliform, or rasp-like.
Radure, var. RADDOURZ. Radyll, -y(s)ahe,
obs. ff. RADDLE sb:*, RADISH.
Rae, var. RA, ROE. Rse(c)che: see REACH,
RECCHE, RECK. RaBd(e: see RAD a.2, RED a.,
REDE. Raadi(5, obs. ff. READY. Reedlice, var.
RADLY. 'Reef, var. REAF, obs. f. REIF. Raei'de,
Raeff, obs. pa. t. REAVE, RIVE. Reeh^e,
raei;h)e : see REH a. Raeil, Raein, obs. ff. RAIL
ji.l, RAIN. Rsei^e: see REH a. Ream, var.
REAM s6.l Raemon, var. REME v. RaBm(i)en,
var. REAM v. Raen, var. RANE v., obs. f. REIGN
sl>. Raep, obs. Sc. f. RAPE, ROPE.
t Raer, obs. var. RATHE, RAVE, cart-rail.
1688 R. HOLME Armoury m. 339/2 The two Cart Raers,
the Railes on the Cart top. The Cart Staves are those that
hold the Cart and the Raers together, which maketh the
Cart Body.
Restful, var. REDEFUL a. Raeth, var. RATHE sb.
Reeue : see REAP. Rasuthe, Raew, obs. ff. ROTH,
RUE. RaajeiseeREHa. Raej (e)l, obs. f. RAIL j/M
Raf, obs. f. RAFF; obs. pa. t. RIVE. Rafar,
obs. f. RAVEB. Rafe, obs. f. RAFF, RAVE; obs.
pa. t. RIVE.
Raff (raf), rf.1 Also 4-5 (9) raf, 6-7 raffe.
[app. the second member in the phrase riff and
raff one and all, every one, everything: see RIFF
and RIFF-RAFF. But senses 3-6 may be (at least
in part) of different origin : cf. RAFF v. and Sw.
rafs rubbish, rag-tag.]
I. north, and Sc. Abundance, plenty. 1 Obs.
£1320 Sir Tristr. 328 He ?af has he gan winne In raf
wad
806
[rime }af ]. 1768 Ross Helenore H. 90, I thought ay ye v
brak naething aff, I mind ye liked ay to see a raff. iL__
JAMIESON Dty's Sang in Popular Ball. II. 363 Hell bless
your bouk whan far awa,. -And scaff and raff ye ay sail ha',
b. A large number or collection. = V.ATfl s&.'t
a 1677 BARROW Unity of Church Serm. (1687) 321 The
Synod of Trent [was called] to settle a raff of Errours and
Superstitions. 1825 BROCKETT, Raff, . . a great quantity,
a great number. ' A raff of fellows ', a great many men.
•(•2. A class of persons. Obs. rare~^.
c 1330 R. BRUNNE Chron. (1810) 136 Fiue pousand marke
he gaf, Tille heremites & tille seke men, & ober of suilk raf.
3. Worthless material, trash, rubbish, refuse. Now
only dial.
c 1420 Pallad. on Husb. I. 827 Take chaf & raf [L. purga-
menta\ And ley hit on thy lond . . And when thou sist the
myst, let brenne vp chaf And raf. 1645 WARD Serm. btf.
Ho. Comm. 31 Whatever seed is cast in, it returns nothing
but Carlock and such like raffe. 1811 WII.LAN Archeeologia
(E. U S.), Raff, scum, refuse. 1869- In dial, glossaries
(Lonsd., E. Angl., Cornw.).
4. collect. The common run (of people) ; the ruck
or rag-tag ; the lowest class of the populace.
1673 MARVF.LL Corr. Wks. 1872-5 II. 413 Among the raffe
of the meaner and most unexperienced mariners. 1823 C.
103
WKSTMAI.OTT Points of Misery 14 The impertinent curiosity
of the town raff. 1838 DlCKtMB l>. Twist 1, Ragged children,
anil the very raff rind refuse of the river. 1876 GRO. ELIOT
Dan. />er. vi. xlii, The raff and scum go there to be main-
t.iinrd like able-bodied paupers.
b. Without article : Persons of the lowest class.
1811 WOI.COTT (P. Pindar) Car/ton House Fete Wks. i8r2
V. 413 Raff that we Britons with our freedom trust. 1824
Hist. Gaining 27 He took to drinking and frequented low
houses of Irish raff. 1848 DICKENS Dombey ix, Mrs.
McStinger immediately demanded whether, .she was to be
broke in upon by ' raff .
5. A low worthless fellow.
1785 GROSE Diet. Vulgar T., Raffs, an appellation given
by the gownsmen of the university of Oxford to the in-
habitants of that place. 1800 Sporting Mag. XV. 86 Went
down into St. Thomas's, and fought a raff. 1827 SCOTT
Two Drovers ii, You . . have behaved to our friend . . here
like a raff and a blackguard. 1856 F. E. PAGET Owlet of
Cnolst. 184 That raff of a fellow that had ' Swindler ' stamped
on every feature of his dirty face.
6. attrib. or as culj. = RAFFISH.
1823 in Spirit Pub. Jrnls. 485 My Lady has no disposition
To have her name seen . . with the raff Opposition. 1848
THACKERAY Bk. of Snobs xxx, There is the English raff
snob that frequents Estaminets.
t Raff, sb? Obs. [Onomatopoeic.] A word used
by itself or in combination with similar forms, to
denote verse (alliterative or riming) of a rude kind,
or in which sound is more prominent than sense.
a 1300 Body ff Soul 57 in Maps Poems 340 For to bere thi
word so wyde And maken of the rym and raf. c 1386
CHAUCER Pars. Prol. 43 (Harl. MS.), I can not geste rum
raf ruf by letter. 14x8-20 J. PAGE Siege Rouen in Hist.
Coll. Citizen Lond. (Camden) 46 Thys procesce made John
Page, Alle in raffe and not in ryme. 1575 GASCOIGNE
Weedes,Gr. Knt.'s Farew. Fansie, A fansie fedde me ones,
to wryte in verse and rime, . . To rumble rime in raffe and
ruffe. 1600 NASHE Summer's Last Will D 3 To hold him
halfe the night with riffe, raffe, of the rumming of Elanor.
Raff (raef), si.z Also 5 raaf, raf, 7 raffe, 9
raft. [?a. G. raf, raff(e, obs. or dial. ff. rafe
rafter, beam.] Foreign timber, usually in the form
of deals.
c 1440 [see raff-man, -ware in b]. 1667 Lond. Cat.
No. 124/1 The Three Kings, belonging to Stockholm, .. laden
with Raffe, .. about 7000 Deals. 1774 Hull Dock Act 6
Hemp, iron, flax, yarn, timber, raff. 1794 R. LOWE yieiu
Agric. Nolts. 51 By the Trent are carried!. Upwards Raff
or Norway timber, hemp, flax, iron. 1894 Norlhumtld.
Gloss., Raff, timber, especially in boards and kinds ready
for use.
b. attrib. and Comb., as raff man, -merchant,
-ware, -yard (also attrib.).
c 1440 I'romp. Parv. 421/2 'Raaf man. [No Latin.} 1459
in Kirkpatrick Relig. Ord. Norwich (1845) 168 William
Norwyche, senior, citizen of Norwich, rafman. 1533 in
Blomefield Topogr. Hist. Norfolk (1745) II. 148 Thisyear
was setled the Order of the Procession of the . . Crafts or
Companies. .. 18. The Grocers and Raffmen. 1641 BEST
Farm. Bks. (Surtees) 125 The *raffe-merchant may lawfully
stile them good deales. 1885 Census Instruct. 20 Raft
Merchant, c 1440 Promp. Parv. 421/2 *Raaf ware. [No
Latin.] 1606 Charter in Brand Newcastle (1789) II. 700
Hemp, pitch, tarr, or any other goodes or raffe wares.
1840 F.md. Hull Docks Comm. 51 There should be room for
*raft-yards and timber-yards. 1886 LINSKILL Haven Hill
I. i. 12 Tall, white hanging cranes were gleaming in the raff
yards. 1885 Census Instruct. 20 Raff yard Labourer.
tRaff, sb.* Obs. rare~\ A grain-measure (see
quot. and CCRNOCK).
1727 BRADLEY Fam. Diet. s.v. Dry Measure, Two cur-
nocks make a quarter seam or Raff.
Raff (raef), v. Obs. exc. dial. Also 7 raffe. [Of
obscure origin : cf. obs. F. rafer ' to catch, or snatch,
also to scrape' (Cotgr.); Sw. rafsa 'to sweep to-
gether, huddle up '.] trans. To sweep together.
1602 CAREW Cornwall 69 b, That Church-ales ought to bee
sorted in the better ranke of these twaine, may be gathered
from their causes and effects, which I thus raffe up together.
1876 Mid. Yorksh. Gloss., Raff,, .to brush or rake together
promiscuously.
Raff, obs. form of RAFT sbl
Raffaelesque, variant of RAPHAELESQUE.
Raffan, variant of RAFFING. Sc.
Raffe (rsef)- U.S. Also raffee-, ra-ffle. [Of
obscure origin.] A triangular top-sail carried by
schooners on the North American lakes.
1888 Pall Mall G. 23 Apr. 9/1 The Bridesmaid carried
away all her square sail spars — namely, spinnaker boom,
square sail, and raffee yards.
Raffe, obs. f. RAFT rf.l, RAVE; obs. pa. t. RIVE.
fRa-ffell, raphell, ?Sc. ff. roe-fell roe-skin.
1474 Recs. Burgh Edinb, (1869) 29 Quha that .. sellis the
samin poyntis for raphell. 15. . Christ's Kirk u in Bann.
MS. 282 Thair gluvis wes of the raffell rycht, Thair schone
wes of the straitis.
Ra-ffery. rare-1, [f. RAFF jA.l + -EBT.] Raffish
conduct.
1819 SOUTHEY in Life ft Corr. (1850) IV. 343 The college. .
s no longer the seat of drunkenness, raffery and indiscipline.
Raffia (rarfia). Also rafla. [var. RAPHIA, q.v.J
1. A palm of the genus Raphia. In quot. attrib.
1897 MARY KINGSLEY Trav. W. Africa 600 A slip of rafia
palm drawn . .across a notch in another piece of rana wood.
2. The soft fibre from the leaves of Raphia Rtiffia
nd Raphia tsedigera, largely employed by gardeners
"or tying up plants, cut flowers, etc.
1882 J. SMITH Diet. Econ. Plants 231 The cuticle of the
eaves of this palnj has of late years been imported into this
ountry in considerable quantities for tying plants,, .under
RAFFLE.
the name of Raffia or Ruffia. ,897 7ml. K. Agric. Hoc.
•S' '"5 Kalli:,. .is n,iw largely imported for tying purposes.
Ka fling, a. Sc. rare. Also 8 raffan. [Of
obscure formation.] Merry, hearty ; noisy.
1719 RAMSAY yil Ansiv. Hamilton xiii, Thy raffan rural
rhyme sae rare. 1824 MACTAOCART GalloviJ. Kmycl. 403
Ruffing Fallows— Ranting, roaring, drinking fellows.
RaffillOSC (lae-finiws). Chem. [f. F. raffin-er
to refine + -OSE.] A colourless crystalline com-
pound with a sweetish taste found in various sub-
stances, as the sugar-beet, cotton-seed, etc.
1881 WATTS Diet. Chem. 3rd Suppl. 1743 Raffinc«..i«
crystalline, colourless, easily soluble in water, sparingly in
alcohol. 1894 MORLEY & MUIR Watts' Diet. Chem. IV. 394
In a mixture of cane-sugar and raffmose, the amount of
raffinose may be determined by observing the change of
rotatory power after hydrolysis.
Raffish (ra-fij), a. [f. RAFF rf.l + -ISH.] Dis-
reputable, vulgar, low.
1801 JANE AUSTKN Lett. (1884) I. 295 He is as raffish in
his appearance as I would wish every disciple of Godwin to
be. 1818 tilackm. Mag. III. 527 A raffish sort of a fellow
calling himself Menippus. 1879 Miss BRADDON Clov. Foot
xv. 130 An older man, of somewhat raffish aspect.
Comb. 1842 T. MARTIN My Namesake in prater's Mag.
Dec., A raffish-looking youngster.
Hence Ba-fflshly adv., Ba fflshness.
1850 L. HUNT Antobiog. xx. (1860) 320 A fine head, but
still a beggar. Some were of portentous raffishness. 1887
Spectators Nov. 1513 There was nothing of the character
ol raffishness or Bohemianism in David Kennedy. 1897
CROCKETT Lads'1 Love XL 116 Her water-can, raffishlv
a-dangle at her side.
Raffle (rse-fl), tf.l Forms: 4 rafle, 5 rafell,
raphill, 7- raffle, [a. F. rafle, f raffle (1399 in
Kit Cange; also med.L. raffia 1362), and raffe,
raf he (Godef. t'ompl.), of uncertain origin.
In later F., rafte has also the sense of clean sweep', and
Diez supposes the related vb. rafter ' to carry off com-
pletely, make a clearance of, to be derived from the synony-
mous MHG. raffen; but the existing evidence is against
his view that these senses are the original ones.]
1 1. A game of chance played with three dice, in
which the winner was the person who threw the
three all alike, or, if none did so, the one who
threw the highest pair; also, the throwing of a
doublet or triplet in this game. Obs. exc. dial.
c 1386 CHAUCER Pars. T. p 719 Hasardrie with hise apur-
tenances as tables and Rafles. 1468 in Records Peebles
(1872) 159 Quhat nychtbur that rasettis playaris at thedyss,
other hasart or rafell, in hys hows [etc.]. 1479 in Eng. Gilds
(1870) 422 The towne clerlce to fynde theym Dyce, and to
have irf. of every Raphill. 16^6 Rtovm Glossogr.,Ra/le, a
game with three Dice, wherein he that throws the greatest
Pair-Royal, wins. 1668 DRYDEN Even. Lore in. i, Most
commonly they use Raffle. That is, to throw with three Dice,
till Duplets, and a Chance be thrown ; and the highest
Duplet wins, except you throw In and In, which is call'd
Raffle ; and that wins all. 1727-41 CHAMBERS Cycl. S.Y.,
The raffle is properly the doublet or triplet : a raffle of aces,
or duces, carries it against mere points. 1869 Lonsdale
Gloss., Raffles, plays with dice.
2. A form of lottery, in which an article is assigned
by drawing or casting of lots (properly by casting
of dice as in sense i) to one person among a number
who have each paid a certain part of its real or
assumed value.
1766 [ANSTEY] Bath Guide xv. 24 Balls, Raffles, Subscrip-
tions, and Chairs. 1782 Miss BUKNEY Cecilia v. xii. Has
there been anything of the nature of a lottery, or a raffle, in
the garden? 1853 MACAULAY Hist. Eng. xx. IV. 489 He..
had made such sums by raffles that he was able to engage
in very costly speculations. 1871 C. GIBBON Lack of Gold
xxx, There was to be a raffle for a silver watch.
transf. 1776 ADAM SMITH W.N. (1869) II. iv. vii. 205
The little prizes which are to be found in what may be
called the paltry raffle of colony faction. 1840 HOOD Kil-
tnansegg, Courtship viii, She had won the ' Man of her
choice ' In a matrimonial raffle !
Raffle (rae-f'l), sb? Forms: 5 rafull, 7 Sc.
raphall, 7- raffle. [? a. OF. rafle, raffle in phr.
rifle ou rajle anything whatsoever, ne rifle ne rajle
nothing at all ; cf. RAFF j*.1]
1 1. Of persons, a. A rabble, b. Raff, riff-raff.
1486 Bk. St. Albans Fvjb, A Rafull of knauys. 1670
G. H. Hist. Cardinals I. I. 12 The Priests, and the Friers,
and such other raffle.
2. Of things : Rubbish, refuse.
1848 A. B. EVANS Leicestersh. Words, s.v., I have cut the
hedge; what shall I do with the raffle? 1899 KIPLING
Stalky 73 Plaster, odd shavings, and all the raffle that
builders leave in the waste-room of a house.
transf. 1891 KIPLING City Dreadf. Nl.fy The raffle of con-
versation that a man picks up as he passes.
b. Naut. Lumber, debris, a confused tangle of
ropes, canvas, broken spars, etc.
1881 CLARK RUSSELL Ocean Free Lance I. vi. 278 Others
were making some half-hearted efforts to clear away the
raffle. 1892 STEVENSON & L. OSBOUSNE Wrecker 208
The loose topsail had played some havoc with the rigging,
and there hung, .a raffle of intorted cordage.
transf. 1887 STEVENSON Merry Men, etc. (ed. 2) 285 Hud-
dled from the wind in a raffle of flying drapery.
Raffle (rae'fl), J*.3 rare. [a. F. rafle, of un-
certain origin.] A kind of net used in fowling
and fishing. Also raffle-net.
1725 BRADLEY Fam. Diet. II. 5 U iij/i There is a triple
or counter-mesh net, called by some a Raffle, wherewith
they likewise catch Birds. 1823 CRABB, Rajfle-net, a sort
of fishing net.
RAFFLE.
Raffle (rae-f 1), v.1 [a. F. raflcr in same sense,
or directly f. RAFFLE sb.1 An earlier synonym was
RIFLE z>.2]
1. intr. To cast dice, draw lots, etc., for some-
thing ; to take part in a raffle.
a 1680 BUTT.ER Rein. (1759) I. 84 Those Jew troopers, that
threw out, When they were raffling for his Coat. 1689
SHADWELI. Bmy F. 11, Will you please to raffle for a tea
pot. 1711 SWIFT Jrnl. to Stella 10 Apr., I was drawn in
..to raffle for a fan,.. it was four guineas, and we put in
seven shillings a piece. 1811 W. TAYLOR in Robberds Mem.
II. 365 It is as rational to raffle for a residence as to choose
one. 1840 LYTTON Caxtons 21 That work-box which you
enticed Mrs. Caxton into raffling for, last winter.
b. Hence in pass., of a thing. Const./or.
1710 Lottd. Gaz. No. 4687/3 The winning Horse to be sold
or raffled for at the value of 40 /. 1884 Graf hie 21 June
595/3 A quilt.. to be raffled for at a charitable bazaar.
2. trans. To dispose of by means of a raffle.
1851 MAYHEW Land. Labour I. 372/1, I can't recollect how
many ornaments I raffled. 1872 BLACK Adv. Phaeton xxu.
309 Drowned the precentor, and raffled the church bell. 1877
— Green Past. xxix. (1878) 236 We raffled a rug.
Ra-ffle, z>.z rare. AlsoSrafle. [? var. RUFFLE v.
Cf. Sw. raffla to scrape, fret, grate ; F. irafler to
graze.] trans, a. To indent, serrate (a leaf), b.
To crumple. C. dial. To ruffle. Hence Ea'ffled
///. a.l, Ra-ffling vhl. si.2
a. «7»a J. JAMES tr. Le Blond's Gardening 134 You must
then.. part and raffle the Leaves. 1817 RICKMAN Goth.
Archil. 26 The best examples have all some trifling
difference, principally in the raffling of the leaves. Ibid. 32
The first has.. water leaves instead of raffled leaves under
the volutes. 1805 BURNS Gloss. Archil., Raffling, the
notched edge of foliage in carving.
b. c 1718 EARL OF AILESBURY Mem. (1890) I. 211 He des-
patched Mr. Carleton ..with a bit of paper rafted up.
c. 1868 ATKINSON Cleveland Gloss., Raffle, to raise the
skin slightly by abrasion.
Ra'ffle, vfl north, dial. [var. RAVEL z».] trans.
To ravel, entangle. Hence Ba'ffled///. a.2
1800 I. MILKER in Life xii. (1842) 216 A sad raffled letter,
a 1843 SOUTHEY Doctor (1847) VII. Interch. xxiv. 80 T'
Maister wad wind 3 or 4 clues togedder, for 3 or 4 Bairns
to knitt off— that 'at knit slawest raffled tudder's yarn. 1863
in Robson Bards of Tyne 86 Pee Dee ran to clear the
anchor, ' It's raffled ' ! right loudly he roar'd. 1876- In
dial, glossaries (Vks., Rochdale, Sheff., Line., etc.).
t Ra'ffle, v.* Oh. rare. [?var. RUFFLE z/.]
intr. To quarrel, wrangle.
c 1750 [implied in RAFFLER 2]. a 1796 PEGCE Deroicisitis.
Ra'ffle ant, variant of RIFLE ANT.
1883 Even. Star (Washington U.S.) 31 Oct. 6/1 The raffle
ant killed rats, but it also killed birds, chickens and calves.
Ra-ffle leaf. Arch. A raffled leaf (see RAFFLE
V.- a). 1887 in Diet. Arch.
Baffler1 (rse-flsj). [f. RAFFLE z;.1 + -EB1.] One
who raffles. Also spec, (see quot. 1851).
1798 Poetry in Ann. Reg. 450, I see the rafflers press, by
thousands, round ; I hear the die's still profitable sound.
1851 MAYHEW Land. Labour I. 371 The trade in China
ornaments . . is carried on both in the regular way and by
means of raffles. At some public-houses, indeed, the China
ornament dealers are called ' rafflers '.
fRa-ffler2. Obs. rare-1, [f. RAFFLE v* -t-
-EB !.] A quarrelsome person.
c 1750 Long_ Meg of Westminster 24 If any rafter [var.
raffler] come in, and make a quarel . . thrust him out of doors.
II Rafflesia (raflrsia, -rzia). Bot. [mod.L.,
named after Sir T. Stamford Raffles (1781-1826),
British governor in Sumatra, who discovered the
plant.] A stemless, leafless plant of the order
Cytinaceat) found in Java and Sumatra growing as
a parasite on the stems of various species of grape-
vine, and remarkable for the size of its flowers.
[1818 RAFFLES Leiterin Memoir (i^o) 316 The Sumatran
name of this extraordinary production is Pet i mum Sikinlili
or Devil's-Siri (betle)box.] 1820 R. BROWN in Trans. Linn.
See. XIII (1822) 206 It is proposed, in honour of Sir Stam-
ford Raffles, to call this genus Rafflesia. 1830 LINDI.EY
Nat. Syst. Bot, 74 Rafflesia is used in Java as a powerful
astringent. 1883 Good Words Dec. 788/2 Rafflesia. .bears
the largest flower of which we have any knowledge.
Raffling (rse-flirj), vbl. sbl [f. RAFFLE vl +
-ING 1.] The action of the verb.
1684 Lond. Gaz. No. 1950/4 To keep Rafflings, Ordinaries,
and other publick Games. 1693 SOUTHERNS Maid's last
t'rayer it. i, You have so many rafflings, and whoever
throws most you win the prize. 17.16 ADDISON Freeholder
No. n f 4 Never was a Subscription for a Raffling or an
Opera more crowded. 1851 MAYHEW Lond. Labour 1. 371/2
The most lucrative part of the trade is in the raffling.
b. attrib.) esp. in *j- rating-shop.
168* Lond, Gaz. No. 1773/4 A newly invented Lottery,
under the name of the Riffling or Raffling Lottery. 1706
BAKER Hampstead Heath n. 16 To have Presents made
one at tiie Raffling-Shpps. a 1732 GAY Poems (1745) II. 82
'Twas there the raffling dice false Damar threw ; The
raffling dice to him decide the prize. 1756 NUGENT Gr. Tottr^
Netherlands I. 273 About the pumps .. there are raffling
shops, coffee-houses, and all other diversions. 1870 in N. <$•
Q. 4th Ser. V. 225/2 The last day in January . . observed in
Newark as a raffling day for oranges.
Ra-ffling, vbl. sb.* : see RAFFLE v.2
Rafft, obs. form of RAFT sb.*
Raflfte, obs. pa. t. REAVE.
Ra-ffy, a. [? f. RAFF sb.* 3.] Of loose texture.
1867 F. FRANCIS Angling i. 12 Bad gut is flat, greasy, dull,
taffy, or rough and frayed.
104
Rafia, variant of RAPFIA.
fRafloL Obs. rare-1. In 5 //. raffyolys. [a.
It. rafioli (Florio), var. ravioli : see RAVIOI,.] A
kind of meat-ball in medieval cookery ; a rissole.
c 1440 in Hotiseh. Ord. (1790) 442 Raffyolys. Take swynes
lire, and sethe hit, and hewe hit smalle, and do therto jolkes
of egges,..a lytel larde mynced, and grated chese, and
pouder of ginger, and of canelle ; then take and make Dalles
therof as gret as an appull [etc.].
Raflak, variant of RKFLAO. Obs.
Kafle(r, obs. ff. of RAFFLE si., RAFFLER 2.
Baft (raft), rf.l Forms : a. 5 rafft, 5-6 rafte,
6- raft. 0. 5-7 raff, 6-7 raffe. [a. ON. rapt-r
(Sw. raft, Da. rafte} rafter. The form raff may be
partly due to assoc. with RAFF rf.3]
1. A beam, spar, rafter. Now only arch.
c 14*0 Avow. Arth. xxv, Aythir gripus a schafte Was als
rude as a rafte, So runnun lhay togedur. 14x6 LYDC. De
Guil. Pilgr. 20396 Maystres off dyvers crafftys Hang out,
on polys and on rafftys, Dyuers sygnys. 1650 W. D. tr.
Commitu' Gate Lai. Unl. § 446 Especially if it [a barrel]
bee laid upon stalls (Rafts, tressels) somwhat high. 1745
BLOMEFIELD Tofogr, Hist. Norfolk II. 148 Raftermen,
those that deal in Rafts or Timber Pieces. xDxo Blactw.
Mag. VIII. 147 The roof wags its remotest raft. 1854
'S. DOBELL Balder xxviii. 198 Like a Temple, wherein cost
Is absolute, dark beam and hidden raft Shmim.
2. A collection of logs, planks, casks, etc., fastened
together in the water, so as to be transported from
one place to another by floating.
1497 Naval Ace. Hen. I'll (1896) 249 Cariage of certeyn
mastes to the Watyrsyde and ther to be made in a Raff &
so to be conveyed to Portesmouth. 1614 RALEIGH Hist.
World n. (1634) 424 Hiram caused his Servants to bring
downe the Cedars and Firres from Libanon to the Sea,
and thence sent them in raffes to Joppe. 1685 Nrui Eng.
Hist. I* Gen. Register (1882) XXXVI. 396 By one Raft of
boards qt 12500 ft. 1774 GOLDSM. Nat. Hist. (1776) VII.
119 (Crocodiles] lying aa close to each other, as a raft of
timber upon one of our streams. 1806 Gazetteer Scotl. (ed.
2) 124 At proper seasons, large rafts of trees are constructed,
and floated to the sea. 1863 Life in Normandy II. 80
[They] work the rafts of timber and floats of tar barrels
down the great rivers to the Gulf of Bothnia.
3. A flat structure of logs, inflated skins, or other
materials, for the conveyance or support of persons
or things on water.
o. 1590 SHAKS. Com, Err. v. i. 348 Where is that sonne
That floated with thee on the fatall rafte. 1653 H- COCAN
tr. Pinto's Trav. IxvL 267 Before it was day they had
made a raft of such planks and beams as came to their
hands. 1677 W. HUBBARD Narrative (1865) I. 88 They.,
either waded over.. or else wafted themselves over upon
small Rafts of Timber. 1719 DE FOE Crusoe i. iv. This
Raft was so unweildy, and so overloaden, that . . it overset.
1790 BEATSON Nav. ff Mil. Mem. II. 354 The building of a
large raft, or radeau, to carry some heavy artillery. 1855
MACAULAY Hist. Eng. xx. IV. 509 Eight large rafts, each
carrying many mortars, were moored in the harbour.
trans/', a 1822 SHELLEY Horn. Merc, xiii, For each foot he
wrought a kind of raft Of tamarisk. 1853 KANE Grinnell
E.i'p. xxxviii. (1856) 353 Using the frozen water as a raft to
traverse the open sea. 1890 ' R. BOLDREWOOD ' Col. RC'
former (1891) 375 Such a raft of a place as Rainbar.
j8. I599HAKLUYT Voy. II. I. 214 Certaine Zattares or Raffes
made of blowen hides or skinnes. . . These Raffes are bound
fast together. 1603 KNOLLES Hist. Turks (1638) 185
Making a little boat, or rather as some suppose a raffe.
b. Mil. A floating bridge.
1801 in JAMES Milit. Diet. 1876 VOYLE & STEVENSON
Jllitit. Diet. 322/1 Good rafts can be made of casks or
barrels, and form a better bridge than baulks of timber.
4. (Chiefly U. S.} A large floating mass or accu-
mulation of some material, or collection of materials,
as fallen trees, logs, vegetation, ice, etc. Also, a
dense flock of swimming birds.
1718 [see Raft-fowl'm 5]. 1802 A. ELLICOTT yrnl. (1803)
189 The upper raft is of considerable magnitude, and covered
with grass and other herbage, with some bushes. iSia
BRACKENRIDGE Views Louisiana (1814) 48 There is at that
point a curious raft, formed of logs and earth, which entirely
covers its channel. 1852 MRS. STOWE Uncle Tonis C. viu
43 The descending ice.. lodged, and formed a great un-
dulating raft, filling up the river. 1876 R. F. BURTON
Gorilla L. II. 158 The nymphxa, lotus or water-lily, forms
rafts of verdure.
5. attrib. and Comb., as raft-chain, log, -man,
-master, tug, -wood, -work ; raftlike adj. ; raft-
breasted a., of birds : having a keelless sternum
(Cent. Diet. 1891) ; raft-bridge, a bridge made of
a raft, or supported by rafts ; raft-dog, an iron bar,
having its ends pointed and bent at right-angles,
used to secure logs in a raft ; raft-duck, the scaup
or blackhead duck, so called from its flocking
closely on the water (see also quot. 1824) ; raft-
fowl (see quot. 1718) ; raft-port (see quot. 1769) ;
raft spider, a spider which makes a floating nest.
"834-47 ]• S. MACAULAY Field Fortif. (1851) 130 When
plenty of heavy timber can be procured, a *raft -bridge may
be made. 1846 A. YOUNG Naut. Diet. 244 An eye . . through
which the *raft-chains are rove. 1867 SMYTH Sailor's
Word-bk. 559 There are also dog -hooks . . by which the raft-
chains are secured. 1846 A. YOUNG Naut. Diet. 244 Secured
by means of *raft-dogs, with chains wove through them.
1867 SMYTH : Sailor's Word-bk. 558 A sort of float .. fastened
together with swifters and raft-dogs. 1824 LATHAM Gen.
Hist. Birth X. 302 Scaup Duck, .is known in Georgia, and
called by some the *Raft Duck. [Note. But the Raft Duck,
truly so called, is another species.] Ibid. 352 Raft Duck
(A nas fuligula). 1718 LAWSON Carolina 150 "Raft-Fowl
includes all the sorts of small Ducks and Teal, that go in
RAFTER.
Rafis along the Shear. 1865 TENNEV///W. Rebellion U.S.
324/2 One of the n-inch Dahlgrens from the . . tower upon
the "raft-like structure. 1753 WASHINGTON Jrnl. Writ.
1889 I. 38, I fortunately saved myself by catching hold of
one of the*Raft Logs. 17760. CARROLL yrnl. Miss. Canada
in li. Mayer Mem. (1845) 47 Each one is marked, so that
the *raft-men . . may easily know their own rafts. 1828
PLANCHE Desc. Danubt 56 The * Raft-masters of Munich.
1769 FALCONRH Diet, Marine (1776), *Raft~portt a square
hole, cut through the buttocks of some ships, immediately
under the counter, to receive the planks or pieces of
timber .. brought to lade her. 1830 HEDDERWICK Marine
Arch. 258 A raft-port in the upper part of the bends and
black strakes. 1864-5 WOOD Homes without H. xxxi. (1868)
597 There is another spider which frequents water, but
which only makes a temporary and moveable residence.
This is the "Raft Spider (Dolowedes fimbriatv*). 1879
Lumberman's Gaz. 5 Nov., *Raft tugs are in demand to
bring more logs down, 1880 C. R. MARKHAM Pemtv. Bark
225 One of the rafts.. was composed of twelve trunks of
*raft-wood. 189* B. HINTON Lord's Return 200 Liking
best the *raft-work on the Hudson.
Raft (raft), $b£ dial, and U.S. [var. RAFF
s/>.1, perh. by assoc. with prec.] A large collection ;
a crowd ; a lot. (Used disparagingly.)
1833 *MAJ. DOWNING' Lett. xiv. (1835) 88 Binny, and
Everett, and Gallatin, and a raft more of such kinder fellows.
1876 * MARK TWAIN ' Tom Sawyer 235 If you was to go to
Europe you'd see a raft of 'em hopping around. 1887- In
dial, glossaries (Kent, Cumb.}.
Raft, j£.3f var. RAFF sb.* (q.v.).
Baft (raft), v.l [f. RAFT *M]
1. trans. To transport by water : a. in the form
of a raft.
1706 Wooden World Dissected (1708) 3 Charon . . rafting
the poor Souls astern, like Water-cask. 1768 in F. Chase
Hist. Dartmouth Coll. (1891) 1. 104 The stream, .(a branch
of Merrimack, by which logs are rafted to the sea). 179*
BELKNAP Hist, fftto Hawfsh. III. 207 The lumber .. is
rafted down that river. 1840 Evid. Hull Docks Cotuw.
84 The ships have to discharge it [timber] in the old dock,
and it is raited round into the harbour. 1881 A^a/wr^XXlII.
340 All the slabs have been rafted out to sea by the high tide.
b. on, or by means of, a raft.
1766 in W. Smith Bouquet's Exped. (1868) 126 The carts,
provisions and baggage, may be rafted over, or a bridge
built. 1817 J. F. COOPER Prairie I. ii. 33 We rafted our-
selves across. 1845 HOOD Mermaid of Margate xxv, There
was not a box or a beam afloat To raft him from that sad
place.
c. To raft off\ To float off (water-casks, or the
water in them) from the shore to a ship.
1745 P. THOMAS Jrnl. Anson's Voy. 174 We now con-
tinued to raft off Water. 1748 Anson's Voy. m. v. 314 We
were obliged to raft off all our cask, and the tide ran so
strong, that.. we more than once lost the whole raft. i88a
NARES Seamanship (ed.6) 146 The casks must be rafted off
to the ship.
2. To form into a raft or rafts.
1745 P. THOMAS Jrnl. Anson's Voy. 120 A couple of
Canoes, which we brought . .on purpose to raft and carry up
Barreecas. 1800 COLQUHOUN Cotnnt. Thames \, 27 These
Logs are rafted in the River. 1833 MARRVAT P. Simple
(1863) 221 Our first business was to water the ship by rafting
and towing off the casks. 1891 C. ROBERTS Adrift Atner.
203 A place., where the logs that came down the Chippewa
River were rafted.
3. To go upon or cross (a river) by means of
a raft.
1765 R. ROGERS Jmls. (1883) 162 The river St. Francis.,
is very still water, and may be easily rafted where you cross
it. 1808 PIKE Sources Mississ. n. (1810) no We concluded
to raft the river, which we effected with difficulty.
4. intr. To use a raft for some purpose ; to work
on or direct a raft,
1741 New Eng. Hist. <$• Gen. Register (1879) XXXIII. 330
We met with great difficulty in passing that River, first
attempting to wade, . . then tried to Raft. 1808 PIKE Sources
Mississ. (1810) 88 We could not cross the river, unless we
rafted. 1840 Evid. Hull Docks Comm. 122 They cannot
raft out of the old dock. 1888 Academy XXXIV. 301/2
They canoed, and rafted, and steam-boated.
Raft, v.2 rare—1, [f. RAFT J&1 1.] = R AFTER v.
1804 Trans. Sac. Arts XXII. 70 The roof rafted and
thatched by myself.
Raft,///, a. rare1-1. [Arch, for REFT.] Torn off.
1818 KEATS Endym. i. 334 The raft Branch down sweeping
from a tall ash top.
Raftve, obs. or arch. pa. t. and pa. pple. REAVE.
Rafter (ra-ftaa), sl>.1 Forms: a. I rsefter,
reafter, 1-3 rseftr-, 1-4 reftr-, 2-4 raftr-, 3-7
refter, 4 raftere, (rafterer), raftyr, 4 (5 .Sir.)
raftre, (7 rafture), 4- rafter. £. 6 raughter,
Sf. rach-, ranch-, rawch-, raychter. [OK. rafter
= MLG. rafter, rachter, related to ON. rapt-r R AFT
sl>.1 The Sc. forms with ch are prob. from LG.]
~ 1. One of the beams which give slope and form
to a roof, and bear, directly or indirectly, the outer
covering of slates, tiles, thatch, etc.
Angle-, binding-^ cushion-, hif>-t jack-rafter', see under the
first element. Principal rafter, a strong beam in a truss,
lying under the common or ordinary rafters.
a. a 700 Epinal Gloss. 1 1 A mites, reftras. c 900 tr. Bafda's
Hist. in. xiv. [xvi.] 1.1890) 202 Micelne ad gesomnade on
beamum & on racftrum. cio$o Byrktferth' s Handboc in
Anglia VIII. 324 pa syllan man fegere fcefe^S, and ba
beamas gelejb, and J>a raeftras to bzere fyrste ^efasstnao.
c i»75 LAY. 7839 peos reftres stode, hi-hud in f>an Mode.
1340 Ayenb. 175 pe ypocrites . . ysyeb bet mot ine be obres
e^e and ne ysyeb na3t bane refter ine hire osene e^e. c 1386
CHAUCER A'ntSs T. 132 He. -rente adoun bothe wall, and
sparre. ai
fell off ra:
,nd rafter, c 1470 HENRY Wallace vn. 449 Brundts
aftrers thaim amang. 1555 EDEN Decades 159 To
RAFTER.
lade his neighbours waules with rafters or beames. 1594
PLAT Jewell-ho. 1. 10 The principal! postes, the Rafters, and
the beames of any house. 1667 PRIMATT City # C. Build. \
86 Single Rafter being four foot long, and four and three \
and a half in thickness. 1726 POPE Oifyss. xxn. 262 Perch'd
like a swallow on a rafter's height. 1823 P. NICHOLSON I
Pmct. Build. 128 Common rafters are inclined pieces of
timber, parallel to the principal rafters. 1865 G. MAC-
DONALD A. Forlcs 21 Her eyes rested on nothing but bare
rafters and boards.
transf. xn&fig. c i»oo Vtces fy Virtues 95 Cariteo . . arist
up anon to 3e roue, forSan to hire bie3 ifastned alle 5e
raftres of 3e hali mihtes. c 1590 GREENE Fr. Bacon xi. 13
The rafters of the earth rent from the poles. .When Bacon
read upon his magic book. 1635 SWAN Spec. AT. iv. § 2
(1643) 58 The heaven it self, whose beams or rafters are laid
in the waters. 1844 WILLIS Lady Jane 11. 150 ' Fame's
proud temple', build it ne'er so proud, Finds notoriety
a useful rafter. 1891 C. E. NORTON Dante's Purgat. xxx.
193 Even as the snow, among the living rafters upon the
back of Italy, is congealed.
(3. 1500-20 DUNBAR Poems xxxiii. 37 His yrnis was rude
as ony rawchtir. 1531 Aberdeen Reg. V. 21 (Jam.) Ane
schip laidnit with rachteris and dalis. 1592 LYLY Gallathea
I. iii, I will, .hang myselfe on a raughter in the house.
f b. A large beam such as is used for a rafter.
1553 BRENDE Q. Cnrtius Gj, To the deisturbaunce of the
shippes that approched the walles, they devised longe
rafters. 1579-80 NORTH Plutarch (1676) 584 They left their
Rafters or great pieces of timber pinned together, where-
upon they had passed over the stream. 1652 EARL MONM.
tr. Bmtivoglio's Hist.Relat. 2 Rampires of Earth, built up
with great Stones, Raftures of Wood [etc.]. 1697 POTTER
Antiq. Greece in. xv. (1715) 127 [The Sides of the Ship] were
compos'd of large Rafters extended from Prow to Stern.
C. U. S. A transverse bar (of wood or iron) in
the roof of a railway-car. 1891 in Cent, Diet.
2. = Rafter-bird (see 3).
1802 G. MONTAGU Oriiitliol. Diet. (1833) 398.
3. attrib. and Comb., as rafter-end, foot, -frame,
-nail, -tree ; rafter-wise adv. ; rafter-bird, the
beam-bird, spotted flycatcher (cf. sense 2) ; rafter-
level (U, S.), a kind of level made of long spars
of wood; rafter-ridging = RAFTERING 2; rafter-
roof, a roof constructed with rafters ; rafter-tim-
bering Mining (see quot.).
1817 T. FORSTER Nat. Hist. Swallowtribe (ed. 6) 75 Mns-
cicapa grisola, . , *Rafterbird. 1885 SWAINSON Nantes Birds
48 From the site of its nest, which is generally placed . . on
a beam or rafter of an out-building, this bird is called . .
Rafter or Rafter-bird. 1895 Educat. Rev. Sept. 118 Rough
walls and protruding *rafter-ends. 1825 J. NICHOLSON
Operat. Mechanic 567 Framing the *rafter foot into the
girder. 1871 B. TAVLOR Faust (1875) II. in. 181 The lofty
beam, upholding "rafter-frame and roof. 1834 Brit. Hltsb.
I. 534 In America, where it is much used for ascertaining
the declination of land, it is called a *rafter-level. 1730
SAVBRY in Phil. Trans. XXXVI. 296 The largest Sort of
•Rafter-Nails. 1838 HOLLOWAY /Vow. Diet.,* Rafter Ridg-
ing, a mode of ploughing land, which is performed as
follows [etc.]. Hants. 1847 R. & J. A. BRANDON Anal.
Goth. A rchit. (1860) 1.92 Sometimes a trussed *rafter-roof
spans both the nave and the aisles. 1887 Diet. Arch., s.v.
1881 ~R.fcmaxv MiningGloss.,* Rafter-timbering, timbering
in which the pieces are arranged like the rafters of a house.
1819 W. TENNANT Papistry Storm d (1827) 210 Ceiling dark
and *rafter-treen. 1676 PLOT Oxfordsk. 251 Wheat.. they
shock it *rafter-wise, ten sheaves in a shock.
Rafter (rtrftM), sb? [f. RAFT rf.l or z;.1 +
-ER 1.] One who is employed in rafting timber.
1809 KENDALL Trawls III. 305 That the rafters should
relinquish . . the earnings of their immediate hands. 1851-61
MAYHEW Land. Labourlll. 295 The labourers connected
with this portion of the trade are rafters or raftsmen.
Rafter (rcrftai), v. Also 6 raufter. [f. RAFTER
si.1]
1. trans. To build or furnish with rafters.
1538 ELYOT Diet., Contigno, ..to raufter a house. i6iz
BIBLE 2 Chron. xxxiv. n Timber for couplings and to floore
\marg. rafter] the houses. 1853 KANE Grinnell Exp. v.
(1856) 30 A square inclosure of stone or turf is raftered over
with drift-wood or whalebones. 1869 DORA GRF.ENWELL
Carniina Crucis 36 Ivory palaces raftered with . . cedar.
2. Agric. To plough (land) in a certain way
(see quot. 1846, and cf. RAFTERING^/, si. 2).
a 1733 [see RAFTERING vbl. sb. 2]. 1794 YOUNG in Driver
Gen. yieiv Agric. Hants 68 Raftering the land, which is a
sort of rest baulk ploughing. 1844 Jriil. R. Agric. Soc. V.
I. 173 The land is raftered, and pared with the breast-plough ;
or raftered again in a cross-direction. 1846 CLARKE in Jrnl.
R. Agric. Soc. VII. n. 511 To rafter or plough-rafter the
land . . is to plough only one-half of the land, turning the
furrow ploughed upon the same breadth of land remaining
unploughed throughout the field.
I. To form into rafters (Worcester, 1846).
Raftered (ra-fUid),///. a. [f. RAFTER si.'1 or
v. + -ED.] Roofed with or composed of rafters ;
esp. indicating that the rafters are visible as part
of the ceiling.
1732 POPE Ep. Bathurst 180 No rafter'd roofs with dance
and tabor sound. 1751 T. WARTON Poet. Wks. (1802) II.
168 Whose rafter'd hall the crowding tenants fed. 1871 M.
COLLINS Mrq. tg Merch. I. ii. 91 Quaint casements and
raftered rooms. 1893 MRS. C. PRAED Outlaw S, Lawmaker
I. 238 Its beamed and raftered ceiling.
Raftering (ra-ftarirj), vbl. si. Also 6 raftro-,
raufteryng(e, raftring. [f. RAFTER v. + -ING'.]
1. Roofing with, or forming of, rafters; the
arrangement of rafters ; wood for rafters.
1538 ELYOT Diet., Contignatio, . . the raufterynge. 1542
XJoALL Erastn. Apoph. 232 Buyldyng an hous euen from
the foundacion vnto the vttermost raftreyng and reirynge
of the roofe. 1667 PRIMATT City * C. Build. 65 How
VOL. VIII.
105
many square of Raftering there will be in a Roof. 1857
tr. Pliny (Bohn) VI, 345 The raftering being so contrived
as to admit of the beams being removed. 1880 C. R.
MARKHAM Peruv. Bark 357 The ben-teak yields timber used
for raftering and flooring.
transf. ^1586 C'TESS PEMBROKE Ps, cxxxix. viii, Thou,
how my back was beam-wise laid, And raftring of my ribbs
dost know.
2. Agric. A certain method of ploughing (see
quot. 1851, and cf. RAFTER v. 2).
rti733 in Tull's Horse-Hoeing Husb. (1733) ix. 94 By the
Paring and Burning the Surface ; by Raftering, or Cross
Plowing. Ibid. (1762) 297, J have seen Land plowed in
this manner, where not half of it has been moved, nor
better tilled than by Raftering. 1778 [W. MARSHALL]
Minutes Agric, 7 Dec. 1775 The Plowman .. told me, that it
is his country-method of plowing, and calls it raftering.
1851 H. STEPHENS Bk. of Faring. -2)\. 183/1 There is a kind
of ploughing, .which bears the name of ribbing in Scotland
and of raftering in England. .. It consists in turning the
furrow-slices on their backs upon as much of the firm soil
as they will cover.
Ba-ftery, a, [f. RAFTER sbJ- + -yi.] Full of
rafters.
1872 HOWELLS Wedd. Joum. (1892) 50 The roof seemed . .
in its coal-smoked, raftery hollow to generate a heat deadlier
than that poured upon it from the skies.
Rafting (ra-ftirj), vbl. sb. [f. RAFT v.1 +
-ING !.] The action of the vb., in various senses.
1753 WASHINGTON Jrtil. Writ. 1889 I. 29 Crossing the
Creek, .was impossible, either by fording or rafting, a 1817
T. DWIGHT Trav. New Eng. (1821) II. 167 Their first
experiments at rafting .. were so often unsuccessful. 1840
Evid. Hull Docks Contm. 122 Is not rafting the cheapest
mode? 1891 Miss DOWIE Girl in Karp. 256 This rafting
had a fascination for me.
b. Comb, rafting-dog, a raft-dog (RAFT sbj- 5).
1846 A. YOUNG Naitt. Diet. 244.
Raftre, obs. f. RAFTER $bl
Raftsman (rcrftsmEen). [f. RAFT + -a- -f
MAN.] One who works on a raft.
1776 C. CARROLL Jrnl. Miss. Canada in B. Mayer Mem.
(1845) 67 A small current begins here, and the raftsmen are
not obliged to row. 1846 WHITTIER Ship-builders iii, For
us the raftsmen down the stream Their island barges steer.
1883 OUIDA IVanda 1. 13 She wished, .he should grow up a
raftsman, or a fisherman.
Bafture, obs. form of RAFTER sbl
Rafty (rcrfti), al Obs. exc. dial.
1. Damp, musty, muggy, raw.
1655 GURNALL Chr. in Arm. i. 280 Things kept in a rafty
muggish Room, subject them to mould. 1638 J. ROBINSON
Endoxa 146 The Occidental mansions are, by their moisture,
rafty. 1787 MARSHALL E. Norfolk (1795) II. Gloss., Rafty,
damp and musty ; as corn or hay in a wet season. 1893
Essex Rev. II. 126 A rafty morning is still well understood
in North Essex as meaning a raw morning.
2. Stale, rancid (usually said of bacon).
a 1722 LISLE Hush, (1752) 347 Shred rafty bacon into it
[milk]. 1874 JEFFERIES Labourer's Daily Life In Toilers
of Field (i&y-fr 95 The small bit of fat and rafty bacon.
Raftyr, Raftill, obs. ff. RAFTER j<M, RAFFLE.
Rag (rseg), sbl Also 4-7 ragg(e. [ME.
ragge, possibly repr. an OE. *ragg (cf. raggig
RAGGT a.}, ad. ON. rpgg tuft or strip of fur (Norw.
and Sw. ragg rough hair) ; the difference in sense
between the ME. and ON. sbs. may have been
developed through the adjs. ragged and raggy.]
I. 1. A small worthless fragment or shred of
some woven material ; esp. one of the irregular
scraps into which a piece of such material is
reduced by wear and tear.
£1310 [see b], £1375 Sc. Leg. Saints xxiv. (Alexis) 411
His clathis in ragis he rafe. 1388 WYCLIF Jer. xxxviii. n
Elde clothis, and elde ragges, that were rotun. 1538 BALE
Thre Lowes 677 Ragges, rotten bones and styckes. 1609
HOLLAND Amm. Marcell. 400 [A coat] over-rotten and run
to ragges and tatters. 1667 MILTON P. L. in. 491 Cowles,
Hoods and Habits.. tost And flutterd into Raggs. 1735 B.
MARTIN Philos. Gram. 151 Dogs, Cats, Rats, Mice &c...
expire in half a Minute, and look as thin as a Rag. 1820
SHELLEY Fi>, Sea i The rags of the sail Are flickering.
1848 DICKENS Dombey vi, There was a great heap of rags
..lying on the floor. 1887 Brit. Mcd. Jrnl. I. 28/1 We
believe that rags are frequently disinfected by the owners of
paper mills.
b. Used in //. to denote a ragged or tattered
garment or clothes ; freq. in phr. in rags.
c 1310 Pol. Songs (Camden) 150 That er werede robes, nou
wereth ragges. 1390 GOWER Conf. 1. 100 In ragges, as sche
was totore, He set hire on his hors tofore. 1500-20 DUNBAR
Poems xxxix. 27 Honest 3emen..Ar now arrayit in raggis.
1588 SHAKS. L. L. L. iv. i. 84 What, shall thou exchange
for ragges, rpabes? 1671 MILTON Samson 413 The base
degree to which I now am fall'n, These rags, this grinding.
1784 COWPER Task i. 568 The sportive wind blows wide
T heir fluttering rags, and shows a tawny skin. 1851 D.
JERROLD St. Giles xiv. 137 Such mercy went far to encourage
rags and tatters. 1874 RUSKIN Fors Clav. xliv. 171 Going
in rags through the winter.
fig- c *38o WYCLTF Serrn. Sel. Wks. II. 226 Cristene men
shulden benke shame to clobe hem above wib raggis, and
foule be wor|?i suyt of Crist. 1659 PEARSON Creed (1830) 262
To put on the rags of our infirmity before the robe of
majesty and immortality. 1700 DRYDEN Wife of Bath's T.
457, I begin, In virtue cloathed, to cast the rags of sin.
1807 CRABBE Par. Reg. in. 936 My moral rags defile me
every one. 1843 CARLVLE Past $ Pr. 11. xvii, The super-
annuated rags and unsound callosities of Formulas.
c. Used (esp. in negative phrases) to suggest
the smallest scrap of cloth or clothing.
1590 SPENSER F. Q. n. x. 58 Without or robe or rag to hide
RAG.
his shame, a 1625 FLETCHER Faithful Friends iv. iv, I prize
poor virtue with a rag Better than vice with both the Indies.
1782 Miss BURNEY Cecilia v. i, Won't leave him a rag to
his back nor a penny in his pocket, a 1786 N. GREENE in
Bancroft /fu*. U.S. (1876) VI. Ivii. 462 Not a rag of clothing
has arrived to us this winter. 1873 Roiitledge's Young
Gentltn. Mag. May 366/iThe* week's wash ' had disappeared.
Every rag of it.
fig. 1663 BUTLER Hud. \, i. 562 He had First Matter seen
undrest.. Before one rag of form was on.
d. Similarly, the smallest scrap 0/"sail.
1653 H. COGAN tr. Pinto* s Trav. xiii. 40 We passed that
night .. without bearing so much as a rag of sail. 1804
Naval Chron. XI. 258 Steering after them with every rag
of sail set. 1823 BYRON Island n. xxi, I've seen no rag of
canvass on the sea.
e. In sing, without article, as a material.
1808 Med.Jrnl. XIX. 99 Some simple ointment spread on
rag. 1825 J. NICHOLSON Operat. Mechanic 375 Compressing
the fibres of rag together, for the purpose of making them
cohere, and thereby giving tenacity to the paper.
2. transf. A fragment, scrap, bit, remnant ; a
torn or irregularly shaped piece.
c 1440 York Myst. xxx. 36 All to ragges schall ye rente
hym and ryue hym. 1555 W. WATREMAN Fardle of Potions
n. ix. 207 Then take thei the dead mannes heade, and pike
the braine oute cleane, with all other moistures and ragges.
1611 COTGR., Chaplis,. .the small peeces that flye from stones
in the hewing; we call them rags. 1650 FULLER Pisgah i.
ii. 6 Some proud Geographer will scarce stoop to take up so
small a Ragge of land into his consideration. 1761 Ann,
Reg. ii. 7 Where meat is plentiful they boil the offal to rags.
1820 SHELLEY Sensit. PI. HI. 68 A murderer's stake, Where
rags of loose flesh yet tremble on high. 1873 BLACK Pr.
Thule i. i Volumes and flying rags of cloud.
b. of immaterial things.
a 1529 SKELTON Replyc. i A lytell ragge of rethorike,
A lesse lumpe of logyke. 1579 E. K. Ded. Spenser's Sheph.
Ca/.t They patched vp the holes with peces and rags of
other languages. 1624 DONNE 80 Sernt. ii. 12 First and last
are but ragges of time. 1707 Curiosities in Husb. $ Card.
29 The Belief., is a Rag of the Peripatetick Philosophy.
1807-8 W. IRVING Salmag. (1827) 170 A fierce fellow, .tearing
the music to rags. 1893 Times 22 Apr., They have no rag
of evidence to uphold them.
c. of money. ? Hence in obs. Cant^ a farthing.
1590 SHAKS. Com. Err. iv. iv. 89 Monie by me? Heart
and goodwill you might [send], But., not a ragge of Monie.
1613 BEAUM. & FL. Captain iv. ii, Jac. 'Twere good she had
a little foolish mony...Hast. Not a rag, Not a Deniere.
a 1700 B. E. Diet. Cant. Crew, Rag, a Farthing.
3. Applied contemptuously to things, e. g. a torn
or scanty garment, a flag, handkerchief, theatre-
curtain, newspaper, paper-money, etc.
1549 LATIMER $tk Senrr. bef. Edw. VI (Arb.) 154 Another
poore womanne was hanged for stealynge a fewe ragges of
a hedg. a 1734 NORTH Exam. n. v. § 14 (1740) 323 Would
any one expect in Print, upon tolerable Paper, and a clear
Character, such Malice and Knavery as lies here, scarce
fit for Midnight Grubstreet Rags. 1752 FIELDING Amelia
ii. iv, Young gentlemen of the order of the rag. 1817
PAULDING Letters from South II. is8< What would be an
independence, were it not for the rags in circulation. 1832
Spectator 23 Nov. 712/1 Every rubbishy rag now contains
the ' news '.
b. Similarly applied to persons.
1566 DRANT Horace, Sat. ii. 8 The . . rabblement Of ragges
and raskalls all Be pensive. 1598 SHAKS. Merry W. iv. ii.
194 You Witch, you Ragge, you Baggage. 1649 G. DANIEL
Trinarch., Rich. //, Ixxvii, For not the lowest Ragge of
Human race, But in a change will seeke to mend his place.
1875 RUSKIN Fors Clav. Iv, That rubbishy rag of a girl.
1882 STEVENSON New Arab. A'fe (1884) 247 The poet was
a rag of a man.
f4. An alleged name for a * company* of colt*.
(From RAGGED a. i.) Obs. rare.
c 1470 Hors, Shepe $ G., etc. (Caxton 1479, Roxb. repr.) 31
A Stode of mares, a Ragg of coltes. 1486 Bk. St. A loans F vj,
A Ragg of coltis or a Rake.
6. A sharp or jagged projection, rare.
1664 EVELYN Kal. Hort. (1729) 190 Cut off slanting above
the Bud, with a very sharp knife, leaving no Rags. 1683
MOXON Mech. Exerc.> Printing xvii. F 2 He Rubs every
side of them on the Stone, .to take off the small Rag* that
may happen on the Shanck of the Letter. Ibid. 388 When
Letter Cast has a Bur on any of its edges, that Bur is calkd
a Rag. 1872 Routledge's Ev. Boy's Ann. 536/1 File off th>
rags left by the saw.
6. //. A kind of moss (musws fulmonarius}.
1758 Phil. Trans. L. 683 The people m Herefordshire,
where this moss is called rags, dye their stockings of a brown
colour with it.
7. Short for RAGWORM.
1881 St. James's Budget Aug. 12/1 Lastly, there are the
two species of mud-worms, the ' lug ' and the rag , equally
nasty to look at.
II. attrib. and Comb.
8. General combs, a. attributive, < pertaining
to, containing, dealing in or with, rags ', as rag-
basket, machinery, market, tank ; ( consisting, or
made, of rags*, as rag-baby, -ball, -carpet, doll,
-mop, -paper, -puppet. Also rag-made adj.
1883' ANNIE THOMAS ' Mod. Housewife ^116, 1 couldn't play
with my *rag doll here. 1853 URE Diet. Arts (ed. 4) II
345 Improved *rag machinery. 1885 Pall Mall G. 15 May
2/1 The finest *rag-made paper, c 1645 HOWELL Lett. (1655)
I. i. vii. ii The Dog and *Rag Market is hard by. 1831
For. Q. Rev, VIII. 380 *Rag-paper .. was also invented in
Germany some hundred and fifty years before. 1840 CAR-
LVLE Heroes (1858) 308 Those poor bits of rag-paper with
black ink on them ;— from the Daily Newspaper to the
14
BAG.
sacred Hebrew Book. 1884 G. MEREDITH Diana xxii, How
long do you keep me in this *rag-puppet's state of suspension?
b. Objective or objective genitive, m, rag-boiler,
-collector ; -cutter •, -dealer^ -gatherer, -grinder \
-picker, -raker, -seller, -sifter^ -sorter, -stitcher,
-washer •; rag-cleansing ; cutting, -grinding, -sorting,
weaving.
Many of the combs, with agent-nouns (rag-boiler, etc.) are
applied to mechanical contrivances.
1884 KNIGHT Diet. Meek. Suppl. 735/2 The *rag-boiler..
is generally rotative, which gives a continual agitation to
the contents. 1873 Fract. Mag. I. 147 Sanitary arrange-
ment adopted in *rag cleansing. 1860 Chambers' jfrnl.
55/1 The 800 *rag-collecters who come under the notice of
the police. 1865 Sat. Rev. 21 Jan. 74/2 His fame would
have been by this time food for the rag-collectors. 1860
TOMLINSON Usef.Arts Ser. i. Paper ii, Another set of women,
and sometimes children, called *rag-cutters. 1851 MAYHEW
Land. Lab. II. 106/1 My informant, the *rag dealer. 1884
CasselCs Fam. Mag. Feb. 156/2 In New York.. there are
more than 800 rag-dealers. 1851 MAYHEW Lond. Labour
II. 139/1 The bone-pickers and *rag-gatherers are all early
risers. 1831 CARLYLE ^"ar/. Res. i. viii. 55, 1, the dust-making,
patent *Rag-grinder, get new material to grind down. 1860
Chambers' Jrnl. XIV. 53/1 Rags and *Ragpickers in
France. 1884 Harper's Mag. Mar. 648/2, 30,000 rag pickers
in Paris thrown out of employment. 1614 B. JONSON Barth.
Fain, i, None but. .one of these *rag-rakers in dunghills. .
would have been up when thou wert gone abroad. 1700
T. BROWN A musem. Ser. Com. 37, I . . was mortally frighted
..by the Impudent *Ragsellers. 1887 British Med. Jrnl.
12 Feb. 343/1 *Rag-sorters' Disease. 1853 HICKIE tr.
Aristoph. (1872) II. 574 You gossip-gleaner, and drawer of
beggarly characters, and *rag-stitcher,
C. Attrib. phrases, as rag-and-bone-man, -picker-,
rag-and-bottle-shop ; rag- and tatter kind.
1851 MAYHEW Lond. Labour^ II. 139 The state of the shoes
of the rag and hone picker is a very important matter to
him. Ibid. Anything that is saleable at the rag-a nd-bottle
or marine store shop. 1870 LOWELL Study Wind. 99 The
somewhat greasy heap of the literary rag-and-bone- picker
is turned to gold by time. x&86 STEVENSON Kidnapped
267 A fine, bang-dog, rag-and-tatter..kind of a look.
9. Special combs. : rag-bush, a bush on which
rags are fixed as a superstitious observance ; rag-
carrier (nonce-wd.}, a contemptuous term for
a valet or an ensign ; rag-castle (nonce-wd.),
a haunt of beggars ; rag-dust (see quot.) ; rag
engine, a machine for reducing rags to pulp in
paper-making (hence rag engineer) ; •{• rag-footed
a.t ? badly shod (in quot. fig.} ; rag-house, a build-
ing in which rags are stored or prepared for paper-
making ; rag-knife, one of the knives in a rag-
engine ; t rag-manners, low, ill-bred behaviour
(hence rag-mannered} ; rag-merchant, a dealer
in rags ; also (in contempt) a banker or draper ;
rag-money (contemptuously), paper-money ; rag-
offering, a rag or rags suspended or fixed at some
spot (esp. a well or standing stone) as an offering
for the cure of disease, etc. ; rag shop, a shop for
rags and old clothes ; rag trade, trade in rags ;
also slang (see quots.) ; rag-tree (cf. rag-busk
above) ; rag turnsole, turnsole dye which is kept
in linen rags impregnated with it ; rag-well (see
quots. t and cf. rag-busk, -tree] ; rag-woman, a
woman who gathers or deals in rags (cf. RAG-
MAN) ; rag-wool, wool obtained by tearing rags
to pieces. Also RAG-BAG, -BOLT, -FAIR, -MAN1.
i88a C. ELTON Orig. Eng. Hist. 285 There is usually a
' *rag-bush ' by the well on which bits of linen or worsted
are tied as a gift to the spirit of the waters. 1893 E. S.
H ARTLAND in Folk-Lore I V. 453 Pin- wells and Rag-bushes are
found all over the British Isles, a 1754 FIELDING New way
to keep a Wife at^ Home i. iii, I must tug along the empty
portmanteau of this shabby, no-pay ensign . . What can a man
expect who is but the *rag-carrier of a rag-carrier ? 1828
CARLYLE Misc. (1857) I. 215 A dream, and the very *Ragcastle
of ' Poosie-Nansie '. 1864 WEBSTER, *Rng-du$t, fine par-
ticles of rags when torn thoroughly to pieces, used in making
papier-mache. 1853 URB Diet. Arts (ed. 4) II. 346 The
improvement in paper making, for which T. W. W. . . obtained
a patent in 1842, relate [sic} to the *rag engine. 1885 Census
Instruct., *Rag Engineer. 1606 BIRME Kirk-Bttriall (1833)
33 Some *rag-footed resons that we must refute. 1860
TOMLINSON Useful Arts Ser. i. Paper ii, The rags, .are con-
veyed in baskets to the *rag-house. 1731 Genii. Mag. I. 350
Why charge ye *Rag-raanners thus upon the clergy ? 1698
COLLIER Immor. Stage v. § 3. 220 This Young Lady swears,
talks smut, and is . . just as *ra^j-manner'd as Mary the
Buxsome. 1690 Lond.Gaz. No. 2597/4 At the same Prices
they have hitherto Paid the *Rag- Merchants. 1821 COBBETT
Rttr. Rides (1885) 17 The country rag-merchants have now
very little to do. They have no discounts. What they have
out, they owe ; it is so much debt. 1838 DICKENS O. Twist
xxvi, The shoe-vamper and the rag-merchant display their
goods. 1862 F. G. TRAFFORD (Mrs. J. Riddell) Too Much
Alont 124 (Hoppe) Rag-merchant, .. the above expression
does not refer to a marine-store dealer, but simply to a dealer
in Manchester goods, who is frequently thus designated in
the City. 1878 N. Amer. Rev. CXXVI. 166 The complete
disuse and actual repulsion of silver by *rag-money. 1893
Archaeol. &liana XVI. 463 Squibs and skits regarding rag-
money were issued. '777 BRAND Pof>. Antiq. 85 These
*Rag-ofTerings are the Reliques of the then prevailing popu-
lar Superstition. 1893 Folk-Lore III. 8c; The geographical
distribution of rag-offerings coincides with the existence of
monoliths and dolmens. 1851-61 MAYHEW Loud. Labour
III. 207 (Hoppei Writing a squib for a *ragshop. 1865 E.C.
CLAYTON Cruel Fortune I. 143 A ragshop . . occupied the
basement story. 1843 MARRYAT M. Violet xxvii, There is in
Galveston a new invented trade, called 'the * rag-trade '.. I
106
refer to the purchasing of false bank-note?;, which are . .
palmed upon any stranger suspected of having money. 1875
fract. Mag. V. 22 1 Parliamentary Reports on the Rag Trade
of Foreign Countries. 1890 HARARE £ LELAND Diet. Slang
the Pagan *rag-trees. 1777 BRAND Pop. Antiq. 85 A Well
in the road to Benton. .called The *Rag Well. 1855 ROBIN-
SON Wkitby Gloss., Ragiuells, certain springs in the neigh-
J-vs for curing diseases...
10 recovered, were torn
bourhood.'held sacred In former days for curing diseases...
Rags from the garments of those who
off and hung up as offerings to the patron saint of the well.
i6?a WVCHEKLEY Love in a Wood v. li.The *rag-women, and
cinder- women, have better luck than 1. 17*3 Lend. Gaz. No.
6175/5 Ellen Weeb,.. Rag-Woman.
Rag (neg), sbZ Also 3 ragghe, 5-8 ragge,
9 ragg. [Of obscure etym. ; original connexion
with prec. seems unlikely, but the idea of ' ragged *
stone would naturally suggest itself in later use.]
1. A piece (mass or bed) of hard, coarse or rough
stone (cf. 2). Obs. exc. dial, (see quot. 1877).
1*78 Bursar's Ace. Merton Coll. (Parker Diet, Archit.\
Pro ij magnis lapidibus qui vocantur raggiies. 1375-6
Abingdon Abb. Ace. (i%g?) 29 Pro scapulacione xxxij pedes
de ragis tj.j. viij.</. 1601 HOLLAND Pliny II. 467 Other-
whiles they meet with rocks of flint and rags, as wel in
vndermining forward, as in sinking pits downeright. 1609
— Antm. Marcell. xxxi. x. 417 Taking up their standing
upon the craggie rockes and ragges round about. 1769 De
Foe's Tour Gt. Brit. I. 158 A Kind of Paving Stone, called
Kentish-rags. 1778 Eng. Gazetteer (ed. 2) s.v. Nutjield,
A metalline kind of substance (that looks like cast-iron,
and is called ragges) much esteemed hereabouts for paving.
1877 N. If. Line. Gloss., Rag, a whetstone.
D. A large coarse roofing-slate.
i8»s J. NICHOLSON Oferai. Mechanic 622 Patent slate . .
was originally made from Welsh rags. 1842 GWILT Arcktt.
501 Welsh ragsare next in goodness[to Westmorland slates].
1865 J. T. F. TURNER Slate Quarries 15 A large, rough kind,
of varying dimensions, having one side uncut. These are
termed ' rags ', from their ragged appearance.
2. The name given in various parts of England
to certain kinds of stone, differing greatly in struc-
ture, but chiefly of a hard coarse texture, and break-
ing np in flat pieces several inches thick.
The best-known varieties are CORAL-RAG, Kentish Rag
(see KENTISH), and Rowley Raef a basaltic rock from the
Rowley Hills in Staffordshire. With quot. 1751 cf. quot. 1877
in i, and quot. 1812 under RAGSTONE i.
c 1420 Pallad. on Hnsb. I. 318 First thy grount assay. If
hit be ragge or roche, on hit thow foote In depth a foote or
too. 1606 HOLLAND Sueton. 230 He laid foundations of
piles.. and hewed rocks of most hard flint and rag. 1647
SANDERSON Serm. (1681) II. xv. 218 A little Diamond may
be more worth than a whole Quarry of Ragge. 1681 Phil.
Collect. XII. oo Made of one of the most common sort of
Stone, viz. of a course Rag, or Milst one-grit. 1751 J,
BARTKAM Observ. Trav. Pennsylv. etc. 30 A steep hill
side, full of excellent flat whet-stones of all sizes.. . I brought
one home, .it is as fine as the English rag, but of a blackish
colour. 1837 Civil Eng. $ Arch. Jml.l. 72/1 At a depth
varying from 5 to 7 feet from the surface, is the first bed of
stone called rag ; this is a coarse tough stone, rising in
large layers from 6 to 9 inches thick. 1847 TENNYSON
Princ. in. 344 Hornblende, rag and trap and tuff.
Rag (raeg), sb2 University slang, [f. RAG ^.2J
An act of ragging; esp. an extensive display of
noisy disorderly conduct, carried on in defiance of
authority or discipline.
Known in Oxford for some years before date of first quot.
1892 I sis No. 13. 88/2 The College is preparing for a good
old rag to-night. 1894 WILKINS & VIVIAN Green bay-tree
I. 275 It was the usual senseless 'rag* in which Pimlico
and his friends were wont to indulge at their convivial
gatherings.
t Bag, sb± Obs. rare. In 8 ragg. (See quot)
Perh. a chain-pump, worked by a rag-wheel, sometimes
called a ' rag-and-cham pump '.
1747 HOOSON Miner's Diet. Q ij, Those common Pumps
used in the Mines, such as Raggs, Churns, Sweaps, Forces,
for drawing of Water, these are so well known to every one
that it is. -needless to describe them.
Itag (rseg), vl Also 7 ragge. [f. RAG sb^\
\. trans, fa. To tear in pieces. Obs. b. To
make ragged ; to tear in a ragged manner.
c 1440 York Myst. xxxvi. 120 On roode am I ragged and
rente, J>ou synfull sawle, for thy sake. 1521 FISHER Semi,
agst. Luther Wks. (1876) 322 Martyn luther..so maly-
cyously contemneth and setteth at nought and all to raggeth
the heed of chrystes chyrche. a. 1603 CARTWRIGHT Con/ut.
Rhem. N. T. (1645) 331 The other testimony of Augustine,
wherewith they have garded or rather ragged their margent.
1879 Casselfs Techn. Ednc. IV. 117/2 There was a bun-
left at the hinder end of the thread which ' ragged ' the
wood. 1894 HALL CAINE Manxman 246 The steel of the
drum ragging me sideways.
2. intr. f a. To become ragged. Obs. rare.
1641 BEST Farm. Bks. (Surtees) 13 The woll of such
sheepe will immediately beginne to rise, ragge, and fall of.
a 1661 FULLER H-'ort hies (1^4,0) 1 1. 3 12 Leather, thus, .tanned,
..will prove serviceable which otherwise will quickly fleet
and rag out. 1683 MOXON Mech. Exerc., Printing xvi,
If they do not [fit exactly], the Mold will be sure to Rag.
b. To sort needles by means of a rag.
1861 WYNTER $oc> Bees 189 Little children ' rag ' with in-
conceivable rapidity.
c. U.S. slang. To rag out, to dress well.
1865 * ARTEMUS WARD' Trav. xi. 92 We air goin' right
straight through in these here clothes,.. We ain't goin' to
rag out till we get to Nevady.
Rag (r^eg), v.- dial, and slang. [Of obscure
origin : cf. bally-) BULLYRAG.]
RAGAMUFFIN.
1. trans, a. To scold, rate, talk severely to.
a 1796 PEGGE Derbicisjns Ser. n, ' To rag a person *, to
scold and abuse him. 1808 in JAMIESON. 1878- In dial.
glossaries (Cumb., Hants., Som., etc.). 1895 F. ANSTEY
Lyre <$• Lancet vii. 70 You.. used to rag me for not readin'
enough. 1899 T. M. ELLIS Three Cats-eye Rings 116
She'll keep her head, and I Jiope rag 'em well.
b. To annoy, tease, torment ; spec, in University
slang, to annoy or assail in a rough or noisy fashion ;
to create wild disorder in (a room). Cf. RAG sb.^
1808 TAMIESON, To rag, to rally. 1877- In dial, glossaries
{Yks., Line., etc.). 1894 HALL CAINE Manxman v. iv. 293
Nothing much — nothing to rag you at all. 1897 J. WELLS
Oxford 1 1 1 A . . man . . was so trying that, according to Oxford
custom, the future Archbishop proceeded to ' rag him.
absol. 1896 I sis No. 1 12. 100/2 The difficulty of ' ragging '
with impunity has long been felt.
2. intr. To wrangle over a subject.
1889 ' J. S. WINTER ' Mrs. Bob (1891) 275 If it Is constantly
discussed and ragged over between us, we shall have only
a miserable life.
(rreg), z/.3 [Of obscure origin : cf. RACK z;.3]
trans. To break up (ore) with a hammer, prepara-
tory to sorting.
1875 Ure*s Diet. Arts II. 76 In spalHng such portions as
have been ragged, an additional quantity of refuse should
he excluded. Ibid. 78 After these stones are washed they
are ragged.
t Rag, v* Sc. Obs. rare—1. (Meaning obscure.)
rt 1585 POLWART Flyting iv. Montgomerte 790 Buttrie
bag, fill knag ! thou will rag with thy fellows.
Raga, obs. form of RAJA(H.
Ragabash (rse'gabsej), sb. and a. Sc. and north.
dial. Forms : 7 9raggabash. 8-9 rag(g)abrash,
9 ragabash, (ragabosh, Sc. rag-a-buss). [App.
f. RAG sb.\ with fanciful ending.]
1. An idle worthless fellow ; a ragamuffin.
1609 HEALEY piscov. Neiv World i. v. 81 They are the
veriest Lack-latines, and the most Vn -alphabet icall ragga-
bashes that euer bred lowse. 1781 J. HUTTON Tour to Caves
(ed. a) Gloss., Raggabrash, an idle ragged person. 1825
in JAMIESON Suppl. 1855- In various northern glossaries.
2. collect. Rabble, riff-raff.
1814 MACTAGGART Gallovid. Encycl. 267 The ragabash
were ordered back. 1859 SALA Tiv. round Clock (1861) 361
This scum of frantic knavery and ragabosh. 1891 HALL
CAINE Scapegoat xxv, The raggabash of the Sultan's fol-
lowing had slunk away ashamed.
3. attrib. or as adj. Beggarly.
1818 HOGG Brownie of Bodsbeck, etc. II. 47 He thought
proper to ascribe it a to his ragabash prayer. 1829 J.
WILSON in Blackw. Mag. XXV. 802 The ragabash rascals,
who sham being ministers.
Ragacyoun, obs. form of ROGATION.
Ra'galet. rare. [Obscurely related to RAGGLE
sb.1; cf. RAGLET.] «= RAGGLE sb.1
1833 LOUDON Encycl. Archit. § 940 Ragalets (grooves), 2
inches deep into the walls, are to be made under these stones,
to receive the ends of the slates. 1887 Diet. A rchit., Ragalet,
the Scotch term for a groove.
t Ra-gamuff. Obs. rare. = next.
1591 HORSEY Trav. (Hakluyt Soc.) 190, I was.. taken by
raggamouff souldiers, whoe used me verie ruffly. [1863
SALA Capt. Dangerous I. vii. 217 Even thou art a Gentle-
man, little Ragamuff.J
Ragamuffin (rse'gampfin), sb. and a. Forms :
a. 4 ragamoffyn, -muffyn, -mofin, 5 ragomofin,
6 rag of muffin, 6-9 ragga-, 7 ragge-, 7-8 rag-a-,
9 Sc. rag o-, 7- ragamuffin; 7-9 ragamuffian,
(8 ragga-). ft. 7 raggede-, 9 dial, ragg'dmuffin.
[Prob. from RAG sbl (cf. RAGGED i c), with fanciful
ending.]
fl. The name of a demon. Obs. rare—1.
1393 LANGL. P. PL C. xxi. 283 Ac rys vp ragamoffyn and
reche me alle be barres, That belial )>y bel-syre beot with by
damme.
2. A ragged, dirty, disreputable man or boy.
1581 G. PETTIE tr. Gnazzo's Civ. Conv. (1586) iv. 187 b,
Others there are. .who care not how like slouens and ragga-
muffins they goe. 1607 DEKKER & WEBSTER Westw. Hoe
D.'s Wks. 1873 II. 350 What set of Villainesareyou.youper-
petuall Ragamuffins? 1622 T. SCOTT Nnves ft. Peruassus
48 It is no marvaile if I be spoyled to clothe so many
Raggedemuffins. 1704 SWIFT Bait. Bks. Misc. (1711) 243
Rogues and Ragamuffins, that follow the Camp for nothing
but the Plunder. 1764 Mem. G. Psalmattazar 152, I soon
persuaded half a dozen of my fellow ragamuffians to follow
me. ci8i7 HOGG Tales 4- Sk. V. 178 Come out, ye vile
rag-o-muffin. 1840 DICKENS Barn. Rudge xxxv, A set of
ragamuffins comes a-shouting after us, ' Gordon for ever ! '
1894 JESSOPP Rand. Roam. \\. 32 A caretaker, .to warn off
ragamuffins.
b. attrib. or as adj. Rough, beggarly, good-for-
nothing, disordeily.
i6oa ROWLANDS Greenes Ghost 37 There are a certaine
band of Raggamuffin Prentises about the towne, that will
abuse anie vpon the smallest occasion that is. 1668 EVELYN
tr. Freart's Idea Perfect. Paint. 105 He rather chose to
resemble a ragamuffin Vagabond than a Philosopher. 1772
GRAVES Spir. Quix. vni. xxiii. (1783) II. 262 Mr. Aid-
worth. .turned over the rest of this ragamuffin assembly to
the care of his Butler. i8xa H. & J. SMITH Rej. Adtir.tT.
Drury Lane (Revival), Many a raggamuffin clan With
trowel and with hod. 1858 R. S. SURTEES Ask Mamma
xxiv. 92 Look at a shooter, — what a ragamuffin dress his JR.
3. dial. The long-tailed titmouse.
1885 SWAINSON Names Birds 31.
Hence Ragramuffinery = Ragamuffinry. Raga-
mnffiness, a female ragamuffin. Rag-am uffin-
isni, the world of ragamuffins. R&gamuffinize
RAO-BAG.
v. trans., to render disreputable. Ragamuffi nly a.,
beggarly. Raganmffinry, (a) the disreputable
classes of society ; (V) depraved actions or conduct.
1831 Prater's Mag. IV. 5 A fair specimen of the manner
in which the *ragaiiiumnery will manage their members.
1868 HELPS Rcalmuh xvii, Six or eight *ragamuffinesses..
began to dance. 1859 MASSON Brit. Novelists ii. 95 He.,
knew the very face of the mob and *ragamuffinism in its
haunts. 1832 Blackw. Mag. XXXI. 668 You will not
object, .to *ragamuffinize that House a little. 1890 JESSIE
FOTHERGILL March in Ranks I. x. 154 His attire was..
ragamuftmry of the town proceed to the fight. 1851 Life
Bunyan in Scoffs Pilgr. Progr. 6 He never committed
theft or ragarauffinry as a boy.
Ra'g-bag. A bag in which rags or scraps of
cloth are collected or stored.
1861 DICKENS Gt. Expect, xl, An animated rag-bag whom
she called her niece. 1873 Miss BRADDON Str. <y Pilgr.
in. xii. 360 Her brain was . . a chaos of many-coloured
scraps and shreds, like a good house-keeper's rag-bag. 1884
Cassell's Fam. Mag. Feb. 155/1 Many people., would, .be
surprised if they could see the contents of a rag-bag.
b. transf. and^f. A motley collection.
1864 LOWELL Wks. (1890) V. 156 The Convention was a
rag-bag of dissent. 1883 A. DALE Jonathan's Home 108
That indescribable medley of houses, a ragbag of dwellings.
Ra'g-bolt. [? f. RAG sbl 6.] A bolt having
barbs directed towards the head, so that it cannot
be easily withdrawn after it is driven in ; a jag- bolt
or barb-bolt.
1627 CAPT. SMITH Seaman's Gram. ii. 5 Rag bolts are so
iaggered that they cannot be drawne out. 1691 T. H[ALE]
Ace. Neiu Invent. 47 The Ragg-bolts eaten away to nothing.
1769 FALCONER Diet. Marine (1776) Y 2, A, rag-bolt is re-
tamed in it's situation by.. barbs. 1836 in Civil Enz. <$•
Arch. Jrnl, (1838) I. 150/2 Additional ties were.. put in at
every other oak pile, and . . secured down by rag-bolts.
Hence Ra-g-bolt v. trans., to fasten down by
rag-bolts.
1836 in Civil Ettg. f, Arch. Jrnl. (1838) I. 150/2 It even
became necessary .. to place stringers outside of the sheet
piles, .and to rag bolt them down.
Rag-burned. A term applied to tin-witts which
have undergone the first roasting. So Rag-burning.
1875 Ure's Diet. Arts III. 1003 Instead of being at once
completely roasted, the ' whits ' from the stamps are some-
times first ' rag ' (or partially) burnt, for about six or eight
hours. 1881 RAYMOND Mining Gloss., Rag-burning.
Rage (w'ds), sb. Also 5 rag, 6 raige, rayge,
Sc. raig, rege. [a. F. raige, rage (i ith c.) = Prov.
ratje :—*rafy'e -.-rabia late L. form (cf. Sp., Pg.
rabia, It. rabbia") of rabies RABIES.]
I. 1. Madness ; insanity ; a fit or access of
mania. Obs. exc. poet.
cijis Metr. Ham. 141 Snakes and nederes..lep upward
til his visage, And gert him almast fal in rage. 1390 GOWER
Con/. I. 40 Wher that wisdom waxeth wod, And reson
torneth into rage. £1400 MAUNDEV. viii. (1839) 89 He felle
in a rage, and oute of his Wytt. 1552 LYNDESAY Monarche
5137 Thocht sum de Naturally, throuch aige, Fer mo deis
raiffand in one raige. 1590 SHAKS. Com. Err. iv. iii. 88
The reason that I gather he is mad, Besides the present
instance of his rage [etc.]. 1605 — Lear iv. vii. 78 Be com-
forted good Madam, the great rage You see is kill'd in
him. 1700 DRYDEN Pal. f, Arc. i. 542 Museful mopings,
which presage The loss of reason and conclude in rage.
1819 SHELLEY Peter Bell yd vii. xv, To wakeful frenzy's
vigil rages, As opiates, were the same applied.
fb. Madness, folly, rashness; an instance of
this, a foolish act. Obs.
13.. K. Alis. 4336 Alisaundre .. bad non have the rage
Theo water to passe of Estrage. c 1320 Cast. Love 197
Thus is Adam, thotwh rufull rage I-cast out of his eritage.
a 1400 R. Brunne's Chron. IVace (Rolls) 11598 Ffor loue
men dob gret outrage [f'eij'i MS. many rage]. 1411-10
kYDG> ,£*,"""• Troy '• vi> I( were a ra?e a man frora him to
chase Wilfull fortune whan she is beninge.
to. Rabies. Obs.
1558 WARDE tr. Alexis Seer. (1568)28 Agaynst the bytyng
of a madde dogge, and the rage or madnesse that followeth
[he man after he is bitten. 1595 DUNCAN Appendix Etymol.,
Rabies, rage of a dogge.
2. Violent anger, furious passion, usually as mani-
fested in looks, words or action ; a fit or access of
such anger ; f angry disposition.
a. of persons :
1297 R. GLOUC. (Rolls) 4415 In is wod rage he wende Vor
to awreke is vncle deb. c 1330 A rtk. «, Merl. 2422 (Kolbing)
« king com wib his barnage & tounes brent in gret
rage. '^1366 CHAUCKR Rom. Rose 156 A-midde saugh
Hate stonde ..grinning for dispitious rage a 1548
HALL Cliron., Hen. VI 163 b, He could not appeace
the furious rage of the common people. 1607 SHAKS.
Cor. v. in. 85 Desire not t'allay My Rages and Re-
uenges, with your colder reasons. 1697 DRYDEN Virg.
Georg. iv. 652 The Seer, who could not yet his Wrath
asswage, Rowl'd his green Eyes, that sparkled with his
•rag<\ *773 MRS- c"Al'ONE Improv, Mind (1774) II. 19
: sharpest accusation excites pity or contempt, rather
than rage. 1810 SCOTT Lady of L. v. xv, The foe . . Foil'd
his wild rage with steady skill. x862 CARLYLE Frtdk. Gt.
x. 1. 11872) III. 208 Liable to rages, to utterances of a coarse
nature.
b. of animals :
13.. If. Alis. 555 Theo lady gede to theo drake, He lette
his rage for hire sake. 1390 GOWER Conf. III. 267 Riht as
Leon in his rage, Which of no drede set acompte. i 1500
Lancelot 3173 In his ferss curag Of armys, as o lyoune in
lux rag. 1611 BIBLE Job xxxix. 24 [The horse] swallowcth
107
the ground with fiercenesse and rage. 1687 DRYDEN Hind
* P. 1. 305 The Wolf, the Bear, the Boar . . Their rage re-
pressed,.. stand aloof, and tremble. 1720 POPE Iliad xvn.
609 So looks the Lion o'er a mangled Boar, All grim with
Rage. 1810 S(.o-nLadyi>/L. vi. xxii, The prison'd eagle
dies for rage.
t3. Vehement, violent or impetuous action (of
persons) ; vigour, rapidity, haste. Obs.
gradde, Harow ! with gret rage. 1390 GOWER Conf. III.
219 Til that the! sihe time, and knewe, That thei be fled
upon the rage, c 1485 Digby Myst. (1882) in. 1331 Masengyr,
owt of bis town with a rage !
t b. An act of violence ; a fight. Obs. rare.
c 1330 R. BRUNNE Chron. Wace (Rolls) 16173 Pys byword
was longe y-told, j>ys bey seide at ilka rage. — Chron.
(1810) 114 Whan Rauf herd him so seie, he dight him lo
)>at rage.
4. transf. Violence, violent operation or action,
'fury' (of things, e.g. wind, the sea, fire, etc.).
CTfoStrBam (MS. A.) 4580 be wind blew hardde wi)>
gret rage. 1340 Ayenb. 142 Uor \K rage and uor be tem-
peste of euele tongen. c 1400 Rom. Rose 1916 The arwis
were so fulle of rage. 1513 DOUGLAS sEaeis x. xii. 19 The
fors..ofthehevynnisand byr of seis rage. 1562 PILKINCTON
Expos. Abdyas Pref. 8 The rage of fyre 7s swaged with
water. 1634 SIR T. HERBERT Trav. 39 Bodies .. exposed to
the Sunnes fiery rage. 1770 ARMSTRONG Imitations 85
Every petty brook . . mocks the river's rage. 1822 SHELLEY
Calderon ii. 64 In contempt of the elemental rage A man
comes forth in safety.
b. A flood, high tide, sudden rising of the sea.
1390 GOWER Conf. III. 103 Thilke almyhty bond With-
greater rage come in. 1885 LADY BRASSEY The Trades 361
Ihese apparently unaccountable risings of the waves are
called by the natives [of the Bahamas] ' rages '.
fc. A fierce blast of wind. Obs. rare~\
c 1386 CHAUCER Knt.'s T. 1127 And ther out came a rage
and suche a veze That it made al the gate for to rese.
1 5. Extravagant, riotous, or wanton behaviour ;
sport, game ; jest, jesting talk. Obs.
c 1320 Sir Beues (MS. A) 2967 An erneste & a rage [He]
euer spekeb frensche laungage. c 1330 Arth. % Merl. 4618
(Kolbing) pou schust leten bi folye, pi rage & bi ribaudye.
a 1400 Robcrd ofdsyle (Vernon MS.) 190 per nas in court
grom ne page pat of be kyng ne made rage, c 1425 Seven
Sag. (P.) 2177 The knave .. bygan onnoon hys rage, And
cast watyr oppon the kage.
6. A violent feeling, passion, or appetite. Also,
violence, severity, height (of v. feeling, etc.).
1390 GOWER Conf. III. 237 Sardanapallus .. Was .. Falle
into thilke fyri rage Of love. 14.. in Tune/ale's Vis. 96
Whom a sarpent falsly dyd exyle Of fals malice in a soden
rage. 1313 DOUGLAS &neis iv. ii. 13 Quhat helpis to vesy
temphs in luiffis raige? Ibid. viii. iv. i Eftir that stanchit
was the hungris rage. 1570 FOXE A. $ M. 1761/1 If the
rage of the payne were tolerable .. he should lift vp his
handes. 1593 SHAKS. Lucr. 424 His rage of lust by gazing
qualified. 1691 LADY R. RUSSELL Lett. II. 05 The present
rage of your sorrow. 1709 STEELE Taller No. 34 f 2 It is
in vain to give it when the Patient is in the Rage of the
Distemper. 1784 BURNS Man was made to Mourn ii, Does
thirst of wealth thy step constrain Or youthful pleasure's
rage. 1833 TENNYSON Miller's Dau. 192 You must blame
Love. His early rage Had force to make me rhyme in youth.
b. Violent desire ; sexual passion ; heat.
701366 CHAUCER Rom. Rose 1657 Whan I was with this
rage hent That caught hath many a man and shent. 1390
GOWER Conf. III. 271 That ilke fyri rage In which that thei
the lawe [of Mariage] excede. 1500-20 DUNBAR Poems
Ixxxiv. 8 Quhone the biche is jolie and on rage. 1552
LYNDESAY Monarche in. 4706 [Personis] lyke Rammis in to
thair rage. 1602 SHAKS. Ham.m. iii. 89 When he is drunke
asleepe : or in his Rage. 1697 DRYDEN Yirg . Georg. in. 381
'Tis with this Rage, the Mother Lion stung, Scours o'er the
Plain . . Demanding Rites of Love.
t C. Violent sorrow ; a fit of this. Obs. rare.
c 1386 CHAUCER Frankl. T. 108 Hir grete sorwe gan
aswage ; She may nat alwey duren in swich rage, c 1530
LD. BERNERS Arth. Lyt. Bryt. (1814) 51 Than Florence
stepped forth all in a rage, and piteously cried and sayd.
c 1586 Epit. Sidney in Sfenser's Wks. (Globe) 571/2 Silence i
augmenteth grief, writing encreaseth rage.
t d. Violent pain. Hence humorously suggested
as a name for a set of teeth. Obs. rare.
1486 Bk. St. Altans F vij, A Rage [ = set] of the teethe.
1520 Calisto % Melitxa C i, Mel. I ask the how long in this '
paynfull rage He hath leyn. Cel. He hath be in this agony
this .viii. days. 1561 HOLLYBUSH Horn. Apoth. 17 b, As sone
as he had taken it, furthwyth had he suche a rage and
grepyng wythin hym.
fe. Extreme hunger. Obs. rare—1,
a 1533 LD. BERNERS Hutm cix. 375 We haue no thynge to
etc nor drynke, wherfore we shal dye for famyne and rage.
7. A vehement passion for, desire of, a thing.
Also const, iiiftn. and absol.
1593 SHAKS. Lucr. 468 This moves in him more rage. .To
make the breach. 1671 MILTON Samson 836 Call it furious
rage To satisfie thy lust. 1697 DRYDEN Virg. Georg. iv. 299
Such Rage of Honey in their Bosom beats. 1750 H. WAL-
POLE Lett. (1846) II. 359 You can't conceive the ridiculous
rage there is of going to Newgate. 1758 JOHNSON in Bos-
wull xii, Wa_rburtou. .has a rage for saying something, when
there's nothing to be said. 1820 SHELLEY IVitchAtl. xviii,
The earth-consuming rage Of gold and blood. 1882 A. \V.
WAKD lUckens iii. 65 The rage which possesses authors to
read their writings aloud.
b. (All) the rage : said of the object of a wide-
spread and usually temporary enthusiasm.
1785 f-:ni;'j>. Jtaf. VIII. 473 The favourite phrases. .The
RAGE.
Rage, the Thing, the Twaddle, and the Bore. 1836 T
HOOK G. Gurney I. 52 At that period it was the race to
parodize tragedies. 1837 MARRYAT Pen. Kecne ii, In a
short tune my mother became quite the rage. 1870 LD
MALMESBURY mAthenznm 4 June 734 In 1776, the game of
Commerce . . was all the rage '.
8. Poetic or prophetic enthusiasm or inspiration ;
musical excitement.
ciooo SHAKS. Sonn. xvii, So should.. your true rights be
term d a poet's rage, c 1611 CHAPMAN Iliad i. 66 His pro-
phetic rage Given by Apollo. 1713 Pore Pro/. Addisoris
Catp 44 Assert the stage, Be justly warm'd with your own
native rage. 1795 WOLCOTT (P. I'indar) Lousiad ii. The
ragged Warblers pour their tuneful rage. 1811 SCOTT Don
Roderick i. iii, For Homer's rage A theme. 1857-69 HEAVY-
SEGEiua/ (1869) 173 Beat out harsh rhythms with augment-
ing rage.
9. Martial or high spirit, ardour, fervour, manly
enthusiasm or indignation.
?¥I,,Sll^KS- ' Hen- yf< IV- vi- '3 Leaden Age, Quicken'd
with Youthfull Spleene, and Warlike Rage. 1700 DRYDEN
Pal. Sf Arc. i. 117 The soldiers shout around with generous
rage. 1720 POPE Iliad xvn. 305 Merion burning with a
Hero s Rage. 1850 TENNYSON In Mem. xxvii, I envy not in
any moods The captive void of noble rage.
10. Excitement or violence a/an action, operation,
etc. ; also, the acutest point or heat of this.
'593 SHAKS. Lucr. 145 All for one we gage; As life for
honour in fell battle's rage. 1725 N. ROBINSON Th. Physkk
124 This Fever .. assaults with all the Rage and Fury of
Burning. 1756 BURKE Vind. Nat. Sac. Wks. 1842 I. 7
Great carnage did in those times and countries ever attend
the first rage of conquest. 1784 COWPER Task in. 519 As
time subdues The rage of fermentation. 1831 MACAULAY
Let. to Sister in Trevelyan Life (1876) I. iv. 253 The rage
of faction at the present moment exceeds any thing that has
been known in our day.
1 11. An alleged name for a company of maidens.
1486 Bk. St. Atbans Fvjb, A Rage of Maydenys; a
Rafull of Knauys.
12. attrib. and Comb., as rage-infuriate, -swelling
adjs. ; f rage-apples (see RAGING///, a. b).
1578 LYTE Dodoens in. Ixxxv. 438 Of Madde Apples, or
Rage Apples. 1632 LITHGOW Trail, i. 14 The violent force
of his rage swelling courtesie. 1806 J. N. WHITE Poems 54
A rage-infuriate train.
t Rage, a. Obs. [f. RAGE sb. or v. ; cf. OUT-
RAGE «.] Mad, raging ; wanton.
13.. Coer tie L. 828 Sche gahchyd herself in the vysage,
As a wymman that wolde be rage, c 1330 Amis <$• Amil.
1945 The gode man wende he hadde ben rage. 1426 LYDG.
De Gnil. Pilgr. 16367 The Rage Floode off worldly Tribula-
cion kometh. c 1430 — R eas. fy Sens. 6988 Swifter also of
passage, More than any Tigre rage. 1573 TUSSER Husb.
(1878) 214 Cocking Dads make sawsie lads In youth so rage,
to beg in age.
Rage (r/'dg), v. Also 6 St. raige, rege. [ad.
F. rager (i3th c.), f. rage RAGE so.]
1 1. intr. To go mad ; to be mad ; to act madly
or foolishly. Obs.
a 1300 Cursor Jlf. 6986 pai . . lefte be lagh of hei drihtin . .
Qua_ herd euer men sua rage ! a 1533 LD. BERNERS Hnon
cxvii. 423 Shortely delyuer vs, for we rage for famyne.
1567 Gude f, Godlie B. (S. T. S.) 203 Thay ar with dolour
pynde, And lyke to raige out of thair mynde.
2. To show signs of madness or frenzy ; to rave
in madness or fury; to act or speak wildly or
furiously ; to storm ; Sc. to scold. Also, to have
frenzied or angry feelings, to be full of anger.
a 1300 Cursor M. 7621 Saul . . Als he was won bi-gan to
rage. 13.. Coer de L. 2106 The emperour began to rage;
He grunte his teeth and fast blewe. 1528 TINDALE Obed.
Chr. ^/a«Wks. (1573) 120 Then fume we and rage and set vp
the bristels and bend owrselues to take vengeaunce. 1631
GOUGE God's Arrows i. § 71. ijq Some.. that are affected
therewith, rag_e and rave. 1667 MILTON P. L. xi. 444
Whereat hee inlie rag'd, and as they talk'd, Smote him.
1710 STEELE Tatler No. 217 p n If. .the Beauteous could
but rage a little before a Glass, and see their pretty Counte-
nances grow wild. 1815 SHELLEY Demon of IVorld 282
They did rage horribly, Breathing . . fierce blasphemies.
1868 TENNYSON Lucretius 272 She heard him raging, heard
him fall.
b. Const, against, at, upon, t with.
1519 HORMAN Vulg. 61 He suffereth men all to rayle and
rage vpon hym. 1535 COVERDALR 2 Kings xix. 27, 1 know. .
that thou ragest agaynst me. 1591 SPENSER M. Hnbberd
1088 The Tygre, and the Bore, . . with the simple Camell
raged sore In bitter words. 1596 — Slate /re/. Wks.
(Globe) 614/1 The lawes themselves they doe specially rage
upon. 1642 ROGEKS Naaman 8 A patient raging at his
Physitian. 1855 TENNYSON The Letters 26, I raged against
the public liar. 1866 MRS. CARLYLE Lett. III. 325 Hayward
was raging against the Jamaica business.
t c. Of poets : To be under inspiration, rare"1.
1611 BEAUM. & Fu Maid's Trag. i. ii, Poets, when they
rage, Turn gods to men, and make an hour an age.
1 3. To behave wantonly or riotously ; to take
one's pleasure; to play. Const, with (a person).
a 1300 Body $ Soul in Map's Poem! 347 Body, miht thou
nouht lepen to pleyen ant rage. 1303 R. BRUNNE Hand/.
Synne-j&fi To pley wyb wommen and to rage. 1390 GOWER
Conf. I. 101 Sche began to pleie & rage, c 1430 -i>r Gtxer.
(Roxb.) 7107 Ye shul haue youre will Of my maden, al
youre fill ; And rage with hir ye shal. 1508 DUNBAR Tua
Mariit U'cincn 386 Quhen he ane hail ^ear was hanyt, and
him behuffit rage. 1597 SHAKS. Lover sCcmpl. 160 When
we rage, advice is often seen By blunting us to make our
wits more keen.
b. Const, in (an action, practice, etc.).
a 1300 Cursor M. 48 A saumpul her be baem I say pat
rages in bare riot ay. 1567 (iitdc fy Cn'ifli,' />'. iS. T. S.) 151
Man was sa wylde and nyce, And ragcing in all vjxc. 1599
14-2
RAGEFUL.
SHAKS. Muck Ado iv. i. 62 Those pampred animalls, That
rage in sauage sensualitie. 1645 QUARLES Sol. Recant, iii.
28 One while we plunge in teares ; and by and by, We rage
in laughter.
4. transf. of things (e. g. wind, the sea, etc.) :
To be violent and boisterous ; to move or rush
furiously.
'535 COVERDALE Ps. xlvi. 3 The waters of the see raged.
1590 SHAKS. Two Gent, n. vii. 26 The Current that with
gentle murmur glides .. being stop'd, impatiently doth rage.
1611 BIBLE Jer. xlvi. 9 Come vp ye horses, and rage yee
charets. 1667 MILTON P. L. vi. 211 The madding Wheeles
of brazen Chariots rag'd. 1795-1814 WORDSW. hxcurs. iv.
536 Rage on, ye elements ! let moon and stars Their aspects
lend. 1819 SHELLEY Cenci iv. i. 114, I see a torrent of his
own blood raging between us. 1832 TENNYSON Sisters 21
The wind is raging in turret and tree.
b. Of passions, feelings, etc. : To have or reach
a high degree of intensity.
1583 STUBBES Anal. Abus. t. E iij b, Els it [pride] could
neuer so rage as it dooth. 1605 SHAKS. Lear \. ii. 178 His
displeasure, which at this instant so rageth in him, that . . it
would scarcely alay. 1671 MILTON Sa>nsong6-$ Thy anger,
unappeasable, still rages. 1810 SCOTT Lady of L. I. xxxv,
Wild were the heart whose passion's sway Could rage
beneath the sober ray ! 1818 SHELLEY Rev. fslam in. xxi,
Thirst raged within me. 1849 MACAULAY Hist. Eng. vi. II.
64 The passion for play raged in htm without measure.
C. Of a disturbed state of things (as a storm,
battle, etc.) : To have course, to continue or prevail,
without check or with fatal effect ; to be at th£
height. To rage out, to break out violently.
1667 MILTON P. L. i. 277 On the perilous edge Of battel
when it rag'd. 1705 ADDISON Italy 7 Sudden Tempests rage
within the Port, 1720 OZELL Vertofs Rom. Rep. I. in. 159
Discord raged out again with more Fury than ever. 1784
COWPER Task iv. 309 The frost, Raging abroad, and the
rough wind. 1871 L. STEPHEN Player. Eur. iv. (1894) 98
The gale, .evidently raged above our heads.
d. Of a disease or pain : To be violent. Also
transf*
i6oa SHAKS. Ham. iv. iii. 68 Like the Hecticke in my
blood he rages. 1611 BEAUM. & FL. flfaitfs Trag. n. i,
Some fever rages in thy blood. 1671 MILTON Samson 619
My griefs not only pain me As a lingring disease, But
..ferment and rage. 1736 C. LUCAS Ess. Waters I. 217 All
his former complaints rage with more than double fury.
1800, 1840 [see RAGING///, a. i b].
e. Of a tooth f or sore : To ache violently.
1567 TURBERV. Epit. etc. 616 That.. doth cause my ranck-
ling sore to rage. 1604 [see RAGING///, a. i c]. 1710 SWIFT
Tatler No. 238 P 3 Old Aches throb, your hollow Tooth
will rage. 1806 [see RAGING///, a. i c].
5. To be widely prevalent, or to spread widely,
in a violent or virulent form.
1563 WINJET tFour Scoir Thre Quest. Wks. 1888 I. 57
Manifest rebellioun raigeing at this praesent aganis Godis
plane word. 1737 POPE Hor. Ep. \\. L 254 Triumphant
Malice rag'd thro' private life. 1774 GOLDSM. Nat. Hist.
(1776) VII. 160 These dangers .. in other parts of the world
..still rage with all their ancient malignity. 1784 COWPER
Task in. 682 Vicious custom, raging uncontrolled Abroad,
and desolating public life.
b. esp. of epidemical diseases.
1584 COGAN Haven Health ccxliii. (1636) 320 The same
kinde of agew raged in a manner over all England. 1667
WOOD Life (O. H. S.) II. 124 The small pox rageth much
about the kingdom. 1731 BERKELEY Alciphr. in. § 16
Where an epidemical distemper rages. 1816 J. WILSON City
of Plague IIL Li 68 The Plague That rages round us. 1893
TOUT Edw. /, iii. 49 Sickness, .raged throughout the camp.
6. To act with fury, ardour, or vehemence; to
move furiously over (a place) or about.
_. -ged
over all these parts of the World. 1884 SYMONDS S/iaks.
Predec. iii. no The Devil leapt from the cart to rage about
among the people.
t b. To exercise one's rage on, upon. Obs.
c 1540 tr. Pol. Verg. Eng. Hist. (Camden No. 36) 143 Yet
these rude raskalls . . raged on the dead carkas. 1603
KNOLLES Hist. Turks (1621) 867 With the same [cruelty] he
also raged upon the meaner sort of the citizens.
1 7. With various constructions : To be violently
bent upon, to be furiously eager to (with inf.), to
be impatient for. Obs. rare.
1509 HAWES Past. Pleas. XLII. (Percy Soc.) 206 Insaciately
upon covetyse to rage. 1611 BEAUM. & FL. Maid's Trag.
i. i, My Lord, the Maskers rage for you. 1671 MILTON
Samson 1275 Violent men.. raging to pursue The righteous.
t 8. trans, (mfa. pple.} To enrage. Obs. rare.
'593 SHAKS. Rich. II, n. i. 70 Young hot Colts, being
rag'ddo rage the more.
0. refl. To bring into a certain state by raging.
1831 CARLYLE Sart. Res. n. ix, The hot Harmattan wind
had raged itself out 1839 BAILEY Festus xvi. (1852) 199
The strong passions. .Soon rage themselves to rest.
Rage, obs. f. RAO sbl Bagea, obs. f. RAJA(H.
Ragee, variant of RAGI.
Rageful (re'-d5iul), a. [f. RAGE sb. + -FUL.]
1 1. Mad, frantic, frenzied. 06s. rare.
1580 SIDNEY Arcadia in. (1598) 280 Then Sorrow lost the
witte of utterance, and grew ragefull, and madde. 1635 A.
STAFFORD Fern. Glory (1869) 143 Any other desperate signe
of ragefull sorrow.
2. Full of rage or furious anger.
1580 SIDNEY Arcadia (1622) 142 With ragefull eyes shee
bad him defend himselfe. 1599 SANDYS Europx Spec. (1632)
184 The right Zelez, ..are as malicious and ragefull against
the Protestants as ever, a 1639 W. WHATELF.Y Prototypes
II. xxix. (1640) 144 That bloudy and ragefull murder. 1741
RICHARDSON Pamela II. 245 Her fiery Eyes, and rageful
108
Countenance, made me lose all my Courage. 1855 SINGLE-
TON VirgilM. 187 Allecto doffs grim face and rageful limbs.
1885 TENNYSON Anc. Sage 269 Nor be thou rageful, like the
handled bee.
3. transf. of things : Full of furious activity.
1597 BEARD Theatre God's Jndgem. (1612) 68 The furie of
that ragcfull storme. a 1619 FOTHERBV Atheom. i. xu. § 4
(1622) 129 As if ragefull windes should bring this ratling
sound. 1668 H. MORE Div. Dial. m. L (1713) 182 Some
Chymical Liquors, .mingled together will be in such a raj
ful Fermentation, that the Glass will grow hot xl
SINGLETON Virgil II. 523 A rageful show'r hath wa
it down.
Hence Ba'gefully adv.
a 1615 DONNE Ess. (1651) 123 Ragefully tempested with
storms of persecution. 1865 Day of Rfst Oct. 585 The
Israelite was rageful ly indignant. 1874 LISLE CARR Jnd.
Givynne I. vii. 204 Again he stared ragefully and viciously.
f Ra-geless, a. Obs. rare-1. [£ RAGE sb. +
-LESS.] Devoid of rage.
i«8 T. PROCTOR Gorg. Gallery in Heliconia (1815) I. 112
With Rageles moodes they suffer wronge.
Bageman, -ment, -mon, var. RAGMAN.
Hageous (rc'-dgas), a. Obs. exc. dial. Also 5
rageouse, 5-6 ragyous, 5-8 ragious, 6 ragius.
[a. OF. rageuX) -ettsc (Godef.), f. rage RAGE sb. :
see -OUS.] Furious, mad, full of passion : a. of
persons, their attributes, actions, utterances, etc.
1440 in Wars Eng: in France (1864)11. 453 The grete trouble
. .begonne. .by the rageous demenyng of thayme of Basyle.
1490 CAXTON Eneydos xxil 81 lourned from herself for
grete sorowe in to a rageouse franesye. 1536 Rem. Sedition
i Suche ragious outcries of souldiours, noyse and brayeng
of horses. 1579 ). JONES Preserv. Bodie <y Sonle i. vii. 12
Pithagoras . . quenched . . the lusting minde ot a ragious yong
man. 1686 G. STUART Joco-Ser. Disc. 11. 30 The Rageous
Pangs that I ha' tane Wou'd e'en have burst'n a Heart o'
Stane. a 1796 PEGGE Derbicisnis. Ser. n, Ragious, full of
rage or anger, very angry. 1869- In northern glossaries
(Lonsd., Whitby, Line, etc.). 1891 ATKINSON LasfcfGiant.
Killers 57 There was a shrill peal of laughter such as to
make Mr. Wolfwald shivery as well as rageous.
t b. transf. of things (sea, 6re, etc.). Obs.
I43O~4° LYDG. Bochas I. ii. (1544) 5 The boystruous wyndes
and the ragious skie. 1551 MORE Confut. Tindale Wks.
520/1 Fierce & ragyous nre, whyche shall consume the
aduersaryes. c 1^55 HARPSFIELD Divorce Hen. VIII (1878)
177 The rageous insurges of the wind and water.
I Iriicc i Ba'geously</</z>.; fRa'geonsne>B. Obs.
1509 FiSHER&rw. 10 May Wks. (1876) 278 They ragyously
and furyously gape. 1540 HYRDE tr. Vrves* tnstr. Chr.
Worn. (1592) Ddvj, What a ragiousnes is it, to set thy
chastity common like an harlot, that thou maiest gather
riches? 1600 SURFLET Countrie Farme\i.x.\\. 758 If there
bee any water it.. will boile ragiouslie.
Rager (r^'-d^ai). Also 5 raiare. [f. RAGE v.
+ -KR!.] One who, or that which, rages.
c 1440 Promp. Parv. 422/1 Raiare (/T. ragere), rabiatort
rabitlus. 1622 S. WARD Woe to Drunkards (1627) 6 Wine
is a rager and tumultuous make-bate.
b. spec. Austral. * An old and fierce bullock or
cow that always begins to rage in the stock-yard *
(Morris Austral Eng. 1898).
1884 * R. BOLDREWOOD ' Melb. Mem. xiv, 105 Amongst them
was a large proportion of bullocks, which declined with
fiendish obstinacy to fatten. They were what are known by
the stock-riders as ' ragers ' or ' pig-meaters '. 1890 — Col.
Reformer (1891) 223 The * rager ' cuts through the opposing
ranks like a dragoon through Chinese infantry.
t Ra'gery. Obs. In 4-5 ragerie, -ye. [a. OF.
ragerie (Godef.) : see RAGE sb. and -ERY.] Raging ;
wantonness, etc. ; a frolic.
c 1386 CHAUCER Wife's Prol. 455, I was yong and ful of
ragerye. 1390 GOWER Conf. 1 1 . 337 Diane . . Was come, and
in a ragerie Sche seide that sche bathe wolde. 1422 HOCCLEVE
Jonatkas 221 Fro your fyngir mighte it fall, Or plukkid of
been in a ragerie.
Rag-fair, [f. RAG sll + FAIR j£.l] A mar-
ket for the sale of old clothes, held at Hounds-
ditch in London.
i7»a DE FOE Col. Jack (1840) 14 Fll go into Rag fair, and
buy me a pair of shoes. 1805 TURNBULL in Naval Chron.
XIV. 193 The cellars of Rag-fair. 1855 DICKENS Dorrit ix,
Such threadbare coats and trousers . . never were seen in
Rag Fair. 1894-5 Dickens' Diet. Lond. 135 s.v. Jews, Rag
Fair,, .the greatest old clothes market of the metropolis, is
held in a open space close to Houndsditch. Sunday morning
is its busiest time.
attrib. ijn DE FOE Col. Jack (1840) 14 We bought . . a
pair of Rag fair stockings. 1788 WOLCOTT (P. Pindar)
B. Peter to B. Tom Wks. 1812 I. 535 Bartering like Rag-fair
Jews. 1840 LOUISA S. COSTELLO Summer amongst Bocages
II. 2^6 Quantities of ready-made clothes .. all of coarse
materials, .giving a Rag-fair effect, anything but pleasing.
fig. 1831 CARLYLE Sart. Res. in. in, The tatters and rags
of., worn-out Symbols (in this Ragfair of a World),
b. slang. (See quots.)
1785 GROSE Diet. Vvlg. Tongue, Rag Fair, an inspection of
the linen and necessaries of a company of soldiers, commonly
made by their officers on Mondays, or Saturdays. 1890
BAKRERE & LELAND Slang Diet. (1897), Rag-fair .., kit
inspection.
Bag-fallow, -faugh. Sc. [The sense of rag
is not clear.] (See quots.) So Bag -fallowing.
1793-5 G. ROBERTSON Agric, Surv. Mid. Lothian 3 (Jam.)
Rag-fauch is ground ploughed up, and prepared for wheat,
that has been two years in grass, and generally gets three
furrows. 1805 R. SOMERVILLE-^^/C. Sitrv, E, Lothian no
Rag-fallow, .consists in ploughing the clover down imme-
diately after the first cutting. 1855 STF.PHENS Bk, Farm
(ed. 2) II. 266/1 A kind of fallowing, technically named rag-
fallowing, ..consists in pulverising lea ground in summer
as a preparation for wheat in autumn.
BAGGED.
Ragg : see RAG st.'2
Raggabash, -brash, variants of RAGABASH.
Raggamouff, obs. variant of KAGAMUFF.
Raggamuffian -muffin, obs. ff. RAGAMUFFIN.
Bagged (rs-ged), fl.l Forms : a. 3-5 ragget,
5 -eth, 4-9 Sc. -it, 6 -at ; 4 raggede, (-ud, 4-5
-id, 5-6 -yd, 6 -ued), 6 wragged, 3- ragged. /3.
5 ragyt, 5-6 -it ; 4-6 raged, (5 -ud, 5-6 -yd).
7. 6 ragd.e, 6-7 rag'd, 8-9 north, dial, ragg'd,
raggt. [f. RAG sbl + -ED; but the early uses
(senses i and 2) are not directly based on the
prominent sense of the sb., and may have retained
an older and more general meaning of the word
(cf. RAGGY, and Norw. ragget shaggy).]
I. 1. Of animals, their fur, etc. : Rough, shaggy,
ine in tufts.
13. . K. A/is. 684 His men him brought. .A grisly best,
a ragged colt. Ibid. 4471 A raggid wolf, a 1400 Octmiian
830 That fole, Raggeth.and hegh, and long of swere. (-1450
Arth. H Merl. L 1585 (Kfilbing) His tayle was ragged [v. r.
raggud] as a feond. 1579 SPENSER Skefk. Cat. Feb. 5 My
ragged rentes all shiver and shake. 1697 DRYDEN Virg. Past.
in. i What Shepherd owns those ragged Sheep? 1786 BURNS
Dream xi, Aft a ragged cowte's been known To mak a noble
aiver. 1791 ' G. GAMBADO' Ann. Horsem. (1809) Pref. 55
To preserve a ragged flock of sheep from the rot 1859
KINGSLEY Misc. (1860) II. 237 A pair of ragged ponies.
f b. Of the Devil or devils, imagined as shaggy
like beasts. 06s. (Cf. RAGAMUFFIN, RAGMAN'.)
a 1300 in Map's Poems (Camden) 338 A thousend dcvelene
..the! weren ragged, roue, and tayled. £1320 LANGTOFT
Chron. (Rolls) II. 248 The devel I them bikenne That ragged
sit in helle. c 1460 Tmuneley Myst. viii. 414 Help 1 the
raggyd dwyll, we drowne !
c. Of birds: Having the feathers broken, or
irregularly disposed, rare.
1508 DUNBAR Flyting 57 Revin, raggit ruke, and full of
rebaldrie. 1611 COTOR., Faulcon halbrene, a Faulcon thats
ragged, or broken-feathered.
2. Of a rough, irregular, or straggling form;
having a broken jagged outline or surface ; full of
rough or sharp projections.
a. of roots, branches, plants, trees, etc.
13.. Gam. f, Gr. Kit. 745 With roje raged mosse. 1361
LANGL. P. PI. A. x. 120 Out of a ragged roote and of rouwe
breres. 1390 GOWER Can/. II. 177 'I hat was to day a ragged
tre, To morwe. .Slant in the temple wel besein. 1:1470
Gal. fr Caw. 854 As roise ragit on rise. 1598 SYLVESTER
Dv Bartas n. i. iv. 104 The ragged Bramble With thousand
scratches doth their Skin bescramble. 1664 EVELYN Kal.
Hart, (1729) 105 Rosemary thrives better by cutting off the
Sprigs, than by ragged slips. 1794 COWPER Needless Alarm
14 Wide yawns a gulf beside a ragged thorn. 1860 RUSKIN
Mod. Paint. V. vi. x. § 12. 97 Leaves rent into alternate
gaps . . give the expression to foreground vegetation which
we feel and call ' ragged '.
b. of stones, rocks, cliffs, buildings, etc.
c 1400 Destr. Troy 12559 Roches full rogh, ragget with
stones, c 1435 Torr. Portugal 194 Ther lay a gret Ragyd
ston. 1579 LYLY Euphues (Arb.) 120 One may. .weare the
precious Diamonde though he dispise the ragged bricke.
1595 SPENSER Cot. Clout 114 That auncient Cittie. .Whose
ragged mines breed great ruth. 1631 LITHGOW Trav. x.
447 [Toledo] is situate on a ragged Rocke. 1695 J. EDWARDS
Perfect. Script. 285 This ragged pile was of much antienter
date. 1741 COLLINS Eel. iv. 19 Yon ragged cliff, whose
dang'rous path we tried. 1860 TYNDALL Glac. I. xviii. 128
I descended, .through a second ragged fissure.
C. of a stretch of ground or country.
1555 EDEN Decades 350 The toppe of the mountayne
sheweth very ragged. 1607 J. NORDEN Surv. Dial. v. 203
Euen the best meddowes will become ragged and full of
unprofitable weeds, if it bee not cut and eaten. 1697 DAM*
PIER Voy. (1729) 1. 256 To the West of this ragged Land is
a Chain of Mountains. 1796 MRS. E. PARSONS Myst.
Warning III. 188 A ragged and unfrequented part of the
hill. 1867 TROLLOPE Chron. Barset II. 1. 65 A path led
through a ragged garden.
d. of other things.
a 1400-50 Alexander 5133 Rynoseros, a roghe best with
raggid! tyndis. 1598 SHAKS. Merry IV. iv. iv. 31 Herne the
Hunter., with great rag'd-hornes. 1664 POWER Exp.
Philos. i. 53 A right line either printed or drawn never so
neatly upon paper appears all ragged, indented, and dis-
continued. 1811 SHELLEY Prometh. Unli. m. ii, Through
the thick ragged skirts Of the victorious darkness. 1873
BLACK Pr. Thule vii. 112 The wind sent ragged bits of
yellow cloud across the shining blue.
fe. absol. as sb. The rough part, roughness.
a 1300 Ancr. R. 284 note (MS. C.>, pe file fret of be irn be
rust & tet ragget, & makeS hit hwit & smeOe.
3. transf. of immaterial things (in some cases
perh. directly associated with sense 5) :
a. Faulty, imperfect, irregular.
c 1500 Priests ofPetlis 1044, 1 am red that my count be ovir
raggit. 1579 E. K. Ded. Spenser's Slieph. Cal. T ij, Theyr
rough sounde would make his rymes more ragged and
rustical. 1621 QUARLES Argalus f, P. (1678) no Aid me and
inspire My ragged rhimes, with thy diviner fire. 01864
HAWTHORNE Eng. Note-oks.(\fyg) I. i33Uttering one rough,
ragged, and shapeless sentence after another. 1888 MRS. H.
WARD K. Elsmere iv. xxx, His work.. He saw it all as the
merest nothing, a ragged beginning. 1894 Times 6 Mar. 7/2
Regan to row at 33 strokes a minute. The work was done in
ragged fashion.
b. Of sounds : Harsh, discordant, rough.
1600 SHAKS. A. Y.L. II. v. 15 My voice is ragged; I know
I cannot please you. 1633 G. HERBERT Temple, Redemp-
tion, I heard a ragged noise and mirth Of Theeves and
Murderers. 1840 DICKENS Barn. Kudge viii, A voice as
ragged as the head.
. . . . .
IV. IV. 109, I am come upp raggedlie suted and clothed.
a' H«S'" in C°IL PIK'"* 37 All raggedly torn,
The grass grew tall and raggedly in the shaded corners.
Raggedness (r:e-gednes). [f. RAGGED a.l +
-NESS.] The fact or condition of being ragged.
1. Roughness ; irregularity of form, surface, etc.
1538 ELVOT Diet., Lamx, the raggydnesse of rockes. 1601
HOLLAND Pliny xxxn. x. 448 The grosse pickle sauce called
\le.x. .cureth the raggednesse of nails. 1610 DONNE Lett.
(1051) 224 You have been so long used to my hand that I
stand not to excuse the hasty raggednesse of this letter. 1658
EVELYN French Gardiner (1675) 71 Pared away the ragged-
nesse which the saw hath left. 1725 BRADLEY Fain. Did.
s.v .Shoeing of Horses, The raggedness also on the outside
of the coffin should be fil'd away.
2. Ragged state of clothing or persons.
iSSoSlUNEY.-JraKrVVi ,„. (I5Q8) 2g7 His decking, .being cut
out int., the fashion ofvery rags : yet all so daintily ioynetl
together with precious stones, as it was a braue raggednesse.
1005 SIIAKS. Lear in. iv. 31 Your lop'd, and window'd
ragjjgdnesse. 1718-9 SWIFT Lett. , to Worrall 13 Jan. (1766)
BAGGED.
4. Her. = RAGULY.
1562 LEIGH Armorie (1597) 31 b, He beareth Geules, a
long crosse ragged and trunked Argent. 1727-41 CHAMBERS
Cycl. s.v. Ragitlcd. Ragged differs from indented, in that
the latter is regular, and the former not.
II. 5. Of cloth, garments, etc. : Rent, torn,
frayed, in rags.
c 1325 Alexis 155 in Horstm. Altengl. Leg. (1881) 177 Full
raggid and riuen wase his clathis. 1377 LANGL. P. PI. B.
xi. 33 Recchelesnes stode forth in ragged clothes, c 1400
Destr. Troy 13525 A Roket full rent, and Ragget aboue.
1567 Add. MS. 6167, If. 203 b in Gross Gild Merck. II. 93
Which booke is so ragged, torne, and rent one peece from
another. 1509 SHAKS. Hen. V, iv. ii. 41 Their ragged Cur-
taines poorely are let loose, 1709 STEELE Tatlcr No, 37
p 3 Are your Petticoats ragged ? 1745 POCOCKE Descr. East
II. i. 1 66 Their sheik .. came out to us in a ragged habit of
green silk, lined with fur. 1870 DICKENS E. Drood i, He
draws back the ragged curtain.
b. Of places : Dilapidated, broken-down, rare.
tSog WORDSW. Prelude m. 465 Ragged villages and crazy
huts. 1851 S. JUDD Margaret xv. 124 A small, low, ragged
room.
8. Of persons : Wearing ragged clothes ; dressed
in rags. Hence of appearance, etc.
c '375 Sc. Leg. Saints xlvi. (Anastas) 186 Fra bat place
ban vald he ga, raggit & rent & blak alswa. c 153" Court
of Love 478 To wander lich a dulled ass, Ragged and torne,
disgysed in array. 1570 GOLDING Justin xxvnl. 127 No
better but a sort of ragged Shepeheardes. 1643 VICARS
God in Mount (1644) 78 A ragged regiment of malignant
and ill-affected persons. 1781 GIBBON Decl. ff F. xxxi. III.
215 A swarm of dirty and ragged plebeians. 1850 L. HUNT
Autobiog. xx. 319 These coadjutors were.. the raggedest
fellows in Genoa. 1876 BESANT & RICE Gold. Butterfly
Prol. ii, He was in no way discomfited by any sense of
false shame as to his ragged appearance.
7. Combs, and phrases, as ragged-looking adj. ;
t ragged-apples (see quot.) ; ragged hip, in a
horse : a hip standing away from the backbone
(\tenceragged-hipfedaA}.}; ragged- jacket, fregi-
ment (see quots.) ; Bagged Bobert (see quot.) ;
ragged school, a free school for children of the
poorest class. See also RAGGED ROBIN, STAFF.
1601 HOLLAND Pliny xv. xiv. 438 The "ragged-apples
Panmicea take this name, for that of all others they soonest
be riveld. 1799 Sporting Mag. XIV. 185 The goose-rump
as welt as the "ragged hip (is] another angular infringement
of Hogarth's curve of beauty. 1843 YOUATT Horse xvii.
353 Many a "ragged-hipped horse has possessed both fleet.
ness and strength. 1898 J. A. GIBBS Cotswold Village 345
Well ribbed up, he is at the same time rather 'ragged-hipped'.
1884 GOODE Use/. Aquatic Anim. 62 The young [of the
Harp Seal] when first born, are called by the Newfoundland
sealers ' White-coats ' ; later, during the first molt, ' "Ragged-
jackets'. 1884 ' H. COLLINGWOOD' (W. J. C. Lancaster)
Under Meteor Flag 3 Dull, dirty, "ragged-looking clouds.
1770 in Arcltxologia I. 37 note This table of pictures is fixed
over the press [in Westminster Abbey] wherein the effigies
of the kings vulgarly called, The "ragged regiment, are
placed. 1763 LAYARD in PAH. Trans. LVI. 18 The herb
Geranium Robertianum, commonly called "Ragged Robert.
1843 Times iS Feb. 1/3 Advt. [headed] ' "Ragged Schools '.
1847 COCKBURN Jrnl. II. 172 There was a public meeting
here on the gth instant [April] in favour of what are now
called ' ragged schools '.
Hence Ba-gg-edish a., somewhat ragged. Ra-g-
gedy (Sc. Ba-ggety) a., of ragged appearance.
1837 New Monthly Mag. XLIX. 235 A large, rather
raggedish, arm-chair. 1894 CROCKETT Raiders 211 Fore and
aft of the herd there were raggety boys holding the beasts
in check. 1899 Pall Mall G. 26 Dec. 2/1 A man with, .un-
pleasant-looking, raggedy teeth.
Bagged (rsegd), a. 2 (or ///«.) dial. [Of
obscure origin ; connexion with prec. is not clear.]
Covered with fruit ; thickly laden.
1661 HICKERINGILL Jamaica i6Asort of Cabbage trees,
rag'd with berries, a 1796 PEGGE Derbicisms Ser. I. 1877-
In dial, glossaries (Yks., Line.).
Ragged (rsegd), ///. a. [f. RAO v.3] Sub-
jected to the process of ragging (vbl. sb.Z).
1875 Ure's Diet. Arts II. 76 In the process of cobbing,
either ragged or spalled work.
Raggedemuffin, obs. form of RAGAMUFFIN.
Raggedly (ne-gedli), adv. [f. RAGGED
+ -LY Zj ln a ragged manner.
109
II. 89 My raggedness will soon force me away. 1816 W
TAYLOR in Monthly Rev. LXXXI. 121 That ignoble ragged-
ness with which Aristophanes reproaches this tragedian.
1859 SALA Tiv. round Clock (1861) 96 His silk gown is
shabby, almost to raggedness.
3. jig. Want of coherence, connexion, etc. rare.
1590 C. S. Right Kclig. 32 These painted clothes bewray
the raggednesse of their religion. 1616 HIERON Wks. I. 586
The more aduised, holding it vp (as it were) against the
light, see the rawnesse and raggednesse and independance
of that which is deliuered.
4. Irregularity, lack of uniformity.
1885 Manch. Guard. 28 Mar. 6/6 The most noticeable
faults of the Cantabs are bad time and raggedness of feather.
1894 Times 4 June 1 1/5 The most remarkable feature of the
shooting was the raggedness of the volleys.
Bagged Robin. [See ROBIN.] One of the
popular names of a well-known English flower,
Lychnis Floscucttli. Also attrib.
RAGLAN.
spinney lake. 1871 BLACK Adv. Phaeton II. xx. 92 The
viscid petals of the Ragged Robin glimmered a bright
crimson. 18515 RUSKIN Fors Clav. V. 279, I have been
quietly drawing ragged-robin leaves.
b. transf. A ragged person.
1826 SCOTT Woodsi. ii, I took thee up when thou wert but
a ragged Robin, made a keeper of thee and so forth. 1859
TENNYSON Geraint 724 The Prince Hath pick'd a ragged-
robin from the hedge, And.. brought her to the court.
Bagged staff. [RAGGED 0.1 2.]
1. A staff with projecting stumps or knobs ;
chiefly in reference to the badge or crest of the
Earls of Warwick.
1449 Pol. Poems (Rolls) II. 222 The Bere..hath lost his
ragged staffe. 1556 Chron. Gr. Friars (Camden) 73 The
pepulle sayd dyvers that ther was the ragyd staffe. 1593
SHAKS. 2 Hen. VI, v. i. 203 Old Neuils Crest, The rampant
Beare chain'd to the ragged staffe. 1685 TEMPLE Ess.,
Gardens Wks. 1731 I. 185 [Vines] should be left but like a
Ragged Staff, not above two or three Eyes at most upon
the Bearing Branches. 1778 Enf. Gazetteer (ed. 2) s. v.
Penrith, A town-house, .beautified with bears climbing up
a ragged staff. 1856 EMERSON Eng. Traits, Aristocracy
Wks. (Bohn) II. 78 The black ragged staff, his badge.
2. Nattt. (See quot.)
1805 W. HUNTER in Naval Chron. XIII. 13, I was one
day watering at the ragged Staff. [Note. So called from the
Stump Mast.. fitted into the Launch, when sent to get
water, in order to hoist the Casks in and out.]
Raggee, var. RAGI. Raggeman, -muffin,
obs. ff. RAGMAN, RAGAMUFFIN.
Ra-gger. [f. RAG v.i 2 b.] One who sorts
needles by means of a rag.
1861 WYNTER Sac. Bees 180 Heads and points still lie
together, and in order to put them all in the same direction,
the ( ragger ' is employed.
Raggery (ra-gari). rare. [f. RAG si>.i + -EBY.]
a. Ragged people, b. Rags, collectively.
1843 THACKERAY Irish Sk.-bk. viii, Round the coach came
crowds of raggery, and blackguards fawning for money.
1854 — Newcomcs xxxv, Grim portentous old hags, .draped
in majestic raggery.
Ragghe, obs. f. RAG sb* Raggi, var. RAGI.
Ba-ggiug, vbl. Jv5.1 rare-1, [f. RAG z>.l]
concr. Ragged edges or projections.
1683 MOXON Mech. Exerc., Printing xvi, To Justifie the
Mold, and clear it from Ragging.
Ra-gging, vbl. sb? [f. RAG z/.2] The action
of scolding, annoying, etc. ; an instance of this
1796 GROSE Diet. Vulg. Tongue (ed. 3) s.v. Rag, She gave
him a good ragging. 1893 Daily News 25 Sept. 5/3 Com-
memoration Week exercises at Oxford furnished.. the most
audacious examples of ' ragging '. 1899 T. M. ELLIS Three
Cat's^ye Rings 114 What a ragging we should get !
Ragging, vbl. sl/.3 [f. RAG z<.3]
1. (See quot. and cf. RAG zi.3)
1875 Ure's Diet. Arts II. 78 Ragging.. consists simply in
reducing the stones to a smaller size, and rejecting as many
of the sterile stones as can be readily picked out.
attrib. 1875 Ure's Diet. Arts II. 76 The ragging hammer
should . . be brought into free requisition. 1878 Ibid. IV.
(Suppl.) 618 Steel ragging sledge, 7lb. weight.
2. Ore of a certain class (see quots.). Also//.
1878 Ure's Diet. Arts IV. (Suppl.) 618 The ores are divided
chatts or ragging, must be separately treated.
Baggie (rse-g'l), sli.l Sc. [Of obscure origin
and history : cf. the vb.] A groove cut in stone,
esp. on a wall to receive the end or edge of a roof.
1881 D. H. FLEMING Guide St. Andrews 55 The raggle of
the roof and the ragged marks of the wall are still seen on
the west front of the tower. 1895 E. M. CHALMERS St.
Niman's Candida Casa 9 The raggle cut in the stone for the
roof.
t Ra-ggle, sb* Sc. Obs.—1 Straggling order.
1594 in Tytler Hist. Scot. (1864) IV. 222 [Marching, as
described by an eye-witness] at raggle and in plumps
without order.
Ra-ggle, st.3 U.S. [f. RAG sb. + -LK] A
rag, a strip (of fur, etc.).
1888 Cosmopolitan (quoted in Cent. Diet.}.
Raggle (rarg'l), v. [? f. RAGGLE sl>.1 ; but the
vbl. sb. is found much earlier than this.] a. trans.
To cut a raggle in (stone), b. = HOUSE v. 4 d.
Hence Ha'ggling vbl. sir.
1683 MARTINE Relia. Divi Andreas (1797) 183 The chaple
' o raggle. . in arcnuecture, to jagg, to make a grc ..^
stone for receiving another. 1833 LOUDON Encycl. Arch
§ 1066 All the treads and risers to be raggled (housed) into
strings.
Ra-ggling. Build. A ceiling-joist (see quot.)
1833 LOUDON Encycl. A rch. § 983 Common rafters 3 inches
by 2 inches and a half; ragghngs, 3 inches and a half bv
2 inches.
tRaggmall. Obs. rare-1. ?= RAGAMUFFIN.
1581 J. BELL Haddon's Ans-w. Osor. 276 New straunge
stragglers, bussardly blynde and unknowne Raggmalles.
Baggy (rae-gi), a. Also 4 raggi, 6-7 raggie.
[Ok. ragftf, app. f. *ragg RAG sil (q.v.). Cf.
Sw. raggig shaggy, rough.] •= RAGGED a.
a 1 100 in Napier O. E. Glosses 131/5191 Setosa., . . raggie,
loc[code]. (Cf. ibid. 155/30 Setosa, racgije.) c 1320 LANG-
TOFT Chron. (Rolls) II. 248 The roghe raggi sculke Rug
l:am in helle ! 1483 Cath. Angl. 299/1 Raggy,/ra<:W/ojKj.
1567 DRANT Horace, Ef. 11. i. G viij, Raggie rugged r> mes.
1601 HOLLAND Plitty xiv. vi, Upon a stony and raggie hill.
1750 RUTTY in Phil. Trans. LI. 472 A sediment .. partly
white and raggy. x8aa Blackw. Mag. XII. 785 [It] sent up
only weeded, raggy, and mixed crops. 1876 SMILES Sc.
Natur. ii. (ed. 4) 38 His clothes were thin and raggy.
Comb. 1600 E. BLOUNT Hasp. Incur. Fooles 8 His traine
of three or fower raggie heeld followers.
Raght(e, rajt(e, obs. ff. pa. t. REACH.
Bagi (ra'gz), raggy (rargi). Also rag(g)ee,
raggi. [Hind! (Skr.) ragi.] One of the food-
grains of India (Eleusine coracana).
1791 in G. R. Gleig Life Sir T. Munro (1830) III. 92 (Y.)
The season for sowing raggy, rice, and bajera. TBooAsiat.
Ann. Reg., Misc. Tr. 178/2 A small quantity of dry grain,
such as raggy and Indian corn. 1869 E. A. PARKES fract.
Hygiene (ed. 3) 228 Raggy or Ragee..is largely used in
Southern India. 1889 Daily News 3 July 4/8 The prices of
rice and ragi are still rising.
Ragia, obs. form of RAJA(H.
Raging (r^-dsiij), vbl. sb. [f. RAGE v. +
-ING V) The action of the vb. in various senses.
c 1320 Sir Benes (MS. A) 1673 Ase J?ai sete in here raging,
In at be dore Beues gan spring, c 1430 Freemasonry 768
Lawje thou not . . Ny make no ragynge with ey-body. 1561
HOLLYBUSH Horn. Afoth. 21 Thys alayeth the heate and
ragynge of the heade. 1604 E. G[RIMSTONE] D'Acosta's
Hist. Indies in. xiii. i6r The tempests and raging of the
sea. 1631 GOUGE God's Arrows i. § 66. no Let not .. the
present raging of this plague too much daunt us. 1711
Fingall MSS. in icM Ref. Hist. MSS. Comni.App. V. 193
He fell into a fitt of rag_eing a little before he dyed. 1810
SOUTHEY Kehama xx. vi, The travellers hear The raging of
the flood. 1892 ZANGWILL Bow Mystery 137 His most un-
gentlemanly raging and raving.
Raging (r^'dgirj), ///. a. [f. as prec. + -ING 2.]
1. That rages, in various senses of the vb.
1483 Cath. Angl. 298/2 Ragynge, rabians, rabidits. 15..
Jerusalem, reioss in Dunbar's Poems (1893) 322 The regeand
tirrant that in the rang, Herod, is exilit. 1335 COVERDALE
ig_ing love, a 1680 BUTLER Ketn. (1759)
I. 116 Man, with raging Drink inflam'd, Is far more savage
and untam'd. 1697 VANBRUGH Relapse v. ii, Behold this
raging lion at your feet. 1727-46 THOMSON Summer 432
'Tis raging noon ; and vertical, the sun Darts, .his forceful
rays. 1866 G. MACDONALD Ann. Q. Neighb. xxx. (1878) 523
Beyond the reach of all the raging storms.
Comb. 1562 PILKINGTON Expos. Abdyas Pref. 8 Summer
is raging hoate. 1592 SHAKS. Ven, ff Ad. 1151 Lone, .shall
be raging mad, and sillie milde.
b. Of a disease or pain : Violent.
1695 New Light Chirurg. put out 58 Brought the Gentle-
man into a raging Fever, z&oo MRS. HERVEY Mourtray
Fam. III. 234, I have such a raging head-ache. 1840
DICKENS OldC. Shop Ixiii, Mr. Richard. . was stricken with
a raging fever.
c. Of a tooth : Aching furiously.
1604 SHAKS. Oth. in. iii. 414 Being troubled with a raging
tooth, I could not sleepe. 1806 H. SIDDONS Maid, Wi/e, <$•
Widow m. 246 Some opium I had concealed for a raging
tooth.
1 2. Baging (love) apples, = ' mad apples '
(q. v.). Baging nightshade (see quot.). Obs.
1578 LYTE Dodoens in. Ixxxv. 438 There be two kindes of
Nightshade.
Ragingly (r^i'dgirjli), adv. [f. prec. + -LY 2.]
In a raging manner, vehemently, furiously.
1549 COVERDALE, etc. Erasin. Par. Eph. vi. (1551) 14 The
enemyes and foes of Christe, whose champions and instru-
mentes those are, that ragingly assault vs. 1600 SURFLET
Conntrie Farme i. viii. 35 If the winde called Typhon . .
doe blow ragingly. a 1677 MANTON Serin. Ps. cxix, Ixxxvi.
Wks. 1872 VII. 232 Pestilence doth not ragingly spread.
1840 CULT Demon of Destiny viii. 57 Satan glared ragingly.
1879 G. MEREDITH Egoist I. v. 77 He had wooed her rage-
ingly ; he courted her becomingly.
So f Ba-g-ingjness, fury. Obs. rare -'.
1621 MOLLE Camerar. Liv. Libr. n. xviii. 132 The raging-
nesse of the dogs upon the poore and naked.
Pagipou, Ragius, obs. ff. RAJPOOT, RAGEOUS.
Rag'lau (rce'glan). [f. the name of Lord
Raglan, the British commander in the Crimean
war.] An overcoat without shoulder seams, the
sleeve going right up to the neck. (See also quot.
1881.) Also attrib.
1864 in Wi-:BSTt:K. 1867 F. H. LUDLOW Little Brother 44
Distant visions of black whiskers and big Raglans. 1881
JEH ERSON DAVIS Rise /) l-'aU Confcd. Govt. II. 701, 1 picked
RAGLEB.
110
BAG-TAG.
up what was supposed to be my ' raglan ', a waterproof, light
overcoat, without sleeves. 1898 Tailor $ Cutter Dec. 162/1
(heading) The Raglan Overcoat.
t Kagler. Obs. Also -lar, -lor. [ad. W.
rhaglaw deputy, f. rhag before + law hand. In
L. documents of the 14-15111 c. the form rag(e)-
lotusis used ; also rag(e}lotia, ragloria raglership.]
The chief officer in a Welsh commot ; a sheriff or
constable. Hence fRa'glership. Obs.
1408 in Rymer /<W«ra (ed. a) VII 1. 547 L 'office de Raglore
de les Commotes de Generglyn & Hannynyok. 1485 Rolls
ofParlt. VI. 353/2 The Raglorships of the Advowres of the
same Counties. 1577 in Archxologia (1829) XXII. 330 An
Abstract of the Office of Raglershipp. 1579 Ibid. 334 The
. . profy tt of the Office of Kagler.
Ra-glet. rare—1, [f. RAG j£.l + -LET.] A
small rag or scrap.
1836-48 B. D. WALSH Arisloph.^ Achamians n. iv. 45
Give me a raglet out of your old play.
Ragly, obs. form of RALLY z/.1
Bagman * (rae-gmaen). Also (sense i) 4 ragge-
man, rageman, -mon, 6 Sc. ragmen, [f. RAQ
jtf.1 + MAN.]
fl. A name given to the Devil, or one of the
devils. (Cf. RAGAMUFFIN i, RAGGED <z.l i b, and
Sw. Ragg-en). Obs. rare.
1377 LANGL. P. PI. B. xvi. 89 Go robbe that raggeman
and reue the fruit fro hym. 1393 Ibid. C. xix. 122 To ran-
sake that rageman and reue hym bus apples. 15.. in
Bannatyne MS. 76 [Christ] that ransomt ws vpoun the
rude Fra ruffy ragmen and his route. Ibid. 302 Ruffy
Ragmen with his taggis Sail ryfe thair sinful! saule in
raggis.
t 2. A ragged person. Obs. rare~°.
c 1440 Promp. Parv. 421/2 Ragmann, or he that goythe
wythe iaggyd [z/.nraggyd] clothys,/*w»«/a«f.
3. A rag-gatherer, rag-dealer.
1586 DAY Eng. Secretary (1625) no He is become a sworne
brother of the rag-mans number. 1660 BURNEY KtfpS. Awpor
(1661) 99 They were too base to make Gunpowder on, and
below the Market of a Ragman. 1731 BERKELEY Alciphr.
ii. § 2 He sets the Paper-mills at work, by which the poor
Rag-man is supported. 1763 T. PRICE Life B. M. Carew
217 Happening to meet with a brother ragman .. they
joined company. 1833 Boston Herald 19 Mar. 4/4 The
ragman came up, and began to call me about the cards.
b. Contemptuously, a banker. (Cf. RAG ^.13.)
1811 COBBETT Rur. Rides (1885) I. 18 [Tax collectors] will
receive the country rags, if the rag-man can find, and will
give security for the due payment of his rags.
t Ra'gman -. Obs. Forms : 3-5 rageman,
4 -mon, -meut; 4, 6 raggeman; 4-7 ragman,
5 -man(n)e ; 5-7 Sc, ragment, (6 -men). [Of
obscure origin and history. In the absence of any
plausible etym. the development of senses can
only be conjectural, and is perh. not properly
illustrated by the existing material.
In early examples the invariable spelling is rage>nan,a.pp.
implying three syllables ; but the form ragman is clearly
proved for the isth c. by the rimes in the Towneley Myst.\
1. The name given to a statute of 4 Edw. I (ap-
pointing justices to hear and determine complaints
of injuries done within 25 years previous), and
to certain articles of inquisition associated with
proceedings of Quo Warranto under this statute.
See Placita de Quo Warranto (1818) pp. xvi-xvii.
1176 in Statutes Realm I. 44 Statutum de justic'. assign'. ;
quod vocatur Rageman. 1280 Assize Roll (P. R. O.) No. 670
Placita de Ragemannis et de Quo Warranto coram ]. de
ValHbus et sociis suis, justitiariis itinerantibus in comitatu
Noting hamiae. 1292 in Piacita de Quo Warranto (1818) 378
Juratores de Ragemann' praesentaverunt quod [etc.]. Ibid.
382 b, De hits quae praesentata sunt in le Rageman.
2. A roll, list, catalogue. Also Roll of Ragman
= RAGMAN BOLL.
c 1394 P. PI. Crede 180 per is none heraud bat haj? half
swicn a rolle, Ri?t as a rageman haj> rekned hem newe.
c 1450 Pol. Poems (Rolls) II. 228 Pite for to here the people
. . nken up the ragmanne of the hole rowte, That servyth
silvyre and levyth the law oute. c 1460 Towneley Myst.
xxx. 224 Here a rolle of ragman of the rownde tabille, Of
breffes in my bag, man, of synnes dampnabille.
b. Sc. A long discourse, rhapsody, rigmarole.
1506 DUNBAR Tua Mariit Wemen 162, I sail a ragment
reveil fra [the] rule of my hert. 1513 DOUGLAS &neis^ vin.
Prol, 147 He raucht me a roll : to reyd I begane The riotest
ane ragment wyth mony rat rane. 1536 LYNDKSAY Answ.
King's Fly ting i Redoutit Roy, gour ragment I haue red.
a 1585 POLWART Flyting w. Montgomerie 142^ I laugh to
see the bluiter Glor in thy ragments, rash to raill.
3. A game of chance, app. played with a written
roll having strings attached to the various items
contained in it, one of which the player selected
or 'drew' at random.
In one form the game was a mere amusement, the items in
the roll being verses descriptive of personal character : see
Wright Anecd. Lit. (1844) 76-82 and Hazlitt E. Pop. Poetry
(1864) I. 68. But that of quot. 1377 was probably a method
of gambling, forbidden under penalty of a fine. In the other
quots. the word may be a proper name, as in b.
c 1*90 MS. Digby 86, If. 162 [Heading of a set of French
verses.] Ragemon le bon. 1377 Durham Halmote Rolls
(Surtees) 140 De Thoma Breuster et Ricardo de_Holm quia
ludaveruntad ragement contra pcenam in diversisHalmotis
positam sew. condonatur usque 2s. 1390 GOWER Conf. III.
355 Venus, which slant.. In noncertem, but as men drawe
Of Rageman upon the chance.
b. King Ragman, feigned to be the author of
the voll used in playing the game.
ci4oo MS. Fair/ax 16 in Had. E. P. P. I. 69 This rolle
which.. Kynge Ragman bad me sowe in brede. . . Drawith
a strynge [etc.]. c 1500 Lenvoy ofPrynter in Dodsley O. PI.
(1827) XI 1. 308 Go ly tyl rolle . . Excuse thy prynter . . Layenge
the faute on kynge Ragman holly, Whiche dyde the make
many yeres ago.
4. A document (contract, agreement, indenture,
etc.) with seals attached.
App. by transference from sense 3, the pendent seals being
compared to the strings; etc. attached to the roll used in the
game : cf. quot. a 1350 in b.
1362 LANGL. P. PI. A. Prol. 72 [The pardoner] rauhte with
his ragemon ringes and broches. 1376 Rolls Parlt. 1 1. 324/2
Une lettre. .sealees des sealx des plusours Seignurs de Bre-
taigne, appellee Ragman. Ibid.* Le dit Rageman. 1399 in
Rymery'ir<&r<z(ed. 2) VI 1 1.109 De RaggemannisComburen-
dis. Ibid.t Per diversa Scripta, Cartas sive Literas Patentes,
vocata Raggemans sivc Blank Chartres, Sigillis eorumdem
Subditorum separation consignata. ^i^sWvNTOuK Cron.
vi. xvii. 1722 Thai consentyd than And mad apon this a rag-
man Wyth mony sellys off lordys. c 1470 HENRY Wallace
x. 1149 The Bruce and he completyt furth thar bandis;
Syn that samyn nycht thai sellyt with thar handis. This
ragment left the Bruce with Cumyn thar.
b. spec. The document by which the Scottish
nobles in 1291 acknowledged Edward I as their
overlord (given up by Edward III in 1328).
a 1350 Chron. Lanercost 261 (an. 1327) A Scottis, propter
multa sigitla dependent ia, Ragman vocaoatur. c 1420 Chron.
Thomas Otterbourne (1732) 1. 114 (an. 1328) Redditis regi &
regno Scotia juribus. .et litera quae vocatur Ragman, cum
sigillo de homagio facto nobili regi Ed wardo 1°. 1480 CAXTON
Chron. Eng. 216 An endenture was made of the scottes vnto
kyng Edward, .whiche endenture they called it rageman.
1559 Mirr. Mag., Two Rogers vi, Causde the kyng to
yelde the Skot, . . the charter called Ragman.
Ragman 's) roll. Obs. exc. Hist. [f. prec.
+ ROLL.]
f 1. The roll used in the game of Ragman. Obs.
c 1400 MS. Fairfax 16 in Hazl. E. P. P. I. 68 Here be-
gynnyth Ragmane roelle. f 1500 in Dodsley O. PL (1827)
XII. 308 Explicit Ragmannes Rolle.
f 2. A list, catalogue, etc. = RAGMAN 2. Obs.
a. 1533 SKELTON Garl. Laurel 1490, I did what I cowde
..Apollo to rase out of her ragman rollis. 1556 Qvot* Anti-
christ 87 b, The noble ragge man rolle of those most holy
fathers. 1599 NASHE Lenten Stuffe (1871) 48 The whole
ragman roll of fasting days, a 1603 T. CARTWRIGHTCV«/W/.
Rhem. N. T. (16x8.1 286 A ragman roule, of numbers of
rogues.
ft. 1532 MORE Confitt. Tindale Wks. 653/2 All the heresies
that they haue in all theyr whole raggemans rolle. 1553
BECON Reliques of Rome (1563) 195 Many other raggemans
roules could I here haue placed, a 1610 HEALEY Disc. New
World 175 The ragman's rolles of porters and panierists.
3. ta. = RAGMAN 4 b. Obs.
1570 FOXE A. <fr M. 470/1 Their indenture which was
called the Ragman role. 1611 SPEED Hist. Gt. Brit. ix.
xii. § 13. 671 There was also deliuered to them that famous
Euidence called the Ragman-Roll. 1641 BAKER Chron.
(1660) 227 The King, .restores, .the famous Evidence called
Ragman s Roll.
b. A set of rolls (formerly preserved in the
Tower of London, now in the Public Record Office),
in which are recorded the instruments of homage
made to Edward I by the Scottish King (Balliol),
nobles, etc., in 1296.
This application of the term seems to be comparatively
modern : older writers apply it only to the original document
given back to the Scots by Edward III (see above).
1710 RUDDIMAN Gloss. Douglas* sEneis s.v. Ragmen,
Hence the famous Ragman's row or roll, i. e. a collection of
those deeds, .recorded in four large rolls of parchment [etc.].
1834 Instrumenta Publica, etc. (Bann. Club) p. xv, They
are the same instruments that have been usually known
under the uncouth appellation of the Ragman Rolls.
So t Bagman('s) rew (see quots. ). Obs.
1542 UDALL Erasm. Apoph. 244 b, Augustus had written
a greate ragmans rewe, or bille to bee soung on Pollio in
derision and skorne of hym. Ibid. 245 A ragmans rewe, or,
a bible. . .So dooe we call a longe ieste that railleth on any
persone by name, or toucheth a bodyes honestee somewhat
nere. 1570 LEVINS Manifi. 95/2 Ragmanrew, series.
t Ragmas, -mersshe. Obs. rare. Some kind
of cloth. Also attrib.
Perh. the same word as OF. racamaz in a document of
1350 quoted by Du Cange.
1403 in Rymer Foedera (ed. 2) VIII. 296 Un entire Vesti-
ment..de Drap d'Or ragmas rouge & bloy. 1488 in JrnL
Archxol. Assoc. XXXIII. 317 A pelow couered with rag-
mersshe sylke.
t Ragma'tical, a. Obs. rare. [? f. RAG sb.\
after PRAGMATICAL.] ?Wild, ill-behaved, riotous.
1742 FIELDING J. Andrews i. vii, I think him the ragmati-
caUest fellow in the family. 1771 SMOLLETT Humph. Cl.
19 May ii, I won't be Rogered. . by any ragmatical fellow.
Ragmen(t, obs. Sc. forms of RAGMAN 2.
Rag(o)muffin, etc. obs. ff. RAGAMUFFIN.
Ragoo, -ou(e, obs. forms of RAGODT sb. and v.
Ragosie : see ARGOSY.
Ragout (rag«*), sb. Forms: a, 7 ragust,
7-8 ragoust. 0. 7- ragout, 8-9 ragout. 7. 7
ragoue, ragow, 7-8 ragou, 7-8 (9) ragoo. [F.
ragofit, t ragoust (1642 in Hatz.-Darm.), f. rago&ter
to revive the taste of, f. re back + a to + Goth1.]
1. A dish usually consisting of meat cut in small
pieces, stewed with vegetables and highly seasoned.
a. 1664 BUTLER Hud. n. i. 598 Season her, as French Cooks
use Their Haut-gusts, Buollies, or Ragusts. 1673 S.C.Art
of Complaisance 59 Producing, .the same effect which salt
does in a ragoust. 1727 SWIFT Modest /VqffOMF/Wfcft. 1755
II. n, 61 It will equally serve in 9.fricas$et or a rtigoust.
ft. 1656-7 DAVENANT Rutland Ho. Wks. (1673) 357 Your
Pottages, Carbonnades, Grillades, Ragouts, . . and Entre-
mets. 1698 J. CKULL Muscovy 34 That Ragout which the
Italians call Cavayar. a 1764 R. LLOVU Cooler of Cripple-
gate's Lett. Wks. 1774 II. 102 Borrows fine shapes, and titles
new, Of fricasee and rich ragout. 1842 BARHAM Ingol. Leg.
Ser. n. Nell Cook^ For soups and stews and choice ragouts
Nell Cook was famous still. 1859 WRAXALL tr. R. Hondin
xxi. 310 A rich soup, roast fowls, various ragouts which
I cannot describe.
y. a 1687 VILLIKRS (Dk. Buckhm.) Timon Wks. (1752) 116
As for French kickshaus, cellery, and champain, Ragous
and fricasses, in troth we 'ave none. 1692 LOCKE Educ. § 37
Sauces and Ragoos, and Food disguis'd by all the Arts of
Cookery. 1730 SWIFT Panegyr. on Dean^ She sent her
priest in wooden shoes From haughty Gaul to make ragoos.
1747-96 MRS. GLASSE Cookery v. 38 Put the col lops into
the ragoo. [1885 A. DOBSON At the Sign of Lyre 123 He
classed your Kickshaws and Ragoos With Popery and
Wooden Shoes.]
b. transf. Qtfig.
167* MARVELL Reh. Transp. \. 83 These being Conceits
too trivial, though a Ragoust fit enough for Mr. Bayes his
palate. 1717 MRS. CENTLIVRE Bold Stroke for Wife \\. 21
She has an odd Ragout of Guardians, as you will find when
you hear the Characters. 1739 GIBBER Apol. (1756) I. 34
A mere ragoust, toss'd up from the offals of other authors.
t 2. A sauce or relish. Obs.
1741 Cornel. Fam.-Piece i. ii. 148 Pour on it a Ragoo, and
Garnish with Orange and Lemon. 1750 E. SMITH Compl.
Hoitsew. 29 A ragoo for made dishes.
fig. 1673 [R. LEIGH] Transp. Reh. 28 A Couplet in a Song
gives a better Ragoust to a Controversial Discourse. 1698
L. MILBOURNE Notes Dryden's Virgil 67 The Translator
puts in a little Burlesque now and then, for a Ragout for
his cheated Subscribers. 1734 tr. Rollin's Rom. Hist. (1827)
IV. iv. 240 Hunger was their only ragout.
Ragout (ragw*), v. Forms: 7 ragoust; 8-
ragout ; 8 ragoo, 8-9 ragou. [f. prec. or ad. F.
ragofiter\.
1. trans. To make a ragout of, to stew with
highly flavoured seasoning.
1748 MRS. HARRISON House- Keeper's Pocket-bk. ii. (ed. 4)
5 Breast of Veal ragou'd, with Mushrooms. 0x756 MRS.
HF.YWOOD New Present (1771) 163 To ragout a Leg of
Mutton. 1833 Westm. Rev. Jan. 33 To allow beef to be
ragout ed in small kitchens.
f2. transf. To give piquancy or variety to; to
enrich or improve. Obs.
1749 FIELDING Tom Jones t. i, We shall . . hereafter hash
and ragoo it, with all the high French and Italian seasoning
of affectation and vice. 1753 Scots Mag. Sept. 458/2 Pin
a stomacher bib on, Ragout it with cutlets of silver and
ribbon.
f 3. ? To have a relish of, to understand, Obs.
1673 HICKERINCILL Gregory Father Greybeard 142 If there
be, Within you so much Repartee, As to ragoust now what
I mean.
Hence Ragoired, ragoo''d///. a.
1755 SMOLLETT Ouix. (1863) IV. 71, I would not have you
touch these ragoo d rabbits. i8to Splendid Follies^ I. 73 He
handed his plate to the butler for some ragoued pigeon.
Ra'gstone. [f. RAG sb*]
1. = RAG sb* 2.
1350 in Riley Lond. Mein. (1868) 262, [2 boatloads of]
ragston. c 1420 Patlad. on Huso. n. 139 Ragstoon & thinges
hard . . bereth vyneyerdes grete. [*573 in Willis & Clark
Cambridge (1886) I. 174 Item for Ramsey stone free and
ragge.] 1695 WOODWARD Nat. Hist. Earth (1723) 10 Free-
stone, Ragg-stone, Lime-stone. 1759 B. STILLINGFLEET tr.
Biberg's Econ. Nat. in Misc. Tracts (1762) 42 The upper
parts consist of rag-stone, the next of slate, the third of
marble, 1812 J. SMYTH Pract. of Customs (1821) 242 Rag
stone, .is used by artificers, for the purpose of giving a fine
edge to knives, chissels, and other tools, which have pre-
viously been sharpened upon stones of a coarse texture.
1881 YOUNG Every man his own Mechanic § 1309. 602 The
famous Kentish ragstone so much used in bold rubble work
for churches, houses, walls.
attrib. 1846 M«CULLOCH Ace. Brit. Empire (1854) I. 197
The soil of the lower, or ragstone ridge, varies much.
1565 COOPER Thesaurus, Cacwentitius, Made of rubbell or
ragge stones. 1565 JEWEL Def. Apol. (1611) 352 The great
ragge stones at Stonage, or Long Compton. 1698 W. RING
tr. Sorbtire's Journ. Lond. n All the Streets are Paved
with Pebbles, and Flints and Rag Stones. 1766 ENTICK
London IV. 265 A handsome walk paved with rag stones.
1840 J. DEVLIN Shoemaker \. 113 Rag stones for pointing
awls. 1872 ArchaeoL CatttioriaVIll. n Some large squared
ragstones, and beneath them some human bones.
Rag-tag (rse'gjlseg)' [f- RAO jA1 + TAG.
The older expression was tag and rag (very com-
mon in 1 6- 1 fth c.).]
1. a. coll. The ragged disreputable portion of the
community; the raff or rabble, b. One of the-
individuals forming this class.
1879 MARC. LONSDALE Sister Dora viii. (1880) 199 She
visited all classes — from the respectable, down to what she
called the ' ragtags ' of the town.
attrib. 1883 Glasgow Weekly Herald 23 Apr. 8/4 These
are the shapes sold by certain rag-tag drapers at -$d. 1884
American VIII. 46 We are hemmed in by. .rag-tag Arabs.
2. Rag-tag (QI rag, tag} and bob-tail = i a. Also
transf. ; sometimes = * the whole lot '.
1820 Blackw. Mag. VII. 318 This Journal cuts up the rag-
tag and bobtail of the faction. x88a H. SEEBOHM^ Siberia
in Asia 100 Rag tag -and -bobtail of the great Arctic army.
1887 T. A. TROLLOPS What / remember II. vi. 95 He shall
have them all, rag, tag, and bobtail.
attrib. 1882 F. M. CRAWFORD Mr, Isaacs 3 Regular rag-
tng-and-bobtail cut-throat moss-troupers.
Ra'g-time. U. S. Music in which there is
frequent syncopation, as in many negro melodies.
RAGTJLED.
1901 .*>Vf^. Leaf Apr. 6 The coon song, with its rag-time
accompaniment.
RagUle, variant of RAGULY.
t Raguled, a. Her. Obs. Also 6 ragueled.
[f. as next, with native termination.]
1. = RAGl'LY.
1572 BOSSEWELL Armorie II. 24 b, This noble Baron
beareth Argent, a Crosse ragueled Sable. 16x0 GUILLIM
Heraldry in. iv. 95 He beareth Argent, two Billets Raguled
and Truncked. 1661 MORGAN Sph. Gentry n. i. 10 The field
is pearl, a cross Raguled and trunked Diamond. 1727-41
CHAMBERS Cycl., Raguled, or Ragged, in heraldry, is applied
to an ordinary, e.gr. a cross, whose out-lines are jagged or
knotted.
2. = COUPED, COUP£. rare~".
1727-41 CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v., Raguled is sometimes also
used in the sense of truncated or couped, and applied to
a branch that is sawed from the tree, or a stock sawed from'
its root.
Raguly (rse-gitfli), a. Her. Also 9 ragu!6(e.
[Of obscure formation : perh. based on rag, ragged,
or raggy.] Of a cross or other bearing : Having
short oblique projections resembling the stumps
of branches cut off close to the stem. Hence of
a division between parts of the field : Having
alternate projections and depressions like a battle-
ment, but set obliquely.
1658 GUILLIM Heraldry n. vii. 83 He beareth Ermine,
a Cross, Raguly, Gules. 1780 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 2) V.
3585/1 Lines may be either straight or crooked. . . There
are 14 distinct kinds. ..6. The raguly. 1864 BOUTELL Her.
Hist. It Pop. xvii. (ed. 3) 262 Staff ragulee sable. 1871
ELLACOMBE Bells of Ch. vii. 366 A crucifix attached to
a cross raguly.
Ragust, obs. form of RAGOUT sb.
Ragusye, obs. form of ARGOSY.
t Rag- water. Obs. Cant. (See qnot.)
a 1700 B. E. Diet. Cant. Crew, Rag-water, a common
sort of Strong-waters.
Ra-gweed. [Cf. RAGWORT.]
1. = RAGWORT! i.
1658 SIR T. BROWNE Card. Cyrus iii. 48 Accounting up
ward is often observable in furre, pillitorry, Ragweed,
[etc.]. 1682 WHELER Journ. Greece in. 222 The Leaves
are.. something like ragweed. 1765 A. DICKSON Treat.
Agric. xiii. (ed. 2) 113 The yellow rag-weed, by which light
hind, when laid out in grass, is very much infested. 1846
I. BAXTER Litr. Pract. Agric. (ed. 4) II. 387 Clearing his
land of charlock, rag-weed,. .&c. 1881 BLACKIE Lay Serin.
v. 162 A grand growth of rushes, dock, and rag-weed.
attrik. 1785 BURNS A Mr. to Dei! ix, Wither'd hags, . . on
ragweed nags, They skim the muirs.
2. U. S. A plant belonging to the genus Am-
brosia, esp. A. trifida and A. artemisisefolia.
1866 Treas. Bot. 956/2 Ragweed, Ambrosia trifida.. 1883
Century Mag. Aug. 487/2 Buck-wheat, the seeds of grasses,
and the rag-weed.
attrib. 1894 Outing (U. S.) XXIII. 397A All around this
rag-weed patch their innumerable little footprints run.
Ra-g-wheel. [f. RAG rf.i]
1. A wheel having projections which catch into
the links of a chain passing over it, as in a chain-
pump ; a sprocket-wheel.
1829 Nat. Philos. I. Mechanics v. 21 (U. K. S.) An
endless chain . . is made to revolve on two wheels .. called
sag-wheels. 1830 KATER & LARDNER Mech. xviii. 249 In
some cases the teeth of the wheel work in the links of a
chain. The wheel is then called a rag-wheel.
2. A polishing wheel composed of rags.
1884 KNIGHT Diet. Meek. Suppl. 736/1.
Ra-gworkl. [f. RAG s6.i] The process of
making a fabric out of rags by weaving, sewing,
or other means ; the fabric thus made.
1891 in Cent. Diet.
Ra-gwork2. [f. RAG sb?\ Masonry com-
posed of flattish pieces of ragstone, having an
undressed surface.
1840 PARKER Gloss. Arch. (ed. 3) I. 173.
[f. RAG sby\ A sand-worm
Mtai g WUl HI. l_i. i^.iu jf.-j f± .-><uu i- v> t_iu n
(Ntphtkys cxca) of the British coasts, also called
•white-rag worm and lurg.
1884 St. James's Gaz. 18 Jan. 6/2 The bait used is that
damp kind of centipede called a ragworm. 1894 Blackw.
Mag. Sept. 426/2 One of the best known baits is a live
rag-worm.
Ra'gwort J. [Prob. f. RAG sb.i, in reference to
the ragged form of the leaves.]
1. The popular name of several species of the
genus Senecio, esp. the Common Ragwort, Senecio
Jacobiea. (See also RAGWEED.)
The first quot. may belong to sense z.
fi45o M. E. Med. Bk. (Heinrich) 205 Tak lytwort..
plantayne, Ragwort [etc.]. 1597 GERARDE Herbal II. xxvi.
218, b. lames his woort : the countrey people do call it.. also
Ragwoorte. Ibid, 219 Lande Ragwoort croweth euery-
where in vntilled pastures and fieldes. 1678 PHILLIPS Rag-
wort (Jacoba:a), an Herb of Mars of a bitter, discussing and
cleansing quality. 1753 CHAMBERS C>-/.Supp. s.v. Jacobxa,
le species of Ragwort enumerated by Mr. Tournefort are
these [etc.]. 1792 BURNS Let. to Grose Prose Wks. (1869)
2to A crew of men and women, who were busy pulling stems
of the plant Ragwort. 1862 ANSTED Channel Isl. II. viii.
led. 2) 176 In drier places, the handsome foxglove is beauti-
fuHy contrasted with the golden yellow of the ragwort.
1885 RUNCIMAN Skipp/rs S, .SV;. 104 When the yellow moths
began to twirl round the ragworts.
b. African ragwort = OTHONNE. rare — °.
'7«o J. LEE Introd. Bot. App. 324. 1866 Treas. Bot.
956/2.
111
f2. The wild parsnip. Obs. rare—".
1570 LEVINS Manif. 173/29 Ragworte, elephabascum.
[For elaphoboscon (PIiny)-Gr. «Ao^o/!6crKOf.]
t Ragwort 2. Obs. [ad. G. ragivnn, f. rag
stiff: see Grimm s.v.] = GANDERGOOSE (Orchis
mascula).
1552 ELVOT, Orchis,., some call it in English gandergoose
some raggewoorte. 1578 LYTE Dodoens II. Ivi. 222 In
English some cal it also Orchis,. .Ragworte, Priest pintell.
1601 HOLLAND Pliny II. 265 As for Ragworts {margin,
Orchis] they cure morimals also, either drie or greene.
Ragyous, obs. form of RAGEOCS.
Rah (ra), int. and sb. U.S. Aphetic for HrjRRAH.
1894 R. H. DAVIS Eng. Cousins 120 An American misses
the rah-rahs and the skyrocket cries.
t Rahate, obs. variant of RATE z>., to scold.
1542 UDALL Erasm. Apoph. 77 b, He neuer lynned rahat-
yng of those persones [etc.]. Ibid. 84 b, To bee chidden and
rahated of all the worlde.
Rahatour, variant of REHATOUR. Obs. Sc.
Ra'hdar. Anglo-Ind. [Urdu (Pers.) \^\
rahdar, f. rah road.] a. A road-keeper, toll-
gatherer, f b. erron. = RAHDAREE a. Obs.
1623 St. Papers, Colon. 1622-4, "78 The rahdars or duties
at Daita, &c., shall be remitted. 1753 HANWAV Trav. (1762)
II. xv. ii. 412 The rahdars were ordered to examine pass-
ports. 1764 Ann. Reg. 188 To all governors, officers,.,
rahdars.. in the provinces of Bengal
Hence f Ra'hdaragre (in 7 rhadorage) = RAH-
DAREE a. Obs.
1698 FRYER Ace. E. India $ P. 222 Safe Travelling .. for
which Rhadorage, or high Imposts, are allowed by the
Merchants.
II Ra'hdaree. In 7 rattar(r)ee, 9 rahdarry.
[Urdu (Pers.), f. RAHDAR.] a. A transit-duty,
toll; a tax paid to secure safety in travelling.
Also attrib. b. = RAHDAR a.
1685 HEDGES Diary 15 Dec. I. 213 Here we were forced
to compound with the Rattaree-men, for the Dutys on our
goods. 1686 Ibid. 13 Feb. I. 218 Here we paid Rattarree.
1804 WELLINGTON in Gurw. Disp. (1844) II. 1182 A rahdarry
will go to you this day for the convoy.
Raht(e, obs. forms of pa. t. REACH.
Rai, variant of RAY sb. Obs.
II Raia (r?-a). Zool. Also raja. [L. raia (pi.
raiie).] = RAY (the fish).
1633 P. FLETCHER Purple 1st. IV. xii, His fashion like the
fish a Raia nam'd. 16^6 SIR T. BROWNE Pseud. Ep. 169
The several! sorts of Raia's, Torpedo's, Oysters. 1752 HILL
Hist. Anim. 304 The apertures of the gills in the Raia are
five on each side. 1804 Med. Jrnl. XII. 550 The rajae. .are
provided with glandulous grains. 1878 BELL Gegenbaur's
Comp. Anat. 500 There is a pseudo-electric apparatus in
Raja.
Raia(h, -aw, obs. ff. RAJA(H. Raiah, obs. f.
RAYAH. Raiat, var. RAYAT. Raiband, var.
RABAND. Raible, var. RABBLE z/.i Raice,
obs. f. RACE rf.l Raich, obs. f. RACHE sb.%,
RASH sb. Raicke, obs. f. RAIK v.
Raid (re'd), si. Forms : 5-6 rade, 7 radde,
5 raide, 5-6, 9 raid. [Sc. form of OE. rdd ROAD,
revived by Scott and subsequently adopted in
general use, with extension of meaning. In sense
4 perh. partly a. F. rade, f radde : see also REID.]
I. 1. A military expedition on horseback ; a hos-
tile and predatory incursion, properly of mounted
men ; a foray, INROAD.
c 1425 WYNTOUN Cron. vm. xxxiv. 5034 Schyr Andrew syne
wyth stalwart hand Made syndry radis in Ingland. 1528 in
Tytler Hist. Scot. (1864) II. 348 note. The said Erie .. pro-
curit divers radis to be maid upon the brokin men of our
realme. a 1578 LINDESAY (Pitscottie) Chron. Scot. (S. T. S.)
I. 61 The Scottis maid dywerse incurtiouns and raidis in
Ingland. 1805 SCOTT Last Minstr. v. xxviii, In raids he
spilt but seldom blood. 1818 — Rob Roy Introd., A war
which opened the low country to the raids of the clan
Gregor. a 1839 PRAF.D Poems (1864) II. 14 His Highland
plaid, Long borne in foray and in raid. 1868 G. DUFF Pol.
Surv. 215 The people of Uruguay accuse the Rio Grandians
of making raids into their territory.
attrib. 1806 JAMIESON Pop. Ball. 8; Songs I. Pref. 7
A parcel of raid ballads of the Border.
D. A ' lifting ' of cattle by means of a raid. rare.
1867 LADY HERBERT Cradle L. v. 153 A ' raid ' of cattle
. .by the tribe of whom their escort was composed.
2. transf. Ko&fig. a. An invading troop or com-
pany, as of raiders.
1826 SCOTT Jrnl. 8 Apr., We expect a raid of folks to visit
us this morning.
b. A rush, charge, hurried movement.
1861 N. A. WOODS Tour Pr. Wales Canada 50 In the
reckless indiscriminate raid made to all parts of the States,
emigrants often commit the most ruinous mistakes. 1877
A. B. EDWARDS Up Nile iii. 51 A rapid raid into some of
the nearest shops, for things remembered at the last moment.
c. A sudden or vigorous descent, onset, or attack
upon something which it is intended to seize,
suppress, or destroy.
1873 SMILES Huguenots Fr. I. ii. (1881) 14 There was..
a general raid upon Protestant literature all over France.
1878 MORI.EY Diderot I. 106 A stern raid was made upon all
the scribblers in Paris.
II. f4. A roadstead for ships. Obs. Cf. ROAD.
1443 Recs. Burgh Edinb. (1869) 8 Shipps that commys in
the havin or in the raide. ('1470 HFNRY Wallace ix. 264
He this the schippis was in the Rochell raid. 1535 STEWART
(><"/. Scot. I. 10 Sone tha let saill and straik into the raid,
And ankeris cast. 1609 SKENE tr. Reg. Maj. 122 (Burrmu
RAIK.
Lama c. 27) His shippe is in the radde. 1636 Charter in
Maitland Hist. Edin. (1753) in. 264 The aforesaid Port
Harbour, Soil, and Raid of Leith.
Raid (rt-'d), v. Also 8 rhaad. [f. prec. sb.]
1. intr. To go upon, or take part in a raid.
1865 Intell. Observ. No. 38. 104 To raid in the surrounding
country. 1879 Academy ii Oct. 261/2 English sportsmen
who raid with rifle and hound among the Rocky Mountain
game. 1885 Manch. Exam. 28 May 4/6 He hides in the
mountain fastnesses.. whence he raids into the settlements.
b. Of speculators in a market or stock-ex-
change : To act so as to depress prices or create
uncertainty as to values.
1889 Times 9 Mar., A further decline .. due to a 'bear'
clique raiding.
2. trans. To make a raid on (a place, person,
cattle, etc.). To raid the market (see i b).
1880 New Virgin. II. 208 Their apple and peach orchard
had been raided '. 1887 J. HATTON Old Ho. at Sandwich
I. in. vii. 200 The police had raided the house almost simul-
taneously with my entrance.
Hence Kai-ded fpl. a. ; Hai'ding vbl. sb. and
///. a.
1785 W. HUTTON Bran New Wark 40 What debate,
able wark, what rhaading, and watching, and warding
..alang the Border Service. 1824 J. HODGSON in Raine
Mem. (1858) II. 29 Such a race as figured in it during the
border raiding. 1866 J. B. ROSE tr. Ovid's Met. 45 Jove
now circuits heaven and taketh note Of raiding flames.
1891 Daily News 16 May 6/1 To arrest . . every person . . who
might be found on the raided premises.
Raid, obs. variant of RED(D, spawn. Sc.
Raid, obs. Sc. pa. t. RIDE, RAY.
Raider (r^-ctoi). [f. RAID v. + -ER!.] One
who raids ; a plundering invader, a marauder.
1863 Boston Commonwealth (U.S.) 30 Oct., Governor
Bramlette of Kentucky, .telegraphs that the rebel raiders
are within forty miles of his capital. 1870 MORRIS Earthly
Par. II. IIL 481 Hearkening the raiders call The cattle o'er
the meads. 1878 JEFFERIES Gamekeeper at H. 142 There
are three kinds of poachers, the local men, the raiders
coming in gangs from a distance — and the mouchers.
Raider, dial. var. RATHER. Raie, obs. f. RAY.
Raif(f, obs. Sc. f. RAVE, REEVE, REIF, REIVE ;
obs. pa. t. RIVE.
t Raiffell, v. Sc. 06s. rare. (Meaning not clear.)
? Cf. north, dial, raffle to lounge about, dissipate.
1529 LYNDESAY Compl. 175 Sum gart hym raiffel! at the
rakcat.
t Raifort. Obs. Also 6 rayf(f)ort, -ert ; Sc.
raphorte, 7-8 ri-, ryfart, 9 reefort. [a. F.
raifort, f re/-, riffort (i6th c. Littre and Godef.),
f. raiz root, RACE sb$ + fort strong.] Horse-radish.
1541 R. COPLAND Galyen's Terap. D iv, He. .fyrste of all
vsed his salue of mustarde, . . & than his vomyte of rayffort.
1578 LYTE Dodoens v. xxxvii. 599 Mountayne Radish or
Rayfort hath great brode leaues, in fashion lyke to the
great Docke. a 1700 in Sempilfs Poems (1849) 69 With
sybows and rifarts and carlings. 1808 JAMIESON, Reefort.
Raig(e, obs. forms of RAGE sb. and v.
t Raign, v. Obs. Forms : 5-6 rayn-, reyn-,
5 raygn-, 5-6 reygne, 6 reign, rain. [Aphetic
form of ARRAIGN z/.l] trans. To arraign.
1444 Rolls ofParlt. V. n6/2 He shall.. be punysshed be
prisounement, and rayned at the Kynges will. 1480 CAXTON
Chron. Eng. cclii. (1482) 323 lohan hume [etc.]. .byfore the
mayer the lordes and chyef lustyce of Englond were rayned
and dampned. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 97 b,
Reigned before Pylate & judged. 1581 MARBECK Bk. of
Notes 374 Yl same false faith in their owne works, raineth
y° mercy promised to the merits of their own works.
So f Rai ffiimeut. arraignment. Obs. rare~l.
1570 FOXE A. % M. 1637/1 Hauyng somewhat, .to declare
touching the raynment and death of the Duke of Suffolke.
Raign(e, obs. forms of REIGN sb. and v.
Rai-iform, a. rare-1, [f. RAI-A + -(I)FORM.]
Having the form of a ray (the fish).
1884 F. DAY Fishes Gt. Brit, ft Irel. II. 331 These fishes.,
possess a squaliform stage, a raiiform stage, and a torpedi-
form stage.
Raypout, obs. form of RAJPOOT.
Raik, si. Now rare or Obs. Forms : 5 rayk,
reyke, 5-6 rayke, 5-7 (9) raike, 6 (9) raik.
[a. ON. reik (Norw. dial, reik), walking, strolling,
etc., related to reika RAIK v. In ME. distinct from
RAKE sb3 ; at a later period the two coalesced, and
the spelling raik became unusual.]
1. The act of going, walking about, etc. ; course,
way ; journey.
fa 1400 Morte Arth. 2985 Sir Gawaynne . . Rydes one a
rawndoune, and his rayke holdes. c 1425 WVNTOUN Cron.
in. i. 98 To the dure .. Scho tuk hyr rayk rycht hastyly.
c 1440 Promp. Parv. 427/2 Reyke, or ro> t, ydylle walkyfnjge
abowt (S. reyke or royke), discursus, vagacic. 1535 STEWART
Cron. Scot. I. 284 Cesus Nausica..wltli his raikis all that
land ouir raid. 1570 LEVINS Manip. 198/17 Rayke, ambu-
lacrum. 1808 JAMIESON s.v., It is said of a horse, that lakes
a long step, or moves actively, that he has a great ^raik of
the road. 1813 HOGG Queen's Wake, Kilmcny xxiv, The
wolf and the kid their raike began.
fig. 1401 Pol. Poems (Rolls) II. 73 That se my?ten have
jour reyke and prechen what sou list.
t 2. The space of ground over which animals, esp.
cattle, usually move or pasture ; a piece of pas-
ture-land, etc. Obs. Cf. RAKE s6.3
c 1425 WYNTOUN Cron. vn. vi. 104 That land, thai oysyd
all The Barys rayk all tyme to call. 1591 Manor Records
in N. W. Line. Gloss. (1877) s-v-> There was a place in the
RAIK.
Manor of Scotter called Long Rayke. 1641 N. Riding Rec.
IV. 212 A place called le Cow Raikes.
3. = RAKE j^.3 4. rare.
1623 in Records Peebles (1872) 412 To bring vp the vther
tua trieis with his hors and his oxine, pryce ewerie raike
thretie tua s. 1808 JAMIESON s.v., He brings twa, thrie, &c.
raik a day; applied to dung, coals, &c. ..as equivalent to
draught.
t Raik, v. Obs. Forms : 3-5 (9) raike, 4-6
rayk(e, 5 raioke, 5-6 reyke, 3-6 raik. [a. ON.
reika (Norw. dial, reika, MSw. reka) to walk abont,
stroll, wander. In ME. distinct from RAKE 2>.2, in
which it was subsequently absorbed.]
1. intr. To go, proceed, make one's way ; to walk,
stroll, wander, etc.
a. of persons. =RAKE z>.2 i a.
c 1340 Hampole's Wks. (189$) I. 140 J>as J»at eauer raikis
aboute to fede baire wittis with vanitees and lustis. 13..
E. E. A Hit. P. C. 89 J?enne he ryses radly, & raykes
bylyue lonas toward port laph. a 1400-50 Alexander 5555
Pan raikis he by be reede see & rides ay >e sannd. 1535
STEWART Cron. Scot. III. 40 The men of weir . . In gude
array come raikand fra the schoir. 1596 DALRYMPLE tr.
Leslie's Hist. Scot. vi. 349 He raikis throuch the hatl
realme.
fig. a, 1300 Cursor M. 20798 It es better to be stell, f>an
raik on reson )>at es will. 1340-70 Alex.^ff Dind. 467 We
raiken to oure romauncus & reden be storrius.
b. of things. = RAKE v* i b.
13. . E. E. Allit. P. A. 112 pe water con swepe Wyth a
rownande rourde raykande ary^t. 1375 BARBOUR Bruce in.
627 Thar schip . . Raykyt slidand throw the se. c 1475 Rauf
Coifyear 212 Lat the cop raik for my bennysoun.
fig. a 1340 HAMPOLE Psalter Ixxxv. 5 pai suffire fwure i
bert to rayke in ydel thoghtis. c 1400 Destr. Troy 3048 j
Hir chekes. .as the chalke white, As the rose, was the rud
bat raiked horn in.
c. of cattle, deer, etc. = RAKE z>.2 i c.
a 1225 [see RAIKING///. a,}, c 1470 HENRVSOM Robene fy
Makynei2t I. .keipismyscheipundiryonewude, Lo ! quhair
thay raik on raw. 1530 LYNDESAY Test. Pctfyngo 643 The
fallow deir, to see thame raik on rawe.
2. refl. To betake oneself, rare.
13.. E. E. Allit. P. B. 465 pe rauen raykez him forth.
13. . Gaw. fy Gr. Knt, 1735 pe lady..ros hir vp radly, rayked
hir J>eder.
3. trans, a. To make, pursue, (one's way), rare.
c 1425 WYNTOUN Cron. v. x. 3477 The dede body ras. . And
raykyt off the kyrk hys way.
b. To wander through or over (a place).
1813 HOGG Queen's Wake, Kilmeny vii, Lang haif I raikit
the worild wide. Ibid, xxiv, To raike the lanely glen.
Hence t Barker, a stroller, vagabond ; fBai'k-
ing1 vbL sb. and ///. a. Obs.
a i*»$Ancr. R. 140 note (Titus MS.), As mon dos be custel
to the ku, otier to pe beast, bat is to raikinde. 13 .. E. E.
Allit. P. B. 382 Neuer cowbe stynt . . be raykande wawez.
c 1340 Hamfole's Wks. (1895) 1. 140 Thre maners of occupa-
cions are, as , . Raykyng aboute, 1596 DALHYMPLE tr. Leslie's
Hist. Scot. i. 121 Reiuers, Raikers, Herrieris of the ground.
Raik(e, obs. Sc. ff. RAKE, RECK. Raikn-,
obs. Sc. f. RECKON.
Obs. Forms: i hrses(e)l, hregl,
etc., 2 r»s(e)l, reil, 3 re$el, 5 reile, 6 raill,
rayll, rale, 6-7 raile, rayl(e, 7-8 (9 Sc.) rail.
[OE. hrsgl, hrtegel = OFris. (A)rwV, OHG.
(h)regilt hrecil, of obscure etym.]
1. A garment, dress, mantle, cloak.
a 700 Efinal 'Gloss. %\Amiculo, hraecli [Erf, hraegl, Corpus
'
, ,
hrfsli]. c8o7 K. ALFRED Gregory's Past. xiv. 82 ±>aet
hriejl . . sceolde bion geworht of purpuran. c 1000 Ags.
Gosp. John xiii. 4 He..lede his reaf& nam linen hrjesel
[Hatton MS. rail], c 1175 Lamb. Horn. 5 pa oSre men be
reil nefden. a 1250 Owl fy Night. 562 |>u art lutel and tin-
strong And nis bi regel nowiht long.
t>. A woman's gown (? misuse of sense 2).
c 18x7 HOGG Tales $ Sk. (1837) II. 15 She was dressed in
aplain white rail.
2. A piece of linen or other cloth formerly worn
about the neck by women ; a neckerchief. See also
NIGHT-BAIL.
1482 Act 22 Edw. /yt c. i They shall not suffer their
wives to weare any reile called a kercheffe, whose price
exceedeth twentie pence. 1530 PALSGR. 260/2 Rayle for
a woman's neck, crevechief in quattre doubles. 1592 NASHE
P. Penilesse (ed. 2) 8 A course hempen raile about her
shoulders. 0x635 CORBET Poems (1807) 232 Ladyes, that
weare black cipress-vailesTurn'd lately to white jinnen-rayles.
1678 PHILLIPS ted. 4) s.v., The .. gathered piece of Cloth
which Women throw about their necks, when they dress
them . . is also called a Rail. 1710 RUDDIMAN Gloss. Douglas'
sEtteis s.v. Ralis, A womans rail or collar-body, as Scot.
Bor. call it.
Comb. i$& Richmond Wills (Surtees) 126 Fower crepings
. .iiij railbandes.
Bail (r/'l), rf.2 Forms : 4-6 raylle, 4-7 raile,
5 reyle, 5-7 rayl(e, 6-7 rale, 4, 7- rail. [a. OF.
reille (1334) :— pop. L. *regla, L. regula straight
stick, bar, rod, etc. (see ROLE) : the mod. Norm.
form is ratle (Moisy). (M)Du., (M)LG., and Sw.
rtgtl, OHG. rigil (G. riegel) bar, bolt, etc., are
prob. also of Latin origin.]
1. A bar of wood, fixed in a horizontal position
for hanging things on, or for other purposes. Now
chiefly in combs., as copping-, hat-, towel-rail.
CI330 [see rail-tree in 6 a]. 1390 GOWER Cmf. III. 75
Into an Egle he gan transforme, And flyh and sette him on
a raile. 1497 Naval Ace. Hen. VII (1896) 313 Cloffeborde
6 Raylles for the seyd ship. 1609 HOLLAND A mm. Marcell.
112
222 The master of the Engine . . setteth open the rayles that
contain the binding of the whole worke. 1683 MOXON
Meek. Exerc.* Printing xi. r 22 These Racks.. are hung
a-thwart two Rails an Inch thick, .which Rails are fastned
. . by Stiles perpendicular to the Ceiling. 1710 STEELE
Taller No. 174 f 3 All the Volumes, .shall be from Time to
Time placed in proper Order upon the Rails of the unhoused
Booksellers. 1793 [see COPPING-RAIL]. 1883 [see hat-rail,
s.v, HATS/>. 8].
b. Used to support vines or other plants.
1389 Helmingham MS. 21, If. 17 b, Forkis & railis to here
Up J>e vyne. c 14x0 Pallad. on Husb. iv. 287 Helpe hem
forme of an Arbor for vines to ninne vpon. 1777 MASON
Eng. Garden n. ago To defend Their infant shoots, beneath,
on oaken stakes, Extend a rail of elm.
C. Forming part of the sides of a cart.
1530 PALSGR. 260/2 Rayle for a carte, coste. 1611 COTGR.,
Ridelle. the rayle of a Cart or waine ; and more particularly,
357/1 The outer rails support the sheaves of corn over the
wheels.
on each side to the continuation of the ship's stem. 1867
SMYTH Sailor's Word-bk, 375 The short rails of the head,
extending from the back of the figure to the cat-head.
2. A horizontal bar of wood or metal, fixed upon
upright supports (posts) as part of a fence. (In
//. freq. = b.)
1494 Nottingham Rec. III. 272 For sawyng reyleyes [tic]
to the pale, a 1548 HALL Ckron.t Hen, VIII (1550) 59 This
Gardeyn was towred at euery corner and railed with railes
fill. 16x6 SIR R. BOYLE in Lismore Papers (1886) I. 115,
agreed with my carpenter to mak my postes and Rayles of
my Park. 1732 LEOIARD Sethos II. vn. 01 The rails which
inclos'd the sanctuary. 179* BELKNAP Hist. New Hampsh.
III. 117 The wood ..makes durable rails for fences. 1861
N. A, WOODS Pr.Wales Canada 315 Mr. Lincoln, .began his
career in life as a splitter of rails. 1891 Law Times XC
395/1 Placing wooden rails on the side next the glebe land.
fig. 1614 DAY Dyall ix. (1613) 246 The law hath made
rayles and barres about thee.
b. A continuous series of bars forming the hori-
zontal part of a fence ; also, by extension, a fence
or railing, whether constructed of posts and rails,
or of some other form.
1541 Act 33 Hen. VIII* c. 38 Reparacions nedefull to be
done in and vpon any pale, rayle and lodge, within any of
the saide parkes. 1600 SURFLET Countrie Fartne vn. xix.
833 These seuerall grounds . . must be separated one from
the other by a strong rale, through which deere or sheepe
(but no greater cattell) may passe. 1650 T. B[AYLEY]
Worcester's Apoph. 31 As we were going along by the
Churchyard Rayle. 17*6 LEONI Albert?* Archit. II. 62/2
The rail or side-wall of the Bridge. 1871 L. STEPHEN
Playgr. Eur. iii. (1894) 88 The dangerous place is guarded
by a wooden rail.
c. The HAND-RAIL of a stair.
H53 Menu Ripon {Surtees) III. 160 Pro emendacione de
le grece et le reyle infra aulam. 1663 GERBIER Counsel 15
Carpenters do frame their Railes to Ballesters to meet on
the Pedestals. 1778 Encyd. Brit. (ed. 2) I. 618/2 The three
dotted lines drawn from the rail to the pitch board represent
the width of the rait 1825 J. NICHOLSON Operat. Mechanic
600 Every level straight tine, directed to the axis of the
well-hole, from every point of the side of the rail. 1849
GWILT Encycl. Arch. § 2182 In the upper ramp.. produce
the top of the rail., to P.
d. An altar-rail (see ALTAR sb. II).
1641 MILTON PreL Episc. 10 Unlesse a man be within the
rayls, or enclosure of the Altar. 1711 HEARNE Collect.
(O. H.S.)III.23i In the Chancell just on this side the Rayle.
187* MICKLETHWAITE Mod. Par. Churches 90 The rail was in-
troduced in the seventeenth century as a fence to the altar.
e. Naut. (See quot. 1804.)
1804 A. DUNCAN Mariners Chron. Pref. 10 Rails are
narrow planks nailed for ornament on several parts of a
ship's upper works, as drift-rails, fife-rails, sheer-rails. 1840
R. H.DANA Be/. Mast xxxi.ua Our ship had. -high bulwarks
and rail. 1867 SMYTH Sailor's Word-bk. 264 Those parts
where the sheer is raised, and the rails are cut off.
3. Carpentry. One of the horizontal pieces in
a door or other framework.
1678 MOXON Meek. Exerc. I. 106 In Wainscoting of
Rooms.. the Upper and Lower Rails have also the same
breadth with the Margent of the Stile. 1823 P. NICHOLSON
Pract. Build. 160 All the cross pieces (of a frame) are
denominated^ails. 1834-47 J. S. MACAULAY Field Fortif.
(1851) 81 This gate.. is usually composed of two upright
stiles, and two horizontal rails, framed together.
f b. A string of a stair. Obs.
1679 MOXON Meek. Exerc. 1. 154 The Rail these Steps are
built upon. .must.. be framed into the next Post.
t C. (See quot.) Obs. rare~~°.
1688 R. HOLME Armoury HI. 100/1 Raile is a piece of
Timber 6 ..foot or more long, and carrieth four inches
broad, and an inch or more thick. A Raile is an half Spare.
4. A bar or continuous line of bars (now usu. of
iron or steel) laid on or near the ground (com-
monly in pairs) to bear and guide the wheels of
a vehicle, and enable them to run more easily.
a 1734 NORTH Life Lord Keeper North (1742) 136
Laying Rails of Timber, from the Colliery, down to the
River, exactly streight and parallel ; and bulky Carts are
made with four Rowlets fitting these Rails. 1789 BRAND
Neivcastle I. 68? note, Upon these sleepers, other pieces of
timber called rails, of 4 or 5 in. square are laid. 1834 N. W.
CUNDY Inland Transit 34 These iron bars, which are called
RAIL.
rails, are firmly connected end to end. 1866 Engineering I.
255/2 Steel rails have so much more stiffness in a vertical
direction than iron.
b. Phr. Off the rails (freq. fig. = out of the
proper or normal condition).
1859 GEN. P. THOMPSON Audi Alt. II. xcv. 80 At the
arrival of a general ejection England therefore may be
considered as * off the rails '. 1886 GURNEY, etc. Phantasms
of Living I. 499 A sane, healthy, waking mind can really get
momentarily on the rails.
6. = RAILWAY, now chiefly in phr. by rait, and
on the Stock Exchange in //. — railway shares.
1843 SYD. SMITH in Lady Holland Mem. (1855) II. 495 The
rail.. has brought us within fifty miles of London. 1871
BLACK Adv. Phaeton xi. 149 He had come on by rail to
pay us a visit 1893 Wextnt. Gaz. 25 Feb. 8/1 The public
have lost nearly all confidence in American rails.
• b. Railway journey.
1857 E. FITZGERALDZ^//. (1889) I. 242 So as the Atlantic
should have been no greater Bar between us than the two
hours rail to Oxford.
6. attrib. and Comb. a. In senses i and 2, as
rail'fenfe(U£^y-mouldi-pieee,-po$t, -splitter ^S.},
-splitting (U. S. ), -work ; rail-bird, the American
spotted cnckoo ; t rail-cloth, ? a cloth for the
altar-rail; rail-ridden, compelled to 'ride1 on
a rail, as a punishment; t rail-stair, a stair with
a railing ; f rail-tree, a rail.
1707 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) V. 596/2 The naevius, spotted
cuckow, or *rail-bird, is about the size of a field-fare. . . It in-
habits Cayenne... This, .is seen often perched upon gates
and rails, whence its name. 1531 MS. Ace. St. John's
Hasp.) Cantert., Paid for a lyne to the *rale cloth. 1848
WEBSTER, * Rail-fence, a 1864 HAWTHORNE Gritnsaaivc x\\.
(1891) 142 Simple and rustic as the gap in a rail fence. 1870
LOWELL Study Wind. 18 One of the male birds accom-
panies me, flitting from post to post of the rail-fence. 1778
Encycl. Brit. (ed\ 2) I. 618/2 If the sides of the twisted part
of the rail be shaped by the *rail-mould. 1816 Mechanic I.
487 The under edge of the blade may coincide with the top
or winding surface of the "rail-piece. 1825 J. NICHOLSON
Operat. Mechanic 600 A parallel piece of thin wood, .bent
to the side of the rail-piece. 1875 KNIGHT Diet, Meek. 1860/1
*Rail-post) a newel post for a staircase or balustrade.
1865 Morn. Star 19 July, A Woman Tarred and *Rail-
ridoen. 1865 Macnt. Mag. Nov. 7 Earned bis life as *rail-
splitter, deck-hand, farm-labourer, clerk. 1863 DICEY
Federal St. I. 164, I am not practically acquainted with
""rail-splitting. 1589 in Recs. Burgh Glasgow (1876) I. 148
With ane *raill galrie stair and ane turlies upoun the
northmost windo therof. c\yo Sir Beues (MS. A.) 3217
panne was before his bed itijt . . A couertine on *raile tre, For
noman scholde on bed ise. 1825 JAMIESON Suppl., Rail-
tree, a large beam, in a cow-house, fixed about two feet
above the Heads of the cows, into which the upper ends of
the stakes are fixed. Teviotdale. 1828 Lights <y Shades I.
287 A little green cross-barred *railwork for mignonette.
b. In sense 4, in a large number of compounds,
mostly of recent origin, as rail-bender, -borer,
-chair, -clamp t -Joint ', -layer ', -laying, '-maker ;
-making, -mill, -parallel, -trade, etc.
1875 KNIGHT Diet. Meek. 1859-60 * Rail-bender t etc.
1884 Ibid. Suppl. 737 *Rail-borer, etc. 1864 WEBSTER,
'"Rail-joint. 1835 BARLOW indRep. Direct. Loud. # B'ham
Raihv, 49 Both sides being alike, the "rail-layers may select
the side that fits best. 1838 Civil Eng. $ Arch. Jml. 1. 166/1
In all present systems of * rail-lay ing the supports, .simply
rest upon the ground. 1835 BARLOW 2nd Rfy Direct.
Lond. $ B'ham Raihv. 22 The *rail parallel weighing 42 Ibs.
per yard.
C. In sense 5, as rail-bank, -car, -carriage,
charges, distance, -head, operations, -track, -waggon.
1852 WIGGINS Embanking 67 Shaping the material for the
"rail-bank. 1843 WHITTIER Pr. Wks. {1889) I. 352 Steam-
boats and "rail-cars. 1867 G. MUSCRAVE Nooks Old France
II. 204 A hybrid combination of "rail-carriage, omnibus and
diligence. 1880 Q. Rev. CXLV. 319 On the question of
*rail charges a good deal might be written. 1882 £. FITZ-
GERALD Lett. (18891 I. 489 An hour's *Rail distance from
here. 1896 Daily News 13 May 9/3 The advanced base
camp has been transferred to the vicinity of the "rail head.
1855 CARLYLE in E. FitzGerald's Lett. (1889) I. 23$ The end
of my shrieking, mad, (and to me quite horrible) "rail
operations, a 18*4 ROBERTSON in Trans. Highland Soc.
VI. 68 The *rail-track was now made of cast-iron and con-
cave. 1858 HAWTHORNE Fr. Note-bks. (1883) 42 On our left,
the rail-track kept close to the hills. 11824 A. SCOTT in
Trans. Highland Soc. VI. 30 Simple as the common *rail-
waggon convoy may appear [etc.].
Hence Rai'lage, conveyance by rail, or the
charges for this; Railery nonce-wd., travelling
by rail ; Rarly a. nonce-wd., railway-like.
185* L0. COCKBURN Circuit Jonrn. (1883) 373 Too much
railery is an unbecoming thing for an aged judge. 1859
SALA Tw. round Clock (1861) 42 These vegetable Titans are
of the rail, and rally. 1891 Auckland (^.7.^) Star \ Oct. 4/2
Labour, cartage, and railage.
Hail (r^l), J&3 Forms : 5-7 rayle, 5, 8 rale,
6-7 raile, 7- rail. [a. F.ra/e (Picard r«V/*),OF.
raale (13-14^ c.), of uncertain origin. Hence
also G. raile, med.L. rallus] A bird of the
family Rallid& and especially of the genus Rallus :
see LANDRAIL, WATER-BAIL.
c 1450 Two Cookery-bks. 69 Votrellez, Rales, Quayles. 1483
Cath. Angl. 299/1 A Rayle, glebarins, a 1529 SKELTON
Col. Cloute 870 Some.. by the barres of her tayle Wyll
knowe a raven from a rayle. 1615 MARKHAM Eng. HOHSCW.
(1660)76 Sauce for a Quail, Raile, or any fat big bird. 1755
Mem. Capt. P.Drake II. xvili. 273 Wediverted ourselves in
the Meadows, where my Lord shot some Rales. 1843 I EVER
J. Hint on xxxv, All was hushed and still, save the deep
note of the rail. 1885 G. S. FORBES M''ild Lift' in Canard
207 The rails tried all they knew to stop the cobra.
RAIL.
nl/rib. 1573 BARET Ah-caric, A Raile bird, rusticula
1808 T. ASHE Trap. II. 67 Kail-bird, Rallus Virginianus.
Rail (rJ'l), rf.< ranr. Also 6 rayle. [f. RAII
z».4] An act of railing or reviling.
a 1539 S HELTON Caitdatos Anglos 30 With thy versyfyeing
rayles How they haue tayles. 1596 SPENSER f. Q. iv. i. 4-
All carelesse of his taunt and bitter rayle. 1869 MANNING
Petri Privileg. (1871) n. 9 Some half-educated minds.. who
keep up the old rail against the Catholic religion.
Rail (n?'l), sb.S Sc. rare-1, [f. RAIL z>.l : cf.
quot. 1887 in sense 2.] A row (of nails).
1776 C. KEITH Farmer's If a' v, They . . set about
heels wi' rails O' clinkin tackets.
Rail (w'l), v.l Olis. exc. Sc. Also 4 raill-,
4-6 rayl(e, 5 rayll(e, 6 Sc. ralye. [a. OF. reilltr
:— pop.L. *reglare, L. regulars, f. regula : see RAIL
sb*]
t 1. /nz«.r. To set in order or array ; to arrange ;
their
to regulate. Obs.
a 1310 in Wright Lyric P. xiii. 43 The rose rayleth hire
rode, a 135* MIKOT Poems iv. 83 Both alblast and many a
bow Was redy railed opon a row. c 1440 CAPGRAVE Life
St. Kath, iv. 1020 Soo weel can oure mayden hir proporsyons
rayll. Hid. v. 1 168 Whan that no counseill may you reden
ne rayle. c 1530 LD. BERNERS Arth. Lyt. Bryt. (1814) 181
Than his people rayled theym togyther.
tb. To tie or fasten in a string or row. Obs. rare.
1622 BACON Hen. VII 141 [The rebels] were brought to
London, all rayl'd in Ropes, like a Teame of Horses in
a Cart. 163(4 FORD Perk. \Varb. in. i, The ringleaders of
this commotion, Railed in ropes, fit ornaments for traitors
Wait your determinations.
2. To array, adorn, set (with something).
£1350 Will. Palerne 1618 Eche a strete was.. realy rallied
wi)> wel riche clones. {111400 Morte Arth. 3264 The
rowelle whas rede golde . . Raylide with reched and rubyes
inewe. c 1430 LYDO. Reas. I, Sens. 2561 To conserve hyt,
and to Raylie With fresh and lusty apparaylle. 1543 Inv.
R. IVardr. (1815) 85 Ane cott of blak sating ralyeit with
gold and silver. 1887 Jamiesoris Scot. Diet. Suppl. 317 To
rail shoon, to fill the soles with rows of iron nails.
fig. c 1440 CAHGRAVE Life St. Kath. HI. 1230 Wyth many
loyes I wyl jow newly rayle.
Rail (r?l), z».2 Also 4-7 rayle. raile, 7 Sc.
raill. [f. RAIL sb?]
fl. trans. To provide (vines, etc.) with rails;
to train on rails. Obs.
1389 Helmingham MS. 21, If. 170, pe vyne..schal wax
wilde but if she be railid. c 1420 Pallad. on Husb. i. 803
Now rayle hem, and of closure is no doute. 1495 Tm'isa's
Earth. De P. R. xvu. clxxvii. 717 Vynes ben perched and
rayled and bounde to trees that ben nye to them.
2. To furnish or enclose (a place) with rails.
1:1374 CHAUCER Troylus n. 820 (771) This yerd was large,
and rayled alle the aleyes. c 1400 Betyn 201 Al the Aleyls
feir..I-raylid. 1587 Nottingham Rec. IV. 215 Chayney
Pooll the syde towardes Est Crofte to be rayled. 1641
W. MOUNTAGU in Buccleuch MSS. (Hist. MSS. Comm.)
I. 286 All the streets are railed for the advantage of the
show. 1679-88 Seer. Serv. Money Chas. t, Jos. (Camden)
125 In rayling the walke called Swinley Rayles, in the forest
of Windsor. 1726 AYLIFFE Parergon 173 The Church-yard
..ought to be fenced in and railed, a 1817 T. DWIGHT
Trav. New Eng., etc. (1823) I. 456 The sides of the causeys
are stoned, capstained, and railed.
b. With adverbs, esp. to rail in, to enclose
(a space or thing) with rails ; to rail off, to sepa-
rate by a railing.
'4»3 J*s. I Kingis Q. xxxi, Ane herbere grene, with wan-
dis long and small Railit about. 1576 GASCOIGNE Kentl-
•uiorth A iij, A bridge, the which was rayled in on both
sides. 1604 Manchester Court Leet Rec. (1885) II. 205
Raphe Hulme hath Rayled in a parcell of land. 1711
ADDISON Sped. No. 112 F 2 Sir Roger has.. railed in the
Communion-Table. 1802 MAR. EDGEWORTH Moral T. (1816)
I. 221 A space was railed in for the reception of the . .
jurors. 1856 FROUDE Hist. Eng. (1858) I. v. 451 The
footpaths were railed off along the whole distance,
tc. To confine (sheep) by rails. Obs. rare—1.
1641 BEST Farm. Bits. (Surte'es) 84 Yett some will perswade
to rayle them a little before they goe to field.
3. To provide (a hedge, bench, etc.) with a rail or
rails. Also with about, in (cf. 2 b). rare.
1577 B. GOOCE Heresb. Husb. (1586) 50 The common hedge
made of dead wood, well staked and thicke plashed or railde
1683 MOXON Mech. Exerc., Printing xi. l- n The Inck-
Block.. is Railed in on its farther and hinder-sides.. with
Wainscot Board. Ibid. xx. p 3 The Bench hath its farther
Side, and both ends, railed about with slit Deal about two
Inches high.
4. To lay with rails- (in sense 4 of the sb.).
1888 Harpers Mag. LXXVII. 125 One hundred and fifty
miles of new road graded last year, which was to receive
its rails this spring, will not be railed.
5. To convey by rail.
1865 Pall MallG. 4 Sept. 10/1 Fat cattle and fat sheep
. . to be railed to market.
6. intr. To travel by rail. Also with it.
1842 LADY GRANVILLE Lett. (1894) II. 337 We rail to
Munich to-morrow. 1853 Vise. STRATFORD DE REDCLIFFE
in Lane-Poole Life II. 243 Next day we railed it away
through Gratz and Laibach.
7. To fish with a hand-line over a boat's rail.
113
1720 Ffrothi eynez lete the water now be thi cheekis reyle.
schools of mackerel.
tRail, v.3 Obs. Forms: 5 raylle, rayl, reyle,
5-6 rail(e, rayle, 6 Sc. rale, f Of obscure origin.]
intr. To flow, gush (down). Usu. said of blood.
c 1400 Laud Troy-Ik. 6842 The! mette so well . . That the
blod fro hem rayled. £1440 CAPGRAVE Life St. Kath. V.
VOL. VIII.
Rail (iv'l), v.* Forms : a. 5-7 rayl, 6 St.
ral-, rail!, 6-7 rayle, rayll, 6- rail ; 0. 6 Sc. ralje
railje, reljie. [a. F. railler (151(1 c.), of uncer-
tain origin. Cf. RAILLY, RALLY.]
1. intr. To utter abusive language.
1460-70 GREGORY Chron. (Camden) 229 He raylyd soore
and grevysly to fortefy hys bretherynys sayyngys. a 1529
SKELTON Caudatos Anglos 63 Walke, Scot, Walke, sot,
Rayle not to far. £1560 A. SCOTT Poems (S.T.S.) iii. 44
Be je rank quhen thay begin to reljie. 1624 CAPT. SMITH
Virginia in. xi. 86 To force you from your Idlenesse, and
punish you if you rayle. 1735 BERKELEY Def. Free-think.
Mathemat. § 8 To see you rail and rage at the rate you do.
1781 COWPER Charity 500 Satire. .Too often rails to gratify
his spleen. 1871 B. TAYLOR Faust (1875) I. xiv. 152 You
rail, and it is fun to me.
b. constr. against, at, \of, \on, upon, \viith.
1470-85 MALORY Arthur x. Ixxi, Sire Dynadan rayled with
sir Tristram. 1519 HORMAN Vulg. 61 He is so pacient, that
he suffereth men all to rayle and rage vpon him. 1560 DAUS
tr. Sleiiiane's Comm. 23 [He] raileth against all the disci-
pline of the church. Ibid. 47 The Masse is railed on. 1588
BABINCTON Prof. Exp. Lord's Pr. (1596) 267 They rayle
of al compulsion to the contrarie. 1602 MARSTON Ant. $•
Mel. v. Wks. 1856 I. 60 Hee railes at mee beyond reason.
1660 WOOD Life Dec. (O. H. S.) I. 369 Who rayl'd more . .
than be, against both Presbyterians and Independents?
1771 Junius Lett. Iv. 291 Enemies . . rail at him for crimes
he is not guilty of. 1819 SHELLEY Cyclops 98, I am the
same, ^but do not rail upon me. 1866 Miss BRADDON Lady's
Mile i. 6 Don't rail against the women. 1872 BAGEHOT
Physics ff Pol. (1876) 195 We are beginning to see this, and
we are railed at for so beginning.
1 2. To jest, to rally. Also const, with. Obs.
1308 DUNBAR Tua Mariit Wemen 480 Sum rownis ; and
sum ral^eis, and sum redis ballatis. 1530 PALSGR. 678/1, I
rayle, I jeste meryly, je me f audit, 1590 BIIREL in Watson
Coll. Poems (1709) II. 12 Let no man me esteme to raill,
Nor think that raschelie I report. 1685 EVBLYN Mrs.
Godolphin (1888) 98 Severall Ladyes. .were railing with the
Gallants trifleingly enough.
t b. To brag or boast. Obs. rare ~ °.
'53° PALSGR. 678/1, I rayle in bostyng, je me raille. He
doth naught els but rayle at the ale house all daye.
3. trans. To bring (a person) into a certain
condition by railing. Also rarely with a thing as
obj. in other constructions.
1506 SHAKS. Merch. V. iv. i. 139 Till thou canst raile the
seale from off my bond Thou but offend'st thy Lungs to
speake so loud. 1606 — Tr. I, Cr. n. i. 17, I shal sooner
rayle thee into wit and holinesse. 1643 SIR T. BROWNE
Relig. Med. n. § 4 Noble natures, .are not railed into vice
1823 LOCKHART Reg . Dalton I. xiii. (1842) 88 Trying . . to
rail his old English heart out of his bosom ?
b. With adj. expressing the result, rare — 1.
1676 OTWAY Don Carlos v. i, You spightfully are come to
rail me dead.
t Rail, v.5 Obs. rare. [Of obscure etym.] intr.
To go about, wander, roam.
£1400 Land Troy Bk. 6845 Aboute Ector euere the!
rayled. Ibid. 7432 Ther come two kynges In that batayle,
1 hat saw Ector aboute rayle, As faucoun flees afftir drake.
1530 PALSGR. 678/1, I rayle, I straye abrode, je trace, je
tracasse. He doth naught els but rayle here and there.
Rail (w'l), z».6 [Prob. echoic.] trans, and
'ntr. To rattle.
1770 ARMSTRONG Imitations 85 Every petty brook that
crawled . . Railing its pebbles. 1844 [see RAILING ///. a.*].
Railed (r<?'ld), ///. a. [f. RAIL sb? and z/.2]
1. Enclosed with a rail or rails (sense 2). Also
with advb., as railed-in, -off.
1639 Rec. Dedham, Mass. (1892) III. 58 One litle parcell
jf meadow.. within a Rayled neck of Land. 1832 G
DOWNES Lett. Can/. Countries I. 205 The railed incfosure
of the altar. 1868 E. YATES Rock Ahead H. iii, The crowds
kept pouring in to the railed-off space. 1892 ZANGWILL
Bow Myst. 97 A woman., stand ing before a railed-in grave.
2. Laid with rails (sense 4).
1769 De Foe's Tour Gt. Brit. III. 276 The. .Waggons,
ire easily pushed by a Man, on a railed Way, to a Stage
iver the Canal. 1800 in Picton L'fool M-unic. Rec. (1886)
I. 235 A waggon way or Railed Road for conveying stone
rom the quarry.
Railer1 (r?-lai). [f. RAIL v.* + -ER!.] One
who rails ; a reviler.
IS'3 DOUGLAS sEneis vin. Prol. 66 The railjear raknis na
wordis, but ratlis furth ranis. 1573-85 ABP. SANDYS Serm.
xiv. 242 He is a railer, he doteth, he wanteth discretion.
'642 .MiyroN Atol. Smect. Introd., I go on to shew you the
unbndl d impudence of thi'; loose rayler. 1726 POPE Odyss.
xx. 328 Dread not the railer's laugh, nor ruffian's rage. 1810
CRABBE Borough xiii, Thou writ'st of living men, And art
a railer and detractor then. 1859 SMILES Self-Helf (1860) 216
I he grumblers and the railers against fortune.
Railer 2 (r^-lai). [£ RAIL V.>H-KB 1.1 A rail-
maker ; one who fits or furnishes with rails.
1882 in OGILVIE. (Cf. stair-railer.)
fRai-lers. Obs. rare-1. = RAIL si>.2 i.
14. ; Sir Beues (MS. M.) 149/3217 losyan made On her
gurdill a knott rennand. .ouer a rayler sche it drew.
Railery, obs. form of RAILLERY.
Railing (r?-lirj), vbl. sbl [f. RAIL ».2]
tl. The training of vines upon rails, b. A shoot
of a vine so trained ; also attrib. Obs.
1382 WYCI.IF Ps. Ixxix. 12 [Ixxx. n) He stra?te out his
braunchis vnto the se; and vnto the flod his railingus [I..
fropagines'i. — Isa. xvi. 8 His railing braunches [L.
RAILLERY.
propaginesT, ben forsaken, the! passeden the se. 14,,
Trevisa s Bart/,. De P. R. XVH. xviii. 614 Balsamum
spredyth as avyne wythout raylyng and vndersettinge
J. Ihe action of making fences, or enclosing
ground with rails. Also railing-in.
'543 "«rt.35 Hen. VIII, c. 17 § 6 To.. take any of the
same [coppies woodcs] for palyng raylyng or enclosing of
parkes. 1641 MILTON Ch. Govt. n. iii The railing in of
a repugnant and contradictive mount Sinai in the gospel
1679-88 Seer. Serv. Money Chas. f, Jos. (Camden) 139 Ex-
pended in . . rayling and paleing in Bushy Parke.
b. concr. (also in pi.) A fence or barrier made
of rails, or in some other fashion.
"A7?"? S"rham Acc~ R°!ts (Surtees) 94 Pro factura Ixiiij
rod' del Ralyng. 1826 SCOTT Woodst. i, The gilded railing,
which was once around it, was broken down. 1852 MRS
STOWE Uncle Tom's C. xii. 105 Tom . . stood listlessly gazing
over the railings.
trans/. 1860 TYNDALL Glac. i. xviii. 125 From roof to
ledge stretched a railing of cylindrical icicles.
O. Material for railings.
iSia SIR J. SINCLAIR Sysi. Huso. Scot. 336 Railing must be
nailed across the boss . . but when railing is not at hand, a
strongstrawropeiscommonlyused initsstead. I^SMEATON
Builders Man. 147 Bars of fancy railing, and balusters of
stairs consist of cast iron.
3. The laying of rails ; a set or line of rails.
1825 J. NICHOLSON Operat. Mechanic 655 The railing
must, .be set out in levels, or in lines nearly level.
4. Comb, railing-line, a hand-line used over
the rail of a boat.
1626 CAPT. SMITH Accid. Yng. Seamen 5 Rayling lines for
Mackerell. 1883 Fisheries Exhib. Catal. 12 Handlines and
»'»M\.n*.>1.>l. luu^ t -llrlcrlc* d^nlt'. ^ (ll<ll
Long Lines, .railing Lines for Mackerel.
Hence Rai ling-ed a., enclosed by a railing.
1862 Temple Bar Mag. V. 181 A turfed and railinged
square.
Railing (r^-lin), vbl. sb? [f. RAIL v.* +
-ING!.] The action of the vb. ; abusing, abuse.
1470-85 MALORY Arthur x. Ixxii, For this entente svr
c 1580 SIDNEY Ps. xxxi. vii, I understand what railing greate
men spredd. 1681 DRYDEN Ala. $ Achit. 555 Railing and
praising were his usual Themes. 1769 Junius Lett, xviii.
77 Railing is usually a relief to the mind. 1873 D>*°N Two
Queens II. xi. vL 255 He was proof against the railing of
a mob.
pi. 1526 TINDALE i Tim. vi. 4 Stryfe, realinges [1534
raylmges], evyll surmysinges. 1612 T. TAYLOR Comm.
SO
*
was
much applause. 1854 MACAULAY Biog. (1867) 3° It does no
appear, .from the railings of his enemies, that he ever wa
drunk in his life.
Railing (r^-lirj), ///. o.i [f. as prec. + -ING 2.]
That rails; characterized by railing.
1526 TINDALE Jude 9 Michael, .durst nott geve raylynge
sentence, c 1586 C'TESS PEMBROKE Ps. LXXIV. ix, The
wrong Of thy reviling railing foe. 1697 DRYDEN Virgil
Life (1721) I. 53 The railing Eloquence of Cicero in his
Phihpics. 1724 POPE Lett. 10 Sept., The railing Papers
about the Odyssey. 1821 BYRON Sardanap. i. ii. The
railing drunkards ! why, what would they have?
fRai-ling,///. a.2 [f. RAIL z>.3] Flowing.
1590 SPENSER F. Q. in. iv. 57 Instead of rest thou lendest
rayling teares.
Rai-ling,///. a.3 [f. RAIL v.e] Rattling.
1844 LEVER T. Burke II. 163 The railing crash of falling
brancheSj and the deep baying of the storm.
Railingly (r^-linli), adv. [f. RAILING ///. a.l
+ -LY 2.] In a railing manner.
l54.7-«4 BAULDWIN Mor. Philos. (Palfr.) 132 When wee do
raihngly burst out against any man into slanderous and
contentious words. 1684 BUNYAN Pilgr. n. 65 They will
railingjy return them answer.
Raili-potent, a. nonce-wd. [f. RAIL v.*, after
omnipotent.} Powerful in railing.
1593 G. HARVEY Pierce' s Sufer. Prol. **4 b, Spare me, o
super-dominering Elfe, And most Railipotent for euer raine.
Raillery (r^-bri). Also 7 railery. [a. F.
raillerie, f. railler to rally : cf. RALLEHY, a form
which represents the older pron. (roe-bri), given by
Sheridan, Walker, Smart, etc., and still used by
some (esp. U, S.) speakers.]
1. Good-humoured ridicule, banter.
1653 R. LOVEDAY Lett. (1663) 245 The word Raillery you
return'd me for interpretation . . is now grown here so
common with the better sort, as there are few of the meaner
that are not able to construe it. 1656 COWLEV Misc. Pref.,
I am not ignorant, that by saying this of others, I expose
my self to some Raillery. 1756-82 J. WARTON Ess. Pope
II. xi. 257 The raillery is carried to the very verge of
railing, some will say ribaldry. 1806-7 J- BERESFORD
Miseries Hum. Life (1826) vn. x, A company in which you
have been galled by the raillery of some wag by profession.
1871 R. ELLIS Catullus Ixi. 127 The countryman's Ribald
raillery.
b. With a and//. : An instance of this.
1654 SIR E. NICHOLAS in N. Papers (Camden) II. too He
saves Sir E. H. found fault with the meat and such like
railleries. 1683 D. A. Art Converse 100 An Innocent
Railery is their greatest delight. 1710 ADDISON Whig-
Exam. No. i P i There is a shocking familiarity both in
his railleries and civilities. 1820 LYTTON Devereux I. ii, All
his purposed railleries deserted him.
1 2. Railing, reviling. Obs. rare.
Pai
Ibid.
Billingsgate.
15
RAILLESS.
Railless (r^-liU-s), a. [I. RAIL sb? + -LESS.]
Devoid of rails ; having no railway.
1887 HISSEV Holiday on Road vii. 123 The railless, almost
roadless downs. 1897 Daily News 25/311. 3/1 The slippery
and raitless gangway.
llRailleur. 06s. Also 7-8 raillieur. [Ft.,
f. railler to rally.] One who practises raillery.
1667 SPRAT Hist. R. Sue. 417 The Family of the Railleurs
is deriv'd from the same Original with the Philosophers.
1675 WVCHERLF.Y Country Wife II. Wks. (Rtldg.) 75/2 His
acquaintance were all wits and raillieurs. 1751 J. BROWN
Shaflesb. Charnc. 61 note, Setting aside all raillery, advising
the railleurs to be serious.
[f. RAILLY v.
t Rai'llier. Obs. Also 8 -yer.
+ -ERl.] =RALLIEB2.
1711 SHAFTESB. Charac. (1737) III. 288 An airy Gentle-
man of the World, and a thorow Raillyer. 1754 RICHARD-
SON Grandison IV. vi. 50 The free, gay, Raillier. .of all our
Sex's Foibles.
Rai-lly, sb. Sc. rare-1, [f. RAIL sb.l + -Y.]
A woman's jacket.
1818 SCOTT Br. Lamm, xii, What's the colour o' her hair ?
— and does she wear a habit or a railly ?
t Rai-lly, ». Obs. Also 7 rayly, raillie. [ad.
F. railler to RALLY zi.2]
1. a. intr. To rally, to jest.
1635-56 COWLEY Davideis i. Note 18 He would not railly
with the God from whom he hoped for Relief. 1673 °-
WALKER Educ. v. 45 If they railly, droll, and speak evil of
others, a 1760 I. H. BROWNE Poems (1768) in Train'd up
to laugh,. .And railly with the prettiest air.
b. trans. To rally, ridicule, tease (a person).
1673 Lady's Call. i. v. § 26 The jollier [sort] that would
railly them out of their faith. 1740 CIBBER Afol. (1756)
I. 269 He began to railly himself with .. much wit and
humour.
2. intr. Tp mock, scoff, or jeer at.
1678 WOOD Li/e it Dec. (O.H.S.) II. 426 Bamesley a
Jesuit .. came then through Oxford . . attended by a guard
and a tipstaff; raylied at by the boyes.
Hence Kai-lly ing vbl. sb. rare — 1.
1760 STERNE Tr. Shandy III. Auth. Pref., There would
be. .scoffing and flouting, with raillying and reparteeing.
Raillyer, obs. form of RAILLIER.
Railroad (rc'-lrond), sb. Also 8-9 rail road,
rail-road, [f. RAIL 56.^4. Now chiefly U.S., the
usual term in Great Britain being RAILWAY.]
1. = RAILWAY I.
1775 SMEATON Rep. (1837) II. 4ir It seems perfectly prac-
ticable to carry the coals upon a rail-road. 1793 — Edy-
stone L. § 167 note, The timber road, commonly called at
the Collieries, where they are used, a Rail Road. 1805
Tram. Sac. Arts XXIII. 318 A horse employed on a rail-
road. 1834 Act 2*3 Will. iy, c. 64 Sched. O. 40 Along
Smithsons railroad to the point at which the same meets the
Dewsbury road.
b. = RAILWAY i b.
1851 CAROLINE Fox Old Friends (1882) 276 The speculum
[of^Lord Rosse's telescope], .has its own little railroad, over
which it runs into the cannon's mouth.
2. = RAILWAY 2.
1831 SCOTT Ct. Robert Introd.,The giddiness attendant on
a journey on this Manchester railroad. 1835 MOORE Mem.
(1856) VII. 95 To Liverpool by the railroad ; a grand mode
of travelling. 1856 RUSKIN Mod. Paint. III. iv. xvii. § 35
Your railroad . . is only a device for making the world
smaller.
fig. 1847 HAMILTON Let. to De Morgan 5 Mathematicians
. . leaving the level railroad of their own [science].
3. attrib. and Comb. (cf. RAILWAY 3).
a. attrib., as railroad bill, carriage, coach, com-
panion, company, conveyance, pace, shares, speed,
station, track, train, travelling, tunnel.
1838 Civil Eng. $ Arch. Jrnl. I. 296/1 The Aylesbury and
Thame 'Railroad Bill. 1839 PARKIN in Barlow Raihu.
Eng. Wheels (1848) 26 Improvements in 'railroad and other
carriages. 1839 BOWDLER Sunday Trains 15 Proprietors of
'Railroad coaches. 1848 J. H. NEWMAN Loss q Gain 363
The troubled thoughts from which his 'railroad companion
had extricated him. 18*5 HONE Every-day Bk. 1. 173 Twenty
'Rail Road Companies. 1825 WOOD Pract. Treat. Rail,
roads In trod, i The acknowledged importance of 'Railroad
conveyance. 1840 THACKERAY Catherine i, Hope, glory,
and such subjects,, .whirled through their brains at a 'rail-
road pace. <ii839 PRAED Poems (1864) II. 221, I ask the
price of "rail-road shares. i84o[R. E. HILL] Pinch of 'Snitff
59 Intellect and refinement . . now progress at 'railroad speed
1837 Civil Eng. $ Arch. Jrnl. I. 77/2 Entrance to a 'Rail-
road Station. 1875 RUSKIN Fors Clav. Ivii. 250 The main
railroad station at Birmingham. 1858 O. W. HOLMES
Aut. Break/. T. i. (1859) n Boys that put coppers on the
"railroad tracks. 1836 Amer. Jrnl. Sci. t Arts XXX.
382 The vibrating effects of a passing "rail road train 1837
HT. MARTINEAU Soc. Amer. II. 180 "Railroad travelling in
America is very fatiguing and noisy. 1836 Amer. Jrnl.
Sci. t, Arts XXIX. 73 The length of this "Rail Road tunnel
is eight hundred and seventy-seven feet.
b. objective and obj. gen., as railroad proprietor,
scalper (see quot.), -wrecking adj.
1839 BOWDLER Sunday Trains 16 The Railroad pro-
prietors are men of property. 1891 STEVENSON & L.
OSBOURNE Wrecker 43 He became a railroad-scalper ..
its essence appears to be to cheat the railroads out of their
due fare. 1898 Engineering Mag. XVI. 71 The railroad-
wrecking plant, especially the heavier types of steam der-
ricks, will be found of great value.
c. railroad-creeper = railway-creeper.
1891 KIPLING & BALESTIER Naula/ika v, The mauve
•railroad-creeper on the station.
Hence Bai lroadia-na, matters pertaining to rail-
roads; Kai'lroadish a., resembling a railroad in
114
speed ; Bai Iroaclship, nonce-wd., connexion by
means of railroads.
1838 (title) Railroadiana. A New History of England.
1855 SMEDLEY //. Coverdale i. 3 A little too railroadish,
perhaps, unless a man's in an awful hurry. 1883 National
Baptist (U. S.) XIX. 700 Connecting the three Americas. .
in one bond of railroadship.
Railroad (i^'-lroud), v. [f. prec. sb.]
1. trans, a. To furnish (a country) with railroads.
b. To engross (the mind) in railroads, c. transf.
To mark with parallel lines.
21847 ELIZA COOK Poems II. Pref. 5 The public mind
seems nearly as much railroaded as the country. 1893 A.
ROBERTSON Fra Paolo Sarpi 26 The modern practice of
' railroading ' Bibles. rt^Blackiv. Mag. Dec. 788/2 Nearly
every country except China has been railroaded.
2. To transport by means of the railroad.
1893 LELAND Mem. II. 69 We were marched and rail-
roaded back to Philadelphia.
b. U.S. To accomplish (an action) with great
speed ; to ' rush ' (a person or thing) to or into a
place, through a process, etc.
1884 Amer. Law Rev. in Law Times LXXVII. 104/2 The
way men are railroaded to the gallows in that country. 1898
Educat. Rev. (U.S.) XV. 465 This process of railroading^
pupil through school.
3. intr. U.S. To travel by rail.
1889 Lit. World (Boston) 8 June 190/3 Now steaming
along the coast, now railroading along the shore.
4. intr. U. S. To work on the railroad.
1893 GUNTER Miss Dividends 52, 1 was born in Chicago,
. .and railroaded ever since I was corn high.
Hence Bailroaded ///. a.
a 1847 ELIZA COOK Rhymes by Roadside \, Time, with
deep railroaded brow, Changes all things but horses now
Railroader (re'-lro»d9j). U.S. [f. prec. sb.
or vb. + -EB.] One who is employed in the manage-
ment or the working of a railroad.
1881 LmnsburgChron. No. 1938 Experienced railroaders
rrrffMSS* 'hc,m again upon the rails. 1895 Outing
(U.S.) XXVI. 369/2 We had a most vigilant brakeman on
the tram, . . I called the attention of this railroader
Railroading (r^i-lroudirj), vbl.sb. Chiefly U. S.
[f. as prec. + -ING 1.]
1. Travelling by rail. Also attrib.
1855 LOWELL Lett. I. 251 A quiet Sunday, .after a week's
railroading. 1871 MARK TWAIN Innoc. Abr. 77 It is hard to
make railroading pleasant. Ibid, xxvii. 217 These matter-
of-fact railroading and telegraphing days.
2. The business of making or working railroads.
i88a PIDGEON Engineer's Holiday I. 228 Mountain rail-
roading is much easier at its highest than at its lower levels.
1887 M. ROBERTS Western Avernus 203 Railroading is con-
sidered by all who do not follow it as a ' low-down job '.
3. The action of ' rushing ' things. In quot. attrib.
"884 American VIII. 104 A conviction secured in an hour
. .the railroading ' feature, .produces a painful feeling.
4. Printing. In proof-correcting, a method of in-
dicating by parallel lines that words are to be
transferred to the next line ; overrunning.
i88« J. SOUTHWARD Pract. Printing 153.
Rail-train, [f. RAIL sb* 4 and 5.] a. A rail-
way-train, b. (See quot. 1 88 1 ).
1855 E. FITZGERALD Lett. (1889) I. 233 There are Rail-
Trains to Ipswich from Shoreditch. 1871 TALM AGE Sermons
139 It is a rail-train . . run into by a Bangor express. 1881
RAYMOND Mining Gloss., Rail-train, a train of rolls for
reducing iron piles or steel ingots or blooms to rails.
Railway (r^'-lw^1), sb. Also rail-way, rail
way. [f. RAIL sb.Z 4 + WAY. Cf. RAILROAD, at
one time equally (or more) common in Great Britain
and still usual in America.
1838 Civil Eng. f, Arch. Jrnl. I. 275/1 Railway seems
now we think the more usual term.]
1. A way or road laid with rails (originally of
wood, in later times usually of iron or steel), on
which the wheels of wagons containing heavy
goods are made to run for ease of transport ; also',
the way composed of rails thus laid.
Railways (or railroads) of this kind were app. first used at
Newcastle in the beginning of the i7th c. Cast-iron rails
were introduced about the middle of the i8th c., and
wrought-iron ones about 1820. Although this use of the
words is not obsolete, it has now a very restricted currency
in comparison with sense 2.
1776 Act 16 Geo. Ill, c. 32 To make.. a rail-way from
hence to or near Caledon..and to make other rail-ways
1798 Term Kef. VII. 599 To the sleepers or dormant
timbers they affixed railways or waggon ways l8as I
NICHOLSON Operat. Mechanic 655 Five tons to a horse is the
average work on railways, descending at the rate of three
miles per hour.
b. Any line or set of rails intended to facilitate
the motion of wheels or other apparatus.
1835 URE Philos. Manuf. 177 To turn the wheel round at
such rates that the spindles will not take up faster than the
carriage moves on its rail-way.
2. spec. A line or track consisting of iron or steel
rails, on which carriages or wagons conveying
passengers or goods are moved by a locomotive
engine. Hence also, the whole organization neces-
sary for the conveyance of passengers or goods by
such a line, and the company of persons owning
or managing it.
The great extension of railways from their original limited
use (see sense i) began with the opening of the Tine between
Stockton and Darlington in 1825, and that between Liver-
pool and Manchester in 1830.
RAILYET.
1831 COBBETT Rural Rides 2 Oct., They have begun to
make a rail-way from Carlisle to Newcastle. 1842 TENNYSON
Locksley Hall 166 In the steamship, in the railway, in the
thoughts that shake mankind. 1868 G. DUFF Pol. Sun.
45 The construction of a railway would encounter no great
difficulties. 1889 G. FINDLAY (title) The Working of an
English Railway.
3. attrib. anil Comb.
a. attrib., as railway accident, act, bill, bridge,
carriage, company, contractor, cutting, director,
engine, journey, line, man, servant, shareholder,
shares, signal, speed, station, stock, system, track,
train, travelling, tunnel, wagon.
The
to an
given ___
permanent character, while the number of those which may
be formed at will is infinite. The examples given here have
been selected mainly as being early instances of some of the
more usual combinations.
1837 Civil Eng. I, Arch. Jml. I. 43/1 'Railway acci-
dents, by An Old Engineer. 1819 in Wood Pract. Treat.
Railroads (ed. 3) 305 The provisions of the 'railway act
7 Geo. IV. 1819 Rep. Darlington f, Stockton Raihv. Petit.
3 Any Agent for the Darlington 'Railway Bill. 1837
Cml Eng. * Arch. Jrnl. I. 55/2 About 140 men are em-
ployed at the fallen 'railway bridge, a 1814 A. SCOTT in
Jrans. Highland Soc. (1824) VI. 57 If springs .. were fixed
to the front of 'railway.carnages. 1824 R. STEVENSON Ibid.
131 The first Public 'Railway Company seems to have been
instituted at Loughborough, in the year 1789. 1846 SHAW
Gauge Question p. xxviii, Carriers, miners, and 'railway con-
tractors. 1841 BRANDE Diet. Sci., etc. 1017/2 The strata
through which 'railway cuttings are made. 1837 Civil Eng.
if Arch, Jrnl. I. 43/1 The discouragement given by 'railway
directors to railway improvements. 1838 WOOD Pract.
Treat. Railroads (ed. 3) 726 The Stanhope and Tyne "rail-
way engines. 1864 BURTON Scot Air. f. I 36 Who prefer
economy and a sea-voyage to a 'railway journey. 1838
Civil Eng. I, Arch. Jrnl. I. 143/2 The survey of the "Rail-
way line between England and Scotland. i88oG. MEREDITH
Trag. Com. (i88r) 3 The bare railway line of their story. 1845
SIDNEY Gauge Evidence (1846) 13 An experienced 'railway
man. 1840 Act 3*4 Viet. c. 97 § 13 'Railway servants
guilty of misconduct. 1837 Civil Eng. $ Arch. Jrnl. I.
43/2 The anxiety.. for "railway shareholders to c
. — , ~i . 1838 Civil Eng,
Jrnl.l. 358/1 Fire at the London and Birmingham "Rail,
way Station. 1863 H. FAWCETT Pol. Econ. in. xv. 504 The
possessor of "railway stock is part owner of the railway itself
1814 R. STEVENSON in Trans. Highland Soc. VI. 3 An offer
of a reward for the advancement of the "Railway-system.
a 18x4 A. SCOTT Ibid. 43 All public lines of railway will require
two distinct sets of "railway-tracks. 1841 BREES Gloss. Civil
Eng. 196 The effect of high winds upon a 'railway train is
very considerable. 1841 W. F. COOKE Ttltgr. Railtu. 3 The
comparatively high-degree of safety now attained in 'Rail-
way travelling. 1836 in Civil Eng. 4 Arch. Jrnl. (1837) I.
27/1 Improvements in the Construction and Arrangement of
'Railway Tunnels, a 1814 ROBERTSON in Trans. Highland
Soc. (1824) VI. 88 A 'railway-waggon .. has two axles to
sustain the burden.
b. objective and instrumental, as railway-borne
adj., railway-matting.
1843 (title) Examples of Railway Making (Weale). 1881
Daily News 9 Sept. 2/6 An inland market for . . railway-
borne fish.
4. Special combs. : railway -creeper, a plant
conspicuous at railway stations in India ; railway
novel, a light novel, suitable for reading on a rail-
way journey ; railway rug, a rug used for warmth
during railway journeys ; railway-spine, an affec-
tion of the spine produced by concussion in a rail-
way accident.
novels. 1858 SIMMONDS Diet. Trade, 'Railway-rue 1883
G. H. BOUGHTON in Harpers Mag. Apr. 688/1 With a railway
Hence Bai Iwayize v. trans., to furnish with a
railway ; Rarlwayless a., having no railway.
1873 M' COLLINS Sguire Silchester III. xii. 118 He is
getting up a company to railwayize you quiet folk at Sil-
chester. 1860 Chamb. Jrnl. XIV. 338 Many a day's hard
galloping in the railwayless East.
Railway (r^-lw«i), v. [f. prec. sb.]
1. intr. a. To make railways, b. To travel by rail.
•m. xi. 359, 1 _
1860 MRS. CARLYLE Lett. III. 36 Sailing^ which he prefers
infinitely to railwaying.
2. trans. To deprive of, by making a railway.
1844 J. T. HEWLETT Parsons 4- W. i, A house now, alas !
railwayed of its glories.
t Railwifery. Obs. notice-wd. [f. rail(ing)
wife + -ERY.] Abusive scolding.
1695 J. SAGE Article Wks. 1844 I. 319 He was infinitely
far from Gilbert Rules railwifery.
fRailya. Sc. Obs. rare-1. ? Striped, rayed.
154* Inv. R. Wardr. (1815) 78 Ane nycht gown of blak
satmg railya lynit with mertrikis.
Railje, -jear, obs. Sc. ff. RAIL ».*, RAILEB i.
tRailyet. Sc. Obs. rare~\ [Of obscure etym.]
'Prob., bands, ribbons, ties' (Jam.).
1561 Inv. R. Wardr. (1815) 148 Item, sevin quaiffis of
KAIM.
claith of silvir cordonit with blak silk, and the railyettis of
the same.
t Baim, v. Obs. Forms : 4 raim(e, reyme,
4-5 rame, rayme, (4 -mi), 5 rayra. [a. OF.
mini-, reim- (raem-, reaim-, etc. ), stem of raimbre,
reimbre, etc. (see raembre in Godef.) :— L. redimere
to REDEEM. (.Cf. Skeat Notes Engl. Etym. 241.)
An app. instance of raint (rayme} sb. in Alexander 4563 is
perh. a scribal error for rauinc, RAVIN(E,]
L trans. To ransom, redeem, deliver (a person) ;
to recover (a heritage), rare.
a 1300 Cursor M. 23156 pai sal be dempt al wit be wiqk..
pat al bis werld bairn mai not raim. ^1330 R. BRUNNE
Citron. (1810) 185 We clayme bis our heritage.. & borgh
hard woundes of bam salle reyme it eft.
2. To put to ransom, exact ransom from ; hence,
to spoil, plunder, deprive (of).
c 1330 R. BRUNNE Chron. (1810) 43 Eilred has no Hng.
Eilred is so reymed [F. raynt] of his tresorie. 1340 Ayenb.
44 Sergons bet accuseb..bet poure uolc and ham dob raymt
[F. raembre} and kueadliche lede. a 1400-50 Alexander
2488 pis souerayn . . pogt to ride £ to rayme be regions of
barbres. c 1460 Towneley Myst. xiii. 16 We ar so hamyd,
Fortaxed, and ramyd.
b. To take away from a person, rare.
a 1400-50 A lexander 2510 pen am I raddest all our realme
be raymed vs first.
c. ? To treat with violence, to torment, rare ~'.
c 1380 WYCLIF Wks. (1880) 185 False marchauntis. .preisen
hym most bat foulest raymeb alle be membris of crist falsly.
3. a. absol. To take at will. b. trans. To get
possession of; to have control of; to rule over.
c 1325 Pol. Songs (Camden Soc.) 150 Thus me pileth the
pore and pyketh ful clene, The ryche raymeth withouten
eny ryht. c 1330 R. BRUNNE Chron. (1810) 263 If he had. .
gyuen bam. .ber wynnyng ilk a dele, bat bei mot reyme £
gvue. 1365 LANGL. P. PI. A. i. 93 Kynges and knihtes
scholde . . rihtfuliche raymen the realmes a-bouten. 1393
Ibid. C. xiv. 96 Al that the ryche may reyme and ryght-
fulliche dele.
Raim, variant of RAME v., to cry.
Raiment (r^ment), sb. Forms : 5-7 ray-
ment, (5-6 -e), 6 rement, 6- raiment. [Aphetic
form of ARBAYMEM: cf.RAYW.] Clothing, clothes,
dress, apparel. Now rhet.
c 1440 Promp. Para. 422/1 Rayment, orarayment. . , orna-
tus. 1470-85 MALORY A rtknr via. xxviii, They broujt hym
thyder in a fysshers rayment. 1523 FITZHERB. Hint. § 151
An other symple man . . seynge him to weare suche rayment,
thynketh . . that he maye were as good, a 1625 FLETCHER
Women Pleased \. ii, Do you think to.. keep me like an
alms-woman in such rayment, Such poor unhandsome
weeds? 1695 WOODWARD Nat. Hist. Earth \. (1723) 72
Provision for Food, Rayment, and the like. 1781 COWPER
Truth 235 You . . cast bis filthy raiment at them all. 1814
GARY Dante, Par. xxv. 96 The white raiment destined to
the saints. 1868 Miss BRADDON Dead Sea Fr. I. i. 3 Bright
with the holiday raiment of busy multitudes.
fig. 1581 SIDNEY Afol. Poetrie (Arb.) 41 The masking
rayment of Poesie. c 1600 SHAKS. Sonn. xxii, All that beauty
that doth cover thee Is but the seemly raiment of my heart.
1819 SHELLEY P. Bell yd Prol. 5 Wrapped in weeds of the
same metre, The so long predestined raiment [etc.].
t b. With a and pi. : An article of clothing,
a garment, a dress. Obs.
1483 CAXTON Cato F ij, Thou oughtest not to haue. .ouer
precyous Jewellys ne raymentes. 1527 Lane. Wills (1857)
I. 6 The residue of my raymentes not beqwhethed. 1590
SPENSER F. Q. i. vi. 9 With ruffled rayments, and fayre
blubbred face. 1655 STANLEY Hist. Philos. in. (1701) 122/1
A new Rayment for your use this Winter.
fig. 1662 STILLINGFL. Orig. Sacr. i. i. § 7 Error seldom
walks abroad the world in her own raiments.
Hence fRai-ment v. trans., to clothe; Bai'-
mented ppl. a., clothed (lit. and Jig.} ; Bai--
mentless a., destitute of raiment.
1656 S; H. Gold. Law 57 He robes, raiments, and orna-
ments him from head to foot. 1833 TENNYSON Poems 16 All
raimented in snowy white. 1861 BP. G. SMITH Ten Weeks
Japan xix. 272 Raimentless, naked, tattooed bodies. 1887
D. C. MURRAY & HERMAN Traveller Returns ix. 132 No
woman of Coerlea had ever before her been so gorgeously
raimented.
Raiiuondite (r^-mandsit). Min. [Named in
1866 after A. Raimondi, an Italian scientist: see
-ITE.] A hydrous sulphate of iron, occurring in
hexagonal yellow crystals.
1872 WATTS Diet. Chem. ist Suppl.
Bain (r<?'n), sb^ Forms : i rejn, rassn, 1-3
r(5n 2 rieu, 2-4 rein, (3 -e), 3 re53n, 3-5 rayn,
(4-6 -e), 3-6 reyn, (4-6 -e, ?5 reynue), 4 reue,
4-5, 6 Sc. rane,4-7raine,3-rain. [Comm.Teut. :
3E. regn, ren = OFris. rein (mod. reijtf) , OS. regan,
-in (Du. regen}, OHG. regan (MHG., G. regen},
ON. (Sw., Da.) regn, Goth. rign. There are no
certain cognates outside of Tent.]
1. The condensed vapour of the atmosphere, fall-
ing in drops large enough to attain a sensible
velocity ; the fall of such drops.
£825 Vesp. Psalter cxlvi. 8 Se oferwirS heofen mid wol-
cnum & XearwaS eoroan rexn. c 1000 TELFRIC Gen. vii. 4
Ic..sende ren nu. .ofer eoroan. 1154 O. E. Chron. (Laud
Mb.) an. 1117 Mid bunre & lihtinge & reine & haxole.
c 1200 ORMIN 8622 Wei hallf feorbe 3er. .comm na re«n onn
eorbe. c 1250 Gat. t, Ex. 3265 Dhunder, and leuene, and
r|m por-mong God sent, c 1330 R. BRUNNE Chrm:. Wacc
(Rolls) 6827 pe arewes come so bykke so reyn. c 1386
CHAUCER Monk's T. 183 In reyn with wilde beestes walked
"«• — Prioress' T. 222 Hise salte teeris trikled doun as
115
reyn. c 1449 PECOCK Refr. n. ii. 146 To couere him fro reyne
and fro othir sturne wedris. 1535 STEWART Cron. Scot. Ill
257 Fers as ane eill war new tane in the ranc. 1635 SWAN
Spec. M. iv. § 2 (1643) 58 The rain, proceeding from those
vapours which we call the clouds. 1710 ADDISON Tatler
No. 218 T2 A black Cloud falling to the Earth in long
Trails of Rain. 1752 HUME Ess. fy Treat. (1777) II. 90 There
is a certain uniformity in the operation of the sun, rain, and
earth. 1810 Scorr Lady of L. v. xv, Fierce Roderick . .
shower'd his blows like wintry rain. 1878 HUXLEY Physiogr.
41 We may fairly expect the formation of rain to be preceded
by that of cloud.
b. In proverbial and allusive expressions.
c 1250 Long Life 3 in O. E. Misc. 136 Fair weder turneS
ofte into reine. c 1386 CHAUCER Wife's Prol. 732 Er bat
thonder stynte, comth a reyn. 14. . in Rel. Antiq. I. 323
After droght commyth rayne. 1484 CAXTON Fables oj
sEsop n. viii, After the rayne cometh the fair weder. 1599
H. BUTTES Dyets drie Dinner Biv, Fooles. .have the wit to
keep themselves out of the raine. 1670 RAY Eng. Prov. 135
Small rain lays great dust. 1777 [see RAIN v . 3],
2. //. Showers of rain ; rainfalls.
a 900 O. E. Martyrol. 20 Mar. 40 paere lyfte gecynd is baet
heo tehS to ba renas of ba:m sealtan sas. 971 Blickl. Horn.
51 pas windas & bas rejnas syndon ealle his. 1154 O. E.
Chron. (Laud MS.) an. 1098 purh mycele renas be ealles
Scares ne ablunnon. c 1200 Vices fy Virtues 143 Godd..
wiSheld alle reines brie hier £ six monebes. a 1340 HAM-
POLE Psalter civ. 30 He set baire raynys haghil. c 1400
MAUNDEV. (Roxb.) vii. 23 pare es na trubling of be aer
thurgh raynes. 1556 Chron. Gr. Friars (Camden) 2 Thys
yere felle gret raynes. 1625 N. CARPENTER Geog. Del. H. i.
(1635) 5 The extraordinary Raines and showers which those
places suffer. 1738 GRAY Tasso 10 Swoll'n with new force
and late descending rains. 1878 HUXLEY Physiogr. 48 The
heavy tropical rains are usually confined to definite periods.
Prov. 1846 DENHAM Prov, (Percy Soc.) 54 Many rains,
many rowans.
b. In India, the rainy season.
1616 SIR T. ROE Jrnl. (Hakluyt Soc.) I. 247 A storme of
rayne called the Oliphant, vsuall at goeing out of the raynes.
1707 Let. in Orme Hist. Fragments (1805) p. vi, We are
heartily sorry that the rains have been so very unhealthy
with you. 1776 Trial of Nlindocomar 65/2 Was it . . before
the rains that the army came there ? 1879 SIR E. ARNOLD
Lt. Asia. vin. (1881) 236 Forty.five rains thereafter showed
he those . . and gave Our Asia light. 1895 MRS. CROKER
Village Tales (1896) 125 One rains he died.
c. Naut. A part of the Atlantic Ocean (see
quots.), in which rain is frequent.
1727-41 CHAMBERS Cycl., Rains, in the sea-language, denote
all that tract of sea to the northward of the equator, between
4 and 10 degrees of latitude ; and lying between the meri-
dian of Cape Verde, and that of the easternmost islands of
the same name. 1803 VINCE in Naval Chron. X. 145 There
are. .constant calms in that part of the ocean called the
Rains. 1867 SMYTH Sailor's Word-bk., Rains.. exist be-
tween the north-east and south-east trade-winds, changing
their latitude several degrees.
3. With indef. article : fa. A shower of rain. Obs.
a 122$ Ancr, R. 246 A muchel wind alib mid a lutel rein.
c 1250 Gen. <$• Ex. 3326 First he wenden it [manna] were a
rein, c 1385 CHAUCER L. G. W. 2411 Phyllis, Behynde him
come a wynde and eke a rayne. c 1420 Pallad. on Huso.
in. 442 At euery rayn Do delue vp smal the mold, a 1533
yne to creep
b. A (specified) kind of rain (or shower).
1699 Phil. Trans. Abridg. (1731) III. 495 A small drizling
Rain .. increased to a very plentiful shower. 1711 SWIFT
yrnl. to Stella i Aug., The queen and I . . were both
hindered by a sudden rain. 1782 Encycl. Brit. (1797) XV.
779/1 If the vapours., rise a little higher, we have a mist or
fog. A little higher still, and they produce a small rain. 1853
G. J. CAYLEY Las Alforjas II. 51 Set off in a mizzling rain.
4. trans/. The descent of liquid or solid particles
or bodies falling in the manner of rain ; the collec-
tive particles or bodies thus falling. Also_/%;
1388 WYCLIF Ecclus. xliii. 20 An herte dredith on the reyn
therof [snow], a 1541 WYATT in Tottelfs Misc. (Arb.) 39
A rayne of teares, a clowde of darke disdayne. 1648 J.
BEAUMONT Psyche i. xxxviii, Wealth it self doth roll In to
her bosom in a golden Rain. 1753 CHAMBERS Cycl. Sufp.
s.v., These rains of frogs always happen after very dry
seasons. 1821 SHELLEY Hellas 381 The batteries blazed,
Kneading them down with fire and iron rain. 1847 TENNY-
SON Priitc. Prol. 62 The fountain . . playing, now A twisted
snake, and now a rain of pearls.
b. Jig. of immaterial things.
1821 SHELLEY Prometh. Unb. in. iii. 119 The dew-mingled
rain Of the calm moonbeams. 1820 — Skylark 35 From thy
presence showers a rain of melody. 1893 MRS. C. PRAED
Outlaw ft Lawmaker II. 229 To shield herself from the
rain of kisses.
c. spec. A composition used in rockets, producing
a shower of bright-coloured sparks.
1749 Descr. Machine for Fire-works 12 Explosions of
Serpents, Rains, and Stars. 1853 MORTIMER Pyrotechiiy
(ed. 2) 94 Golden Rain. .Silver Rain.
5. attrib. and Comb. a. attributive or appositive,
as rain-bag, -cloud, -course, f -frost, -pipe, f -rift,
-storm, f -time, t -weather.
. _ ...
stratus, which dissolving falls as rain. 1846 RUSKIN Mod.
Paint. I. II. III. iv. § 2 The nearness of the rain-cloud . .
makes its hue of grey monotonous. 18x2 SCOTT Rokeby
n. xiv, Hid in the shrubby "rain-course now. a 1300 Fragm.
Pop. Sc. (Wright) 232 Of hawel, of den, of *reyn-forst, and
hor-forst. 1889 F. A. KNIGHT liy Lcnfy U'nys 12 It rouses
the ire of the householder by stopping up the yrain-pipe.
13.. E. E. Allit.P. B. 368 Mony clustered clowde clef alle
in clowtej, To-rent vch a *rayn-ryfte & rusched to be vrbe.
1816 COLERIDGE LaySerm. 348 The rainbow on afast-saiUng
RAIN.
•rain-storm. £1425 St. Mary of Oignies i. ix. in Atiglia
VIII. 142/33 She . . in be *rayne-tyme come home ageyne
vntouclnd. c 1520 L. ANDREWE Noble Lyfe in Babees Bk.
219 In fayre weder he reioyscth sore, but whan it is *rayne
weder, than it singeth selden.
b. Instrumental, chiefly with pa. pples., as rain-
awakened, -beat, -beaten, f -berun, -bleared, -bound,
bright, -drenched, -scented, -soaked, • washed adjs.
1820 SHELLEY Skylark 58 'Rain-awakened flowers. 1598
BP. HALL Sat. iv. iii. 22 Figures halfe Obliterate In *rain-beat
Marble, a 1450 Fysshynge vj. Angle (1883) 2 "Reyn beton
..and hys clothes torne.
Though my ryme "
J. REYNOLDS Dolt , _, , „
trim'd, this now rainbeaten face, c 1420 ~PaUad. on Husb.
vii. 73 In londis wete, or ellis *rayn bironne. 1849 M.
ARNOLD Strayed Reveller, Grey, *rain-b!ear'd statues. 1864
D. G. MITCHELL ,Sev. Star. 45 A stranger who is "rain-bound
in the opposite inn. 1818 MILMAN Samor 344 Freshens the
circuit of the "rain-bright grove. 1853 TALFOUHD Castilian
v. iv, Not a scent Of *rain-drench'd flower. 1818 KEATS
Etidym. i. too "Rain-scented eglantine. 1789 WOLCOTT (P.
Pindar) Subj. for Painters Wks. 1812 II. 135 Drooping
"rain-soak'd fowls. 1870 MORRIS Earthly Par. III. IV.
231 The "rain-washed fields from hedge to hedge are bare.
C. Objective, etc., as rain-bearer, -maker; rain-
aboding, -bearing, -dropping, -making adjs. ; also
rain-proof, -tight.
1632 LITHGOVV Trav. x. 429 There Fabrickes are . . of smoake-
torne straw . . and "Raine-dropping watles. 1775 ADAIR
Amer. Ind. 89 The old women were less honest in paying
their "rain-makers. 1856 SIR B. BRODIE Psychol. Ing. I. f
25 The poor African, who . . seeks the conjurations of the
rainmaker. 1889 RIDER HAGGARD Allan's Wife 158 This
old "rain-making savage. 1831 CARLYLE Sari. Res. n. vii,
Their old Temples . . for long have not been "rainproof. 1870
EMERSON Soc. $ Solit. vii. 131 Rain-proof coats for all
climates.
6. Special Combs. : rain-ball dial, (see quot.) ;
rain-band, a dark band in the solar spectrum,
caused by the presence of water-vapour in the
atmosphere ; rain-bath, a shower- or spray-bath ;
rain-bor, a contrivance used in a theatre for
imitating the sound of rain ; rain-eap, a cap worn
as a protection against rain (so rain-cloak, -clothes,
-coat, etc.) ; rain-chamber, in metal-working, a
compartment in which noxious fumes are condensed
by the action of spray (Knight Diet. Mech. 1875) ;
rain-chart = rain-map ; rain-cuckoo = RAIN-
BIRD 2 ; rain-doctor, one who professes to bring
rain by incantations ; rain-door, an outside door
in Japanese houses; rain-gauge, an instrument
measuring the amount of the rain-fall ; rain-glass,
a barometer ; rain-god, the god who has control
of the rain ; rain-goose, the red-throated diver
{Colymbus septentrionalis} ; rain-king, rain per-
sonified as a king; f rain-machine = rain-gauge ;
rain-map, a map showing the distribution of the
rainfall over a certain area ; rain-mark, -pit, an
indentation made in the ground by a rain-drop
(so rain-pitting, -print, -spof) ; rain-plover (see
quot.) ; rain-procession, a ceremonial procession
made in the hope of obtaining rain ; rain-quail,
the Indian and African quail (Cottirnix coroman-
delicus), abundant in some parts of India during
the rainy season ; rain-tree (see quots.) ; f rain-
vault, a compluvium ; rain-wash, the effect of
rain in washing away earth, etc. ; also, the matter
thus washed away. See also RAIN-BIRD, -BOW,
-DROP, -FAIL, -FOWL, -SHOWER, -WATER.
1888 R. ABERCROMBY Weather iii. 78 In Lancashire, the
festoons [of cloud] are called "rainballs', and are only con-
sidered a sign of rain. 1882 PIAZZI SMYTH in Knowledge
II. 294 That water-vapour band, .has, therefore, been called,
the ' "rain-band '. Ibid. ' Rain-band spectroscopes ' have
been specially constructed by . . opticians. 1887 Nature
XXXV. 588/2 The intensity of the rainband is observed
and recorded. 1896 Alloutt's Syst. Med. I. 340 Hip-baths,
shower or "rain-baths. 1881 Era Almanack 38, 1 had pulled
the rope connected with the ' "rain-box '. 1827 CARLYLE
Germ. Rom. I. 25 She drew a "rain-cap over her face. 1782
LATHAM Gen. Syn. Birds I. n. 535 Long-billed "Rain
noted rain-doctor. 1888 Pall Mall G. 12 Sept. a/' The
atnado, or outside "rain-doors, were slid in front of all the
houses. 1760 HEBERDEN in Phil. Trans. LIX. 359 The
' ' f. , ,.- t_ _ _ _:__ _1 . _t, .!._
5 Rivers are the rain-gauge
26 July 121 The following may be depended upon as a
"rain-glass. 1884 A. J. EVANS in Archseologia XLIX. 108
The hill which is supposed to be the "Ram-God himself.
1793 Statist. Ace. ScotL VII. 573 The birds are, eagles,
marrots or auks, kingfishers, "rain geese, muir fowls, 1880
BLACK White Wings xx, There is a deeper gloom over-
lead ; the "rain-king is upon us. 1767 HUXHAM in Phil.
Trans. LVII. 446 One of the Thermometers is kept, .with-
out Doors in the "Rain Machine. 1878 HUXLEY Physiogr.
46 A general view of the rainfall . . is presented by the
accompanying "rain-map. 1867 LVF.LI. Pr inc. Geol. II. xv.
[. 335 Tracks of worms, .occasionally pass under the middle
of a "rain-mark. 1841 Penny Cycl. XIX. 270/2 Foot -prints,
"rain.pits, and hollows of every kind. 1871 A. C. RAMSAY
n Q. Jrnl. Geol. Soc. XXVII. 250 The presence of sun-
15-2
BAIN.
cracks and "rain-pittings in the Longmynd beds. 1817 T.
KOKSTER Nat. Hist. Swallowtribe (ed. 6) 86 Charadriiis
p^uvialis. Golden plover . . "Rainplover. 1859 PAGE Geol.
Terms "Rain-Prints. 1882 GEIKIE Text-bk. Geol. iv. i. 486
Ripple-marks, "rain-prints, or sun-cracks. 1884 A. J. EVANS
in Archxologia XLIX. 106 The Roman "rain-procession,. .
described by Petronius. 1897 Allbutfs Syst. Med. IV. 530
Round depressions resembling the impress of "rain-spots on
soft sand. 1878 Nature XVII. 349/1 The Tamia-caspia, or
*rain tree of the Eastern Peruvian Andes. 1879 Bull. U. S.
Nat. Mus. No. 13. 75 Britnefelsia pubescens Rain-tree...
Flowers odorous before rain. 1552 HULOET, "Rayne volte,
Compluuius lacus. 1876 A . H. GKEEN Phys. Geol. iii. § 2. 1 12
These accumulations of rain-borne decomposed rock go by
the general term of ' "Rain-wash '. 1896 Geol. Mag. Oct. 466
The rain and rain-wash loosen the light soil below and
about the roots.
Bain (r«'n), sb.'2 Obs. exc. dial. Forms : 5-7
reyne, 6 raine, rayn(e, 9 dial, rein, rain. See
also REAN. [a. ON. rein (Norw. rein, Sw. and
Da. ren) = MLG. rein, OHG. rain, rein (G. rain),
strip of land, esp. one left unploughed between
fields or ridges, a balk, etc. Da. ren has also the
sense of ' furrow ' which is prominent in Eng.]
1. A strip of land, a ridge; a division between
lands or fields.
1481 in Ripon CA. Acts (Surtees) 346 Layland Raynes—
Lidale Rayne— Turff.car Rayne— &c. 1541 Mem. Ripon
(Surtees) III. 194 Et in decasu firmae unius Rane voc.
Sayntwilfryd Rane ad loj. per annum 10*. $d. 1608 in Peel
Spen Valley (1893) 125 Followinge a certaine rayne or hedge
devydinge Gomersall and Liversedge. 1819 in Sheffield
Gloss, s. v., A line across meadows where has formerly been
a hedge or a road is called the rain.
2. A furrow between the ridges or lands in a field.
1523 FITZHERB. Husb. f 7 He seeth not, whether the
plough go in rydge or rayne. a 1600 WYNNE Hiit. Gwedir
Fam. (1878) 54 They reaped the corne that grew in the
raine.. as the corne in the ridge was not readie. 1611
COTGR., Seillou,. .l\\e narrow trench, reyne, or furrow, left
betweene butt and butt for the drayning thereof. 1844 PALIN
in Jrnl. R. Agric. Soc. V. i. 59 Commencing in the rein of
the former butts and making the former ridges into reins.
t b. A small stream or ditch. Obs. rare-".
1611 COTGR., Ardoite, a little brooke, or reyne, that gently
runnes along a field.
Bain (r?'n), v. Forms: i i,h)resnian, 2-3
rein-, 3 rejjn-, 4 regne, reigne, reine, 4-5
reyne, 4-6rayne,4-7 Sc. rane,4-; raine, sreyn,
reygne, (6 raigne, 7 reign), 3- rain. [OE. regnian
(rare) = MDu. reghenen (Du. regenen), OHG. re-
ganin (MHG. regenen, regnen, G. regnen), ON.
regna (Sw. regna, Da. regne), f. regn RAIN sl>l
The usual form in OE. was the causative riznan,
rlnan RINE v.}
I. Intransitive senses.
L Impersonally. It rains : Rain falls.
C1200 ORMIN 8694 He badd o Drihhtin Godd pat itt ta
shollde res^nen. 13.. K. Alls. 6450 Whan hit snywith
other rayneth. £1380 WVCLIF Set. Wks. III. 380 pof hit
rayne on bo auter of bo parische chirche. 1430-40 LYUG.
Bochas in. xxiv. 95 It may nother blowe thereon, nor reyn.
'523 LD. BEKNERS Froiss. I. ccvii. 244 For moost part day
and night it reyned without cease. 1697 DAMPIER Voy I 13
It rained very hard. 1711 SWIFT Lett. (1767) III. 151 It
rained so this evening again, that I thought I should hardly
be able to get a dry hour to walk home in. 1854 EARL
CARLISLE Diary 115 It has really taken to rain rather fre-
quently. 1882 OUIDA Maremma I. 197 If it would only
have rained, how welcome it would have been.
Phr. 1726 ARBUTHNOT (title) It cannot rain but it pours ;
or London strow'd with rarities. 1893 EARL DUNMORE
Pamirs I. 292 As it never rains but it pours, news of another
disaster was nfe in the city in the evening.
b. In indirect passive. Const, upon.
1382 WYCLIF Ezek. xxii. 24 Thou art the vnclene bond,
not reynyd togidir [COVERDALE, etc. rayned vpon] in the dai
of woodnes. 1561 WINJET Cert. Traclates Wks. 1888 I. 14
Ane vnclene land, quhilk is not raynit vpon. 1840 [R. E.
HILL] Pinch of 'Snuff 119 Carrying a duck in a rained-upon
sedan chair.
2. Of the Deity, the sky, clouds, etc. : To send
or pour down rain.
C9& Lindisf. Gosf. Matt. v. 45 He .. hre-$naS [Ruslnu.
resneS] ofer soSfassta & unsoSfeste. c 1290 S. Eng. Leg.
"4/235 Rat weder bi-gan to reinie faste. c 1374 CHAUCER
Troylus in. 502 pe walken shop hym for to reyne.
1382 WYCLIF Gen. ii. 5 The Lord God forsothe had not
reyned vpon the erthe. a 1550 Droichis Part of Play 35 in
Dunoar's Poems (1893) 315 The skyis raind quhen he wald
[scowle]. 1605 SHAKS. Lear in. vii. 62 Poore old heart, he
holpe the Heauens to raine. 1697 DRYDEN &neid Dcd. b 4,
They make ..Eneas, .a kind of a St. Swithen Heroe, always
raining. 1833 TENNYSON Lady ofShalott iv. i, Heavily the
low sky raining Over tower'd Camelot.
fig- »S97 SHAKS. 2 Hen. IV, n. iii. 59 To raine vpon
Remembrance with mine Eyes, That it may grow, and
sprowt. 1642 FULLER Holy t Prof. St. n. xv. 107 Good
reason therefore Northern Scholars should be most watered
there, where Northern Benefactours rained most.
transf. 1883 GRESLEV Gloss. Coal-mining 198 An under-
ground place is said to rain when water drops freely from
the roof.
3. Of rain : To fall.
aiyxt-naoCursarM. 1835(6011.) pis rain rained euer on-
ane. 1377 LANGL. P. PI. B.xvn. 333 The reyne bat reyneth
. . . . . v. . 40! e
raine it rameth every day. 1777 BRAND Pop. Antia. 53
Happy (says the Proverb) is.. the Corpse the Rain rains on.
4. transf. Of substances other than water : To
116
fall from the sky or through the air in the manner
of rain, esp. in small particles.
ciaoo Trin. Coll. Horn. 59 God let hem reine manne.
c 1330 R. BRUNNE Chron. Wace (Rolls) 2623 pre dayes in his
tyme reyned blod. c 1450 Mirour Saluacioun 1477 Manna
also y' in desert rcynyde. 1655 FULLER CA. Hist. n. iii. § 33
Blpud reigned in some parts of the Land. 1820 SHELLEY
Vis. Sea 29 The intense thunder-balls which are raining
from heaven. 1841 TENNYSON Sir Galahad 12 Perfume and
flowers fall in showers, That lightly rain from ladies' hands.
b. Of tears : To fall like rain.
c 1374 CHAUCER Troylus v. 1336 The terys which bat fro
myn eyen reyne. i6oa SHAKS. Ham. iv. v. 166 On his
graue raincs many a teare. 16*7 MILTON P. L. ix. 1122
They sate them down to weep, nor onely Teares Rained at
thir Eyes. 1860 THACKERAY Level vi, Genuine tears rained
down her yellow cheeks.
c. Of immaterial things : To descend, fall, come,
etc., in a manner comparable to the fall of rain.
1393 LANGL. P. PI. C. xv. 24 Grace groweth nat til goode
wif gynne reyne. 1411-10 LYDG. Chron. Troy i. v, The
foyson & plente Of kyngly fredom. .So fulsomely gan there
to reygne and snowe. 1535 COVEKDALF. Job xx. 23 God
shal.. cause his battayll to rayne ouer him. 1602 MAKSTON
Antonio's Rev. HI. ii, The curse of Heaven raines In
plagues unlimited through all his daies. 1801 J. ADAMS
Wks. (1854) IX. 585 Ennui, when it rains on a man in large
drops, is worse than one of our north-east storms. 1847
TENNYSON Princ. v. 490 As from a giant's flail, The large
blows rain'd.
5. It rains in : Rain enters or penetrates. Also
transf. with other subjects (cf. 4).
1596 Vestry Bks. (Surtees) 270 Mendinge the church porch
and over bed above where it did rayne in. 1664 J. WEBB
Stone-Heng(ii2$ 95 The Impluvium or open Part where it
ramedm. 1771 FocneMaiit o/B. n. Wks. 1799 II. 222 The
house . . is a little out of repair ; not that it rains in .. at
above five or six places. 1865 W. G. PALGRAVE Arabia I.
72 Invitations rained in on all sides.
II. Transitive senses.
6. Impersonally. It rains : There is a shower of
(something falling from above or through the air).
a mt,Ancr. R. 98 (MS. C) pach hit reine arewen, ich babe
a nede erende. c 1175 LAY. 3895 preo daijes hit reinede
blod. a 1400-50 Alexander 566 pen rekils it vnruydly &
raynes doune stanys. 1535 COVERDALE Luke xvii. 29 It
rayned fyre and brymstone from heauen. 1596 BARLOW
Three Serin, iii. i4r In Bauaria it rained corne, of which
much bread was baked. 1653 WALTON Angler vii. 152 It
should rain none but water Frogs. 1738- [see CAT AND
DOG 2). 1753 CHAMBERS Cycl. Supp. s. v. Rain, [They]
acounted it a miracle that it rained earth and sulphur upon
them. 1811 SHELLEY Hellas 604 It has rained blood.
fiS' '59* SHAKS. i Hen. IV, v. i. 47 It rain'd downe For-
tune shpwring on your head. 1606 — Ant. $ Cl. IIL xiii. 85
Bestow'd his lips on that vnworthy place, As it rain'd
kisses. I74« H. WALPOLE Lett. (1857) U. 24 Why, it rains
princes. 1816 C. M. DAVIES Unorth. Land. (ed. 2) no It
has positively rained tracts.
7. Of personal or other agents : To pour or shower
down (something falling through the air like rain).
a 1300 Cursor M. 2841 Ouer lauerd raind o bam . . Dun o
lift, fire and brinstan. 1390 GOWER Conf. II. 183 The
myhti god began to reyne Manna fro hevene doun to
grounde. 1541 UDALL Erasm. Apoph. 166 b, lupiter in
fourme of a shoure raynyng droppes of golde. 1598 SHAKS.
Merry W. v. v. 21 Let the skie raine Potatoes. 1697
DRYDEN Virg.Georg.iv. 119 Nor shaken Oaks such Show'rs
of Acorns rain. 1768-74 TUCKER Lt. Nat. (1834) II. 312 He
could have rained us food from heaven. 1818 KEATS
Endym. ii. 427 Another [Cupid] .. Rain'd violets upon his
sleeping eyes. 1855 MACAULAV Hist. Eng. xxi. IV. 591
He rained shells and redhot bullets on the city.
fig. 1882 BLUNT Kef. CA. Eng. II. 9 Raining coronets
upon their heads and wealth into their coffers.
b. To shed (tears) copiously.
1588 SHAKS. L. L. L. v. ii. 819 Raining the teares of
lamentation. 1820 SHELLEY Ode to Liberty viii, What if
the tears rained through thy shattered locks Were quickly
dried 1 1875 JOWETT Plato (ed. 2) 1. 240 His eyes rain tears.
C. With immaterial object.
01340 HAMPOLE Psalter xvii. 13 Prechours, be whilk..
raynes down godis word till ober. 138* WYCLIF Job xx. 23
That he. .reyne vp on hym his bataile. c 1586 C'TESS PEM-
BROKE Ps. utix. x, Downe upon them fury raine. 1632
MILTON L A llegro 122 Ladies, whose bright eies Rain in-
fluence. 1726 POPE Odyss. xvii. 49 Rains kisses on his
neck, his face, his eyes. 1820 SHELLEY Skylark 30 The
moon rams out her beams, and heaven is over-flowed. 1878
Bosw. SMITH Carthage 152 The blows rained by practised
pugilists on one another.
8. \npassive: To be showered down. rare.
1647 HAMMOND Power of Keys vii. 140 Manna ceased to
be rain d from heaven. 1756 C. LUCAS Ess. Waters II. 28
Sometimes salt instead of fresh water has been rained in
different places.
9. With complement : To bring into a specified
condition by raining.
" '340HAMPOLE Psalter cxlii. « My saule . . draghis til be
nognt W pe warld, bat may noght wete it, forbi bou rayne it
r
, ,
ful of grace, c 1440 Gesta Rom. Ivi. 239 (Harl. MS.) Yf. .
be Reyne Rayne vppon bobe myn yen, yee, me hadde leuer
let hit Reyne hem oute of the hede, than I turnid me.
Mod. It will probably rain itself out before morning.
flO. To wet with rain. Obs. rare—1.
CI440 York Myst. xiv. 18 pe walles are doune on ilke a
side, pe ruffe is rayned aboven oure hede.
Rain, var. R AIGN v. Obs. ; obs. f. RANE s6., REIGN,
REIN sb. and v.
Barn-bird, [f. RAIN *M + BIRD.]
1. The green woodpecker, Gecinus viridis.
»555 GESNER Hist. A ami. II 1. 675 Picas, Anglis a specht, uel
a Vuodgecker, net raynbyrde. 1601 HOLLAND Pliny II. 214
The Rainbird, Woodpeck or Hickway, called Picus Martius.
BAINBOW.
1843 YARRELL Brit. Birds II. 136 The Green Woodpecker..
[i-] said to be vociferous when rain is impending, hence
their name of Ram- bird.
2. A Jamaican cuckoo (cf. quots. 1852 and 1894).
1715 SLOANE Jamaica II. 312 It makes a noise generally
before rain, whence it had its name of Rain Bird. 1756 P
BROWNE Jamaica 467 The Rain-Bird, .is seldom seen, but
when it flies it takes a, thousand turns in its flight. 1851
SCHLATER in Jardine Conlrib. Omith. 83 Rain-Birds (a
modification of Saurotherse, Motmots..). 1804 NEWTON
Diet. Birds 654 Old Man, the name in Jamaica for
Hyetornis pluvialis, one of the Cuckows which is also called
R^ain-bird, as are others of the family.
3. In Australia : (see quots.).
1860 G. BENNETT Gather, of Naturalist 283 The Austra-
lian Shrike or Butcher-bird, also called Rain-bird by the
i colonists (Vanga destructor). 1808 MORRIS Austral Eng.
\ S.V., The rain-bird of Queensland and the interior is the
great Cuckoo or Channel-bill.
Bainbow (r^'-nbcn), sb. Forms : see RAIN sb.\
and Bow sbl (also 5 -bawe, 6 -boll, -boaw). [OE.
(rcgn-), renbo&a •= OHG. rcginbogo (MHG. regen-
boge, G. -bogen; Du. -bong), ON. regnbogi (Sw.
-bdge, Da. -hue}.']
1. A bow or arch exhibiting the prismatic colours
in their order, formed in the sky opposite to the sun
by the reflection, double refraction, and dispersion
of the sun's rays in falling drops of rain. Also,
a similar arch formed in the spray of cataracts, etc.
Lunar rainbow, one formed by the moon's rays, rarely
seen. Marine or sea rainbow, one formed on sea-spray.
Secondary or supernumerary rainbow, a fainter one formed
inside or outside the primary by double reflection and
double refraction, and exhibiting the spectrum colours in
the opposite order to that of the primary.
ftooo JBMM Gen. ix. 13 Ic sette minne renbogan on
wolcnum. a 1175 Cott. Ham. 225 panne biS atawed min
r£n bdge. ci*y> Gen. <J Ex. 637 God..taunede him in Se
walkene a-buuen Rein-bowe, men cleped reed and bio. a 1300
Cursor M. 1976 pou sal fra now mi rainbow see. 1387
TREVISA Higden (Rolls) I. 337 A ston. .callede Iris, whiche
putte to the sonne causethe a reynebawe to appere in the
aier. 1471 RIPLEY Comp. Alch. Ep. in Ashm. (1652) 188
Pekoks fethers in Color gay, the Raynbow whych shall
overgoe. 1526 TINDALE Rev. iv. 3 There was a rayne boll
aboute the seate. im EDEN Decades 246, 1 sawe a whyte
raynebowe abowt mydnyght. 1698 FROGER Voy. 169 This
same night, we beheld a Rain-bow cross the heavens, which
..had a very lively red colour. 1753 HOGARTH Anal.
Beauty xi. 84 Any two opposite colours in the rainbow, form
a third between them. 1813 SCOTT Triertn. n. iii, As
wilder'd children leave their home, After the rainbow's arch
to roam. 1860 TYNDALL Glac. I. ii. 12 In front of us a mag-
nificent rainbow, fixing one of its arms in the valley.
i my-
r. w.
all the colours of the rainbow.
b- fig- (occas. with allusion to Gen. ix. 13-16).
1741 YOUNG Nt. TA. n. 234 Has Death his fopperies?
Then well may Life Put on her plume, and in her rainbow
shine. 1813 BYRON Br. Abydos \\. xx, Be thou the rainbow
to the storms of life ! 1876 SAUNDERS Lion in Path, iii, He
has seen in the tears of the nation a new rainbow of hope.
c. Her. A representation of a rainbow.
1780 EDMONDSON Conifl. Body Her. II. Gloss., Rainbow
is represented in armory as a semi-circle of various colours,
arising from clouds. 1780 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 2) V. 3509/2
' Argent, a Rainbow with a Cloud at each end '. . . This is
part of the crest to the earl of Hopeton's coat-of-arms.
2. transf. A brightly coloured arch, ring, etc.,
resembling a rainbow.
J7«S tr. Pancirollus' Rerum Mem. I. ii. xvii. 113 [A vessel
made of Electrum) discovers Poison, by a Rain-bow in
the Cup. 1788 COWPER Mrs. Montagu 4 The peacock
sends his heavenly dyes, His rainbows and his starry eyes.
1841 TENNYSON Vision of Sin 32 Purple gauzes, golden
hazes, liquid mazes, Flung the torrent rainbow round,
t b. spec. The iris of the eye. Obs. rare.
1615 CROOKE Body of Man 748 The horny tunicle neere
vnder the Rain-bow in the great Circle. 1634 T. JOHNSON
Parey's Ohirurg. xm. xiii. (1678) 315 [An Ulcer] about the
circle of the Iris or Rain-bow.
c. Boxing slang. A discoloured bruise.
1811 Sporting Mag. XXXVII. 100 A violent blow on the
forehead, by which he picked up a handsome rainbow.
3. a. A South American humming-bird of the
genus Diphlogena (esp. D. Iris}.
1861 GOULD Monogr. Trochilida IV. pi. 247.
b. Short for rainbmu-trout.
1897 Daily Neivs 30 Aug. 2/4 The fish included a number
of Rainbows, a species of trout not hitherto introduced to
the river.. Thames.
4. attrib. and Comb. a. attributive, in senses ' of
or belonging to a rainbow ', ' having the shape or
colours of a rainbow ', as rainbow colours, crown,
curve, dyes, Jlower, hue, light, path, -pinions,
-shower, sister, tint, -vapour.
'753 CHAMBERS Cycl. Supp. s.v. Iris, A peculiar species of
spring crystal, remarkable for its giving the *rainbow colours
in reflection. 1810 SOUTHEY Kehama xi. ix, A cataract . .
Hung with many a *rainbow crown. 1795-1814 WORDSW.
Excurs. vii. 74 j The inglorious football . . shaped a 'rainbow
curve. 1860 C. LANGSTER Hesperus 53 Queenly beauty
diademed with 'rainbow dyes. 1816 SHELLEY A lastor 599
Nurses of *rainbow flowers and branching moss. Ibid.
334 The beams of sunset hung their "rainbow hues [etc.].
1813 — (?. Mob i. 54 Those lines of "rainbow light. 1812
HEBF.R tr. Pindar ii. 127 To walk the "rainbow paths of
heaven. 1839 BAILEY Fcstus xix. (1852) 303 "Rainbow-
Iptu
RAINBOW.
117
RAINY.
with her "rainbow sister vies. 1812 Ibid. \\. xlviii, Where'er
we gaze . . What *rainbow tints, what magic charms are
found! 1840 BROWNING Sordeilo \\. Wks. 1896 I. 128/2
Whoseshapedivine, Quivered i'the farthest *rain bow-vapour.
b. attributive, in variou^fe. senses, as rainbow-
hint, -presence, promise, -welcome.
a 1806 K. WHITE Time 121 There's not a wind that blows
but bears with it Some rainbow promise, a 1835 MRS.
HEMANS Poems, To the Neiv-fiorn, A rainbow-welcome
thine has been, of mingled smiles and tears. — Genius
Singing of Love, The light thy rain bow- presence throws
Over the poet's dream. 1861 DICKENS Lett. 17 Nov. (1880)
II. 158 Precious to me as a rainbow-hint of your friendship.
c. instrumental, parasynthetic, and similative, as
rainbow-coloured, -edged, -girded, -large, -like,
-painted, -sided, -skirted, -tinted, -winged adjs.
a 1711 KEN Hymnotheo Poet. Wks. 172111!. 191 A loose..
* Rain bow -colour 'd Vest. 1860 G. A. SPOTTISWOODE in Vac,
Tour&2 Clouds of rainbow-coloured spray. 1840 BROWNING
Sordeilo i. Wks. 1896 I. 124/1 Lucid dew-drops *rainbow-
a scope. 1847 LD. LINDSAY Chr. Art I. 119 Five concentric
*rainbow-like semicircles. 1750 WARTON Ode vii. Poet.
Wks. 1802 1. 159 Through the sunshine and the shower,
Descry the *rainbow-painted tower. 1818 KEATS Endyw.
n. no Fish, Golden, or *rain bow-sided. 1821 SHELLEY
Prometh. Unb. HI. iii. 116 With *rain bow-skirted showers,
and odorous winds, a 1835 MRS. HEMANS Poems, Tale of
Fourteenth Cent., Fancy's *rainbow-tinted dreams. 1819
SHELLEY Prometh. Unb. n. iv. 130, I see cars drawn by
*rainbow-winged steeds.
d. Special combs,, as rainbow agate, chal-
cedony, iridescent varieties of these stones ; rain-
bow crystal = IBIS 3 b ; rainbow darter, an
American fish of the genus Pcecilichthys, esp. P.
eceruleus ; rainbow-fish, a name given to several
brightly- coloured fishes of America and New
Zealand; rainbow-flower, the Iris; rainbow
pitta, the Pitta Iris of Australia ; rainbow rash *=
rainbow -worm; rainbow-stone = IRIS 36; rain-
bow trout, a Californian species of trout, Salnw
irideus, recently introduced into British rivers;
rainbow tub, a tub used in calico-printing to pro-
duce rainbow-colours ; rainbow-worm, a species
of tetter ; rainbow wrasse, a brilliantly-coloured
labroid fish (Julis vulgaris or Coris Jttlis],
1865 PAGE Geol. Terms (ed. 2) 382 *Rainbow Chalcedony.
1748 SIR J. HILL Hist. Fossils 179 The Iris, or *Rain-bow
Crystal of authors. 1883 JORDAN & GILBERT Syn. Fishes
N. America. 514 Pcecilichthys Agassiz, *Rainbow Darters.
1848 GOULD Birds of Australia. IV. pi. 3 The ^Rainbow
Pitta differs.. from all other known species of this lovely
-tribe of birds. 1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) XII. 270/1 The
iris, or *rainbow-stone, seems to be no other than a moon-
stone. 1882 JORDAN & GILBERT Syn. Fishes N. America.
¥12 S\almo\ irideus — California Brook Trout, *Rainbow
rout. 1885 Censjts /wj/r«(tf,,*Rainbow Tub Maker. 1822-
34 Good's Study Med. (ed-4) IV. 475 The * Rain bow- Worm,
or tetter, is of a rare occurrence. . . [Willan] called it a rain-
bow rash. t 1854 BADHAM Halieut. 86 The . . *rainbow
wrasse in his gay harlequin dress of green and blue. 1864
COUCH Fishes III. 51 The usual size of the Rainbow Wrass
is in length from four to six or seven inches.
Rainbow (r^i-nb^a), v. [f. prec.] trans. To
brighten or span with, or as with, a rainbow ; to
produce like a rainbow.
1807 J. BARLOW Columb* iv. 264 His sword, high waving,
. .rainbow'd far the spray. 1860 Athenaeum 26 May 719 A
life whose hopes and fears are rainbow'd out from tears !
1892 Times 15 Apr. 3/3 The sails, .rainbowed with small
signalling flags.
Hence Bai'nbowed ///. a.
1846 KINGSLEY Saint's Trag. i. iii, See him stand Before
the altar, like a rainbowed saint 1865 E. BURRITT Walk to
Land's End 420 The rainbowed mist of poetic fiction.
Rai'nbowy, a. [f. RAINBOW sb. + -Y.] Of the
nature of a rainbow.
1830 W. TAYLOR Hist. Surv. Germ. Poetry I. 292 A misty
glory, an intangible rainbowy lustre. t 1851 H. R. REYNOLDS
in Life (1808) II, 69 It. .tosses itself in. .rainbowy spray.
fRainbreed, a. nonce-wd. Producing rain.
1582 STANYHURST sEneis i. (Arb.) 42 Thee rainebreede
seunstars, with both the Trionical orders.
Raindeer, obs. form of REINDEER.
Bai ndrop, rain-drop. [OE. regndropa*=
OHG. regentropho (G. -tropfen), MSw. ragndropi
(Sw. regndroppe} : see RAIN sb)- and DROP sb.~\
1. A single drop of rain.
c two .Sox. Leechd. III. 278 Ha^ol cym5 of 8am ren-
dropum bonne hi beo5 gefrorene up on osere lyfte. [c 1290
S. Eng. Leg. 442/380 pare bis holie man stod Ne fel neuere
a reynes drope.) c 1400 Solomon's Bk. Wisdom n Who
schutde be rein-dropes telle. 1560 PILKINGTON Expos.
Aggeus 180 The teares like rayn droppes come trickhnge
doune his cheekes. 1698 KEILL Exam. Th. Earth (1734)
163 We must not imagine, that rain drops have the same
form and density in the Clouds with which they arrive at
the ground. 1805 WORDSW. Waggoner\. 1 56 Large rain-drops
on his head Fell. 1860 TYNDALL Glac, i. x. 65 The rounded
rain-drops had solidified during their descent.
attrib. 1860 G. H. K. in Vac. Tour 117 Sprinkling sweet
odours and sparkling raindrop gems. 1879 DANA Geol.
(ed. 3) 84 Rill-marks, mud-cracks, and rain-drop impressions.
2. The dropping of rain or rain-water, rare.
a 1400 Minor Poems fr. l-'crnon MS. xxiv. 108 Of rest c
he is vr tabernacle To schilde vs from reyn-drope. 1880
MUIRHEAD £<u*frj ii. §14 a, Urban servitudes are., the rights
of roof-butter and rain-drop.
Raine, obs. form of RAIN, REIGN, REIN.
Rai'lier. [f. RAIN v. + -EB1.] One who rains.
a 1845 HOOD To St. S-unthin v, Mother of all the Family
of Ramers ! Saint of the Soakers ! 1889 MAX MULLER
Nat. Relig. xv. 484 The human mind must think a rainer
behind the rain.
t Raines. Obs. Forms : a. 4-6 reynes, 5
raynez, -ys, raygnes, 5-6 raynes, 6 rein(e)s,
Sc. renoe, 6-7 rains, 6-8 raines. &. 5 rayne.
[f. Raynes i obs. f. Rennes : see def.
The place-name occurs in the form Raynes c 1460 in the
Play Sacram. 107 : also 1489 in Paston Lett. (1897) 111.358.]
1. Cloth of Raine(s), a kind of fine linen or lawn
made at Rennes in Brittany. Also with a or one :
a piece of this.
c 1369 CHAUCER Def he Blaunche 255 Many a pelowe, and
euery here Of clothe of reynes. 14.. Sgr. lowe Degre 842
Your shetes shall be of clothe of rayne. 1485 in J. M. Cowper
Churchiv. Ace. St. Dunstan's, Canterbury p. xi, j cloth of
raynezforthe lectron. i$x6Fitgr.Perf.(W.de W. 1531) 281 b,
Clothed in purpull & cloth of reynes. 1558 MORWYNG Ben
Gorion (1567) 61 Upon the beere was also a cloth of raynes.
b. Similarly with names of garments or other
articles made of this cloth.
1395 E. E. Wills (1882) 4 A peyre schetes of Reynes.
a 1400-50 Alexander 1550 All samen of a soyte in surples
of raynes. c 1460 J, RUSSELL Bk. Nurture in Babees Bk.
(1868) i3oj>an take a towaile of Raynes. 1560 ROLLAND Crt.
Venus i. 127 [A] noble seme was on his sark of Rence.
2. absoL = Cloth of Raines.
1526 TINDALE Luke xvi. 19 Clothed in purple, and fyne
raynes. a 1571 JEWEL On z Thess. {1611} 141 That great
City that was clothed in reines, and scarlet, and purple.
1607 J. CARPENTER Plains Mans Plough 26 The which in
the Apocalips are called the pure raines of the Bride. 1721
C. KING Brit. Merck. I. 283 Boulteel Raines, 368 Pieces.
Raine-sacking, obs. f. RANSACKING///, a.
Rainfall, [f. RAIN sbl + FALL sb.}
1. A fall or shower of rain.
1848-58 KINGSLEY Poetns 15 Pawing the spray., till a fiery
rainfall . . Sparkled and gleamed. 1884 Manch. Exam. 6 June
4/6 Early m the game there was a smart rainfall.
2. The quantity of rain falling in a certain time
within a given area, usually estimated by inches (in
depth) per annum.
1854 H. MILLER Sc/t. $ Schm. iii. (1860) 139 The Rain-
fall of this year . . must have stood . . above even this average.
1880 C. R. MARKHAM Peruv. Bark 282 There Is one arid
region, with-a normal rainfall of less than fifteen inches.
attrib. 1868 Symons's Meteorol. Mag. III. 204 Rainfall
Registration. 1869 Ibid. IV. 133 Report of the Rainfall Com-
mittee. 1871 MELDRUM in Q. Jml. Meteorol. Soc. (1873)
I. 131 The rainfall tables of land-stations.
Rainforce, ? obs. Sc. form of REINFORCE.
Rarn-fowl. ? Obs. 1. a. = RAINBIBD i.
c 1440 Pronip. Parv. 428/1 Reyn' fowle, bryd (or Wode-
wale, or Wodehake), gaulus. 1678 RAY Willughby's
Ornith. 135 The green Woodpecker . . called also the Rain-
fowl. 1769 J. WALLIS Northumberland \. 321 The lesser
spotted Woodpecker. .Our common people call them Pick-
a-trees, also Rain-fowl, from their being more loud and
noisy before rain.
b. The Mistletoe Thrush.
1817 T. FORSTERTV^/. Hist. Swalloivtribe(t&. 6) 70 Turdus
mscivorus. .Stormcock, Stormbird,. .Rainfowl.
2. = RAINBIRD 2.
1694 RAY in Lett. Lit. Men (Camden) 200 The referring of
the Old-men, or Rain-fowls, to the Cuckow.
3. = RAINBIRD 3.
1849 tr. Cuvter's Animal Kingdom 215 The Australian
Rain-fowl (Scr. australasia), a grey bird of the size of
a crow.
Rai'nful, a. [f. RAIN sb.1 + -FUL.] Rainy.
1484 CAXTON Fables ofMsop v. viii, This yere shalle be
raynfull and grete habondaunce of waters shalle falle. 1877
BLACKIE Wise Men 126 Dionysus, born Of rainful Jove.
Bainge(r, obs. forms of RANGE(R.
Rarnily, adv. [f. RAINY a, + -LY 2.] In a rainy
manner ; with rain falling.
1835 Neju Monthly Mag. XLIII. 495 The day now went
very rainily and pleasantly on. 1887 BOWEN yirg. SEneid
in. 516 Palinurus . . observes, .the Hyads rainily bright.
Raininess (rc'-nines). [f. RAINY a. + -NESS.]
The fact or condition of being rainy.
1727 in BAILEY, vol. II. 1849 KINGSLEY Misc. N. Devon
II. 298 The very raininess of the climate.. leaves the clear
air.. all the more pure.
Raining (r^-nin), vbl. sb. [f. RAIN v. + -ING!.]
The action of the vb.
1557 TotteWs Misc. (Arb.) 190 As shinyng sunne refreshe
the^frutes When rainyng gins tocease. 1611 BIBLE Ecclus.
xliii. 18 The heart is astonished at the raining of it [snowj.
1633 P. FLETCHER Elisa i. xlix, So high her eye-banks
swell'd with endlesse raining. 1753 CHAMBERS Cycl. Su$p,
s.v. Rain, Preternatural rains, such as the raining of stones,
of dust, of blood . . and the like.
Rai'ning1, ///.«. rare. That rains, rainy.
1523 LD. BERNERS Froiss. I. ccvii. 244 The season was
sore reyning and weyt. 1647 FULLER Good Thoughts in
Worse T. 17 A husbandman at plow in a very raining day.
1829 Amer. Jrnl. Science % Arts XV. 170 Raining Trees.. .
There has been found in Brazil a tree the young branches
of which drop water.
tRai-nish, a. Obs. rare-0, [f. RAIN s&.l +
-JSH.] Somewhat rainy.
1530 PALSGR. 322/1 Raynisshe,belongyng to rayne, pluvial.
1598 FI.ORIO, Piouaiuolo, rainish, waterish, shourish.
Ruink, obs. Sc. form of RANK.
Rainless (r^-nles), a. [f.RAiN^.i + -LESS. Cf.
G. regenlosj Sw. regnlos.] Destitute of rnin.
'557 TottelFs Misc. (Arb.) 177 Gaping ground that raine-
les can not close. 1596 J. NQRDEN Progr. Pietie (1847) "04
No shaft, no shot, no rainless cloud, Can daunt his spouse
with woe. 1605 SYLVESTER Du Kartas n, iii. in. The Law
528 Rainlesse their soyl is wet. 1842 J. WILSON Chr. h'orlk
(1857) I* 242 An hourof rainless sunshine. 1854 H. MILLER
Sck. $ Schm. (1858) 457 The sandy deserts of the rainless
districts of Chili.
Hence Raviilessness.
1879 Miss BIRD Rocky Mntns. 2 The look of long rain-
lessness, which one may not call drought.
Rainment, Rains : see RAIGNMENT, RAINES.
Rarn-shower. [OE. rtnscur = ON. (Sw.,
Da.) regnskiir, G. regensehauer : see RAIN j£.i and
SHOWER.] A shower of rain.
r looo ^ELFRIC Horn. II. 16 Se 5e..syl8 renscuras fiam
rihtwisum & 5am unrihtwisum. 1340 HAM POLE Pr. Consc.
4317 Fra heven he sal do falle rayne-shours. 1513 DOUGLAS
SEneis v. viii. 76 Als fast as rayne schour rappis on the
thak. 1868 LOSSING Hudson 40 Towards morning there was
a rain-shower.
Rarn-water. [OE. (regn-}, rfawxtcr « Du.
regenwater, MHG. regenwatfer (G. -wasser), ON.
regnvatn (Sw. -vatten, Da. -vand) : see RAIN and
WATER.] Water that falls from the clouds as rain.
c looo Sax. Leechd. II. 26 Refylle bonne mid ren wstere.
r 1200 Trin. Coll. Horn. 151 t>e teares be man wepeS for
longenge to heuene ben clepea rein water, oSer deu water.
c 1420 Pallad. on Hitsb. \. 770 Let make a stewe With rayn
watir, thyn herbis to renewe. 1481 CAXTON Godfrey clxxiv.
257 The Cysternes where as was rayn water. 1563 W.
FULKE Meteors (1640) 49 The raine water doubtlesse doth
more encrease and cherish things growing on the earth,
than any other water. 1600 SURFLET Countrie Fartne i. iv.
12 The best and most wholesome water .. is raine water
falling in sommer. 1748 Ansott's Voy. \\. vii. 214 To
caulk the decks .. of the Centurion, to prevent the rain-
water from running into her. 1827 FARADAY Chem. Manip.
ii. 50 As pure or purer than rain-water. 1869 E. A. PARKES
Pract. Hygiene (ed. 3) 6 Rain-water is collected from roofs.
**/. 1692 KAY.Z?2Vn>/. World v. (1693)209 We daily see, that
the Rain-waters wash away the Superficies of the Mountains.
b. attrib. and Comb., as rain-water butt, cistern,
pipe, spout, tank.
1836-9 DICKENS Sk. Boz\. (1850) 18/1 An open rain-water
butt on one side. 1842 GWILT A rchit. 1023 Rain-water pipe,
one usually placed against the exterior of a house to carry off
the rain-water from the roof. 1851 STEPHENS Bk. Farm
(ed. 2) II. 540/2 The form of a rain-water cistern. Ibid, 533/1
Rain-water spouts, or rones as they are commonly termed.
1884 Meteorology in rel. to Health 30 With regard to this
rain-water tank.
Rai uworin. [OE. (regn-}, rjnwyrm «= Du.
regenworm, MHG. reginwrm (G. regenwumi) :
see RAIN sbJ- and WORM.] The common earth-worm.
c 1000 ^LFRIC Gloss, in Wr.-Wiilcker 122/22 Lutnbricus,
renwyrm, uel angeltwicce. 1731 MEDLEY Kolberis Cape G.
Hope II. 184 In the Cape countries there is a sort of Rain-
worms that are altogether like the Rain-worms of Germany.
1902 Westm. Gaz. 23 May 10/2 Putting a live rain worm
between the halves of a stoned black plum.
Rainy (r^-ni), a. Forms : i re"nis, 4-5 reyny,
(4 -i, -ie), 5-6 rayny, (5 -eny, 6 raynye, -ney,
Se. rany(e), 6-7 rayn-, rainie, 6- rainy, [f. RAIN
$b,I + -Y l. Cf. Sw. regnig^\
1. Of weather or climate : Characterized by rain.
a looo Riddles i. 10 (Gr.) ponne hit waes renij weder. c 1380
WYCLIF Sertn. Ixxiii. Sel. Wks, I. 235 Ofte tyme, in reyny
wedjr, chirchis don good on halidai. c 1449 PECOCK Rcpr.
11. viii. 183 In reyny and wyndy wedris. 1535 COVERDALE
Ezra x. 13 It is a raynye wether, & they cannot stonde
here without. 1604 ROWLANDS Looke to it 26 An Almanacke
..To search and finde the rainy weather out. vj&Ansoris
Voy. n. vii. 214 A rainy climate. 1828 J. H. MOORE Pract.
Navig. (ed. 20) 128 When the wind was easterly, the weather
was gloomy, dark, and rainy.
2. Of periods of time : During or within which
rain is falling, or usually falls.
In Meteorology, a rainy day is one having at least one
millimetre (formerly one hundredth of an inch) of rain.
c looo Sax. Leechd. III. 162 ponnebi5..windis lengten &
renix sumer. c 1460 Launfal 169 Upon a rayny day hyt
befell, An huntynge wente syr Launfel. 1481 CAXTON Godfrey
cciv. 209 The moneth of luyll, whiche is moche rayny cus-
tomably in that countrey. 1555 EDEN Decades 28 The
fyrst day was fayre : but all the other, clowdy & rayny.
1660 T. BLOUNT Boscobel 40 The night was very dark and
rainy. 1719 DE FOE Crusoe \\. iv, The rainy season came
on. 1816 J. SMITH Panorama Sc. ff Art II. 60 An unpro-
ductive year mostly succeeds a rainy winter. 1865 TROLLOPE
BeltonEst. xviii. 207 Monday and Tuesday were rainy days.
b. fig. A rainy day : a time of need.
" T- JEFFERIE Bugbears in. ii. in Archiv Stud. new.
Lt. Nat. (1834) II. 300 It behoves us to provide against a
rainy day while the sun shines. 1865 CARLYLE Fredk. Gt.
III. viii. vi. 53 The massive silver did prove a hoard avail-
able, in after times, against a rainy day.
3. Of places : In which it rains or is raining ;
where rain is frequent ; subject to rain.
1432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) I. 333 pe lond is nesche, reyny,
and wyndy. 1697 DRVDEN Virg. Georg. in. 437 Southward
to the Rainy Regions. 1845 FORD Handbk. Spain \. i The
north western provinces are more rainy than Devonshire.
1885 R. L. & F. STEVENSON Dynamiter vi. 91, I wandered
bedless in the rainy streets.
b. Of an action : Done in the rain. rare~l.
1599 SHAKS. Hen. Vt iv. iii. in Besmyrcht With raynie
Marching in the paincful! field.
4. Of clouds, mist, etc. : Bringing rain ; laden
with rain ; of the nature of rain ; connected with
rain, f Rainy bow, the rainbow.
RAISABLE.
118
RAISE.
1390 GOWER Conf. I. 65 The colour of the reyni Mone
With medicine upon his face He set. Ibid. 312 The reyni
Storm fell dounalgates. 1513 DOUGLAS sEttetsvu. Prol. 27
Rany Orioune wyth his stormy face. 1363 Mirr. Mag.,
Lord Hastings n. 108 As beastes forshew the drought or
rayny dropps. 1604 J AS. I Counterbl. (Arb.) 104 The raynie
clpudes are often transformed and euaporated in blustering
winds, a 1649 DRUMM. OF HAWTH, Poems Wks. (1711) 56/2
The seas we may not plow, Ropes make of the rainy bow.
1818 SHELLEY Prometh. Unb. L 217 As rainy wind [sweeps]
through the abandoned gate. 1876 GIBBON Robin Gray
iv, A white rainy mist lowered upon the water.
fc- fig- °f the eyes : Shedding tears ; tearful.
1563 Mirr* Mag.) Comfl. Dk. Buck, xcvii, With rainy eine
and sighes cannot be told. 1633 P. FLETCHER Pise. Ed.
iv. i Why drop thy rainie eyes ? 1774 J. ADAMS Diary 5 Mar.
Wks. 1850 II. 332 Apathetic, .performance. A vast crowd,
rainy eyes, &c, 1871 R. ELLIS Catullus Ixiii. 48 O'er the
waste of ocean with a rainy eye he gazed.
Kaipid (r^-oid), a. and sb. [f. RAI-A + -OID.]
a. adj. Resembling, or related to, the Raise or
rays. b. sb. A fish of this type. (In recent Diets.)
Raip, north, and Sc. var. ROPE. Baipe, obs.
Sc. var. REAP. Hair, obs. Sc. f. RARE, ROAR.
Baird, var. REIRD. Bais, obs. Sc. f. RACE
sb.\ RASE v.1 ; var. REIS; obs. pa. t. RISE.
Bais able (r^'zab'l), a. Also 9 raiseable.
[f. RAISE -v.1 +. -ABLE.] Capable of being raised.
1644 New Eng. Hist. $ Gen. Reg. (1850) IV. 51 A third
of the clear profitts raised or raisable of all my other lands.
1739 LORD HARDWICKE in Atkyns Rep. Cases (1781) I. 512
The h.fant, dying.. makes this legacy not raisable. 1855
M. H. BLOXAM Fragni. Sepulch. iv. 83 An interior lid . .
raisable by means of two iron rings. 1858 R. S. SURTEES
Ask Mamma xliii. 188 The time soon arrived when the rent
was not raiseable.
liaise (X'z), J^.1 Also 5 reise, 6 rayse. [f.
RAISE v.1]
fl. A levy. Obs. rare—1.
<: 1500 Three Kings' Sons 91 Than may ye make a newe
reise, bothe of people & tresour.
f2. The act of raising ; uplifting, elevation. Obs.
1538 BALE God's Promises in. in Hazl. Dodsley I. 301 The
sure health and raise of all mankind, c 1560 ABP. PARKER
Ps. cxli. 405 My rayse of handes : as sacrifice, . . let it bee.
1626 BACON Sylva § 699 In Leaping with Weights.. the
Hands goe backward before they take their Raise.
3. A rising passage or road.
1877 RAYMOND Statist. Mines $ Mining 197 We are . .
engaged in running a raise up from west drift on eighth
level. 1887 HALL CAINE Deemster xxxiii. 222 Sometimes
at the top of a long raise they stopped to breathe the horse.
4. To make a raise = RAISE v.1 25. U. S.
1837 NEAL Charcoal Sketches (Bartlett), I made a raise of
a horse and saw, after being a wood-pUer's apprentice for a
while.
5. An increase in amount.
1891 A. WELCKER Wild West 21 By continued raises,
Potfatch had everything which he possessed .. at stake.
1894 WILKINS & VIVIAN Green bay tree I. 108 Pimlico had
obtained a raise of the limit to ,£20.
Raise (r^z), sb2 north dial. [a. ON. hreysi
(Norw. royS) ros, Sw. rose), cairn.] A pile of
stones, a cairn. (Freq. in place-names in Cum-
berland.)
1695 KENNETT Par. Antiq. (1818) I. 50 Such risings as are
caused by the burial of the dead ; which in the northern
parts are called raises. 1794-8 HUTCHINSON Hist. Cumbld.
(Halliwell), There are yet some considerable remains of
stones which still go by the name of raises. 1869 A. C.
GIBSON Folk Sp. Cumbla. 7 Dunmail Raise is t1 biggest cairn
i1 1' country.
t Raise, sb.% Obs. (See REISE.)
Raise (r^z)* z*-1 Forms : a. 3 reisen, regj-
senn, 4 reys(en, 5 -yn, 4-6 reise, reyse, 5
rese, reze, 6reyze, rease; £. 4 raisin, 4-6 rays,
4-8 rayse, 4-7 rais, 8 raize, 4- raise ; 7. 4 rase(n,
4-6 ras, 8 raze. [a. ON. reisa (used in most of
the main senses of the Eng. word; Sw. resa. Da.
rejse) - Goth. (ur}rai$jantQQ. rxranj^. —*raizja)i),
causative f. rais- ablaut-variant of *r*s~ to RISE.
First prominent in the Ormulumt In which it occurs freely
in various senses. In the Wyclif Bible, up to the end of
Jeremiah, the earlier version regularly has rear, while the
later has raise \ but from Ezekiel onwards raise appears in
both versions. From an early period the word has been
extensively used in a great variety of senses, the exact
development of which is not always perfectly clear. The
main senses (here distinguished by Roman numerals) are
distinct enough in themselves, but tend to pass into each
other in transferred uses, while with certain objects more
than one idea may^ be present. The addition of «/ to
strengthen the verb is less common now than formerly.]
I. To set upright ; to make to stand up.
1. trans. To set (a thing) on end ; to lift up one
end or side of (a post, stone, etc.) so as to bring into
or towards a vertical position ; to restore (a fallen
thing) to its usual position.
Occasionally with suggestion of sense 8 or
thrid day ^am rayse. 1388 WYCLIF Jer. li. 12 Reise
signe on the wallis of Babiloyne. 1390-30 DUNBAR Poems
xxxviii. 4 The signe trivmphall rasit is of the croce. 1530
PALSGR. 684/1 Reyse this speare and set itagaynst the wall.
159* SHAKS. Rom. $ Jut. v. iii. 299, I will raise her Statue
in pure Gold. 1791 MRS. RADCLIFFE Rom. Forest ii, La
Motte and Peter endeavoured to raise the carriage. 1813
SCOTT Trierttt, i. vii, Stones of power By Druids raised in
magic hour. 1847 R. & J. A. BRANDON Anal. Gothic Archit.
(1860) 99 It [a door] consists of battens slightly raised
towards the centre.
b. jig. To set up, establish, restore, etc.
c noo ORMIN 5327 To swelltenn blibelij Forr Crisstenn-
dom to resgsenn. Ibid. 5685 To regjsenn rihhtwisnesse.
1388 WVCLIF Ruth iv. 5 Thou owist to take.. the wijf of
the deed man, that thou reise the name of thi kynesman in
his eritage. 1535 COVERDALE Ecclits. xxxvi. 15 Geue wytnes
vnto thy creature .. and rayse vp the prophecies that haue
bene shewed in thy name. 1559 ABP. HETHE St. in Strype
Ann. Ref. (1824) I.n. App.vi. 400 We.. are muche.. inclined
to rayse uppe the errors and sects of ancyent and condemned
heretickes. 1654 GAYTON Pleas. Notes iv. xx. 268 He under-
took to raise up the almost -perished name of Chivalry.
c. spec. To set up (paste, crust) without the
support of a dish.
1594 G°°d Hunvifes Handmaide 17 To make Paste and
to raise Coffins. z68i W. MOUNTAGU in Bitccleuch MSS.
(Hist. MSS. Comm.) I. 335 Tom Cooke can neither tie
brawn nor raise past[e]. 1712 STEELE Spcct. No. 306 r 8
Miss Liddy can dance a Jig, raise Paste, a. 1756 MRS.
HEYWOOD New Present (1771) 187 Make the flour and
butter into a pretty stiff paste . . then raise it for the pastry.
1845 Miss ACTON Mod, Cookery xvi. 346 The paste must be
sufficiently stiff to retain its form perfectly after it is raised.
2. To lift (a person or animal) and place in
a standing posture ; to assist (one) to rise from
the ground, etc. (Freq. inySg; context.)
c 1220 Bestiary 671 Mitte helpe of hem alle 5is elp he
reisen on stalle. Ibid. 676 Dus fel Adam..Moyses wulde
him reisen. a 1300 Cursor M. 19792 (Edin.) To saint petir
sco rajt hir hande, ande he hir raisid for to stande. 1382
WYCLIF Amos v. 2 She is cast doun in to hir erthe, ther is
not that shal reyse hir. 1413 Pilgr. Sowle (Caxton 1483)
in. vi. 54, 1 felle to the ground, but full soone myn Aungell
reysed me and sette me on my fete. 1530 PALSGR. 683/2
If you fall you shall nat be reysed for me. 1611 BIBLE
2 Sam. xii. 17 The Elders of his house.. went to him, to
raise him vp from the earth. 1667 MILTON P. L. VIH. 258
Rais'd By quick instinctive motion up I sprung ,. and
upright Stood on my feet. 1749 FIELDING Tom Jones vii.
xii, [They] had raised up the body of Jones, but., again let
him fall. 1841 LANE Arab. Nts. I. 113 Therefore, liberate
them, and come, and take my hand, and raise me.
b. reft. = To rise, get up.
ciaoo ORMIN 504 Whillc lott himm shollde re^senn To
cumenn inntill 3errsaUem. 1603 SHAKS. Meas.for M. v. i.
231 Let me in safety raise me from my knees. 1630 PRYNNE
Anti-Armin. 119 We., haue all a vniuersal strength.. to
raise our selues being fallen. [1715 POPE Iliad li. 127 The
king of kings his awful figure raised.] 18. . HOGG Field of
Waterloo Poet. Wks. 1838-40 II. 161 Our soldier raised him
from the sod, And.. leaned upon his bloody wrist.
3. To restore (a dead person or animal) to life.
Orig. implying the lifting up of the dead, or enabling
them to rise to their feet, but freq. also including the idea
of bringing up out of the grave, and thus associated with
sense 17. Also with again = resurrect.
a 1300 Cursor M. 9156 Helias. .wasj>e first,, .bat ded man
raisd in form dais, a 1350 in Horstm. Altengl. Leg. (1881)
38/343 pe moder him prayd to rays hir sun. c 14x0 Prytner
69 Lord, ^at reisidist stynkynge lazer fro his graue. 1566-7
L. WAGER Marie Magd. (1902), At Nairn a dead chylde
agayne he did rayse. 1667 MILTON P. L. HI. 296 So
Man .. Shall .. dying rise, and rising with him raise His
Brethren, a 1770 JORTIN Semi. (1771) I. ii. 27 God was
able to raise him from the dead. i8«jo TENNYSON In Mem.
xxxi| Behold a man raised up by Christ !
b. So with body, bones, etc. as obj.
a 1300 Cursor M. 194 0 lazar ded . . lesus raised his licam.
1610 BEAUM. & FL. Maid's Trag. iv. i, They must restore
him flesh again, and life, And raise his dry bones to revenge
this scandal.
c. Hence, To raise from death, to life. Cf. 19.
^1300 Cursor M. 22374 Quen J>ai ha Hen tua dais, Til liif
vr lauerd sal bam rais. a 1340 HAMPOLE Psalter xvi. 14
Take out my saule fra be wicked deuel, raisand me fra ded.
c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints viii. (Philip} 52 Fra ded to lyfe . . he
raysit bame. 1530 PALSGR. 683/2 Christ dyd rayse Lazar
from deth to lyfe. 1885 Catholic Diet. (ed. 3} 584/1 If he had
raised their dead bodies to life.
4. To cause (a person or animal) to rise or
stand up ;
a. To rouse from sleep ; to make (one) waken
up or get out of bed. ? Obs.
c izoo ORMIN 5843 O J« fmdde da$? itt iss Waccnedd off
steep & re«sedd. 1382 WYCLIF Jokftxi. n Lazarus, .slepith,
but I go for to reyse him fro slepe. a 1400-50 Alexander
5174 pe duke..Fand him slowmand on slepe & sleely him
rayses. 1530 PALSGR. 683/2, I reyse one out of his bedde.
le fays leuer. By my fayth, if you wyll nat ryse I wyl
Amanuensis to write down his dictates. 1731 DERBY in
Phil. Trans. XLI. 229 The Houses of all the Town were
so shock'd, as to raise the Inhabitants. 1781 J. MOORE
View Soc. It. (1790) I. i. 16 Raising the people at midnight.
b. To rouse (a beast or bird) from a lair,
retreat, or covert.
14 .. Kyng $• Hermyt 216 in Hazl. E. P. P. I. 21 A dere
we reysed in that stonds, And gave chase. 1484 CAXTON
fables of Poge iv, They be dogges whiche are good for to
serche and fynde partryches & quaylles. And whan they
haue reysed them, my sperehawke taketh them. 15..
Tayis Bank (Bann. MS.) 25 Raising the birdis fra thair rest.
1607 TopsELL^wr-y:^d!5^(i658)3i This beingeffected, they
raise the Bear. Ibid. 122 These are taught by falconers to
retrive and raise partridges. 1721 BAILEY, To spring (in
Fowling), to raise a Partridge or Pheasant.
C. To cause or compel (a person) to rise from
a seat. (Cf. 29.)
c 1460 Towneley Myst. xiii. 302 So farys A huswyff..To be
rasyd thus betwene. 1542 UDALL Erastit. Apoph. in He
. . that reaseth one sittyng on his taill, to arise out of his place.
1590 SHAKS. Coin, Err. iv. iv. 36, 1 am wak'd with it when I
sleepe, rais'd with it when I sit. 1785 BURNS Death $ Dr.
Hornbook xxxi, The auld kirk-hammer strak the bell . .
Which rais'd us baith. 1824 SCOTT St. Ronaiis vii, When
he wan to the lee-side of a bowl of punch there was nae
raising him.
5. To rouse or stir up (a number of persons,
a district, etc.) for the purpose of common action,
esp. for attack or defence.
c 1374 CHAUCER Troylus v. 1471 To sle bis bor wr.s al f>e
contree reysed. ?t 1480 Three i^th Cent. Ckron. (Camden)
76 The quene reysed all the northe and all ober pepull
by the wey. 1510 Virgtlius in Thorns Prose Rom. (1858)
II. 23 And forthewith he caused his kynsfolke to reyse theyr
people. 1674 COTTON tr. Montlitc*s Comm. 363, I then
dispatcht away Captain M.. giving him order. .to raise all
the people of the Valleys and Villages. 1725 DE FOE Voy.
round World ^(1840) 157 The mother crying and raising her
neighbours. 1849 MACAULAY Hist. Eng. v. I. 544 Danvers
undertook to raise the City.
b. Const, against, upon.
1382 WYCLIF Amos vi. 2 Loo ! Y shal reyse a folc vpon
3ou. .and it shal to gydre breke }ou. — Ezek. xxiii. 22, Y
schal reyse alle thi loueris a3ens thee. 1608 Yorksk. Trag.
i. vii, It shall be my charge To raise the town upon him. 1854
TENIIYSON Geraint 457 He.. Raised my own town against
me in the night. 1882 FLOYER Unexpl. Baluchistan 190
The whole country was raised upon him.
c. To stir up, incite, instigate (one or more
persons) to do something or to some feeling.
1581 J. BELL H addon's Answ. Osor. io6b, To rayse up
all men in every place, to the dewe feare of Gods law.
1667 MILTON P. L. i. 09 That fixt mind And high disdain
..That with the mightiest rais'd me to contend. 17x1
FingallMSS. in loM Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. V. 127
This suggestion raysed the Prince on a resolution to under-
take the Irish expedition. 1814 BYRON Lara n. viii, A word's
enough to raise mankind to kill.
d. To excite, agitate, provoke, rouse to excite-
ment or anger. Chiefly Sc. Also raised-like.
1768 Ross Helenore 17 Up there came twa shepherds ..
Rais'd like. Ibid. 39 She ran aff as rais'd as onie deer.
1786 BURNS To Auld Mare ii, He should been tight that
daur't to raize thee, Ance in a day. 1828 SCOTT F. M.
Perth xxxvi, His countenance was wild, haggard, and
highly excited, or, as the Scottish phrase expresses it, much
raised. 1889 *R. BOLDREWOOD' Robbery under Anns vii,
When she was a little raised-like you'd see a pink flush
come on her cheeks.
6. To rouse up, to give or add vigour to (the
mind, spirit, etc.) ; to animate, stimulate.
In later use associated with the ideas of elevating (the
heart, spirit, etc.) and increasing (courage, etc.).
1388 WYCLIF Ezra i. 5 Ech man whos spirit God reiside
[L. suscitavit] for to stie to bilde temple of the Lord.
1470-85 MALORY Arthur n. ii, Balen..sawe this aduenture
werof hit reysed his herte. 1508 FISHER 7 Penit, Ps. Wks.
(1876) 39 The prophete-.wyllynge to excyte and reyse vp
the myndes of synners. 1567 Gttde fy Godlie B. (S.T.S.) 231,
I will speik planelie, torais?our hartis quiklie. 1641 HINDE
J. Brtten xlvi. 146 Much after this manner did this faithful
Servant of Christ raise up his thoughts _and quicken_ his
soule. 1719 DE FOE Crusoe i. xvi, His spirits being a little
raised with the dram I had given him, he was very cheerful.
1728 POPE Dune. u. 223 To move, to raise, to ravish ev'ry
heart, With Shakespear's nature or with Jonson's art. 1839
THIRLWALL Greece xxii. III. 251 The immediate effect was
to raise the spirit of the Athenians.
fb. To encourage, inspire (a person) with
courage, confidence, hope, etc. Qto.
1533 BELLENDEN Livy in. xxi, The horsmen .. rasit bare
futemen with new curage. 1652 NEEDHAM tr. Selden's Mare
Cl. Ep. Ded. 12, I am raised with more than ordinary con-
fidence, that the same Spirit of Justice will came you on.
1697 DRYDEN Virg. Georg. iv. 555 Rais'd with so blest an
Omen; she begun, With Words like these, to chear her
drooping Son.
7. To raise the wind-. To cause the wind to
blow ; hence fig. (with ref. to wind as a motive
power), to procure money or necessary means.
«i3So in Horstm. Altengl. Leg. (1881) 33/421 pan deuils
. .raysed be wynd with weders wik. a 1515 Droichis Part
of Play in Dwibar's Poems (1893) 316 At Norway coist
schoraisit the wynd. i88oT.A.SpALpiNG Eliz. Demonol. 113
Charged, .with having raised the wind.
fig. 1789 Loiterer^®. 42. 10 He..never offered to pay earnest.
I suppose, poor fellow, he could not raise the Wind. 1857
TROLLOPE Three Cter&sxxx'iv, Hecameto me this morning to
raise the wind. i88s^/a«t h. Even. News 23 June 2/2 A large
number of peoplestill rush tosuchmethods of raisingthe wind.
H. To build up, construct, create, produce, etc.
8. To lift up and put in position the parts of
(a structure) ; to construct by piling up, building,
or fitting together; spec, in U.S. to set up the
wooden framework of (a house or other building).
ci2oo ORMIN 15591 Unnbmdebb all biss temmple, & ice
Itt i bre dajhess rejjse. c 1330 R. BRUNNE Chron. Wact
(Rolls) 6059 Engyns dide be Bretons reyse, & mangenels.
c 1386 CHAUCER Sompn. T. 394 Many a Muscle and many
an oystre. -Hath been oure foode, our cloystre for to reyse.
1458 MS. Christ's Hosp.^ Abingdon in Turner Dom. Archit.
III. 42 They reysid up the archeys be gemeotre in rysyng.
1579 GOSSON Sch. Abuse (Arb.) 37 The Carpenter rayseth
not his frame without tooles. c 1615 SIR W, MURE Misc.
Poems ix. 9 So shall my Muse rich trophes rayse. 1697
DRYDEN Virg. Georg. in. 19 Of Parian Stone a Temple will
I raise. 1735 B. LYNDE Diary (1880) 144 Mr. Fisk s people
. .raised a new meeting house. 1779 J. MOORE View Soc.
Fr. (1789) I. xl. 342 Encouraging them to raise magnificent
churches. 1874 GREEN Short Hist. iii. § 4. 129 In the fields
to the north the last of the Norman Kings raised his palace.
t"b. Math. To construct or draw (a figure or
line) upon a certain base. Obs.
RAISE.
1660 BARBOW Euclid \. ii, Join AC; upon which raise the
equilateral triangle ADC. 1706 J. WARD Introd. Math.
in. (1734) 294 To Erect or Raise a Perpendicular upon the
Knd of any given Right-line. 17,2 J. JAMES tr. Lc lUond's
Gardening 85 Raising a Square.. is, when, upon a strait
Line, .you cause another Line to fall, .perpendicular.
C. To found, build up, make or construct (a
scheme, plan, description, etc.). ? 06s.
,632 J. FRENCH Yorksh. Spaw ii. ,4 Neither is it rais'd upon
thai account of condensation, & rarefaction [etc.], ,706 J.
W_ARD Introd. Math. v. (1734) 431 From hence we may also
raise a Theorem for finding the Frustum, .of the last Figure.
,7,2 hvDisox Spect. No. 339 f 6 Whatabeautiful Description
has our Author raised upon that Hint in one of the Prophets.
,802 JAMES Milit. Drct.,To Raise a plan of a fortress.
d. To form (a small projection or elevation), to
cause (a blister, etc.) to rise or form.
,35, TURNER Herbal (1568) * iij, Medicines that are hote
in the fourth degre, rayse vp bladders. 1688 HOLMK
Armoury in. ,4/1 Shavings of Leather .. of wich a Heel is
raised. 17,2-14 POPE Rape Lock iv. 68 Spoil a grace, Or raise
a pimple on a beauteous face. 18,0 HENRY Elem. Client.
II. 571 Acetic acid, thus prepared .. raises a blister when
applied to the skin. 1867 SMYTH Sailor's Word-bk., Raising
a Mouse, the process of making a lump on a stay.
e. U. S. To form, appoint (a committee). (Perh.
orig. in sense 26).
,8,6 PICKERING Vocab. Amer. 160 A member moves that
a committee should be raised . . and a committee is accord-
ingly raised.
9. To bring into existence, to produce, beget
(offspring). Now rare.
c 1200 ORMIN 9852 Drihhtin haffde mahht inoh To rejjsenn
off ba staness Rihht abell streon till Habraham. a 1300
Cursor M. ,199 Ur lord had agbteld yete A child to rais of
his oxspring. 1388 WYCLIF Gen. xxxviii. 8 Entre thou to
the wijf of thi brotbir..that thou reise seed to thi brothir.
1599 SHAKS. Hen. K, v. ii. 476 Take her, faire Sonne, and
from her blood rayse vp Issue to me. 1667 MILTON P. L.
xii. 123 God. .from him will raise A mightie Nation. 171,
H. MARTYN Sped. No. 180 I- n Will any man think of
raising children without any assurance of clothing for their
backs? 1869 FREEMAN Norm. Cong. (1876) III. xii. 79 It
was before all things needful that William should raise up
sons of his own.
b. To produce a supply of (persons of a certain
class) ; to breed (animals).
1601 R. JOHNSON Kiiigd. 4- Comirnv. (1603) 89 France
wanteth shipping . . can raise no good Sailers. 1633 MAS-
SINGER City Madam n. ii, Some innocent country-girL .That
could give directions . . when to raise up goslings. 1798
WORDSW. Last of Flock iv, From this one, this singleewe, Full
fifty comely sheep I raised. 1891 E. KINGLAKE Australian
at Home ,54 We ' raise ' our own ministers and judges.
10. To foster, rear, bring up (a person). Now
chiefly U. S. , and commonly in pass, with specifica-
tion of place.
_ 1744 M. BISHOP Life S, Adv. 268 The Child .. she .. says ..
is the Picture of his Father, and that she would endeavour
to raise it for his Sake. 1793 Fate ofSedley II. ix. 104 My
dissolution will be made more sweet by dying in the arms of
one whom I raised. 18,7 PAULDING Lett.fr. South (1835)
I. 85 You know I was raised, as they say in Virginia, among
the mountains of the north. 1837 HALIBURTON Clockm. (1862)
Pref. 6, I don't know as ever I felt so ugly afore since I was
raised. ,870 MARCY Border Rein. (1872) 117 A second
lieutenant, .was born and ' raised ' in the wilds of Indiana.
b. To rear or bring up (animals).
1767 G. WHITE Selborne g Sept., The young of the barn-
owl are not easily raised. 1839 MARCY Prairie Traveler
iv. n, Horses which have been raised exclusivelyupon grass.
C. To cause or promote the growth of (plants),
to grow (fruit, vegetables, flowers, etc.).
,669 WORLIDGE Syst. Agric. (1681) 99 The Alaternus ..
is raised from Seeds. 1719 DE FOE Crusoe n. v, I . . got
into the method of planting and raising my corn. 1780 COXE
Russ. Disc. 7 Greens and other vegetables are raised with
great facility. 1803 MAR. EDGEWORTH Moral T. (1816) I.
viii. 59 A rose . . raised in a conservatory. ,873 Encycl. Brit.
I. 301/1 No notice is taken of either clover or turnips as
crops to be raised.
d. Said of the soil producing the plants.
1720 SWIFT Modern Education, The dung-hil
g-hill having
wheat, Indian corn.
pplit
e. transf. To produce (manure), rare — '.
1792 Trans. Sac. Arts (ed. 2) III. 58 They [Hogs] would
certainly, in a yard properly littered, raise dung enough to
manure one acre very amply.
To cause (a person of specified character) to
come into existence or appear : a. of God.
,'m1 WA'CU/^./'- *'• l6 Y shal reVse a sheP«d in erthe.
rH~, J • xv'"' IS Thl Lord God schal re'5e a Prophete
?F F n° Q, Jf6?-^- CHA™'S Pref. Lyndesay's Whs.
« i U6 ,God ramt VP in Ingland, lohne Uicleif.
I6n BIBLE Pref. pii We acknowledge them to haue been
raised vp of God, for the building and furnishing of his
Lnurch. ,667 MILTON P. L. xii. 3r8 Provoking God to raise
, .-*.?' i^tfc*. \tu. 51 uj*/ i VTlcrtl NtlDUl 111
raised up in different ages to renew the fervour of Christian;
D. ot persons or impersonal agencies.
c 1717 POPE Ep. Craggs n Nor [do thou] wish to lose a :
« hese Virtues raise. 1763 H. WALPOLE Otranto i, Her ;
gentleness had never raised her an enemy. 1821 SHELLEY
Hellas 597 The sins of Islam Must raise up a destroyer even
low. ,88, STUBBS Early Plantag. ii. (ed. 3) 19 In trying
10% frlends he raised up persistent enemies]
. lo produce, bring into existence or action
119
I alsonepatbroyntbewatir,&lorasyt. 1401 Pol. Poems (Rolls)
II. 109 The Sterne stormes that reufulU 36 reisin. 1513
DOUGLAS /Ends \. xiii. 58 Sa maisterfull storme amyd the
Libyan see Scho ratsit sone. 1560 DAUS tr. Sleidane's Cowm.
469 These sediciouse persones, which as certen bellouse seke
to reyse up flame. 1654 GAYTON Picas. Notes iv. xx. 269 The
joyfull departure of their suspected guest, rais'd this merry
showre in their eyes. 1741-2 GRAY Agrip. 91 One.. may
still With equal power resume that gift, and raise A tempest.
1820 SCOTT Monast. i. motto, I will as soon believe . . That
old Moll White, .raised the last night's thunder. 1884 W. E.
NORRIS Thirlby Hallv, All she can do is to raise a storm
in a tea-cup.
13. To utter (a cry, etc.) with loud voice; to
prodiree (a loud noise) by shouting or otherwise.
31330 in Horstm. Altengl. Leg. (1881) 100/261 A hidose
cry ban raysed bai. c 1470 HENRY Wallace v. 40 Gret noyis
& dyne was rayssit thaim amang. 1382 STANYHURST
/Eneisi\. (Arb.) 68, I stoutly emboldned with night shade
raysed an howting. 1611 BIBLE Job iii. 8 Let them curse
it. .who are ready to raise vp their mourning. 1671 MILTON
Samson 1124, I only with an Oak'n staff will meet thee,
And raise such out-cries on thy clatter'd Iron. 1748 THOM-
SON Cast. Indol. II. xliv, Th' inferior demons of the place
Rais'd rueful shrieks and hideous yells. 1808 SCOTT filarm.
b. Hence simply, to ntter or produce (a sound).
1590 SPENSER F. Q. i. xi. 7 Fayre Goddesse, . . to my tunes
thy second tenor rayse. 1602 SHAKS. Ham. n. i. 94 He rais'd
a sigh, so pittious and profound. 1743 GARRICK Lethe I.
Wks. 1798 I. 5 I'll raise music shall dispel their fears.
C. To sing ; also, to begin to sing, to strike up.
,633 MILTON Psalm vii. 62 Then will I Jehovah's praise
According to his justice raise. 1727-8 POPE Mem. of P. P.
in Swift's Wks. (1751) IV. 230 When I raised the psalm,
how did my voice quaver for fear 1 1808 SCOTT Marm. in.
Introd., I love the license.. In sounds now lowly, and now
strong, To raise the desultory song. 1836 OLMSTED Slave
Stales 25 An old negro,.. who raised a hymn, which soon
became a confused chant.
14. To cause, originate, give rise to, bring about,
set going. Used with a variety ot objects, as :
a. strife, dissension, or other disturbance (among
or between persons, in a place, etc.). Cf. i6a.
1:1380 WYCLIF Wks. (1880) ,85 pei..reisen debatis & ene-
my tes bitwene weddid men & here wiwes. £1400 Cursor
M. 27728 (Cott. Galba) Wreth es raysand. .missaw, flit, and
malisoune. 1333 GAU Richt Vay 17 Thayme quhilk rasis
discord amangis nichtburs. 1360 DAUS tr. Sleidane's Comm.
4 So muche contention is reysed in these oure daies about
matters of learnyng. Ibid. 13 But in case we preferre
Charles, .what tumultes shall we raise up in Italy. ,667
MILTON P. L. v. 226 Thou hear'st what stir on Earth Satan
. . Hath raisd in Paradise. ,7,9 RAMSAY Ricky $ Sandy 58
How the ill sp'rit did the first mischief raise. ,78, COWPER
Table Talk 317 Liberty. .Shall raise no feuds for armies to
suppress. 1843 MILL Logic I. iii. § 7 There are metaphy-
sicians who have raised a controversy on the point. ,873
JOWETT Plato (ed. 2) III. 384 Do not raise a quarrel.,
between Thrasymachus and me.
b. a report or rumour, slander, etc.
1,330 in Horstm. Allengl. Leg. (1881) 29/91 pai said he
sulda sklaunderraysOfGod. 1376 [see i6b]. 1611 BIBLE
Exod. xxiii. , Thou shall not raise a false report. ,678,
,685 [see 16 b]. 17,, ADDISON Sped. No. 13 P 5 A groundless
Report that has been raised, to a Gentleman's Disadvantage.
c. a feeling, idea, etc.
£,380 WYCLIF Wks. (1880) 40 pat noon euyl suspecion
may be reysed of hem. ,5,3 DOUGLAS fiineis x. xiii. 2
Thus awfull Mars. .The sorow rasit apon athyr hand. 1396
DALRYMPLE tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. x. 385 Quhilk rumour in
Scotland rayset not lytle invie in ffrance. 1600 SHAKS.
A. Y. L. iv. iii. 51 If the scorne of your bright eine Haue
power to raise such loue in mine. 1667 MILTON P. L. iv.
806 Thence raise.. discontented thoughts, Vain hopes, vain
aimes, inordinate desires. 1729 BUTLER Serin. Kesentm.
Wks, ,874 II. 94 Momentary anger is frequently raised ..
without any apparent reason. ,833 PUSEY Doctr. Real
Pres. Note A. z Opponents have succeeded in raising an
almost insurmountable prejudice.
d. the expression of some feeling.
1634 GAYTON Pleas. Notes_ iv. vi[i]. 207 The publique
worship . . rais'd a condemning, but selfe-absolving blush
into her cheeks. 1726-46 THOMSON Winter 652 The comic
muse . . raises sly the fair impartial laugh. 178, COWPER
Table Talk 658 They raised a smile At folly's cost. 1892
G. S. LAYARD C. Keene viii. ,76 He never fell into the habit
of raising a laugh at the expense of individuals.
e. an action, process, condition, etc.
£1425 WYNTOUN Cron. vm. xl. 3 The Kyng off Frawns set
hym to ras And set a sege befor Calays. ,360 DAUS tr.
Sleidane's Comm. 28 b, Suche as eyther Reyse up new
customes, or extorte that is forboden. 16,1 BIBLE Pref. r*
They raise vp a tragedie, and wish., the Temple had neuer
bene built. ,671 MILTON Samson 625 Thoughts my Tor-
menters . . raise Dire inflammation. ,706 E. WARD Wooden
World Diss. (:7o8) 86 The Rogue, .has rais'd such a Funk
in the Forecastle. ,765 A. DICKSON Treat. Agric. (ed. 2)
,45 The application of such manures as raise a fermenta-
tion. 1831-3 E. BURTON Eccl. Hist. iii. (1845) 54 The
watchword . . was sufficient to raise a ferment from one end
of Jerusalem to the other. 1876 PATON in Encycl. Brit.
IV, 688/1 The requisite heat for the dyeing operation is j
raised and maintained. 1892 Speaker 3 Sept. 278/2 The
outbreak has raised a demand for restriction [etc.].
15. a. Law. To draw up, frame (a summons,
letter, etc.), institute (an action or suit), establish
(a use).
(various n.hi™1 ,3, r i 5 \ summons is raised, and directed. ,632 in Star Chamber
ous natural phenomena or forces ; alsoyfr.). Caas (Camden> ,26 He ..out of on? cause ill begunne,
c. Leg. Saints xxvi. (Nycholas) 303 It a fyre mad < raysed 20 severall actions. ,732 J. LOUTHIAN Form of
RAISE.
Process (ed. 2) 85 Criminal Letters, raised at the Instance
of D. F . his Majesty s Advocate. ,766 BLACKSTONE Comm
n. xx. 330 A use could not be raised without a sufficient con-
sideration. 1877 Act 40 «, 41 Viet. c. 50 § 8 Actions relating
to questions of heritable right . . raised in a Sheriff Court.
b. To bring up (a question, point, etc.); to
bring or put forward (a difficulty, objection, etc.) ;
to put forward, advance (a claim).
1647 GENTILIS tr. Malvezzfs Chicfe Events 159 In raising
difficulties hee makes them easie. 1722 STEELE Conscious
Lovers n. i. (,723) 26 This will certainly give me occasion
to raise Difficulties. 1835 MACAULAY Hist. Eng. xiii. III.
285 The question of the union therefore was not raised!
Ibid. xv. 602 A day was appointed for considering the point
raised by Crone. 1881 STUBBS Early Plantag. iv. (Id. 3)
70 John the Marshal . . raised a claim touching one of the
archiepiscopal manors.
16. With various constructions :
a. To begin, make, institute, direct, etc. against
a person or thing.
Canar M. 1071 Alias! .. A-gain ahel he raysed
Lord agamis the said James. 1560 DAUS tr. Sleidane's
Comm. 262 He., raysed warre against us, and was taken
thenn. 1611 BIBLE Acts xiii. 50 The lewes .. raised per-
secution against Paul and Barnabas. 1822 SCOTT Pirate
Advt 6 A variety of sham suits, raised against him by
Newgate solicitors. ,873 MAX MULLER Sc. Rel. 356 The
objections which have been raised against this view.
b. To bring, send, or direct on or upon one.
a 1300 Cursor M. 7949 luel he sal apon be rais. 1373
BARBOUR Bruce vi. 276 Fra thai had rasit on him the cry
1388 WYCLIF Jer. Ii. i Y schal reise on Babiloyne . . as a wynd
of pestilence. 1333 COVERDALE Amos v. 9 He rayseth
destruccion vpon the mightie people. 1376 Oppress. Orkney
$t Shetland (1859) 49 Gif ane brute be rasit upon thame
1678 CUDWORTH Intel!. Syst. i. v. 846 This was . . a meer
Slander raised upon Atheists. 1685 Acct. Execution Dk.
Monmouth 2, I have had a Scandal raised upon me.
c. To draw, obtain, derive (one thing) out oj 'or
from another, rare.
1772 PRIESTLEY Inst. Relig. (1782) I. Pref. 12 Abstruse
speculations . . have been raised from every branch of my
speculations.
IH. To remove to a higher position.
* To lift up ly direct effort.
17. To lift as a whole, to put or take higher, to
elevate. Also, to pull up, hoist (sail, etc.).
a 1300 Cursor M. 22109 pof J>ou be rais up intil heven, To
hell depe sal bou be driuen. <ii33o in Horstm. Altengl.
Leg. (1881) 88/685 Angels . . raysed hir vp into be ayre.
1373 BARBOUR Bruce xvi. 692 Thai rasit salys but abaid.
1500^20 _DUNBAR Poems Ixxii. 71 Him all nakit on the tre
.728
POPE Dune. n. 39 Such a bulk as no twelve bards could
raise, a 177, GRAY Dante , The griesly Felon raised His
Gore-dyed Lips. 1805 SCOTT Last Minstr. n. Concl., He
raised the silver cup on high. 1814 — Ld. of Isles n. xxxii,
The train . . Embark'd, raised sail, and bore away. 1867
TROLLOPE Chron. Barset II. liii. 100 Should he try to catch
her eye, and then raise his hat ? 1886 FROUDE Oceana 296
She could have struck him, and had her arm raised to do it.
b. spec. To draw or bring up (water, minerals,
etc.) to the surface of the ground.
1743 POCOCKE Descr. East II. i. xvi. 61 The oxen raise the
water by a bucket and rope. 1739 B. MARTIN Nat. Hist.
Eng. I. 65 Much Ore has been formerly raised on this Hill.
1851 Blackw. Mag. Dec. 639 The coal raised in 1829 was
37,000 tons. 1872 R. B. SMYTH Mining Statist. 44, ,2,656
tons of quartz . . raised from depths between 240 and 690 feet.
c. In various special uses : (see quots.).
1733 CHAMBERS Cycl. Supp., Raise is likewise used for
placing a _horse's head right, and making him carry well,
and hindring him to carry low, or to arm himself. 1775 A.
BURNABY Trav. 87 When the trees are fallen, they.. drag
them along the snow. It is exceedingly difficult to put them
first in motion, which they call raising them. 1867 SMYTH
Sailor's Word-ok., To raise the mefal, to elevate the
breech, and depress thereby the muzzle of a gun. To raise
tacks and sheets, the Lifting the clues of the courses, pre-
viously to bracing round the yards in tacking or wearing.
d. To turn (the eyes or look) upwards.
1388 WYCLIF Ps. cxx. i, I reiside myn ijen to the hillis.
J599 JONSON Ev. Man out of Hum. it. iii, Gentle friend be
merry, raise your lookes out of your bosome. 1703 ROWE Fair
Penit. I. i, Wherefore are your Eyes Severely rais'd to
Heav'n? 18,8 SHELLEY Rev. /slam v. xxii, Nor spoke, -nor
raised his looks to meet The gaze of strangers. 1839 TENNY-
SON Vivien 787 He raised his eyes and saw The tree.
18. fig. To promote or advance (a person, people,
etc.) to a higher rank, office or position ; to exalt
in dignity or power.
CI200 ORMIN 961, Forr to re33senn alle ba bait folljhenn
sob meocnesse. a 1300 Cursor M. 2228, He sal him rais
sua hei on hight, pat men sal wen bat he es drig^ht. a ,350
in Horstm. Altengl. Leg. (1881) 42/13 In be kinges hows
sethin was he To ofice and to reuerence raysed. c ,440
GestaRom. Ixv. 29; (Harl. MS.) Heresede be poore man fro
filthede..to settehim among prmcis. 1339 Mirr. Mag.,Dk.
Suffolk xvii, How high, how soone, she did me raise. 1667
MILTON P. L. xii. ,62 A Son whose worthy deeds Raise him
to be the second in that Realme of Pharao. 1752 YOUNG
Brothers iv. i, They'll say the subtile statesman plann'd this
marriage, To raise his blood into his master's throne. 18,0
CRABBF. Borough iii, Theirs is a gracious bounty, fprm'd to
raise Him whom it aids. ,874 GREEN Short Hist. ii. § 6. oo
Charter after charter . . raised the townsmen of boroughs
from mere traders.. into customary tenants.
RAISE.
tb. To promote to some privilege. rare~\
c 1400 Apol. Loll, ii As sone as mony is jeuen bei reysen
|>e synnars to be takyng of be sacraments.
C. To exalt (one's name, stale, etc.). rare,
a 1425 Cursor M. 2373 (Trin.) pere shal (n name reised
be And alle bq heires |>at comen of be. 1593 SHAKS.
3 Hen. VI, iv. i. 68 It pleas'd his Maiestie To rayse my
State to Title of a Queene. 1731 POPE Ef. Bathurst 202
Of qualities deserving praise, More go to ruin fortunes than
to raise. 1820 SCOTT ATonast. xix. tnotto. Farewell each
hope of. .raising thy low rank.
d. To extol, laud. rare.
£1631 MILTON Arcades 8 Fame that her high worth to
raise Seem'd erst so lavish. 1735 POPE Prol. Sat. 211 While
Wits and Templars ev'ry sentence raise, And wonder with
a foolish face of praise.
19. fig. To elevate (persons) to a higher moral
or mental condition. (In early use perh. from 2.)
c iioo ORMIN 4373 He ras o (>ehhtennde daj} To rejjsenn
uss off sinne. a 1300 Cursor M . 18674 lesus him kidd til
(raim . . vtte o wan-hope for to rais [ Trin. AfS. hem to reise].
a 1340 HAMPOLE Psalter Prol., fai rays (rairn in til contem-
platyf lyf. c 1560 A. SCOTT Poems (S. T. S.) xxxiv. 149 Thir
ressonis ar to raiss 3ow Fra crymes vndir coite. 1605
BACON Adv. Learnings, xxiv, I cannot but be raised to
this persuasion, that [etc.]. 1758 S. HAVWARD Serm. xvii.
530 Oh stupid creatures that are not raised with the
description of. . his infinite excellencies ! 1848 R. S. WILBER-
FORCE Doctr. Incarnation v. 95 The Incarnation of Christ our
Lord has raised us . . above the carnal anthropology of the
Greeks. 1863 Fu. A. KEMBLE Resid. in Georgia. 14 1 hey are
doing their best to raise and improve the degraded race.
b. To elevate (the thoughts, mind, etc.), to
make higher or nobler.
c 1340 Hampole's Wks. (1895) I. 69 He. .rayses bar thoght
abouen all erthly thyng. 1590 SPENSER F. Q. I. Introd. iv,
Raise my thoughtes, too humble and too vile. 1667 MILTON
P. L. I. 23 What in me is dark Illumine, what is low raise
and support. 1786 BURNS Despondency iii, While praising,
and raising His thoughts to Heav'n on high. 1871 MORLEY
Voltaire (1886) 2 Its great glory was to have raised the
moral dignity and self-respect of the many to a level which
had hitherto been reached only by a few.
o. To elevate (a subject, style, diction).
1668 DRYDEN DC/. Ess. Poesy Essays 1900 I. 114 He does
so raise his matter in that prose, as to render it delightful.
1712 ADDISON Sfect. No. 289^11 Milton has put in practice
this method of raising his language. 1737 LD. HERVEV
Memoirs (1848) II. 361 His words are well chosen, his
diction extremely raised.
** To cause to rise or mount up.
20. To cause (a spirit) to appear, esp. by means
of incantations.
1(1350 in Horstm. Altengl. Leg. (1881) 98/152 Experi-
mentes ban ordand he; And raised deuils grete plente.
1375 BARBOUR Bruce iv. 243 The erll Ferrandis moder was
Ane nygramansour, & Sathanas Scho rasit. 1513 DOUGLAS
sEneis I. Prol. 212 Like as the spreit of Samuell. .Rasit to
Kinge Saul was by the Phitones. 1583 Leg. Bp. St. Amtrois
296 m Satir. Poeins Reform. 362 Reasing the devill with
invpcationes. 1671 MILTON P. R. iv. 430 Grisly Spectres,
which the Fiend had rais'd. c 1715 RAMSAY To Mallock
viii. He that could in tender strains Raise Margaret's
plaining shade. 1785 BURNS Addr. to Deil xiv, Masons'
mystic word an' grip, In storms an' tempests raise you up.
18x6 DISRAELI Viv.Grey m. ii, Then the magician .. raised
the once-laid ghost of Cleveland's ambition.
b. To raise the Devil, Cain, the mischief: To
make a disagreeable disturbance; to create trouble,
uproar, or confusion.
[1705 VANBRUGH Confed. v. ii, Sir, give me an Account of
my Necklace, or I'll make such a Noise in your House I'll
raise the Devil in't] 1841 LEVER C. O'Malley Ixiii, He
was going to raise the devil. 1852 MRS. STOWE Uncle
Tom's C. xx. 212 Topsy would hold a perfect carnival of i
confusion .. in short, as Miss Ophelia phrased it, * raising i
Cain' generally, c 1865 MARK TWAIN Sketches i. Mr.
Bloke's Item (1000) 217 The head-editor has been in here
raising the mischief and tearing his hair.
21. To make (the voice) heard.
1388 WYCLIF Ps. xcii. 3 The flodis ban reisid [L. eleva-
verunt] her vois. 1581 SIDNEY Afol. Poetrie (Arb.) 46
Who sometimes rayseth vp his voice to the height of the
beauens. 1607 DRYDEN Virg. Past. vi. 42 He rais'd
bis Voice, and soon a num'rous throng Of tripping Satyrs
crowded to the Song. 1738 GRAY Properties iii. 31
The Tyrant Love permit me raise My feeble voice. 1849
MACAULAY Hist. Eng. vi. II. 31 Many voices were boldly
raised in menace and accusation. 1868 FREEMAN Norjn.
Cono. (1876) II. x. 472 Not a voice was raised in opposition.
22. To cause (dust, vapour, smoke, water, etc.) to
ascend or rise ; to send or force up, to stir up. See
also DUST sbl 5.
1422 HOCCLEVE Jonathas 57 Sholde y a neewe smoke
now vp reyse. 1581 G. PETTIE tr. dtaszo's Civ. Conv. I.
(1586) 27 b, They doe nothing else but raise a dust. 1646
SIR T. BROWNE Pseud. Ep. in. xxii. (1686) 130 Camels to
make the water sapid do raise the mud with their feet.
1686 W. HARRIS tr. Lewery's Course Chym. (ed. 2) 43
Sublime is to raise by Fire any Volatile matter to the top
of the Cucurbit or into its Head. 1710 DE FOE Crusoe
ii. viii, The wine . . raise[d] disagreabfe fumes from the
stomach into the head. 1732 BERKELEY Alciphr. vii. § 3
We may perhaps raise a dust and dispute about tenets
purely verbal. 1807 J. BARLOW Columb. i. 34 The drizzly
fogs from dull Pisuerga raised. 1891 T. HARDY Tess i, And
where do we raise our smoke. . . I mean, where do we
D'Urbervilleslive?
t b. To render (tin) volatile. Obs. rare —1.
1686 W. HARRIS tr. Lentery's Course Chym. (ed. 2) 96
To Sublime Tinn is to raise and Volatilize it by means of
a Volatile Salt.
23. Nmtt. a. To come in sight of (another ship,
land, a whale, etc.).
120
1556 W. TOWRSON in Hakluyt I'oy. (1589) 98 At n. of the
clocke weeraysed the Isle of Madera. 1633 T. JAMES Voy. 28
We hull'd off, North North-east, but still raised land. 1634
SIR T. HERBERT Trav. 12 The last of June we raised the
Antarticke Pole. 1775 ROMANS //£tf. Florida App. 61, I
would not come nearer than just to raise the land. 1890
Century Mag-, May 516 In October 1832, the ship Hector
of New Bedford raised a whale and lowered for it.
b. To give a higher appearance to (a ship,
etc.) by coming nearer.
1574 BOURNE Regiment for Sea xiii. (1577) 39 In going to
the North, you doe rayse the Pole, and lay the Equinoctial!.
1700 MOXON Math. Diet. 46 So many Degrees you ap-
proach towards it, so much you are said to Raise the Pole.
1769 FALCONKR Diet. Marine (1776), Hausser nn vaisseau,
to raise a distant ship by approaching her gradually in
chace. 1796 NELSON 21 Sept. in Nicolas Disp. (1845) II. 279,
I saw a Spanish Frigate coming, .who, when she raised our
hull hauled her wind to the eastward.
24. To make (a horse) rise in leaping or rear-
ing. 10bs.
1753 CHAMBERS Cycl. Sujp.i Raise* in the manege, is used
for working ; thus to raise a horse upon corvets, caprioles,
and pesades, is to make him work at corvets, caprioles, &c.
*** To collect by lifting; to levy.
25. To levy (a tax, etc.) ; to collect (rents or
other charges) ; hence, to bring together, obtain,
procure by means of collecting or in any other way.
t Const, on (a person).
c 1330 R. BRUNNE Chron. (1810) 55 porgh alle his lond J«
Kyng his sonde sent, Forto raise be treuage, bat on be lond
was sette. 1389 in Eng. Gilds (1870) 30 It schal ben reysed
and gadered be ye alderman and his felas. 1463 Bury
Wills (Camden) 43, 1 wil the mony y* isreysid and reseyvyd
bedelyueryd. 1511 Water/. Arch, in \othRep. Hist. MSS.
Comtn. App. V. 325 Noo man.. shall reise keiage of noo
kaye . . except it be buylded as a keay. 1546 SuppL of
Commons 16 What yearelye rentes may be clearlye reased
therof. 1651 HOBBES Leviath. n. xxix. 173 The difficultyof
raising Mony, for the necessary uses of the Common-wealth.
1689 J. MATHER in Andres Tracts II. 5 Impowered to
make Laws and raise money on the Kings Subjects. 1708
J. C. Compleat Collier (1845) 19 If no Profit can be raised,
I see no reason why any Man should Adventure his Money.
1760 C. JOHNSTON Chrysal (1822) I. 30, 1 immediately raised
all the money I possibly could. iSaz BYRON Juan in. xiv,
Let not his mode of raising cash seem strange. 1852
THACKERAY Esmond \. xiv. The correspondence, .related to
a new loan my lord was raising. 1875 W. S. GILBERT Tom
Cobb i, Me so pinched for money till I can hardly raise an
egg for breakfast.
b. transf. To obtain, procure (advantage, plea-
sure, praise, etc.).
1633 BP. HALL Hard Texts, N. T. 89 We cannot hope to
raise any advantage to ourselves by our utmost endeavours.
1645 QUAHLES Sol. Recant, xn. 79 What pleasure shall thy
great Creator raise From thy breath-tainted, and unsav'ry
praise? 1781 COWPER Retirement 805 Content if. .1 may
raise A monitor's, though not a poet's praise.
c. Of articles sold : To bring, fetch (a certain
price), rare ""'.
1791 NEWTE Tour Eng. 4- Scof. 241 The few firs, .cut for
deafs raise from eight pence to twelve pence per foot.
d. To succeed in producing.
1841 'WiLDRAKE1 Cracks of Day 184 Mango could
scarcely raise a gallop.
26. To levy, collect, gather, bring together (an
army, troops, etc.).
In early use perh. to be taken in sense 5.
1388 WYCLTF Jer. 1. 9 Y schal reise, and brynge in to
Eabiloyne the gaderyng togidere of grete folkis. a 1400-50
Alexander 829 Nicholas. . Had rasyd vp a rode hoste. 1473
WARKW. Chron. (Camden) 7 Alle his peple he reysyd were
fiedde fro hym. 1567 Satir. Poems Reform, iii. 90 Our
Suene .. Into this Realme did rais ane ryall rout. 1506
ALRYHPLE tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. x. 282 Raseng an armie
thame cruellie he persewis. 1643 Decl. Commons (Reb.
Ireland) 63 Lord Barnewall ..hath a Commission for a Troupe
of horse, and is now gone into Wales to raise them. 1759
H. WALPOLE Corr, (ed. 3) III. cccxliv. 324 We continue to
militate and to raise light troops. 1839 MARRYAT M. Violet
xxxix, A mob was raised in 1833, and expelled the whole
Mormon body. 1863 H. Cox Instit. in. ii. 594 The Sovereign
has the sole power of raising, .fleets and armies.
"* To remove by, or as by, lifting up.
27. To put an end to (a siege or blockade) by
withdrawing the investing forces.
1375 B ARDOUR Bruce xx. 64 Thus maid wes pes. . And syne
the assegis rasit wair. e 1477 CAXTON y**o**l\ Hehadde
not entencion for to disloge him ne to reyse his siege. 1560
DAUS tr. Sleidane's Comm, 83 He raised his siege and
departed without his purpose, a 1671 LD. FAIRFAX Mem.
(1699) 62 Our men.. put the enemy to a total rout, upon
which he raised the siege. 1769 ROBERTSON Ckas. Vt xi.
Wks. 1813 III. 274 He gave orders immediately to raise the
siege. 1835 Penny Cycl. IV. 531 If the blockade shall be
found to be raised.
b. To remove, rescind (a prohibition, etc.).
1887 Mind XII. 257 The Sorbonne raised the prohibition
it had so long laid upon the works of the Grecian philo-
sopher. 1893 GUNTER Miss Dividends 141 He will be . .
happy, .to raise the injunction, which, .has crippled you.
28. To end (a siege, etc.) by compelling the
investing forces to desist or remove.
c 1489 CAXTON Sonnes of Aymon vii. 163 Gyve me some
parte of your men, And I shall goo reyse the sege of
Cologne. 1523 LD. BERNERS Froiss. I. cccxxiii. 503 They
were all determyned to go and reyse vp the siege, and to
refresshe and vitayle the castell. 1603 DRAYTON Heroic.
Ep. vii. 155 He is besieg'd, the Siege that came to raise.
1800 WELLINGTON in Gurw. Desp.\. 181, I. .have taken
from him one place of consequence, and I have raised the
siege of another. 1811 Ibid. VII. 518 The enemy are still
close to us, but they have made no progress in raising the
RAISE.
blockade. 1855 MACAULAY Hist. Eng. xvii. IV. 14 William
had still some faint hope that it might be possible to raise
the siege.
f b. To cause (the besieger) to abandon a siege.
1592 WrnBVXflNmf 39 The King of England.. Hearing
declar'd his friends besieged so..hasts himselfe to go To
rease the Duke. 1611 COTGR. s.v. Lever, Illeur fit lever
le cut a, he raised them, or their siege, from.
29. To set in motion (an army or camp).
Perh. originally related to 4 c.
c 1470 HENRY Wallace i. 79 His ost he rasd, and come to
Werk on Twede. 1569 STOCKER tr. Diod. Sic, in. xviii. 135
Lysimachus. .in a foule and raynie night raysed hys Campe.
1640 YORKE Union Hon. Battles 41 Edward loth to loose
time about one Cities Siege, raiseth his Army and departeth.
1684 J. PETER Siege Vienna 7 The Grand Visier raising His
Camp, followed the Christians.
I V. To make higher or greater.
30. To increase in height or bulk ; to cause to
rise up or swell ; to give a higher level to.
c 1450 LVDG. & BURGH Secrees 2670 Shuldrys sharpe
I mene not reysed with slevys. 1485 CAXTON Chas. Gt. 26
He had hys nose reysed vpon a roundnes. 1513 DOUGLAS
JEneis i. ii. 30 The fadir..gajf the power.. To meis the
flude, or rais with stormes hie. 159^ RALEIGH Discov.
Gviana 51 All the..riuers which fell into Orenoque were
raised with such speed [etc.]. 1611 TOURNEUR Ath. Trag.
IV. iii, Why could not he ha' suffer'd me to raise The
mountaines o' my sin with one as damnable As all the rest?
169* RAY Dissol. World v. (1693) 295 That the Mountains
do daily diminish., that the Valleys are raised., no man can
deny. 17*0 POPE Iliad xxiu. 640 The Corselet.. Whose
glitt'ring Margins rais'd with Silver shine. 1836 MACGIL-
LIVRAV tr. Hitmboldfs Trav. xx. 290 Raising the flesh in
alternate bands from the ankle to the top of the thigh,
•f- b. To raise in flesh : to make plump. Obs.
1608 TOPSELL Serpents (1658) 797 These Tortoises.. are
given to Horses, for by them they are raised in flesh, and made
much fatter. 1615 LATHAM Falconry^ Words of Art expi.
(1633), Raised in flesh, is when a Hawke grows fat, or pros-
pereth in flesh.
f c. To make up the height of. Qbs. rare.
x66a GERBIER Princ. 24 Four of them (together with the
Morter thereunto belonging) may raise a Foot. 1663 —
Counsel 56 The fittest bigness of a good brick; is.. two
Inches, a quarter and a half thick, which will raise a foot in
the Morter with four bricks.
31. In various technical uses :
a. To bring up (the nap of cloth) by carding
with teazles, etc. ; to make a nap on (cloth).
1481-90 Howard ffousek. Bks. (Roxb.) 320 [The] fuller. .
shall dresse . . vij. brode clothes ; that is to say reyse, skore
them, barbe them. 1494 Act ii Hen, VIIt c. 27 They raise
up the Cotton of such Fustians. 1633 J. ANCHORAN tr.
Comenius' Gate Latin Unl. § 503 ttiarg., The shear-man
..raiseth the nap. 17*7-4* CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v. Cloth, The
cloth . . is..givent all wet, to the carders, to raise the hair,
or knap, on the right side, with the thistle, or weed, 1797
Ettcycl. Brit. (ed. 3) VI. 45/1 Teazel.. is of singular use in
raising the knap upon woollen cloth. 1835 URE Philos.
Manitf. 195 The pile is also said to be more perfectly raised.
1879 CasselCs Techn. Educ. IV. 343/1 Cloth is usually
' raised ' twice and ' cropped ' several times.
b. To cause (dough, bread) to expand and
become light, as bv the use of yeast. Also ahsol.
1611 BIBLE Hos, vii. 4 The baker : who ceaseth from
raising after he hath kneaded the dough, vntill it be
Jeauened. 1789 Trans. Soc. Arts I. 178 For fermenting
liquors, and raising bread. 1845 E. ACTON Mod. Cookery
xxiii. 509 All light cakes require a rather brisk oven to raise
and set them.
c. To cause (hides) to increase in thickness.
1581 LAMBARDE Eiren. iv. 164 If any tanner have raised
with any mixture any hide to bee converted to backes, bend*
leather [etc.]. 1777 MACBRIDE in Phil. 7'rans. LXVIII.
127 When you find your hides sufficiently raised, put them
directly into the ooze. 1852 MORFIT Tanning $ Currying
(1853) 196 The skins. .have not yet been raised sufficiently
to prepare them for tanning.
d. To give (metal) a rounded form.
1846 HOLTZAPFFEL Turning I. 398 In raising the metals
by the hammer [etc. J. Ibid. 410 Thimbles, which are slightly
conical are raised at five orsix blows. 1879 CasselCs Teckn.
Educ. IV. 299/1 Brings down upon them a. .globular punch,
which domes them up— in technical parlance, ' raises ' them.
32. To increase the amount of, to heighten
(rent, taxes, prices, etc.). Hence to raise out^ to
cause (a player) to withdraw from a game by
making the stake too high for him.
1500-20 DUNBAR Poems xvii. 13 Mailis and gersomes raisit
ouir hie. 1548 FORREST Pleas. Poesye 358 Too reyse his
Rent alas it neadethe not. 1596 SHAKS. Alerch. V. in. v. 26
This making of Christians will raise the price of Hogs.
1607 HBVWOOD Fayre Mayde Exch. Wks. 1874 II. 28 Once
already have you prisoned me, To my great charge . . And
somewhat raisde the debt by that advantage. 1700 T.
BROWN tr. Dn Fresny's Amusem. Ser. % Com. 78 One side
endeavours to raise, and the other to beat down the Market
Price. 1820 J. GIFFORD Compl. Eng. Lawyer it. viii. (ed. 5)
167 journeymen who refuse to work, in consequence of a
combination to raise their wages. 1885 Manch. Exam.
16 May 5/1 It is proposed to raise the duty on rye. 1894
MASKF.LYNE Sharps «$• Flats 57 You can bet against that
particular player, continually raising the stakes, until all the
other players are ' raised out '.
b. To increase, add to (one's reputation, in-
terest, credit, etc.).
1654 GAVTON Pleas. Notes iv. viii. 219 The circumforaneous
Emperick rais'd his Fame, a 1715 BURNET Own^Time
(172-) I. ^74 His being thus divested of his Commissions . .
would raise his interest in the Nation. 1849 MACAULAY
Hist. Eng. ix. II. 446 Promises and services which, if
discovered, would not have raised his credit at Whitehall.
1871 MORLEV Voltaire (1886) 3 Each did much to raise the
measure of worth.
RAISE.
C. Math* To increase (a number or quantity)
by multiplication into itself.
1706 J. WARD Introd. Math. ii. ii. § 5 ("1734) 157X0 Raise
the Binomial Root a-^-b to the Seventh Power. 1798 HUT-
TON Course Math. I. 201 To involve or raise Surd Quantities
to any Power. 1893 S. L. LONEV Anal. Trig. 22 Raise
each of these quantities to the/th power.
33. To increase the value, price, or rate of.
To raise the market'. To charge a higher price.
1535 LVXDESAV Satyre 3186 The markit raisit bene sa hie.
1596 BACON Maxims $ Uses Coat. Law viii. 33 If .. the
King .. doth raise monies, that the weight of silver in the
piece now of sixpence should goe for twelve pence. 166*
PETTY Taxes p. xix, The effects of the various species of
coins, ..as also of raising or embasing them. 1751 R. PAL-
TOCK P. IVilkins (1884) II. 279 'Tis all one to her .. so she
can raise but the market by a change. 1763 FOOTK Mayor
ofG. ii. Wks. 1799 I. 181 How comes it about that you have
rais'd it a penny a quart? 1822 SCOTT Pirate it, Svveyn
Erickson had gone too far in raising the market upon Mr.
Mertoun (. .charging the rock codfish at a penny instead of
a halfpenny a-piece,i.
34. To increase the degree, intensity, or force of.
a. To make (the voice or its sound) louder ; to
give a higher pitch to.
1638 R. BAKER tr. Balzac's Lett. (vol. II.) 145 An honest
man never raiseth the sound of his Voyce, to get advantage
!54 .
Liiiun iiniy die. c 1783 ^-UWI'KK .nuiuni roro. ID " 1
so deaf, the lady cried (And raised her voice..). i»so
FROUDE Oceana 84 They do not raise the voice at the end
of a sentence, as the Americans do.
b. To make keener, to intensify (sensations).
1697 DRYDEN Virg. Georg. HI. 608 These raise their
Thirst. 1699 DAMPIER Voy. II. i. 93, I think my appetite
was raised by seeing so much food, a 1704 T. BROWN Sat.
agst. Woman Wks. 1730 1. 55 To raise thy pain, be Strephon
ne er forgot. 1813 SHELLEY Q. Mob viii. 139 Lending their
power to pleasure and to pain, Yet raising, sharpening, and
refining each.
c. To brighten (colours), esp. in dyeing.
1814 JANE AUSTEN Lady Susan xxiii. (1879) 253 His com-
plexion was raised and he spoke with great emotion. 1874
CROOKES Dyeing q Calico-printint; 607 Steam-greens after
printing are frequently brightened, or ' raised ' as it is tech-
nically called. 1884 Girl's Own Paper 8 Mar. 353 The
first pigment . . when mingled with any other colour raises
us tone— that is to say, lightens it.
d. To cause (the pulse) to beat faster ; to make
(a fire) burn up better ; to make hotter ; etc.
1707 FLOYER Physic. Pulse-Watch 222 Burning heats a
part, and raises the Pulse. 1715-20 POPE Iliad ix. 277
Meanwhile Patroclus sweats the fire to raise. 1758 REID
tr. Macqner's Chym. I. 381 After you raise the fire in order
to melt the mixture. 1863 TYNDALL Heat i. TO Raised to
incandescence by friction against our atmosphere.
V. f 35. intr. To rise, in various senses. Obs.
1470-85 MALORY Arthur xx. xxii, Syr Gauwayns hors
fete reysed and so the hors and he fyl tt> the erthe. 1490
CAXTON Eneydos vii. 32 The delectable name of hir cyte
grewe & reysed in praysing. 1654 GAYTON Pleas. Notes iv.
xxn. 273 lust as imprison'd windes, when once broke forth,
One against the other raiseth. 1666 Ormonde MSS. in
IO/A Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. v. 12 They never raised
in rebellion against his Majestic. 1702 Eng. Theophrast.
240 His reputation abroad will raise or sink as his affairs
go well or ill at home. 1737 Philip Qnarll (1816) 57 The
fowl . . launched itself into the pond, but raised more easily,
which gave him time to take his aim. 1761 HUME Hist.
Eng. II. xxix. 145 The artisans, finding their profits to raise
by the favour of their Customers, increase.. their skill.
36. Raising = being raised.
Com
COntliuui.ui, rtiiu uiucrwise. 1743 1. JONES lOia. 405 'TIS
said magazines are raising for us at Coblentz. 1758 GOLDSM.
Mem. Protestant (1895) I. 225 There was raising a new
Regiment in his Province. 1802 H. MARTIN Helen of Glen-
ross II. 180, I see money is raising in all possible ways— by
all possible means. 1864 TENNYSON Enoch Arden 175
Annie seemed to hear Her own death-scaffold raising
t Raise, v* Obs. Also 5 Sc. rais, 6 rayse.
[var. of RASE a.l ; tlie spelling may be partly due
to association with prec.; cf. RAISED///, a.2]
1. trans. To tear ; to scratch, to cut.
In some cases perh. with idea of 'raising' or lifting a
portion of the surface.
' '4u5 £""S C°'lyar 55°, I sail rais thy Ryall array.
1590 R. HARVEY PI. Perc. 6 If you strike his face, you can
raise no skin, for his forhead is brasse. 1601 HAKLUYT tr
Galvano s Discov. 23 They tilled and raised the ground with
oxe homes. 1641 BEST Farm Bks. (Surtees) 48 That hee
ay strawe in the barne floore. .to prevent the wheeles from
:akinge and raysinge the floore. 1677 Land. Gas. No
1 223/3 I Having] his Skin only raised.
*J. To erase or raze.
1530-1 Act 22 Hen C///, c. ,s Excepted always, .all rays.
5e of recordes. I588 A. KING in Cath. Tract. (S. T. S.)
16/16 To raise the diett of ane instrument. 1601 R JOHN-
f'"|rf. ,5. Coiimnu. (1603) 165 In the year I24i they
raised [1630 razed] Kiouia the chiefe city of the Rutheni.
1645 A*sm to Pref ,30 If there had been any such church
o 5? of raisl"g the recordes.
o. To graze, touch.
ENSER Vision Bellay xiv, It seem'd her top the
firmament did rayse.
Raise, obs. pa. t. RISE v.
Raised j^r, ///. a.i [f. RAISE 0.1 + -EDI.]
IL.O erect ' res.tored to life : roused up.
1604 SHAKS. Oik. I. ii. 29 Those are the raised Father, and his
rnends .697 O Km™ 2«rf Narr. Proe. Turner's Hall
•'?,! c Sed &aints sha" neither need Candle, nor Light
of the Sun.
VOL. VIII.
121
Mrq. Argyle's Last Will in Harl. Misc. 0746)
/1 That, .it may by the same raise- Devil Directory
b. Raised fie : A pie having a ' raised ' crust (see
RAISE zi.l r c).
1747-96 MRS. GLASSE Cookery xiii. 19: Raised pies should
have a quick oven, and well closed up. 1844 Ai B SMITH
Adv. Mr. Lcdkury iii. (1886) n [He] entered a neighbouring
shop, where he purchased a raised pie. 1865 BFKTON Diet
Cookery 282/1 Raised Pie of Veal and Ham... Plenty of
practice [should be] given to the making of raised pies, /-^ir-
2. Set on foot, instituted, rare.
1604 SHAKS. Otli. i. i. 159 Lead to the Sagitary the raised
Search.
3. Lifted up, elevated, exalted, high. lit. and fig.
1627 FELTHAM Resolves i. xli. (1709)' 101 From the Pismire
. . to the Monarch on the raised Throne. 1662 STILLINGFL.
Orig. Sacr. n. iii. § 2 Such as are of more raised and inqui-
sitive minds, a 1708 BEVERIDGE Thes. Theol. (1711) III. ii
High and raised apprehensions of God's goodness. 1818
SHELLEY Rev. Islam HI. xi, A stroke on my raised arm and
naked head. 1875 JOWETT Plato (ed. 2) III. 400 Between
the fire and the prisoners there is a raised way.
Comb. 1662 STILLINGFL. Orig. Sacr. in. iii. § 2 The more
raised-spirited Moralists.
b. Raised beach, a former beach, now situated
above sea-level.
1842 H. MILLER 0. R. flandst. i. (ed. 2) 37 A raised beach
of the Moray Frith. 1863 A. C. RAMSAY Phys. Gcos;. i.
(1878) n On all continents and on many large islands raised
beaches occur.
4. Increased in height or size; made larger,
thicker, or more prominent ; standing out ; etc.
1582 STANYHURST jEncis I. (Arb.) 21 Soom wights vp-
floating on raisd sea wyth armor apeered. 1599 MINSHEU
Span. Gram. 77 Imbrodered with imbost or raisd golde and
pearle. 1676 WISEMAN Chirurg. Treat, v. ix. 380! he raised-
up Lip might be troublesome to the Chirurgeon in his work
1772 T. NUGENT tr. Hist. Friar Gerundll. 339 Two scapu-
Jaries ornamented with tinsel raised-work. 1777 MACBRIDE
\nPhil. Trans. LXVIII. 127 The lime-water ooze penetrates
raised leather. 1836 Penny Cycl. V. 240 The t5'pe required
for printing in raised characters. 1882 CAULFEILD & SAWARII
Diet. Needlework 416 Raised Embroidery . . consisting ol
working raised flowers upon a flat foundation.
Comb. 1632 HAYWARD tr. Biondis Eromena 55 They laid
downe the Beere upon a rais'd-worke mourning Coverlet
1879 SIR G. SCOTT Lcct. Archil. II. 177 Square and oblong
spaces were vaulted.. on the raised-ridge principle.
b. Increased in amount or degree.
_ 1706 J. WARD Introd. Math. n. ii. § 5 (i734) ,S7 The
intermediate Terms in the new Raised Power. 1809 PINK-
NF.Y Trav. France 58 His wife came in, hearing my raised
voice. 1826 Miss MITFORD Village Ser. n. 122 To speak of
him as dead, seemed to her raised feelings, like murder
1846 P. Parley's Ann. VII. 232 With smiling face, indeed,
but with a raised complexion.
5. Naut. Raised upon: Having a framework
added to increase the height of the sides.
1799 NELSON in Nicolas Disf. (1845) I. 3, I exerted myself
to have the command of a four-oared cutter raised upon
1867 SMYTH Sailor's Word-bk. 559.
Raised, ///. a* (and pa.pjle.}. [f. RAISE ».2;
now associated with prec. Cf. KASED ///. a.]
1. Of cloth : f a. Having the pile cut close. (Cf.
velours ras, drap for ras in Cotgrave.) Obs. b.
Having the pile (apparently) cut away in such a
manner as to leave a raised pattern.
1:1550 Fabric Rolls York Minster (Surtees) 311 A greene
cushion of raised velvet. 1578 Inv. R. Wardr (1815) 222
Ane uther [gpwne] of raisit claith of silver. 1870 ROCK
Textile Fabrics Introd. Ixxiii, Some [art-velvets] are raised
or cut, the design being done in a pile standing well up by
itself from out of a flat ground of silk. Ibid. 200 The fabric
. .now known as cut or raised velvet.
t 2. Of shoes : Having designs cut in the leather.
i688R. HOLME Armoury in. 14/2 Pinked or raised shooes,
have the over leathers grain part cut into Roses, or other
devices.
t Raise-devil, a. nonce-wd. [f. RAISE o.i 20.]
Devil-raising.
c 1661 Mn
VIII. 27/1 1
be conjured up a£
Rai'sedly, adv. Obs. exc. dial. [f. RAISED
///. <r.l + -LY 2.] In an elevated or excited manner.
1611 FI.OEIO, Rileuatamente, raisedly. 1651 H. MORE En-
thus. Tri. (1712) 39 Enthusiasts, .have spoken very raisedly
and divinely. 1887 JAMIESON Suppl., Kaisitly, excitedly.
Karseclness. 1 0bs. [f. as prec. + -NESS.]
The state of being raised, elevated, or exalted.
1645 W. JENKYN Stil-Destroyer 32 Others neglect the
Sacrament.. in comming with little raisednesse of soule,
dead affections. 1646 H. LAWRENCE Comm. Angells 33
Thirdly, you shall know what they know, and as they know
it ; whence you see what raisednes of your conditions will
bee. 1693 R. FLEMING Disc. Earthquakes 57 Such a Raised-
ness and Security of a Christians Soul in an extraordinary
Hour of Tryal.
Raiser (r^'-zai). [f. RAISE z».i + -ER i.]
1. One who raises, in various senses of the vb.
13.. Evang. Nicod. 1162 in Herrig Archiv LIII. 413 To
|>e, Ihesu, we pray, Rayser tyll lyfe fro ded. 1388 WYCLIF
Judith xiv. 9 That Holofernes schulde awake not of the
reiseris. c 1460 Tmuneley Myst. xxii. 37 Rasars of slander-
yngys. 1570 BUCHANAN Admonitionn Wks. (1892) 24
Rasaris of rebellioun. 1577 B. GOOGE Heresbach's Huso.
(1586)47!), In no wyse to be a rayser or enhaunser of rentes.
1607-12 BACON Ess. . Parents % Childr. (Arb.) 272 They that
are the raysers of their houses are most indulgent towardes
theire Children. 1611 BIBLE Dan. xi. 20 Then shall stand
vp in his estate a raiser of taxes. 1665 MANLEY Grothis'
Low C. Warres 624 The raysers of the War were scattered
here and there. 1704 NOKRIS Ideal U'orld\\. vii. 367 The
Sreat raider and improver of the optical science. 1741
MIDDLETON Cicero L vi. 459 Caesar was the author and
RAISIN.
II that storm. 1847 TENNYSON Princ. Concl. 87
huge melons and of pine. 1874 Act 37 ^ 38 Viet.
,.,. the raisers of such inhibitions., may again record
the same. 1884 Harper's Mag. June 53/2 A disappointed
raiser of church debts.
b. So raiser -up.
raiser of all that storm.
A raiser of h
c. 94 § 42 Th
_ - f , _ .„...„. /p of matters alredv
decided and mdged. 1879 Miss BRADDON Vixen HI. 80
bne had been, .the raiser-up of many a sickly child.
2. That which raises ; spec, an elevator muscle ;
also, leaven or yeast.
"758 J. S. Le Dran's Observ. Sm-g. (i77I) Expl. Fig. v
Ihe Raiser of the Scapula. 1838 LYTTON Alia x. ii. 357
His excited fancy was the sole and real raiser of the spectre.
A. Carpentry, a. A riser (of a stair), b. A start
or shoulder of a water-wheel bucket.
1679 MOXON Mech. Exerc. 1. 152 You would by supporting
each Step with a Raiser have the model of a true pair of
Winding Stairs. 1825 J. NICHOLSON Operat. Mechanic 85
All the grooves for starts or raisers, and buckets, were cut
out before it was removed. 1875 KNIGHT Diet. Mech. 1874^
Raiser, the front of a step.
t Raise-velvet, a. Ots. rare.-1. Superfine.
Cf. raised velvet s.v. RAISED///. «.2
1603 Patient Grissil (Shaks. Soc.) 19 'The sintheresis of
the soul ', and such like raise-velvet terms.
fKaish. Obs. rare-1. [Echoic.] A harsh swish.
1710 Last Distemper Tom Whigg n. 38 A Couple of
undone Ravens, cutting the Air at every Stroke of their
rank Wing with a Raish [etc.].
Raisin (r/t-z'n). Forms : a. 3 raycin, 4-5
-syn, 4, 6-7 -son, 4, 7 -sin, (5 -sing), 6 -sen ;
4, 6- raisin, 6-8 -son. /3. 4 raoyn, 4-6 rasyn(g,
5 rason, razin, 5-6 rasin,6 -en. 7. 4-5 reysyn(g,
(5 reyssyng), 4-6 reysin, (5 -ing), 4-7 -on, (5
-one, -oun) ; 4-5 reisyn, 6 -on, 6-7 reisin, 7
-en. S. 4resyn(g, 5-7 -on, (6 -onn) ; 5 reasyng,
6 -en, 7 -in, 6 reazin, 6-7 (9) reason, f. 5 roy-
son. [a. OF. rais-, razin, rets-, resin, roisin,
etc. (F. nrz«'tt) = Prov. razin, razim, Sp. racimo:—
pop. L. *racim-um, L. racem-um RACEME.
The five main forms of the word are all of Fr. origin ; that
with 01 is rare in Engl., but is the base of G. mine, Du.
rozijn, Da. rosin, Sw. rnssin. The pron. (r2'z'n) remained
current after the spelling reason had been dropped, and is
still defended by Webster in 1828 (cf. quot. 1807 in 2 5) ;
Sheridan, however, gives (r^'V'n) in 1789.]
fl. A cluster of grapes; a grape. 06s.
1381 WYCLIF Lev. xix. 10 Ne in thi vyne jeerd the
reysonus and cornes fallynge down thow shalt not gedere.
£1400 MAUNDEV. (1839) xv. 168 The peper growethe, in
maner, as_ dothe a wylde Vyne. . . and the Fruyt thereof
hangethe in manere as Reysynges. 1484 CAXTON Fables of
SEsop iv. i, A foxe . . beheld the raysyns that grew vpon a
hyghe vyne. 1614 RALEIGH Hist. World i. (1634) 103 The
fruit of the Vine or Raysin, did not grow naturally in that
part of Armenia.
tb. = Raisin-gi-ape (see 3). Obs. rare—1.
'573 TUSSER Husk. (1878) 76 Of trees or fruites to be set or
remooued..2o Respis. 21 Reisons.
2. A grape partially dried, either in the sun or
by artificial means. (Chiefly//.)
o. [1278 Dark. Ace. Rolls (Surtees) 486 In .. ficubus,
Raycinys, et novem lagenis vini.J 13. . Coer de L. 1549 Off
froyt here is gret plente' ! Fyggys, raysyns, in frayel.
ci4oo tr. Secreta Secret., Gov. Lordsh. 74 Old wyn and
swete raysyns. 1533 ELYOT Cast. Helthe (1539) 20, Raysons
do make the stomake firme and strong. 1616 B. JONSON
Devil an Ass n. i, Is not that strange, Sr, to make wine of
raisins? 1651 JEH. TAYLOR Senn.for Year L vii. 81 A man
is. .so exposed to calamity, that a raisin is able to kill
him. 1703 Land. Cat. No. 3971/4 Their Cargoes, consisting
of..Brandys, Prunes, Raisons. 1841 LANE Arab. Nts. I.
123 A sweet drink composed of water with raisins.
(3. c 1400 tr. Santa Secret., Gov. Lordship 77 Seuyn
dragmes of j
'55' TURNER Herbal (1568) n. 144 The frayles .. that
figges and rasines are carried better in.
\. 13.. K. Alis. 5193 It wil al fruyt ete, Applen, noten,
reisyns, and whete. 1422 tr. Secrela Secret., Priv. Prhi.
245 Vse in this tymes . . fygis, datis, and reysyns. 1596
I. SMYTHE in Lett. Lit. Men (Camden) 90 To suppe. .with
oread and reysins.
S. [1348-9 D-urh. Ace. Rolls (Surtees) 549 In duabus libr.
de Resyns sanz pepyn.] 14.. Voc. in Wr.-Wiilcker 621/8
l-~-ua passa, resonn. 1544 in R. G. Marsden Sel. PI. Crl.
Adm. (1894) 1. 127 Venturyn.-ladyth ij butts saying therein
to be reasens of Damask. 1645 HOWELL Lett. lix. (1650) 241
With Figs and Reasons allur'd Hull Children. [1807 H. j.
PYE Comm. Commentators Shaks. 225 Reason and raisin
. .are pronounced alike in the age of George the Third, by
every person who speaks without affectation.]
t b. Great raisins, the dried fruit of the common
vine, as distinguished from small raisins = raisins
of Corinth (see CUKBANT I a). Obs.
c 1420 Liber Cocorum 16 Sethe |ienne o}»er raysyns grete
In rede wyne. c 1430 Two Cookcry-bks. 33 pen caste ^er-to
Roysonys of Coraunce, Dates y-talid, grete Roysonys. 1485
Inv. in Ripon Clt. Acts (Surtees) 366 In small reasynges,
ijrf. 1584 COGAN Haven of Health cvii. (1612) 95 Great
Raysons, and small Raysons, otherwise called Corans. 1598
Epulario B iij b, 'Fake a few small Reasons and an Onion.
c. Raisins of the sun, sun-dried grapes.
'544 PHAEH Regim. Lyfe (1553) I vj b, A litle quantitie of
raisins of the sunne. 1612 WOODALL Surg. Mate Wks.
(1653) 166 Currants and Reysons of the Sun are likewise
very good [in Scurvy]. 1780 J. T. DILLON Tra-'. Sfrtirt 376
The raisins of the sun. .are still more delicate. 1841 Penny
Cycl. XIX. 274/1 Muscatels, blooms,, .raisins of the sun
16
RAISING.
3. attrih. and Comb., as raisin-brandy, f -frail,
-grape, -vine^ -wine \ raisin-tree (see quots.).
1753 CHAMBERS Cycl. Supp.,
* Raisin brandy , . . a very
clean and pure spirit, obtained from raisins. 1669 EVELYN
Vintage (1675) 48 Putting the cluster into a*raisin-frail or_bag
of hair-cloth. 1676 WORLIDGE Cyder (1691) 225 The *Raisin-
grape is a large and long grape. 1767 J. ABERCROMBIK Et<.
Man his own Card. (1803)674/2 Tokay, red, white, Alex-
andrian, Raisin [Grapes]. 1883 Cheltenham Examiner
Suppl. 19 Sept. 1/3 Berries and apricots often yield still
more profit to the acre than raisin grapes. 1548 TURNF.R
Names Herbes (E. D. S.) 86 Khibes .. is called in some
places of Englande a *Rasin tree. 1887 NICHOLSON Diet.
Gardening^ Raisin-tree, Japanese, a common name for
Hovenia dulcis. 1597 GERARDE Herbal 11. cccxxiii. (1633)
875 We may call it m English *Raisin Vine. 1664, EVELYN
Kal. Hort, (1729) 234 Cluster Grape, Parsley, Raisin [Vines].
1769 MRS. RAFFALD Eng. Honsekpr. (1778) 319 To make
Smyrna *Raisin Wine. 1845 E. ACTON Mod. Cookery xxvi.
541 Raisin Wine.
Raisin, variant of RASEN, wall-plate.
Raising (r^'zirj),^/. .?£. [f. RAISE V.I
1. The action of the vb., in various senses ; spec.
in Curling^ driving a partner's stone into one of
the circles round the tee.
a 1350 in Horstm. Altengl. Leg. (1881) 134/216 It was
bigun .. Thurg raising of J>e kinges sun. 1388 WYCLIF
Judith xiv. 9 Thei . . ymagyneden by craft vnrestfulnessc
for cause of reisyng. 1455 Charter in Liber Eccl. de Scon
(Bann. Cl.) 185 In the lifting and raising of the saidez fourti
schillingis $erly. 1511 GUYLFORDE Fylgr. (1851) 25 The
very hooly crosse was prouyd by reysinge of a deed
woman. 1591 PERCIVALL SJ. Dict.t Dtscerco, the raising
of a siege. 1622 MISSF.LDEN Free Trade 106 The deare-
nesse of things, which the Raising of Money bringeth with
it. 1706 J. WARD Introd. Math. \\. ii. § 5(1734) *54 In-
volution is the Raising or Producing of Powers from any
proposed Root. 1781 COWPER Lett. 8 Apr., I send yo
r r i . . *f • • _o_o e-,— — f x/r
Curling, etc. 350 Every competitor shall play four shots at
..raising, and chipping the winner.
b. So raising up.
c 1440 Promp. Pary. 428/1 Reysynge vp, elevacto, 1530
PALSGR. 260/2 Raysing up of athyng, leuee. 1597 GERARDE
Herbal in. Ixxxviii. 1256 Almonds, .serue for the raising vp
of flegme and rotten matter. 1684 BUNYAN Pilgr. \\. 69 The
reason of raising up of that Stage.
C. With a and//. An instance of this ; spec, in
U.S. a house-raising (see RAISE V. 8).
c 1380 WYCLIF Sel. Wks. III. 361 Suspendingis, enter-
ditingis, cursingisj and reisingis of croiserie. 1388 — Ps.
xcii. 4 The reisyngis of the see ben wondurfuL 1609 HOLLAND
A mm. Marcell. xxvn.xii. 324 Sapor,, .byway of open reises
and raisings of booties wasted all Armenia. 1771 M.
CUTLER in Life, Jrnls. ff Corr. (1888) I. 38 At Robert
Dodge's, at a raising. 1856 G. DAVIS Hist. Sketch Stock'
bridge $ Southbridge, Mass. 174 Raisings were also con-
sidered as an affair of similar interest, followed by an
entertainment of good things. 1861 TRENCH Comm. Ep. 7
Churches 11 Such raisings from the dead as that of the
widow's son.
2. Anything that is raised ; a raised place.
1572 HULOET, Raysing, or going vp of a hyll, accliuitas.
1611 COTGR., Coiidol, a ridge or raising of earth. 1658
A. Fox IVurtz1 Surg. 11. xxviii. 196 The place . . is hard
and red, and a raising is there. 174* LEONI Palladia's
Archit. I. 64 The floor of the Chambers is raised thirteen
foot from. .the ground..; and below under the raising of
the thirteen foot, are the Cellars. 1858 Skyrings Builder's
Prices (ed. 48) 46 If raised panels, add from whence the
article arises. If moulded raisings, add [etc.].
3. a. A crop raised, b. Mining = GET sbl i b.
1869 Daily News 8 Dec., Its most important 'raisings'
are in wheat, oats, maize, tobacco, grapes, &c. 1883
GRESLEY Gloss. Coal-mining 198.
4. attrib. and Comb.,?&rai$ing-cord,~gini-machinet
-motion^ -tool, -vat, -wheel \ raising-bee ((/.S.),
a gathering of neighbours to give assistance in
raising the framework of a house or other build-
ing ; raising-board, a corrugated board used in
raising the grain of leather (Knight Diet. Mech.
1875); raising -dinner (C/.S.), a dinner given at
a ' raising ' ; raising-gig = GlG-MlLL (Knight Diet.
Mech.} ; raising- hammer, a hammer used in
giving metal a rounded form (see RAISE v. 31 d) ;
raising-knife (see quots.) ; f raising-pair, a
framework used in mining (see quot.) ; raising-
room, a room where cloth is raised.
1836 Backtvoods of Canada 121 Neighbours who assemble
at your summons to raise the walls of your house. . : this is
termed a * *raising> bee', a 1859 W. IRVING Knickerb. vn.
ii. (1900) 254 ' Raising bees' also were frequent. 1839 URE
Diet. Arts 1230 The dots, spots, or ciphers which denote
the *raising cords. 1701 New Eng. Hist, ff Gen. Reg.
(1879) XXXIII. 176 note-) Provide a *Raysmg Dinner for
the Raysing the Schoolmasters House. 1497 Naval Ace.
Hen. VII (1896) 104 Shipping crane with a *Reysing gynne.
1846 HOLTZAPFFEL Turning I. 404 Figure 277 shows the
narrow edge of the *raising-hammer, in the act of descending.
1725 BRADLEY Fam. Diet. s. v. Green plot, They put the
*Raising Knife under the Turf and raise it up. 1875
KNIGHT Diet. Mech. 1874/1 Raising-knife, a knife employed
by coopers in setting up the staves in form for a cask. 1885
Census Instruct,, *Raistng Machine Minder. 1839 URE
Diet. Arts 1230 The *raising motion is effected by coupling
the leaf to one end of its correspondent top lever. 1747
HOOSON Miner's Diet. Q iij, * Raising- Pair. . . The use for
these is, when we begin at the Bottom of any wide Pit at
the Day to Sink, we rise with these Pair upwards. 1835
URE Patter, Mannf. 203 The cloth passes several times
to and from the ^raising and cutting-rooms. 1884 Wham
122
Daily Post 23 Feb. 3/5 Steel-pen Trade. — Wanted, n
*Raising-Tool Maker. 1853 MORFIT Tanning ty Currying
(1853) 197 The last *raising-vatt which contains the strongest
tan-liquor, a 1824 DOUGLAS in Trans. Highland Soc. VI.
105 The crank must revolve nearly 13 times to give the
"raising-wheel one revolution.
Raising, ///. a. [-ING2.] That raises.
1609 W. M. Man in Moone (iS49)2oTheirfoIlowers; who,
by the raising hand of their lord's assistance, have ascended
many high and loftie steppes of dignity.
Rai'sing-piece. [f. RASEN sb. (q.v.), asso-
ciated with RAISING vl>l. sb.] A wall-plate.
a 1548 HALL Chrcn. xn, //?«. I'll I 605 From the firste
water table to the raysyng or resun pieces. 1663 GERBIER
Counsel 66 Oake Rooting raysing pieces. 1679 MoxoN
Mech. Exerc. I. 143 Wall plates, or Raising Pieces and
Beams. 1736 NEVE Cily <• C. Purchaser *.\. 1843 GWILT
Archit. § 1023 Raising Piece, one which lies under a beam
or beams and over the posts or punchions.
So Bai'sins-plate.
1679 MOXON Mech. Exerc. I. 137 They frame the Raising-
plates just as the Ground-plates are framed ; and then
frame the Roof into the Raising-plates. 1825 J. NICHOLSON
Operat. Mechanic 571 Wall-plates are sometimes called
raising plates.
Raison, obs. form of RAISIN, variant of RASEN.
Raison, -able, obs. ff. REASON, REASONABLE.
|| Raison d'etre (rfzoh d£tr'). [Fr.] ' Reason
of being ' ; rational ground for existence.
1867 MORLEY Burke 208 Plunder in three forms, .was the
very raisan d'etre of the power of the [East India] Com-
pany. 1880 Standard 29 Nov., The Royal Society has
almost ceased to have a raison d'etre.
II Raisonne (rjzcw), a. [Fr., pa. pple. of rai-
somierlo reason, etc., f. raisan REASON.] Reasoned
out, logical or systematical.
1777 H. WALPOLE Lett. (1857) VI. 492 This Is my creed. .
I think it is raisonnf. 1845 THACKERAY Misc, Ess. (1885)
102 French Cookery is not . . approfcmdi or elaborately
described, but nobly raisoHne".
b. Catalogue raisonni, a catalogue (of books,
pictures, etc.) arranged according to subjects, and
giving information beyond mere names or titles.
1805 CAREY in Lift ix. (1885) 228 A catalogue raisonne' oi
the ancient Hindoo books. 1865 DIRCKS Mrq. Wore. ii. 17
A most interesting catalogue raisonne".
Raiss, obs. Sc. f. RACE sb\ Raistit, obs. var.
REISTIT Sc. Raisty, var. REASTT, RESTT Obs.
t Rai'Snre. Obs. rare. [f. RAISE v.1 + -URE.]
Elevation.
1613 MARKHAM Eng. Husbandman I. it. xvi. (1635) 203
Where by meanes of such raisure, you shall want mould. .
you shall supply that lacke. 1677 GALE Crt. Gentiles in. 2
The highest raisures of natural or moral endowments.
Rait, obs. f. RATE ; Sc. pa. pple. RAY Obs. ;
var. RET v. Raitoh, dial. var. RACHE si.1 Rai-
ter, obs. var. REITEB.
Raith (r^h). Sc. (fand north.} Also 4 rath(t,
rajje, 4, 8 rathe, 8 reath. [a. Olr. rdthe, rdithe,
or Gael, rdith in same sense (cf. QUIDBATHE).
The appearance of the word in the Cursor Hf. is
remarkable.] A quarter of a year ; three months.
a 1300 Cursor M. 16166 (G6tt.) Herodes had grenid him
to se, J>ar forwid mani ratht. Ibid. 23833 Said it es gane
mani rath [etc.], c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints xl. (Ninian} 772
Men fastis it. -tnryse like rath of \K }ere. 1768 Ross Hele-
nore i. 6 Howsoon as the jimp three raiths was gane. a 1774
FERGUSSON Rising of Session Poems (1807) 277 Little mair
than half a reath. 1871 W. ALEXANDER Johnny Gibb (1873)
57, 1 wuntit him to gie Sawney a raith at Ian' mizzourin*.
Raith, obs. Sc. f. RATHE a. and adv. Raithe,
dial. var. RATHE sb. Raither, dial. var. RATHER.
Raive, Sc. pa. t. RIVE v. Raivel, Sc. var.
RAVEL sb. and v. Raiyat, var. RAYAT. Raize,
Sc. var. RAISE v.1 (5 d).
II Raj (radz,). Also 8 raje. [Hindi raj : cf.
RAJA(H.] Sovereignty, rule ; kingdom.
1800 Asiatic Ann. Reg.. Misc. Tr. 261/2 An account of
the revenues of this raje, and a chart of the country. 1858
T. B. NORTON Topics 58 A very faint sample of what must
have universally happened had any new ' Raj ' been
established. 1890 Athenyum 13 Sept 348/1 That standing
miracle, the maintenance of the British raj [in India].
Raja, variant of RAIA.
II Raja, rajah (ra-dja). Forms : 6-7 (8) raia,
7 raiah, raiaw, raya ; 7 raga, ragea, 8 ragia ; 7
radgee, 8 radja ; 7- raja. 7- rajah. [Hind! raja,
Skr. rajan king, etc., f. rajio reign, rule ; cognate
with L. rex, reg-is, Olr. ri, rig king (see RICH).]
Originally the title given in India to a king or
prince; in later times extended to petty chiefs
or dignitaries (as Zemindars) or conferred as a
title of nobility on Hindus, and adopted as the
usual designation of Malay and Javanese rulers or
chiefs (cf. quot. 1777).
1555 EDEN Decades^ 224 The Kyngs name was Raia
Colambu and the Prince was cauled R.iia Siagu. 1608
W. HAWKINS in Purchas Pilgrims (1625) m. vii. § 2. 209
A Raga, who was absolute Lord of a Prouince. 1608 FINCH
Ibid. tv. § 4. 424 A small King or Raiaw, a Gentile. 1630
LORD Banians fy Persees 68 The Raiahs..did procure the
Bramanes to make it an act of Religion [etc.]. 1665
SIR T. HERBERT Trav. (1677) 65 This Castle [Rota] for
many Ages acknowledged the Radgee her Governour.
1735 SOMERVILLE Chase II. 331 Potent Rajahs who them-
selves preside O'er Realms of wide Extent. 1777 MILLER
\r\Phil. Trans. LXVIII. 167 Their Radjas {by which name
RAKE.
they call every freeman that has property, of which there
are sometimes one, sometimes more, in one Componfi, and
the rest are vassals). 1810 SOUTIIKY Kchama vn. xi, The
power Of the dread Rajah, terrible alike To men and Gods.
1844 H. H. WILSON Brit. India I. i. 99 The Raja of
Bhurtpore had become. .an allyof the British Government.
1878 C. STANFORD Symh. Christ i. 13 A chieftain so different
from the fiery rajahs Around.
attrili. a 1843 in Southey Connii.-fil. Rk. Ser. n. (1849)
486 The whole race of Kettris, the Rajah-tribe of India.
b. attrib. in bird-names, as rajafji) lory, shrike.
Lory. Size of the Purple-capped Lory .. Inhabits the
Moluccas, and there called Rhadia, and is a rare species.
Rajah-poot, obs. form of RAJPOOT.
II Rajaliship (ra-d^ajip). [f. RAJAH + -SHIP.]
1. The territory of a rajah.
1698 J. FRYER Ace. E. India ff Persia 166 They are only
said to be a petty Rajaship in the Plain. 1763 SCRAFTON
Indostan (1770) 14 There are a number of Rajahships inter-
spersed throughout India, which, .have.. never been sub-
dued. 1861 BEVERIDGE Hist, indial. III. iv. 430 The two
rajahships or Hindoo states of Trichinopoly and Tanjore.
2. The rank or power of a rajah. Also as a title.
led to the confiscation of his estates. 1867 Gd. Words 336/1
His Rajahship rose.
Raje, obs. form of RAJ.
II Rajpoot, rajpnt (ra-d3p;7t). Forms : a. 6
reysbuto, 7 resbuti (//.)> rashboot(e, -bout,
-poot, rasboute, reshpout, 8 raaspout. ft. 7
ratspuche, razbooche. 7. J ragipou, 8 raij-
pout, rajah-, rajepoot, 9 rajapoote, -put, raujje-
poot, rajpoot, -put. [Hindi rajpitt, f. Skr. raja
king + putrason. The form rashbilt is found in an
Oriental writer of the i6th c. (Yule); reysbuto came
through Pg. , and ragipou through Fr.] A member
of a Hindu tribe or class, claiming descent from
the original Kshatriyas, and distinguished by its
military spirit.
«. 1598 tr. Linschoten's Voy. xxvii. 48 Reysbulos of
Cambaia doe yet Hue by robbing and stealing, and those of
Cambaia pay tribute to the saide Reysbutos. 1615 E. TF.RRY
in Purchas Pilgrims (1625) IX. vi. $ 4. 1479 The Rashbootes
eate Swines-flesh most hatefull to the Mahometans. 1689
DAMPIER Vcy. (1697) I. 507 Our Seamen . . calling the
Idolaters, Gentous, or Rashbouts. 17*7 A. HAMILTON New
Ace. E. Ind. I. xii. 134 Those Rasspouts . . are all Gentle,
men of the Sword, ..well trained in the Art of killing.
attrib. 1616 SIR T. ROE Jrnl. 9 Oct. (Hakluyt Soc.) II.
282 In the handes of a Rashboote Gentile.
(3. i6ia COPLAND in Purchas Pilgrims (1625) iv. viii. § i.
467 A Castle kept by the Ratspuches. i6u WHITHINCTON
Ibid. § 3. 482 A Castle of the Razbooches (which were
before the Mogolls Conquest, the Nobles of that countrey
now liuing by robbery).
y. 1678 J. PHILLIPS tr. Tavfrnfer's Trav. n. i. iv. 34 The
Ragipou's, who are the best Souldiers among the Indians.
1763 SCRAFTON Indostan (1770) 7 The Soldiers are commonly
called Rajah-pools. 1800 Asiatic Ann. Reg., Chron. 47/2
A remarkable strong Rajepoot, selected for the purpose.
1841 ELPHINSTONE Hist. Ind. I. i. 103 The Rajputs still
loudly assert the purity of their descent from the Cshetriyas.
1864 TREVELYAN Comfit. Wallah (1866) 67 Coer Sing, who
was recognised as chieftain by the Rajpoots, or soldier
caste, of that region.
attrib. 1878 A. C. LYALL in Fortn. Rev. XXX. 543
(heading) A Rajput Chief of the old School.
Rak, obs. f. RACK, RAKE si.1 ; obs. Sc. f. RECK.
Rakcat, obs. form of RACKET si.1
Rake (r£'k), si.1 Forms : i raoa, raou, 4 raak,
5 rak, 5-6 Sc. raike, 4- rake. [OE. raca m.,
racu f. = MLG., MDu. rake (Du. raak), (M)Sw.
-raka, Da. -rage, related by ablaut to MLG. reke,
OHG. rehko, recho (MHG. reclie, G. recheif) rake,
ON. reka spade, shovel, f. root *rek- (Goth, rikan,
OHG. rehhan) to gather, heap up.]
1. An implement, consisting of a bar fixed across
the end of a long handle and fitted with teeth which
point downwards, used in field-work for drawing
together hay, grass, or the like, and in gardening
for similar purposes or for breaking np, levelling,
and smoothing the surface of the ground (a hand-
rake). Also, a larger agricultural implement of
the same character, mounted on wheels and drawn
by a horse (a horse-rake~), or one of the bars with
teeth in a tedding-machine.
a 725 Corpus Gloss. 25 Rostrum, riece. c 1000 ^ELFRIC
Gloss, in Wr.-Wulcker 105/1 Rostrum, ucl rastfllitm, raca.
a noo Gere/a, in Anglia IX. 263 He sceal habban . . bytel,
race, jeafle, hlajdre [etc.]. 1387 TREVISA Higden (Rolls)
III. 55 Fabius slowj Remus .. wib an herdes rake \pur.
raak]. c 1420 Paltad. on Huso. i. 837 Take thy spadis,
rakis, knyf, and shoule. 15*3 FITZHF.RB. //.-«/>. § 24 A good
hu>,ljande hath his forkes and rakes made redye in the
wynter before. 1603 KNOLLF.S Hist. Turks (1638) 105 All
his mattockes, forkes, rakes, syths [etc.]. 1697 DRVUFN
Virg. Georg. I. 233 The land with daily Care Is exercis d,
and with an Iron War Of Rakes and Harrows. 1727-46
THOMSON Summer 359 Infant hands Trail the long rake
..Wide flies the tedded grain. 1841-4 EMERSON Eu.,
Prudence Wks. (Bohn) I. 98 Keep the rake, says the hay-
maker, as nigh the scythe as you can, and the cart as nigh
the rake. 1844 STEPHENS Bk. Farm (1855) II. 228/2
A skeleton carriage, having a series of revolving rakes,
occupying the place of the body.
RAKE.
b. Phr. As lean (also thin, f rank'} as a rake.
c 1386 CHAUCER Prol. 287 And leene was his hors as is a rake.
c 1450 HOLLAND Hffwlat 216 The Ravyne..Was dene rurale
to reid, rank as a raike. a 1529 SKELTON P. Sfaroiue 913
Odyous Enui .. His bones crake, Leane as a rake. 1694
MOTTEUX Ral'dais v. iv, All these sorts of Birds . . grow in
an instant as fat as Hogs, tho' they came as lean as Rakes.
1823 E. MOOR Suffolk Wds. s.v., ' Thin as a rake ' is not
an infrequent comparison with us.
c. transf. A very lean person.
1582 STANYHURST sEneis m. (Arb.) 89 A meigre leane rake
with a long herd goatlyke. 1607 SHAKS. Cor. \. i. 24 Let vs
reuenge this with our Pikes, ere we become Rakes.
2. An implement, similar to the above, used for
various purposes, sometimes having a flat blade in
place of the bar with teeth.
1530 PALSGR. 260/2 Rake for the Kenell, rasteait. 1574
SCOT Hop. Card. (1578) 51 A Rake fashioned like a Coale
rake, hauing in stede of teeth a boorde. 1671 [see rake-man
in 4]. 1825 J. NICHOLSON Operat. Mechanic 606 The tools
of the plasterer consist of .-. a rake, with two or three
prongs, bent downwards.. for mixing the hair and mortar
together. 1851 GREENWELL Coal-Trade Terms Northttinb.
ff Durh. 41 A rake, with about 8 teeth.. is used by the
hewer in working coal by separation. 1868 Rep. U. S.
Commissioner Agric. (1869) 342 The tongs [in oyster
fishing] are composed of two iron rakes attached to. .poles.
b. A kind of rasp or scraper. (? For RAPE sbj>)
1727 BRADLEY Fam. Diet. s.v. Hoof bound, With a Rake
or Drawing- Iron, file or draw away the old Hoof somewhat
near. 1845 Penny Cycl. Supp. I. 624^2 In the preparation
of hares' fur for the hatter, the skin., is rubbed with a kind
of saw called a rake. 1878 Ure's Diet. Arts IV. 380 The
skin is first carded with a rake, which is the blade of an
old shear or piece of a scythe, with large teeth notched into
its edge.
3. = rake-hook (see 4).
1797 JOHNSTON Beckmann's Invent. III. 152 The same
craft in avoiding rakes and nets is ascribed to that fish.
4. attrib. and Comb., as rake-backed adj., rake-
handle, -head, \-man, -shaft, -shank, -teeth, -tine,
-wheel ; rake-dredge, a dredge fitted with a rake,
used for collecting natural history specimens;
t rake-fetter, ? a maker or mender of rakes ; rake-
hook, a set of hooks fixed on a bar which is dragged
along the bottom of a river or lake so as to catch
fish by the body; f rake-lean a., lean as a rake;
rake-steel, a rake-handle (now dial.).
1629 GAULE Holy Madn. 324 Gaunt-belly'd, *Rake-backt.
ciSoo Cocke LorelCs B. n Schouyll chepcrs, gardeners,
and "rake fetters. 1780 EDMONDSON Body Heraldry II.
Gloss., Rake-head, as borne in armory. 1844 STEPHENS
Bk Farm (1855) II. 229/2 As there are 8 rake-heads, there
will be. .36 contacts with the substance. .to be lifted. 1884
1. SPEEDY Sport viii. 120 The fines imposed for illegal
hshmg, or for having leisters, "rake-hooks, or nets. 1891
Daily 'News 28 May 4/8 They kill fish by ' sniggling ', or
rake hooks, by the gaff or cleek. .593 NASHE Christ's T.
|2 D, i hrough theyr garments theyr * rake-leane rybbes
¥>pea// Q o?6lS S" A™WA'TE Otter. Death in Farr S. P.
Jos. I (1848) 270 His rake-leane body shrinking underneath.
1671 Phil, frans. VI. 2H2 The *Rake-man. .constantly
mov.?? ™ r'!> with his Rake. 1641 BEST farm. BAs. (Surtees)
33 Withher*rakeshafte to throw upthe sweath. 1892 H E
WRIGHT Handy Bk. Breiuers 484 The horizontal rake-shaft
has a number . . of wrought iron rakes bolted on. c 1386
CHAUCER Wife's T. 93 That tale is nat worth a 'rake stele.
c 1440 CAPGRAVE Life St. Kath. iv. 2009 Youre resons, lady,
avayle not a rake-stele. 1878 Ciirnbld. Gloss., Rake-steel,
Rake-shank, the handle of a rake. 1844 STEPHENS Bk. \
farm (1855) II. 229/1 Bringing the «rake-teeth nearer to,
jr farther from the ground. Ibid. 230/1 All the *rake-tines
are lifted from the ground by one operation. Hid. 229/1 \
1 he two *rake-wheels . . are of very light construction. '
T Kake, sb.i Obs. Forms : i hrseoe, 3 rake.
[OE. hrxce, hrace, -u, f. hraca m. = OHG. rahho
(MHG. rache, G. rachett), MLG. rake, Du. raak
throat.] The throat, jaws.
/S£ ^'"P- Psalter v. ii Byrgen open is hrace heara.
-looo Aa.t. Leechd. II. 62 Stmge him jelome on ba hracan
ban he maje spiwan. «,22S St. Marker. 11 The rode Die
arredde me so redlich of his reowliche rake, c 1250 Death
214 m O. E. Misc. 180 per is sathanas. .red! wiS hiTrake
Make («'k), s6.3 Sc. and north, dial. fa. ON.
rak stripe, streak (Norw. dial, raak footpath, stripe
or streak, channel, string of cattle, etc.), f. *rak-
ablaut var. of rek- to drive : see RACK sb.\ In
later use also in part repr. ME. rayk, RAIK sb.]
L. A way, path ; esp. a rough path over a hill,
a narrow path up a cleft or ravine.
13 .. Caw. f, Gr. Knt. 2144 Ryde me doun bis ilk rake,
left'h" 7 £C S£le-, *I+<!o-5o.-'fcr««A->-5°7o Lene to be^
7 i£?i J" * rake °" I* "? hand )>at may »* man passe.
c 1600 Hodgson MS. in Northiimbld. Gloss. s.v., Two brode
les or rakes commonly u.secl occupied and worue with
cattal brought out of Scotland. 1869 Lonsdale Glass., Rake,
vt II? °fS>;°und lying in the side of a hill, and sunk
oelow the level of the neighbouring parts. .872 JKNKINSON
u", '/' 'V- Lal!" 3°3 A method of ascent, .is by the ' Lord's
Kake , a narrow cleft a short distance from the ridge
Jiff, a 1400-50 Alexander 3383 Out of be rake .. of rial-
^ ysnes ren suld he neuire.
^. a. A run, rush ; speed, rare.
<-i46o Town** Myst. xvi. 65 Fast afore wyll I hy radly
on a. rake. ,768 Ross Helcnore ,1. 9, Their milk white
lads. \t a gueed rake were running on before.
r D. A pass in fencing. Obs. rare.
; -1450 Fencing a', two handed Sword in Ret. Ant. I. 309
1 hy rakys, thy rowndis, thy quarters abowte, Thy stoppis,
Ihy foynys, [etc hem fast rowte.
Course ,ir path. esf. of cattle in pasturing;
hence, vmslurc-ynnuid, right of pasture.
123
-11640 JACKSON Creed™, xii. § 8 In that region wherein
the clouds have their rake. 1688 MIEGE Grt. Fr. Diet
tillage,. .Course, the Rake or Run of a Ship, her Way for-
ward on. 1724 M.S. Survey, Lower Brunton in Northnmb
Gloss., It pays 135. 41!. . .yearly for what is call'd a Rake for
their cattle in Tuggle Moore. 1728 in Best Farm. Bks.
(Surtees) innate. This walk or rake for my tenants' sheeo
upon Cottom Pry or Monk Lees. 1863 MRS.TOOGOOD Vorksh.
Dial., The cattle had a good rake ower yon common.
attrib. 1744 .V. Riding Rec. VIII. in A rake-rent of IDS
for leave to graze their cattle upon Raskelf Moor.
4. A single journey in conveying anything from
one place to another ; hence, the amount so carried
by a person, horse or cart; a 'gang'.
1792 A. WILSON in Poems, etc. (1876) II. 25 He kend . .
How mony rake wad lave the ocean loom. 1862 D WIN-
GATE in Blackw. Mag. Mar. 377 The ponies had their rakes
brought in, And been stabled one by one. 1894 CROCKETT
Raiders 192 To fetch a rake of water from the well.
5. A leading vein of ore, having a more or less
perpendicular lie ; a rake-vein.
Hooson Miners Diet. (1747) limits the term to a vein
which is in process of being worked.
1634 in Pennant Tour in Wales (I778i I. 74 A grant,
made.. by Charles I. of all the mines of lead, or rakes of
lead, withm the hundreds of Coleshill and Rudland 1653
MANLOVE Rhymed Chrou. 2 If any .. find a Rake, Or sign
or leading to the same. Ibid. 260 Main Rakes, Cross Rakes,
. .Randumof the Rake. 1759 MARTIN Nat. Hist. I. 66 It
runs along after the Rakes, and not crossing them as the
leading Vaults do. 1884 J. A. PHILLIPS Ore Deposits I 64
It is now well known that the true fissure v«ins, or rakes,
pass through these igneous rocks.
b. Rake-soil, the deads or rubbish of a vein. 101/s.
1653 MANLOVE Rhymed Chron. 271.
to. =RACE sb$, RACHE sb.t Obs. rare—1.
1685 Land. Gaz. 2023/4 A little Spaniel Bitch brown and
white spotted, .and a white Rake on the Forehead.
7. A rut, groove.
1781 J. HUTTON Ttur to Caves (ed. 2) Gloss., Rake, rut
crack, or crevice. 1789 Trans. Soc. Arts VII. 199 Heavy
loads, .made almost as deep a rut, or rake, as ever. 1812-16
}.St,mH Panorama Sc.t, Art I. no The blade, .is covered
with rakes or small grooves close to each other.
8. A row, series. = RACE sA.1 9 b.
looi Daily Record (Glasgow) 28 Nov. 3/2 A number of
lads were riding on a rake of hutches.
Bake (r<?'k), sb.± Also7raok(e. [? f. RAKE z/,3]
1. Naut. a. The projection of the upper part of
a ship's hull at stem and stern beyond the corre-
sponding extremities of the keel (distinguished as
forerake and slernrake). Hence, the slope of the
stern or stern-post, or of the rudder.
1626 CAPT. SMITH Aceid. Yng. Seamen 9 The lengths,
breadthes, depthes, rakes, and burdens. 1664 E. BUSHNELL
Compl. Shipivright 7 Had we given 5 foot more Racke
1690 LEYBOURN Curs. Math. 83, 55 Foot, .for the length by
the Keel, ..16 Foot., for the Rack forward. 1706 PHILLIPS
(ed. Kersey), s.v. The Rake of the Rudder. 1711 W
SUTHERLAND Shipbuild. Assist. 60 Looking on the Rake of
the Stern of any Ship. 1815 BURNEY Falconer's Mar.
Diet. s.v. Rudder, Rake of the Rudder, a term used to
signify the fore part of the rudder, which depends entirely
upon the rake of the stern-post. 1833 RICHARDSON Merc.
Mar. Arch, q It also shows the round aft of the stern on the
rake. 1867 SMYTH Sailor's Word-bk. 559.
b. The deviation (usually towards the stern) of
a ship's masts from a perpendicular to the keel.
1815 BURNEY Falconer's Mar. Diet. s.v. 1842 LEVER J.
Hinton xxxvi, The rake of her low masts, and the long
boom. 1882 W. H. WHITE Naval A rchit. (ed. 2) 506 It is
customary to have the greatest rake in the aftermost mast.
2. transf. The inclination of any object from the
perpendicular or to the horizontal ; slope.
1802 Trans. Soc. Arts XX. 287 The stems are segments of
a circle, with considerable rakes. 1825 J. NICHOLSON
Operat. Mechanicfxv To find the face-mould of a staircase,
so that when set to its proper rake it will be perpendicular
to the plan. 1881 Card. Chron. XVI. 657 The arrangement of
the plants follows the rake of the roof. 1893 lltilding News
10 Feb. 189 The stage floor, .rises from the foot-lights, .at a
rake of half an inch to the foot.
Kake (w'k), sb.* [abbrev. of RAKEHELL.] A
man of loose habits and immoral character; an
idle dissipated man of fashion.
l6S3 H. MORE Antid. Ath. m. vii. § 13 Schol., These dis-
solute Rakes endeavour to extinguish the memory of the
narrations. i7IO LADY M. W. MONTAGU Let. to Bp. Burnct
20 July, There are more atheists among the fine ladies than
the loosest sort of rakes. 1775 SHKRIDAN Duenna u. iii, Is
he not a gay dissipated rake who has squandered his
patrimony f 1836 HOR. SMITH Tin Trnmp. (1876) 89 An
old rake who has survived himself is the most pitiable
object in creation. 1880 L. STEPHEN Pope iv. 83 Pope, .had
tried to assume the airs of a rake.
Comb. 1892 TENNYSON Dawn iii, Rake-ruin'd bodies and
souls go down in a common wreck.
b. A woman of similar character.
1712 STEKLE Sped. No. 336 p 3 These Rakes are your idle
Ladies of Fashion, a 1777 GOLUSM. Gift i Cruel Iris, pretty
rake, Dear mercenary beauty. 1832 L. HUNT SirR. Ksher
(1850) 367 How superior did she seem to all the fair rakes of
the Court. [1886 BYNNER A. Sttrriage xxxi. 373 A plentiful
sprinkling of rakes of both sexes.]
Rake(r<?'k),.r<i.o rare-1, [f. RAKE z>.l 9.] The
act of raking with shot.
1810 tfawilCAnm. XXIII. 97 The frigate, .gave her the
rake astern.
t Rake, s6.1 Obs. rare-1. A herd (of colts).
1486 Bk. St. All-ans F v j, A Ragg of coleis or a Rake.
Rake, obs. form of RACK t6.1, s/>.*, .r/v'
Rake (rc7ik\ v. ' Also 7 rack ; pa. fflc. 4 rake,
RAKE.
6 Sc. raik, 4, 8 raken. [a. ON. raka (Sw. raka
Da. rage} to scrape, shave, rake, etc. = (M;LG
(M)Du. raken, f. the root "rak- : see RAKE st.l on
which later uses may to a large extent be directly
based.]
I. fl- frans. To scrape away. Obs. rare~l.
c 1.50 Gen t, £-,: 2132 Al cat Sise first .vii. [years] maken,
Sulen Bis ooere vn. rospen & raken.
2. To draw together, collect, gather (scattered
objects) with, or as with, a rake.
cu&GeH. * Ex 3324 Dor migte euerilc man fugeles
taken. So fele so he wulden raken. 1456 in Gross Gild
Merck. (1890) II. 345 No man. .Rake yn ony mannes lond
ane Corne yn harvestyme. 1530 PALSGR. 678/2 Rake
thiscorne. 1598 GRENEWEY Tacitus, Ann. xn. ii. (1622) 157
Her exceeding greedines in raking mony. 1627 MAY Lucan
VII. 846 There gold rak'd in Spaine, There th' Easterne
Nations treasuryes remaine. 1796 MORSE Amer. Geog 1
772, 3 or 400 go annually to Turk's Island, to rake salt.
absol. 1642 ROGERS Naaman 173 A spirit of the world,
lusting to rake and scrape.
b. So with together. (Commoner than prec.)
1550 [see RAKING vbl. jW i]. 1570 6 LAMBARDE Peramt.
heiit (1826) 137 Odo raked together great masses of silver
and gold. 1663 BUTLER Hud. i. i. 676 But now a Sport
more formidable Had rak'd together Village Rabble. 1840
DICKENS Barn. Rudge x, Leaving the window now and
then to rake the crackling logs together. 1874 GREEN
Short Hist. ix. § 4. 629 Raking together every fault in the
Chancellor.
3. To draw or drag in a specified direction with,
or as with, a rake (freq. with implication of sense 2).
Const, with various preps, and advbs., as :
a. with out, out of. To rake out afire : To clear
trie embers out of the grate.
1412-20 LYDG. Chron. Troy i. ii, His hyd iniquitee He out
gan rake that hath he hyd so long. i6o2MARsToN/l«l'o«;o'j
/i iv. u. i, A slave rak't out of common mud. 1691 WOOD
Ath. Oxon. II. 318 All the bad things, .which Prynne could
pick and rake out of Histories. 1838 PRESCOTT Ferd. $ fs.
(1846) III. xxiii. 341 Endeavouring to rake a good claim for
Castile out of its ancient union with Navarre. 1853 ' C.
BEDE' Verdant Green iv. (ed. 4) 33 To see that your fire
was safely raked out at night.
b. with up. Used esp. of searching for and
bringing forward all that can be said or charged
against a person.
1581 J. Kv.l.\.HaddoH'sAns-<u. Osor. 398 The Pope, .raketh
uppe unto him .. that which was geven to the whole Church.
1680 ALLEN Peace f, Unity 27 By raking up, and thai
scattering abroad all the evil they can. 1729 in Keble Life
Bp. Wilson xx. (1863) 698 Raking up and ransacking.,
several articles of illegal and arbitrary practices. 1813 C7«i.
Hitt. in Ann. Reg. 20 This evidence is to be raked up in
order to condemn. 1831 Note Bk. Oxonian 215 Should the
black win, the bankers, .rake up the money from off the
red. 1868 FREEMAN Norm. Cong. (1876) II. vii. 144 The old
charges, .were again raked up against him.
c. witli into, (^un]to, ever preps., in adv.
1581 J. BELL Haddon's An&v, Osor. 298 [They] did rake
unto themselves a certeyne Heavenly power out of the very
Heavens. 1583 STUBBES Anat. Alms. u. (1882) 54 By which
kind of theft, . . they rake in great somes of mony. 1637
R. HUMPHREY tr. St. Ambrose i. 6 Bind up thy speech ..
list by much talke it rake into thy bosome many sinnes.
1684 BUNYAN Pilgr. u. (1900) 184 The man .. raked to him-
self the Straws. 1888 WHITTIER Maud j\fuller Pref., She
strove to hide her bare feet by raking hay over them.
d. with away, down, off advbs.
1623 GOUGE Semi. Extent God's Provid. § 13 Yet were
hose ashes raked away. 1854 RONALDS & RICHARDSON
Chem. Technol. (ed. 2) I. 312 The charge, .is. .raked down
on to the lower level. 1859 R. THOMPSON Card. Assist. 123
Wooden rakes . . are required for raking off grass and leaves.
II. f4. To cover with, or bury under, something
brought together with, or as with, a rake. Obs.
c 1386 CHAUCER Monk's T. 143 (Hercules) In hoote coles
he hath hym seluen raked. < 1430 Hymns Virg. 89/23
Whanne bi soule is went out, & bi bodi in erbe rakid. 1483
CAXTON Gold. Leg. 374/1 He toke the yarne . . and rakyd it
in the fyre. c 1580 SIDNEY Ps. vii. v, Then in the dust lett
hym my honor rake, a 1644 QUARLES in Farr i". P. Jos. I
(1848) 136 If hidden wages.. doe lie Rak't in her furrowes.
1786 BURNS Toothache 21 Worthy friends rak'd i' the mools,
Sad sight to see !
t b. So with up. Obs.
1576 FLEMING Panoflie Ep. 277 The deade bodie of her
childe..put into the sepulchre, and raked vp in clods of
earth. 1605 JONSON Volponc Ded., By faults which charity
hath raked up, or common honesty concealed. 1622 J.
REYNOLDS God's Revenge\n. Hist, xv, Their remembrance of
him was wholy raked up, and buried in the dust of his grave.
5. spec. To cover (a fire) with ashes or small coal
in order to keep it in without active burning. Now
dial. Also in fig. context.
work by Night, and rake the Winter I- ire. a 1796 PEGGE
Derbicisms. 1829- in many dial, glossaries.
Jig. 1601 MUNDAY in Hazl. Dodsley VIII. 185 The abbot's
malice, rak'd in cinders long Breaks out at last. 1615 BRATH-
WAIT Strappado (1878) 71 Yet shall not .. those accomplish!
parts . . Lie rak't in Ashes.
b. So with Up.
1530 PALSGR. 678/2 Rake up the fyre and come to bedde.
1629 ISt. Mrcry Kiddles A iij, The fire that burneth bri^h[t]
nil die day, and at night is raked vp in his ashes. 1742
YOL so Nt. Tit. I. 100 Slumbers, rak'd up in dust, ethereal
fire. 1866 LOWELL Biglma P. Introd., Such a one . . called
hell ' the place where they did n't rake up their fire nights '.
ff. 1650 K. Mi.mi.ioN St raja's l.o-.v C. M'arns Ml. Si
10-2
RAEE.
His Indignation, then raked up in Embers, would in time
breake out.
III. 6. To go over with a rake, so as to make
clean, smooth, etc., or to find something. Also
with up, over.
1523 FITZHERB. liusb. § 28 Whan the barley is ledde away,
the landes muste be raked, or els there wyll be moche corne
loste. 1583 BABINGTON Comtnandm. iv. (1637) 38 O filthy
savour that ariseth out of this lothsome channel!, thus raked
up into the nostrils of the Lord ! 1693 EVELYN De to Quint.
Cowpl. Card. II. 199 We rake it over five or six times with
an Iron Rake, to make the Seed enter into the Ground.
17*7-46 THOMSON Summer 365 They rake the green-appear-
ing ground. 1854 WHITTIER Maud ftlullcri Maud Muller
. .Raked the meadow, sweet with hay.
fig. 1676 MARVELL Mr. Srmrke 18 To be raked and
harrowea thorow with so rusty a saw ! 1810 CRABBE Borough
i, The billows . .take their grating course, Raking the rounded
flints. 1835 WORDSW. Death of Hogg 21 Clouds that rake
the mountain -summits.
b. transf. To search, etc., as with a rake.
1618 L. PARSONS in Lismore Papers Ser. n. (1887) II. 154
For fears he rake me for more mony. 1670 EACHARD Cont.
Clergy 35 They rake Lilly's Grammar; and if they can but
find two or three letters of any name [etc.]- «7»7 SWIFT On
Dreams^ The statesman rakes the town to find a plot. 1884
ftlanch. Exam. 19 June 5/3 To rake history ancient and
modern for proofs ofthe wickedness of Dissenters.
absol. 1735 in Sunffs Lett. (1766) II. 219 Mr. Curll will
rake to the dunghill for your correspondence.
fc. Inphr. To rake hell. Obs. Cf. RAKEHELL.
1541 UDALL Apophth. Erasni. n6b, Suche a feloe as a
manne should rake helle for. 1677 W. HUGHES Man of Sin
n. xii. 215 Should you rake Hell and Scum the Devil (as our
Country speakes) they will hardly be outmatch'd. 1880
TENNYSON Village JVi/it xii, Ya wouldn't find Charlie's
likes . . Not thaw ya went fur to raake out Hell wi' a small-
tooth coamb.
d. With complement: To make clean> clear>
level, etc. by, or as by, raking.
1399 Pol. Poems (Rolls) I. 363 The long gras that is so
grene, Hit most be mowe, and raked clene. 1573 TUSSER
Husb. (1878) 121 See feeld ye rake cleene. 1641 [see
RAKER* i]. 1816 SCOTT Old Mort. ix, Raking this country
clear o' whigs and roundheads. 1851 STEPHENS Bk. Farm
(ed. 2) II. 235/2 The second field-worker . . rakes clean the
half ridge he has cleared. 1856 DELAMER Fl, Card. (1861)
53 Rake the surface perfectly level.
7. To scratch or scrape.
1609 BP. HALL Serin, v. 31 That Head . . is all raked and bar-
rowed with thorns. i66s Act i3<$- 14 C/tas./f, vii. §7 Divers
Tanners do shave cut and rake . . the Necks of their Backs,
and Butts, to the great impairing thereof. 17^4 RICHARDSON
Grandison (1781) I. xxvii. 195 His sword a little raked my
shoulder. 1821 CRAIG Lect. Drawing vii. 380 The plate ..
isfirstraked,notched,or punched all over. 1866 M. ARNOLD
St. Brandan, Sand raked his sores from heel to pate.
b. intr. or absol*
1621 BURTON Anat. Mel. To Rdr. 41 Thou . . stingest like
a Scorpion, rakest like* a Wolfe. 1740 R. BROOKES Art of
Angling i. iv. 22 As you will be oblig'd to play the Fish for
some time, the Line must rake against his Teeth.
8. Farriery* To clean (a costive horse or its
fundament) from ordure by scraping with the hand.
1575 Gamm. Gurton HI. iv. 18 Chil see what deuil is in her
guts, chil take the paines to rake her ! Ibid. 20 Did not Tom
Tankard rake his curtal toure day. 1607 TOPSELL Four-f.
Beasts (1658) 270 If he be costive, let his fundament be
raked, or else give him a glyster. c 1720 W, GIBSON Farmers
Dispens. x. (1721) 234/2 If the Horse be first raked very well,
which is .. necessary .., that room may be made for the
Clyster. 180$, 1842 [see RAKING vbl. so.iy].
b. Sc. To rub the rheum from (the eyes), rare.
1708 M. BRUCE Lect. etc. 26 Love .. will put you in pur-
suit after Christ, or ever other Folk rake their Eyes.
9. MiLandNaut. To sweep or traverse with shot ;
to enfilade • spec, to send shot along (a ship) from
stem to stern (in full to rake fore and aft}.
1630 J. TAYLOR (Water P.) Brave Sea Fight Wks. in. 39/1
Wee gaue him a whole broad side, euery shot raking him
fore and after. (-1642 in Glovers Hist. D-'rby (1829) I.
App. 71 When there was no other expectation but of rakeing
the towne, instead of being seconded, we were called off.
1734 tr. Rollins Anc. Hist. (1827) VI. xv. vi. 82 Coming
forward in boats and raking the dike on each side. 1800
NELSON 18 Feb. in Nicolas Disp. (1845) IV. 189 Captain
Peard . . lay across his hawse, and raked him with several
broadsides. 1874 GREEN Short Hist. iv. § 6. 207 The
English archers were thrown forward to rake the Scottish
squares.
transf. 1636 G. SANDYS Paraphr. Ps. Ixxviii. (1648) 130
Thy thunders, .rake the Skies. 1785 BURNS Jolly Beggars
7th Recit., The fiddler rak'd her, fore and aft, Behint the
chicken cavie. 1858 RUSKIN Arrows of Chace (1880) I. 131
[Pictures hung] with their sides to the light .so that it ( rakes '
them. 1884 Christ. Treasury Feb. 69/1 Every wandering
wind, .seemed to take peculiar pleasure in raking it.
b. To command, dominate, overlook.
1842 MRS. F. TROLLOPE Kw. to Italy I. i. n [An] edifice. .
so placed as easily to rake the road in all directions. 1805
frill. R. lust. Brit, Architects 14 Mar. 350 Care should be
taken that the front door be not too much raked by the
principal windows.
c. To sweep with the eyes ; lo look all over.
1848 THACKERAY Van. Fair Ixvii, George took the glass
again and raked the vessel. 1894 A. ROBERTSON Nuggets^
etc. 164, I raked him across the bows with my two black
eyeballs.
d. Hawking. Of a hawk : To strike (the game)
in the air. Also to rake off.
"773 J- CAMPBELL Mod. Faulconry 211 When she sees the
fowl fluttering, she is apt to come down rapidly, in order to
rake it off. Ibid. 232 When the hawk is well acquainted
with the sport, she will be. .ready to rake the fowl as it rises.
10. Dyeing. To stir or mix (liquor) with a rake.
124
1816 J. SMITH Panorama Sc. $ Art II, 534 The weld . . is
to be stirred with a rake. The vat. .is raked again for half
an hour. 1857 WHITTOCK Bk, Trades (1842) 192 (Dyer)
The liquor . . is said to be raked, because it is mixed with
a ' rake '.
flV. 11. To draw along like a rake. Obs. rare.
1581 J. BELL H addon'* Answ. Osor. 156 b, They .. are
alwayes rakyng their nayles upon that scabbe (as the
Proverbe sayth). 1646 FULLER Wounded Consc. (1841) 282
Satan rakes his claws in the blood of a wounded conscience.
V. intr. or absol. 12. To use a rake ; to scrape
with the fingers or similar means ; to make search
with, or as with, a rake. Const. /*//, among (that
which is scraped or searched).
1575 Gamin. Gnrton \. iv. n As thou sawest me raking in
the asshes. a 1633 AUSTIN Medit. (1635) *?6 It is not for
every bodies fingers to be raking in Christs Side, a 1708
BEVERIDGE Priv. Tk. i. (1730) 122 If I must needs be raking
in other Mens Sores, it must not be behind their Backs, but
before their Faces. 184* TENNYSON Wilt. Waterpr. xvi,
The Cock . . raked in golden barley. 1856 FROUDE Hist.
E"g- (1858) II. xi. 505 It has been no pleasure to me to rake
among the evil memories of the past.
b. Const, after \ for (the object of search).
1581 J. BELL H addons Atisw. Osor. 259 b, You busye
yourselfe about a straunge matter as though you were
raking after the Moone. 1599 SHAKS. Hen. I', n. iv. 98 If
you hide the Crowne Even in your hearts, there will he rake
for it. 1670 COTTON Espernon n. v. 236 The people .. never
fail, after a storm to rake all along the Shoar for this Com-
modity.
C. fig. To make search or investigation, to poke,
into. Also with^v as in b.
1637 R. HUMPHREY tr. St. Ambrose Pref., I will rake no
deeper into this kennell. 1658-9 in Burton's Diary (1828)
III. 569 It is not prudence for us to rake into the proceed-
ings of the former Parliaments. 1790 BURKE Fr. Rev. 206
To rake into the histories of former ages, .for every instance
of oppression and persecution. 1877 MRS. OLIPHANT Makers
Ftor. i. 2 Students rake into the dust of old histories for
further particulars of t h- e street riots.
13. To move on or over like, or with the effect
of, a rake ; to scrape against.
1598 SYLVESTER Du Bartas i. jit. 21 Whose pow'rful
breath . . constrains . . Seas' salt billows 'gainst Heav'n's
vaults to rake. 1628 DIGBY Voy. Mcdit. (1868) 91 A mighty
§rowne sea that continually raked ouer our shippe. 1814
OUTIIEY Warning Voice it. ii, Like the sound of the sea
Where it rakes on a stony shore.
14. To come up when raked, rare.
1778 [W. MARSHALL] Minntt's Agric. 24 Jan. 1775 What
rakes up is chiefly fern.
1 15. (See quots.) [Perh. a different word.]
a. 1753 CHAMBERS Cycl. Supp. s.y., A horse rakes, when
being shoulder-splait, or having strained his fore-quarter, he
goes so lame, that he drags one of his fore-legs in a semi-
circle.
b. 1819 REES Cycl. s.v. Racing, If it be perceived that
their [horses] wind begins to rake hot, and they want a sob,
the business is to keep them up to that speed.
0. 17*5 New Cant. Diet., To Rake> signifies also to stick,
as, To rake in t/ie Throttle \ To stick in the Throat.
Rake (r£'k), v2 [OE. racian, perh. =*Sw. raka
to run, rush, slip, etc. In later use also in part
repr. ME. raykt raik RAJK z;.]
1. intr. To go, proceed, move forward, esp. with
speed. Also (esp. in later use), to go or wander
about j to roam, stray. Now only dial.
a. of persons. = RAIK v. i a,
a 1023 WULFSTAN Horn, xxxii. (1883) 155 Ne bib na fce-
beorhlic . . bset he to hnedlice into gpdes huse sefter |>am
radge, c 1105 LAY. 18058 Vtheres cnihtes . . mid sweorden
hepm to rakeden. c 1330 Arth, # Merl. 8038 (Kolbing) As
pai bus togider spake, Fresche paiens on hem com rake.
c 1470 HENRY Wallace vi. 429 Furth fra his men than
Wallace rakit rycht. 1579-80 NORTH Plutarch (1676) 357
As they . . came raking by the Romans camp, c 1645 1 .
TULLY Siege Carlisle (1840) 21 From thence they raked
towards Botcherby, along ye Riverside. 1714 MANDEVILLE
Fab. Bees (1723) I. 305 Keep their Children in awe, and
never suffer them to rake about the Streets, and lie out
a-nights. 1869 GIBSON Folk-Speech Cnmbld. Gloss. 219
They ga rakin aboot widoot ayder eerand or aim.
fb. of things. Obs. = RAIK v. \ b.
C&97 K. ALFRED Gregory's Past, xxxviii. 274 He his
tungan ^ehealde tfeet heo ne racifce on unnytte spraece.
(•1400 M. KILDARE in Rel. Ant. II. 193 So wo and wrake
sal fram the rake. 1511 GUYLIORDK Pilgr. (Camden) 75
The same sayde galye..fell in rakynge,and so draggyd and
droffe by force and vyolence of the sayde tempest. 1573
Schole~ho. Worn. 395 in Hazl. E. P. P. IV. 120 The wife
would have a tail Come raking after.
C. of animals. = RAIK v. i c. In later use, of
horses and dogs : To go at a rapid pace.
c 1400 Beryn 2743 If that thy blowing of M othir [leopard]
. .bespyed, Anoon herakithon the. 1513 DOUGLAS sEneisxii.
Prol. 177 The bustuus bukkis rakis furth on raw. 1717 W.
Riding Rec. VIII. 100 For permitting John Thompson's
sheep to rake upon the forest. 1862 WHYTE-MELVILLE Inside
the Bar xi, I followed . . , Tipple Cider raking and snatching
at his bridle in disagreeable exuberance of spirits. 1883 E.
PF.NNELL-ELMHIRST Cream Leicestersh. 357 The pack are
raking onwards, and momentarily there is more danger of
losing them.
2. spec. a. Of hawks : To fly along after the game ;
also = to rake out (off, away], to fly wide of (or
away from) the game; sometimes said of the game
itself.
1575 TURBERV. Faulconrie 121 She will the lesse delyght
to rake out after a checke. Ibid, 151 Your hawke will
learne to giue ouer a fowle that rakes out. 1677 N. Cox
Gt'titL Recrcat, \\. 191 Whistle her off your Fist, standing
btill to see. .whether bhe will take uut ur nut. 1797 Ettcyct.
RAKEHELLY.
Brit, (ed. 3} VIII. 344/2 It frequently happens, that they
escape from the hawk, and she, not recovering them, rakes
after them. 1859 R. F. BURTON Falconry in Valley of Indus
iii. 28 When the bird mounts, the hawk rakes along after it.
Ibid. 31 She ' checked ' first at one bird, then at the other,. .
and lastly,, .she ' raked off'. 1855 SALVIN & BHODRICK Fal-
conry 46 A Hawk is particularlyliable to 'rake away', and
amuse itself with an occasional stoop at any* bird that may
pass. 1859 TENNYSON Merlin <y K 125 She is too noble, .to
check at pies, Nor will she rake.
b. Of hunting dogs (see quots.).
1819 J. B. JOHNSON Shooters Companion. 84 A dog that
rakes (that is, runs with his nose close to the ground . 1877
C. HALLOCK Sportsman's Gaz. 466 All young dogs are apt
to rake ; that is, to hunt with their noses close to the ground,
following their birds by the track rather than by the wind.
Rake (r<?'k), z'.3 Also 7 rack. [Of obscure
origin : Sw. rakat to project, has been suggested,
but this (like Da. rage) is prob. ad. G. ragen* Cf.
RAKE st>.*]
1. intr. a. Of a ship, its hull, timbers, etc. : To
have a rake at stem or stern.
1627 CAPT. SMITH Seaman's Grant, ii. 4 She rakes so much
forward. i6oa Ibid. \\. xv. 122 Suppose a Ship . . did Rack
it with the Stem forwards 13 foot. 1711 W. SUTHERLAND
Shipbuild. Assist. 35 Let your long Timbers. .rake forward
one after another. 1833 RICHARDSON Merc. Mar. Arch. 6
To rake aft two inches to every foot length of the sternpost.
trans/. 1865 SwiNBURNE/Ww«<5- Ballads, Time of Order
12 The wind holds stiff And the gunwale dips and rakes.
b. Of masts or funnels : To incline from the
perpendicular.
1691 T. H[\LE]Afc. New Invent. 126 The dimensions of the
Masts, .and. .the reasons of their raking aft. 1769 FALCONER
Diet. Marine (1776) s.v. Tomber, le mat tomoe en arriere,
the mast hangs, or rakes aft. 188* P. FITZGERALD Recreat.
Lit. Man(i%%y 192 Their, .ghastly white chimneys, .raking
back. 1883 R. JEFFERIES in Pall Mall G. 5 Nov. 2/1 Two
lines of masts, one raking one way, the other the other.
2. trans. To cause to incline. In pa. pple.
1860 DICKENS Uncomtn. Trav. iv. With every face in it
commanding the stage, and the whole .. admirably raked
and turned to that centre. 1898 Cycling fo The * Rational
Ordinary ' [bicycle] has the front forks ' raked '.
Rake (r^k), z».* [f. RAKE sb$\ intr. To be a
rake ; to live a dissolute or dissipated life.
1700 FARQUHAR Constant Couple iv. i. I'll ..Swear and
Rant, and Rake . . with the best of them. '7H ROWE
Jane Shore Epil., To see your Spouses Drinking, Gaming,
Raking. 1824 Examiner 456/2 The battered youth . . rakes,
games, makes love. 1846 GEO. ELIOT in Cross Life I. 147
We have been to town but once, and are saving all our
strength to 'rake' with you.
RakeageO'^'ked-j). rare. [f. RAKE v.1 4- -AGE.]
That which is raked together.
1851 MAYHEW Loud. Labour\\. 205 Engaged in removing
the Scrapeage or Rakeage . . from the surface of the
Raked (tf'kt), ///. a. [f. RAKE z/.i + -EDVJ
Drawn together, covered u'p, etc.
1513 DOUGLAS /Eneis vni. ix. 3 The sloknyt fyris hes he
gart, The rakyt harthis and ingill gistir nycht, .. bet and
kyndill brycht. c 1586 C'TESS PEMBROKE Ps. LXXVIII. ix,
The raked sparkes in flame began t'appeare. 1851 STEPHENS
Bk. Farm (ed. 2) II. 230/2 The latter may make as many
ricks along one ridge as the raked grass will admit.
f Baked table. Ot>s-° [Of obscure origin.]
(See qnot. and cf. RAKING-TABLE.)
1704 HARRIS Lex. Techn. s.v. Table. Raked Table, is that
which is hollow'd in the Square of a Pedestal, or elsewhere.
Hakee, variant of RAKE.
Rake-hell (nf'*k|hel), sb. Now arch. Also
6 rack-. See also RAKEL. [See RAKE v.i 6 c.]
1. A thorough scoundrel or rascal ; an utterly
immoral or dissolute person ; a vile debauchee or
rake. (In common use f 1550-1725.)
1554 BALE Declaration (1561) Pref. Aj b, After the mis-
cheuous example of Cain, and the other rake hels. 1581
J. BELL Haddon's Answ. Osor. 315 Mpmish Monckes,
flatteryng Fryers, and others such lyke Religious Rackhelh,
1603 H. CROSSE Vertttes Commw. (1878) 87 Al the rake-hels
ana loose vagabonds in a countrey. 1690 J. MACKENZIE
Siege Lomion-Derry 2/1 These Rake-hells (who were the
very scum of the Countrey). 1766 ANSTEY New Bath
43 The
brought up at Eton.
f b. Applied to a place. Obs. rare—1.
1560 DAUS tr. Sleidane?s Comin. i7b, Rome. .is the most
filthy sinke of al the places in the Uniuersall worlde, and
a rakehell heaped of all mischief [L. inexhanstacolluvies\.
2. attrib. or as adj. = RAKEHELLY i.
1556 OLDE Antichrist 186 Most filthie rakehell masse
priestes. 1596 SPENSER f\ Q. v. xi. 44 Amid their rakehell
bands, They spide a Lady. x68a Sec. Plea Nonconf. 28
A reviling sort of Rake-hell Scriblers. 1782 COWPEK Progr.
Err. 314 Some lewd earl, or rakehell baronet
transf. 1895 CROCKETT Cleg Kelly xvi, [A] rake-hell cat
skirmishing across from area-railing to area-railing.
•f1 b. ot things. = RAKEHELLY 2. Obs. rare.
rti547 SURREY in Tottelts Misc. (Arb.) 11 The rakehell
lyfe that longes to loues disporte. 1580 Papt>e w. llntchet
B ij, If Martin haue not barrelde vp allrakehell words.
Hence Ba'kehe lUsh. a. = RAKEHELLY ; f Bakc-
hello'nian, one of the 'sect* of rakehells.
a 1704 T. BROWN Wks. (1730) II. 313, I have been ..
admitted into the family ofthe rakehellonians. 1824 New
Monthly Mag. XI. 240 Not to be in bed before midnight
was.. esteemed a rakehellish practice.
Rakehelly (r^-k|he:li;, a. and sb. [f. prec. 4-
-v !. See also KAKELY.]
RAKEISM.
A. adj. 1. Of persons : Of the nature of, or
resembling, a rakehell, or rakehells.
1579 E. K. Ded. Spenser's Shcph. Cal., The rakehellye
route of our ragged rymers. 1698 FARQUH AR Love f,- Bottle
n. i, I am a Rakehelly Rascal not worth a Groat, a 1766
MRS. F. SHERIDAN Sidney Biiiulph IV. 103 Her ladyship
has the misfortune of having a rakehelly young fellow to her
son. 1841 Black™. 3hig. Apr. 439 They were.. repulsive in
appearance— rakehelly, slovenly in dress.
2. Appropriate to, characteristic of, rakehells.
1594 O. B. Quest. Profit. Concern. 13 Reuiling. .his mother
and me with such rakehelly words & hellish oathes. c 1700
tr. B. Jonsons Leges Convivales x. Breaking of windows,
. .And spoiling the goods for a rakehelly prank. 1823 J. F.
COOPER Lionel Lincoln II. iv. 89 They needn't think to
frighten the people with their rake-helly noises. 1888 J,
PAYN Myst. Mirl'ridge vii, Those dissipated, not to say
rakehelly countenances.
B. sb. = RAKE-HELL I.
a 1762 LADY M. W. MONTAGU The Lover iii, No pedant,
yet learned; no rake-helly gay. 1823 J. F. COOPER Lionel
Lincoln II. iv. 95 Let the rake-hellies go up to Breeds ; the
people will teach them the law !
Rakeism. rare-1, [f. RAKE sb.S] = RAKERY.
'775 S. J. PRATT Liberal Opin. cxvii. (1783) IV. 94 One
of the greatest raptures of rakeism.
t Ra-ke-ke^nnel. Obs. rare—1. A scavenger.
1716 [W. DARRELL] Gentleman Instr. (ed. 2) 445 A Com-
mittee of Gold-finders, or a Club of rake-kennels.
Ra'kel. Obs. exc. dial. Abbrev. of RAKE-HELL.
1622 BOYS Wks. 413 This rakel-like behauiour is not in
imperfect words only, but in scornful gestures of contempt.
<ii66i FULLER Worthies (1840) III. 207 In Cambridge,
where (when a youth) he was a Rakel in grain. 1670
COTTON Espernon in. XL 545 A Cooper that had put him-
self in the head of a crew of Rakels of his own profession.
1886 Cheshire Gloss., Rakell, a thoroughly bad man.
Rakel, obs. form of RACKLE a.
Rakeles, obs. north, and Sc. form of RECKLESS.
BakeleSS (nri-kles), a. [f. RAKE sb.* + -LESS.]
Having no rake ; having perpendicular forks.
1886 Wheeling? June 172/2 Very few would care to ride
a rakeless machine constantly.
tBa'kely, a. Obs. rare. [f. RAKEL + -yl.]
= RAKEHELLY i.
1694 SOUTHERNS Fatal Marriage i. i, I saw just now
a glimpse of my rakely son. 1713 SHADWELL Hum. Army
i. (1713) 4 Our rakely young Fellows, live as much by then-
Wits as ever.
t Ra-ke-mould. Obs. rare-1, [f. RAKE z>.i]
altrib. Mould-collecting.
1676 J. BEAUMONT in Phil. Trans. XI. 732 In the Courses,
..betwixt the clifts I find of these Plants growing up in the
gnsty clay, . . being rooted on the rake-mold stones.
Raken, obs. f. RECKON, REKEN. Raken(te,
obs. f. RACKAN.
t Rakenteie. Obs. Forms : a. i raeente'ari
(-te"as-), (h)rae(c)eu-, racon-, 2 raehentese, 4
rakenteie. 0. i racete"as-, 2-3 raketeie, -tehe,
3 -teje, 3-4 -teye, 4 -tije, 5 rakketye. -y. 4
raketyne, 6 rakentyn. [OE. racentiah, f. racente
chain, RACKAN + teah, tiag- TIE sb.~\ A chain.
1:950 Lindisf. Gosp. Mark v. 3 Ne hraccentegum \Rushw.
racent-, racont-] . . aeni; monn hine mashte jebinda. 971
Blickl. Horn. 209 Glzsen fa?t on seolfrenre racenteaxe
ahangen. c 1000 Ags. Gosp. Mark v. 4 He . . to slat ba
raceteaga [Hatton MS. ratetegen]. 1:1154 O. E. Chron.
an. 1137 In man! of be castles wjeron lof & grin, Saet wjeron
rachenteges [etc.]. a 1223 Juliana 46 A great raketehe
bat hep wes mide ibunden. 1297 R. GLOUC. (Rolls) 3001 An
raketeie \v. rr. raketyne, raketije] of hire in is hond he
nom. <ri«o Sir Beues (A.) 1636 Now er bai ded, be geilers
tweie, & Beues lib to be rakenteie [MS. E. raketeye]. 1517
Nottingham Rec. III. I38 Unum par galefurcarum de ferro
cum les rakentyns eisdem.
Baker ! (rJi-ksj). Also4rakyer. [f. RAKEZJ.I]
1. One who rakes. Also with after, up.
rakers. 1854 MILMAH Lat. Chr. VIM. vii. 422 Greedy rakers
up of gold. 1863 E. EDWARDS Libraries 425 To rake from
a dead man s private diaries and memoranda passages which
it is hoped by the raker will cause pain.
2. spec. A scavenger, street-cleaner. Now arch.
1362 LANGL. P. PL A. v. 165 A ribibor, a ratoner, a rakere
/?-r'/v,ySrl-?f Cllepe- T469 Churchw. Ace. St. Mich.
Cornhill, Paid to the raker for caryng awey of the chirche
d"st 1535 m Vicary'iAnat.(iW> App. iii. i7o The Raker
.. shall nave a home, & blowe at euery mannes doore .. to
lay owt they,e offal. 1663 Orders of Ld. Mayor Land, in
De Foe I'lague (Rtldg.) 63 That the Sweeping, .of Houses
be., can yd away by the Rakers. 1766 ENTICK London
IV. 17 A wharf used for a laystall, to which the rakers carry
street-soil. ,8,7 Act 57 Geo. Ill, c. 29 § 59 The sca-
3. t a. A gun so placed as to rake an enemy's
vessel. Olis. rare-1.
a 1625 FLETCHER DouUe Marr. n. i, Every man to his
charge, man her . . wel, And place your rakers right.
b. Mining. (See quot.)
ro'md s™ ^'S'"KV G!°"' C"al-""'"'"ff' Rakers, shots placed
4. An implement for raking: spec, a, A tool used
by charcoal-burners, t Obs. 'b. An iron tool havin."
125
pointed steel ends bent at a right angle in opposite
directions, used in removing old mortar from the
joints of walls, c. A salt-rake, d. (See quot.
1887.) e. A gill-raker (see GILL sb.l 5).
1727 BRADLEY Fain. Diet. s. v. Charcoal, Lastly, they do
with the Handles of their Rakers, &c. make Vent-holes
thro the Stuff that covers the Heap. 1812-16 J. SMITH
Panorama Sc. f, Art I. 194 The raker .. is employed to
rake or scrape loose and decayed mortar out of the joints of
walls. 1842 GWILT Archil. § 1890 The tools used by the
bricklayer . . are . . 10. The raker. 1886 Cheshire Gloss.,
Raker, . . a piece of flat iron at the end of a long handle,
used for raking the salt off the fires and to the sides of the
pan. 1887 Diet. A f chit.. Raker, an implement used in
mixing lime and hair for plaster, or in making parget
Baker "(K'-kai). Colloq. [f.RAKEz>.^(cf. RAKING
///. a.2), but prob. vaguely associated with prec.]
1. An extremely fast pace.
1893 Daily News 8 July 8/6 The pace home was a raker
the three boats throwing up great sheets of white water.
2. Sporting slang. A heavy bet, a ' plunge '.
1869 BRADWOOD The O. V. H. (1870) 339 His Lordship ha
gone a ' raker ' for Lord of the Valley,
Bakery (r<?i-kari). Now rare. [f. RAKE 56.*
+ -EBY.] Rakish conduct ; debauchery, dissolute-
ness ; social excitement.
1718 FIELDING Love in Sev. Masques \. v, O if that be the
malady, I would prescribe to the gentleman a course o
rakery. .11734 NoRT" Lives (1826) II. 233 He..instructec
his Lordship in all the rakery and intrigues of the lewc
town. 1850 L. HUNT Autobiog. I. vi. 241 He looked.. like
the man who could bear rakery and debauch.
f Rakes. Obs. rare—1. A term of abuse.
IS7S Gamm. Gurton in. iii. 25 Thou slut, thou kut, thou
rakes, thou lakes ! will not shame make the bide ?
Bakeshame (rMs,pim). Now rare (? U.S.").
[f. RAKE z<.l -i- SHAME sb. ; perh. suggested by RAKE-
HELL.] One who covers himself with shame ; an
ill-behaved, disorderly, or dissolute fellow. (Com-
mon in 1 7th c.)
'599 Broughtm't Lett. v. 15 It is an easie matter for euery
rakeshame to reuile an innocent. 1611 Bp. MOUNTAGU
Diatribx 446 Such roysters and rake-shames as Mars is
manned with. 1682 MRS. BEHN City Heiress 39 Marry
you ! a Rakeshame. .without Money or Credit. 1718 OZELL
tr. Tournef art's Voy. 1.353 The Caimacan. .gave strangers
a permission to defend themselves against these disorderly
Rake-shames, c 1840 WHITTIER Tales^ 4- Sk., Dr. Singletary
vi, There's not a more drunken, swearing rakeshame in town
than Tom Osborne.
Hence f Rake-shamed a., disreputable, dis-
graceful. Obs.
1635 Long Meg of Westminster (ilid) 6 Away, you foule
rake-sham d whore, quoth he. 1662-3 PEPYS Diary 21 Feb.,
These fellows, which are called the commissioners, but
are the most rake-shamed rogues that ever I saw in my life.
Rake-soil : see RAKE s&3 5 b.
Raket, obs. form of RACKET rf.l
Raketehe, -teie, etc., varr. RAKENTEIE. Obs.
Ba-ke-vein. [f. RAKE si.s 5.] A leading vein
of ore (cf. quots. and RAKE).
1813 BAKEWELL Introd. Geol. (1815) 274 Rake veins or
perpendicular veins resemble mineral dykes in position, but
not in their contents. 1874 J. H. COLLINS Metal Mining
24 Rake-veins or Lodes appear to occupy fissures in the
earth, sometimes parallel to, sometimes cutting across, the
general bedding, and even the cleavage of the rocks.
Baki (rakr, rse'k/J. Forms : 7 racokee, 8 rakia,
8-9 rakie, 9 raokee, ra(k)kee, 7- raki. [a.
Turkish ^yL raqi (whence also mod.Gr. /5am}, /5a«/)
brandy, spirits.] An aromatic liquor made from
grain-spirit, or from grape-juice, used in Greece
and the Levant.
. '675 TEONGE Diary (Ig2s) 96 [We] drinke to our friends
in England in racckee at night. 1777 Ann. Reg. n. 47
i hey distil from the fruits of trees .. a sort of brandy, called
rakie. 1833 MARRYAT Pacha i, Sherbet I cannot drink,
rakee I must not. 1873 TRISTRAM Moab x. 192 The only
levy on our stores had been four bottles of raki
Rakil(l, obs. ff. RAOKLE a. Rakin, obs. f.
RACKAN. Rakin(e, obs. ff. RECKON v.
Baking (iv'-kin), vU. sbl [f. RAKE z>.i + -ING!.]
1. The action of the vb., in various senses.
c 1440 Promp. Parv. 422/2 Rakynge, rastratiira. 1474-5
Durham Ace. Rails (Surtees) 95 Pro..le rakyng circa
muros coqumje. 1530 CROWLEY IVaie to Wealth 528 Howe
you have obeyed the lawe in rakeinge together of fermes.
1634 OAYTON Pleas. Notes in. xi. 150 There would be foul
raking in the dust. T.'jazEng. Theofhrast. 377 That which
some call good-husbandry, industry, and providence, others
call raking, avarice, and oppression. 1769 FALCONER Diet.
Marine (1776) s.v., This is frequently called raking fore
and aft. 1831 MRS. BROWNING Casa Guidi Wind, in The
raking of the guns across The world.
b. With a : An instance of this.
<r 1700 Battle ofPcntland [tills in Child Ballads VII. 242
such a raking was never seen As the raking o' the Rullien
Green. 1883 Jrnl. Educ. (U.S.) XVIII. 136 The average
common-school received a raking.
c. concr. That which is collected with a rake.
1641 BEST Farm. Ms. (Surtees) 46 A fewe of those rakins
will serve to blacken and spoyle a greate deale of better
come. 1698 SIR J. HOLT in 12 Mod. Rc/>. Case 399. 235
One may libel in the spiritual courts for tithe of rakinRs of
corn. 1831 STEPHENS Bk. Farm (ed. 2) II. 341/2 The rakings
should not exceed from four to five per cent of the crop.
2. spec. a. farriery. (See RAKK z/.l 8.)
1803 Trans. See. A^ts XXIII. 108 Clysters and raking
uffunl much rulitf. 1842 SruuNt^K U'liilcs I'et. Art 527
RAKISH.
In some cases.. the straight gut is so loaded with hard duniz
that raking is a necessary operation.
b. Billiards. (See quot. 1788.)
1670 COTTON Gamester (1680) 22 Have a care of raking
for .. it is a fault, hardly excusable. 1788 in BRNXFTT &
CAVENDISH ' Billiard, (1873) 7 Trailing [or raking], that is,
following the ball with the mace to such a convenient
distance from the other ball as to make it an easy hazard.
A. atlnb.^raking machinery, operation; raking-
ooal (see quot. 1883).
1866 Engineering I. 340 Raking Machinery for the River
Hooghly. Ibid., A steamer to be used in the raking opera-
tions. 1883 GRESLEY Gloss. Coal-mining, Raking-coal, a
large lump of hard coal placed upon a fire.. for the purpose-
of just keeping it burning, or rather smouldering.
Baking (n?i-kirj), vbl. sb.z [f. RAKE v? + -ING!.]
The action of the vb. (in sense 2).
1828 SIR J. S. SEBRIGHT Hawking 47 Buzzards, Sparrow-
hawks., fly near the ground, and take iheir prey by what is
called raking.
Baking (itf-kin), vbl.sb3 [f. RAKE v.s + -ING i.]
The fact of sloping or causing to slope.
ciSSo Diet. Archil, s.v. Jump, Instead of making abrupt
jumps, it is better to let the brickwork rise graduallyin step
courses. This operation is called ' raking back '
Baking (r^-kin), vbl. si.* [f. RAKE v* + -nrei.]
Playing the rake ; dissolute living.
1700 FARQUHAR Constant Couple i. i, [He] usurps Gen-
tility, where he may die by Raking. 1722 DE FOE' Col
Jack (1840) 63 Something, .kept me from the other degrees
of raking and vice. 1828 Lights $• Shades I. 124, I didn't
waste my health and my money in drinking and raking
1874 GREEN Short Hist. ix. § i. 589 Duelling and raking
became the marks of a fine gentleman.
Baking (r^i-kin) , ///. a.l [f. RAKE z/.l + -ING 2.]
That rakes, in senses (esp. 2 and 9) of the vb.
1500-20 DUNBAR Poems lix. 2 A refyng sone of rakyng
Muris. 1611 SPEED Hist. Gt. Brit. ix. ix. (1632) 624 Daily
did he send his raking Clerkes..to delude the King and
purlome his Subiects. 1666 DRYDEN Ann. Mirab. Ixxxii,
Raking chase-guns through our sterns they send. 1797 SIR
I. JERVIS in Nicolas Disp. Nelson (1845) II. 404 note, The
Launch, .was sunk by a raking shot from the Enemy's gun
boats. 1840 DICKENS Barn. Ruiige i, Being exposed to this
raking fire of eyes.
Baking (r^-kin),///. a.2 ff. RAKE z>.2 + -iNG2.]
Fast-going. Also Comb.
1862 WHYTE-MELVILLE Inside the Bar ii, A well-bred
raking-looking sort of mare. 1883 C. J. WILLS Land Lion
<v Sun 61 A big, coarse, raking chestnut, that took all the
boy who rode him could do to hold him.
Baking (rfi-kin),///. a.s [f. RAKE v.s + -iNG2.]
Slanting, sloping.
1711 [see b]. 1778 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 2) I. 618/2 The
square of the rail, with the raking line of the pitch-board
drawn through the middle. 1801 Sketch Paris I. vi. 36
A pediment, whose raking columns are composed of two
stones only. 1840 R. H. DANA Bef. Mast ix. 20 A long,
sharp brig,.. with raking masts. 1872 C. KING Mount,
Sierra Nev. x. 208 Short boots, with high, raking heels.
b. In special phrases :
Raking arch, a rampant arch. Raking-mould, in hand-
railing = face-mould. Raking.piece, (a) part of the supports
of a bridge-centering ; (t) a low sloping piece of stage-
scenery. Raking plate, prop, 'work (see quotsj.
1711 W. SUTHERLAND Shipbuild. Assist. 61 A *Raking
Arch. 1842 GWILT Encycl. Arch. § 1413 The model of a
raking arch. 1823 J. NICHOLSON Oferat. Mechanic 600 The
face-mould . . is also called the *raking-rnould. 1873 KNIGHT
Diet. Mech. 1877/2 " Rating-pieces, pieces laid upon sills
supported by the footings or impost of a pier. Above them
are the striking-plates. 1898 ' P. M'GiNNis ' Bohem. Girl
124 The theatre was like a tarn, and we had to get to our
- -
'g.
'am.
. 1883 G
rt wooden
1736 NEVE City <?• C. Purchaser, *Raking-Work, that which
( . . in Mouldings, etc.) is to be join'd by Miterin
. g, ' 'Raking
Props, short wooden props used in sinking for supporting
the curbs during the excavation of the sides of the shaft.
1
(
g exactly.
U- RAKE »•* + -ING 2.]
Baking
Dissolute, dissipated.
a 1704 T. BROWN Praise P_overty Wks. 1730 1. 98 A thought-
less, raking, roaring, drinking scoundrel. i76o'C. JOHNSTON
Chrysal (1822) III. 116 Procuring the living for one of his
raking companions. 1803 MAR. EDGEWORTH Manufacturer
ii, Mrs. Germaine, thanks to the raking hours she keeps,..
looks ten years older than she is.
Rakin ge-crok, obs. variant of RACKAN-CBOOK.
t Raking- table. Obs.-" = RAKED TABLE.
1736 NEVE City fy C. Purchaser s.v., Raking-table,
among Architects, a Member hollow'd in the Square of
a Pedestal, or elsewhere.
Rakish (rtTi-kif), o.l [f. RAKE sb$ + -ISH.]
1. Of persons: Having the character, appearance,
or manners, of a rake.
1706 MRS. CENTLIVRE Love at a Venture^ iv, The grave,
ierious, formal lover, or the gay rakish soldier. 1738 JOHN-
SON Idler No. 33 f 25 Some rakish fellow-commoner in the
lext room. 1811 BYRON Hints from Hor, 165 A .. rakish
youngster wild from school. 1840 THACKERAY Paris Sk.-l>k.
1872) 226 The knavish valets, rakish heroes.
2. Of things : Characteristic of, appropriate to,
a rake. a. of talk, manners, mode of life, etc.
1722 WOLLASTON Relig. Nat. vi. 142 Impertinent simile's
and rakish talk. 1784 Bl'RNS Song, O lea-ve novels, That
eeling heart but acts a part, 'Tis rakish art in Rob Moss-
giel. 1876 World No. 116. 6 The rakish ways of the
ledical student of Albert Smith.
b. of appearance, carriage, etc.
1706 FAROUHAR Recruiting Officer IV. i, I take a bold
tep, a rakish Toss, a smart Cock .ind ;m impudent Air.
816 J. SCOTT Vis. Paris ^d. 5) 93 With keen proud looks,
RAKISH.
..and a rakish dissolute carriage. 1859 KINGSLEV Afisc.
(1860) II. 123 The rakish swagger, .of the coxcombs.
trans/. 1860 TYNDALL Glac. \. xxv. 186 The wild and
rakish appearance of the sky.
C. of material things : Having a rakish look.
1847 L. HUNT Ment Women $• B. II. xi. 275 He does not
wear so rakish a wig. 1876 HOLLAND Sev. Oaks \\. 25 With
a basket .. in the back of the rakish little wagon.
3. Comb. , as rakish-looking.
1861 HUGHES Tom Brown at Oxf.ll. 322 In a few minutes
a rakish-looking stable-boy came round for his horse. 1897
Daily News 26 May 9 Four or five stalwart young fellows
in rakish-looking broad brimmed hats.
Rakish (r^'kif), a* [See notes below.]
1. Naut. Of a ship : Having an appearance in-
dicative of smartness and fast sailing, freq. with
suggestion of suspicious or piratical character,
The precise origin is not clear : it may orig. be a trans-
ferred use of a.1 (cf. sense 2c there), but recent diets,
associate it with the raking masts of pirate-vessels.
1824 W. IRVING T. Trav. II. 242 A little rakish, musquito-
built vessel!, that could run into all kinds of waters. 1835
MARRYAT jac. Fait/tf. xxxix, A low schooner, sir, very
rakish indeed, black sides. 1884 Pall Mall G. 22 Aug. 3/1
A yacht of grand proportions and rakish beauty.
Comb. 1868 WHYTE-MELVILLE White Rose II. xi. 138
They found . . that the beautiful, rakish-looking schooner
was averse to piracy.
2. Of a hawk's wings: Smart-looking.
Perh. suggested by RAKE v.2 23.
1855 SALVIN & BRODRICK Falconry 62 This Tiercel . .has a
short strong body, with remarkably rakish wings, which
accounts for its great speed.
Bakishly (r^-kijli), adv. [f. RAKISH a.i +
-I.Y -.] In a rakish manner, jauntily.
1838 DICKENS^. Tivist^ xxxvii, Mr. Bumble took his hat.,
putting it on, rather rakishly, on one side. 1884 K. P. Roe
Nat. Sef. Story iv, A . . little atom of a bird, with his tail
pointing rakishly toward his head.
So Ra-kishness, the quality of being rakish.
1831 in WEBSTER. 1866 GEO. ELIOT F. Holt (1868) 31 On
the stupid rakishness of the original heir., he had calculated
rashly. 1878 H. IRVING Staee 25 These pieces .. inoculate
the feminine mind with rakishness.
E.akk(e, obs. ft RACK, RECK. Rakkee, obs.
f. RAKI. Kakkett, Rakkin, obs. Sc. ff. RACKET
si.1, RECKON. Rakle, obs. f. RACKLE a. Rakles,
obs. Sc. and north, f. RECKLESS. Raklie : see
RACKLY. Raknlt, obs. Sc. pa. t. RECKON. Rakon-
cruke, obs. f. RACKAN-CBOOK. Rakyer, obs. f.
RAKER!.
fRa-kyl. Obs. rare—1. Ivar.otrakent RACK AN.
(Jamieson (1808) has ' Rackle, a chain '.)
c 1430 LVDG. Mm. Poems (Percy Soc.) 1 13 He dyght hym
in a dyvelles garment, . . He cam in at the chyrch dore . .
Rynnyng, roryng, wythe hys rakyls, as devilles semyd
to doo.
Rakyl(l, obs. forms of RACKLE a.
Rakyn, obs. Sc. form of RECKON v.
II BM«(rSl)./feM, [F.nM>,tnu&(Cotgr. 1611),
vbl. sb. from r&ler, frailer (i6th c.), of uncertain
etym. ; connexion with LG. and Du. ratelen, Eng.
rattle is doubtful.] An abnormal sound addi-
tional to that of respiration, heard on auscultation
of the lungs when these are not in a perfectly
healthy condition.
1829 Goad's Study Med. (ed. 3) I. 537 ' For want' says he
[Laennec] ' of a better or more generic term, I use the word
rale, rattle, or rhoncus, to express all the sounds, besides
those of health, which the act of respiration occasions'.
1853 MAKKHAM tr. Skoda's Auscult. 130 The moist and dry
cavernous rales, as well as the blowing rale of the bronchial
tubes. 1894 DOVLE Round Red Lamp 7 The difference
between a mitral murmur and a bronchitic rale.
Rale, obs. f. RAIL. Raleiff, Ralje, obs. Sc.
ff. RELIEVE, RAIL v.±
t Railing, vbl. sb. Obs. rare. [? f. RAIL z>.5]
Flying away, straying.
1618 LATHAM mil Bk. Falconry (1633) 21 Although they
fall to raling or soaring quite away from them. 'ibid. 41
Shee will not stay, but forthwith will fall to raling ; neuer
once looking backe to her Keeper.
|| Rallenta-ndo. Music. [It., pres. pple. ofral-
lentare : see RELENT.] A musical direction indicat-
ing that the time is gradually to be made slower.
1811 in BUSBY Diet. Mns. (ed. 3), and in recent Diets.
t Ba'llery. Ots. Also 7 ralliary, -ie. [var.
RAILLEBY ; for the spelling cf. RALLY ».2]
1. Banter, etc. = RAILLERY i.
1631 EVELYN Char. England (1659) 53 That innocent, yet
salt and pleasant diversion, which in France we call
Ralliary. 1603 DKNNIS Imp. Crit. iii. 28 Curse of this
unseasonable Rallery : Can anything be more insipid than
an untimely Jest? 41754 FIELDING Fathers 1. i, J admit
rallery.
b. With a and//. = RAILLERY i b.
1654^ tr. ScHtft'ry's Curia Pol. 164 Prince Bajazet, was
126
Ralliarie, -ry, variants of RALLERY.
Ralli-car, -cart. [See def.] A form of light
two-wheeled driving-trap for four persons, intro-
duced by C. S. Windover & Co. in 1885 and named
after the first purchaser.
1890 Coach Builders' Jrnl. XI. 181 The remaining exhibit
. . by this firm was a specimen of their famous Ralli Car
with basket body. 1800 Comhill Mag. Oct. 417 Little
ladies and gentlemen who are driven in in the morning for
instruction, in governess and ralli carts.
Rallied (re-lid), ppl. a. [f. RALLY v.1 +
-ED1.] Reassembled in order to make a stand.
1663 J. SPENCER Prodigies (1665) 359 Brennus.. was by
some rallyed forces of his defeated enemy, quite vanquished.
1704 OLUMIXON Blenheim xxii, His great Brother .. At
Bteinheim holds a rally'd Rout at Bay. 1818 SHELLEY Rev.
Islam vi. v, Soon came pouring there New multitudes, and
did those rallied bands o'erbear.
Ra-llier, st>.1 [f. RALLY i».i + -ER '.] One
who reassembles, etc.
1887 in Casselts Encycl. Diet.
Rallier (ne'li,3.i), st.* Now rare. [f. RALLY
v.2 + -ER 1.] One who banters.
1678 BUTLER Hud. in. i. 759 Ralliers in their Wit or
Drink. 1710 Freethinker No. 131 p 4 A noted Rallier
generally delights in galling the inoffensive. 1732 SWIFT
Beasts Con/. Pref., The Wits, the ralliers, the smart fellows.
t Ra-llier, v. Obs. rare — '. [a. F. rallier : cf.
RALLY v -1] trans. To rally.
1619 T. MILLES tr. Mcxia's Treas. Anc. $ Mod. T. II.
564/1 Lysias ralliered together his scattered troopes.
t Ra-lliment. Obs. rare. Also rally-, [ad. F.
ralliement : see RALLY ».* and -MENT.] Rallying.
1655 EARL ORRERY Pariktn. (1676) 532 He made it the
place of Ralliment. 1677 — Treat. Art War 183 When
you come to Rally, you make your Rallyment of those
onely who are of your own Troops.
Ralline (ne-bin), a. Ornith. [f. mod.L.
rall-us RAIL s/>2 + -INE '.] Pertaining to, related
to, or resembling the rail, or the family Rallidx.
1883 C. F. HOLDER Marvels Anim. Life 159 A long-billed,
flightless ralline bird. 1891 W. H . HUDSON Nat. La Plata
19 Of rails, or ralline birds, there are ten or twelve.
Rally (rre-li), j/M [f. RALLY z>.l]
1. A rapid reunion for concentrated effort, esp.
of an army after repulse or disorganization.
1651 DAVENANT Gondibert i. v. 27 Yet soon with Rallys he
reviv'd the warre, 1695 KENNETT Par. Antiq,. iii. 7 After
this defeat, and a second unsuccessful rally, they still
retir'd. 1751 JOHNSON Rambler No. 96 P 15 They yielded
at last.. with frequent rallies, and sullen submission. 1808
SCOTT Marm. vi. xxv, Recoil and rally, charge and rout.
1865 KINGSLEY Hemu. xvii, She told him.. of the last rally
of the men.
fig. 1674 N. FAIRFAX Bulk <V Sefa. 120 This darting force
or rally of stirring springs, is shotten or propagated also.
b. Mil. The signal for rallying.
1897 SIR E. WOOD Achievem. Cavalry i. 14 A relieving
force coming out, the 'Rally ' was sounded.
2. A quick recovery from a state of exhaustion,
j a renewal of energy, esp. a (temporary) recovery
of strength during illness.
1836 SCOTT Jrnl. 24 Sept., I made a rally to-day and
wrote four pages. i8S£ KANE Arct. Expl. (1856) II. v. 63
The constant rally of its energies to meet the calls of the
hour. 1896 Allbvtfs Syst. Mcd. \. 302 The improvement
was but temporary, though the rally might be repeated
more than once before death.
3. a. Theat. A general melee, scramble, or chase,
of the characters in a pantomime.
1870 J. H. FRISWELI. Klod. Men of Lett. L 8 Character
degenerates to caricature, and fun to pantomimic romp and
'rally'. i88a SERJT. BALLANTINE Exper. xxiii. 230 A storm
of carrots . . and turnips . . terminated the act, technically
termed, I believe, a ' general rally '.
b. U. S. coiloq. A political mass-meeting.
1878 E. EGGLESTON Rojcy I. v. 58 The grand rally of each
party had been held in the village of Luzerne. 1886 MRS.
H. BURNETT Lit. Ld. Fauntleroy v, He described the
Republican Rally in all the glory of its banners.
4. a. Boxing. A separate bout.
1825 Sporting Mag. XVI. 332 The workmen, whose ' Gee-
up , it seems, was a signal for a ' rally '. 1857 HUGHES TOM
Brcnun n. v, The two stand to one another like men; rally
follows rally.
b. Lawn Tennis. The series of strokes made
by both players between the service and failure to
return the ball.
Delight
2. A jesting or playful action, rare.
1653 LD. VAUX tr. Godean's Sf. Paul 49 All these were
ralleries rather of a Monster then a Man. 1654 Nicholas
Papers (Camden) II. 57 He thought she tooke them up in
rallery and that, if he gave her good words, he miyht have
them againe.
Ra'lliance. [f. RALLY v^ ; cf. dalliance.'] The
act of rallying. 1848 in WEBS-ILK.
.— -ig which shall (<z) pro-
duce a level game..(«) produce good rallies.
Rally (ne'li), rf.2 rare. [f. RALLY z;.2] A
piece of rallying or banter.
1832 in WEBSTER. 1863 COWDEN CLARKE Shaks. Char. xvi.
404 It is after this friendly rally that the grave Merchant ..
turns to Bassanio.
Rally (raa-li), z/.1 Also 67 rallie, 7 r'ally,
ralley, (ragly). [ad. F. rallier, f. re- + allier
to ALLY. The form r'ally (as if for RE-ALLY")
prob. implies the same stressing as Milton's rallie'd.
See also RELY, used earlier in the same sense.
The precise sense is not clear in the earliest example, viz.
1591 PEKCIVALL Sft. Ditt., Reh«:e>-t to renewe, to rallie. I
I. /nrtis. 1. To reassemble, bring together again
(an army or company which has been, or is, scat-
tered). Also with up, back.
1604 R. CAV\URLV Table Alpli., Rallie, gather together
RALLY.
men dispersed, and out of order. 1632 MASSINGEK Maid of
Hon. i, i, The great Gonzaga, . . rallying up Her scattered
troops. 1723 DE FOE Col. Jack (1840) 238 Their troops,
being rallied by the dexterity of their generals, came on
again to the charge. 1824 CAMPBELL Theodric 348 Oh !
i were he there . . to rally back One broken band. 1868 E.
I EDWARDS Ralegh I. xxv. 622 Young Ralegh was the first to
' rally his men under th* unexpected charge.
2. To collect, bring together (persons) to one's
assistance or for concentrated action.
1603 FLORIO Montaigne i. Ded., Yet did your honoured
name r'ally to my succour the forces of two deare friends.
1678 EABL OF LINDSEY in \ith Ref>. Hist, MSS. Comm.
; App. v. 50, I make no question butt your Lordship too will
ralfy your friends. 1874 GKEEN Short Hist. vii. § 2. 361
1 Even this blow failed to rally the Country round the Queen.
1883 Manch. Exam, i Dec. 5/2 He does not believe that
the Mahdi will rally to his banners the pure Arab tribes.
fb. To collect (things). Obs.
1643 CARYL Sacr. Cwt. 7 The Lord doth r'ally all the
promises of mercy made to us, which lie scattered. 1674
N. FAIRFAX Bulk % Sefo. 131 To rally together all those
sparks of life, that lay asunder in a clammy dew.
c. To drive (cattle) in a close herd. raw-*.
1889 ' R. BOLDREWOOD ' Robbery under Anns (1890) 31
Now you rally the cattle well after me.
3. To concentrate or revive (a faculty, etc.) by
a strong effort of the will. Also with up.
1667 MILTON/*. L. vi. 786 His hapless Foes .. to rebellious
fight rallied thir Powers. ITO» J. LOGAN in Pa, Hist. Soc.
Mem. IX. 157, I can say no more, .. having rallied my
memory for that to the utmost, a 1716 SOUTH Sertn. (1823)
IV. 371 Let a man rally up his best attention, his severest
and exactest thoughts. 1791 MRS. RADCLIFFE Rom. Forest
ii, She rallied her drooping spirits. 1837 PRESCOTT Ferd. <V
A. n. vii. 542 He rallied his strength for a final blow, a 1859
MACAULAY Hist. Eng. xxv. V. 288 He rallied the last
energies of his failing body and mind.
b. To pull together, revive, rouse, stimulate (a
person or animal).
1790 BURNS Tarn o' Shanter 191 Scarcely had he Maggie
rallied, When out the hellish legion sallied. 1832 R. & J.
LANDER Exped. Niger\.\\\. 261, 1 endeavoured .. torally him,
but he was scarcely able to stand. 1856 KANE Arct. Expl.
I. xvi. 188 They were sinking with fatigue and hunger, and
could hardly be rallied enough to tell us the direction.
ft. 18x8 SCOTT Br. Lamm, xxii, The Lord Keeper with
iculty rallied himself so far as to explain. 1863 MNS.
G ASK ELL Sylvia's L. xxxiv. III. 85 Philip rallied himself,
and tried to speak up to the old standard of respectability.
c. Boxing. To attack vigorously.
1812 Snorting Mag. XXXIX. 139 Molineux rallied him
with quickness.
d. Sporting. To harry.
1808 COL. HAWKER Diary (1893) I. 12 While the others
j rallied his covers.
H. intr. 4. To come together again, to rc-
: assemble, esp. in order to renew the conflict ; to
return in a body to the fray or contest.
1655 FULLER Ch. Hist. i. v. § 12 This Conquerour . . now
routed the Remnant, which began to ralley and make head
again, a 1680 BUTLER Eleph. in Moon 83 The Battle's
desperately fought : The gallant Subvolvani rally. 17*3
DE FOE Col. Jack (1840) 237 The battalions rallied and
came boldly on to charge a second time. 1774 GOLDSM.
Nat. Hist. (1776) III. 384 The dogs . . instantly turn tail, . .
and no exhortations can ever bring them to rally. 1849
MACAULAY Hist. Ettg. v. I. 583 The Whigs, few and weak
as they were, attempted to rally. 1887 BOWEN Vtrg. sEneid
11.716 Severed asunder at starting, we there shall rally at last
b. Of a single person : To return and renew the
attack ; spec, in Boxing. (Cf. RALLY sb.^ 4 a.)
1813 H. & J. SMITH Horace in Lond. 21 Long may's! thou
rally, hit, and stop.
f 6. Of things : To come together, to collect.
a 1694 TILLOTSON Serin. (1728) I. 17 Innumerable parts of
matter chanc'd just then to rally together, and to form
themselves into this new world.
6. Of persons : To come together in a body ; to
unite for a common purpose, esp. to assist or
support some one. Usu. const, round.
18x8 COBBETT Pol. Reg. XXXIII. 106 The people would
have rallied round the Bill. 1849 MACAULAY Hist. Eng. ii.
I. 263 The majority of tbe upper and middle classes hastened
to rally round the throne. 1853 J. H. NEWMAN Hist, Sk.
(1873) II. i. iv. 174 Tbe veterans of Sylla . . refused to rally
round Pompey in his war with Caesar.
b. Const, to. (Also said of a single person.)
1879 G. BARNETT SMITH Life Gladstone I. iv. 85 Mr. Glad-
stone, amongst others, rallied to the support of the Govern-
ment. 1888 BRYCE Amer. Commw. I. XL 142 Some of these
senators, .rally to the cry.
7. To revive, recover, acquire or assume fresh
vigour or energy.
1840 MACAULAY Ess., Ranke's Hist. (1851' II. 144 Catho-
licism had rallied, and had driven back Protestantism even
to the German Ocean. 1871 FREEMAN Norm. Cong. (1876)
III. xi. 9 At last his flagging powers rallied. 1878 BROWNING
Poets Croisic xlix, The red fire . . winks, Rallies, relapses,
dwindles.
b. To recover in part from an illness.
1853 MRS. CAKLYLE Lett, (1883) II. 220 Dr. Carlyle thinks it
probablu enough she may not rally again. 1855 THACKERAY
NcwcontL's II. 160 She never rallied, or, we believe, spoke,
after the fust fatal seizure. 1880 MCCARTHY Oivn Time IV.
Ivi. 209 He rallied indeed and grew much better.
c. To recover AMI some misfortune.
1863 Sat. Rev. 8 Aug. 173/1 It is possible that the Con-
federates may rally from their he;ivy disasters.
Rally (rce-li), V? [ad. F. raillery of uncertain
origin : cf. RAIL z>.4 and KAILLV r-.J
1. trans. To treat or assail with banter, plea-
BALLY.
gantry, or good-humoured ridicule; to make fun
or game of. a. a thing. ? Ofrs.
1679 OLDIIAM Adv. Satyr i>:t Jesuits Wks. (1686) I The
sanguine temper which precipitates people into excesses .,
was most admirably rallied in an Kpilogue
" b. a person.
1691 BENTLEV I'/ial. xi. (1699) 298 Euripides, .is pleasantly
burlesqu'd and rally'd on this very account. 1770 LANG*
HORXE Plutarch (1879) 1. 132/2 He rallied Simonides for his
absurdity. 1806-7 J. BERKSFOBD ATM*rr<» /fiw». Life (1826)
xi. Sigh 3, Being rallied by a facetious gentleman. 1878 G.
MACDONALD Phantasies II. xlit. 4 Rallied by his fellow-
students On his wretched looks.
C. "With complement.
1668 SEDLF.Y Mulb. Card, v. Wks. 1722 II. 71 'Twas only
a Trick he put upon us, and let's rally it off. 1782 Miss
HURNEY Cecilia ix. xi, I will not . . be rallied from my pur-
pose. 1788 WESLEY Wks. (1872) VII. 22 These, .reason, and
rally, nnd laugh you out of it.
2. absol. or intr. To employ banter or pleasantry
against one. Also constr. #/, with (a person),
upon (a thing). ? Obs.
1668 SHADWEI.L Sullen. Lovers r. i, Sure you rally with
me all this while, 1676 D'URFEY Mad. Fickle u. i, I see
Madam you are disposed to rally. 1758 MRS. LENNOX Hen-
rietta H. v. (1761) I. 130, I could not help humorously rally-
ing upon some of her notions. 1792 JUvina II. 185 She
would have rallied, but he stopped her short.
Ra-lly, v$ dial. [? Echoic.] intr. To make
a loud or sharp noise.
1811 CLARE I'ilL Minstr. I. 29 AH in chorus rallied out
amain. 1894 S.-E* Wowestersh. Gloss., Rallyt to crack or
' smack ' a whip.
Rallying (rae'li,ig), vbl. sbl [-ING1.] The
action of RALLY 7'.1
1845 LD. CAMPBELL Chancellors (1857) III. H. 3 Noble
rallyings from his disgrace. 1850 LYNCH Theo. Trinal ii.
22 The rallying of the world's love and hope. 1864 DICKENS
Let. 25 Oct. (1880) II. 222 Occasional [family] rallyings
coming off here.
b. attrib.) as rallying cry t placc^ point^ rottnd^
) sign, square^ word.
In some of these the word may be regarded also as ppl.
adj., in transitive sense.
1818 SHELLEY Rev. Islam vi. iii, *Rallying cries of treason
and of danger. 1879 M. ARNOLD Mixed Ess.^ George Sand
338 France which has made equality its rallying cry. 1820
\V. IRVING Sketch Bk. (1859) :35 *Tne paternal hearth [is]
the *rallying-place of the affections. 1799 WASHINGTON
Lett. Writ. 1893 XIV. 140 It would be a *rallying-point for
the timid. 1853 MACAULAY Hist. Kng. xx. IV. 408 He
thought his star a good rallying point for his own troops.
1814 Sporting Mag. XLI V. 167 A most determined *rallying
round, commenced by Burn. 1810 SCOTT Lady of L. \\. xvii,
The rapid charge, the ^rallying shout. 1840 CARLYLE Heroes
(1858) 270 Shakspeare, . . the noblest, gentlest, yet strongest
of *rally ing-signs. 1847 Infantry Man, (1854) 63 Form the
"rallying square. 1818 HALLAM Mid. Ages (1872) I. 383
1'he *rallying word of faction. 1845 JAMES Arra/i Neil i\,
It's my battle-cry, my rallying word.
Rallying (rae-lijin), vbl. sb? [-ING i.] The
action of RALLY v*
1673 DRYDEN Assignation in. i, There was one thing amiss
in it, that was your rallying of Religion. 1698 JER. COLLIER
Short Vie-M Enr. Stage 160 Rallying, no less than Railing,
ought to be under the Discipline of Law. 1834 HT. MAR-
TINEAU The Farrers ii. 28 Bore rallying on preferring . .
negus and sweet cake. 1884 E. P. ROE Nat. Ser. Story viii,
He replied to her. .rallyings.
attrib. 1710 SHAFTESB. Charac. (1737) I. 62 Whither this
rallying Humour will at length carry us. 1741 MIDDI.ETON
Cicero I, vi. ^85 Cicero being in a rallying humor, made the
petition, .ridiculous.
Rallying (nE-li,irj),/X- a-1 [f- HALLT v.l +
-ING11.] That rallies (reassembles, revives, etc.).
1896 Daily News n June 2/4 Sir Wilfrid saw signs of
encouragement in the rallying spirit of the Liberal party.
Rallying (rarli,irj), ppl. a* [f. RALLY v* +
-IXG *.] That rallies, banters, etc.
1678 BUTLER Hud. in. i. 1398 These Rallying Devils do
no hurt. 1868 HOLME LEE B. Godfrcy\x\\. 361 ' You took my
strawberries so prettily', said Basil with rallying fondness.
Hence Ka'llyingly adv.
1669 R. MONTAGU in Bncclench MSS. (Hist. MSS. Comm.)
I. 424 He..rallyingly thanked me for the good news I told
him. 1838 MOORE Mem. (1856) VII. 220 The ' Evcque de
Lombaz' wrote to Petrarch rallyingly, that all his love for
Laura wns a mere fiction.
Kallyment : see RALLIMKMT.
Ralstpnite (r^-lstanait). Min* [Named (1871)
after J. G. Ralston its discoverer: see -ITE.] (See
quot. 1875.)
1875 WATTS Diet. Client, snd Suppl. 1038 Ralstonite, a
hydrated aluminium fluoride containing traces of sodium
and calcium from the cryolite formation of Arksut Fjord in
Greenland. 1882 Jrnl. Amer. Scf. CXXXII. 380 (title)
Ihe Chemical Composition of Ralstonite.
Ram (nem), sb.^- Forms : i rom(m, 1-2 ramm,
4-7 ramme, 5-6 rame, rambe, i- ram. [OE.
ram(in, rom(m = (M)Du., (M)LG., OHG. and
MHG. ram (ramm-} : cf. G. ramme rammer, naval
ram. Peril, related to ON. ramm-r strong.]
1. A male sheep ; in domestication, one kept for
breeding purposes, a tup.
c 825 I csp. Ps. Ixiv. 14 Je-^erede sind rommas «cepa. c 1000
ALFRIC Gen. xxii. 13 Abraham .. xeseah J>,-er anne ramm . .
be h^-rn hornum Reh;tft. etaooORMiM 1136 pe ramm wass
Ofiredd forr J?e preost. 13. . A'. Alisannd'.-r 388 His hevetl,
nq lii-; Kuwdron fram, He dyghte in forme of a ram.
127
ri4oo tr. St-arla Si-cref., Go?'. LordsJi. 104 Ffor man ys
hardy as a lyon .. rebell as a rambe. 1470*85 MAI.ORY
Arthur \, xxiii, They wente to the batayl ageyne and so
hurtled to gyders lyke two rammes. 1513 FITZHFRR. Ifnsl\
| § 39 The better shall the ewe take the ramme agayne.
, 1575 TURBKKV. I'cnerie 30 You must couple him with a
: ramme or a stotite Sheepe. 1697 DRVDEN Virg. Georg. in,
j 594 Ev'n though a snowy Ram thou shalt behold, Prefer
j him not in haste, for Husband to thy Fold. 1727-46
THOMSON Summer 411 The sturdy boy Holds by the
twisted horns, the indignant R:im. 1790 BEWICK Hist.
Oitadnip. (1792) 49 The Ram lives to the age of about
fifteen years, and begins to procreate at one. 1842 HISCHOKK
ll'oollen Manuf. II. 328 We would recommend the intro-
duction of. .English rams amongst the Indian ewe flocks.
fig. '(1529 SKELTON Col. Cloute 157 To kepe..iheyr
spiritual lammes Sequestred from rammes. 1840 BARHAM
Ingol. Leg.,St. Nicholas xi, Holy Church denieth all search
'Midst her sanctified ewes and her saintly rams.
fb. As ihe reward given to the victor in a
wrestling match. 06s.
c 1386 CHAUCER Prol. 548 The Millere was a stout carl . . ,
At wrastlynge he wolde haue alwey the Ram. c 1400
Gamelyn 184 Her be side, brother is cried a wrastlynge,
And ber fore shal be sette a ram and a rynge.
2. Astron. (with cap.). The zodiacal sign ARIES.
r 1050 Byrhtferth's Handboc in Aaglia\\\l. 307 f>e ys
aries, beet ys ram genemned. c 1386 CHAUCER Prol. 8
Whan, .the yonge sonne Hath in the Ram his half[e] cours
yronne. ^1470 HENRY Wallace ix. 18 Quhen conryet
[read aryet] the hot syng coloryk, In to the Ram quhilk
had his rowmys ryk. 1563 B. GOOGE Eglogs. i. (Arb.) 31
The Ram doth cause to spring, eche herbe and floure. 1669
STURMY Mariner's Meig. vi. 95 Here in the Zodiack begins
The Ram, the Bull, the loving Twins. 1697 DRYDEN Virg.
Georg. m. 476 Till the new Ram receives th' exalted Sun.
1868 LOCKYEK Gitilletnins Heavens (ed. 3) 330 Between the
square of Pegasus and the Bull we meet with two constella-
tions, the Fishes and the Ram.
3. = BATTERING-HAM.
("897 K. jEi.FRED Gregory s Past. xxi. 160 BesittaS hie
11 tan. .& SerscaS Sone weal! mid rammum. ciooo /ELFRIC
Gram. vi. (Z.) 12 Aries byS..ram to wealgeweorce. 1513
DOUGLAS J&tieis xii. xii. 27 The barmkin law smait with
the rammis fast. 1569 STOCKER Diod. Sic. in. viii. 113/2
He had also many other engines called Rammes very large
and great to batter any wall. 1593 DONNE Sat. ii. 19
Rammes, and slings now are silly battery. 1727-41 CHAMBERS
Cycl. s.v. Aries, Pliny assures us, the ram was invented at
the siege of Troy. 1858 GREENER Gunnery 5 A 68 Ib. shot
has all the force that could be given even to that famous
ram of Vespasian. 1884 Manch. Exam. 14 Oct. 5/7 They
brought planks, and by using them as rams, broke open one
of the reserved doors.
fig. 1606 SHAKS. Ant. $ CL in. ii. 30 Let not the peece of
Vertue which is set Betwixt vs,,.be the Ramme to batter
The Fortresse of it. 1648 HERRICK Hesper.^ Panegyr. Sir
L. Pewberton, The iron and rock, Which tryes, and counter-
stands the shock, And ramme of time. 1819 CARLYLE Misc.
(1857) H* 47 Concede him this, and his ram swings freely
to and fro through Space.
b. Naut. A solid point or beak projecting from
the bows of a war-vessel, and enabling it to ram
and batter in the side of an opponent.
1865 TENNEY Hist. Rebellion U. S. 223/2 The Merrimac
soon crushed her iron horn or ram into the frigate.. knock-
ing a hole in the side near the water-line, c 1869 LD. C. E.
PAGET Aiitobiog. (1896) 335 There was but little damage
done to them by shot or shell. The ram was the deadly
weapon.
c. Nattt. A battleship fitted with a ram.
1862 ELLET in Tenney Hist. Rebellion U. S. 169/1 After
..the gunboats and one of my rams had passed befovf? 1869
SIR E. REED Our Iron-Clad Ships Introd. 23 The chapters
on the cost of our iron-clad fleet, and upon the deeply im-
portant question of ' Rams '.
d. Shipbuilding. (See quot.)
1867 SMYTH Sailor's Word-bk., Rant, a long spar, iron-
hooped at the ends, used for driving out blocks from beneath
a vessel's keel, and for driving planks an end while only
wedged to the ship's side.
4. The weight of a pile-driving machine, which
is raised to a height by pulleys, and being re-
leased is so guided as to fall on the head of the
pile which is being driven ; a monkey.
1440 in C.Welch Tower Bridge (1894) 55 The 'great
Gebet-ram ', the * Lesser Rennyng ram '. 1462 Ibid. , Draw-
ing the Gebet-ram in pylyng by stadelles next the bridge.
1587 FLEMING Contn. Holinshed\\\. 536/2 Some of those
piles were .. driven into the maine rocke of chalke, with
a great engine called a ram. 1739 C. LABELYE Short Ace.
Piers \Vestm. Bridge 21 Supposing the Ram or Weight to
be 1700 Ib. 1776 G. SEMPLE Building in Water 36 The Ram
and Follower resting on the Head of the Pile. 1853 SIR
H. DOUGLAS Milit. Bridges (ed. 3) 306 If . . the piles are . .
driven by heavy rams till they will sink no further.
b. A steam-hammer used in setting-up a bloom
of metal. 1873 KNIGHT Diet. Mech.
c. A paviour's RAMMER.
1885 Ant if nary Oct. 146/1 Each man .. threw down the
rain with a thud.
5. a. An automatic water-raising machine, in
which the raising power is supplied by the con-
cussion of a descending body of water in a pipe.
1808 YOUNG in Phil. Trans. XCIX. 22 Almost in the
same manner as a stream of water strikes on the valve of
the hydraulic ram. 1851 STEPHKNS />£. Farm (ed. 2) I. 27/1
The ram may be described as a sloping pipe in which the
stream runs [etc.].
b. The piston of the large cylinder of a hydro-
static press.
1816 J. SMITH Mechanic II. 396 It is desirable, .to make
use of the larger pump rod to raise the ram as expeditiously
as possible. 1839 UKK Diet. Arts s.v. Press, The hollow
cylinder of the press, which, as well as the ram, is made of
BAM.
cast iron. 1858 I.ARnxFR tfaii,H't. h'at. Phil., Hydros!.,
etc. 10 The ram, ihe immediate object that receives and
transmits the pressure.
c. A hydraulic lifting-machine.
i86i_ Times 7 Oct., There were several men engaged in
rnimping water into the ram. 1 observed . . that they were
lifting the girder with one ram. 1862 Calal. Intlm. Exhih.
II. x. 9/2 'Ihe hydraulic rams will safely lift a dead weight
of 6000 tons.
d. The plunger of a force-pump.
1883 GRESLEV Gloss. Coal-mining, l<'orcer, a pump by
which the water is raised with a ram or plunger.
6. attrib. and Comb., as (sense i) ram-breeding,
-horn (also attrib.), -lamb, -like adj., -mutton,
-sttpporters, -tender, trade.
1875 Encycl. Brit. I. 393/2 Pure Leicester? . . are now
confined to a few "ram-breeding flocks. 15.. Wooing of
Jok ff Jyimy 65 (Bann. MS.) Ane Irene truncheour, ane
*ramehorne spone. 1785 RAMSAY Gentle Shfph. v. ii, His
ram- horn spoons and kitted whey. 1824 MACTACCART
Callovid. Encycl. Introd. 5 Ill-tongued tinklers, with. .their
hampers, and their ram-horns. 1573 TUSSF.R Hnsb. (1878)
81 Geld bulcalfe and "ramlamb, as soone as they fall. 1601
HOLLAND Pliny \. 227 If his right cullion or stone be tied
vp, hee getteth ewe lambes; but if the left be taken vp,
hee getteth ramme lambes. 1886 C. SCOTT Sheep-Fanning
63 Tne ram-lambs., are slightly heavier than the ewe lambs.
1851 C. L. SMITH tr. Tasso xi. xxxvii, The ram.. Whose
. ..
*ram-like head is armed with iron plates. 163* MASSINGER
Maid of Hon. in. i, A huge shoulder Of glorious fat *ram-
rnutton. 1837 HALIBURTON Clockm. 168 A few half-starved
pigs, . . some ram mutton. 1864 KOUTELL Her. Hist, ff Pop.
xxx. (ed. 3) 451 In addition to the *ram-supporters, ranis'
heads are several times sculptured. 1611 SHAKS. Wint. T.
iv. iv. 805 An old Sheepe-whistling Rogue, a *Ram-tender.
1886 C. SCOTT Slieep-Faruring 154 The history of the *ram
trade.
b. Naut. (sense 3 b), as ram-lxmi, cruiser, fleet,
-steamer, -stem, -vessel.
_ 1869 SIR E. RF.ED Shipbiiild. xv. 292 Ships with *ram-bows
in which the distance from the catheads to the hawseholes
is considerable. 1895 Chambers' Encycl. VII. 417/1 La
Gloire . . was built with a ram-bow. 1892 Daily News 16 Dec.
5/6 The *ram cruiser Empress Elisabeth. 1865 TENNEY
Hist. Rebellion U. S. 169/1 Col. Ellet commanding the
*ram fleet. 1897 R. KIPLING Captains Courageous 128 The
"ram-steamer Arctic that breaks the ice. 1869 SIR E. REED
Our Iron-Clad Ships \. 19 The ' Warrior ' is much mor«
than an ordinary ship, .having a massive solid forged *ram-
stem. 1878 N. Amer. Rev. CXXVII. 381 All fleets should
be attended upon by "ram-vessels.
7. Special combs. : ram-block Naut., a dead-eye
(•(•also ram's Hock); tram('s)-oiehe, the com-
mon chick-pea (Offer arietiimm) ; \ ram-engine,
a battering-ram ; •)• ram-fish, some kind of sea-
monster (L. aries, Pliny) ; ram-getter, a ram
kept for breeding rams ; ram-goat, f a he-goat ;
also, a low-growing shrub (Fagara microphylla)
of the \V. Indies and S. America ; ram-house,
a shed for protection in working a battering-ram ;
ram-letting, the letting-out of rams for breeding
purposes ; ram-reel, a dance of men only, a bull-
dance; ram-riding, a form of popular punish-
ment ; f ram-sheep, the common sheep.
161 1 COTGR., Cap de mouton, (in a ship is) a certaine flat
peece of wood bored full of holes. .; we call it, the*Rammes-
blocke. 1601 HOLLAND Pliny II. 143 The blacke ciches..
called *Ram-ciches. 1611 COTGR. s. v. Belier, Chiches de
belier, Rammes Citches, btacke Citches. 1632 HAYWARD tr.
Biondfs Eromena. 150 Don Peplasos .. caused a *Ram-
engine to be landed, which, together with its testude, they
setled on its wheels. 1601 HOLLAND Pliny I. 262 Of the
*Ram-fish. This fish is a very strong theef at sea, and
makes foule work where he comes. 1790 MARSHALL Rural
Econ. Midi. C. I. 429 Getting Rams, to be let out again to
inferior tupmen, as *ram-getters. 1837 YOUATT Sheep
317 Strength of frame . . was the distinction between the
' rani-getter ' and the ' wedder-getter '. 1575 TURBERV. Fanl-
conrie 136 The flesh of a *Ram goat. 1634 SIR T. HERBERT
Trav. 8 In Angola .. some adore the Deuill in forme of a
bloudie Dragon, others a Ram-goat. 1864 GRISEBACH Flora
Brit. W. Indian Isl. Index, Ram-goat. 1882 in Smithsonian
Misc. Collect. XXIII. No. 13. 38 Ramgoat-bush. . . The
whole plant has a strong smell. 1878 GOSSF. Rivers
of Bible 152 The *ram-house, and part of the tower, are
covered with hurdles or hides. 1861 Times 17 Sept., The
*ram lettings in progress . . show . . a great development of
enterprise on the part of sheep breeders. 1813 D. ANDERSON
Poems 122 (Jam.) The chairs they coup, they hurl an' loup,
her, her feet trailing, and the horns and kettles dinning in
her wake. 1707 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) XIII. 562/1 Linnaeus
enumerates three species . . i. The ovis aries, or ram-
S Bam, JV*.2 rare. Ore. Black ram, bog-iron.
1683 PETTUS Fleta Klin. u. iii. 114 The rich Gold Ram or
Slick (out of which Gold is quickened). 1807 VANCOUVER
Agric. Devon (1813) 76 Large quantities of black ram (i. e.
bog iron) are found dispersed through all the moors and
low-grounds.
Ram, sA.3 Naut. Length ' over all ' of a boat.
1723 Land. Has. No. 6224/5 A Vessel 27 Foot and half
upon the Keel, 33 Foot Ram. 1889 U'hitby Can. 2 Aug 4/6
The charge for'any boat exceeding 17 feet in the ram, that
is to say anything after the style of a coble.
Bam (rrem), sl>.* [f. RAM i».i] The act or
process of ramming.
1897 IVestm. Gaz. 7 May 2/1 The prescribed course of
alternate cram and ram proved entirely successful.
b. Kant and dam'ji), jocularly applied (attrib.
or absol.) to a muzzle-loading gun.
BAM.
1866 Cornhill Mag. Sept. 342 Old sportsmen .. who still
use and prefer the old ' ram and d— n ' which they wielded
uai
1 prefer the old * ram and d— n ' which they wielded
so effectively in their youth. 1899 Pall Mall Mag. Jan.
116 A pot-hunter . . considering the condition of his ancient
ram-and-dam gun.
Ram (rcem), z/.l Also 4-7 ramme, 7 ramb, 8
ramm. [ME. rammen = MHG. ratntnento batter,
drive in, etc. Pcrh, f. RAM sb.1 (as if, to butt or
strike like a rain), but the earliest uses in Eng. do
not clearly show this.]
1. absoL To beat down earth with a heavy imple-
ment, so as to make it hard and firm.
£•1330 Arth. <$• J/^^/. 533<KfJlbinj;) Sum rammed &doluen
snel & gun bat castel fair & wel. c 1440 Promp. Parv.
422/2 Rammyn' wythe an instrument, trnda, tero, pilo.
1651 W. BACON Disc. Govt. Eng. u. xvii. (1739) 94 An
instrument.. that in laying a sure Foundation, doth as well
ram down as raise up. 1796 C. MARSHALL Gardening iii.
(1813) 35 It is best to lay a few yards of gravel only at
a time before ramming or treading. 1846 J. BAXTER Libr.
Pract. Agric. (ed. 4) I. 239 Throw m six more inches of
clay, and ram well over.
b. trans. with^vv««rf, etc. as object.
1596-7 S. FINCHE in Ducarel Acct. Croydon App. (178^)
153 Small stone, and brickbats . . rammed stronglye, course
upon course. 1664 GERBIER Counsel^ The Brick-layers to
lay no Foundation except the ground be first Ram'd. 1703
MOXON Mech. Exerc. 128 If the Ground be hollow or weaker
in any place, he strengthens it, sometimes by well ramming
it down. 1757 MILLKS in Phil. Trans. L. 26 They are
obliged to pave and ramm the bed of the river. 1823
P. NICHOLSON Pract. Build. 338 The space between being
filled with clay or chalk closely rammed.
transf. 1873 HOLLAND A. Bonnie, xiii. 214 Mr. MutUns
. .rammed down his shirt bosom again.
c. To fix or make (a thing) firm by ramming
the surrounding soil.
1565 GOLDING Cxsar 190 b, Create postes of streig^ht
timber. .are let into the grounde. .and rammed surely with
a great deale of earth. 1882 Garden n Mar. 160/2 The
plants may be well rammed and top-dressed with stiff loam.
2. To force or drive down or in by heavy blows ;
to drive (piles, etc.) into the soil in this way.
1519 HORMAN Vnlg. 240 A quauery. .foundacion, must be
holpe with great pylys of alder rammed downe. 1530
PALSGR. 678/2, 1 ramme, as workmen ramme in pyles.. .They
have rammed syxe pyles this mornynge. 1621 T. WILLIAM-
SON tr. Goularfs Wise Vieillard 85 Euen, as it were, pyles
of wood rammed into the earth. 1708 J. C. Compl. Collier
(1848) 22 Stiff Clay . . is forc'd and ram'd in next the
Sand. 1840 Evid. Hull Docks Com. 37 We ram some
concrete between the piles. 1881 WHITEHEAD Hops 36
Men pitch holes . . and ram the poles down into them.
b. To force (a charge) into a fire-arm by means
of a ram-rod. To ram home : see HOME adv. 4.
1598 BARRET Theor. Warres HI. i. 34 To ramme the same
[bullet] with paper, tow or such like_. 1627 CAPT. SMITH
Seaman s Gram, xiv. 66 A Rammer is a bob of wood.. to
ramme home the Powder. 1700 S. L. tr. Fryke's Voy. E. Ind.
72, I . .loaded again with a double Charge. ., which I took
care to ram down as hard as ever I was able. 1781 THOMI--
SON in Phil. Trans. LXXI. 269 The recoil of a musket is
greater when its charge is rammed than when it is not.
1878 BESANT & RICE Celia's Arb, xxii, You had better ram
in your charge.
absol. 1859 F. A. GRIFFITHS Artil.Man. (1862) 112, No. 2
searches, sponges, rams home.
c. To cram, stuff, thrust (a person or thing)
into something (lit. and >/%p.).
1582 STANYHURST sEnets n. (Arb.) 44 In this od hudge
ambry they ramd a number of hardye Tough knights. 1640
SIR E. DEKINC Sp. on Reli%. 14 Dec. 13 They have rammed
a prodigious ungodly oath into them. 1682 DRYDEN & LEE
Duke of Guise v. i, By Heaven I'le ramm thee in some
knotted Oak. 1840 LADY C. BURY Hist, of Flirt xxvi,
I always ram my clothes into a box. 1869 C. GIBBON Robin
Gray xxxvi, In a hurry to ram his head into the noose.
d. To push firmly down ; to pen up closely.
1602 MARSTON Antonio's Rev. \. iv, Ramm't quicklie
downe, that it may not rise up. 1768 FOOTE Devil i. iii,
Consider, ramm'd up in this narrow compass [a bottle],
I can't be much at my ease. 1867 SIR R. H. ROBERTS //*
the Shires ii. 25 He rams his old hat down on his head.
3. To force in or compress the charge or con-
tents of (a gun, etc.) by ramming.
1581 STYWARD Mart. Disdpl. i. 13 Euerie peece to haue
his gonner,..to wade, ram,.. and coole the peeces. 1796
PEGGE Anonym. (1809) 280 It made a flash and a sharp
crack, like that of a gun high charged and hard rammed.
1799 G. SMITH Laboratory I. 9 Having rammed a rocket.
1894 HALL CAINE Manxman iv. xvii. 265 He took out his
pipe, and rammed it with his forefinger.
b. To cram or stuff hard tvitk something.
1590 SPENSER F. Q, i. vii. 13 That divelish yron Engin,..
With windy Nitre and quick Sulphur fraught, And ramd
with bullet rownd. 1601 B. JONSON Poetaster v. i, His
poesie, tis so ramm'd with life. 1721 RAMSAY To R. H. B.
iii, If ram'd wi' red, they rant and rair, Like mirthfu* men.
1838 Civil Eng. 9f Arch. Jrnl. I. 237/1 The intervening
space being well rammed with saw-dust.
4. To stop, stuff, or block up. Also const, with,
a 1548 PATTEN Exped. Scotl. B vij b, These kepers had
rammed vp their outer dores. 1620 QUARLES Feast for
Wormes (1638) 3 Ramme up thine eares,. .Be deafe to them.
1691 WOOD Atk. Oxon. II. 518 A back stair, .ramb'd up
with earth to prevent any passage. 1843 CARLYLK Past
ff Pr. iv. iii, ^Ediles; who would .. have rigorously seen
rammed up into total abolition many a foul cellar.
5. t a. intr. To batter at with a ram. Obs. rare.
1599 HAKLUYT I7oy. II. 134 So was it impossible that the
wats of lericho should fall doune, being neither vndermined,
nor yet rammed at with engines.
b. trans. To dash violently against, to strike
128
with great force ; esp. ICaut. to strike (a ship)
with the ram.
1864 N*w York Picayune in Daily Tel. 30 Aug., The
Tennessee was rammed by the Hartford. 1893 Times
24 Tune 7/5 The Victoria had been rammed six miles off
Tripoli. 1897 Allbutt's Syst. Med. II. 1071 In blood so
treated it is easy to observe the filariae ramming the sheath
and hitting their way out.
absol. c 1869 Ln. C. E. FACET Antobiog. x. (1896) 334 The
Kaiser .. rammed four successive times. 1898 Tit-Hits
26 Mar. 492/2 When the order to ram is given, everybody
throws himself Hat on the deck.
6. To dash, force or drive (one thing on, aty or
into another) ; Sc. to punish (a person) by dash-
ing against a wall (quot. 1854).
1715 RAMSAY Christ's Kirk Gr. in. xxiii, Some ramm'd
their noddles wi' a clank . . On posts that day. 1854 H.
MILLER Sc/t. $ Schm. (1858) 228 The disputants.. were pre-
pared to nssist in ramming each the other ; and so rammed
they both were. 1858 R. S. SURTEES Ask Mamma xxiii,
Ramming his horse well at it, he gets through, c 1869
LD. C. E, FACET Antobiog. x. (1896) 334 The gallant Petz,
who rammed the old two-decker.. into an Italian ironclad.
\1. To ram oneself'. To say * rammee ' (q. v.). Obs.
1667 WATERHOUSE Fire Lond. ia6 His Proclamations and
Manifests against Prophaneness. .disobeyed by ..those who
will Ram and Damn themselves to be his best friends.
fRam, v* Obs. rare. [f. RAM sb.* I.] trans.
To leap (the ewe).
1688 R. HOLME Armoury u. vii. 134/1 A Ram, Rutteth
or Rammeth the Ewe. 1694 MOTTKOX Rabelais v. (1737)
222 They will not be ridden, tupp'd, and ramm'd.
H Ramadan (rxmada-n), ramaaan (-za-n).
Forms : a. 7 ramm-, rom-, rum mad an, ram dam,
7-9 ramadhan, 8 -dam, ram an dan, 8-9 rham-,
7- ramadan. £. 7 ram-jan, ramizaxn, 7-8 rame-
zan, 3 -esan, 9 r h)amazan i, ramadnan, ram-
zaun, 6- raruazau. [a. Arab. • >!-* *j ramaaan
(hence Turk, and Pers. ramazdtt), f. ramada to be
heated or hot (see note to def.).] The ninth month
of the Mohammedan year, rigidly observed as a
thirty days' fast, during the hours of daylight, by
all Mohammedans.
The lunar reckoning of the Mohammedan calendar brings
the fast eleven days earlier each year, so that in a cycle
of about thirty-three years it passes through all the seasons
successively ; but it is supposed originally to have been one
of the hot months.
a. 1601 W. BIODULPH in T. Lavender Trav. Four
Englishmen (1612) 95 The Turkes Romadan, which is their
Lent, being ended. 1695 MOTTEUX St. Olon's Morocco 43
On the Eve of that Ramadan, they prepare themselves for
its observation by public Rejoycings. 1757 HUME Ess. <$•
Treat., Nat. Hist. Relig. (1777) II. 463 The Rhamadan of
the Turks.. must be more severe than the practice of any
moral duty. 1865 WHITTIEK David Watson Pr. Wks. 1889
I. 316 At the season called Ramadan, he was left at leisure
for a whole week .
trans/. 1822 DE QUINCEY Con/ess. II. 126 A Lent or
Ramadan of abstinence from opium.
0. 1599 HAKLUVT Pay. II. 203 The Mahometans observe
a kinde of lent continuing one whole moone. .called in their
tongue Ramazan, 1698 J. FRYER Ace. E. India # P. 379
In their Ramzan, or on a Journey, they often expire for
want of it [opium]. 1706 Lond. Gaz. No. 4205/1 This being
the Moon of Ramezan, during which it is the Custom of
the Turks to fast by Day and feast by Night. 1812 BYRON
Ch. H&r, u. U, Ramazani's fast Through the long day its
penance did maintain. 1815 ELPHINSTONE Ace. Caubul
(1842) I. 279 The fast of the Ramzaun is. .strictly observed ;
and. .is felt as a real hardship.
attrib. 1653 GREAVES Seraglio 112 The Ramazan time,
which is their lent, and lasteth a whole moon. 1884
J. PAYNE Talcs fr, Arabic I. 49 note, The orthodox Muslim,
whose only meals in Ramazan-time are made between sun-
set and dawn-p^ep.
tRaniage, sbJ- Obs. rare* [f. RAMAGE a. ; the
OF. sb. is not recorded in the same senses.]
1. Wildness, high spirit, courage.
In first quot. perh. an adj. (qualifying woodnes}.
1456 SIR G. HAVE Law Anns (S. T. S.) 285 Malice or
hete, woodnes, ramage, or pride orguillous. a 1500 Prom}.
Parv. 422/2 (MS. H.) Ramage, or corage, coraginm. 1618
LATHAM vnti Bk. Falconry (*6y$) 107 The Lanner. .is nothing
inferiour to the other in ramnge and wildenesse.
2. A ramage hawk. rare"1.
1612 SELDEN Illustr. Dray ton's Poly-olb. v. 304 The
Goshawk taken at the source by the Falcon soone fell
down at the King's foot, which performance in this ramage
made him yearly afterward send hither for eyesses.
Ramage (rse-medg), sb.% arch. Also 7 ramra-.
[a. F. ramage = Prov. ramatge :— late L. *rdmd-
ticuni) f. ramus branch : see RAMUS and -AGE.]
1. The collective branches of a tree or trees.
1656 BLOUNT Glossogr., Rainage, Boughes, Branches, or
any thing that belongs thereto. 1855 BAILEY Mystic^ etc. 85
That beneficent stem . . From leaf and ramage sheddeth cool
bright showers.
f 2. The song or cry of birds. Obs.
1616 DRUMM. OF HAVVTH. Poems \\. x, My Lute bee as
thou wast when thou didst grow, .in some shadie Groue, . .
And Birds on thee their Ramage did bestow, a 1693
URQUHART Rabelais in. xiii, The barking of currs, bawling
of mastiffs,.. rammage of Hawks.
t R a mage, ft. Obs. Also 6-7 (9) rammage,
7 ramadge; 6-7 ramege, 7 rammege. [a. OF.
ramage \— late I.« *rainaticus : see prec. and cf.
RAMMISH a*, RAMMIST a.]
1. Of hawks ; Having left the nest, and begun to
RAMASS.
fly from branch to branch (cf. BRANCHEK -) ; hence,
wild, untamed, shy.
1390 GOWER Con/. I. 361 The faucon which that fleth
ramage And soeffreth nothing in the weie, Wherof that he
tnai take his preie. 1483 CAXTON G, de la Tour A viij, Take
a sperhauke ramage and calle hym curtoysly and ye shall
make hym come frety to yow. 1575 TURHKKV. Faitlconrie
31 The seconde name is a ramage falcon, and so she is called
when she hath departed and left the eyrie. x6l6 SURFL.
& MAKKH. Country Farme 708 lias-hawkes are nothing so
valiant as those which are taken long time after, and are
called ramadge hawkes. a x68a SIR T. BROWNE Tracts
(1683) 118 Nor must you expect from high Antiquity the
distinctions of Eyess and Ramage Hawks. 1773 J. CAMP-
BELL Mod. Fanlconry 201 It is best to give them [stones] at
night to haggards and ramage-hawks.
b. transf. of persons.
1567 TURBERV. Epit. etc. 15 b, You are become so wylde
ana rammage . . As though you were a haggard Hawke.
1589 GREENE Menaphon (Arb.) 42 She left from being so
rammage, and . . came to the fist, and granted me those
favours she might affoord. 1653 MAINE tLpig. from Donne
vi. 89 Though ramage grown, Th' art stilt for carting fit.
2. Of animals : Wild, untamed, unruly, violent.
c 1190 MS. Land 108 fol. ii pe wolfues bat weren ramage.
1387-8 T. USK Test. Love i. iii. (Skeat) 1. 49 Nothyng is
werse then the beastes, that shoulden been tame, if thei
catche her wildenesse, and ginne again waxe ramage. c 1430
LYDG. Reas. ff Sens. 2858 At wylde bestis for to shete,
..Whan she seeth hem to savage, Hygh of gres, or to
Ramage. 1580 BLUNDEVIL Art of Riding Dib, A horse
that is. . of nature ramege or restiffe. 1639 T. DEGREvCow//.
Horsent.\-2 Horses, .becomming wild, rammage and unruly.
b. Of persons : Furious, frenzied.
£1470 HARDING Chron. xcvn. vi, Some woode, some
ramage went. [1814 MACTAGGART Gallovid. Encycl. 406
When a man is rammaged, that is. ,craz'd..with drink.]
3. Of places : Full of thickets, rough.
c 1475 Partenay 527 Cerching, enquering in wodes ramage.
1809 Christmas Baling in Skinner Misc. Poet. 127 He
rumbl'd down a rammage glyde.
4. Of velvet : (see qnot. and cf. BRANCHED a b).
1717-41 CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v. Velvet, Ramage or branched
velvet, representing long stalks, branches, &c. on a sattin
ground.
t Ra'mageness. Obs. [f. prec. + -NESS.]
Wildness, wantonness ; high spirit.
c 1440 Prottip. Parv. 422/2 Ramagenesse, or coragyows-
nesse, luita. 1575 TURBERV. Faulconrie 147 When your
Falcon will come a far off vnto the lewre. .w'out any coy-
nesse or ramagenesse. 1607 MARKHAM Caval. in. i. 5 This
..takes from him [the horse] two vices, barbarous rameg-
nesse and fantasticke restifnesse. 1686 R. BROME Gentl.
Recreat. n. x. 33 In her making, a little rest will cause
her [the hawk] to return to her first ramageness.
t Ra mageous, a. Obs. Also 5 -geouse,
-gyous, -gous, -geus, 6 -gious. [a. OF. ramageotis
(Godef.), f. ramage RAMAGE sb.] = RAMAGE a.
I398TKEVISA Bartk. De P. R. xn. iii. (Bodl.MS.> 115 b, The
goshauke..bi moche mete . . waxib ramageouse ober slow}.
1412-10 LYDG. Chron. Troy I. li. 162 Bullis full vnmilde
With brasen fete ramageous and wilde. a 1450 Knt. de la
Tour (1868) 14 A sparhauke, be he never so ramageus.
t c 1530 Remedy of Love xlvii, Now is he tame that was so
ramagious.
f Ra-mager. Obs. rare—1, [f. RAMAGE a., perh.
after BRANCHER.] A ramage hawk.
1686 R. BROME Gentl. Recreal. u. 46/2 There is more
danger in heating a Hawk taken out of the Mew, than one
newly taken being a Ramager.
Ramail(e, obs. forms of RAMMEL sbl-
Ramakin, variant of RAMEKIN.
Ramal (re'-mal), a. [f. L. ram-its branch.]
1. Bot. Of or belonging to a branch; growing
on or out of a branch.
1856 HENSLOW Bot. Terms. 1861 BENTLEYJI/<Z». Bot. 135
The leaves which arise from the main stem are called
cauline; those from the branches rainal.
2. Anat. and Zool. Pertaining to a ramus; of
the character of a ramus. 1891 in Cent. Diet.
Ramal, obs. f. RAMMEL sbl Ramallie, obs. f.
RAMILIE.
t Ramalling. Obs. rare-". \aA.Y.raHiaillage,
f. ramaillcr (see def.).] The process of scraping
the hair from the skins in the manufacture of
chamois leather.
1727-41 CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v. Shammy. Kid and goats-
skins.. when brought from the mill .. undergo a particular
preparation, called ramalling ; the most delicate and difficult
of all the others. [Description follows,]
Ramanand, obs. Sc. var. KEMANENT. Ram-
andan, obs. f. RAMADAN. Ramaquin, var.
RAMEKIN.
t Ramas s , sb. Sc. Obs. rare — ', [a. F. ramas
(1549) heap, collection, etc., f. ramasser : see next.]
A summary, re'sume.
1606 BIRNIE Kirk-BimalH\&$$ 32 This ramasse of these
reasons in the bygone discourse being thus made.
t Ramass, z*.1 Obs. Also 7 remass, rarnash,
rammass. [ad. F. ramasser (1539), f. re- RE- +
amasser AMASS.] trans. To gather together.
1589 HAKLUYT Voy. To Rdr. * 3 b, Those wearie volumes
. . most vntruly and vnprofitablie ramassed and hurled
together. 1613-18 DANIEL Coll. Hist. Kng. 199 Phillip. . had
ramassed one of the fayrest Armies, .that ever was scene in
France. 1650 T. VAUGHAN Anthroposofhia 54 If 1 will but
ramash all that be. 1659 Worldin Moon iHalliwell, s.v.),
When they have ramast many of sever.il kindes and tastes
they open one vessel, and then another.
z'.- rare. Forms : 6 ramassh, 8
RAMBAND.
rammass. [ad. F. ramasser (1606), f. ramasse
sledge of branches, ad. It. ramassa, f. raino, L.
ramus branch.] trans. To convey on a sledge of
branches such as is used in certain parts of the
Alps for descending snow slopes.
1511 GUYLFORIIE Pitgr. (Camden) 80 From the hyght of the
inountc downe to Lyuyngborugh I was ramasslied, wlnche
is a right straunge thynge. 1792 A. YOUNG Trav. France
257 When arrived at the precipice, .the mule is dismissed,
and the rammassing begins.
Kamayle, obs. f. RAMELL rf.2 Kamayn,
-and, obs. Sc. ff. REMAIN, REMANENT. Ram-
azan, var. RAMADAN. Ramb, obs. f. RAM z/.i
f Ramband. ? error for rampand f. RAMP v.
a 1300 Cursor M. 24447 (Cott.) Apon mi tas oft-sith i stod,
Roles ramband \GStt. raxland] to ^ rode.
t Rambarre, v. Sc. Obs, rare. [a. F. rem-
tifirrcr, f. re- RE- + embarrer EMBAB.] trans.
To beat or force back.
1644 HUME Hist. Dang. 290 They were quickly rambarred,
and beaten back by those that had been left of purpose in
the Court. 1819 W. TENNANT Papistry Storm'd (1827) 165
To rambarre The shock o' that near-comin' war.
Rambe, obs. form of RAM.
|| Ramberge. Obs. rare. Also 7 -barge,
[obs. F. ram-, rent-, rauberge (Godef.), ad. Eng.
ROW-BARGE.] A long, narrow, swift war-vessel
formerly used by the English.
Described by Du Bellay (Memoires x., an. 1545).
[1636 in BLOUNT Glossogr., copying Cotgr.] 111693 Ur-
yuAart's Rabelais III. li. 416 The huge Rambarges, mighty
Gallloons, the large Floyts [etc.].
Ramble (rae-mb'l), st.i [f. the vb.]
1. An act of rambling ; a walk (f formerly any
excursion or journey) without definite route or
other aim than recreation or pleasure.
. 1654 GAYTON Pleas. Notes iv. xx. 268 Witches areconfin'd
in their night rambles, to egge shels. 1662 PEPYS Diary
30 June, So through bridge to Blackfryers, and home ; she
being much pleased with the ramble in every particular of
"• i?»5 BERKELEY Let. to Prior 15 Oct. Wks. 1871 IV. 1 15,
I have been these five weeks in a ramble through England.
1791 BOSWELL Johnson an. 1776, 21 Mar., Next morning. .
we set out in a post-chaise to pursue our ramble. 1810
CRABBE &»•<?»?•/< xxiv, Then walks were made, Not a sweet
ramble, but a slow parade. 1854 B'NESS BUNSEN in Hare
Life (1879) II. iv. 173 A most delightful ramble up a dell
trans/, and /if. 1659 H. MORE Immort. Soul m. xiv.
§ 10. 479 This wild and audacious ramble from a more
secure state. (11700 in Somers Tracts (1748) I. 269 This
Ramble of Imagination is not altogether a Dream. 1818
KEATS Endym. i. 932 A brook— Whose silver ramble..
Tracing along,— it brought me to a cave.
b. Phr. On or upon the ramble = rambling.
1700 T. BROWN Amusem. Ser. Com. 19, I will set both his
and my Imagination on the Ramble. 1733 SWIFT Corr
(1841) II. 714 Since I left that place.. I have been still upon
the ramble. 1792 CHARLOTTE SMITH Desmond III. 167,
I . .shall be upon the ramble for some time.
2. Rambling, incoherence, rare.
01716 SOUTH Sermons (1737) II. 107 Put off with ramble
and confused talk, babble, and tautology. Ibid. 159 Their
prayers ; so full of ramble and inconsequence.
Ra'mble, sb* Coal-mining. Also ram(m)ell.
[? var. of RAMMEL sbt ; but cf. Sw. ramla to fall
down.] A thin bed of shale lying above a coal-
seam, which falls down as the coal is taken out,
and requires to be separated from it. Also Comb
1851 GREENWELLCW-TVWir Terms 41 At some collieries,
an extra allowance . . is made for hewing with ramble
1893-4 Labour Commission, Gloss. 66 An extra allowance
called ramble-money1.
Ramble (rse-mb'l), v. Also 7 ramel. [Of
obscure formation : cf. crumble, scramble. An
earlier form appears to have been romble RUMBLE.]
1. intr. Of persons: To wander, travel, make
one s way about (now usually to walk) in a free
unrestrained manner and without definite aim or
direction, f Formerly sometimes conj. with be.
1620 T. PEYTON Paradise in Farr S. P. Jas. 7(1848) 178
Haumg rambled in the sacred keele About the world? 1672
R. MONTAGU in BuccUuch MSS. (Hist. MSS. Comm.) I. «7
I go tomorrow towards Italy, where 1 will ramble for two
n't f?hmu I7" ?7EELE Sfect- No. 96 r 2, I .. went
out of the House to ramble wherever my Feet would carrv
me. 1754 WARBURTON in W. & Hurd Lett. (1809) 165 He is
(T 'IT,, ?f<?^™- '«°7-8 W. IRVING TJZg
1824) 260 A delightful piece of wood and water, where he
it ramble on a summer's noon. 1880 L. STEPHEN Pate
iv. 89 He was often rambling about on horseback
b. fig. with ref. to mental pursuits or studies.
1650 1 VAUGHAN Anthroposophia 2, I studied several
rfi™ ,rr 71?1 i1 over M those Inventions which the folly
t man i call d Sciences. ,669 STURMY Mariner's Mag. Ep.
£.' c 'rambled o«f a" these Mathematical Inven-
tions. 1726 BOLINGBROHE Lett. Stud. Hist. v. (1752) 140
We must not ramble in this field without discernment or
choice, nor even with these must we ramble too long.
c. transf. of things (material and immaterial).
1665 BOYLE Occas. Refl. iv. i. (1848) 167 My roving
rfltcesg ^sTw"1 Var!oc-us Dreams' ramhli"S 'o dadSS
Places 1800 WoRDSw. Seven Sisters vi, The stream . . As
through the glen it rambles, Repeats a moan. 1858 GLENNY
a®Eftflyst£ lhey lplantsl be neglected
a. intr. To wander in discourse (spoken or
written) ; to write or talk incoherently or without
natural sequence of ideas.
l«4« [«• RAMBLING vbl. sf.]. 1692 DRYDEN St. Euremont's
129
Ess.-i-j, I should then ramble from the Subject I have pro-
posed to my self. 1710 SWIFT Jrnl. to Stella 19 Oct., My
pen is apt to ramble when 1 think who I am writing to.
1825 COBBETT Km: Riiics 282 He rambled on in a childish
sort of way. 1850 KjHOU.IV Alt. Locke xi, He rambled off
into a long jumble of medical-officers.
3. trans. To wander over. rare.
1825 in Hone Every-rlay Bk. I. 291, I ramble the rough
highland bills.
Ramble, variant of RAMMEL s/>.2
t Ramble-berry. Obs. rare-1.
App. a prepared dish ; cf. ale-, bread-berry.
1658 Phillida fonts me in Wit restored 166 Curds and
Cream,. . Wigge and whay. .And ramble-berry.
t Ra-mble-hea:ded, a. Obs. rare- •'. [/.RAM-
BLE sb. or #.] Of a wandering, giddy disposition.
a 1761 RICHARDSON Grandison (1902) VI. i. 2 Lord, how
we ramble-headed [1754 rambling-headed] creatures break
in upon ourselves.
Rambler (roe'mbbj). [f. RAMBLE v. + -EB i.]
One who rambles.
r 1624 MASSINGER Parl. Love iv. iii, My young rambler,
That thought to cheat me. .1 have in the toil already. 1750
LADY M. W. MONTAGU Let. to Ctess Bute 17 Oct., You will
think me a great rambler, being at present far distant from
the date of my last letter. 1808 SCOTT A/arm, i. xxv, I love
such holy ramblers. 1846 LANDOR Imag. Conv. Wks. II.
207 It collects all ramblers and gamblers.
b. A rose which straggles or climbs freely, esp.
the Crimson Rambler. Also attrib.
1837 T. RIVERS R ose Amateur' sGuide 43 Dundee Rambler
is. .one of the best. Ibid., Lovely Rambler, or the Crimson
Ayrshire, is. .semi-double. 1895 Weslm. Gaz. 16 July 4/3
The Queen . . inspected the new crimson rambler rose.
Ra-mble-scra-mble, a. [f. RAMBLE v. +
SCRAMBLE z;.] Wanting in system j confused.
1833 ARNOLD in Stanley Life (1844) I. vii. 306 The Penny
and Saturday Magazines are all ramble-scramble. 1864
KNIGHT Passages Work. Life II. xv. 322 The engravings
were superior; the writing was less ramble-scramble.
Rambling (rarmblin), vbl. sb. [f. RAMBLE v.
+ -ING!.] The action of the vb., in its various
senses. Also in//.
1624 MASSINGER Parl. Lane v. i, For this gallant, sir, I do
confess I cooled him— spoiled his rambling. 1640 W. S[TYLE]
tr. De Antisco Span. Gallant 126 Hee.. ought to provide,
that hee doe not often repeate the same words, .. (which
is that which is called rambling), a 1704 T. BROWN
ItHft. at Sat. Persius Wks. 1730 I. 54 When such wild
ramblings got him some poor fame. 1745 POCOCKE Descr.
East II. ii. iii. 277 Rambling makes little alteration in the
mind, unless proper care be taken to improve it. 1833
TENNYSON Millers Dau. 105 Oft in ramblings on the wold,
. . I saw the village lights below. 1897 A llbutfs Syst. Med.
II. 543 Rambling of the mind and delirium.
attrib. 1673 WYCHERLEY Gent. Dancing-Master I. i, To
confine a woman just in her rambling age !
Rambling (ne-mblirj), ppl. a. [f. as prec. +
-ING 2.] That rambles, in various senses of the vb.
1. Of persons or things : Wandering, moving
about, straying from one place to another.
1623 MASSINGER Bondman n. i, Your rambling hunt-smock
feels strange alteration, a 1652 J. SMITH Set. Disc. iii. 53
How these moveable and rambling atoms come to place
themselves so orderly in the universe. 1711 ADDISON Sped.
No. 129 f i Hunting about the whole Town after a rambling
Fellow. 1741 RICHARDSON Pamela I. xvi. (1824) 257 A kind
of rambling rheumatism. 1819 SHELLEY Cyclops 58 Get
along, you horned thing, Wild, seditious, rambling.
b. Of life, etc: Characterized by wandering.
1699 DAMPIER Voy. II. Pref., My first Entrance upon this
Rambling kind of Life. 1718 LADY M. W. MONTAGU Let.
toAbblConti-K) May, I am on the point of removing. Such
is my rambling destiny. 1787 COWPER On Bill Mortality i,
All these, life's rambling journey done, Have found their
home, the grave.
2. Of the thoughts, mind, etc. : Straying from
one subject to another ; unsettled.
"635 QUARLES EmU. iv. xii, What unwonted way Has
scap'd the ransack of my rambling thought. 1700 ASTRY
tr. Saavedra-Faxardo II. 194 Those Means which their
rambling and unquiet Minds prompt 'em to. 1719 DE FOE
Crusoe i. i, My Head began to be fill'd very early with
rambling Thoughts, a 1839 PRAED Poems (1864) II. 14 An
opiate for a rambling head
b. Similarly of speech, discourse, writings, etc.
c 1645 HOWELL Lett. (1650) I. 345 It may seem a rambling
wild speech at first view. 1691 BENTLEY Plial. Introd.
(1699) 17 A Man of much rambling Learning. 1713 STEELE
Guard. No. 34 p i The conversation . .was so very rambling
that it is hard to say what was talked of. 1837 DISRAELI
Yenetia \. x, A long rambling ghost story. 1872 BLACK
Adv. Pliaeton viii. 120 Rambling reminiscences of theatres.
c. Of persons : Given to wandering in thought
or discourse.
1693 J. EDWARDS Author. O. S, N. Test. 124 The usual
mistake of the rambling poets. 1774 J. BRYANT Myt/iol. II.
365 Nonnus is a rambling writer and unacquainted with
method. 1899 Allbutts Syst. Med. VII. 681 The patient
became mildly demented, rambling in speech, and defective
in memory.
3. Of plants : Straggling, spreading or climbing
freely and irregularly.
1728^46 THOMSON Spring 795 O'er his ample sides the
rambling sprays Luxuriant shoot. 1807 CRABBE Sir Eustace
Grey, I've hung upon the ridgy steep Of cliffs and held the
rambling briar. 1882 Garden n Feb. 93/1 One of the
creeping or rambling species.
4. Having an irregular straggling form or plan.
1849 C. BRONTE Shirley I. x. 288 [The house] was antique,
rambling, and incommodious. 1858 HAWTHORNE /•>. ff It.
Note-l>ks. (1872) I. 16 This narrow, crowded, and rambling
street.
RAME.
Ramblingly (nvmblirjli), adv. [f. prec. +
-LY a.] I,, a rambling manner.
„ . -~ n-l ••"-- "-.-. »«O3 I^UKAN rlclHCK'er
tjueens 11. xi. 207 He.. ran his fingers ramblinglv over hi«
harpsichord.
So Ka-mblingness.
1835 JAMES Gijfy I. vi. 163 Mrs. Falkland's house had
a certain ramblmgness of construction. 1890 Sat. Rev
7 June 690/1 A general ramblingness, so to speak which
used to be characteristic of the female intellect.
Rainbootan, variant of RAMBUTAN.
t Rambooz(e, -buze. Obs. (See quot. 1656.)
There is no evidence of connexion with RUMBOOEE.
1656 BLOUNT Glossogr., Ramboos, a compound drink at
Cambridge, and is commonly made of Eggs, Ale, Wine and
Sugar; but in Summer, of Milk, Wine, Sugar, and Rose
water. 1668 WILKINS Real Char. n. xii. § 4. 296 Other
made Drink, as . . Rambuze, Syllabub, etc. 1815 Hist.
John Decastro I. 226 Giving directions for a hot pot of
rambooze.
Rambostan, -boteen, varr. RAMBUTAN.
II Rambnr(e. Obs. Also 8 -bourg. [F. ram-
bour (Cotgr. rambure), f. Rambures near Amiens.l
A large kind of cooking apple.
1600 SURFLET Countrie Farme in. xlix. 535 Sharpe sowre
1706
...... - 43 The Frank Rambourg
is a large Apple of a broad Figure, having a Coat streaked
with Red.
fRamburse, v. Sc. Obs. rare-", [ad. F.
rembourser, f. re- + embourser IMBURSE.] trans.
To reimburse. Hence Eambursing vbl. sb.
1582 Burgh Kec. Edinb. (1882) 229 The obligatioun . . for
rambursing to the guid towne of the x"' merkis lent to the
Kingis Grace.
Rambustious, variant of RUMBUSTIOUS a.
1853 LYTTON My Navel III. xi. xix. 364 That black-
whiskered alligator, the Baron, . . those rambustious, un-
christian filbert-shaped claws of his.
Rambutan, -bootan (rrembw tan). Also 8
rum-, rambostan, rambustine, 9 ramboutan,
ramboteen. [a. Malay L>5^«) rambutan, f. ram-
but hair, in allusion to its villose covering.] The
fruit of Nephelium lappaceum, a tree of the Malay
archipelago, having a reddish coat, covered with
soft spines or hairs, and pulp of a subacid flavour.
The forms with s are prob. due to association with MANGO-
STEEN, which also exhibits the substitution of -ine, -een for
-an in the last syllable, as in rambustine, -boteen.
1707 FUNNELL Voy. x. 286 The Rumbostan is about the
bigness of a Walnut. 1779 T. FORREST Voy. N. Guinea 323
They have also . . Mangoes, Mangustines, Rambustines.
1772-84 COOK Voy. (1790) 1. 281 The rambutan contains
a fruit within which is a stone, that is perhaps the finest
acid in the world. 1815 W. THORN Cony. Java 212 The
Ramboutan is;.of a very pleasant t.nste. 1852 F. A. NEALE
:ii. 194 The bilimby, the ramboteen and the
Resid. Siatn xii
sour-sop. 1880 Nature XXIII. 143/2 The mango, pine-
apple, durian, rambutan.
Rambuze, variant of RAMBOOZ(E Obs.
Ra-m-cat. Now only dial. [f. RAM rf.l : see
CAT sb.l i b.] A male cat.
1672 JOSSELYN New Eng. Rarities 16 The Ounce or Wild
Cat, is about the bigness of two lusty Ram Cats. 1751
SMOLLETT Per. Pic. (1779) II. xlviii. 103 The skin and feet
of a special ram-cat, newly flayed. 1802 WOLCOTT (P
Pindar) Gt. Cry ff Lit. Wool Wks. 1816 IV. 264 He..
a|ready has kill'd one Ram Cat. 1809 W. IRVING Knickerb.
vn. (1820) 414 Like two furious ram cats on the very point
of a clapper-clawing. 1880- in dial, glossaries (Som., Devon,
Cornwall).
Ramdam, obs. form of RAMADAN.
Rame (r^m), sb.l Now only dial. [Perh. =
MDu. rame (Du. roam), OHG. rama (MHG.
ram, rame, G. rahtn, rahmen) frame, framework.]
a. (Chiefly//.) The bones or skeleton (of a human
being or animal), b. dial. The mere skeleton
or framework (of a thing) ; also, dried stalks.
1497 Will of Otteley (Somerset Ho.), Where my wif lieth
buried so that the bones of her be not digged up but to ly
upon the Rame of the same bones. 1581 J. BELL H addon's
Answ. Osor. 40 b. Natural! fooles do detest the stincking
Rames . . of that Rebellious traytour. Ibid. 460 b, Would
any man dought but that her Rames [L. ossa] would have
bene bragged upon. 1847 in HAI.LIWELL. tSSo- in south-
western glossaries (Glouc., Som., Devon, Cornwall).
Rame (r^'m), sb.* rare. [a. F. rame:—L.
ramus branch, RAMUS.] A branch of a tree or
shrub ; also fransf. of a nerve, etc.
1578 BANISTER Hist. Man vm. 109 [This] braunch [of
nerve], .is reflected aboue the wrest, there into three proper
rames specially deuided. [1858 O. W. HOLMES Aestivation i.
in Aut. Breakf.-t. 255 The foles, languescent, pend from
arid rames.] a 1893 T. HENEY Wood Notes xi. (Funk!, The
Wattles crown With golden down Their sombre rames.
Rame (r^m), sb.'& Sc. Also rharne. [f. RAME
w.1] A cry ; a continuous repetition of the same
words or sound. (Cf. RANK si>.)
1808 JAMIESON s.v., It is said of one, fie has ay ae rame,
when he continues to cry for the same thing or to repeat
the same sound. 1822 HOGG Perils of Man I. 244 The
poet can bring out naething but rhames o'. .nonsense.
Rame (r^m), z/.l Sc. and north, dial. Also
6 raym, 9 rhame, raim, ream. [Prob. f. ON.
hrcim-r a scream, cry.]
17
RAME.
1. inlr. To shout, cry aloud, scream ; dial, to
keep up the same cry, to continue repeating the
same thing. (Cf. RANK v.)
c 1470 Got. ff Ga-w. 693 The roy ramyt for reuth. 1513
DOUGLAS SEneis vn. x. 76 Thay rame and cry fast on the
King Latyne. £1560 A. SCOTT Poems (S. T. S.) xxxiv. 51
3e rame as ;e wer rent. 1808 in JAMIESON. 1829 in
BROCKETT. 1876- in northern glossaries (Yks., Northumb.).
2. trans, fa. To obtain by persistent asking. Obs.
1500-10 DUNBAR Poems Ix. 33 Sum ramyis ane rokkat fra
the roy.
b. To repeat, run over.
1818 HOGG Brownie of Bodsbeck II. 76 She'll rhame o'er
bladds o' scripture to them. 1822 — Perils of Man II. 262,
I heard Will . . rhaming o'er the names o* a' the saints he
had ever heard of.
Hence I'Ra. ming vbl. sb. Obs.
1513 DOUGLAS /Eneis v. vi. 94 With loude ramyngis and
with mony a schout. 1551 Sc. Acts Mary (1814) 487 Nane
of thame may pas throw the streittis for raining and crying
vpone thame.
t Rame, v.2 Obs. rare -1. (Sense not clear.)
c 1205 LAY. 7854 pa Rom-leoden rameden ieond uj>en.
Rame, obs. form of RAM.
|| Ram6 (ranur), a. Her. [F.,f. rame branch.]
= ATTIRED///, a. 4.
1878 in BURKE General Armory p. xliv.
Rameal (r^'-m^al), a. Bot* [a. F. ramfat, f.
rame branch.] — K AMAL.
x8s« GRAY in Smithsonian Contrib. KnowUtigt V. vi. 77
Leaves 12 to 18 lines long, .the smaller rameal ones some-
times contracted at the base.
Rameal, »mel, app. erron. ff. CAKAMRL.
1584 Bk. of Ratest Ramels the c[wt.) .. x /*. 1660 /£«£,
Melasses or Rameales the hundred weight . . 01 /.
Ramean (r^-nw'ian), a. and sb. [f. Ramus
(see RAHIST) + -(E)AN.] a. adj. Belonging to,
connected with, Ramus. b. sb. A Ramist.
1710 tr. Bayle's Diet. (1735) IV. 842/1 A dissertation for the
Ramean Philosophy. 1838-0 HALLAM Hist. Lit. i. vii.
§ 13 note. The sixth stage of Aristotle's fortune Launoy
reckons to be the Ramean controversy, a 1880 J. McCLiN-
TOCK& J. STRONG Cycl. Bib, Lit. VIII. 900 The faults of the
Ramean system of dialectics have long been acknowledged.
Ramed, a. Naut. [? f. RAME sbl] (See quot.)
1867 SMYTH Sailor's Word-bk. 559 Rained^ the state of
a ship on the stocks, when all the frames are set upon the
keel, the stein and stern-post put up, and the whole adjusted
by the ram-line.
Ramed(e, obs. Sc. ff. REMEDE. Ramee, var. of
RAMIE. Ramefy, obs. f. RAMIFY. Ramege, var.
RAMAGE a. Rameid, obs. Sc. f. REMEDE.
Ramekin, ramequin (ras'mekin). Forms :
8 ramme(l)kin, 8- ramequin, 9 ramekin, -akin,
-aquin. [ad. F. ramequin (1690) of dub. etym.
Cf. obs. Flem. rammeken toasted bread (Kilian).]
A small quantity of cheese, with bread-crumbs,
eggs, etc., usually baked and served in a special
mould. Chiefly//.
1706 PHILLIPS, Ratrttguin (Fr.in Cookery), toasted Cheese
and Bread, a Toast and Cheese. Ramequins are also small
slices of Bread-crum cover'd with a Farce made of pounded
Cheese, Eggs and other Ingredients bak'd in a Pie-pan.
1754 Connoisseur No. 19 Toasted cheese is already buried
in rammelkins. 1819 H. BUSK Banquet n. 647 Your rame-
kins too rich.. Your fricassee too fat. 1864 A. B. KIRWAN
Host <$• Guest 198 At large dinners in London, cheese is
oftenest eaten in the form of ramequins, or grated Parmesan,
and other preparations. 1879 B'ham Weekly Post 8 Feb.
1/4 We had hot cheese, like ramakins.
attrib. 1894 Westm* Gaz. 2 June 8/2 Butter some small
ramekin moulds. 1804 C. H. SENN Pract. Gastron. 551 Fill
the mixture in little French china ramaquin cases.
Rainel, obs. form or var. of RAMBLE sb* and v.t
RAMEAL, and RAMMEL j£.l
t Ra*melande. (Of obscure form and meaning.)
Perh. written for rawf/( = rammel, rubbish) ande.
a 1320-30 E. E. Allit. P. C. 279 Nowhere he fyndez No
rest ne recouerer, hot ramelande myre.
fRa*melet. 06s. rare~~l. [f. Y.rame branch
+ -LET.] A small branch, twig. In quot.y^.
1652 URQUHART Jeiuel Wks. (1834) 200 For better under-
standing whereof, with all its dependant boughs, sprigs, and
ramelets, I have set down [etc.].
Ramell, obs. form of RAMMEL sbl
Ramellie(sv obs. variant of RAMILIE.
Raniellose (rse'mel^is), a. [f. mod.L. ramell-
us, dim. of ramus (cf. RAMULUS) + -OSE.] Bear-
ing, or having the form of, small ramuli.
iflga Smithsonian Contrib. Knowl. V. v. 205 Branches ex-
cessively divided, ramellose. 1872 H.C. WOOD Fresh- 1 Vater
Algxw] Fasciculi of extreme branches densely ramellose.
Ramembrance, obs. Sc. f. REMEMBRANCE.
Rament (r^'-ment). [ad. L. RAMENTUM.]
fl. //. Scrapings. Obs. rare.
1670 W. SIMPSON Hydrol. Ess. 143 A saxum nitrosum, or
raments of stone. 167$ E. W[ILSON] Spadacr. Dnnelm. 38
This Liquor thus replenish 'd . . with the raments of Iron.
2. Bot. - RAMENTUM 2.
18x9 in Pantologia X.
Bamentaceous (rsement^'Jas), a. Bot. [f.
RAMENT-UM + -ACEOUS.]
1. Covered with ramenta or scales.
1816 KEITH Phys. Bot. I. 75 A branch or stem that is
covered with thin and dry scales or flaps is said to be
ramentaceous. 1845 LiNDLEY^rA. Bot. ix. (1858) 154 Leaves
simple,, .with a ramentaceous stalk. 1866 Treas, Bot. 957/1.
130
2. Resembling ramenta.
1861 BKNTI.KY Man. Bat. 48 Other modifications . . are the
ramenta or ramentaceous hairs so abundant upon Ferns.
Ramenti'ferous, a. Bot. [f. as . prec. -t-
-;I)PEROOS.] Bearing ramenta.
1886 Athtnyum 27 Nov. 711/2 The ramentiferous surfaces
not extending to the apex.
II Ramentum (rame-nt#m). Chiefly in pi.
ramenta. [L., f. rader c : see RASE z*.1]
1. A fragment scraped off; fan atom, mote.
1661 RAY Thru Itin. (1846) 174 Common, or rain, water
falling upon a stone, doth continually carry away some
insensible ramenta, or atoms, of it. 1678 CUDWORTH Intel/.
Sy*t. I. iii. § 14. 115 Those Ramenta that appear in the air
when the sun-beams are transmitted through cranies.
zBzz 34 Good's Study Mea. (ed. 4) I. 73 Sir Gilbert Blane..
considers the salivary glands as one of the outlets for the
ramenta of the bones.
2. Bot. A thin membraneous scale formed on
the surface of leaves and stalks.
1819 in Panlologia X. 1831 LINDLEV Introd. Bot. 41
Ramenta . . are particularly numerous . . upon the petioles
and the backs of the leaves of Ferns. 1871 NICHOLSON
Falxont. 480 Rhizomata. .covered with hairs or rameuta.
Rameous (if'-mi^s), a. Bot. [f. L. ranttis
branch + -KOl'S.] Of or belonging to branches.
1760 LEE Introd. Bot. m. iv. (1765) 172 Rameous, belong-
ing to the Branches. 1833 LINDLEV httrod. Bot. 416.
1866 Treat. Bot. 957/1.
Ramequin, variant of RAMEKIN.
Ramera, Rames, obs. ff. REMORA, RAMS.
Ramesan, obs. form of ramazan, RAMADAN.
Raniessid (rre-mesid), -ide (-aid), si. and a.
Also Rameside. [ad. Gr. type *'Paniaaitijs, f.
'Pa/jtVoijs Rameses + -iSijs, patronymic suffix.] A
member of the Egyptian royal family during the
n>th and 2Oth dynasties.
1854 C. H. COTTRELL tr. Bunscn's Egypfs place iw Univ.
Hist. II. 571 The Ramessides of this [aoth] Dynasty have
generally been made use of for completing the lotli. 1875
S. BIKCH Egypt fr. Earliest Times iv. 154 The Theban line
of the Ramessids appears to have been broken up [etc.].
b. attrib. or as adj.
1859 C. H. COTTRELL tr. Simsen's Egypt's flacc in Univ.
Hist. III. 160 The confusion of the Sesostride and Rames-
side legends. 1864 Athettxum No. 1937. 786/1 The great
Pharaohs of the Ramesside dynasty. 1875 S. BIRCH Effypt
/r. Earliest Times iv. 154 A princess.. of the Ramessid line.
II Ra'mex. Med. Obs. [L.] A rupture, hernia.
1608-9 MIDDLETON Widow iv. H, I thought 't had been
some gangrene, fistula, Canker, or ramex. 1753 CHAMBERS
Cycl. Supp., Ramex, a word used by some as a name for
hernia or rupture.
Ramezan, obs. form of ramazan, RAMADAN.
Ramfee-zled, a. St. Worn out, exhausted.
1785 BURNS 2«<V Ep. J. Lapraik 13 The tapetless ram-
feezl d hizzie. 1890 SERVICE Notandvms ix. 63 He wrochl
awa till he was ramfeezled.
tRamforce, ».i Obs. Chiefly Sc. Also 6
-forse. [var. KANFORCE. q.v.] trans. To fortify,
strengthen (a wall, rampart, etc.) ; to block up,
barricade (a gate or door).
1570 Burgk Rec. Edinb. (1875) 269 The counsall ordanis
the baillies . . to caus ramforce the Walter Yait. 1583
STOCKER Civ. Warres Lowe C. iv. 56 Thei beganne to . .
ramforce the Rampares, and Vauntmures. 1644 Privy
Council Decreta 2 Oct. 331 She ..caused ramforce the
doores of the kirk with clog stones and otheris the like
materiallis..[and] debarred the people from accesse.
fig. 1581 Satir. Poems Re/orm. xliv. 141 His boss bellie,
ramforsit with creisch and he, Will serue to be a gabion.
b. ? To stop or jam up (cannon).
1633 LITHGOW Trav. m. 104 They scaled the walles, slue
the watches, and vnhappily ramforced all the Canon.
Hence f Hamibrced ppl. a. Obs.
1589 A. HUME Hymns vii. 76 Wks. (S. T. S.) 54 Of mightie
walls and ramforst towers so hie.
Ramforce ring, var. RANFOBCE KING.
1669 STURMV Mariner's Mag. v. 48 (plate).
Ramgu-nshoch, a. Sc. Harsh, ill-tempered.
1721 KELLY Sc. Prov. 348 What makes you so Ramgun-
shoch to me? 1795 BURNS Had I the vjyte ii, Our ram-
gunshoch glum gudeman Is out.
t Ra-m-head. Obs. [f. RAM rf.i]
1. One who has a head like a ram ; a dull, thick-
witted, or obstinate person ; also, a cuckold.
1605 Play Stvcley in Simpson Set. Stats. (1878) I. 196
Drum, . . make the ram-heads hear that are within. 1630
t. TAYLOR (Water P.) Taylor's Pastorall 54 To be cald
Ramhead is a title of honour. 163* MASSINGER & FIELD
Fatal Denary n. i, Were it my father's trunk, The tyrannous
ram-heads with their horns should gore it
2. ffaut. A halyard block : see RAM'S-HEAD 2.
1514 in Oppenheim Adm. Royal Navy (1896) I. App. A.
Ramehedes with ij shevers of Brasse. 1616 CAPT. SMITH
Acrid. Yng. Seamen n The ram heads, the Knights. 1704
in HARRIS Lex. Techn.
3. Part of the arm of a crane.
1611 COTGR., Mollette, . . the ram-head of a fearne, or
windlesse. 1686 Loud. Gaz. No. 2183/4 Stolen, .. a Crane
Rope cut, and the Ram-head of Iron. 1729 DESAGULIEBS
in Phil. Trans. XXXVI. 200 The End of the Gibbet g
with the Ram-head r, and the Weight hanging at it.
Hence t Ea-m-head v. trans., to give horns to,
to make a cuckold of. Obs.
1713 Poor Robin (N.), For fear you should be this day
wedded, And on the next day be ram-headed.
Rapm-hea:ded, a. Having the head of a
ram ; Jig. thick-headed.
RAMIFLOROTTS.
1813 SCOTT Let. to Morritt 12 Jan. in Lockhart, To
enlighten the understanding of an old ram-headed sheriff
who was usually named Leather-head. 1865 J. H. INGRA-
HAM Pillar of Fire (1872) 213 The worship of . . the sacred
ox at On, and of the ram-headed Ammon at Thebes,
Rami, pi. of RAMUS.
Ram-ian, obs. form of RAMADAN.
tRa-mic, a. Ois.'rarf-'. [f. Kam-us (see
RAMIST) + -ic.] = RAMEAN.
1633 Rl SANDERS Physiogn. 165 The Aristotelick and
Ramick Philosophy.
Ramicle (ra mik'l). Zool. [ad. L. type *rami-
ctilus, dim. of rSmtis branch.] A small branch (of
a zoophyte).
1846 DANA Zooph. (1848) 463 Ramicles much crowded.
Ramicorn (rse'mikfun), st>. and a. [ad. L.
type *rd»u'cornis, f. ramus branch + cornu horn.]
A. si. Ornith. The horny sheath of the rami of
the lower mandible.
1866 COUES in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia 176
The ramicorn which covers the sides of the rami of the
lower mandible is chiefly noticeable for the peculiar outline
of its base.
B. adj. Ent. Having ramified antennae. (In
recent Diets.)
Ramiculose (rami-ki/fl^s), a. Zool. [ad. L.
type *ramiculosus, !. * ramiculus : see RAMICLB
and -OSE.] Characterized by ramicles.
1846 DANA Zooph. (1848) 465 Erect arborescent, stem ..
laterally ramiculose.
Ramie (ranm). Also ramee. [Malay ^el^
rami.] a. A Chinese and East Indian plant of the
nettle family, Bcehmtria nivea, called also Rhea
and grass-cloth plant, b. The fine fibre of this
plant, extensively employed in weaving.
[1817 RAFFLES Java I. 7 Among plants, the widtri and
rtlmi, the fibres of the latter afford very strong and durable
cords.) 1888 Times 22 Sept. 6/8 The best machine for ex-
tracting the fibre of ramie in a green state. 1897 West™.
Gaz. 3 July 6/2 The canvas is made of Indian ramee.
attrif. and Comb. 1884 KNIGHT Diet. Mech. Suppl. 742/1
Ramie Machinery. 1890 HOSIE West China 73 The cloth
is manufactured from Ramie-fibre.
Rarnit'a-ctive, a. [f. L. ramits branch + FAC-
TlTE.] Forming, or developing into, a branch.
1766 Mtisevm Jiasi. VI. 210 We are ignorant what, in
the natural . .state of a tree, determines a bud to form a rami-
factive, instead of a fructiferous shoot.
Ramiferous (rami-fgras), a. rare. [f. L.
ram-us branch + -(I)FEBOUS.] Bearing branches.
1819 H. BUSK Banquet \. 249 The broad elm, ramiferous
o'er head. 1856 W. CLARK / 'an der Hoeven's Zool. I. 83
Shaft knotty, genicula tumid, ramiferous.
Ra-mincate, v. rare~'. [Latinized form of
RAMIFY, after next.] intr. To branch out.
1844 Eraser's Mag. XXX. 518/1 It is surprising how the
family tree ramificates and widens.
Ramification (ne'mifik^'-Jan). [n. of action
f. med.L. ramificare RAMIFY, perh. after F. rami-
fication (i6th c.).]
1. The action or process of ramifying.
degree of ramification in leaves and branches. 1865 MOZLEY
Mime. i. 207 The ramifications and migrations of the
human race. 1881 WESTCOTT & Hour Grk. N. T. Introd.
§ 12 Transmission ceases . . to retain exclusively the form of
diverging ramification.
b. The branches of a tree collectively.
i8ai CRAIG Ltd. Drawing v. 283 This character . . pervades
. . trunk, ramification, bark, and foliage.
2. A subdivision or single part of a complex
structure analogous to the branches of a tree, esp.
of veins, arteries, and other parts in animals and
plants, and of rivers. Cf. BRANCH sb. 2.
1677 HALE Prim. Orig. Man. I. ii. 65 A ramification of
the nervus intercostalis is also inserted into the Muscle of
the Heart. 1677 PLOT Oxfordsh. 122 In congelations . . we
frequently find curious ramifications, as on Glass-windows
in winter. 1775 ADAIR Amer. Ind. 284 From the small
rivers . . the far -extending ramifications are innumerable.
1813 Sm H. DAVY Agric. Chtm. iii. (1814) 56 The root ..
terminating in minute ramifications and filaments. 1834
R. MUDIE Brit. Birds (1841) I. 14 All feathers are sub-
divided till the ultimate ramifications are exceedingly
minute. 1879 A. R. WALLACE Australasia ii. 23 Like the
Amazon, it sends out forks and ramifications.
b. transf. Of immaterial things.
1755 JOHNSON Diet. Pref., When the radical idea branches
out into parallel ramifications. 1800 COLQUHOUN Ccinm.
Thames Pref., The numerous ramifications of a Commercial
intercourse of unexampled extent. 1849 MACAULAY Hist.
Eng. v. I. 596 One of the ramifications of the Whig plot had
extended thither. 1866 DK. ARGYLL Reign Law i. (ed. 4)
27 Like all central truths, its ramifications are infinite.
Ramified (nt-mifaid), ///. a. [f. RAMIFY v.
+ -ED 1.] Branched, characterized by ramification.
1672 GREW Idea Philos. Hist. PI. § 6 As of Roots, in
being Thick or Slender, . . Stringed or Ramified. 1709 J.
ROBERTSON Agric. Perth 329 Their horns.. are solid, cylin-
drical and ramified. 1863 H. SPENCER Ess. II. 205 The
ramified consequences that laws have produced.
RamifloTcms, a. Bot. [f. L. ramus branch +
for-,Jlos flower -t- -ous. Cf. F. ramiflore] Flower-
ing on the branches.
1880 A. GRAY Struct. Bot. Gloss.
RAMIFORM.
Bamifprm (rse-mif/jm). a. [f. as prec. +
-FORM : cf. F. ra>iiifornic.~\ Branch-like ; ramified.
1822-34 Good's Study Mai. (ed. 4) II. 556 The ramiform
expansion of a minute vein. 1853 KANE Grinnell E.rp.
xlviii. (1856) 449 The water gorges were more ramiform.
Ramify (.nu-mifai), v. Also 6 ramefy, -ifye,
-yfye, 6-7 ramifle. [ad. F. ramijier (1314), ad.
med.L. ramijicdre, {. ramus branch : see -FY.]
1. intr. Of trees and plants or their parts : To
form branches, to branch out, extend in the form
of branches.
1576 NEWTON Lemnie's Complex. (1633) 212 Those Trees
and Sprayes that doe not burgen and ramifie. a 1735 ARBUTH-
NOT Aliments iii. 64 When they [asparagus plants] are older,
and begin lo ramify, they lose this Quality. 1842 LANCB
Cottage Farmer 18 The roots are allowed to ramify and
collect additional nourishment.
2. inlr. To extend or spread in a number of
subdivisions or offshoots analogous to branches;
esp. Anat. of veins, nerves, etc.
1578 BANISTER Hist. Man via. 109 That [nerve] which
runneth inward . . ramifieng to that first Muscle. 1646 SIR
T. BROWNE Pseud. Ef. n. v. (1672) 97 Whether . . some
[Corals] . . were able even iu their stony natures to ramifie
and send forth branches. 1787 HUNTER in Phil. Trans.
LXXVII. 419 The branches of the bronchia; which ramify
into the lungs. 1822-34 Good's Study tied. (ed. 4) I. 223
[Cholera] spread.. to Panwell, where it ramified north and
south. 1861 MAY Const. Hist. (1863) II. xiv. 428 Dissent
had grown and spread and ramified throughout the land.
1888 BRYCE Anier. Commw. I.xxviii. 443 The machinery of
the National government ramifies over the whole Union.
3. intr. To break up, divide, into branches or
analogous parts.
1541 R. COPLAND Guydon's Quest. Chirurg. G j b, Yet
agaynwarde they ramyfye in to two partyes. 1805 W.
SAUNDERS Min. Waters 12 A system of cylindrical vessels
generally ramifying into minute branches. 1822-34 Good's
Study Med. (ed. 4) I. 177 Esculent colic may be justly con-
templated as ramifying into the three following varieties.
1856 OLMSTED Slave States 93 The road, which for a short
distance further was plain enough, soon began to ramify.
4. trans. To cause to shoot out, spread, or extend
after the manner of branches. (Somewhat rare in
active voice ; the passive is freq. in igth c.)
1365 J. HALL Crt. Yerluc 31 b, But we O Lorde, that
he alyue, Thy prayse wyll spreade and ramifye. 1378
BANISTER Hist. Man v. 78 The braunches . . are ramified
abroad through the thinne Membran. 1620 T. GRANGER
Divine Logike 296 The seede, or roote out of which all the
specials following, .are as it were procreated, and ramified.
1767 GOOCH Wounds I. 273 The vessels, which are ramefied
in, and upon the plicatures of the/>w Mater. 1825 MAC-
LAREN Railways 27 Railways . . may be ramified over a
whole country. 1860 TYNDALL Glac. n. xxiv. 357, I have
seen the internal liquefaction ramify itself like sprigs of
myrtle.
5. To separate into branches or analogous
divisions. Also absol.
1800 JEFFERSON Writ. (1859) Iv- 313 Some of these articles
are too much for one professor and must therefore be rami-
fied. 1822-34 Good's Study Med_. (ed. 4) I. 543 The varia-
tions of the pulse [have] been ramified into so many divisions
and sub-divisions. Ibid. II. 105 In dividing them into two
distinct sub-species, . . he ramifies very unnecessarily.
Hence Ka'mifying vbl. sb. and///, a.
1682 GREW Anat. Leaves iv. § 17 The Distribution of the
Threds which the Vessels compose, is not the Ramifying of
Greater Pipes into Less. 1822-34 Good's Study Med. (ed. 4)
III. 108 fanaticism .. may .. rage with all the ramifying
power of an epidemic. 1884 BOWER & SCOTT De Barfs
Phaner. 62 Branch-endings of ramifying conical hairs.
Ramigerous (ritari-dj&as),*. Bat. [f.L.ram-us
-t- -(I)GEBOUS.] = Ramiierous. In recent Diets.
fRa-millet. Obs. rare-1, [ad. Sp. ramillele.}
A bouquet or nosegay of flowers.
c 1620 T. ROBINSON Mary Magd. 364 Faire ramillets and
posies hee preepares.
Ramillie (roe-mili). Obs. exc. Hist. Also 8
ramallie, -ellie(s, 8-9 ramilie, 9 ramil(l)ies.
[From Ramillies in Belgium, the scene of Marl-
borough's victory in 1706.]
1. attrib. Applied a. to a wig having a long plait
behind tied with a bow at top and bottom (so also
with tail') ; b. to a method of cocking the hat.
c 1740 A. ALLEN MS. Diet., Ramellies-Cock. . .So a Ramilie
wig i. the twisted Tail Wig. 1767 STERNE Tr. Shandy IX.
n, Putting my uncle Toby's great ramallie wig inlo pipes.
1858 CARLYLE Fredk. Gt. v. iii. (1872) II. 83 Drinking cham-
pagne in ramilies wigs.
2. absol. A Ramillie wig or tail.
1752 Monthly Rev. Feb. 121 A head of fine flaxen hair . .
braided into a ramillie. 1816 SCOTT A ntff. xvii, Sir Arthur's
ranmies being the positive, his own bob-wig the compara-
I've-..'88S A. DOBSON At Sign of Lyre 118 Giving his
Ramillie a whisk.
Hence Ra'millied a. = RAMILLIE I a.
1792 BUDWORTH Fortn. Ramble ii. 10 Decorated with a
ramilhed peruke.
Ramiparous (rami-paras), a. Bot. [f. L. ram-us
•f -(I)PAROUS.] That produces branches.
1866 Trias. Hot. 957/1.
Ramiram, erron. form of rainizam, RAMADAN.
Ramish, obs. form of RAMMISH a.
Ramism (rJi-miz'm). [f. Kamus (see next) +
-I8M.J The logical system of Ramus.
. 1710 tr. Bayle's Diet. (,7,5) IV. 842/2 RamiMn had been
introduced into the universities of Holland, if Scaligcr and
some others had not prevented it. 1882 K. ADA.MSO.N in
131
Encycl.Brit. XIV. 803 Cambridge alone, .was a stronghold
of Ramism.
Ramist (r/i'mist), sb. (and a.}, [f. the name
of A'amus (Pierre de la Ramee, 1515-1572) + -IST.]
A. sb. A follower of Ramus, as the author of
a system of logic opposed in various respects to
the Aristotelian.
1605 CAMDEN Mem. (1636) 112 To reduce surnames to a
methode is matter for a Kamist. 1702 C. MATHER Magn.
Chr. in. iii. (1852) 539 He was an acute Ramist, but yet he
professed himself a lover of a Trichotomy. 1876 BOURNK
Locke I. i. 45 At Oxford, in Locke's day, the Ramists and
anti-Ramists fought out their interminable battle.
B. attrib. or as adj. Of, pertaining to, charac-
teristic of, Ramists or Ramism.
1863 W. C. DOWDING Life Calixtus vi. 40 It is the Ramist
party that the allusion points to. 1882 R. ADAMSON in
Encyel. Brit. XIV. 803 Bacon with well-grounded objection
to much of the Ramist method, expounds the system of
logic with unmistakable reference to the Ramist principles.
Hence f Kamrstical a., pertaining to Ramus or
his system ; Ra'mistry, Ramism.
1627 HAKEWILL Apol. (1630) 261 Even Hooker himselfe
(though otherwise no friend to Ramyslry) acknowledged
that it is of marvellous quicke dispatch. 1636 FEATLY
Clavis Myst. xxi. 277 Whose day after a ramisticall dicho-
tomy being divided into forenoone and afternoone. 1841
KEBLE in Hooker's Wks. (1888) I. 218 note, Ramistry.
Ra-m-ja-m, adv. dial, and slang, [f. RAM v.
+ JAM v.] Ram-jam full, crammed full.
1879 WAUGH Chimney Corner 46 If I wur rain-jam full o'
sixpences, I shouldn't feel comfortable. 1897 Outing (U.S.)
XXX. 487/2 It's truly a royal game, ram-jam full of pluck.
t Ra-mkin. Obs. rare -1. A young ram.
1638 FORD Fancies iv. i, This ramkin hath tupp'd my old
rotten carrion mutton.
Ham-line. [? f. RAM s6.3] (See quots.)
1664 E. BUSHNELL Shipwright 14 A line stretched from
the middle of the Sterne-Post to the middle of the Stem,
called by Ship-wrightes, a Ram-line. 1711 W. SUTHERLAND
Shipbuild. Assist. 27 A Ram-line made fast on the Stem
and Stern-post, and weighed by some Device or other to
steddy it. 1794 Rigging <$• Seamanship I. 8 Ram-linc, a
long line (thicker than common) used to gain a straight
middle-line upon a tree or mast. 1815 BURNEY Falconer's
Mar. Diet., Ram-line, a small rope, or line, sometimes used
to form the sheer of a ship, and to set the beams of the
deck fair.
Ramm, obs. form of RAM sb. and v.
Rammadan, obs. form of RAMADAN.
Rammage, -al(e : see RAMAGE, RAMMEL rf.i
t Rammasche, ? var. RAMAGE a. Obs. rare~l.
Explained by Leyden (1801) as F. rawasst, collected.
'549 Comft. Scot. vi. 38, 1 herd the rumour of .rammasche
fouus ande of beystis that maid grite beir.
Rammass, variant of RAMASS v. Obs.
Ramme, obs. form of RAM sb, and v.
Bammed (rfemd),///. a. [f. RAM z>.i + -ED i.]
Forced in, beaten hard, etc.
1583 STANYHURST jBueit HI. (Arb.) 77 With ramd cramd
garbadge, theire gorges draftye be gulled. 1636 EARL
MONM. tr. Boccalinfs Advts.fr. Parnass. \. xc. (1674) 123
A Musket loaded with ram'd bullets. 1833 LOUDON Encycl.
Arch. § 753 Partitions, .of rammed earth or of cob. 1859
R. THOMPSON Gardener's Assist. 677 The roots do not
penetrate through the rammed chalk.
t Ra-mmee. Obs. rare. Euphemism for DAMME.
1652 Total Rout in Commw. Ball. (Percy Soc.) 133 With
dammees and rammees you addle his brains.
Rammege, variant of RAMAGE a. Obs.
Rammekin, obs. form of RAMEKIN.
Rammel (ne-m'l), s6.l Nowonlyofor/. Forms:
5 ramail, -ayle, -al, 5-6 ramel(le, 4-6, 9 ramell ;
6 rammal(e, -aid, 6-7 rammell, 6-9 rammel,
-il. [In senses I and 2 app. a. OK. ramaille
branches (Godef.), f. rame branch. But the re-
maining senses are not clearly developed from
these, and may really represent a different word.]
1 1. north, and Sc. Brushwood, underwood, small
trees or bushes. Obs.
1373 Ditrh. Halm. Rails (Surtees) 121 Pro transgressione
lacta in Wden, viz. snccidend' ramell'. 1513 DOUGLAS
nfitK vii. 112 The hyrd .. Amang the scroggy rammell
ettis the fyre. 1590 BUHEL Descr. Queen's Entry in Watson
Coll. Sc. Poems (1709) II. i In Tapestries ye micht persaue,
Young Ramd, wrocht like lawrell treis. '
attrib. 1542 Surv. Cheviot in MS. Cott. Calig. B 8, fol. 73 h,
By the ryuers these growyth many allers and other rammell
wood. 1549 Compl. Scot. vi. 37 There vas ane grene bane ful
of rammel grene treis.
2. Small, crooked, or rubbishy branches, esf. from
trees which have been felled and trimmed.
£1420 Pallaii. on Husli. in. 292 The ramail from the
fressher bough to leson Is good. 1611 Imi. in Chesh. Gloss.
(1880) s.v , It. ffyve wayne loads of Coles, some Ramell,
Kids, pooles, & a stone trough, a 1796 PEGGE Derticisms,
Rammel, small spray-wood left after the cord wood, stakes,
and all the larger stuff is taken out. 1886- in dial, glossaries
(W. Som., Chesh., Northumb.l.
3. Rubbish of any kind.
1370-71 Ace. Rolls Durham (Surtees) 209 De ramell
petrarum rem. de ecclesia del Magdeleynes. 1475 IVaterf.
Arcli. in io//[ Rep. Hist. JVSS. Comm. App. V. 312 That
no . . man . . putte no manere dunge, ramell or fylth into the
ryvere. 1569 Chron. St. Martins Leicester (1866) 172 For
C'aryinge y° stones & Rammell away where y8 Crosse
stoode. 1616 Nottingham Rec.(i?&$) IV. 348 For. .clensinge
the streetes, and caryinge away the rammell ..xlvijj-. 1766
Ch. Ace. \t\Rntland Gloss, s.v., For Raming Kainmil out of
the church porch tut. 1832 Huston Hciald 6 Mar. 4 Some
RAMMING.
rammel which had been most improperly placed in Broad-
street 1870 E. PEACOCK Half Ah I. I. ,94 Tak' that
rammil [= mOney] back ; I don't want none on it. 1877-
111 dial, glossaries (Line., Rutl., Warw., etc )
attrib. 1433 Fabric Rolls York Minster (Surtees) 51 De
t,d de magistro Ricardo Morton pro ramelstone sibi vendito
4. W. Midland dial. A hard infertile earth.
1834 Brit. Husb. I. 405 A grey sand, mixed with coarse
clay—which the farmers call rammel. 1844 Jrnl. R. Agric
Soc. V. I. 80 A few inches of an unwholesome rammel, under
which is a stiff marl subsoil. 1894 BARING-GOULD Queen of
Love III. 37 The fold was apparently of ' rammel' .. and
grew nothing but a little stunted broom.
Ra-mmel, si." Sc. Also ramble. [Of obscure
origin : prob. not identical with prec.] A mixture
of barley and common bear formerly sown in Fife
^93 Statist. Ace. Scotl. IX. 441 (Crail). 1794 Ibid. XII.
531 (Markinch).
t Ra-mmel, v. rare~°. [app. f. RAMMEL sb.T- 3 ;
but cf. Svv. ramla in same sense.] (See quot.)
1611 FLORIO, Frandre, to breake in sunder, to rammell or
moulder in pieces as sometimes mud walles or great masses
of stones will doe of themselues.
Rammelkin, obs. form of RAMEKIN.
Ra-mmelly, a. dial. [f. RAMMEL sbl 4 + -v.]
Of the nature of rammell.
1879 Miss JACKSON Shropsh. Word-bk. 1883 GRESLEY
Gloss. Coal-mimng 199 Rammelly, mixed argillaceous and
sandy rocks.
Rammer (ra'ma.1). Also 6 -ar, -or. [f. RAM z/.l]
1. An instrument for ramming or beating down
earth, or forcing stones into the ground, consisting
of a heavy piece of wood held upright, the blow
being given with the lower end.
1497 Naval Ace. Hen. VII (1896) 89 Paving rammers of
tymure. 1530 PALSGR. 260/2 Rammer for husbandrie. 1600
bURFi.ET Countrie Farme II. liv. 372 You may beate it [the
earthj^downe with a rammer of wood. 1641 BEST Farm.
Bits. (Surtees) 107 The rest have rammers for ramminge and
beatinge of the earth downe into the hole. 1766 Museum
Rust. VI. 318 One person may be employed with a rammer,
to follow five or six mowers. 1876 VOYLE & STEVENSON
Milit. Diet. 325/2 Compressing, by means of rammers, the
loose earth used in building parapets.
b. A similar implement used for other purposes ;
a pestle or stamp.
1643 HORN & ROB. Gate Lang. Unl. xxxiii. § 402 They
stamped it [barley] with a rough rammer in a bake house.
I7SS Gentl. Mag. XXV. 361 Ramming them [ashes] .. with
a small light rammer, as tight as you can, without bursting
the vatt. 1837 WHITTOCK Bk. Trades (1842) 254 (Fuller)
Very heavy pointed ' rammers ' fall upon the cloth. 1852
MORFIT Tanning $ Currying (1853) 499 The skins . . are
beaten out with the mace, or rammer. 1879 Casscll's Techn.
Educ. IV. 338/1 When full to the brim the salt is worked
about with a short thick stick, the 'rammer '.
c. Applied in contempt to a heavy, clumsy shoe.
1810 Splendid Follies I. 127 If you had but a pair of pink
slippers on instead of those confounded rammers.
2. A cylindrical block of wood fixed at the end
of a staff, used to drive home the charge of a
cannon ; f the ramrod of a fire-arm.
1497 Naval Ace. Hen. F//(i8g6) 125 Rammers for gonnes.
1581 STYWARD Mart. Discifl. i. 44 A good and sufficient
peece, flaske, . . mould, rammor. 1627 CAPT. SMITH Seaman's
Gram. xiv. 66 A Rammer is a bob of wood at the other end
[of the sponge] to ramme home the Powder and the Wad-
dings. 1669 STURMY Mariner's Mag. v. 68 Then with the
Rammer put the Powder home gently. 1778 HUTTON in
Phil. Trans. LXVIII. 68 The powder was forced up with
only one stroke of the rammer. 1833 MAKRYAT P. Simple
(1863) 247 As the men withdrew the rammer, a shot from the
enemy entered_ the muzzle. 1879 Man. Artillery Exerc. 8
Overbank carriages, jointed rammers, &c., for our siege guns.
b. A ramming instrument used in chemical experi-
ments, or in blasting operations.
1660 BOYLE Neva Exp. Phys. Mech. xxiii. 185 The lower
end of the Glass rammer (if we may so call it). 1709 Phil.
Trans. XXVI. 262, I ramm'd them strongly down with a
Rammer, whose Basis was very little less than the Bore of
the Tube. 1799 G. SMITH Laboratory I. 6 The rammer one
diameter shorter than the mould. 1868 FAIRLEY Gloss.
Terms Coal-Mining n. Rammer, an iron instrument used
m filling a hole . . previous to firing the powder.
1 3. A battering-ram. Obs. rare.
1546 LANGLEY Pol. Virg. De Invent. IL vii. 47 b, The
rammer called in Latin Aries wherwith walles be ouer-
throwen was made by Epeus at Troye.
4. A pile-driver, or similar device.
1688 R. HOLME Armoury^ in. 480/2 A Rammer, or an In-
strument to Drive Piles into the Ground. 1775 FALCK
Day's Diving Vess. 27 The next implement was a rammer,
with which the blocks were to be driven into the object.
[Description follows.] i853j. N ICHOLSON Opfrat. Mec/tanic
(ed. 4) 313 The rammer made use of to drive piles.
5. One engaged in ramming earth.
1876 VOYLE & STEVENSON Milit. Diet. 326/1.
6. altrib. and Comb., as (sense i) rammer-beaten
adj., (sense 2) rammer-head, rod.
J549 Prhy Council Acts II. 349/1 Rammers and ramer-
hedes, xvj dousen. 1692 Capt. Smith's Seaman's Gram. n.
xi. 106 Make a mark upon the Rammer-head. 1774 COOK
in I'fiil. Trans. LXIV. 4ir The shock forced the musket
out of his hand, and broke the rammer rod. 1834 LANDOR
JLx^am. S/iaks. Wks. 1846 II. 276 The groundwork and
religious duty not being well rammer-beaten and Hinted.
1876 VOVLE & STEVENSON Milit. Diet. 325/2 Rammer-heads
for. .siege guns are not attached to the sponge staves.
Rammes, Rammil, obs. ff. RAMS, RAMMEL sb)-
Bamming (ra-mirj), vbl. sb)- [f. RAM v.} +
-INQ l.] The action of the vb. in its various senses.
Also with adv.
17-2
RAMMING.
c 1440 Protnp. Pant. 422/2 Rammynge, of a grownde.
1464 Nottingham Rec. (1883) 1 1, 37 1 For makyng of holes and
rammyng. -iiijW, 1591 PERCIVALL Sp. Diet., Mafoneria,
.. ramming in. 1854 H. MILLER Sch. <$• Schm. ix. 177 The
cry arose. .* A ramming ! a ramming !'..He was poised like
an ancient battering-ram, and driven headlong against the
wall of the kiln. 1876 VOYLE & STEVENSON Milit. Diet.
325/2 Ramming is essential for the stability of the ramparts.
attrib. 1775 FALCK Day's Diving Vess. 27 At the top [of
a rammer] was a ring to hold the ramming rope.
t Ramming, vbl. s&.~ ? 06s. [f. RAM st>.* +
-ING!.] The copulation of sheep. Only attrib.
in ramming-time.
1^90 SWINBURNE Treat. Testaments 163 The spotted stickes
being laide before Labans sheepe at the ramming time.
1607 TOPSELL Four-f. Beasts (1658) 487 By the behaviour of
Sheep at their Rutting or Ramming time the Shepherds
observe tempests.
Hamming (ne-mirj),///. a. [f. RAM z>.l]
1. slang. Forcible, * go-ahead '.
1825 Sporting Mag. XVII. 38 The most ramming, cram-
ming, jamming cove you ever saw perform.
2. dial. Very big, huge.
1864 J. C. ATKINSON Stanton Grange 226 He worried a
great, ramming rat. 1877- in northern glossaries.
tRa-mmis, a. St. Obs. = RAMMIST a.
c ^1450 Craft of Deyng 113 in Ratis Raving $ Sa mony of
thir men gangis rammys.
t Ra mmis, v. Sc. Now rare or Obs. Also
6 -ise, -eis, 7 -ish. [prob. a back-formation from
RAMMIST a.~\ intr. To behave frantically, to rush
wildly about.
11585 MONTGOMERIE Flyting^ w. Polwart 511 [TheyJ
rammeist redwood, and raveld in their reeles. 1596 DAL-
RVMPLE tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot, viu i He began . . to rammise
and rin wylde. 1607 in C. K. Sharpe Pref, Law's Mem.
(1818) 55 She maid their two Kye run mad and rammish to
deid. 1808 JAMIESON, Rammis, to go about in a state
approaching to frenzy.
Rammish, (ne-mij), c.1 Now dial. Also 4-6
-issh, -yssch, etc., 6-8 ramish. [app. f. RAM sbl]
1. a. Of smell, taste, etc. : Rank, strong, highly
disagreeable.
c 1386 CHAUCER Can. Yeom. Prol. % T. 334 They stynken
as a goot Hir sauour is so rammysbh and so hoot. 1562
TURNER Herbal \\. 62 b, Sampharitik . . hath a rammishe or
buckishe styngkyng smell. 1657 \V. COLES Adam in Eden
cclxvii, Purging away thereby the ranke and rammish
savour. 1719 D UKFEY Pills V. 269 Butchers . . sell a lump
of Ramish scent; For Weather Mutton.
b. Having a rank smell or taste.
c 1430 LYDC. Reas. $ Sens. 3378 Whan she is hoot, Ram-
mysh taraged as a goot. 1530 PALSGR. 322/1 Rammysshe,
yll savoured as a man or beest that is to rancke. 1600
SURFLKT Coitntrie Forme vn. xxit. 838 Blacke dogs.,
delight most in coursing the rammish and strong sented
beastes, as wilde bores, foxes [etc.]. 1677 PLOT Oxfordsh.
94 Cats, or such like ramish creatures. 1863 MRS. TOOCOOD
Spec. Yorksh. Dial., This cheese . . is rather rammish. 1894
CLARK RUSSELL Good Ship Mohock I. 140 Open that sky-
light.. Its growing durnea rammish down here.
c. fig. of persons, things, qualities, etc.
1610 Histrio-m. in, 310 Fat Ignorance, and rammish
Barbarisme. c 1611 CHAPMAN Iliad \\\., Comm. (1857) 70 In
this poesy, redundant I affirm him, and rammish. 1656 LARL
MONM. tr. Boccalinfs Advts.fr. P amass, i. xxiit. (1674)
25 Those preambles, which smelt so rammish.
f2. ? Lascivious, lustful. Obs.
Perh. belongs to RAMMISH a.% (cf. sense 2 there).
1577 STANYHURST Descr. Irel. in Holinsktd (vto)} VI. 32
Rutting wives make often rammish husbands, as our proverb
dooth mferre. 1635 QUARLES Embl, 11. i. 29 Goe, Cupids
rammish Pandar, goe.
Hence Ba'mmishly adv.
1567 J. MAPLET Nat. Hist. 63 At haruest time his leaues
smel rammtsbly, in maner like the Goate. 1623 COCKERAM i,
Hircosically, smelling rammishly. a 1693 Urqukarfs Rabe-
lais in. xii. gs More rammishly lascivious than a Buck.
Rammish (ne-mij), a2 Now only dial. Also
6 -ysshe, 7-9 ramish. [Alteration of RAMAGK a,,
perh. after prec., but cf. RAMMIST.]
fl. =RAMAGE<Z. i. Obs.
15*6 SKELTON Magnyf. 1831 My hawke is rammysshe.
IS93 Tell-Troth's Ar. Y. Gift 88 The rammish hauke is
tamd by carefull heed. 1653 WALTON Angler \. 12 The
Ramish Hawk, the Haggard, and the two sorts of Lentners.
2. Wild, violent. Now only dial.
Perh. to some extent associated with RAM sbl
1607 MARKHAM Caval. i. 67 Stond horses naturally .. are
exceeding rammish, & ynruely. 1807 J. STAGG Poems 134
What avail'd their ramish routs, Wi' Sampson leyke exer-
tions. 1869 in Lonsdale Gloss.
Rammish, variant of RAMMIS v. Sc.
Rammishness (roe-mijnes). [f. RAMMISH al
+ -NESS.] The fact or condition of being rammish.
1553 HULOET, Rammishness, kirctts. 1591 PERCIVAI.L Sp.
Diet.. Ranciosot rustic, ful of ratnmishnes. 1617 R. FENTON
Sfrnt. in Trent. Ch. Rome 107 The killing of the rammish-
nesse of our affections. 1660 HEXHAM, Gnelscheydt^ an un-
pleasant Tast, ..or Smell, or Rammishnesse.
Ra'mmist, a. Sc. Now rare. Also 5 -ysd.
[? Alteration of RAMAGK a. Cf. also RAMMIS a.
and vb.~\ Mad, crazy, frantic.
1456 SIR G. HAVE Law Arms (S. T. S.) 245 A woodman,
a r.'imysde ful&that for lytill gude wuldsett hislyf in perile.
1536 liF.i.i.ENBEN Cron. Scot. (1821) I. 186 The residew ..
come . . as rammist and wod creaturis, to have revengit the
slauchter of their freindis. [Still used in Orkney and Shet-
land dial.]
Hence )• Ra mmistness, madness, frenzy. Obs.
1456 SIR G. HAVE Law Arms (S. T. S.) 227 The quhilk
duk..takis a woodnes and a ramysdness in his hede.
132
Rammy (rarmi), a. Now chiefly north, dial.
[f. RAM j<M + -Y.] Characteristic of, resembling
(that of) a ram; esp. = RAMMISH a.l :.
1607 TOFSELL Foitr-f. Beasts (1658) 482 That Rammy
humour and rank moistness which is found in the Male-
sheep. 1621 BURTON Anat. Mel, II. ii. I. i, That rammy
mutton, which is in Turkey and Asia Minor. i6$a BROME
City IVit iv. ii, Thou rammy nastinesse. i88j- in dial,
glossaries (Yks., Lanc.,Chesh.). 1884 BOURKE Snake Dance
Aloquis xxvii. 295 Herds of goats skipped nervously past us,
the leader giving his rammy bleat of warning.
Rammyn, Ramne, Ramnus: see RHAMN,
RHAMNUS. Rammys, obs. f. RAMS.
II Ramolade. Obs. A kind of sauce for fish,
made of parsley, ' chibols ', anchovies, and capers,
with other seasoning.
1706 in PHILLIPS. 1736 BAILEY ffonsek. Diet., Having
dress'd the fillets in a proper dish, they are to be sprinkled
with this ramolade.
Ramollissement (ramoh'sman). Path. [F.,
f. ramollir to soften : see MOLLIFY.] A morbid
softening of some part of the body.
1822-34 Good's Study Med. (ed. 4) I. .557 note. The black
ramollissement or disease, in which the liver is reduced to
a dark-coloured mass, of very little consistence. 1880 AITKEN
Pract. Med. (ed. 7) II. 474 In thirteen cases of ramollisse-
ment of the cerebellum . . motion was greatly affected.
Ramon : see RAMOON.
II Ramoneur (ramoriOT). [F., f. ramoner to
sweep, f. rainon broom, ultimately from L. ramus
RAMUS.] a. A chimney-sweep, b. A machine
for sweeping chimneys. Also attrib. C. A colour
resembling that of soot.
1835 Court Mag. V. p. ii/i Velvet and satin hats of a new
colour called ramoneur (it is a dingy shade of brown,
approaching nearly to black). 1859 SALA Tw. round Clock
(1861) 39 Smoke has been merciful to Covent Garden
Market, and its cornucopia is not as dingy as a ramoneur's
sack. 1861 MAYHEW Lend. Labour II. 373 Cleansing
Chimneys with the Patent Ramoneur Machine.
Ramoon (ram»'n). Also rainon. [Sp. rainon,
f. ramo branch ; cf. prec.] The tops and leaves of
a West Indian and Central American tree ( Trophis
Americana?, used as fodder for cattle. Chiefly in
comb. Ramoon-tree.
1756 P. BROWNE Jamaica 357 The Ramoon tree. The
leaves and tops of this tree make an agreeable wholesome
fodder for all sorts of cattle. 1843 P'nny Cycl. XXV. 302/2
T. atnericana, the Ramoon-tree, is twenty feet high. . . The
drupes are about the size of grapes, and have a pleasant
flavour. 1885 Harper's Mag. Feb. 374/2 They go half
buried under a load of ramon. (The ramon-tree serves as
fodder for horses.)
Ramord, variant of REMOBD v. Obs.
Ramose (ram»"-s), a. [ad. L. rdmosus: see
RAMUS and -OSE.] = RAMOUS I.
1689 H. MORE AHSW. Psychot. 139 They are long, smooth,
flexible Parts whereas those of Oil are more ramose. 1707
SLOAME Jamaica I. 66 This Fungus . . begins very narrow,
growing in breadth to its end, where it is flat, ramose, or
deeply cut 1804 Phil. Trans. XCIV. 43 Either in the
form of layers, or of mamillae, or in the ramose form of
stalactites. 1870 STONE limit. Heeded 184 Churches . .
springing into vigorous ramose existence.
Hence Bamo sely adv. ; f Bamcrsity 06s.~°
1656 BLOUNT Glossogr., Ratiioslty, fulness ol Boughes,
boughiness. 1872 H. C. WOOD Fresk-H'atct Al/>x 21 A
gelatinous stratum, .here and there ramosely divaricate.
RamosO- (ram<7"'s0), combining form of prec.,
as in ramoso-falniate, -subdivided, -subpinnate.
1846 DANA Zooph. (1848) 615 Erect, . . irregularly ramoso-
patmate. Ibid. 662 The yiminalis..is described as ramoso-
subpinnate. Ibid. 707 Minutely ramoso-subdivided.
Ranious (ivi-mas), a. Now rUre. [ad. L. rd-
nios-us : see RAMOSE and cf. F. rameux ( i6th cA]
1. Branching, ramose : a. of plants, or plant-like
forms. Also fig. of a pedigree.
1562 LEIGH Armorie (1597) 120 b, Genealogies discending,
and Ramous. 1668 WILKINS Rial Char. 11. iv. 84 Marigold
. -having a ramous leavy stalk. 1676 J. BEAUMONT in Phil.
Trans. XI. 732 A Mine, where well near all the Entrochi. .
grew tapering and ramous. 1793 SIR J. E. SMITH in Mem.
(1832) I. 409 A very beautiful, large, ramous shrub.
b. Applied (after ancient physics) to the par-
ticles of viscous or rigid bodies.
1674 Phil. Trans. IX. 105 The Rigidity of the Ramous
parts_of the Air proceeds from the Nitro-aerial corpuscles
therein infixed. 1742 London ff Country Brewer l. (ed. 4)
38 Hops . . whose Particles are active and rigid, by which
the viscid ramous Parts of the Malt are much divided. 1813
• T. BUSBY Lucretius I. n. Comm. p. xx, The ramous and
incurvated seeds.. must inlock each other universally.
2. Belonging to, characteristic of, branches.
1813 T. BUSBY Lucretius II. v. Comm. p. xxxii, They
arose from the ramous friction of groves and woods, a 1845
HOOD Elm Tree n. xiv, In ramous wrestlings interlaced —
A Forest Laocoon.
Ramowd : see raw-mouthed s.v. RAW a.
i Ramp, Ji.l Obs. Also 56 rampe. [?f.
RAMP z>.l 4.] A bold, vulgar, ill-behaved woman
or girl.
a 1450 Knt. de 2a Tour (1868) 25 A woman that dede
ansuere her husbonde afore straungeres like a rampe, with
gret uelonis wordes. a 1548 HALL Cliron. (1809) 148 [She]
was a rampe of suche boldnesse, that she would course
horsses and ride theim to water. 1573 G. HARVEY Letter-
I'k. (1884) 113 An insatiable rampe, Of Messalines stampe.
1611 MIUDLETON & DKKKEK Roaring Girl III. iii, The
bouncing ramp, that roaring girl my mistress. 1728 DL.NNIS
RAMP.
Poke's Rape Lock 16 The Author . . represents her likewise
a fine, modest, well-bred Lady: .. And yet in the very next
Canto she appears an arrant Ramp and aTcmrigg. [1896 A.
LANG J/0»4 /^ 62 All men. .mocked (he Pucelle forabold
ramp, with a bee in her bonnet.]
Ramp (rsemp), sb£ [Of obscure origin in
sense i ; in sense 2 abbrev. of RAMPION; in sense 3
a back-formation from RAMPS.]
1 1. The plant Wake Robin {Arum macitlatuni).
1548 TURNER Names Herbes 16 Arum is called . . m english
Cuclcppintell, Wake Robin, or Rampe. 1578 LYTE Dodoens
in. vii. 323. i6zz COTGR., farrifs, Wake-robin,.. Rampe.
2. The garden rampion. Also attrib.
1598 FLORID, Ramponzoli^ a kind of roote vsed in sallads
called rampes [1611 Rampe-rootes vsed much in salades].
1846 McCutLociiXcc. Brit. Empire (1*54,) \. 105 The ramps
of the garden are the roots of Campanula rapunculus. 1854
S. THOMSON Wild Fl. in. 305 The root of the Campanula
rapunculoides was formerly cultivated under the name of
ramps.
3. The wild garlic, ramsons. (See RAMPS.)
z8»6 SOUTHEY Vind. Eccl. Angl. 18 The ramp and the
stinkard will continue to be as offensive and as rank,
although we should dignify them by their Linnaean appel-
lations. 1869 in Lonsdale Gloss.
Ramp (nemp), sb.'t [f. RAMP z».l] The act of
ramping, in senses of the vb.
i67z MILTON Samson 139 The bold Ascalonite Fled from
his Lion ramp. 1798 COLERIDGE France iii, Her arm made
mockery of the warrior's ramp. «87» BROWNING Fifinc
Ixxvii, No pompous stag . . with toss of horn, and brag Of
bray, and ramp of hoof.
tb. //. Romps. Obs. rare~l.
Z747 CARTE Hist. Eng. I. 325 Dunstan . . breaking abruptly
into the room, found him playing atrr ~
'amps with his wife and
[a. F. rampe, f. ramper
her mothe:
Ramp inemp), sb.*
RAMP v.1]
1. A slope ; an inclined plane connecting two
different levels, esp. in fortifications.
1779 FORREST yoy. N. Guinea 233 A ramp of masonry was
the ascent, but only to one door of this vast apartment.
1831 SOUTHEY Hist. Penins. War III. 419 Tney were
employed in . . destroying the ramps of the covered way.
1881 PALCRAVE Visions Eng. 238 Like hornets they swarm
up the ramp, Lancing a breach through the long palisade.
2. The difference in level between the abutments
of a rampant arch.
17*5 W. HALFPENNY Sound Building 4 Raise a Perpen-
dicular . . equal to the Ramp of the Arch. 1849 GWILT
Archit. § 1943 To describe a rampant pointed arch, whose
span, .and the height of the ramp are given.
3. a. Part of the handrail of a stair, having a
concave or upward bend (freq. continued in a knee
or convex bend), as at a landing.
1778 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 2) I. 618/1 The manner of drawing
the ranipt which is to rise equal to the height of the first
step of the next flight. 1849 GWILT Archit. § 2182 In the
upper ramp . . produce the top of the rail . . to P. i86a Catal.
Internut. Exhib. II. xxxi. 24 Model of Stable Fittings.,
showing the. .division railing and ramps.
Comb. 1859 Carriage Builders* Jrnl. I. 184/2 The iron
ramp-rail, . . with the stable-stall-post, .. is a most neat and
desirable division.
l». A slanting (straight or curved) shoulder con-
necting two levels of the coping of a wall. Also,
the sloping part of a stair parapet.
1842 GWILT Archit. 1023. x88a Standard 15 Apr. 2/6
Falling over the coping or ramp of the steps.
Ramp, $b$ Slang, [f. RAMPz*.2 2.] A swindle.
1888 Standard 27 June 6/1 How often do we hear people
say that such-and-such a race was a fearful ramp. 1903
Ibid. 29 Apr. 4/5 Being president of a swindle — 'a ramp'
they called it.
Ramp (roemp), a. Sc. [Of obscure origin; perh.
a corrupt form of RANK a., after RAMP z>.]
1. Wanton, riotous, Ramp rider = rank rider.
1715 PENNECUICK Tweeddale 27 When frank Miss John
came first into the camp With his fierce flaming sword, none
was so ramp. 1759 FOUNTAINHALL Decis. I. 2 (Jam.) The
other a gentleman, and young, and known to be ramp.
a 1800 in Child Ballads IV. 198/2 Ride out, ride out, ye
ramp rider ! 1819 W.TENNANT Papistry Stormed (1827) 62
The mob were ramp already.
2. Strong, rank.
18*4 MACTAGGART Gallovid. Encycl. s.v., A ramp smell,
a strong smell, the smell of a he-goat. 1887 Suppl. Jamie-
sott's Diet. s.v. Let, A barbarous, cruel method of reducing
the ramp flavour of the flesh of animals.
Ramp (rsemp), v.l Forms: 4-5 raunp-, 4-6
raump-, (9 dial, rawmp), 6-7 rampe, 4- ramp,
[a. OF. ramper (i2th c.) to creep, crawl, climb, of
uncertain origin : cf. It. rampare^
fl. intr. To creep or crawl on the ground, rare.
1390 GOWER Conf. III. 76 A litel Serpent on the ground,
Which rampeth al aboute round. 1:1430 Pilgr. Lyf Man-
hode i. xii. (1869) 25, I make briddes flee, busies go, fisshes
swymme, dragowns raunpen. 1594 T. B. La Primand. Fr.
Acad. n. 409 Beastes ramping on the earth, or marching
vpon alt foure.
2. To climb, scramble. Now only dial.
1523 LD. BERNERS Froiss. I. cxci. 227 First there entred,
raumpynge vppe lyke a catte, Bernard de la Salle. 1601
HOLLAND Pliny x. xviii, These birds will rampe up with
their bellies to the tree, bending backward. 1653 UsQUHAW
Rabelais i. xxui. 106 He would .. ramp and grapple after
this fashion up against a window of the full height of a
lance. 1886 H. CUNLIFFE Rochdale Gloss., Raiutnp, to
climb or reach over things in a careless manner.
tr<msf. andyff. 1578 T. PROCTER Gorg. Gallery Piii, One
j-ynie tou low, another rampes too hyc. 1641 MILTON .-/«/•
RAMP.
maehi. v. Wks. (1851) 224 Surely the Prelates would have
Saint Pauls words rampe one over another, as they use to
clime into their Livings and Bishopricks.
b. Of plants : To climb («/, or upon some
support). Now chiefly dial.
'597 GERARDE Herbal u. 1. § 2. 266 It rampeth vpon what-
soeuer is neere vnto it. Ibid. Ivii. § i. 277 The great With-
winde that rampeth in hedges. 1657 W. COLES Adam in
Kden clxiv, The Vine, ramping and taking hold of any
thing it meeteth with. 1601 RAY Wisd. God i. (1692) 102
Ramping upon Trees, Shrubs, Hedges or Poles, they
(plants] mount up to a great height. 1766 Museum Rust.
VI. 198 Black Bindweed .. frequently ramps up in hedges.
Ibid. 443 The great Bindweed which ramps in the hedges.
1877 N. /K Lines. Gloss., Ramp up, to climb as a plant.
o. Of non-climbing plants : To grow rankly or
luxuriantly, to shoot up rapidly. Now dial.
1607 [see RAMPING ppl. a. 4 b). 1610 W. FOLKINGHAM Art
flf Survey i. xi. 38 Jesamines rampe vp in a rotten earth.
'733- tsee RAMPING ppl. a. 4 b]. 1820 CLARE Rural Life
(ed. 3) 70 The cow-boy seeks the sedge, Ramping in the
woodland hedge. 1895 E. AnglianGloss., Ramp,, .to grow
rapidly and luxuriantly. It is applied to the rank growth
of plants supporting themselves.
3. Of beasts (real or depicted, as in Her.} : To
rear or stand on the hind legs, as if in the act of
climbing ; to raise the fore-paws in the air ; hence,
to assume, or be in, a threatening posture. (Chiefly
said of lions.) Also of persons : To raise, or
gesticulate with, the arms ; f to clutch wildly at.
a 1300 Cursor M. 7104 A lion quilpe . . Rampand to samp-
son he stert. c 1330 R. BRUNNE Chron. (1810) 305 pei sauh
kynge's banere, raumpand bre lebardes. 14.. Tundale's
Vis. 134 Fowle fendys aygrennyng And as wyld wolfis thei
cam rampyng. £1450 HOLLAND Howlat 416 A lyoun
crovnit with gold, Of siluir ;e se shold To ramp in array.
1549-^1 STERNHOLD & H. Ps. xxii. 13 Like a I. yon roaring
out, and ramping for his pray. 1590 SPENSER !•'. Q. i. v. 28
I'heir bridles they would champ, And trampling the fine
element would fiercely ramp. 1641 HINDE J. Brucn xlvii.
151 The Bish. was glad to lay hold on the boy, ramping at
the windows to have gotten out that way. 1774 J. BRYANT
My thai. II. 363 The lion ramped : the pard sported. 1822
W IRVINO liraceb. Hall xxvii. 245 My Lady Lillycraft's
little dogs ramped and barked. 1883 Ln. R. GOWER Reminisc
I. iv. 48 Abo»e the fireplace ramps the Royal Lion of Scotland.
tb. To trample in triumph. 06s. rare — 1.
1579-80 NORTH Plutarch (1595) 006 To exceede the bonds
of modestle so farre, as to rampe in manner with both their
feete vpon the dead, and to sing songs of victorie.
4. Of persons : To storm or rage with violent
gestures ; to act in a furious or threatening manner.
c 1386 CHAUCER Monk's Prol. 16 Whan she comth home
she rampeth in my face, And crieth false coward, wrek thy
wyf. 1:1470 HENRY Wallace vn. 458 The peple beryt lyk
wyld bestis.. Within the wallis, rampand on athir sid.
a 1605 MONTGOMERIE Devot. Paims ii. i Quhy doth the
Heathln rage and rampe ? 1642 FULLER Holy $ Prof. St. v.
xiv. 414 By this time the long dormant Usurer ramps for
the payment of his money. 1648 Regall Apol. 39 He saw
the House of Commons begin to ramp upon him. 1809 W
IRVING Knickerb. (1861) 168 The lion-hearted Peter roared
and ramped. 1860 GEN. P. THOMPSON Audi Alt. III. cxli.
120 They had ramped and sworn that drawing by the tail
was an 'institution1.
b. trans/, of things. Also with it.
a 1605 MONTGOMERIE Misc. Poems xxviii. 41 Watring wauis
and huge, Quhilk ramping ouer his rigging ryds a 1734
NORTH Exam. (1740) II. Pref. i ' Impartial ' ramps it on the
o °,.f age' l8^ H' C Co°TE Neglecttd Fact Eng. Hist.
108 1 hough Christianity flourished . . heathenism ramped by
its side. 1874 HOLLAND Mistr. Matise xiv. 197 Ramping
from his hiding place Roared the wild Thunder.
1 °- To go about in a loose, immodest way. Obs.
'53° PALSGR. 678/2, I rampe, I playe the callet. Jc ram-
panne, a 1553 UDALL Royster D. it. iv. (Arb.) 37 Is all your
. . loy In whiskyng and ramping abroade like a Tom boy.
1611 COTGK., Gadrilltr. (a wench) to raump, or play the rig
b. = ROMP v. Now dial.
1657 (see RAMPING -nil. si.1]. 31700 B. E. Diet Cant
Crew, To Ramp, to Play rude Horse-Play. 1720 SWIFT
Irish Flat, They dance in a round, Cutting capers and
"""?'"£• '74' [see RAMPING vbl. so.'l. a 1825 in FORDY.
O. To bound, rush, or range about in a wild or
excited manner.
1627 FELTHAM Resohes u. Ixxxii. (1677) 333 Such wild
Cattel as ramp up and down on the earlh. a 1800 Kanty
Kay vn. m Child Ballads I. 302/2 She rampit out, and she
rampit in, She rampit but and ben. 1833 HAWTHORNE
J angle-wood r., Minotaur 18 The great sow had been an
awful beast while ramping about the woods and fields. 1890
OYLE Notches 88 The bronchos, by ' ramping ' across the
:orm, had found good shelter for themselves.
refl. a 1857 Jovial Hunter Bromsgrove in Child Ballaiis
'• 2"/2 The wild boar .. Thrashed down the trees as he
ramped him along.
b. To sail swiftly, to scud.
1872 BLACKIE Lays I light. 6, The rocks. .Saw thy daring
Norsemen Haco, Ramping o'er the Scottish tide! iSsS
II. 7. Arch. Of a wall : To ascend or descend
Irom one level to another. (Cf. RAMP s b 4 * b )
1855 .EcclcsMogist XVI. 342 Sections of wall 'ramping'
from its corn.ee line to the north and south extremities tf
the half screen. 1858 SPURDEN Sufpl. Forty 40 A wall so
formed is said to ramp. ,876 in Surrey Gloss.
3. trans. Mil. and Arch. To furnish with a ramp,
to build with ramps.
Jft® A' R EnANS !-e'"s'"-*>'- Words s.v., On slopes the
M is generally so ramped • or . ranip,.a ofr at infervals.
J.D. KOBEKTS 41 Yrs. India xlvi. (1898) 354 The banks
of the numerous nullas . . had to be ramped before the guns
and baggage could pass over them.
133
b. (See quot.)
1847 HALLIWHI.L, Ramp, . . (5) Bending a piece of iron
upwards to adapt it to wood-work, of a gate, &c. is callei
ramping it.
Ramp (rxmp), v? [Of obscure origin.
In sense i perh. a misuse of prec., as Wyclif and Trevisa
render L. rapiens and rapax by ' rampant '. Sense 2 may
be a different word.]
1 1. trans. To snatch, tear, pluck. Obs.
1567 GOLDING Ooiifs Met. vm. (1593) 206 She the gag
toothd elfe did spie, . . ramping up the grasse With ugli
nailes and chanking it. 1570 LKVJNS Manip. 18/39 T
rampe, raperc. 1626 SANDYS Ovid's Met. XII. 243 Amycus
..down ramps A brazen cresset. 1633 J. DONE Hist. Sep-
tuaginl 99 It is not lawfull to vexe and trouble any persoi
. . nor rampe away his Goods by force.
2. slang. To rob or swindle ; spec, to force (one]
to pay a pretended bet. (Cf. RAMPEB 2.)
1812 J. H. VAUX Flask Diet., Ramp, to rob any person or
place by open violence or suddenly snatching at something
and running off with it. 1887 Daily News 12 Oct. 7/1 II
you have seen me ticket-snatching and 'ramping ' why did
you not take me in charge ? 1892 Chamb. Jrnl. 13 Aug.
517/2 The neighbour who's ramped the man that trusted
him. 1897 Daily News 3 Sept. 3/5 Charge of 'ramping
a book-maker.
Ramp, v.3 Obs. exc. dial. Also 6 raumpe.
[Imitative.] trans. To eat greedily or noisily.
1542 UDALL Erasm. Apoph, 73 Ye maye take some parte,
with me, were my woordes, and not to raumpe them vp on
that facion. 1894 Northumbld. Gloss., Ramp, to eat with
a gnashing sound.
Rampa'cious, a. rare. [var. rampageous, as il
f. RAMP z/.l + -ACIOUS.] = RAMPAGEOUS.
'837 DICKENS Pickw. xxii, A stone statue of some ram-
pacious animal with flowing mane and tail, distantly re-
sembling an insane Cart-horse. 1894 Daily News 20 Apr.
5/4A dog and a cat and three rampacious children.
Rampage (rtemrrfi-dz), sb. [f. the vb.] A
state of excitement or violent passion ; the act of
behaving or rushing about in a reckless or riotous
fashion ; esp. in phr. on the rampage.
1861 DICKENS Gt. Expect, ii, She's been on the Ram-page
this last spell, about five minutes. 1872 BLACK Adv.
Phaeton xi. 147 She leaves his charming society to go off
on a wild rampage through the country. 1891 Spectator
10 Oct. 487 The Irish Members . . think a rampage will
guarantee their seats.
Rampage (rxmp^'-dj), v. Also 9 -Sir. -auge.
[Orig. Si:., of obscure formation, but perh. based
on RAMP v.i The stressing ra-mfage also occurs.]
1. intr. To behave violently or furiously; to
storm, rage wildly.
1715 RAMSAY Christ's Kirk Gr. u. xvii, His wife did reel,
And rampage in her choler. c 1720 — Marriage of Earl
Wemyss xii, Were Jove rampaging in the air. a 1784 Ross
Helenore (1789) 64 He rampaged red wood, And lap and
danc'd, and was in unco mood. 1824 SCOTT Rcdgauntlet
let. xi, He came down here, rampauging like a lion. 1898
J. ARCH Story of Life ix. 232 He rampaged like a lunatic,
and fairly lost his head.
2. To go about in an excited, furious, or violent
manner ; to rush wildly hither and thither.
1808 J. MAYNE Siller Gun iv. 137 Friends feghting friends,
rampaged about. 1831 GEN. P. THOMPSON Exerc. (1842)!. 360
Our sailors would have been ' rampaging ' over the world.
1861 DICKENS Gt. Expect, ii, She made a grab at Tickler,
and she Ram-paged out.
trans/. 1892 HUXLEY in Life (1900) II. xx. 331, I hear
you have influenza rampaging about the Camp.
Hence Hampa'giug vbl, sb. and ppl. a.
1824 SCOTT Redgauntlet ch. xi, There was a set of ram-
pauging chields in the country then that they called rebels.
1876 F. E. TROLLOPE Charming Fellow II. IV. 63 Religion
is one thing and rampaging is another.
Rampageous (rcemp^i-dgas), a. Also -ious.
[f. RAMPAGE sb. + -ous.]
1. Violent; unruly; boisterous.
1822 GALT Provost xv. 115 The primitive ages of a ram-
pageous antiquity. 1840 MRS. F. TROLLOPE Widow Married
xxui, She must be careful not to be too frolicsome and
rampageous. 1888 MRS. H. WARD R. Elsmcre I. v, A
rampagious class of hundreds of Scotch lads.
2. transf. Glaring, outrageous.
1889 Harper* s Mag. LXXIX. 200 The ornamentation is
for the most part rampageous rocaille style.
Hence Bampa'geously adv. ; Bampa'geous-
ness.
1840 LADY C. BURY Hist, of Flirt xxiii, He swears so
rampageously, it upsets me. 1883 St. "James's Cos. 19 May
5 They., have good cause for rampageousness.
Rampair(e, obs. variants of RAMPIRE.
t Raiupa-Uion. Obs. Also 6-7 -alion, 7 (9)
-allian. [Perh. based on RAMP z/.l Cf. rapscallion,
tatlerdemallion.] A ruffian, villain, scoundrel.
1593 NASH 4 Lett, confut. Strange Newts I, Pocket not
up this abuse at a rakehell rampalions hands. 1613 BEAUM.
6 FL. Honest Man's Fortune n. i[i], Out upon them ram-
pallions. I'll keep my self safe enough out of their fingers.
1639 R- DAVENPORT New Trick to Cheat Devil i. ii, And
bold Rampallion like, swear and drinke drunke. 1822 SCOTT
Nigel xxvi, I was almost strangled with my own band by
twa rampallians.
b. Applied to a woman. rare~l.
1602 S. ROWLANDS Greens'1 s Ghost D 3 Here was., an aged
Rampalion put besides her schoolc-tricke.
BunptUlOy (ree-mpinsi). [f. next : see -ANC-V.]
The fact or condition of being rampant.
1664 1 1. Mom: K.if. 7 Jipisl. 1'ref. 1. iv b, The Temporal
Power being quite ina manner ev acuattd by the Ramp.'incy
of the Spiritual. 1699 COLLIKK uid Def. Short View (1730)
RAMPANT.
373 Is Rampancy and Lewdness the Character of Breed-
ing? 1844 DICKENS Mart. Ckuz. viii, He may be said to
have exhibited, at the moment, a sort of moral rampancy
himself. 1892 H. R. REYNOLDS in Life (1828) xix. 468,
1 am considerably moved by the rampancy of much of this
Old Testament criticism.
Rampant (rse-mpant), a. (si.) Also 5 raump- ;
4-6 -aunt, (5 -awnt), 5-6 -and. [a. F. rampant,
pies. pple. of ramper RAMP z/.l
By Wyclif and Trevisa inaccurately employed to render
L. rapiens and rapax. In northern Eng. and Sc. prior
to 1600 rampand is properly the pres. pple. of RAMP.
In early use freq. placed after the sb., as in French ; now
only in Her., or with suggestion of this. J
A. adj. 1. Of beasts, esp. lions: Rearing or
standing with the fore-paws in the air.
1382 WYCLIF Ps. xxi. 14 Thei openeden vp on me ther
mouth; as a leoun rampaunt [L. rapiens} and rorende.
? 14. . Leg. Rood 145 pe deuel stod lyk A lyon raumpaunt.
1309 HAWES Past. Pleas, xvm. (Percy Soc.) 79 Rampande
lyons stode up wondersly. 1601 HOLLAND Pliny vm. xvi,
When he chaseth and followeth after other beasts, hee goeth
alwaies sal tan t or rampant. 1667 MILTON P. L. vn. 466
The Tawnie Lion . . Rampant shakes his Brinded main.
173S SOMERVILLE Chase i. 196 Then on their Haunches
reard, rampant they seize Each other's Throats. 1876
GEO. ELIOT Dan. Der. i. vi, Careful how he moved his
lion paws lest he should crush a rampant, .mouse.
transf. 1698 FRYER Ace. E. India t, P. 52 The one part
of them wearing naked Swords rampant in one Hand.
Comb. 1852 MUNDY A ntipodes (1857) 185 The rampant-
looking rocks of the ' Cavallos*.
b. spec, in Her. 'Standing on the Sinister hind-
leg, with both forelegs elevated, the Dexter above
the Sinister, and the head in profile ' (Cussans).
14. . Sir Beues 177/3480 (M.) Syr Beuys bare of colour
poymant A rede lyon of golde lampant. 1562 LEIGH
Armoiie (1597) 45 You must note heere the difference [of]
the Lyon rampande, and this Lyon [saliant]. 1593 SHAKS.
• Hen. VI, v. i. 203 Old Neuils Crest, The rampant Beare
Archers 21 Well pleas'd the rampant Lyon smooths his
mane. 1814 SCOTT Wav. xi, The chosen crest of our family,
a bear, as ye observe, and rampant.
transf. 1633 T. ADAMS Exp. 2 Peter iii. 12. 1346 God is no
ludge Dormant, norDemurant, nor Rampant. 1641 BROME
yanatt Crew n. Wks. 1873 III. 376 Couchant and Passant,
Guardant, Rampant Beggars.
c. Given to ramping ; of a fierce disposition.
1387 TREVISA Higden (Rolls) IV. 447 Bestes rampaunt
[L. rapaces} spare her owne kynde. 1579 SPENSER Sheph.
t at. July 21 The rampant Lyon hunts he fast, With dogges
of noysome breath. 1641 }. JACKSON True Evang. T. i. 66
To make the condemnation of these ravenous Wolves, and
Lion rampants, more just.
d. Exhibiting fierceness or high spirits by ramp-
ing or similar movements. Also const, with.
a 1519 SKELTON Agst. Scottes 135 The Whyte Lyon, there
rampaunt of moode, He ragyd and rent out your hart
bloode. 1684 BUNYAN Pilgr. n. 155 The Monster at first
was very Rampant and looked upon these Enemies with
great Disdain. 1748 THOMSON Cast. Indol. n. Iviii, The
younglings frisk along the meads . . Rampant with life.
1843 P. Parley's Ann. IV. 235 A wild boar, rampant from
a forest.
2. transf. a. Of persons : Violent and extravagant
in action, opinion, etc. (esp. in the manner implied
by the sb.).
1628 EARLE Microcosm., Player (Arb.) 42 He is tragicall
on the Stage, but rampant in the Tyring-house, and sweares
oathes there which he neuer con'd. 1709 in Hearne Collect.
(O. H. S.) II. 324 note, The Whiggs aie rampant, and thinke
to carry all before them. 1848 THACKERAY Bk. Snobs xvii,
The English Snob rampant always does this to the present
day. 1858 HAWTHORNE Fr. n It. Nole-bks. II. 137 The crowd
has not spirit and self-consciousness enough to be rampant.
1877 DAWSON Orig. of World xiii. 264 Some very rampant
theorists of some ethnological schools.
b. Of things : Unchecked, unrestrained, aggres-
sive, etc. ; esp. of a quality, belief, state of things,
etc. : Having full sway or unchecked course in the
individual or (more commonly) in general society.
1619 SIR R. NAUNTON in Fortescue Pap. (Camden) 95 In
whom theyr hope is now growen rampant. 1642 FULLER
Holy «, Prof. St. v. xviii. § 4 It grieved him to see ignorance
and impiety so rampnnt. 1673 GREW Ace. Veg,t. Roots
§ 66 The Sulphureous or Oyly Parts, which were before
concentred, are now more or less rampant. 1718 II 'odrow
i.iiius i ne neru 01 numanKinu. 1050 JIANE strci. cjcfi.
I. xvi. 186 The tide was low, the ice rampant. 1877 MRS.
OLIPHANT Makers Flor. ii. 31 This curious outbreak of
rampant democracy,
t &• Lustful ; vicious. Obs.
t-i68o BEVERIDGE Serm. (1729) I. 36 Lest his body should
frow rampant . . the church orders him to fast. 1732
'IELDING Miser iv. xiv, The young fellows of this age are
so rampant, that even degrees of kindred can't restrain
them. 1812 H. & J. SMITH Ktj. Addr., Archil. Atoms,
The rampant lessons of the stews.
4. Of plants or their growth : Rank, luxurious.
1764 Museum Rust. II. 298 Where a fine sheep-walk is
wanted, the sweeter and less-rampant grasses will, of course,
>e chosen. 1796 C. MARSHALL Garden, xvi. (1813) 271
A rich [soil] .. makes them [nasturtiums] too rampant and
ess fruitful. 1867 D. G. Mncmcl.l. Rural Stud. 34 Ils
ampant growth will cover your trellised porch in a pair of
easons.
5. Arch. Of an arch or vault : Having the abut-
ments or springing lines on different levels.
RAMPANTLY.
1715 W. HALFPENNY Sound Building 5 To draw a Ram-
pant Semicircular Arch. 1842 GWILT Archit. § 1943 To
draw a rampant pointed arch, whose span, . .and the height
of the ramp are given.
tB. sb. = RAMP sb.1 Obs. rare*1.
1671 Prol. to Shadivelfs Humorists^ These Rampants
have a hungry Worm indeed.
Rampantly (rse-mpantli), adv. [f. prec. +
-LY 2.J In a rampant manner.
1426 LYDG. De Gml. PHgr. 12760 Rampawntly she gan
to go Vn-to me-ward, off cruelte. 165^7 COLLIER 1 tumor.
Stage vi. (1730) 183 Their Songs are often rampantly lewd.
1897 Atlantic Monthly Oct. 546 A town so rampantly
democratic.
Rampar, var. RAMPKR!, obs. var. RAMPIRE.
Rampart (rse'mpajt), sb. Also 6 -arte, -arde,
-erd, 6-7 -ard, 7 -ert. See also RAMPIRE sb. [ad.
F. rempart, ^rempard, rampart, etc. (i6th c.), f.
remparer RAMPIRE #.]
1. Fortif. A mound of earth raised for the defence
of a place, capable of resisting cannon-shot, wide
enough on the top for the passage of troops, guns,
etc., and usually surmounted by a stone parapet.
1583 STOCKER Civ. Warres Loive C. iv. 64 b, This daie
was oegunne a Rampart, at Northe newe Gate. 1585
T. WASHINGTON tr, Nicftolay** Voy. \. viij. 7 b, Strong walles,
ramperdes, ditches. 1641 EARL MONM. tr. Biondfs Civil
Warres v. 134 The Rampard betweene the two townes
was covered with blood. 1667 MILTON P. L. \. 678 To
trench a Field, Or cast a Rampart. 1774 PENNANT Tour
Scotl. in 1772, 91 The camps united to each other by a
rampart. 1777 WATSON Philip II (1839) 233 The fort of
Sparendam, the rampart of which stood on the dyke along
which the troops must pass. 1810 [see 2], 1880 OUIDA
Moths II. xvii. 235 It was rather a rampart than a terrace,
and the waves beat and fretted the wall below.
transf. and fig. z6n BIBLE Nahitm iii. 8 That had the
waters round about it, whose rampart was the sea. 1675
TRAHERNE Chr. Ethics 185 As the laws are the rampart
of mens estates, justice is the rampart of the law. 1748
GRAY Alliance 96 The rocky ramparts round they see.
18x8 SHELLEY Rev. Islam vi. xi, Flesh and bone Soon
made our ghastly ramparts. 1867 SMILES Huguenots Eng.
x. (1880) 159 Louis XIV.. could not prevail against the
impenetrable rampart of conscience.
2. attrib. and Comb., as rampart communication,
-height, -line.
1799 CAMPBELL Pleas. HoJ>e Wks. (1837) 13 On the rampart-
heights array'd His trusty warriors. 1810 WELLINGTON in
Gurw. Desp. VI. ir To fill up the rampart in the bastions,
and to make a good rampart communication from both.
185* TENNYSON Ode Wellington 105 The vast designs Of
his labour'd rampart-lines.
Rampart (rce-mpa.it), z-. [f. prec.] trans. To
fortify or surround with, or as with, a rampart.
Orig. only in ppl. form, perh. directly from the sb.
1585 T. WASHINGTON tr. Nicholay's Voy. n. x. 44 The
castle, .ramparded & ditched. 1611 SPEED Hist. Gt. Bri!.
IX. xv. § 57. 792 A Field well trenched, and ramparted with
strong Gates. 1796 COLERIDGE Ode Departing Year, Those
glittering dells Proudly ramparted with rocks. 1822 LAMB
Elia, Ser. i. Distant Corr., I stood ramparted about with so
matny healthy friends. 1883 G. MACDONALD Castle Warlock
I. i. 9 The hills that ramparted the horizon.
Hence Ra'mparted, Ra'mparting ppl. adjs.
1837 CAMPBELL On the Camp Hill in Poems 297 The
ramparted ground With a vision my fancy inspires. 1850
BROWNING Christmas Eve iv, The ramparted cloud-prison,
. .built up in the West. 1881 F. T. PALGRAVE Vis. England
250 The ramparting rocks their darkness uprear.
Bampauge, Sc. variant of RAMPAGF.
Rampeare, obs. variant of RAMPIRE.
Ramped (rsempt), ///. a. [f. RAMP ^.1 8.]
Made with a ramp or rise.
1825 J. NICHOLSON Operat. Mechanic 604 Hand-railing. .
whether ramped, swan-necked,.. or wreathed. 1833 LOUDON
Encycl. Archit. § 752 A cast-iron ramped cap.. to the parti-
tion between the stalls. lbid.t The ramped iron copings.
fRa'mpen, v. Obs. rare. [?cf. G. rampeln,
rempeln to push, shove.] trans. To force, ram.
13.. Propr. Sanct. (Vernon MS.) in Archiv neu. Sfr.
LXXXI. 84/109 pe Rode-tres Jjei liften vp anon, Rampned
hit harde in a ston. Ibid. 84/117 Vre Cake on Crois J^ei
knede Rampned hit harde a^eyn pe Roode.
Ramper1 (rK'mpaj). dial. Also 8 rampar.
[Prob. a corruption of LAMPREY.] a. The lamprey.
Usu. ramper-eel. b. (see quot. 1865.)
1793 Statist. Ace. Scotl. IV. 217 note, These spotted eels
are called Rampar Eels. 1818 R. JAMIESON Notes Burfs
Lett. I. 122 The ramper-eel, lamprey, or nine eyes, is held
in abhorrence. 1865 J. COUCH Brit. Fishes IV. 408 Myxine.
Hagfish. Ramper eel. Poison Ramper. 1894 Northumbtd.
Gloss., Ramper [N.], the lamprey.
Ramper2 (nE-mp3.i). [f. RAMP v.2 + -ER1.]
One who ramps; spec, (see quot. 1887.)
1819 Sporting Mag. V. 123 The cup-and-ball Macers, the
Nob-Pitchers, and the Rampers. 1886 Gd. Words 247 A
' ramper ' . . is engaged with other roughs to get up the dis-
turbances, under which ' welshers' seek to.. secure their re-
treat. 1887 Daily News 12 Oct. 7/1 He knew the prisoners
as * rampers ', i. e. men who claimed to have made bets to
bookmakers, and hustled and surrounded them if they re-
fused to pay.
Ramper, obs. or dial. var. RAMPIKE. Ramperd,
-ert, obs. ff. RAMPART. Ramphoid, var. RHAM-
PHOID. Rampiar, obs. f. RAMPIRE.
Rampick (rarmpik), a. Oh. exc. dial. Also
6-7 ran-, 9 diaL raun-; 6ranpike. [Of obscure
origin : cf. RAMPIKE.] Of a tree or bough : Par-
tially decayed or dead j bare of leaves or twigs.
134
1593 DRAYTON Eel, i. 23 Rowland, leaning on a Ranpike
Tree. \Marein. A tree with age beginning to decay at the
top.] 1594 BARNFIELD Affect. Sheph, xxvii, When their
fleeces gin to waxen rough, He combs and trims them with
a rampicke bough. 1627 DRAYTON Agincourt, etc. 181 The
night-Crow sometimes, you might see, Croking to sit vpon
some Ranpick-tree. i88z Leicestersh. Gloss. t Raunpick, bare
of bark or flesh, looking as if pecked by ravens.
So Ka'mpicked a. = RAMP1KKD.
1836 WILBKAHAH Ckesh. Gloss., A Rampicked tree is a
stag-headed tree.
Rampier, variant of RAMPIUE.
Rampike (ne-mpaik). dial, and U. S. Also 9
ran-, rauu-. [Of obscure formation : the second
element may be PIKE. Cf. RAMPICK.] A decaying
or dead tree ; a spiky stump or stem of a tree.
1865 in IVarwicksh. Gloss. (1896) Ranpike or Rawtj'ike,
a tree beginning to decay at the top from age, and having
bare dead branches in consequence. 1881 W. F. RAE Nrw-
fottntil, to Manitoba iii. 93 The sight of these bare and life-
less poles is a common one here ; the poles are termed ' ram-
pikes *. 1894 PHILLIPPS-WOLLF.V Gold, Gold in. Cariboo 90
Cruel fire-hardened rampikes, which tore the skin to rags.
Hence Ra*mpiked (8 ran-, 9 rawn-) a.t of the
nature of a rampike.
the old oaks in his park — erect and majestic even in decay,
though scathed and rawnpiked and leafless.
f Rampin. Ob$. rare. In 5 -yn. [obs. F. (in
Godef. from Melusine only).] A kind of ship.
c 1500 Melnsine 117 The Rampyn then, or Caruell, say lied
thither. Ibid. 168 He made a rampyn or smal galeye.
Ramping (roe'mpiij), vbl. sb.l [-ING1.] The
action G?RAMP ^.1 in its various senses.
1580 HOLLYBAND Treas. fr'r. Tong) Griwpure, a ramping
That wanton, untoward, malepert ramping and hoytie-toitie
which he kept in the grove. 1741 RICHARDSON Pamela (1824)
I. cii. 490 An over-free, and even indecent degree of ramping,
as it is called. 1870 DICKENS E. Drood vi, Swaggering fight-
ing men had had their centuries of ramping and raving about
Minor Canon Corner.
Ra'mpiug, vbl. $b2 (See quot. and RAMP v.-)
^ 1891 7V///« 16 Oct. 8/4 The trick, .was technically known
in sporting circles as * ramping ', which had been extensively
practised during the past season on bookmakers.
Ramping (rse'mpirj),///. a. (and adv.} [-ING 2.]
That ramps, in senses of RAMP v*1
The ob.s. northern and Sc. form rawpand may also be
taken as a variant of RAMPANT.
fl. Creeping, crawling. Obs. rare"*1.
c 1440 Bone Flor. 845 Syr Garcy went crowlande for fayne,
As rampande eyen [?] do in the rayne.
2. Of beasts: Standing erect, rearing, showing
fierceness.
1381 WYCLIF Gen* xlix. 27 Beniamyn, a wulf raumpynge.
1509 HA WES Pasf. Pleas, xxxin. (Percy Soc.) 162 A ramp-
yngjs lyon of fyne golde so pure. 1596 SHAKS. i Hen. IV,
in. i. 153 A couching Lyon, and a ramping Cat. 1743 WESLEY
IVks. (1872) XIII. 191 The mob.. were as so many ramping
and roaring lions. i86z G. MEREDITH Mod. Love 1, Thun-
dering like ramping hosts of warrior horse.
fig* 1850 BLACKIE Mschylus II. 238 Lest our pride of
ramping riches kick our sober weal in the dust.
3. Of persons, their actions, etc. : Violent, extrava-
gant, unrestrained ; •)• romping.
1483 CAXTON G. de la. Tour B vj , Wymmen that ben chydars
and rampynge. 1582 STANYHURST JEneis in. (Arb.) 88 With
ramping bounce clapping .. Fierce the waters ruffle. 1595
SHAKS. John in. i. 122 What a foole art thou, A ramping
foole, to brag, and stamp, and sweare, Vpon my partie ! 1675
E. PHILLIPS Tkeat. Poet. Pref. ** 8 A style not ramping,
but passionately sedate and moving. 1697 VANBRUGH -znd
Pt. sEsop Ji. 237 I've a great ramping daughter, that stares
like a heifer. 1745 J. MASON Self-Knotul. i. xiv. (1853) 106
The maddest Sallies and the most ramping Reveries of the
Fancy. 1876 BLACKIE Songs Religion <S- Life 241 Race not
with a ramping might. 1891 HANNAH LYNCH G. Meredith
86 The wild ramping life of the colonies.
4. t a. Climbing, clasping. Obs. rare"*.
1578 LYTE Dodoens iv. xx. 475 Foure or fiue griping or
ramping claspers, whereby the Pease doth take holde.
b. Growing luxuriantly. Now dial.
1607 Barley- Breake (1877) 28 A Pipe made of a ramping
Gate. 1733-4 MRS. DELANY Lett., to Mrs. A. Granville
428 White ground with great ramping flowers in shades of
purples, reds, and greens. iSzi CLARE Vill. Minstr, I. 203
Picking from the ramping grass Nameless blossoms as I pass-
1829 — Ode to Autumn^ With ramping sallows lined, and
crowding sedge.
5. As adv. Exuberantly, rare""1.
1886 J. M. CAULFEILD Seamanship Notes 2 These sails are
to be ramping full.
Rampioil l (rse'mpian). [Prob. ad. some form
of the Romance name, which appears as F.
raiponce (^reponce, etc.), Sp. reponche, ruiponce,
Pg. ruiponto, etc., It. rap-, ramponzolo\ cf. G.
rapunzel. The etym. of these forms is obscure :
connexion with L. raptttn RAPE sb£ is doubtful.]
1. A species of bellflower, Campanula Rapttn-
culus, of which the white tuberous roots are some-
times used as a salad,
1573 TUSSER Husb. (1878) 94 Herbes and rootes for sallets
and sauce.. Radish. .Rampions. Rokat. 1578 LYTE Dodoens
v. xxxv. 597 The litle Rampion flowreth in June and July.
1622 DRAYTON Poly-oll>. xx. 60 The Rampion rare . . the
hardly gotten Gourd. 1723 BRADLEY Fain. Diet. $.v.SeUUr,
BAMPIRE.
Others mingle Endives, Succory and Rampions without
Distinction. 1785 MAKTYM Rousseau's Bot. xvi. (1794) 187
Rampion, which was formerly cultivated for its roots to eat
in sal lads, 1820 L. HUNT Indicator No. 28 (1822) I. 224
The rampions grew so thickly. 1883 St. James's Gaz.
20 Dec. 2/2 The rampion . . with its roots shining as ivory
and its flavour recalling the filbert.
2. A plant of the genus Phyteuma.
1760 J. LEE Introd. Bot. App. 324 Rampions, Horned,
Phyteuma. 1790-1820 SOWERBY Eng. Bot. VI. 6 Spiked
Rampion, Phyteuma sficatmn. Ibid., Round-headed
Rampion, Phyteittna, orbicitlare. 1882 G. ALLEN Colour of
Flowers iv. 73 The rampions (Phyteittna) vary from blue to
white ; so do many of the campanulas.
t 3. The Lobelia. Obs.
1733 MILLER Card. Diet. s.v. RaftMttiltm, Greater Ram-
pions with a Crimson-spiked Flower, commonly call'd the
Scarlet Cardinal's Flower. 1760 J. LEE Introd. Bot. App.
324 Rampions, Crested, Lobelia.
f Rampion-. Obs. rare— l. [Of obscure origin.]
A certain kind or colour of wine.
1519 Inter!. Four Elem. (Percy Soc.) 22 Ve shall have
spayneshe wyne and Gascoyn, Rose coloure, whyt, claret,
rampyon,
Rampire, -pier (ne-mpaiej), sb. Now arch.
Forms : a. 6 rampair(e, -are, -eare, 6-7 rampar,
rampere, 6-7 (9 dial.} ramper. 0. 6 rampyre,
6- rampire, rampier, (7 -iar, -yer). [a. obs. F.
rampar (Godef. Compl.), var. rempar, rempart
RAMPART. The origin of the /3-forms is not clear ;
cf. hampire, -ier obs. forms of HAMPER sb.^ and
camphire CAMPHOR. Sheridan (i 789) gives rampyr,
and marks the final syllable as short.]
1. = KAMPABT.
o. a 1548 PATTEN E.vfed. Scotl. A vj, My lordes grace,
walking vpon the Rampere of the tounewalles [etc.]. 1557
N. T. (Genev.) Luke nix. 43 Thy enemies shalt cast rampars
about thee. 1560 DAUS tr. Sleidane's Comm. 396 A certain
piece of the wall and Rampeare was failed downe. 1599
HAKLUYT Voy. II. i. 125 The battered earth, which fell in
the ditches from the rampaire. 1604 E. GKIMSTONE Hist.
Sicf£ Ostend 133 The dike,. .Rampars and defences. 1689
De/. Liberty agsf. Tyrants 56 Fortifying .. by Ravelins,
Ditches, and Rampers, the Temple of God.
ft. a 1557 VAUX in Tottell's Misc. (Arb.) 172 Good will the
master of the shot, Stode in the rampyre braue and proud.
1579 DICGES Stratiot. 93 He ought to have knowledge in
Fortification, especially in the manner of making Trenches
and Rampiers. 1603 KNOLLES Hist. Turks (1638) 82 The
Venetians .. built a strong tower of wood, higher than the
wals and rampiars of the towne. 1665 MANLEY Grotitts1
Low-C. Warres 97 They begin to fortifie their City with
strong Bulwarks and Rampires. 1747 CARTE Hist. Eng. I.
no It is fenced with an high treble rampire. 1813 SCOTT
Trierm. i. xiii, Buttress, and rampire's circling bound. 1870
F. R. WILSON Ch. Lindisf. 71 On its wide summit there is a
strong rampier built of stone.
t b. A dam, barrier. Obs.
1586 T. B. La Primand. Fr. Acad. 604 To strengthen
with rampires the banks of rivers. 1611 CORYAT Crudities
257 The great long banke . . which is interjected as a strong
Rampier betwixt the Adriatique sea and the citie. 1764
GOLDSM. Trav. 286 Sedulous to stop the coming tide, Lift
the tall rampire's artificial pride.
c. dial. A raised road or way ; the highway.
1848 in EVANS Leic. Gloss. 1864 in Mem. Tennyson (1897)
II. L 9 When I canters my 'erse along the ramper I 'ears
proputty, proputty, proputty. 1881 Gd. Words Nov. 752
Along the rutted ramper Thory wheels His barrow.
2. transf. and _/?£•. A thing or person resembling
or comparable to a rampart.
1567 TURBERV. Epit. etc, 37 A Patrone to the poore, a Ram-
pire to the rest. 41586 SIDNEY Arcadia v. (1598) 443 Forti-
fying courage with the true Rampier of patience. 1592
K.YD Sp. Trag. i. ii. 50 With a swelling tide, It beats upon
the rampiers of huge rocks. 1611 SIR W. MURE Misc.
Poems i. 16 To siege, and sack the Rampier of my ressoune.
1637 E. F. Hist. Edw. II (1680) 58 Makes himself a Rampire
of all his Servants, Friends and Kindred. 1700 DRYDEN
Iliad i. 401 The son of Thetis, rampire of our hosts. 1880
SWINBURNE Stud. £nqf is6Ta* rampire of water in front
is erect. 1881 — Mary Stuart iv. i, Of those claims, .have
you made The stoutest rampire of your rule.
3. attrib. and Comb., as rampire bank, bar, -like
adj., -mound, wall.
1555 PHAER sEneid ii. 39 The fomy flood whose *rampier
banks are tome. 1776 MICKLE tr. Camoens' Lusiad 112
Dash'd the fierce monarch on a *rampire bar. 1635 J. HAY-
WARD tr. Biondfs Banislid Virg. 179 That sinuous Region
.. is ever .. calme ; thankes to the *rampi re-like sheltring
rocks and cragges. 1866 CONINGTON sEneid 6 Banks them
round With sand as with a *rampire-mound. 1688 R. HOLME
Armoury in. 457/1 A *Rampiar Wall, .or Coffer worke.
Raiupire, -pier (rse'mp3i*r), v. Now arch.
Forms: a. 6-7 rampar(e, -air, -er. j8. 6 ram-
pyer, -iere, 6-7 rampier, 6-7 (9) rampire. [a. F.
(^ramparer), remparer (i5th c.) to fortify, etc., f.
re- RE- + einparer to take possession of, ad. Prov.
amparar, f. L. ante- + par are (ci. prepare),]
jl. trans. To strengthen, increase the strength of
(a bulwark, gale, etc.) against attack ; to block ttp
(a gate) for this purpose, esp. by piling earth behind
it ; to close up (an opening). Obs.
i55« EDW. VI. Lett. (Roxb.t 81 We find the bulwarkes
chargeable, massie, wel rampared. 1557 in Strype Eccl.
Mem, (1721) III. n. App. lxxix.275 The Englishmen within,
looking for the siege, had Tampered up the gates. 1596
R. H. tr. Lavaterus' Ghostes 83 A brasen gate being fast
rampierd with barres. 1622 J. REYNOLDS Gods Revengt\\.
81 He sees . . the draw-bridges and approches drawn up, and
rampired up with Barricadoes. 1632 LITHGOW Trav. \\. 48
The walls [of the city] are strongly rampircd with earth.
RAMPISH.
2. To fortify, strengthen, or protect (a place)
<:!/>. by a rampart. Now only arch.
1550 in Hodgson's Hist. Northttmb. m. II. 200 That
side to be massively rampiered with earth. 1553 IJKFNDK
Q. Cvrtiits F viij, Havinge rampared the prores for defence
of the souldiers that were behinde. 1614 RALEIGH Hisf.
World v. i. § 10 (1634) 574 The fort of Klsenour; which at
that time was not so well rampard, as now perhaps it is.
01656 USSHER Ann. (1658) 221 His Camp was no better
rampiered than it should be. 1835 SINGLETON Virgil I. 238
Rampire witrj abundant power Long Alba.
trausf. andyi^. 1614 RALEIGH Hist. World n. (1634) 254
Knowing the strength of hisowne Countrey,..rampir'd with
high and sharpe Mountains. 1631 MASSINGER Believe as
you List in. iii, There is no touch of moral honesty Though
rampired in your soul, but will fly from you.
b. To shut up or out as with a rampait. rare.
1566 SIR H. SIDNEY in FourC. Eng. Lett. 24 Nature hath
rampired up (as it were) the tongue with teeth, lips, yea and
hair without the lips. 1606 N. BAXTER Sir P. Sidney's
Ourania M i, Within a branchie filme there lyeth the braine,
Close rampir'd vrj with Barracados twaine. 1873 LVTTON
Ketulm. Cliil. v. iv. (r878) 312 Trees . . which rampired out
all horizon beyond.
f 8. To fix or establish firmly. Obs. rare.
'555 EDEN Decades 5 Hyghe trees, sette close together and
fast rampaired in the grounde. a 1670 HACKETCra/. Semi.
(1675) 396 When men have rampared witty shifts against
truth, it is in vain to tell them [etc.].
Hence Ba-mpired///. a., Ba'mpiring -M. sb.
1582 STANYHURST SEneis i. (Arb.) 26 With thick bulwarck
shal he fence thee rampired Alba. 1657 REEVE God's Plea.
168 Where there is unity there needeth no barricadoing nor
Tampering. 1776 MICKLE tr. Camoens' Ljtsiad\i\. 311 Ram-
pired walls lie smoaking on the ground. 1873 BROWNING
Red Con. Nt.-Cap 1381 Grass . . contemptible Compared
with solid rock, the rampired ridge.
t Ra'mpish, a. Obs. rare. [f. RAMP z/.l + -ISH.]
Given to ramping or romping.
153° PALSGR. 322/1 Rampysshe as beest is or a yonge
wenche, ramponneiix. 1575 TUSSER Hnsb. (1878) 214 Not
rampish toie, of girleand boie, . .good end doth frame. 1661
W. K. Con/.CIiaract. To Rdr. (1860) p. xii, Rampish lust
and damnable pride.
t Ra-mpling, ? alteration of RAMPINO vbl. sb.l
c 1580 JEFFERIE Bugbears v. ix. in Archiv Stud. MIL Spr.
(1897), With ramplynges, with tramplynges [etc.].
t Ra'mplish, v. 06s. rare-1, [ad. F. rempliss-,
remplir to fill, etc.] trans. To cover.
1494 in Lett. Rich. Ill * Hen. VII (Rolls) I. 396 A lion
of gold, . . sett in maner of a curnalles with plumesses whit
and grene, and ramplyshed with spangils.
Ra-mplor. Sc. [? f. RAMP ».°] a. sb. A rover,
a restless person, b. adj. Roving, restless.
1831 GALT Ann. Parish 162 He was a rainplor, roving sort
of a creature. 1822 — Sir A. Wylie I. xxv. 226 A mis-
chievous clever ramplor.
tRampone. Obs. rare~\ = LAMPAS rf.l
1580 HOLLYBAND Treat. Fr. Tong, Lampas, or lampast,
a disease and swelling rising in the mouth of horses, being
holpen by letting the bloud, and pricking the same with an
home, the rampone.
Ramps (ramps), north, dial, and Sc. [Var. of
RAMS ; cf. G. ramfe(n in same sense.] Ramsons.
1538 TURNER Libelltts, Arisaron,.puto hodie a nostris dici
rammes aut rampes. 1663 BLAIR Autobiog. iii. (1848) 53 All
things smelling of a root called ramps. 1824 MACTAGGART
Gallovid. Encycl., Ramps, wild leeks, common on shores.
1869- in northern dial, glossaries (Cumb., Lane., Northumb.).
Rampsoun, obs. form of RANSOM v.
Rampyer, -pyre, obs. forms of RAMPIRB.
Ra'm-race. Sc. and north, dial. Also 6 -rays
7 (9) -raise, [f. RAM rf.i + RACE sby\
1. A headlong rush, like that of a ram. Also fig.
1513 DOUGLAS putt's xi. xvii. 49 Sum.. Can with a ram
rays to the portis dusche. 1821 Blackw. Mag. IX. 163
Poor man ! he ran at last a ram-race, and was taken before
the session.
2. A short run preparatory to a jump.
1695 K.ENNETT Par. Antiq. II. Gloss., Ram-raise, c 1815
HOGG ConnelofDee xxviii, With ram-race he cleared at a
bcnsil the wall c 18:7 - Tales f, Sk. II. 158 They took a
short race of about twelve or fourteen paces, which they
denominated the ramrace.
Ram-riding : see RAM rf.i 7.
Ramrod (re-mirpd). [f. RAM K.I + ROD.] A
rod used for ramming down the charge of a muzzle-
loading fire-arm. (The earlier word was RAMMER.)
1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) VIII. 246/1 If the ball has been
forcibly driven down with an iron ramrod .. the piece will
almost certainly burst. 1859 All Y. Round No. 4. 87 The
invention of the iron ramrod by the Prince of Dessau .
doubled the value of the fire of infantry
CmA i860 TOMLINSOH Arts * Manuf. II. Gun-Barrels,
he bayonet and ramrod maker. 1861 MUSGRAVE By-roads
264 A ramrod.hke descent of pelting rain
Hence (nonce-was.) Ba-mroddy a., stiff, un-
„ "W ' •Ba'mr<>aism, military stiffness.
i?Hr, ? ^' rUTLER F£r °'" " The Mosaic ram-
rodum of the German Emperor's face and figure. 1886
Harper, Mag. May 888 Ramroddy and uncompromising
llama (ramz). Now only dial. Korms • I
nramsa, -se, (hromsa, rames'e), 5 rarnmys. //.
ramsis, -zyg, 6 ram(m)es, 8-9 rams, 9 Sc. ramsh.
[Oh. hramsa, -se = MLG. ramese, G. rams (with
many dial, variants: see Grimm), Da., Sw., and
JNorw. dial, rams (Sw. rams-Kit) cognate with Olr
crcm (Ir. and Gael, treamh, \V. eraf), Lith. ker-
'isst, Russ. wpOMina, wild garlic, Gr. Kfamv
onion.] Wild garlic, ramsons.
135
Some mod. dialects treat rams as a pi. form, with sing
ram or rame. See also RAMPS, RAMSEY, RAMSON.
a 700 Epinal Gloss. 59 Actula (accititla), hramsa [Corfu.
hromsa]. 10.. Ags. Voc. in Wr.-Wiilcker 296/3 Acetula
ramese. c 1440 Ptvmp. Parv. 422/2 Ramzys, herbe (H
ramsis, A"., S. rammys), affpdyllus. 1548 TURNER Names
llerbes (E. D. S.I 10 The third kinde [of garlick] is called in
latin A Ilium vrslnum, and in english Ramsey, or bucrames
or rames. 1551 — Herbal I. (1568) Bv, The third kynd is
called in Englysh rammes. a 1796 PF.CGE Derbicisms Ser
ll. Rams, rampions [? ramsons]. 1818 Trans. Antig.Soc
Scotl. II. 70 On these hills [P. of Monivaird] is found a
mountain leek, or ramsh, as it is here named. 1876 Whitl'y
Gloss., Rams, wild garlic, flavouring the cow's milk that
eats it.
Ramsea-llion. Chiefly north, dial. [Of obscure
formation : cf. rapscallion, rampallion.'\ A mean
wretched fellow.
1733 FIELDING Don Quixote in Eng. i. i, The Don is just
such another lean ramscallion as . . his Roziname. 1855-6
in northern glossaries (Yks., Lonsd.).
Rams(d)en, dinl. variants of RAMSON.
Ramsey (ra-mzi). Now dial. Forms : //. 5, 7
ramseys, (6 -eyes), 6-7, 9 ramsies ; sing. 6, 9
ramsey, 9 ramsy. ff. RAMS, prob. by a wrong
analysis of the pi. ramsis, ramses.'] = RAMSON.
1499 Promp. Pant. 422/2 (Pynson) Ramseys, affodyllus.
1548 [see RAMS]. 1655 MouFCT & BENNET Health's Impr.
(1746) 325 Ramseys are of the like Power with Garlic. 1882
Devon Plant Names, Ramsey, Ramsies, or Rantson.
Ramshackle (ra'mjsek'l), a. and sb. Also
-shaele. [Later var. of RAMSHACKLED.]
A. adj. 1. Loose and shaky, as if ready to fall
to pieces ; rickety, crazy, tumble-down. (Said
chiefly of carriages and houses.)
1830 Miss MITFORD I'illage Ser. IV. (1863) 215, I could
shake the old chaise to pieces with one jerk, it's so ram-
shackle. 1847 THACKERAY Cane-tot torn' d Chair, Therickety,
ramshackle, wheezy spinet. 1865 A themeum No. 1978. 400/3
A huddle of ramshackle lath-and-plaster houses. 1889
D. C. MURRAY Danger. Catspaw 78 There was J. P.'s
ramshackle figure on the pathway.
2. Of persons, actions, etc. : Unsteady, irregular,
disorderly, rude. (Chiefly dial.)
1855 ROBINSON Wkitty Gloss. 1870 E. PEACOCK Ralf Skirt.
II. 121 What ramshackle wark ha' ye been after? 1880
•VERNON LEE' Italy n. ii. 26 Fine talent, .ruined, .by a dis-
orderly character, a ramshackle career.
B. sb. 1. dial. A thoughtless or reckless fellow.
1824 LOCKHART Reg. Dalton I. 199 This will learn ye,
again, ye young ramshackle. Ibid. III. 267 An ignorant
ramshackle, no question. 1877 in A*. ]V. Line. Gloss.
2. nonce-use. A ramshackle object.
1865 Even. Standard 28 Mar., Our own . . purchased hulks
and general congregation of naval ramshackle;.
Hence Ba nishackle v. trans., to ' rattle up'.
1865 Daily Tel. 27 Oct. 5/6 If their dwellings were not
ramshackled or ' run up ' by some . . speculative builder.
Ramshackled (rse-mfaek'ld), ///. a. Also 7
raushacled, 8 -shackled, 9 Sc. -shachled. [Perh.
f. ram-, ranshackle RANSAOKLE v., as if =' wrecked
or destroyed by plundering ' ; but cf. Sc. CAM-
SHACHLE, to distort.] = RAMSHACKLE 'a. i.
rai
such a ranshackeld old place that it must be pulled down'
1883 Amer. Missionary Dec. 367 [The Chinese Wall] a
barbaric, ramshackled old thing of a great many centuries.
So -
_ 1868 LD. HOUGHTON Let. in Life (1890) II. 196 The house
is a ramshackhng old place, without a fine room in it.
Ra mshackly, a. [f. RAMSHACKLE + -Y, after
rickety, shaky, etc.] = RAMSHACKLE a.
1857 READE Course True Love, Clonds * Sunshine ix
266 Immeasurably fond of the old ramshackly house. 1892
J. PAYN Mod. Whittington I. 166 Lawrence was ashamed
of. .the ramshackly dwelling.
Ram's-head. [f. RAM rf.i ; cf. RAMHEAD.]
1. a. Used attrib. to designate the ordinary chick-
pea, Cicer arietinum. 1 0bs.
1601 HOLLAND Pliny I. 570 There is a second kind named
Columbmum. . .These are white, round, light, lesse than the
former Rams-head ciches. 1866 Treas. Sot. 957/2.
b. The American plant Cypripedium arietinum,
a species of Lady's Slipper. (Treas. Bot. 1866.)
passed the halyards, and at the end of it in a hole is reued
the ties, and this is onely belonging to the fore and maine
halyards.
1 3. (See quots.) Obs. Cf. RAM-HEAD 3.
1611 COTGR., Lome ae fer, a Rammes head; or, the
(pmser-like) hook of a Crane, &c. 1727 BOVER Diet. Royal
II. s.v. Ram, Ram's Head, (an Iron Pincher to heave up
great Stones with).
Ram's-horn. [f. RAM j*.']
1. The horn of a ram ; the material of this.
1522 SK-ELTON Why not toCoiirt 87 As ryght as a rammes
lorn. 1611 BIBLE Josh. vi. 6 Let seuen Priests beare seuen
:rumpets of rammes-hornes. 1751 R. PALTOCK P. ll'ilkins
(1884) I. 178 The thing I made . . was composed of old hat,
pieces of rams-horn [etc.]. 1816 SCOTT Antiq. xxii, Sir
Arthur drew from his pocket a large ram's-horn, with a
copper cover.
attril. and Comb. 1589 T. NASHE Anal. Afrsitrd. Wks.
Xirosart) I. 71, I know the learned wil laugh me to scorne,
or setting down such Rams home rules of direction. 1820
LAMB Elia, Christ* sHospit. 35 Yrs. ago, A young ass. .blew
RAMULUS.
such a ram's horn blast, as. .set concealment any longer at
defiance. 1840 MRS. F. TROLLOPE Widow Married xxiii
My old ramshorn aunt Betsy. 1897 Allbittt's Svst. Mfd.
II. 1081 They form a long ram's-horn-like projection.
b. A form of scroll ornament.
1842 FRANCIS Diet. Arts, Ram's Horn, a particular kind
of scroll ornament, the origin of which is from the skull and
horns of the ram.
1 2. An ammonite or nautilus (Nautilus spiruld).
Also ramshorn sailor. Obs.
1798 NEMNICH Polyg. Lex. V. n. 865.
3. Mil. (See quot.)
1802 JAMES Milit. Diet., Rams-horns, . .are a kind of low
works made in the ditch, of a circular arc ; they were in-
vented by M. lielidor, and serve instead of tenailles.
4. A vessel in which fish are washed.
1809 Kaval Chron. XXI. 21 The fish [cod] are thrown into
what is^callcd a ram's-horn (a square wooden thing, perfo-
rated with holes, to admit the water to pass), when the fish
are tumbled about and well washed. 1883 Fisheries Exhit.
Catal. (ed. 4) 175 Washing Fish in a Ram's-Horn.
b. dial. ' A winding-net supported by stakes, to
inclose fish that come in with the tide. Somerset '
(Halliwell.)
5. dial. The plant Orchis Morio. Also attrib.
1884!!! BRITTEN & HOLLAND Plant- Names. 1889 JEFFERIES
Field ff Hedgerow 115 Soon after the May garlands the
meadow orchis comes up, . . and after that the ' ram's-horn '
orchis, which has a twisted petal.
Ramsin, -sioun, obs. ff. RAMSON, RANSOM.
t Ram-sky t. Obs. rare~\ A term of abuse.
c 1460 Tmviulty Myst. iii. 217 We ! hold thi long, ram-skyt
or I shall the still.
Ramson (roe'msan). Forms : i ramesan,
hrameson, 5 ramsyn, 6 sin, 6-7, 9 -som, 6, 9
dial, -sen, 9 ransom, (9 dial, ramsden), 6- ram-
son. [OK. pi. of hramsa, -se RAMS (the -n being
retained as in oxen, hosen, etc.), but in later use
taken as a sing., with pi. ramsoiis.'] The broad-
leaved garlic, Allium ursinum ; the bulbous root
of this plant, used as a relish. Chiefly in//.
c 1000 /ELFRIC Gloss, in Wr.-Wulcker 134/7 Ranmsiwn,
ramesan. c 1000 Durham Gloss, in Sax. Leechd. III. 304/2
Ramuscium, Hrameson. 14.. Voc. in Wr.-Wiilcker 561/13
That poysonous medicament.. such as be Ramsons, Savine,
Leeks, &c. 1733 MILLER Card. Diet. (ed. 2), Allium, syl-
•vestre latifolium, Ramson's. 1805 Medical Jrnl. XIV. 65
Ramsons. Ramson garlic. 1879- in south-western dial,
glossaries.
Ramson, obs. form of RANSOM.
Ram-8tam. (rasni|Sta;m), a., si'., and adv. Sc.
and north, dial. [A riming comb., perh. based on
RAM sb^ and dial, stam to stamp.]
A. adj. Precipitate, headstrong.
1786 BURNS To Jas. Smith xxviii, The hairum-scairum,
ram-stain boys. The rattlin squad. 1824 MACTAGGART
Gal/ovid. Encycl. Introd. 8, I scamper along rather in the
ram stam ' manner. 1893 CROCKETT Stickit Minister 81
He's young an' terrible ram-stain.
B. si/. A thoughtless person, rare.
1823 GALT Entail III. 70 Walky, who is a lad of a metho-
dical nature, and no a hurly-burly ramstam.
C. adv. Precipitately, headlong.
1818 SCOTT Rol> Roy xxviii, The least we'll get, if we
gang ramstam in on them, will be a broken head. 1895
CROCKETT Men of Moss-Hags xxiv. 178 Was there ever
a Gordon that would not go ram-stam at the boar.
Ramsyn, obs. form of RAMSON.
Ramtil (rse-m,til). [Bengali ramtil, {. ram
pleasing, beautiful, excellent (freq. prefixed to
names of plants, etc. to denote special kinds or
varieties) + til TIL.] A plant (Guizotia Abyssinica
or oleifera) largely cultivated in various parts of
India for the oil which is expressed from the seeds
(niger or ramtil seeds). Sometimes called black til.
1858 in SIMMONDS Diet. Trade. 1873 DRURY Use/. Plants
India (ed. 2) 238 The Ramtil oil is sweet-tasted, and is used
for the same purposes as the gingely oil.
Ramuff, obs. Sc. form of REMOVE v.
Ramulet (rK-mi«let). rare. [f. RAMUL-US +
-ET.] = RAMULDS.
1671 GREW in Phil. Trans. VI. 3042 The purest sap,
imbosom'd in the ramulets of the Seed branch. 1829 Westin.
Rev. July in The branches and ramulets of the trunk.
Ramuli, pi. of RAMULUS.
Ramuli-ferous, a. [See next and -(I)FEBODS.]
Bearing ramuli. (In recent Diets.)
Raimilose (rre-mittl^s), a. Bot. and Zool. [ad.
L. ramitlosus (applied by Pliny to veined leaves) ;
see RAMULUS and -OSE.] Characterized by ramuli.
1753 CHAMBERS Cycl. Supp. s.v. Leaf, Rantnlose Leaf,
a kind of compound leaf, in which there are several foliola
susl.-iined on a branched petiole. 1872 H. C. WOOD Fresh
Water Algx 207 Fascia, .densely clothed with penicillately
ramulose fasciculi.
Hence Katnuloso-f innate, -verrucose adjs.
1846 DANA Zooph. (1848) 650 Flabellate and ramuloso-
>innate. Ibid. 520 Corallum with the branchlets subulate,
ramuloso-verrucose above.
So Ba-mnlons a. [see -ous.]
1664 POWER Exp. Philos. i. 29 About the joynts and
amulous divisions. 1846 DANA Zooph. (1848) 607 Carnose
Alcyonidae, ramulous or fruticulose.
Ramulns (ix'mitilvs). Bot. and Anat. PI.
RAMUS.
ramuli (-1M;. [L., dim. of RAMUS,] A small
branch or ramus.
c 1783 W. STARK in Med. Commun. I. 367 Those [vessels]
may be traced.. to the smaller ramuli. 1871 H. C. WOOD
Fresh Water Algx 207 Primary branches .. densely ramel-
lose with the ramuli lanceolate.
II Ramus (r^i-mos). PI. rami (r^-mai). [L.
ramtts branch, etc.]
1. Anat. A process of a bone, esp. of the ischium
and pubes, and of the jaw-bone.
1803 Med. Jrnl. IX. 394 The transverse space existing
between the rami of the ischium. 1843 J. (i. WILKINSON
Sivedenborgs Anim. Kined. I. i. 22 Between the ramus of
the lower jaw, and the base of the tongue. 1855 RAMS-
BOTHAM Obstetr* Med. 5 The ischium is connected . . with
the pubts at the junction of the rami.
2. Ornith. =B.\RB^. 6.
1882 H. GADOW in Proc* Zool. Soc. 411 The series of radii
or barbules on either side of the rami or barbs.
t Ramuscle. Obs. = next.
1677 in Phil. Trans. XII. 902, I could see those manifold
little vessels with their ramuscles, which were all very
feeble, and by the least touch broke asunder.
Ramuscule (ram»'skiwl). KioL [ad. late L.
rarnusculus, dim. of rarrnts RAMUS : see -CULE.
Cf. F. raffiuscule.'] A small branch.
1831 R. KNOX Cloquefs Anat. 644 From the aorta . . arise
secondary trunks, branches, twigs and ramuscules in great
number. 1881 P. M. DUNCAN in Jrnl. Linn. Si'C. XV. 323
These branch. .,and terminate in minute ramuscules.
So || Ramu sculus (pi. -culi).
1842 E. WiLsoxAnat. Vadc M. (*&.*} 263 They Inosculate
. .with the terminal ramusculi of the arteries. 1866 Trsas,
Bot.g^Tl-2. Ratnnsculit the mycelium of certain fungais.
t Ramverse, ^. Obs. [ad. F. renverser, i. re-
+ envers INVERSE.]
1. trans. To overturn, overthrow. Also^-.
1412-20 LVUG. Chron. Troy \\. xiii, He hath aye ioye
theyr honour to ramuerse. 1593 NASHK Christ's T. (1613)
28 They seeke to drowne and ramuerse euery ship.
2. To reverse, withdraw.
1632 LITHGOW Trav. x. 461 He could not Ram-verse the
Wedges. 1662 PETRIE Ch. Hist. xiii. I. 391 Thus he did
ramverse the priviledge granted by Pope Honorius the III.
Hence f Ramvert z>. (after convert, invert, etc.).
1632 LITHGOW Trav. v. 189 A guilty conscience, .ramverts
most of them, either ouer in a torment of melancholy,
otherwise in the extasie of madnesse.
Ramyfye, obs. f. RAMIFY. Ramysde, var.
RAMMIST a. Ramzaun, var. ramazan RAMADAN.
Ramzys, obs. pi. RAMS.
Ran (rsen). [Of unknown origin.]
1. A certain length of twine (see quots.).
1794 Rigging ftf Seamanship 56 Ran^ twenty cords of
twine, wound on a reel, and every cord so parted by a knot
as to be easily separated. 1880 /'lain Hints Needlework
104 For netting, the ordinary common twine runs three-
quarters of a pound to a ' ran '.
2. dial. A certain width of a net (see quot).
1887 Kent. Gloss.. Ran^ a Folkestone herring net, which
is about thirty yards long, is made four rans deep ; and
there are sixty meshes to a ran.
Ran, pa. t. and obs. pa. pple. of RUN v.
Ran, Sc. variant of RAWX, roe.
Rana*rian, a. nonce-wd, [f. as next.] 'Froggy*.
1814 T. L. PEACOCK Sir Proteus i. note. Ranarian min-
strels of all ages and nations have -entertained a high
opinion of their own melody.
Ranarium (rane>ri#m). f Mod.L., f. rana frog :
see -ARIUM.] A place in which frogs are kept.
1889 Lancet 27 Apr. 862 The [Berlin] institute, .possesses
a ranarium, in whicn are 700 frogs.
Ranc, obs. form of RANK a.
Ranee (rans), sbl Also 7 rauns, raunce,
ranse. [Prob. of F. origin, but not recognized in
the leading F. diets.] A kind of variegated marble
(see quot. 1887). Also attrib.
Described by Larousse (Diet. Univ. XIX Siiclt, s.v.)
as (un marbre blanc et rouge brun,veine' de blanc cendre et
de bleu *.
1598 SYLVESTER Du Barfas, Triumph of Faith (title-p.), A
Tomb. .With Ivorie Pillars mixt with Jet and Ranee. 1652
QUARLES Div. Fancies iv. liii, No Launce can pierce it, it
is grown More heard than Raunce, or th' Adamantine stone.
1686 PLOT Staffordsh. 107 Yielding Coal, Lead, Copper,
Ranee Marble, and Mill-stones. 1703 T. N. City fy C.
Purchaser 107 Chimney-pieces, .of Ranee, or Liver-colour'd-
marble. 1723 J. SMITH Art Paint. Oyl (ed. 5* i The Stone
must be a hard Ranee, Marble, or some other of a close
grain. 1887 Archit. Publ. Soc. Dict.> Ranee, a marble
obtained from Hainault in Belgium, of a dingy red colour
varied with veins and spots of blue and white.
fig> "598 SYLVESTER Du Bartas \\. iv. i. Tropheis mo
What living Ranee, what rapting Ivorie Swims in these
streams ?
Ranee, ranse (rams), sb.% Chiefly Sc. [Perh.
a. F. ranche pole, bar, rung (see Hatz.-Darm., and
Du Cange s.v. ranchonum}.'} A bar or baton ; a
prop or support.
1808 JAMIESON, Ranee, i. a prop, a wooden stake employed
for the purpose of supporting a building. 2. The cross-
bar which joins the lower part of the frame of a chair
together. 3. The fore-part of the roof of a bed, or the
cornice of a wooden bed. 1855 AINSLIE Land Burns (1892)
243 Our Cadger . . shot the muckle door slot, Made a ranse
o' a big racking pin. 1867 SMYTH Sailor's \Vord-hk.t Ranee,
the strut or support of a Congreve rocket. 1883 GRF.SLEY
Gloss. Coal-mining 199 Ranee, a pillar of coal— a large stoop.
Hence Ranee v. trans., to bar, prop, etc.
136
i8o8 JAMIESON, To ranct, to prop with stakes. 1887
MCNEILL Blaivearie 54 Did ye sit. .wi' a foot ranst against
the wa' face. Itid. 119 We have 'ranscd' the cage with
crossbars.
t Ranee, sb.z Ol>s. Nasalized form of RACE rf.«
1570 LEVINS Manip. 21/8 A ranee of ginger, zinziber.
t Ranee, sb± 06s. Nasalized form of RACE st.t
1728 [see RACE ji.'J.
Ranee, obs. Sc. form of RHENISH.
Raiicel, rausel (ne-ns'l), v, Orkn. & Shell.
Also 8 raneell, 8-9 -oil. [App. a back-formation
from RANCELMAN.] intr. ' To search throughout
a parish for stolen or for insufficient goods ; also,
to inquire into every kind of misdemeanour'
(Jamieson). Hence Ra'ncelling vbl. sl>.
The main sense is that of ON. ratuisaka RANSACK v.t but
the form can scarcely be derived from this.
1615 Act 10 in Barry Orkney App. (1805) 460 Anent Ran-
celling of Theft. 17.5 Ac 1 26 in CUfford Hist. Dcscr. Zetland
App. (1876) 91 Upon any suspicion of theft, two or three
Rancelmen may.. go to the neighbour parish and raneell.
1733 GIFFORD Hist. Dcscr. Zetlantt(\Wi 41 To enter any
house within the parish at all hours of the day or night,
and search the house for stolen goods, which they call
ranciling.
Ra'ncellor. [f. as prec. + -OB.] = next
The form raitzellaa-r (for ran-} used by Scott app. im-
plies an idea that the word was of Dutch origin.
1644 Act 46 in liarry Orkney App. (1805) 477 That the
seaverall rancellors in every paroch [be) solemnly sworn
upon their great oath. xSaa SCOTT f 'irate ii. 26 The old
Rauzellaar of the village, who had the voice most potential
in the deliberations of the township.
Ra-ncelmaii, ra nselinaii. Also 8 -cell-,
9 -oil-,-zel-. [?a.ON.*/vy»jj/tt-/«aSr(acc. -mantt),
f.reynsla trying, searching, f. reyna to try, examine,
search into + maSr MAN.] A local officer formerly
appointed in Orkney and Shetland to inquire into
thefts and petty offences, and otherwise preserve
good order in his district.
1751 Act 26 in Giflbrd Hist. Dtscr. Zetland App. (1876)
89 A list of such honest men in the parish as are fit to be
rancelmen. 1822 SCOTT J'irate v. 1803 G. GOUDIE in Proc.
Stic. Ant. Scot. XXVI. 189 heading, The Fouds, Lawright-
men, and Ranselmen of Shetland Parishes.
Ranee-scent, a. rare—", [ad. L. pres. pple. of
ranfescHre.] becoming rancid. (Webster, 1832.)
Ranch, sbl rare. [Nasalized var. RACE si.3 ;
cf. RANCH z<.2J A scratch.
1611 COTGR., Griffatie, a clawing ; a scratch or gripe with
the clawes ; a ranche, or clinch with a beasts paw. a 1895
FORBY yoc, E. Anglia, Ranch, a deep and severe scratch,
a flesh wound.
Ranch (rant/, ranf), sb2 U. S. Also ranche.
[Anglicized form of RANCHO.]
1. A hut or house in the country.
1808 PIKE Sources Mississ. in. (1810) 254 When we arrived
at the Ranche, we soon had out a number of boys, who
brought in the horse. 1867 DIXON New Amer. iv. (ed. 6)
42 A white frame house — on this side of the river called
a ranch — peeps out . . from beneath the foliage.
2. Acattle:breeding establishment, farm,or estate.
Also, the persons employed or living on this.
1872 RAYMOND Statist. Mines ff Miningvj^ Large ranches
for beef-cattle and horses. 1881 Chicago Times 4 June,
There are already three thousand cows in this ranch. 1887
Scritmer's Mag. II. 509/2 The American herder speaks of
his companions collectively as the 'ranch ' or the 'outfit'.
3. attrib. and Comb., as ranch company, country,
-house, -cnvtier, -woman.
1872 G KING Mojintain. Sierra Nei>. ii. 28 The roads.,
are flanked by small ranch-houses. 1877 BLACK Green Past.
xxxii. (1878) 255 In the company of a ranchwoman, a
farmeress. 1884 Daily News 19 Dec. 3/1 Ranche com-
panies are quite modern institutions. 1888 Cent. Mag. Feb.
500 The ranch-owners differ more from each other than do
the cowboys. 1895 Rev. of Rev. Aug. 167 The ranch country
where his herds graze.
Hence Ranch vl intr. (also with if}, to conduct
a ranch (hence Ka richer, a ranchman ; Ra nch-
Injf, stock-raising or cattle-breeding on a ranch) ;
Ba'nchless a., devoid of ranches ; Ra'nchman,
the owner of a ranch ; a man employed on a ranch.
1690 Anthony's Photogr. Bull. III. 32 The jolly fellows
who *ranch it in the West. 1885 Mancn. Exam. 13 Aug.
4/7 This . . prevents ranging by other "ranchers. 1882
Contetnp. Rev. Aug. 232 *Ranching or stock-raising on
a colossal scale has already begun. 1888 Home Missionary
(N. Y.) May 15 We were away out on even the *ranchless
plains. 1872 RAYMOND Statist. Mines ff Mining 287 The
*ranchmen of Colorado. 1879 M iss BIRD RocKy Mount.
84 The ranchman, who is half hunter half stockman.
Ranch (ronj), V? Obs. exc. dial. Also 5 ransch,
7 raunch. [Nasalized form of RACE v.% ; compare
GLACE f. wfaglanch GLANCE v."\ trans. To tear,
cut, scratch, etc.
c 1430 Two Cookery-bks. 39 pan take a longe Pecher, al
a-bowte ouer alle J>at it be ransched. c 1460 Play Sacra.ni.
813 How thys paynfulle passyon rancheth myn hart. ci6n
CHAPMAN Iliad v. 856 A javelin . . his belly graz'd upon . .
and ranch'd the flesh. 1700 DRVUEN Fables, Meleager $
A talanta 140 [The boar] ranch'd his hips with one continu'd
wound, a 1825 FORBY Voc. E. Anglia, Ranch, to scratch
deeply and severely, as with a nail.
absol. 1609 GARTH Dispens. v. (1706) 89 Emetics ranch,
and keen Latharticks scour.
Hence Ka'nching ///. a.
1620 SHELTON Quix. II. iv. xix. 233 Fierce Whelps, which
shall imitate the raunching paws of their valorous Father.
RANCOROUS.
: f Ranch, ?>.3 Obs. rare. In 6 raunch. [Yar.
RACE v.l ; cf. prec.] traits. To pull, pluck.
1579 SPLNSER Sfif/A. Cat. Aug. 99 Hasting to raunch the
arrow out. 1593 NASHE Christ's T, (1613) 65 Not a weede
sprung vp, but . . was weeded and rauenously rauncht vp.
I! Raiicheria (runtferra). [Sp., f. rancho RAN-
CHO.] In Spanish America and Western U.S., a
collection of Indian huts ; a place or house where
a number of rancheros live.
1600 HAKLUYT Voy. III. 678 Here the Spaniardes haue
seated their Rancheria of some twentie or thirtie houses.
1760-72 Juan $ Ulloa's Voy. (ed. 3) I. 134 Several Ran-
cherias, or assemblages of Indian huts, are under the juris-
diction of a village. 1851 MAYNE REID Scalp Hrtiit. ix. 70
Indians crowd in from the neighbouring rancherias. 1872
C. KING Mountain. Sierra Net: ii. 37 The rancheria was
astir when we arrived.
II Ranchero (rantj^-ro\ [Sp., f. as prec.] One
employed on a ranch as herdsman or overseer ; the
owner of a ranch ; a ranchman.
1840 R. H. DANA Bef. Mast (1854) 118 A law was passed ..
declaring all the Indians free and independent Rancheros.
1846 Times 16 June 8/2 The Rancheros, part of the mate-
rial of the Mexican army, are half Indian and half Spanish
in their extraction. 1883 STEVENSON Sttotnuto Sa. 15, I
think we passed but one ranchero's house in the whole
distance.
II Rancho (ra-ntja). [Sp. rancho a mess, a
company of persons who eat together ; in Sp.
America applied to the huts occupied by herdsmen
or labourers. Cf. Skeat Notes Engl. Etym. 241.]
1. In Spanish parts of America: A rudely- built
house, a hut or hovel ; also, a collection of huts,
a hamlet or village.
1845 DARWIN Voy. Nat. iv. (1873! 71 We took up our resi-
dence in the rancho, or hovel, of an old Spaniard. 1860
litre. Marine Mag. VII. 37 To the westward . . there is a
rancho of 8 or 9 huts. 1887 E. F. KNIGHT Cruise l-'alctm
(ed. 4) 107 Every native likes if possible to have a little
wooden saint of his own in his rancho.
b. spec. A hut or shed, or a collection of these,
put up for the accommodation of travellers.
1808 PIKE Sources Mississ. HI. (1810) 260 Marched early
and- at nine o'clock an ived at a Rancho. 1846 G. GARDNER
Brazil 455 Ranches are large sheds generally open at the
sides . . for the accommodation of travellers. 1869 R. F.
BURTON Highl. Brazil I. 102 The Rancho represents the
' Traveller's Bungalow ' lacking, however, cot, chair, and
table.
2. In the Western U. S., a cattle-farm, a ranch.
1840 R. H. DANA Bef. Mast xiv. 35 The nearest house,
they told us, was a rancho, or cattle-farm, about three miles
off. 1872 C. KING Mountain. Sierra Ncv. v. 105 There
they had taken up a rancho, a quarter-section of public
domain.
t Ranch-sieve. Obs. rarf"^. •= RANGE rf.2
1669 DIGBY Closet Opened (1677) 40 Lade out the water
(letting it run through a Ranch-Sieve).
Rancid (rie-nsid), a. Also 7 rancide. [ad.
L. rancid-us stinking, rank, whence also obs. F.
rancide ("mod.F. ranee}. Cf. RANCOUR.]
1. Having the rank unpleasant taste or smell
characteristic of oils and fats when no longer fresh.
Hence of tastes or smells.
1646 SIR T. BROWNE Pseud. Ep. 114 A garous excretion or
a rancide and olidous separation. 1731 ARBUTHNOT Ali-
ments iv, The Oils, with which Fishes abound often turn
rancid . . and affect the very Sweat with a rancid Smell.
1766 SMOLLETT Trax. 200 The oil thus procured is apt to
grow rancid, a 1813 A. WILSON Foresters Poet. Wks. (1846)
215 The black wet bread, with rancid butter spread. 1889
JESSOPP Coming of Friars ii. 90 It must have been only too
common to find the bacon more than rancid.
2. Jig. Nasty, disagreeable, odious.
1883 Gii. Words 105 Their unctuous, rancid words about
their Christian affection. 1884 STEVENSON New Arab. Nts.
219 He's a rancid fellow.
Hence Ra'ncidly adv. ; Ra ncidness. Also
f Hanoi-drums a., rancid.
1664 H. MORE Myst. Inig. i. xxii. 86 These false Apostles
having abused the belief . . so grossely and rancidly. 1688
R. HOLME Armoury ii. 388/1 The Ranciduous, or Mouldy
Scent is., from things corrupted. !7SSjoHNSON, Rancidness.
1789 G. WHITE Seltorne xliv, From this food their flesh has
contracted a rancidness which occasions them to be rejected
by nicer judges of eating.
Rancidity (rosnsi-diti). [f. prec. + -ITY. Cf.
F. rancidile'.] The quality or state of being rancid.
1654 H. L'ESTRANGE Chds. / (1655 1 195 To smell out the
rancidity, the ill savour of their intentions. 1774 GOLUSM.
Nat. Hist. (1776) VI. 43 Neither boiling nor bleaching can
divest them of their oily rancidity. 1869 E. A. PARKES
Pratt. Hygiene (ed. 3) 240 The rancidity of butter is chiefly
owing to changes in the fat.
Ranck(e, obs. f. RANK. Rancken, var. RANK-
EN v. Ranckle, Rancle(n, obs. ff. RANKLE.
Ranckor, obs. form of RANCOUR.
fRaneon. Obs. rare-1, [a. obs. F. rancon,
ramcon (Godef.).] A kind of pike or bill.
1547 in Merrick Anc. Armour (1824) III. 14 Rancons with
staves garnyshed with velvett and fringed . . 56.
Ranconter, obs. form of RENCONTRE.
Rancorous (rae-nkoras), a. Also 6-7 ranckor-,
7 ranker-, [f. RANCOUR s6. + -ous. Cf. OF. ran-
corits, ranctirus (Godef.).]
1. Of feelings: Having, or partaking of, the nature
of rancour.
1590 SPENSBR f. Q. i. xi. 14 So flam'd his eyne with rage
BANCOROUSLY.
and rancorous yre. 1627 P. I-'LF.TCHKR Locusts n. xiii, Her
gracious love weigh* dtnvnt; our ranck'rous spight. 1771
Juntas Lett. \. 261 Malice., feasting with a rancorous rap-
ture upon, .distress. 1867 FRICEMAN Norm. Cotiq. (1876) I.
App. 665 This excited rancorous envy in the breast of his
inn le.
trausf. 1800 WEFMS Washington (1877) 71 A wound of
such rancorous malignity.
2. Of actions, etc. : Proceeding from, or charac-
terized by, rancour.
1590 SHAKS. Con. Err. i. i. 6 The enmity and discord
which of late Sprung from the rancorous outrage of your
Duke. 1867 H. MURK Dh. Dial. iv. xxxvii. II. 206 The
rancorous attempts of the Romish adherents. 1784 De
Lolme's E'ig. Constit. Advt. p. xx, Those lasting and ran-
corous divisions. 1849 W. IRVING Mahomed vii. (1853) 36
Mahomet was keenly sensible of the rancorous opposition
of this uncle.
3. Of persons (the mind, heart, etc.) : Feeling or
displaying rancour.
1592 MARLOWE Edw. 77, it. ii, Can you. .display such ran-
corous minds ? 1597 SHAKS. Rich. Ill, i. iii. 50 Because I
cannot Matter..! must be held a rancorous Enemy, a 1656
Bp. HALL Rein. Wks. (1660) 108 Even hatred itself, to a
rancorous stomack, hath a kinde of wiclced pleasure in it.
1797 BURKE Regie. Peace iii. \Vks. 1826 VIII. 324 Throw-
ing themselves and their sovereign at the feet of a wicked
and rancorous foe. 1879 M. ARNOLD Mixed Ess., Falkland
235 In that age of harsh and rancorous tempers.
f4. Of a wound or sore: Festering, inflamed,
full of corruption. Obs.
1660 GAUDEN Brovmrig 243 Our wounds are so deep, so
rankerous, and incurable. 1667 H. MORE Div. Dial. iv.
xxxvii. (1713) 303 This rancorus sore sticks more especially
. .on those marked Vassals of the Beast.
Hence Ra/ucorously adv., Ra-ncoronsness.
1727 BAILEY, Vol. II, Rancortmsness. 1767 jfunius Lett.
xxiii. (1804) I. 155 He would not at one moment rancorously
persecute, at another basely cringe, to the favourite of his
Sovereign. 1845 DARWIN Voy. Nat. xix. (1879) 443 The
whole community is rancorously divided into parties.
Rancoun, obs. variant of RANSOM.
Rancounter, -re, obs. ff. RENCOUNTER sl>. and v.
RailCOUr (rse-rjkai), sb. Forms: 4-6 ranker,
-our, (5 -cure, -owre, -ure), 6 ranokor, 6-7
ranker ; 4 raunoour, 5-6 rauooure, 3- rancor,
4- rancour, [a. OF. rancor, -cour, -cuer, raunkour,
etc. :— L. rancor-em rancidity, rankness, hence (in
the Vulgate) bitter grudge.]
1. Inveterate and bitter ill-feeling, grudge, or
animosity ; malignant hatred or spitefulness.
[a 1225 A ncr. R. 200 [>e o5er kundel is Rancor siue odium :
bet is, hatunge o3er great heorte.] 13. . E. E. Alii/. P. B.
756, 1 schal . . my ranker refrayne for by reken wordez. c 1380
Sir Ferumb. 5759 Fyrumbras . . prayede him cesse of his
rauncour. 1413 Pilgr. Swlc ll. xlv. (1859) 51 Wretched
folkeand irous.ful of venym.of rancour.and of hate. 1:1440
Jacob's Well 249 Whanne bou mercyfully forjeuyst pi
wrongys, wyth-oute wreche & rankure in herte, bat is mercy.
a 1533 LD. BERNERS Hitott Ixxxiv. 266, I. .pardon you of all
myn yll wyll, and p_ut al rancoure fro me. 1547 J. HARRISON
Exhort. Scottes A iv b, Peace in their mouthes, and all ran-
cor and vengeaunce in their hartes. 1605 WILLET Hexapla.
Gen. 234 Yet doe retaine ranker and seedes of malice in
their heart. 1667 MILTON P. L. x. 1044 Rancor and pride,
impatience and despite. 1725 POPE Odyss. in. i8a Each
burns with rancour to the adverse side. 1828 D'ISRAELI
Chas. /, II. vii. 174 To envy. .Charles traced their personal
rancour to the friend of his heart. 1865 MAFFEI Brig. Life
II. 37 The gratification of private rancour, and personal
revenge.
b. transf. andyijf. of things.
1582 STANVKURST /Eneis\. (Arb.) 22 Billows theire swelling
ranckor abated. 1605 CAMDEN Kent. 207 Through the ran-
cor of the poyson, the wound was fudged incurable. 1663
I'r',.. . ,L IT..J . '. -£ . '»•!._ r— 1 O Ll 1 T*U _ r»
Life, Power Wks. (Bohn) II. 333 The rancour of the
disease attests the strength of the constitution.
1 2. Rancid smell ; rancidity; rankness. Obs. rare.
£1400 Land Troy Bk. 6028 Ther come of hem a foul
sauour And smot to hem a gret rancour, c 1420 Pallad. on
Huso. XL in Lest rancour oil enfecte. do fier away. 1567
J. MAPLET Katurall Hist. 33 b, It is also said somtime
through the rancour of grounds to come vp vnsowne.
Hence Ra ncourless a., free from rancour.
1886 H. JAMES Bostonians 1 1. 1 1. xx. 26 She was too ran.
courless, . . too free from private self-reference.
Ra-ilCOur, v. Now rare or Obs. [f. prec.]
1. intr. To have rancorous feelings ; to rankle.
1530 PAI.SOR. 679/1, I ranker by wrathe or anger, jt ran-
ctme. 1640 HABINGTON Edw. IV 130 Unlesse some malice
rancord in the genius of our Nation against the French.
2. trans. To infect with rancour ; to make ran-
corous.
1654 R. BOREMAN Triumph of Faith Ep. Ded., Men (not
rancord with envy) usually love in others what they see in
themselves, a 1711 KRN Edmund Poet. Wks. 1721 II. 313
Despite and Fury ranker 'd Hanguar's Breast.
Hence Ra ncoured ///. a.; Ba-ncouriug vbl, sb.
and ///. a.
'S«7.J. MAPLET Natural! Hist. lob, It kepeth the place
of vstion, free and cleare from yil smelling and rancoring.
1600 W. WATSON Decacordon (1602) 129 Thou kepst the
venime in thy rankred hart. 1611 SPEED Hist. Gt. Brit. ix.
vili. §36. 553 The King, .esteemed the Popes, .loue as most
rancored hatred. 1728 MORGAN Algiers II. i. 217 The
vanquished Moors swarmed over into Africa, bearing ran-
coured Hearts against the successful Spaniards, a 1814
forgery n. iii. in New Brit. Theatre I. 452 Her detested
vile inconstancy Which with a rancoring silence I must bear.
Rancune, obs. variant of RANSOM.
VOL. VIII.
137
Baud (rand), si'. Also 7 (in sense 3 a) rann.
[OK. ranii, >\>>id brink or bank, shield-boss, shield
= ON. ro'nd shield-rim, shield, stripe (Sw. and Da.
rand rim, border, etc.), OHG. rant shield-boss
(G. and Un. rand bank, beach, brink, field-border,
rim, margin, etc.).
The orig. sense of the word is app. ' border, margin, rim '
although there is very little evidence for this in the older
literatures, in which the word is almost entirely poetic and
restricted to the shield.]
1. A border, margin, or brink (of land). Obs. exc.
dial, in specific senses (see latest quots.).
The E. Anglian word is usually ROND q.v.
Beowulf "2538 Aras Sa bi ronde rof oretta. [903 in Kemble
Cod. Dipt. B. II. 259/8 Of 3am fulan broce wiS westan
randes sesc.] 13.. h. E. Allil. P. A. 105 pe playn, be
plonttez, |?e spyse, be perez, & rawez & randez & rych reuerez.
13. . Gam. tj- Gr. Knt. 1710 At be last bi a littel dich he lepez
ouer a spenne", Stelez out ful stilly by a strothe rande. 1840
SPURDENS S^uppl. Forby, Rand. A reed-rand, on our rivers
and broads is a margin overgrown with reeds. 1868 ATKINSON
Cleveland Gloss., Kands,. .the borders round fields left un-
ploughed and producing rough grass : applied loosely to the
grass in question. 1895 Daily News 22 Apr. 7/4 The rands,
skirts, and walls thereof, and fens and reed grounds apper-
taining thereto.
2. A strip or long slice : a. of meat (see quots.
1611 and 1895). Now only dial.
c 1394 P. PI. Crede 763 Wib be randes of bakun his baly
for to fillen. 1530 PALSGR. 260/2 Kande of befe, giste ae
beuf. 1611 COTGR., Giste de bceu/, a rand of beefe ; a long,
and fleshie peece, cut out from betweene the flanke and
buttocke. 1669 DIGBY Closet Ofened (1677) 124, I like to
add to this a rand of tender briskit Beef. 1838 in HOLLOWAY
Prov. Diet. 1895 East Anglian Gloss., Rand . . [seems] to
signify any fleshy piece from the edges of the larger divisions
of the hind quarter, the rump, loin, or leg.
b. of fish (esp. sturgeon). Now rare.
1572 in Turner Select Rec. Oxford (1880) 345 Item, thre
rands of sturgion. .xij*. 1622 Jrnl. Eng. Plant, in Arber
Story Pilgrim Fathers (1897) 429 We saw it was a grampus
which they were cutting uj>. They cut it into long rands or
pieces, about an ell long and two hands full broad. 1655
MOUFET & BENNET Health's Impr. (1746) 264 Being cold,
they [sturgeon] are divided into Jouls and Rands. 1820
T. MITCHELL Aristofh. I. 83 A rand Of tunny fish.
3. a. A strip of leather placed under the quarters
of a boot or shoe, to make this level before the
lifts of the heel are attached. (Cf. G. rand welt.)
1598 FLORIO, Tornara, . . the rande of a shooe. 1647 New
Haven Cot. Rtt. (1857) I. 347 The deffendant was faine to
take those rands to make welts for the plaine shooes. 1688
R. HOLME Artnoury in. 14/1 Parts of a Shooe. .The Rann
[isj the Leather as holds the Heel quarters and Vamp to the
Soles. 1823 E. MOOR Suffolk Words s.v., The rand and
welt being stitclred to the superior and inferior portions,
strengthen the work. 1862 Catal. Internal. Exhib. II.
xxvii. 56 Box cork boot, without rand or stitch in sole.
attrib. and Comb. 1840 J. DEVLIN Shoemaker 91 The
single rand-pricker then in use (the forerunner of our present
rand-wheel). Ibid. 113 One rand iron, a tool for setting up
the rand before stitching. 1875 KNIGHT Diet. Mcch. 1879/2
A rand-guide, by which the rand-coif or ribbon is directed.
1882 Wore. Exhib. Catal. III. 31 Rand turning machine.,
delivers the rands, .in a horse shoe form ready for use.
ta. A strip of iron.
1831 J. HOLLAND Manttf. Metal I. 212 The sheet iron ..
is cut into strips or rands.
t 4. A piece or mass of ice. Obs. rare.
1633 T. JAMES Voy. 18 As thick rands of Ice, as any we
had yet seene. Ibid. 104 The Ice lyes . . in rands and ranges.
1702 C. MATHER Magii. Chr. (1852) n. App. 195 They kept
labouring, .among enormous rands of ice.
5. [a. G. and Da. rand.] A rim, margin, rare.
1830 W. TAYLOR Hist. Sum. Germ. Poetry II. 356 A rusty,
brazen, oval vase. ..' Should there be nought within the
rand ], Thinks he, ' I'll take it to (he brazier '. 1868 STEPHENS
Runic Man. 1. 182 The raised rands and upstanding carved
ridges have been left in their original, .glitter.
Hand (rsend), z/.l [f. prec. sb.]
f 1. trans. To cut into rands (sense 2 b). Obs.
1630 J. TAYLOR (Water P.) Jack-a-Lent Wks. i. 117/1 The
Sturgeon is keg'd, randed, and iold about the eares.
2. a. intr. To cut rands (sense 3). b. trans. To
fit with rands. Hence Ra-nding vbl. rf.l (used
attrib. in randing-machine, -tool).
1875 KNIGHT Diet. Mech. 1879.
t Band, v." Obs. rare. [a. obs. Flem. randen,
var. ranten to RANT.]
1. inlr. To rave, to rant.
1601 B. JONSON Poetaster in. iv, He will teach thee to
tear and rand. 1607 DEKKER & WEBSTER Northw. Hoe iv,
D.'s Wks. 1873 III. 54, I . . rau'd and randed, and raild.
2. trans, (with otlt.) To utter in a furious manner.
1609 ROWLEY Search for Money (Percy Soc.) 21 After
Coller had procured a foaming vent, he randed out these
sentences — Money? vengeance and hell so soone as money !
Hence Ra'nding vbl. sb.2 and pfl. a.
1609 ROWLEY Search for Money (Percy Soc.) 31 An auda-
tious mouthing-randing-impudent.. rascal. 1633 T. ADAMS
Exj>. 2 Peter iii. 3 For a hypocrite to decline open randing
.. and revels, it is no wonder. 1714 C. JOHNSON The
Country Lasses v. ii, Here will be brave randing, i' faith :
all the steeples in the County are to rock.
Baud (r:end), v? dial. [Of obscure origin : cf.
RANDY v?\ Irons, and intr. To canvass. Hence
Ra-nding vbl. sb.^
1740 SIR C. H. WILLIAMS \Vks. (1822) I. 69, I in plain
English will the country rand, And shake each good free-
holder by the hand. IHd. 70 Freeholders with such lan-
guage well dispense, .. Then-fore, be wise, go home, and
rand no more. 1842 in lUvuc. Glass. (1890), Randing.
RANDOM.
fRand, v.* Sc. Obs. rare-", [ad. F. rend-,
stem of rendre RENDER ; cf. rand ' a melting ' (of
tallow) in Suppl.fawieson's Diet. (1887).] trans.
To melt (tallow). Hence Ra-nding vbl. s6.*
1583 Burgh Rec. Edinb. (1882) 313 Ane suspect pairt for
randing of talloun and sending the sam away furln of the
realm.
t Randall, obs. var. randon RANDOM.
1599 PORTER Angry IVom. Abingdon (Percy Soc.) 108 Least
striking vp and downe at randall the roge might hurt me.
Randall-, variant of randle- RANNEL-.
Randall (rsenidarn), sb^ [?var. of randon RAN-
DOM, with assimilation of the vowels.]
1. Riotous or disorderly behaviour ; a spree.
^1710 CELIA FIENNES Diary (1888) 180, I had the trouble
of . . ye Randan they made in the publick houses. 1826-7
HONE Every-day Bk. II. 820 He had seen a deal of 'ran-
dan ', and a racketty life had racketled his frame. 1893
STEVENSON Cairiona 164 He was fond of a lass and fond of
a glass, and fond of a ran -dan.
b. In phr. On the randan, ' on the spree '.
1764 Low Life 16 Young Fellows, who have been out all
Night on the Ran-Dan, stealing Staves and Lanthorns.
1894 STEVENSON St. Ives xxvii. (1898) 203 They were a' on
the ran-dan last nicht !
2. A riotous person, rare.
a 1809 MRS. COWLEY Who's the Dupe \. ii, The most ex-
traordinary youth. . . None of your randans, up all night —
not drinking. .—No. .poring, and reading.
Randan (ran, darn), adv., sb* (and a.). [Of
obscure origin : connexion with prec. is not ap-
parent.] a. adv. Applied to a style of rowing in
which the middle one of three rowers pulls a pair
of sculls, stroke and bow an oar each. b. sb. A
boat for rowing in this fashion, e. attrib. or adj.
1828 Sporting Mag. XXII. 251 Pulling what is termed
' Ran-Dan ', that is, a pair of sculls and a pair of oars. 1857
P. COLQUHOUN Compan. Oarsman's Guide 20 Four is the
best number, and randan the best style, for an up-country
trip. 1884 YATF.S Recoil, iv, Had a randan gig built for us.
1885 Act 48 * 49 ISict. c. 76 § 29 The term 'vessel ' shall
include any. .house-boat, boat, randan, wherry [etc.].
Randan, sb.'& dial, or techn. (See quots.)
1750 ELLIS Mod. flusli. VI. ii. 65 (E. D. S.) Kan-dan, the
coarsest wheat flour that is made, a 1825 FORBY l^oc. E.
Anglia, Randan, the produce of a second sifting of meal.
1858 SIMMONDS Diet. Trade, Randan, a miller's name for
the finest parts of the bran or outside skin of the wheat. 1886
Cheshire Gloss. 281 Randan, the very coarsest flour, or rather
the very finest bran, ground almost as fine as flour.
fRanda-n, v. Obs. rare—1. [? f. RANDAN rf.1]
trans. To abuse, vituperate.
1764 T. BRYDGES Homer Travest. (1797) I. 30 Atrides he
did so randan, He call'd him all but gentleman.
Randan, obs. form of RANDOM.
Randanite (nrndansit). Min. Also -dann-.
[f. Randanne, Puy de Dome, France, its locality
+ -HE.] (See quots.)
1862 DANA Elem. Ceol. 67 Randanite, a kind of opal made
of infusorial remains. 1868 WATTS Diet . Chem., Rttndanile,
an earthy hydrate of silica, occurring near Pont Gibaud.
Randa-uou, obs. form of RENDEZVOUS.
Randeni (rse-ndem), adv., sb. (and a,). Also
randem-tandem, random. [Prob. based on
RANDOM, on the analogy of TANDEM.] a. adv.
Applied to a style of driving in which three horses
are harnessed tandem, b. sb. A carriage or team
driven in this fashion, c. attrib. or as adj.
cites MAR. EDGEWORTH Wks. (Rtldg.) I. 185 To., go
down . . to Maryborough, in his dog-cart, randem-tandem.
1818 T. L. PEACOCK Nightmare Abbey i, His fellow-students
..who drove tandem and random in great perfection. 1870
J. PAYN Like Father, like Son iv, The Squire's jovial friends
used, for the most part, strange conveyances, such as tan-
dems and randems. 1883 Illustr. Sport, fr Dram, Neivs
10 Feb. 542/2 ' A randem team '. That randems should be
uncommon is natural enough.
Ra-nder. rare-1, [f. RAND Z/.I + -EB'.] One
who cuts into rands.
1757 W. THOMPSON R. N. Advoc. 42 Under the Randers
and Messers Coarses in cutting up, 1 have, .seen the stink-
ing oily Substance of the Flesh, fly up to the Beams of the
Cutting House.
Rander, obs. f. RENDEB v. Randeuou(ce,
-devoo, -vous, etc., obs. ff. RENDEZVOUS.
Randge, obs. f. RANGE v. Randle, var. RANDY.
Banding (ra-ndirj), j*. [? f. RAND sb.]
1. Mil. A kind of basket-work used in fortifica-
tion in making gabions.
. 1834-'
pickets. ""1876 fnVoYLEli: STEVENSON lifilit. Diet. 326/1.
2. 'A narrow frieze nmning along the edge of
a knife handle' (Sheffield Glass. 1888).
Randing, vbl. sbs. : see RAND vl-v.l
Handle-balk, -tree : see RANNEL-.
Random (rarndam), sb., a., and adv. Forms :
a. 4 randun, 4-6 -doun ;also 4 ren-, 6 Sc. rayn-),
5 -down, 5-6 -downe, -doune ; 4-6 -done, 4-7
-don, (7 -dan), ft. 4-5 raundoun, 5 -done, 5-6
-don; 5 rawndoune, St. -down. 7. 6 raundom,
6-8 randome, -dum, 5- random, [a. OF. randon
(rendon, etc.), f. randir to run fast, gallop. The
change of final -« to -m is independent of the very
rare OF. form random : cf. RANSOM.] A. sb.
18
j-47 J. S. MACAULAY Field Fortif. (1851) 66 The rand-
r basket-work is continued to near_the_top of ^
RANDOM.
I. f 1. Impetuosity, great speed, force, or
violence (in riding, running, striking, etc.) ; chiefly
in phr. with (or in) great randon (» OF. de or a
grant randon\ Also, with a, an impetuous rush,
a rapid headlong course ; chiefly in phr. in (<?«, or
with) a randon ( = OF. en un randon)', hence
Sc, a straight course, direct line. Obs.
In common use from c 1300 to the early part of the i6th c.
c 1305 Land Cokayne 132 in E. E. P. (1862) 159 J>e monkes
li^tip 11051 adun. Ac furre fleeb in o randun. 1375 BAKBOUK
Bruce v. 632 He . . Raucht him sic rout in randoun richt.
c 1450 Merlin vii. 118 Than thei . . ronnen a-gein hym with
as grete raundon as their horse myght hem here, c 1477
CAXTON Jason 57 The ship .. hurt lyd again the ground in
suche a random and force that hit was all to broken. 1513
DOUGLAS SEneis i. vi. 149 Behald tuelf swannis in randoun
glaid and fair [L. ordim longo\ 1513 Ln. BERNE RS Froiss.
I. civil. 191 The frenchmen ..came on them with great
randon, their speares in their restes. 1594 ind Rep. Dr.
Fanstus in Thorns Prose Rom. (1858) III. 396 Two great
waves., meeting together by long randome. 1600 HOLLAND
Livy vii. xxiv. 26$ The barbarous people .. fled in this
randon beyond their tents. 1611 SPEED Hist. Gt. Brit. IK.
xx. (1632) 964 The Kings vantgard . . giuing in among them
with full randon, slew first such Captaines as resisted.
fb. A rush or stream (of words, fire). Obs.
c 1440 Promt. Parv. 423/1 Randone, or longe renge of
wurdys, or other thyngys, . . haringga. c 1450 Merlin 219
The dragon . . caste oute of his throte so grete raundon of
fiere in-to the aire. .that it semed all reade.
2. Phr. At (the} randon or random.
fa. Hawking. (See quot. 1486.) Obs.
1486 Bk, St.Albans Djb, If the fowle spryng not bot flee
a long after the Reuer and the hawke nym it then ye shall
say she slew it at the Raundon. 1600 W. WATSON Deca-
cordon (1602) 145 They [Jesuits] haue, like great fawcons or
hawkes of the Tower, firmely seazed vpon the pray, kild, at
randon, wing, or souce.
*t*b. Mil. Applied to some method of encounter
in a tournament (contrasted with at the tilt}. Obs.
1538 ELYOT, Decnrsio^ lustes, as at the tylte or randon.
1587 HOLINSHED Chron. III. 833/2 At the randon and
turneie the duke of Suffblke hurt a gentleman, a 1648 LD.
HERBERT Hen. VIII (1683) 52 The Laws on Horse-back
were, that with Sharp Spears they should run fiue Courses
at Tilt, and fiue more at Randon.
fc. ? At full speed. Obs. rare-1.
1632 LITHGOW Trav. vi. 264 Wee found twelve .. Turkes,
ready to receiue vs, . .who foorthwith opened at randon the
two great Brazen halfes of the Doore.
3. Phr. At random, orig. at great speed, without
consideration, care, or control ; hence,
a. with vbs. of action or occurrence : At hap-
hazard, without aim, purpose, or fixed principle ;
heedlessly, carelessly, etc.
Chiefly used with verbs of moving, striking, throwing,
speaking, thinking, or taking; in early use esp. in the phr.
to run at random (very common down to c 1650).
1565 JEWEL Replie Harding viii. § 16 Leaste he happen . .
to renne at randon. 1591 SHAKS. i Hen. VI, v. iii. 84 He
talkes at randon : sure the man is mad. 1599 — / >«. <y
Ad. 940 Hatefully at randon doest thou hit. 1616 DRUMM.
OF HAWTH. Poems I. C j b, Psyche's louer hurles his Darts at
randon. i66a GERBIER Principles 16 Not to Build at Ran-
dome, as the Custome of too many ill Builders is. 17*9
BUTLER Serin. Hum, Nat. ii. Wks. 1874 II. 32 Man cannot
be considered as a creature left by his Maker to act at
random. 1796 H. HUNTER tr.S/. Pierre's Stud. Nat. (1799)
I. Pref. 9 A few passages, not selected, but picked up at
sPsychol.
Ing. II. vi. 193 Eclipses . . formerly were supposed to occur
at random.
b. Similarly with sbs. Somewhat rare.
a 1653 GOUGE Comm. Hear. xiii. 20 To shew that Christ is
a Sheplierd not at random for any sheep, but that he hath
a peculiar flock belonging unto him. 1667 MILTON /*. L.
iv. 930 Thy words at random, as before, Argue thy in-
experience. 1784 COWPER Task 11. 522 Their answers, vague
And all at random, fabulous and dark.
c. (To leave} in a neglected or untended con-
dition. Now rare.
1582 N. LICHEFIELD tr. Castanhtda's Cong. E, Ind. 162!),
The Caruell,. .being thus left at randon,.. fell vpon certaine
Rockes. 1641 ROGERS Naaman 537 Leaving thy flock and
charge at random. 1848 KEBLE Serm, Pref. ia How can
there be any comparison of safe or unsafe, if all be left at
random ?
fd. (To leave or live) at liberty, free from
restraint or control. Obs.
1569 in Bolton Stat. Irel. (1621) 313 Libertie to .. Hue at
randan. 1590 SPENSER F. Q. in. x. 36 The gentle Lady,
loose at randon lefte, The greene-wood long did walke,
1632 LITHGOW Trav. ix. 388 There was not a Bandit left at
randon in all Sicilia. 1694 R. L/ESTRANGE Fables (J.), In
the days of old the birds lived at random in a lawless state
of anarchy.
4. A random course. Now rare.
In early use perh. directly from sense i, but latterly
influenced by the phr, at random.
1561 SACKVILLE & NORTON Gorboduc i. ii. 127 When such
beginning of such liberties. .Shall leaue them free to randon
of their will, c 1624 LUSHINGTON Serm. Resitrr. in Phenix
(1708} II. 480 We follow not the random of their roving,
but take the sum of their saying. 1670 COTTON Espernon
i. ii. 58 Making stories, as it is his custom at the random of
his own passion, and fancy. 1813 G. EDWARDS Meas. Trite
Pol. 86 As if the ant and bee .. had . . proceeded in chaotic
randoms upon points actually unascertained in nature.
II. techn. f5. Gunnery. The range of a piece
of ordnance ; properly, long or full range obtained
by elevating the muzzle of the piece ; hence, the
138
degree of elevation given to a gun, and spec, that
which gives the utmost range (45°). Obs.
1571 DIGGES Pantom. Pref. A iij b, Science in great Ordi-
nance especially to shoote exactly at Randons. 1588 LUCAR
tr. Tartaglias Colloq. Shooting 4 How a Table of Randons
may be made for any peece of ordinance. 1661 S. PARTRIDGE
Double Scale Proport. 85 How far will a Cannon carry her
Bullet at her best Randon, that carrieth it at point-blank
360 paces. 1669 STURMY Mariner's Mag. v. 71 The next
Shot was at five degrees Random, and at that mounture the
Shot was conveyed 416 Paces. 1731 J. GRAY Gunnery 81
The random and direction of a pi-. <• on the plane of the
horizon being given.. find it's random on an inclined plane.
fig. 1667 DENHAM Direct. Painter i. 26 The Duke him-
self. . was not out of dangers random set. 1697 J. SERGEANT
Solid Philos. A iv, Fancy let loose to fly at its full Random,
and driven forward with a quick Wit.
t b. Phr. At random^ at any range other than
point-blank. Obs.
1588 LUCAR tr. Tartaglias Colloq. Shooting App. 62 To
know how he shoote in the said peece at randon. 161*
CAPT. SMITH Map Virginia 24 Forty yards will they shoot
level or very neare the mark, and 120 is their best at Ran-
dom. 1669 STUKMY Mariner's Mag. v. 67 How to make
a good Shot either of Point-blank, or at Random. 1698
FRYER Ace. E. India fy P. 137 Two unshapen Sakers . . one
of which at random killed a Rajah some four months ago.
Observe whether such leading keep its course according to
the Randome of the Vein already cut. 1866 Durham
Mining Lang., We must lower the sump from yon level
down to the random of Wiregill lower-level.
7. (From B. 3.) a. Building. Stone of irregular
sizes, or a piece of this. 1886 in Rochdale Gloss.
b. Dyeing. Clouded yarn.
187* W. CROOKES Dyeing $ Calico-Print, xii. 102 Scarlet
Random [etc.J.
B. adj. (from phr. at random : see A. 3).
L Not sent or guided in a special direction;
having no definite aim or purpose ; made, done,
occurring, etc., at haphazard.
1655 FULLER Ch. Hist. ix. vii. f 29 In vain do staid heads
make serious comments on light mens random-expressions.
1697 DRYDEN &neid\v, 95 The watchful Shepherd . . Wounds
with a random Shaft the careless Hind. 17*8 POPE Dune.
i. 275 She shews . . How random thoughts now meaning
chance to find. 1764 BURN Poor Laws 190 Leaving the
poor to be supported by random charity. 1837 ROBERTS
Voy. Centr. Amer. 172 The random and ill-directed fire of
the Spaniards, a 1845 HOOD Song^ ' O Lady, leave thy
silken thread' i, Stoop where thou wilt, thy careless hand
Some random bud will meet. 1877 E. R. CONDER Bas.
Faith iii. 102 The random working of our. .intellect.
2. Of persons : Living irregularly, rare.
c 1825 Houlston Tracts II. No. 60. 6 'In my time, Sir ',
said he, ' I've been random and free, But I now prefer order
and quiet', 1873 H. SPENCER Stud. Social, xv. 371 Con-
tinually we remark that men who were random grow steady
when they have children to provide for.
3. techn. a. Said of masonry, in which the stones
are of irregular sizes and shapes. Cf. C. 2 b.
x8a3 P. NICHOLSON Pract. Build. 339 Random Courses —
Unequal courses, without any regard to equi-distant joints.
1886 Chesh. Gloss. s,v., A random wall.
b. Of tooling : (see DROVE #.3).
1842 GWILT Archit. j 1914 Droving is the same as that
called random tooling in England, or boasting in London.
c. Of yarn ~ CLOUDED 2 a.
1874 W. CROOKES Dyeing fy Calico-Print, xii. 102 On the
large scale the random yarns are coloured in machines.
4. Random shot, a shot fired at random (orig. in
sense 5 b of the sb., but latterly apprehended as
in sense i of the adj.).
1693 LUTTRELL Brief R el. (1857) III. 9 One of their
random shotts killed lieutenant coll. Jackson. 1708 Land.
Gaz. No. 4422/7 The nine Sail stood in fair with us near
random Shot. 1788 GIBBON Decl.fyF. IxviiL (1869) 111.716
The first random shots were productive of more sound than
effect. 1806 A. DUNCAN Nelson 109 The .. ship .. had ap-
proached within random shot of the Leander. 1849 MAC*
AULAV Hist. Eng. ix. II. 457 A random shot or the dagger
of an assassin might in a moment leave the expedition with-
out a head.
fig. 1785 BURNS To J. Smith vi, The star that rules my
luckless lot. .Has blest me with a random-shot O' countra
wit. 1809 MAI. KIN Gil Bias vii. vi. P2 The random shot
of .. self -created guides in matters of taste.
C. adv. f 1. = At random. Obs. rare.
1618 BOLTON Flows (1636) 96 The third lightnings of
Annibal flew randome at us by Trasimenus lake, a 1619
FOTHERBY Atkeom. ii. xi. § 2 (1622) 313 Neither doe they
runne randon, nor are they rolled, beside their ancient order.
2. Comb., as random-cast, -wise.
1790 R. MERRY Laurel Liberty (ed. 2) 7 Random-cast,
beside some stream, . . Thou ponder 'st. 1839 DARLEV Introd.
Beaum. % Fl.'s Wks. (1839) I. 26 Most imaginative authors,
perhaps, commence random-wise, .. and save themselves the
trouble of a total invention at first.
b. Random-jointed (see quot. 1833 ar>d B. 3 a).
1833 LOUDON .£>r<:jv/. Archit. § 185 Rubble stone,or random
jointed ashlar work (free stone, rough as it comes from the
quarry, laid in irregular courses). 1848 [J. C. WHARTON]
Quarrendon Church 7 The external walls are built with
random-jointed squared ashlar.
Hence Ra'ndomisli <z., somewhat random; Ra n-
domly adv. ; Sa ndomness.
1824 in Spirit Pub. Jmls. (1825) 136 My son Jonathan is
but a randomish sort of a chap. 1865 Ch. Times 2 Sept.
276/3 Each rode his own hobby., so randomly and violently
[etc.]. 1872 BLACKMORE Maid of Sker 166 If any one cares
for that sort of thing, who knows mankind's great random-
BANE.
ness. 1891 G. MEREDITH One of our Cong. \. xii. 228 He
talked randomly of money.
t Ba iidon, v. Obs. rare. Also 7 -ome. [f.
the sb. ; in earliest quot. perh. a. OF. randonner.]
1. intr* ? To flow swiftly, rare-1.
Or perh. trans, * to set in line ' referring to the walls.
c 1470 Gol. «f Gaiv. 348 Apone that riche river, randonit
full eviii, The side-wallis war set, sad to the see.
2. fair. To fly at random.
1602 Narcissus (1893) 735 Lett not your judgments ran-
dome. 1605 CAMDEN Rem. (1637) 204 That it (the bullet of
a sling] pierceth helmet and shield, that it reacheth farther,
that it randoneth lesse.
Randon(e,-doun(ef-down(e,obs.ff. RANDOM.
Randrtng, obs. Sc. pr. pple. RENDER.
Randsom, obs. form of RANSOM.
Randum, -dun, obs. forms of RANDOM.
Bandy (rse*ndi), a. and sd.1 dial, and Sc. Also
7-9 randie. [Perh. f. RAND v. + -Y : but the
original sense of the word is not quite clear.]
A. adj. 1. Sc. Having a rude, aggressive manner;
loud-tongued and coarse-spoken.
In early use always of beggars, and probably implying
vagrant habits as well as rude behaviour. Now applied
only to women.
1698 Culross Kirk Session Minutes 18 Sept., Seven pounds
Scots .. distributed to the randie beggars. 1723 MESTON
Points^ Knight (1767) 6 A rambling, randy errant Knight.
1785 BURNS Jolly Beggars ist Recit., A merry core O'
randie, gangrel bodies. 1816 SCOTT Old Mart, xxvii, It
was him and his randie mother began a' the mischief in this
house. 1894 CROCKETT Raiders (ed. 3) 42 Hearing what the
pair of old randy wives had to say to me.
2. dial. Boisterous, riotous, disorderly, dissipated ;
wild, unruly, unmanageable.
1787 in GROSE Prov. Gloss. 1874 SIR J. KAY-SHUTTLE-
WORTH Ribblesdale I. 21 Mind yon long-horned cattle . .
they are apt to be randy. 1876- in dial, glossaries (Yks.,
Line., Chesh., Shropsh., etc.). 1884 Punch 8 Mar. 118/1
That young bay you'll find a little randy, With rather more
of ' devil ' than comes handy.
b. dial. Wanton, lustful, lewd.
1847 in HALLIWELL. 1881- in dial, glossaries (Yks., Leic.,
Warw., etc.).
B. sb.1 Sc. and north, dial. a. A sturdy rude-
mannered beggar ; a thorough vagrant.
1788 BURNS Lonist what reck ii, Reif randies, I disown ye !
1791 Statist. Ace. Scotl. II. 515 Many Randies (sturdy
vagrants) infest this country. 1811 WILLAN W. RidingGloss.
, (E.D.S.), Randies, itinerant beggars and ballad-singers.
1884 Gd. Words 161 She's a regular randy, nigh as bad as
a gipsy. She's never in the house.
b. A loud-tongued, coarse- mannered woman ;
a scold, virago, termagant.
1816 SCOTT Old Mort. viii, The daft speeches of an auld
jaud. .a daft auld whig randy. 1850 CARLYLE Let. to Wife
19 Aug. in Froude Life in London (1884) II. xviii. 52 Do
not let that scandalous randy of a girl disturb you. 1878-
in dial, glossaries (Cumbld., Northumb., Antrim).
Comb. 1822 GALT Steam-boat ix. 179 A randy-like woman.
Ra'ndy, sb* dial. [cf. RANDY v.2J A noisy
merry-maxing or revel. Also randy-go.
Perh. abbrev. of RENDEZVOUS, used in various dialects (in
forms randtroo, -bnv^ ~bowt -voose, etc.) in a similar sense.
But cf. RANDY a. 2.
i8aj injENNiNcs Dial. West Eng. 1856 THOMPSON Hist.
Boston Gloss, s.v., ' He was at the randy '. Rendezvous.
1881 Miss YONGE Lads $ Lasses Langley iv. 159 He was
trained on by the music, and got into that there randy go up
in the park. 1891 T. HARDY Tess (1900) 78/2 A rattling
good randy wi' fiddles and bass-viols complete.
tRa'ndy,!'.1 Obs. rare. [Cf.RANDz>.2] intr.
To canvass. Hence Ra'ndying vbl. sb.
a. 1730 T. GORDON Cordial Low Spirits 57 Who advised
him, as soon as ever he came to the randying ground, to
bray with all his might. 17^33 FIELDING Don Qnix. in Eng.
ii. iii, He was here.. randying for a knight of his acquaint-
ance, with no less than six hundred freeholders at his heels.
Ra*ndy, v.2 dial. [cf. RANDY sb*\ intr. To
be ' on the spree \
183* Boston Herald 4 Dec. 4/3 A number of labouring
bankers were 'randying' at the Woolpack inn. 1870 E.
PEACOCK Rolf Skirl. III. iv. 62, 1 fetch him hoome fra' that
big hoo.se yonder, after he's been randyin' ower long.
Rane (r£h), sb. Sc. Now rare. Also 5 rayne,
6 reane, 8 rain. [Of obscure origin. With sense
2 cf. RAMF. sb. and z;.]
fl. In a rane, continuously, without cessation.
c\yj$Sc. Leg. Saints iii. (A ndreas) 989 Bot ay be bischope
in a rane beheld hyr bewte, and nocnt fane. Ibid, xxxix.
(Costtt. «5- Dam.) 251 He ..cryit ay in til a rane. 1560
ROLLAND Seven Sages 250 Thay rattill ay in a rane. a 1585
MONTGOMERIE Flyting w. Polivart 501 All the ky in the
countrey. .roaring, they wood ran, and routed in a reane.
2. A prolonged cry or utterance ; a long string
of words ; a rigmarole.
^14*5 WYNTOUN Cron. n. ix. 883 Swa suld I dulle hale
yhoure delyte, And yhe sulde call it bot a rane. 1513
DOUGLAS /Eneis viii. Prol. 66 The rail^ear raknis na worth's,
but ratlis furth ranis. 1710 RUDDIMAN Gloss. Douglas'
JEneis s.v., You're like the Gowk, .. you have not a rain
but one. 18*5 in Child Ballads II. 82/1 It was, as she
described it, a 'lang rane' of her mother's.
Hence Bane (also 9 raen), v. fa- trans. , to
demand with a continuous cry. Obs. b. intr.t to
wail or complain incessantly.
IS»3 DOUGLAS ^Eneis vn. x. oo Thar the detestable weris,
evyr in ane, Agane the fatis all, thai cry and rane. 1899
J, COLVILLE Scott. Vernacular 17 She tholed much from the
wheenging raenin' bairn.
RANEE.
Rune, obs. Sc. form of RAIN ; obs. pa. t. RUN.
Runedeer, obs. form of REINDIEB.
II Ranee (ra-nf). Also 7 ranna, 8 r(h)anny,
9 rannee, rdni, (ranie, -y). [Hindi rani ' — Skr.
rajni fcm. of raja(ii KAJAH.] A Hindu queen.
1698 FUYER Ace. K. India, ff P. IV. iii. 162 The Ranna,
the relict of Sham Shanker Naig ; who now Rules in her
Son's Minority. 1781 POPHAM in Jas. Grant Hist. India
(1876) I. xlix. 254/1 The Rhanny is allowed to reside in this
province. 1818 JAS. MILL Brit. India II. v. vii. 614 The
Rannee, that is, the widow of the deceased Rajah. 1841
ELFHINSTONE Hist. India II. 495 He dispatched the rani
and her infants in disguise. 1858 BEVEKIDGE Hist. India
I. lit. iv. 431 He made the ranee prisoner.
Ranegate, obs. form of RENEGADE.
Ranet, obs. form of roe-net : see ROE sb^
t Ranforce, v. Obs. Also 6 -forse. [ad. F.
renforcer RENFORCE ; cf. RAMFOBCE ».]
1. trans. To strengthen, fortify. Hence Ban-
forcing vbl. sb.
1547 Register Privy Council Scot. (1877) I. 79 Our auld
ynemeis of Ingland . . hes ranforsit the samin, and . . per-
severis in thair bigging and ranforsing of the saidis places.
1590 SIR J. SMYTH Disc. Weapons Ded. 5 Newe supplies of
men and munitions from time to time to ranforce his Annie
or Armies. Ibid. 6 Light Harquebuzes well formed of con-
uenient length, and ranforced.
11 2. To force, break open.
1637 MONRO Exped. i. 51 With a huge great ladder and
the force of men we ran-forced the doore and entred.
Hence f Banforce-ring. Obs. (See quot. and
REINFORCE si.)
1706 PHILLIPS, Ranforcc-RingofaGun,\hzl which is next
before the Touch-hole, between it and the Trunnions.
Rang. Sc. Now rare or Obs. Also 9 raing.
[a. F. rang : see RANGE v.] A range, rank.
In earliest quots. perh. written for range.
the first rang. IMd. 64 Ministers . .nocht in the lawest rang.
1808 JAMIESON, Rang, raing, a row, a rank.
Bang, obs. f. RANK a. ; see also RING zi.1, v.2
t Rangale. 06s. Chiefly Sc. Forms : 4 ren-
gaile, 4-5 rangale, -all, 6 -aid, ringald. See
also RANOAT a. [ad. OF. ringaille (Wace, etc.).]
1. The ranks or main body of an army, rare — '.
^1330 R. BRUNNE Cliron. (1810) 116 He bad, bat non alone
breke out of be rengaile.
2. Sc. Rabble, esp. of an army ; camp-followers.
'375 BAKBOUR Bruce xi. in Men on fut and small rangale,
That jemyt harnas and vittale. c 1425 WYNTOUN Crott. vm.
xxxvi. 35 Ane hundreth armyd jolyly Off knychtis and
sqwyeris, but rangale. 1513 DOUGLAS rfLneis vi. xii. 73
Gret rout with rangald, in ledis he.
b. The common herd (of deer).
1513 DOUGLAS sEneis i. iv. 57 First the ledaris thre,..
Stnertlie he slew, syne all the rangald persewis.
Ra-ngant, a. Her. [F., for rangeant, pr. pple.
of ranger to RANGE.] = FURIOSANT (q.v.).
tKa-ngat1. Sc. Obs. [Of obscure origin.]
Disorder, disturbance, noise.
1500-20 DUNBAR Poems Ixvi. 30 Gude rewle is banist our
the Bordour, And rangat ringis but ony ordour. 1535
STEWAKT Cron, Scot. III. 294 For feiring of thair fo, Tba
tuke the gait without rangat till go.
t Ra-ngat 2. Sc. Obs. [var. rangald RANGALE,
perh. after prec. ; but cf. the Sc. pron. of the
surname Donald as Donttal.] Rabble.
'535 [see RINGAT-RANGAT.] 1606 BIRNIE Kirk-Buriall
(1833) 20 At first they held their Abbay burials royall, yet
in the end they were for pryce exposed to the rangat.
Range (r^'nd^), tf.l Forms : 4-7 raunge, (5 Sc.
rawnge, 6 rawng), 5 rangh, raynge, 6-8 rainge,
6 randge, 4- range, [a. OF. range row, rank,
file (Godef.), sb. f. ranger to RANGE v. See also
RENGE s6.]
I. 1. A row, line, file or rank, of persons (f spec.
of hunters or fighting men) or animals. Now rare,
t OH range, in file.
a 1300 Cursor l\f. 23109 (Colt.) pe first range [Catt. rauj. .
sal be o wreches mistruand. 1375 BARBOUR Bruce x. 379
Thai . . on range [E. rawnge] in ane rod can ga. c 1470
HENRY Wallace in. 259 Na chyftane was that tyme durst
tak on hand, To leide the range on Wallace to assail). 1513
DOUGLAS JEneis \. vi. 153 Behald twelf swannis. .Now with
lang range to lycht thai bene adrest. Ibid. IV. iii. 56 Quhen
that the rangis and the faid . . Dynnis throw the gravis,
sersmg the woddis wyde. 1585 T. WASHINGTON tr. Niclio-
lays boy. i. vi, A little further were in a range the kings
slaues. 1640 YORKE Union Hon. 45 King Richard . . made
firm the Range of his owne liattaile. 1677 W. HUBBABD
Narrative (1865) I. 274 The Indians were laid in one Range
by several Fires. 1760-73 H. BROOKE Fool of Oval. (1809)
III. 134 Two brilliant ranges of foreign and British ladies.
1847 TENNYSON Princ. n. 89 There sat along the forms..
A patient range of pupils.
2. A row, line, or series of things.
a. of objects in general. (Now usually expressed
by row; in 17-18111 c. freq. used of trees.)
IS" GUYLFORUE Pilgr. (Camden) 36 There be .iiij. rowes
or ranges „( pyk-rs thrughout y» church. 1578 LYTE Dodocns
iv. vm. 461 The grayne or cornes are placed . . in foure
ranges or moe lines. 1651 NEEDHAM Selden's Marc (7. 77
A (..alley with one range of Oares. 1695 BI.ACKMORK I'r.
\rtli. in. 539 Tlces on their Hanks in goodly Ranges grow.
1786 tr. Beckfvrd's I'atltck (1868) 113 A range of brazen
vases surrounded the dcvation. 1832 Hi. MARTINKAU Life
in \viliis ix. 123 His present was a range of beehives. 18163
139
GEO. ELIOT Ramala i. xii, The walls were . . covered with
ranges of books in perfect order.
b. of buildings or parts of these. Also, a con-
tinuous stretch of building.
1600 in Willis & Clark Cambridge (1886) II. 259 In this
rawng now erecting .. it wilbe well .. that the thyrd story
may be . . higher than it is in the north rawng. 1618 Ibid. I.
206 Concerninge a Range of buildinge to be erected. 1705
ADDISON Italy n The New-Street is a double Range of
Palaces from one end to the other. 1771 BENTHAM Ely
Cat/i. (1812) 33 Two, and sometimes three ranges of pillars,
one over another. 1834 H. MILLER Scenes H Leg. xix. (1850)
280 The range had been inhabited, .by a crew of fishermen
and their families. 1863 P. BARRY Dockyard Econ. 227
Turning from these buildings, this further range of brick
and mortar is the engine factory and foundries.
c. of large natural objects, esp. of mountains.
Hence in//, 'the usual word in Australia for mountains'
(Morris Austral Eng. 1898).
1705 ADDISON Italy 45 1 The Town . . has its Views bounded
on all Sides by several Ranges of Mountains. 1748 ANSON
Voy. HI. v. 344 The Ladrones will be only one small portion
of a range of Islands. 1791 W. BARTRAM Carolina 197 This
range or chain of morasses. 1859 JEPHSON Brittany xix. 311
A magnificent range of cliffs. 1871 L. STEPHEN Playgr.
liur. iv. 228 Those gigantic ranges which surpass even the
Alps in magnitude.
d. U. S. A series of townships, six miles in
width, extending north and south parallel to the
principal meridian of a survey.
1843-56 BOUVIER Law Diet. lS.S.(ed. 6) II. 419 In patents
from the United States to individuals they are described as
being within a certain range. 1883 Contemp. Rev. Aug. 233
These townships are numbered, .in Roman numerals, I., II.,
III., _&c., in what are called ranges westward from the
principal meridians.
e. Math. A set of points on a straight line.
1858 CAVLEY Wits. (1889) II. 577 The theories of ranges
and pencils, .are in fact a single theory. 1873 J. M.WILSON
Solid Geoin. 65 The points A, B are said to be conjugate to
one another in the harmonic range ACBD.
3. Rank, class, order, rare.
1635 MARKHAM Bk. Honour n. v. § i The Eternall Ma-
iestie, who . . hath created and placed in Heauen these
seuerall Rankes and Raunges of Honor. 1677 HALE Prir,
the lowest ranges.
4. Line, direction, lie.
Perh. to some extent connected with branch II.
1677 MOXON Meek. Exerc. 23 Keep the outside flat
of the Bolt on the Range. 1712 J. JAMES tr. Le Blond's
Gardening 84 Direct all the other Stakes according to the
Range of the first. 1788 M. CUTLER in Life, Jrnls. q Corr.
(1888) I. 393 The range of the hills and valleys is nearly
from north to south. 1849 MURCHISON Siluria xvii. 416 The
low ridges deafly exhibit the strike or range of the strata.
1858 Merc. Marine Mag. V. 190 Keeping the two Buoys in
range with the Lighthouse.
fb. quasi-acfo. In range or line. Obs. rare.
1678 MOXON Mech. Exerc. ly The side of any work that
runs straight, without breaking into angles, is said to run
Range. 1683 Ibid., Printing x. r 7 The Hind-Posts may
stand Range or even with the outer-sides of the Cheeks.
II. 5. The act of ranging or moving about.
Now rare in literal sense. ^At range, at random.
1470-85 MALORY Arthur iv. xviii, Syre Marhaus.. de-
parted fro them to fetche his raunge. 1568 T. HOWELL Arb.
Amitie (1879) 22 Thou runst at rainge : and needes restraint.
1598 MANWOOD Forest Lames xxiv. (1615) 240/1 When the
said Regardors haue made their range. 1693 LUTTRELL
Brief Rel. (1857) III. 30 The French had made a range
into the country of Wirtemburgh. 1730 GAY The Toilette
51 I'll dress, and take my wonted range Through evr'y
ndia shop. 1803 Naval Chron. IX. 70 The ship taking
a sudden range, the cable parted. 1850 TENNYSON In Meat.
xciii, From thy sightless range With gods.. Descend. 1856
1 STONEHENGE ' Brit. Sports i. i. iii. § 6 Then, not letting him
[the dog] dwell any longer, cry ' Hold up ' and proceed with
the range.
trans/, and fig. c 1380 WYCLIF Wks. (1880) 332 Summe
prestis seyne simply 'I assoyle be of bi synnes' .. Summe
prestis seyne a more raunge. 1540-54 CHOKE 13 Ps. (Percy
Soc.) 25 Thy range, Thy course, thy yeres, shall knowe
none ende. 1784 COWPER Tiroc. 174 This blest exchange
Of modest truth for wit's eccentric range. 1878 R. W.
DALE Lect. Preack. ix. 283 Sometimes our hymns should
take a wider range.
b. Opportunity or scope for ranging ; liberty to
range.
1793 Minstrel I. 95 A boy drove out a herd of cows, who,
pleased with the range, ran kicking and scampering along.
1858 KINGSLEY Misc. (1859) I. 180 The boa, alligator, shark,
pike, ..will.. attain an enormous size, give them but range
enough. 1865 Jrnl. R. Agric. Soc. Ser. n. I. it 246 The
ewes have range over the stubbles, .during the day.
C. The application of the file to each notch in
the entire length of a saw-blade.
1846 HOLTZAPFFEL Turning II. 693 In this first rans;e each
notch has only received one stroke of the file ; but three or
four ranges, .are required to bring the teeth up sharp.
6. An area, space, or stretch of ground, over
which ranging takes place or is possible; spec.
t the course in a tournament (obs.), and U. S., an
extensive stretch of grazing or hunting ground.
1470-85 MALORY Arthur x. xii, Sir Launcelot came in to
the raynge [printed rayeng]. Ibid, xlix, Thenne sire
Launcelot made sire Galyhodyn to lede hym thorugh the
raunge. 1707-8 in Sheffield Gfass. Suppl. s.v.. One other
rant;*; or parccll of wood in two cloases called the Parke
Bottoms. 1808 PIKE Sinttrcs Mississ. in. App. (1810) 30 At
the crossing of this river there is a range for the horses of
St. Antonio. 1837 .1. I . Cnon n frairie 1. ii. 30 [I) seldom
l>:i v. more than a month at a time on the same range. 1856
RANGE.
FROUDE Hist. Eng. (1858) I. i. 27 In most parishes .. there
were large ranges of common and unenclosed forest land.
b. U. S. without article : Grazing ground.
1766 J. I!AR i RAM Jrnl. 12 Feb. in Stork Ace. E. Florida 67
There is good pine-woods, and fine range for cattle. 1813
BRACKENRIDGE Views Louisiana (1814) 117 The want of
wild pasturage, or range, as it is called, for their cattle.
7. Bot. and Zool. The geographical area over
which a certain plant or animal is distributed. Also,
the period of time during which it has existed on
the earth ; the limits of depth between which a
marine animal is found.
1856 KANE Ant. Expl. I. viii. 80 The reindeer, who is
even less Arctic in his range than the musk ox. 1887 Life
Darwin I. 300 The habits and ranges of the birds which
were described by Gould.
b. The area or period over or during which the
occurrence of something is possible.
1830 LYELL Princ. Ceol. I. xviii. 325 Not wholly beyond
the range of earthquakes in Northern Italy.
8. The area or extent covered by, or included in,
some thing or concept.
»66i J. FELL Hammond 08 The range and compass of his
[Hammond's] knowledge fill'd the whole Circle of the Arts.
1733 POPE Ess. Man i. 207 Far as Creation's ample range
extends, The scale of sensual, mental pow'rs ascends. 1743
YOUNG Nt. Th. vn, Thro' nature's ample range, in thought,
to strole. 1805 WORDSW. Prelude u. 176 Daily the common
range of visible things Grew dear to me. 1841 E. HULL
in Nonconf. I. i The whole range of politics, domestic and
foreign. 1870 HUXLEY Lay Semi. x. (1874) 217 Through
the whole range of geological time.
b. A series, number, or aggregate.
Perh. to some extent connected with sense i.
1847 TENNYSON Princ. in. 161 The day fled on thro' all Its
range of duties to the appointed hour. 1856 EMERSON Eng.
Trails, Race Wks. (Bohn) II. 23 The English derive their
pedigree from such a range of nationalities.
9. Sphere or scope of operation or action ; the
extent to which energy may be exerted, a function
discharged, etc. a. of immaterial things, f Naut.
— Range of vision.
1666 BUNYAN Grace Abound. § 156 He would not suffer
them to fall without the range of Meicy. 1706 Lontl. Gaz.
No. 4215/3 The Marlborough, and the Dover.. joined them
yesterday in our Range. 1835 I. TAYLOR Sfir. Despot, vn.
314 Affirming . . the unrestricted range of ecclesiastical
jurisdiction. 1867 FREEMAN Norm. Conq. (1876) I. iv. 244
A variety of circumstances brought them within the range
of French influences.
ta. of instruments; esp. of musical instruments
(and so of the voice) with reference to variation of
pitch in the sounds produced ; compass, register.
1825 J. NICHOLSON Operat. Mechanic 43 Both the sensi-
bility and the range of the instrument [the tachometer] may
be infinitely increased. 1833 TENNYSON Dream Fair Wont.
xlii, Her .. voice, a lyre of widest range. 1873 HUXLEY
Phys. vii. 183 The range of any voice depends on the dif-
ference of tension which can be given to the vocal chords.
c. of persons, in respect of knowledge,ability,etc.
1847 EMERSON Rcpr. Men,Slialiespiare\tVs. (Bohn) I. 352
Great men are more distinguished by range and extent,
than by originality. 1876 TREVELYAN Life Macaulay \. iv.
188 Macaulay who knew his own range.
10. The extent to which variation is possible;
the limits between which a thing may vary in
amount or degree.
1818 L. Hovif.v.DClitnate Land. 11.48 The average annual
range [of the barometer] is very nearly 2 inches. 1875
BEDFORD Sailor's Pocket Bk. v. (ed. 2) 168 The height from
low water to high water is called the range of the tide.
b. A series or scale (of sounds, temperatures,
prices, etc.) extending between certain limits.
1813 SIR H. DAVY Chem. f kilos. 85 Air at a range of
temperature such as we can command below our common
temperatures. 1871 B. STEWART Heat § 25 Between o° and
100°, and for a range extending not tuo far beyond. 1895
Chambers' Encycl. I. 100 Beef and mutton.. have at last
come down to a much lower range of prices.
11. The distance to which a gun, rifle, etc. is
capable of sending a ball or bullet ; the space
which any projectile or missile can be made to
traverse. Also, the distance of the object aimed at.
Technically defined as ' the distance from the muzzle of the
piece to the (second) intersection of the trajectory with the
line of sight '.
1591 DIGGES Pantoin. 163 Any two Pecces of Battery
Ordinance.. shall euer make their Profundities of pearcing
Proportionall to their leuell Randges Horizontall. 1693
Capt. Smith's Seaman's Gram. 11. xxvi. 138 The Horizontal
Rainge of that Peece will be found to be 374 Paces. Ibid.
xxx. 142 The drying of the Powder, .doth help, .the Rainge
of the Shot. 1769 in FALCONER Diet. Marine (1776). 1838
THIHLWALL Greece xxxvii. V. 20 He . . approached so near
the walls, as to be within the range of the . . missiles from the
battlements. 1860 W. H. RUSSELL Diary in India I. 268
The enemy have got the range of our camp. 1884 I imes
(weekly ed.) 8 Feb. 1/4 The rebels were visible ; but they
were altogether out of range.
Irons/. 1687 Rcfl. Hindf; Panthcrii That s a Flight of
Fancy at its full Range.
b. The position of a gun in tiring (see quot.
1704). f Also, the direction of a shot. Obs.
1669 STURMY Mariner's Mag. v. 69 For Shooting in a
Right-line called the Right Range of a Bullet. 1693 Capt.
Smith's Seaman's Grata, n. xxix. 140 The Gun being . .
upon a I^evel Rainge. 1704 HARRIS Lex. Tecftn. s,v., If the
Bullet go in a Line parallel to the Horizon, it is called the
Right or Level-Range ; if tlie Gun be mounted to 45
Degr., then will the Ball have the highest or utmost Range,
..all others between 45 De^r. and oo are called the Inter-
mediate Ranges. 1867 SMYTH Suitor's \Vord-bk.
18-2
KANQE.
C. A place or piece of ground having a target
and other fittings, used for practice in shooting.
1873 Queen's Regul. $ Orders, Army viu. § 64 Fences for
cavalry, and ranges, butts, &c. for rifle-practice,
III. 12. A form of fire-grate, fire-place, or
cooking apparatus. Now spec, a fire-place having
one or more ovens at the sides, and closed on the
top with iron plates having openings for carrying
on several cooking operations at once.
The precise meaning in some of the older instances of the
word is not clear. With quot. 1574 cf. Roasting-range^
which is perh. the sense of the earliest quots. In mod.
Line. dial, range denotes a high fender or fire-guard.
1446-7 Durham Ace. Rolls (Surtees) 84 De 345. id. rec. de
feodo de le rangh et exitibus animalium. 1471-2 Ibid. 93
Pro iij kirsettes ferri empt. pro le Raunge. a 1548 HALL
Chron. (1809) 607 Chimnays, Ranges and such instrumentes.
*574 R- SCOT Hop Card. (1578) 36 Then you must lay
these Poales vpon a couple of forked stalkes..as Spittes
vpon Raunges. 16x1 BIBLE Lev. xi. 35 Whether it be ouen,
or ranges for pots, they shalbe broken downe. 1660 PEPYS
Diary 19 July, An iron of our new range whch is already
broke. 1736 NEVE Builder's Diet. (ed. 3) s.v. Building, We
have occasion for larger Ranges, or Chimneys, and more
ample Kitchens. 1862 Catal. Internal. Exhib. II. xxxi.
49/1 The whole top of the range is a flat iron platform,
which may be covered with vessels for boiling, stewing, etc.
fb. Dripping, 'kitchen-fee'. Obs. rare—1.
Ellipt. for range-fee (cf. quot. 1446-7 above).
1469 in Househ. Ord. (1790) 95 As for the raunge that
comyth of rosted meate, to be feable.
13. The name of various articles (see quots. \
a. 1563-4 in Willis & Clark Cambridge (1886) II. 571 For
xij Arms and Ixxij greate paynted quarrels and xij Ranges.
D. 1688 R. HoLMEArjtieury in, 243/2 In the Cow-House
..a Range either for Oxe or Cow to which they are tyed.
[Cf. 1886 Cheshire Glass., Range Staket the wooden stake
to which cows are tied in the shippon.]
C. 1726 BAILEY, Range, ..a Beam which is betwixt two
Horses in a Coach. 1847 HALHWELL, Range, . . (3) the
shaft of a coach. Devon.
d. Naut. 1644 MANWAYRING Sea-man's Dict.% Ranges,
there are two, one aloft upon the fore-castle, .the other in
the beak-head. 1704 HARRIS Lex. Techn.t Ranges, in a
Ship, are two pieces of Timber going a-cross from Side
to Side. 1711 W. SUTHERLAND Shipbnild. Assist. 163
Ranges, pieces fitted to the Ship to belay or fasten the Main
and Fore Sheets. 1769 FALCONER Diet. Marine (1776) H iij,
The cleats, kevels, and ranges, by which the ropes are
fastened, c 1850 Rudim. Navig. (Weale) 140 Ranges,
horned pieces of oak, like belaying cleats, but much larger.
..Also those pieces of oak plank fixed between the ports,
with semicircular holes in them, for keeping shot in.
14. A length or stretch of something.
t a. pi. A fence, enclosure. Obs. b. (see quot.) C- An
unbroken stretch of railing, balustrade, etc. ? Obs. d. Naut.
(see quot.) \Obs. e. A strip of glass, f. A strip of
leather, g. Coal-mining (see quot.).
a. 1537 BIBLE (Matthew) 2 Kings xi. 8 Whosoeuer cometh
wyth in the ranges shale dye for it. 1611 BIBLE 2 Chron.
xxiii. 14 Haue her foorth of the ranges.
b. 1703 T. N. City $ C. Purchaser 158 There are several
Appellations given to the various Dimensions, &c. of
Quarries, viz. i. The Range, which is a Perpendicular let
fall from one of the Obtuse Angles to the opposite side.
C. 1723-4 CHAMBERS tr. Le Clerc's Treat. Archit. I. 114-
The Ranges, .ought to terminate in half Balusters joyn'd to
the Pedestals. 1770 Ann. Reg. 171 A whole range of the
east battlement of Westminster-hall gave way.
d. 1769 FALCONER Diet. Marine (1776), Range, a suffi-
cient length of the cable, drawn up on deck, before the
anchor is cast loose from the bow, to let it sink to the
bottom, without being interrupted.
^ 6. 1825 J. NICHOLSON Operat. Mechanic 636 The square
is used in cutting the squares from the range, that they may
with greater certainty be cut at right angles.
. f.- 1878 Ure's Diet. Arts IV. no The ' butt' is first cut
into long strips known as ' ranges '.
g. 1892 Daily N&vs 29 Aug. 5/4 There are two main roads
..from which there branch off. .what are known as 'ranges ',
in which the coal winning principally goes on.
16, Shoemaking. The He or line of the upper
edge of the counter in a top-boot, corresponding to
(and continued in) that of the vamp.
1840 J. DEVLIN Shoemaker 63 Remedying every fault
that may be In the cutting, the range, the position, the back
catch of the counter. Ibid, 65 A further closing may then
follow, beginning at the turn of the. .counter, and going
right round, along the range, and up the tongue.
IV. 16. attrib. and Comb.
a. in senses 6 and 7, as range base, cow} district ',
end, horse (see quot.), -man, mark, tree.
1893 C. DIXON Migrat. Brit. Birds ii. 27 Three fairly
well defined *range bases or refuge areas. 1894 Outing
(U. S.) XXIV. 336/2 Their ' *range ' cows and razor-backed
hogs climb the steep hills like goats. 1887 Q. Rev. July 49
In the *range districts the proportion ofloss has been much
higher. 1470-85 MALORY Arthur y.. xlii, As sire Palomydes
came in to the felde syr Galahalt . . was at the *raunge
ende. 1859 MARCV Prairie Trau. iv. in Horses which
have been raised exclusively upon grass . . or ' *range horses',
as they are called in the Webt. 1887 Q. Rev. July 49 The
high-handed conduct of the *range-men. 1700 Providence
(R. I.) Rec. (1893) IV. 139 From it to turne and Range East
and be southward to a heape of stones laid for a *Range
marke. 1703 Ibid. (1894) V. 95 A blacke Oake tree marked
for a *Range tree.
b. in sense n, as range-board., -finder ,' -finding ^
-holding adj., -officer, -plate, -tables.
1876 VOYLE & STEVENSON Milit. Diet. 326/2 * Range
Boardt this nature of board, .has the distances painted on
it of prominent objects within the range of the guns mounted
on the works. 1872 Daily Neius 16 July, A very simple and
useful instrument, .called a *range-finder. 1876 VOYLE &
STEVENSON Milit. Diet. 326/2 Range-finder, an instrument
foi ucertaioi^g the range of u piece of ordnance ur small-
140
ige othcer . . to violate the regulations. 1876 V<
& STEVENSON Milit. Diet. 326/2 * Range Plates^ plates of
brass attached to the brackets of. .field carriages. They are
marked with three columns of figures, showing the range
in yards . . with the corresponding elevations. 1873 Queen's
Regul. $ Orders, Army vm. § 40 Proper 'range-tables for
each battery must be prepared.
c. in sense 12, as range~cockt -stove (Knight
1875); range-fitter.
1884 IPham Daily Post 24 Jan. 3/4 Range fitter, Wanted,
used to Patterns.
d. spec, range-heads Naut., the windlass bitts
(Smyth 1867); range work, (a) work having a
straight face ; (o) masonry laid in level courses.
1678 MOXON Mech. Exerc. i. 112 The side that falls away
from the Foreside of any Straight or Range-work is called
the Return. 1884 KNIGHT Diet. Mech. Suppl. 742/1 Range
work . . is usually backed up with rubble masonry.
Range (w'nds), sb? Obs. exc. dial.
[Goes with RANGE t/.2, and may be identical with prec., but
the history is not clear. Cf. RANCH^IEVE and RENGE sb.'*
(the earlier form).]
A kind of sieve or strainer, f Also range-sieve.
JS4S ELVOT, Sisacthea, a rayeng [sic] sieue. 16x5 MARK-
HAM Eng. Housew. (1660) 187 You shall have Boulters,
Searses, Ranges, and Meal-sives of all sorts, both fine and
coorse. 1616 SURFL. & MARKH. Country Farme v. xvii. 549
If it be sifted and cleansed through a fine raunge, searce,
or boulter. 1886 ELWOKTHY W. Som. Word-bit.^ Range, a
sieve used for straining liquids and not for sifting dry
matter. In cider making, the juice is strained through a
range ; so in cheese making.
fKange, sb.% Obs. rare. Also 8 rainge.
[? Nasalized var. of RACHE j£.2] = RACE sb£
1685 Land. Gaz. No. 2079/4 A large well quartered Chesnut
Coloured Mare, with . . a range down her face. 1723 Ibid.
No. 6197/3 A brown Bay Mare . . having a Star and Range
in her Forehead.
Range (i£tadg),V.l Forms: 4-5 Sc. raung,
(9 diaL) rawnge, 5-7 raunge; 4-7 raynge, 7
rainge; 6 randge, 4- range, [a. F. ranger
(i2th c.), f. rang var. ranc RANK sb. See also
RENGE v.]
I. trans. 1. To place, set, or station (persons,
rarely animals) in a row, line, or rank ; to draw
up, arrange (an army, etc.) in ranks. Chiefly pass.
and reft.
1375 BARBOUR Bruce xi. 431 Thai stude than rangit all on
raw. Ibid. xvn. 348 Quhen thai saw [That] menje raynge
thame swa on raw. c 1400 Destr. Troy 5(378 The Troiens
.. Bowet euyn to be banke-.Out of rule or aray raungit
on lenght. c 1450 HOLLAND Hmvlat 244 Quhen thai [birds]
war rangit on rawis. 1523 LD. BERNERS Froiss. I. xviii. 24
The Englishe oste dislodged,, .and raynged theyr battelles.
1598 FLORIO Ep. Ded. 5 An.armie ranged in files is fitter
for muster then in a ring. 1671 tr. Frejus' Voy. Mauritania
57 Yet. .would they not be perswaded to range themselves
and make us way. 1717 LADY M. \V. MONTAGU Let. to
C'tess Mar 18 Apr., Her she-slaves, finely dressed, were
ranged on each side. 1842 MACAU LAY Horatfus xii, All the
Etruscan armies Were ranged beneath his eye. 1877 A. B.
EDWARDS Up Nile xi. 292 A double file of men.. ranged
themselves along the ropes.
b. To place (a person or persons) in a specified
position, situation, or company. Const, with
preps, and prep, phrases, as against^ amongtaround,
on the side of, under, with. Chiefly in pass, and
reft.* and commonly fig.
1598 B. JoNSONjEz/. Man in Hum. in. i, The most fatal
and dangerous exploit that euer I was rang'd in, since I first
bore Arms. 1711 ADDISON Sfect. No. 55 P 4 The Father of
a Family would often range himself under the Banners of
Avarice, and the Son under those of Luxury. 1796 BURKE
Let. Noble Lord Wks. 1826 VIII. 8 To range myself on the
side of the Duke of Bedford. 1818 JAS. MILL Brit. India II.
v. ii. 358 A similar contention, .ranged one of the rivals on the
side of Ragoba, 1874 STUBBS Const. Hist. (1897) I. x. 318
The Norman baronage .. ranging themselves with the king
or against him.
t c. To reduce or bring under obedience, or to
something. Obs.
Renderings of F. ranger sous (Fobeissance), and ranger
a (la raison, etc.).
1601 HOLLAND Pliny 1. 169 Hauing . . subdued Africke, and
raunged it vnder the obedience of Rome. 1608 D, T. Ess.
Pol. 4- Mor. 75 He . .tells Fortune shee did well to range him
to the gowne, and to the studie of Philosophic. 1639 BACON
Hen. VII 55 If it be no more but to range his subjects to
reason. 1639 B; HARRIS Parivafs Iron Age 9 Duke Charles
. . ranged the Fmlanders. .under obedience to himself.
2. To set or dispose (things) in a line or lines ;
hence, to arrange, put in order. Also as in i b.
a 1400 Pist ill of Susan 112 The rewe, J>e rubarbe, rawnged
fulle ryghte In rees. 1594 PLAT Jeiucll-ho, 1. 19 Those they
couch and range in the earth. i6z8 HOBBES Thttcyd. (1822)
1 06 The quiet life can never be preserved if it be not ranged
with the active life. 1658 EVELYN Fr. Card. (1675) 163
You may range the first at the very edg of the trench. 1711
ADDISON Spect. No. 37 PI Her Books, .were ranged together
in a very beautiful Order. 1816 BENTHAM Chrestont. 25 The
component particles of water., have to range themselves in
such a manner as to form a surface. 1860 TYNDALL Glac. \.
ii. 16 All the images will be ranged upon the circumference.
b. To set or lay out (a line or curve).
1712 T. JAMES tr. Le Blonds Gardening 100 Fix a line
upon the Stake F, and.. range it by the Stakes F and D.
1847 BRODIK (title) Rules for ranging railway curves with
tii-j thcudolite.
BANGE.
c. To make straight, even, or level.
1846 HOLTZAPFFEL Turning II. 690 The little facet thus
exposed by the process of topping or ranging the teeth.
1888 JACOB! Printers'* Vocno., Range matter, to make lines
in composing range equally at either or both ends of the
stick.
d. Naut. To lay out (a cable) so that the anchor
may descend without check.
1833 MARRYAT P. Simple xv. (1873) 103 Which cable was
ranged last night. x88a N ARES Sea»ians/ttA (ed. 6) 157 Too
much chain should not be ranged. 1886 J. M. CAULFEILD
Seamanship Notes 4 If chain lockers are forward, do not
range cables.
e. To provide with a row or rows of something.
1858 HAWTHORNE Fr. 4- //. Note-bks. II. 259 The upper
one of these floors . . is ranged round with the beds.
3. To place (persons or things) in a certain class
or category ; to divide into classes ; to classify,
arrange, etc.
1601 HOLLAND Pliny VH. xlv. 179 The late Emperour
Augustus, whomc all the world raungeth in this ranke of
men fortunate. i66a GERBIER Principles 4 Those who have
Marshald the Orders of Colombs . . have Ranged the Toscan
to be the Supporter of a Building. 1688 R. HOLME Armoury
u. 131/2 All four-footed Creatures are Ranged into two
sorts. 1730 A. GORDON Maffeis AmAhitk. 240 Divinities to
be ranged in the same Rank. 1762 MILLS Pract. Husb. I.
16 The subdivisions of different soils . . may . . be ranged
under two general heads. 1805 WORDSW. Prelude u. 223
To range the faculties In scale and order.
4. refl. (ad. F. se ranger.) To adopt a more
regular mode of life.
1855 THACKERAY Newcomes xxviii, You tell me to marry
and range myself. 1880 MRS. LYNN LINTON Rebel of Family
III. vii. 144 He had no intention of marrying and ranging
himself just yet.
U. inir. 5. Of things, esp. buildings or their
parts, or large natural objects : To stretch out or
run in a line, to extend.
1607 SHAKS. Cor. in. i. 206. 1613-39 '• JONES in Leoni
Palladia's Archit. (1742) II. 43 A Wall ranges along the
Cell to bear up the Roof. IHa.t This Cornice only ranges
along the Cell. 1703 Providence Rec. (1894) V. 95 From the
said black oake tree to Range away northeastward to a
stake. 1770 Easington Incl. Act ^ Such parcel of land
adjoining to the sea and ranging along the same. 1862
ANSTED Channel Isl. i. iv. (ed. 2) 61 A formidable group of
rocks and islands, ranging north-east and south-west.
b. To extend or He in the same line or plane
{with) ; esp. in Printing,, of type, lines, or pages.
'599 SHAKS. Much Ado u. ii. 7 Whatsoeuer comes athwart
his affection, ranges euenly with mine. 1664 E. BUSHNELL
Compl. Shipwright 20 That the backside of the upper end
may randge faire. 1712 J. JAMES tr. Le Blond's Gardening
84 If one Stick stand half a Foot higher than another.. it
matters not, so they range directly. 1771 LUCKOMBE Hist.
Printing yp. So that they may not range against each other.
1816 SCOTT Antiq. \ i, I have a copy at home that stands
next my twelvemo copy of the Scots Acts, and ranges on the
shelf with them very well. 1883 Academy 20 Jan. 40/3
Many of the sonnets on opposite pages have not been made
to ' range *.
6. To take up or occupy a place or position.
Const, as in i b. Also, of a number of persons ;
To draw up in rank or order, (rare.)
1596 SHAKS. i Hen. Il7t i. liL 169 The Predicament Wherein
you range vnder this subtill King. 1613 — Hen. VIII^ u.
lii. 20 Tis better to be lowly borne, And range with humble
liuers in Content. 1697 DRVDEN Virg. Gtorg. i. 687 The
neighb'ring Cities range on sev'ral sides. 1774 REYNOLDS
Disc. vi. (1876) 401 He would.. have ranged with the great
pillars and supporters of our Art. 1832 TENNVSON (Enone 79
When all the full-faced presence of the Gods Ranged in the
halls of Peleus. 1841 R. OASTLER Fleet Papers I/ iv. 29
That would range under the head of news '. 1852 THACKERAY
Esmond i. xii, In the unhappy matrimonial differences..
Mistress Beatrix ranged with her father.
b. Naut. of ships.
1709 Land. Gaz. No. 4521/2 The Comodpre. .came ranging
along our Larboard-side. 1797 NELSON in A. Duncan Life
(1806) 41 The Excellent ranged up within two feet of the
San Nicholas. 1855 MOTLEY Dutch Rep. i. it (1866) 102
Ten English vessels . . ranging up .. as close to the shore as
was possible, opened their fire.
III. intr. 7. To move hither and thither over
a comparatively large area ; to rove, roam, wander,
stray. Const, with various advbs. and preps, (see
quots.), and sometimes including the idea of search-
ing {for something).
a. of persons (also Naut. = To cruise, sail about),
animals (esp. of hunting dogs searching for game),
and material objects.
1547 BOORDE Introd. Knoivl. 170 Out of my countre I do
syldome randge. 1391 SPENSER M. Hubberd 630 Brave
beasts. .In the wilde forrest raunging fresh and free. 1618
LATHAM -znd Bk. Falconry 142 She.. attends the Falconer
and his Spaniels as they range. 1628 DIGBY Voy. Medit.
(1868) 85 The Dunkerkers ranged much and in great
fleetes about our channell. 1666 BAXTER Call to Un-
converted 213 Its easie to catch such greedy fish that are
ranging for a bait. 1727 DE FOE Hist. Appar. iv, (1840) 29
That all the planets should seem to be made for nothing
but to range about the waste. 1772-84 COOK Voy. (1790) V.
1699 We bore away to leeward, and ranged along the S. E.
side of the coa&t. 1838 THIRLWALL Greece xlii. V. 219 It was
his habit in summer to range over the Thracian woodlands.
1866 ROGERS Agric. 4- Prices I. xxi. 525 The custom of
allowing sheep to range prevailed. 1875 'PATHMNDEK'
Breaking $ Training Dogs 118 The dog should range no
nearer than five, .yards from the gun.
fig- "S**1 NORTON Calvin' s hist. m. 246 Hlpocrites. . that
wildly range with licentiousnts.se of Mimyng. 1581 J. BLLL
Haddotfs Ansiu. Osor. 67 b, To raunge in the bookes of
RANGE.
Philosophic. 1751 JOHNSON Rambler No. 153 p 10 By
ranging through all the diversities of life. 1885 TENNYSON
Locksiey Hati 60 Yrs. After 217 While we range with
Science, glorying in the time.
b. of immaterial things.
1574 tr. Marlorat's Apocalips 50 Whose heresie began . .
to raunge through the Churches of Asia. 1581 J. BELL
} I addon* s Answ. Osor. 28 There raunged at that tyme
a certeine outragious burnyng feaver. 1667 MILTON P. L.
ix. 134 That destruction wide may range. 1781 COWPER
Conv. 438 The Mind .. Should range where Providence has
blessed the soil. 1814 SCOTT Ld. of Isles iv. xxviii, How
would his busy satire range. 1880 GOLDWIN SMITH in
Atlant, Monthly No. 268. 208 You will hardly restrain our
thoughts from ranging beyond an earthly abode.
c. of the eye : To ' move ' from one object of
sight to another ; to reach in this way.
i6» J. REYNOLDS God's Revenge i. 8 Shee . . checks her
eyes from ranging beyond the lists of modestie and dis-
cretion. 1721 RAMSAY Morning Interview 93 Her unfix'd
eyes with various turnings range. 1857 LIVINGSTONE Trav.
xxvii. 548 Landscapes which permit the eye to range over
twenty or thirty miles. 1872 JENKINSON Guide Eng. Lakes
(1879) 351 As far as the eye can range.
d. Gunnery. Of projectiles: To traverse, go
(a specified distance).
Some of those which in the air range only between 2 and 3
miles. 1846 GREENER Sc. Gunnery 324 Projectiles are made
heavy under the impression they will range further.
e. To make search. Now Sc.
1551 T. WILSON Logike (1580) 60* Whensoeuer he shall
seeke out the truthe of any cause, by diligent searche, and
raungyng in these corners. 17. . RAMSAY Twa Cut-Purses
24 The ferty quickly chang'd, When throw their empty fobs
they rang'd.
8. To change from one attachment to another;
to be inconstant.
1596 SHAKS. Tarn. Shr. m. i. 91 If once I finde thee rang-
ing, Hortensio will be quit with thee by changing. 1706
Lond. Gaz. No. 4190/4 My Mind is fixt, I will not range,
I like my Choice too well to change. 1807 BVKON To Sigh-
ing Strephon v, "Tis true, I am given to range ; If I rightly
remember, I've loved a great number.
8, Bot. and Zool. Of plants and animals : To
extend (i. e. to occur, be found) over a certain area
or throughout a certain period of time.
1859 DARWIN Orig. Spec. xiii. (1873) 359 The lower any
group of organisms stands, the more widely it ranges. 1886
PRESTWICK Gept. I. 67 The Entomostraca range from the
Lower Cambrian up to the present day. 1895 C. DIXON
Migrat. Brit. Birds it. 31 We find . . Ethiopian types ranging
right up the Nile valley to the shores of the Mediterranean.
IO. To vary within certain limits ; to form a
varying set pr series.
1835 SIR J. Ross Narr. znd Voy. v. 71 Ranging between
two and twelve. 1857 LIVINGSTONE Trav. xxiv. 484 The
thermometer early in the mornings ranged from 42° to 52°.
1876 Nature XIV. 22/2 Of Prime Movers alone there are 66
groupSj ranging through many forms from a collection of
the Original Models of Steam Engines .. , downwards.
XV. trans. 11. Jo traverse, to go over or through
(a place or area) in all directions. (Sometimes
including the idea of searching or examining.)
1533 FRITH Another Bk. agst. Rastell B iij, In the seconde
chaptre, he rangethe the felde, and sercheth out., what
worde I haue spoken. 1601 R. JOHNSON Kingd. <y Commiv.
(1603) 3 The French did raunge Italy at their pleasure under
Charles the eight. 1715 POPE Iliad n. 62 The king de-
hpatch'd his heralds with commands To range the camp.
1781 COWPER Charity 301 To traverse seas, range kingdoms.
1850 TENNYSON In Mem, Concl. 96 Out we pass To range
the woods, to roam the park.
transf. c 1571 GASCOIGNE Fruites Warre Poems (1831) 211
Warre seemes sweete to such as raunge it not.
b. Naut, To sail along or about (a country, the
coast, etc.).
1603 R. SALTERNE in Capt. Smith's Wks. (1819) I. 108 As
they ranged the coast . . they were kindly vsed by the
Natiues. 16*4 CAPT. SMITH Virginia i. i John and Sebas-
tian [Cabot] . . ranged a great part of this vnknowne world.
1748 Anson's Voy. in, v. 342 These vessels .. are fitted for
ranging this collection of Islands called the Ladrones. 1834
BANCROFT Hist. U.S. I. i. 10 Caspar Costereal ranged the
coast for . . six or seven hundred miles.
12. a. To pasture (cattle) on a range.
1857 OLMSTED Journ. Texas 184 They ranged their cattle
over as much of the adjoining prairie as they chose.
b. To place (a telescope) in position.
1860 TYNDALL Glac. i. xxvii. 213 Ranging the telescope
along the line of pickets, I saw them all standing.
c. To throw (a projectile) a specified distance.
1858 GuKNBB Gunnery 53 They say it ranges the pro-
jcciile double the distance.
d. absol. To give a gun a certain range.
1891 Black <5- White 12 Mar. 342/1 The guns were all laid
for the leading line, there was no question of ranging at all.
f!3. Of a cannon: To throw (a bullet of a
specified weight). Obs. *~1
1643 in Jos. Lister's Autob. (1842) 68 Their ordnance.,
played upon us, one of them ranged an 8 pound bullet.
14. To cut (glass) into strips.
1825 J. NICHOLSON Oficrat. Mechanic 636 Ranging of
glass is the cutting it in breadths as the work may require,
and is best done by one uninterrupted cut from one end to
the other.
Range, v,2 Obs. exc. dial. [Of doubtful origin;
cf. RANGE s&%] trans. To sift (meal).
1538 ELYOT, Afcrotus panis, browne bretlde not ranged.
Ibid., Cerneret to syfte or range flourc of come. 1623
COCKERAM, Svcccrnate^ To bolt or range nit-ale, 1891-2 in
Snf, Dial. Diet. (Devonshire).
141
fig. 1694 MOTTEUX Rabelais v. xxi. 94 She used to sift,
searse, boult, range, and pass away time with a . . Sieve.
Range, dial, var. RLNSE v.3 obs. pa. t. RING.
|| Range, a. Her. [F., pa. pple. of ranger
RANGE z/.i] (See quot.)
1780 EUMONDSON CoMpl. Body Her. II. Gloss., Range [sic]
is a French term signifying many mullets, or other charges,
placed in bend, saltire, fesse, cross etc.
Ranged (r^nd^d), ppL a.1 [f. RANGE z>.i +
-ED!.] Set in line, ranked. "\A ranged battle \ a
pitched battle.
1530 PALSGR. 678/2 It is a goodly thyng to se a ranged
batayle. 1609 DANIEL dv. Wars VIM. xvi, The ranged
horse breake out. 1680 G. HICKES Spirit of Popery n That
Army of Saints, which fought the Kings Forces on Pent-
land-hills in a ranged Battel 1666.
t Ranged,///. a2 Obs. [f. RANGED] Sifted;
made of sifted flour.
1538 ELYOT, Pants secundariits, raunged bread, or chete
breadde, or crybell breade. 1559 Will of P. Kedwellye
(Somerset Ho.), To be made in penye Ranged breade. 1598
FLORIO, Pane ai centita,. .choise bread, ranged bread.
Ra-ngeful. [f. RANGE *M] The fill of a range.
1616 Trav. Eng. Pilg. in Harl. Misc. (Malh.) III. 324
Some two hundred persons are owners of one rangeful [of
eggs placed in furnaces for hatching].
Ra-ngeless, a. rare. [f. RANGE sb.i + -LESS.]
That has no range or limit.
1838 S. BELLAMY Betrayal 166 A fornix vast, that range-
less from the eye Ran wildering.
I Ra'iigenient. Obs. rare. [ = F. rangement
(1630) : see RANGE z'.i and -MENT.] Arrangement.
1674 N. FAIRFAX Bulk <$• Selv. 55 Without aiming at any
better rangement for them, a 1740 WATERLAND ^£$.(1823)
IV. 468 General abstract ideas, .formed by the mind for the
better . . rangement, and adjustment of our other ideas.
tRa-ngeru Obs. rare~°. (See quot.)
1688 R. HOLME Armoury n. 182/1 The Kernells .. arc
little bunches rising in the throat, and unto this Disease
belongs another called the Rangen . . it is a swelling in the
lower part of the chap of the swins mouth.
Banger1 (r^'ndjsw). Also 5-7 raunger, (5
-ier), 7 randg-, rainger. [f. RANGE o.l-f -Kftl.j
One who or that which ranges, in senses of the vb.
1. A rover, wanderer ; f a rake.
1593 BRETON in Ph&nix tfest (Grosart) 1. 6/1 The Rookes,
no raungers out of raie The Pawnes, the pages [etc,]-
1599 Broughton's Let. v. 17 Accusing his father . . for an
whoremaster and . .a raunger. 1636 HEYWOOD Love's Mistr.
Epil. Wks. 1874 V. 88 Mercury shall flie . . Upon your
errands, prove your happy ranger, a 1711 KEN Hymnarium
Poet. Wks. 1721 II, 119 The Rangers in the wild just God
design'd [etc.]. 1818 KF.ATS Endym. iv. 274 I've been a
ranger In search of pleasure throughout every clime. 1865
NEALE Hymns-Parad. 28 On this sea my bark, poor ranger,
Is from pirates sore in danger.
b. Applied spec, to certain animals (see quots.).
1686 R, BROME Gentl, Recreation n. 33/1 Four or five
Couple of Spaniels that are good Rangers. 1832 WEBSTER,
R anger i a dog that beats the ground. 1855 r. MARRYAT
Mountains $ Molehills xi, I had two horses ; one was an
old grey 'Texian Ranger'. 1867 F, FRANCIS Angling x.
(1880) 343 Following up the military lead, we come to the
Rangers [a kind of salmon-flies]. 1884 GOODE Nat. Hist.
Aquatic Anim. 58 The Harbor Seal. Phoca vitulina.
The young are there [Newfoundland] also called * Rangers \
1887 N. <y Q. ?th Ser. IV. 278 The Sp. btsugo, a kind of
sea-bream, is called in English ranger. 1890 H. H. Dogs
for Gun HI. jii. 103, I took him [a pointer] out with five
high rangers in a 200 acre field.
attrib. 1893 Outing (U.S.) XXVI I. 214/2 We . . secured
a fine young ranger seal.
c. A wave of unusual height and force.
1891 Pall Mall G. 31 Aug. 4/3 The character of the great
wave is a mystery. . . The sailors declared that it was a not
unfamiliar phenomenon, and called it 'a ranger'.
2. A forest officer, a gamekeeper. Now only
arch., and as the official title of the keepers of
the royal parks.
1455 Rolls of Parlt. V. 318/1 Almaner and singuler Offices
of Foresters and Raungers of oure said Furestes. 1579
SPENSER Slteph. Cal. Sept. 159 [Wolves] walk not widely, as
they were woont, For fear of raungers, and the great hoont.
163* High Commission Cases (Camden) 288 The lop_ps and
topps were all worth but 46", and he agreed with the
Ranger of the Forrest for them. 1697 DRYDEN sEneid vn.
486 Tyrrheus chief ranger to the Latian King. 1788 H.
WALPOLE Reminisc. 131 We afterwards recollected that lord
Bute was ranger of the park. 1813 SCOTT Rokeby 111. iv,
He heard the rangers' loud halloo, Beating each cover . . As
if to start the sylvan game. 1895 W/ri takers Almanack
169/2 St. James's, Green, and Hyde Parks — Ranger, H.R.H.
the Duke of Cambridge.
3. //. A body of mounted troops, or other armed
men, employed in ranging over a tract of country.
Chiefly U.S. ; in the British Army the title is given to one
regular regiment, the Connaught Rangers.
I74a State Prov. Georgia (1897) 15 For the defense of the
colony now, it is necessary to have . . rangers who can ride
the woods. 1796 STEDMAN Surinam I. iv. 81 The rangers
in Virginia, who were sent out against the Cherokee Indians.
W. IRVING Tour on Prairies \\. in Crayon Misc. (1863)
learnt that a company of mounted rangers, or rifle-
men, had departed but three days previous. 1883 DE
WINDT Equator 34 The ' Sarawak Rangers '. .are recruited
from Malays and Dyaks.
4. One who sets in order. rare~l.
1611 BIBLE i Chron, xii. 33 tiiarg., Rangers of battell.
RANGY.
Hangerine (rse'nd^erain), a. Zool. [f. F. ranger
(~gier) reindeer + -INK.] Resembling the reindeer.
1832 J. E. GRAY Catal. Maniin. Brit. A/us. III. 185 The
Rangerine Deer have a large, basal anterior snag to the
horns, close to the crown or bur, and no muffle.
Rangership (r^-ndsotfip). [f. RANGEU! +
-SHIP.] The office of ranger of a forest or park.
1464 Rolls ofParlt. V, 533/2 The Office of the Raunger-
ship of the Chace of our said Castell. 1697 LUTTRELL Brief
Ret. (1857) IV. 216 Lord Dursley ., quitted the same for a
rangership of a forest which the duke of Beauford had. 1788
H. WALPOLE Reminisc. \. 12 Queen Anne had bestowed the
rangership of Richmond New Park on her relations the
Hydes. a 1839 MACAULAY Hist. Eng. xxv. V. 274 Garters,
gold keys, white staves, rangerships, . . were now intercepted
by aliens.
R-angh, obs. form of RANGE $b±
Rangi-ferine, a. Zool. [f. med.L. rangifer^.
rangiftre) reindeer + -INE.] Rangerine; belonging
to the genus Rangifert which includes the reindeer.
(In recent Diets.)
Ranging (r^-nd^n), vbl. sb. [f. RANGE z/.i]
1. The action of the vb. a. in transitive senses.
1622 MARKHAM Decades War iv. ix. 155 These Corporals
haue the raunging of Battels. 1710 ADDISON Whig Lxatn.
No. 4 When an author.. imposes upon us by the sound and
ranging of his words. 1846 TRENCH Mirac. xviii. (1862) 313
A ranging of men in their true ranks.
b. in intransitive senses.
c 1610 Women Saints 38 After many perills and long
ranging . . they arriued at Colen. 1651 HOBBES Leviath. i.
iii. 9 This wild ranging of the mind. 1719 D'URFEV Pills
that they will bcruc to make sicucs, rau^cis, and vans.
(1872) VI. 44 Cupid it is my Name, I live by ranging. 1862
Catal. Internat. Exhib. II. xxviii. 123 Their inequality of
size and consequent irregularity of ranging. 1890 H. H.
Dogs for Gun in. i. So, I nave seen four months' old pups
go in for ranging.
2. attrib. and Comb., as ranging company prang-
ing wise; ranging-lath, a lath employed to guide
the tool in cutting glass; ranging-line, -pole,
-rod, -stick, a line, pole, etc. used in surveying or
measuring, for setting out straight lines ; ranging-
timber (?)
1779 L. MclNTOSH in Sparks Corr. Anter, Rm. (1853) II.
285, I ..authorized the Lieutenants to raise a "ranging
company. 1825 J. NICHOLSON Operat. Mechanic 636 The
""ranging lath must be long enough to extend rather beyond
the boundary of the table of glass. 1712 J. JAMES tr. Le
Blondes Gardening 82 The Legs and *Ranging-sticks are
tied up together in a Bundle. 1796 MORSE Amer. Geog. \.
394 Snip timber, *ranging timber, plankj deals. 1563-^7
FOXE A. <$• M. (1596) 92/2 Neither yet in "ranging wise
wander the starres to what place of the world they list.
Ranging (r^-ndgin), ///. a. [f. as prec. +
-ING ^.] That ranges, in senses of the vb.
1539 Mirr. Mag.t Dk. Clarence xxix, A raynles ranging
horse. 1560 A. L. tr. Calvin" s Foure Serm. Songe Ezech. iv. 62
Though we haue many ranging woordes in our prayer. 1655
SIR E. NICHOLAS in N. Papers (Camden) II. 337 Only tit
for one of . . his ranging spaniells to finde where the game
lyes. 1700 PRIOR Canu. Sec. xvii, She thro' the ranging
Ocean now Views him advancing his auspicious Prow. 1887
BOWEN Virg. sEneid vi. 161 Many the troubled thoughts
that in ranging talk they pursue.
t Ravaging sieve. Obs. rare. •• RANGE sb.*
1548 ELYOT, Sisacthea, a rangeyng sieue. 1601 HOLLAND
Pliny vui. xliv. 224 That no corne-maisters . . should beat
this Mule away from their raunging sives.
Ra'ilgle, sb. rare. [Of obscure origin.] Small
stones or gravel given to hawks, usually to improve
their digestion.
1678 in PHILLIPS (ed. 4). 1852 R. F. BURTON Falconry
Valley Indus vii. 75 The Bazdar gives his falcons bits of
rangle the size of a pea in order to prevent their laying eggs.
t Ra'ilgle, v. Obs. [Of obscure origin ; cf.
RAMBLE. Mod. S. W. dial, has rangle to twine,
of climbing plants.] intr. To rove, wander, stray.
as,*
abroade
These Eagl
KINGTON Arioslo XIX. Ivi, They scaped best that here and
thither rangled.
Hence f Ra ngler, a rover ; t Ra'nglingf vbl. sb.
'57S TUKBERV. Faulamru o No inwarde Eagle but a
fugitive and a rangier. i594WlLLOBlEi4»w«i(i88o) 138 The
rangling rage that held from home Vlisses all too long.
Rangle, obs. form of WKANGLE.
•(• Ra'iigy, sb. Obs. rare~l. = RANOK sb.l 130.
1657 C. BECK Univ. Charac. Kiij, A rangy or beam be-
tween horses in a Coach.
Rangy (,r<7i-nd3i),«. Chiefly U.S. [f. RANGED.
or v. + - v.]
1. Of animals: a. Adapted for or capable of
ranging ; having a shape indicative of this.
1891 Harper's Mat;. Aug. 365/2 The former trots by on his
rangy thoroughbred. 1805 Century Mag. Aug. 627/2 How
the dogs, like the race-horse, have grown lighter, more
rangy in form, smaller, solider in bone.
b. Of a long, slender form.
1886 C. SCOTT Sheep-Farming 22 The short close made
ewe is not . . as prolific a breeder, as those more rangy and
of greater length.
2. Of places: Giving scope for ranging; spacious.
1880 LANIKK Sunrise 79 in fotms (1892), Breathe it free,
l>y rangy marsh, in lone sea-liljt.-i ly.
y. Austral. Mountainous.
1880 SUTHERLAND Talcs ofGoldJields 89 The most rangy
and inaccessible regions of the Colonies. 1890 ' K
\voou' Rtthry under Anns 144 The hills on the suuth
\vxic wild and run^y enough.
RANIFORM.
142
RANK.
Rani, var. RANEE.
Raniform (rc'-nif/jm), a. [f. rani- comb,
form of L. rana frog + -FORM.] Frog-shaped.
185* WYMAN in Smithsonian Contrib. Knowl. V. iv. 46
Dissections of other than Raniform Batrachians. 1875
HUXLEY in Encvcl. Brit. I. 751/2 No raniform Labyruitho-
donts have yet been discovered.
Raninal, a. rare—1. — RANINE i.
1822-34 Good's Study Med. (ed. 4) I. 93 The necessity for
deep incisions has been superseded by bleeding from the
ranmal veins.
R a nine (r^'nain), a. [ad. mod.L. raninus,
f. rana frog : see -INK.]
1. Anctf. Belonging to the under side of the tip
of the tongue (the part liable to be affected by
RANULA) ; in Ranine artery (the terminal branch
of the lingual artery\ rantne vein.
Cf. F. mint ranine (Cotgr,), artere rantne (Littrc1.
18x9 Pantologia X, Ranine artery t.,\}\t second branch of
the external carotid. 1831 R. KNOX Cioquet's Anat. 740 It
anastomoses with the ranine vein. 1840 G. V. ELLIS Anat.
198 The continuation of the gustatory nerve to the tip of the
tongue, together with the ranine artery.
2. Pertaining to a frog ; frog-like, rare,
1840 in SMART.
Raninlan (rani'nian), a. and sb. [f. as prec,
+ -IAN.] a. adj. Pertaining to the Raninidae, an
order of frog-crabs, b. sb. One of the Raninidx.
1841 Penny CycL XIX. 298/1 Kaninians, the name by
which M. Milne Edwards designates the fourth tribe of the
family Afferura.
Ranite, the correct form of RAUITE.
Raniworous, a. [f. rani- (see raniform) +
-VOBOUS.] Frog-eating.
1821 LATHAM Gen. Hist. Birds I. 181 Ramvorous Falcon.
1878 Eraser's Mag. XVIII. 504 Frenchmen., were not the
ranivorous and capering creatures they supposed.
Rank (I'it-ijk), sbl Also 6 .SV. raink, 6-7 raiike,
6-8 ranck, (6-7 -e), 7 rauque. [a. obs. F. ranc
(mod. rang], var. renct usually supposed to be
a. OHG. hritUj firing RING.]
1. A row, line, or series of things.
In common use c 1580-1610, esp. with ref. to teeth and
trees ; now rare in general sense, but used spec, of cabs or
carriages, and techn. of organ-pipes.
1570 LEVINS Manip. 24/21 A rank of things, turba^caterna.
1576 FLEMING Panopl. Epist. 249 Such a rancke and rowe of
litigious causes, .hange one vppon another, as linckes in a
long chuine. 1590 SPENSER /'. Q. I. xi. 13 In either jaw
Three ranckes of yron teeth enraunged were. 1600 SHAKS.
A. Y. L. iv. iii. 80 The ranke of Oziers by the murmuring
streame. 1693 EVELYN De la Quint. Compl. Card. II. 149
A Rank of Baskets.. one at the tail of the other, beginning
the Rank or Row where the Bed is to end. 1811 BUSBY
Diet. Mus. s.v. Stopt Furniture Stop .. comprising two or
more ranks of pipes. 1851 MAYHEW Land. Lab. III. 353
[The] small masters, .are amongst the most respectable men
of the ranks. 1881 EDWARDS Organs xxL 153 The most
useful mixture for a small organ is one of three ranks. 1888
JACOBI Printers' Vocab. s.v., Composing frames are gene-
rally arranged in rows or ranks.
fb. On a rank : On end, continuously. Obs.
1574 HELLO WES Guevaras Fam. Ep. (1577) 360 Hee
went to fast . . xl. dayes and xl. nights on a rancke.
2. A row or line of persons. Now rare (cf. 3).
1571 GOLDING Calvin on Ps. xlii. 5 David nient ranks:
bycause they went.. in orderly rowes when they came to
the Tabernacle. 1597 HOOKKR EccL Pol. v. l.xxix. 9 14
A miserable ranke of poore, lame and impotent persons.
1697 DRYDEN SEneid \\. 1044 A ranck of wretched youths,
with pinion 'd Hands. 1718 POPE Dunciad iv. 107 Courtiers
and Patriots in two ranks divide, Thro' both he pass'd, and
bow'd from side to side. 1870 B. TAYLOR znti Pt. Faust in.
440 Chorus .. dancing nimbly . . in interlinking ranks.
f b. Phr. In or of a rankt in a line or file. On
a rank, abreast. Obs.
1570 Satir. Poems Reform, xxii. 6 A gyde to blind men
in a rank. 1581 PETTI i-; Guazzo*s Civ. Conv, m. (1586) 157 b,
All the women in the towne i mine thether of a ranke, as it
wer in procession. 1588 PARKE tr. A/endoza's Hist. China
182 The hie wayes are verie brode, that twentie men may
ride together on a ranke and one not hinder an other,
f C. Movement in line or file. Obs, rare.
1600 SHAKS. A, Y. L. in. ii. 103 It is the right Butter-
womens ranke to Market.
3. Mil. A number of soldiers drawn up in line
abreast. Hence in pi. frtq. — forces, battalion,
army (also in phrases as ranks of death t of war}.
*S74 H. G. tr. Cataneo's Bricfe Tables F lij. Let 44
ranckes of unarmed Pikes . . be bestowed behind these armed
ranckes. 1595 SHAKS. John iv. ii. 244 My State is braued,
. . with rankes of forraigne powres. 1668 CULPEPPER & COLE
Bart hoi. Anat. iv. xx. 356 They resemble a rank of
Souldiers in battle array. 1751 LEDIARD Sethos II. ix. 320
The march was to be by ten in a rank. 1738 GRAY Pro-
pertius iii. 33 To paint the Hero's Toil, the Ranks of War.
1813 SCOTT Rokeby i. xii, On Marston heath Met, front to
front, the ranks of death. 1875 JOWETT Plato (ed. 2) I. 82
When the ranks are broken and you have to tight singly.
trans/. 1577 BRETON Flouris/t upon Fancie \\. (Grosart)
1. 10/1 A Garde of Geese and Ganders, m one rancke. 1625
J. GLANVILLE Voy. to Cadiz (Camden) 15 To enjoyne our
ffleetc to advance & fight att Sea, much after the maner of
an Armie at land, assigneing every shipp to a perticular
division, ranke, file, and station.
fig. 1781 Cowi'ER Table T. 768 'T would thin the ranks
of the poetic tribe. 1855 PRESCOTT Philip //, n. (1857) 274
He at once enrolled himself in the ranks of the opposition.
1874 GREEN Short Hist. vii. § 6. 399 Scholars like Hooker,
gentlemen like George Herbert, could now be found in the
ranks of the priesthood.
b. //. The body of private soldiers ; the rank
and file (see 5 b). Also transf.
1809 WELLINGTON Let. to Beresford 25 June in Gurw.
De$j>. (1837) IV. 464 The irregularity of Colonel Blunt
having three servants from the ranks. 1858 TROLLOPE
Dr. T/torne I. iii. 67 A native of-Barchester, having risen
from the world's ranks. 1897 Daily Ntrws 16 June 7/7
Native ranks, except three, doing well.
C. Chess. One of the lines of squares stretching
across the board from side to side. Also in rank,
on one of these lines (cf. 4).
1597 G. B. Ludus Seacchix D ilj b, Moouing a Pawne
from left band side, which on the fourth ranke stood. 167*
BARBIER Saufs Chesse play ix, [The King's move is] to the
next House or place, in File or rancke, of any side. 1894
T. MASON Prittc. Chess 4 The rank upon which the player's
Pieces are ranged is his first rank.
d'.Af" of things.
1593 SHAKS, Liter. 1430 Simois .. Whose waves to imitate
the battle sought, .and their ranks began To break upon the
galled shore. 1697 DRYDEN Virg. Georg. iv. 514 At once
the Ranks of swelling Streams divide. 1841 TENNYSON
A mphion 33 The linden broke her ranks and rent The wood-
bine wreaths that bind her.
4. Without article : Line, order, array. In phr.
as in (into) or out of 'rank , to keep or break rank.
iJ7a HULOET S.V., Goe in rancke, or raye, incede ordine.
To come into rancke, or raye, incttrrere in ordinetu. 1598
BARRET Theor. Ir'arres u. i. 25 He must be carefull that his
souldiers breake not out of ranke. 1607 TOPSELL Four-f.
Beasts (1658) 240 The Horse-men had broken rank and were
asunder. 16x1 BIBLE i Citron, xii. 33 Fifty thousand, which
could keep rank. 1647 N. BACON Disc. Govt. En?. \. xv.
(1739)29 The Legate. .soon reduced him into rank. 1711
Fingall MSS.m lo/A Rep. Hist. MSS. Comtn. App. V. 167
The entrance is too narrow, as not capable of above four
men in ranck. 1850 TENNYSON In Mem. xiv, [To] see thy
passengers in rank Come stepping lightly down the plank.
1880 BROWNING Echetlos ii, No man but.. kept rank and
fought away In his tribe and file.
transf. 16*3 MASSINGEK Bottdtnatt iv. iv, A part of your
honour's ruff stands out of rank.
5. Rank and file : (sec quot. 1802 and FILE st>.2
7). Chiefly pi. or without article in phr. in rank
and file (cf. 4). Also transf.
1598 BARRET Theor. Warres ui. i. 34 To learne to keepe
his ranke and file orderly'. 1600 HOLLAND Livy xxxv. v.
891 This tempest and s tor me of Cavallerie .. brake their
ranks and files cleane. 1631 MASSINCER MaidofHon. iv. i,
Sec the soldiers set In rank and file. 1697 DRYDEN I'irg.
Georg. n. 375 Extend thy loose Battalions. .Opening thy
Ranks and Files on either Side. 1781 COWI-KR Truth 423
His books well trimmed.. Like regimental coxcombs rank
and file. i8oa JAMES Milit. Diet., Ranks andfiles% are the
horizontal and vertical lines of soldiers when drawn up for
service, a i8*a A. BOSWELL Sheldon Hanghx, The Craw*
fords march 'd in rank and file.
trans/. 1784 BURNS ist Ep. to Davie xi, The words come
skelpan, rank and file. 1887 Century Mag. Nov. 42/1 Some
rank-and-file chairs besides.
b. coll. (The) common soldiers ; (the) privates
and corporals.
1796 Campaigns 1793-4 I. 1. vi. 51 It may not be amiss. .
to state .. that rank and file means in Gazette returns, the
corporals and private soldiers. 1814 WELLINGTON 15 May
in Gurw. Disp. XII. 13 A corps consisting of about 12,000
rank and file of British infantry. 1894 WOLSELEY Life
MarlboroMgh II. lit 84 Unless the Rank and File are
interested in their work, there will be no enthusiasm.
trans/. 1860 MILL Repr. Govt. (1865) 64/2 One of the mere
rank and file of a party. 1888 BRYCE Atner. Comitrw. \. xv.
212 For other committees there remains only the rank and
file of the House.
f 6. A class, set, kind (of persons or things). Obs.
1585 T. WASHINGTON tr. Nicholay's Voy. i. xxi, The most
part of them were put to the ranke of crimtnels forsworn.
1610 WILLET Hexapla^ Daitiel 294 The diuers opinions.,
may be sorted into three ranks. 1660 STANLEY Hist. Philos.
ix. III. 47 A Pythagorean of the Acousmadck ranck. 17*5
WATTS Logic ii. iii. (1736) 221 The Authority of Men is the
Spring of another Rank of Prejudices.
7. One of several rows or lines of things placed
at different levels. ? Obs.
1577 B. GOOCE HeresbacKs Husb. (1586) 179 b, It is enough
to haue three rankes of them, one aboue the other. 1667
MILTON /'. /,. iv. 140 As the ranks ascend Shade above
shade, a woodie Theatre. 1693 EVELYN De la Quint. Cotnpl.
Card. I. 178 One single rank' or story of roots is enough.
1734 tr. Rollins Anc. Hist. V. 13 Ranks of oars in the
modern galleys.
8. A number of persons forming n distinct class
in the social scale, or in any organized body;
a grade of station or dignity, an order ; hence,
(one*s) social position or standing. Also in phrases
of high (etc.) rank.
1596 DALRYMPLE tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. vi. 347 He was hot
of the mid ranck of nobles. 1611 TOURNEUR^M. Trag. i. i,
To put me in the habite of my ranque. 1651 HOBBES
Leviath.n.xxx. iSoThe aydes they give to men of inferiour
rank. 1732 BERKELEY Alciphr. in. § 17 Reasonable and
well-educated men of all ranks. 1781 GIBBON Dfd. $ F.
xxxv. (1860) II. 306 The boldest chieftains aspired to the
rank of kings. 1791 MRS. RADCLIFFE Rom. Forest vi, An
air of dignity which declared him to be of superior rank.
1853 LYTTON My Novel M. v, His descendants.. took rank
among the first commoners in England. 1873 MAX MULLER
Sc. Rclig. 347 Few men commanded greater respect in all
ranks of Greek society.
b. High station in society, etc. ; social distinc-
tion. Also concr. persons of high position.
174* SHENSTONE Schoolmistress 140 Some with rank she
grac'd (The source of children's and of courtier's pride).
1776 Trial o/Nnndocomar QI/I, I hear*.! . .several persons
of rank had been to pay safanis. 1830 D'laiuLu Chas. /,
III. y. 75 The pride of rank was attended by one of its
peculiar infirmities. 1883 KKKKMAN Impress, u. S. 172 The
rank and fashion of the older country docs not shut itself up
in a town.
9. A class (of persons, animals, or things) in
a scale of comparison ; hence, relative position or
status, place.
1605 SHAKS. Macb. in. i. 103 If you haue a siation in the
file, Not i' th' worst ranke of Manhood, say't. 1639 T.
BRUGIS tr. Camus' Mor. Relat. 144 A Castle bearing such
ranke as few are before it, but divers behind it in magnifi-
cence, a 1674 CLARENDON Hist. Rfb. xi. 9 151 The Con-
veitine, a Snip of the second Rank, that carried seventy
(mns, 1774 GOLDSM. Nat. Hist. (1776) IV. 64 If we look
through the different ranks of animals, from the largest to
the smallest. Ibid. V. 107 The first rank in the description
of birds, has been given to the eagle. 1851 RUSKIN Stones
yen. I. Pref. (1874) 8 To place in its true rank the general
Gothic of the 1310 century, in Italy. 1874 GREEN Short
Hist. iii. { 4. 128 Oxford stood in the first rank among
English towns.
10. attrib* and Comb.j as rank-breaking adj.,
-distinction, -fellow, -wise adv., -worshipping
adj. ; frank-toothed a., having a row of teeth ;
frank -work, work set in straight lines.
1887 R. BROWN Trilog. Li/e to Come 76 * Rank-break ing
Achilles. 1895 tr. Raters Hist. Mankind i. 54 When
the two halves of the race . . show no recognition of 'rank-
distinctions. 1591 Garranfs Art Warre 84 Keeping his
*ranck-fe Howes justlie on both sides. 1578 LYTE Doaoens
in. xlvi. 381 Each leafe is * ranke toothed or snipt round
about 1677 CARY Chronology n. i. I. xx. 154 Several were
in posture of time standing abreast, or "rank-wise. 1703
MOXON Mech. Exerc. 114 Any Straight or "Rank-work {ed.
1678 Range-work}. 1869 Sat. Rev. 25 Sept. 421/3 The
"rank-worshipping mammas of the period.
fBttlC,jK* Obs. rare-1. [? cf. G. rank quinsy,
garget] A disease of birds.
1708 Brit. Apollo No. 97. a/i Many [birds] dye of the /*/>,
the Rank, &c.
Hank (neqk), a., (j£.3,) and#/f. Forms : 1-3
ranc, (3 ranno, rang), 3-5 ronke, 4-6 ronk, (5
rong), 4-7 ranke, (4 raunke, 7 rawnke), 6-7
rancke, (7 wrancke), 6-8 ranck, 4- rank. [OE.
rane* — (M)LG. rank long and thin, tall and
slender (hence prob. Da. rank erect, upright, Sw.
rank slender), ON. rakkr slender, bold.
The ultimate etym. U uncertain, but the stem may be an
ablaut-var. of OS. rink^ OE. rinc man (? full-grown man),
sponding breadth. The development of the word in Eng. is,
however, far from clear, as the OK. uses are not quite the
primitive ones. In ME. also it chiefly occurs in alliterative
verse, app. more for convenience than to express definite
meanings. In the later language the chief difficulty is to
decide which of the more original senses are represented in
the transferred uses.}
A. adj. I. f 1. Proud, high-minded, haughty ;
froward, rebellious. Obs.
In OE. also proud or showy In dress : see Bosw. -Toller.
c looo /EI.FKIC Dent. xxi. 18 Jjif acnij man hxbbe modixne
sunu and rancne [L. frotervutri}. c 1200 ORMIN 9622 Heh
follc & rannc onn eorbe. c 1300 Havelok 2561 Yif J?.it ani
were so rang [rime ^ank] That he fcinne ne come anon . . he
sholde maken him bral. 13 .. E. E. A Hit. P. B. 455 pat
was be rauen so ronk bat rebel was euer. c 1440 York
.Ifyst. xxvi. 33 per is a ranke swayne Whos rule is nojt
right, c 1560 A. SCOTT Poems (S. T. S.) i. 188 This jeir ..
sail aryse Rowtis of be rankest bat in Europ ringis.
2. Stout and strong. Obs. exc. dial, (in later use
chiefly in rank wing\ cf. 3).
cnaa a E. Chron. (Laud MS.) an. 1006 paer mihton [hi]
xeseon. .rancne here & unearhne. c 1330 R. BRUNNE Chron.
ll'act: (Rolls) 13,805 Was ber non helm wij> stel so rank pat
his swerd borow-out ne sank, c 1400 Destr, 7 "roy 4701 pere
arof all the rowte with j>ere Ranke shippes. /bid. 4709 A tried
castell . . [with] Ranke men with in. c 1470 Col. <y Caw. 691
Ryngis of rank steill rattillit and rent. 1536 BKLLENDEN
Cron.Scot. v, vi. (1821) I. 177 Certane wycht and rank men
tuke him be the middU. 1656 EARL MONM. tr. Boccalinfs
Advts. _/r. Parnass. u. Ixxvi. (1674) 228 That Pidgeon,
which . . hath the rankest wing. 1710 Last Distemper of
Tom Whigg n. 38 Ravens, cutting the Air at every Stroke
of their rank Wing. 1824 R. GILCHRIST Local Songs (ed.2j 5
Archy lang was hale an* rank, the King o' laddies braw.
b. Firm, strong, rare*0.
1848 WEBSTER, Rank, strong, clinching. Take rank hold.
3. Having great speed or force; swift; impe-
tuous; violent. Also const, of.
a 1225 Anct: R. 268 His strencSes & his stronge [ 7*. ronke]
turnes. c 1*75 Serving Christ 7 1 in C?. E. Misc. 92 pe ronke
racches J>at ruskit J>e ron. a 1300 E. E. Psalter Ixxvii. 44
[He] turned in blode bar stremes ranke. 13. . E. E. Allit.
P. A. 1166 Of raas ba? I were rasch & ronk, Set rapely bcr-
inne I was restayed. 1560 HOLLAND Crt. Venus iv. 700 The
rank riding, and the greit turnament. 1565 JEWEL A'*//.
Harding (1611) 340 M. Harding findeth him so farre, and
so ranke of his side, that he is faine to checke him of too
much riot, and to call him back. i635QuARLES Embl. v. ix.
278 The Hawlk.. makes a rank Bate from her forsaken
Block. 1769 R. CUMBERLAND Brothers i. i, It blows a rank
storm, a 1803 May Coliin iv. in Child Ballads IV. 442/1
They came to a rank river, Was raging like the sea.
fb. Rank rider j a rapid, headlong, or reckless
rider; a moss-trooper, highwayman. (Freq. in
1 7th c.) So rank-runner. Obs.
1590 R. HARVEY /Y. Pen. (1860) n When a Rancke rider
hath put his horse to a hedge and lay in the ditch for liis
labor. 1603 FLORIO Montaigne n. xxii. (1632) 382 Sure he
was a rnncke-runner : for where any river hind red his way,
he swam it over. 1641 HINDE y. liruen xi. 38 A good rule
RANK.
for our horse-racers, rank riders, and hot-spurre hunters . . to
measure their actions by. a 1700 B. E. Diet. Cant. Crevv,
Rank-rider^ a High-way-man, also a Jockey.
fig. 1603 DEKKKR Wonder/. Ycare A iv, Those ranck -
ridersof Art that haue spur-gald your lustie wingd Pegasus.
II. Full, large or gross in size, quantity, etc.
•f 4. Full-grown : mature. Obs. rare.
r 1000 ^ELFRIC Saints Lives xxxv. 52 He funde .. fif tna>
dena .. wltti^e and ranee. 13.. E. E. Allit. P. B. 869 In
Sodamas. -non semloker burdes, Hit arn ronk, hit arn rype
Si redy to manne. 1536 BELLENDEN Cron, Scot. (1821) I.
Ivii, Al rank madinnis and wifils, gif tliay war nocht with
child, yeid als weill to battall as the men.
5. Vigorous or luxuriant in growth. In later
use : Growing too luxuriantly ; large and coarse.
Hence of growth, etc., and freq. as complement
v/ithgroiv or similar verbs.
In rank weed also with implication of sense 15.
4:1250 Gen. fy Ex. 2105, .vii. eares wexen fette of coren.On
an busk ranc and wel tidi. 13. . Gniv. <$• Gr. Knt. 513
Blossumez bolne to blowe, Bi rawez rych & ronk. 1398
TREVISA Bartk. De P. R. xiv. iii. (1495) 470 Grasse and
herbes that growe in valeyes. .ben general! more ranke and
fatte. 1526 Pilgr. Per/: (W. de W. 1531) 54 b, Our vyne
waxeth ranke & must nedes be cutte. 1544 PHAER Bk.
CUIUr.(x553) T iij, Take a good handful of ranke& lusty rew.
1605 SHAKS. Lear iv. iv. 3 Crown'd with ranke Fenitar, and
furrow weeds. 1697 DRYDEN Virg. Gtorg. u. 340 Moist
Earth produces Corn and Grass, but both Too rank and too
luxuriant in their Growth. 1777 ROBERTSON Hist. Amer.
iv. Wks. 1813 I. 257 The woods are choked with its rank
luxuriance. 1832 R. & I. LANDER Exped. Niger II. xi. 148
We found the road to be overgrown with rank grass and
luxuriant vegetation. 1850 R. G. GUMMING Hunter's Life
S. Afr. (ed. z) I. 195 The male lion is adorned with a long,
rank, shaggy mane. 1892 Speaker 3 Sept. 290/1 This year
the roses grew a little rank, and with an over-abundance of
leaves.
g. 1606 SHAKS. Tr. $ Cr. i. iii. 318 The seeded Pride
at hath to this maturity blowne vp In ranke Achilles.
f 6. Excessively great or large ; esp. swollen,
puffed up, grossly fat, too highly fed. Obs.
c 1330 R. BRUNNE Chron. Wace (Rolls) 9720 He wax al
blak, & bolned rank, & deyde. (.1400 Destr. Troy 1991
The flode .. Rose vpon rockes as any ranke hylles. 1530
PALSGR. 322/1 Rammysshe, yll savoured as a man or beest
that is to rancke. 1568 Jacob <$• Esau n. iv, Is that meate
for you ? nay, it would make you to ranke. Nay, soft brother
mine, I must kepe you more lanke. 1612 DRAYTON Poly-olb.
vii. 238 Teame lastly thither com'n with water is so ranke.
trans/. 1597 SHAKS. 2 Hen. IV, iv. i. 64 To dyet ranke
Mindes, sicke of happinesse. c 1600 — Sonn. cxviii, A
healthful state Which, rank of goodness, would by ill be
cured. 1631 T. POWELL Tom All Trades 167 For an over-
flowing, and Ranker disposition.
f b. of immaterial things. Obs.
13.. E. E. Allit. P. C. 490 Is J>is ryjt-wys, Jxm retik, alle
by ronk noyse. a 1400 Isunibras 200 Nowther of tham.
myghte other stille, Thaire sorowe it was fulle ranke. c 1400
Destr. Troy 13902 pan the ruerde wax ranke of bat rught
fare. 163* HEYWOOD Eng. Trav. in. Wks. 1874 IV. 44 To
stop this clamor ere it grow too wrancke.
c. High or excessive in amount. Obs. exc. Law.
1602 SHAKS. Ham. iv. iv. 22 Nor will it yield . . A ranker
rate, should it be sold in fee. 1765 BLACKSTONE Comm. II.
|ii- § 3- 30 The modus must not be too large, which in law
is called shrank modus. 1885 Law Times Rep. LII. 536/2
The modus . . was rank, that is to say, that it was a pecuniary
payment greater than the value of the tithes.
f 7. Abundant, copious. Obs.
1303 R. BRUNNE Handl. Synne 5095 In sum man vnkynde-
hede ys so rank J>at he ne may cunne no man [>ank For no
gode dede. 13.. E. E. Allit. P. A. 843 Wolle quyte so
ronk & ryf. c 1400 Destr. Troy 8511 He hade no ruthe of
hor remyng, ne pe rank tens, a 1568 ASCHAM Scholem. ii.
(Arb.) 112 Soch a rancke and ful! writer must use, if he will
do wiselie, the exercise of a verie good kinde of epitome.
1579 SPENSER Sheph. Cal. July 211 When folke bene fat,
and riches rancke, It is a signe of hellh. 1632 LITHGOW
Trav. vn. 301 The rank serene or dew of the night . . re-
fresheth all kindes of growing things.
t b. Abounding in, full of. Obs.
fi
Th
of rudeness. 1652 C. B. STAPYLTON Herodian iv. 29 Rank
of successe he was so puft with pride.
8. a. In close array, crowded together; thick,
dense. Obs. exc. north, dial.
a 1400-50 Alexander 1319 Alexander. .Ridis euen f>urse
l>e route |>ar rankest bai were. 1513 DOUGLAS Mneis in. ix.
4 Than suddanlie, furth of the woddis ronk, We se a strange
man. 1579 SPENSER Sheph. Cal. July 4 A goteheard..
Whose straying heard them selfe doth shrowde Emong the
bushes rancke. 1788 MARSHALL Yorksh. Gloss. (E. D. S.),
a gale of wind. 1864 MRS. LYNN LINTON Lake Country
200 Where the sheep are ' rank ' on the fell sides.
b. Numerous, frequent. Obs. exc. north, dial.
1545 ASCHAM Toxoph. \. (Arb.) 93 The Archers of England
should not be only a great deale ranker, and mo then they
be; but also a good deale bygger and stronger. 1551
ROBINSON tr. Mores Utop. i. (1895) 43 Theues . . were in
euery place so ryffe and ranke. 1642 ROGERS Naeunan To
Rdr. bsb, Eighteene of this rable, all rife and ranke among
us. 1868 ATKINSON Cleveland Gloss,t Rankt numerous,
abundant, of frequent occurrence.
9. techn. Projecting, standing out.
1678 MOXON Meek. Exerc, in The Iron of a Plain is said
to be set Ranck, when its edge stands so flat below the Sole
of the Plain, that in working it will take off a thick shaving.
1727-41 CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v. Keel, When a ship has a deep
keel, she is said to have a rank keel. 1867 F. FRANCIS
Angling \. (1880) 19 The barb is so rank.. that it often takes
143
some time to unhook the fish. 1884 Set. Amer. 17 July 32
Whether the tool used was a roughing tool with rank feed
or a finish tool with fine feed.
III. Of a luxuriant, gross or coarse quality.
10. Covered or filled with a luxuriant (and
coarse) growth of grass or plants.
Rank pasture may also be taken in sense 5.
a 1400-50 Alexander 3060 As fele. .As risonis in a ranke
fild quen riders it spillen. 1538 STARKEV England i. iii. 98
When they [sheep] are closyd in ranke pasturys. 1612
DRAYTON Poly-olb. xiii. 398 Meadowes hugely ranke. 1735
SOMKRVILLE Ckase ii. 29 In hopes Of plenteous Forage, near
the ranker Mead. 1821 GALT Sir A. \Vylie I. 44 A small
garden rank with apleringy and other fragrant herbs. 1890
G. A. HENTY Lee in Virginia 209 The patch. .though now
rank with weeds, had evidently been carefully cultivated.
11. Grossly rich, heavy, or fertile ; liable to pro-
duce rank vegetation.
f c 1420 Pallad. on Husb. i. 104 Take the fatte and moyst
is myn auise ; Aftir hit the thikke and ronke is best. 15*3
FITZHERB. Httsb. § 17 The moystnes of the dounge shall
cause the grounde to be ranke ynoughe. 1615 G. SANDYS
Trav. 151 Full of flowrie hits ascending leisurely, and not
much surmounting their rancker vallies. 1760 BROWN
Compl. Farmer \\, 22 Where land is rank, it is not good
to sow wheat after a fallow. 1789 G. WHITE Selbome i.
(1853) 12 A rank clay that requires the labour of years to
make it mellow. 1895 Tablet g Nov., The land is at first
too * rank ' to grow corn or even root crops.
12. Having an offensively strong smell ; rancid,
f Also, smelling strongly of.
a 1529 SKELTOH E. Rwnwyng 540 She brought a bore
pygge; The fleshe therof was ranke. 1615 G. SANDYS Trav.
148 They are generally fat, and ranke of the sauors which
attend vpon sluttish corpulency. 1656 RIDGLEY Pract.
Pkysick 346 After that, add Discussives, as rank nuts. 17*5
DE FOE Voy. round World (1840) 84 Our men made some
butter. . but it grew rank and oily. 1800 COLERIDGE Piccolom.
i. iv, Pirates, .. crowded in the rank and narrow ship. 1878
B. TAYLOR Dettkalion i. ii. 24 The incense rank in censers
burned, which seem to mask some odour of decay.
fig. i6oa SHAKS. Ham. in. iii. 36 Oh my offence is ranke,
it smels to heauen. 1664 H. MORE Myst. Iniq. Apol. 545
To smell too rank of down-right Atheism.
b. Of smell : Offensively strong.
1570 LEVINS Manip. 24/28 Ranke smell, magnus odor,
olidits. 1576 FLEMING Panopl. Epist. 274 Some ranke
stinking sauour. 1697 DRYDEN Virg. Georg. in. 628 With
that rank Odour from thy Dwelling-place To drive the
Viper's Brood. 1735 POPE Hor. Sat. n. ii. 28 A stench . .
Rank as the ripeness of a rabit's tail. 1834 PRINGLE Afr.
Sk. viii. 268 The smell of the hyaena crocuta is so rank
and offensive that scarcely any animal will come near the
carcase.
f 13. Lustful, licentious ; in heat. Obs.
c 1520 Mayd Emlyn 289 in Hazlitt E. P. P. IV. 92 She
was full ranke. .In Venus toyes Was all her joyes. 1596
SHAKS. Merch. V. i. iii. Si The Ewes being rancke,.. turned
to the Rammes. 1611 — Cymb. n. v. 24 Lust, and ranke
thoughts [are] hers. 1701 DE FOE Tmeborn Eng. i. 289
Their Rank Daughters. .Receiv'd all Nations with Promis-
cuous Lust. 1765 Treat. Dom. Pigeons 25 A merry rank
hen will sometimes shew and play almost like a cock.
14. Gross, highly offensive or loathsome; in later
use esp. grossly coarse or indecent.
13.. E. E. Allit, P. B. 760, I tene hem no more, But
relece alle f>at regioun of her ronk werkkez. c 1400 Destr.
Troy 11775 Couetous . . That rote is & rankist of all the rif
syns. a 1529 SKELTON Agst. Scottes 172 The rude ranke
Scottes, lyke dronken dranes. 1611 SHAKS. Wint. T. i. ii.
277 My Wife . . deserues a Name As ranke as any Flax-
Wench, that puts to Before her troth-plight. 1742 YOUNG
Nt. Tk. v. 41 Hand in hand lead on the rank debauch. 1871
MORLEY Voltaire (1886) 5 The rank vocabulary of malice
and hate.
b. Corrupt, foul ; festering.
1579 GOSSON Sch. Abuse (Arb.) 17 Yeelding the ranke fleshe
to the Chirurgions knife. 1597 SHAKS. z Hen. IV, in. L 39
Then you perceiue . . what ranke Diseases grow. 1634 M i LTON
Comns 17 The rank vapours of this Sin-worn mould. 1727-46
THOMSON Summer 1016 The scent Of steaming crowds, of
rank disease, and death. 1862 STANLEY Jeivisli Ch. (1877)
I. ii. 26 Corrupt civilisation had growen up in the rank
climate of that deep descent.
15. Of a strongly marked, violent, or virulent
type ; absolute, downright, gross. (Used to add
force to terms implying the existence of bad quali-
ties in a person or thing.)
1513 DOUGLAS sEneis n. iv. 37 Full of vennome and rank
poyson. 1528 ROY Rede me, etc. (Arb.) 41 This is rancke
heresy. 1550 BALE (title) The Apology of Johan Bale
agaynste a ranke Papyst. £-1613 MIDDLETON No IVit like
a Woman's i. iii, *'f is a most rank untruth. 1676 MARVELL
Mr. Smirke 12 The meanest Varlet, the dullest School-boy,
the rankest Idiot. 1711 ADDISON Spect. No. 105 P 5 What
are these but rank Pedants? 1766 FORDYCE Senn. Yng.
Worn. (1767) I. iv. 148 Rank treason against the royalty of
Virtue. 1809 WELLINGTON in Gurw. Desp. (1837) V. 150
General Eguia's plan is rank nonsense. 1822-34 Goott's
Study Med. (ed. 4) II. 610 Those who are actually labour-
ing under the disease, and in its rankest form. 1880 W. DAY
Racehorse in Training ¥.40 A horse, .which turned a rank
roarer.
b. Grossly apparent, rare.
1624 MASSINGER Parll. Love iv. i, Tis rank ! The sight
of my wife hath forced him to forget To counterfeit ! 1784
COWPER Tiroc. 564 His pride resents the charge, although
the proof Rise in his forehead, and seem rank enough.
fB. j&3 Rankness, strength. Obs. rare— l.
13. . E. E, Allit. P. C. 298 purs mony a regioun ful ro^e,
Jnira. ronk of his wylle.
C. adv. 1 1. = RANKLY. Obs.
1590 SPBNSKR F. Q. n, iii. 6 The seely man, seeing him
ryde so ranck..fell flatt to ground for feare. 1596 Ibid. iv.
v. 33 The sound Of many yron hammers beating ranke.
BANK.
2. With adjs. : Completely, extremely.
1607 MARSTON What you Will i. i. He's irrecoverable-
mad, ranke madde. 1888 in Sheffield Gloss.
D. Comb. a. I3arasyntlicUcadjs.,asra»£-£/*a2»a/,
-leed) -minded, -scented, -winged.
1614 CHAPMAN Masque Mid. Temple Pref. A iij b, Insania
is that which euery *Ranck brainde writer; and tudge of
Poeticall writing, is rapt withal. 1703 Art $ Myst Vint-
ners 18 The ill savour of *Rank-lee'd French wine. 1593
HARVEY Pierce' s Super. 147 Sweet Gossip,.. the dunghill is
your freehold : . . I know none so *rank-minded. 1567
GOLDING Ovid's Met. x. (1593) 257 *Rankesented mints to
make Of womens I i mines. 1638 JUNIUS Paint. Ancients
154 Some such like faces were painted neere the rank-
sented mangers. 1637 T. MORTON New Eng. Canaan (1883)
196 These [Lannarets] are most excellent Mettell, *rank
winged, well conditioned, a 1700 B. E. Diet. Cant. Crew,
Rank-wing'd Hawk, that is a slow Fligher.
b. With pa. pples. , as rank-grown, f -rode, -$ett
f -smelt.
1642 VicARSfGW/» Mount (1644) 6 This evill weed so
*rank-grown in the garden of the Kingdom, c 1611 CHAP-
*rancke set, With Prime-rose, Cow-slip, and the violet.
18*3 P. NICHOLSON Pract. Builder 229 The edge of the
iron of a plane is said to be rank-set when it projects con-
siderably below the sole. 1595 BARNFIELD Pecitniae xxxi,
Thy chafing hath begot A *ranke-smelt sauour.
C. \Yith pres. pples., as rank-feeding^ -riding,
-scenting, -springing, -swelling.
c 1820 Philos. Recreat, 20 The skins of large, or *rank-
feeding birds. 1612 DRAYTON Poly-olb. iii. 40 The *rank-
riding Scots upon their Gallowayes. 1735 SOMERVILLE
Chase iv. 171 O'er Plains with Flocks distain'd *Rank-
scenting. 1816 SCOTT Old Mori, i, * Rank-spring ing grass.
a 1649 DRUMM. OF HAWTH. Poems Wks. (1711) 36 Loud-
bellowing Clyde.. * Rank-swelling Annan.
d. frank-goat (see quot.). Obs. rare~ °.
i6it COTGR., Blanche-pntain, the hearbe *Ranke-goat, or
stinking Motherwort.
Rank (rserjk), z>.! Also 6-7 ranke, ranck,
(7 rancke). [f. RANK sbl]
L trans. To arrange or draw up (persons, esp.
soldiers) in a rank or in ranks.
1573 Sattr. Poems Reform, xxxix. 2 To ring ^our drummis
and rank gour men of weir. 1632 LITHGOW Trait, v. 206,
I haue scene hundreds of them after this manner, lie
ranked like durty swine. 1667 MILTON P, L. vi. 604 In
view Stood rankt of Seraphim another row. 1726 SWIFT
Gulliver in. vii, We passed, .between servants of the same
sort, ranked on each side as before. 1814 SCOTT Ld. of
Isles v. xiv, Upon the sand Let every leader rank his band.
1884 Harper's Mag. Nov. 884/2 The prisoners were then
drawn up. ., ranked six deep.
reft. 1612 CAPT. SMITH Wks. {Arb.) I. 72 These, .ranked
themselves 15 a breast, and each ranke from another 4 or 5
yards. 1686 tr. Chardin^s Trav. Persia 88 They rank
themselves, either in a circle, or side by side. 1726 CAVAL-
LIER Mem. I. 99 My Men stood to their Arms, and ranked
themselves in a fit Posture to receive them. 1865 CARLYLE
Fredk. Gt. vn. vii. (1872) II. 329 They all ranked themselves
round me.
t b. = DRESS v. 4 a. Obs. rare — l.
1604 EDMONDS Observ. Caesar's Comm. 131 The leader of
the left hand file, .with the leader of the right hand file do
alwaies in their marching and imbattelling rectifie or rancke
the whole front of the battallion.
2. To arrange (things) in a row or rows ; to set
in line ; to put in order.
1590 SPENSER F. Q. in. vi. 35 And every sort is in a sondry
bed Sett by it selfe, and ranckt in comely rew. 1650 EARL
MONM. tr. Senaulfs Man bee. Guilty 304 He sought for
stone.. he ranked them with Symmetry. 1697 DRYDEN
Virg. Georg. iv. 213 He knew to rank his Elms in even
Rows. 1778 REYNOLDS Disc. viii. (1876) 453 A plain space
in the middle, and the groups of figures ranked round this
vacuity. 1833 Fraser*s Mag. VIII. 62 Exerting all his
mind in ranking up flower-pots. 1871 W. ALEXANDER
Johnny Gibb v. 45 The fishers gettin'. -the nets rankit oot.
rejl. 1707 Curiosities in Husb. $ Gurd. 331 Little Plants
. .rank'd themselves in order around the sides of the Vial.
fb. To divide or form into ranks or classes. Obs.
1630 PRYNNE Anti-Armin. 123 An equipage.. which all
Diumes haue rancked into different orders. 1690 LOCKE
Hum. Und. in. iii. § ic) Those Things we are acquainted
with, and have ranked into Bands, under distinct Names.
fc. In pa. pple.j of a place: Surrounded or
bounded with rows or ranks. Obs.
1607 SHAKS. Timon i. i. 65 The Base o' th' Mount Is
rankd with all deserts, all kinde of Natures. 1623 J. REV-
NOLDS God's Revenge in. xii. 79 A curious walk, ranked
about with many rowes of Sycamore trees. 1698 FRYER
Ace. E. India <V P. 38 The Streets are sweet and clean,
ranked with fine Mansions.
3. To place, locate; to give a certain position
or station to ; to class or classify. With various
constructions. Also reft.
1592 SHAKS. Rom. ty Jul. in. ii. 117 If sower woe. .needly
will be rankt with other griefes. 1612 BRINSLEY Lud. Lit. ^
To ranke euery head in the right order and proper place.
1666 DKYDEN Ann. Mirab. Pref., Wks. (QoM) 38 Those
who rank Lucan rather among historians in verse than epic
poets. 1713 BERKELEY in Guardian No. 40 F 6 A stranger
would be apt to rank me with the other domestics. 1777
Miss BURNEY Evelina xxviii, Arguments, which .. will
rather rank me as an hermit. 1847 TENNYSON Princ. n. 32
Aftertime .. Will rank you nobly, mingled up with rne.
'875 JOWETT Plato (ed. 2) III. 525 In ranking theories of
physics first in the order of knowledge.
4. 5!f. Law. To place (orig. in order of prece-
dence) on the list of claims, or of those having
claims, on a bankrupt estate.
RANK.
1695 [see RANKING vbl. st>.1 bl. 1711 Acts Sedcnmt 23
Nov. (1790) 251 The creditors shall, .name the Lord.. before
whom their severall rights and interests are to be ranked.
1735 Ibid, 29 July (1790) 306 All creditors.. shall- come in,
and be ranked part passu upon the moveable estate. 1859
J. LORIMER Handbk. Law Scot. (1862) 307 All arrestments
and poindings. .shall be ranked paripassn.
5. U. S. To take precedence of.
1865 M Y. Herald in Morning Star 27 May, ' That's
right ', politely observed Grant, * the President ranks us
both'. 1893 J. STRONG New Era 153 A growing class of
idle rich,, .who. .rank Solomon himself in luxury.
6. intr. To form a rank or ranks ; to stand in
rank ; to take up a position in a rank.
iS8a STANYHURST sEtteis ii. (Arb.) 58 Soom bands of
Troians. .Ranck close toogeather, thee Greeks most manly e
repealing. 1605 MARSTON Dutch Courtezan iv. i, Harke
they are at hande, ranke handsomly. 1796 SOUTHEY Hymn
to Penates 11 In your holy train Jove proudly ranks. 1865
S. FERGUSON Forging of A nchor i, Fitfully you still may
see the grim smiths ranking round.
b. To take or have a place in a certain rank or
class ; to have rank or place. Const, as in 3,
1599 SHAKS. Hen. V^ v. ii. 474, I pray you. .Let that one
Article ranke with the rest. 1745 Observ. cone. Navy 45
Colonels dispute the Right of Captains of Men of War
ranking with them. 1784 COWPER Tiroc. 465 A principle
. .That. .Ranks as a virtue, and is yet a vice. 1805 MRO..
WELLESLEY in Owen Desp. (1877) 499 Holkar never had
ranked among the states of India. 1850 MERIVALE Rom.
Emp. (1865) II, xi. 17 Surenas ranked next to the king in
birth, wealth and distinction.
C. Law. Of creditors or claims (see 4).
1883 Law Times Re£. XLIX. 75/2 It was contended..
that they were.. creditors entitled to rank next after the
outside creditors (if any), or even with them. 1891 Law
Times XCII. 106/2 Burdens arising after the first registra-
tion of the land rank in the order of their registration.
7. intr. To move or march in rank ; chiefly
Mil. in to rank past^ off.
183* Prop. Reg. Instr. Cavalry in. 59 In ranking past by
Threes there is to be a horse's length from croup to head.
1833 Regiil. Instr. Cavalry i. 64 They rank off alternately.
1840 CARLYLE//«wsii. (1858) 236 Your cattle ..come rank-
ing home at evening-time.
Hence Ba raking///, a.
1865 Bill of Confed. States Amer. in Morning Star
2 Feb., An officer, .designated as General-in-Chief, who
shall be the ranking officer of the army., of the Confederate
States. 1895 Daily News 27 Aug. 2/7 The total ranking
liabilities may amount to between i5,ooo/. and 2o,ooo/.
Rank, v$ rare. Also 3 ronke. [f. RANK a.]
T 1. intr. To grow rank ; to rankle, Obs. rare.
a 1325 Prov. Hendingy\. in Anglia IV. 193 Wei is him
bat sunne hateb, And bat hit leteb and forsakeb, Er hit
ronke in rote. 1330 R, BRUNNE Chron. (1810) 205 An al-
blastere .. smote nim in be schank .. It began to rank,
l>e querelle Envenomed was. 1606 J. DAVIES Sel. 2nd Hus-
band (Grosart) o T'will swell vnseene, Which ranking in-
ward, outward shews thy teene.
2. trans. To cause to project. (Cf. RANK a. 9.)
1867 F. FRANCIS Angling xiv. 410 The point of the hook
being ranked outwards slightly.
fRank, z>.3 intr. Obs. rare. (Origin and pre-
cise sense not clear.)
0:1529 SKELTON Caudatos Anglos 56 That dronke asse,
That ratis and rankis .. On Huntley bankes. (11783 Gil
Brendan Ixi. in Child Ballads I. 69/2 An ay she ranked, an
ay she flang, Till a1 the tokens came till her han.
t Rank, v.± Obs. rare. [ad. late L. rancare (al.
rancare, raccdre}."] intr. Of a tiger : To roar.
Hence f Ha*nkiug vbl. sb. and ///. a.
1607 TOPSELL Fo-ur-f. Beasts 708 The voice of this beast
is cald Ranking, according to this verse : Tigrides indo-
mitae roncant. fbid.t A tame Tiger .. by her ranking
and crying voice .. made signes to her keener for other
nieate. Ibid. 709 She maketh. .great lamentation upon the
Sea shoare howling, braying and rancking.
Ranked (rserjkt), ///. a.* [f. RANK z>.i +
-ED.] Drawn up in ranks.
1786 BURNS Tootfiache v, And ranked plagues their num-
bers tell In dreadfu' raw. 1837 CARLYLE Fr. Rev. II. n. vi,
The ranked Regiments hear it in their meadow. 1897
H. N. HOWARD Footsteps Proserpine 106 A woman . . Braves
the ranked cohorts.
f Ra-nked, ///. a£ Obs. [f. RANK a.] Rancid.
1660 HEXHAM, l'ergarstt Ranked, or Growne mustie.
Rankel(l, obs. forms of RANKLE sb. and v.
f Ra*nken, v. Obs. rare. Also 7 ranckn-. [f.
RANK a. + -EN.] trans. To make rank.
1614 C. BROOKE Ghost Rich. II/, Tragedie xxix, My
barren heart.. ranckned with sinn's ayre.. brought thornes
of sharp despaire. 1651 BAXTER Inf. Bapt. 135 To dispatch
men out of the world, .and to ranken Church- Yards.
Ranker (rce'rjksi). [f. RANK sb.1 andz\i + -ER.]
1. One who arranges in ranks (Webster 1832).
2. One (esp. a soldier) in the ranks.
1890 [see GENTLEMAN 7]. 1891 Daily News 13 Mar. 3/5
Rankers in the Navy have thus had an object lesson pre-
sented to the world in their interests. 1898 Echo 5 Jan. 1/7
In the list of officers who have been 'rankers'.
3. An officer who has risen from the ranks.
1878 BESANT & RICK Celias Arb. II. xiii. 112 Every regi-
ment has its 'rankers'; every ranker has his story. 1881
Echo 21 Mar. 1/5 This most deserving class of officers are
* rankers ' to a man.
t Ra*nkfully, adv. Obs. rare -1. Rankly.
1607 TOPSELL Fonr-f. Beasts 755 The Sabel. .at that time
stincketh very rankefully.
Rankil(l, obs. forms of RANKLE v.
Hanking (ne-rjkirj), vbl. sbl [f. RANK z>.i]
The action of placing in rank, arranging, etc.
144
i6«s J. GLANVII.L Voy. to Ctuiiz (Camden) 16 The nameing
and mnkcing of the shipps. 1693 EVELYN De la Quint.
Compl. i,'at-tf. Pref., They are ill contrived in the Disposition
and Ranking of the things contained in them.
b. Sc. Law, with ref. to creditors or claims on
an estate (sec RANK vl 4 and 6 c) ; also in phr.
Ranking and sale (cf. quot. i?n).
1695 Acts Stiierunt 2 Nov. (1790) 215 The ranking of the
creditors, .shall proceed. 1711 l/tiil. 23 Nov. (1790) 249 Act
anent Bankrupts, the Ranking of their Creditors, and Sale
common interest of all the creditors. 1882 WATSON Belfs
Diet. Law Scot. 800 Ranking and sale . . is now practically
superseded by the simpler procedure provided by the Bank-
ruptcy Act.
Banking, vbl. sl>2 : see RANK v*
t Ka-nkish, a. Obs. rare, [f. RANK a. + -ISH.]
Somewhat rank.
i398TFEVisA&wM..D«/>.ff.xvil.clxviii.(i495) 711 Fatte
and rankysshe whete and lieuy of weyghte. 1589 FLEMING
Virg. Georg. II. 31 These able are for rankish soile. 1661
LOVELL Htst. Anim. ft Min. 225 They have an unpleasant
smell and taste, or rankish.
t Ra'nkle, si.* Obs. rare. In 4 rancle, 6 Sc.
rankel. [a. OK. rancle (raancle, raoncle) a fester,
ulcer, var. drancle, draoncle (see Godef.) = med.L.
drancttlus and dracuncuhis , which in form is a
dim. of draco dragon : see Skeat Notes Eng. Etym.
(1901) s. v.] A festering sore.
c 1380 in AW. Ant. I. 52 The rancle sal abate . . the sare sal
slake. 14. . Stockli. Medical MS. i. 160 in Anglia XVIII.
298 panne wyt )jis playster al rancles slon. a. 1585 POLWART
Fly ting w. Montgamerie 556 With scartes and scores athort
his frozen front, In rankels run.
Ra-nkle, sb? rare—1, [f. RANKLE v."\ A
rankling thought or feeling.
1795 EARL MAI.MESBURY Diaries tr C0rr. III. 220, 1 could
see it did not please, and left a rankle in his mind.
Rankle trse-rjk'l), v. Forms : 4-5, 7, (9) ran-
cle, 6 rankel(l, -kil(l, -kyll, 6-7 ranokle, 7- -el,
6- rankle; erron. 7 wranokle, 8-9 wrankle.
[a. OF. rancler, raoncler, var. draoncler (Godef.) :
see RANKLE s6.1]
I. intr. 1. To fester, esp. to a degree that causes
pain. fa. of a wounded or diseased part of the
body ; also rarely of a person. Obs,
c 13*0 SirBeues 2832 (MS. A.) par pe venim on him felle. His
flescn gan ranclen. c 1425 Orolog. Sapient, v. in Atiglia X.
363/5 pe handes vnweldy bigynnen to rancle. 1486 Bk, St.
Albans A iii b, It will..maake the legges to rancle. c 1592
MARLOWE Jew of Malta n. ii, Therewithal their knees
would rankle. 1616 T. ADAMS Taming ofTongite Wks. (1629)
153 A Leaper shut vp in a Pesthouse, ranckleth to himselfe,
infects not others. 1646 SIR J. TEMPLE Irish Rebell. (1746)
206 Her hand grew black and blew, [and] rankled.
b. of a wound, sore, disease, etc. In later use
chiefly /£•.
1513 LD. BERNERS Froiss. I. xciii. 115 His scores rankeled
and . . within a shorte space after he dyed. 1553 BRENDE Q.
Cnrtius Gvij, The wound, .beganne to swele and rancle as
the bloud waxed colde. 1642 ROGERS Naanian 336 Which
makes their disease to ranckle in them. 1741 RICHARDSON
Pamela (1824) I. 204 The wound, .is but skinned over, and
rankles still at the bottom, a idaS H. NEELE Lit. Run.
(1829) 331 When the heart's wounds Rankle the sorest. 1875
STUBBS Const. Hist. III. xviii. 49 The king forgave Mow*
bray.. but the sore rankled still.
C. of things.
1746, 1768 [see RANKLING pfl. a. a]. 1855 BROWNING
Childe Roland xxvi, Now blotches rankling, coloured gray
and grim. 1860 E. P. HOOD in Spurgeon Treas. Dav. fs.
Ixxiv. 16 Forms that rankle.. contract around themselves
loathsomeness and disgust.
f2. To inflict a festering wound; to cause a
painful festering. Obs.
-575 TURBERV. Venerie 207 Their biting is venemous and
rancleth sore. 1580 LYLY J£nf/iues(Arb.) 266 This vile Dog
Loue will so ranckle where he biteth. 1644 BULWER Cftiroi.
181 Two venemous weapons, and apt to wranckle where
they fasten. 1698 DKYDEN jEncid iv. 100 Still the fatal
Dart Sticks in her side ; and ranckles in her Heart.
trans/. 1584 LYLY Sapho ii. iv. 84 Honney ranckleth,
when it is eaten for pleasure.
3. a. Of persons: To have a painful feeling; to
fret or chafe angrily, rare.
158* STANYHURST sEueis ii. (Arb.) 46 With choloricque
fretting I dumpt, and ranckled in anguish. 1894 GLADSTONE
Odes a/Harace iv. iv. 63 Alcides, rankling to be foiled, Saw
the lopped limbs grow quick again.
b. Of a bitter or malignant feeling : To have '
course, or continue in operation, with an effect
like that of a festering sore.
1508 [see RANKLED ppl. it.]. 1590 [see RANKLING///, a.]. ;
1789 JEFFERSON Writ, (1859) II. 583'1'he ill humor on account
of the Dutch revolution continues to rankle here. 1838
THIKLWALL Greece V. 263 Animosity had long been rankling
between Thebes and Phocis. 1874 DIXON Two Queens III. ;
xvn. iii. 265 A bitter feeling rankled in his heart.
C. Of experiences, events, etc. : To continue to '
cause painful, bitter, or venomous feelings.
1735 BOLINGBROKE Lett. Stnd. Hist. ii. (1752) 36 The
passages of King Charles the Second's reign might rankle
still at the hearts of some men. 1792 Anecd. Pitt III. xliv.
195 Such a mode of warfare would rankle. in the heart of
America. 1855 MACAULAY Hist. A'ttf. xxi. IV. 584 The
mock embassy.. was doubtless still rankling in his mind.
1868 FREKMAN Norm, Conq. (1876) II. x. 486 The sight of
the palaceof the English King, .rankled in his soul.
RANKNESS.
4. To change to, pass into, by, or as by, festering.
1741-* GRAY Agrip. 74 Sweets of kindness lavishly in-
i dulg'd Rankle to gall. 1831 MACKINTOSH Sp. Ho. Comm.
Wks. 1846 III. 562 Discontent will rankle into disaffection.
II. trans. 5. To cause (flesh, wounds, etc.) to
fester; to make painful. Also with up.
i53°-77 H. RHODES,^*. Nurture 32 in Bailees Bk. (1868)
83 Vyce . . dulleth wits, ranckleth flesh. 1609 Bp. W. BARLOW
Answ. Nameless Cath. 96 Hee would needes rankle vp
again e so old sores. 1640 QUARLKS Enchirid. in. xxxiv,
Hasty words ranckle the wound. 1761 HUME /to/. Eng. I.
x. 218 He. .rankled Richard's shoulder by pulling out the
arrow. 1865 SIR J. K. JAMES Tasso x. xiv, His wounds were
chilled By the night breeze, which rankled them still more.
b. To embitter, envenom (feelings) ; to cause
painful irritation in (a person). Also const, into
(quot. 1796).
1606 True •$• Perfect Relat. Xx iv, A Prince., more willing
to solicite union, then to ranckle hate. 16*9 MAXWELL tr.
Herodian (1635) 365 Which horrid facts did infinitely rankle
and fester the affections of all Estates. 1659 MILTON Hire,
lings 57 A fierce reformer once, now ranckl'd with a contrary
heat. 1711 C. M. Lett, to Curat. 79 That not so much as
the Difference of a Ceremony from the English might rankle
them. 1796 Hist. Ned Evans II. 21 Envy., has .. rankled
his base soul into hatred against you. 1850 MfCpsn />/>•.
Govt. m. ii. (1874) 396 Whatever rankles the mind— and
nothing so much rankles it as an unappeased conscience,
fc. To poison, destroy (one's credit), Obs.
1615 T. ADAMS White Devitt 7 His teeth rankle the
womans credit. 1633 — Exp. 2 Peter ii. 3 Do they never. .
rankle another's creoit with malicious report.
0. To conceive or nourish (a bitter feeling).
1819 Metropolis III. 16 His heart fancied hatred in the
extreme for the cruel act.
Hence Ra'nkled ///.«.
1508 DUNBAR Tun Mariit Wemen 163 A roust that is sa
rankild qubill risis my stomok. 1590 SPENSER /'. Q. m. iii.
36 Then shall the Britons, .avenge their ranckled ire. 1631
WEEVER Anc . Funeral Man. 464 The rankled wound . . was
judged incurable. 1756 HOME /V«£7«.j u. 28 I've known a
follower's rankled bosom breed Venom most fatal.
Ra-nkless, a. rare. [f. RANK sb. + -LESS.]
Not drawn up in ranks.
1843 Tait's Mag. X. 566 Like a flood He.. swept the
rankless tens away.
Rankling (ne-rjklin), vbl. sb. [-ING*.] The
action of the vb. RANKLE.
14.. Stockk. MedicalMS. i. 310 in Anglia XVIII. 303 Al
\re rancelynge schall owyr gon. Ibid. 316 J>e rank[f)ynge
schal swage away. £-1450 M. E. Med. Bk. (Heinrich) 224
Hyt wolle aswageranclyngof woundes. 1578 LYTE Dodoens
i. xlix. 71 Corruption, festering or inward ranckling. 1614
MARKHAM Cheap Husb. (1623) 127 To preuent the ranckling
and impostumation of the scare. 1719 DE FOE Crusoe \.
xx, His limbs. .swelled with the rankling of his. .wounds.
1795-1814 WORDSW. Excurs. iv. 212 Ill-governed passions,
ranklings of despite. 1833 MACAULAY Ess., Hatiipden^ A
rankling which may last for many years.
Rankling (ne'rjklin), ///. a. [f. as prec. +
-ING 2.] That rankles : a. In intransitive senses.
1528 ROY Rede me, etc. (Arb.) 25 One rancklynge member
[putrifieth] the whole boddy. 1590 SPENSER F. Q. \, vi. 44
Two Bores, with rancling malice mett. 1631 GOUGE God's
Arrows in. § 95. 363 The daily licking of his ranckling
wounds. 1746 SMOLLETT Reproof 98 Thy rankling pen
produces nought but gall. 1768 BEATTIE Minstrel i. xli,
Dark error's den, whose rankling slime First gave you
form. 1868 FARRAR Silence .y Voices tx, (1875) 152 It was
not the rankling wound of an enemy.
b. In transitive senses.
1635 QUARLES Embl, n. xi, Whose ranckling pricks are
sharp; and fell. 174J GRAY Ode Eton Coll. 66 Jealousy with
rankling tooth, That inly gnaws the secret heart. 1821
JOANNA BAILLIE Met. Leg., Colum. xlii, His rankling chain.
1846 O. W. HOLMES Rhymed Lesson (1883) 72 Shall I wound
with satire's rankling spear?
Hence Ra*nklingly adv.
1860 SIR B. BURKE Viciss. Fam. Ser. n. 128 The high-
hearted boy.. ranklingly nurtured that mixture of fiercely
vengeful and patriotic spirit.
Rankly (roe-rjkli), adv. [f. RANK a. + -L
In a rank manner, in various senses of the adj.
c 1000 Canons of JElfric § 35 in Thorpe Laws II. 358/6
Ne eower reaf ne beo to ranclice £emacod. c 1050 Byrht-
ferWs Handboc in Anglia VIII. 312/18 pact his ma^on J>e
ranclicor has bing heora clericum jeswutelian. 13.. /•'.. E.
A Hit. P. C. 431 Herk renk ! is this rygt so ronkly to wrath.
1549 COVERDALE, etc. Erasm. Par. Titus 28 Slowe belyes
whiche..lyue in ydlenes and rankly. 1590 R. HARVEY PI.
Perc. 10 Prid and venime, if they had so ranckly possessed
his hart [etc.]. 1661 I.OVELL fit's t. Anim, fy Min. 157 It's best
when young, it smelling rankely when old. 1743 Loud, fy
Country Brewer \\. (ed. 2) 109 Because their Back, Tuns, or
Tubs are not rankly damaged. 1824 Hist. Gaming Houses
57 If his Lordship found that he had been cheated rankly,
he soon retaliated in kind. 1846 HOLTZAPFFEL Turning III.
1 146 Tools for brass and gun-metal^ when left from the grind-
stone, cut too rankly. 1871 R. ELLIS tr. Catullus Ixiv. 42
Steals a deforming rust on ploughs left rankly to moulder.
Rankness (rse-rjknes). [f. RANK a. + -NESS.]
The quality of being rank, in senses of the adj.
a 1400-50 Alexander 3350 Ronkenes of wynes. 111485
Promp. Parv. 423/1 (MS. S.) Rankenesse, crassitndo. 1523
FITZHERB. Husb. § 58 Murren..commeth of a ranknes of
bloudde. 1555 EDEN Decades 122 The rankenesse and
frutefulnesse of the grounde. 1640 FULLER Joseph's Coat
i. (1867) II0 Experience had. .corrected the rankness of his
Sirit. 1692 R. L'EsTRANCE/'rt/'/f.s' ccxxxiv. (1708)252 The
•ane's Pride is in the Rankness of her Wing. 1751 SMOL-
LETT Per. Pic. (1779) II. xlviii. 103 The dish had a particular
rankness of taste. 1850 R. G. GUMMING Hunters Life S,
Afr. (ed. 2) I. 265 The rankness of his flowing mane. 1873
SYMONDS Gk. Poets i. 36 Weeds lovely in their rankness.
BANKSMAN.
Ra'nksman. rare. [f. RANK.?//.1] a. (Seequot.
iSSo.) b. One drawn up with others in a rank.
i98o JAMIESON, Ranksmcn, a name given to two or more
boats' crews fishing together nnd dividing the catch equally.
Shell. 1898 T. HARDY Wcssex Poems 89 Hosts of ranks-
men round.
fRa-nkum. Obs. rare-1. ? A noisy chorus.
1695 SOUTHERNE Maids Last Prayer iv. iii, Pox a' this
scraping and tooting ; shall we eclipse, Tom, and make it a
Rankum.
Rankyll, obs. form of RANKLE v.
|| Rann (wen). [Ir.] A verse, a strain.
1843 CARLETON Traits Irish Peas. I. 338 The ranns, an*
prayers, an' holy charms, a 1849 J. C. MANGAN Poems
(1859) 388 [To] chant aloud the exulting rann of jubilee.
1895 W. B. YEATS Poems, To Ireland 234 Who sang to
sweeten Ireland's wrong, Ballad and story, rann and song,
Rannc, Ranndon, Rannee, Rannegald,
obs. ff. RANK a., RANDOM, RANEE, RANNIGAL.
fRa'nnell, sb. Oh. A hussy, jade.
1573 G. HARVEY Letter-bk. (Camden) 113 A beastely ran-
nell, A filthy cannell. 1592 — Pierce's Super, 146 Though
she were a lustie bounding rampe..yet was she not such a
roinish rannelL.as this wainscot-faced Tomboy.
Ra'nnel-tree. Sc. and north, dial. Also 9
rannell-, randle-, rangel-, 8-9 Sc. rantle-tree.
[App. of Scand. origin ; cf. the synonymous Norw.
dial, randa-tre and rand-aasy f. rand the space
above the fire-place. But the appearance of / in
all the English forms is difficult to account for.]
A horizontal bar of wood or iron fixed across
a chimney, on which the pot-hooks or rackans
are hung.
Rannel-halk, -perch are also common in north, dial.
1755 R. FORBES Jrnl. fr. Land. 4 The lum o' a house
that wanted baith crook an* rantle-tree. 1785 HUTTON Bran
Neiv Work (E. D. S.) 380 A seaty rattencreak hang dang-
ling fra a black randle tree. 1790 GROSE Prov. Gloss.) Ran-
nel-tree. 1818 SCOTT Hrt. Midi, xviii, An unguent to clear
our auld ranne It-trees. 1829- in northern glossaries. 1887
HALL CAINE Deemster xix. 113 Over the rannel-tree shelf
a huge watch was ticking.
trans/. 1815 SCOTT Gny M. xxvi, If ever I see that auld
randle'tree of a wife again.
RaTinigal. Sc. and north, dial Also Sc.
6 rannegald, 9 rannygill. [? Alteration of
renegade^ (See quots.)
15.. KENNEDY Flytingw. Ditnbar 401 (Bann. MS.) Raw-
mowd rebald, rannegald [ed. 1508 renegate] rehatour. 1825
JAMIESON SuMt,t Rannygill^ a bold, impudent, unruly
person.. .Roxb. 1847-78 HALLIWELL, Rannack^ a worth-
less fellow. Rannigat is also used. 1878 Cuntbld. GIos$.t
Rannigal, a masterful child or animal.
Ranny (rse-ni). Obs. exc. dial. Also 9 -ey.
[App. ad. L. araneus mils (Colum. and Pliny)
' a kind of small mouse, ace. to some the shrew
mouse '.] The shrew mouse, or field mouse.
1559 W. CUNNINGHAM Cosmogr. Glasse 173 Venomous
beastes, and Wormes, as Ranny, Tode, Edder. 1646 SIR
T. BROWNE Pseud. £^.153 Sammonicus and Nicander do call
the Mus-Araneus, the shrew or Ranny, blinde. 1787 in MAR-
SHALL Norfolk (1795) II. Gloss. i8« MOOR Suffolk Words>
Ranny, the long-nosed, small-eyed, fetid shrew OE field
mouse. . , Hence anything long nosed is called ranny-nosed.
Ranny, Sc. var. RANDY «., obs. f. RANEE.
Ran-pick, -pike(d: see RAMPICK, -PIKE(D.
Ranque, obs. form of RANK sb.
Ransack (rse-nssek), sb. [f. the vb. Cf. ON.
rannsak.] The act of ransacking.
1589 PUTTENHAM Eng. Pocste n. xi[i], (Arb.) 118 In the
ransacke of the Cities of Cartagena and S. Dominico. 1635
QUARLF.S Embl. iv. xii. (1818) 241 What unwonted way Has
'scap'd the ransack of my rambling thought? 1649 EARL
MONM. tr. Senault's Use Passions (1671) 137 His Choler
committed no less ransack. 1887 BLACKMORE Springhaven,
(ed. 4) III. xv. 208 'There are no official papers here1, he
said, after another short ransack.
Ransack (rse -nscek), v. Forms: 3-7 ransake,
(3 -eu> 5 -yn; 4 ron-, 5 ?raun- ; also 5 ransek,
? runsik, 6 ransik, -sike), 5-7 ransacke, (8 -sac),
6- ransack, [a. ON. rannsaka (Sw. ransaka>
Da. ransage], f. rann house (= Goth, razn, OE.
«rn} + -sa&a, ablaut-var. of sdkja to seek ; cf.
saka to blame, accuse, harm. Guernsey dial, ran-
saquer, Gael, rannsaich are from Eng. or ON.
ON. rannsaka is esp. used in the legal sense of searching
a house for stolen goods : cf. senses i and 2 below.]
1 1. trans. To search (a person) for something
stolen or missing. Obs.
c 1150 Gen. $ Ex, 1773 Du me ransakes als an 5ef. Ibid.
2323 He gan hem ransaken on and on, And fond it Sor sone
a-non. 1393 LANGU P. PL C. xix. 122 Films . . flegh . . To
rnnsake that rageman and reue hym hus apples. 1497
Festhall (W. de W. 1515) 22 They ..sayd it was not so, and
he [Joseph] ransaked them by and by.
2. To make thorough search in or throughout
(a place, receptacle, collection of things, etc.) for
something (in early use, something stolen : cf. i),
Also (rarely) with up.
01300 Cursor M. 4893 (Gott.) 5on er theues .. Foluis
£aim and ransakis [Cott. ripe] J>air ware. 1530 PALSGR.
679/1 He hath ransaked all the chystes I have for his
beades. 1532 MORE Confut. Tindale Wks. 595/2 He sayth . .
that the woman had lost her money, though by ransaking vp
her howse and seking she founde it at last agayne. 159*
(iREENE .Art Conny catch. 30 The Knight sat downe with
mm and fell a ransacking his budget. 1644 H. PARKER
Jus
ng his budget. 1644 .
ii 42 We have ransacked the bosome of Nature
145
for all species of Power. 1739 CTBBER Apol. (1756) II. So,
I am ransacking my memory for,, scraps of theatrical
history. 1805 WORDSW. Prelude v. 255 She scratches, ran-
sacks up the earth for food. 1867 FREEMAN Norm. Cong.
(1876) I. iii. 135 The Latin language is ransacked for strange
and out-of-the-way terms.
b. absol. To make thorough search. Now rare.
ci386 CHAUCER Knt.'s T. 147 To ransake in the tas of
bodyes dede. .The pilours diden bisinesse and cure, c 1440
York Myst. xlvi. 215, I shall renne and reste not to ransake
full right. 1598 SYLVESTER Du Bartas i. v. 749 We.. ran-
sack deeply in her bosom tender. 1732 NEAL Hist. Purit.
I. 253 This raised a clamour as if the Queen intended to
ransack into mens consciences.
3. To examine thoroughly, to subject to close
scrutiny ; to overhaul and investigate in detail.
a 1300 E. E. Psalter Ixiii. 6 pai ransaked wicnesse, and
iuel thinge. a 1400 Minor Poems fr. Vernon MS. 684/40
Hou schulde a leche this mon releeve But jif he migte ron-
sake the wounde. c 1440 Jacob's Well 109 pere is no man,
&t he raunsake his conscyens, but he schal fynde . . manye
[sins], to schryuen him of. 1470-85 MALORY Arthur xiii.
xiii, Anone he ransakyd hym & thenne he saide vnto syr
galahad I shal hele hym of this wounde. 1533 MoRE/4/0/.
xiii. Wks. 912, I purpose not to ransake and rebuke either
the tone lawe or the tother. x6ia T. TAYLOR Comm. Titus
i. 9 Reade then this book . . and thou shall ransacke the
affections, yea and consciences of the hearers. 1684 J.
GOODMAN Old Relig. (1848) 160 Ransacking a man's own
heart in secret. 1850 HAWTHORNE Scarlet L. xx. (1852) 207
She ransacked her conscience, .and took herself to task, .for
a thousand imaginary faults. 1871 RUSKIN Eagle's N.§ 66
In astronomy, the fields of the sky have not yet, indeed,
been ransacked by the most costly instruments.
T»»J%1 °f things: To search, explore, pene-
trate. Also intn Obs.
1562 PHAER SEneid ix. Bb iij b, The sword . . Had ransakt
through his ribs, 1579 GOSSON Sch. Abuse (Arb.) 38 One
dramme of Eeleborus ransackes euery vaine. 1590 SPENSER
F. Q, in. v.48 The mightie ill, which, as a victour proud, gan
ransack fast His inward pavtes.
4. To search (a place, person, etc.) with intent to
rob ; hence, to rob, plunder, pillage (of}.
1390 GOWER Conf. II. 331 He can the packes wel ransake,
..Thus Robberie goth to seke. 1465 MARG. PASTON in
P. Lett. II. 251 They stode uppon the hey awter, and ran-
sackyd the images and toke a way such as they myght
fynd. 1522 MORE Dequat. Noyiss. Wks. 94 In what paine-
full plight they shall lye a dying, while tneyr executours
afore their face ransake vp theyr sackes. 1638 R. BAKER tr.
Balzac's Lett. (vol. II) no Hee hath beene robbed and
ransacked in France. 1686 tr. Chardiit's Trav. Persia 145
That poor country had been pillag'd, plunder'd and ran-
sack'd by the Persians. 1755 J. SHEBBEARE Lydia (1769) II.
413 Those whose houses are ransacked by invading enemies.
1809 MALKIN Gil Bias vii. xv. p 4 They rob, ransack, and de-
vour me. 1878 Bosw. SMITH Carthage 109 The palaces were
ransacked of their valuables and then ruthlessly set on fire,
absol. 1598 BARRET Theor. War res v. iii. 179 To robbe. .
and ransack, wherebyto sustaine themselues. 1642 Lancash.
Tracts Civil War (Chetham Soc.) 46 The Souldier hath
ransakt and pillag'd . . in the country thereabouts. 1726
LEONI tr. Albertis Arc/tit II. 53 A furious and insolent
enemy ransacking among the Sepulchres of their Ancestors.
b. To search for and take (away} or carry off
as plunder. Also with up. Now rare.
c 1400 Beryn 3652 Hanybald shall . . delyvir the good ageyn,
bat from jewe was ransakid. 1523 [COVERDALE] Old God fy
New (1534) F ij b, The nations dyd ransake away whatsoeuer
thinges they myght. 1621 BP. MOUNTAGU Diatribe 463 To
sppyle the whole Countrey : and rake and ransake vp all
things that are for mans vse. 1634 SIR T. HERBERT Trav.
57 Refined gold, which greedy Antiochus thought to haue
ransackt. 1867 LADY HERBERT Cradle L, viii. 218 Even
scented soap and toilette-vinegar, .were ransacked from his
stores.
f 5. To visit with harshness or violence.; to
assail, drag, shake, etc. roughly. Obs.
c 1375 Cursor M. 15825 (Fairf.) Forf* his maister bai drogh
& ronsaked him vnrekenli bab ouer hil & seogh. c 1400
Laud Troy Bk. 7967 Many a knyat fel to the grounde. Ful
sorily he hem ransaked. c 1422 HOCCLEVE Learn to Die 92
A yong man.. Whom deeth so ny ransakid had, & soght.
Ransacked (rce-nssekt), ///. a. [f. prec. +
-ED!.] Searched into, explored, plundered, etc.
£1440 Prom}. Parv. 423/1 Ransakyd, investigatus, per-
scrutatits. 1581 MULCASTER Positions xxxix. (1887) 194 The
spoile of the ransaked pouertie. 1659 SPRAT Plague of
Athens (1790) 249 The ransack'd memory Languish'd in
naked poverty. 1697 DRYDEN AZneid n. 1040 The Spoils
which they from ransack'd Houses brought. 1862 LYTTON
Sir. Story II. 175 A Flora and a Fauna which have no
similitudes in the ransacked quarters of the Old World.
Ransacker (ne'UBsekaa). Also 4 raunsaker.
[f. as prec. + -ER.] One who ransacks ; a pillager.
c 1340 HAMPOLE Prose Tr. 42 Raunsaker of be myghte of
Godd. 1609 BIBLE (Douay) Judg. ii. 14 Our Lord .. de-
livered them into the handes of ransackers. 1862 GLADSTONE
in Titties 8 Apr. 9/1 He is a ransacker of Hansard.
Ransacking (rse-nssekin), vbl. sb. [f. as
prec. + -ING !.] The action of the verb RANSACK.
a 1300 E. E. Psalter Ixiii. 6 J>ai waned.. of ransakinge.
1435 MISYN Fire of Love 60 Be ransakynge of rightwys
mens lyfis fro all pryde \>\ self refreyn. 1579 E. K. Gloss, in
Spenser's Sheph. Cal. Oct. 65 He came to ransacking of
king Darius coffers. 1656 EARL MOSM. tr. Boccalinfs Pol.
Touchstone (1674) 262 Naples . . is now brought to utter
desolation, .by the general ransacking of the Vice Roys.
1691 T. H[ALE] Ace. New Invent. 28 Their Ransackings,
Groundings, Dockings, and Repairings. 1708 J. CHAMBER-
LAYNE St. Gt. Brit. IL i. ii. (1710) 319 (Orkneys) They . .
make search for the Theft, which is called Ransaking.
Ransackle, ^* Obs. exc. north, dial. Forms :
7 ransacle, 8 -shakle, 9 -s(h)ackle (also ram-).
[f. RANSACK v. + -LB.] trans. To ransack.
RANSOM.
1621 B. JONSON Cifsits Melam. n. vi, They ha'. .r:m»clcil
me of every penny, a i&» Jamie Telftr iv. in Child llallai<<
IV. o/i lhey..ranshakled the house right weel 1824 in
BROCKETT N. C. Gloss. 1877 in Itoldernest Gloss.
Ranse, variant of RANCE sA.2 and v.
Hansel, Ranselman : see RANCEL, -MAN.
Ransom (rse-nssm), sb. Forms: o. 3-4 ran-
sun, (4 -ooun, -ouu-e, -soun, -soon), 4-6 ran-
souu, 4-7 ranson, (5, 7 -sone) ; 4 raunsun,
(-soun, -oeoun, -zoun, etc.), 4-5 raunson, -soun
(also 4 ron-, 5 rawn-, rawun-, etc.). /3. 4
rans(o)um, -scum, -soome, 6-7 ransome, (7
randsom), 4- ransom, (4 rauns(o)um, 4-6
rawnsom-e, 4-6 raunsom, 6 -some, raundsom,
-sum), y. 4 raymson, 4-5 raumso(u)n, 4-6
ramson. 5. 5 raen-, reanson, reaunceoune.
[a. OP', ranfon, ran-, raunson, raettfon, -son,
ra(a)nfeun, rampfon, etc. (see Godef.):-*«-
(d)emp(oii :— L. redemption-em : see REDEMPTION.
For the change of -on to -am, which appears quite
early, cf. randan, RANDOM.]
1. The action of procuring the release of a
prisoner or captive by paying a certain sura, or of
obtaining one's own freedom in this way; the
fact or possibility of being set free on this con-
dition ; the paying of money to this end.
In older use freq. in phrases t to make ransom, \ to let or
take to ransom. In the 191!] c. the sense appears to have
been revived by Scott, and now occurs chiefly in the phr. to
hold to ransom.
a 1300 Cursor M. 9772 (Colt.) Angel ne might wit na
resun Mak for adam his ransom \Gott. raunsum]. 1340
HAMPOLE Pr. COHSC. 2834 ' In helle ', he says, ' es na raun-
ceon '. For na helpejnay be in J?at dungeon. 1375 HARBOUR
Brttce xiii. 72 Slayand tharae without ransoune. c 1430
LYDG. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 102 Whan he for man the
raunsom on hym tooke. 1456 SIR G. HAVE Law Arms
(S. T. S.) 60 Four consules, the quhilkis the inymyes waid
nocht lat to ransoun. c 1489 CAXTON Blanchardjm 89 He
wolde take to raenson be knyght that was a straunger. 1568
GKAFTON Chron. II. 295 They slue many a man that
could not come to raunsome. 1819 SCOTT Ivanhoe xxvii,
An honourable imprisonment, .as is due to one who is in
treaty for ransom. Ibid, xxxii, Let us put the Jew to
ransom. 1859 JEPHSON Brittany xvi. 261 Gwesklen, taken
prisoner by Chandos, was held by him to ransom.
2. The 'sum or price paid or demanded for the
release of a prisoner or the restoration of captured
property. A kings ransom, a large sum. f Man
of ransom, one able to pay ransom, or for whom
ransom will be paid.
a 1225 Ancr. R. 124 A mon bet leie ine prisune, & ouhte
muche raunsun. 1297 R. GLOUC. (Rolls) 6046 pis folc bisette
kaunterbury..& gret raunson of horn wibinne esste. c 1350
Will. Palerne 1251 Y am prest as bi prisoun to paye be my
ransum. 1390 GOWER Conf. III. 220 Agaz made gret beheste
Of rancoun which he wolde yive. £1470 HENRY Wallace
n. 150 His kyn mycht nocht him get..Mycht thai hawe
payit the ransoune of a King. 1542 UDALL Erasm. Apoph.
165 b, Thei had been leat. .without any peny of raunsome
paiyng to escape, c 1590 MARLOWE Faust, vi, Til not speak
another word for a King's ransom. 1636 MASSIN^ER Bash/.
Lover ii. vii, I know him : he's a man of ransom. 1697
DAMPIER Voy. (1729) I. 145 Here we staid till the sixth day,
in hopes to get a Ransom for the Town. 1718 LADY M. W.
MONTAGU Lett. (1887) I. 230 Her brother, .sent the sum of
four thousand pounds sterling as a ransom for his sister.
1802 MAR. EDGEWORTH Moral T. 11816 I. 208 Like all..
prisoners of war, she must, .pay her ransom in gold. 1819
MRS. TlM.LS&etc/ies Irish Char. I. 75, I couldn't look upon
the babby's face for a king's ransom. 1882 OUIDA Maremma
1. 1 1 Tbe stranger had been waiting for a ransom to be sent.
b. fig., in religious use, ol Christ or His blood.
a 1300 Cursor^ M. 21731 On cros godd boght ur saul Hues
par-on he gaf him-seluen ranscun. 1483 CAXTON Gold. Leg.
290 b/2, O crosse . . which only were worthy to here the
raunson of the world, a 1569 KINGESMYLL Con/I. Satan
(1578) 37 Lpoke, Christe is called a ransome, that is. a price
of redemption. 1667 MILTON P. L. x. 61 Sending thee. .his
Mediator . . Both Ransom and Redeemer voluntarie. a 1711
KEN ChristophilPoel. Wks. 1721 I. 511 A Price inestimable
paid, The Blood of God our Ransom made, a 1854 H. REED
Lect. Eng. Lit. vii. (1878) 236 A soul.. not unworthy the
awful ransom of the Redeemer's blood.
fc. A large sum. Obs. rare—1.
a 1400-50 Alexander 1665 Besands to be bischop he bed
out of nounbre, Reches him of rede gold ransons many.
d. Sc. An exorbitant price, rent, etc.
1824-7 MOIR Mansie Wauch i, Grannie, .sold the milk.,
at the ransom of a ha'penny the mutchkin.
fe. The thing ransomed. Obs. rare~l.
a 1300 Cursor M. 28023 Fra godd his ful dere ranscon
yee stele, pat es ^at ilk saul bat he Cost wit his ded.
t 3. The action or means of freeing oneself from
a penalty ; a sum of money paid to obtain pardon
for an offence ; a fine, mulct. Obs.
aiyxi Cursor M.v)v> Qua J>at slas or man or wijf bar gas
na ransun bot Hue for lijf c 1330 R. BRUNNE Chron. (1810)
320 Som gaf raunson after ber trespas. c 1386 CHAUCER
Wife'sProl. 411,! wolde no lengerin the bed abyde.. .Til he
had maad his raunson vn to me. 1491 Act 7 Hen. yil,c. 22
§ i To abyde in prisone therfor unto the tyme he have made
fyne and raunsom for the same. 1526 Pilgr. Per/. (W. de
W. 1531) 42 Pardons payeth most properly the raunsom of
payne due in purgatory, c 1585 Faire Etn in. 768 Thy
death should pay the ransom of thy fault. 1647 N. BACON
Disc. Gort. i. xxxix. (1739) 59 Then might that Penance be
reduced to a Ransom (according to the grain of the offence).
1769 BLACKSTONE Comm. IV. 373 This is the reason why
lines in the king's court are frequently denominated ransoms.
19
RANSOM.
•}• b. A sum paid as a tax or tribute. Obs.
c 1320 Sir Tristr. 935 Mani man wepen sare For ransoum
to yrland. Marke schuld ;eld. .bre hundred pounde of gold.
a 1327 Poem Time Edw. II 302 in Pol. Songs (Camden) 337
If the King in his lond maketh a taxacioun, And everi man
is i-set to a certein raunzoun.
4. A ransom bill or bond (see 5 b).
1747 Col. Rec. Pcnnsylv. V. 73 The St. Christopher arrived,
whose Crew . . had taken and dismissed on a Ransome for
Four thousand Dollars an English Frigate.
6. attrib. and Comb., as ransom-free &Q. ; ransom-
gift, -gold, -money, -payer, -price, purchase.
c 1560 A. SCOTT Poems (S. T. S.) xxxvi. 76 Thy haly grave,
Quhilk makis ws 'ransome fre. 17x5 TICKELL HomerZ Till
Ransom-free the Damsel is bestow'd. 1848 BUCKLEY Iliad
107 My sire will bestow on thee countless 'ransom-gifts.
1815 SCOTT Ld. of Isles v. xxiv, He profler'd 'ransom-gold
to pay. 1722 DE FOE Col. Jack (1840) 198 We bilked the
captain of his 'ransom money. 1848 BUCKLEY Iliad 351
Two men contended for the ransom-money of a slain man.
1645 RUTHERFORD Tryalif Tri. Faith (1845) 186 You shame
the glory of the 'ransom-payer. 1872 J. H. INGRAHAM
Pillar of Fire 529 The King may be redeemed .. with a
vast "ransom.price. 1865 BUSHNELL Vicar. Sacr. v. (1868)
113 To be the 'ransom purchase of others.
b. ransom-bill, -bond, an engagement to re-
deem or pay ransom, in later use esp. for a vessel
captured by the enemy.
'575 CHURCHYARD Chippes (1817) 7 Releasing many of his
fellow-captives, on his own ransom-bond. 1764 Ann.^ Reg.
138 The ransom bills for preserving Manilla from pillage.
1767 BLACKSTONE Comm. III. 436 The privileges of embas-
sadors, hostages, or ransom-bills. 1896 Daily News 29 Feb.
6/2 The Alabama burned fifty-seven ships besides releasing
on ransom-bond a great many with neutral cargo on board.
Ransom (ras'nssm), v. Forms : see the sb.
(also 4 raunsene, 5 rampsoum, 6 ramsion, Sc.
ransson ; pa. t. 4 raunsede). [a. OF. ransonner,
-fanner, etc. f. ranson : see prec.]
1. trans. To redeem (from captivity or punish,
ment) ; to procure the release of (a person) or
restoration of (a thing) by payment of the sum
or price demanded. Alsoyi^.
1377 LANGL. P. PI. B. x. 420 A robbere was yraunceouned,
rather than thei alle. 1387 TREVISA Higden (Rolls) VI. 21 j
Withbrandes kyng of Longobardes . .raunsoned [v.r. raun-
sede] be relikes of seint Austyn. £1470 HENRY Wallace
viii. 452 Quha ^eildis him, sail neuir ransownd be. 1513
Galway Arch, in loM Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. V. 395
That no dweller of this towne become suertie for no gent of
the countrey, ne ramson none of them. 1624 CAPT. SMITH
Virginia vi. 215 Their Canowes.. they ransomed for Beuer
skinnes. 1667 SPRAT Hist. R. Soc. 434 To randsome the
minds of all mankind from Slavery. i839THiRLWALLc7fwr
VI. 73 They were obliged to ransom not only their prisoners
but their dead. 1868 FREEMAN Norm. Cong. (1876) II. viii.
280 His wife ransomed him at a heavy price.
b. To redeem, deliver, in religious sense.
a 1300 Cursor M. 9784 If godd had wroght anober man
For to ransun wit adam. 1414 BKAMPTON Penit. Ps. (Percy
Soc.) 28 Cryist, that deyid up on the rood, To raunsoun
synfull creature. 1557 N. T. (Genev.) Epistle "*j, He was
solde to ransom vs. 1667 MILTON /'. L. in. 297 His Brethren,
ransomd with his own dear life. 1784 COWPER Tiroc. 128
We.. learn with wonder how this world began, Who made,
who marr'd, and who has ransom'd man. 1859 TENNYSON
Guinevere 677 Poor sick people, richer in His eyes Who
ransom'd us.. than I.
c. To purchase (life or liberty) by a ransom.
1630 DEKKER 2nd Pt. Honest Wh. Wks. 1873 H. 170 If
my life May ransome thine, I yeeld it to the Law. 1697
DAMPIER Voy. (1729) 1. 75 The Men . . made them send ashoar
for Cattle to ransom their Liberties. x8ox Lusignan III.
82 The design she had long meditated .. of endeavouring to
ransom his liberty.
d. To atone or pay for, to expiate ; f to pro-
cure respite of (time) ; to bring into by ransoming.
a 1300 Cursor M. 14427 pat he suld flexs take . . For to
ranscun wit adam sin. c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints xxxiii.
(George) 77 To ransone be tyme & to sauf bame fra his
venyme. c 1600 SHAKS. Sonnets xxxiv, Those tears . . are
rich and ransom all ill deeds. 1604 — Oth. lit. iv. 118 Nor
my Seruice past, nor present Sorrowes, . . Can ransome me
into his loue againe. 1796 JEFFERSON Writ. (1859) IV. 152
Its moments of extasy would be ransomed by years of
torment and hatred.
2. a. To permit to be ransomed ; to admit to
ransom; to set free on payment of a sum of money;
\ to fix one's ransom at a certain sum.
1375 BARBOUR Bruce n. 466 Off othir, that war takyn than,
Sum thai ransownyt, sum thai slew. 1442 in Proc. King's
Council Irel. (Rolls) 274 He . . put him in great duresse of
prisoun, and rampsoumed him at c. marcs. 1494 FABYAN
Chron. vu. 348 That he were streyght put in pryson, and not
to be raunsomyd nor delyuered tyll the Kyngys pleasure
were forther knowen. a 1578 LINDESAY (Pitscottie) Chron.
Scot. (S. T. S.) 1 . 228 Stewin Bull ranssonat the skiparis, and
held money of the marienaris presonaris. 1599 BRETON
Will of Wit i\\. i. Wks. (Grosart) 37/2 The souldiours entred,
slewe a number, some they raunsommed. 1819 SCOTT Ivan-
hoe x, Leaving it with your nobleness to retain or to ransom
the same, according to your pleasure.
b. To demand ransom from or for; to exact
payment from ; f hence, to oppress with exactions.
Also absol .
c 1380 WYCLIF Wks. (1880) 66 Many . .ben dede bi be weie,
what wi|j traueile & cold..& enemyes & ofte raunsonyd.
1 a 1400 Morte Arth. 100 Why thow has redyne and ray-
mede, and raunsound [>e pople. '495 Act ii Hen. VIl,c.g
Preamble, People . . be . . caned into Scotland and their raun-
somed to ther.. utter empoverysshing for ever. 1525 LD.
BERNERS Froiss. II. 3 All suche landes as he had rule of,
he raunsomed them . . greuously, and wolde taxe the men
two or three tymes in a yere. 1590 SIR J. SMYTH Disc.
146
Weapons 7 b, By fleecing and ransoming of their soldiers
being men of wealth. 1819 SCOTT lyanhoe xix, Who is it
that rifle, and ransom, and make prisoners in these parts.
1888 in Times 17 Aug. 7/6 These gentlemen contend that
unfortified towns will never be bombarded or ransomed.
3. To pay ransom to (a person). Also absol.,
to pay ransom for oneself. rart~l.
1722 CAPT. OGLE in Load, Gas. No. 6091/2 They had all
ransomed at the Rate of eight Pounds Weight of Gold each ;
an English Ship, for refusing to ransom the Pyrates had
been burnt.
Ransomable (rse'nsamab'l), a. [f. prec. +
-ABLE.] Capable of being ransomed.
c 1611 CHAPMAN Iliad I. 22 To dissolve the ransomable
chain Of my lov'd daughter's servitude. 1641 EARL MONM.
tr. Biondis Civil Warres iv. 79 He made a scrutiny of the
prisoners, he detained such as were ransomable. 1718 MOT-
TEUX Quix. (1733) II. 164 The King's Slaves, which are
ransomable, are not obliged to go out to Works.
Ransomed (rse-nsamd), ///. a. [f. as prec.
+ -ED l.] Freed by means of a ransom, delivered,
redeemed. Also absol.
c 1400 Prymer 12 Folkis raunsoned, reioice 5e. c 1440
BANTER.
our own times, .still in thehighest rant. 187*0. M. DAVIF.S
Unorth. London (ed. 2) 42, I set out one May evening to
see the Tabernacle 'on the rant '.
2. Extravagant or bombastic language or senti-
ments ; magniloquent and empty declamation.
Isa. xxxv. 10 The ransomed of the Lord shall returne.
1760-71 H. BROOKE Fool of Oval. (1809) III. 107 A man then
demanded, .if I was one of the ransomed? 1846 TRENCH
Mirac. xxviii. (1862) 387 Here is. .a ransomed and a Ran-
somer. 1850 TENNYSON In Mem. Ixi, If.. Thy ransom'd
reason change replies With all the circle of the wise.
Ransomer (ne-nsamai). [f. as prec. + -ER 1.]
1. One who ransoms ; a redeemer.
a 1300 Cursor M. 15043 Crist and king and ransconer
[Gilt, ransuner] O folk o godds lai. c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints
iii. (Andrew) 682 Thru pe wes myn ransoner. 1500-20
DmOAI Poems xi. 45 Thy Ransonner, with woundis fyve.
1571 GOLDING Calvin on Ps. xxxiv. 23 Ere God can appeere
to bee their raunsomer. 1678 J. BROWN Life of Faith (1824)
I. vii. 129 A Ransomer. .will be most tender of them. 1801
I. JAMIESON Use Sacr. Hist. 1. 1. 86 Elihu speaks of the
Messiah as a Ransomer. 1870 R. C. J EBB Sophocles' Ellclra
(ed. 2) 9/1 A ransomed prisoner-of-war and his ransomer.
2. spec. a. One of the representatives of the
Order of our Lady for the redemption of captives,
founded by St. Peter Nolasco in 1223 (see quot.).
1745 A. BUTLER Lives of Saints (1821) I. 462 Two members
of the Order should be sent together among the infidels to
treat about the ransom of Christian slaves, and they are
hence called Ransomers.
b. A member of a Roman Catholic guild which
aims at the conversion of England to the Roman
Catholic faith.
1890 Pall Mall G. i Apr. 6/2 The Guild was inaugurated
about two years ago. .and already numbers 12,000 members,
called ' Ransomers '. 1896 Westm. Gaz. i ^June 9/2 An
enormous gathering of ordinary lay Catholics, including
' Ransomers ', whose special mission is to pray for the con-
version of England.
3. A person held as security for the payment of
ransom for a ship. 1 Obs.
1707 Land. Can. No. 4326/3 This Privateer had on Board
eight Ransomers for Vessels taken in this Chanel. 1761 A tin.
Reg. 157 The Courageux..had ransomers on board for five
prizes, amounting to 82oo/. 1781 Chron. in Ann. Reg. 199/1
A flag of truce arrived here last week with some ransomers.
Ransoming (rse nssmirj), vtl. sir. [f. as prec.
+ -ING l.] The action of the vb. RANSOM.
a 1300 Cursor M. 4420 In kinges prisun for to lij, Wit na
raunsuming to bij. c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints ix. (Sarthol.) 128
pe manere of oure ransonynge. 144* in Proc. King's Connc.
Irel. (Rolls) 287 pe taking, imprisonyng and rampsonyng of
the Priouer of Conale. 105 LD. HERNERS Froiss. II. 52 He
. . dyde great domage to the countre . . by raunsomynge of the
townes. 1575 Galway A rch. in loM Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm.
App. V. 425 For redeming and ramsoning of the Illes of
Aren. 1790 BEATSON Pfav. 4 Mil. Mem. I. 205 All the articles
relative to the ransoming of the town. 1899 STALKER Christol.
Jesus v. 180 Such cases show clearly what ransoming was.
Ransouiless (rse'nsamles), a. [f. RANSOM si.
+ -LE88.J Without ransom.
1588 SHAKS. Tit. A. I. i. 274 Ransomlesse heere we set our
Prisoners free. 1645 MILTON Tetrach. (1851) l6o(Gen. ii. 18)
A ransomles captivity. 1676 HOBBKS Iliad I. 98 Till she be
to her Father sent., ransomless. 1796 ANNA SEWARD Lett.
(iSn) IV. 265 Fingal. .releases him ransomless. 1846 H. W.
TORRENS Rem. Milit. Hist. 145 As ransomless prisoners
after a battle. 1873 SVMONDS Grk. Poets viii. 244 The Athe-
nians released Doneus ransomless and scatheless.
Rant (rant), sb. [f. the vb.]
1. A high-flown, extravagant,' or bombastic
speech or utterance; a piece of turgid declama-
tion ; a tirade.
1649 G. DANIEL Trinarch., Hat. W, cxl, Tis a brave
Costly Rant th' Hesperian King vtters with many Titles.
1668 DRYDEN Maiden Queen Epil., 1 left my Client yonder
in a Rant Against the Envious, and the Ignorant. 1717
ATTERBURY Let, to Pope 8 Nov., What I look'd upon as a
Rant of Barrow's, I now begin to think a serious Truth.
1787 MAD. D'ARBLAY Diary 6 Mar., Then broke forth one
of his most flighty rants of compliments. 1849 MACAULAY
Hist. Eng. vi II. 139 He sometimes, .. in his rants, talked
with Norman haughtiness of the Celtic barbarians.
f b. A violent scolding. Obs. rare.
1663 PEPYS Diary 14 Mar., A great rant I did give to Mr.
Davis . . and others about their usage of Michell. 1715
RAMSAY Gentle Sheph. I. ii, If canker'd Madge, our aunt,
Come up the burn, she'll gie's a wicked rant.
o. A ranting state or condition.
1729 DE FOE Col. Jack (1840) 207 Her former behaviour
was a kind of rant, or fit. 1801 C. GADSDEN in J. Adams's
Wks. iS54lX. 579 The uncommonly extravagant ravings of
. he following passages are pure rant.
1820 SCOTT A"£iot~xxx\, He.. need not plead his cause with
the commonplace rant of romantic passion. 1861 J. G.
HOLLAND Lessons inLifevm. 119 They strain their brains. .
and wear themselves out repeating the rant of their sect and
the cant of their schools.
b. A declamatory way of speaking. rare~l,
c 1742 JOHNSON in Bosivell an. r?44, The players, Sir, have
got a kind of rant, with which they run on, without any
regard either to accent or emphasis.
3. north, dial, and Sc. A boisterous, riotous
frolic or merry-making ; a spree. Also trans/.
1675 in THORESBY Dvcatus Leoiiensis (1715) App. 617 In
December the same Year was an Epidemick Distemper
profanely called the Jolly Rant ; it was a severe Cold, and
violent Cough. 1703 Lonti. Gaz. No. 3944/4 The Yearly
Fox and Hare Hunting, famous by the Name of Dalton
Rant. 1786 BURNS Scotch Drink viii, Thou art the life o'
public haunts ; But thee, what were our fairs and rants ?
1816 SCOTT Bl. Dwarf ii, A rant amang the lasses, or a
splore at a fair. 1876 Mid- Yorks. Gloss, s.v., The feast-days
of Nidderdale localities are called rants.
4. (Chiefly Sc.) A lively, noisy, or irregular
tone or song.
1725 RAMSAY Gentle Sheph. i. i, How heartsome is't. .To
hear the birds chirm o'er their pleasing rants ! 1830 SIR J.
HARRINGTON Pers. Sk. Own Times (ed. 2) II. 166, I think
our rants and planxties would have answered just as well
without either symphonies or chromatics. 1898 MUNRO Jnlm
Splendid xi. 112 A tune they call 'The Galley of the
Waves/ a Stewart rant.
Rant (rjentj, v. [a. obs. Du. randten, ranten
(also randen : see RAND v.) to talk foolishly, to
rave ; cf. G. ranzen to frolic, spring about, etc.]
1. intr. (for with if}. To talk or declaim in an
extravagant high-flown manner ; to use bombastic
language.
1602 SHAKS. Ham. v. L 307 Nay, and thou'lt mouth, lie
rant as well as thou. 1664 H. MORE Myst. Iniq. xii. 40
Those that talk at this rate rant it, and speak unintelligible
riddles. 1747 in Doran Mann <$• Manners (1876) I. xi. 250
As an Actress, .she does extremely well . . She rants a little
too much whilst she is in woman's cloaths. 1781 COWPHR
Taoll-t. 299 In such a cause I grant An English poet's
privilege to rant. 1864 KNIGHT Passages Work. Life II.
viii. 169 Pretended teachers of political economy . . were
ranting in popular assemblies.
fb. To storm or scold violently. Const, at,
against. Obs.
1647 COWLEY Mistr., Rich Rival i. They say you're angry,
and rant mightily. 1664 PEPYS Diary 5 Feb., Which I
ranted at him for when he came in. 1667 POOLE Dial. betui.
to. .insult and rant at one another.
2. intr. (t or with it). To be jovial, boisterous,
uproariously gay or merry ; to lead a gay or
dissolute life ; also, to sing loudly.
1598 [see RANTING pfl. a.]. 1641 BROME Joviall Crew
(1651) 15 The more the merrier, I am resolv'd to Rant it to
the last. 1657 THORNLEY tr. Lottgus' Daphnis tr Chloe 84
He permitted them securely to rant and be joviall as in
peace. 1700 FARQUHAR Constant Couple iv. i, I'll Court, and
Swear and Rant, and Rake. 1785 BURNS Jolly Beggars, ist
Recit., Wi' quaffing and laughing, They ranted and they
sang. 1821 CLARE Vill. Minstr. II. 95 The birds that
ranted in the hedge-row boughs. 1824 SCOTT Redgaunllet^
let. x, If ye expect to be ranting among the queans o
lasses... Ye will come by the waur.
3. trans. To utter in a declamatory and bom-
bastic manner ; to mouth. Also with out.
1650 W. SAI-NDERSON Aul Coouin. 97 He hath ranted his
Stories of ManselL.andof the peace. 1788 MAD. D'ARBLAY
Diary 13 Feb., To hear a man rant such stuff. 1805 T.
HARRAL.SVoiwo/'Z.i^III. 34 Ranting out some speeches
of Hamlet. i86i MORLEY Mod. Characteristics 150 Rant-
ing Carlyle and Emerson by the volume.
Rant, obs. form of rent, pa. pple. REND v.
Ran-tan (rsenitsen). slang or dial. [Echoic :
in sense 2 perh. for RANDAN.]
1. A word expressive of a loud banging noise ;
hence sb. as a name for this, and t attrib. - noisy.
1630 J. TAYLOR (Water P.) Wks. I. no There is ran tan
Tom Tinker and his Tib. c 1840 SHIRLEY Capt. Underwit
ill. iii. in Bullen O. PI. (1883) II. 366 Ran tan : enough,—
you must not waste your lunges Too much at once. 1837
CARLYLE Fr. Rev. III. vn. v, Beating sharp ran-tan, To
arms, To arms ! 1869 Lonsdale Gloss., Rantan, a loud and
long knocking at a door.
2. A riot, drinking bout. On the ran-tan, on
the spree, on the ' randan".
1853 DICKENS in Homeli. Words 24 Sept. 75 For the one
word drunk, .. I find.. beery, winey, slewed, on the ran-tan.
1886 Rochdale Gloss., Ran-tan, not, involving the idea of
breaking furniture, when the actor is drunken.
t Rantantingly adv. App., extravagantly.
Perh. a misprint for rantingly, but cf. prec.
1590 NASHE Lenten Stuffe 15, 1 would not . .haue it cast in
my dishe that therefore I prayse Yarmouth so rantantingly,
because I never elsewhere bayted my horse.
Rantepole, obs. form of RANTIPOLE.
Ranter (ra-ntaa), sb. [f. RANT v. + -EB '.J
1. One who rants, declaims noisily or bombasti-
cally, esp. in preaching (cf. 2).
BANTER.
1649 CROMWELL Let, 14 Nov. (Carlyle\ There went also,
with this party, Sir Thomas Armstrong, Colonel Trevor, and
most of their great ranters. 1675 TRAHERNE Chr. Ethics 339
How empty these self, but shallow-conceited ranters are,.,
they place all gallantry and worth in valour. 1786 Gentt.
Mag. LVI. i. 305 Some other ranters and rhapsodists. 1826
SCOTT Woodst. xxii, A wild ranter in religious opinions. 1889
JESSOPP Coming of Friars i. 48 Rome has found a place for
the dreamiest mystic or the noisiest ranter.
t 2. A noisy, riotous, dissipated fellow ; a rake.
1654 SIR E. NICHOLAS in N. Pagers (Camden) II. 81 A
very sober and honnest understanding man, noe drinker nor
ranter. 1681 T. JORDAN London'1 s Joy in Heath Grocers*
Comp. (1869) 548 We sing, dance, and trip it, as frolick as
Ranters. 171* ADDISON Spect. No. 486 f i The Hazards of
a Town full of Ranters and Debauchees. 1828 SCOTT P.M.
Perth xii, It was never your mother's custom, and it shall
never be mine, to take up with ranters.
b. Sc. A lively singer or player.
17.. Maggie Lander (Sc. Song) 10 I'm a piper to my
trade, My name is Rob the Ranter. 1812 W. TENNANT
Anster F i. 10, 1 see the Ranter with bagpipe on back.
3. spec, (chiefly//.), a. Applied to the members
of a sect of Antinomians which arose c 1645.
Now only Hist*
1651 BROME (////<?), The Joviall Crew, or the Devill turn'd
Ranter : a Comedie, containing a true Discovery., of a Sect
(lately sprung up amongst us) called Ranters. 1667 L.
STUCLEV Gospel-Glass xxxii. (1670) 319 Seekers, Ranters,
and Quakers, have took occasion to cry down the Office of
the Ministry. i7»a B. STAR tr. Mile, de St. Phale vii. 192
Had they been born Ranters, or Papists, or Jews, they
would not have changed their Religion. 1856 R. A. VAUCHAN
Mystics (1860) II. 217 The priests and magistrates were not
more violent against him [G. Fox] than the Ranters.
b. Applied to members of the Primitive Metho-
dist body, which originated in 1807-10.
The statement in quot. 1823 connects this use of the term
with sense 2 of the vb. (cf. 2 b above).
1823 H. BOURNE Hist. Primitive Methodists 49 When
these.. meetings were closed, the praying people, in return-
ing home, were accustomed to sing through the streets at
Belper. This circumstance procured them the name of
Ranters ; and the name of Ranter, which first arose on
this occasion [in 1814], afterwards spread very extensively.
1827 SVD. SMITH Wks. (1867) II. 129 The Ranters do not
„„.-» _ /•__.!.: i ' «t .1 j; i:£-j i
. jrs,ongit
in Staffordshire. x86a SIR B. BRODIE Psychol. Inq. II. v.
174 Those having a too lively imagination . . become Mor-
monites and Ranters.
Banter (rsrntsi), v. dial, and techn. [ad. F.
rcntrcr, rcniraire in same sense : see RENTER v.]
trans. To darn, mend. Also transf.
1673-88 LD. FOUNTAINHAU. in M. P. Brown Decis. Suppl.
(1826) III. 86 (Jam.) He bade the defender ranter the two
ends of an inconsistency he was urging together. 1808 in
JAMIESON. a 1825 in FORBY. 1848 in EVANS Leicest. Gloss.
Hence f Eanter-drawed a., darned. Obs.
'655 J- BARNES Gerania (1675) 69 His very deaths were so
neatly ranter-draw'd, that no man living cou'd ever discern
they had been torn.
Ranterism (roe-ntariz'm). [f. RANTER sb.
+ -ISM.] The practices or doctrines of Ranters.
1673 PENN Spir. Alexander the Coppersmith Rebuked 9
It is an absolute Inlet to Ranterism. 1697 G. KEITH Sec.
Narr. Proc. Turn.-Hall 26 The bottom of it is Ranterisme,
and wild Notion and Fancy. 1841 Englishman's Mag.
i Mar. 32 Methodism and Ranterism.
Banting (ra'ntirj), vbl. sb. [-INQ!.] The
action of the vb. RANT in various senses.
1653 ffisseaa 40 [He] was the scandal of all Nicocia, though
his ranting, .made him[etc.]. 1673 GREGORY in Rigaud Corr.
Sci. Men (1841)11. 231, 1 am afraid ye will find these Cogita-
tiones. .to be but ranting. 1768-74 TUCKER Lt. Nat. (1834)
II. 116 The bigot has been .. terrified by the rantings of
some gifted preacher. 1785 BURNS Addr. to Deil xx, A
certain Bardie's rantin, drinkin . . will send him . . To your
black pit. 1843 LEFEVRE Life Trent. Phys. III. m. viii. 187
Ihe scene, .was nobly acted, without ranting.
Banting (rse'ntin), ///. a. [-ING -.]
1. That rants, in senses of the verb.
1598 SHAKS. Merry IV. 11. i. 196 Looke where my ranting-
Host of the Garter comes . . hee Ipokes so merrily. 1706
FARQUHAR Recruiting Officer IV. i, I fancy my Breeches
wou'd become me as wellas any ranting Fellow of 'em all.
1771 WESLEY Wks. (1872) V. 149 Some of the wild, ranting
Antinomians. 1838-9 HALLAM Hist. Lit. III. in. vi. § 103. j
347 Marston is a tumid and ranting tragedian.
2. Characterized by, of the nature of, ranting.
a 1656 USSHKR Ann. vi. (1658) 470 [He] sent to Jonathan . .
a ranting challenge to meet him if he dared. 1665 BUNYAN j
Holy Cilie (1669) 199 It looks too like Ranting Opinions,
and contradiction to Scripture, for me to believe. 1681-6 '•
SCOTT Chr. Life (1747) III. 599 Flat Impertinence or
ranting Enthusiasm. 1814 SCOTT Wav. xxx, Is this a day,
to be singing your rantin fule sangs in ? 1824 — Kedgauntlet >
let. xi, Trie ranting suppers in Redgauntlet Castle.
o. f a. Unruly, restive, f b. Flaunting. Obs. C.
Sc. Blazing, roaring.
1658 OSBORN Jos. I (1673) 478 Horses, that are far less
ranting, and easier brought to an even temper. ci68s
Bagford Ball. App., Her Kitchin-stuff she often will sell,
to purchase that Ranting Attire. 1725 RAMSAY Gentle
Sltepii. iv. i, I 11 mak a rantin' fire, and merry sail we be.
1880 WATT Sketches 75 (E. D. D.) A red rantin' fire.
Hence Ra'nting-ly adv. Sc.
1733 RAMSAY South Sea Sang i, [We] rantin'ly ran up
and down, ^In rising stocks to buy a skair. 1794 BURNS
M' rkcrson's Farewell, Sae rantingly, sae wantonly, Sae
dauntingly gaed he.
Rantipole (.rarntipuuV, , sb. (and a.} Now rare.
147
Also 8 rante-, -pol ; dial. 9 ranty-, -pow(l.
[? A fanciful formation on RANI v. : cf. FKAMPOLE.]
1. A romp ; a wild, ill-behaved or reckless per-
son ; a scold, termagant.
In southern dial, also applied to the wild-carrot, and in
the north to the game of see-saw.
a 1700 B. E. Diet. Cant. Crew, Rantipole, a rude wild
Boy or Girl. 1719 D'URFEY Pills (1872) I. 6 Good buye to
the Change Where Rantepoles range. 1790 R. TYLER Con-
trast m. i. (1887) 55 There was a poor, good-natured, curse
of a husband, and a sad rantipole of a wife. 1829 MARUYAT
f. Mildmay xv, I was always considered as a rantipole.
2. attrib. or as adj. Wild, disorderly, rakish.
1700 CONGREVE Way of World iv. x, [To] comport your
self at this Rantipole rate. 1718 VANBR. & OB. Prov. Husb.
v. i. 93 Another rantipol Dame of Quality. 1842 S. LOVER
Hanay Andy xxiv. 212 My house is respectable . . none o'
your rantipole places, Sir. 1863 SALA in Temple Bar Dec.
9, I never knew such a set of rantipole maniacs.
Bantipole (rse-ntip<?ul),z<. [f. prec. sb] intr.
To go about, or behave, in a romping, rude or
noisy fashion. •)• Also with it.
1712 ARBUTHNOT John Bull n. iv, She used to Rantipole
about the House, pinch the Children, kick the Servants.
1760 M URPHY Way to Keep Him i. ii, Lord bless you, ma'am,
they rantipole it about this town. 1841 Blackw. Mag.
XLIX. 494 When they have once run rantipoling over the
country after bullocks.
Hence Ra ntipoling vbl. sb. and ///. a.
1754 RICHARDSON Grandison VII. xliii, They go on with-
out rantipoling, in the ordinary course of reasonable crea-
tures. 1850 E. WARBURTON K. Hastings I. 6 Fitter for
honest men than for the like of us rantipoling cavaliers.
t Ba'ntism l. Obs. rare. [ad. Gr. favnan-m,
n. of action f. ^avrif-ftv KANTIZE.] A sprinkling.
a 1626 Bp. ANDREWES 96 Sena. xix. (1661) 394 But an
handful to their heap ; but a rantisme to their baptisme.
1701 WHITEHEAD Truth Prevalent n6 For Sprinkling is
Rantism, and not Baptism. . . I would not have these Men
offended at the word Rantism, it being as much English as
the word Baptism.
t Ba-utism *. Obs. rare. [f. RANT v. + -ISM.]
The practice of ranting, spec, after the manner of
those called Ranters ; Ranterism.
1665 Truth. Vindicated 13 John had not then . .gotten into
a perfect state of Rantisme. a 1670 Bp. RUST Disc, oj
Truth xi. (1682) 181 The Foundations of Rantism, De-
bauchery, and all Dissoluteness of Life. 1691 WOOD Ath.
Oxon. 11. 362 This person [F. Cheynell] who had ran
through most, if not all, religions, even to rantism.
t Bantize, v. 06s. rare. [ad. Gr. favrl^-ftv
to sprinkle.] traits. To sprinkle. (Used with refer-
ence to baptism by sprinkling instead of immer-
sion: cf. RANTISMI.)
1644. Mock. Majesty in Harl. Misc. (Main.) V. 455 To the
intelligent reader, baptised or rantised. Thou must excuse
me for this pretty new stamped word. . . It is not a week since
1 first met with it. 1653 S. FISHER Baby Baptism 5 It is . .
no true visible Church of God because it Rantizes Infants.
1701 WHITEHEAD Truth Prevalent 118 In Rantizing, or
sprinkling and crossing Childrens Faces.
Rantle, dial. var. ROWAN-TBEE. Rantle-tree,
Sc. var. RANNEL-THEE.
t Ra-ntling, vbl. sb. Obs. rare-1. Squeaking.
a 1693 Urciithart's Rabelais in. xiii. 107 The barking of
Currs, bawling of Mastiffs,, .rantling of Rats.
tRantoou(e. Obs. A form of tricycle formerly
in use (see quot. 1869).
1869 R. CRAWLEY Manly Games for Boys 439 The Ran-
toone has a small wheel in front, and two larger wheels
behind. It is guided by means of the front wheel. 1870
H. KINCSLEY Boy in Grey i A Noah's Ark, in which the
elephant, .would serve for a rantoone.
Rantree, -try, dial, variants of ROWAN-TBEE.
t Bantum-scantum, int., sb., and a. Obs.
Also 8 -skantum. [A riming comb., pern, sug-
gested by RANT v.]
A. int.a.n&sb. (Precise sensenot clear; cf. quots.)
1600 HEYWOOD rj< Pt. Ediu. IV, i. iv. Wks. 1874 I. 19
• Rantum, scantum, rogues, follow your leader ! 1667 DAVE-
NANT & DRYDEN Tempest iv. iii, I found her. .singing Tory
Rory, and Rantum Scantum, with her own natural brother.
1760 Did you ever see such Damned Stuff? Title-p., Ran-
tum-skantum is the Word, and Nonsense shall ensue. 1772
BRYDCES Homer Trav. (1797) I. 78 Jove and his queen have
had their quantum Of jaw, and such-like rantum-scantum.
B. adj. Harum-scarum, disorderly.
1717-8 MRS. DELANY Lett., to Mrs. A. Granmlle 164
Don't think me the maddest thing in the world for writing
such a rantum scantum letter, c 1780 M. MONSEY Let. to
Mrs. Montague in Bk. about Drs. (1860) II. iv. 83, I shall
find rantum scantum work at Cyprus, Paphos, and Cythera.
So Bantum-scootnin a. (U. S.)
1885 Harper's Mag. Mar. 614/1 He's a deal sight more
serious-minded than most of the rantum-scootum boys.
Rantypole, variant of RANTIPOLE.
Ranty-tanty. north, dial, and Sc. ' A weed
which grows among corn, with a reddish leaf
(Jam.); also, 'broad-leaved sorrel' (ibid.).
1725 RAMSAY Scornfii Nansy ii, With crowdymowdy they
fed me, Langkail and ranty-tanty. 1829 BROCKETT N. C.
Wds. (ed. 2), Ranty-tanty. .There is a troublesome weed in
corn fields of this name. 1893 T. F. HENDERSON Old World
Scotland 51 Ranty-tanty, carrots and turnips.
II Ranula (rarnirfla). Path. [L. ranula a little
frog, a little swelling on the tongue of cattle
(Vegetius), dim. of raiia frog. Cf. F. ranulc.]
A cystic tumour under the tongue, caused by the
obstruction of the salivary ducts or glands.
RAP.
The term is derived either from an imasinary resemblance
of the swelling to a frog, or from the peculiar croaking noise
which the patient makes when affected by it' (Craig).
[<: 1400 Lanfranc's Cirurg. 262.] 1657 in Physical Diet
1661 LOVELL Hist. Anim. f, Min. 348 The ranula under the
tongue, which is a tumour in forme like a frog, i
CHAMBERS Cycl. 1834 Good's Stmly Med. (ed.
1717-41 in
4) I. 94
out a fair-sized piece of the cyst-wal
Hence Ba-nular a. a. = KANINE i.
ippmg
(So F.
ranulaire.} ? Obs. b. Of or pertaining to ranula.
1656 in BLOUNT Glossogr. s.v. Vein. 1784 W. CULI.EN
First Lines Pract. Phys. cccv. Wks. 1827 II. 35 The opening
of the ranular veins seems to be an insignificant remedy.
RanunculaceoUS (ran^nkWl^'jas), a. Bot.
[f. RANUNCTJL-US + -ACEOUS.] Belonging to the
Natural Order Rammculacex, of which Ranunculus
is the typical genus.
1833 Penny Cycl. I. 88/1 From all other ranunculaceous
plants, Aconitum is at once known [etc.]. 1881 G. ALLEN
Colours of Flowers ii. 35 Among the higher ranunculaceous
plants.. we get the fullest and richest colouration.
II Ranunculus (ribwqkUU%). Hot. Fl.
-culuses, (7-8 -us's, 8 -usses) and -ouli. [L.,
a little frog, tadpole ; also a medicinal plant,
perh. crowfoot (Pliny) ; dim. of rana frog.] A
fenus of plants (also called CROWFOOT) widely
iffused in temperate regions ; the common species
with yellow flowers are popularly known by the
name of BUTTERCUPS ; the usual cultivated species
is f!. asiaticus. b. A plant belonging to this genus.
[1362 TURNER Herbal n. 114 Ranunculus is called .. in
Engjishe Crowfoot or kingcup.] 1578 LYTE Dodoens in.
Ixxii. 415 There be foure kindes of Ranunculus, or Crow,
foote. 1663 BOYLE Usef. Exp. Nat. Philos. II. ii. 42, I have
made., even a ranunculus itselfe, to grow, .with water. 1711
tr. Potnet's Hist. Drugs I. 39 A Root divided by Lumps or
Clods, like the Ranunculus. 1767 J. ABERCROMBIE Ev. Matt
his own Gardener (1803) 45 Plant ranunculuses and anemo-
nies in mild, dry, open weather. 1855 E. S. DELAMER
Flower Garden (1861) 68 The florists' Ranunculus is the R.
Asiaticus ', but the genus is large, and several of the species.
in their double varieties, are cultivated as border flowers.
attrib. 1701 Land. Gaz. No. 3786/4 Divers kinds of double
Ranunculos [sic] Roots. 1845 Florist's jfrnl. 5 Although
worms are always troublesome ,. in a garden, there is no
bed . . they are likely to deface more than the ranunculus bed.
Ranungard, obs. Sc. f. RENEGADE. Ran-
verse, var. RENVEBSE v. Rany, obs. f. RANEE.
Ranye, obs. Sc. f. RAINY a.
II Ranz-des-vaches (ran(s) d« vaf). Also
erron. -vaoh. [Swiss dial, of Fribourg, f. ram, of
doubtful origin and meaning + ' of the cows '.]
One of the melodies peculiar to Swiss herdsmen,
usually played on an Alpine horn, and consisting
of irregular phrases made up of the harmonic
notes of the horn.
1801 Encycl. Brit, Suppl. II, 492/1 Every Senn has an
harmonious set of at least two or three bells, chiming in
with the famous ranz des -vaches. 1841 Penny Cycl. XIX.
299/1 The bands of the Swiss regiments in foreign service
were forbidden to play the Ranz des Vaches. 1857 LONGF.
in Li/e (1801) II. 557 The sound of his voice was like a
Ranz des Vaches to her ears.
Rap (raep), sb.l Forms : 4-6 rappe, (8 wrap),
6- rap. [Prob. of echoic origin (cf. clap, flap,
slap, wap~), appearing in the I4th c. together with
the related verb (RAP z>.l). Da. rap, Sw. rapp
agree in meaning, but there is no evidence of
primitive Scand. origin.]
1. A blow or stroke, esp. one inflicted on a per-
son. Orig. applied to severe blows with weapons,
etc., now restricted to a sharp or smart stroke
with a stick or the like, not causing serious hurt.
1340-70 Alisaunder 348 To riden into the route rappes to
deale. a 1400 Octouian 334 To the ape anoon he gert Well
many rappys. c 1460 Emare 660 The wawes..On the bote
faste they thronge, With mony unsemely rappes. a 1548
HALL Chron., Edw. V 14 b, He clapped hys fyste on the
borde a great rappe. 1549-62 STERNHOLD & H. Ps. Ixxiv. n
Lord, .be not slacke, to geue thy foes a rap. 1601 HOLLAND
Pliny II. 571 Paris caught a rap vpon the mouth with a
marble stone. 1711 STEELE Spect. No. 260 f 5 She pulled
off her Shoe, and hit me with the Heel such a Rap. 1875
JOWETT Plato (ed. 2) V. 56 The boys, and the audience in
general, were kept in order by raps of a stick.
b. A sharp and pretty loud knock, such as is
produced by striking on a wooden surface with
something hard ; esp. a knock at a door, or (in
recent use) one supposed to be made by a spirit.
1637 RUTHERFORD Lett. Ixxxviii. (1862) I. 227 His first
knock or rap at the door. 1727 SWIFT Further Ace. E.
CW/V Wks. 1755 III. l. 156, I hear the rap of Mr. Curll's
ivory-headed cane upon the counter. 1785 SARAH FIELDING
Ophelia I. xvii, The peculiarity of a footman's rap startled
me. 1870 EMERSON Sac. /t Sotit., Success Wks. (Bohn) III.
119, I hate this shallow Americanism which hopes to get.,
knowledge by raps on midnight tables.
1 2. = CRACK j<5.3 Obs.
c 1500 Merygeste Frere ft Baye 119 in Hazl. E. P. P. III.
66, I wolde she sholde let a rappe go, That myght rynge
ouer all the place. 1589 PUTTF.NHAM Eng. Poesie III. xxiii.
(Arb.) 274 Flamock hauing his belly full. . gaue out a rappe
nothing faintly.
3. Sc. A moment.
1768 Ross Helenon n
a rap Green horn cutties.
Cf. CLAP sbl '
1768 Ross Helcnore in. 112 Honest Jean brangjorward m
1813- in Eng. Dial. Diet.
19-2
RAP.
Bap (rap), sb.- [Of obscure origin ; there is
no evidence of connexion with G. rappe, the name
of a small coin.]
1. A counterfeit coin, worth about half a far-
thing, which passed current for a halfpenny in
Ireland in the i8th c., owing to the scarcity of
genuine money. Now only Hist.
1724 SWIFT Drapier's Lett. Wks. 1755 V. II. 14 Copper
halfpence or farthings., have been for some time very scarce,
and many counterfeits passed about under the name of raps.
1776 R. Twiss Tour Irel, 73 The beggars . . offering a bad
halfpenny, which they call a rap. 1827 J. WILSON Noct.
Ambr. Wks. 1855 I. 182 Ane o' the bawbees o' an obsolete
sort.. what they ca' an Eerish rap.
b. Taken as a type of the smallest coin ; chiefly
in negative phrases, esp. without or not a rap.
1823 BYRON Juan xi. Ixxxiv, I have seen the Landholders
without a rap. 1830 MARRYAT King's Own xxxv, ' You must
fork out'. 'Not a rap'. 1881 MlssBRADDON/(j>A«rff/xiv.
158 A man who dies and leaves not a rap behind him.
c. fig. An atom, the least bit. Chiefly as prec.,
and esp. not to care a rap.
1834 AINSWORTH Rookwood in. v, For the mare-with-three-
legs [the gallows], boys, I care not a rap. 1875 Punch
1 8 Sept 1 1 3/2 It don't matter a rap whether it's rough or fine.
1882 Miss BRADDON Mt. Royal III. iv. 79 If I thought you
cared a rap for me, I should stay.
2. Rap halfpenny : A bad halfpenny.
1864 Blackw. Mag. Oct. 392 It is not of very great mo-
ment to me that I am now and then imposed on by a ' rap
halfpenny '. 1878 in Ctimbld. Gloss.
Rap (.rap), sb.3 Now dial. [f. RAP v.*\ An
exchange (esp. of horses).
1755 T. H. CHOKER Ariosto xxx. v, I, for your nag, incline
To make a rap of this same mare of mine. 1886 in dial,
glossaries (Line., Som.).
Rap (rap), st.* [Of obscure origin.] A skein
containing 120 yards of yarn.
1776-7 Act 17 Ceo. Ill, c. it § ii Every .. hank of .. yam
shall . . contain seven raps or leas, and . . every such rap or
lea shall.. contain eighty threads. 1875 KNIGHT Diet. Meek.
Rap (rap), sb.5 NowoVa/. [Of obscure origin.]
A strip, esp. of land.
1710 Lond. Gaz. No. 4714/4 A Rapp of Ground ranging
along from the Mills. i8Bfr-93 in south-western dial, glos-
saries (Som., Wilts).
Bap (rap), v.i Also 4-6 rappe, (J wrap).
[Related to RAP j<5.1 ; cf. also frap vb. and G.
rappeln to rattle. Sw. rappa, to beat, drub, is of
obscure history.]
1. trans. To strike, smite (esp. a person) ; now,
to strike smartly without causing serious hurt
(cf. RAP sb\ i). Also absol.
1377 LANGLAND P. PI. B. i. 95 Kynges & kni3tes shulde..
Riden and rappe down in reumes aooute. c 1400 Destr.
Troy 13007 All the Rebellis full rad [he] rappit to dethe.
c 1490 Promp. Parv. 423/2 (MS. H) Rappyn, or smytyn,
percucio. 1530 PALSGR. 679/1, I shall rappe you on the
costarde if you playe the knave. 1577-87 HOLINSHED Chron.
\. 13/2 It [a toad] suddenlie reculed backe, as though it had
beene rapt in the head. 1600 HOLLAND Livy xxxiv. xv. 863
Tfi__ .-j .t_rL' 1. t. u _
I. iii. 34 Fortunato could rap both feet and hands sharply
enough with his bow.
ta. Phr. To rap (one's) fingers or knuckles, to
check or punish smartly.
a 1677 BARROW Scrm. Wks. 1716 I. 219 He that will have
a scickle in another's com, .. no wonder if his fingers be
rapped. 1681 J. FLAVEL Right. Man's Refuge 257 Every
objection with which he will rap thy fingers. 1759 [see
KNUCKLE sb. 2 b]. 1824 DE QUINCEY Falsif. Eng. Hist.
Wks. 1859 XII. 327 If that bishop were not dead, I would
here take the liberty of rapping his knuckles.
2. To drive, dash, knock, etc. with a rap. Const.
against, f in, on, \to. Chiefly Sc.
a 1400 Octouian 1439 In the stedes mouth he rapte An
148
c 1440 CAPCRAVE Life St. Kath. in. 312 per nedyth be
noght neyther ryng ne rap, The gate shal open lightly. 1470
HARDING Chron. in. Ixxvi, Doores and wyndowes al clapped
. .Opened and sparred al by theim selfs fast rapped, a 1510
DOUGLAS K. Hart n. 13 Herappit at the jet, but courtashe.
1613 HAYWARD Norm, Kings 15 Here he continued rapping
at the gate . . vntill it was opened. 1750 GRAY Long Story
55 The heroines. .Rap'd at the door nor stay'd to ask [etc.!
i8«o All Year Round No. 66. 372 The spirits only rapped
when the younger medium was present. 1867 TKOLLOPE
Chron. Barset II. xlv. 6 One morning .. the squire rapped
at the window of the drawing-room.
b. trans. To strike with a rap ; to rap at or on.
1712-14 POPE Raft-Lock IV. 130 He spoke, and rapp'd his
box. 1718 PRIOR Dove 33 With one great peal they rap the
door, Like footmen on a visiting day. 1784 COWPER 7 ask
vi. 292 He notes it in his book, then raps his box. 1865
DICKENS Mat. Fr. in. v, Sharply rapping the table.
o. trans. To rap out, to knock out ; also (esp. of
spirits), to declare by means of raps.
1841 J. T. HEWLETT Parish Clerk II. 192 All three rapped
the unconsumed tobacco out of their pipes. 1860 A II year
Round No. 66. 373 The spirits rapped out their dismissal,
and the seance was at an end.
5. intr. Sc. a. To fall sharply or smartly; to
fall in pattering drops.
1508 DUNBAR Gold. Targe 195 The schour of arowis rappit
on as rayn. 1535 STEWART Cron. Scot. I. 69 The dartis ..
rappit on sa rudfie with greit reird. 17^8 Ross Helenore i.
64 By this time the tears came rapping down. 1819 W.
TENNANT Papistry Stornfd (1827) 34 Tears rappit down
the dreamer's cheeks.
b. To go <^"with a sharp sound.
1818 SCOTT Rob Roy xxxvi, The pistols and the carabines
of the troopers . . rappit aflf the tane after the tother.
Hence Rapped (rapt), ///. a.
1899 A. HOPE King's Mirror xxviii. 308 The little girl's
bare, red, rapped knuckles.
t Bap, v.'2 Obs. In 5 rappe. [App. related to
G. dial, rappen (Da. rappe, Sw. rappa), used re-
flexively in the sense ' to make haste, hurry ' ; cf.
(M)LG., Du., Sw. rap, rapp quick.]
1. intr. To move with speed ; to hasten, rush.
13.. Coer de L. 2206 AH that he hit he all to-frapped;
The Griffons away fast rapped, c 1320 Sir Betas (MS. A)
1900 Beues is swerd anon vp swapte, He and be geaunt to-
gedre rapte. 1361 LANGL. P. PI. A. iv. 23 Resun with him
rideb rappynge swibe. c 1420 Filius Regis Mortuus est
45 in Pot. Rel. ff L. Poems 206 J>e clawdes gan clappe, The
elements gonne to rusche & rappe.
~ *
-d.Reg.. ...
and rappit his held to the wall. 1596 DALRYMPLE tr. Leslie's
Hist, Scot, x. 367 A great ship . . quhilk albeit rapit on a craig
chaipet safe. 1838 RODGER Poems 46 Ilk thing against
whilk my head I might rap. 1861 GEO. ELIOT Silas M.
i. iv. 69 Dunstan, as he went along .. was always rapping
His whip somewhere.
3. t &• Sc. To send _/&/*/£ with a clap. rareT^-
1513 DOUGLAS /Eneis in. iii. 96 The brokin skyis rappis
furth thunderis levin.
b. Usually with out. To utter, * let off' (esp.
an oath) sharply, vigorously, or suddenly.
1541 WVATT Defence 267, I am wont sometime to rap out
on oath in an earnest talk. 1609 HOLLAND A mm. Marcell.
xxvn. ii. 305 In bragging wise rapping out nothing but
vaine sounds and noyses of threats. 1635 QUARLES Embl.
i. x. 41 One raps an oath ; another deales a curse. 1742
FIELDING J. Andrews HI. ii, Adams then rapped out a hun-
dred Greek verses. 1815 W. H. IRELAND Scribbleomania
atiS'note, My orator raps out a pun. 1880 BROWNING Clive
203 Out he rapped Such a round of oaths.
fc. slang. To swear (a thing) against a person.
Also intr. To swear; to perjure oneself. Obs.
1733 BUDGELL Bee I. 207 He ask'd me what they had to
rap against me, I told him only a Tankard. Ibid. 213 We
will get them that will rap the Tankard was your grand-
mother's. 1752 FIELDING Amelia n. x, I scorn to rap
against a lady. 1818 SCOTT Hrt. Midi, xx, It's . . hard, when
three words of your mouth would give the girl the chance . . ,
that you make such scrupling about rapping to them.
4. intr. To knock sharply (esp. at a door).
2. trans. To hurry or huddle up.
1430-153° Myrroure our Ladye 55 The
iey rappe vp theyr
seruyce a"s faste as they can, for haste to be at their worke.
Rap (r?ep), v.3 Now rare. Also 6-7 rappe,
7 rapp. [In sense i perh. related to MLG. (and
G.) rappen (Sw. rappa} to seize, snatch ; but in 2
app. a back-formation from RAPT/<Z. pple.]
fl. trans. To seize or snatch for oneself; to
take or get by snatching or stealing. Obs.
1564 GRINDAL Funeral Serm. B j, I knew a Priest, who had
rapped together foure, or fiue benefices. 1581 M^RBECK
Bk. of Notes 402 Thinges which are founde must be restored.
Which thing if thou doe not, thou hast rapt them. 1689
T. R. View Govt. Europe 2 Their work was by hook and
crook, to rap and bring all under the Emperours power.
a 1754 FIELDING Voy. Lisbon Wks. 1784 X. 246 Every man
spunges and raps whatever he can get.
b. In alliterative phrases, esp. rap and rend
(common in i6-i7th c.). Now arch, or dial. Cf.
RAPE 0.2 i b.
15*8 ROY Rede me, etc. (Arb.) 74 Acustumed to rappe and
rende All that commeth in their fingrynge. 1570 FOXE
A . ff M. 983 Thinke you . . they will not plucke from you
what soeuer They can rappe or reue? 1678 MARVELL
Growth Popery 23 Contributing al! that we could rap and
rend of Men, or Amunition. 171* ARBUTHNOT John Bull
iv. ii, An Eating-house, where the whole Tribe of them
spend all they can rap or run. 184* BARHAM Ingol. Leg.)
St. Aloys, From foe and from friend He'd *rap and he d
rend \ 1872 BROWNING Fifine Epil. iv, Let them . . Make
and mend, or rap and rend, for me ! 1877 LEIGH Cheshire
Gloss., Rap and ring, scrape together. 1877 N. W. Line.
Gloss. t Rap and rear, to gather together by any means.
fc. intr. To snatch at. Ow. rare—1.
1669 W. SIMPSON Hydrol. Chym. 209 Through a confident
ignorance, he rapps at the prediction, and at a venture.
2. To take up and carry off, to transport, remove.
Now rare.
I599 Warn. Faire Worn. i. 41 To rack a thought,. . Until
I rap the senses from their course. 1613 HEYWOOD Silver
Age ii. i. Wks. 1874 III. no With my sudden greeting, Il'e
rap her soule to heauen, 1654 H. L'ESTRANGE Chas. I
(1655) 90 He was rapp'd and hurried into another world by
an abrupt and untimely death. 1771 WESLEY Wks. (1872)
V. 351 God is pleased .. sometimes to rap them up, as it
were, into the third heavens. 187* S. MORTON in Mem.
Tennyson (1897) II. 119 The burning impressions .. which
rap the poet into the lyrical heaven.
b. To affect with rapture ; to transport, ravish
(with joy, etc.).
1599 B. JONSON Ev. Man out of Hum. i. i, Is't a prognos-
tication raps him so? 1685 R. BAXTER Paraphr. N. T.,
Matt. xvii. 4 A glympse of glory is enough to rap a Soul
into extasie. 1726 POPE Odyss. xix. 43 The Prince .. rap'd
with ecstacy the Sire address'd. 1751 YOUNG Nt. Th. ix.
774 God. .seizes man ; Seizes, and elevates, and raps.
Rap (nep), z>.4 dial, and slang. [Of 'obscure
origin ; cf. RAP sb.S\ To exchange, barter.
a 1700 B. E, Diet. Cant. Crew, Raj>, to Swop or Exchange
a Horse or Goods, a 1796 PEGGE Derbicisms Ser. n, Rap,
to swap, with which it is often joined ; to exchange. 1879-
in dial, glossaries (Shropsh., Chesh., Glouc., W, Som.,
Dorset, Wanvicksh., E. Angl).
Rap, obs.' pa. t. REAP v., obs. f. ROPE sb., WRAP
RAPE.
Rap, used imitatively : see RAP sb.l and v.1
1760 GOLDSM. Cit. W. xxxix, Rap, went the footman at
the door, bounce went my heart. 1833-74 [see RAP, TAP).
1889 McNEILL Blamearie 165 Eighteen hutches of coal
were winded rap dash to the pithead,
t Rap and run, adv. Obs. rare-0. (See quot.)
1598 FLORIO, A llnrappa, . . shiftingly, rap and run.
" .. t. RE*]
sb. and v.
Rapacious (rap^'-Jas), a. [f. L. rapaci-, rapax
grasping (f. rapire : see RAPE ».2) + -ous.]
1. Giving to grasping or taking for oneself; in-
ordinately greedy. Also const, of, and inf.
1651 JER. TAYLOR Serm. xxii. (1653) 287 We may be dili-
gent in the conduct of souls though we be not rapacious of
estates. 1663 COWLEY Ess., Liberty (1684) 80 Who more
rapacious in robbing, who more profuse in giving? 1752
YOUNG Brothers iv. i, To keep rapacious Rome, from seizing
Thrace. 1848 LYTTO_N Harold v. i, By the side of Harold
stands Tostig, rapacious to grasp. 1871 FREEMAN Norm.
Cona. (1876) IV. xvii. 37 Even this small fragment of former
wealth came into the hands of the rapacious stranger.
b. transf. of things.
1706 E. WARD Wooden World Diss. (1708) 13 But some-
times he meets with a gruff Subaltern, that snarls at his
rapacious Stomach. 1776 SEIFERTH tr. Gellert's Metall.
Chym. 36 A rapacious-ore .. in the fire destroys more or less
of the metalline particles. 1818 KEATS Endym. n. 332 De-
liver me from this rapacious deep.
c. of qualities, modes of action, etc.
1663 COWLEY Ess., Avarice (1669) 127 The rapacious Appe-
tite of Gain. 1727 S. SWITZER Pract. Gardiner \. v. 47
Vegetables of a more rapacious nature. 1769 ROBERTSON
Chefs. V^ vni. Wks. 1813 III. 109 Heavy fines . . which he
levied with most rapacious exactness. 1847 MRS. A. KERR
Hist. Servia 201 Falling under the rapacious domination
of the Fanariotes.
2. Of animals : Subsisting by the capture of
living prey ; raptorial.
1661 LOVELL Hist. Anim. ft Min. Introd., The nailes. .of
the rapacious [quadrupeds are] aduncate. 1726 GAY Fables
I. Introd. 12 Rapacious animals we hate: Kites, hawks,
and wolves, deserve their fate. 1774 GOLDSM. Nat. Hist.
(1776) V, 79 Of Rapacious Birds in General. 1874 COUES
Birds N. W. 330 Marsh Hawks . . were the most abundant
. . of all the rapacious birds.
Bapaciously (rap^-Jasli), adv. [f. prec. +
-if 2.] In a rapacious manner ; greedily.
1730-6 in BAILEY (fol.). 1742 Land. $ Country Brew. II.
(ed. 4) 112 Rapaciously impregnating the Salt and Sulphur. .
with the Liquor. 1772 FOOTF. Nabob in. Wks. 1799 II. 322
What has been treacherously and rapaciously gained. 1894
Chicago Advance i Mar., Mohammedanism.. rules so igno-
rantly and rapaciously.
Rapa'ciousness. [f. as prec. + -NESS.] The
quality of being rapacious ; rapacity. Now rare
(freq. in i8th c.).
1659 Gen/1. Callings. § 27 He that hath the rapaciousness
of a wolf. 1711 ADDISON Sfect. No. 55 F 2 Raising fresh
Supplies of Money, by all the Methods of Rapaciousness
and Corruption. 1781 GIBBON Decl. tr F. xviii. II. 77 The
opposite yet reconcileable vices of rapaciousness and prodi-
gality. 1829 SOUTHEY Sir T. More (1831) II. 34 Its wealth
exposes it to envy and rapaciousness.
Rapacity (rapae-siti). [ad. L. rapacitdt-em, f.
rapax RAPACIOUS. Cf. F. rapacM '(i6th c. Littre).]
The quality or fact of being rapacious ; the exer-
cise of rapacious tendencies.
1543 BECON Policy of War Wks. 1564 I. 136 The rapacite
of wolues, the violence of Lyons. 1641 J. JACKSON True
Evang. T. i. 73 Our rapacity, . . our snatching, and catching,
at far more then is our own. 1790 BURKE Fr. Rev. 75 The
great masses .. which excite envy, and tempt rapacity. 1868
FREEMAN Norm. Cony. II. viii. 187 An act of wanton rapa-
city was presently punished.
II Rapadu-ra. [Pg. , lit. ' scraping ', f. rapar to
scrape.] A coarse sugar, in cakes or lumps, made
in Mexico and S. America.
1846 G. GARDNER Brazil 188, 1 had often an opportunity
of seeing the manner in which Rapadura is made.
Raparal, Sc. var. REPAKEL Obs. Rapare, obs.
Sc. f. REPAIR v. Raparee, var. RAPPABEE.
t Rape, sb.1 Obs. Also 3 rap. [Related to
RAPE z/.l] Haste, speed, hurry; chiefly in phrases
to have rape and in rape.
a 1300 K. Horn 1532 Horn him wok of slape, So a man
bat hadde rape. £1330 Arth.l,Merl. 2368 (Kiilbing), He
stirt vp al in rape. Ibid. 4850 Fleand oway with gret rape.
£1374 CHAUCER To Scriv. ^ Al is thorugh thy necglygence
and rape, c 1400 Laud Troy Bk. 1644 The! saw come many
a lord, . . With mychel spede and mychel rape, c 1440 Promp.
Parv. 423/2 Rape, or \\3*t,festinacio.
Prov. c 1300 1'rov . Hcnding xxxi. m Salomon ff Sat.
(1848) 278 Ofte rap reweb, quob Hendyng. 1473 MAKG.
PASTON in P. Lett. III. 78 Bydde hym that he be not to
hasty of takyng of orderes . . for oftyn rape rewith.
b. With a, in phr. in a rape, in a hurry.
c 1320 Sir Beues (MS. A.) 642 Beues slou? hem in a rape.
c 1400 Destr. Troy 5633 Row forthe in a rape right to the
banke, Tit vnto Troy, tary no lengur.
Bape (re'p), sb:i [a. AF. rap, raap, rape
(Britton, etc. in sense 3), prob. a back-formation
from L. rapSre : see RAPE v.2]
1 1. The act of taking anything by force ; violent
seizure (of goods), robbery. Also with a : A case
or instance of this. Obs.
In later use perh. transf. from 2 or 3.
c 1400 Destr. Troy 4926 Right, bat vs riches for rape of
our godes. 1326 Pilgr. Per/. (W. de W. 1531) 238 AN
vnlawfull vsurpyng . . of the temporal! goodes of ony persone,
by rape, pykyng..or ony other maner of stelyng. 1596
RAPE.
SPENSER F; Q. iv. vii. 5 He liu'd all on rauin and on rape
Of men and beasts. 1646-8 G. DANIEL Poems Wks. 1878
I. 204 Soe farre Humanitie enforces.. In the Sterne Rape
of Power. 1706 DE FOE Jure Divino xr. 246 When Kings
their Crowns without Consent obtain, "Pis all a mighty
Rape, and not a Reign. 171* POPE (title] The Rape of the
Lock.
2. The act of carrying away a person, esp. a
woman, by force.
Sometimes (as in quot. 1436) involving also sense 3.
1:1400 Destr. Troy 3539 Menelay..was told Of the rape
vnrightwis of his Riche qwene. 1436 Rolls of Par It. I. 497
There the seid Besecher [he] felonousely and moste horribely
ravysshed, and her..ledde with him into the wylde and
desolate places of Wales ; of the which rape, he . . is endited.
1588 SHAKS. Tit. A. \. 1.405 Rape call you it.. to cease
[seize] my owne. My true betrothed Loue. 1616 R. C.
Times' Whistle Cert. Poems (1871) 128 So death is cruell, . .
Pluto. 1829 SCOTT Rob Roy Introd. 31 We need not refer
to the rape of the Sabines.
3. Violation or ravishing of a woman.
1481 CAXTON Reynard (Arb.) 95 There rauysschyd he and
forcyd my wyf . . See my lorde thys fowle mater, this is
murdre rape and Treson. 1588 SHAKS. Tit. A. iv. i. 48
This . . treates of Tereus treason and his rape, And rape
I feare was roote of thine annoy. 1667 MILTON P. L. xi.
713 Marrying or prostituting, as befell, Rape or Adulterie.
1768 BLACKSTONE Comnr. IV. 15 An attempt to rob, to
ravish, or to kill, is far less penal than the actual robbery',
rape, or murder. 1869 LECKV Europ. ftlor. II. i. 69 The
rape of a slave woman was also in this reign punished like
that of a free woman, by death.
b. With a and //. An instance of this.
1577 tr. Bullinger's Decades (1592) 190 Let adulteries,.,
rapes, and incestes bee put to exile. 1616 R. C. Times'
Whistle vi. 2460 The daunger of the lawe, which for a rape
Awardeth death. 1700 STEELE Tatter No. 84 F i At the
Old-Bailey when a Rape is to be try'd. 1757 BURKE
Abridgm. Eng. Hist. II. iii. Wks. (1812) 283 Rapes, and
vows of perpetual chastity, succeeded each other in the
same persons. 1834 Cycl. Pract. Medicine III. 583/1 An
assault, with intent to commit a rape.
C. trans/. a.n&jig. (Freq. in I7th c.)
1595 SHAKS. John II. i. 97 Thou hast, .done a rape Vpon
the maiden vertue of the Crowne. 1643 FULLER Holy <$•
Pro/. St. i. v. 13 When they set Abel to till the ground, and
send Cain to keep sheep, .they commit a rape on nature.
1677 GILPIN Denwnol. (1867) 76 If thou yield, will not God
account it a rape upon thine integrity ? a 1704 T. BROWN
Sat. French King Wks. 1730 I. 60 Old Jerom's volumes
next I made a rape on.
4. cotter. One (esp. a woman) who is raped. 1 06s.
1586 WARNER Alb. Eng. \. H. viii. (1589) 29 And hauing
brought his trembling Rape into a vallie, said : Se Deianira
how thy Loue an end of me hath made. 1621 G. SANDYS
Ovid's Met. in. (1626) 45 The God, arriuing with his Rape
At sacred Greet, resumes his heauenly shape, a 1683 OLDHAM
Wks. (1686) 20 Ravish at th1 Altar, . . Make them your
Rapes, and Victims too in one.
Rape (r<?'p), s6.3 06s. exc. dial. [a. F. rape
t raspe RASP sb.^} A rasp, rough file.
1501 ARNOLDE Chron. (1811) 245 The toel y' belongeth to
my crafte, as saues, . . hameres, rapis, filis. 1546 LANGLEY
Pol. Verg. de Invent. II. xii. 56 b, Ciniras also deuised the
tonges, iyle or rape, leuer and stithe. 1639 T. DE GREY
Compl. Horsem. 101 Take a rape, or a drawing-iron, and
with eyther of these make the coffin of the hoofe fine and
thin. 1725 BRADLEY Fam. Diet. s.v. Shoeing of horses, The
Raggedness also on the out side of the Coffin, should be
filed away with a Rape. 1888 in Sheffield Gloss.
_ attrib. z6xo MARKHAM Masterp. n. cii. 385 The best cure
is with a fine rape-file to smooth the wrinckles away.
Rape (rc'p), s6.l Also I rap, 4 rope. [Of
unknown etym. ; first found in Domesday Book,
but possibly of OE. origin.
The form of the word is decisive against any connexion
with Icel. hreppr poor-law district, parish, which is freq.
given as the source. Advocates of this etym. have further
attempted to explain the term as meaning land measured
by the ' rope ' (OE. nlf, ON. reip) ; but the one suggestion
necessarily excludes the other. The latter is phonetically
possible, but there is no positive evidence for it]
One of the six administrative districts into which
Sussex is divided, each comprising several hundreds.
<rio86 Domesday Bk. II. 17 b, De his hiSis jacent .in.
hiSa;..in Rap de Hastinges. 1376 Rolls of Parlt. II.
348/1 En les Rapes de Cicestre & Arundell. 1380 Ibid. III.
95/2 Le Rope d'Arundell', en quele Rope sont contenuz
pluseurs Hundredes. 1405 IMd- VI. soo/r The Feme and
Issues of the Rape of Chichestre. 1588 FRAUNCE Lawiers
if'.,1' /"' sz b' Lathes> Rapes, and Wapentakes, be so
called of the divisions of panes of shires. 1611 SPF.ED Theat.
Gt. Brit.v. (1614) 9/2 This country is principally divided
into six Rapes, containing a river, a castle, and forrest in
themselves. 1717 GAY To William Lmvndcs Esq. 12
Oreat Lownds his praise should swell the trump of fame,
And rapes and wapentakes resound his name. 1831 Act
& 3 II- ill. IV, c. 64 § 22 Such Eastern Division shall
includi: . . the several rapes of Lewes, Hastings,and Pevensey.
1888 .-In-feW. A'.v. Mar. 59 In West Sussex the rape also
survives for the important purpose of liability to the repair
of bridges.
b. Comb, : f rape reeve, the official charged
with the administration of a rape. 06s.
1765 BLACKSTONE Comm. I. 116 These had formerly their
he-reeves and rape-reeves acting in subordination to the
onire-reeve.
Rape (rf'p), s6f [ad. L. rSpuin neut., rdpa
fern., a tnrnip. In sense 2 perh. partly from Du.
map turnip, rape; cf. G. (now obs. or dial.) rape,
ra6t(it, rabe(ii turnip.]
149
f 1. (With a or in//.) a. A turnip (? or radish).
b. A plant of rape (2 b). Obs.
In isth c. glossaries rape is used to render both rdpa and
raphanus. In K. Alis. (Weber) 4983 rabben is not a form
of rape, but an error for crabben of the MS.
?ci39o Fonn of Cury in Warner Antiq. Culin. (1791) 4
Take rapus, and make hem clene . . parboile hem [etc.].
c 1440 Anc. Cookery in Hoitseh. Ord. (1790) 426 Take rapes
and scrape horn wel . . and then cut horn on peces. 1551
TURNER Herbal\\. 112 Rapum. .is called in English of them
of the South countre, turnepe, of other countre men a rape.
1577 B. GOOGE Heresbachs Husb. (1586) 25 Plinie would
not haue Rapes sowen, but in very well dunged ground.
1597 GERARDE Herbal n. ii. 179 Wild Turneps or Rapes
haue long, broad, and rough leaues like those of Turneps.
1634 W. WOOD New Eng. Prosp. (1865) 15 This land like-
wise affbards Hempe and Flax . . with Rapes if they bee
well managed. 1667 ' EPHELIA ' Females Poems 46 Filberts,
or Strawberries, or the Roots of Rapes. 1714 AINSWORTH
Lot. Diet, n, Napus,. .Turnep. or naphew, naphew gentle,
or long rapes.
2. As a plant-name, f a. The common turnip.
Obs. b. The plant Brassicanapus, usually grown
as food for sheep, c. The plant Brassica campes-
tris oleifera, largely cultivated on the continent
for its seed, from which oil is made; coleseed.
There has been much confusion between rape and coleseed,
either plant being known under both names ; the former
is sometimes called winter rape and. the latter summer rape.
The older writers usually distinguish the turnip and rape
by the adjectives mimrfand long (-rooted) respectively.
1398 TREVISA Earth. De P. R. xvn. cxxxviii. (Bodl. MS.),
Of sede of be Rape and also of be Raphane is oile made.
1348 TURNER Names Herbes (E. D. S.) 55, I haue hearde
sume cal it [oaf us] in englishe a turnepe, and other some
a naued or nauet, it maye be called also longe Rape or
nauet gentle. 1551 — Herbal it. 113 The great round rape
called commonly a turnepe groweth . . more about London
than in other place of England that I knowe of. Ibid.,
The long rooted rape groweth very plenteously a litle from
Linne where as much oyle is made of the sede of it. 1597
[see RAPE-OIL). 1651 R. CHILD in Hartlib's Legacy (1655) 9
To sow Turneps, Garrets, . . Pease, Rape. 1760 STERNE Tr.
Shandy IV. xxxi, It was plain he should reap a hundred
lasts of rape . . the very first year. 1796 C. MARSHALL
Garden, xvi. (r8i3) 272 Rape or coleseed is sown for a sallad
herb to be eat in the seed leaf. 1842 BISCHOFF Woollen
Manuf. II. pi The nominal duty on the cake made from
rape was reduced.
t d. Ellipt. for RAPE-OIL. Obs. rare-1.
1641 HEYWOOD Reader. Here you' I plainly see 6 When
our sope of sweetest oyle was made . . These by an ingrost
Patent coveting gaine Compos'd it all of stinking rape and
traine.
3. Wild rape, Charlock or Field-Mustard.
'55' TURNER Herbal n. 112 The thyrde [kind] whiche is
called the wilde rape, .rinneth furth a long. 1597 GERARDE
Herbal n. ii. 179 Charlocke or the wild Rape, hath leaues
like vnto the former [the wild Turnip] but lesser, and not
so rough. 1766 Museum Riist. VI. 272 note, The wild rape
or charlock, and wild navew, or bunias, which have both
been used in making oil ; and are frequently confounded
under the name of rape-seed. 1805 DICKSON Pract. Agric.
1 . 563 The rough-leaved charlock, or wild mustard ; the
smooth-leaved, or wild rape.
4. attrib. and Comb., as rape crop, culture, field,
-leaf, -leaved adj., -mill, plant, root, -sliearing,
-thresher, -threshing; rape-cloth, a cloth on
which rape is threshed ; f rape-cole, the tnniip-
cabbage, KOHLRABI ; f rape crowfoot, Ranun-
culus bulbosus ; rape-dust, rapeseed ground to
powder and used as manure ; t rape radish, the
round radish ; f rape violet, Cyclamen europseum.
Also RAPE-OAKE, -OIL, -SEED.
1765 Museum Rust. IV. 212 The size of our "rape-cloths
is so great, that [etc.]. 1597 GERARDE Herbal xxxvii. 251
The first kinde of *Rape Cole hath one single long roote
[etc.]. 1610 W. FOLKINGHAM Art of Survey i. xi. 37 The
Coley-florey, Rape-cole, Muske-mefon, Cucumber. 1788
W. MARSHALL Yorkslt. II. 49 There have been instances ..
in which the produce of the "rape crop has been equal to
the purchase-value of the land. 1578 LYTE Dodoens ill.
Ixxiii. 421 We may call it *Rape Crowfoote. 1597 GERARDE
ffertal n. ccdxviii. (1633) 957 St. Anthonies Rape may be
called in English Rape Crowfoot. 1856 EMEKSON Eng.
Traits v. 99 The fens of Lincolnshire.. have been drained,
and put on equality with the best for "rape-culture and
rr. Jong, Vne Navitierc, a "Rape field. 1765 Museum
Rust. IV. 212 People who have rape-fields bespeak them
[rape-cloths] long before. 1538 ELYOT, Rapacia, "rape leaues.
Swammerdam. 1766 Museum Rust. VI. 271 The "rape
plant . . is a species of wild turnep. 1842 LANCE Cottage
Farmer 15 The Rape Plant is of the cabbage kind, and is
good feed for sheep. 1548 TURNER Names Herbes (E.D.S.)
67 This maye be called in englishe, an Alman radice, or
"rape radice. 1533 ELYOT Cast. Helthe (1539) 24 b, "Rape
rotes and Nauews. The iuyce made by them, is very
grosse. 1606 HOLLAND Suetonius 241 In a seditious com-
motion: there were Rape-rootes [marf. Or Turneps] flung
at his head. 1763 Museum Rust. IV. 206 A great "rape-
shearing in our constablery. Ibid. 212 The disconcerting
of the whole series of "rape-threshers. Ibid. 206 Description
of a "rape-threshing . . in the North-Riding of Yorkshire.
1548 TUHNEH Names Herbes (E.D.S.) 33 It might well
be called in englishe "Rape Violet because it hath a roote
lyke a Rape & flopres lyke a Violet. 1552 ELYOT, Cycla- \
minus, .is named in english rape violet.
Rape (iv'I'O, sbfi Also 7 rappe. [In branch I .
a. 1''. rdpc — Prov. and Sp. rasfa, It. raspo, ined.L. j
RAFE.
raspa (1202 in Du Cange). In II properly rape,
a. F. rapt (:-OF. raspeit, ia-i3th c.) f. rdpe.']
1. 1. The stalks of grape-clusters, or refuse of
grapes from which wine has been expressed, used
in making vinegar. Also//, in same sense.
1637 Bk. of Values, Rape of grape, the tun../. 06. i68z
Art S, Myst. Vintners (1703) 64 Then wash your Rapes
ear out, and put it in the Hogshead. 1725 BRADLEY Fam.
<ict. s.v. Vinegar, Put in some Rape, or Husks of Grapes,
clear
Di
pes,
. . then letting the Rape settle, draw off the liquid Part.
1830 M. DONOVAN Dam. Econ. I. 321 The rape used in this
process is kept for a succession of other processes. 1875
KNIGHT Diet. Meek. 1880/2 It derives its name from being
charged with rapes.
2. A vessel used in the manufacture of vinegar.
1805 SHANNON Brewing m. 64 Small rapes.. that do not
1 but hold but from 1500 to 3000 gallons, whereas the rapes in
3. attrib., as rape tun, -vinegar.
X747~^6 MRS. GLASSE Cookery xix. 299 If you can get
rape-vinegar, use that instead of salt and water. 1811
A. T. THOMSON Land, Disp. (1818) 7 These rape tuns are
worked by pairs.
II. f4. (More fully Rape wine , = ¥. vinr&pi)
Wine made either from the rape (sense i above)
by addition of water, or from fresh grapes and
light wine placed together in a cask. Obs.
1600 SURFLET Cmntric Farmc vi. xvi. 756 He shall
I make it in this sort after the manner of a rappe vine. 1656
BLOUNT Glossogr., Rape iviite [copying Cotgr. s. v. rnpe\.
1716 in BAILEY. 1733 MILLER Card. Diet. (ed. 2) s. v. Vitis,
Concerning Rapes, or New Wines. They make a Rape of
Cuttings only, without any mixture of Grapes,
t 5. The grapes used in making vin rape (see 4).
1704 RAY Creation(<A. 4) 31 The Juice of Grapes is drawn
as well from the Rape, where they remain whole, as from
a Vat, where they are bruis'd.
Rape, obs. form of REAP s6. (sheaf),
t Rape, a. and adv. Obs. rare. [? Back-forma-
tion from RAPKLY <z<fo.] a. adj. Quick, hasty.
; b. adv. Hastily.
(.•1400 Gamelyn 101 Than bispak his brother, that rape
I wasof rees, ' Stond stille, gadelyng'. c 1400 Rom. Rose 6516,
I I sey, and swere him ful rape, That riche men [etc.], a 1585
! MONTCOMERIE Cherrie 4- Sloe 884 Then Will, as angrie as
an ape, Ran ramping, sweiring, rude and rape.
tRape, v.1 06s. Alsoz«/ 3-4rapen, srapyn.
[a. ON. hrapa, (MSw. rapa) to hasten.]
1. refl. To betake (oneself) in haste or with
speed.
6-1250 Gen. ff Ex. 2376 He. .bad hem rapen hem homward
! swicSe. c 1330 R. BRUNNE Chron. Wace (Rolls) 7748 A-wey
hey scaped, Ouer se til ober land beym raped. 1377 LANGL.
P. PI. B. v. 399 ' What ! awake, renke ! ' quod repentance,
and rape be to shrifte'. a 1450 Le Morte Arth. 2665 He
wolle rape hym on A Resse . . to the holy londe.
b. Const, with infin.
c 1250 Gen. ff Ex. 1221 Abraham rapede him sone in sped
for to fulfillen godes reed. 1362 LANGL P. PI. A. iv. 7,
I comaunde be . . pat bou Rape be to ride, a 1460 Play
Sacram. 659, I shade rape me redely anon To plucke owt
the naylys.
c. trans. To cause to hasten, to hurry on.
f 1330 R. BRUNNE Chron. (1810) 284 ?our clerke 3e bider
rape with our messengere. Ibid. 309 pe tyme he will not
rape, no set a certeyn day.
2. intr. To hasten, hurry, make haste.
c 1330 A rth. ff Merl. 7474 (Kolbing) Of hem fiue bousand,
bat wald scape Toward king Oriens gan rape, c 1400
Destr. Troy 1897 Pas fro my presens . . And rape of my
rewme in a rad haste, c 1430 Syr Gener. 122 To his felows
he gan to rape.
Rape (r^'p), v3 [Prob. ad. L. rapfre to seize,
take oy force.: cf. AF. raper (1400 in Godef.),
obs. and dial. F. raper (ibid.). The relationship
of (M)LG. and (M)Du. rapen in the same sense is
not clear (cf. RAP z>.3).]
1. trans. To take (a thing) by force. Also absol.
1388 WIMBLETON SerfH. in MS. Hatton 57 fol. 16 Rauen-
ous fisches ban sum mesure ; whanne bei hungren the!
rapyn ; whanne bei ben ful bey sparyn. 15*6 Pilgr.
Per/. (W. de W. 1531) 140 To rape & deuour the..susten-
aunce of the pooreseruauntesof god. 1596 DHAYTON Legends
iv. 749 What their Fathers gave her . . The Sonnes rap'd
from .her with a violent Hand. 1635 HEYWOOD Hierarch.
I 349 As before, They rape, extort, forsweare,..Oppresse.
1807 J. BARLOW Columb. v. 693 So Leda's Twins from Colchis
raped the Fleece. 1863 COWDEN CLARKE Shaks. Char.
xvii. 421 Steadily clutching all that he had raped.
b. In alliterative and riming phrases, as t rape
and renne, rend, curing (obs.) ; rape and scrape
dial. (Cf. RAP v.3 i b.)
c 1386 CHAUCER Can. Yeom. Prol. >, T. 869 Al that ye may
rape and renne. 1555 W. WATREMAN Fardlt Facions ll. x.
217 Thei euer couete, and . . rape and rende from other.
1610 HOLLAND tr. Camden's Brit. i. 259 To scrape and
rape money to himselfe. i6ia MABBE tr. A leman's Guzman
Rape an* scrape, to rake and scrape together,
fo. To pull down. Obs. rare—1.
JS97 J- KING On Jonas (1618) 78 They. .rend and rape
downc tackles, sailes, all implements.
d. To rob, strip, plunder (a place), rare,
a. 1721 D'URFEY Ariadne i. ii, I can . . Rape the tow'ring
Eagle's Nest. 189* R. KIPLING Barrack-r. Ballatis 177,
1 taped yuui richest roadstead, I plundered Singapore.
RAPE.
2. To carry off (a person, esp. a woman) by
force. ? Obs.
1590 SPENSER F. Q. in. x. heading, Paridell rapeth Helle-
nore ; Malbecco her poursewes. 1598 B. JONSON Ev. Man
in Hum. 11. y, These houshold precedents ; which are
strong And swift to rape youth, to their precipice, a 1649
DRUMM. OF HAWTH. Poems Wks. (1711) 46/2 The flower of
virgins . . By ruthless destiny is ta'ne away, And rap'd
from earth. 1715-20 POPE Iliad xm. 782 A princess raped
transcends a navy storm'd.
3. To ravish, commit rape on.
'577 Test. 12 Patriarchs (1604) 45 marg., The Sichemites
raped Dina ; persecuted strangers ; ravished their wives.
a 1641 Bp. MOUNTAGU Acts «$• Man. (1642) 343 To . . tor-
ment their bodies, rape their wives and daughters. 1861
Times 18 July, She charged that .. he had violently as-
saulted and raped her. 1885 Law Times LXXVIII. 240/2
Females who have been raped or indecently assaulted.
4. To transport, ravish, delight. Now rare.
1613 DRAYTON Eel. v. 60 To rape the fields with touches
of her string. 1675 BAXTER Cath. Theol. I. ill. 91 This
grace . . rapeth the will so that it is scarce perceived to act.
1852 Meanderings of Mem. I. 87 With art's refinement he
would . .rape the soul.
Hence Haped///. a.1
1675 PENN Eng. Pres. Interest 41 There is no such
Excitement to Revenge, as a rap'd Conscience.
Rape, v? Obs. exc. dial. [a. F. r&per, i. rape
RAPE sb.S\ trans. To rasp. (In mod. south-
western dial., to scratch.)
1596 BARROUGH Meth. Physick (ed. 3) 369 Take and rape
it [wood]. Ibid., After you have raped it. 1633 [J. PAR-
TRIDGE] Treas, Hid. Secrets cxvii, Put into the pot one
pound and halfe of your Wood small raped.
Hence Haped///. a.2, Raping vbl. sb.
1596 BARROUGH Metk.P/tysick(ed. 3) 369 Take one pound
of the raped wood. Ibid., The last proofe of this wood is, to
boile the rapings thereof.
Rape, Sc. and north, f. ROPE.
t Rape- Obs, Also 4 rapee, rapy, 5 rapey(e.
[a. F. r&pt, pa. pple. of r&per to scrape, grate : cf.
RAPPEE.] A dish in mediaeval cookery, com-
posed of many ingredients grated, stamped, or
pounded, and highly seasoned.
1381 Anc. Cookery in Warner Antiq. Culm. (1791) 49 For
to make rapee. Tak the crustys of wyt bred, and reysons,
and bray hem wel in a morter. c 1430 Two Cookery.l'ks. 25
Rapeye of Fleysshe. Take lene Porke y-sode & y-grounde
smalle. c 1467 Noble Bk. Cookry (1882) 118 To mak rape
of fisshe tak luces and tenches or other fisshe and fry them
in oile [etc.].
Ra pe-cake. [f. RAPE sb.°\ a. A flat cake
made of rapeseed pressed into this form after the
oil has been extracted from it. b. The substance
of which these cakes are composed.
1660 Bk. of Rates, Rape cake the thousand, xs. 1732 W.
ELLIS Pract. Farmer n. 51 Several make use of Rape-
cakes, Ground .. into Powder. 1766 Museum Rust. VI.
269 Cattle are not fed with rape cakes, because they
refuse to eat them : and those cakes are therefore sold for
manuring the ground. 1869 E. A. PARKES Pract. Hygiene
(ed. 3) 283 Pepper is adulterated with linseed . . rape cake,
and ground rice.
Rapee, variant of RAPE, RAPPEE.
t Ra'pefnl, a. Obs. [f. RAPE sb.- + -FUL.]
Given to, or characterized by, rape or violence.
1605 CHAPMAN Byron's Trag. iv. i, To teach the rapefull
Hyrcans mariage. 1633 Costlie Whore i. i. in Bullen O. PI.
IV, His suite, Which he in rapefull manner oft hath sought.
t Ra'pely, adv. Obs. Also 3 -like, 4 -liche.
[a. ON. hrapaliga hurriedly, f. hrapa RAPE zi.1]
Hastily, in haste, quickly. (Cf. RAPLT adv.)
c 1220 Bestiary 240 De mire . . rennet rapelike. a 1352
MINOT Poems vi. 67 Gold . . made him rapely ride. 1377
LANGL. P. PI. B. xvl. 273 With that sawe I an other Rape*
lich renne forth, c 1400 Gamelyn 420 Adam took Gamelyn,
And ladde him into spence rapely and anon.
Rapent, obs. Sc. form of REPENT v.
Ra-pe-oil. [f. RAPE s6£ Cf. Du. raapolie.]
A thick brownish-yellow oil expressed from rape-
seed, used chiefly for lubricating and in the manu-
facture of soap and india-rubber.
1545 Bk. of Values, Rape oyle the last, viii/. 1597
GERARDE Herbal n. ii. 179 There be three sorts of
wilde Turneps ; one our common Rape which beareth the
seed whereof is made rape^pil. 1640 PARKINSON Herbal
861 Rape oyle that is used in Lampes and therefore called
Lampe Oyle. 1712 tr. Potnet's Hist. Drugs I.' 10 Rape-
Oil is sweet, and on the contrary the Linseed bitter. 1866
Public Ledger 10 Jan. 3/2 Rape-oil is only in limited
request.
attrib. and Comb. 1766 Museum Rust. VI. 272 The uses,
to which the rape-oil cakes are applied for the feeding of
cattle. 1885 Census Instruct., Rape Oil Refiner, Maker.
Raper, obs. form of RAPIEK, ROPEK.
Raperee, obs. form of RAPPABEE.
Ra'peseed. [f- RAPE sb.S Cf. Du. raapsaad.]
The 'seed of the RAPE (esp. Brassica campestris
oleifera), used chiefly for the production of oil.
1577 B. GOOGE HeresbacKs Huso. (1586) 29 b, Amongest
the Winter seedes, Rape seed dooth chalenge his place,
whiche I take to be the seede of the Rape which Pliiue
maketh for his third kinde. 1634-5 BRERETON Trar.
(Chetham Soc.) 44 A . . mill-stone, upon which the rape-seed
being thrown was ground. 1712 tr. Pomet's Hist. Drugs
I. 10 The seed of a Kind of wild Colly-flower, which they
call.. Rape-seed. 1812 SIR J. SINCLAIR Syst. Husb. Scot.
i. Add. 4 As rape-seed is so much larger than turnip-seed,
the drill should be wider. 1842 BISCHOFF Woollen Manuf.
II. 90 There is another oil made from rapeseed, also used
in the coarse woollen manufacture.
150
b. Used as a name for the plant itself (cf.
COLESEED). Now rare.
^1532 Du WES Introd. Fr. in Palsgr. 915 Rape side,
nauette. 1597 GERARDE Herbal n. ii. 180 Wilde Turnep is
called in Latine Rapistrum..m English Rape, and Rape
seed. 1666 in F. L. Hawks Hist. N. Carolina (1858) II. 39
, .species .. —
sylvestris. 1865 tr. Erckman-Chatrian's Waterloo 141
And these rape seed, . . this colza, . . how they all are at
work, living and growing.
C. attrib., as rapeseed-cake, -oil, stubble.
i«34-S BRERETON 7 rav. (Chetham Soc.) 177 The rape-seed
cakes I observed laid up. 1816 J. SMITH Panorama Sc.
<$• Art\\. 638 Its seed .. by expression yields an oil called
rapeseed-oil. 1840 J. BUEL Farmer's Companion 118 To
sow a green crop . . in the rape-seed stubble. 1854 SIM-
MONDS Comm. Products Veg. Kingd. y. 564 The export
of linseed and rapeseed cakes from Stettin.
Rapey(e, variant of RAP£ Obs.
Rap full, a. Naut. (See quot.)
1867 SMVTH Sailor's Word-bk. s.v., ' Keep her rap full !'
means, do not come too close to the wind, or lift a wrinkle
of the sail.
fRa-pfully, adv. Obs. rare-*, [f. RAP «M
+ -FUL + -LY2.] With resounding blows ; violently.
1581 STANYHURST &neis in. (Arb.) 88 Aseabelch grounting
on rough rocks rapfulye frapping.
Rapha, obs. form of RAPHE 2.
Raphaelesque (ra'fc'ele-sk), a. Also raf-
faell-. [f. the name of Raphael (It. Rafacllo),
one of the great artists (1483-1520) of the Italian
Renascence, + -ESQUE.] After the style of Raphael.
1832 Edin. Rev. XXXVIII. 455 He may be competent to
expatiate upon . . Raphaelesque expression. 1841 W. SPALD-
ING Italy cj- //. III. II. 406 An almost Raflaellesque purity
of outline. 1887 LAYARD Kugler's Italian Schools II. 469
Timoteo's manner might be called ' Raphaelesque ' were
he not the teacher and Raphael the pupil.
So Ra-phaelhood nonce-wd., the artistic nature
of Raphael's work ; Baphae'lic a., nonce-ivd.,
concerned with Raphael ; Ra-phaelisrn, the prin-
ciples of art introduced by Raphael ; his style or
method ; Ba-phaelite, one who adopts the prin-
ciples or follows the style of Raphael.
1851 MRS. BROWNING Casa Guidi Wind. 25 If any should
. . Gaze scorn down from the heights of Raffaelhood, On
Cimabue's picture. 1859 HAWTHORNE Marb. Faun vi.
(1883) 77 Thus they convert themselves into . . Raphaelic
machines. 1877 SVMONDS Renaiss. It., Fine Arts III. x.
(1882) 490 In a style of over-blown but gorgeous Raphaelism.
t Ra-phane. Obs. rare. fad. L. raphanus
radish.] The radish.
1398 TREVISA Barth. De P. R. xvll. cxxxviii. (1495) 694
Of the sede of the rape and also of sede of Raphane is oyle
made that is nedefull in many vses.
Raphania (raf<?'-nia). Path. [mod.L., f.
raphanus radish + -IA 1.] A name given by Lin-
naeus to a form of ERGOTISM, on the supposition
that it was due to the use of grain containing
seeds of species of Raphanus.
1799 Med. Jrnl. I. 63 Palsy of the tongue, raphania, . . the
hooping cough [etc.]. 1847 tr. Feuchtersleben' s Med.
Psychol. 51 At the beginning of the eighth decennium,
raphania. .became particularly prevalent.
II Raphanus (rse-fanz>s). Bot. [L., a. Gr.
paipavos = /Salad's radish.] A genus of cruci-
ferous plants, of which the common radish (X.
sativus) is the most important species.
1730-6 in BAILEY (fol.). ijjSEtuycl. Brit. (cd.a)III. 1795/1
Charlock, the English name of the Raphanus, . . is a very
troublesome weed among corn. 1897 Allbutt's Syst. Med.
II. 796 It has since been shewn that the raphanus is never
poisonous.
f Raphe 1. Obs. rare. [ad. L. raphanus : see
prec. Cf. obs. F. rathe (Cotgr.).] The radish.
c 14x0 Pallad. on Hitso. ll. 204 The raphe is roote, al other
in letuce Vpgooth. Ibid. 212 The raphe outake, and lappe
hit faire in donge.
II Raphe- (re'-fi). Also 8 rapha, 8-9 rhaphe.
PI. raphee. [mod.L., a. Gr. fia<p/l seam, suture (of
the skull, a wound, etc.).]
1. Anat. A line of union between the two halves
of an organ or part of the body, having the appear-
ance of a seam.
1753 CHAMBERS Cycl. Supp., Rapha, in anatomy, the ridge
or line which, .divides the scrotum and perinseum in two.
1758 J. S. Le Dran's Observ. Surg. (1771) 257_ An Abscess
was formed in the Scrotum, on the right Side near the
RJtaphe. 1830 R. KNOX Btclards Anat. 43 This line even
appears defined in some places, where it forms what are
called raphae or seams. 1884 MACKENZIE Dis. Throat ty
Nose II. 476 Along the middle line of the nose there was
a raphe projecting to the extent of about one millimetre.
2. Bot. a. In certain ovules, a cord connecting
the hilum with the chalaza, and usually appearing
as a ridge, b. In the Umbellifera, the line of
junction or suture between the carpels. C. A median
line or rib on the valves of diatoms.
1830 LINDLF.Y Nat. Syst. Bot, 123 Raphe and chalaza
usually very distinctly marked. 1870 HOOKER Stud. Flora
105 Ovules . . pendulous with a ventral raphe, or ascending
with a dorsal one.
3. Ornith. The groove along the under-side of
the rachis of a feather.
1859 TODD Cycl. Anat. V. 480/1.
Raphell : see RAFFELL.
RAPID.
Raphia (nf'-fia). Bot. [Malagasy : see ROFIA.]
A genus of palms, containing three main species,
with short stems and long pinnate leaves. Also
attrib. as Raphia grass — RAFFIA.
1866 Treas. Bot. 959/2. 1885 J. RICHARDSON Malagasy-
Eng. Diet. s.v. Rofia, The fibre from the young leaves is
used as string, for which purpose it is exported under the
name of Raphia grass.
Raphide (r^'-faid). Bot. [a. F. raphide, f. stem
of Gr. /Soli's.] = RAPHIS.
1884 BOWER & SCOTT De Bary's Phaner. 139 The elon-
gated or spindle-shaped raphide-bearing sacs, which are
common, e. g. in the Aroidea;. Ibid. Hanstein's raphide-con-
taining sac-vessels.
Raphidi-ferous, a. Bot. [f. raphid- RAPHIS
+ -(I)FEKOUS.] Bearing raphides.
1870 [see RAPHIS. Comb.}.
Raphilite (ra-fibit). Min. [f. Gr. pafis needle
+ -LITE.] = TBEJIOLITE.
Given as raphylite in 1835 by C. N. Shepard (Minerals
II. 329 App.), prob. through communication with Thomson.
1836 T. THOMSON Outlines Min. 1. 153 Raphilite. I have
given this name to a mineral from the township of Perth,
Upper Canada. 1868 WATTS Diet. Chem., Raphilite, asbesti-
form tremolite from Lanark, in Canada.
Raphill, obs. form of RAFFLE sb?-
II Raphis (r^l-fis). Bot. Also rha-. PI. raphi-
des (rse-fidfz). [Gr. AUDI'S, fcupit- needle.] One
of the minute crystals, usually of acicular form,
found in the cells of many plants.
The name was suggested by De Candolle (1826). The
sing, is rarely used, and raphides may sometimes be in-
tended as pi. of RAPHIDE.
1841 BRANDE Diet. Sci., Raphides. 1854 J. HOGG Microsc.
n. i. (1861) 233 Among the cell-contents of some plants
are beautiful crystals called Raphides. 1876 HARLEY Mat.
Med. (ed. 6) 393 Many spiral vessels may be detected in
these scales by the microscope, as well as numerous aci-
cular raphides.
Comb. 1870 BENTLEY Man. Bot. (ed. 2) 33 The orders
to which it applies should be named rapnis-bearmg or
raphidiferous.
Raphorte, variant of RAIFOBT Obs.
Rapic (rc'-pik), a. Chem. [f. RAPE sb.s + -1C.]
Belonging to the rape. In rapic acid (see quot).
1894 MORLEY & MUIR Watts' Diet. Chem. IV. 394 Rapic
Acid, .occurs as glyceride. .in rape-seed oil.
Rapid (rse'pid), a., (adv.), and so. [ad. L.
rapid-us, i. raplre to seize, carry off, etc. : see -ID1.
Cf. F. rapide (1611 in Cotgr.).]
A. adj. 1. Moving, or capable of moving, with
great speed ; swift, very quick.
1634 T. CAREW Ccelum Brit. iv. 29 Be fix'd you rapid
Orbes, that beare The changing seasons of the yeare On
your swift wings. 1667 MILTON P. L. n. 532 Part . . shun
the Goal With rapid wheels. 1:1742 GRAY Ignorance 34
Her rapid wings the transient scene pursue. 1791 COWPER
Iliad xvil. 847 On rapid feet Sped to Achilles. 1832 DE LA
BECHE Geol. Man. (ed. 2) 213 This river was at first by no
means rapid, and afterwards acquired considerable velocity.
1866 G. MACDONALD Ann. Q. Neighb. xxvii. (1878) 466
A space . . sufficient to show the persons even of rapid riders.
2. Characterized by speed : a. of motion.
1697 DRYDEN Virg. Georg. iv. 533 With rapid Course [Po]
seeks the sacred Main. 1730-46 THOMSON Autumn 683
Turn we a moment Fancy's rapid flight To vigorous soils.
1815 SHELLEY Alastor 522 With rapid steps he went
Beneath the shade of trees. 1860 TYNDALL Glac. I. xxvn.
212, I observed a rapid movement on the part of the re-
maining three men.
b. of speech : Extremely quick.
1761 STERNE Tr. Shandy V. iii, My father's eloquence was
too rapid to stay for any man. 1835 BROWNING Paracelsus
v, I heard my name among those rapid words.
3. Quick in action, discourse, etc.
1791 COWPER Iliad n. 136 On that he leaned, and, rapid,
thus began. 1818 SHELLEY Rev. Islam in. vii, Ere with
rapid lips and gathered brow I could demand the cause.
1826 DISRAELI Via. Grey v. iv. 180 He saw the student
was a rapid drinker. 1861 M.ARNOLD Translating Homer
i. ii Homer is eminently rapid.
b. techn. Said of photographic lenses, plates,
or subjects, requiring only a short exposure.
1878 ABNEY Photogr. (1881) 292 A magnifying lens, which
takes the form known as 'the rapid rectilinear'. 1890
Anthony's Photogr. Bull. III. 28 When I speak of subjects
impossible to the draughtsman, I do not mean merely very
rapid subjects. 1892 Photogr. A nn. II. 38 Your long exposure
was not on the most rapid plate you had with you.
4. Taking place with speed ; accomplished,
attained, etc., within a short time ; coming quickly
into existence or to completion.
1780 HARRIS Philol. Enq. Wks. (1841) 479 The rapid
victories of these Eastern conquerors soon carried their
empire from Asia even into the remote regions of Spam.
1796 H HUNTER tr. St.-Pierre's Stud. Nat. (1799) III. 166
As it's growth is very rapid, it attained three years after to
the height of twenty feet. 1809-10 COLERIDGE Friend i.
vii, Bristol has, doubtless, been injured by the rapid pros-
perity of Liverpool. 1874 GREEN Sktrt Hist. via. |i 504
Charles had good ground for this rapid confidence in his
new minister.
b. Of a slope: Descending quickly.
1890 Gd. Words 133/2 The slope [is] so rapid that you
can scarcely find fooling when once off the beaten road.
5. quasi-<r<&). Rapidly, with rapidity.
1791 COWPER Iliad vin. 381 Ajax, .. advancing rapid,
stalk'd Around him. 1810 Splendid Follies II. 59 The
hours winged away uncommonly rapid with Freelove.
6. Comb., as rapid-footed, -mannered; -firing,
-flowing, -running adjs. ; rapid-fire (used attrib.}.
RAPIDITY.
1749 G. WEST tr. Pindar (1753) I. 6 If., the rapid-footed
Steed Could with joy thy Bosom move. 1797 BEWICK
Birds I. Pref. 6 Its business being . . among rapid-running
streams. 1820 G. HAKE Mem. 80 Yrs. Ixiii. 262 A young
Bavarian officer of the rapid-mannered kind. 1848
BUCKLEY Iliad 265 The rapid-flowing current of eddying
Xanthus. 1890 NOBLE in Rep. Brit. Assoc. 944 The in-
creased importance of rapid-fire guns. 1896 Daily Nftus
• 28 Apr. 3/2 Loaded with rapid-firing and machine guns.
B. sb. A part of a river where the bed forms
a steep descent, causing a swift current. (Origin-
ally U. S. and usually in//. ; cf. F. rapides.)
1776 C. CARROLL jfml. (1845) 84 Took boat and went down
Hudson's river, through all the rapids, to Albany. 1803
Gouv. MORRIS in Sparks Life S, Writ. (1832) I. 483 In this
condition we descend the rapid. 1810 SHELLEY Witch xli,
Mortal boat In such a shallow rapid could not float. 1856
STANLEY Sinai fy Pal. vii. (1858) 282 It plunges through
twenty-seven rapids, through a fall of a thousand feet.
Rapidity (rapi'diti). [ad. L. rapiditdt-em, f.
rapidus: see RAPID and -ITY. Cf. F. rapiditt
(1611 in Cotgr.).] The quality of being rapid;
celerity ; velocity ; swiftness of motion or action.
[1616 BULLOKAR Eng. Exp., Rapiiiitie, a snatching, a
catching.] 1654 BUTLER Elephant in Moon 301 The rapidity
Of both their motions cannot be But so prodigiously fast
[etc.]. 1701 BRAND Descr. Orkney (1883) 73 The quickness
and rapidity of the Tide. 1783 WATSON Philip III, IL (1839)
123 He advanced towards them with the utmost rapidity.
1871 TYNDALL Fragin. Set. (1879) I. xxi. 492 There are
other actions which far transcend in rapidity that of the
rifle.bullet.
//. a 1774 GOLDSM. Surv. Exp. Pkilos. (1776) I. 337 The
water at the surface of a river, and that at its bottom, are
often found to have very different rapidities. 1867 TYNDALL
Sound\. (1871) 4 It is conveyed with different rapidities in
three different directions.
Rapidly (ra-pidli), adv. [f. RAPID + IT 2.]
In a rapid manner, with rapidity ; swiftly, quickly.
(Sometimes hyphened to ppl. adjs.)
1727 in BAILEY. « 1751 BOLINGBROKK Ess. Hum. Reas. ii.
§ 7 1 hales is said to have held, that mind . . was the swiftest
of things, and pervaded rapidly the universe. 1784 COWPER
Task i. 130 Our years, As life declines, speed rapidly away.
1838 T. IHOMSON Chcm. Org. Bodies 272 The crystals are
deposited rapidly. 1847 LEWES Hist. Philos. (1867) II. 118
Carried along by the rapidly-swelling current of their age.
1887 BOWEN Virg. jEneid i. 90 Lightnings rapidly flash.
Ra pidness. Now rare. [-NESS.] = RAPIDITY.
a 1656 USSHER Ann. (1658) 733 The passage seemed very
difficult, by reason of the . . rapidnesse of the river. 1719
DE FOE Crusoe i. xiii. (1858) 199 With the same rapidness
of the currents. 178* PAINE Let. Abbe Raynel (1791)
Introd. 6 Rapidness of thinking, and quickness of sensation.
1863 EDITH J. MAY Stronges of Nctherstronge 239 This
man's folly, .will lose all that rapidness might have won.
Rapier (r^-pisi). Also 6 raper(e, -yer, -yre ;
Sc. 6-7 rapper, 8 -ier. [a. F. rapitre (1474 in
Du Cange) of unknown origin.] Originally, a long,
pointed, two-edged sword adapted either for cutting
or thrusting, but chiefly used for the latter. In later
use, a light, sharp-pointed sword designed only
for thrusting ; a small sword.
'55J EDEN Treat. Newe tttd. (Arb ) 20 A rede is to them
in the stede of sworde, rapyre & iauelyrie. 1590 SIR J.
SMYTH Disc. Weapons 3 b, Rather . . Rapiers of a yard and
a quarter long the blades, or more, than strong short arming
Swords. 1622 MABBE tr. Alematis Guzman d?A If. it. 227
They would . . pricke me in the body with their Rapiers
points. 1709 STEELE Taller No. 88 r 12, I went up Stairs
with my Hand upon the Hilt of my Rapier. 1727-41
CHAMBERS CycZ., Rapier.. In a modern sense among us,
usually denotes a small sword, as contradistinguished from
a back-sword, or cutting sword. 1818 SCOTT Rot Roy xxviii,
Aware of the superiority of my weapon, a rapier or small-
sword, [I] was little afraid of the issue of the contest. 1889
GROVE Fencing etc. (Badminton) Introd. 5 When there is a
public exhibition of fencing, an assault with rapiers is very
frequently announced.
f?' 'ftl0 '"• BOLDREWOOD' Col. Reformer (1891) 304
1 his smiling satirist with his society talk and ready rapier
of repartee.
t b. Coupled with dagger ; alsoy?^. and Comb.
1591 HARINOTON Orl. Fur. Pref. i, Hercules.. fought with
a club, and not at the rapyer and dagger. 1507 \st Pt.
Return fr. Parnass. iv. i. 1236 This bracchidochio, . . this
meere rapier and dagger. 1603 SKAKS. Meas.for M. iv. iii.
15 Mr Starue-Lackey the Rapier and dagger man.
o. attrib. and Comb., as rapier blade, hilt, point;
-pointed adj. ; rapier-danoe, a sword-dance ;
t rapier-flsh, the sword-fish. 06s.
1590 SIR J. SMYTH Disc. Weapons 4 "Rapier blades being
so narrow do presently breake. 1811 WILLAN in Archxo-
<ogia (1814) XVII. 154 *Rapier Dance. 1681 GREW Mil.
s*um i.v. 1.86 The head of the "rapier-fish ; called Xiphias
Grows sometimes to the length of five yards. 1590 B.
ONSON Ev. Man out ofH,,,,,. v. iv, I will make thy blood
flow onmy 'rapier hilts. 1884 L. GRIFFIN in Fort,,. Rev.
he conclusions . . pierce the soul .. with so true
and acute a "rapier-point. 1816 KEATS To Ch. C. Clarke 65
Ihe sharp, the 'rapier-pointed epigram.
lence Ba-piered a., wearing or furnished with
a rapier ; sharp-pointed.
Wit*3 R2*\Brt"- <'885> V. 454 A nimble thrust of Rapier'd
Wit 1854 LOWELL Cambridge 30 Yrs. Ago Pr. Wks. 1890
I. 94 The scarlet-coated, rapiered figures
llRapi-lli. [It., pi. of rapillo.] Small frag-
ments of pumice-stone.
1809 WILSON Hist. Mountains II. 620 The first ejections
. .were simply ashes, pieces of pumice stone and rapilli.
Rapine (ree-pin), sb. Rhet. Forms: 5-6 ra-
Pyne, 6- rapine, (7 -in), [a. F. rapine (lath c.)
151
6r ad. L. raptna, (. rap?rc to seize : see RAPE v.~
and -INK 4. The popular form in OF. was ravine
RAVIN(E.] The act or practice of seizing and
taking away by force the property of others;
plunder, pillage, robbery.
a 1420 HOCCLEVE De Reg. Princ. 4834 Is it Knyghtly to
live on rapyne ? nay. 1509 HAWES Past. Pleas, xi. (Percy
Soc.) 41 For these thre vyces abhominable . . For his pryde,
avaryce, and also rapyne. 1586 A. DAY Eng. Secretary
(1625) 44 What rapine, what theft, . . was in him throughly
planted? 1637 R. HUMPHREY tr. St. Ambrose Pref., Coun-
tries layed open to their furious rapin. 1690 BURNET -y)Art.
xxxvii. (1700) 390 AH the Rapine and Bloodshed that is
occasioned by their Pride and Injustice. 1769 ROBERTSON
Chas. V. i. Wks. 1813 V. 66 The lawless rapine of banditti. .
rendered a journey of any length a perilous enterprise. 1879
H. PHILLIPS Notes Coins 9 The robber city, founded by
outlaws and living by rapine.
fig. 1879 GEO. ELIOT Theo. Such xi. 202 Angry at his
conversational rapine.
b. //. Acts of violent robbery or pillage. (Freq.
in 1 7th c., now rare.)
1494 FABYAN Chron. (1516) II. 4$b/2 The good Cristen
people, whiche they had harmed by meanes of their Rapynes
& extorcions. 1514 BARCLAY Cyt. % Uplondyshm. (Percy
Soc.) 56 Nought is in warfar save . . murder and mischiefe,
rapines and cowardise. 1631 WEEVER Anc. Fun. Mon. 363
Such were the Popes rapines and enormous proceedings in
those dayes, a 1711 KEN Hymnotheo Poet. Wks. 1721 III.
31 A lawless Band, Infesting with their Rapines all the Land.
1826 SOUTHEY Vind. Eccl. Angl. 348 The Judges com-
plained to the king of the frequent thefts, rapines, and
homicides.
c. Beast (etc.) of rapine : Beast of prey.
1612 SF.LDEN Illustr. Drayton's Poly-alb, iv. 252 To haue
terrible crests or ingraven beasts of Rapine . . hath been
from inmost antiquity continued. 1648 GAGE West Ind. xii.
(1655) 44 For hawking fowles, and fowles of rapine. 1859
TENNYSON Merlin fy V. 578 That foul bird of rapine whose
whole prey Is man's good name.
tRa'pine, v. 06s. rare. [f. prec. or a. F.
rapiner (1507).] a. intr. To commit rapine.
b. trans. To plunder, or carry away, by rapine.
1580 HOLLYBAND Treas. Fr. Tong, Rapiner, to rapine, to
robbe, and spoile. 1646 BUCK Rich. Ill, v. 134 A Tyrant
doth not onely rapine his Subjects, but Spoils and robs
Churches and Church-men. 1660 F. BROOKE tr. Le Blanc's
Trav. 323 In their dealings these people are lawlesse, trad-
ing in slaves., which they rapine from all parts.
So Rn. piiier , one who commits rapine, rare ~'.
1843 LYTTON Last Bar. iv. v, Are not the king's officers
and purveyors licensed spoilers and rapiners?
t Rapping, ppl. a. 06s. rare. [f. RAPE w.2]
1. Her. Ot animals : Devouring or tearing prey.
1660 GUILLIM Heraldry in. xv. 179 Lyons Bears, Wolves
and other Beasts of ravening kind, when they are borne
in Armes feeding, you must term them in Blazon, Raping,
and tell whereon.
2. Transporting, ravishing.
1613-6 W. BROW-JE Brit. Past. I. iv. 60 O, had I Virgil's
verse or Tullie's tongue, Or raping numbers like the Thra-
cian's Song ! Ibid. v. 94 Raping notes.
t Ra-pinous, a. 06s. [f. RAPINE s6. + -ous, or
ad. OFT rapineus, -eux (1410, c. in Godef.).]
Given to rapine ; rapacious.
1483 CAXTON G. de la Tour F viij, He maketh the noble
men to be rapynous & tyraunts. 1627 W. SCLATER Exp.
2 Tliess. (1629) 277 What is that liuing other than vnjust,
rapinous, and . . iniurious 1 1682 Lond. Ga& No. 1735/3
The Rapinous hands and power of wicked. .Men.
b. trans/. Carrying or sweeping away.
1632 LITHGOW Trav. x. 505 One of these tides.. will carry
any Vessel backward,, .the length of its rapinous current.
Rapist (re'-pist). l/.S. [f. RAPE s62 + -IST.]
One guilty of rape.
1889 Columbus (Ohio) Dispatch 13 June, Two horse thieves
and a rapist were sentenced, .this morning.
t Ra'pless, a. [f. RAP j&i] Free from blows.
a 1400 Minor Poems fr. Vernon MS. 477/14 We ne mowe
raples borw bo |>re To Bere be croune to-fore be kyng.
Raploch. (rarpVx), **• and a. Sc. Also 6
rep-, roplooh, rapploch, -lack, raplach, -look.
[Of obscure origin.]
A. sb. Coarse, homespun, undyed woollen cloth.
1530 LYNDESAY Test. Papyngo 1045 Thay haue renuncit
russat and roploch quhyte. 1535 — Satyre 1095 Thair
vmest clayis, that was of rapplocri gray. 1831 SCOTT Cast.
J)anff. ix, I will owe you a kirtle of the best raploch grey.
1832 VEDDER Native Parish \. in Poems, etc. (1878) 348
Ophelias in woollen raplochs, and Desdetnonas in linsey
woolsey frocks.
B. adj. Coarse, rough, homely.
1724 RAMSAY Tea-t. Misc. (1733) II. 183 The rost was
teugh as raploch hodin. 1783 BURNS Ep. Dai'ie vii, The
Muse, poor hizzie ! Tho' rough an' raploch be her measure,
She's seldom lazy.
tRa-ply,-a. rare. [Cf. next.] Hasty, hurried.
a 1400 Body fy Soul (Vernon MS.) 149 To harme was thi
raple res. ^1400 St. Alexius (Cotton MS.) 353 She com
Forthe with A raply rese.
t Ra ply, adv. 06s. Also 4 -li, -liche, -lych.
[ = MSw. raplika in the same sense, perh. related
to RAP v.2, but cf. RAPELY.] Hastily, hurriedly.
c 1325 Metr. Ham. 32 This reul lhai gert me rapli rede.
1362 LANGL. P. PI. A. v. 176 The! rise vp raply [z'.r. rap-
liche]. c 1440 York Myst. xvi. 7 The rakke of be rede skye
full rappely I ridde.
Rapok, obs. form of RAPPOCK dial.
Rapontik : see RHAPONTIC.
Raporie, obs. form of RAPPABEK.
Raport, obs. form of RAPPORT, REPORT.
RAPPER.
Rapparee (rteparr). Forms: a. 7 rappery,
//. -ies, rap(pjories. B. 7-8 raparee, 8 rap-
peree, 7- rappareo. [a. Ir. rapaire 'a short
pike, a raparee ' (O'Reilly ; cf. ropaire ' a rapier,
a treacherous violent person ', ibid.) ; the /9-
forms app. originated in the pi., after the southern
Irish pi. rapairidhe (-fya).]
fl. A half-pike. Obs. rare—1.
1690 Lond. Gaz. No. 2529/3 Both Horse and Foot are very
ill Armed, the latter having for the most part only Scythes,
or Half Pikes called R aperies.
2. Hist. An Irish pikeman or irregular soldier,
of the kind prominent during the war of 1688-92 ;
hence, an Irish bandit, robber, or freebooter.
o. 1690 T. HARRISON in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. n. IV. 212
The fugitive Irish, or Rapperies, who steal in the night.
01700 B. E. Diet. Cant. Crew, Rapparies, Wild Irish
Robbers, and Out-laws.
attrib. 1690 Lond. Gas. No. 2596/3 Another of our Parties
have cut off a Rappery Colonel, with 50 of his Men.
0. 1690 MACKENZIE Siege London-Derry 2/2 These were
afterwards called Rapparee's, a sort of Irish Vultures that
I follow their Armies to pray on the spoil. 1692 Siege Lyme-
rick 3 This day several notorious Rapparees were brought
Prisoners into our Camp. 1707 Act 6 Anne n An Act for
, the more effectual suppression of . . robbers and rapparees.
\ 1745 BERKELEY Let. to Gervais 24 Nov. in Fraser Life viii.
304 We have been alarmed with a report that a great body of
rapparees is up in the county of Kiflcenny. 1855 MACAULAY
Hist. Eng-. xvii. IV. 73 The English complained that it was
no easy matter to catch a Rapparee.
attrib. 1834 AINSWORTH Rootcwood iv. vi, O'Hanlon . . That
o'er the broad province of Ulster, the Raparee banner un-
furled. 1888 H. D. TRAILL William III 87 The rapparee
Irish levies who formed the bulk of James's force.
b. Jig., or extended to persons of similar char-
acter in other countries.
1693 J. EDWARDS A nthor. O. f, ff. Test. 397 These zealots,
these Jewish rapparees and assassins. 1720 J. JOHNSON
Canons Eng. Ch. I. Ee j b, Let . . Rapperees and Freebooters,
incur the severest Wrath of God. 1816 SCOTT Antig. xiii,
This rapparee promised him mountains of wealth. 1833
MARRYAT P. Simple xiii, By that time we had arrived at
the door. . I paid the rapparee, and in I popped.
Rappee (rsepT). Also 9 rapee. [ad. F.
(tabac) rape, pa. pple. of r&per to RASP (see def.).]
A coarse kind of snuff made from the darker and
ranker tobacco leaves, and originally obtained by
rasping a piece of tobacco. Also \rappee-smiff.
CI740 Wimble" s Snuffs in F. W. Fairholt Tobacco (1876)
268 English Rappee, Scented Rappee [etc.]. 1758 JOHNSON
Idler No. 34 r 24 Made some rappee-snuff. 1785 CRABBE
Newspaper Wks. 1834 II. 128 He May tell their honours
that he sells rappee. 1859 THACKERAY Virgin. Ix, He
started back, and must have upset some of his rappee, for
Macbeth sneezed thrice.
II Rappel (rapel), sb. [F., f. rappeler to recall,
REPEAL.] The roll or beat of a drum to summon
soldiers to arms.
1848 W. H. KELLY tr. L. Blanc's Hist. Ten Y. 1. 125 Then
came drums of the national guard beating the rappel and
the generate. 1861 W. H. RUSSELL in Times 29 July, A
strong body of drummers on the French model beat some
noisy rappel.
transf. 1866 Miss THACKERAY Village on Cliff 'xiv, He. .
beat the rappel with his spoon upon the tablecloth.
t Rappel, v. Obs. rare. [ad. F. rappeler : see
REPEAL v.] trans. To recall (a hawk).
1575 TURBERV. Faulconrie 62 A fearful! goshawke . . [will]
not willingly repayre to any devise wherwith she is called
and rappelde after hyr flight.
Rappely, variant of RAPLY adv. Obs.
Rapper (rae-paa). [f. RAP v\ + -EE 1.]
1. One who raps or knocks ; a spirit-rapper.
rin JOHNSON.
Anything used for rapping ; spec, f a. A door-
knocker. Obs. b. A rattle or clapper, rare. o.
Coal-mining (see quot. 1851).
1640 Outlandish Proverbs § 916 An old mans stafTe is the
rapper of deaths doore. 1767 STERNE Tr. Shandy IX. xvi,
He stood with the rapper of the door suspended for a full
minute in his hand. 1810 Splendid Follies I. 16 Cavendish
Square, where the rapper first roused her from the deepest
. . ruminations. 1834 SOUTHEY Doctor 1. (1862) 116 He was
not disturbed . . by the watchmen's rappers, or clap-sticks.
1851 GREF.NWELLC0rt/-/><fcrV Terms, Nortkumb. 4- Durli. 41
Rapper.— A lever, placed at the top of a shaft or inclined
plane, . . to give signals, when every thine is ready at the
bottom for drawing away. 1869 Pall Mall G. 8 Oct. 8 The
connection to each rapper and battery was to be made by
means of a smalt button.
3. a. An arrant lie; n downright falsehood.
Now only dial.
1611 COTGR., Bourdes, fibs rappers, lyes. 1681 T. FLATMAN
Heraclitus Ridens No. 38 (1713) I. 252 Care has told as
many Rappers for the Dissenters as he thinks good, a 1734
NORTH Exam. n. v. § 139 (1740) 402 What a Rapper is it
then to say further [etc.]. 1890 in Gloucestersh. Gloss.
b. A great oath. Now only dial.
1678 DRYDEN Limberham iv. i, If you can swear such
Rappers too, there's hope of you. 11734 NORTH Lives
(1826) III. 225 When he was very angry, .he was apt to let
go a rapper or two. 1890 in Gloucestersh. Gloss.
f 4. Something remarkably good or large. Obs.
(Cf. RAPPING///, a. a.)
1653 SIR E. NICHOLAS in N. Papers (Camden) II. 34 Tell
mydeerest Lord Norwich he shall have a rapper (of a letter]
next week. 1672 MARVELL Reh. Transp. i. 203 There re.
mains but one Flower more that I have a mind to ; but that
indeed is a Rapper. Tis a Flower of the Sun.
Rapper, -ier, obs. Sc. forms of RAPIER.
RAPPING.
Rapperee, -y, obs. forms of RAPPAREK.
Rapping (r»rpin), vbl. sbl [f. RAP w.i]
1. The action of striking or knocking sharply.
c 1400 tr. Secreta Secret., Gcrj. Lordsh. 97 A rappyngge
togedre of stones, a 1548 HALL Chron., Edvi. V 4 b, When
he was with hasty rappyng quickely let in. c «6n CHAPMAN
Iliad xn. 162 Stones, .on the helms. . Kept such a rapping,
it amaz'd great Asius. 1710 Taller No. 160 r i, 1 heard a
great Rapping at my Door. 1860 EMERSON Cond. Life.
Worship Wks. (Bohn) II. 397 In creeds never was such
levity ; witness the . . deliration of rappings.
Fi
fellow who would stick at a little rappi..0 —
tRa-pping, vbl. rf.2 Obs.-1 [f. RAP z/.2]
The practice of seizing or taking.
1541 PATOELL Catiline i. i In rappynge and catchynge he
was auaritious.
Rapping (rse-pirj), ///. a. [f. RAP v.1]
1. That raps or knocks.
1855 SMEDLEY Occult Sciences 191 After all that has been
written on the subject of the rapping spirits.
2. Uncommonly big or striking. Now dial.
1658 BRAMHAU. Consecr. Bps. yi. 146 Some others who
fathered this rapping lie upon him. 1720 STRYPE Stays
Surv. (1754) I.I. xvii. 100/1 He maketh a voluntary confes-
sion of three other rapping crimes. 1728 W. SMITH Unni.
Coll. 181 Next comes a rapping Lye. 1847-78 HALLIWELI.,
Rapping, large. Var. dial.
Rappist1 (rce-pist). U.S. [See def.] A
member of an American religious sect named from
its leader, George Rapp.
1845 G. STKUTHERS in Ess. Chr. Union xii. 372 The Rap-
pists, Shakers, Mormons.. and other small sects. 1882-3
SCHAFF Encycl. Rflig. Knowl. III. 1994 The Rappists emi-
grated to Economy, 17 m. northwest of Pittsburg.
So Ba-ppito.
1832 S. A. FERRALE Ramble through U. S. A. 92 The
Rappites had been in possession of the place for six years.
1864 T. L. NICHOLS 40 Yrs. Amer. Life II. 20 The Rap-
pites. .were the followers of a religious /ealot, who yielded
implicit obedience to his commands.
Rappist 2 (rK-pist). [f. RAP rf.l or vl + -1ST.]
a. One who believes in spirit-rapping, b. A
supposed spirit that ' raps '.
1853 Tail's Mag. XX. 417 Clairvoyants, rappists, connois-
883
iey
seurs in ghostology, and such-like mystery- mongers. 18
Pall Mall G. 10 Sept. 2/2 The 'rappists', whoever th< .
might be, apparently followed with close attention the con-
versation that went on in the room.
Rapplack, -loch, obs. forms of RAPLOCH.
Rapply, variant of RAFLT adv. Ohs.
Ba'ppock. iwrth dial. In 4 rapok, 9 rappak,
-uck. An ill-behaved person.
c 1350 Ipomadon 7006 By none suche rapokys will I sitt.
1878 Cumbtd. Gloss. , Rappak, a pet name for an unruly
child. 1881 t. SARGISSOX Joe Scoap 144 (Cumbld. Gloss.)
Them rappucKS at cuh creepan aboot t' back dooar.
Rapporie, obs. form of RAPPAHEE.
Rapport (rapoo'it, F. rapor), sb. Also 7 ra-
port. [F., f. rapporter: see RE- and APPOBT v.]
1 1. Report, talk. Obs. rare"1.
1539 CROMWELL in Merriman Life $ Lett. (1902) II. 104, 1
perceyve by his rapport that your grace shewed unto nym
that the yong duck of Cleves was decessed.
2. Reference, relationship ; connexion, corre-
spondence, conformity. In rapport : (see 3.)
The quots. show that Johnson was mistaken in supposing
that Temple was the introducer and sole user of the word.
1661 "m BLOUNT Glosscgr. 1662 J. DAVIES tr. Mandelslo"s
Trai>. 226 Between whose Languages there is no more rap-
port, then the English hath to the Greek and Arabian.
1680-90 TEMPLE Ess.t Learning' Wks. 1731 1. 167 'Tis obvious
enough, what rapport there is ., between the Thoughts and
Words. 1697 J. SERGEANT Solid Philos. 26 It has no Rap-
port at all to the Line of Knowledge. [K7S5 JOHNSON,
Rapport, . A word introduced by the innovator, Temple, but
not copied by others.] 1821 Sporting Mag. IX. 3 The
rapports of conformity which naturally exist between the
male and the female. 1894 DOYLE S. Holmes 169 As a
proof that I had been in rapport with you.
b. spec. A state in which mesmeric action can
be exercised by one person on another.
1848 CROWE Night Side of Nature I. 345 The somnambule
reads the thoughts not only of his magnetiser, but of others,
with whom he is placed in rapport. 1849 H. ROGERS Ess.
(1874) II. vi. 293 Every work of genius, by coming, as it
were, into mesmeric rapport with the affinities of kindred
genius,, .is itself the parent of many others.
3. In Fr. phr. en rapport, in connexion, etc.
1818 LADY MORGAN A utobiog. (1859)98 During his govern-
ment as First Consul, I was frequently en rapport with
him. 1851 MAYNE REID Rifle Rangers xxviii, Sympathetic
natures, who only needed to be placed en rapport to ' like
each other mightily1.
t4. Comb, rapport-work (tr. F. wvrage de
rapport^) inlaid or mosaic work. Obs.
1686 tr. Chardins Trav. Persia 407 The Workmanship is
of several pieces of rapport-work after the Mosaic manner.
tRappcrrt, v. Obs. rare—1. [See prec.] intr.
To relate to.
1649 JER. TAYLOR Gt. Exemp. ii. § 10 Which duty . . r'ap-
ports to God and touches not the Man.
fRapporteu-r. Obs. rare"1, [a. F. rapport-
eur, f. rapporter : see RAPPORT sb.~\ A reporter.
c 1500 Melusinc 190 With drawe not rapporteurs of wordes
toward you.
II Rapprochement (rapwjman). [F., f. rap-
procher (f. re- + approcher APPROACH) + -MENT.]
152
A coming or bringing together, an establishment
of harmonious relations.
1800 Edin. Rev. XIV. 728 One of the opinions .. deserves
to be mentioned, as exhibiting a curious i-approchanciit.
1888 Times (weekly ed.) 6 July 8/3 A rapprochement between
the Russian and Austrian governments.
Rapreiff, obs. Sc. form of REPROVE.
Rapscallion (rsepskavlisn). Also 8 rabs-.
[Later form of RASCALLION.] A rascal, rogne,
vagabond, scamp.
1699 E. WARD London Spy No. 5. TO A parcel of Poor
ragged Rapscallions, mounted upon Scrubbed Tits. 1748
SMOLLETT Rod. Rand, xxv, Go your ways, you rapscallion.
1837 HOWITT Rur. Life iv. ii. (1862) 335 Those ragged
rapscallions that abound in the streets of towns, . . unculti-
vated, neglected. 1885 RUNCIMAN Skippers f, Sh. 214 A set
of ferocious-looking rapscallions had boarded the steamer.
b. attrib. or as adj.
1711 E. WARD Quiz. I. 380 Such a strange Rapscallion
fellow. 1777 in F. Moore Songs $ Ball. Amer. Rev. (1856)
172 From him who. .calls all Congresses Rabscallion. 1869
TROLLOPF. He knew, etc. xii. (1878) 66 He is dressed in such
a rapscallion manner.
Hence Bapsca llionly a., rascally; Bapscal-
lionry, rascals collectively.
1832 Blaclao. Mag. XXXII. 245 A ' rapscallionly part'
there is in every community. 1858 Times 30 Nov., I sup-
pose this rapscallionry will ' quit ' soon.
tRa-pshin. Obs. rare. [f. RAP vl + SHIN.]
A kind of fetter contrived to strike against a horse's
leg, and so prevent it from running away. •
1677 Duhaich College MSS. Ser. n. 30 (28 July), 4 pins
for the horses rapshins. 1683 KF.NNET tr. F.ratni. on Folly
54 The Penalty of his Jaws being curbed, his Tail dock d,
his Rapshin and Fetters when he runs a-Grass.
Rapsodie, -iat, -y, obs. ff. RH APSODIST, -T.
t Ra-pster. nonte-wd. [f. RAP ».i + -STEB.]
One who raps.
1771 T. BBVDCES Homer (1797) I. 309 Then at another
stroke this rapster Settled Calisius, his tapster.
Rapt (rapt), sb. Now rare. [ad. I,, raptiis,
n. of action f. rap/Ire to seize. Cf. F. rapt.']
1. A trance, ecstasy, rapture.
1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 272 A rapt, or a rauyssh-
ynge of the soule. 1555 EDEN Decades 182 He seemeth
to lye as thoughe he were in great payne or in a rapte. 1669
WOODHEAD St. Teresa \. xxiv. 165 There came a Rapt upon
me, so sudden, that it took me, as it were, out of myself.
1751 LAVINGTON Enthits. Metk. % Papists ill. (1754) 72
Being much indisposed, I took up my Rosary, and insen-
sibly fell into a Rapt. 1816 SOUTHEV Vind. Eccl. Angf. 138
In one of his rapts the Angels, who conducted his spirit . .
bade him look down upon the earth.
t 2. Sc. = RAPE (abduction or ravishing). Obs.
1535 STEWART Cron. Scot. II. 121 Adulterie and fornica-
tioun, Rapt and incest, c 1614 Sm W. MURE Dido ff tineas
i. 48 Fair Helen's rapt, and Paris' prowd offence, a 1693
Urquhart's Rabelais III. xlviii. 387 A Vagabond Stranger.,
by an open Rapt snatcht away before their own eyes their
. . Daughters,
fb. An abducted woman. Obs. rare—'.
1632 LITHGOW Trap, n. 70 [Helen is] the inordinate pat-
terne of all willing and licentious rapts.
1 3. The act or power of carrying forcibly away ;
sweep ; force, current. Obs.
163* LITHGOW Trav. Vlli. 341 Neither may reason find
place in the violent rapt of such passions. 1645 RUTHERFORD
Tryal fy Tri. Faith iv. (1845) 149 Nor are we to think that
God doth all with an immediate rapt, 1681 SiRT. BROWNE
Chr.Mor.\. § 24 Move by the Intelligences of the superiour
Faculties, not by the Rapt of Passion.
f4. Violent robbery, rapine. Obs. rare—1.
1641 Sc. Acts Chas. 1 (1814) V. 425 [He] brought away
from thame ane kow whairof he never made restitutione as
yet, quhilk is manifest rapt and oppressioune.
Rapt (rapt), pa. pple. (and pa. t.). Also 5-6
rapte, 7 rap't. [ad. L. rapt-its, pa. pple. of raplre
to seize, RAPE v.z
Chiefly employed as a pa. pple. passive (rarely active\ but
also occas. in poetry (from c 1600) as a pa. tense. The use
of RAP v.3 to supply an inf. and pres. was formerly common
(cf. also RAPT v.), but is now extremely rare]
I. As pa. pple. passive. (The ordinary use.)
1. (Also with up.) Taken and carried up to or
into heaven (either in literal or mystical sense).
a 1400 l'~ernon MS. in O.E. Misc. 223 pe visions of seynt
poul wan he was rapt into paradys. 1412-20 LYDG. Citron.
Troy n. xiv, In this wyse were the bretheren twayne To
heauen rapt, as thes poetes fayne. 1432-50 tr. Higden
(Rolls) III. 25 Helyas was rapte in this tyme. 1526 Pilgr.
Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 25 Whan he was rapt & taken vp in
to the thyrde heuen. 1610 GUILLIM Heraldry m. ii. (1660)
09 To this place .. were Enoch, Elias and Paul rapt up
before their deaths. 1667 MILTON P. L. HI. 522 Rapt in a
Chariot drawn by fiery Steeds. 1760-72 H. BROOKE Fool
of^Qual. (1809) IV. 71 They are. . rapt, perhaps, like Elijah,
alive into Heaven. 1866 KINGSLEY Herevi. I. Prel. 12 He
was rapt up on high and saw S. Peter.
2. Carried away in spirit, without bodily removal.
c 1470 Monk of Eveshtim (Arb.) 15 How a certeyn deuowt
person . .was rapte in spirite by the wille of g_od. 1550 BALE
Image Both Ch. I. C ilij, I . . was in the spirite rapte, and
clerely taken vp from all wordlye affectes. 1669 WOODHEAD
St. Teresa \. xxxvi. (1671) 272 Being in Prayer .., and rapt
in Spirit. 1712 POPE Mcssialt 7 Rapt into future times, the
Bard begun. 1878 S. Cox Salv. Mundi ix. (ed. 3) 198 St.
Paul when he was rapt in the spirit into Paradise.
b. With various const., as beside, beyond, out of
(oneself), into (a certain state).
1549 CHAI.ONER Erasm. on Folly T. iij, They are wholy
distraught and rapte out of theimselves. 1576 FLEMING
Panopl. Epist. 289 Doe 1 seeme . . to be frentique, and rapt
RAPT.
beside my selfe. 1621 BURTON A tint. Mel. in. ii. in. Hi.
(1651) 476 Anthony was amazed and rapt beyond himself.
1691 RAY Creation I. (1692) 160 How would he have been
rapt into an Extasie of Astonishment. 1795-1814 WORDSW.
Exciirs. I. 215 Rapt into still communion. 1879 HESBA
STUETTON Through a Needle's Kye 1. 182 He had been rapt
away into a trance of spiritual ecstasy.
3. Transported with some emotion, ravished,
enraptured. Also const, with or (in recent use) by. •
1539 TAVERNER Card. H'ysed. n. 3 With this noble corage,
with this ardent zelc ..he is thus rapte. 1596 SPENSER
F. Q. iv. ix. 6 With the sweetnesse of her rare delight The
prince halfe rapt began on her to dote. 1680 CROWNF. Misery
Civ. War iv. 50, 1 am so rapt I mind not what she says.
1713 AUDISON Cato iv. iii, I . . Am rapt with joy to see my
Marcia's tears. 1795-1814 WORDSW. Excurs. iv. 187 From
such disorder free, Nor rapt, nor craving, but in settled
peace. 1814 SCOTT tl'av. xxvi, I am not, like him, rapt by
the bustle of military preparation. 1860 MAURV Phys. Geog.
Sea vi. 8 3>3, I have stood on the deck under those beau-
tiful skies gazing, admiring, rapt.
4. Deeply engaged or buried in (a feeling, sub-
ject of thought, etc.) ; intent upon.
1509 H AWES Past. Pleas, xxrx. (Percy Soc. ) 1 37 For a woman
rapt in love so marveylously. 1601 R. JOHNSON Kingd. $•
Commiv. (1603) 222 As men rapt in deep contemplation.
1682 H. MORE Bclsliazzar l. 66 Rapt in prophetic vision,
I behold Things hid as yet from mortal sight. 1769 GRAY
Installat. Ode 18 Rapt in celestial transport they. 1846
TENNYSON Golden Year 69 As if the seedsman, rapt Upon
the coming harvest, should not plunge His hand into the
bag. 1847 — Princ. vi. 203 Ida spoke not, rapt upon the
chfid. 1882 FARRAR Early Chr. I. 416 Rapt in adoring
contemplation.
5. Of a woman : Carried away by force ; raped.
1432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) I. 197 Sekenge Europa his
sustyr, . . whiche was raple by lupiter. c 1550 Life Bp.
Fisher in Wks. (E. E. T. S.) n. p. xliv, Provided alwaies
that you . . Catherine were not rapt against your will. 1594
DRAYTON Idea 497 By Proserpine's sad Teares, When she
was rapt to the infernall Bower, a 1634 RANDOLPH Poems
(1638) ii Euridice..From Orpheus rapt.
6. Carried or removed from one place, position,
or situation to another. (Chiefly said of persons.)
With various const
1552 LATIMER Godly Serm. (1562) 113 b, They ..shal be
rapte vp into the ay re. 1615 SANDYS Trav. 206 The house of
the blessed Virgin . . was rapt from thence, and set in the
woods of Picenum. a 1630 WOTTON in Relig. (1651) 506
From Oxford I was Rapt by my Nephew .. to Redgrave.
1715-20 POPE Iliad v. 113 Rapt through the ranks he
thunders o'er the plain. 1820 W. IRVING Sketch Bt. I. 212
The aspiring family was rapt out of sight in a whirlwind.
1870 MYERS Poems 82 That face, . . Lo, while we looked on
her, was rapt away.
b. Taken away by death.
1820 W. IRVING Sketch Bk. (1859) 121 His only daughter
had been rapt away to the grave. 1865 CARLYLE Fredk.
Gt. x. viii. (1872) III. 297 Looking back . .upon such a Father
now rapt away for ever.
fc. Snapped up (by purchasers). Obs. rare—1.
1567 DRANT Horace, Epistles To Rdr. »v, Flim flames and
gue gawes . . are soner rapte vp thenne . . Clarkly makinges.
IL 7. As pa. pple. active, rare.
1509 HAWES Past. Pleas, xvi. (Percy Soc.) 50 The mynde
inwarde Venus had rapte and taken fervently. 1605 B.
JONSON Volpone Ded., This it is, that hath . . rap't me to
present indignation. 1671 MILTON /'. R. n. 39 What acci-
dent Hath rapt him from us?
III. 8. Aspa.t. Chiefly poetic, and now rare.
1594 ind Rep. fans/us (1828) 76 He . . rapt him up by his
longhair out of the water unto the land. 1621 H. KING
Serm. 54 Else some whirle-wind rapt him, and bare him to
the house. 1651 R. WARING Verses prefixed Cartwright's
Comedies, He rapt us, too: 't was Heaven but to heare.
1797 MRS. RADCLIFFE Italian xi, A pleasing melancholy,
that rapt all her attention. 1821 SHELLEY Adonais xxiu,
Sorrow and fear So struck, so roused, so rapt Urania. 1876
SWINBURNE Erechtheus 617 As the wild God rapt her from
earth s breast lifted.
Rapt (raept),/^/. a. [See prec.]
1. Entranced, ravished, enraptured, etc.
'55S EDEN Decades 182 The spirite answereth by the
mouth of the rapte Places. 1632 MILTON Penscroso 40 Thy
rapt soul sitting in thine eyes. 1732 POPE Ess. Man i. 278
The rapt Seraph that adores and burns. 1841 EMERSON
Addr. Melh, Nature Wks. (Bohn) II. 221 The rapt saint is
found the only logician.
2. Indicating, proceeding from, characterized by,
a state of rapture. (Freq. in later igth c. use.)
1797 MRS. RADCLIFFE Italian i, He listened . . with a rapt
attention. 1851 J. P. NICHOL Archil. Heav. (ed. 9) 300 The
rapt language of the Psalmist. 1874 L. STEPHEN Hours in
Library (1892) I. iv. 167 It is not the poetry of deep medi-
tation or of rapt enthusiasm.
t 3. Due to being carried along. Obs. rare .
1603 SIR C. HEYDON Jitd. Astral. XXL 432 The Moone by
her dmrne rapt motion from East to West.
t Rapt, v. Obs. [f. RAPT pa. pple. ; cf. RAP
i/.s, RAPE z>.2]
1. trans. To carry away by force.
1577 NOKTHBROOKE Dicing(\^j,) 86 The women of Saba. .
were rapted and rauished by the Romaines. 1601 DANIEL
Civ. (Far* vn. xcvii, The Libyan lion, . . Out-rushmg from
his den, rapts all away. 1619 SIR A. GORGES tr. Bacons
De Sap. Vet. 150 This spirit is fained to be rapted by the
Earth. Ibid., The ayre is rapted by the water.
2. To transport, enrapture.
1598 SYLVESTER Du Bartas n. iv. i. Trophies 441 The
Prophet rapting his soule's soule a space, a 1619 FoTHERBY
Atlieom. n. xii. § 2 (1622) 337 It euen rapteth the soule, and
abstracteth it from it selfe.
Hence tB.a-pted/>//. a., fHa-pting -M. sb.
1586 WARNER Alb. Eng. i.v. (1589) 16 Hercules, .in rescue
of the rapted Bride did runne. 1592 \<c.Junms on Rev. xxi.
RAP, TAP.
9 His rapting up by the Spirit, a 1619 FOTHERBY Atheom.
ii. xii. § 2 (1622) 337 Tuning rarely right, Vnto the rapting
Spirit, the rapted spright.
Rap, tap, etc. An imitation of the sound pro-
duced by rapping on a door.
1833 MARRYAT P. Simple i, Rap, tap, tap ! ' There's your
master ',.. screamed the lady. 1874 A. G. MURDOCH Sandy
!\T Tartan 3 Rap, tap, tirrap, went the Tweezer 's knuckles
n^ainst the pannelling of the door.
Ra'p-ta'p, v. [Cf. prcc.] intr. To make a
rapping noise. Hence Ra'p-ta'pping^//, a.
1821 CLARE Vill. Minstr, I. 36 The tutehng fife, and
hoarse rap-tapping drum. 1859 CAPERN Ball. # Songs 142
Thrice happy cot, if there the bard should stray By some
kind chance, and rap-tap at its door.
Raptato-rial, a. [f. L. type *raptatori-u$ (f.
raptare to seize) + -AL.] = RAPTORIAL.
1861 in Smithsonian Misc. Collect. IV. I. Gloss. 1880
GUsTHER Fishes 296 A raptatorial fish organised to live at
a depth of between 500 and 800 fathoms.
So Ra-ptatory a. (In recent Diets.)
t Ra-pter. Obs.—1 [f. RAPT v.] A ravisher.
1612 DRAVTON Poly-olb. x. 149 Chaste Winifrid ; who chose
. .To haue her harmlesse life by the leud Rapter spilt.
fRa*ptery. Obs. rare-', [f. RAPT pa. pple.
+ -ERY.] Rapture.
1640 BP. REYNOLDS Passions iv. 18 To guicken and rayse
the Minde with a kind of heat and raptene.
tHa'ptingf///.a. Obs. [f. RAPTV. + -ING 2]
Transporting, enrapturing, ravishing. (Not un-
common in 1 7th c.)
1598 SYLVESTER DM Bartas i. VL (1641) 57/2 Come and see
Womans rapting features. 1610 Histrio-m. I 35 In flowing
straynes, and rapting Symphonic. 1676 D'URFEY Mad.
Fickle ii. ii, He eager of such rapting Bliss, awak'd her with
a kiss. 1721 — Operas, etc. Ded., Sing then, Apollo, touch
thy rapting Lyre.
fRa'ption, Obs. rare~^. [ad. L. raption-em
(Terence), n. of action f. ^Z/^RAPE z;.2] The
fact of being snatched up.
1548 UOALL Erasm. Par. Pref. Aiiij b, Of feigned
visions, of lying in traunces, of rapcions, euen unto the third
heauen. 1623 in COCKERAM. [1644 condemned in Vindex
Anglicns 5-6.]
Ra-ptly, adv. rare. [f. RAPT ///. a. -f -LY 2.]
fa. Quickly. Obs. b. Rapturously.
1646 J. GREGORY Notes $ Obs. (1650) 74 That part of
the Spheare is most raptly moved, which is most remote
from the Poles. 1890 S. J. DUNCAN Social Departure 225
Just the thing, she whispered to me raptly.
Ra'ptness. rare. [f. as prec. + -NESS.] f a.
Swiftness. Obs. b. Rapt condition.
1597 A. M. tr. Guillemeau's Fr. Chirurg. $2b/2 With
more festination & more raptnes. 1891 Cornh. Mag. Feb.
182 That look which such raptness wears.
Raptor (rse-ptai). [a. L. raptor, agent-noun
f. rapere RAPE z/.2]
1 1. A ravisher. Obs.
1609 HEYWOOD Brit. Troy xiy. xcv, Oh ! had the Raptor
in his cradle dide, Millions of Hues had in his death beene
sau'd. 1709 J. JOHNSON Clergym. Vade M. n. 30 If the
virgin had been engaged to another, . . the raptor had been
guilty of adultery.
1 2. A plunderer, robber. Obs.
1667 tWATERHousE Fire Lond. 32 They that took away
goods in a sort wrongfully will prove themselves preservers
not raptors. 17*0 J. JOHNSON Canons Ch, Eng, II. H hj b,
Some Raptors rather than Rectors of Churches.
3. Ornith. One of the Raptores (see 4).
1873 W. CORY Lett. $ Jmls. (1897) 324 We wake the
echoes of the rocks so well stocked with raptors. 1892
W. H. HUDSON La Plata 93 Some raptors never attack
birds, others only occasionally.
4. In Lat. pi. raptores (rseptoa-rfz), as the name
of an order of birds of prey, including the eagle,
hawk, buzzard, owl, etc.
1823 VIGORS in Trans. Linn. Sac. XIV. 405 note, The term
Raptatores of that naturalist [Illiger] I have ventured to
alter to Raptores^ which appears to me more classical. The
former I believe is not in use. 1854 BADHAM Halieui. 157
Representatives of all the raptores, or birds of prey, vultures,
falcons, and owls.
Raptorial (neptoo-rial), a. (and sb.) [f. L.
type *raptdri-us (cf. prec.) + -AL.]
1. Given to seizing prey, predatory; esp. rap-
torial birds = prec. 4.
1825 VIGORS & HORSFIELD in Trans. Linn. Sac. XV. 177
The first order . . is the Raptorial Order, or the Birds of
Prey. 1854 OWEN Skel. $ Teeth in Orr Circ. Sc.t Organ.
Nat. I. 226 Raptorial birds take a horizontal position when
suspended in the air. 1892 W. H. HUDSON La Plata 158
Bringing a raptorial insect and a firefly together.
b. as sb. A bird of prey. (Ogilvie 1882.)
2. Pertaining to, or characteristic of, predatory
birds or animals ; adapted for seizing prey.
1839 JARDINE Brit. Birds II. 53 With raptorial or pre-
dacious manners. 1870 H. A. NICHOLSON Man. Zool. I. 219
In others the first pair of legs are greatly developed, and
form powerful raptorial organs, as in the Mantis.
So Rapto-rious a.
1819 G. SAMOUELLK Entomol. Compend. 300 Anterior legs
raptonous. 1835 KIRBY Hob. $ Inst. of Anim. II. xv. 59
The raptonous fore leg of the Squills.
Ra-ptril. ? pseudo-arch. App. = RASCAL.
1843 LYTTON Last Bar. i. vii, The raptril vulgar .. who
hi*s one day what they applaud the next. Ibid. iv. v,
Heard you the name the raptrils shouted.
Rapture (roe-ptiui), sb. Also 7 wrap-, [f.
RAPT pa. pple. + -URE. Cf. capture.}
VOL. VIII.
153
•f 1. The act of seizing and carrying off as prey
or plunder. Obs.
1608 SHAKS. /V''. n. i. 161 Spite of all the rapture of the
sea, This jewel holds his building on my arm. ri6ix
CHAPMAN Iliad xxn. 271 Look how an eagle from her height
Stoops to the rapture of a lamb. 1639 G. DANIEL Ecctus.
xliv. 6 Who did Realmes subdue ..Were wise in Councell,
and in Rapture strong.
2. The act of carrying, or fact of being carried ,
onwards; force of movement. Now rare.
1615 CHAPMAN Odyss. xiv. 428 Our Ship.. 'gainst a Rocke,
or Flat, her Keele did dash With headlong rapture. 1625
N. CARPENTER Geog, Del. n. vi. (1635) 98 A receiued opinion
amongst Philosophers ,. that the sea by the rapture of the
heauens should bemoued round, .inadiurnallcourse. 1667
MILTON P. L. vn. 299 Wave rowling after Wave, where way
they found, If steep, with torrent rapture. 1888 LOWELL
A^assiz vi. i. 21 With the rapture of great winds to blow
About earth's shaken coignes.
•(• 3. The act of carrying off a woman. Obs.
1600 DEKKER Foriunahis Wks. 1873 I. 151 That feare
Which her late violent rapture cast upon her. 1662 J.
BARGRAVE Pope Alex. VII (1867) 117 A flat piece of brass,
with the rapture of Proserpine by a Centaure. 1728 NEWTON
Chronol. Amended \. 114 Under which of the Kings hap-
pened the rapture of Europa.
fb. •&*»**.» 3. Obs. Also/^-.
1615 CHAPMAN Odyss. xx. 485 My women servants dragg'd
about my house To lust and rapture. 1649 G. DANIEL
Trinarck., Hen. V, cccxxix, Though the Representative
committ Rapture vpon his heart, in well-drawne Smiles.
4. The act of conveying a person from one place
to another, esp. to heaven; the fact of being so
conveyed.
1647 WARD Simp. Cobler 19 Horrid raptures downe to
the lowest hell. 1693 J. EDWARDS Author. O. «$• N. Test.
193 Elias's rapture to heaven. 1842 MANNING Serm. viii.
(1848) 139 In the book of the prophet Ezekiel we read of his
rapture to Tel-abib. 1895 A. Nurr Voy. Bran I. 273 note,
The rapture of the hero, by the heroine, to the Underworld.
5. Transport of mind, mental exaltation or ab-
sorption, ecstasy ; now esp. ecstatic delight or joy.
1629 MILTON Nativity 98 Such musick sweet. .As all their
souls in blisfull rapture took. 1655 STANLEY Hist. Philos.
in. (1701) 86/1 His Contemplative Rapture at the same
time was no less worthy Admiration. 1717 LADY M. W.
MONTAGU Let. to C'tess Mar 18 Apr., Women always speak
in rapture when they speak of beauty. 1818 MRS. SHELLEY
Frankenst, iii. (1865) 58 The astonishment .. soon gave
place to delight and rapture. 1863 GEO. ELIOT Romola ii.
xxiv, He felt in that moment the rapture and glory of
martyrdom without its agony.
b. With a and //. An instance of this. (In
mod. use the pi. is freq. in the phr. (to be] in, or
(to go) into raptures.)
1605 DRAYTON Bar. IVars in. Iviii, With such brave rap-
tures from her words that rise, She made a breach in his
impressive breast. 1642 MILTON Apol. Smect. iii. Wks.
(1851) 287 This man. .sees truth as in a rapture, and cleaves
to it. 1738 WESLEY Hymns t ' Again the kind revolving
Year' Iv, If aught can there enhance their Bliss Or raise
their Raptures higher. 1760 GOLDSM. Cit. IV. xi, He is in-
stantly in raptures at so great an improvement. 1862 Miss
BRADDON Lady Audley \, A place that strangers fell into
raptures with. 1866 GEO. ELIOT F. Holt (1868) 19 The
mother's early raptures had lasted but a short time.
C. A state of passionate excitement ; a par-
oxysm, fit. rare (now dial.}.
1607 SHAKS. Cor, n. i. 223 Your pratling Nurse Into a rap-
ture lets her Baby crie. 1634 SIR T. HERBERT Trav. 24
Then in rage and sudden rapture drew out his knife. 1895
W. C. FRASER Wkaups of Dnrley xii, The laddies used to
pit her into terrible raptures when they misca'ed her.
d. A strong fit or attack of (some emotion or
mental state).
1795-1814 WORDSW. Excurs. vi. 488 A rapture of forgetful-
ness. 1871 W. ALEXANDER Johnny Gibb ii. 19 ' Eh, that's
the sea !' exclaimed the lassie jn a rapture of admiration.
6. The expression of ecstatic feeling in words or
music ; a rhapsody.
1620 MELTON Astrolog. 27 The cause of such Musicall and
Harmonious Raptures. 1667 MILTON P. L. iii. 369 With
Song, anc"
Rapture of Hymns and Odes. 1835 LYTTON Rienzi ix. iv,
The people . . shouted raptures as he passed. 1845 BROWNING
Home Th.fr. Abroad 14 The first fine careless rapture [of
the thrush].
7. Comb. a. Instrumental, as rapture-bound t
-bursting, -lightened^ -rising, -smitten^ -touched,
-trembling adjs.
1842 FABER Styrian Lake 26, I see Mary *rapture-bound,
And the lily-flowers around. 1824 T. FENBY Four Tern-
peram, iv. xv, Its *rapture-bursting joys. 1799 CAMPBELL
Pleas. Hope Wks. (1837) 6 Turn .. thy *rapture-lighten'd
eye To Wisdom's walks. 1842 SIR AUBREY DE VERB Song
of Faith 219 With * rapture-rising heart, and a thanksgiving
tongue. 1799 CAMPBELL Pleas. Hope Wks. (1837) 23 Who
hath not own'd with *rapture-smitten frame The power of
grace. 1820 T. MITCHELL Aristoph. I. 209 Your bard shall
depart With a *rapture-touch'd heart. XTMCouPtiDOK Relig.
Musings vi, Cherubs and *raptu re-trembling Seraphim.
b. Objective, as rapture-breathing, -giving,
-moving, -speaking adjs.
1777 POTTER sEschylns Suppl. in The muses' "rapture-
breathing shell. 1787 BURNS Answ. Verses by Guidwife of
Waitchope iv, The saul o' life, the heav'n below, Is *rapture-
RAKE.
call il) or EnthusiaMical Spirit of Preaching, n 1814 Cm-
zanga ir. i. in Ntlu Brit. Theatre III. no I'll tell you.
Now prepare for rapturatioll.
Rapture (ra-ptiui), v. Now rare. [f. the sb.]
trans. To enrapture. Also const, with. (Chiefly in
pass., common c 1700-50.)
1637 HEVWOOD Royal Ship 27 Shee hath (no doubt) rap-
tured our Undertaker. 1710 STEELE Taller No. 224 r 7
The highest compounded Spirit of Lavender .. which ..
raptures the Spirits. 1748 RICHARDSON Clarissa (1811) V.
308 How will Lord M. be raptured when he sees her. 1818
KEATS Etulym. n. 947. 1891 INGERSOLL in Pall Mall C.
16 Apr. 7/1 While yet in love with life and raptured with
the world, he passed to silence.
Raptured (roe'ptiCLid), ///. a. [f. prec. sb.
and vb.] Ecstatic, enraptured. (Freq. in iSthc.)
1682 SIR T. BROWNE Wks. (1836) I. 343 The meeter of the
rapturd pjedagogue. 1715 POPE Odyss. i. 558 In his rap-
tured soul the vision glows. 1748 THOMSON Cast. Indol. n.
xlvi, Light o'er the chords his raptur'd hand he flung. 1830
TENNYSON Ode to Memory v, Large dowries doth the rap.
tur d eye To the young spirit present,
Ra-ptureless, a. rare -'. Devoid of rapture.
1811 SCOTT Don Roderick i. iii, Weak minstrels of a laggard
day, . . Timid and raptureless.
t E-a-pturist. Ots. rare. [f. R-APTUEE sb. +
-IST.] An enthusiast.
1663 SPENCER Prodigies (1665) 43 Swarms of prophets and
rapturists. 1783 MAD. D'ARBLAY Diary 13 Jan., Dr. Warton
. . is what Dr. Johnson calls a rapturist.
Rapturize (rse-ptiureiz), v. [f. RAPTURE sb. +
-IZE.] inlr. To fall into ecstasies. Also (nonce-
use), to say in an ecstatic way.
1822 MRS. E. NATHAN Langreath I. 25 'I would not miss
this fete for the world ! ' rapturized the Earl. 1831 DARWIN
in Life (1887) I. 232, I will not rapturize again, out I give
myself great credit in not being crazy out of pure delight.
Rapturous (rse-ptiuras), a. Also 7-8 poet.
rapt'rous. [f. RAPTURE si. + -ous.]
1. Characterized by, expressive or partaking of,
rapture.
1678 CUDWORTH Intell. Syst. i. iv. § 36. 540 A kind of
Rapturous and Ecstatick Union with . . The One and The
Good. 1605 BLACKMORE Pr. Arth. i. 441 Here rapt'rous
Converse he with Heav'n maintains. 1756 BURKE Subl. <5-
B. i. viii, The pleasure . . is of a lively character, rapturous
and violent. 1802 MAR. EDGEWORTH Moral T. (1816) I. xx.
178 The joy of the . . master . . was rapturous and voluble.
1853 KINGSLEY Hypatia xxii. 279 A shout of rapturous
applause greeted this announcement.
2. Feeling or exhibiting rapture.
1754 GRAY Pleasure 18 Rise the rapturous choir among.
1851 HELPS Cotnp. Solit. iv. (1874) 42 A rapturous imagina-
tive girl. 1871 R. ELLIS tr. Catullus xxv. 17 Muse more
rapturous, you, thari any Sappho. 1885-94 R. BRIDGES Eros
Sf Psyche J une xxvi, [We] see thee now so glad and rapturous.
Rapturously (rge-ptifirasli), adv. [f. prec.
+ -LY 2.] In a rapturous manner.
1664 H. MORE Myst. Iniq. 293 Mere Prophetick Ellipsis
. . spoken rapturously and ecstatically, a 1711 KEN Sion
Poet. Wks. 1721 IV. 375 When Tears, .so rapturously glide.
1845 LD. CAMPBELL Chancellors (1857) VI. cxxix. 174 The
speech . . was rapturously praised as a fine specimen of judicial
eloquence. 1873 BURTON Hist. Scot. VI. Ixxi. 246 They
crowded rapturously round the princely boy.
So Ra/pturousness.
1880 G. MEREDITH Trag. Com. (1881) 271 All that he has
dreamed of rapturousness and blessedness.
II RaptnS (ros'pt^s). [L., vbl. sb. f. rapire to
seize : cf. RAPT, RAPTURE, etc.]
1. Path. A seizure. (Craig, 1848.)
Chic-fly in L. phrases, as raptus nielaiicholiciis, nervontm.
2. A state of rapture or excitement, rare.
1844 MARG. FULLER Worn. igth. C. (1862) 106 How graceful
she is in her tragic raptus the chorus shows. 1888 Scott.
Leader 17 Nov. 4 Did he not lash up the raptus over the
extension of the franchise?
?i
jiving woman. 1801 ELIZABETH SCOT Alonzo q Cora 81
Her "rapture-moving voice. 1709 CAMPBELL Pleas, nope
Wks. (1837) 4 The "rapture-speaking tear.
Hence Ba'ptural a., Raptura'tion. nonce-was.
1695 BP. SPRAT Disc. Clergy 46 Such raptural (if I may so
, var. RAP£ Obs. Rapyer, -yre, obs.
ff. RAPIEB. Rapyne, obs. f. RAPINE. Raquer,
obs. f. REQUIBE. Raquest, obs. Sc. f. REQUEST.
Raquet, var. RACKET si.1
II Raqnette (rake't). Alsoraoq-. = RACKET so.2
1861 J.T>. SHEPPARD Fall Rome xiii. 744 The bishop calls
for his raquette, and engages in a game at tennis. 1897
OutingdJ. S.JXXIX. 362/1 When the racquette is fastened
the heel and toe are free.
t Raquitable, a. Obs. rare—1, [a. OF. (rente)
raquitable (Godef.) : see next.] Redeemable.
1683 WARBURTON Hist. Guernsey (1822) 92 If the inherit-
ance shall be sold for rent raquitable, that is to say, rent
afterwards to be bought off, or . . passed away by deed of
gift . . or for wares . . received.
fRaquite, v. Obs. rare-1, [a. OF. raquiter
to recover, to pay (Godef.) : see RE- and ACQUIT.]
trans. To redeem.
1454 Rolls o/Parlt. V. 255/2 To leye in plege all my grete
Jowellys, and the most partie of my Plate not yit raquited.
Rar, obs. form of ROAB.
fRarachose, a. Obs. rare-1, [ad. F. rare
chose rare thing.] Rare, unusual.
1676 MARVELL Mr. Smirkt 20 He is ravisht in Contempla-
tion how Rarachose it is, to see or hear a material Question
in Theology defended in the University Schools.
Baraa show, obs. form of RAREE-SHOW.
Rardess, obs. form of REREDOS.
Rare (re»r), u.l (adv.l and sb.) Also 6-7 Se.
rair. [ad. L. rar-us or a. F. rare (i4th c.).]
1. Having the constituent particles not closely
20
RARE.
packed together. (Opposed to dense.) In later
use chiefly of the air or gases.
c 1420 Pallaii. on Husb. i. 99 The londis fatte, or lene, or
thicke, or rare. 1595 SPENSF.R Sonn. Iv, Not ayre ; for she
is not so light or rare. 1610 W. FOLKINGHAM Art of Survey
1. viii. 16 Distinguishing betweene open and rare soyles, and
such as are condense and close. 1669 STURMY Mariner's
Mag. v. 47 All pure and rare bodies ascend, as the Fire
more than the Air. 1732 ARBUTHNOT Rules of Diet 275 A
denser Fluid is hotter than a rarer, c 1790 IMISON Sch.Arts
1. 100 As the air rises above the earth s surface, it grows
rarer, and consequently lighter, bulk for bulk. 1862 H.
SPENCER First Princ. n. v. §55(1875) 181 A projectile would
travel a far greater distance through a rare medium like air,
than through a dense medium like water.
fig. 1820 SHELLEY Let. to Maria Gisborne 7 Spinning . .
From the fine threads of rare and subtle thought.
•fb. Of colour: Thin, faint. Obs. rare-1.
1750 tr. Leonardus' Mirr. Stones in Those are reckoned
the best, whose colour is neither too thick nor too rare.
t 2. a. Having the component parts widely set ;
of open construction ; in open order. Obs. rare.
c 1410 Pallad. on Husl. xi. 494 A multitude of reysouns
puld they take, And into rushy frayels rare (L. rariore con-
textu] hem gete. 1622 SIR R. HAWKINS Voy. S. Sea (1847)
197 They being rare shippes, and without any manner of
close fights, in bourding with us, their men were all open
unto us, and we under covert and shelter. 1647 MAY Hist.
ParL in. v. loo One rare and slender ranke were to receive
all the storme without seconds.
t b. Thinly attended or populated. Obs. rare.
1610 J. FORBES Cert. Rec. x. (1846) 387 The Assemblie
was so rare that they were not exceeding the number of
nineteen Commissioners, c 1789 GIBBON Autobiog. (1854) 61
Our immediate neighbourhood was rare and rustic.
1 3. a. Placed or stationed at wide intervals ;
standing or keeping far apart. Obs.
461 Among the trees in jiairs they rose, they walk'd; Those
rare and solitarie, these in flocks.
t b. Seldom appearing or seen. Obs.
c 1450 tr. De Imitalione I. viii. o Be rare amonge yonge
peple & straunge folkes. 1784 COWPIl Task n. 383 Fre-
quent in Park with lady at his side,. . But rare at home,
to. Sparing. Const, in. Obs. rare- *.
1526 Pilgr. Perf.(W. de W. 1531) 56 b, Pacyent in aduer-
sytees, rare & sobre in wordes.
d. Infrequent, rare.
1707 FLOYER Physic. Pulse-Watch 128 The Pulse becomes
. .more languid, rare, slow. 1859 TENNYSON Elaine 164 He
. .Chose the green path that show'd the rarer foot,
4. (With pi. sbs.) Few in number, and widely
separated from each other (in space or time) ;
forming a small and scattered class.
1555 Act 2*3 Phil. * Mary, c. 13 The Fertility of the
Ground is not apt to bring forth any Corn nor good Grass,
but in rare Places. 1654 BRAMHALL Just Vindication iv.
(1661) 65 And the Legations from Rome were almost as rare
as appeals to Rome, . . untill the Norman conquest. 1698
FRYER Ace. E. India $ P. 199, I never saw but one Grey-
Maria Gisborne 263 Clouds sail o'er the inverse deep, . . And
the rare stars rush through them. 1885 Munch. Exam.
15 May 5/6 Brake appliances, to the development of which
we mainly owe it that railway accidents are now so rare.
5. Of a kind, class, or description, seldom found,
met with, or occurring ; unusual, uncommon,
exceptional.
1542 UDALL Erasm. Apofh. 171 It is a veraye rare thyng
in princes to feele the mocions and pangues of the graces.
1560 DAUS tr. Sleidane's Comiit. 378 An Olyphaunt of Inde,
. . a rare spectacle, and a beast not often sene in Germany.
1611 BIBLE Pref. F 15 Many rare names of certaine birds,
beastes and precious stones. 1709 HEARNE Collect. (O.H.S.)
II. 269 The Book being very rare in England. 1755 Man
No. 15. 4 It is comparatively rare for brutes to die of sick-
ness. 1779 FORREST Voy. N. Guinea 139 The white bird of
Paradise is the most rare. . .The first sort is very rare. 1812
J. WILSON Isle of Palms iv. 399 Gathering rare shells,
delighted children stray. 1863 JR. A. KEMBLE Resid. in
Georgia 42 How very rare it is to see a well-formed face.
1870 E. PEACOCK Ralf Skirl. III. 182 It was a rare event
foi Mrs. Skirlaugh to go from home.
b. // is rare that . . . (Cf. F. il est rare que . . .,
and see RARELY adv. 2 d.)
1788 T. TAYLOR Proclus (1792) L 34 It is very rare that
philology and philosophy are united in the same person.
1855 PRESCOTT Philip II, I. n. ii. 163 It was rare that the
tone of remonstrance was heard in the halls of Castilian
legislation.
6. Unusual in respect of some good quality ; of
uncommon excellence or merit ; remarkably good
or fine; t distinguished (quot. 1685).
1483 CAXTON Cato 2 b, Therin they fonde many noble and
rare bookes. 1570 Satir. Poems Reform, x. 140 Of quhais
rair bewtie scho did sumpart farlie. 1594 PLAT Jcwell-ho.
ill. 27 One of the rarest Mathematicians of our age. 1639
FULLER Holy War in. xxv. (1840) 164 A more substantial
tower was built, the rarest piece in that kind the world ever
saw. 1685 BAXTER Paraphr. N. T. Matt. x. 42 It is not
only Chanty to Preachers and rare Persons, but to the least
Christians. 1779 COWPER Yearly Distress 57 A rarer man
than you In pulpit none shall hear. 1818 SHELLEY Rev.
Islam i. xxiii, A boat of rare device, which had no sail. 1874
BANCROFT Footpr. Time i. 67 This rare nation knew how to
adapt its governments to its needs.
D. colloq. Splendid, excellent, fine.
Distinguished from prec. merely as applied to more trivial
objects or employed in less dignified context. Intermediate
applications are not uncommon in the 171(1 c.
154
SHAKS. Merclt. V. it. ii. 116 Maister Bassanio, who
indeede giues rare new Liuories. 16*7 DRYDF.N Sir Martin
Mar- All \. iii, Mill. You and I will disguise too...Mooa.
That will be most rare. 1706 E. WARD Wooden World Diss.
(1708) 59 He's a rare Fellow forgiving a bad Captain a good
Word. 1791 'G. GAMBADO ' Ann. Horsem. xviji. (1809) 140
My horse must have had a rare bit of bone in his back.
i8i> Sporting Mag. XXXIX. 283 The prisoner said it
would be a rare thing to get at that mare which was first
favourite. 1878 MRS. H. WOOD Pomeroy A bbey I. 172 Guy
will about die of it I expect. Rare fun if he does.
+ o. Interjectionally in 0 rare !
1596 SHAKS. i Hen. IV, i. ii. 72 Shall I ? O rare ! He be
a braue ludge. a 1688 VILLIERS Rehearsal iv. i, O rare !
this is the most natural, refined fancy that ever I heard.
1761 STERNE Tr. Shandy VI. xxxvi, "Evy« !' O rare I Us
fine reasoning, Sir, indeed ! 1786 BURNS Ordination vn,
Oh rare I to see our elbucks wheep.
d. colloq. in ironical use.
1600 ROWLANDS Let. Humours Blood i. 48 Vttring rare
lyes to be admired at. 1711 ARBUTHNOT John Bull ill. x,
Well, John, thou art got into rare company ! One has a
dumb devil (etc.). 1789 Gouv. MORRIS in Sparks Life ,y
Writ. (1832) I. 323 This is a rare situation, for which they
must thank themselves. 1837 MRS. SHERWOOD Henry Milner
Hi. v. 95 And do you mean always to go to bed at nine
o'clock ?. . If that a n't rare.
e. colloq. as an intensive, with sbs. and adjs.
(also rare and with adjs.).
1833 HT. MARTINEAU Loom % Lugger n. vi. 121 They put
me in a rare passion. 1848 MRS. GASKELL Maty Barton ix.
49 We got a good supper, and grew rare and sleepy. 1877
MRS. HUNCERFORD Phyllis xxvii. (1884) 308 That's a rare
good sign. 1879 STEVENSON Trav. Cevennes 61, I was rare
and hungry.
7. absol. or as sb. f a. A rare thing ; a rarity. Obs.
1566 Banquet! of Dainties A vj b, Of dainties these let me
not fayle, with other rares among. 1611 T. BASTARD Paneg.
Verses in Coryafs Crudities, Put downe, put downe, Tom
Coryate, Our latest rares.
D. What is rare.
SCOTT Tricrni. in. xxxvii, That bower, the gazer to bewitch,
Hath wondrous store of rare and rich.
f 8. As adv. = RARELY. Ol'S. — l
1711 RAMSAY Content 213 Rare she appears, unless on
some fine day She grace a nuptial.
9. Comb., as rare-featured, -painted, -qualified,
-shaped adjs. ; rare-spring attrib.
1607 WILKINS Mis. Enforced Marriage Fivb, They are
the moste rare featur'd . . rare qualified . . gentlewoman.
1641 HOWELL Vote in Lett. (1650) II. 142 No Pistolls or
som rare-sprine Carrabins. 1818 SCOTT Rot Roy xi. O rare-
painted portrait I . . Vandyke was a dauber to you. 1882
DE WINDT Equator 37 The Deli pony is a rare-shaped little
animal . . with immense strength, and very fast.
Bare (re»j), o.2 [Later form of REAR a.l]
f a. Of eggs : Left soft in cooking. Obs. b. Of
meat: Underdone. Also Comb.
Now often regarded as an Americanism, but current in
many English dialects (cf. REAR), and used by English writers
in the first half of the igth c.
a. 1655 MOUFET & BENNET Health's Improv. 137 A rare
Egg any way dresst is lightest of Digestion, a hard Egg is
most rebellious. Ibid., Eggs. . being rare-roasted in embers
. . make thickest and strongest blood.
b. 1784 in Life Longfellow (1891) II. xvii. 414 The lean
should be quite rare, not so the fat. 1810 LAMB Elia Ser. i.
Christ's Hosp. 35 Yrs. Ago, The same flesh, rotten-roasted
or rare, on the Tuesdays. 1830 M. DONOVAN Dam. Eton.
II. 289 The meat was in all cases a little rare at its centre.
1861 G. F. BERKELEY Sportsm. W. Prairies 26 The wood-
cock and snipe, .should be underdone or what the Americans
call ' rare '. [1800 LOWELL Introd. Biglovi Papers Ser. n. in
Poems II. 181 The earliest form of the word with us was,
and the commoner now in the inland parts still is, so far as
I can discover, raredone."\
Rare (re»i), a. 3 and adv? Obs. exc. dial. [Var.
of RATHE a.l : cf. RARE-KIPE.] Early.
1574 W. BOURNE Regiment for Sea iii. (1577) 12 b. Some-
time in the yeare you shall see the Moone rarer than at
some other time, as this for example, from January to June
you shall see the Moone within .24. houres after the
chaunge. 1615 CHAPMAN Odyss. vi. 422 Rude mechanicals,
that rare and late Work in the market-place. 1847 HALLI-
WELL, Rare, . . early. Devon. 1880 in W. Cornwall Gloss.
Hare, obs. form of REAR, ROAR.
Rarebit : see WELSH RABBIT.
f Raree-fine, a. Obs. rare-1, [f. RAREE (see
next) + FINE a.] Raree-fine show — next.
1736 FIELDING Pasquin v. i, All the raree-fine shows ex-
hibited to them in what they call entertainments.
Raree-show (re»T»-,J0°). Also 7-8 rary-,
8 rarse-. [' This word is formed in imitation of the
foreign way of pronouncing rare show ' (Johnson).
It has also been suggested that raree may represent rarity
(cf. G. raritaten-kasten), but Johnson's statement is prob.
correct; the early exhibitors of peep-shows appear to have
been usually Savoyards, from whom the form was no doubt
adopted.]
1. A show contained or carried about in a box ;
a peep-show.
[c 1681 (title) Raree Show, or the true Protestant Proces-
sion.] a 1704 T. BROWN Sat. French King Wks. 1730 I. 61
May Savoy with thee hither pack And carry a raree-show
upon his back. 1730 FIELDING Tom Thumb m. iv, Why dost
thou speak Like men who carry raree-shows about? 1822
SCOTT Peveril xli, Fitter . . by his size and appearance, for
the inside of a raree-show, than the mysteries of a plot. 1849
E. FITZGERALD Lett. (1889) I. ro8 A showman whom one
gives a shilling to once a month to see his raree-show.
RAREFY.
2. transf. A show or spectacle of any kind.
1684 Hist. Acct. Gt. Frost 22 Thames becomes a kind of
raree-show. 1719 RAMSAY To Arbuckle 66 [A] poet, or an
airy beau, Or ony twa-legg'd rary-show. 1747 CHESTERF.
Lett. cxxx. (1792) I. 349 Those who only mind the raree-
shews of the places which they go through, such as steeples,
clocks, town-houses, etc. 18*4 J. SYMMONS tr. Mschylus'
Agam. 75, I long have mark'd Life's raree-show before me
in a mirror. 1883 Ckr. World 22 Nov. 813 He is averse to
taking part in sijch a raree-show upon the Sunday.
b. Spectacular display.
1809 SCOTT 16 July in Fam. Lett. (1894) I. v. 137 Those
immense London Stages fit only for pantomime and raree.
show.
3. attrib., as raree-show-box, -showman (hence
-manisni).
1765 STERNE Tr. Shandy VIII. xxiv, Thou didst look
into it with as much innocency of heart, as ever child look'd
into a *raree*hew-box. 1806-7 J. BESESFORD Miseries
Hum. Life (1826) xx. ii, Two men at two of the holes of a
raree-show-box. 01700 B. E. Diet. Cant. Crew, "Raree-
shmv-men. 1756 C LUCAS Ess. Waters III. 329 A rary-
VII. 311 S— -1, too, upon Romanism Will sport his 'raree-
showmanism.
Rarefaction (re«if-, nerife-kjan). Also 7-8
rari-. [Noun of action f. L. rarefacere : see
RAREFY v. Cf. F. rarefaction (i4th c., Oresme).]
The action of rarefying, or process of being rare-
fied ; diminution of density. (Now chiefly of the
air or gases, or Path, of bones.)
160} HOLLAND Plutarch's Mar. 1318 To dense and pnrifie
the aire by this rarefaction and subtilization. i6a6 BACON
Sylva $ 30 In Gunpowder, the Force of it hath been as-
cribed to Rarefaction of the Earthy Substance into Flame.
1707 FLOYER Physic. Pulse-Watch 69 In those Persons who
have the best Tempers, the Blood and Spirits have a mode-
rate Rarifactipn. 1869 E. A. PARKES Pract. Hygiene (ed. 3)
466 In ascending mountains there is rarefaction, i. e. lessened
pressure of air. 1898 Allbulfs Syst. Med. V. 605 In others
there is . . thickening or rarefaction of skull bones.
fig. 1671 MARVELL Reh. Transf. (1675) II. 249 Lest they
[tawsj .. lose in strength what they gam by extension and
rarefaction. 1873 SYMONDS Grk. Poets vi. 171 Arriving at
monotheism by a process of rarefaction and purification.
b. With a and//. An instance of this.
1834 MRS. SOMERVILLE Contux . Phys. Sc. xvi. (1849) M4
A regular series of condensations and rarefactions. 1873
W. LEES Acoustics i. i. 10 An undulation or wave, .consists
of two parts — a condensation and a rarefaction.
Rarefa'ctive, a. and sb. [ad. L. type "rare-
factions, f. rarefacere to RAREFY. Cf. F. rart-
factif (i6th c.).]
A. adj. Having the quality of rarefying ; char-
acterized by rarefaction. (In recent use only Path.
of diseases of bones.)
1656 [? J. SERGEANT] tr. T. White's Peripat. Inst. v. xiv.
313 Tis plain . . that an Intelligence, by that one rarefactive
Vertue, can operate whatever is to be done by Bodies. 1664
POWER Exp. Philos. 11. 114 Hence it appears, that Ayr, be-
sides its gravity, has a nobler rarefactive faculty. 1889
Lancet 6 Apr. 684/2 Ararefactive disease of the whole bone.
1899 Alloutfs Syst. Med. VI. 551 The microscopic appear,
ances are those of a rarefactive osteitis.
fB. sb. (Seequot.) Obs. rare — «.
1717-41 CHAMBERS Cycl., Rare/actives, . . in medicine,
remedies which open and inlarge the pores of the skin.
tRarefiable, a. Obs. rare. In 7 rarifl-,
-fy-. [f. RAREFY v. + -ABLE ; cf. F. rare'Jiable.']
Capable of being rarefied.
1656 [? J. SERGEANT] tr. T. White's Peripat. Inst. 57 Any
dense body that is rarifiable. 1680 BOYLE Exper. Chem.
Princ. n. 64 That so inconsiderable a proportion of that
liquor, should be rarifiable into so much ardent spirit.
Rarefica'tion. rare. Also 7-8 raxi-. [Noun
of action, after L. types, from RAREFY ».] - RARE-
FACTION.
1616 in BULLOKAR Eng. Expos. 17*7 BRADLEY Fam.
Diet. s.v. Bee hive. Its Whiteness is increased by this Rati-
fication. 1794 SULLIVAN View Nat. I. 209 It carries the
point of greater rarefication on the other side of the equator.
1893 SIR J. C BROWNE in Timet 3 Oct. 9/5 Rarefication in
quality of two orders of impressions.
Rarefied, ///. a. [f. RAREFY v. + -ED.] That
is made less dense. (Chiefly of air.)
1634 PEACHAM Gentl. Exerc. in. 140 The higher parts of
the ayre, which . . are more rarified and pure then the neather.
1665 GLANVILL Scefsis Set. i. 17 That a Bullet should be
moved by the rarified fire. 1785 FRANKLIN Lett. Wks. 1840
VI. 506, I need not explain to you,, .what is meant by rare-
fied air. 1855 PRESCOTT Philip 11, ii. iv. (1857) 243 The
brisk and rarefied atmosphere of Madrid proved favourable
to Charles's health. 1899 Alltutts Syst. Med. VIII. 482
Mast-cells closely packed in columns in a rarefied tissue.
Ra'refier. rare. [f. RAREFY v. + -ER 1.] That
which rarefies.
1686 GOAD Celest. Bodies I. ii. 6 Such infinite variety of
Rarefiers and Condensers. 1798 HUTTON Course Math.
(1807) II. 240 The air-pump, or rarefier.
Rarefy (re»Tffai, rae-rflsi), v. Also 5-6 rere-,
5-9 rari-, 7 reri-. [a. F. rareficr (i4th c.,
Oresme), or ad. L. rarefacere (Lucretius), f. rar-vs
RARE a.l +fac2re to make ; the form (for rari-
facire~) is perh. on analogy of arefacZre}.
The pron. now usual in England has the vowel ofrarez&\. ;
the older usage, with the short vowel, is still favoured m
America and Scotland (not dial.) ; cf. RARITY.)
1. trans. To make rare or thin, esp. by expan-
BABELY.
sion ; to lessen the density or solidity of (a sub-
stance, now usually air or, in Path., bone).
I398TREVISA Earth. De P. R. lit. xv. (Tollem. MS.), To hot
sunne bat rarefiej* [1535 rerefieth] and openeb be pores ouer
mesure. 1477 NORTON Ord. A Ich. v. in Ashm. Theat. Ghent.
Brit. (1652) 77 Water ratified becomes Ayre againe. 1513
SKELTON C-arL Laurel 651 The clowdis gan to clere, the
myst was raririid. 1655 W. CHAMBERLAYN Pharonnida ill.
iv. (1820) 67 Whilst choice music rarifies the air. 1677 W.
HARRIS tr. Lemery's Course Chym. i. xiv. (1686) 347 A Coral
rarefied and opened by the Spirit of Vinegar. 1756 C. LUCAS
Ess. Waters 1.44 Higher degrees of heat rarefy and expand
water. 1871 TYNDALL Fragm. Set. (1879) I. v. 135 The hot
wire rarefied the air in contact with it. 1897 A lloutfs Syst.
Med. III. 149 1'1C osseous structure .. is absorbed, rarefied
and softened.
absol. 1697 DRYDEN Virg. Georg. I. 566 As Rains con-
dense, and Sunshine rarities.
2. fig. To make less gross or material, to refine,
to purify.
1599 B. JONSON^Z/. man out of Hum. n. iii, You see., how
their wits are refinde and rarefi'd ! 1626 T. H. Caussiris
Holy Crt. 24 Raryfying the most grosse thoughts, as the
sun-beames doth the vapours of the earth. 17*0 WELTON
Suffer. Son of Cod I. xi. 282 It is Prayer that . . rarifies his
Soul into an Essence of Divine Love. 1818 HAZLITT Char.
Skaks, (1838) 142 Love is a gentle flame that rarefies and
expands her whole being.
D. To make (an idea) subtle.
a 1699 STILLINGFL. Serm. (R.), Plain truths lose much of
their weight when they are rarify'd into subtilities. 1875
JOWETT Plato (ed. 2) IV. 140 In some parts of the argument
the abstraction is so rarefied as to become . . fallacious,
t C. To palliate, extenuate (a fault). Obs.
1622 H. SYDENHAM Sena. Sol. dec. (1637) 222 There is
something in this way, which may rarifie or extenuate an
offence, nullify it cannot.
f3. To reduce the number of (trees); to thin
(a wood). Obs. rare.
1650 FULLER Pisgah 411 Cedars were so Tariffed in Libanus,
that modern travellers saw but four and twenty in their
passage over this mountain, a 1661 — • Worthies (1840) HI.
244 There needed no iron mills to rarify the woods of this
county.
4. intr. To become less dense; to be thinned, rare.
a 1658 CLEVELAND Committee 34 Bodies at the Resurrec-
tion are On Wing, just rarifying into Air. 1750 tr, Leon-
ardits' Mirr. Stones 132 When it is kindled by fire, it rarifies,
and is violently dilated. 1847 DE QUINCEY •$"/«». Mil. Nun
Wks. 1862 III. 57 Like the mist sometimes rarefying into
sunny gauze.
Hence Ha-refying vbl. sb. and ppl. a.
1648 HAMMOND Serin, iii. Wks. 1683 IV. 487 This rarifying
power of flames and judgments, a 1660 Ibid. xxiv. 641 This
rarifying and purifying of the fancy. 1898 AllbitlCs Syst.
Med. V. 9 The common atrophic rarefying emphysema.
Rarely (reVili), adv. [f. RARE a.l + -LY2.]
fl. a. Thinly, scantily. 06s. rare.
1523 CROMWELL Sp. in Merriman Life $ Lett. (1902) I. 40
How should we be Able to possede the large Cuntreye of
Fraunce which haue our owne Realme so meruelous rarely
storyd of inhaby tauntes and hable men.
t b. In a wide-set or open manner. Obs.
a 1547 SURREY ^EneiJ iv. (1557) E i, The hayes so rarely
knit [L. retia rarti], 1622 SIR R. HAWKINS Voy. S. Sea
(1847) 196 Shee .. being rarely built, and utterly without
fights or defences, .wee cleered her decks in a moment
2. Seldom, infrequently, in few instances.
Formerly compared rarelier, rareliest (quots. 1640, 1656).
1552 HULOET, Rarelye, ran. 1570 in LEVINS Manip. ai6i8
RALEIGH Rem. (1664) 121 Benefits are sometimes acknow-
ledged, rarely requited. 1640 BOLTON Com/. Affl. Consc.
(ed. 3) Ep. Bed., They are rarelier, and hardlier wrought
upon by the Word. 1656 EARL MONM. tr. Boccalinis
Advts.fr. Parnass. i. xxxix. (1674) 51 Those precious Stones
are most esteemed of, which are rareliest found. 1713
BUDGELL Spect. No. 277 r 16 She was not Talkative, a
Quality very rarely to be met with in the rest of her
Country-women. 1756 C. LUCAS Ess. Waters II. 3 They
rarely, if ever . .are perfectly frozen. 1861 FLO. NIGHTINGALE
Nursing 7 The windows are rarely or never opened. 1880
GEIKIE Phys. Geog. ii. § n. 85 How rarely does the air
seem to be perfectly motionless I
b. With ever added.
1694 W. WOTTON A tie. fy Mod. Learn. (1697) 403 The
most verbose Mathematicians have rarely ever said any
thing for Saying sake. 1709 MRS. MANLEY Secret Mem.
II. 167 They .. rarely ever examin into the true Motive.
1728 RAMSAY Health 355 Who rarely ever cures, but often
kills. 1857 [see EVER adv. 7 c].
c. Rarely or ever, by confusion of ' rarely if
ever ' and ' rarely or never '. Cf. EVER adv. 7 b.
1788 Woman of Honor I. 139 But those schemes . . rarely
or ever answer the end. 1811 SYD. SMITH Wks. (1850) 200/1
The contest would rarely or ever take place, where the
friends of the Establishment were not numerous enough.
d. It is rarely that - It is rare or seldom that.
(See RARE a. 5 b.)
. '753 CHAMBERS Cycl. Supp. s.v. Louse, He observes, that
!•'. 1SxTra^ y that flies are found infested with them. 1825
O. N. COLLINCWOOD in Parr's Wks. (1828) I. 505 It was
rarely indeed that any such request was denied.
Unusually or remarkably well ; finely, splen-
didly, beautifully. (Freq. in 17* c.)
1590 SHAKS. Mids. N. i. ii. 31, I could play Ercles rarely.
1602 MARSTON Antonio's Rev. v. i, I could belch rarely, for
I am all wmde. 1667 DRVDEN Sir Martin Mar-all v.i, I'll
instruct him most rarely, he shall never be found out. 1703
MAUNDRELL Journ. Jerus. (1732) 136 A stately Architrave,
and Cornish rarely carv'd. 1786 BURNS Dream x, Down
Pleasure s stream, wi' swelling sails I'm tauld ye're driving
rarely. ,860 GEO. ELIOT At ill on Floss in. iii, You can
write rarely now, after all your schooling, I should think.
4. In an unusual degree ; exceptionally.
155
1606 SHAKS. Ant. <• Cl. v. ii. 158 Villain, Dog. O rarely
base. 1661 BOYLE Spring of Air n. v. (1682) 56 It will agree
rarely-well with the Hypothesis. 1681 R. KNOX Hiit.
Ceylon 15 It is rarely sweet and pleasing to the pallat. 1853
KANE Grinnell Exp. xxii. (1856) 174, I was one of the oars-
men, and sweated rarely. 1882 JESSIE FOTHEROILL Kith
$ K. xxx, I believed him to be rarely good and wise.
b. With (ppl.) adjs. used attributively.
1668 CULPEPPER & COLE Bart hoi, Anat. i. vii. 16 The
rarely learned Marcus Aurelius Severinus. 1860 G. H. K.
in Vac, Tour 117 Bits of rarely-scented shrub here and
there. 1866 Macm. Mag. Apr. 521 Investigated by. .That
rarely-gifted Scholar.
Rareness (re»unes). [f. RARE <z.i + -NESS.]
The fact or quality of being rare.
1 1. Thinness ; fewness, scantiness. Obs. rare.
1588 WHITEHORNE tr. Machiavel's ArteofWarre in. 43
The Hastati.-retyred by a litle, and litle, by the rarenes of
thorders betweene the Principi. 1610 J. FORBES Cert. Rec.
x. (1846) 390 The said Assemblie. .having weighed the rare-
ness of their own number [etc.].
2. =• RARITY a.
1614 W. B. Philosopher's Banquet (ed. 2) 45 The light-
nesse and rarenesse of the substance. 1714 HALLEY in
Phil. Trans. XXIX. 160 The extream Cold and Rareness
of the Air in those upper Regions. 1857 R. TOMES Amer.
in Japan xii. 287 The not infrequent rams . . give an occa-
sional humidity and rareness to the atmosphere.
3. = RARITY 3.
1531 R. ROBINSON tr. More's Utopia n. vi. (1895) 174 Yf
that the folly of men hadde not sette it in hygher estymacyon
for the rarenes sake. 1620 VENNER Via Recta iv. 74 It may
be.. doubted, whether it be so greatly esteemed for the
rarenesse of it, or for the goodnesse of meate. 1721 R.
KEITH tr. a Kempis' Solil. Soul xviii. 262, I rather accuse
the Rareness than the Frequency of thy Approaches. 1884
Contemp. Rev. July 63 A noteworthy fact is the compara-
tive rareness of ruined villages of the age of bronze,
4. = RARITY 4.
"577 B. GOOGE Herestach's Huso. (1586) 167 This kind of
Foule, both _for their rareness, and also the greatnesse of
their body, is at this daie kept in great flockes. 1573-85
ABP. SANDYS Serin, xviii. (1585) 308 Their prerogatiues . .
were manifolde, and for the preciousnesse and rarenesse of
them most wonderful. 1683 EVELYN Mem. (1857) H. 185
The greatest master both for invention and rareness of
work, that the world ever had. 1866 GEO. ELIOT F. Holt
xlv, That childhood to which common things have rareness.
Ra-re-ripe, a. and st. dial, and U. S. [f.
RARE a.s + RIPE.] a. adj. Rathe-ripe, b. sb.
An early fruit or vegetable. Also transf. c. atlrib.
Of the colour of a peach called the rare-ripe.
1799 WASHINGTON Writ, (1893) XIV. 231 All that part, .is
to be planted with rare-ripe corn. 1799 S. FREEMAN Town
Officer 162 Onions for shipment in bunches shall weigh as
follows, viz. rare-ripes two and a half Ibs. 1860 O. W. HOLMES
Elsie V, (1861) 75 Brunette, with a rareripe flush in her
cheeks. 1890 LOWELL Poems II. 181 President Lincoln said
of a precocious boy that ' he was a rareripe '.
Rareyfy- (re>r/foi), v. Obs. Also rari-. [f.
Rarey (see def.) + -FY. Prob. suggested by RARE-
FY.] trans. To tame (animals, esp. horses) by the
method of Rarey, a famous horse-breaker.
1858 O. W. HOLMES Ant. Breakf.-t. (1883) 198 If the
Houyhnhnms . . send a man-tamer to Rareyfy me. 1892
Sat. Rev. 14 May 566/2 A handsome bay mare, which she
has succeeded in ' Rarey-fying '.
t Rari'ety. Obs. [f. RARE «.l, on analogy of
variety. Pretty frequent in early part of 1 7th c.]
•= RARITY (chiefly in senses 4 and 5).
1596 Edward II I, n. ii. sig. D 4 The register of all rarieties
Since Letherne Adam, till this youngest bowre. 16x1 HEY-
WOOD Gold. Age in. Wks. 1874 III. 52 Let all raryeties
Showre downe from heauen a lardges. 1636 — Challenge
for Beauty iv. Wks. V. 52 If any clyme Could yeeld rarietie
to equallours. 1659 FULLER App.lnj. Innoc. i. 44 Give me
leave to record the first Essays of this Pious Prince, especially
they being unprinted rarieties.
Rarifaction, -fy : see RABEFACTION, RAREFY.
Rarin, obs. form (inf.) of ROAR v.
Ba-rish, a. [f. RAKE a.l] Somewhat rare.
1844 TUPPER Heart iv. 35 These instances are rarish too.
t Ba-ritive, a. nonce-wd. [Irreg. f. RAKE a.]
Indicating rareness of occurrence.
1668 WILKINS Real Char. in. vii. 342 The opposite to each
of these, viz. Desinative and Raritive [words],
Rarity (re»Titi, rse-riti). Also 6-7 -itie, 7
-ietie, -iety, -yet-, [ad. L. raritds, i. rdrus RARE :
see -MY. Cf. F. rarete (isth c.), ^raritt (i6th c.).
On the pron. see note to RAREFY.]
1 1. a. Of a number of things or persons : The
fact of being set at wide intervals. Obs. rare.
1598 BARRET Theor. Warres in. ii. 78 So will it be of no
force to fight, by reason of their raritie & their standing,
t b. Of the pulse : Infrequency. Obs. rare.
1590 BARROUGH Meth. Physick 238 The pulses do keepe
ktbeir naturall slownesse and raritie.
2. Of substances (now chiefly of air) : Thinness
of composition or texture. (Opposed to density!)
1644 H. HAMMOND Pract. Catech. v. iv. (1847) 335 Bodies
..spiritualized into a high agility, rarity, clarity. 1684 tr.
Banet's Merc. Compit. I. 8 Falling of the Hair, caused by
rarity of the skin. 1794 G. ADAMS Nat, fy Exp. Philos. 1 1.
xxi. 404 Though the transparency of bodies were explicable
on the supposition of infinite strength and infinite rarity.
1834 MRS. SOMERVILLE Conner. Phys. Sc. § xvii. (1849) ?^
Too air, notwithstanding its rarity, is capable of transmitting
its undulations. 1887 R. L. STEVENSON Merry Men v. ii. 224
An atmosphere of more than usual rarity.
3. Relative fewness in number ; the fact of occur-
ring seldom or in few instances.
BASCAL.
ch.
1560-1 First Bk. Discipl. in Knox Wks. (1846) II. j94Thc
leiflest remedy . . in all this raritie of trew ministeris, is
rr., ... , l_ • L ** ••«,»*». AU
43 These libels, which enter into our national history are
.f the greatest rarity. 1856 STANLEY Sinait, Pal. vii. (1858)
287 Confined to rare and remote occasions, the more remark-
able from their very rarity.
4. Unusual or exceptional character, esp. in
respect of excellence.
1601 R. CHESTER in Shots. Cent. Praise 43 A Poeme enter-
laced with much varietie and raritie. 1695 W. W. New
Lt. Chirurg. Put out 30 His Method of Cure. Which hath
several Pieces of Rarity in it. 1744 HARRIS Three Treat, i.
(1765) 270 Some Sample of a Philosophy, which, from its
Rarity perhaps, may possibly furnish some Amusement.
1873 SYMONDS Grk. Poets v. 130 Even Archilochus seems
commonplace when compared with Sappho's exquisite rarity
of phrase.
O. A rare or uncommon thing, or occurrence.
1592 DEE Compend, Rehears. (Chetham Soc.) 30 Of other
rarities. . I will not make here any further rehearsall. 1635-
S« COWLEY Davideis I. Note 54 But this was a Raritie ; for
Mallows are too soft to be proper for that use. 1673 RAY
yourn. Low C. 27 A Museum well stored with natural and
artificial Rarities. 1712-3 SWIFT "}rnl. to Stella Ixi, It was
a fine day, which is a rarity with us. 1796 H. HUNTER tr.
St. -Pierre i Stuff. Nat. (1709) II. 172 It had become such
a rarity in his time as hardly any where to be seen. 1821
BYRON Juan :v. cxy, The virtues, even . . Charity, Are saving
— vice spares nothing for a rarity. 1869 FREEMAN Norm.
Cony. (1876) III. xii. 232 Milk was the chief diet of the
people : bread was a rarity.
Bary-show, obs. f. RAREE-SHOW. Bas, obs.f.
RACE sb.i, RAISE v., obs. pa. t. RISE. Basalger,
var. RESALGAR 06s.
llRasamala (rasama-la). [Malay (Javanese
etc.) ras- or rtisamala.] A tall East Indian tree
(Altingiaexcelsaoi Liquidambar Altingid) yield-
ing an odoriferous resin. Also attrib.
Covered with rasamala trees of immense size.
Rasant (ri'-zant), a. Mil. Also razant.
Now rare or Obs. [a. F. rasant, pres. pple. of
raser to RASEZ/.I : see Littre'. So also Pg. rasante.]
In fortification : Sweeping, grazing. (Cf. quots.)
1696 PHILLIPS (ed. 5) s.v., Line of defence Rasant, so called,
because the shot from thence only shaves but makes no
Breach. 1706 Accomplished Officer iv. 36 In this Case you
must suppose razant Fortifications. 1727-41 CHAMBERS
Cycl. s.v., In fortification, rasant flank, or line, is that part
of the curtin, or flank, whence the shot exploded rase or
glance along the face of the opposite bastion. 1830 E. S. N.
CAMPBELL Diet. Milit. s.v. Razant.
Basaue, -awe, obs. Sc. ff. RECEIVE v. Bas-
berry, Rasboute, obs. ff. RASPBERRY, RAJPOOT.
t Bascabi-lia. Obs. rare-1. In 6 rask-.
[Humorously f. RASCAL.] collect. Rascalry, rascals.
Hence fBascabi'lian, a rascal. Obs.— '
1573 TUSSER Husb. (1878) 25 Beware raskabilia, slothful!
to wurke. 1622 BRETON Strange Naves (1879) 6 Their
names are often recorded in a Court of Correction, where
the Register of Rogues makes no little gaine of Rasca-
bilians.
So t Bascabi-lity, rascality, rabble. Obs.~l
a 1577 SIR T. SMITH Commw. Eng. 11612) 31 Such as be
exempted out of the number of the rascability of the
popular, be called and written Yeomen.
Rascal (ra-skal), sb. and a. Forms : 4-5 ras-
kayl, (4 -kail(l)e, -kayle, -keyl, 5 -kell), 5-7
raskall, 6-7 -kal, (7 -kale) ; 4-6rasoaile, (41011-
cail(l o, 4-5 rascayl(e, -caille (9), -oaly(e), 5-8
rascall, (6 -kcal, -seal, -oald, -oold(e, 6-7 -ohal,
7 -cole, 9 dial, rasoat, -cot), 5- rascal, [a. OF.
rascaille, -caile, rescaille ( 1 2th c. ; mod.F. racaille'),
of uncertain origin.]
A. sb. 1 1. collect. The rabble of an army or of
the populace ; common soldiers or camp-followers ;
persons of the lowest class. Obs. exc. arch.
c 1330 R. BRUNNE Chron. (1810)276 pe route of rascaile,
Tille armes gan drawe, & dight bam to bataile. ?<i 1400
Morte A rth. 2882 The raskaille was rade, and rane to be
grefes. 1415 HOCCLEVE To Sir f. Oldcastle 391 Yee broken
meynee, yee wrecchid rascaille. 1523 LD. BERNERS Froiss.
I. 703 It is nat convenyent that such raskall.. sholde be
suffred to rule a countrey. 1553 BRENDE Q. Curtius Ff iv,
Such, as sometime were the rascal of al their citie, and then
the refuse of al the outlawes. 1570 LEVINS; Manip. 13/12
\" Rascall, nulgus. [1819 SCOTT /IXJH&VX!, Ascoreof such
rascaille. .whom one good knight could drive before him.J
ft>. A rabble or mob. Obs. rare.
c 1330 R. BRUNNE Chron. Wact (Rolls) 1536 pat raskayl
(var, rescaile] to be schip al Jod. c 1470 Hors Shepe f, C.
(Caxton 1479, Roxb. repr.) 32 A raskall of boycs. A rafull
ofknaues. 1532 MORE Confut. TindaU Wks. 412/1 Bothe
Luther and he.. and all the rable of that rascaile, neuer
cease to say this.
t o. Rubbish, refuse. (So F. racaille.) Ois.~°
c 1440 Promp. Pan. 424/1 Rascaly, or refuse, where of
hy t be, , . caducum.
f 2. One belonging to the rabble or common
herd ; a man of low birth or station. Obs.
1461-83 Househ. Ord. (1790) 66 That the rascals and
hangers upon thys courte be sought oute and avoyded from
every offyce monethly. 1494 FABYAN Chron. vn. 326 The
personys whiche enlendyd this conspiracy, were but of the
20-2
RASCAL.
rascallys of the cytie. 1561 T. NORTON Calvin's fiat.,
Table of Script. Quot., Hee. .made priests of the rascals of
the people. 1592 WYRLEY Artnorie 123 Mean conquest is
it, base rascolds to subdue. 1674 ^BEVINT Saul at Endor
304 Catholics may look on us all, like so many poor Raskals,
who have none of these Jewels.
fb. A camp-follower. Obs. rare.
1552 EDW. VI Jrnl. in Lit. Kern. (Roxb.) II. 420 About
20,000 footmen, and 8000 horsmen, wel appointed, besides
rascalles. 1571 HANMER Chron. Irel. (1633) 28 They placed
their rascals on their jades, nagges, and labouring garrons.
3. A low, mean, unprincipled or dishonest fellow;
a rogue, knave, scamp.
1586 A. DAY Eng. Secretary (1625) 44 There was no rake-
hell, no ruffian, no knaue, no villaine, no cogging raskall, ; .
but his hand was in with him. 1649 SIR E. NICHOLAS in
N. Papers (Camden)I.i54This rascafl spake worse then they
and more contemptuously of our late blessed king. 1688
R. HOLME Armoury in. 311/2 The Whip.. is a Punishment
inflicted upon all Vagabonds, Wandering Beggars and Idle
Rascals. 1709 HEAHNE Collect. (O. H. S.) II. 197 That the
39 Articles, .is cut out of yl Book by some RascaL 1793
JEFFERSON Writ. (1859) IV. 20 The agents of the two people
are either great bunglers or great rascals. 1859 W. COLLINS
Q o/ Hearts (1875) 58 Shifty Dick and the other rascal had
been caught, and were in prison.
b. Used without serious implication of bad
qualities, or as a mild term of reproof.
c 1610 COOKE Greene's Tu Quoque A 3 Sweet Rascall ! if
your love bee as earnest as your protestation, you will meete
me this night at supper. 1698 FRYER Ace. E. India «/ P. 34
A set of these Rascals . . in a Week's time with this Load
shall run down their choicest Horses. 1712 STEELE Spect.
No. 493 f 3, I live in Taverns; he is an orderly sober
Rascal. 1899 W. E. NORKIS Giles Ingilby iv, You are a
lucky rascal, and I wish. .1 were in your shoes.
O. Applied to a woman or girl. rare.
1624 FLETCHER Rule a Wife v. iv, Why, how dar'st thou
(Estifania] meet me again, thou rebel, . . thou rascal. 1899
H. CLIFFORD in Blackw. Mag. No. 1000. 319 What a clear
colour that girl had . . What a lissom rascal it was !
f4. collect. The young, lean, or inferior deer of
a herd, distinguished from the full-grown antlered
bucks or stags. Obs.
1399 LANGL. Rich. Redeles u. 129 So whanne joure haunte-
lere acre were all ytakyn, Was non of the rasskayle aredy
ffull growe. c 1474 in Christ Church Lett. (Camden) 26 For
lak of dier it [hunting] must be forboren unto the tyme that
more Raskell may grow. 1575 TURBERV. Vcncric 73 In
Januarie they leave bearding with rascal and accompany
themselves three or foure hartes together. 1607 J. NORDEN
Surv. Dial. in. 114 What Deere hath the Lord of this
Mannor in his Parke, red and fallow ; how many of Antler,
and how many rascall.
f b. A deer of this kind. Obs.
1522 Warrant in Jeayes Catal. Berkeley Charters (1892)
206 All the male dear and all other Rasscalls except the
Hyndes. 1612 DRAYTON Poly-olb. xiii. 01 The Bucks and
lusty Stags amongst the Rascalls strew'd.
fig. 1625 B. JONSON Staple of N. in. i, A new park is
a-making there to sever Cuckolds of antler from the rascals.
C. Similarly applied to other animals.
1530 PALSGR. 260/2 Rascall, refuse beest, refits. 1576
FLEMING tr. Cains' Dogs 42 Some be called fine dogs, some
course, other some mungrels or rascalls. 1577 B. GOOGE
Heresbach's Husb. (1586) 126 b, When you perceiue yl she
is Horsing, away with the raskal, and put to your stallion.
1869 Lonsdale Gloss., Rascal, a lean animal.
5. Comb., as rascal-like adj.
1576 FLEMING Panopl. Epist. 383 His opprobrious speaches,
and rascallike raylinges. 1591 SHAKS. i Hen. VI, iv. ii. 49
If we be English Deere, be then in blood, Not Rascall-like
to fall downe with a pinch.
B. adj. 1. Belonging to, or forming, the rabble:
cf. A. i. (Common c 1530-1650, esp. in rascal
people or sort.} Also rarely, rascally, knavish.
c 1430 Life St. Kath. (Gibbs MS.) 81 O how blessed schal
I ban be whan be folye of be rascayl puple schal worschepe
me. 1548 UDALL, etc. Erasm. Par. Mark i. n He that
purineth al thinges, came as one of the raskall sort. 1581
SAVILE Tacitus, Hist. \, xxx, Yet for your own interest pro-
uide, that the raskallest sort be no Emperour-makers. 1667
POOLE Dial, betvj. Protest, fy Papist (1735) 93 Those Cor-
poral Pains, which the Rascal-Herd must suffer without
Bail or Main-prise. 1681 DRYDEN Abs. <fr Achit. 579 Nor
shall the Rascal Rabble here have Peace. 1819 SCOTT
Ivanhoe xxvii, We shall have need of their aid to-day before
yon rascal rout disband. Hid. Marshalling the farther
troop of the rascaille yeomen. 1878 TENNYSON Q. Mary II. ii,
To.. yield Full scope to persons rascal and forlorn.
fb. Common, private (soldiers). Obs.
1578 GOLDING Justin xitl. 74 Ptolomy, whome Alexander
for his manhode and valiauntnesse had promoted from a
raskal [1570 common] souldioure. 1581 MARBECK Bk. of
Notes 169 Achab . . would not be knowne to be the king,
but bee counted a rascall souldier.
C. Pertaining or appropriate to (f the rabble, or)
rascals. = RASCALLY 3.
1566 T. STAPLETON Ret. Untr. Jewel in. 121 No«adde
162 In the rascal streets in the neighborhood. 1894 F. S.
ELLIS Reynard Fox 203 A holy life I'm always choosing,
But rascal ways find more amusing.
t2. Wretched, mean, etc. = RASCALLY 4. Obs.
1585 GOLDING Pomponius Mela (1590) 54 It is but a rascall
bancke all stonie. 1612 T. JAMES Corrupt. Scripture i. 55
Such rude, rascall and foolish stuffe, in steed of manic
learned Treatises, a 1639 WOTTON in Reliq. (1685) 652 The
streight and rascal Dyet of that Town in Lent. 1748 H.
WALFOLE Lett. (1846) II. 211 On what rascal foundations
were built all the pretences to virtue which were set up in
opposition to him.
1 3. Of deer: (see A. 4). Also/.y. Obs.
156
i«02 2«aT Pt. Return fr. Parnais. u. v. 882, I causd the
Keeper to seuer the rascall Deere, from the Buckes of the
first head. 1653 WALTON Angler i. 15 How will a right
Greyhound fix his eye on the best Buck in a herd.. ana
follow him and him only through a whole herd of rascal
game. 1664 ETHEREDGE Comical Revenge v. ill, Lest some
old woodman drop in by chance and discover thou art but a
fb. Similarly of other animals (cf. A. 4 c). Obs.
1576 FLEMING tr. Caius' Dogs 34 Curres of the Mungrell
and Rascall sort. i6«o F. BROOKE tr. Le Blanc's Trav. 185
Laying some raschal sheep or goat for a bait.
t c. Applied to all beasts other than those of
chase. Obs. rare. (Perh. intended as sb.)
1486 Bk. St. Albans E j, Other beestys all, Where so ye
hem fynde Rascall ye shall hem call.
t Ba-scal, v. Obs. [f. the sb.] trans. 1 o call
(one) rascal.
1598 T. M. Seruingmans Com/. (1868) 162 What cares a
Gentleman now adayes to knaue and rascall his Man at
euery worde t 1683 T. HUNT Def. Charter Land. 25 The
Poet hath undertaken for their being kicked .. about the
Stage to the Gallows, infamously rogued and rascalled.
Rascaldom (ra-skaldam). [f. RASCAL sb.]
1. The world or body of rascals.
1837 CARLYLE Diamond Necklace viii, He has much the
stature of Villette, denizen of Rascaldom. 1860 Athcnxum
8 Sept. 313 The last Duke of Queensbury, whose death
gave such regret to rascaldom.
2. Rascally conduct ; a rascally act.
1862 THACKERAY Philip xi, He might be transported for
forgery or some other rascaldom. 1870 TROLLOPE in ioM
Cent. Jan. 35, I will not say that Barry Lyndon's career has
deterred many from rascaldom.
t Ba-scaldry. Obs. rare. Also 5 rask-. [f.
rascald RASCAL sb. + -BY.] a. = RASCAL so. i.
b. The character or condition of a rascal (in
sense 3).
1470 HARDYNG Chron. Pref. p. iii, Knyghtes, squyers, and
chosen yomanry, And archers fyne withouten Raskaldry.
1 1600 BRETON Pasauifs Fooles-cappe B iv b, So base a
rascaldry As is too farre from thought of Chyualry.
t Ba-scaless. nonce-wd. A female rascal.
1748 RICHARDSON Clarissa (1811) I. xxxi. 221 Then shall
I have all the rascals and rascalesses of the family come
creeping to me.
Ba scalism. [f. RASCAL sb. + -ISM.] The
character or practices of a rascal.
1837 CARLYLE Diamond Necklace xiv, A tall handsome
man . . with a look of troubled gaiety and rascalism. 1896
Daily News 23 Apr. 6/1 For unmitigated rascalism .. recom-
mend us to Mr. Gordon.
Rascality (raskae-liti). Also 6-7 rask-. [f.
RASCAL sb. + -ITY.]
1. The rabble ; the class of rascals. = RASCAL
sb. i. (Common (-1600-1710.)
a 1577 SIR T. SMITH Commw. Eng. (1633) 6 The usurping
of the rascalitie can never long endure. 1652-62 HEYLIN
Cosmogr. u. (1682) 156 The Chief Heads of their Clans, with
all the several Rascalities depending on them. 1705 VAN.
BRUGH Confederacy i. iii, I love your men of rank, they have
something in their air does so distinguish 'em from the
rascality. 1791-1823 D'IsRAELi Cur. Lit. (1866) 409/1 That
aversion the rascality had for the better sort of citizens.
1875 JOWETT Plato (ed. 2) I. 141 You would, .long to revisit
the rascality of this part of the world.
2. Rascally character or conduct ; a rascally act
or practice.
1592 G. HARVEY Four Lett. 46 The thinges are paltry : and
the very names sauour of rascallity. 1691 WooD/4M.0;r0«.
II. 367 He was for that and other rascalliiies imprison'd at
Coventry. 1825 COBBET Rur. Rides 30 It presents to us
nothing of rascality, and roguishness of look. 1875 JOWETT
Plato (ed. 2) III. 304 Frauds between man and man, and
the other rascalities.
tBa-scaller. Obs. rare— '. One of the rabble.
c 1500 Cocke Lorell's B. 13 With this man was a lusty
company, For all raskyllers fro them they dyde trye.
Bascallioil , ruskurli.m). Also 8 -calion.
[? f. RASCAL with fanciful ending ; cf. rampallion.
A later (now more usual) form is RAPSCALLION.]
A low mean wretch or rascal.
1649 Pol. Ballads (ed. Wilkins, 1860) I. 82 To spend our
dearest bloods to make rascallions flee. 1771 SMOLLETT
Humph. Cl. 20 Apr. ii, I must desire you will wink hard at
the practices of this rascallion. 1826 SCOTT \\'oodst. v, I saw
two rascallions engaged in emptying a solemn stoup of strong
water. 1885 LADY BRASSEY Tlte Trades 300 Now, master
rascallion of a wrecker [etc.].
Rascally (rcvskali), a. Also 6-7 rask-. [f.
RASCAL sb. + -LY1.]
f 1. Forming one or part of the rabble or com-
mon sort. Obs. = RASCAL a. I.
1642 J. EATON Honey*. Free Justif. 47 Like rascally
souldiers. >66i PEPYS Diary 15 SepL, There was none of
any quality, but poor and rascally people. 1687 A. LOVELL
tr. Thevetiot's Trav. in. 43 All the drudges and rascally
People, which Courts and Armies commonly draw after them.
t b. Poor, worthless. Obs. — RASCAL a. 2.
1600 SURFLET Countrie Farms in. xviiL 462 All the small
and rascallie sort of fruit which you shall find vpon them.
2. Low, mean, or unprincipled in character or
conduct; knavish.
1598 SHAKS. Merry IV. u. ii. 276 At that time the iealious-
rascally-knaue her husband will be forth. 1682 Land. Gaz.
No. 1688/4 Some rascally Boys (whom we call here Coal
stealers). 1752 HUME Pol. Disc. x. 188 Our common soldiers
are such a low rascally set of people. 1816 SCOTT Anita.,
I have so often warned you of the knavery of that rascally
quack. 1887 Spectator 5 Nov. 1496 The mock-marriage
effected with the connivance of a rascally valet.
RASE.
3. Appropriate to a rascal or rascals.
1596 B. JONSON Ev. Man in Hunt. i. iii, These same
abominable, vile,, .rascally verses, a 1677 BARROW Strtn.
Wks. 1716 I. 276 As it is a raskally delight, .which men feel
in wreaking spite. 1706 E. WARD Wooden World Diss.
(1708) 20 By a rascally Recommendation to the Board, he
endeavours to reward him at the publick Cost. 1818 SCOTT
Rob Roy viii, A rascally, calumny, which I was determined
to probe to the bottom. 1863 MHS. H. WOOD Airs. Hallib.
Troub. I. xviL 94 This is not the first time he has attempted
a rascally action under cover of my name.
4. Wretched, miserable, mean.
1606 SHAKS. Tr. fy Cr. v. iii. 101 A whorson rascally tisicke
so troubles me . . that [etc.]. 1660 F. BROOKE tr. Le Blanc's
Trav. 375 At the foot of these Mountains there arc some
rascally Innes. 1728 MORGAN Hist. Algiers I. Pref. 18, lam
unpardonable in quoting noble Greek authors from rascally
Translations. 1830 COBBETT Rur. Rides (1885) II. 337 A
rascally heap of sand and rock, and swamp, called Prince
Edward's Island. 1890 ' R. BOLDREWOOD ' Col. Reformer
(1891) 317 If we rescue the cattle we can be summoned.. all
the way to that rascally hole of a township.
Comb. 1821 COBBETT Rur. Rities (1885) I. 21 A more
rascally looking place I never set my eyes on.
So Ba-scaJly adv., in a rascally manner.
1627 E. F. Hist. Edw. II (1680) 128 A garment .. tatter'd
rascally. 1749 FIELDING Tom Jones\\\i. iii, You have used
me rascally, and I will not pay you a farthing. 1814 Murder
Mr. Weare 225 They two have used me rascally.
Ra-scalment. nonce-wd. •= KASCALBY.
1831 Frascr's Mag. V. 118 The pickpockets of Covent
Garden,, .the blackguards of Barbican,.. or the rascalment
in general.
Rascalry (ra-skalri). [f. RASCAL sb. + -BY.
Cf. RASCALDBY.] = RASCALITY.
1832 SOUTHEV Lett. (1856) IV. 296 All the loose rabble
from the surrounding towns and . . our own rascalry. 1868
DORAN Saints * Sin. I. 107 When Latimer was preaching
before young Edward on rascalry in high places.
Ra-scalship. [f. RASCAL sb. + -SHIP.] The
condition of being a rascal ; used as a mock title.
1639 W. CAETWRIOHT RoyallSlavei. i, What's thyRaskal-
ship s pleasure. i693T. BROWN jn Higden Wary Widdow a,
I'll live to see your Rascalship interrd.
Basch(e, obs. forms of RASH.
Rasch-, Basckolnik : see RASKOLMK.
Bascle, variant of RASKLE v. Obs.
t Rase, sb.i Obs. [f. RASE z>.i]
1. The act of scraping or scratching ; the fact of
being scratched or cut.
1530 PALSGR. 261/1 Rase, a scrapyng, rasure. 1628 GAULE
Pract. The. (1629) 266 The rase of whose skinne. .was more
then the torment of their wretched Bodyes.
2. A scratch, cut, slit = RACE sb?
1579-80 NORTH Plutarch (1676) 739 Onely a little rase or
scratch seen, as it were of a bodkin or penknife. 1601
HOLLAND Pliny II. 499 All the hacks, cuts, gashes, and
rases all ouer the body. 1677 MOXON Meek. Exerc. No. 2.
17 Set the edge of it upon that Mark or Rase.
fBase, sb.2 Obs. rare—0, [a. OF. rase ' mesure
rase' (see Godef.), fern, of ras, ad. L. rasus: see
next.] Struck measure.
1691 BLOUNT Law Diet. (ed. 2) s.v , Toll shall be taken by
the Rase, and not by the Heap or Cantel.
Rase (r<?'z)> v.l Also 5 Sc. rass-. [a. F. raser
= Sp., Pg. rasar, It. rasare :-pop. L. *rasdre,
f. ras- ppl. stem of radere to scrape, etc. See also
RACE z>.3, RAISE v?, RAZE v.']
fl. trans. To scratch or tear with something
sharp ; to cut, slit, or slash (esp. the skin or cloth-
ing). Obs. (Common 1:1400-1700.)
c 1400 Destr. Troy 8519 Andromoca . . Rasit \printed rafit]
be red chekis roidly with hond. 1:1440 Partonope 2108
Partanopes cote Was foule rasyd and eke I-rent. 1533
ELYOT Cast. Helthe iv. iL(i54i) 78 b, Yf the reume be sharp
it raseth the inner skinne of the throte. 1583 STUBBES A not.
Abus. n. (1882) 37 They must be stitched finelie, pmcked,
cutte, karued, rased, mckt, and I cannot tell what. 1633
T. STAFFORD Pac. Hit. II. xxL (1821) 420 Sir William
Godolphin a little rased on the thigh with a Halbert. 1665-
76 REA Flora 18 Rase or cut the bottoms of your roots.
1714 GAY Trivia n. 244 Wheels, .rase with whiten'd Tracks
the slipp'ry tide.
t b. intr. To slash ; to make way or penetrate ;
to make an incised mark. Obs.
BARD Narrative (1865) I. 117 Sorely wounded by a Bullet
that rased to his Skull. 1677 MOXON Mech. Excrc. No. 2.
17 You mark the out-lines .. either with Chalk, or else rase
upon the Plate with the corner of the Cold-Chissel.
C. trans. To incise (a mark or line).
1815 BURNEY Falconet's Diet. Mar. s.v. Rasiitg-kni/e,\
small edged tool, .used for rasing particular marks on timber
[etc.). 1873 THEARLE Naval ArMt. § 39 This inside line is
rased or scratched in.
2. To remove by scraping or rasping. Const,
with advbs. as away, forth, off, out, or preps, as
from, off, out of. Somewhat rare in literal sense.
1388 WYCLIF Wisd. xiii. u A carpenter, hewith doun . .
a streijt tre, and rasith awei perfitli al the riynde therof.
— Eze/t. xxvi. 41 Y schal rase the dust therof fro it. c 14*0
Pallad. on Htisb. xi. 236 Yf a tender tree Me kitte ..and
with an yron se The mary rased out. a 1600 HOOKER EccU
Pol. vn. xvi. § 5 All standing superiority amongst persons
ecclesiastical these men would rase off with the edge of his
speech. 1869 GOULBURN Purs. Holiness ii. 13 Nothing
which occurs in after-life can rase the seal off the bond ol
their Baptism.
b. esp. To remove (something written) in this
way; to erase. Cf. 3. (Chiefly 16-171)1 c.)
BASE.
1388 WYCLIF Pref. Epist. ix. 76/2 Whanne he scrapide or
raside awey ony waast writyng. 1486 Bk. St. A Uans,
that you maye easely put oute or rase awaye. 1600 HOL-
LAND Livy vn. xli. 279 No soldiois name once entred into
henceforth from the Calendar.
c. transf. anAJig. (chiefly from b).
1388 WYCLIF Jer, xi. 19 Sende we a tre in to the brede of
hym, and rase we hym awei fro the lond of lyueris. 1560
tr. Calvin's Foure Serin. N viii, Thei which did wishe it
[the church] vtterly rased out and destroyed. 1581-2 in W.
H. TURNER Select Rec. Oxford (1880) 419 Hopinge . . wlt
goode behavioure to rase owt of memorie this my . . dis-
credite. 1606 G. W[OODCOCKE] Hist, lystine xxlll. 85 They
looo vi. •» luuucuutvtj II 1st. ivztiril ; AAIII. o;, Alley
forth the record of their habitation in Italy. 1677
. Gentiles iv. 223 That which the most profligate
had . . rast forth the re
GALE Crt
n cannot rase out of their souls. 1726 DE FOE Hist,
ml I. x. (1840) i^The Devil did not immediately rast
3. (Without const.) To erase, obliterate (writing),
orig. by scraping with a knife. (Freq. in i6-i7tn c.,
now rare or Obs.)
1390 GOWER Conf. II. 21 Lich to the bok in which is rased
The lettre, and mai nothing be rad. 1508 FISHER 7 Penit.
Ps. li. Wks. (1876) 101 In lyke maner as lettres be done
awaye whan they be rased. 1669 MARVELL Let. to Mayor
of Hull Wks. I. 135 To rase all records in their journals of
that matter, that all memory thereof might be extinguisht.
1742 YOUNG Nt. Th. v. 514 As the tide rushing rases what
is writ In yielding sands.
fig. 1401 Pol. Poems (Rolls) II. 92 He is callid an here-
tike that rasith oure bileve.
t 4. To scrape (a thing) so as to remove some-
thing from its surface ; also, to scrape down into
small particles. Obs.
1388 WYCLIF i King s vii. 28 Thilke werk of foundementis
was raside betwixe. c 1400 Beryn 2936 Hanybald . . be-held
his contenaunce, & howe he was I-rasid. 1508 FISHER
7 Penit. Ps. li. Wks. (1876) 98 If a table be foule and fylthy
of a longe contynuaunce, fyrst we rase it, after whan it is
rased we wasshe it, 1561 HOLLYBUSH Horn. Apoth. 34 The
small guttes are nearehande rased and gnawen through.
1572 BULLEYN Def. agst. Sickness, Dial. Soantes $ Chir. 45
Wliyte Guaicum rased and put in a vessell. 1621 B. JONSON
Gipsies Metaiti.il. in You are . . A table so smooth, and so
newly ras'te. 1743 [see RASED///. «.].
f b. To alter (a writing) by erasure. Obs.
1429 Sc. Acts Jos. I, II. 17/2 Swa bat bai halde be forme
of the breif . . & be nocht rasit na blobit in suspect place.
1460 CAPGRAVE Chron. 86 He found it [the epistle] rased
and amended. 1570 FOXE A. % M. 3000 He did find in
many places . . the Book rased with a Pen by the said Wolsey.
1654 Barton's Diary (1828) I. 184 The same was, in divers
places, rased, interlined, and half of one of the sheets cut
off. 1697 View 1'enat Laws 308 Counterfeiting Rasing
or Falsifying any Cocquet Certificate. 1703 [see RASED
ppl. a.}.
t C. To shave (a person). 06s. rare.
1580 LYLY Euphues (Arb.) 381 When a rasor cannot rase
thee. 1674 CUNNINGHAM OF CRAIGENDS Diary 2 June
(S. H. S.) 37 To a barber for rasing me.
5. To demolish, to level with the ground; to
RAZE. Now rare, (f Also with up.)
1537 Lett. Suppression Monasteries (Camden) 165 As
concerninge the rasing and takyn down the howse.
1360 DAUS tr. Sleidane's Comiu. 288 That all suche
Castells and fortes as he hath, . . he shall rase them down to
the grounde. 1597 BEARD Theatre God's Judgem. (1612)
352 A certain Sirian . . pulled downe castles, rased vp townes,
and destroyed eueriewhere. <zi68o BUTLER Rent. (1759) I.
302 They.. rased the noblest Structures in the Land, to sell
the Materials. 1769 ROBERTSON Chas. V, xi. Wks. 1813 III.
286 Charles ordered not only the fortifications but the town
to be rased. 1867 LADY HERBERT Cradle L. vi. 158 Ibrahim
Pasha.. rased their houses to the ground.
transf. 1676 HALE Conlempl. l. 255 A disease . . that will
suddenly pull down thy Strength, and rase thy Beauty.
1 6. To scrape in passing ; to graze. Obs.
1609 HOLLAND Anna. Marcell. 33 Rhene . . rasing as it
goes the high bankes . . entreth into a round and vast lake.
1786 tr. Hertford's l^at/u-k U868) 59 Sometimes his feet
rased the surface of the water.
t b. So intr. Const, on, tipon, unto. Obs.
"555 EDEN Decades 15 The keele of the shyps sumtyme
rased on the sandes. Itid. 58 The capitaynes of the brigan-
tines who had rased nere vnto the coastes. 1753 CHAMBERS
tycl. S-upp. s.v., To rase or glance upon the ground . . is to
gallop near the ground, as our English horses do.
f7. To strike off (corn, etc.) at the level of the
measure. Obs. rare — 1.
1495 Act n Hen. Vll, c. 4 § 2 Be it also enacted, that
ther b» but- only viij. busshelles rased and streken to the
quarter of Corne.
t Base, v.'i Obs. Also 5 ras(s, raase, 6 Sc.
raise. [Variant of RACE z/.t, perh. influenced by
prec.] trans. To pull or pluck.
1375 HARBOUR firme in. 134 Him gan he ras Fra be-hynd
hym. 1422 tr. Secrcta Secret., Priv. Pri-,. :64 Raase ham
ill out of rote, as the good gardyner dothe the nettylle.
1470 85 MALORY Arthur x. Ixiv, Syr Palomydes. .rassyd of
his helme from his hede. a 1533 LD. BEKNERS Huon xliii.
145, I shall neuer haue ioy at my herte tyll I haue rased
[1601, torne] his herte out of his body. 1594 SHAKS. Rich. Ill,
in. n. n He dreamt, the Bore bad rased off his Helme.
157
tBase, v.3 Obs. Also 6 raze. [ = (M)Du.
razen, (M)LG. rasen (hence G. rasen, Da. rase,
Sw. rasa) to rage ; also of dogs, to be rabid.]
intr. To be furious, to rage ; esp. of dogs, to growl
or bark in rage.
13. . Coer de L. 3633 Saladyn began to rase for yre. c 1440
Promp. Pary. 424/1 Rasyn,as hondys, ringo. 1513 DOUGLAS
j&neis ix. ii. 69 [The wolf] Rasys in ire, for the wod hungris
list. 1567 GOLDING Ovid's Met. xiv. (1593) 334 The stones
did seeme To rore and bellow hoarse : and dogs to houle
and raze extreeme.
f Ease, v.* Obs. rare. fa. ON. rasa to rush
headlong.! intr. To run quickly, to rnsh.
13.. Caw. fy Gr. Knt. 1461 J>en, brayn-wod for bate, on
burnez he [the boar] rasez. 1390 GOWER Conf, II. 264 Thries
sche began to rase Aboute Eson.
fBase, v.*> Obs. rare-1, [f. rase RACE s6.5]
intr. To extend as a streak.
^1686 Lond. Gas. No. 2142/4 A black brown Nag,, .a large
Star in the Forehead rasing downwards.
Base, obs. f. RACE sb., obs. f. RAISE v., var.
RESE, obs. pa. t. RISE v.
Based (r«'zd), ///. a. [f. RASE Z-.I-T-ED!.]
Cut, scraped, altered by erasure, demolished, etc.
1555 EDEN Decades 51 Rased orvnpaynted tables are apte
to receaue what formes soo euer are fyrst drawen theron.
1603 KNOLLES Hist. Turks (1638) 125 The stones and rub-
bidge left of the rased city. 1703 Lond. Gaz. No. 3897/4
Having, by a Rased Note, defrauded the Bank of 8o/.
1743 Land, tf Country Brewer in. (ed. 2) 230 An Ounce of
rased Ginger.
tb. Of cloth: (cf. RAISED///. a?\ Obs. rare-1.
The precise sense is not quite clear : the Du. original has
gneperst en ghefignreert Salijn.
1598 W. PHILLIPS tr. Linschoten's Voy. i. xli. 75 Some . .
haue all their bodies rased and seared with irons, and al
figured like rased Sattin or Damaske.
t Basedhead. Obs. rare -'. In 5 rasydhede.
[? f. RASE z/.3] Rage, fury.
c 1440 Jacob's Well 207 pey bat haue . . in rasydhede, or
malyce, or in wodehed, don harme or waste.
Easee, variant of RAZEE.
tBa-sely, adv. Obs. rare-1. [?f. RASE z>.3]
? Fiercely, angrily.
c 1440 York Myst. xlvi. 60 pei rasid hym on rode als full
rasely |>ei rugged hym.
t Ba'sen. Obs. Forms : I rsasn, 4, 7 rasen,
6 rai-, raysin, 8 raison. See also REASON sb.*
[OE. rsesn, of obscure origin.] = RAISING-PIECE.
a 1000 Voc. in Wr.-Wiilcker 280^ Laqitear, raesn. cxooo
^ELFRIC Gram. ix. (Z.) 43 Asser, rjesn. 1338 in Parker
Gloss, A rchit. (1850) I. 380 Item in vj peciis meremii emptis
pro rasens ad eandem domum. 1577 HARRISON England u.
x[ii]. in Holinshed 84 b, To vse no studdes at all, but onlie
. .raysines, . . groundselles, . . transomes, and vpright princi-
palles. 1674-91 RAY A'. C. Words s.v. Pan, Pan . . is that
piece of wood that lies upon the top of the stone wall, .. to
which the bottom_of the spars are fastned: in timber build-
ings in the South it is called the rasen, or resen, or reselling.
1703 T. N. City ft C. Purchaser 30 Tennons are . . made
on the Posts to go into the Raisons. Ibid. 31 The vacant
space betwixt the Raison and the Roof.
Basen, obs. form of RAISE v., RAISIN.
tBa'ser '. Obs. Also 6 ras-, razier(e. [a.
OF. (now dial.) raster, -ere (isth c. in Godef.):
see also RASUKE2.] A dry measure containing about
four bushels.
1491 CAXTON lottos Pair. (W. de W. 1495) i. cxiv. 137 b/2
One of the shyppes . . he made be fylled wyth ten thousande
rasers of whete. 1560 DAUS tr. Sleidane's Comm. 398 [To]
offer as many rasers of Otes, as thei did before of wheate.
1583 STOCKER Civ. Warns Lowe C. HI. 89 b, 70 last of
corne, which are 1625 razieres.
Ba-ser 2. rare. [f. RASE z/.l] One who rases.
1581 NOWELL & DAY in Confer, l. (1584) Diijb, Master
Campion, in his printed booke, hath charged vs as rasers,
manglers and spoylers of the holy Scriptures.
Baser, obs. form of RAZOB.
Bash, sb.l Sc. Also 5-6 (9) rasoh, 6 rasche.
[f. RASH a.1] a. A crash or clash, b. A plashing
shower of rain.
c 1470 Gol. tf Gaw. 914 The rochis reirdit vith the rasch,
Sihen thai samyne rane. 1513 DOUGLAS sEneis ix. xii. 60
f his huge wecht, fell wyth a rasche, The erd dyndlyt.
Ibid. xii. xii. 74 For gret raschis all the hevynnis rang.
1808 JAMIESON, Rasch is still used for a sudden fall. 1824
MACTAGGART Galloyid. Encyct. s.v., Rash also means a fall
of rain, attended with wind.
Bash (raej), sb* Now only Hist. Also 6 rashe.
[= Du. and LG. ras, G. rasch, Da. and Sw. rask ;
ad. F. ras (i6th c.) = Sp., It. rasa, silk, satin, or
fine serge, sb. use of the adj. corresp. to L. rasus
scraped, shaven, smooth : see RASE v.l
The origin of the -sh, -sell, -sk in the Eng., Germ., and
Scand. forms is not clear. There is no evidence of any
connexion with It. rascia coarse woollen cloth (which
Florio, app, in error, explains as ' rash ') or with ARRAS,
which has been suggested as the ultimate etym.]
A smooth textile fabric made of silk (silk rash),
or worsted (cloth rash).
1578 Richmond. Wills (Surtees) 276, ix yeards of blacke
rashe at ij9. iiij'1. a yeard. 1590 Acct. Bk. W. Wray in
MABBE tr. A leman's Guzman d'Al/. 1. 158 Hee had a cloake,
which (if I be not deceiued) was of Rash, or else of fine Cloth.
1674 JEAKE A rith. (1696) 65 In i Piece of Rashes. Flanders
Serges, &c. 15 Yards. 1701 Lotui. <Jas. No. 3701/4 All sorts
BASH.
of Mercery Goods, viz. Bristol Stuffs, . . Russels, Rashes
Calamancas, .. will be sold by Auction. 1721 C. KING Brit
Merck. I. 301 Cloth Rashes 209 Pieces. [1846 J. S. BURN
Hist. h'ar. Prat. Refugees 5 The Flemings taught the manu-
facturing of Wool into Broadcloth, Rashes, Flannel, and
Perpetuanas.]
at trib. and Comb. 1590 Lansdowne MS. 66 fol. 55 b His
opinion towching y» suite of y° Rashe makers of So'wth-
ampton. 1597 Lane. Wills II. 229 My silke rash gowne.
1611 FLORIO, Rasciere, a Rash-maker or weauer.
Bash (raj), s6.3 [Perh. a. OF. rache, rasche
scurf, eruptive sores (Godef. ; cf. It. raschia itch) ;
but the late appearance of the word in Fjig. is
against this.] A superficial eruption or efflorescence
of the skin in red spots or patches, as in measles,
scarlet fever, etc.
1700 STEELE Tatter No. 38 !• n He understands, .the Art
of Medicine as far as to the Cure of a Pimple or a Rash.
1736 WESLEY Wks. (1872) I. 36 She had only the prickly
heat, a sort of rash, very common here in the summer. 1840
LADY GRANVILLE Lett. (1894) II. 301, I have a cold and a
rash on the tip of my nose. 1876 BRISTOWE Tit. fy Pract.
Med. (1878) 153 Indications of the rash visible long after the
actual rash has disappeared.
b. attrib. and Comb., as rash-exanthem., -fever;
rash-like, -producing adjs.
1747 WESLEY Prim. Physick § 101 A Rash Fever. 1753
N. TORRIANO Gangr. Sore Throat 117 Some rash-like Spots
_..upon her Skin. 1822-34 Goods Study filed. (ed.4> II. 341
The general complexion of the genus exanthesis, or rash-
exanthem. Ibid. IV. 419 Rash fever or 'efflorescence spring-
ing from within'. 1899 Allbtttts Syst. Med. VIII. 936
Different specimens of serum vary greatly in their rash-
producing capacity.
Bash(rseJ),jM [Echoic : cf. RAISH.] A rust-
ling noise. So Bash-whish (see quot.).
1668 DRYDEN Even. Love i. i, The whisking of a Silk-
Gown, and the rash of a Tabby- Petticoat. 1899 CROCKETT
Kit Kennedy 22 The strident rash-whish of the sharpening-
strake on the scythe.
Bash, Sc. and north, form of Rusa (the plant).
Bash, variant of RATCH sbl
Bash (rffij), a. and adv. Forms : 4 rasch, 5
rasshe, 6 rashe, Sc. rasche, 6- rash. £ = (M)Du.
rasch, OHG. rase (G. rasch), ON. rdsk-r, Sw. and
~Da..rask, active, vigorous, heal thy; quick, nasty,etc.
The precise source of the Eng. word is not clear ; in spite
of its late appearance it may represent an OE. *rxsc. An
adoption of the Scand. word would normally have given
rask.}
A. adj. 1. Sc. and north, dial. Active, fresh,
vigorous ; brisk, nimble, quick ; eager.
13.. E. E. Allit. P. A. 1167 Of raas ba? I were rasch &
ronk. 1804 ANDERSON Curnoerld. Ball. 85 I's quite young
and rash— eighty-five. 1808 JAMIESON s.v., A rasch carle,
a man vigorous beyond his years. Loth. Tweedd. 1878- in
northern glossaries (Chesh., Cumbld., Northumbld.).
2. Hasty, impetuous, reckless, acting without due
consideration or regard for consequences.
1509 BARCLAY Shyp ofFolys 154 Unwyse men rasshe, and
mad of brayne Becomyth prestis onely for couetyse. 1530
PALSGR. 322/1 Rasshe rude or boystous of condycions, [no
French]. t 1560 DAUS tr. Sleidane's Coinw. 55 A great occa-
sion of this terrible Warre came by rashe and lewd preachers.
1638 JUNIUS Paint. Ancients 35 Rash and inconsiderate
beginners fall to worke upon the first sight. 1671 MILTON
Samson 907, I was a fool, too rash, and quite mistaken.
1715 N. ROWE tr. Lucan's Pharsalia iv. 462 The rash
Petreians urge to Arms in vain. 1781 COWPER Cottversat.
641 That fire, .which impels rash youth, Proud of his speed,
to overshoot the truth. 1848 LEIGH HUNT Jar of Honey x.
135 Some rash persons were anxious to see the effect of lava
upon a pool of water. 1865 TENNYSON The Captain 10
They hated his oppression, Stern he was and rash.
•fb. Of things: Operating quickly and strongly.
Obs. rare.
'597 SHAKS. 2 Hen. IV, iv. iv. 48 Though it doe worke as
strong As Aconitum, or rash Gun-powder. 16x1 — Wint.
T. i. h. 319, 1 could doe this, ..with no rash Potion, But with
a lingring Dram.
3. Of speech, actions, qualities, etc. : Charac-
terized by, or proceeding from, undue haste and
want of consideration.
1558 GOODMAN How to Obey 194 Yt is . . no rashe or
perelous doctrine. 1600 HOLLAND Livy xxvlli. xlii. 701
Rash aduentures speed not always best. 1651 HOBBES
Leviath. \. xi. 49 Vain-glorious men .. are enclined to rash
engaging. 1710 STEELE Tatler No. 78 P 7 An artful Way
to disengage a Man from the Guilt of rash Words or
Promises. 18x4 GARY Dante, Paradise v. 65 Not bent, as
Jephthah once, Blindly to execute a rash resolve. 1862
BURTON^. Hunter ( 1863) 96 There are often rash estimates
made of the size of libraries.
fb. Urgent, pressing. Obs. rare—1.
1606 SHAKS. Tr. tf Cr. iv. ii. 62, I scarce haue leisure to
salute you, My matter is so rash.
4. dial. (See quots.) Also Comb.
1674-91 RAY N. C. Words, Rash_. -is spoken of Corn in the
Straw, that is so dry that it easily durses out, or falls out
of the Straw with handling it. 1829 in BROCKETT. 1886
S. W. Line. Gloss., Rash or Rash-ripe, Said of grain in the
ear, when it is over ripe and falls out easily.
5. Comb., as rash-brain, -brained, -headed adjs.
1574 W. BOURNE Regiment for Sea Introd. (1577) 7 Hee
ought, .not to be light or rash headed. 1600 S. NICHOLSON
Acolastns (1876) 35 Training my rash-braind thoughts in
reasons waies. 1632 QUARLES Div. fancies iv. xcvi. (1660)
171 Is rash-brain Mendax well advised then. 1841 JAMES
Brigand xxvi, Young rash-headed hoys run into these
encounters for mere sport.
B. adv. f 1. = RASHLY. Obs. (somewhat rare.)
1 1420 Liber Cocorum (1862) 18 Wasshe bose herbes in
RASH.
water, bat rennes so rasshe. 1591 SPENSER M. H
Unto the King so rash ye may not goe. 1604 SHAKS. Oth.
in. iv. 79 Why do you speake so startingly and rash t
2. Comb., as rash-concerned, -embraced, -levied,
-running advbs.
1594 SHAKS. Rich. Ill, iv. iii. 50 Buckingham and his
rash leuied Strength. 1596 — Merck. V. ill. ii. 109 Doubt-
full thoughts, and rash imbrac'd despaire. 1611 SPEED
Hist. Gt. Brit. VI. v, 57 His rashrunning headt . . turned
all to nothing. 1777 POTTER JEschylus 293 This was no
hasty, rash-conceiv a design.
Rash, v.1 Chiefly Sc. Now rare or Obs,
Forms: 5 rassh-, 5-6 (9) rasch, 6- rash, (9
rashe). [Prob. onomatopoeic (cf. clash, crash,
dash, etc.) ; connexion with OE. riescan to quiver
or flash (found only once) seems unlikely.]
L intr. To dash or rush hastily or violently.
? a 1400 Morte Arth. 2107 Thane riche stedes rependez,
and rasches one armes. 1470-85 MALORY Arthur vn. iv,
They rasshed to gyders lyke borys. Ibid. vn. vi, Ther with
al he rasshyd in to the water. 1536 BELLENDEN Cron.
Scot, i. ix. (1541) 8 b/i The britonis fast raschand to harnes to
resist this haisty effray. 1575 TURBERV. Fanlconrie 265 By
some other accident, as . . by rashing into bushes and thornes.
1616 ROLLOCKE On Passion 517 Young men y' haue health,
habilitie & strength of body, to run & ride, rash here &
there [etc.]. 1801 LEYDEN Compl. Scot. Gloss. s.v. RascJie,
' To rashe through a darg ', to perform a day's work hastily.
1824 MACTAGGART Gallomd. Encycl. s.v. Rash sb., ' Hear to
the rain rashing ', hear to it dashing.
1 2. trans. To cast or pour out in a hurried or
forcible manner. Obs.
01510 DOUGLAS K. Hart I. 10 Quhen at the sone so
schene Out raschit had his bemis frome the sky. 1708 M.
BRUCE Ltct., etc. rs It is good that I hide my self, and not
rash out all my Mind (like a Fool) and Testimony at once.
1 3. To dash (things together, or one thing against,
in, or through another). Obs.
1549 Compl. Scot. vi. 66 The rammis raschit there heydis
to gyddir. 1567 Gudc ft Godlie B. (S. T. S.) 115 He that
sail, .rasche thair harnis aganis a Craig. 1605 SHAKS. Lear
ill. vii. 58, I would not see . . thy fierce Sister, In his
Annointed flesh, sticke \_Q<f. rash] bearish phangs. 1666
W. SUTHERLAND Declar. in Wodrow Hist. (1721) I. App. xv.
102 If ye come one Foot further here, I shall rash my Pike
through your Soul.
f4. To smash, break with violence. Obs. rare~l.
1513 DOUGLAS sEneis xn. i. 19 Onabasytly raschand the
schaft in sundir.
1 5. To rash up : To put together hurriedly ; to
rush or run up. Obs.
Perh. associated with (or even derived from) RASH a.
1570 FOXE A. 9f M. 830/2 In my former edition of Actes
and Monumentes, so hastely rashed vp at that present,
in suche shortnes of time. 1650 W. D. tr. Coineniits1 Gate
Lat. Unl. § 622 Scaffolds (pageants) are frames of timber
rasht up in haste.
t Rash, i>.2 Obs. Also 5 rassh-. [Alteration
of RACE z>.3 or RASE v.1, perh. after prec. or next.]
1. trans. To cut, slash.
? 01500 Smyth 4- his Dame ^i in Hazl. E.P.P. III. 214
The smyth ranne on reed blode, All to-rent and rasshed.
1596 SPENSER F. Q. iv. ii. 17 They . . shields did share, and
mailes did rash, and helmes did hew. 1599 B. JONSON Ev.
Man out of Hum. iv. vi, I.. rasht his doublet sleeue, ran
him close by the left cheek.
2. To scrape out, erase.
1650 in Gardner Hist. Ditnwich (1754) 160 Paid to John
Prety for rashing out the King's Arms in our Church \s.
tRash, »-3 Obs. Forms: 4-5 (6 Se.) rasch,
5-6 rassh(e, 6-7 rash. [Aphet. form of ARBACHE,
perh. after OF. racher, -ier: cf. RACHE v2 and
RACE z>.*] 1. trans. To pull,Hrag (chnvn, off, out,
etc.), to tear away. (Common in i6-i7th c.)
1523 LD. BERNERS Froiss. I. cxlvii. 176 Ye newe towne . .
was pulled downe, and the castell that stode on the hauyn
rasshed downe. <r 1530 — Arth. Lyt. Bryt. (1814) 83 The
seconde [knight] he toke in hys armes, and rasshed hym out
of the sadell. 41571 JEWEL On i Thess. (1611) 69 The tor-
mentor .. taketh the Lawne by the other end, and rasbeth it
suddenly [etc.]. 1629 MAXWELL tr. Herodian (1635) 141 And
rasht off all their clothes; leaving them starke naked. 1697
DRYDEN .-'Encid ix. 1094 His crest is rash'd away.
2. To draw hastily. rare~*.
1675 TRAHERNE Chr. Ethics 326 A musician might rash
his finger over alt his strings in a moment ; but melody is an
effect of judgment and order.
Rashboote, obs. form of RAJPOOT.
Rash-bush, -buss : see RUSH-BUSH.
t Rashed,///. a. Obs. rare-1. (?)
1598 T. BASTARD Chrestoleros (1880) 15 Out of her fragrant
sides she sendes . . The rashed primrose and the violet.
Rashen, Sc. variant of RUSHEN a.
Rasher1 (rs'Jsj). [Of obscure origin; perh.
f. RASH z'.2 i, but Minshcu (1627) explains it as
a piece 'rashly or hastily roasted'. Cf. 'Rashed,
burnt in cooking, by being too hastily dressed'
(Halliwell).] A thin slice of bacon or ham, cooked
(or intended to be cooked) by broiling or frying.
1592 NASHE P. Penilesse (ed. 2) u b, You may commaund
his hart out of his belly to make you a rasher on the coales.
1647 R. STAPYLTON Juvenal 211 Broil'd rashers, that on
wide gridirons lay. 1678 DRYDEN All for Loi'e Prol. 34
Drink hearty draughts of ale . . And snatch the homely
rasher from the coals. 1778 MAD. D'ARBLAY Diaryzj Aug.,
She would like an egg or two, and a few slices of ham, or
a rasher. 1840 DICKENS Barn. Rudge xxi, Great rashers
of broiled ham . . done to turn, and smoking hot. 1892
Spectator 23 Jan. no The curling of a rasher of bacon
under similar stress of fire.
158
attrib. 1598 B. JONSON Ev. Man in Hum. I. iv, Why
not the ghost of a herring-cob, as well as the ghost of
rasher-bacon.
fb. A slice of some other eatable, intended for
broiling. Obs. rare~l.
1634 HEVWOOD Maidenh. lost ill. Wks. IV. 142 We will
haue a Cherry-Tart cut into Rashers and broyled.
f c. Anything acting as a provocative to drink-
ing, or eaten as such. Obs. rare.
1613 BEAUM. & FL. Ca.pta.iu in. i, Give him but a rasher
And you shall have him upon even terms Defy a hogshead.
1619 MASSINGER Picture iv. ii, For a rasher. To draw his
liquor down, he hath got a pie Of marrowbones, potatoes,
and eringos.
Ra-sher2. U.S. [ad. local Pg. rasciera.} A
red-coloured rock-fish of California (Scbastichthys
miniatus}.
1882 JORDAN & GILBERT Syn. Fishes N. Amer. 663.
Ra-shful, a. rare. = RASH a.
1567 TURBERV. Epit., etc. 59 With hastie doome and rash-
full sentence. 1819 Abeillard 4- Heloisa 96 In others Love
conies very bashful Though . . very rashful.
Ra-shing, vbl. sb. [Echoic : cf. RASH sb.1 and
sl>.*] A succession of harsh grating sounds.
1889 F. COWPER Captain of Wight 222 There was a
slashing and rashing ! The sparks new like the sparks at
the armourer's forge.
t Ra'shling. Obs. rare — '. A rash person.
(i 1618 SYLVESTER Paradox 1161 Wks. (Grosart) II. 65
What rashlings doe delight, that sober men despise.
Rashly (rarjli), adv. [f. RASH a. + -LY 2.]
1. Quickly, rapidly, hastily. Oks. exc. dial.
_a 1547 SURREY in Tottelfs Misc. (Arb.) 17 With teares, for
his redresse, I rashly to him ran. 1691 KAY Creation ll.
(1692) 102 As we see Fewel burns rashly in such weather.
1805 STAGG Poems, Anld Lang Seym xvii, Rashly they
scale the scattran swathe.
2. In a rash or inconsiderate manner.
1535 COVERDALE Prov. xxi. 29 An vngodly man goeth
forth rashly. 1560 DAUS tr. Sleidane's Comm. 29 To the
intents I.. do nothyng rashely, .. I require a time to take
deliberation. 1631 GOUGE Gotfs Arrows III. § 43. 261 What
is believed without a promise, is . . rashly and audaciously
presumed. 1696 WHISTON Th. Earth (1722) 50 We ought
not rashly to pass our Judgment on them. 1781 GIBBON
Decl. ff }•'. xxxi. 111. loi Honorius .. rashly disqualified
many of his bravest ana most skilful officers. 1861 GEO.
ELIOT Silat M. 38 The butcher., was not disposed to
answer rashly.
ellipt. 1747 in Col. Rec. Pennsylv. V. 86 The Council of
the Six Nations does not altogether like it, but think it too
Rashly of the Mohocks.
t3. Without settled course. Obs. rare~l.
1695 LD. PRESTON Boeth, iv. vi. 194 Those things which in
their Nature are mutable and which would otherwise rashly
and irregularly float about.
Rashness (ra."J"nes). [f. as prec. + -NESS.] The
quality of being rash ; inconsiderate haste or bold-
ness ; an instance of this, a rash act.
1526 Pilgr. Per/. (W. de W. 1531) 131 All rasshnes or
hastynes in spekynge. 1589 GREENE Menaphon (Arb.) 82
If I vanquish thee, thou shall feele the burden of thy rash,
nesse. 1651 HOBBES Lcviath. l. x. 45 Combatants, who
engaged by rashnesse, are driven into the Lists to avoyd
disgrace. 1741 RICHARDSON Pamela I. 173, 1 fear .. that
your Disregard to me .. may throw you upon some Rash-
ness. 1833 TENNYSON Two Voices 392 If I should do This
rashness. 1852 GROTE Greece u. Txxi. IX. 201 Through
rashness and Dad management they first sustained several
partial losses.
Rasier(e, variants of RASEB1. Obs.
Rasin(e, obs. forms of RAISIN, RESIN.
Basing (rii-zirj), vbl. sbl [f. RASE v.'1 + -ING!.]
1. The action of the vb. in its various senses.
c 1440 Promp. Parv. 424/1 Rasynge, of scrapynge of bokys
or other lyke, abrasio, rasttra. 1508 FISHER 7 Penit. Ps.
xxxii. Wks. (1876) 24 By these . . we make a perfyte rasynge &
clensynge of the soule from synnes. 1560 DAUS tr. Sleidane's
Comm. 290 b, For the paiment of ye monyand rasing of his
castels. 1624 CAPT. SMITH Virginia in. ix. 81 Having . .
threatned their mine, and the rasing of their houses. 1815
BURNEY Falconer's Diet. Mar., Rasing, the act of marking,
by the ed^es of moulds, any figure upon timber, &c. with a
raising-knife. 1868 GLADSTONE jfiiv. Mundi v. (1870) 143
The rasing of that city by the Philistines.
b. atlrib., as rasing-iron, -knife (see quots.).
1815 BURNEY Falconer's Diet. Mar., Rasing-knife,s. small
edged tool, fixed in a wooden handle, and used for rasing
particular marks on timber, lead, tin, &c. 1846 A. YOUNG
Naut. Diet. s.v. Rasing. 1867 SMYTH Sailor's Word-bk.
56; The rasing-knife . . has a peculiar blade hooked at its
point, as well as a centre-pin to describe circles. Ibid.,
Rasing-lron, a tool for clearing the pitch and oakum out of
the seams, previous to their being caulked afresh,
f 2. concr. Shavings, scrapings. Obs. rare.
1544 PHAEK Regim. Life (1553) I ij b, Take the rasyng of
iuory, and the rasyng of an hartes home [etc.].
fRa-sing, vbl. sb.* [f. RASE z/.3] Growling.
c 1440 Promp. Parv. 424/1 Rasynge, of hondys, . . rictus.
1552 in HULOET.
Rasion (r^'gsn). Now rare or Obs. [ad. L.
rasion-em (Coelius), n. of action f. radere to scrape,
RASE vf\ The action of scraping or shaving;
division by scraping or filing.
1612 WOODALL Stirg. Mate Wks. (1653) 273 Rasion is the
scraping or paring of a thing. 1657 TOMLINSON Renou's
Disp. 55 Which cannot be performed so much by Lotion
as by Section, Rasion and Traction. 1678 in PHILLIPS.
t Rask, v. Obs. rare. [var. RAX v. ; cf. ask and
<wr.] iittr. To stretch oneself ; to yawn.
•3°3 R- B»UNMi Ifandl. Synne 4282 pan begynneb he
RASP.
[Sloth] to klawe and to raske, And 3yueb Terlyncel hys taske.
He klawyb, he shrubbyb, wel at hys pay. <: 13*5 Gloss. W.
de Bibbcsw. in Wright Vo£. 152 Apres dormer tl co espreche,
raskyt hym. c 1440 Promp. Parv. 424/1 Raskyn', cxalo.
So t Ka'skle v. intr. = RAXLE v. Obs.
1393 LANGL. P. PI. C. vm. 7 He . . rascled and remed and
routte at be laste. 1570 LEVINS Manip. 35/26 To raskle,
pandiculari.
Raskaile, -kelt, obs. and dial. ff. RASCAL.
I Raskolnik (neskp-lnik). Also 9 Basckol-
nick. Bascholnik. [Russ. PacKOJauinn. separa-
tist, schismatic, f. paCKO.TL separation, schism.]
A dissenter from the national Church in Russia.
1799 W. TOOKE View Russian Emp. II. 220 The sectarists
known by the name of raskolniks, distinguished themselves
..by their, .obedience. 1833 R. PINKERTON Russia 71 The
ancient Russians, like the present Raskolniks or Dissenters,
abstained from veal. 1897 Daily News 8 June 5/3 The
Raskolnik who buried alive .. twenty-five of nis fanatic co-
religionists.
Rason, obs. form of RAISIN.
t Ra-sor. Obs. rare—1, [a. L. rdsor: see RA-
SOKES.] One who erases ; = RASEB2.
1586 T. B. La Primaud. Fr. Acait. i. 173 Temperance is
..the preserver of good will, the rasor of evill thoughts.
Rasor(e, obs. forms of RAZOR.
II Rasores (ras6»Tiz). Ornith. [mod.L., pi. of
rasor agent-n. f. radere to scrape, RASE z/.1] The
name given by Illiger (J8n) to his Fourth Order
of birds, comprising those which obtain their food
by scratching the ground.
1836 OWEN in Todd Cycl. Anat. I. 266/1 The third order
corresponds with Nitzsch's Aves terrestres, and is denomi-
nated Rasores. 1841 Penny Cycl. XIX. 305/1 The Rasores
of Illiger contained the following families and genera [etc.],
Rasorial (ras5»-rial), a. Ornith. [f. Kasor-es
(see prec.) -I- -IAL.] Scratching the ground for
food ; belonging to the order RASORES.
1836 TODD Cycl. Anat. I. 277/2 In the Rasorial birds the
coronoid process is feebly developed. 1841 Proc. Berw.
Nat. Club I. No. 9. 254 Of the Columbida: belonging to the
Rasorial order, we possess two .. residents.
Rasoun, obs. So. f. REASON. Rasour, var.
RASUBE2 Obs. Rasour(e, obs. ff. RAZOB.
t Rasour. Sc . Obs. rare. Some kind of cloth.
1578 Itm. R. Wardr. (1815) 218 Aucht small peces of rasour
of quhite silk. Ibid. 222 Ane lang taillit gowne of rasour of
quhit silk.
Rasp (rasp), si.1 Also 6-7 raspe ; 6 north.
respe, 6, 9 Sc. resp. [a. OF. raspe (F. rapt : see
RAPE sb.S), f. rasper to RASP z>.l Cf. med.L.
raspa (1389 in Du Cange). Du., Da., Sw. rasp,
G. raspe, are also of F. origin.]
1. A coarse kind of file, having separate teeth
raised on its surface by means of a pointed punch ;
also, any similar tool or implement used for scrap-
ing or rubbing down.
1541 Aberd. Reg. (1844) I. 176 Item, ane resp, ape turcas,
andfbur cuchin nailis of jme. 1597 A. M. tr. Guillemeau^s
Fr. Chintrg. 140/1 The Raspes or Scrapers, called in
Latine, Radulx. 1611 COTGR-, Froyer, a rubber; also, a
raspe. 1677 MOXON Mech. Exerc. 54 Most Rasps have
formerly been made of Iron and Case-hardned. 1698 T.
FROGER Voy. 59 They are usually grated with Rasps made
for that purpose. 1762-71 H. WALPOLE Vertue's Anted.
Paint. (1786) V. 138 A steel roller, cut with tools to make
teeth like a file or rasp. 1846 HOLTZAPFFEL Turning II.
819 When the file is spoken of, a double-cut file is always
implied, unless a single-cut file, or a rasp, is specifically
named. 1881 YOUNG Every Man his tnuri MecJutmc § 238. 86
Rasps generally speaking are used in carpentry for cutting
away or smoothing wood.
b. In sugar making, a mechanical device for
grating down beet-roots.
1839 URE Diet. Arts 1210 Blocks of wood, with which the
workman pushes the beet-roots against the revolving rasp.
2. transf. a. A rough surface like that of a rasp.
1869 BLACKMORE Lorna D. Ixix, The horses from the
country . . with the rasp of winter bristles rising through . .
the soft summer -coat.
b. Zool. The radulaof a mollusk, or one of the
teeth on this.
1879 B. WATSON in Jrnl. Linn. Soc.,Zool. XIV. 716 With
several hooked or serrated central rasps. 1883 Encycl. Brit.
(ed. 9) XVI. 639 Lingual ribbon, rasp, or radula.
3. The act of rasping, or rubbing with some-
thing comparable to a rasp.
1875 J. GRANT One oft/ie'6oo' ill 30, I . .angrily gave my
hair a finishing rasp with a pair of huge.. hair-brushes.
4. A rough sound as of a rasp.
a 1851 MOIR Field of Pinkie v, Hark to the rasp of Grey s
fierce cavalry. 1878 GILDER Poet % Master 19 The grass-
hoppers' rasp, and rustle of sheaf.
6. attrib. and Comb., as rasp-cutler, -maker
(1885); rasp-cutting, -like adjs. ; rasp-grass (see
quot.) ; rasp-palm, a Brazilian palm (Iriartea
exorhiza), having exposed roots which are used by
the natives as rasps ; rasp-pod, an Australian tree
(Flindersia australis}, bearing woody capsules
serving as rasps (Morris Austral Eng^j ; rasp-
punch, a punch for raising the teeth of rasps
(Knight 1875); rasp-teeth, teeth resembling those
of a rasp.
1831 Sutherland Farm Rep. 67 in Lib. Usef. Knmil.
Husb. Ill, The sheep find, on the peat of damper and
deeper quality, .rasp grass (carex cyspltosa). 1849-52 TODU
RASP.
Cycl. Anal. IV. 874/1 Conical teeth as close set and sharp
pointed as the villiform teeth, but of larger size, are called
' rasp-teeth'. 1851-6 WOODWARD Afeltnsca 327 Shell, .armed
in front with rasp. like imbrications. 1875 KNIGHT Diet.
Mech. 1881/2 The rasp-cutting machine resembles the file-
cutting machine .. in the striking and feeding parts. 1882
J. SMITH Diet. Econ. Plants, Rasp-palm.
Rasp (rasp). sl>-2 Also 6 respe, 6-7 raspe.
[Related to RASPIS 2, and peril, a back-formation,
from it. Now chiefly north, and Sc.~\
1. = RASPBERRY I.
1555 EDF.N Decades 132 Bramble busshes bearynge blacke
berries or wylde raspes. 1598 HAKLUYT I'oy. I. 477 For
kindes of fruites, they haue.. rasps, strawberies, and hurtil-
beries. 1660 SHARROCK Vegetables 133 At Bristol he saw
Raspes sold for four pence the quart at Michaelmas. 1731
ALRIN Nat. Hist. Birds 16 It feeds on Cherries . . Goos-
berries and Rasps, and other Fruit. 1871 Routledge's Ev.
Boy's Ann. Aug. 507 Wild cranberries, strawberries, rasps,
and other berries.
2. = RASPBERRY 2.
1573 TUSSER Husb. (1878) 32 Plant Respe and rose. 1626
BACON Sylva § 487 Take Sorrell, and set it among Rasps.
1660 SHARROCK Vegetables 117 Rasps and Vines always bear
upon a fresh sprout. 1796 C. MARSHALL Garden, iii. (1813)
39 The smooth wooded or cane rasp is to be preferred for a
principal crop. 1853 G. JOHNSTON Nat. Hist. E. Bord. 1. 71
The Rasp only ascends into the ravines and wooded deans.
Rasp (rasp) , v.1 [App. a. OF. rasper (F. rdper)
= Sp., Pg. raspar, It. and med.L. raspare, perh. of
Tent, origin : cf. OHG. raspfat to collect, scrape
together. (MHG. Af raspen occurs once ; mod. Du.
and G. raspen are app. from French). ME. ros-
pen may also be related.]
f 1. trans. To inscribe by scraping or scratching.
Obs. rare~l.
13.. E. E. Allit. P. B. 1545 Biholdand be honde til hit
hade al grauen, & rasped on pe ro? wo}e runisch sauez.
2. To scrape or abrade with a rasp or other
rough instrument.
13.. E. E. Allit. P. B. 1724 fe fyste. .pat rasped renyschly
|>e woje with J>e roj penne. 1686 PLOT Staffordsh. 384 He
can turn 20 of these [twists], whilst one is cut or rasp't.
1694 Phil. Trans. XVIII. 278 The Root rasped affords a
fine Flour or Powder. 1762 BORLASE Ibid. HI. 509 As if
it had been rasped by a rough rounded file. 1811 Self
Instructor 538 Logwood being rasped and shaved into small
chips. 1859 F. A. GRIFFITHS Artil. Man. (1862) 90 The
fuze must be rasped if necessary.
b. To scrape or rub in a rough manner.
1715 CHEVNE Philos. Princ. Relig. i. (ed. 2) go The Mer-
cury in the Agitation of the Tube, rasping the Sides thereof.
1824 Miss FERRIER Inker. Ixxxvii, He put his feet actually
within the fender, and rasped and crunched the ashes. 1840
DICKENS Old C. Shop xxxyiii, The rjony . . evinced a strong
desire to . . rasp himself against the brick walls. 1878 HUXLEY
Physiogr. 164 The ice played its part in rasping and grinding
and polishing the surface of the land.
transf. 1868 J. G. HOLLAND Kathrina I. (1869) 20, 1 heard
the harsh, reiterant katydids Rasp the mysterious silence.
C. fig. To grate upon, to irritate.
1810 Sporting Mag. XXXV. 80, I saw Flaherty, the
deceased, and the two Jordans rasping each other. 1866
MRS. STOWE Little Foxes 14 The mistress is rasped, irri.
tated, despairing. 1887 Miss CAREY Uncle Max xxxviii.
304 Her hard, metallic voice had rasped the invalid's nerves.
3. To scrape off 01 away.
1789 Trans. Sac. Arts (ed. 2) II. 77, I began to rasp off
the bark. 1861 TYNDALL Mountaineer, viii. 72 These rocks
are known to have their angles rasped off, and to be fluted
and scarred by the ice. 1863 KINGSLEY Water-Bat, viii.
(1878) 329 The stream as it rushed up rasped away the sides
of the hole.
4. To utter with a grating sound, rare—1.
1843 O. W. HOLMES An After-Dinner Poem 46 Grating
songs . . Rasped from the throats of bellowing amateurs.
5. intr. or absol. a. To scrape or grate, esp. on
a stringed instrument.
^1842 S. LOVER Handy Andy xviii. 155 Murphy, who pre-
sided in the cart full of fiddlers . . , shouted . . ' Rasp and lilt
away boys'. 1870 A. STEINMETZ Gaming Table II. iv. 113
Sorrily rasping on an execrable fiddle.
Jig. 1848 LOWELL Vision Sir Launfal i. 5 This man, so
foul and bent of stature, Rasped harshly against his dainty
nature. 1863 HOLLAND Lett. Joneses vi. 86 Your husband
grew tired . . with rasping against so much new domestic
material.
b. To make a grating sound ; to go about com-
plaining in an irritating voice.
1868 M. H. SMITH Sunsh. f, Shad. N. York 302 He has a
loud, harsh, sharp tone, that rasps like a file. 1874 LISLE
CARK Jud. Gwynne I. iii. 82 With a shrill voice ceaselessly
echoing harshly-worded complaints . . Mrs. Nosgood rasped
about the place from morning till night.
Rasp (rasp), v? Now dial. Also 9 resp.
[? Imitative.] intr. and trans. To belch.
1626 BACON Syh'a § 123 All Eruptions of Aire. . in Rasping,
bneezing, £c. _ 1627 Bi>. HALL Heanen vpon Earth § 26. 96
Ine man of nice education . . rasping since his last meafe.
SK. « ?,T^LE Atti'*co's Spanish Gallant 9 [in by reason
ofthy full feeding, or couldnesse of stomack, thou hast a
provocation to rasp wind. a. 1825 FORBY E. A nglian Gloss.,
Rasp, Resp, to belch.
Raspass, variant of RASPIS 2. Qbs.
Raspatory (ra-spatari). [ad. mecl.L. raspd-
tonum (Du Cange), f. raspare to RASP v.l Cf.
obs. F. raspatoire (Godef.).]
1. A form of rasp used in surgery.
?S?2 BULLEYN Def. agst. sickness, Dial. Soarttes f, Ch. 44
wnicne thyng can not bee done with raspatorie. 1635 A.
vKv7^*"" * Ulcers 244 The 1>one is to bee n«>de even
with the Raspatories.and smoothed. 1676 WISEMAN Chirurg.
159
Treat, v. ix, You ought to be furnished with various sort
of Raspatories. 1804 Med. Jrnl. XII. 203 The differen
blades of the raspatory. 1879 BRYANT Pract. Surgery (ed. 3,
I. 549 After detaching periosteum by means of the raspatory
f 2. ' A Butler's instrument, wherewith he chips
bread' (Phillips 1658). Obs. rare—0.
Raspays, variant of RASPIS 2. Obs.
Raspberry (ra-zberi). Forms : 7 res-, 7-8
ras-, 8- raspberry, [f. RASP sb£ + BERRY.]
1. The fruit of several plants of the genus Rubus,
esp. R. idveus, consisting of many small juicy
grains or drupes of a subacid flavour arranged on
a conical receptacle, from which the ripe fruit is
easily detached unbroken.
The common raspberry, both wild and cultivated, is of a
red colour ; white and yellow varieties also exist The fruit
is much used for making preserves, confections, liquors, etc.
1623 N. H. in Whitbourne Newfoundland 114 Cherries,
Nuts, Resberries, Strawberries. 1664 EVELYN Kal. ffort.
(1729) 207 Rasberries, Corinths, Strawberries, a 1756 MRS.
HEYWOOD New Present (1771) 220 To preserve Rasberries.
Let your rasberries be large. 1817 RAFFLES Java 1. 36
The wild raspberry, which is found in the higher regions, is
not destitute of flavour. 1891 Miss DOWIE Girl in Karp.
234 A., handful of rasp, straw, and whortle berries.
2. The plant which produces the raspberry, or
other plants of the genus Rubus resembling this.
The common species, Rubus idxus, has woody stems
thickly covered with weak prickles, pinnate leaves which
are white on the under-side, and whitish flowers.
Floiuering or Virginian raspberry, the American species
Rnbus odoratus.
1733 MILLER Card. Diet. s.v. Rnbus, All the other Sorts
are propagated from Suckers in the same Manner as the
Garden Raspberries. 1741 Compl. Fam.-Piece n. iii. 380
There are several other Trees and Shrubs which are now in
Flower, as . . upright sweet Canada Rasberries. 1846 j.
BAXTER Libr. Pract. Agric. (ed. 4) II. 229 The root of the
raspberry is considered to be perennial.
3. Raspberry wine.
1768 GOLDSM. Good-n. Man v. i, A drop of as pretty rasp-
berry as ever was tipt over tongue.
4. attrib. and Comb., as raspberty brandy, busk,
cream, fool, jam, juice, tart, tree, vinegar, -wine ;
raspberry-like, -scented adjs. ; raspberry apple,
an apple having the flavour of the raspberry ;
raspberry jam tree, an Australian tree, Acacia
acuminata, so called from the smell of its wood ;
raspberry kidney, a kidney of a morbid granular
structure resembling that of a raspberry; rasp-
berry lid, an eye-lid having a morbid growth
like a raspberry; raspberry red, the colour of
the raspberry ; also as adj.
1894 Daily News 5 Oct. 5/2 The "raspberry-apple, or
pomme framboise, attracted the attention of gardeners,
amateur and professional. 1796 MORSE Ajner. Geog. II. 503
They appeared to prefer cherry and "rasberry brandy. 1733
MILLER Card. Diet., Rubus,. .the Bramble or "Rasp-berry-
bush. 1864 SOWERBY Eng. Bat. (ed. 3) III. i6> Raspberry
bushes . . bear the finest fruit in a light rich loamy soil.
1661 RABISHA Body Cookery Diss. 30 To make "Rasberry
Cream. 1851 MAYHF.W Land. Lab. II. 46/2 Raspberry
cream ! Iced raspberry -cream, ha'penny a glass ! 1728
E. SMITH Compl. Houseiu. (ed. 2) 150 To make Strawberry
or "Rasp-berry Fool. 1760 MRS. RAFFALD Eng. Housekpr.
(1778) 251 A quart of raspberries, or "raspberry jam. 1846
STOKES Disc. Australia II. iv. 132 "Raspberry Jam [Tree],
Acacia .. Sweet-scented — grows on good ground. 1847
LEICHHARDT Jrnl. x. 342 The raspberry-jam tree covered the
approaches to the river. 1661 RABISHA Body Cookery Diss.
216 A quarter of a pinte of "Raspberry-juice. '
Syst. Med. IV. 334 That condition known as red granular
kidney, or "raspberry kidney, which occurs in middle-aged
people. 1869 Eng. Mech. 3 Dec. 271/2 The lids are covered
with hard granulations which are termed the ' *raspberry
lid '. 1894 Daily Neivs 5 Oct. 5/2 It has a "raspberry-like
taste. 1897 Allbutfs Syst. Med. II. 501 A chronic, specific
and contagious disease, characterized by raspberry-like
tubercles. 1894 Daily News 7 July 6/6 Another party, who
floated a "raspberry red flag on their boat. 1894 J. BROWN
Forester II. 501 Acacia acuminata, 'Jam ' or "Raspberry
scented acacia. 1859 Household^ Encycl. s.v., "Raspberry
Tart with cream. 1765 Chron. in Ann. Reg. 140/2 Some
"rasberry trees in perfect leaf. 1713 SPRENGNELL in Phil.
Trans. XXVIII. 139 Sprinkled with "Rasberry-Vinegar.
1841 Penny Cycl. XX. 215/2 Rasrjberry-vinegar is not only
an agreeable beverage, but is said to act as a febrifuge.
1718 R. BRADLEY Country Housewife 115 To make "Ras-
berry Wine. 1841 Penny Cycl. XX. 215/2 Raspberry-wine
is much used in Poland.
Hence Baspberria'de, -berrye'tte, liquors made
from, or flavoured with, raspberries.
1851 MAYHEW Land. Lab. II. 46/1 Iced lemonade here !
Iced raspberriade. 1883 Pall Mall G. 12 Oct. 12/1 Mixtures
known as gingerette, raspberryette, and peppermint.
•)• Raspe a. Obs. rare ~l. [a. obs. F. raspg, now
rtipe : see RAPE sW, and cf. RASPY a. 2] Raspe
•wine = RAPE sl>.*>
1600 SURFLET Countrie Farme VI. xxii, 787 Greene or raspe
winej in as much as it contained! more water then wine,
nounsheth the body but a little.
So Hasped a. rare "~*.
1823 COLEBROOKE in St. Cape G. Hope 363 They have
added sweet wine, or boiled must, fermented for the purpose,
like rasped wine in France [note, Vin rape).
Rasped (raspt), ///• a- [*• RASP v-1 + •ED 1-1
Grated^ scraped ; rough as if rubbed with a rasp.
Also spec, in Book-binding (see qnot. 1 890).
1599 A. M. tr. Gabelhoucr" s Bk. Physicke 302/2 Sodden
Quince broth, . . with rasped Hartes-horne. 1694 SALMON
liatii Disfens. (1713) 636/2 Gellyof Harts-horn and rasped
RASPIS.
Ivory. 1749 MRS. GLASSF. Cookery 17 Garnish your Dish
with rasp'd liread, made into Figures. 1865 DICKENS Afut.
I'}-, i. M, Chilled elbows, and a rasped surface of nose
1890 Z/EHH3DOSF Bookbinding Gloss., Rasped, the sharn
edge taken off mill-boards.
Rasper (ra-spai). [f. RASP v.i + -EB i.]
1. One who or that which rasps; a rai
machine for beetroot, etc.
rasps; a rasping-
1725 I-ond. Gaz. No. 6382/11 Richard Sill, . . Harthorn.
Rasper. 1863 J. T. F. TURNER Slate Quarries 17 The
wages due to the sawyers, planers, and raspers. 1875 KNIGHT
Diet. Mech. i88i/t Rasper, a file for rasping the burnt sur-
face from loaves of bread. 1882 Spon's Encycl. Mann/. 1824
The potatoes are introduced by the hopper, and are forced..
against the short saw-like teeth of the rasper.
2. Hunting. A high difficult fence.
1812 Sporting Mag. XXXIX. 232 Having to surmount in
every field, what in sporting phrase is denominated a Rasper.
1841 J. T. HEWLETT Parish Clerk \. 79 Many raspers and
bullfinches were cleared by the little Shetlands.
3. Slang. A person or thing of sharp, harsh, or
unpleasant character; also, anything remarkable
or extraordinary in its own way.
1839 DICKENS Nich. Nick. Ivii, He's what you may a-call
a rasper, is Nickleby. 1860 SIR T. MARTIN Horace 16 His
bat at cricket was a rasper. 1886 Field 27 Feb. 256/3 Her
course with Carsehill was such a rasper that there was little
hope for her in the final.
Raspes(se, variants of RASPIS 2 Obs.
Ra'Sp-house. [ad. Dn. rasphuis (G. raspel-
haus), i. raspen RASP s/.l] A house of correction
formerly in use in Holland, Germany, etc., where
prisoners were employed in rasping wood.
1641 EVELYN Diary 19 Aug., We went to see the Rasp-
house, where the lusty knaves are compell'd to worke, and
the rasping of Brasill and Logwood is very hard labour.
1670 R. HAINES Meth. Goat. (1679) 7 Another Officer was
whipt and committed to the Rasp-house. 1756 NUGENT
Gr. Tour, Netherlands I. 81 The Rasp-house, or house of
correction, is . . very well worth a traveller's notice. 1865
Daily Tel. 28 Dec. 5/5 The judge .. sent this rascal to the
whipping-post, and that rogue to the rasp-house.
Raspice, -ies, variants of RASPIS. Obs.
Rasping (rcrspin), vbl. sbl [f. RASP w.l]
1. The act of rubbing or scraping with or as
with a rasp ; a grating sound.
J597 A. M. tr. Guillemeau's Fr. Chirurg. 33b/2 When we
perceave, in raspinge, the bone to give bloode from it. 1641
[see RASP-HOUSE]. 1703 MOXON Mech. Exerc. 212 Either
g of locks and rasping .
2. concr. in //. Small particles produced by
rasping.
1655 CULPEPPER, etc. Riverius i. i. 8 Take the shavings or
raspings of a Skull that was never buried. 1736 BAILEY
Housch. Diet. 343 Give him raspings of bread, which may
be had of the London bakers for nine pence or 10 pence a
strike. 1791 HAMILTON tr. Berthollet"^ Art of Dyeing I. i.
I. v. 101 Oak bark and raspings of heart of o_ak. 1875 H. C.
WOOD Therap. (1879) 55 Quassia. .is kept in the shops in
billets and in raspings.
3. attrib., as rasping-machine, -mill.
1655 MRQ. WORCESTER Cent. Inv. § 83 A Rasping-Mill for
Harts-horn. 1835 URE Philos. Manuf. 58 Rasping-mills
for logwood. 1875 KNIGHT Diet. Mech. 1881/1 Rasping-
machine.
Rasping (ra-spirj), ///. a.1 [f. RASP v.1 +
-ING 2.J That rasps, in senses of the vb.
1656 RIDGLEY Pract. Physick 168 Scraped with rasping
Instruments. 1735 W. SEWEL Dutch Diet., Rasphuysboef,
a Rasping rascal, a Bridewel-rogue. 1856 MRS. CARLYLE
Lett. II. 269 A cold, rasping, savage day; excruciating for
sick nerves. 1873 Miss BROUGHTON Nancy II. 146 He, in
his raspingest voice, is giving his [valet] a month's warning.
b. Hunting. Difficult to take. Cf. RASPEB 2.
1829 Sporting Mag. XXIII. 372 Many ox-fences and two
rasping brooks. 1837 T. HOOK Jack Brag i, We'll . . pick
out rasping fences.
c. Extremely or unpleasantly rapid.
1875 J. GRANT One of the ' 600 ' xi. 92 Away we went . . at
a rasping pace.
Hence Ea spingly adv., in a rasping manner.
1883 Harper's Mag. June 6/2 The wooden rattles with
which . . the people were raspingly summoned to public
worship. 1887 F. WARDEN Scheherazade\l. i. 17 ' Try it ! •
said he raspingly.
t Ra-sping, ppl. a.z Obs.-1 [f. RASP z«.2 +
-INO 2.] Belching, emitting wind.
1629 T. ADAMS England's SictnessWks. I. 328 Let them . .
drink Cleopatra's draught, .to ease their rasping stomacke.
t Ra'Spis *. Obs. Forms : 5 raspise, -ice,
6 raspays, -yoe, 7 -is ; 5 respioe, 6 -yoe. [Of
obscure origin.
Possibly connected with OF. raspeit, -fei (mod. F. rafl:
see RAPE sbf), It. raspato (rendered ' raspis wine ' by Florio),
med.L. raspatum, -etum, -ecia: in that case the ending
-ice, -is may be due to the med.L. form in -ecia. Boorde
(quot. 1542) evidently supposed it to be raspberry-wine (cf.
RASPIS WINE), but it seems unlikely, from the contexts in
which it occurs, that this was the usual sense of the word.]
A kind of wine used in the i gth and i6th centuries.
c 1460 J. RUSSELL Bk. Nurture 118 in Babces Bk. 9 The
namys of swete wynes .. pyment, Raspise, Muscadelle of
jrew. tc 1475 Sqr. Iffiue Degre 756 Mount rose and wyne
sfGreke, Both algrade, and respice eke. 1519 Interl. four
Elem. (Percy Soc.) 22 Ye shall han Spanyeshe wyne and
jascoyn, . . Sak, raspyce, alycaunt, rumney. 1542 BOORDE
Dyetary x. (1870) 254 All maner of wynes be made of grapes,
excepte respyce, the whiche is made of a bery. 1584 COGAN
Harcn Health 218 Redde wine, if it be a deepe redde en-
clining to blacke as Raspis,
RASPIS.
t Ra'spis 2. Obs. Forms : a. 6 raspyse, -ass,
6-7 raspes, -is, -ice, 7 raspies, -esse, -isse. /3.
6 respis, -ies, -yoe, 7 respas, -ass(e. [Of obscure
origin : perh. in some way related to prec.]
1. a. collect. Raspberries.
e 1532 Du WES Introd. Fr. in Palsgr. 912 Raspyse, /ran.
boises. 1565 GOLDING Ovitfs Met. I. (1593) 4 Men .. Did
live by respis, heps, and haws. 1578 LYTE Dodoens 662
The fruite of this Bramble is called . . in English Raspis or
Framboys berries. 1658 EVELYN French Gardiner (1675) 256
Raspis are of two colours, the white and the red. 1688 R.
HOLME A rnionry in. 80/1 Preserves . . as Pears, Plums, . .
Grapes, Respass.
b. (With pi. in -«.) A raspberry.
1548 TURNER Names Herlies (E.D.S.) 68 Rubus ideus is
called.. in englishe raspeses or hyndberies. 1600 HAKLUYT
Voy. III. 305 There are Raspasses, and a little berrie which
we call among vs Blues. 1648 HERRICK Hesperides 168 The
wine of cherries, and to these The cooling breath of Res-
passes. 1678 J. PHILLIPS tr. Tavernier's Voy. xix. 92 Of
Strawberries and raspices there is great store.
2. The raspberry-plant
1558 W. WARD tr. Alexis* Secr.i. 1. 19 b, This, .is taken of
loannes Agricola to be the brier called Respis. 1573 TUSSER
Husb. (1878) 72 Set Respis and Rose, yoong rootes of those.
1629 PARKINSON Paratiisits Terrestris 557 The leaves of
Raspis may be used, .in gargles. 1682 GRKW Anat. Plants
v. 275 The Leavs of Rose-Tree, Raspis [etc.].
3. attrib., as raspis-bush, juice, orchard, tree.
e 1532 Du WES/«/?W. Fr. in Palsgr. 014 Raspis \x*,franc.
bolster. 1597 GERARDE Herbal HI. 1089 The Raspis bush,
or Hindberrie. 1622 WITHER Philarete (1633) 591 The
shrubbie fields are Raspice Orchards there, a 1648 Lu.
HERBERT Hen. VIII (1683) 89 A Frambousier or Raspis-
Bush. 1660 MAY Accoinpl. Cook (1665) 254 A quarter of a
pint of raspas juyce.
t Raspis-berry. Obs. [f.prec.] = RASPBERRY.
a 1548 HALL C/iron., Hen. VIII (1809) 6n The Aubespine
. .and the Framboister [sic] whiche is in English the Hathorne
.. and the Rasois berry. 1600 HAKLUYT Voy. (1810) III. 192
The like plentie of raspis berries, which doe grow in euery
place. 1623 WHITBOURNE Newfoundland 5 Faire Straw-
berries, red and white, and faire Kespasse berries, and
Gooseberries.
Raspish (ra-spij), a. rare. [f. RASP v.1 + -ISH.]
Irritating, irritable.
1854 P. B. ST. JOHN Amy Moss 77 Well, don't be so
raspish. 1866 Mattie, a Stray II. 158 Vou were hot-headed,
and I was ill-tempered and raspish, and so we quarrelled.
t Raspis wine. Obs. Also 6 -ise, 7 respass.
a. = RASPIS1. b. ? Raspberry wine.
1562 TURNER Herbal n. 120 It were good to kepe some of
the iuyce of the berries, .and to make of it as it were raspis
wine. 1598 FLORIO, Raspato, . . Raspise wine. 1662 R.
MATHEW Unl, Alch. § 40. 40 A very good friend of mine . .
was feasted.. with Venison and Respass wine.
Raspy (ra-spi), a.l [f. RASP z>.l + -T 1.]
1. Or a rasping nature ; harsh, grating.
1838 CARLYLE Vamhagen v. Ense, Misc. (1857) IV. 197
Such a raspy, untamed voice as that of his 1 have hardly
heard. 1862 BLACKMORE Christowell xxxvi, Ungainly,
nubbly, fruit it was,, .raspy, to the teeth.
2. Easily exasperated ; irritable.
1877 Holderness Gloss., Raspy, short-tempered. 1893
Harper's Mag. 975/1 Her temper was. .certainly ' raspy'.
fRa-spy, a? Obs. rare-1. [Anglicized form
of obs. F. raspe.~\ = R\SPE a. (q. v.).
1703 Art Sf Myst. Vintners 20 They counterfeit Raspy
wine, with Flower-de-luce Roots.
Raspyce, -yse, variants of RASPIS. Obs.
Rass. obs. f. RACE rf.l etc. ; obs. pa. t. RISE v.
t Rassasy, v. Obs. rare. [a. F. rassasier ( i jth
c.), f. re- + OF. assasier, f. L. ad- + satiare: see
SATIATE v.] trans. To satisfy (a hungry person).
Also const, of.
1483 CAXTON G. de la. Tour I ij b, The brede of heueri
wherof she was rassasyed and fylde. 1484 — Fables of&sof
v. x, I must etc one of yow, to th'ende that I may be fylled
and rassasyed of my grete honger.
Rasse1 (ravs/, res). [Javanese rase.'] A kind
of civet-cat (Viverricula malaccensis, or Malacca
Weasel) found in India, the Malay Peninsula, Java,
China, etc., and frequently kept in captivity for
the sake of the perfume obtained from it.
1817 RAFFLES Java I. 50 Musk, called dedes, is procured
from the rast. 1824 HORSFIELD Zool. Researches in Java,
Viverra Rasse. . . The Rasse belongs to the division of
strictly digitigrade Carnassiers. 1861 WOOD Nat. Hist. I.
232 The Rasse is spread over a large extent of country.
t Rasse2. Obs. rare— '. ? A peak, projection.
I*.. E. E. Allit. P. B. 446 On a rasse of arok, hit rest at
be laste.
t Rassed, ///. a. Obs. rare. [f. RACE v.*
or RASE v.% + -ED1.] Torn off; hence in Her.
(of two colours) meeting in a jagged line. Cf.
ERASED a a.
1513 in Glover Hist. Derby I. App. 61 An Asse bed goulls
rassed and haltered. 1372 BOSSEWELL Artnorie n. 27 b,
These be called quartered Armes, rassed, for ye two colours
be rassed, as though the one were rente from the other.
Rassh(e, obs. forms of RASH a. and v.
Rassle, obs. form of wrastle WRESTLE v.
Rasspout, obs. form of RAJPOOT.
t Ra-stel. Obs. rare -'. [a. OF. rastel (rate!,
mod.F. r&teau] rake, portcullis (see Godef.), etc. :
:— L. rastellus, dim. ofrastrum rake.] A portcullis.
1598 BARRET Theor. Warres v. i. 127 The gate must haue
. .his rastell or drawer of strong timber or iron.
160
t Ra-steling. 01>s. rare—1. ? A tumult, uproar.
a 1400-50. -I texandcr 943 (Dubl. MS.) Alexander.. Herd
suche a rastelyng in )>e realm, & rydez he faster. {As/nil.
MS. Sees slike a roltilyng, etc.]
t Raster. Obs. rare-". [? f. RASE ».l + -STER.]
?A barber. Only in raster-cloth, house (see quots.).
,1440 Promp. Para. 424/1 Rastyr howse, or schavyng
howse IS. rasyr hows), I'arbitondium. 1483 Cath. Angl.
300/1 Raster clathe, ralla. Ibid. 300/2 Raster house (A,
Raser howse), barbitondixm. 1500 Ortus, Ralla, a raster
cloth or a shauynge clothe.
fRastilbow. Obs. rare-". [Corruptly ad.
med.L. resta bovis or OF. reste de beof (mod.F.
arrlte bceuf), lit. ' stopping of the ox '.] The
plant REST-HARBOW.
c 1440 Promp. Parv. 424/1 Rastylbow, wede, resta bovis.
Rastle, obs. and dial, form of WRESTLE.
t Ra-ston. Obs. rare—1, [a. OF. raston, raton :
see Godef., and cf. RATTOON *.] ' A fashion of
round and high Tart, made of butter, egges, and
cheese' (Cotgr.).
c 1430 Two Cookery-bks. 52 Rastons. Take fayre Flowre,
& be whyte of Eyroun, & |»e jolke a lytel [etc.].
Rasty, dial. var. REASTY.
Rasure 1 (r^-zioi). Now rare. Also 7-9 raz-.
[a. F. rasurt (1235 in Godef.), or ad. L. rdsura :
see RASE v.1 and -URE.]
f 1. The act of scraping or shaving (also fig.} ;
a scratch, mark, cut, slit. Obs.
1470-85 MALORY Arthur xvm. xxv, Lyke as wynter rasure
doth always a rase and deface grene somer, soo. .for a lytel
blast of wynters rasure anone we shalle deface and lay a
parte true loue. 1599 HAKLUVT Voy. III. 674 They race
some their faces, some their bodies, . . the print of which
rasure can neuer bee done away againe during life. 16x1
SPEED Hist. Gt. Brit. v. vi. (1632) 42 Carrying these rasures
on their pictured Hmbes. 1721 GIBSON Farrier's Guide u.
(1738) 250 Soaking Pledgits of clean Kurds in this Mixture,
and laying them pretty warm on the Razures or Chinks,
t b. A particle, or the particles, scraped off.
c 1400 Lanfranc's Cirurg. 135, I leie on |?e schauynge or
ellis be rasure of lynnen cloop. 1660 EVELYN Sylva (1776)
324 The wood should be cut about May and the Rasures
well dried.
1 2. The act of shaving (the head, hair, etc.) ;
tonsure. Obs.
1483 CAXTON Gold. Leg. m/i Saynt denys . . sayth the
rasure and cuttyng of of the heer signefyeth pure lyf. 1561
T. NORTON Calvin's fust. iv. xix. (1634) 726 inarg.. The
Popish rasure ministred unto Clerks at the first receit of
their Cleargie. a 1603 T. CARTWRIGHT Confut. Rhem. N. T.
(16181 it They had no razure commanded, onely it was
prouided that they should not haue their haire long. 1737
WHISTON Josephus (1755) IV. 333 Their heads were sooty :
they had round rasures on them.
3. The act of scraping out something written;
an erasure. (Freq. in io-i8thc.)
1508 FISHER 7 Penit. Ps. xxxii. Wks. (1876) 24 We fyrste
scrape the paper, and by that rasure or scraping sumwhat is
taken awaye of the letters. 1602 FULBECKE "2nd Pt. Parall.
28/1 Such writings obligatorie if they haue any razure in
them in any materiall place are of no credit in law. a 1734
NORTH Lives Norths (1742) I. 115 She had very credible in-
formation that there was a foul rasure in Sir John Cuts's
will. 1791-1823 D'ISRAELI Cur. Lit. (1866) 208/2 A speci-
men of his continual corrections and critical rasures.
b. transf. Obliteration, effacement ; cancelling.
1603 SHAKS. Meas.for M. v. i. 13 A fprted residence 'gainst
the tooth of time And razure of obliuion. 1670 MARVELL
Let. to W. Ramsden Wks. (1875) I. 410 When we began to
talk of the Lords, the King sent for us alone, and recom-
mended a rasure of all proceedings. 1750 JOHNSON Rambler
No. 41 Impressed upon the mind so as to defy all attempts
of rasure or of change. 1761-2 HUME Hist. Eng. IV. Ixv.
(1806) 780 That a general razure should be made of all
transactions with regard to that disputed question.
t Rasure 2. Obs. rare. Also 5 -our. [a. OF.
rasure (Godef.) ; cf. Pg. rasoura.] — RASKR 1.
c 1489 CAXTON Sonnes of Aymon viii. 187 The rasour of
whete was solde for fourty shelynges and twenty pence.
1526 Tails in Dillon Calais fy Pole (1892) 89 Item, for evry
Rasure of Lyme qr.
Rasure, obs. f. RAZOB. Rasydhede : see
RASEDHEAD. Rasyn e, -ynge, obs. ff. RAISIN.
Rasyst, obs. Sc. f. RESIST.
Rat (raet), s6.l Forms: I rest, 4-6 ratte, 6
ratt, 5- rat. [OE. rset (once) = Du. rat, MHG.
rat (G. rats), masc. ; also OLG. ratta, OHG.
ratte (G. ratte, raize"), fern., and OHG. ratio m. ;
= F. rat m., rale f., Sp., Pg. rato, obs. It. ratio,
med.L. ratus, rattus.
The ultimate origin of the word js uncertain, but it seems
probable that it was adopted first in the Teutonic languages
when the animal came to be known in western Europe, and
thence passed into the Romance tongues. Forms with o
occur in the LG. and Scand. languages as well as in English :
see ROTTAN, ROTTE. The most usual form in ME. was
raton, -oun, RATTON.]
1. A rodent of some of the larger species of the
genus Mus, esp. M. rattus, the black rat (now
almost extinct), and M. decumanus, the common
grey, brown, or Norway rat. (See also LAND-,
MUSK-, WATER-RAT.)
c 1000 jELFRlc Glass, in Wr.-Wulcker 118/41 Piter, .befer.
Ratnrits, rset. Lvtrial otor. 1377 LANGL. P. PL B. Prol. 200
Had 36 rattes 5oure wille }e couthe nou?t reule joureselue.
c 1450 MYRC Par. Priest 1897 5ef hyt were eten wyth mows
or rat, Dere bow moste a-bygge bat 1561 DAUS tr. Bullinger
on Apoc. (1573) 119 They bewray themselues lyke a Ratte
BAT.
wyth theyr owne vtteraunce. 1596 SHAKS. Merch. V. rv. L
44 What if my house be troubled with a Rat. «6io —
Temp. i. ii. 147 Nor tackle, sayle, nor mast, the very rats
Instmctiuely haue quit it. 16*5 BACON F.ss., ll'isti. for
Man's Self (Mo.) 187 It is the Wisedome of Rats, that will
1« sure to leaue a House, somewhat before it fall. 1726
GAY Fables n. viii. 87 Rats and mice purloin our grain.
1759 Ann. Keg. 123/1 A large Norway rat. 177$ GOLDSM.
Nat. Hist. (1776) IV. 66 The Great Rat. ..It is chieflyin the
colour that this animal differs from the Black Rat, or the
Common Rat, as it was once called, but now common no
longer. 1810 SHELLEY (Ed. Tyr. i. 183 Rats, when lean
enough To crawl through such chinks. 1843 DIEFFENBACH
Trav. Nnu Z. II. 185 There exists a frugiferous native rat.
1862 ANSTED Channel 1st. II. ix. (ed. 2) 201 The black rat,
so rare in Kngland, is common in Alderney and Herm.
fig- 1855 SMEDLEY H. Coverdale in. 14 A pair of little
hopping ratsof ponies. 1875 BUCKLAND Log-Book 204 Crabs
are, in fact, the rats of the ocean.
b. transf. Applied to animals of other species
resembling the rat.
t Rat of Inde, the ichneumon, t Kat (if Surinam, the
phalanger. Marsupial rat, an opossum. Pharaoh's rat,
the ichneumon (cf. OF. rat de Farean in Marco Polo).
Norway or Norwegian rat, the lemming.
1598 SYLVESTER Du Barlas I. vi. 272 So Pharoah's Rat,
yer he begin the fray 'Gainst the blinde Aspicke. 1601
HOLLAND Pliny I. 303 Rats of Inde, called Ichneumones.
1753 CHAMBERS Cycl. Stiff., Ltming, the name of a creature
of the rat kind, called by authors mus Norwegicus, the
Norway rat. 1774 GOLDSMITH Nat. Hist. (1862) I. VII. i.
515 The Philanger..is about the size of a rat, and has,
accordingly, by some, been called the Rat of Surinam.
1863 H. W. BATES Naturalist on R. Amazons ix.(ed. 2) 260
A beautiful opossum : . . this made the third species of mar-
supial rat I had so far obtained. 1886 Riverside Nat. Hist.
V. 442 Pharaoh's Rat . . feeds to a great extent upon the
eggs of the crocodile. [1886 Pall Mall G. 14 Sept. i/i On
the suicidal principles of Norwegian ratdom.]
2. In phrases : a. To smell a rat, to suspect
something.
a 1550 Image Hypocr. i. 51 in Sttelton's Wks. (1843) II.
414/2 Yf they smell a ratt, They grisely chide and chatt.
1601 2nd Pt. Return fr. Parnass. ill. ii. 1272 He say no
more, gesse at my meaning, I smel a rat. 1660 SHIRLEY
Androm. II. ii. 14, I smell a Rat sir, there's jugling in this
business. 1736 [CHETWOOD] Voy. Vaughan I. 170, I ask'd
her so many Questions, that, tho' a Woman ignorant enough,
she began to smell a Rat. 1840 LYTTOS Paul Clifford
xxxiv, Whew ! I smell a rat ; this stolen child, then, was no
other than Paul. 1894 HOWELLS in Harper's Mag. Feb.
377 He'll be sure to smell a rat if I'm with you.
b. Like (or as viet as) a drowned rat.
c 1500 [see DROWNED j b]. 1541 UDALL Erasm. Afafn.
180 b, An hedde he had . . Three heares on a side, like a
drouned ratte. 1697 DAMPIER Voy. I. iv. 70 The Storm . .
drencht us all like so many drowned Rats. 1771 SMOLLETT
Humph. Cl. III. 14 Oct. Let. iv, I was dragged out of a
river like a drowned rat. 1880 [see DROWNED].
O. (/is ) drunk, poor, f rank, or weak, as a rat.
1538 BALE Thre Laives 835 The monkes were fatte And
ranke as a ratte. 1553 T. WILSON Rhet. (1580) 128 As if one
had. .kepte theTauerne till he had been asdronke asa Ratte.
1661 Merry Drollerie i. 17 Drunk as a Rat, you'd hardly
wot That drinking so he could trudge it. 1833 MARRYAT
P. Simple xxxi, He's as poor as a rat. 1840 COL. HAWKER
Diary (1803) II. 186 Weak as a rat, and no appetite.
d. With reference to the alleged killing or ex-
pulsion of Irish rats by riming. Cf. RIME v.
1600 SHAKS, A. Y. L. ill. ii. 188, 1 was neuer so berim'd
since . . I was an Irish Rat. 1625 B. JONSON Staple of News
4th Interm., The fine Madrigall-man, in rime, to haue runne
him o' the Countrey, like an Irish rat. 1660 (title) Rats
Rhimed to Death, or, The Rump-Parliament Hang'd up in
the Shambles. 1735 POPE Donne Sat. u. 22 Songs no
longer move ; No rat is rhym'd to death, nor maid to love.
e. Slang (orig. U. S.). Used ironically in //.
to express incredulity : ' humbug ', ' nonsense '.
1890 Spectator?*?*. 405/2 (quoting Puck) 'Why, what did
he say "when you told him of it?' — 'Oh Must — " Rats !'"
1897 Outing (U. S.) XXX. 484/1 ' A miss, by Jove '. ' Oh,
rats ', cries another onlooker.
3. Used as an opprobrious or familiar epithet.
1504 SHAKS. Rich. Ill, v. iiL 331 These famish'd Beggers
.. Who .. For want of meanes (poore Rats) had hang'd
themselues. 1619 EARLE Microcosm. (Arb.) 08 One that
nick-names Clergymen with all the termes of reproch, as
Rat, Black coate, and the like, c 1656 Roxb. Ball. (1886)
VI. 106 No Female Rat shall me deceive, nor catch me by
a crafty wild. 1830 HOOD Drop of Gin iii, Hardly ac-
knowledged by kith and kin, Because, poor rat ! He has no
cravat. 1888 STEVENSON Black Arrow 29 Ha ! Clipsby,
are ye there, old rat !
4. spec, t a. A pirate. 06s.
[1596 SHAKS. Merck. V. \. iii. 23.] 1673 HOBBES Odyss.
xv. 371 Phaenician Merchants, Rats, then thither came.
Ibid. xvi. 61 Thesprotian rats got him aboard their ship,
fb. (Seequots.) Obs.
a 1700 B. E. Diet. Cant. Crew, Rat, a Drunken Man or
Woman taken up by the Watch, and carried . . to the
Counter. 1781 R. KING Mod. Land. Spy 38 Men taken up
for assaults or night-brawls were termed Rats.
c. In Politics : One who deserts his party.
(From the alleged fact that rats leave a house about to fall
or a ship about to sink : see sense i, quots. 1610, 1625.)
1792 EARL MALMESBURY Diaries $ Corr. II. 477 This
would, .pronounce. .us. .as having differed with him, and,
of course, become rats and deserters. 1823 BENTHAM Net
Paul but Jesus 109 In a word, in the language of modern
party, Silas was a rat. 1888 H. D. TRAILL WM. Ill, i. (1892)
7 Charles transformed himself, with more than the celerity
of the nimblest modern rat [etc.].
d. A workman who refuses to strike along with
others, or takes a striker's place ; also (esp. among
printers), one who works for lower wages than the
ordinary (or trade-union) rate.
BAT.
1881 American No. 73. 181 The men who agree to go into
the strike are always the more united and determined class.
The rats who refuse suffer accordingly. 1892 Nation
ii Aug. 96/2 This orator declared .. that ' rats ' were still
employed in the Tribune office.
6. Something resembling a rat in shape.
a. U. S. A hair-pad with tapering ends.
1869 MES. \VHITNEY Ife Girls v. (1874) 98 She can't buy
coils and braids and two-dollar rats. 1888 Century Mag.
Sept. 769/1 The crescent shaped pillows on which it [hair] was
put up, the startling names of which were ' rats ' and ' mice '.
b. A plumber's tool.
1894 Times 27 Jan. 7/5 Some of the company's men . . were
using a red-hot plug or ' rat '.
6. [f. RAT ».] The act of changing one's side.
1838 LYTTON Alice v. ii, Political factions love converts.
. .A man's rise in life generally dates from a well-timed rat.
7. attrib. and Comb. a. attributive, as rat-haunt,
-hole (also Jig-}, kind, -leather, pie, poison, -pre-
serve, -skin, -terrier, -warren.
1654 GAYTON Pleas. Notes iv. v. 200 Mine Host wondred
with himselfe, where the *Rat-haunt should be, 1812
H. & J. SMITH Rej. Addr., Hampsh. Fanner's Addr.
(1833) 32 Who routed you from a *rat-hole. . to perch you in
a palace ? 1879 O. VV. HOLM ES Motley xviii. 129 The police
set on the track of the writer to find his rathole if possible.
1753 CHAMBERS Cycl. Sitpp., Leming, the name of a creature
of the *rat kind. 1879 GOODE Catal. Anim. Resources
ff Fisheries V, S. 214 *Rat leather, used for thumbs of kid
gloves. 1812 SOUTHEY Omniana I. 25 *Rat pye would be
as good as Rook pye. 1844 STEPHENS Bk. Farm III. 1296
A pot of. . *rat poison. 1848 Zoologist VI. 2054 They were
the lords of the "rat-preserve in the barn. 1812 SOUTHEY
Omniana I. 26 *Rat-skin robes for the ladies would be
beautiful. 1893 Westm. Gaz. 22 June 3/3 The length of the
largest rat-skin, when dressed, is seven to eight inches. 1851
MAYHEW Lond.Lab. II. 55 The cost of a bull-dog, or a bull-
teriier or *rat-terrier. 1886 Miss BRADDON One Thing
Needful iv, Rooms that only serve as a *rat-warren.
b. Objective, and obj. genitive, as rat-catching,
-charmer, -hunting, -killer, -killing, \ -taker. See
also RAT-CATCHEB.
1764 Museum Rust. I. 392 Those who professedly follow
the art of "rat-catching. 1825 in Hone Every-day Bk. I.
(1859) 291 My terriers — ratcatching Busy, Snap, and Nim-
bletoes. 1860 MARRYAT Horace Jutland II. 280 The *rat-
charmer . . must be sadly wanted in these parts. 1851
MAYHEW Land. Lad.1l. 56/2 The main sport now., in which
dogs are the agents is *rat-hunting. 1538 ELYOT, Muri-
cidus.., a *rat killer. 1851 MAYHEW Land. Lab. II. 56/2
As a rat-killer, a ferret is not to be compared to a dog.
1851-61 in Mayhew Land. Lab. (1865) II. 491/1 Take the
tax off *rat-killing dogs, and give a legality to rat-killing.
c 1500 Cocke Lorelts B. 10 Mole sekers, and *ratte takers.
1538 Arundel MS. 97 in Vicary's Anat. (1888) App. n. 109
lohn Willis, the Kingis rattaker.
c. Instrumental, as rat-deserted, -gnaion, -in-
fested, -inhabited, -ridden, -riddled adjs.
1859 HELPS Friends in Council Ser. ii. (ed. 2) I. ii Sordid,
window- broken, *rat -deserted . . houses. 1860 WYNTER Curi-
osities of Civilisation 137 The *rat-gnawn ivory is selected
by the turner as fitted for billiard balls. 1840 DICKENS
Old C. Shop iv, A small 'rat-infested dreary yard. 1832
CARLYLE Goethe's Wks. Misc. (1840) IV. 198 Ancient rotten
*iat-inhabited walls. 1870 DICKENS E. Drood \, Some *rat-
ridden doorkeeper. 1855 BROWNING Hugues ofSaxe£otha
xxix, Your rotten-planked *rat-riddled stairs.
d. Similative, as rat-coloured, -eyed, -faced,
-like adjs.
1633 MASSINGER Guardian n. iv, Their "rat-coloured
stockings. 1834 Tail's Mag. I. 318/2 Yellow or blue, Pie-
1857 BORROW Romany Rye (1858) II. 73 The rat-like eyes
sparkled.
e. Special combs., as rat-bean, a species of
caper (Capparis frondosa) ; rat-bird, the striated
bush-babbler (Chattarrhcea caudala) ; rat-clam,
dial, a rat-trap ; rat-firm, a firm which employs
' rats ' or non-union workmen ; rat-flsh, a chimsera
of the Pacific coast of America ; rat-hare = LAGO-
MTS ; rat-house, a printing-house in which ' rats '
are employed ; rat-kangaroo = KANOAROO-RAT ;
rat-labour (see quot. and 4 d above) ; rat-mole
= MOLE-RAT; rat-offlce = rat-house; rat-pill, a
pill used in rat-catching; rat-pit, a pit in which
rats are confined to be worried by dogs; rat-
poison, poison for destroying rats ; also spec . (see
quot. 1848) ; rat-snake, a snake which kills rats,
tsp. a species found in Ceylon, frequently kept in
domestication for this purpose. See also RAT-
TAIL, -TRAP.
1879 BARON EGGERS Flora St. Croix 25 *Rat-bean. 1883
E. H. A[ITKEN] Trioes on My Frontier 3 Down among
the roots of the creeper .. come a dozen dingy brown
'"rat-birds'. 1889 JEFFERIES Field $ Hedgerow 86 The
cat wandering about got caught in the *rat-clams— i. e.
a gin. _ 1889 Pall Mall G. 18 Feb. 3/3 Is Mr. Morley sure
that his books are not printed by '*rat firms'? 1882
*"•"•- *: GILBERT Syn. Fishes N. Amer. 54 Chimsera..
iisu. 1034 ivi MURTRIE LHvier's Anim. Kingd. 91 "Kat-
Hares have moderate ears ; legs nearly alike. 1891 Pall
Mall G. 21 Nov. 2/3 The bills . . are printed at what are
commonly termed ' "rat-houses '. 1846 G. R. WATERHOUSE
Nat. Hist. Mammalia I. 196 The "Rat-Kangaroo may be
divided into three minor groups. 1894 R. LYDEKKEH Mar.
supialia 63 The rat-kangaroo, often incorrectly spoken of as
VOL. VIII.
161
kangaroo- rats. 1894 Labour Commission, Gloss, s. v., In the
eyes of a trades unionist the terms *rat labour and ' non-
union ' or ' free ' labour are synonymous. By a unionist
rat labour is defined as men who work for less than the
established rate of wages. 1846 BUCHANAN, '''Rat Mole.
1810 Sporting Mag. XXXV. 7 The quantity of *rat-pills
necessary for the great and important work. 1851 MAYHEW
Lond. Lab. II. 53 The terrier's education, as regards his
prowess in a *rat-pit. 1848 CRAIG s.v. Rat, *Rat-poi$ont the
common name of the plant Chailletia toxicaria, a poisonous
shrub, a native of Sierra Leone. 1860 TENNENT Ceylon I.
193 note, Wolf . . mentions that "rat-snakes were often so
domesticated by the natives as to feed at their table.
Rat (rset), sb.2 Obs. exc. north, dial. Forms :
3-4 ratte, 8-9 dial* rat. [Of obscure etym.]
A rag, scrap.
a 1240 Wohnnge in Cott. Horn. 277 J?u wunden was i rattes
and i clutes. 13.. S. Erkenivolde 260 in Horstm. Altengl.
Leg. (1881) 272 In cloutes, me thynkes, Horn burde haue
rotid & bene rent in rattis longe sythene. a 1796 PEGGE
Derbidsms s.v., All to rats, i. e. scraps. 1847 HALLIWELL,
Rats, pieces, shreds, fragments. North,
t Itat, sb$ Obs. Forms 5 ratte, 6 Sc. ratt-.
[a. MDu.. MLG. rat (rad-) or Da. rat (from LG.)
= OFris. radt reth, OS. rath, OHG. (mod.G.)
rod, cognate with L. rota, Olr. roth, Lith. ratas
wheel, Skr. rdtha-s (war) chariot.] The wheel
which was formerly used in one method of execut-
ing criminals, and on which their dead bodies were
afterwards exposed. Also in//.
1481 CAXTON Reynard (Arb.) 12 It shal cos'te you your lyf
he wyl hange yow or sette you on the ratte. 1508 DUNBAR
Flyting 51 Evill farit and dryit, as Denseman on the rattis,
1560 HOLLAND Seven Sages 332 On the Rattis reuin, hangit,
drawin, and quarterit.
Rat, sb± Sc. rare. [Of obscure origin.] A rut,
furrow, mark, scratch.
1513 DOUGLAS ALneis vn. viii. 26 Hir forryt scoryt wyth
runclys and mony rat. 1808 JAMIESON, t. Ratt a scratch ;
as, a rat with a. prein^ a scratch with a pin. . . 3. The track
of a wheel in a road.
tRat, sb$ Sc. Obs. In 7 rate, ratt(e. [Var.
of ROT s&.2, by Sc. substitution of a for 0.] A file
(of soldiers).
1646 LT. GEN. BAILLIE in Baillie's Lett. 4- Jmls. (1841) II.
421, I found five ratt musqueteers, more than ane musquet-
shott at randome before their bodie. 1653 BAILLIE ibid. III.
225 Cotterall besett the Church with some rattes of mus-
queteirs and a troup of horse, a 1670 SPALDING Troub. Chas. I
(Spalding Club) II. 331 He directet also the Laird of
Haddoche. .to go to Torry, with a rate of mvskiteires.
f Rat, j£.6 Obs. rarer-1. = RAT-KIME.
1671 True Non-Conformist 254 If in hearty requests, we
our selves can neither be confined . . to a rat of words put in
our mouth, nor relish the like practice from others [etc.].
f Rat, sb.1 Obs.—° [a. F. rat, obs. var. ras, raz :
see RACE sb.i- 6.] A strong or rapid current.
There is no evidence that the form has ever been in Eng.
use. The latter part of quot. 1867 alludes to Pg. rato a sharp
rock, which has no connexion with the Fr. word.
1753 CHAMBERS Cycl. Supp.^ Ratt in the sea language, is
used to express a part of the sea, where there are rapid
and dangerous currents, or counter currents. 1867 SMYTH
Sailor's Word-bk. 561 Rat, . . a rarjid stream or race, derived
from sharp rocks beneath, which injure the cable.
Bat (net), 0.1 [f. RAT *M]
1. intr. (chiefly pres.pple) To catch or hunt rats.
1864 Daily Tel. 17 Dec., He wished to take it [a dog]
ratting. 1871 M. LEGRAND Cambr. Freshm. 275, I_ believe
the old pony would rat, too, if you put him in the pit.
2. intr. a. To desert one's party, side, or cause,
esp. in politics ; to go over as a deserter.
1815 [cf. re-rat, RE- 5 a). 1817 MAR. EDGEWORTH Harring-
ton iii, If you have a mind to rat, rat sans phrase, and run
over to the Jewish side. 1831 J. W. CROKER in C. Papers
i Mar. (1884), Some of the steadiest old country gentlemen
ratting over to Reform. 1888 SAINTSBURY in Macm. Mag.
Sept. 349/2 Though Mackworth ratted to my own side,
I fear it must be confessed that he did rat.
b. To act as a ' rat ' (sense 4 d).
1847 WEBSTER cites T. F. ADAMS.
3. trans. To furnish with a ' rat ' (sense 5 a).
1867 MRS. WHITNEY L. Goldthwaite x. 235 Next morning,
at breakfast, Sin Saxon was as beautifully ruffled, ratted,
and crimped, .as ever.
Bat (rat), o.2 vulgar. [Substituted for ROT
v . ; cf. DBAT.] A form of imprecation, « DRAT.
1696 VANBRUGH Relapse I . iii, Rat my pocket-handerchief 1
have not I a page to carry it ? 1747 DR. HOADLY Suspicious
Husband n. i, Rat your inquisitive Eyes. 1792 CHARLOTTE
SMITH Desmond I. 29 But, rat me, if I know why the plague
we came. 1862 THACKERAY Philip xxxvi, Her very words
were ' Rat that piano ! | »88o DOYLE Micak Clarke xxiii.
236 Rat me, if the scar is healed yet.
tRat, v.3 Obs. rare-1. [Related to RAT */>.%]
trans. To break up, drive apart.
?ni40o Marie Arth. 2235 Thane be Romayns releuyde,
bat are ware rebuykkyde, And alle to-rattys oure mene with
theire riste horsses.
[Rat, v.*, error for RATTLE v. i b.
1723 PUCKLE Club (ed. 4) 84 Told us that an hart bellows,
a buck groyns, a roe bells, a goat rats.]
Rat, obs. f. 3rd pers. sing. pres. indie. READ v.
Bata (ra-ta). [Maori.] A large and handsome
forest- tree of New Zealand, bearing crimson flowers
and yielding a hard red wood.
The name is given to two species, Metrosideras rotuslf,
the Northern Rata, in the North Island, and M. lucida,l\\K
Southern Rata, in the South Island ; sometimes also to the
climbing species M.florida, properly called the Aka. b
Morris A nslral Eng., s.v.
RAT-CATCHER.
1835 W. YATE Ace. New Z. 50 Rata. ., this is a fine and
useful tree, producing a heavy, close-grained, durable red-
wood. 1843 DIEFFENBACH Trav. New Z. I. xiv. 224 The
venerable rata, often measuring forty feet in circumference,
and covered with scarlet flowers. 1889 T. KIRK Forest
Flora. New Z. 99 The southern rata is easily cultivated,
and, although of slow growth, is of value for ornamental
planting. Ibid. 263 The northern rata is one of the largest
trees in the New Zealand flora.
ta. attrib., as rata-flower, -root, -tree.
1835 W. YATE Ace. New Z. Index, Rata-tree. 1843
DIEFFENBACH Trav. New Z. I. xiv. 224 Of other para-
sitical plants, however, the rata-trees are very free. 1860
DONALDSON Bitsfi Lays 37 The rata flowers whisper a
message of death. 1872 DOMETT Ranolffy Amohia i. i. i
Its butt against a rata-root.
Ratable, etc. : see RATEABLE, etc.
Ratafia (raetafra). Also 8 rattafia, -fee, ratifia,
-fle, -fea, -fee, 9 ratafle. [a. F. ratafia (I7th c.,
Boileau), •(• ratafiat, of unknown origin (see Littre
for conjectures).]
1. A cordial or liqueur flavoured with certain
fruits or their kernels, usually almonds or peach-,
apricot-, and cherry-kernels.
1699 M. LISTER Journ. to Paris 164 All sorts of Strong
Waters, particularly Ratafia's, which is a sort of Cherry
Brandy made with Peach and Apricock Stones. 1719
D'URFEY Pills I. 6 Farewel Cold Tea, And Rattafee. 1737
DRURY Rival Milliners I. viii, If you refrain from Ratifea
and Faint 1810 CRABBE Borough xvi, She chose her com-
forts, ratafia and play ; She loved the social game, the
decent glass. 1852 THACKERAY Esmond ill. viii, A half,
dozen glasses of Ratafia made him forget all his woes and
his losses.
attrib. 1769 MHS. RAFFALD Eng. Housekpr. (1778) 269 To
make Ratafia Cakes. 1875 Encycl. Brit. I. 595/1 When
bitter almonds are pounded in water a ratafia odour is
produced.
2. A kind of cake or biscuit having the flavour of
ratafia, or made to be eaten along with it.
1845 BREGION & MILLER Pract. Cook. 219 Put half a pound
of ratafias in the mould. 1860 GEO. ELIOT Mill on Floss
vi. i, Give him three ratafias soaked in a dessert-spoonful
of cream, c 18^0 Mirth i. 12 The soles were worn to the
thinness and brittle sponginess of ratafias.
3. A variety of cherry. (See quot.)
1835 Trans. Hort. Sac. Ser. n. I. 291 Ratafia. . is so much
allied to the Morello, that, .it will be sufficient to state that
its leaves are smaller and more tapering towards the base
than those of the Morello.
Batal (K'-tal), sb. [f. RATE jA.l + -AL, prob.
after rental.] The amount on which rates are
assessed. Also attrib. (in some cases perh. taken
as adj.).
1859 Times 21 Mar. 6/5 Lord John Russell was the author
of the £5 and ^6 ratal clause. 1866 Pall Mall G. 21 Feb.
7/1 Lord John was told that the £6 ratal was a shuffle.
1883 M. D. CHALMERS Local Government iii. 42 A ratal of
^50 gives one vote. 1891 Daily News 4 Feb. 5/3 A Bill
has been introduced into Parliament . . seeking to abolish
the ratal qualifications for members of vestries.
Ratan : see RATTAN.
Batanbia (ratse-nia). Also 9 ratinia, rha-
tania. [Pg., = Sp. ratania, a. Quichuan ratana
(Tschudi).] = RHATANT.
1804 CAPT. MOORE in Naval Chron. XII. 323, 32 chests of
ratinia. 1805 Med. Jrnl. XIV. 129 The root, bark, and
extract of the ratanhia. 1826 HENRY Elem. Cheat. II. 383
The extract of rhatania, digested in hot water.
Comb. 1872 WATTS Diet. Chem. ist Suppl. 992 Ratanhia-
red .. first obtained by Wittstein as a product of the decom-
position of ratanhia-tannic acid.
Hence Batanhine (rse'tanain), Chem. a com-
pound homologous with tyrosine, occurring in the
extract of ratanhia.
1868 WATTS Diet. Chem. V. 77.
Ratany : see RHATANT.
Rataplan (rstaplse-n), sb. [a. F. rataplan,
of echoic origin.] A drumming or beating noise ;
a tattoo, rub-a-dub.
1847-8 G. A. A'BECKETT Comic Hist. Eng. vn. i, The
sheriff . . ordered the drums to strike up a rataplan. 1882
OUIDA Under Two Flags (1890) 345 She laughed and
drummed the rataplan with her brass heel. 1897 \qth Cent.
June 936 The ceaseless rataplan of the bats of the washer-
women.
Hence Batapla-n v. a. trans. To play (a march,
etc.) by beating ; b. intr. To beat upon (a drum).
i8«s Daily Tel. 15 Dec. 5/2 An absurd drummer-boy
rataplanning . . some march adapted from the Rogue s own.
1889 Daily News 16 Dec. 3/6 A large white rabbit rata-
plans upon a big drum.
Bat-a-tat (r^tatie-t). [Echoic.] = RAT-TAT.
1681 T. FLATMAN Heraclitus Ridens No. 28 (1713) I. 185
A Cooper was . . busy, Rat-a-tat, Rat-a-tat, hooping Tubs.
1813 COLERIDGE Lett. (1895) II. 604 This bustle and endless
rat-a-tat-tat at our door. 1895 Q. Splendid Sfuri53 A wild
rat-a-tat ! on the street door.
Ba-t-ca:tcher. [f. RAT *M] One whose
business it is to catch rats. Also transf. xa&fig.
1592 SHAKS. Rom. <$• 7«l- in. i- 78 Tybalt, you Rat-
catcher, will you walke? 1613 Althorp M!>. in Simpkmson
Washington* (1860) App. 44 To the ratcatcher . . for bating
the house. 1668 DAVENANT Man's the Master III. n, I
rather fear 'tis the old rat-catcher, your master, that has
caught us here in a trap. 1772 T. SIMPSON Vermin-Killer i,
The nobility, farmers, &c. . . send for a man, known in the
country by the name of a rat-catcher. 1814 CHALMERS in
Life (185:) I. 399 The gains . . from the calling of a rat-
catcher. 1851 MAYHEW Lond. Lab. No. 45 The Rat-
catchers of the Sewers,
21
BATCH.
b. Applied to animals.
1704 Baldens' Ceylon Hi, in Churchill Voyages III. 827/1
The Land-Serpents call'd Ratcatchers are . . very large.
1856 KANE Arct. Expl. \. xxix. 305 He [a fox] had only
one fault as a rat-catcher ; he would never catch a second
till he had eaten the first.
Batch (rsetj), sbl Mech. Also 7 Sc. ratsche,
8 roeh, 8-9 rash. [Var. of RATCHET ; the precise
history of the form is not clear. Cf. G. ratsche,
ratsche ; also ratschborer ratchet-drill, ratschscheibe
ratchet-wheel.]
fl. Sc. = FIRELOCK J. Obs. rare.
i6» D. WEDDERBURN Comfl. Buik (S. H. S.) 73, I have
directit James to bring me hame a ratsche of a gun of
fyve quarter lenth. 1657 COLVIL Whigs Svfflic. (1751) 18
Some had guns with rusty ratches.
2. A ratchet.
1721 BAILEY, Katck [in a Watch] are the small Teeth at
the Bottom of the Barrel, which stop it in winding up. 1825
I i/a Ratch, a rack-bar with inclined angu
tween which a pawl drops.
3. A ratchet-wheel ; spec, in clock-work.
1711 BAILEY, Ratch, [in Clock-Work) a Sort of Wheel,
which serves to lift up the Detents every Hour, and to
make the Clock strike. 1741 ETTRICK \\\Phil. Trans. XLI.
563 The Koch, or snagged Wheel, being . . accounted as
Part of the great Wheel. 1780 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 2) IX.
6635/2 Ratch, or rash, in clock-work, a sort of wheel having
twelve fangs [etc., as in Bailey]. 1875 KNIGHT Diet. Mech.
1881/2 A circular ratch is a ratchet-wheel.
b. So ratch-wheel.
1741 ETTRICK in Phil. Trans. XLI. 567 The Roch-wheel
to be cut with 48 Teeth. 18*5 J. NICHOLSON Operat.
Mechanic 314 The other end . . by the motion of the arm G,
is made to move the ratch-wheel.
t Ratch, sb* Obs. rare-1. ? = RACK rf.l 3.
1562 PHAER sEneid v. O iv, Down sinck the surging
waues. .; from al the heauen the ratches flies.
Ratch, s/>.3 Naut. [f. RATCH ».'] A reach.
1885 Daily Tel. 19 Aug. (quoted in Casselfs Encycl. Diet.).
Ratch, hunting-dog : see RACHE 1.
Ratch, white mark : see RACHS *.
Ratch, erron. form of ROTCH.
Batch (raetj), v.l Obs. exc. dial. Also 4-6
raohche, 5 ratche. [Back-form, from raught,
pa. t. of REACH ».', on anal, of caught, catch.}
1. intr. f a. To proceed, go. Obs. rare—1.
13. . E. E. Allit. P. B. 619 Resttez here on bis rote & I
schal rachche after.
b. A'aut. To sail on a tack, to ' reach '.
1881 CLARK RUSSELL Sailor's Siueeth. I. ii. 34 They
ratched from shore to shore, slueing on their heels to run
athwart the wind on another tack. 1807 Outing (U. S.)
XXIX. 467/2 Getting our anchor we ratched around under
mainsail and jib.
1 2. trans. To reach, get hold of. Obs. rare—".
1530 PALSGR. 670/2, I ratche, I catche, I. have raught. Je
altaym. And 1 ratche the thou shall here me a blowe.
3. trans. To draw out, to stretch (hence dial, to
exaggerate, to lie) ; to pull or tear asunder.
a 15*9 SKELTON Agst. Garnesche iii. 180 Thou xuldyst be
rachchyd, If thow war metely machchyd. 1530 PALSGR.
679/2, I ratche, I stretche out a length, ye estends. If it
be to shorte ratche it out. 1781 HUTTON lour to Caves
(ed. 2) Gloss., Ratch, to tear in pieces. 1829 in BROCKETT.
1847 i" HALLIWELL. 1869- in dial, glosses (Lanes., Yks.,
Line., Hants, Dorset).
Hence Batched ppl. a., stretched.
1833 URE Philos. Manitf. 179 He must take care not to
stretch the cardings. .. If any fault is committed in this
respect,, .they are said to be 'ratched cardings'.
Batch, z>.2 Mech. [f. RATCH jtf.l] trans. To
cut into teeth like those of a ratch ; to tarn round
in the process of doing this.
Jlyi.
lion, .and, in ratching the wheel about 300 times round, the
teeth were finished. Ibid., The screw in ratching had con-
tinually hold of several teeth at the same time. [1846 HOLTZ-
APFFEL Turning II. 659 note, In ratching or cutting the
wheel . . the circle was divided with the greatest exactness.]
Ratchel (rae-tjel). techn. or dial. Forms: 8
ra(t)ehill, 9 ratchil, -el(l. [Of obscure etym.]
1. Fragments of loose shivery stone lying above
the linn rock.
1747 HOOSON Miner's Diet. I iv b, Under the Rachill . .
where it is the most gankey, the chief Leader may be found.
17^9 KIRWAN Geol. Ess, 297 Decaying porphyry, which the
miners call rotten stone ; . . fragments of stone they call
ratchill. 1811 FAREY in Hunt Mining (1884) 233 In many
instances in alluvial mixtures the stones are.. like the chip-
pings of a stonemason's yard, and called Ratchel, Rumel,
Keale, Skerry, or Rubble. 1888 in Sheffield Gloss.
2. (See quots.)
east and west, walls of hardah, called ' ratchels '
, , e rae .
Batchet (rartjet), si. Forms : a. 7-8 rochet,
-ett, 8 rotchet. 0. 8- ratchet, (9 rachet). [a.
F. rochet (f roquef) , a blunt form of lance-head,
or lance having such a head (ia-i5th c.) ; a bob-
bin or spool; also, a ratchet or ratchet-wheel
(i6th c., in Pare' xxra. xii.) -= It. rocchello spool,
ratchet, etc. : see ROCKET.
162
The development of the sense of ' ratchet ' in F. and It. is
angul
edge of a bar or rim of a wheel, into which a cog,
tooth, click, or the like may catch, usually for the
purpose of preventing reversed motion ; also, a bar
or wheel (ratchet-wheel) provided with such teeth.
a. 1659 LEAK Watervjks. 25 They make the peeces of
Timber to come to the Saws by means of certain Toothed
Wheels with a rochet. 1743 FREKE in Phil. Trans. XLII.
558 A Wheel.. notched round, which works as a Rotchet on
a Spring Ketch. 1758 FITZGERALD ibid. L.728 The outside
rochet and outside wheel are fixed on the arbor.
0. 1710 DESAGULIERS in Phil. Trans. XXXVI. 204 To
throw the Catch in again upon the Teeth of the Ratchet,
and stop the whole Motion without Accidents. 18*5 J.
NICHOLSON Operat. Mechanic 501 The click attached to the
great wheel is laid hold of by the teeth of the ratchet. 1881
GREENER Gun 9 The ratchet is wound up by means of the
lever and cogs.
b. pi. in same sense, rare.
1711 BAILEY, Rat Juts, [in a Watch], are the small Teeth
at the Bottom of the Barrel, which stop it, in winding up.
1860 MAURY Phys. Geog. Sea iii. § 165 The cogs on this
wheel are cut and regulated to the rachets on that.
2. A click or detent, catching into the teeth of
a ratchet-wheel.
1846 JOHNSTON tr. Beckmann's Hist. Invent., etc. (ed. 4)
1 . 1 1 These two wheels are connected by a ratchet or pall . . ,
the larger ratchet-wheel is held stationary by a ratchet.
1875 KNIGHT Diet. Mich. 1881/2.
t 3. (See quot.) Obs. rare-1.
1763 w. LEWIS Phil. Cottint. Arts 56 From this the wire
is wound off upon a smaller cylinder, called a Rochett,
placed on the spindle of a spinning wheel.
4. attrib. and Comb., as ratchet-arbor, -bar,
-brace, -catch, -drill, -jack, -lever, pinion, rifling,
-ring, side, -stop, -tooth, -wheel.
1849 NOAU Electricity 383 A pinion on the 'ratchet-arbor
gives motion to other Dimple wheel-work, a 18*4 A. SCOTT
in Trans. Hi^hl. Soc. (1824) VI. 34 So hinged that its lower
end shall fall into the teeth of the same "ratchet-bar. 1849
WEALK Diet. Terms, "Ratchet-brace. 1868 Pall Mall G.
17 May 3 Saws, files, ratchet-braces, a 1814 A. SCOTT in
Trans. Highl. Soc. (1824) VI. 32 A ratchet-wheel of about
13 inches diameter, with 'ratchet-catches. 1846 HOLT/-
AFFFEL Turning II. 561 The 'ratchet-drill ..is made by
>f II. 561 T
drill. 1779 in Phil. Trans, LXVllI. 979 We must, .except
the 'rochet pinions. 1881 GREENER Gun 177 The "ratchet
rifling we do not consider nearly so good as either of the
other forms. 1779 RAMSDEN Defer. Engine (11.) ix Till the
piece (» is brought under the stop on the "ratchet-ring.
1838 Civil Eng. * Arch. Jrnl. I. 192/1 The palls . . are
thrown into the "ratchet sides of the press. 1867 J. HOGG
Microsc. i. iii. 204 The teeth answer the triple purpose of
thumb-milling, "ratchet-stop, and graduation. 1735 in Phil.
Trans. XXXIX. SgTheir Distance depends on the "Ratchet-
Teeth . . in the Brass- Bottom. 1777 RAMSDEN Descr. Engine
(i.) ii A "ratchet-wheel, having 60 teeth. ? 1700 J. IMISON
School o/ Arts 1. 17 It is requisite to have a ratchet-wheel on
the end of the axle. .with a catch to fall into its teeth. 1884
F. J. BRITTEN Watch ft Clockm. 220 A pawl or click is a
necessary adjunct to a ratchet wheel.
Hence Ba tenet v. intr. , to move by means of
a ratchet ; Ba-tchetted ///. a., provided with a
ratchet; Ra'tchety a., resembling the movement
of a ratchet, jerky.
1881 YOUNG Every Man his own Mechanic § 270. 103 The
angular borer turning clear around without stopping to
ratchet. 1891 Star 14 Dec. 3/2 The ratchetted arm of the
derrick, .broke. 1885 The Money-Makers ix. 128 Raikes. .
poured out a ratchety but vehement panegyric.
Ratchet, obs. f. ROCHET. Ratchetter, var.
ROCKETER. Ratchil(l, varr. RATCHEL. Ratchit,
obs. Sc. f. WBETCHED.
t Ra'tchment. Obs. rare. [Of obscure ori-
gin.] In a herse, ' a kind of flying buttresses which
spring from the corner principals and meet against
the central or chief principal (Parker) ; also, (?) a
sloping part of a wooden framework.
1557 in Bentley Excerfla Historica (1831) 306 It'm vj
ratchementes with xiij™ corsse lights a pece. 1558 Funeral
SMary in Leland Coll. V. (1774) 319 A very somptiouse
ersse . . the viii Rochments hanged double with V alienee
of Sarsenet 1596 Lane. Wills (1857) III. 3, v longe boardes
upon stoopes withe three ratchmentes wlh hookes to hange
Bate (r<nt), sbl Also 5-6 Se. rait, 6 ratte,
rayt, 7 reat, (9 dial, raate). [a. OF. rate, (raite,
ratte, etc., see Godef.), ad. med.L. rota (from L.
pro rota parte, portion*, also pro rota PBO BATA),
fern, of ratus, pa. pple. of rerf to think, judge :
see RATIO.]
t L The (total) computed or estimated quantity,
amount, or sum ^"anything, usually as forming
a basis for calculating other quantities or sums. Obs.
1471-3 Rolls o/ Parlt. VI. 49/2 Contributours to the
costes and expenses . . after the quantite and rate of the yerely
value of the said rent. 1548 UOALL Erasm. Far. Luke xix.
145 b, Accordyng to the quantite or rate of the fruict,
which they haue brought into the lordes vineyard. 1574
tr. Littletons Tenures 46 The escuage maye & shal bee
apporcioned after the quantity and rate of the lande. 1597
SHAKS. 2 Hen, /K, iv. i. 22, I iudge their number Vpon, or
neere, the rate of thirtie thousand.
t b. A fixed portion or quantity. Obs. rare.
15*8 BIBLE (Bishops') Exod, XVL 4 The people shall go out
RATE.
& gather a certaine rate euery day. 1611 BIBLE 2 Chrcnt.
ix. 24 They brought euery man his present . . a rate yeere by
yeere. ci6n CHAPMAN Iliad iv. 275 Our inferior mates
Drink even that inix'd wine measur'd too; them drink 'st,
without those rates, Our old wine neat.
2. Estimated value or worth (of individual things
or persons), t For the rate, in proportion to the
value. ^Beyond the rate, too highly. Also in//.
(i7th c.). Cf. sense 5.
1425 Rolls of Parlt, IV. 290/2 That everychon of home
may holde residence for the rate opon yche of hire Bene-
fice. 1560 DAUS tr. Sleidane's Cotnm. 42 b, That Byshoppes
and other spirituall parsons shoulde paye.. after the rate of
the benefice, a certeine summe of money. 1592 SHAKS.
Rom. Sf Jul. v. iii. 301 There shall no figure at that Rate
be set, As that of True and Faithful! luliet. 1620 £. BLOUNT
Horae Subs. 1 29 To esteeme life aboue the price, or to feare
death beyond the rate, be alike euill. 1638 SUCKLING
Brennorolt in. i, The world does set great rates upon you.
a 1677 HALE Contempt, n. 91 They mightily prize them and
set a great rate upon them. 1771 Junius Lett, Iii. 267, 1 am
a little offended at the low rate at which you seem to value
my understanding.
t b. Estimation, consideration. Obst
1610 SHAKS. Temp. n. i. 109 My sonne is lost, and (in my
rate) she too. 1651 HOBBES Leviath. (1839) 167 It is ne-
cessary that there be laws of honour, and a public rate of
the worth of such men as have deserved . . well of the
commonwealth. 17*7 DC FOE Sysf. Magic \. it. (1840) 44
Wise Men were not. .so high-prized as they had been, and
grew daily less and less in the ordinary rate and esteem of
the World.
fc. Valuation, rating. Obs, rare"1.
*&53 Pub. Gen. Acts 331 For want of sufficient time
a just and perfect survey or rate of each parish, .could not
be made and returned.
3. Price, the sum paid or asked for a single thing.
fAlso^/. (ijthc.)
Properly distinct from 6 b, in which rate Implies that the
same price or sum applies to a number of similar cases ; but
the two senses cannot always be clearly distinguished.
1590 SHAKS. Com. Err. iv. iv. 14 Ant. E. Fiue hundred
Duckets villaine for a rope? E. Dro. He serue you sir fiue
hundred at the rate. 1633 G. HERBERT Temple* Vanitle 10
To purchase heaven for repenting, Is no hard rate, a 1660
HAMMOND Semi, xviii. Wks. 1684 IV. 599 The devil, .knows
the price and value of a soul, and will pay any rate for it rather
than lose his market. 1665 BOYLE Occas. AY//, n. vi. (1848)
117 Giving great rates for neck-laces of true pearl 1770
EARL MALMESBURY Diaries if Corr. I. 66 His Catholic
Majesty is inclined, .to come to an accommodation with us
at almost any rate. 1784 COWPER Task vi. 416 They prove
too often at how dear a rate He sells protection.
t b. At the rate of, at the cost of. Obs.
1665 BOYLE Occas. Reft. v. iii. (1848) 305 The folly of
aining anything at the rate of losing their own Souls. 1709
TEELE Taller No. 58 p i To purchase a . . momentary
Pleasure at the Rate of making an honest Man unhappy.
C. At an easy rate, without great expense ; also
transf. without great loss or suffering. •(• Of easy
rate, cheaply purchased. Obs.
1596 DRAVTON Baron's Wars (Roxb.) 340 O ! hadst thou
in thy glory thus beene slayne, All thy delights had beene of
easie rate. 1665 BOYLE Occas. Refl. n. xiv. (1848) 142 Having
sadly Experienc'd. .Sickness, I am thereby brought, though
at no easie Rate, to set a high Value upon Health. _ 1726-31
gai
ST
H. 4. The amount or number of one thing
which corresponds or has relation to a certain
amount or number of some other thing. Chiefly
in phr. at (\ after) the rate of.
The second number being commonly unity (esp. some
unit of time) is sometimes omitted (cf. quot 1860).
1497 Naval Ace. Hen. VII (1896) 147 Euery man takyng
after the Rate of xij-* ob by the weke. 1538-9 Lett. Suf-
press. Mtmast. (Camden) 278 After the rate of xvitj*. the
hundredd. 1596 SPENSER State Irel. Wks. (Globe) 664/1
Six score acres, after the rate of 21 foote to every pearche
of the sayd acre. 1630 R. Johnsons Kingd. <$• Commw.
148, I feare me, hee reckoneth after the Athenian rate, ten
for one. 1660 Act 12 Chas. II, c. 20 § 6 [Interest] after
the rate of six pounds per cent. 1781 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 2)
VII. 5163/2 They will contend who shall get the silver at
the rate of 15 pounds for one of gold. 1807 Europ. Ma%. LI I.
II2/I, I suppose we had gone at the rate of six miles an
hour. 1860 MAURY Phys. Geog. Sea .xviii. § 746 Although
we were going at the rate of nine knots, the ship made
no noise. 1879 LUBBOCK Sci. Lect. ii, 34 The ants brought
in dead insects, .at the rate of about twenty-eight a minute,
fb. Ratio, proportion. Obs.
1614 T. BED WELL Nat. Geom. Numbers t. 2 The Base and
Height are said to be rational one to another, when as the
rate or reason of both may be expressed by a number of
the same measure given. 1659 LEAK Waterwks. 4 There
is the same rate of the Water D to the Water O, as
there Is of the length of the pipe N, to the length of the
pipe M.
5. Value (of money, goods, etc.) as applicable
to each individual piece or equal quantity.
Custom-house rates orig. belong to this sense, a standard
value being assigned to each class of article, and duty paid
in accordance with this. In 1657 the title of the 'book of
rates 'is ' Book of Values of Merchandize imported, according
to which Excise is to be paid by the First Buyer '.
With reference to money, rate denotes the conventional or
legal value of the metals or coins in relation to each otber
(cf. RATIO 3).
1494 FABYAN Chron. v. cxxxvi. 122 After y* rate of money
nowe currant, a quarter of whete was worth .ii. marks &
a halfe. 1545 (title) The rates of the custome house bothe
inwarde and outwarde. 1610 (title) Book of Rates. i6i«
Acc.-bk. W, Wray inAntignary XXXII. 214 Proclamation
KATE.
for the rate of goolde, as the angell, souereigne and white
royall at xis. a peece. a 1692 POLLEXFEN Disc. Trade
(1607) 147 The Book of Rates by which the Prizes of all
Goods are Regulated at the Custom-House for the Payment
of Customs and Duties. 1758 J. HARRIS Ess. Money ff Coins
II. 53 The legal rate of an ounce of either of these metals in
coin is called the mint price.
b. The basis of equivalence on which one form
of currency is exchanged for another. (Cf. EX-
CHANGE 3 and 4.)
1717-41 CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v. Rate, The rates of exchange,
factorship, &c. 1779 Encycl. Brit. (ed. i) IV. 2865/2 When
the Flemish rate rises above par, Britain gains and Holland
loses by the exchange. 1838 Penny Cycl. X. 109/1 The
par, for the time being, would be brought to coincide with
the actual rate. 1865 PHILLIPS Amer. Paper Curr. II. 164
The only question was as to the rate at which they should
be liquidated.
6. The amount of a charge or payment (such as
interest, discount, wages, etc.) having relation to
some other amount or basis of calculation.
1540 Act 32 Hen. yill, c. 14 (title) An acte for main-
tenaunce of the nauy of England, and for certaine rates of
frayctes. 1596 SHAKS. Merck. V. \. iii. 46 He . . brings
downe The rate of vsance here with vs in Venice. 1652
Votes Part. cone. Encouragem. Mariners, That the Rates
and Proportions of Pay . . be allowed to the Officers of the
several Ranks of ships. 1785 PALEY Mor. Philos. Wks.
1825 IV. 107 The rate of interest has in most countries
been regulated by law. 1833 HT. MARTINEAU Manchester
Strike iii. 34 It is not on this that the rate of wages
depends. 1885 Manch. Exam. 13 July 5/2 The rate of
the income tax ought to vary with the means of the payers.
b. A fixed charge applicable to each individual
case or instance ; esp. the (or an) amount paid or
demanded for a certain quantity of a commodity,
material, work, etc.
In I7th c. freq. used of the prices of goods (cf. note to 3) ;
in later use chiefly of charges for carriage.
1516 Galtuay Arch, in lolA Rej>. Hist. MSS. Comm.
App. V. 402 Every man or woman which makith aquavitie . .
to paye the accostomid ratte to the silver boxe. 1596
SPENSER State Irel. Wks. (Globe) 662/1 The rest . . should
be placed in parte of the landes . . at such rate, or rather
better then others. 1640 NABBES The Bride l. iv, I like the
rates : may the wines please as well. 1663 GERBIER Counsel
56 The Rate of Bricklayers their work. Good London
Brick-layers will work the Rod for forty shillings. 1687
A. LOVELL tr. Thevenofs Trait, i. 67 The set rate for the Blood
of a Man is five hundred Piastres. 1709 STEELE Tatler No.
TO p ii Bread was sold at Paris for 6d. per Pound, and.,
there was not half enough even at that Rate. 17*7-41
CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v. Coach, Hackney-coaches .. exposed to
hire, .at rates fixed by authority. 1795 J. PHILLIPS Hist.
Inlttnd Navig. Addenda 147 The company are authorised to
take the following rates, viz. For clay, brick, or stones, one
halfpenny per ton per mile. 1845 MCCULLOCH Taxation n.
vii. (1852) 312 Letters containing one enclosure charged with
two single rates. 1883 Manch. Exam. 29 Oct. 5/2 The high
rates of the railway companies prevented the cheaper kinds
of fish from being sent to the markets.
t c. Relative cost or expense (of living). Obs.
1633 BP. HALL Occas. Medit. § 61 At how easie a rate doe
these creatures live that are fed with rest 1 1646 BOYLE
Let. to Marcombes 22 Oct., Wks. 1772 I. p. xxxhi, I have
been forced to live at a very high rate (considering the in-
considerableness of my income).
d. (Usually//.) Amount of assessment on pro-
perty for local purposes. (Cf. CHDRCH-EATE, POOR-
BATE.) Also _/%-., the rate-collector.
171* PRIDEAUX Direct. Ck.-ioardens (ed. 4) 48 The Rates
must be made with the consent of the major part of the
Parish. 1807 CRABBE Par. Reg. in. Wks. 1823 I. 138 The
rates are high ; we have a-many poor. 1841 Penny Cycl.
XIX. 307/1 If the parish fail to meet, the churchwardens
may themselves impose a rate. 1881 GLADSTONE Sp. at
Leeds 7 Oct., Rates have increased in towns with great
rapidity. 1888 R. L. STEVENSON Popular Authors n, Even
the Rates and Taxes that besiege your door, have actually
read your tales.
7. Degree of speed in moving from one place to
another ; the ratio between the distance covered
and the time taken to traverse it. Chiefly in phr.
(to go etc.) at a ... rate. Also const, of (travel-
ling, etc.).
»ung. 1097 LONGREVE Mourning Bride I. I, When my
Lord beheld the ship pursuing, And saw her rate so far
exceeding ours, He came to me. 1760-72 H. BROOKE Fool
ofQital. (1809) I. 67 The coach drove on, at a round rate.
1834 PRINGLE Afr. Sk. ix. 292 The most rapid rate of ox.
wagon travelling,.. about thirty miles a day. 1860 TYNDALL
Glac. i. xiv. 99 The motion .. swiftly augmented to the rate
of an avalanche. 1876 W. H. G. KINGSTON On banks of
Amazon 119 The whole herd ..wheeling round, off they
went at a rapid rate.
b. Relative speed of working, acting, etc.
1751 JOHNSON Rambler No. 165 p n As workmen will
not easily be hurried beyond their ordinary rate. 1858
HOMANS Cyclop. Commerce 1724/1 The operation has been
since proceeding at a still greater rate. 1879 THOMSON &
TAIT Nat. Phil. I. i. § 268 The actio agentis. .is simply, in
modern English phraseology, the rate at which the agent
C. Of time-pieces : Amount of gain or loss on
the correct time during twenty-four hours.
1833 HEKSCHEL Astron, iii. 139 Their clocks being regu-
0 1 D i ' • lr errors and rales asc.ertained "id applied.
o. Relative amount of variation, increase, de-
crease, etc.
»•'* J- SMITH Panorama Sc. f, Art II. 90 A set of glass
bubbles, varying from each other in specific gravity at an
equal rate. !8so CARLYLE Lattcr-d. I'amph. iv. (1872) 133
163
Three millions of paupers.. increasing at a frightful rate
per day. 1876 TAIT R ec. Adv. Phys. Sc. (1885) 357 Rate of
change of velocity is called in Kinematics Acceleration.
1878 HUXLEY Pkysiogr. 200 The rate of augmentation being
affected by the character of the rocks bored through.
b. techn. of the inclination in the thread of
a screw.
1846 HOLTZAPFFEL Turning II. 637 In this comparatively
inferior class of screws . . whether or not their pitches or rates
have any exact relationship to the inch, is a matter of in-
difference.
III. 9. Standard or measure in respect of quality
or condition ; hence, class, kind, sort, f rank.
(See also FIRST-BATE A i.) ^ In rate of -us.
t To the rate, ? to the full.
1509 FISHER Funeral Serm. C'tessRichm. Wks. (1876) 291
She was of singuler wysedome ferre passynge the comyn
rate of women. 1567 JEWEL Off. Afol. (1611) 45 Somewhat
. .whereby it may be vnderstandedf to be taken in rate of
a vice. 1621 FLETCHER /si. Princess iv. i, They had their
sute, they landed, and too th' rate grew rich and powerfull.
1639 FULLER Holy War in. xxix. (1840) 170 He was very
learned, according to the rate of that age. 1663 GERBIER
Counsel C vij b, The several Materials . . are of the best
Rate, as any can be. 1682 J. FLAVELL Fear 13 Tis a great
sin to love or fear any creature above the rate of a creature.
1703 MRS. CENTLIVRE Beau's Ducl\. i, I look your coffers
shou'd maintain me at my rate. 1711 STEELE Sped. No. 151
P 7 The intemperate Meals and loud Jollities of the common
Rate of Country Gentlemen. 1815 JANE AUSTEN Emma i.
xi, Her brother's disposition to look down on the common
rate of social intercourse.
b. Naut. Class of vessels, esp. war-vessels, ac-
cording to their size or strength. (See also FIBST-,
SECOND-BATE, etc.)
The old division of the British navy into six rates of
vessels, according to the number of guns carried, is fully
explained by Falconer (Marine Diet. s.v. Rates). The
vessels of the U. S. navy are rated by tonnage.
1662 J. DAVIES tr. Mandelslo's Trav. 132 Frigots and
Barks enter the River, and Vessels of a middle rate shelter
under the Ilha da Naos. 1677 YARRANTON Eng. Improv.
40, I am very well satisfied that Ships of all Rates will be
built at Wexford. 1691 T. H[ALE] Ace. New Inventions
Ded. x, Fifteen Capital Ships for the Royal Navy, besides
many more of the lesser Rate. 1701 Land. Gaz. No. 3775/1
Any of Our Ships of the First, Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth
or Sixth Rate, or Fire-Ships. 1742 YOUNG Nt. Th. vm. 154
Of various rates they sail, Of ensigns various, 1802 Naval
Chron. VIII. 3 A ship of so small a rate as the Trial. 1816
[see FIRST-RATE A i].
c. Naut. Rating.
1706 E. WARD Wooden World Diss. (1708) 18 View but
his Muster-Books, and you'll, by their Rates, fancy his
Men the stoutest Fellows in the Navy.
d. Class or sub-class of buildings, in respect of
purpose or size.
Chiefly used with ref. to the construction and materials of
the various classes of buildings, as regulated by Acts of
Parliament.
1774 Act 14 Geo. Iff, c. 78 That the several Churches, ..
Dwelling houses, and all other Buildings whatsoever .. shall
be divided into the seven several Rates or classes of Building
herein-after described. 1814 Reg. Park 51 As to the rates
of houses, second and third rates would generally be most
useful. 1845 Act i>f 8 Viet. c. 84 § 7 Any Building of what-
ever kind which is not hereby expressly assigned to any
Class or Rate of a Class.
1 1O. Standard of conduct or action ; hence, man-
ner, mode, style. Chiefly with after. Obs.
04.70 HENRYSON Mor. Fab. n. (Town (f C. Mouse) viii,
I keip the rait and custome of my dame, a 1529 SKELTON
Caudatos Anglos 20 Skelton laureat After this rate De-
fendeth with his pen All Englysh men. 1596 SPENSER
F. Q. iv. x. 52 Thus sate they all around in seemely rate.
1648 JKNKYN Blind Guide i. 14 He speaking after the rate
of the eldest sonne of Gogmagog ; more like a Polyphemus
than like a Paul. 1659 SHIRLEY Hon. 4- Mam. v. ii, I have
not liv'd After the rate to fear another world. 1702 Eng.
Theop^hrast. 77 They behaved themselves after another rate
in private. 1791 COWPER Let. to J. Johnson 22 Oct., I
proceed much after the old rate; rising cheerless.., and
brightening a little as the day goes on.
t b. At a (certain) rate: In a . . way or manner.
So at this rate, etc. Obs.
1654-66 EARL ORRERY Parthen. (1676) 782 He used me at
a Rate, which might have assured me he would deny me
nothing. 1692 R. L'ESTRANGE Josephus, Antiq, xin. xviii.
('733) 35' Let them treat their King at never so coarse
a Rate, the Multitude would be sure to side with them.
1707 WATTS Hymns, ' Come holy Spirit, heavenly Dove ' iv,
Dear Lord I and shall we ever lie At this poor dying rate T
1722 DE FOE Plague (1756) 150 A grave and sober Man,
and not pleased with their lying at this loose Rate the first
Night.
11. Degree or extent of action, feeling, etc.
Chiefly in phr. at a . . . rate (passing into 7 b and
freq. not clearly distinct from 10 b).
1523 SKELTON Gar/. Laurel 1130 Of your bounte the
accustomable rate, c 1586 C'TESS PEMBROKE Ps. cxxxix.
xii, O Lord, thou know'st in highest rate I hate them all as
foes to me. 1634 W. TIRWHYT tr. Balzac's Lett. (Vol. I) 304
If you feed all your flock at this rate [etc.]. 1666 BUNYAN
Grace Abound. § 26, I swore and curst at that most fearful
Rate, that she was made to tremble to hear me. 1703
SHARP Wks. (1754) II. 105 It is very hard for flesh and
blood to live after that rate of strictness. 1748 Alison's
Voy. n. i. 122 The dogs ..laid themselves down, panting at
a great rate.
IV. Phrases.
t!2. a. After the rale, on the same scale, in
proportion. Obs.
1427 Rolls ofParlt. IV. 318/2 Ye inhabitant!, .pay to oure
. .soverain Lord, us. And so above, aftre ye rate. 1505
BATE.
Berwick Reg. (Hist. MSS. Comm.) Varr. Collect. 1. 10 The
glide .. ordened . . the stone to wey xvj poundes . . and the
halffstone after the rayt, and the quarter after the rayt
1523 FITZHERB. Husb. § 121 Let two of them be bores, and
foure of them sowes, and so to contynue after the rate. 1589
PUTTENHAM Eng. Pocsic iii. v. (Arb.) 161 His manner of
vtterance . . [is] more plaine, or busie and intricate, or other-
wise affected after the rate.
tb. After one rate, equally, to an equal extent;
in the same manner. Obs.
1509 BARCLAY Shyp of Folys 158 The clargy both pore
preste and prelate . . vse the same almost after one rate.
1561 DAUS tr. Bullinger on Apoc. (1573) 129 Therfore shall
the world continue alwayes after one rate.
1 13. a. Of a rate, on a par or equality, equal. Obs.
1542 UDALL Erasm. Apoph. 310 The cases of Pericles &
Pompeius [were] muchewhat of a rate in all behalfes. 1642
FULLER Holy f. Prof. St. v. xix. 438 This would .. make
lazinesse and painfulnesse both of a rate, when beggary was
the reward of both. 1663 BUTLER Hud. i. i. 629 Their
Valours too were of a Rate.
fb. At a rate, equally. Also, of equal cost,
equally easy to attain. Obs.
a 16*3 CAMDEN Rein. (1637) 184 He also graunted liberty
of coyning to certaine Cities and Abbeies, allowing them one
staple, and two puncheons at a rate, with certaine restrictions.
1642 FULLER Holy ff Prof. St. in. vii. 166 Those that raise
a new house from the ground are blame-worthy if they
make it not handsome, seeing to them Method and Con-
fusion are both at a rate.
14. At any rate, f *• At any price or cost ; on
any terms. Obs. f b. (With negatives.) On any
account. Obs. c. Under any circumstances; in
any or either case. d. At all events; at least,
t e. By any means. Obs.
1619 FLETCHER False One i. i, I have no friend, ..or
Country, but your favour, Which I'le preserve at any rate.
1634 SIR T. HERBERT Trait. A ij, The malice of such as
carpe at any rate. 1693 EVELYN De la Quint. Compl.
Gard. Pref., Some men . . seek in a few years after, to get rid
of them at any rate. 1700 S. L. tr. Fryke's Voy. E. Ind. 95
People., who go over to the Indies with no other design but
to enrich themselves at any rate. 1^30 A. GORDON MaffeCs
Amphith. 272 Those deserving Citizens have at any rate
kept up the internal Part of a Fabrick* 1760-72 H. BROOKE
FoolofQual. (1809) IV. 58 We must not. .offend our Harry
at any rate. 1818 JAS. MILL Brit. India II. v. iv. 442 He
recommended, if not a dereliction, at any rate a suspension
of the design. 1865 TROLLOPE Belton Est. xxix. 348 All would
be well, or, at any rate, comfortable with her.
15. .At all rates. 1 *• At any cost or by any
means. Obs. b. At all evemts = 14 d.
1704 Gd. Expedient for Innocence ft Peace in Harl. Misc.
(1746) VIII. 12/2 The vicious Man. .will boggle at nothing;
but, at all Rates, will climb up to . . Posts of Advantage or
Authority. 1745 A. BUTLER Lives of Saints (1836) II. 117
Let him at all rates make haste to find it, though for this he
should sacrifice everything else. 1819 SCOTT Br. Lamm.
xxxiv, Bucklaw's friends . . had previously insisted that he
should, at all rates, be transported from the castle to the
nearest of their houses. 1857 Truths Cath. Relig. (ed. 4)
I. 291 They . . were determined at alt rates that all should
know that they could speak strange languages.
16. At that (or this') rate, in that case, things
being so, under these circumstances. (Common
in colloquial use.)
1781 Encycl. Brit. (ed. z) VII. 4168/1 It may be asked,
how, at this rate, any silver has remained in England ?
17. attrib. and Comb, (chiefly sense 6 dj, as rate-
aid, -aided adj., -collector, f -master, -payer, -pay-
ing; also frate tithe (see quot.).
1894 Ch. Times 22 June 678/2 "Rate-aid, with its corollary
of partially popular control. 1882 Daily Neius 20 Jan. 2/5
State-aided and 'rate-aided schools. 1888 MRS. H. WARD
R. Elsmere v. xxxi, Imagine Mr. Langham interviewed by
a 'rate-collector or troubled about coals ! 1641 S. SMITH
Herring Buss Trade 26 The *Rate-masters for their ap-
praysement and visiting of each barrel of salt. 1845 STEPHEN
Comm. Laws En%. (1874) I. 120 The election by the "rate
payers of a certain number of vestrymen. 1862 ANSTED
Channel Isl. iv. xxiii. (ed. 2) 523 The "rate-paying con-
stituency. 1857 TOULMIN SMITH Parish 473 Inhabitancy,
not ' ratepaying ', is the only right test of the Parish Roll.
1670 BLOUNT Law Diet., *Rate Tythe is where Sheep or
other Cattel are kept in a Parish for less time than a year,
the Owner must pay Tythe for them pro rata according to
the Custom of the place.
Bate (w't), sb? Hunting, [f. RATE w.2] A
reproof to a dog.
'575 TURBERV. Venerie xiii. 30 With your wande you
muste .. beate him a good while .. to the ende that another
time he may know the rate. 1781 P. BECKFORD Hunting
(1802) 95 As long as they will stop at a rate, they are not
chastised. 1856 ' STONEHENGE ' Bnt. Sports i. I. iii. 1 6 (ed. 2)
33 The dog . . should be brought back with the already-
taught rate, ' Ware-chase '.
f Kate, so.3 Obs. rare. [ad. L. ratum nent. of
ralus: see RATE so.1] Ratification.
Cl6n CHAPMAN Iliad I. 509 Irrevocable; never fails;
never without the rates Of all powers else.
fRate, so.* Obs. rare. [a. F. rate (i3th c.).]
The spleen.
1486 St. St. Albans F iij, Than put owl the paunche, and
from the paunche taas Away wightly the Rate sich as he
haas. 1578 LYTB Dodocns in. Ixv. 406 Greeues comming or
proceeding from the Rate or Spleene. [1678 PHILLIPS (ed. 4)
Suppl., Rate of a Boar, a word used by the old Venatory
writers for the Spleen of a Boar.]
t Rate, a. Obs. rare. [ad. L. ratus : see RATE so.%
Cf. OF. rate (1370 in Godef.).] Valid.
e 1400 Apol. Loll. 70 Mariage mad in )>rid & ferd degre,
a}en be ordinaunce of be kirk, is rate & stable. 1660 JER.
TAYLOR Duct. Dubit. 11. i. rule i. § 56 The church of Rome
21-3
BATE.
. . hath pronounced some marriages void which by the rule
of nature .. were rate and legal.
Bate (w't), ».i [f. RATE rf.i]
fl. trans. To fix, assign, settle the amount of
(a payment, fine, etc.). Obs.
1477 Rolls o/Parlt. VI. 178/2 After the rate and afferent
of the seid Rent, to be rated and affered with the seid
Burgage. 1581 LAMBARDE Eiren. n. iv. (1588) 169 To rate
the fine, according to the quantitie of their trespasse. a 1613
CAMDEN Rent. (1637) 182 It was referred to the King to rate
how much he should pay.
t b. To divide proportionally ; to allot or ap-
portion (between or to persons) as an amount or
sum to be received or paid (quot. 1661); also, to
give or assign (one) his share. Obs.
1491 Act 7 Hen. VII, c. 20 § 6 The same DC. Marcs to be
rated and apportioned betwix the seid Mary and Elizabeth.
1530 PALSCR. 679/2, I rate one, I set one to his porcyon or
stynte. . . He wolde eate more than thre and he might be
suffred, but I shall rate hym well ynoughe. 1548 UDALL
Erasm. Par. Luke iii. 31 b, It is rated out vnto you by a
plain rule, howe muche or litel ye ought to require of the
people for any duetie. 1606 SHAKS. Ant. «; Cl. in. vi. 25
We had not rated him His part o' th' Isle. 1661 MARVELL
Corr. xxiv.Wks. 1872-5 II. 60 A Bill for inablmg Church-
wardens to rate such monys as are for the repare of churches.
2. To reckon, calculate, estimate the amount or
sum of. Now rare.
iSm SHAKS. 2 Hen. IV, i. iii. 44 When we see the figure
of the house, Then must we rate the cost of the Erection.
1599 NASHE Lenten Stuffe (1871) 28 It hath lost by the
Dunkirkers, a thousand pounds.. and other loses not rated.
1660 WILLSFOHD Scales Comm. A ij b, Tis not Life, but
Time, we ought to rate. 1799 CAMPBELL Pleas. Hope n. 173
There shall he pause with horrent brow, to rate What
millions died— that Cssar might be great ! 1814 CARY tr.
Dante, Par. xx;v. 19 They, by the measure paced .. Made
me to rate the riches of their joy.
3. To estimate the (t nature) worth or value of;
to appraise, value, t price.
1599 SIR J. DAVIES Nosce Teifsum Poems (Grosart) I. 76
When she rates things, . .The name of Reason she obtaines
by this. 1616 SIR R. COTTON in Shaw Monetary Tracts
(1896) 44 Being all either Mechanicks or Merchants, they
can rate accordinglytheir labours or their wares.. to the
present condition of their money in exchange. 1663 GERBIEB
Counsel 48 It were likewise better to agree with Painters,
to have their work rated on running measure. 1710 SWIFT
in Toiler No. 230 ? 2 You may see them gilt and in Royal
Paper of Five or Six Hundred Pages, and rated accordingly.
1751 JOHNSON Rambler No. 166 r 8 Instead of rating the
man by his performance, wie rate too frequently the perform-
ance by the man. 1798 FERRIAR Illustr. Sterne i. 14 Gold
may be rated to its utmost grain. 1865 M. ARNOLD Ess.
Crit. viii. (1875) 323 We English are capable of rating him
far more correctly if we knew him better.
b. To value at a certain sum. Also with other
preps, as above, below, or with advbs. as high(ly),
low, etc.
1570-6 LAMBARDE Peramb. Kent (1826) 282 The Hospital
of Saint Laurence., rated at twenty poundes yeerely. a 1660
HAMMOND Serin, xxv. Wks. 1684 IV. 651 They brought out
their Books and burnt them. . ; which, .were rated at 50000
pieces of silver. 167* PETTY Pol. Auat. (1691) 21 Slaves and
Negroes are usually rated at about 15 /. one with another.
1789 MRS. PIOZZI Journ. France II. 41 Human life is lower
rated in all parts of Italy than with us. 1843 LYTTON Last
Bar, in. v, A future age . . may rate high this poor invention.
1856 FROUDE Hist. Eng. (1858) I. iii. 191 Each offence
against morality was rated at its specific money value.
1884 W. C. SMITH Kildrostan 57 You rate yourself too
humbly.
C. To assign a certain value to (coin or metals)
as, or in relation to, monetary standards. (Chiefly
in pass. ; also const, to.)
1758 J. HARRIS Ess. Money 8r Coins II. 60 Let us suppose
that in England gold coins are rated five per cent, higher in
proportion to silver. 1776 ADAM SMITH W. Af. i. v. (1869)
I. 44 Copper is rated very much above its real value. 1853
HOMANS Cyclop. Commerce 339/2 In England, copper pence
and halfpence are rated at about 72 per cent, above their
real value. 1893 LD. ALDENHAM Colloquy on Currency iv.
(1900) in Silver was the standard ; gold was rated to it.
4. To reckon, esteem, consider, count, t Const.
to with infin.
1565 JEWEL Def. Apol. (1611) 89 Thus God must be rated
to gouerne aboue, and the Pope beneath, a 1568 COVERDALE
Bk. Death x. (1579) 291 Then should not he [Themistocles]
afterward haue bene rated, as a betrayer of Greekeland.
1601 SHAKS. All's Well n. i. 182 All that life can rate
Worth name of life, in thee hath estimate. 1713 STEELE
Guard. No. 6^3 The Buildings would be rated as Lumber.
"77* JOHNSON Let. to Mrs. Thrale u May, Surely I may
rate myself among their benefactors. 1847 TENNYSON Princ.
\. 70 A king, Whom all men rate as kind and hospitable.
1871 B. TAYLOR Faust (1875) I. iv. 69 Consider well : my
memory good is rated.
6. In pass. To be subjected or liable to payment
of a certain rate; to be valued for purposes of assess-
ment, taxation, or the like.
1580 Act 23 Eliz. c. 15 § 27 The Inhabitants of the Parishe
of Sl Martyn .. shalbe assessed, rated and taxed [etc.],
21691 POLLEXFEN Disc. Trade (1697) Aiv, About 1400
sorts, or distinctions of Commodities, rated to pay Customs.
1716 SWIFT Gulliver in. vi, Constancy, chastity, good sense,
and good nature, were not rated, because they would not
bear the charge of collecting. 1809 BAWDWEN tr. Domesday
Bk. 154 This is rated in the manor to which it belongs. 1860
DICKENS Uncomm. Trav. iii, One poor parish in this very
Union is rated to the amount of five and sixpence in the
pound. 1880 M«CARTHY Own Times IV. 1. 68 Houses are
generally rated at a value somewhat below the amount of
the rent.
b. Const, to (the payment required).
164
i«4* FULLER Holy * Prof. St. in. xxv. 230 Clergie-men
are deeply rated to all payments. 1694 CROWNE Regain*
I. i Were you not rated to the public charge? 177* ADAM
SMITH IV. N. v. ii. (1869) II. 411 The estimation by which
Great Britain is rated to the land-tax. 1845 STEPHEN Comm.
Laws Eng. (1874) II. 356 The party shall have been rated
to all poor rates .. made in respect of the premises.
c. To rate up, to impose a higher rate (of
insurance).
1896 Alltutt's Syst. Med. I. 481 The habit of 'rating up
for tropical fever, ague, dysentery,&c. . . is also fully justified
by experience.
6. Chiefly Naut. To place in a certain class or
rank • to give rating to.
1706 E. WARD Wooden World Diss. (1708) 19 These . . are
rated able on his Ship's Books. 1758 J. BLAKE Plan. Mar.
Syst. 7 Each man . . shall have two months pay advanced
him, according to the class in which he is rated. 1803
NELSON in Nicolas Disp. (1846) VII. p. ccxiv, Captain
Hillyar has been so good as to say he would rate you Mid.
1885 Hunt's Yachting Mag. 383 As a ketch she should be
rated as a B schooner. 1887 BESANT The World went, etc.
L 10 On board that ship I was rated as surgeon.
b. intr. To have a certain rating or position ;
to be rated as. Also quasi-/ra»J. (quot. 1809).
1809 Naval Chron. XXII. 362 She rates 36 guns, and is
to be named the Malacca. 1819 SHELLEY Cenct 1. l. 24 The
deed he saw could not have rated higher Than his most
worthless life. 1854 H. MILLER Sch. * Sc/im. (1858) 174 My
master was to be permitted to rate as a full journeyman.
7. trans, a. To calculate or fix at a certain rate.
1845 M'CuLl-ocH Taxation ;. iii. (1852) 01 From house-
hold servants being mostly paid by time, the generality of
persons are most familiar with wages so rated. 1878 Bosw.
SMITH Carthage 165 It was . . the cost of their maintenance
as rated by themselves which they threateningly demanded.
b. To ascertain the variation of (a chronometer)
from true time.
1853 K*NE Grinnell Exf. v. (1856) 36 The facilities which
they offer for rating chronometers. 1875 BEDFORD Sailors
Pocket Bit. v. (ed. 2) 193 The watch used in rating chrono-
meters, should . . be carried in a box.
c. £7.5. To convey at certain rates.
1881 Chicago Times 12 Mar., Large quantities of freight
have been rated through to New York by. .other lines.
Rate (n?'t), v.2 Also 6 rayt, rait. [Of obscure
origin.
Langland has ABATE, of which rate may be an aphetic
form. In the C-text (xiii. 35) two MSS. of the beginning of
the isth c. have the readings rate and refute ; with the
latter cf. Udall's RAHATE.]
1. trans. To chide, scold, reprove vehemently or
angrily. Const, for, ^of. (In i6-i7th c. freq.
intensified by all to.} a. a person.
c 1386 CHAUCER Miller's T. 277 He shal be rated of his
studiyng. 1392-3 Complaint in Peasants' Rising (1899) 50
The Maior did openlie rate the said ministers for that they
had donne. 1470-85 MALORY Arthur x. xii, Sire Dagonet
folowed after Kynge Mark cryenge and rateynge hym as a
wood man. JjaS TINDALE Col. iii. 21 Fathers rate not youre
children. 1534 [see Au. adv. 15]. 1587 HOLINSHED Chron.
III. 1064/1 Hee rose vp and shut the doores, and.. rated
me for leaning them vnshut. 1605 CAMDEN Rein. 229 The
Bishop being angrie, rated the fellow roughly. 1041 T.
EATON Honey-c. Free fasti/. 160 As if a father . . should
not be content to chide, beat, and all to rate him. 1714 DE
FOE Mem. Cavalier i. 94 The King was in some Passion
at his Men, and rated them for running away. 1832 HT.
MARTINEAU Hill * Valley vl 101 He . .began to rate them
soundly for their ingratitude. 1874 GREEN Short Hist, vii.
f 3. 363 [Elizabeth] rated great nobles as if they were school-
boys.
b. a dog. (Cf. RATE sb.*)
iS79GossoN ApoL Sen. Abuse (Arb.) 71 Hee rateth his
dogge, for wallowing in carrion, a 1628 PRESTON New Cent.
(1634) 124 The Shepheard sets his Dogge upon his Sheepe
to bring them in, but when they are brought in, he rates
his Dogge. 1781 P. BECKFORD Hunting (1802) 106 When
hounds are rated and do not answer the rate, they should
be coupled up immediately. 1845 YOUATT Dog (1858) 77
If he is immediately called in and rated, or perhaps cor-
rected,, .he will learn his proper lesson.
1 2. To drive away, tack, front or off, by rating.
'575 TURBERV. Venerie 132 The Varlets of the kennel . .
rate away the houndes. — Faulconrie 183 Ryding. .about
hir on horsebacke, and rating backe your Spaniels. 1584
LYLY Campaspe v. iii, I am a dogge, and Phylosophy rates
mee from carion. 1596 SHAKS. i Hen. IV, iv. iii. 09 He . .
Rated my Vnckle from the Cpuncell-Boord. 1640 W. BRIDGE
True Sould. Convoy 35 Afflictions shall be all rated of in
due time, as the dog is when he falleth upon a friend. 1702
C. MATHBR Magn. Chr. 11. App. (1852) 228 All attempts of
surviving malice . . give me leave to rate off with indignation.
3. intr. To utter strong or angry reproofs. Chiefly
const, at.
1593 SHAKS. 2 Hen. VI, 111. i. 175 If those .. Be thus vp.
brayded, chid, and rated at. 1660 F. BROOKE tr. Lc Blanc's
Trav. 224 There were four Lions, -under one mans charge,
who never ceas'd raving and rating after them. 1741
RICHARDSON Pamela (1824) I. 98 Mrs. Jewkes. .fell a rating
at her most sadly. 1844 DISRAELI Coningsby i. vii. 31 Her
step-mother . . seemed seldom to address her out to rate and
chide. 1871 TENNYSON Gareth $ Lynette 1253 Such a one
As all day long hath rated at her child.
t Bate, »-3 06s. rare. [f. L. ratus : see RATE
s6.1 and j-4.3] trans. To ratify.
ci6n CHAPMAN Iliad in. 123 That they from thence might
call King Priam,, .to rate the truce they swore. Ibid. xiv.
230 That all the Gods . . may to us be witnesses and rate
What thou hast vow'd.
Bate, variant of RET v.
Bateabi'lity. [f.next: see-HY.] The quality
of being rateable.
1849 PENFOLD Princ. RatingComf. (ed. 2) 31 The general
BATELIER.
principle .. ,that .. rent is to be taken to determine the amount
of the rateability.
Bateable (r<?'-tab'l), a. Also 6- ratable, [f.
RATE v.1 + -ABLE.]
1. Capable of being rated, estimated, or calcu-
lated, esp. in accordance with some scale; pro-
portional.
1503 Raits ofParlt. VI. 533/1 Chargeable with lyke and
egall Sommes, ratable at xxs of Freeholde. 1598 KITCHIN
Courts Leet (1675) 420 He shall have the Writ to be dis-
charged for a ratable proportion. i«il SPEED Hist. Gt. Brit.
ix. ix. § 103. 624 A rateable distribution being made of their
estates to the Kings well-deseruing friends. i6»8 EARLE
Microcosm., Gallant (Arb.) 40 He is. .an ornament. .and is
meerely ratable accordingly, fiftie or an hundred Pound.
1760-71 H. BROOKE Fool of Qual. (1809) II. 124 Men con-
sented to fix certain rateable values upon money. 1817
H ALLAM Const. Hist. (1842) I. 19 Requiring a rateable part,
according to such declaration.
2. Liable to payment of rates.
1760 T. HUTCHINSON Hist. Mass. ii.(ed. 2) 231 English sub-
jects, being free holders, rateable to a certain value. Ibid.
327 Protestants of 101. rateable estate. 1818 BENTHAM Ch.
Eng., Catech. Exam. 165 To paupers, as well as to rateable
inhabitants. 1846 GROTE Greece \. xi. (1862) II. 319 1 be rate-
able property of the citizen.
Bateably (rf'-tabli), adv. [f. prec. + -LY2.]
In a rateable manner ; proportionately.
1490 Act 7 Hen. VII, c. i 8 2 Every Capteyn. .shall, .pay
. .the Wages ratably as is allowed unto theym by the King.
1534 MORE Treat, on Passion Wks. 1288/1 We Christen
people, .. be ratabli bounden to the beliefe of moe thmges
then were the lewes. 1581 Durham Wills 4 Inv. (Surtees)
116 Payinge all chardges ratiblye for the same. 1596 BACON
Max. 4 Uses Com. Law 35 A summe of mony ratably
levyed according to the proportion of the lands. iToa Land.
Gaz. No. 3835/4 Whoever discovers the said Goods, or
Part shall., be Ratably rewarded. 1796 MORSE Amer.
Geog. II. 126 The effectual mode of conducting canals, is
by companies, subscribing rateably to the expense. 1851
GROTE Greece 11. Ixxii. IX. 256 A scheme of tribute . .assessed
rateably upon each city by Lysander.
Bate-book, [f. RATE^.I]
1. A book of rates or prices.
1654 R. WHITLOCK Zooiomia 240 When God maketh up
his Jewells, it is thence Rale Books will be made. 1690
DKYDEN Don Sebastian Prol. 43 In no rale-book it was ever
found That Pegasus was valued at five pound. 1876 VOYLE
& STEVENSON Milit. Diet. 329/1 Rate-took, a priced voca-
bulary of government stores [etc.].
2. A book containing; the valuations of proper-
ties for the purposes of local taxation.
1845 DISRAELI Sybil (Rtldg.) 300 They . . burned rate-
! books in the market place. 1856 Farmer's Mag. Jan. 39 A
list of the occupiers to whom they had delivered schedules
. . to be taken from the local rate-books.
Bated (tfi-ted), pfl. a.1 [f. RATE ».i + -ED 1.]
Reckoned, esteemed, classed ; assessed, etc. Now
usually, subject to rates.
1595 SHAKS. John v. iv. 37 Paying the fine of rated
Treachery. 1596 — i Hen. IV, iv. iv. 17 [Q.] pwen Glen-
dower's absence. .Who with them was a rated smew. 1748
BRAKENRIDGE in Phil. Trans. L. 467 The rated houses are to
the cottages more than two to one. 1805 NavalChron. XIII.
182 A rated Port Ship. 1811 J. SMYTH Pract. of Customs
(1821)225 If there be any quills found in the wings, they are
chargeable with the rated duties thereon. 1883 J. CHAMBER-
LAIN in Pall Mall G. 26 Nov. 12/1 Additional burden on
the rated occupiers.
Bated (r?-ted),///. o.2 [f. RATE v.t + -ED 1.]
Scolded, severely reproved.
1596 SPENSER F. Q. v. i. 29 As rated spaniell takes his
burden up for feare. 1808 SCOTT Marm. iv. i, The rated
horse-boy. i8»s — Talisman iv. Couching like a rated
hound. 1849 C. BRONTE Shirley xvi. He merely passed by
sheepishly with a rated, scowling look.
Rateen : see RATTEEN.
Batel ! (r^i-tel). Also 9 rattel. [a. Cape Du.
rate!, of uncertain origin.
Kolbe identified the name with the Du. equivalent ol
RATTLE sb.1 (see RATTLEMOUSE 2, and J. Platt in A theiixnm
ii Apr. 1903, p. 466), but the reason he gives appears to be
quite unfounded.]
A carnivorous quadruped of S. Africa, Melhvora
capensis, of the family Mustelids: ; the honey-badger
' or honey-ratel. The name is also applied to an
• Indian species, M. indica.
1777 tr. SFARRMAN in Phil. Trans. LXVII. 43 Not only the
Dutch and Hottentots, but likewise a species of quadruped,
which the Dutch name a Ratel [note, Probably a new species
of badger], are frequently conducted to wild bee-hives by
this bird. 1785 G. FORSTER tr. Sfarrman's Voy. Cafe G.
Hope 1 1. xiv. 179 The Ratel, so called in Africa both by the
colonists and Hottentots. 1830 BENNETT Menag. Zool. Sac.
i. 16 In size the Ratel is about equal to the Badger, to which
it also bears a distant resemblance in form. 1862 C. ROSSETTI
Goblin M. (1884) 3 One like a ratel tumbled hurry-skurry.
Ibid. 13 Cat-like and rat-like, Ratel- and wombat-like.
t Ratel 2. Obs. rare-1. Also 6 -yll. [a. OF.
ratelle (Godef.), dim. of rate RATE s&.* ; cf. F.
rateleux splenetic.] The spleen.
1503 Kal. ofShepherdes I vj b, Cancer has lordshyp aboue
..the stomak..the ratel [1506 ratyll] and Ihe lyghttys.
Ratel, -er, obs. forms of RATTLE, -LEB.
Ra-teless, a. [f. RATE sA.1 6 d + -LESS.] Having
no rates.
1889 HISSEY Tour in Phaeton 182, I would the town I
lived in were rateless !
tRatelier. Obs. rare-1, fa. F. r Atelier rack,
stand, set of teeth, etc. f. rdtel RATELI,.] A stand
for arms.
BATELIKE.
1640 tr. / 'erderes R omant of Rom. III. 101 The rateliers
were stored with Launces, the shields of these foure Princes
were placed neere to the Barriers.
f Ra-telike, adv. 06s. rare- •'. = RATEABLY.
1579 KEN ION Guicciard. xvn. (1599) 781 Taxing euerie
towne ratelike with bands and numbers [of soldiers].
fRatell. 06s. rare-1, [ad. OF. ralel (F.
nlieau), rastel : see RASTEL.] A rake.
1489 CAXTON FaytesofA. I. xiv. 37 Katellis, pycosis, sawis,
axes, navies.
Ratell, obs. form of RATTLE si.l and z;.1
fRa-tely, adv. Obs. [f. RATE rf.i + -Lv2.]
- RATEABLY.
1473-5 RollsfifParlt. VI. 161/2 To receyye. .such sommes
of money, . . rntely as is aforeseid. 1511 in Willis & Clark
Cambridge (1886) I. 608 Asmoche money as shall sumse to
pay the Masons, .rately after the ntimbre of workmen.
t Ra'tement. Obs. rare. [f. RATE v.l + -MENT.]
Rating, valuation.
i6i3-S DANIEL Coll. Hist. Eng. (1626) 41 A iust note of
the quality and quantitie of euery mans ratement was taken.
1614 RALEIGH Hist. World 'iv. vii. (1634) 532 He first ordered
ratements, subsidies, and valuations of the people's wealth.
Rater l (rc'-taa). [f. RATE z/.i + -ER i.]
1. One who (or a thing which) rates, estimates,
measures, etc. Now rare.
16x1 COTGR., Pereqnant, an equall rater, taxer, assessor of
others. 1654 R. WHITLOCK Zootomia n The wise Rater of
things, . . will obey the Powers over Him. 1697 Mew Penal
Laws 292 A Clothier, .shall not be a Rater ofWages of any
Artificer. 1813 Mechanics' Mag. No. 4. 59 The Rater is to
give the rate of a ship's sailing.
2. A vessel, etc. of a specified rate.
In recent use with ref. to the tonnage of racing vessels.
1804-37 [see FIRST-RATER]. 1891 Field^ Mar. 336/2 Three
centre-board cutters .. These include one lo-rater and two
si-raters.
Rater 2 (itf-tai). [f. RATE 11? + -ER!.] One
who reproves or scolds.
1863 COWDEN CLARKE Shafts. C/iar. ix. 218 Here was she
already installed as rater of his conduct, instead of rendering
him an account of hers. 1884 Sat. Rev. 8 Mar. 321/1 Far
be it from us to say that the rating is generally undeserved.
But . . the rater delivers it evidently from a purely personal
point of view.
Bat-gOOSe. Ornith. [Given by Willughby,
app. as a local name.] A kind of wild-goose,
supposed to be the brent-goose.
The statement of Pennant (Zool. II. 453) that ' the Danish
and Norwegian names for this bird are Kaiigaas and Raat*
gaas'is app. erroneous.
a 1671 WILLUGHBY Ornith. (1676) 276 Rat-Goose or Road-
Goose. Brenthus /ortasse. 1753 CHAMBERS Cycl. Sup/>.,
Rat-goose, in Zoology, the name of a small species of wild
goose, common in some of the northern counties of England.
'Z6? pENN.ANr British Zool. II. 453 The Rat or Roadgoose
of Mr. Willoughby agrees in so many respects with this
kind [the brent goose], that we suppose it only to be a young
bird not come to full feathers. 1824 LATHAM Gen. Hist.
Birds X. 261 The Brent Goose is known in some parts of
England by the name of Rat or Road Goose.
Bath (rab), sl>. [Ir. rath, now pron. (ra).]
Irish Antiq. An enclosure (usually of a circular
form) made by a strong earthen wall, and serving
as a fort and place of residence for the chief of
a tribe ; a hill-fort. (Often incorrectly ascribed
to the Danes.)
1596 SrENSER State Irel. Wks. (Globe) 642/2 There is a
great use amongest the Irish to make greate assemblyes to-
gither upon a rath or hill. Ibid., They are called Dane-
ralhes, that is, hills of the Danes. 1617 MORVSON Itin.
called Danes Rathes. 1807 SIR R. C. HOARE Tour Irel. 21
One of those raised earthen works, which the Irish writers
call raths. 1845 E. WARBURTON Crescent f, Cross II. 361
With the tombs of Hector and Achilles appearing like Irish
raths. 1880 MCCARTHY Own Times IV. Ivii. 231 The 'good
people still linger around the raths and glens.
Hence Bathed a., surrounded by an earthen wall.
1861 J. Y. SIMPSON Arcltaeol. 36 The true sites of the . .
to*nsrrpr merely perhaps stockaded or rathed villages.
Rath, obs. form of RAITH ; variant of RATHE.
Rathare, obs. form of RATHER adv.
Rathe, obs. form of RAITH.
t Bathe, st.i Obs. In 3 rap(e, rath. [a. ON.
raS = OE. rxd REDE si>.] Counsel, advice ; help.
c iioo ORMIN 1414 patt te?3 forr be deoflessrab Drihhtiness
ra|> forrwurrpenn. c 1300 Itavelok 75 To be faderles was
he rath, Wo so dede hem wrong or lath. Ibid. 2542.
Bathe (r^'S), sb2 Now dial. Also 7 raeth,
8 rath, 8-9 rade, 9 raithe. See also RAEII and
RAVE si." [Of obscure origin ; perh. the base of
RADDLE sl>.i]
1. A cart-rail = RAVE s/>.- i.
149; 'Naval Ace. Hen. W(,896) 102 Cart, .without rathes.
1523 f ITZHEKB. /fust. § 5 The bodye of the Wayne of oke,
the staues, the nether rathes, the ouer rathes [etc.]. 1705
Lo,id. Cm. No. 41,2/4 With this Crest, a Cock upon a
Kath. 1733 \VL-LHorse-hoeing Husb. 88 Three Waggon;
had each a Board . . fix'd Cn
., , s, ussex. 190 VCKMAN ares
Sojourn v. 34 Numerous waggons with hurdles tied along
tneir rathes.
2. Weaving. — RAVE s6.- 3.
1564 li,v. in Noake Worcestershire Relics (1877) 13 In the
weaving shoppe a rathe, a warpinge bore, a troughe. 1688
165
R. HOLME Armoury in. viii. 346/2 The Raeth is a thing
like a Rake. . . The Raeth keeps the Yarn in Warping, that
they shall not tangle or twist one with another. 1886 in
Cheshire Gloss. Suppl.
Bathe (le'V), rath (rab), a.l poet, and dial.
Forms : i hrrolS-, pi. hratte, 5 Sc., 6-7, 9 rath, 7
raith, 4-7, 9 rathe, 9 dial. rave. [f. RATHE adv. ;
rare in OE. in place of hrted RAD a.l, but common
after c 1400. For the uses of the compar. and superl.
see RATHER a., RATHEST a.]
1. Quick in action, speedy, prompt ; eager, earnest,
vehement.
cgoo Ags. Ps. (Th.) xiii. fi Heora fet beoS swiSe hraSe
blod to ajeotanne. a 1400 Sir Perc. 98 Was no^te the rede
Knyghte so rathe For to wayte hym with skathe. c 1450
St. Cuthbert (Surtees) 6442 To reule bairn wele he was full'
rathe. 1575 GASCOIGNE Dan Bartholomew Wks. (1587) 66
In deede the rage which wrong him there was rathe. 1818
SCOTT Rob Roy vii, Art there, lad 1 — ay, youth's aye rathe —
but look to thysell.
2. Done, occurring, coming, etc., before the usual
or natural time ; early.
Originally with too : cf. RATHE ativ. i b.
c 1420 Pallad. on ffusli. i. 247 Tilyng .. Is not to rathe yf
dayis thryis fyue Hit be preuent. 1584 COGAN Haven
Health (1612) 249 Rathe marriage is the cause why men be
now of lesse stature than they haue been before time. 1609
C. BUTLER Fern. Man. v. (1623) I iij, Those swarmes. .if they
be rathe, will swarme againe unless they be ouer-hiued. 1670
] RAY Prov. 22 The rath sower ne 're borrows o' th1 late. 1816
i SCOTT A ntiq. xxxix, Laying his head in a rath grave. 1833
H. COLERIDGE Poems I. 13 A rathe December blights my
lagging May. 1886 W. Som. Word-tic, s.v. Rathe... Tftx
expression . . a rave spring .. is not uncommon.
D. esp. of fruits, flowers, etc., which grow, bloom,
or ripen early in the year. (Cf. RATHE-BIPE.)
1572 MASCALL Plant, f, Graff. (1592) 53 For to haue rath
Legacy (1655) 9 To sow Raith, (or early ripe) Pease. 1813
SCOTT Rokely iv. ii, Where .. the rathe primrose decks the
mead. 1848 LOWELL Fable for Critics Poet. Wks. (1880) 357
A single anemone trembly and rathe. 1880 SWINBURNE
Songs of Springtides, On the Cliffs 44 The labours, whence
men reap Rathe fruit of hopes and fears.
3. Early in the day ; belonging to the morning.
1596 DRAYTON Legends i. 8 The rathe Morning newly but
awake. 1635 HAYWARD tr. Biondfs BanisKd Virg. 191
Intending to aske her what shee made there at so rathe an
houre. a 1835 HOGG Allan of Dale 29 Beginning thy rath
orisons here. 1877 SYMONDS Renaiss. It., Fine Arts (1897)
III. iii. no The rathe tints of early dawn.
4. Belonging to, or forming, the first part of
some period of time.
1850 TENNYSON In Mem. ex, Thy converse drew us with
delight, The men of rathe and riper years. 1898 CROCKETT
Standard Bearer xxx\t The young ardour of spring and the
rath summer-time.
t Rathe, a.2, obs. var. RARE <z.l (Cf. next.)
1548 ELYOT s.v. Rants, Rarum inuentu, harde and rathe
to be found.
t Rathe, rath, a.'\ var. of RARE 0.2 Obs. rare.
For the confusion of th and r, cf. raer, var. of RATHE sb2,
RARE a? and RATHE a."
1684 LITTLETON Lat. Diet., Ovum sorbile, a rathe egg, a
poached or rath-roasted egg. 1706 PHILLIPS (ed. Kersey)
s.v., A rath Egg. [See also RATHEREST.]
t Rathe, v. Obs. ; Also 3 inf. rapenn. [a.
ON. rdSa = OE. rsedaii REDE v.] trans, and
intr. To counsel, advise.
c 1200 ORMIN 2948 Godd liimin sennde hiss enngell To
rabenn himm be bettste rab. Hid. 5514 Swa batt teM cun-
nenn rabenn nhht Hemm sellfenn & ec obre. c 1300 Havelok
1335 Do nou als y wile rathe.
Bathe (r£'<5), adv. poet, and dial. Forms : I
(h)r8s1Se, hrefie, raS5, 1-2 hratte, 1-3 ratte, 2 retSe,
2-4 rape, 3 rselSen, rea»e, 3-7 rath, 4 rap, 4-6
Sc. raith, 6, 9 dial, rade, 3-7, 9 rathe. [OE.
hratle, hrieSe (hrede) = OHG. (K]rado, ratho etc.,
the adv. corresponding to OE. hrixd RAD a.l]
. fl- Denoting rapidity in the performance or
completion of an action : Quickly, rapidly, swiftly ;
esp. without delay, promptly, soon. Obs. (in com-
mon use down to loth c.)
Beowulf (Z.) 224 panon up hraSe wedera leode on wang
stigon. £825 Vesp. Psaltfr xxxvi. 2 Swe swe leaf wyrta
hreoe fallaS. a 900 CYNEWULF Christ 1525 [Hi] sceolon rafle
feallan on grimne grund. a 1123 O. E. Chron. an. 1102 pe
he hme swa hraSe gewinnan ne mihte, he let ba;r toforan
castelas jemakian. a. 1200 Moral Ode 90 in E. E. P. (1862)
28 He scullen falle swibe rabe in to helle grunde. a 1225
After. R. 54 pus wolde Eue inpuh reaSe habben i-onswered.
c 1275 LAY. 25645 So rathe so hii mihten Vt of sipe hii rehten.
c 1300 Havelok 2391 Cum to be king, swibe and rabe. 1375
BARBOUR Bruce y. 417 Gif he had haldin the casteill, It suld
haue beyn assegit rath. 1480 CAXTON Chron. Eng. clxxxv.
i62_He prayd hem that they shold make edward of Carr-
nariuan kyng of englond . . as rathe as they myght. 1576
GASCOIGNE Philomene (Arb.) 96 Sende My daughter . . And
(since I counte al leasure long) Returne hir to me rathe.
1649 R- HODGES Plain. Direct. 36 Hee was wroth because
she was ful of wrath so rath.
t b. With too : Too quickly, too soon ; hence
(passing into sense 2), too early ; before the fitting,
visual, or natural time. 06s.
c 888 K. ALFRED Boeth. iii. § i Ic wat beet bu hzfst bara
wajpna to hra6e for^iten. c 1205 LAV. 28362 per weore al
bat fine i-don ah bat niht to raoe com. a 1300 Cursor M.
8876 Al to rath he bat be-gan. 1330 K. IJRVNXE Chi on.
RATHEB.
(1810) 9 He regned fiftene jere, & died alle to rathe, c 1174
CHAUCER Troylus v. 937 He was slayn, alias. .Vn-hapntiv
at Thebes al to rabe. 1413 Pilgr. Sowle (Caxton 1483) V
xx. 65, I songe to rathe, for I sange by the raorowe. a icii
WYATT in Tottelfs Misc. (Arb.) 60 All to rathe alas The
while, She built on such a ground.
1 2. Denoting the point of time at which an
action or occurrence takes place. Obs. (See also
RARE adv?)
ta. As rathe as (swa rathe swa), as soon as,
at the moment when. Obs.
c ipoo jEtFRic Horn. II. 526 He wa:s Codes Beam swa
hraoe swa he mannes Beam wearS. c 1175 Lamb. Horn,
07 Swa reSe swa he bes mannes heorte and his mod on
llhte, hit iwended from ufele to gode. £1425 Eng. Cong.
Irel. 84 As rathe as thou hast I-sey these lettres, ne leue nat
to come to socour vs.
t b. Early with respect to the proper or natural
time. Obs.
1565 JEWEL Refl. Harding (1611) 8 It was verie rathe to
haue Monasteries built in all S. lames time. 1582 N. LICHE-
FIELD tr. Castanhcda's Conq. E. Ind. 124 b, For that it was
somwhat rath for to returne, they went to the Iland o(
Cambalan. 1398 BARCKLEY Felie. Man in. (1603) 206 Though
it was too rathe for those young yeeres to know the wicked-
nesse of the world.
3. Early (in the morning or day), poet, and dial.
c 1386 CHAUCER Skipmans T. 1289 What eyleth yow so
rathe for to ryse. 1575 TURBERV. yenerie 60, I am the
hunte, whiche rathe and earely ryse. 1584 R. SCOT Discm*.
Witchcr. xii. xxi. (1886) 230 Upon some Sundaie morning
rath, light it. 1611 DRAYTON Poly-olb. xii. 168 Commaund-
ing him . . rathe as he could rise, to such a gate to goe.
1674-91 RAY i'. 4- E. C. Words 75 Rathe in the morning,
Till rathe she rose.
t b. Early in the year. Obs. rare — '.
1574 R. SCOT Hop Card. (1578) 10 Where the Garden
standeth bleake or the Hoppe springeth rath.
Rathed, a. : see RATH s6.
Rathel, obs. form of RADDLE t/.l
tRa-theled, pa. f pie. Obs. rare-1.
Perh. the same word as ratheled intertwined, cited under
RADDLED ppl. a.1 ; but in that case the connexion of the
various senses of RADDLE sb± becomes doubtful.
13. . Gaiv. <$• Gr. Knt. 2294 Gawayn . . stode stylle as be
stpn, ober a stubbe auber, pat rabeled is in roche grounde,
with rotez a hundreth.
tBa'thely, adv. Obs. Forms: I hrtfSlice,
3 ra'Sliche, 4 rapely, rapli, 4-5 rathly, ratheli,
5-6 rathely (Sc. raith-). [f. RATHE a.l + -LY 2.
Cf. RADLY.] Quickly, etc. = RATHE adv. i. (Com-
mon in i4-i5th c.)
a 950 Kit. Durham (Surtees) 58/5 Angel driht[nes] xtxistod
.. cvoedende 'aris hraSlice'. 01225 Ancr. R. 422 Water
bet ne stureS nout readliche [ Titus MS. ra3liche) stinkeS.
a \yx>CursorM. 23926 (Edinb.) If ik eft falon ani wis Ratheli
do me for to ris. a 1352 MINOT Poems vii. 91 pe teres he
lete ful rathly ren Out of his eghen. c 1400 Rowland ff O
292 Than sir Rowlande full rathely up he rase. <ri47o
H ENRY Wallace ix. 1805 Raithly he raid, and maid full mony
wound. 1502 Ord. Crysten Men (W. de W. 1506) I. ii. 14
These ylles that we se come rathely.
Ra-theness. rare. [f. RATHE a.l + -NESS.] a.
Earliness. b. Premature ending.
i6« HAYWARD tr. Biondfs BanisKd Virg. 220 God makes
no difference betweene the rathenesse and latenesse of time.
1883 J. PAYNE O. M. B. xi. 4 If thy life's untimely ended
story, .hold no room, For very ratheness [etc.].
Ba'ther, a. 1 Obs. Also 3-5 rap-, rathere, 5
rap-, ratnir. [Comparative of RATHE a.l]
1. Earlier, preceding another or others in point
of time, coming at an earlier hour, date, etc.
1388 WYCLII' John i. 30 Aftir me is comun a man, which
was maad bifor me ; for he was rather than Y. 1429 Rolls
of Parlt. IV. 342/2 Atte a rather and nerre day. 1477 Ibid.
VI. 194/1 For the rather execucion of his said false purpose.
1551 RECORDE Cast. Ktunvl. (1556) 131 Euery 15 degrees
of distaunce estward, causeth the daye to be rather by one
howers space. 1579 SPENSER Sheph. Cat. Feb. 83 The rather
Lambes bene starved with cold. 1583 GOLDING Calvin on
Dent. clvi. 966 But we see one winter longer, and another
winter later, and an other rather. [1620 SIR J. DAVIES Eccl.,
To W. Browne, What ? been thy rather lamkins ill-apaid ?]
t b. Antecedent, prior ; of greater importance.
Otis. rare.
1657 J. SERGEANT Schism Dispach't 278 A circumstance
much encreasing the rather-probability of his greater Au-
thority. Ibid. 297 The midle words importing his rather
right to S. Paul's obedience. 1668 PEHYS Diary 10 Feb., A
great blow either given to the King or Presbyters, or, which
is the rather of the two, to the House itself.
1 2. The earlier (of two persons or things) ; the
former. Obs. (Common c I375-I45°-)
1297 R. GLOUC. (Rolls) 5809 Seint Edward be martir.. w.<s
is sone Bi is rabere wiue. c 1374 CHAUCER Boeth. n. pr. 1.20
(Camb. MS.) 'i how art defeted for desire and talent of thi
rather fortune, c 1400 MAUNDKV. (1839) v. 46 The Sarazines
maden another Cytee . . and clepeden it the new Damyete. So
that now no Man duellethe at the rathere Toun of Damyete.
1413 Pilgr. Sowle (Caxton) I. xvi. (1859) 17 In tyme of his
rather lyf, he had space, and suffysaunt leyser ynow. 1484
Will ojf Tayhttr (Somerset Ho.), Wher as the body of
Johanne my Rather wyf lieth enterid.
f b. Thepreviousorpreccding(dayoryear). 06s.
1387 TREVISA Higden (Rolls) III. 145 pe trauail of be raber
day ober be feite of bat day. c 1400 Beryn 26 As thou)e he
had I-knowe hir al the ratnir yeer.
f 3. Of earlier times. Obs. rare ~'.
1387 TREVISA Higtiett (Rolls) I. 177 pat vertue keled .. ta
BATHER.
bat be raber welles beeb now but lakes obermore vereyliche
dreye chanels.
1 4. More to be chosen, preferable. 06s. rare.
c 1430 Hymns Virg. 86 It is rabir to bileeue be wageringe
wijnde pan be chaungeable world, c 1449 PECOCK Repr. in.
xvii. 593 In such aventure it were rather to truste to the
conscience and discrecion of him. .than [etc.].
Bather (ra'Sai), adv. Forms : i hraSor.-ur,
raUor, 2-3 ratter, 3 rapir, -ur, 3-4 rathere, 3-5
ra)>er, (4 -ere), 4-5 rathir, (5 -yr, -are, 5, 6 Sc.
rether), 4- rather ; also 3 rader, 5 radyr, 9 dial.
raider, rayder. [Compar. of RATHE adv.
The pron. with long vowel (a) is now usual in England ;
the short sound (rae'cSj, ra'Sa-i) is common in Scotland (but
not dial.) and America, and is given by Walker as the
standard pron. in his time. The use of (r?'3».i), preferred by
Walker, is now confined to dialects.]
I. Denoting precedence in time.
fl. The rather, (all) the more quickly, (all) the
sooner. 06s.
In some instances not clearly distinguishable from sense 4.
c 850 O. E. Martyrol. 26 Dec., Hie him miclan be reoran
waeron & be raSor hine oftorfod haefdon. a 1 123 O. E. Chron.
(Laud MS.) an. 1009 [Hi] ba burh raSe xe-eodon, jif he be
raSor to him frioes to ne sirndon. c 1205 LAV. 21649 5if
Ardur neore be rader icumen benne weoren Houwel inumen.
c\yy>SirBcnes (MS. A.)43i Boute bow be raber henries te,
I schel be greue ! c 14*0 Chron. Vilod. 796 Bot 3yff Seynt
Woltrud hurre be rather holpe, he nys Sot dedde. i$«3
FITZHERB. Husb. § 46 If thou put a lytel terre in his eye,
he will mende the rather, a i«6 TINDALF. in Foxe A .Q M.
(1563) 159/2 The pilgrimage that now is vsed is .. a good
meane to come the rather to grace. 1605 SHAKS. Macb. t.
vii. 62 When Duncan is asleepe (Whereto the rather shall
his dayes hard lourney Soundly inuite him).
2. Earlier, sooner ; at an earlier time, season,
day, hour, etc. Now dial. \Rather or later,
sooner or later.
c icoo Afs. Gasp. John xx. 4 Se o5er leorning-cniht for-arn
Petrus forne & com raSor to 5sre byr^enne. a 1300 Cursor
Af. 26516 pan sal it helpe be Vte o bl sin raber to rise To
crist. £1330 R. BRUNNE Chron. Wace (Rolls) 5629 Raber
ne myghte [he] bider wende; Bote atte seue nyghtes ende
He com. 1387 TREVISA Higden (Rolls) 1. 167 Of>er bere was
anober Dido, an elder ban sche ; ober Cartage was raber
i-founded. c 1475 Partenay 401 1 This worle . . goth vnto de-
cline, Rather or later to an endly fine. 1566 Pasouine in a
Traunce ii. b, I sawe the Heauen and the Starres . . neither
rather or later to rise or go downe. 1609 C. BUTLER Fern.
Mon. (1634) in The continuance of hot and dry weather
may cause them come somewhat rather. 17.. Exmoor
Courtship (E.D.S.) 491 Why, tha Quesson es [ = the question
I] put a little rather. 1883 6 in dial, glossaries (Hants and
Som. ).
b. With than. ? 06s.
c 1330 Sir Beues (MS. A) 3537 He com raber to be tresore,
pan nil be half and more, c 1391 CHAUCER Astral, i. § 21
Thilke sterres . . arisen rather than the degree of hire longi*
tude. 1454 Paston Lett. 1. 301 Yn case he Know of it rathyr
then ye. 1519 HORMAN Vnlg. 245 b, The warke was finisshed
rather than a man myght beleue. 1598 BARCKLEY Felic.
Man in. (1603) 208 Rather then her yeares required, she
was., chosen Abbesse. 1659 LEAK Watenuks. 32 As con-
cerning the Vessel D it is necessary that it empty rather
than E.
t c. (A specified time) earlier or sooner. 06s.
1455 Paston Lett. I. 338, I had lever ye were at London
a weke the rather and tymelyer then a weke to late, c 1500
Melusine 233 Playsed god that ye were arryued two dayes
rather, For thenne ye had found my fader on lyue.
3. At an earlier time or date than the one now
present or in question; previously, formerly. 06s.
exc. dial.
c i»7S LAY. 4650 He him ?ef bes womman ; pat raber was
mi lemman. c 1305 Land Cokayne 120 pe cnstal turnib in
other hoast, wherof I spake not rather. 1886 W. BARNES
Dorset Gloss., Rather, lately ; just now.
f b. Previously, beforehand. 06s. rare.
<:i3»5 Chron. Eng. 675 in Ritson Metr. Rom. II. 298 The
lordinges..the thef slowen anon, Ah rathere he woundede
moni on. 1421 tr. Stcrela Secret., Priv. Priv. 215 Oone
man may not ouercome his enemys, but yf he haue radyr
ouercome covardy.
U. Denoting priority in nature or reason.
4. The rather, the more readily (on this account
or for this reason) ; (all) the more.
c 888 K. ALFRED Boeth. xxxii. § 2 peah bu nu hwa^m fairer
(Since, ne bi3 hit no by hraeSor swa. c goo Afs. Ps. (Th.)
iv. 5 Ne scule fte hit no by hraSor burhteon, be laes xe
synxien. am$Ancr. R. 190 Heie monnes messager, me
schal heiliche underuongen, . . & so muchel be ra3er, }if he
is priue mid te kinge of heouene. 1 1447 Lett. Marg. Anjou
*r Bp. Beckington (Camden) 93 We shall the rather for our
saidchapellem sake have you in tendre remembrance. 1513
FITZHERB. Husb. § 133 The weight of the bowes shall cause
theym to be the rather cut downe. 1570-6 LAMBAROE
Pernmb. Kent (1826) 237 The true place of this conflict
shoulde be Stouremouthe, . . the rather for that it is derived
, . .
of the mouth of the river Stoure. 1615 W. LAWSON Country
Hoitsew. Card. (1626) 29 You shall nnde them stirring in
the morning or euening, and the rather in moist weather.
,
1710 Tatler^o. 253 p8 A Case., which I the rather mention,
because both Sexes are concerned in it. 1818 CRUISE Digest
(ed. 2) II. 218 It ought not to he in the heir's power .. to
charge the lands, .the rather because of the covenant [etc.].
1885-94 R- BRIDGES Eros <y Psyche Mar. xx, On earth he
must maintain it as her son, The rather that his weapons
were most fit.
fb. Without the. 06s.
1463 Bury Wills (Camden) 19 pat it may be redde and
166
knowe to exorte the pepill rathere to prey for me. 1654
BRAMMALL Just Vindication vii. (1661) 203 Why should not
the Bull of Nicholas the second . . be as advantageous . . ?
why not much rather 1 1660 HARROW Euclid i. xix, After
the same manner BC — A C, wherefore rather BC > A B.
6. More truly or correctly ; more properly speak-
ing; with greater correspondence between the
word or words and the fact.
a. With than (Sc. nor ; also -fr the rather).
£1380 WYCLIF Wks. (1880) 118 It were ra)>ere almes to
lordis to hire . . ban to holde [etc.]. - 1400 Beryn 2908
pe Romeyns were in poynt te pas ; Til ther were a bowsand,
rathir mo ben les, Menl-armydcleen. a 1536 TINDALE Doct.
Treat. 390 A thing begun rather than finished. 1560 DAUS
tr. Sleittane's Comm. nob, This demaunde of his . . rather
maKeth them afrayde of a counsell, than provoketh them to
it. 1567 Reg. Privy Council Scot. I. 578 Usurpand the
rather the office of Princes nor liegis. 1657 R. LIGON Bar-
badoes (1673) 102 The 1 nhab'itams .. build their dwellings,
rather like stoves then houses. 1711 STEELE Spect. No. 49
P 3 Their Entertainments are derived rather from Reason
than Imagination. 1816 J . WILSON City of Plague u. iii.
190 Her face . . seem'd the face of sorrow Rather than of
death. 1857 BUCKLE Civiliz. I. vii. 332 The new king, from
levity rather than from reason, despised the disputes of
theologians.
b. Without than, in opposition or contrast to
a preceding statement.
1-1380 WVCLIF Sel. Wki. I. 409 We have litil mater for to
laugne, but rather for to mornc. t 1450 Merlin xxxiii. 690
j ' I pray yow that ye for-yeve it me that I haue mys-don '.
' So helpe me god ', quod the claim-sell, ' rather shall thou
a*bye it full dere '. 1535 COVERDALR Ezek. xxxiii. 17 The
children off thy people saye . . the waye off the Lprde is not
right, where as their owne waye is rather vnright. 1576
FLEMING Panopl. Epist. 227 marg., Whether this were
Lysistratus the Sicyonian .. I doubt much: thinking rather
it was some other priuate man. 1596 BACON Max. it Uses
Com. Laiv Ep. Ded., An age wherein if science bee in-
creased, conscience is rather decayed. 1768 GOLDSM. Good-n.
Man i. i, Say rather, that he loves all the world. 1884 tr.
Lotze's Metaph. 112 We are therefore not entitled to treat
the validity of the law as an independently thinkable fact..
Rather it is simply the observed or expected fulfilment itself.
c. Or rather, used to introduce a statement
more correct than the one already made, t Also
and rather (with comparatives).
1460 Paston Lett. I. 508 Myn autorite is as grete as theris,
and rather more as I tolde you. 1543 UDALL Erasm. Par.
Luke (1548) 86 Nere about the summe of twelue or fiftene
poundes sterlynge or rather aboue. c 1645 HOWELL Let!,
IV. a The Doctor by this Oversight (or Cunningness, rather)
got a supply of Money. 1711 STEELK Sped. No. 4 F 4 Thus
my Want of, or rather Resignation of Speech, gives me all
the Advantages of a dumb Man. 183* J. H. NEWMAN Par.
Serin. (1837) III. xxiv. 386 You will find there are few, or
rather none at all. 1875 JOWETT Plato (ed. 2) L 122 Last
night, or rather very early this morning.
tf. More (so) than not; more than anything else;
hence, in a certain degree or measure ; to some
extent ; somewhat, slightly.
a. Withvbs. of thinking, fearing, etc.
'597 J- KING On Jonas (1618) 574 And surely I rather
thinke, that they blessed lonas in their hearts. 1611 A.
STAFFORD Niobe 172, 1 put so great a difference betweene
the ancient and modern papists, as that I resolue rather
that the former are taken to mercy. 1709 E. WARD tr.
Cervantes 55, I rather think I have worn the Mourning for
you than for the dead Man. 1835 ). KENT Private Corr.
II. 387, I rather guess I shall like it. 1875 JOWETT Plata
(ed. 2) I. 10, I rather think that you know htm.
b. With adjs., advbs., sbs., or phrases. (Some-
times implying slight excess = rather too.")
1661 PEPYS Diary 27 Dec., With the new Roxalana, which
do [= does] it rather better in all respects, .. than the first
Roxalana. 1713 HEARNE in Kel. Hearnianx (1857) I. 282
These were rather later than the canipagi. a 1766 MRS. F.
SHERIDAN Sidney Bidulph IV. 65 It would be rather incon-
venient to you at present to have your rent roll scrutinised.
1778 Learning at a Loss II. 163 His Appearance at the
Baronet's must have been rather a silly one. 1788 M.
CUTLER in Life, Jrnls. q Corr. (1888) I. 429 The town is
situated, very injudiciously, in rather a valley. 1819 LANDOR
Imag, Comi. Wks. 1853 I. 515/1 Our bed indeed is rather of
the highest. 1850 SMEDLEY Frank Fairleigh xiii, Is it my
trap you're talking about? rather the thing isn't it, eh I
1880 F. D. MATTHEW Wyclifs Eng. Wks. 114 If the tract
be Wyclifs, we may date it rather before 1380.
f c. So rather somewhat. 06s.
1731 ARBUTHNOT Rules of Diet in Aliments, etc. I. 247
Apncocks, unless mellow, are rather somewhat styptick.
1768 Woman of Honor III. 233 A range of thirteen chests
rather somewhat larger than the common size.
7. Colloq. {vulgar"}. Used as a strong affirmative
in reply to a question : = ' I (should) rather think
so ' ; very much so ; very decidedly.
In this use the first syllable is frequently prolonged.
1836-9 DICKENS St. Boz., Gt. Wtnglebury Duel, ' Do you
know the mayor's house?1 .. 'Rather1, replied the boots,
significantly. 1856 ALB. SMITH Adv. Mr. Ledbury I. iv. 27
' Do you know the young lady? ' ' Rather ! ' replied Johnson.
III. Denoting prior eligibility or choice.
8. Sooner (as a matter of fitness, expediency,
etc.) ; with more propriety or advantage ; with
better reason or ground ; more properly or justly.
With than.
c xzoo Trin. Coll. Horn. 213 He sholde racier helden hit ut,
bene men bermide fordrenchen. c 1380 WYCLIF Wks. (1880)
376 Raber ban bu schuldist be ocupied berewib bu schalt
renne awai ber-fro. c 1450 Merlin x. 148 Another ought
rather to go on this massage than ye. 1573 L. LLOYD
Marrow of Hist. (1653) 274 Therefore I rather deserve
death than he. 1654 BRAMHALL Just Vindication ix. (1661)
I 263 Why they showu rather submit themselves, .to that See
BATHEREST.
. . then to any other Patriarchate. 1680 LOCKE Gout. I. xi.
§ 127 'Tis rather to be thought, that an heir had no such
Right by divine institution, than that God should give such
a Right. (11756 MRS. HEYWOOD New Present (1771) 256
Soft water should be used rather than hard.
fb. As against, to the exclusion of, the other.
06s. rare—*.
'553 GRIMALDE tr. Cicero's Offices i. (1556) 34 b, Semblably
fare they, who would striue together, whether of them
should rather rule the common weale.
9. Sooner (as a matter of individual choice) ;
more readily or willingly ; with greater liking or
good-will; with or in preference, a. Expressing
choice between two courses of action, or preference
of one event to another.
In sentences of this type rather is placed either before the
yb. or clause expressing the action or event preferred, or
immediately before than. For the use of to after than, see
the latter word.
1297 R. GLOUC. (Rolls) 9419 pe deserites gonne chese,
Raber ban to lese hor lond, hor lif bere to lese. 1440 in
Wars Eng. in France (1864) II. 457 They .. wolde rather
that the paix were letted thanne he shulde be delivered and
come hoome. 1551 CROWLEY Pleas. Sf Pain 517 Rather let
your leases go, 1 hen they shoulde worke you endelesse woe.
1675 E. ESSEX Lett. (1770) 199, I will rather suffer myself
to be made a pack-horse than bear other mens faults. 17x1
ADDISON Spect. No. 261 f 8 We love rather to dazzle the
Multitude, than consult our proper Interests. 1788 MAD.
D'ARBLAY Diary IV. 342 They would rather have died than
refused. l8ia JEFFERSON Writ. (1830) IV. 175 A choice to
fight two enemies at a time, rather than to take them by
succession. 1885 Manch. Exam. 30 Dec. 5/3 Any man who
resigns a great office in the State rather than act in opposi-
tion to the dictates of his judgment.
b. Expressing choice between two things, per-
sons, qualities, conditions, etc. t Also no rather
(«393). »">r' rather (1560).
a 1300 Fall 4- Passion 27 in E. E. P. (1862) 13 Whi com
he raber to eue ban he com to adam. c 1380 WVCLIF Sfl.
Wks. III. 380 po blynde puple .. wil raper gif to waste
housis of freris ben to parische chirchis. 1393 LANGL. P. PI.
he would gratifie Tio man more rather than hym. 1611
BIBLE Jer. viii. 3 Death shall bee chosen rather then life.
1711 STEELE Sped. No. 6 P i This unhappy Affectation of
being Wise rather than Honest, 1856 RUSKIN Mod. Paint.
IV. v. xix. § 8 Painting cheeks with health rather than rouge.
c. Without than, in contrast to a preceding
statement. Also rarely the rather.
c UTS LAY. 3943 Rabir ich wolle be slean mid mine spere.
c 1990 S. Eng. Leg. 1 10/134 Heo nolde cristinedom a-fongue,
heo seide heo wolde raber tuyrne alcn In-to hire owene
londe. 1377 LANGL. P. PI. B. iv. 5 But resoun rede me
ber-to rather wil I deye. a 1480 Lett. Marg.Anjou «t Bp.
Beckitigton (Camden) 125 Ye . . wol not applie you . . unto
the said marriage . . but rather induce yo' said doghler to
the contrarye. 1596 DANETT tr. Cotnines (1614) 331 There
died Monsieur de Montpensier himselfe, some say of poyson,
others of an ague, which 1 rather beleeue. 1633 Bp. HALL
l. i. loo Which now delights me little. 1 the rather Look
on sucn pangs as terror ill conceals. 1881 JOWETT Thucyd.
I. 122, I do not now commiserate the parents of the dead
who stand here ; I would rather comfort them.
d. (One) had rather — (one) would rather.
(See HAVE v. JJC.) t Hence to have rather, to
choose or prefer . . rather, (rare.)
The infin. after had is sometimes preceded by to.
c 1450 in Rel. Antij. I. 72 Yett haid I rether dye, For his
sake, ons agayne. 1478 [see HAVE v. 22). 1513 LD. BERNERS
f'roiss. 1. 157 He had rather they had bene taken prisoners.
ijjj ROBINSON tr. Mare's Utop. (1895) 6 Bicause I had be
good then wise rather. 1594 BEDINGFIELD tr. Mackiavellfs
Flor. Hist. (1595) 155 Which if we be not able to defend,
then haue we rather to submit our selues to anie other
Prince. 1667 EARL ORRERY St. Lett. (1743) II. 311, I had
much rather to do it than say it. 1685 Gracian's Courtier's
Orac. 18 To have rather be indifferent in a sublime employ-
ment, than excellent in an indifferent, is a desire rendred
excusable by Generosity. 1719 DE FOE Crusoe u. v, Our
men had much rather the weather had been calm. 1819
SHELLEY Ess., etc. (1852) II. 155, 1 had rather err with Plato
than be right with Horace. 1875 RUSKIN Fan Clav. Iv. V.
189, 1 had rather come and draw the cart.
t e. (One) would rather = (one) would rather
have or choose. 06s.
"557 NORTH GueuariCs Diall. Pr. 96, I woulde rather one
oneiy day of lyfe then all the ryches of Roome. 1633 Bp.
HALL Occas. Medit. § 49, I would rather never to have light,
than not to have it always. 1675 R. BURTHOGGE Causa Dei
99 The Parent . . who would rather than the better part
of his estate . . he could reclaim and turn him.
t IV. 10. Followed by or : see OB adv.* C 2.
1390 GOWER Cm/. III. 45 For rathere er he scholde faile,
With Nigromance he wole assaile To make his incantacioun.
1431 Test. Kbor. (Surtees) II. 20 To amend y" defawtes in
y« said brigges. .rather or y" brygges forsayde falle. c 1440
Gesta Rom. xlvi. 185 Rathir shalle the sowle pane from
my bodye or I lese hit. 13*7 WAKFELDE Let. in Kotser
Codicis (1528) P iv b, I had rather to dye a thousand tymes
or suffer it.
Ba-therest, ad*, (and a.) [f. prec. + -EST.]
fl. Soonest. 06s. rare—1.
a 1415 Cursor M. 22129 (Trin.) Turne .. bei shul raberest
and siben obere at be leest.
2. Most of all, most particularly. 06s. exc. dial.
c 1410 Chron. Vilod. 1014 pe best we shull ratherest byleve
to. 1535 FISHER Spir. Consolat. Wks. (1876) 352 It shall
anon lose, the venue & quicknesse. in stirring & movins
BATHE-RIPE.
of your soule, when you woulde ratherest have it slurred.
15*7 Wi BARKER Xeiiafhon, Schole Cyrus i. E iv b, When
you haue most plentie, then ratherest prouide against wante.
1588 SHAKS. L.L.L. iv. ii. 19 His..vntrained, or rather vn-
lettered, or ratherest vnconfirincd fashion. 1824 MACTAGGART
C,allmid. Encycl. 66 Gin thou'lt no fancy her, And ratherest
wad ha'e Meg.
3. Rather of the ratherest, just a little too much
or too little.
Grose assigns the phr. to Norfolk and explains it as ' meat
underdone', and Forby says 'it is chiefly applied to the
insufficient dressing of meat '. This appears to associate
the origin of the expression with RATHE a.3
[1787 in GROSE Prav. Glass.] .11825 in FORBY. 1865
MRS. H. \VoooMildred Arkellu. iv. 68 The women would
find it rather of the ratherest for heat.
Bathe-ripe, rath-ripe (re'-S-, ra->-), a.
and sb. Now poet, and dial. [f. RATHE a.1 +
RIPE a. (cf. OE. rsedripe and RARE-RIPE). With
ref. to grain the usual spelling is rath-.]
A. adj. 1. Of fruits, grain, etc. : Coming early
to maturity ; ripening early in the year.
Usually applied to special kinds or varieties, as rathe-ripe
barley, pease, etc.
1578 LYTE Dodoens vl. xlii. 712 There be diuers sortes of
Peares, . . whereof some be rathe ripe, some haue a later
riping. 1620 VENNER Via Recta (1650) 184 Those hard
Rathe-ripe Pease, which are brought to the Markets by the
»745 ti
twice-bearing tree the rathe-ripe fig Descends. 183* Veg.
Subst. Food of Man 61 Spring Barley. . . Of this species
farmers distinguish two sorts ; the common, and . . the rath-
ripe barley. 1840 BROWNING Sordetlo n. 313 Fruits like the
fig-tree's, rathe-ripe, rotten-rich. 1879- in dial, glossaries
(Devon, Dorset, Hants, E. Anglia).
2. fig. Precocious; early developed in mind or
body. Now dial.
1617 Bp. HALL Quo Vadis ? § 4 These rathe-ripe wits pre-
uent their owne perfection. 1691 WOOD Ath. Oxon. II. 217
Being extraordinary rath ripe [he] . . was entred into his
Accedence at five years of age. 1703 WHITBY Comtn. N. T.
I. 118 Quintilian saith of the rath-ripe wit, that it rarely
comes to maturity. 1886 IV. Sow. Word-bk. s.v., A girl who
developed into a woman at an early age would be called
rathe-ripe by elderly educated people.
B. sb. Applied to various early fruits and vege-
tables, esp. peas and apples.
1677 PLOT Oxfordsh. 153 The small Rathe-ripes [Peas]. .
for poor and gravelly [Land]. 1835 BRITTON Wittsh. Words,
Rathe-ripes signifies early peas. 1874 T. HARDY Far fr.
Mad. Crowd II. iii. 36 A Quarrington grafted on a Tom
Putt, and a Rathe-ripe upon top o' that again. 1887 —
Woodlanders n. ix. 151 The mellow countenances of..
costards, stubbards, ratheripes.
Ra- therish, adv. colloq. [f. RATHER adv. 6 b +
-ISH.] Somewhat, in a slight degree.
1862 in New Yk. Tribune (quoted in Cent. Diet.). 1887
Library Mag, (N. Y.) 12 Feb. 422 Longfellow, of whose
poems Mr. Lang has a ratherish good opinion.
Ka-therly, adv. Sc. and north, dial. [f. RATHER
adv. + -LY 2.] = RATHER adv.
1824 MACTAGGART Gallovid. Encycl. 162 He was ratherly
what was called a jobber. 1830 J. WILSON in Blackyj.
Mag. XXVIII. 835 Whose looks gar you ratherly incline
to the ither side. 1894 HALL CAINB Manxman IT. i. 53 His
deep voice that . . trembled ratherly.
f Ra'thermore, a. Obs. rare—1, [f. RATHER a.
+ -MORE.] Earlier, former.
1381 WYCLIF Job viii. 8 Aske the rathermor ieneracioun,
ana bisili enserche the mynde of the faders.
Ra thest, a. Obs. exc. dial, or arch. [Superl.
of RATHE a.1] f a. Quickest, soonest, most pre-
ferable, etc. Obs. b. Earliest.
c 888 K. ALFRED Boelh. xvi. § 3 Swa hit is nu hraSost to
HCXann*..bat nan wuht [etc.], aooo O.E. Chron. (Parker
MS.) an. 755 pa bider urnon swa hwelc swa bonne jearo
wear[> & raoost. c 1410 Pallad. on ffusb. l. 753 Thyn assis
donge is rathest forto dight A gardyn with ; sheep donge is
next of myght. 1556 LADDER Tractate (1864) i Vnto quhose
actionis, in special!, suld Kyngis geue rathest attendance.
1611 CORYAT Crudities 68 Barley almost ripe to be cut,
fruit in the beginning of summer. 1891 JANE BARLOW Irish
Idylls 221 Blackberries, .in their rathest immaturity.
t Ra thest, adv. Obs. [Superl. of RATHE adv.]
1. Soonest, most readily. Also the rathest.
c888 K. /£LFRED Bttth. xxxiv. § 10 par hit gefret bzt hit
hraoost weaxan maeft & latest wealowian. ciooo &LFRIC
Horn. I. 512 pone fisc oe hine hraoost forswelh3, xeopena
his mu3. 1361 LANGL. P. PI. A. v. 186 He that repenteth
rathest schulde arysen aftur, and greten sir Gloten. a 1400- 50
Alexander 726 The hyest thyng rabest heldes ober while.
1437 m Wan Eng. in France (1864) II. Pref. 69, I beseech
you.. to purvey some way how I shall mowe rathest neghe
39 Whome
next themselues they would rathest commend.
2. Earliest.
1387-8 T. USK Test. Love I. v. (Skeat) I. 30 Nat the
irongest; but he that rathest com and lengest abood.
amongs other, semeth rathest to be ncwfounde or poeticall
[etc.]. rtsss CAVENDISH Wolsey (1885) 162 God, whom I
ought most rathest to have obeyed. 1619 W. SCLATER Exp.
i ness. (1630) 248 Both, perhaps, had place in this people;
rathest the latter. 1644 HLME Hist. Douglas 28 The enemie
167
..not knowing which to pursue rathest, he might the better
escape. Ibid. 248 He means rathest (as I think) George,
now Lord Hume.
Rathir, -ur, -yr, obs. ff. RATHER.
Rathoffite, erron. form of ROTHOPFITE.
Ratian, obs. form of RATION sb.
t Ra-tifaetory, a. Obs. rare—1. [Irreg. f.
RATIFY v. Cf. ratifieatory.'] Confirmatory.
1720 STRYPE Stew's Surv. (1754) I. I. xv. 76/1 This was
a second instrument . . ratifactory of his privileges as Con-
stable of the Tower.
Ratifia, -fie, obs. forms of RATAFIA.
Ratification (rsetifik^'-Jan). [a. F. ratifica-
tion (1358 in Godef. Compl.} or ad. med.L. rati-
ficatio (1228 in Du Cange),n. of action f. ratificare
to RATIFY.] The action of ratifying or confirming;
sanction, confirmation, approval. Also attrib.
Ratification meeting (U.S.), a meeting held for the pur*
pose of expressing approval of the nominations made by a
political party.
r45i Rolls of Parlt. V. 221/1 Any Graunte or Grauntes,
Ratifications or Confirmations, made by us. 1526 TAYLOR
in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. u. I. 333 The Trety of Peace with
ratificacion of the Kyngs oone hande. 1543-4 Act 35
Hen. VIII, c. 3 (title) An acte for the ratification of the
Kinges majesties style. 1612 T. TAYLOR Comin. Titus iii. 8
They stand not so much vpon ratifications and asseuera-
tions. 1667 PEPYS Diary 16 Aug., Everybody wonders that
we have no news . . of the ratification of the Peace. 1759
ROBERTSON Hist. Scot. I. n. 79 The day appointed for the
ratification of the treaty with England. 1828 SCOTT /•'. M.
Perth ix, Till such ratification, the contract was liable to be
broken off. 1861 TRENCH Comm. Ep. seven Ch. (ed. 2) 17
God's own seal and ratification of his own word. 1864
Daily Tel. 12 July, Monday night they had a ratification
meeting in this city.
t Ratifieatory, a. Sc. Obs. rare-1, [f. ppl.
stem of med.L. ratificare to RATIFY. Cf. obs. F.
ratificatoire (1493 in Godef.).] = RATIFACTORY.
1639 in Aikman Hist. Scot. III. v. 531 Whereof those acts
of Parliament were ratifieatory.
Ratified (re-tifaid), ///. a. rare. [f. RATIFY v.
+ -ED!.] Settled, confirmed.
1644 HAMMOND Pract. Catech. l. § 3 Wks. 1684 1. 27 God . .
consequently will accept the will for the deed, if it be a firm
and ratified will.
Hence t Ba-tifledly adv., positively. Obs.
1593 NASHE Christ's T. Wks. (Grosart) IV. 179 Wilt thou
ratindely affirm that God is no God because . . thou canst
not essentially see him?
Ratifier (rse-tifaiaj). [f. next + -ER 1.] One
who or that which ratifies.
1602 SHAKS. Ham. iv. v. 105 The Ratifiers and props of
euery word. 1741 E. CARTER tr. Algarotti on Newton's
Theory I. ii. 94 A chief Magistrate, who is only the Ratifier
and Guardian of the Laws of Nature. 1833 in WEBSTER.
Ratify (rse'tifsi), v. Forms: 4-6 ratefle, (6
-fye) ; 5-6 ratyfye, (7 -fie) ; 4-7 ratifle, (5 Sc.
-fii, 6 Sc. -te ; also 5 radiflo, ratiffVe, 6 -ffle),
5-6 ratifye, 6- ratify, [a. F. ratifier (i 394 in
Godef. Compl.'), ad. med.L. ratificare (1228 in Du
Cange) : see RATE sb?- and a., and -PY.]
1. trans. To confirm or make valid (an act,
compact, promise,etc.) by giving consent, approval,
or formal sanction (esp. to what has been done or
arranged for by another).
f "357 L*J> Folks Catech. 569 (T.) Our fadir the ercebisshop
. . ratifies als.so that othir men gifes. 1430 Rolls of Parlt.
V. 10/2 The whiche your seid Giftes and Grauntes, it hath
liked you. . to ratifie, conferme and appreve. 1469 in Exch.
Rolls Scotl. VII. 618 We ratifii and approvis this charter in
all poyntis. 1549 DUKE OF SOMERSET in Ellis Orig. Lett.
Ser. i. II. 174 Their agreament and conclusion to be estab-
lished and ratified by Parlyament. 1579 FENTON Guicciard.
in. (1599) 107 To ratifie. .the auncient friendship with a new
peace. 1633 P. FLETCHER Purple 1st. i. iv, When the
shepherd-lads with common voice Their first consent had
firmly ratifi'd. 1667 PEPYS Diary a Aug., He tells me.,
it is supposed the peace is ratified at Bredah. 1774 PENNANT
Tour Scotl. in 1772, 122 The endowment was ratified by the
Pope's bull. 1840 THIRLWALL Greece Ivi. VII. 125 The
compact was ratified by a solemn reconciliation between the
contending parties. 1879 GREEN Read. Eng. Hist, xviii. 90
The terms which he had come to ratify had been settled
beforehand.
absol. 1838 THIRLWALL Greece xxxviii. V. 69 Asking
whether the Thebans would permit Ihe Boeotian towns to
ratify for themselves.
t b. To confirm, to guarantee or ensure the fulfil-
ment of (a purpose, hope, etc.). Obs.
1598 DRAYTON Legends iii. 551 The King suspending,
should He not consent, To ratine the Baronies intent.
c 1611 CHAPMAN Iliad xxiv. 270 Pray, .that he will deine to
vse His most lou'd bird, to ratifie thy hopes. 1649 Bp.
REYNOLDS ffosea vi. 91 God . . onely can ratifie all our
pious resolutions,
t c. To confirm the possession of. Obs. rare ~ '.
1611 BIBLE i Mace. xi. 34 We haue ratified vnto them the
borders of ludea.
2. To declare or confirm the truth or correctness
of (a statement, etc.). Now rare or Obs.
£1400 MAUNDEV. (Roxb.) xxxiv. 156 pe Pape hase ratified
and conformed my buke in all poyntes. 1548-9 (Mar.) Bk,
Corn. Prayer Offices 9 They may then . . with their owne
mouth . . ratifie and confesse the same. 1558 in Vicary's
Anat. (1888) App. in. 139 The names., werre here red,
ratefyed and allowyd. 1631 WEEVEB Anc. Funeral Mon.
357 The prophesie . . thus ratified by the euent. 1671 J.
WEBSTER Meta/logr. iii. 50 To ratifie this, . . I shall relate
what I my self have found. 1754 SHERLOCK Disc. (1759) I.
i. 30 This Revelation .. has been ratified by the blood of
BATING.
Christ and His Apostles. 1816 LAMB F.tta Ser. n. Sanity
Trite Genius, The transitions in this episode are. .as violent
as in the most extravagant dream, and yet the waking
judgement ratifies them.
1 8. To consummate, carry out, bring to fulfil-
ment or completion. Obs. rare.
1561 m Child-Marriages (1896) 3 This deponent verilie
belevis that the said matrimome was neuer ratefied. 1562
Ibid. 76 The said Henrie Price did not ratifie the said
matrymonie hie carnall copulacion. c 17x1 Ship in a Storm
vii. Too soon the rolling Ruin came And ratify'd the Wreck.
f4. To confirm in faith or courage. Obs. rare.
1559 '" Strype Ann. Ref. (1824) I. n. App. vi. 406 One
chief pomte of spiritual government is to confirme his
brethren, and ratine them . . by holsome doctryne. 1598-9
E. FORDE Parismus u. (1661) 227 Those that were also
maimed and wounded . . were . . every one kindly ratified by
Marcellus.
1 5. To fix the rate or price of. Obs. rare*1.
1511 Galway Arch, in loth Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm.
App. V. 394 Corne or grayne that coinith . . to be sold in the
market place shall be sold and ratiffied acording the plenti-
nes of the yere.
Hence Ba'tifying vbl. sb. and ///. a.
1H5 W. WATREMAM Fardle Facions n. xii. 278 A con-
firming, a ratifieng, . . of that went before. 1611 SPEED
Hist. Gt. Brit. vi. xxxix. § 4. 142 Vpon the ratifyings of
his election by the Senate at Rome, hee hasted not thither.
1714 J. WYETH Stippl. T. Elhvood's Life (1765) 411 That
which was the most ratifying of all His bodily Sufferings.
1819 SOUTHEY A II 'for Love ix. xlii, Ye shall now in thunder
hear Heaven's ratifying voice !
tRatihabit, v. Sc. Obs. [f. ppl. stem of
med.L. ratihabire : see RATIHABITION.] trans.
To express approval or sanction of.
1678 SIR G. MACKENZIE Crim, Law Scot. n. viii. § 7. 391
He nad given orders to beat them, or ratihabited the beating
of them. 1680 in Wodrow Hitt. Ch. Scot. (1833) HI. 227
That they treasonably owned the rebels at Bothwell . . and
ratihabited the same.
t Ratihabitation. Obs. rare. [ad. med.L.
ratihabitatio, irreg. var. ratihabitio] = next.
1501 Ord. Crysten Men (W. de W. 1506) iv. vii. 187 Raty-
habytacyon . . hath not power nor place in suche case. 1650
ELDERFIELD Tythes 80 Our next [gift] must be of ratihabi-
tation or confirmation.
Ratiliabition (netth&bi'JM). Law. [ad. late
L. ratihabitio (Digesta), t. ratum confirmed
(RATE a.l) + habere to have, hold. Cf. obs. F.
ratihabition (Godef.).] Approval, sanction.
1561 Reg. Privy Council Scot. I. 180 The said spulye wes
committit of the causing, command, assistence, and rati-
habitioun of the said Thomas. 1610 Bp. HALL Apol.
Brovtnists 20 Cannot the Ratihabition (as the Lawyers
speake) bee drawne backe? 1671 H. STUBBE Justif, Dutch
War 41 A ratihabition in deeds is more powerful, than a
ratihabition in words. 1719 W. REEVE Senn. 234 Christ
appearing to the Apostles .. adds a promise of Ratihabi-
tion. 1810 LD. CAMPBELL in Life (1881) I. ix. 248, 1 make
no doubt I shall still have your ratihabition of the step
I have taken. 1875 STUBBS Const. Hist. III. xx. 425 They
had letters of commission or of ' ratihabition ', or powers
of attorney.
Ratil(le, obs. forms of RATTLE.
Ratin(e, obs. forms of RATTEEN!.
Bating (n?'-tirj), vbl. ji.i [f. RATE w.i + -INO i.]
1. The action of the vb., in various senses.
'534 Act 26 Hen. VIII, c. 3 § 10 In the makinge and
ratinge of the sayde yerely values. 1545 BRINKLOW Com-
playnt 15 b, By the parcyal act of ratyng of vytellys. 1596
SPENSER State fret. Wks. (Globe) 663/2 What rating of
rents meane you? 1764 BURN Poor Laws 129 Rating of
the wages of servants, artificers, and labourers, is also . . of
very ancient date. 1858 BRIGHT Sp., Reform 21 Dec. (1876)
308 The system of rating forms the basis of the elective
franchise. 1884 B'ham Daily Post 23 Dec. 3/5 Watch,
jobber wanted ; one who thoroughly understands the clean-
ing and rating of Chronometers.
b. The (or an) amount fixed as a rate.
1887 S. D. HORTON Silver Pound •jj A suggestion to
change, .the permitted rating of the Guinea in Government
officer 1896 Alllmtt's Syst. Med. I. 481 The practice of
applying an extra rating for residence in the tropics.. has
been found to work fairly on the whole.
altrib. 1866 BRIGHT Sp., Reform 13 Mar. (1876) 345 In
Ireland they had a /12 rating franchise. 1893 Times
25 Apr. 5/5 Persons wilti a ^20 rating qualification.
2. Naut. 'The station a person holds on the
ship's books' (Smyth); also trans/., position,
class, etc., in general.
ITOJ Load. Caz. No. 3815/3 The Names, Qualities or
Ratings of the Company of such Man of War. 1840
MARRYAT Poor Jack ii, As he no longer did the duty of
coxswain, . . he was not entitled to the rating. 1853 DE
QUINCEY Autobiog. St. Wks. I. 150 When my ' rating ', or
graduation in the school, was to be settled. 1891 Daily
Nnvs 16 June 3/6 The third match was between yachts not
exceeding a rating of twenty tons.
b. Naut. in //. Men of a certain rating.
1893 Westm. Gaz. 2 Dec. 3/2 We certainly cannot build
lieutenants in si years ! whilst in all engine-room ratings
we are still more behindhand.
Bating (r^'-tirj),^/.^.2 [f. RATED. 2 +-INQI.]
The action of reproving, etc. ; an instance of this.
"577 B. GOOGE Heresbach's ffusb. (1586) 119 b, Least the
stronger spoile the weaker, while hee dreadeth the rating
and whipping. 1607 TOPSELL Four-/. Beasts (1658) 369
Horses and Dogs which live among men . . do discern also
their tearms of threatning, chiding and rating. 1667 PEPYS
Diary (1877) V, 6, I was witness of a horrid rateing, which
Mr. Ashburnham . . did give him. 1854 MRS. GASKELL
North fy S. xxxi, I've helped old Mr. Leonards to give
George a good rating. 1878 E. W. L. DAVIES Mem. Rev,
RATIO.
y. Russet? 299 A little rating and a few cracks of the whip,
and their [hounds] heads are up.
Ra-ting,///. a. [f. RATE v.1] Regulating.
1884 F. J. BRITTEN Watch $ Clockm. 187 A screw .. to
receive the rating nut,
Rating : see RETTING.
Ratinia, obs. form of RATANTA.
Ratio (r^'Jw, tfi'JV). [L., f. rat-, ppl. stem of
rerl to think : see also RATION, REASON.]
fl. Reason, rationale. Obs. rare.
1636 MEDE Reverence God's House iL Wks. (1672) 343
The true Ratio . . of this Shecinah or Speciality of Divine
Presence. 175* WARBURTON Serm. i. Wks. 1811 IX. 16
Now, in this consists the ratio and essential ground of the
Gospel-doctrine.
2. Math. The relation between two similar
magnitudes in respect of quantity, determined by
the number of times one contains the other (in-
tegrally or fractionally).
This is sometimes distinguished as geometrical ratio (see
GEOMETRICAL a. i b), in contrast to arithmetical ratio, or
the extent by which one magnitude exceeds another (now
practically obs., though still mentioned in some text-books).
For alternate, anhartnonic, compound ^ duplicate (etc. )
ratio, see the adjectives.
1660 BARROW Euclid v. Def. 3 Ratio (or rate) is the mutual
habitude or respect of two magnitudes of the same kind
each to other, according to quantity. 1706 W. JONES Sytt.
Palmar. Matheseos 56 When two Ratio's are equal, the
Terms that Compose them are said to be Geometrically
Proportional. 177* Jnniiis Lett. Ixviii. 356 The ratio .. is
exactly one to a hundred. 1854 BRF.WSTER More Worlds iv.
70 The matter of Jupiter is much lighter than the matter of
our Earth, in the ratio of 24 to 100. 1884 tr. Lotze's Logic
114 Heat expands all bodies, but the ratios of the degree of
expansion to an equal increase of temperature are different
in different bodies.
b. The corresponding relationship between things
not precisely measurable.
1808 SOUTHEY Lett. (1856) II. 66 Wishes to appropriate to
himself the reputation which he had only a right to share,
and that in no great ratio. i8ao LAMB Elia Ser. i. South-
Sea Honse, Executorships . . which excited his spleen or |
soothed his vanity in equal ratios. 1858 BUCKLE Civiliz.
(1869) II. i. 103 The progress of knowledge bore the same j
ratio to the decline of ecclesiastical influence. 1871 LIDDOM !
Etem. Relig, v. 174 The amount of will which we severally
carry into tne act of prayer is the ratio of its sincerity.
3. spec. In monetary science, the quantitative i
relation in which one metal stands to another in
respect of their value as money or legal tender.
1879 E. CAZALET Bimetallism 26 Such a fixed ratio is
eminently desirable for the welfare of all civilized nations.
1881 EVART in Horton Silver Pounddttfi 309 The adoption
of the ratio of 15^ to i, would accomplish the.. object with
less disturbance in the monetary systems . . than any other ,
ratio.
t 4. = RATION sb. 3. Obs.
1^60 STERNE Tr. Shandy III. xxxviii, A cow. .eat up two
ratios and half of dried grass. 1806 A. DI'NCAN Nelson 51 The
Governor . . furnished the . . invaders with a ratio of biscuit
and wine. 1824 LAMB Elia Ser. 11. Captain Jackson, Sliding
a slender ratio of Single Gloucester upon his wife's plate.
t Ratio-cinant, a. nonce^wd. [a. F. pr. pple. !
of ratiociner (see next), after scholastic L. ratio
ratioeinans^\ That reasons.
a 1693 UrguharPs Rcbelais in. vi, I have not asked this
question without cause causing, and reason truly very ratio-
cinant.
Ratiocinate (rsejV'sin^t), v. [f. L. ratio-
cinat-, ppl. stem of ratiocinari to calculate, de-
liberate, f. ratio RATIO. Cf. F. ratiociner (i6thc.
in Littre*).] intr. To reason, to carry on a pro-
cess of reasoning. (Now rare in serious use.)
1643 DIGBY Observ. Relig. Med. (1644) 87 A Philosopher
that should ratiocinate strictly and rigorously. 1678 CUD-
WORTH Intell. Syst. \. iii. § 19 The Ax cutsfor the sake of some-
thing, though it self does not ratiocinate. 1820 T. L. PEA-
COCK Four Ages of Poetry Wks. 1875 III. 333 Patriarchs. .
who. .seemed to have ratiocinated in the following manner. (
1887 R. L. STEVENSON Merry Men v. vi. 277 Don't ratiocinate i
with me — I cannot bear it.
Hence Ratio *cinating ///. a.
1694 MOTTEUX Rabelais v. xx. (1737) 89 My ratiocinating
Faculty. 1896 Daily News so Jan. 7/1 All the ratiocinating
. . character of the Germans showed itself.
Ratiocination (rsejipsin^'-jan). Also 6 ra- !
ciocin-, 7 ratiotin-. [ad. L. ratiocination-em , !
n. of action f. ratiocinari \ see prec. Cf. F. ratio-
cination (i6th c. in Littre*).]
1. The process of reasoning.
c 1530 L. Cox Rhet. (1899) 78 Raciocinacion is, that cometh
of hope of any commodity, or to eschewe any discommodity.
1603 HOLLAND Plutarch's Mor. 1344 Without any dis-
course of reason, or ratiocination, a 1677 HALE Prim. Orig.
Man. i. i. 2 There are some truths so plain and evident, and
open, that need not any process of ratiocination to evidence
or evince them. 1758 JOHNSON Idler No. 31 F n He has
observed in many trades the effect of close thought and just
ratiocination. 1798 EDGEWORTH Pract. Educ. (1811) II. 78
We resort to Geometry, as the most perfect, and the purest
series of ratiocination which has been invented. 1879
FARRAR St. Paul I. 55 He had not arrived at any one of
the truths of his special gospel by the road of ratiocination.
2. With a and //. An instance of this ; also, |
a conclusion arrived at by reasoning. (Common
in 1 7th c.)
c 1620 A. HUME Brit. Tongue n. xii, The ratiocinative
(conjunction] copies the partes of a ratiocination. 1644
MAXWELL Prerog. Chr. Kings 135 The Romanists must
acknowledge [etc.] .. or then they must foregoe these ratio-
168
cinations. 1759 JOHNSON Kassr/as xxii, Other_ men may
amuse themselves with subtle definitions, or intricate ratio-
cinations. 1818 JAS. MILL Brit. India Pref. n, I have no
apology, therefore, to make, for those inductions, or those
ratiocinations. 1863 COWDEN CLARKE Shaks. Char. xx. 516
The one a cool, a frigid ratiocination ; the other, an awful
and terrible reality.
3. Power or habit of reasoning, rare.
1647 CLARENDON Hist. Ret. vii. § 220 So infinite a Fancy,
bound in by a most Logical ratiocination, a 1656 lip. HALL
Kent. Wks. (1660) 285 For us, that have ratiocination . . we
know [what] we have to do here. 1798 CHARLOTTE SMITH
Yng. Philos. III. « A lady of prodigious ratiocination as
well as of profound information.
Ratiocinative (rseJV'smAiv), a. [ad. L.
ratiocinattv-us: see RATIOCINATE and -IVE. Cf. F.
ratiocinatif (i4th c., Oresme).] Characterized
liy, given to, or expressive of, ratiocination.
ci6w> A. HUME Brit. Tongue n. xii, Conjunction .. of it
ther be tuoe sortes, the one enunciative, and the other ratio-
cinative. a 1635 Bovs Wkt. (1629) 475 All the faculties of
thy soule, vegitatiue, sensitiue, ratiocmatiue. a 1677 HALE
Prim. Orig. Man. \. ii. 51 The conclusion is attained . .
without any thing of ratiocinative process. l8l7CoLERlDGF.
Slag. Lit. 82 The whole gamut of eloquence from the ratio-
cinative to the declamatory- "884 Manch. Exam. 16 Oct.
4/7 The machinery of the ratiocinative logician . . has no
place in his speeches.
Ratio-cinator. [a. L. ratiocinaior agent-n. f.
ratiocinari to ratiocinate.] One who reasons.
1814 Slaciiu. Mag. XV. 5 1 The puzzlement of ratiocinators
l>ecame profounder than ever.
Ratio-cinatory, a. = RATIOCINATIVE.
1810 BENTHAM/VK*;Vi:f n. iii. (1821) 141 Withratiocinatory,
or at least disceptatorial cunctation.
Ration (rc'-Jan, rse-Jsn), sb. Also 8 rattan,
[a. F. ration (i4th c. in Littre), or ad. L. ration-
em RATIO. The second pronunciation is usual in
the army, and may be due to the adoption of the
word in sense 3 from Fr.]
fl. Reasoning. Obs. rare—*.
i«o BP. HOOPER Stria. Jonas vi. 1380, We be not so
addicte and geuen vnto humane ration, that we wyll beleue
nothinge more than reason is able to accompt and geue
answer for.
t2. = RATIO 2 and 3. Obs.
1666 Phil. Trans. I. 272 What he saith here of Rations
or Proportions. 1691 0. WALKER Gr. $ Ran. Hist, Illustr.
6 That Ration of Gold to Silver was 12 to one. 17*8 R.
NORTH Mem. Music (1846) 24 The musick, and the rations
of the intervals subtilized. 1815 J. C. HOBHOUSE Substance
Lett. (1816) 1. 347 Increasing in a reduplicating ration.
3. A fixed allowance or individual share of pro-
visions ; spec, in the army and navy, the daily
amount of certain articles of food allotted to each
officer and man. (Sometimes, esp. in //., simply
= provisions, food.)
1701-11 in Milit. t Sea Diet. 17*0 OZELL /VrrVtf'j Rom.
Rep. II. xin. 276 The Corn that used to be measured out to
them by Rations (or stinted Allowances) was given them
with out Measure. 1776 J. HANCOCK in Sparks Corr. Amer.
Rev. (1853) I. 236 The cost of a ration, as furnished by the
Commissary-General. 1814 SCOTT Wav. xviij Cutting with
their dirks their rations from the carcasses which were there
suspended. 1865 LIVINGSTONE Zambesi xx. 409 The fresh
labour with diminished rations was too much for their
strength. 1885 Pall Mall G. i July 3/2 A ' ration ' in the
literal military sense of the word means i Ib. bread and 3 Ib.
meat (bone included).
ta. Mil. The daily allowance of forage or pro-
vender assigned to each horse or other animal.
1717-41 [see c].' 180* JAMES Milit. Diet. s.v. Forag€,T\a&
forage is divided into rations, one of which is a day's allow-
ance for a horse. 1876 VOYLE & STEVENSON Milit. Diet.
143/1 The daily ration laid down for all horses is 12 Ibs.
of oats and 12 Ibs. of hay.
c. An allowance, share, portion, of provisions
or other supplies.
i7»7-4« CHAMBEBS Cycl. s.v., The horse have rations of
hay and oats, when they cannot go out to forage. 1813
SVD. SMITH Whs. (1859) H- 19/2 A sum of money.. in lieu of
their regular ration ofprovisions. 18*9 LECKY Europ. Mor.
1 1. i. 78 Septimus Severus added to the corn, a ration of oil.
1879 A. FORBES in Daily News 25 June 6/1 He will be able
to carry forward with him eighty thousand rations of fuel,
consisting of coal.
4. attrib. and Comb., as ration beef, -carrier,
grievance, scale, warrant, etc.
1830 E. S. N. CAMPBELL Milit. Diet. s.v. Ration, The
Commanding Officer has the power by the Ration Warrant
of I4th July, 1827, of diminishing . . this allowance. 1881
MRS. B. M. CHOKER Proper Pride II. iii. 53 Dining
heartily on ration beef and dry bread. 1890 ' R. BOLDRE-
WOOD' Col. Reformer ^1891) 115 The ration-carriers .. were
always conveying provisions, water, wood, all things neces-
sary to the shepherds. 1890 191/1 Cent. Nov. 844 One more
instance of a ration grievance, and we will pass on. 1897
P. WARUNG Old Regime 81 The daily ration-scale permitted
him only 16 ozs. uncooked maize-meal.
Ration (rei'Jan, rse'Jan), v. [f. prec. sb.]
1. trans. To supply (persons) with rations; to
provision ; to put on a fixed allowance.
1859 Times 3 Mar. 7/6 The humane provision of rationing
immigrants for the first 3 months. 1884 Spectator 4 Oct.
1286/1 He was able by rationing the townsmen as well as
his troops to make this supply last to the present time.
2. To divide (food, etc.) into rations ; to serve
out in fixed quantities.
1870 Daily News 2 Nov., It will not be necessary to ration
the bread until the ist of January. 1873 A. L. PERRY Etem.
Pol. Econ. (ed. 8) 78 The crew of a boat abandoned at sea,
among whom the last biscuit had been rationed out.
RATIONAL.
3. inlr. (for refl.). To obtain n supply of food.
1859 R. F. BURTON Centr. A/r. in Jrnl. Geog. Sac. XXIX.
303 In the sparse cultivation. . . they were rarely able to
ration oftener than once a week.
Hence Rationed///, a., Ha' tioning vbl. sb.
1865 Englishman s Mag. Oct. 312 The rationing of soldiers
. .was much neglected. 1870 Pali Malt G. 10 Dec. 10 You
have to dine at a restaurant until your rationing day comes
round again. 1886 Centvry Mag. XXXII. 937 In prepara-
tion for the poorly rationed days.
t Bationabi-lity. Obs. rare-1, [f. next +
-1TY. Cf. late L. rationabilitas (once in Appu-
leius).] The faculty of being rational.
1656 BRAMHALL Repl. Bp. Chalcedon Wks. 1842 II. 24
Rationability, being but a faculty or specifical quality, is
a substantial part of a man.
t Ra'tionable, a. Obs. [ad. L. rationabilis :
see RATION and -ABLE. Cf. obs. F. rationable.]
1. Reasonable, just, right. (Chiefly Sc.)
1436 Extr. Burgh Rec. Edinb. (i 869) I. 4 1 1 is ordanit . . the
alderman batllies and counsaile by this vitaile of rationable
pryce as thai may. 153$ STEWART Cron. Scot. I. 38 Of that
desyre content was euene wicht, Tha thocht it wes ration-
abill and richt. 1570-80 in nth Rip. Hist. MSS. Cotntii.
App. III. 44Gyffancl vs..ane rationabyll drink-syluer. 1662
J . CHANDLER Van Htlmoiifs Oriat. 19 Whatsoever is akin
to truth, this reason judgeth rationable, and agreeable to
Reason.
2. Rational; sensible.
i6jo MELTON Astrolog. 26 Astrologers or Astronomers, . .
that thinke Starres rationable Creatures, are worthy to be
accounted most unreasonable and senselesse themselves.
1649 BULWER I'athowyot. II. ii. 131 Laughter . . is a passion
of the Rationable part.
Hence f Ba-tionably adv., reasonably. Obs.
1646 }. LILBUBNE Jonah's Cry (1647) 4, I professe I would
doe it, if I were rationably able to doe it to morrow. 1679
J. SMITH A'arr. Popish Plot 10 As they might very ration-
ably believe.
Rational (ne-Jsnal), a. (adv.') and sb.1 Forms :
5 racional. (6 -all, -elle , 6 racyonall, 6- ra-
tional, (7 -all), [ad. L. rationdl-is : see RATIO,
RATION, and -AL. Cf. obs. F. rational (i6th c.),
OF. rationel (iath c.), F. rationnel.~\
A. adj. 1. Having the faculty of reasoning;
endowed with reason. (Freq. in rational being,
creature?)
ts. 1547 BOORDE Hrev, Health \ 32
consisteth in reason, the whiche doth make a man or woman
a reasonable beaste. 1615 CROOKE Body of Man 432 We
determine that the Braine is the Pallace of the Rationall
Soule. a 1641 Bp. MOUNTAGU Acts <$• Mon. (1642) 409 Other
bodies, not onely of rational! creatures, men and women, but
also of irrational, birds and beasts. 1783 COWPER Let.
29 Sept, We are rational : but we are animal too. 1848
DICKENS Dotnbey ii, If you're a rational being, don't make
such ridiculous excuses.
^ b. Exercising (or able to exercise) one's reason
in a proper manner ; having sound judgement ;
sensible, sane.
1631 B. JONSON Magiictick Lady ill. v, You are one O' the
deepest Politiques I ever met, And the most subtily rational].
1641 H. L'EsTRANGE God's Sabbath 34 Our most Rationall
adversaries begin to reel towards us. 17x9 £. COOKE i'py.
S. Sea 239 They were told by a good rational Indian
Woman [etc.]. 1791 BURKE App. Whigs Wks. 1842 I. 535
Rational and experienced men tolerably well know, . .how to
distinguish between true and false liberty. 1809 Med. Jrnl.
XXI. 216 Frequent restlessness and delirium, yet at times
he is rational and patient. 1835 LYTTON Riemi I. vii, Our
rational and sober-minded islanders. 1856 C. BRONTE Pro-
fessor xix, The man of regular life and rational mind never
despairs.
C. Med. Applied to an ancient class of physicians,
who deduced their treatment of cases from general
principles. (Opp. to EMPIRICAL.)
1541 COPLAND Gafyeu's Terap. E iij b, Seynge that none
Emperyke, nor racyonall hath so wryten before. 1654 R.
WHITLOCK Zootomia 123 [They] are ready enough to slander
the rationall Physitian. 1717-41 CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v. Physi-
cian, The ancients distinguished their physicians into various
classes, or sects:— as Rational Physicians [etc.]. 1837 WHE-
WELL Hiit. Induct. Sc. iv. i. § 5 That medical sect which
was termed the Empirical, in contradistinction to therational
and methodical sects.
d. National Christians : Such as claim superior
rationality for their own form of Christianity.
A sect has been registered under this name since 1876.
1750 M ASSON Contin. True Rationalist xii. 155 This is . .
what shews me how convincing your Reasons are to deter-
mine me for the Establishment of a Society of Rational
Christians.
2. Of, pertaining or relating to, reason.
Chiefly in rational faculty, nature, power, etc. Also
t rational philosophy, mental philosophy.
a 1601 NORTH Plutarch (1612) iioo Morall Philosophic
was his chiefest end : for the rationall, the natural!, and
Mathematickes.. were but simple pastimes in comparison of
the other. 1614 C. BROOKE Rich. Ill, Poems (1872) 125 My
aspick flatterie, That shed such venome in my rationall
powre. 1675 BARCLAY Apol. Quakers iv. iii. 102 As he is a
meer Man, he differs no otherwise from Beasts, than by the
Rational Property. 1748 CHESTF.RF. Lett. (1792) II. 61
Philosophy, rational logic, rhetoric [etc.]. 1788 REID Aris-
totle's Logic vi. § i. 126 Our rational faculty is the gift of
God. a i88a T. H. GREEN Praltf. Ethics § 207 The con-
sciousness of unfulfilled possibilities of the rational nature
common to all men.
t b. Existing (only) in the mind. (Opposed to
REAL.) Obs.
RATIONAL.
1618 T. SPENCER Logick 104 Such things haue a being in
our vnderstanding,and that is enough to make them rational!
beings. 1677 GALE Crt. Gentiles iv. Proem. 6 These second
Notions are not Real, but only Mental or Rational Beings,
framed out of Real Beings.
3. Based on, derived from, reason or reasoning.
1531 ELYOT Cm. in. xxvi, That parte of phisike called
rational!, wherby is declared the faculties or powers of the
body, the causis, accidentes, and tokens of sikenessis. 1649
MILTON Eikon. vi. 56 He confesses a rational sovrantie of
soule, and freedom of will in every man. 1701 NORRIS
Ideal World l. iv, 218 Faith is a rational assent, or an assent
founded on reason, tho' not the reason of the thing believed.
1785 REID Intett. Powers 608 Of tastes that are natural,
there are some that may be called rational, others that are
merely animal. 1885 J. MAHTINEAU Types Eth. Th. (ed. 2)
I. i. xi. § 8. 212 Any. .instance of rational apprehension, e.g.
our knowledge that the surface of a sphere is equal to the
area of a circle of twice its diameter.
b. spec, in Client, and Med. (see quots.).
1850 DAUBENY Atomic The. ix. (ed. 2) 297 By rational, in
contradistinction to empirical, formulae, we mean expressions
of the manner in which the respective atoms are combined
or grouped together, and not merely of the number of atoms
of each of the ingredients present. 1897 A Ubntt's Syst. Med.
IV. 275 Physical are more important than rational signs in
establishing the diagnosis of cyst of the pancreas.
4. Agreeable to reason; reasonable, sensible;
not foolish, absurd, or extravagant.
1635 PAGITT Christianogr. I. iii. (1636) 123 We offer unto
thee, this rational! and unbloody worship. 1654-66 EARL
ORRERY Parthen. (1676) 750 He might decline that Assist-
ance, in which he had his Rationallest hopes. 1691 LOCKE
Money \Vks.i727 II. 92 What Mr. Lowndes says about Gold
S»rg: Obs. 176 On the following morning . . his answers were
rational. 1879 HARLAN Eyesight viii. 104 AH the organs of
the body are better for moderate and rational use.
b. Rational dress : A form of dress for women,
proposed as more sensible than that in general use.
Now usually denoting the use of knickerbockers in
place of a skirt, esp. for cycling. (Also atlrib.)
So rational costume, etc.
1883 Catal. Rational Dress Exhib. Pref., The Rational
Dress Exhibition is intended to stimulate both the supply
and the demand for good dress. 1888 Rational Dress
Society's Gas. No. 2 This is the time when rational dress
principles will have more weight. 1899 Cycl. Tour. Club
Gaz. Apr. 221 If ..senior churchwardens protest against
rational costume.
5. a. Math. Applied to quantities or ratios which
can be expressed without the use of radical signs.
•\Rational to (see quot. 1614). Also rational
fraction (see quot. 1823).
1570 BtLLiNGSLEY Euclid v. def. iii, Such magnitudes or
quantities, which may be expressed by numbre, are called
rational). 1614 T. BF.DWELL Nat. Gcom. Numbers i. 2 The
Base and Height are said to be rational one to another,
when as the rate or reason of both may be expressed by a
number of the same measure given. 1660 BARROW Euclid
x. prop. Ixi. 237 The square of a binomiall line . . applyed
unto a rational! line. 1706 W. JONES Syn. Palmar. Matheseos
116 Rational Quantities may be reduced to the Form of any
assign 'd Root. 1798 HUTTON Course Math. (1827) I. 82 The
square root of 3 is a surd root ; but the square root of 4 is
a rational root, being equal to 2. 1823 J. MITCHELL Diet.
Math. Sci.t Rational Fractions is the term commonly used
to express those fractions which may be decomposed into
other fractions, the sum of which is equal to the given
fraction. 1885 WATSON & BURBURY Math. Th. Electr. $
Magn. I. 41 \\ is a rational and integral function of cos 0.
b. Rational horizon : see HORIZON 3.
i6»s N. CARPENTER Geog. Del. I. vi. (1635) 149 The rational!
Horizon diuides the whole spheare into two equall parts.
1641 MILTON Apol. Sweet. Wks. (1851) 310 The rationall
horizon in_heavn is but one, and the sensible horizons on
earth are innumerable. 1704 [see HORIZON 3], 1833 HER-
SCHEL Astron. i. 52 If we suppose a spectator, .to have his
view bounded by the rational horizon.
t 6. Gram. Of a conjunction : That indicates
a reason. Obs. rare.
1678 GALE Crt. Gentiles iv. HI. iii. 84 Those words, .are im-
mediately subjoined to vers i6,and are connected therewith
by the rational Particle yap, which points out the reason of
that which next follows.
fB. adv. Rationally. Obs. rare.
i«9° LOCKE Hum. Und, in. vi. § 29 If Baalam's Ass had,
all his life, discoursed as rational as he did once.
C. st.l Absol. uses of the adj.
1. a. A rational being. Chiefly in //. = human
beings, men. Now Obs. or rare.
1606 WARNER Alb. Eng. xiv. Ixxxii. (i6r2> 343 Beasts silent,
that with Rationales was all a-mort suppose. 1663 GERBIER
Counsel 6 b, Love to Art . . infers the party to be a true
Rational. 1688 Lond. Gaz. No. 2357/1 We must deprive our
selves of our selves, as Rationals, and become more stupid
then Brutes. 1755 YOUNG Centaur 103 He is a Rational,
dethroning Reason ; and an Animal, transgressing Appetite.
1791 PAINE Rights of Man n. iii. (1792) 21, Kings succeed
each other, not as rationals, but as animals. 1828 R. CRAIG
in Memorials vi. (1862) 129 Something which might exercise
the mind as well as limbs of the rationals assembled there.
b. An advocate of something ' rational '.
1756 in D'Israeli Calam. Aulh. (1863) 65 He [Henley]
called himself 'a Rationalist', and on his death-bed re-
peatedly cried out, ' Let my notorious enemies know I die a
UK ' i89* "'"'"'• Gaz- 28 Nov. 3/2 As a 'rational',
. . she thought that members should be free to adopt any
costume that they liked.
1 2. Cram. A conjunction indicating a reason.
iSii BRINSLF.Y Liid. Lit. 97 Coniunctions, Copulatiues,
Kationals, Aduersitiues, . . Expletiues. and certaine others.
VOL. VIII.
169
t 3. Math. A rational quantity. Obs. rare.
1685 J. WALLIS Alg. xcix. 373 A Fraction (in Rationals)
less than the proposed (Irrational)/. 1797 STOKES in Trans.
Royal Irish Acad. VI. 222 Four quadratics and a rational
may be reduced at least with the same ease.
4. fa. The rational part of man. Obs. rare—1.
b. That which is rational or reasonable, c. A
rational concept.
1698 FARQUHAR Love # Bottle n. ii, Your rational's re-
versed, carrying your understandings in your legs. 1874
H. SIDGWICK Meth. Ethics in. xiii. 362 This absolute end,..
can be nothing but Reason itself, or the Universe of
Rationals. 1898 G. MEREDITH Odes Fr. Hist. 86 They not
the less were mated, and proclaimed the rational their issue.
5. pi. 'Rational 'dress; knickerbockers for women.
1889 Pall Mall G. 26 Dec. 6/2 Small shoes and latter-day
'rationals'. 1895 Westni. Gaz. 2 Sept. 8/1 A mild plot
amongst lady cyclists to persuade her ladyship . . to adopt
' rationals '.
Rational (rse-Janal), rf.2 Forms : 4-5 ra-
cionale, (4 -al), 6 -all, 7 rationall, (-ale,) 9 ra-
tional, [ad. L. rationale, neut. of rationalis adj.
(see prec.) ; used in the Vulg. to translate Heb.
hoshen, after the Sept. koyeiov oracle, oracular
instrument.]
fl. The breastplate worn by the Jewish high-
priest. Obs.
1382 WYCLIF Exod. xxv. 7 The racionale, that is the clooth
in the brest of the coope, and in the brest of the preest.
1413 Pilgr. Sowle (Caxton 1483) iv. xxxiii. 82 Aaron had a
broche or a tatche fastned vnder his breste that was cleped
racionale. 1526 Pilgr, Per/. (W. de W. 1531) 192 The
adornament of Aaron, called his Racionall. 1646 SIR T.
BROWNE Pseud. Ep. 93 The twelve stones in the Rationall
or breast-plate of Aaron. [1662 H. MOKE Philos. Writ.
Pref. Gen. v. Philo writes of the Figure of the Rationale, or
Sacerdotal Breast-plate.]
b. An ornament formerly worn on the breast by
bishops during the celebration of mass.
The real nature of the rational has been the subject of much
discussion : see Du Cange s.v. Rationale, Rock Church etc.
I. 366, II. 159, and Macalister Eccl. Vestments (1896) no.
1849 ROCK Ch. of Fathers I. 371 Bishop Giffard, who died
A. D. 1301,. .is figured in a chasuble, having pinned upon his
breast the rational, ibid. II. 159 The real 'rational' has
nothing to do with the ' pall '. 1884 A. J. BUTLER A nc. Coptic
Churches II. 122 The rational .. is mentioned among the
ancient ornaments of the Celtic bishops.
f2. = RATIONALE 2. Obs. rare.
1658 SIR T. BROWNE Hydriot. 34 To afford an account or
rational of old Rites. 1676 MARVELL Mr. Smirke 17, 1 looked
over the Canons, the Rational, the Ceremonial, the Rubrick.
imagining the Exposing mention'd, must be some new part
of our Ecclesiastical Discipline.
t Ra-tional, sb.Z Obs. rare. [ad. L. rationalis
(3rd c.), sb. use of rationalis adj. RATIONAL.] Rom.
Antiq. An accountant or auditor.
1610 HOLLAND Camden's Brit. i. 77 The Receiver of ther
Emperours Finances . . had under him in Britaine the
Rationall or Auditor of the Summes and revenues of
Britaine. 1683 Brit. Spec. 115 His Rational of Private
State in Britain, to say nothing of other inferior Officers.
II Rationale (rsejon^-h'). [L., neut. of ratio-
nalis : see RATIONAL a.]
1. A reasoned expositionof principles; an explana-
tion or statement of reasons; fa set of reasoned
rules or directions.
1657 BP. SPARROW (title) A Rationale upon the Book of
Common Prayer of the Church of England. 1703 MAUN-
DRELL Journ. Jerus. (1721) 28 They could not give any
manner of Rationale of their own divine Service. 1774
J. BRYANT Mythol. II. 396 The writings of all those, who
have given a rationale of the Egyptian rites. 1846 MOZLEY
Ess. (1878) I. 229 A rationale of heroism was not likely to tell
much on English minds. i876C M. DAVIES Unorth.Lond.
(ed. 2) 99 Where these facts are admitted, . . the rationale
usuaHy appended is that their source is a diabolical one.
2. The fundamental reason, the logical or rational
basis (of anything).
1688 BP. S. PARKER Reas. Abrog. Test 124 This gives us
the true Rationale of the Mosaick Law. 1715 M. DAVIES
A then. Brit. I. 309 They laid down the Rationale and
Ground- Work that the Judgment of the Assize was founded
upon. 1791 PAINE Rights of Man (ed. 4) 161 He sees the
rationale of the whole system, its origin and its operation.
1848 MILL Pol. Econ. in. xxv. § 2 Such, I conceive, is the
true theory or rationale of underselling. 1894 H. DRUMMOND
Ascent Man 3 To discover the rationale of social progress
is the ambition of this age.
Rationalism (ne-Jsnaliz'm). [f. RATIONAL a.
+ -ISM. Cf. F. rationa/isme.]
1. Med. The principles of the 'rational' school
of physicians.
1800 Med. Jrnl. III. 283 A remark on medical empiricism
and rationalism. 1803 Edin. Rev. I. 257 Acquainted with
the divisions of empiricism and rationalism.
2. Theol. a. The practice of explaining in a
manner agreeable to reason whatever is apparently
supernatural in the records of sacred history, b.
The principle of regarding reason as the chief or
only guide in matters of religion, or of employing
ordinary reasoning to criticize and interpret religious
doctrines.
1817 C. H. SACK in Pusey Hist. Enq. (1828) p. xii,
Common rationalism, which the theological faculty of
Berlin has.. for more than fifteen years imparted to theo-
logical study. 1846 J. H. NEWMAN Ess. Drvelcpmfnt \.
§ 3. 311 Its spirit was rationalizing, and had the qualities
which go with rationalism. 1884 J. PARKER Larger Ministry
RATIONALITY.
38 Rationalism does not more distinctly recognise human
reason than it is recognised by evangelical philosophy.
3. Metaph. A theory (opposed to empiricism or
sensationalism) which regards reason, rather than
. - --- --f^~ -- --a - - ..-I... ruflrt.fjl
Under [Wolff] rationalism stiffens into a scholastic dogma-
tism, soon to run out into a popular eclecticism.
_l popu.
4. Used with reference to ' rational ' dress.
1897 Westm. Gaz. 6 Sept. 1/3 The triumphs of Rationalism
. . in the domain of dress.
Rationalist (roe-Janalist), sb. and a. [f. as
prec. + -1ST. Cf. F. rationaliste (1539).]
1. One who forms his opinions by pure or a priori
reasoning ; spec, a ' rational ' physician.
a 1626 BACON Apoph. n. § 21 The empirical philosophers
are like to pismires. . . The rationalists are like the spiders.
1656 S. H. Gold. Lam 79 It concerns the highest Governour,
who is Judge of alj, .. to be an absolute rationalist, for that
reason is the intention of Law. 1801 SURR Splendid Misery
II. 163 Whatever you may say, or all the Rationalists in the
world may preach, . . there is such a thing as falling in love at
first sight. 1876 tr. Wagner's Gen. Pathol. (ed. 6) 5 Those
physicians are called rationalists who do not value the facts
themselves so highly as their explanation.
2. Theol. One who rationalizes in matters of re-
ligion or sacred history ; an adherent of ration-
alism.
1647 Clarendon State Papers II. App. p. xl, The Presby-
terian and Independent agree well enough together. But
there is a new sect sprung up among them, and these are
the Rationalists. 1670 SANDERSON Pref. Ussher's Pmuer
Princes, A mere Rationalist (that is to say in plain English,
an Atheist of the late Edition). 1747 [MASSON] (title) A
Letter to the Author of an Address to all Rationalists in
Great Britain. 1789 J. ERSKINE in Life C. Nisoet (r840) 197
He is half way over to the German Rationalists (as they call
themselves). 1841 MYERS Calk. Th, in. § 12. 45 The
Rationalist . . makes the whole subject of Religion and
Revelation . . a matter of sensible evidence or intellectual
demonstration.
b. attrib. or as adj. — RATIONALISTIC.
1828 PUSEY (title) An Historical Enquiry into the Prob-
able Causes of the Rationalist Character, a 1857 R. A.
VAUGHAN Ess. <fr Rein. 1. 49 Rationalist criticism has always
been content with the endeavour to destroy. 1873 L.
STEPHEN Ess. Freethinking 319 The answer given by the
rationalist divines.
3. One who adopts 'rational ' dress.
1899 Cycl. Tour. Club Gaz. Apr. 222 The hotels, etc. at
which Rationalists are welcome.
Rationalistic (rajanali-stik), a. [f. prec.]
1. Characterized by rationalism.
1830 PUSEY Hist. Eng. n. 415 Against a rationalistic
Christianity Rationalism may triumph. 1878 LECKY Eng.
in i&thC. II. vii. 411 A rationalistic spirit which revolted
against all formularies.
2. Given or inclined to rationalism.
1841 Penny Cycl. XIX. 311/1 The way being thus pre-
pared, the number of rationalistic divines increased. 1883
WACE Gospel $ its Witnesses i. 13 If we could be sure that
a miracle was inconceivable, the method of rationalistic
writers would., be justified.
Hence Rationalrstical a. (1847 in Webster);
Bationali'stically adv. (1847 Ibid.} ; Rational-
i-sticism, rationalism.
1865 R. DRUITT Rep. Cheap Wines 99 The contagion of
rationalisticism. 1869 Contemp. Rev. XII. 77 He takes
, lly.
mality (roefsnse-liti). [ad. late L. ratio-
(Tertullian) : see RATIONAL a. and -ITY.
Homer into the account, but rationalisticaU
Rationality (r
nalitas (Tertullian
Cf. F. rationalit^
1. The quality of possessing reason ; the power
of being able to exercise one's reason.
1618 T. SPENCER Logick 49 Rationalise is the intrinsecall
part of man. 1698 FARQUHAR Love <J- Bottle v. i, Thou hast
impudence enough to draw thy rationality in question. 17*6
BUTLER Serin, Rolls Chap, vii. 129 Some kind of brute Force
within, prevails over the Principle of Rationality. 1777 M.
MORGAN Ess. Falstajf ty) [Vice] is inconsistent with moral
agency, nay, with rationality itself. 1830 GALT Lawrie T.
i. ii. (1849) 5 She spoke with great rationality. 1870 J. H.
NEWMAN Gram. Assent u. viii. 274 We call rationality the
distinction of man, when compared with other animals.
2. The fact of being based on, or agreeable to,
reason.
1651 BIGGS New Dis£. p 234 The ingenuity and rationality
of it will prevail more then our slender performances. 1681
IV kale Duty Nations 20 The Wisdom, and unquestionable
Rationality of the Divine Ordination among the Jews. 1744
HARRIS Three Treat, in. i. (1765) 155 (To society] we owe
. .the very Elegance and Rationality of our Existence. 1806
A. KNOX Rent. I. 29 To preserve the rationality of religion . .
to secure it from the charge of enthusiasm. 1871 TYNDALL
Fragtn. Sci. (1879) II. ii. 21 A principle of belief, to which
he flatly denies rationality.
b. A rational or reasonable view, practice, etc.
1660 TER. TAYLOR Duct. Dubit. n. ii. rule 6 § 69 There are
some little rationalities, .which are well, and decent and
pretty. 1660 BURNEY K«p5. Awpoc (1661) 57 The Court of
Admiraltie, who depend upon that great head of Rationali-
ties, lustinian. 1835 F. W. FABER Lett. (1869)21 Antici-
pating quite as much danger from the mysticisms of Newman
as from the rationalities of Whately. 1865 LECKV Ration.
(1878) II. 148 The rights of rationalities became a great
question in Europe.
3. The tendency to regard everything from a purely
rational point of view.
1791 BOSWELL Johnsoti an. 1784, 5 May, Even men of
pretty dry rationality may believe that there was an inter-
22
RATIONALIZABLE.
mediate interposition of Divine Providence. 1876 GEO.
KLIOT Dan. Der. vnr. Iviii, Phlegmatic rationality stares
and shakes its head at these unaccountable prepossessions.
1 4. Math. The quality of being rational (5 a). Obs.
1570 BILLINGSLEV Euclid x. prop, xviii. 247 These wordes
in length and in power are neuer referred to rationalitie,
or irrationalhie.
f 5. =RATIONALE 2. Obs. rare~~^.
1646 SIR T. BROWNE Pseud. Ep. 373 Many well directed
intentions, whose rationalities wilt never beare a rigid
examination.
Rationalizable (rarjanabi:zab*l),a. [-ABLE.]
That may be rationalized.
1896 Contcmp. Rev. Aug. 175 This adaptation justifies us
in treating reality as everywhere rationalisable.
Rationalization (ne^nalsiz^ ^Jan). [-ATION.]
1. The act of making rational or intelligible, or
the result of this.
1846 RUSKIN Mod. Paint. (1851) I. n. i. vii. § 42 The two
Carthages are mere rationalizations of Claude. 1888
Encycl. Brit. XXIV. 556 The rationalization which explains
the legend.
2. Math. The process of clearing from irrational
quantities. (See RATIONAL a. 5 a.)
i8s3CAVLEvinCaw^4-/)wW.^/aM. Jrnl. V
On the Rationalisation of certain algebraical Equations.
Rationalize (rse-Janabiz), v. [f. RATIONAL «.]
1. trans. To render conformable to reason ; to
explain on a rational basis.
1817 COLERIDGE Biog. Lit. II. xviii. 89 The second Olympic
composed for the . . purpose of rationalizing the Theban
Eagle. 1846 GROTE Greece i. xvi. I. 533 The disposition of
Herodotus to rationalise the miraculous narratives of the
current mythes. 1883 H. SPENCER in CV«/*w>*. Rev. XLIII.
9 When life has been duly rationalized by science .. care of
the body is imperative.
b. To clear away by reasoning.
1855 KINGSLEV Sir W. Raleigh Misc. (1859) I. i To
rationalize away all the wonders, till we make them at last
impossible, and give up caring to believe them.
2. Math. To clear from irrational quantities.
1816 tr. Lacroix's Diff. ff Int. Calculus 670 The differential
function .. may be rationalized. 1888 C. SMITH Algebra
(1893) 213 Find factors which will rationalize the following
expressions.
0. To endow with reason, rare.
1896 [see RATIONALIZED///, a.],
4. intr. To employ reason or rationalism; to
think rationally or in a rationalistic manner.
1835 J. H. NEWMAN Lett. (1891) II. 137 When we ask for
reasons when we should not, we rationalise. 1868 BROWNING
Ring ^ Bk. VIM. 1185 But subdue the bard And rationalize
a little.
Hence nationalized ///. a., Rationalizing
vbl. sb. and///, a. Also Rationalizer, one who
rationalizes.
1855 SIR G. C. LEWIS Credit*. Rom. Hist, xi. I. 426 Ac-
cording to another, and probably a ^rationalized, version.
1896 Spectator n Apr. 519 Swift's grim conceptions of
animahzed man and rationalized animals. 1834 T. KKIGHT-
LEV Tales vii. 250 Whittmgton's Cat has not escaped the
Rationalisers. 1871 TYI.OR Prim, Cult. I. 250 The fault of
the rationalizer lay in taking allegory beyond its proper
action. 1873 M. ARNOLD Lit. <$• Dogma (1876) 327 Partial
and local Rationalising of religion. 184* GLADSTONE State
in Rel. with Ck. x. (ed. 4) 367 The confession of faith of some
Nationalising philosopher, c 185* \Vylde 's Circ. Sc. I.
483/2 The rationalising multiplier here is 5 + \/3. 1868
FREEMAN Norm. Conq. (1876) II. App. 543 Such rationalizing
doubts are indignantly dismissed.
Rationally (rse-Janali), adv. [f. RATIONAL a.]
1. In a rational manner ; reasonably.
1612 WoODALL^wr^. MateVf\ts. (1653) 146 If he rationally
follow the precedent method. 1659 BP. WALTON Consid.
Considered 23 No such consectaries could be logically and
rationally deduced from such premises, 1786 BURKE Art.
agst. Hastings Wks. 1842 II. 174 The sum of money afore-
said, which in a time of such extreme distress . . could not be
rationally given. 1844 H. H. WILSON Brit. India 1 1 1. 387
The honest expression of opinions conscientiously and
rationally entertained.
2. In respect of, by means of, reason, rare.
1620 T. GRANGER Deo. Logike 150 Here are foure termes
rationally distinguished, but three really, viz. Law, Magis-
trate, People. 1701 NORRIS Ideal World i. iv. 223 If . . the
intelligible world be the more certain of the two, because
rationally evident.
Eiationalliess (rre-Janalnes). Now rare. [f.
as prec.] The state or quality of being rational.
1659 Gentl. Calling viii. § 15 He that would justifie the
rationalness of any adventure, must prove the prize at least
to equal the worth of that he hazards for it. 1664 H. MORE
Apology 487 AH that I ave'rre is the Rationalness of this
Position, not the Truth thereof. 1727 in BAILEY, vol. 1 1. 1889
J. J. THOMAS Froiidacity 215 The existence of a Deity and
the rationalness of entreating him in prayer.
Rationary (rse'Jsnari), a. rare, [ad, late L.
rationarittS) or f. L. ration-em : see RATIO and
-ART1.] fs- *O^ or belonging to account or
reckoning' (Blount 1656). Obs. b. (See quot.)
a 1866 GROTE Exam. Utilit. Philos. (1870) xviii. 275 Ethics
. . must be rationary (i. e. interested in the reasons of facts)
as distinguished from positivist.
Ra'tionate, v. rare. [f. late L. rational-^ ppl.
stem of rationdri to reason, f. ratio RATIO.] intr.
To reason, to ratiocinate.
1644 DIGBY Nat. Bodies xxxviii. (1658) 419 When they
will have beasts rationale and understand. 1819 Blackw*
Mag. IV. 535 The doctor, therefore, rationated inconse-
quentially.
170
t Ra*tionative, a. Obs. [f. as prec. -f -IVE.]
That gives or introduces a reason.
1650 WF.F.KES Truth's Confi. ii. 54 The first particular in
the ii. Verse [ForJ which is a Rationative Particle. 1656
JEANKS Mixt. Sckol. Div, 5 An argumentative, or rationa-
tive description of the object of feare.
Ra*tionless, a. rare. [-LESS.] Without rations.
1865 Standard 19 Apr., He might .. suddenly find himself
and his army rationless and surrounded.
Ra'tionment. rare. [f. RATION v. + -MENT,
after F. rationnement.] The act of rationing.
1870 Standard 19 Nov., Very early in the siege . , the
census was taken for the rationment of butchers' meat.
Batiotination, obs. form of RATIOCINATION.
Ra-titate, a. rare—0, [f. next, after carinate.]
Ratite. (Ogilvie 1882.)
Hatite (rre-tsiO, a. Ornith, [f. L. raft's raft +
-ITE2. Cf. L. ratttus (of a coin) marked with the
figure of a raft.] Of or belonging to the Ratifa,
a class of birds (so named by Merrem, 1812) having
a keelless sternum, as the ostrich, emu, cassowary,
etc. (Opposed to carinate.}
1877 NEWTON in Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. iv. XX. 500 Megis-
tanes was used in 1816 by Vieillot . . for the whole group of
Ratite Birds then known. 1885 — in Encycl. firtf.XVllL
19/2 The corresponding characters peculiar to the Ratite
Division being the disconnected condition of the barbs of
the feathers.., the non-existence of the furcula [etc.].
Hence Ratitons a.
1880 Nature XXI. 347 The avian, and indeed ratitous
character of the animal.
Ratle(r, obs. if. RATTLE ji.i and v.\ RATTLER.
Ratlin, e, ratling (ne'tlin, -lirj). Nattt.
Forms : a. 5 radelyng, 5, 7- ratling, 7, 9 ratt-
ling, ft. 8- ratlin, 9 rattlin. 7. 5 rad(d)elyne,
8- ratline. [Of obscure origin : perh. the same
word as OF. roe/-, raatingue (? from *rade~t *rate~
lingite}) now ralingue small cordage employed to
strengthen the edge of a sail.
There is no evidence that the ending -line is identical with
LINE sb.%\ cf. the synonymous Du. iucveKngVf\\h LG. weve-
linCi G. webeleitte.}
1. Thin line or rope such as is used for the ratlines
(see 2) ; also ratline stuff ^ \line.
1481-90 Howard Househ. Bks. (Roxb.) in My Lord paid
him for iij. hrmsers, a peir takkes, a ratling line for Chewdes,
weing C. a quarter xiij. Ib. xv. s. 1497 Nai-alAcc. Hen. VI I
F, T. BULLEN Log of Sea-waif 325 We had no new ratline
stuff on board.
2. (Chiefly//.) One of the small lines fastened
horizontally on the shrouds of a vessel, and serving
as steps by which to go up and down the rigging.
Catch-rat Hn(e : see latest quots. in ft and y.
a. 1611 COTGR., EnftecheureS) the ratlings, the cordie
steps whereby mariners climbe vp to the top of the mast.
a 1685 OTWAV Cornel. Muse xviii, With ill-furl'd Sails, and
Rattlings loose. 1797 NELSON 23 June in Nicolas Di$p.
my feet the lower rattlings.
ft. 1711 W. SUTHERLAND Skiphuild. Assist. 113 The Main
Shrowds, and the Cross-lines, called Ratlins, serving as
Steps to go into the Main-top. 1767 S. PATERSON Another
Trav. 1 1. 224 The seeming firm-set ladder to towering Fame,
will become the rolling ratlins of lasting Infamy. 1816 SCOTT
Antiq. viii, Make the chair fast with the rattlin — haul taught
and belay ! 1:1860 H. STUART Seaman's Catech. 35 Every
sixth ratlin will be a catch ratlin, that is, the end of the
ratlin is seized to the after shroud.
•y. 1731 in BAILEY. 1773 Gentl. Mag. XLIII. 143 Up
ladders and steps, and up ratlines and stairs, We pass'd. i88a
NARES Seamanship (ed. 6) 13 All the ratlines are seized to
the after shroud but one, except every fifth ratline, which is
seized to the after shroud, and is called a catch ratline.
Hence f Ratlin e z>., trans, to furnish with rat-
lines. Obs. (Cf. RATTLE v.%)
1495 Naval Ace. Hen. VII (1896) 277 DC Radelyne . .
spent apon reparacion & Radelynyng of the Shrowdes. 1711
W. SUTHERLAND Shipbuild. Assist. 113 The main Swifter, a
Part of the Shrowds, but not ratlin VI.
Rat-line, rare-*. [Of obscure origin.] 'The
rope or cord used for enclosing any spot or ground *
(Voyle & Stevenson Aft/it. Diet. 1876).
Ra-tling. rare. [-LING.] A little rat.
1882 ' BASIL * (R. A. KING) Love the Debt xlii, The cellar
soon swarmed with rats and ratlings.
Raton, Ratoner : see RATTON, -ER.
Ratoon (ratw-n), sb. Also 8-9 ratt-. [ad. Sp.
retofto a fresh shoot or sprout.] A new shoot or
sprout springing up from the root of the sugar-
cane after it has been cropped.
'779 Phil* Trans. LXVII. 232, I then took each rattoon
apart, and found it fastened to a joint of these last canes.
a 1818 M. G. LEWIS Jrnl. W. Ind. (1834) 88 After these
original plants have been cut, their roots throw up suckers
which in time become canes, and are called ratoons. 1887
Century Mag. Nov. in Next year the cane sprouts from
the stubble, and is called first ratoons. . .The second year it
sprouts again, and is called second ratoons.
trans/. 1894 Pop. Set. Monthly XLIV. 493 The Jamaican
reference to a meal made off the remnants of a previous
feast as ' eating the rattoons '.
attrib. 1777 ROBERTSON Hist. Amer. (1778) I. 459 On the
banks of the Essequebo, thirty crops of ratoon canes have
been raised successively. 1880 J. S. COOPER (,' oral Lands
RAT-TAIL.
I. xviii. 213 When cut in March or April the ratoon canes
are made to grow in cold dry weather.
Ratoon (ration), v. [f. prec. or ad. Sp. retoftar
to sprout again, f. retoilo.} intr. Of plants, esp. the
sugar-cane : To send up new shoots after being cut
down or cropped. fSaid also of the ground.
1756 P. BROWNE Jamaica 130 Where the ground is ob-
served to produce a kind plant and to rattoon well. 1789
Trans. Soc.Artx 1.260 Some sorts of Cotton did not rattoon
or stool so well as others. 1856 OLMSTED Slave States 666
In the West India plantations the cane is frequently allowed
to ratoon for eight successive crops. 1880 J. S. Cooi'ER
Coral Lands I. xviii. 214 Such a cane must be hardy and
healthy, grow rapidly, ratoon quickly and often.
Hence Hatoo-ning vbl. sb.
1790 Phil. Trans. LXXX. 357 He makes a greater revenue
than the Grenada planter on the present mode of rattooning.
1882 Spans' Encycl. Mannf. V. 1868 By constant ratooning,
the produce of sugar per acre, .yields [etc.]-
Ratorn, obs. Sc. form of KETUBN v.
t Rat-rane. Sc. Obs. [RANE sb.} = RAT-BIME.
15x3 DOUGLAS sErteis vin. Prol. 147 To reyd I begane
The riotest ane ragnmt wyth mony rat rane.
Ratret, obs. Sc. form of RETREAT.
Ra't-rime. Sc. and north. Also 6 ratt-. [f.
raty prob. onomatopoeic (cf. rattle vb.) + RIME,]
A piece of doggerel verse ; a rigmarole.
1553 Douglas* JEneis vin. Prol. 147 The royetest ane rag-
ment with mony ratt rime, a 1585 POLWART fly ting tv.
Montgomerie 146 Thy roustie ratrimes, made but mater.
1636 Row Hist. AYre(i842) 404 What will a rat-ryme of
words work upon an hard unrenewed heart? 17*8 RAMSAY
Last Sp. Miser xix, With a lang rat-rhime of cant. 1818
SCOTT Hrt, Midi, via, ' I cannot use a prayer Ijke a rat-
rhyme ', answered the honest clergyman. 1894 in North-
umbld. Gloss.
Ratsbane (rae*tsb/in). [f. RAT sbl + BANE.]
1. Rat-poison; -\spec. arsenic. (Now only literary.}
15*3 Churchw. Ace. St. Mary Hill, London (Nichols
1797) 108 For milke and rattisbane for the rats in the church.
1597 J. PAYNE Royal Exch. 41 Men cover ratts bane vnder
suger or bony. 1679 DRYDEN Troilus fy Cr. Epil. 9 As we
strew rat's-bane when we vermin fear. 17*2 DE FOE I '('ague
(1884) 161 Endeavours were us'd . . to destroy the Mice and
Rats. . . by laying Rats- Bane. i8ao SHELLEY (Ed. Tyr. \. 354
Black ratsbane, which That very Rat, who.. Nurtures him-
self on poison, dare not touch.
fig* "593 HARVEY Pierce's Super. Wks. (Grosart) II. 293
1 hat peece of Alchimy, that can turne the Rattes-bane of
Villany into the Balme of honesty. 1633 PHVNNE ist Pt.
Histno-m. iv. i. 140 Playes are Rats-bane to government of
Commonweales. 1809 MALKIN Gil Bias v. i. P 15 Running
in debt is ratsbane to him.
2. Applied to certain plants (see quots.).
1846 LINDLEV Veget. Kingd. 583 The fruit of Chailletia
toxicaria is said to be poisonous, it is called Ratsbane in
Sierra Leone. 1886 W. Som. Word-bk,t Rat's Bane, chervil.
A common wild umbelliferous plant, in appearance some-
thing like hemlock — probably mistaken for it.
Hence Ra'tsbaned ppl. a., poisoned with rats-
bane.
1638 R. JUNIUS (Younge) Drunkards Character 269 Which
makes them like ratsband Rats, drinke and vent.
Ratsche, obs. Sc. form of RATCH sb±
Ratspuche, obs. form of RAJPOOT.
Rat's-tail, [f. RAT sbl Cf. RAT-TAIL.]
1. //. in Farriery : •(• a. Chaps or cracks on the
back of a horse's hind legs, also called cratches or
scratches. Obs. b. Warty or suppurating ex-
crescences on the same part. (See quots. and cf.
RAT-TAIL i.)
1580 BLUNDEVILLE Horsemanship iv. cxxxix. 61 Of the
Cratches or Rats tailes, called of the Italians Crepaccie.
This is a kind of long scabbie rifts growing right vp and
downe in the hinder part from the fewterlock vp to the
Curbe. 1639 T, DE GREY Cotnpl. Horsem. 314 They be all
..one and the same disease, as mules, kibes, rats tayles,
crepanches. 1687 Lond. Gaz. No. 2263/4 A brown Bay
cropt Mare, . . with two Rats Tails on each Leg behind, ijtx
W. GIBSON Farrier's Guide n. 246 Of Warts, Scratches,
Rats-Tails and other Excrescences on the Legs and Pasterns.
Ibid, 247 Rats-tails . . generally creep from the Pasterns to
the middle of the Shank. 1891 DALZIEL Dis. Horses 101
Rats' Tails, excrescences discharging ichorous matter, ex-
tending from the middle of the shank to the fetlock.
2. Applied to various things resembling a rat's
tail in shape : a. The tapering end of a rope (Smyth
Sailor's Word-bk. 1867). b. A rat-tail file (Ibid.).
C. A candle-end, d. A lank lock of hair. e. A
tapering rib or tongue of metal.
1869 BLACKMORE Lorna D. i, The end of a candle of
tallow, or ' rat's tail ', as we called it. 1899 BESANT Orange
Girl n. v. 174 Their hair hung about their shoulders loose
and undressed : it was not unbecoming in the young, but in
the older women it became what is called rats' tails.
3. attrib. rat's tail crane (see quot.). ? Obs.
1729 DESAGULIERS in Phil. Trans. XXXVI. 196 This
Crane is of the Sort which is commonly call'd a Rat's Tail
Crane, . . moving round a strong Post like a Wind-mill, so
that it may turn quite round with all its Load.
Ratt, obs. form of RAT.
Ratta, obs. form of RATA.
Ra-ttage. nonce-ivd. [f. RAT sb* or v.1 + -AGE.]
Percentage of people who ' rat'.
1807 in Spirit Pub. Jrnls. XL 229 In the Scots Peers we
find a Rattage of no less than ninety per cent.
Rat-tail, [f. RAT sbl Cf. RAT'S-TAIL.]
1. //. = RAT'S-TAIL i.
1753 CHAMBERS Cycl. *!>«//., Rat-tails, or Arrests, in the
manege, signify callous bard swellings upon the hinder legs
BAT-TAILED.
under the hough, running along the sinew. 1831 YOUATT
Horse xiv. (1848) 275 On the back part of the leg, are some-
times excrescences, called by farriers Rat-Tails, from the
appearance they give the hair.
2. A tail resembling that of a rat ; esp. a horse's
tail with little or no hair ; also, a horse having a
hairless tail, or the diseased condition which causes
the hair of the tail to fall off.
1705 Lond. Gaz. No. 4086/4 A black Horse . . , with a Rat
Tail. 1787 ' G. GAMBADO* Acad. Horsem. (1800) 26 Buy a
horse with a rat tail, if possible. 1897 0«/in£-(U.S.)XXIX.
540/1, I like his [a pointer's] clean-cut appearance, his rat-
tail, his style in the field.
3. Something resembling a rat's tail.
1871 KINGSLEY At Last xi. (1880) 266 Their rat-tails of
small green flowers prove them to be peppers.
4. Afishofthe genus Macrurus, esp. M. fabricii.
(Also called Grenadier.)
1882 GILBERT & JORDAN Syn. Fishes N. Amer. 8n.
5. atlrib. (Cf. RAT-TAILED.)
Rat-tail file, a fine round file used for enlarging holes in
metal, etc. Rat-tail grass, a name given to two Australian
grasses (Ischzinuin laxititt and Sporobolus indicits). Rat-
tail radish, an East Indian radish (Raphattus candatus).
1793 [see RAT-TAILED i b, quot. 1768]. 1801 C. K. SHARPE
Corr. 12 Jan. (1888) 1. 103 The clowns with lank rat-tail hair.
1846 HOLTZAPFFEL Turning II. 824 Small taper round files
are often called rat-tail files. 1866 Harvard Mentor. Jyiogr.,
S. WilUt I. 267 A rat-tail file .. would render useless in a
moment a superb piece of ordnance. 1889 J. H. MAIDEN
Use/. Native^ Plants A nstr. 92 Rat-tail Grass. An upright,
slender growing grass [etc.]. Ibid. 109 Rat-tail grass. Anne,
open, pasture grass [etc.].
Ra-t-tailed, a. [f. RAT rf.l Cf. prec.]
1. Having a tail like that of a rat ; tip. of horses,
having a rat-tail.
1684 Loud, Gaz. No. 1950/4 A Black Nag,. .Mareheaded,
and Rat-tailed. 1753 CHAMBERS Cycl. Supp., Rat-tailed, a
horse is thus called that has no hair upon his tail. 1828
Sporting Mag. XXII. 231 A lean, rat-tailed mare. 1845
YOUATT Dog 31 He selected a bull-dog, one of the smooth
rat-tailed species. 1890 Pall Mall G. 4 Jan. 6/2 The
miserable little rat-tailed, greyhound beasts that furnish
what is called mutton in this country.
b. of the larva of a drone-fly (Erislalis) having
a long slender tail.
1753 CHAMBERS Cycl. Supp., Rat-tailed 'worms, in natural
history, a species of fly-worms; with long tails, resembling
those of rats. 1768 AKSCOTT in Pennant Brit. Zool. (1776)
III. 335 Blowing flies and humble bees that come from the
rat-tailed maggot. [In Polwhele's Devon (1793) I. innate,
1 rat-tail maggot '.) 1836-9 TodfsCycl. Anal. II. 874/1 The
rat-tailed larva of Eristalis tenax.
c. spec, in the names of certain animals.
Rat-taiUd Kangaroo (see quot. 1846). Rat-tailed serpent,
an American viper (.Bothrops lanceolatus). Rat-tailed
shrew, the Musk-rat. Rat-tailed snake, the Fer-de-lance.
1846 WATERHOUSE Nat. Hist. Mamm. I. 224 Hypsipryin-
nus Mitrinus, Rat-tailed Hypsiprymnus, or Rat- Kangaroo.
Ibid., Index, Rat-tailed Rat-Kangaroo. 1854 DAVY West
Indies 273 [St. Lucia] possesses Tjesides several kinds of
harmless snakes, one that is poisonous, the rat-tailed snake.
1871 KINGSLEV At Last ii, We were, .anxious to obtain at
St. Lucia specimens of that abominable reptile, the Fer-de-
lance, or rat-tailed snake. 1884 Casselts Nat. Hist. I. 178
The Rat-tailed Shrew.
2. Of a spoon : Having a tail-like prolongation .
of the handle along the back of the bowl.
1881 Miss BRADDON Asphodel III. 21 The slender little
rat-tailed spoons.
Rattan,ratan(ratK-n),^.l Also7rat(t)oon,
8 rat-tan, [var. ROTANG, a. Malay ^^ rotait,
app. for rautan, f. rdut to pare, trim, strip.]
1. a. One of several species of the genus Calamus,
climbing palms growing chiefly in the East Indies,
on the mainland and the islands, and to a small
extent in Africa and Australia, and notable for
their long thin jointed and pliable stems ; also,
a plant belonging to one of these species, b. =
Ground rattan (see GKOUND s6, 18 c).
1681 R. KNOX Hist. Ceylon 17 Rattans grow in great
abundance upon this Island. 1777 MILLER in Phil. Trans.
LXV1II. 177 Precipices, .so steep that we could only draw
ourselves up . . by a rattan. 1813 SIR H. DAVY Agric. Client.
(1814) 57 In the rattan, the Epidermis of which contains a
sufficient quantity of flint to give light when struck by steel.
1860 GOSSE Rom. Nat. Hist. 129 These ratans form a tribe
of plants . . which, though they resemble grasses or reeds
in their appearance, are true trees of the palm kind.
2. A portion of the stem of a rattan, used for
various purposes (cf. quots.).
1681 R. KNOX Hist. Ceylon S6 Every thing . . is tyed with
rattans and other strings. 1698 FRYER Ace. E. India fy P.
17 A shady Contrivance, . . on the upper end of which sits
the Master of the Family on a Bed of Rattans, a kind of
Cane. 1796 tr. T/wiiterg's C. of Good Hope in Pinkerton
(1814) XVI. 13 Small ratans. .fastened together with cotton-
thread, so as to form an arch or a vaulted roof over the
tomb. 1817 RAFFLES Java I. 42 The rattans, .of Java are
on the whole inferior to those of Sumatra and Borneo. 1870
YEATS Nat. Hist. Coinm. 252 These palms yield the canes
or rattans of commerce.
b. esp. A switch or stick of rattan, used for
beating a person or thing, or for carrying in the
hand.
i6«o PKI-YS Diary 13 Sept., Mr. Hawley did give me a
little black rattoon, pamled and gilt. 1663 SIR T. HERBERT
/mz'. (1677) 90 He .. was chabuck't upon the soles of his
;et with rattans. 1761 Ann. Reg. 185 Striking him with a
rattan, at grumbling to do his duty. 1786 Lounger (1787)
m
II. 196 When I meet a gentleman I must, .flourish myrattaa,
to show my shapes. 1806-7 J- BERESFORU Miseries Hutu.
Life (1826) xix. xviii. 229 A clothes-horse with a great-coat
stretched out upon it, just ready for the rattan. 1858 CAR-
LVLE Fredk. Gt. vi. vi. (1872) II. 196 Fritz he often enough
beats, gives a slap to with his rattan.
3. Without article, as a material.
1748 Anson's Voy. in, x. 415 Each mast has only two
shrouds made of twisted rattan. 1779 FORREST Voy. N.
Guinea 106 The bow is generally of bamboo, and the string
of split ratan. 1884 Sunday at Home June 397/2 These
huts, .are built of bamboos, .tied with rattan.
4. attrib.) as rattan bate, cable, cane , palm , stick.
1800 Asiat. Ann. Reg.) Misc. Tracts 216/1 The nutmegs
are . . packed up in *rattan bales. 1779 FORREST Voy. N.
Guinea 56 A wooden anchor, and *rattan cable, which by
floating, made an excellent warp. 1681 tr. Willis,' Remg.
Meet. Wits. Vocab. s.v. Internodia^ the spaces in a *Ratoon
Cane between the joynts or knots. 1704 Land. Gaz. No.
4054/6, 143 Bundles of Rattan Canes. 1753 CHAMBERS Cycl.
Supp. s.v. Cane, Canes make a considerable article in com-
merce. There are imported two sorts, viz. walking and rattan
canes. 1870 KINGSLEY in Gd. Words June 389/1 ' Calamus
rotangi ' from the East, of which rattan canes are made.
1846 LINDLEY Vcget. Kingd. 135 The *Rattan Palms . . are
described as inhabitants of dense forests. 1854 HOOKEK
Hinifil. Jrnls. I. vi. 145 Bound tightly together by strips
of rattan palm stem. 1836 DICKENS Pickw. xix, A thick
*rattan stick with a brass ferrule.
Hence Batta-n v,, trans, to fit with rattans ;
f Ratta'ner nonce-wd^ one who wields a rattan.
1816 'Quiz' Grand Master vir. 168 [He] then to teach
him better manners, Converts the hammals to rattan-ers.
1895 J. M. WALSH Tea 67 The chest . . [is] nailed, clamped,
matted and rattaned.
Rattan (ratre-n), sbZ Also 8 ratan. [Echoic.]
= RATAPLAN.
1787 BURNS Let. Dr. Moore Wks. (Globe) 341, I did not
know ..why my pulse beat such a furious ratan. 1844
AINSWORTH St. James \. v. 136 Their ears were saluted
with the loud rattan of a drum.
Rattan, obs. form of RATTEN v.
Rattany, variant of RHATANY.
fRattar. Obs. rare. A sieve used in gold-
washing. Also rattar-work.
1683 PETTOS Fleta Mitt. i. 104 There must, .be made of
Brass Wire a Rattar or Seeve as wide or narrow as the
Work requireth. . .The bigness of the Rattar is to be seven
spans long. Ibid. 107 The before described Rattar-work.
Rattaree : see RAHDAREE.
Rat-tat (rae'tjtae't), sb. [Echoic.] A sharp
rapping sound, esp. of a knock at a door.
1774 T. HUTCHINSOM Diary 3 Nov. I. 277 A violent rat-tat
at the door made us jump. 1840-1 S. WARREN Ten Thou~
sand a Year (ed. Warne) 87/2 A few moments before the
postman's rat-tat was heard. 1870 Miss BRIDG.MAN R. Lynne
II. xi. 226 There came a soft little rat-tat at the street-door.
b. Used imitatively with vbs.
a 1845 HOOD Double Knock i, Rat-tat it went upon the
lion's chin, c 1860 LOWELL Pict.fr, Afipledore H, A breeze . .
playing rat-tat With the bow of the ribbon round your hat.
So Rat-tat-tat, etc.
1779 MAD. D'ARBLAY Diary Jan. (1842) I. 183 A rat-tat-
tat -tat ensued, and the Karl of Harcourt was announced.
1811 Sporting Mag. XXXVII. 75 Coaches frequently drew
up, with rat, tat, rat, tattere tat tat ! 1843 DICKENS Mart.
Cnnz. xxv, A low melodious hammer, rat, tat, tat, tat. 1877
SPURGEON Sewn, XXIII. 43 The man that can. -give a good
rat-tat-tat, and feel that he will be welcome.
Hence f Hattatattatory a. \ Bat-tattooing.
1709 E. WARD tr. Cervantes p. viii, All the rattles in
Bartholomew- Fair had been loudly conducing to the Ratta-
tattatory Harmony, c 1852 THACKERAY Yankee Volunteers
Misc. (1857) I. 50 Drummer making din .. With thy rat-
tattooing.
Ratte, obs. form of RAT, RATE jtf.1
t Ra'tted, ///. al Obs. rare-'1, [f. RAT sb? +
-ED 2.] Ragged, torn.
13.. E. E. Allit. P, B. 144 How was bou hardy bis hous..
[to] ne}e, In on so ratted a robe £ rent at the sydez ?
f Ra-tted, ///. a2 Obs. rare-1, [f. RAT $b$
or s>.3 + -ED 2.] Exposed on a wheel.
1483 CAXTON Gold. Leg. 139/4 Al the hodyes that were
dampned to dethe that he coude fynde in townes and citees
hanged & ratted.
Ratteen l (ratrn). Also 7-8 ratine, 8 ratin,
8-9 rateen. [ad. F. ratine (1642), of unknown
origin.] A thick twilled woollen cloth, usually
friezed or with a curled nap, but sometimes dressed j
a frieze or drugget. Now only Hist.
1685 Lond. Gaz. No. 2042/4 A . . Cloak Lined with a Scarlet
Ratteen. 1721 SWIFT Epilogue Wks. 1755 III. 11. 182
We'll rig in Meath-street Egypt's haughty queen, And
Anthony shall court her in ratteen. 1711 C. KING Brit.
Merck. II. 114 Cloths, Ratines, and Serges. 1785 G. A.
BELLAMY Apol.^ etc. III. 49, I recommended him to have
a brown rateen, which at that time was much wore. 1809
MAI-KIN Gil Bias x. x. F 12 A cushion of ratteen under
my head, and a coverlet over me of the same stuff. 1850
W. IRVING Goldsmith xxv. 256 A half-dress suit of ratteen,
lined with satin.
attrib. 1755 Meat. Capt. P. Drake I. vi. 42, I had a
Ratteen Coat that I brought from Dublin.
b. A piece of ratteen.
1706 Lond. Gaz. No. 4218/3, 4 Ratteens, which make out
1028 Auns, and 5 Auns of Shalloon.
Ratteen-. rare~\ (See quot.)
1847 SMEATON Builder's Man. 84 There is another kind of
mahogany, known by the name of Ratteen, which is often
employed for panels, as its dimensions are large enough to
prevent jointing.
Rattel(l, obs. forms of RATTLE.
RATTLE.
Ratten (rse-t'n), v. Also ratton, -tan. [Of
obscure origin : connexion with ratten RATTON sb.
has been suggested, but is not clear. The vbl. sb. is
recorded earlier, and is more frequently used than
the vb.] a. trans. To molest (a workman or
employer) by rattening. b. intr. To practise
rattening. Hence Ra'ttener, one who rattens.
1867 Morning Star 15 July, I have heard of another
[workman] who disposed of a rattener . . and was never rat-
tened afterwards. 1870 READE Put yourself^ etc. II. 201
My cousin Godby, that has a waterwheel, was rattened,
by his scythe-blades being flung in the dam. Ibid. 311
That sense of security which ratteners had enjoyed for
many years.
Ratten, variant of RATTON, rat.
Ratten-, Ratting-crook, varr. R ACKAN-CROOK.
1665 BRATHWAIT Two Tales Chaucer 135 Having laid
his Heel on the Ratting Crook, to pass the Winter-night
away. 1785 HUTTON Bran New Wark (E. D. S.) 380 A
seaty rattencreak hang dangling fra a black randle tree.
Ra'ttening, vbl. so. [See RATTEN v.} The
act or practice of abstracting tools, destroying
machinery or appliances, etc., as a means of enforc-
ing compliance with the rules of a trade-union, or of
venting spite. (Chiefly associated with Sheffield.)
Also transf.
1843 R- VAUGHAN Age Grf. Cities 292 The stone is made
steady upon its iron spindle by means of wedges, and rat-
taning consists in driving in one of these wedges so far as
slightly to crack the stone. 1870 READE Put yourself, etc.
II. 201 You must not construe this that I was any way
connected with the rattening. 1889 A. LANG Lost Leaders
204 If things go on as they are at present, perhaps we shall
hear of literary rattening and picketing.
attrib. 1861 Illnstr. Lond. Ntnvs 7 Dec. 576/3 Another
'rattening' attempt was made in Sheffield. 1880 Manch.
Guard. 30 Oct., The well known Sheffield rattening case.
Ratter (rce'tai). [f. RAT sb.1 and V.1 + -ER3.]
1. A ratcatcher ; a dog which catches rats.
1858 LEWIS in Youatt Dog ii." 54 The little Dane is often
a good ratter. 1887 Century Mag. Sept. 704/1 Against these
ravages the company supply a special guardian in the
person of the ratter.
2. One who 'rats*: a. One who deserts his
party, a renegade. = RAT sb.^ 40.
1834 MAR. EDCEWORTH Helen xxvii, In the famous old
print of the minister rat-catcher, .the ridicule on placemen
ratters remains. 1885 E. A. ABBOTT Bacon 8$ Tne Essay
on Faction is . . almost cynical in its suppression of resent-
ment against ratters and traitors.
to. A workman who refuses to join a strike, etc.
Battery (rse-teri). [f. RAT stl + -ERY.]
1. The qualities or conduct of a ratter; apostasy.
1822 SYD. SMITH Lett, ccvii. (1855) II. 226 The rattery and
scoundrelism of public life. 1832 J. WILSON in Blackw.
Mag. XXXII. 717, I can fancy him turning this rattery of
your Lordship's to some account.
2. A place where rats are kept or abound.
«i88o F. T. BUCKLAND Notes <$• Jottings (1882) 17 Our
excellent friend, .has set up a rattery.
Rattil(l, obs. forms of RATTLE.
Ra'ttinet. ? Obs. [f. F, ratine RATTEEN + -ET.]
A woollen stuff, somewhat thinner and lighter than
ratteen. 1833 in WEBSTER.
Batting (roe'tirj), vbl. sb. [f. RAT v.1 + -ING 1J
1. Desertion of one's party or principles. Also
with over,
1816 Edin. Rev. XXVI. 435 A minister of state suddenly
changed sides . . and the ratting . . became general. 18*7
CARLVLE in Froude Life (1882) I. 426 He characterises the
papers as a splendid instance of literary ratting. 1839
Times 10 Apr., A general ratting over of the Cabinet.
attrib. 1818 MOORE Fudge Fam. in Paris vi. 105 This
serves to nurse the ratting spirit ; The less the bribe, the
more the merit.
2. The catching or killing of rats.
1828 Sporting Mag. XXI. 399 Ratting, or any other school-
boy's mischief. 1881 G. ALLEN Eyolut. at Large xix, The
most tempting solicitations to ratting and rabbiting.
attrib. 1833 Boston Herald 22 May 3/3 Committed for..
maliciously stabbing, .with a ratting spear.
Ratting-crook : see RATTEN-CBOOK.
Rattish (rse-tif), a. [f. RAT sbl + -ISH *.]
1. Belonging to, lesembling (that of) a rat; in-
fested by rats.
iQaoLond. Gaz. No. 2571/4 A brown bay Gelding, .with. .
a Rattish Tayl. i8aa W. IRVING in Life $ Lett. ^64) II.
oq A huge old mansion, that .. is now rather rattish. 1899
if. PHILLI-OTTS Human Boy 123 His thin white face had
a rattish look sometimes.
2. Characteristic of a political * rat .
1840 Eraser's Mag. XXII. 636 Trimming, no doubt, and
rattish thy career.
Battle (rart'l), sb.l Also 6 rattell (Sc. -ill),
ratell, -ille, 6-7 ratle, 7 rat(t)el. [f. RATTLE v.
Cf. (in senses 1-3) Du. and LG. ratel, G. rassel.]
I. 1. An instrument used to make a rattling
noise, as : a. A case of some hard material contain-
ing small bodies which rattle when the instrument is
shaken. (Chiefly used as a child's toy.) b. An
instrument having a vibrating tongue fixed in a
frame, which slips over the teeth of a ratchet-wheel
with a loud noise when the instrument is whirled
round. (Formerly used by watchmen and others
to give an alarm.)
22-2
BATTLE.
1519 HORMAN Vulg. 147, 1 wyll bye a rattell to styll my
baby for cryenge. 1548 PATTEN Exped. Scotl. K viij, Great
rattcls. .coouered with old parchement or dooble papers,
small stones put in them lo make noys, and sel vpon Ihe
ende of a slaff. 1613 PUKCHAS Pilgrimage vill. vl. (1614)
764 All of them with Rallies in their bands making a
great noise. 1711 STEELE Spect. No. 258 F 4 An Enterlain-
mcnl very lillle above the Rallies of Children. 1791 WOL-
COTT (P. Pindar) Academic Ode Wks. 1812 II. 509 Thai
inslrument the Rattle, Thai draws Ihe hobbling brolher-
hood lo bailie. 1866 MRS. H. WOOD St. Martin * Eve xiv,
His next movement was to . . swing the watch round and
round afler the manner of a rattle.
transf.aa&jig. l6» MABBElr. Aleman's GuzmandAlf.
11.18, I had . . put into his head nothing but Hawkes-bells
and Rallies : All thai he looke delighl in were merry tales,
idle jests, and the like vanities. 1665 GLANVILL Scepsis
xxvii. 166 Opinions are the Rallies of immature inlellecls.
1758 H. WALPOLE Lett, to Manit a Sept. (1846) III. 388
A man at whom, in former days, I believe, Mr. Pitt has
laughed for loving such rattles as drums and trumpets.
t c. A dice-box. Ots.
a 173* GAY Fables H. xii. 39 When you the pilf 'ring ratlle
shake, Is not your honour too at stake? 1796 in Grose's
Diet. Vulg. Tongue (ed. 3).
2. a. A set of horny, loosely-connected rings
forming the termination of the tail in the rattle-
snake, by shaking which it produces a rattling
noise. Also //.
1624 CAPT. SMITH Virginia II. 30 Those Ratlels . . they
take from the taile of a snake, a 1704 T. BROWNE Martial
HI. xliv. 151 Not snake in tail that carries rattle. 1774
GOLDSM. Nat. Hist. (1776) VII. 211 A rallle-snake . . reared
up, bit his hand, and shook his rallies. 1860 O. W. HOLMES
Elsie V. xiii. (1891) 190 The long, loud, slinging whirr, as
the huge, .reptile shook his many-jointed rattle,
tb. //. Wattles. Obs. rare-*.
1611 COTGR., La barbe d'vn coy, a Cockes rattles, or
waddles.
3. Applied to certain plants having seeds which
rattle in their cases when ripe : a. Yellow rattle,
Rhinanthus Crista-galli «= COCK'S-COMB 5 a. b.
Red rattle, Pedicularis sylvatica = LOUSE-WOBT.
So Du. ratels, G. rassel. OE. hratele (glossing L. bu-
bonica, Wr.-Wiilcker 296/2) and hraetelwyrt (gl, hiero-
botonum 301/3) have been compared ; but the late appear-
ance of the stem of rattle in Eng. and the cognate languages
makes it probable that the resemblance is quite fortuitous.
1578 LYTE Dodoens iv. Ivi. 516 Yellow Rattel. 1611
COTGR., Creste au coq, ou, de cog, the hearbe coxcombe,
Pcnie-grasse, yellow and white Rattle. 1677 PLOT Oxfordsh.
255 Rallies they hand-weed as soon as in flower. 1748
SiRj. HILL Brit. Herbal 121 We confusedly call two genera
in English by the name of rattle, distinguishing Ihem only by
epithets taken from Ihe colour of Ihe flower inlo red and
yellow rallle. 1854 S. THOMSON Wild Ft. 111. (ed. 4) 209
We musl not overlook the yellow rattle. ., for ere long its
seeds will be rattling in its seed-vessel. 1880 JEFFERIES
Hodge tf M. II. 281 ' Rattles' and similar plants destructive
to the hay crop.
II. 4. A rapid succession of short sharp sounds,
caused by the concussion of hard bodies.
1500-20 DUNBAR Poems xxvii. 74 His harnass brak and
maid ane brallill, The sowtaris horss scart wilh Ihe rallill.
1695 PRIOR Ballad on Namur 102 The rallle Of those con-
founded drums. 1790 BURNS Ep. to R. Graham xii, As
Highland crags by ihunder cleft.. Hurl down with crash-
ing rattle, a 1806 HOKSLEY Serm. xxiii. II. 245 The sharp
ratlle of the whirling phaeton, and Ihe graver rumble
of Ihe loaded waggon. 1823 J. BADCOCK Dom. Amusem.
32 The bottom one . . makes a ratlle when hit with Ihe
knuckle. 1860 TYNDALL Glac. i. vii. 48 Sent bounding down
the slope with peal and ratlle.
b. trans/. Racket, uproar, noisy gaiety, stir.
1691 -T. H[ALE] Ace. New Invent, p. xxxiii, The great Con-
troversie about Easter, that heretofore put all Ihe World in
a rallle. a 1700 B. E. Diet. Cant. Crew s.v. Bustle, Whal
a Bustle you make 1 What a Hurry or Ratlle you Cause !
1742 YOUNG Nt. Th. v. 639 Think you the soul, when this
life's rallies cease, Has nothing of more manly to succeed ?
1750 JOHNSON Ratnbkr No. 74 F 10 She cannot bear a
place without some cheerfulness and ratlle. 1874 KINGSLEY
Lett. (1878) II. 424 New York was a great rallle, dining
and speechifying and being received.
c. A rattling sound in the throat, caused by
partial obstruction : see RALE, and death-rattle s.v.
DEATH 19. Also in//, (spec, as a popular name
for croup).
175* BERKELEY Th. Tar-mater Wks. III. 505 Persons
have been recovered by lar-waler after they had rallies in
the throal. i8ao EARL DUDLEY Lett. 3 Apr. (1840) 244 The
monarch is always immortal till the rattles are in his throal.
1848 LYTTON Harold v. v, Godwin .. Iried lo speak, bul his
voice died in a convulsive rallle. 1898 Allbutt's Syst.
Med. V. 142 The large coarse toneless rallies produced by
mucus and air in the trachea and larger bronchi.
d. A 'rattling' breeze.
1896 Daily News 10 July 3/6 They came rushing along
in a fine ratlle of wind.
5. a. Sc. and north. A rattling blow or shock.
163* LITHGOW Traz\ I. 33 The woman gaue Ihe Frier such
a raltle in the face. Ibid. iv. 154 Then hoysing him yp. .,
they let the rope flee loose, whence downe he falles, with a
rattle. 1806 BLACK Falls of Clyde 200 I'd gi'e 'm a ratlle,
I'd break his collar-bane wi' a plough patlle.
t b. A sharp reproof. Obs.
c 1650 HEVLIN Laud (1668) 257 Receiving such a rallle for
his former Contempt of Ihe Bishop of London. 1679 Hist.
Jetzer 17 At their return he gave them a round rattle, and
spared none of his course Eloquence lo tell Ihem their own.
1711 Brit. Apollo IV. No. 3. 1/2 My Wife has given me
such a Rallle, that another Peal will rattle all my Brains
out of my Head.
6. a. A noisy flow of words.
1627 HAKEWILL Apol. (J.), All this ado about the golden
172
age, is bul an emply rallle and frivolous conceit 1755
J. SHEBBEAKK Lydia (1769) II. 193 Whal a rallle of
words, wilhoul Ihe leasl feeling or sentiment, does this
letter conlain.
b. Without article : Lively talk or chatter of a
trivial kind.
1780 MAD. D'ARBLAY Diary May (1842) I. 374 And gay
enough we were, for Ihe careless rallle of Caplain Bourchier
[elc.]. 1813 J. ADAMS Wks. (1856) X. 86 If I am nol weary
of wriling, I am sure you musl be of reading such inco-
herent ratlle. 1890 F. W. ROBINSON Very Strange Fam.
112 One is not called upon to repeat all the ratlle and tattle
that one hears.
7. A constant chatterer ; one who talks incessantly
in a lively or thoughtless fashion.
1744 ELIZA HEYWOOD Female Spect. No. 4 (1748) I. 167
Neither this old ratlle.. nor many others who act in the
same manner, ever did a real hurt to any one. 1809 MALKIH
Cil Bias X. x. P 43, I paid so little attention lo the talk
of this ratlle. 1859 JKPHSON Brittany ix. 147 My com-
panion lurned oul lo be a lively amusing raltle.
8. U.S. Used as a mild expletive.
1790 R. TYLER Contrast v. L (1887) 88 But what the rattle
makes you look so lar nation glum?
f 9. Slang. A coach. = RATTLEB 2 b. Obs.
1785 in GROSE Diet, Vulg. Tongue.
1O. attrib. and Comb., (in some cases perh. the
verbal stem) as rattle-baby, a rattling &o\\,jig. a
young child; rattle-barrel, a tumbling box for
castings, to remove sand, etc. (Knight Did. Mech.
1875) ; rattle-bladder, a bladder containing peas,
pebbles, or the like, used as a rattle (in quot. _/!#•.) ;
rattle-bones = BONE sb. 5 b//. ; rattle-box, (a) a
rattle in the form of a box or case ; (£) — RATTLE 3 ;
(c) a species of rattlewort (Crotalaria sagittalis) ;
rattle-broom, a species of rattlewort (see quot.) ;
rattle-bush, a West Indian plant (Crotalaria in-
caita) ; rattle-clap, a rattle; rattle-gourd, a primi-
tive musical instrument (cf. rattle-box quot. 1884) ;
rattle-grass = RATTLE 3 ; rattle-jack, (a) shaly
coal; (*)= RATTLE 33; t rattle-man, a watch-
man provided with a rattle; f rattle-noddled a.
— RATTLE-HEADED a. ; rattle-note, a rattling note ;
rattle-skull dial. = RATTLE-HEAD ; hence rattle-
skulled adj. ; f rattle-watch, (see quot. for rattle-
man) ; rattle-weed, (a) U. S., loco-weed, Loco 2 ;
(b) dial. Bladder Campion (Wiltsh. Gloss. 1893);
rattle-wing(s, the Golden-eyed Duck, Clangula
glaucia; rattle-wort, the genus Croialaria(Treas.
Bot. 1 866% Also RATTLE-BAG, -BRAIN, -HEAD, etc.
1 60 1 indPt. Return Parnass. I. ii. 155 What new paper
hobby horses, what "ratlle babies are come out in your late
May morrice daunce. 1636 HEYWOOD Loves Mistress i.
Wits. 1874 V. 78 Fine little rattle-babies, scarce Ihus high,
Are now call'd wives. 1548 PATTEN Exped. Scotl. PreC c ill],
Our consciences, now quite vnclogd from the fear of his
vaine lerriculaments and "rallelbladders. 1809 W. IRVING
Knukero. (i860 131 A full band of boys.. performing on
Ihe popular inslrumenls of *raltle-bones and clam-shells.
1780 JOHNSON in Croker's Boswell (1831) IV. 390 There
certainly is no harm in a fellow's rattling a "ratlle-box. 1866
Treas. Bot. 961/1 Ratlle-box, Rhinanlhus Crista galll ; also
an American name for Crotalaria. 1884 F. CARPENTER
Roundabout Rio iii. 33 A kind of a rallle-box produced by
the clashing of a pint of beans within a dry gourd. 1711
Phil. Trans. XXVII. 347 Lupine-leaved Malabar Croto-
laria, or 'Rattle-broom. 1750 HUGHES Barbados 212 The
inclosed Peas, when ripe, make a Ratlling Noise when
shaken by Ihe Wind. From hence they derive the Name of
•Rattle-Bush, or Shake-Shake. 1879 BARON EGGERS Flora
St. Croix 41 Leguminosx . . Rattle-bush. 1860 PIESSE Lab.
Cheiu. Wonders p. viii, He may have been only a scarecrow
or *ratlle-clap. 1791 W. BARTRAM Carolina 505 The tam-
bour, "ratile-gourd, and a kind of flule. 1578 LYTE Dodoens
iv. Ivi. 515 "Rauel grasse. . beareth redde flowers, and leaues
jack, a plant, . . in some parts called cock's-comb, and yellow-
rattle. 1883 GRESLEY Gloss. Coal-mining ^200 Rattle-Jack,
carbonaceous shale. 1885 Daily Tel. at Jan. 3/3 To burn
in the fireplace some coke or rattlejacks. 1689 in Ann.
Albany (1850) II. no Zacharias Sichells, 'ralel man de-
syres he may have payment, .due to him for his service as
ratel watch. 1661 K. W. Con/. Characl.. Informer ^(1860)47
Heesa..*rattlenodled, large-lugg'd eagle-ey'd hircocervus.
1851 G. MEREDITH Love vi the Valley v, His *rattle-nole
unvaried,.. spins the brown eve-jar. 1715 RAMSAY Gentle
Sheph. i. ii, How can ye loe that "rattle-skull? 1788
SHIRREFS Poems (1790) 86 Some ratlle-scull .. like Geordy
Will. 1887 J. Chesh. Gloss., Rattle-skull, a talkalive
person; a challer-box. 1805 SCOTT Let. to Miss Setvard in
Lockhart, A "rallle-skulled half lawyer, half sporlsman.
1883 Harper '* Mag. Mar. 503/1 The loco, or *rallle-weed,
mel wilh also in California, drives Ihem raving crazy. 1843
YARRELL Brit. Birds III. 274 The boal-shoolers [near Yar-
moulh]..are well acquainted wilh Ihe Golden Eye, or
"Rattle-wings, as Ihey call it.
t Battle, i*.2 Obs. rare-". A kind of fishing-
net Also rattle-net.
'753 CHAMBERS Cycl. Stipp., Wolf-net, a kind of net used
in fishing, .in livers and ponds, .. of the nature of the rattle,
excepting only the wanting the four Wings. Ibid. App.,
Rattle-net.
t Battle, a. 06s.-1 [App. f. RATTLE rf.i or
r.1, but possibly an error for racle RACKLE a.}
Rattling (in speech), voluble.
1541 HYRDE tr. Vives' Instr. Chr. Worn. it. v. 87 b, The
cause why many women be ralle of tongc, is bycause they
can nat rule their mindus.
BATTLE.
Battle (ne't'l),f.1 Forms: 4 ratellen, ratil-,
ratyl,(s -ylle),4-s ratel(en), 4-8 ratl-,(7ratle) ;
5 rattyll(e, 6 rattell, -il, Sc. -ill, 6- rattle. [ME.
ratelen = (M)Du., LG. ratelen, G. rassiln, prob. of
echoic origin : cf. Gr. Kp6ra\ov a clapper, xporttv to
rattle, itpoTos rattling noise.
On OE. hratele, hrxtel, see note to RATTLE si.1 3.]
I. inlr. 1. Of things : To give out a rapid
succession of short sharp sounds, usually in con-
sequence of rapid agitation and of striking against
each other or against some hard dry body.
c 1330 A rth. f; Mcrl. 7848 (Kolbing) pair gilt pensel wib
)>e winde Mirie railed of cendel Ynde. <i 1400 Pol. Rel. f,
L. Poems (E. E. T. S.) 250/6 pin telh ratilet, And bin bond
quaket. c 1470 Got. 4- Gaw. 691 Ryngis of rank sleill ratt illit.
1508 DUNBAK Flyting 180 Thy rigbane rallilis, and thy
ribbis on raw. 1535 COVERDALE Jer. xlviii. 12 Hir tankerdes
rattell, and shake to and fro. 1697 DRYDEN Virg. Ceorg.
m. 342 The Forrest rattles, and the Rocks rebound. 1781
COWPEK J. Gilpin 43 The stones did rattle underneath.
a 1839 PRAED Poems (1864) II. 399 The canvas rattled on the
mast. 1861 Miss PRATT Flower. PI. III. 68 Its dead slalks
rattle in the wind.
trans/. 1682 DKYDEN/UJ. * Achlt. II. 420 He . . faggoted
his notions as they fell, And, if they rhymed and rattled, all
was well.
b. Of sounds having this character.
1587 FLEMING Cont>i.ff<i{insAe<nU. 1288/1 The acclama-
tions and cries of thepeople . . ratted so lowd. 1697 DRVDEN
Virg. Georg. ill. 408 Rowling Thunder rattl'd o'er his Head.
1719 DE FOE Crusoe n. iv, The echoes rattling from one
side to another. 1801 Med. Jrnl. V. 491 Her respiration
rattling like that of an apoplectic person. 1830 LVTTON
P. Clifford i. Her voice, .rattled indistinctly, and almost
died within her. 1865 KIKGSLEV Herew. xiii, With a blow
which rattled over the fen.
c. Of places : To resound, be filled, with a noise
of this kind.
1622 J. REYNOLDS Gad's Revenge n. ix. (1635) 163 The
City. . ratlleth and resoundeth of this cruell and unnatural!
Murlher. Ibid. in. xii. 227 Millan ratleth with the newes
of Baretano's bloody and vntimely end. 1855 KINGSLEY
Heroes, Theseus 11. 165 When he saw Theseus he rose, and
laughed till the glens rattled.
d. Of an agent: To produce a succession of
sharp sounds by striking or knocking on some-
thing, or by causing hard bodies to strike against
each other.
1676 HOUSES Iliad(\(fii) 135 Then came his father rattling
at his door. 1714 ADDISOH Drummer i. i, He railed so
loud under the tiles. 1716-46 THOMSON Winter 93 The
storm thai blows Without, and rattles on bis humble roof.
1781 COWPER Hope 77 Till half ibe world comes ratlling at
his door. 1851 MRS. STOWE Uncle Tom's C, xvi. 148 She
rattled away with her needles.
e. trans/, in Shoe-making : (see quot.).
1840 J. DEVLIN Shoemaker I. 51 So that the stitches . . may
rattle, as it is called, or distinctly shew themselves to Ihe
eye of the spectator.
2. To produce an involuntary sound of this kind,
tip. in the throat ; t to stutter.
1398 TREVISA Earth. De P. K. v. xxi. (Bodl. MS.) nb,
Superfluyte of moisture is cause whiche somme men raleleb,
bat mowe not soune alle letleres. 1483 Calk. Angl. 300/2
Ralylle, travlare. 1589 W. RIDER BMioth. Schol. s.v.. He
that ratllelh in the throatc or cannot scarce vtter his words,
traulus. 1619 R. BEST Treat. Hawltes (1890) 86 Vpon any
bate she [the hawk] wil heaue and blow, and rattle in Ihe
throal. I7»l BAILEY, To Rattle in the Sheath [spoken of
a Horse] is when he makes a Noise in the skinny Part of
his Yard. 1753 N. TORRIANO Gangr. Sore Throat 5 Her
Voice was much interrupted, and she rattled .. in her
Breath, a 1776 R. JAMES Dissert. Fevers (1778) 23 At this
time he rattled in the throat.
tb. Of a goat: (see quot. 1678). Obs.
1575 TURBERV. K<wr«238ARowebelleih: a Gote rattleth.
1678 PHILLIPS (ed. 4), To Ratle, in Hunting, a Goat is said
when she cries or makes a noise, through desire of copula-
tion. 1688 R. HOLME Armoury ir. 134/1 A Goat Rattleth,
or Rotteleih. [a 1700 in DM. Cant. Crew. 1711 in
BAILEY]
3. To talk rapidly in a thoughtless, noisy, or lively
manner ; to chatter. Also, to scold at (t rail on)
in this manner.
1594 NASHE Utifort. Tra-v. Wks. (Grosart) V. 33 To the
Enemie he wenl and offered hisseruice, railing egregiously
on Ihe king. 1715 J. CHAPPELOW R t. way togtt Rich (1717)
163 They shall not ihen roar and rattle in Ihe taverns.
1806-7 J- BERESFORU Miseries Hum. Life (Ifftflxn. Concl.
313 The frothiest coxcomb that ever rallied in a ball-room.
1885 G. MEREDITH Dianax\\, I rallied al her : and oh I dear
me, she . . defies me to prove. 1889 Boy's OVM Paper 17
Aug. 730/2 How we chaltered and rattled, and bandied the
stalest chaff.
redupl. 1885 G. MEREDITH Diana xiv, Because a woman
.. would rattle-rattle, as if the laughter of the company
were her due.
b. So with advbs., as on, away, along.
•773 GOLDSM. Stoops to Conquer n. i, A resolution to break
the ice, and rattle away at any rate. 178* MAD. D'ARBLAY
Diary 4 Nov. , Dr. Johnson . . went ratlling on in a humorous
sort of comparison he was drawing of himself. 1838 LVTTON
Alice v. v, I ratlle on thus lo keep up your spirits. Ibid.
vi. iv, Vargrave thus rattled away in order to give the good
banker to understand [etc.]. 1887 HALL CAINE Son of
Hagar II. xi, Paul Ritson rallied along with cheerful talk,
t e. To rattle it out, to declaim vigorously.
1709 SWIFT Adyancem. Relig. Wks. 1755 II. I. 118 He
rattles it out against popery and arbitrary power.
4. To move, fall, etc. rapidly and with a rattling
noise. Usually with advbs. as along, by, in, out,
or prep, phrases, t Also with it.
BATTLE.
1555 tsee RATTLING vbl. sb\. ci6io COOKE Green's Tu
qjtoqite C iv, In silkes I'l rattle it of every colour. 1697
DRYIJEN Virg. Gcorg. i. 161 Huge Torrents . . ratling down
the Rocks, large moisture yield. 1750 GRAY LffMf Story do
Upstairs in a whirlwind rattle. 1705-7 SOUTHEY Widowin^
Fast o'er the heath a chariot rattled by her. 1816 BYRON
Ch. Har. HI. xxii, The car rattling o'er the stony street.
1830 LYTTON P. Clifford i, A violent gush of wind . . rattling
along the housetops. 1871 L. STEPHEN Playgr. Eur. (1894)
vii. 159 A violent hailstorm rattled down.
b. To drive in a rapid rattling fashion.
1838 STEPHEN Trav. Greece 32/1 The pope and his car-
dinals, with their gaudy equipages and multitudes of foot-
men rattling to the Vatican. 1840 THACKERAY Catherine \\t
All. .entered the coach, and rattled off. 1874 LADY BARKER
Station Life W, Zealand iii. 20 We were soon rattling along
the Sumner Road by the sea-shore.
c. dial, and slang: To make haste, to hurry off^
to work briskly.
a 1700 B. E. Diet. Cant, Crew, To Rattle* to move off, or
be gone. 1821 CLARE Vill. Minstr. I. 33 Milkmaids and
clowns . . rattle off, like hogs to London mart. 1877 Holder-
ness Gloss., Rattle-away^ to hasten along ; to go quickly.
1883 GRESLEY Gloss. Coal-mining 200 Rattle > to work
(drive Into or sink through) with great vigour and energy.
II. trans. 5. To make (a thing or things) rattle.
1560 DA us tr. Sleidane's Comni. 232 b, Whan a man doeth
rattle or shake together a number of dead mens bones. 1593
G. HARVEY New Lett. Wks. (Grosart) I. 283 Yet I may
chaunce rattle him, like a baby of pachment. 1785 BURNS
Jolly Beggars Air ii, To rattle the thundering drum
was his trade. 1828 CARLYLE Misc. (1857) I. 81 To rattle
his chains by way of lullaby. 1881 RITA My Lady Coquette
i, She begins with nervous haste to rattle the teacups and
arrange the plates.
f b. To assail with a rattling noise, rare**-.
1595 SHAKS. John v. ii. 172 Sound but another [drum] and
another shall (As lowd as thine), rattle the Welkins eare.
C. To drive away or out with rattling, rare.
1612 BACON Henry VII 31 Hee should bee well enough
able to., rattle away this Swarme of Bees, with their King.
i7ii Brit. Apollo IV. No. 3. 1/2 Another Peal will rattle
all my Brains out of my Head.
6. To say or utter in a rapid or lively manner.
Also with off, out advbs., on prep.
c 1380 WYCLIF Wks. (1880) 274 perfore f>ei ratellen |>at it is
ajenst charite to tellen opynly here cursed disceitis & synnes.
1401 Pol. Poems (Rolls) 11.64 Thou ratellst many thinges,
bot grounde hast thou non. 1553 T. WILSON Rhet. (1580)
223 An other rattles his woordes. 1685 COTTON tr. Mon-
taigne (1877) I. 75 It amuses me to rattle in their ears this
word. 1785 BURNS Death $ Dr. Hornbook xx. Their Latin
names as fast he rattles As ABC. 1808 SOUTHEV Let.
20 May, Rhyme must be rattled upon rhyme, till the reader
is half dizzy with the thundering echo. 1858 LYTTON What
ivill He do u. xi, Lionel rattled out gay anecdotes of his
schooldays. 1890 'R. BOLDREWOOD' Col. Reformer (1891)
321 In his revulsion of feeling [he] rattled off these
greeting-;.
fb. To give out (a rattling sound). rare"~l,
1582 STANYHURST SEneis u. (Arb.) 53 Thee towns men
roared, thee trump taratantara ratted.
c. To play (music) in a rattling fashion. Also
with away, off.
1848 THACKERAY Van. Fair xlvi'ii, Sitting down to the
piano, she rattled away a triumphant voluntary on the keys.
1851 MRS. STOWE Uncle Tom's C. xvi. 149 He sat down
to the piano, and rattled a lively piece of music. 1853
DICKENS Bleak Ho. II. vii. 101 [She] sat down at a little
jingling square piano, and really rattled off a quadrille.
t 7. To scold, rate, or rail at, volubly. Obs.
Common c 1580-1730 ; in earliest examples with up (see bX
1577 HAK.MER Anc. Eccl. Hist. (1619) 373 For which
doctrine . . yet was he railed of Sisimus the Novatian bishop.
1600 ABBOT Exf, Jonah 68 He so rebuketh Jonas, and ratleth
him for his drowsinesse. 1667 PEPYS Diary 9 Aug., I did
soundly rattle him for neglecting her so much as he has \
done. 1710 S. PALMER Proverbs 70 A man's own friends j
will.. reprove, catechise, and rattle him at so severe a rate. '
»73<S [CHETwooDj Voy. Vaughan (1760) I. 132 My Uncle
perceiving his Behaviour, rattled him, in his merry Way.
t b. So with up or off. Obs.
1547 LATIMER in Foxe A. <J- &t. (1563) 1349/2 Peraduenture
ye wyll set penne to paper, and al to rattle me vp in a letter.
1560 DAUS tr. Sleidanc's Comm. 202 b, The diuines of
(Jollon assailed Bucer sore, and rattled hym vp with manye
opprobrious wordes. c 1650 HEYLIN Laud (1668) 263 The
King so rattled up the Bishop, that he was glad to make his
peace. 1709 HEARNE Collect, i Apr. (O. H. S ) II. 182 He
. .rattled him off for Printing the Book. 171* ARBUTHNOT
John Bull in, viii, She, that would sometime rattle off her
servants pretty sharply.
t C. With complement. Ofo.
1624 MASSINGER Parl. Love u. ii, Ser. Madam, I rattled
him, Rattled him home. Le. Rattle him hence, you rascal.
1669 PEPYS Diary 25 Mar., I did lay the law open to them, ''•
and rattle the master-attendants out of their wits almost.
17" DE FOE Relig. Conrtsh. i. iii. (1840) 89, I believe
I rattled her out of it when I came away.
8. To stir tip, rouse ; to make lively.
1781 D. WILLIAMS tr. Voltaire's Dram, ll'ks. II. 119
Come, let us away, to hasten his scrawling redundancies,
and rattle the old, plump gentleman. 1879 M<CARTHY Oivtt
Times I. xvi. 397 A timely philippic rattling upan exhausted
and disappointed House,
b. Sporting. To beat up or chase vigorously.
1829 Sorting Mag. XXIII. 303 A small covert close by
the kennel, being wtll lattled, the varmint broke away in
gallant style. 1860 WHYTE MELVILLE Mkt. Harb. 88 A fox
well rattled, up to the first check, huntsmen tell us, is as good
as half killed. 1878 E. W. L. DAVIES Mem. Rev. J. Russell
xi. 259 To rattle. .every stronghold visited by the foxes.
9. To rattU away, to lose by dicing. To raffle
off, to dispose of in a rapid manner.
1808 E. S. BARRETT Miss-led General 161 Another con. :
sizable eaUte, called WheatlandsjWas rattled away in one [
173
night. 1812 Blacttw. Map. XII. 47 Currently rattled off at
the Edinburgh book auctions.
1O. To impel, drive, drag, bring, etc., in a rapid
rattling manner. Freq. in recent use, esp. with
advbs. or preps.
18*5-8 CROKER fairy Legends 342 As bold a rider as
any Mallow boy that ever rattled a four-year-old upon
Urumrue race course. 1840 J. DEVLIN Shoemaker 10 The
sweep ascends to his task, rattles down the soot about our
feet. 1867 J. MACGREC.OR Voy. Alone (1868) 81 The anchor
was rattled up in a minute. 1880 MeCARTHV Own Times
III. 184 A Bill., was rattled, if we may use such an expres-
sion, through both Houses.
U. U.S. To shake the system of (a person), to
agitate, frighten, scare.
1887 Set. Amer. 12 Feb. 106 Girls of good physique .. are
much less liable to irritation and impatience, much less
liable to 'get rattled ', than those who are weak and ill.
1895 puling (U. S.) XXVI. 67/2 The previous long, un-
certain stalk had rattled me, but things were now all right.
i 1897 W. D. HOWF.LLS Landlord Lion's Hcadm, ' I won-
der^ if you'd really have the courage'. 'I don't think I'm
easily rattled '. * You mean that I'm trying to rattle you '.
Rattle (rart'l), v? Naut. [Back-formation
from rattling RATLIN(E, taken as a vbl. sb.] trans.
To furnish with ratlines. Usually with down.
1729 CAPT. W. WRIGLESWORTH MS. Log.bk. of the ' LyelV
i Sept., Set up the Shrouds in order for Rattling, and
Rattled the Mi/on and part of the Fore Shrouds. 1829
MARRYAT F. Mildtnay xvii, The men were ordered to rattle
the rigging down. 1840 R. H. DANA Bef. Mast viii. 17
Everything was set up taut, the lower rigging rattled down,
or rather rattled up, (according to the modern fashion).
Ra-ttle-bag. [f. RATTLE rf.i or z>.i]
a. A rattle in the form of a bag. Also transf.
b. atlrib. or as adj. Rattling ; reckless.
1583 GOLDING Calvin on Dent. xxiv. 140 Our dooings
which are no better than rattlebagges to please babes
withal). 1728 P. WALKER Life Peaen 81 There comes the
Devil's Rattle-bag, we do not want him here. 1824 SCOTT
Redgauntlct, let. xi, The Bishop's summoner, that they
called The Deil's Rattle-bag. 1886 ELWORTHY W. Son:.
IVord-bk., Rattle-Bag, wild; harum-scarum ; roystering ;
spendthrift. 1896 Daily Nems 4 May 5/6 Bicycles . . from
the days of the old rattlebag ' bone-shaker '.
Ra'ttle-brain. [f. RATTLE sb.'i or v.^}
1. An empty-headed noisy fellow.
1709 Rumbling Fuddle-Caps 8 Beholding the Rattle-
brains, marry thought I, I have heard of a Puppy put into
a Pye. 1823 DE QUINCEY King of Hayti Wks. 1859 XII.
46 He had taken down the conceit of the young rattle*
brain. 1850 EMERSON Repr. Men, Shaks. Wks. (Bohn) I.
352 A poet is no rattlebrain, saying what comes uppermost.
2. Headlong noisy behaviour.
1838 HAWTHORNE Amer. Note-tks. (1883) 195 There is
much exaggeration and rattle-brain about this fellow.
So Ba'ttle-brained a., characterized by foolish
noisy levity of chara'cter or conduct.
1716 ADDISON Freeholder No. 9 p 10 A story . . concern-
ing a rattle.brained young fellow. 1866 J. TIMHS Club Life
II. 172 The Golden Fleece Club, a rattle-brained society.
Rattled snake : see RATTLESNAKE.
t Rattle-gold. Sc. Obs. -l [a. obs. Du. ratel-
gaud(K\\.),t. ralelenio rattle; cf. Tin. klatergoud',
G. knitter-, rauschgold, etc.] Gold-leaf or tinsel.
1508 Accts. Lii. High Treasurer Scot. (1902) IV. 113
Item, to Pieris the payntour, for glew, Rattil gold, Varneyis,
..for the chappell.
Ra'ttle-nead. ? Oh. 1. = RATTLE-BBAIN i.
1641 _LAUD ll-'ks. (1857) VI, 163 If this world go on, the
dear sisters of these rattleheads will no longer keep silence
in their churches or conventicles, a 1670 HACKET Abp.
Williams i. (1692) 130 Many rattle-heads, as well as they,
did bestir them to gain-stand this match. 1713 C'TESS
WINCHELSEA Misc. Poems 126 No Cautions of a Matron,
old and sage, Young Rattlehead to Prudence could engage.
1788 STEVENS Ad-.: Speciilist II. 151 He was such a rattle,
head, so inconstant and so unthinking, that he affronted his
best friends.
f2. spec. A Cavalier (in contrast to a ROUND-
HEAD). 06s.
Perh. orig. in the same sense as prec., but commonly used
in reference to the long hair worn by the Cavaliers.
1641 Dial, betiu. Kattle-kead ty Round-head '6 To speak
my niinde of Rattleheads, Roundheads, Loggerheads, etc.
1643 PKYNNE (title) A Gagge for Long Haired Rattle Heads
who revile all civill Round Heads. 1649 Roxbnry Ch. Rec.
in Coffin Hist. Newbury (1845), Locks and long haire (now
in England called rattle heads'.
So Rattle-headed a. = RATTLE-BRAINED.
1647 Parlt. Ladies 3 The Rattle-headed Ladyes being
Assembled at Kates in the Covent-Garden. 1705 ROWE
Biter in. i, These Rattle-headed Young Fellows don't
know how to value a discreet elderly Passion. 1864 T.
NICHOLS 40 Yrs. Amer. Life II. xiii. 224 As lively, spark-
ling, amiable, and rattle-headed as she knew how to be.
Ra'ttle-inouse. [f. RATTLE si.1 or ».!]
1. A bat. 0/>s. exc. dial.
1589 PUTTENHAM Eng, J'ofsie II. xiii. [xviii.] (Arb.) 147
The tale of the Rattlemouse who.. excused himselfe for
that he was a foule and flew with winges. 1836 Zoologist
Sen I. XIV. 5216 Something alive was brought to me. .with
the enquiry whether I wanted a ' rattle-mouse '. I found
the mysterious stranger was a Serotine bat.
t 2. = RATEL 1. Obs.
Called Ratel-Maus by Kolbe, though he adds lhat the
Dutch name is simply Ratcl; his account of the habits of
the animal is very inaccurate.
1731 MEDLEY Koll'e's Cafe G. ffofc II. 124 There is
a creature pretty often seen in the Cape colonies, and
which the peopl« there call a Rnttle-Mou^e. . .With its tail. .
it makes now and then a rattling nuise, and thence it is
called the Rattle-mouse.
RATTLESNAKE.
Ra'ttle-pate. = RATTLE-HEAD i.
1643 PRYNNE Gag Long-haired Rattle-Heads L ii All
Rattle-pates who gainst Round-heads declaime. a 1700
B. E. Diet. Cant. Crew, Rattle-pate, a Hot, Maggot paled
fellow. 1819 in BROCKETT. 1857 KINCSLKY Two Y An
xi, Rattle-pate as I am, I forgot all about it.
So Ba ttle-pated = RATTLE-HEADED.
1633 PRYNNE Histrio-m. 993 The dissolutenesse of our
lascivious, impudent, rattle-pated gadding females. 1770
Sylfh I. 234 Your rattle-pated husband. 1814 SCOTT Wav
Ixin, The rattle-pated trick of a young Cantab. 1865
COLLINS Armadale u. xi, He is a rattle-pated young fool
Rattler (rje-tbi). [f. RATTLE vl + -EK t.]
1. t»- One who rattles out. fb. A stutterer.
Obs. c. = RATTLE sb.1 j.
c 1449 PECOCK Repr. i. xvi. 88 He is a greet and thikke
rateler out of textis of Holi Scripture. 1483 Ctith. Angl
300/2 Ratyller, travlus, 1836 T. HOOK G. Gurney III. 50
The volatile, gay, agreeable rattler of other days. 1879
G. MEREDITH Egoist xxxix, We have only to sharpen our
wits to trip your seductive rattler whenever . . we thinkproper.
2. A thing which rattles ; t a rattle.
'594 GREENE & LODGE Looking Gl. G.'s Wks. (Grosart)
XIV. 35 Her working-day words. .be ratlers like thunder
sir. 1648 GAGE ly'est Ind. xxi. (1635) =02 The noise of
Bels and ratlers to rouse up the drowsie Fryers. 1654
GAYTON Pleas. Notes ill. xi. 146 The murniurer, (The silver
rattler on the gravelly palh). 1822 SCOTT Pirate viii,
With slugs . . never gun shot closer. . . But . . the old rattler
will never do you the service she has done me.
b. slang. A (rattling) coach.
1630 J. TAYLOR (Water P.) [N.] If our hackney ratlers
were so drawne, With cords, or ropes, or halters, a 1700
B. E. Diet. Cant. Crew, Rattler, a Coach. 1753 Disc.
John Poulter (ed. 2) 34 Go three or four Miles out of
Town to meet the Rattlers, that is Coaches. 1819 Sporting
Mag. V. 123 The lads in their rattlers, heavy drags, and
tumblers. 1825 [see HACKNEY sb. 6 cj.
c. U.S. A rattlesnake.
1827 J. F. COOPER Prairie I. xvii. 249 The snakes of the
prairies are harmless, unless it be now and then an angered
rattler. 1884 J. G. BOURKE Snake Dance Maquis xiii. 147
He was holding in his hand the biggest snake in the whole
collection, a rattler not less than five feet long.
3. a. A sharp or severe blow, fall, storm, etc.
1812 Sporting Mag. XL. 66 Receiving a rattler in the
neck. 1827 /tii/. (N.S.) XXI. r45 He got one rattler when
I was in the country. 1858 ADM. HORNBY in A-utobiog.
(1896) 60 In the first watch we got a rattler, only got the
fore- and mizzen-top sails in in time to save them. 1865
DICKENS Mut. Fr. i. viii, I should have given him a rattler
for himself, if Mrs. Boffin hadn't thrown herself betwixt us.
b. A remarkably good horse.
1841 LYTTON Night 4- Meriting u. viii, I want a good
horse, .. Now then, out with your rattlers. 1860 WHYTE
MELVILLE Mkt. Harb. 127 If he can only jump.. and get
pretty quick over his fences, he ought to be a rattler.
C. dial. An arrant lie. (Cf. RAFFEK 3 a.)
1829 in BROCKETT. 1847- in HALLIWEI.L, etc.
4. techn. a. A hard, brittle, jet-like coal, usually
lying on the top of seams. Also//.
1821 CURWEN in Gill's Tech. Repository (1822) I. 210 Rattler,
which is a mixture of coal and schistus. Ibid., Rattler does
not fall, and is very light in comparison to its bulk. 1883
GRESLEY Gloss. Coal-mining 200.
b. A razor with a very thin blade. Also allrib.
1829 in BROCKETT. 1846 HOLTZAPFFEL Turning III. 1149
From the vibration to which they are liable when applied
to a strong beard, they are called by the Sheffield cutlers,
rattler razors.
Rattlesnake (rx-t'l^n^k). Also 8 rattled
snake, [f. RATTLE sb.1 or z/.l + SNAKE.] A venom-
ous American snake, having a series of horny rings
at the end of the tail which make a rattling noise
when the tail is vibrated.
1630 CApT.SMlTHJF/tt.(Arb.)955 Some [talk]ofthedanger of
1889 I.
ye first we had seen in all our journey. 1796 STEDMAN
Surinam II, xxiv. 105 The rattle-snake of Surinam is some-
times eight or nine feet long. 1860 GOSSE Rom. Nat. Hist.
264 The bite of the American rattlesnake has been known
to produce death in two minutes.
Jig. 1824 BYRON Def. Transf. i. ii. 290 There's a demon
In that fierce rattlesnake thy tongue.
attrib. 1885 C. F. HOLDER Marvels Anim. Life 125
Rattlesnake oil, which is believed to possess wonderful
curative powers. 1897 Allbutt's Syst. Med. II. 810 The
poisonous properties of rattlesnake venom.
b. Comb, in names of American plants, ,ns rattle-
snake-fern, a species of moonwort or grape-fern,
Botrychium virgtnianum ; rattlesnake-grass, a
kind of quaking-grass, Glyteria canadensis ; rattle-
snake-herb, the Bane-berry, Aclxa ritbra or alba,
and some other plants; rattlesnake('s) master,
the Button-snakeroot, Liatris scariosa or squarrosa,
and other plants; rattlesnake plantain, one of
three species of Goodyera, esp. G. pubescent ; rattle-
snake-root, (a) the root of a species of milkwort,
Polygala Senega (see SENEGA) ; (6) one of several
species of Prenanthes, esp. P. serfentaria ; rattle-
snake weed, (a) a species of Eryngium ; (i>) a
species of hawk-weed, IJifradion venosttm ; rattle-
snake-wort = rattlesnake root (a).
1845-50 MRS. LINCOLN Lect. Bot. 82/2 "Rattlesnake-fern.
1868 PAXTON Bot. Diet. 83/2 The largest of the American
kinds . . is named the rattlesnake fern, on account of its
generally being found where those reptiles abound. 1861
Miss PRATT Flo^ver, PI. I. 47 The tubers of an American
species [uf AaxuJ are considered an efficacious remedy for
RATTLESOME.
the wound inflicted by the bite of the rattle-snake ; hence
that plant is one of several which are known in America as
the 'Rattlesnake-Herb. 1846-50 A. WOOD Cia&s-bk. Bot.
536 *Rattlesnake Plantain. 1898 L. H. BAILEY Lessons
ivitk Plants 223 Among the better known plants which are
members of the Orchidacex are the . . rattlesnake plantain,
putty-root, and vanilla. i68a T. A. Carolina 11 They have
three sorts of the * Rattle-Snake Root which I have seen.
1760 J. LEE Introd. Bot. App. 324 Rattlesnake Root, Dr.
Witts, Prenant/ies. 1840 PEBEIFA Elem. Mat. Med. II.
1257 Senega or seneka root . . sometimes called the seneka*
snake-root, or the rattlesnake-root, is imported from the
United States in bales. 1760 J. LEE Introd. Bot. App. 324
*Rattlesnake Weed, Eryngiwn. 1861 N. A. WOODS Tour
Pr, Wales Canada 298 It is the rattlesnake weed, always
most plentiful where this deadly reptile abounds. 1782
Encycl. Brit. (ed. 2) IX. 6392/1 The seeds of the "rattle-
snake-wort seldom succeed.
Ra'ttlesome, a. [f. RATTLE z/.1] Rattly.
1876 BLACKMORE Crifip* xlix. The gate, which was quite
shaky and rattlesome in its joints.
Ra ttletrap, sb. and a. [f. RATTLE sb^ or v.1
+ TRAP j£]
A. sb. 1. //. Nick-nacks, trifles, odds and ends,
curiosities, small or worthless articles. Also sing,
of a single article of this kind.
1766 Goody Twp*Skots 11. (1881) 27 She used to go round
to teach the Children with these Rattle-traps in a Basket.
1785 in GROSE Diet. Vulgar Tongue. i8«o SCOTT Abbot
xix; Your other rattle-trap yonder at Avenel, which Mistress
Lihns bears about on her shoes in the guise of a pair of
shoe-buckles. 1878 M. C. JACKSON Chaperons Cares II. xi.
136 Rattletraps for the mantelpiece, gimcracks for the table.
2. A rattling, rickety coach or other vehicle.
iSai C'TESS BLESSINCTON Magic Lantern. 22 The shabby
rattle-trap is filled by a group that would require the pencil
of Hogarth to paint. 1861 f . F. TUCKBTT in Peaks, Passes
fy Glac. Ser. n. I. 304 At length .. we tore ourselves away,
and at eight entered our nondescript rattletrap.
3. Any rickety or shaky thing.
1833 M. SCOTT Tom CringU xviii, A rickety rattletrap of
a wooden ladder. 1857 TROLLOPE Barckester T. xxxv, He'd
destroy himself and me too, if I attempted to ride him at
such a rattle-trap as that. 1883 Harper's Mag. 884/1 The
steamer was an old rattletrap.
4. a. slang. The mouth.
1824 SCOTT Redgauntlet ch. xv, Shut your rattle-trap.
1886-7 in Cheshire glossaries.
b. = RATTLE sit.1 7.
1880 Life in Debtors Prison x, I see you're as great a
rattletrap as ever.
B. adj. Rickety, shaky.
1834 SIR F. HEAD Bubbles ofBrunnen 115, 1 ascended an
old rattle-trap staircase. 1891 ANNIE RITCHIE Rec. Tenny-
son, etc. in. i.\. 225 We started almost the next day in a
rattle-trap chaise.
Rattlin, variant of RATLINE.
Rattling (ne-tlirj), vbl. sb. [f. RATTLE v^ +
-ING !.] Tne action of the vb., in various senses.
1398 TREVISA Earth. De P, R. v. xxi. (Bodl. MS.), Rateling
men beb mosste ytake, for to moche moisture of suche men .
is cause of rattling. 1508 DUNBAR Flytingty* Ffor rerd of
the, and rattling of thy butis. 1555 W. WATREMAN Fardle
Facions 11. viit. 180 There is no glittering apparell, no ratte-
linge in sylkes. no rusteling in veluettes. 1656 Art if.
Handsom. 126 What is this but like the ratling of haile
upon tiles? ^1677 BARROW Strut. Wks. 1716 III. 32 The
ratling* of clamorous obloquy. 1753 RICHARDSON Grandisori
{ed. 7) I. 2 My Grandmother Selby. .is always pleased with
his rattling. 1779 BURKE Let. to Thomas £ur^AVfks. 1826
IX. 231 An obscure and feeble rattling in their throat. 1855
MACAULAY Hist. Eng. xxii. IV. 774 The rattling of dice . .
never ceased during the whole night.
Rattling (rse-tlirj), ///. a. [f. as prec. + -ING 2.]
1. That rattles, or makes a rattle. \ Rattling
baby = raltle-baby (see RATTLE sbj- 10).
1398 [see RATTLING vbL sb]. a 1400-50 Alexander 4531
A ratland ni;t ravyn is him to rent golden, c 1586 C'TESS
PEMBROKE Ps. LXXVII. xi, Thy voices thundring crash. .Did
..rattling horror rore. 1592 G. HARVEY Foure Lett. Wks.
(Grosart) I. 225 Yet neuer childe so delighted in his rat-
ling baby. 1646 SIR T. BROWNE Pseud. Ep. n. v. § g
Many sorts there are of this ratling Stone, beside the
Geodes. 1667 MILTON /*. L. vi. 546 Ratling storm of Arrows
barbd with fire. 1784 COWPER Task iv. 144 No rattling
wheels stop short before these gates. 1842 LEVER J. Hinton
vi, The infantry poured in a rattling roar of small arms.
2. Characterized by a rapid flow of words or
liveliness of manner.
1560 ROLLAND Crt. Venus in. 129 The ratland Rollis was
red vnto the end. 1590 SHAKS. Mids. N. v. 102 The ratling
tongue Of saucy and audacious eloquence. 1709 POFK£SS.
Crit. 628 Rattling nonsense in full vollies breaks. 1774
MAIX D'ARBLAY Early Diary 29 Sept., I have returned to
all my old original rattling spirits. 1883 F. M. CRAWFORD
Dr. Claudius vm. 137 Glad of the rattling talk that de-
livered them from the burden of saying anything especial,
t b. Full of scolding or reproof. Obs.
a 1700 DRYDEN Iliad i. 724 Thus turbulent in rattling tone
she spoke. 1874 GREEN Short Hist. vii. § z. 359 ' Rattling
letters ' from the council roused the lagging prelates.
3. Of persons ; Extremely lively in manners or
speech.
17*7 SWIFT TV a Young Lady, A tribe of bold, swagger-
ing, rattling ladies. 1780 MAD. D'ARBLAY Diary May (1843)
I. 365 He seemed a mighty rattling, harem-scarem gentle-
man, but talked so fluently [etc.]. i86a THACKERAY Philip
xl, She gives excellent dinners which jolly fogeys, rattling
bachelors, .frequent. 1880 M'CAHTHY Own. Times IV. xlviii.
21 A powerful speaker of the rattling declamatory kind.
4. Remarkably good, fine, fast, etc. (freq. with
more or less suggestion of the literal sense).
1690 DRYDEN Amphitryon n. ii. If Jupiter ever let thee
set fool in heaven, Juno will have a rattling second of
174
thee. 1768 STERNE Sent. Journ. (1778) I. 131 Postillion^
A good rattling gallop would have been of real service to
me. 1831 TRELAWNY Adv. Younger Son II. 209 Running
down with a rattling trade-wind. 1851 THACKKRAY Eng.
Hum. lii. (1876) 212 A gentleman of military appearance,
who . . has a rattling grey mare in the stables. 1874 LADY
HERBERT tr. Hubntr's RatnbU n. ii. (1878) 258 Off we went
at a rattling pace.
b. Extremely severe.
1861 WHYTE MELVILLE Mkt. Harb. 16 The limp . . had
been earned in a rattling fall over a turnpike-gate.
C. Adverbially with adjs. (esp. good) : Remark-
ably, extremely. Also with vbs. : Extremely well.
1829 T. C. CROKER Legends (1862) 242 A rattling fine
dinner we had of it. 1851 MAYHEW Land. Lab. I. 223/2
We had a fine * fake ', . . it sold rattling. 1877 BLACK Green
Past. L (1878) 6 A rattling good sort of a girl.
t5. slang or Cant (see quots.).
a 1700 B. E. Diet. Cant. Crew, Rattling-fovct a Coach-
man. Rattling Mumpers, such Beggars as Ply Coaches.
[17*5 New Cant. /'/< /., Such as run after, or ply Coaches.]
1754 Scoundrels Diet. 21 The rattling mumper broke the
rattling peeper [^'coach-glass'}.
Hence Ra'ttlingly adv. ; Ra'ttlinffness.
1824 Rlackw. Mag. XV. 101 [They] shake in skin as
rattlingly as they ere shook the castor. 1855 WISEMAN
Fabipla 220 The old capsararius, as he had had himself
rattlingly called in his anteposthumous inscription. 1869
Con temp. Rev. XI. 1 8 The general rattlingness of the
rhythmic movement.
Battling, variant of RATLIN (E.
Rattly (rsetli), a. [f. RATTLE z/.i + -Y '.] Of
the nature of rattling ; inclined to rattle.
1881 MRS. MOLESWORTH Adv. Herr Baby iv. 73 Baby was
very pleased to get. .out of rumbly, rattly noise. 1891 Miss
DOWIE Girl in Karp. 21 Their little long wooden carts,
light and rattly as possible.
Itatton (rse't'n). Now Sc. and north, dial.
Forms: 4-5 ratoun, 5 rat one, -un, 4-6 (9) rat on ;
6 Sf. ratto(u)ne, 7 ratlin, 6 Sf.t 7- ration, 8-
ratten, 8-9 rattan, [a. OF. ra/on, f. rat RAT so.1
Cf. Sp. raton, med.L. rato, ratotiis.] A rat.
1300-30 in Rel. Ant. II. 78 Wessele, rekeite. ratonz, raz.
molde warpes, tanpaines. 1377 LANGL. P. PI. B. Prol. 146
Wi}> bat ran bere a route of ratones . . And smale mys with
hem. c 1400 MAUNDEV. (Roxb.) xiv. 64 }>ai etc cattes and
hundes, ratouns and myesse. 1486 Bk. St. Atbans C j b,
The fleshe of a kydde .. and especial! Ratonys flesh. 155*
LYNDESAY Monarche 3985 Necessitie gart thame eit per-
for.sse Dog, Catt and Rattone. 1601 HOLLAND Pliny vm.
xxxvi. 216 At the first, they [bear-whelps] seeme to be a
lumpe of white flesh without all forme, little bigger than rat*
tons. 1617 BRATHWAIT Law o/Drinkingyi When I'm drunke
as any Kattin, Then I rap out nought but Lattin. 1785
BURNS Vision \. iii, I . . heard the restless rations squeak
About the riggin. 1849 C. BRONTE Shirley iii. 67 As much
better., as a bull's bellow than a ration's squeak. 1894
CROCKETT Raiders 59 A ration's bite's poisonous.
fig. 1387 TREVISA Higden (Rolls) V. 119 Spadones .. he
clepede. .ratouns of be paleys. a 1585 MONTGOMERY Flyt-
ing w. Polwart 288 Heavens rugand at that ration [a child],
1661 Sir A. Haslerigs Last Will Suppl. 6 The imaged
Tygre no sooner furrowed his Front, then ibis feverish
Ratoun let fall his Crest.
b. at t rib., as ration bane, fellt man. poison \
ratt on- bread, a poisoned paste for killing rats.
1544 PHAER Pestilence (1553) Kvij, *Ratten bane, or
other suche lyke kyndes of venymes. 1396 Whitby Abbey
Rolls (Whilby Gl.), For Sperstane and *Ratonbrede, is (xt.
1876 Whitby Gloss.>RattoH~breead. c 1400 Turnam. Totten-
ham 150 in Hazl. E. P. P. III. 89 Theire baner was ful
bry^t Off an olde *raton fell. 1481-90 Howard Househ.
Bks. (Roxb.) 51 The xx. day of April, I .. toke the "raten
man iij. s. iiij. d. 1590 in Pilcairn Critn. Trials (Bann.)
I. in, 195 To pas to Elgyne for bying *rattoun poysoune.
Ra'ttoner. OPS. exc. north, dial. Also 4-5
ratoner(e. 5 ratunner. [f. prec. + -ER*.] A rat-
catcher.
*3<5» LANGL. P. PI. A. v. 165 A ribibor, a ratoner, a rakere
of Chepe. 14.. Nom. in Wr.-Wulcker 686/15 Muridat a
ratunner. c 1440 Protnp. Pan*. 424/1 Ratonere, soricus,
soriceAs, ratonarius. 1876 Whitby Gloss., Rattoner.
t Rattoon 1. Obs. rare. [ad. F. ratott, earlier
rastont reston (i3th c.) : see RASTON.] A kind of
cheese-cake.
1656 MARNETTE Perfect Cook 148 You must, .nil this your
said Puff-paste with the same ingredients wherewithal! you
do make your Cheese Cakes, and accordingly you may
cause your said Rat loon to be baked.
t Rattoon A Obs. Also 7 -ton. [var. RACOON.
Cf. F. raton in same sense.] A racoon.
1656 [H. MORE] Second Lask Alaz. 374 A fellow of a fit
size to show the Lions and the Rattoon at the Tower. 1668
CHARLETON Onomasticon 14 Vulpes Americana Mapach
dicta, Anglic^ Ration. 1704 W. COWPER in Phil. Trans.
XXV. 1 569 The Coati of Brasil and Virginia, or the Rackoon
or Rattoon. 1706 PHILLIPS (ed. Kersey), Rattoon, a kind
of Fox in the West Indies (etc.]. 1755 in JOHNSON (citing
Bailey).
Rattoon, obs. variant of RATTAN.
Ba-t-trap. [f. RAT sbl + TRAP sb.}
1. A trap for catching rats. Alsoy^1.
1469 Churckw. Ace. St. Mich, Corn/till, Payed for iij rat
trappes for the chirche, vj d. 1820 SCOTT Monast. xxx, Men
peeping through their own bars like so many rats in a rat-
trap. 1884 DK. ST. ALBANS in Content^. Rev. Aug. 172 A
Peer . . finds himself in a rat-trap from which politically there
is no escape except death.
2. Applied (attrib. or a&sol.) to a cycle pedal
consisting of two parallel iron plates with teeth
cut in them, as in a common style of rat-trap.
1885 Bazaar 30 Mar. 1275/1 Balls to allbearings and pedals,
RAUITE.
which arc rattrap. 1887 Vise. BURY & HILLIER Cycling
171 Pedals ..should be preferably rat-traps which afford a
good hoid for the feet.
Rattjr (rseti), a. [f. RAT *M + -Y 1.]
1. a. Characteristic of a rat or rats.
1888 H. S. MERFIMAN Young Mutlty II. vi. 78 Those de.
lightful ratty odours that .. assailed his sportive nostrils.
1895 SNAITH Afistress Doxothy Marvin vii, He puckered
his ratty eyes till scarce aught was left of them.
b. Infested with rats.
1865 G. MEREDITH Farina 104 Your German dungeons
are mortal shivering rally places. 1891 H. S. MERRIMAN
Prisoners ty Captives I. ii. 36 No dog had rejoiced more
thankfully in ratty sedges.
2. slang. Wretched, mean, miserable, nasty, etc.
1885 Centuiy Mag. XXIX. 548/1 All old ratty deck of
cards. 1900 Black™. Mag. Nov. 670/1 Both were pretty
' ratty ' from hardship and loneliness.
Rattyll(e, obs. ff. RATTLE z/.1 Ratunner,
obs. f. RATTONEB. Raturn, obs. Sc. f. RETUUN.
Ratyl(le, obs. ff. RATEL^, RATTLE v.1
Rail, obs. f. RAW a. Rauasch-, obs. f. RAVISH.
Rauascht, var. pa. t. REVEST Obs. Rauayn(e,
obs. ff. RAVIN 1.
Rauc, a. rare—1, [a. L. rauc-us.} =RADQUE.
1866 ). B. Rose tr. Ovid's Met. 146 Rauc speech, and
volubility of words.
Rau'cal, a. rare—1, ff. L. rauc-us J\ Raucous.
1839-47 Todd's Cycl. Ana/. III. 124/1 In these cases there
is . . no raucal sound of voice.
t Rauce-dity. Obs. rare—1, [f. L. rauciJo,
f. raucus hoarse + -ITY.] Hoarseness.
1599 A. M. tr. Gabelhouers Bk. Physicke 100/1 Gargrise
therwith your throte for the hoarsenes and rauceditye.
Raucht, obs. Sc. pa. t. REACH v.1
Rauchter, obs. Sc. form of RAFTER st>.1
II Rauchwacke (rau'xivaka). Geol. [G., f.
rauch smoke + wacke: cf. GBAU-, GBEYWACKE.]
A dolomitic limestone of the upper Permian "or
Zechstein group in Germany, corresponding to the
Magnesian Limestone formation in England.
1831 SEDGWICK & MURCHISON Struct. East. Alps in Geol.
Trans. Ser. ll. III. (1835) 308 The rauchwacke'i or mag.
nesian limestone, associated with the new red sandstone.
183* DE LA BECHE Geol. Man. led. 2) 397 The zechstein is
represented as sometimes from twenty to thirty yards thick ;
the rauchwacke, when pure and compact, one yard thick.
Rau-cid, a. rare—1, [f. L. rauc-us + -irjl.]
Raucous.
1831 LAMB Elia Ser. 11. SAaite of Ellhton, Methinks I
hear the old boatman,, .with raucid voice, bawling ' Sculls '.
So Itauci'dity, raucity. rare—1.
1703 Art «r Myst. Vintners 4 They degenerate also in
Taste, and affect the palate with foulness, roughness, and
raucidity very unpleasant.
Raucity (rg'siti). rare. [ad. L. raucitds, f.
raucus hoarse : see RAUCOUS and -ITY, and cf. F.
raucit^ (Littri).] Harshness, roughness, hoarse-
ness (of the voice or other sounds).
1607 TOPSELL Four-f. Beasts (1658) 154 Aristotle calleth it
Raucity, or hoarsness, like the low sound of a Trumpet.
1616 BACON Sylva § 700 In the Raucity of a Trumpet.
1656 in BLOUNT. 1832 WEBSTER, Raucity^ . . among phy-
sicians, hoarseness of the human voice. 1860 in WORCESTER
(citing HUNT).
Rauc(k)le, Sc. variants of RACKLE a.
RauCOUS (rg-kos), a. [f. L. rauc-us hoarse +
-ous.] Hoarse, rough, harsh-sounding.
1769 PENNANT British Zool. III. 8 This raucous reptile
[the toad]. 17^3 tr. BujforCs Hist. Birds VI. 158 A raucous,
thick tone, which is grating to the ear. 1847 EMERSON
Poems (1857) 40 Where yon wedged line the Nestor leads,
Steering north with raucous cry. 1879 SALA Paris Herself
Again (1880) II. xxiii. 342 In a raucous strident voice, he
sang the songs of divers epochs.
Hence Bau cously adv., in a raucous manner.
1851 Blackw. Mag. LXXII. 128 The pawkie proposal is
straightway raucously ratified.
Raueste, obs. variant of REVEST.
Raueyner, -our, obs. forms of RAVENEE.
Raufter, -yng, obs. forms of RAFTER, -INO.
Rauj, obs. form of RAW a.
t Raught, v. Obs. rare. [f. raught, obs. pa. t.
REACH v.1} intr. To reach, snatch at or after.
1571 GOLDING Calvin on Ps. xix. 9 Rawghting after the
empty shadow of bltssfull life. 1583 — Calvin on Deut.
xix. 113 To raught at euerie thing that we like off.
Raught, obs. or archaic pa. t. and pa. pple.
REACH v., RECK v.
Raughter, obs. form of RAFTER si.1
t Rau-ghtish, a. 0/>s. rare-'. ? Harsh.
1567 GOLDING Ovid's Met. ix. 123 The temple doores did
tremble like a reede And Rattels made a raughtish noyse.
t Rau'ghty, var. RAFTY a., raw, damp. Hence
Rau'ghtiness.
1674 N. FAIRFAX Bulk Sf Selv. 126 In coldish raughty
weather. Ibid., Feeding their earth and froath, with cold
and raughtiness.
Rauite. Min. [Erron. for ranite, f. QN. Kan
the sea-goddess + -ITE.] A greyish-black mineral,
a variety of hydronephilite.
Named by Paykull (as rauif} in 1874. Some recent Diets,
give the correct form rattitt.
1875 in Dana's Min. (ed. 5) App. ii. 1881 WATTS Diet.
Chem. 3rd Suppl. 1743 Rauite, a zeolite from the island of
Lamo, near Brevig in Norway. It is related to thomsonlte,
and has probably been formed by decomposition of elsolite.
RAUK.
Raujepoot, variant of RAJPOOT.
t Rauki a. Sc. Obs. Also 6 rawk. [ad. L.
raiu-iis (see RAUCOUS), or a. F. rauqtie (i3th c.),
RAUQUE.] Hoarse, raucous. Also Comb.
c 1470 HENRVSON Mor. Fab. xin. (Frosty Mouse) ii, With
voce full rauk scho said on this maneir. 1513 DOUGLAS
, sEtteis XI. ix. 29 The rawk vocit swannis in a rabyll. 1533
BELLENDEN Livy i. x. (1901) 57 pare Voce was rauk & bare
sprete solist & dull,
Raukie : see RAWKY a.2 Raukle, Sc. variant
of RACKLE a. Raumpand, -aunt, obs. ff. RAM-
PANT. Raumpe, Raumpp-, obs. ff. RAMP sb.
and v. Raumao(u)n, obs. ff. RANSOM. Raun,
var. RAWK.
Raunce. rare—1, [ad. F. rotife.] A bramble.
1840 BROWNING Sordello vi. 461 Alberic, ..tied on toawild
horse, was trailed To death thro' raunce and bramble-bush.
Raunce, obs. f. RANCE sbl- Raunceoun,
-coun, obs. ff. RANSOM. Raunch, var. RANCH
v.1, v.z 06s. Rauneour, obs. f. RANCOUR.
Raundom, -don(e, -doun, obs. ff. RANDOM.
Raundsom, obs. f. RANSOM. Raung(e, obs.
ff. RANGE. Raunger, -ier, obs. ff. RANGER.
Rau-ning, a. [var. RAWLIN ; but in Cornwall
glossaries explained as ' ravening, ravenous ', as if
f. raun, ' to devour greedily '.] (See qnot.)
1880 E. Cornwall Gloss. s.v., That voracious fish, Mer-
langus Carbonariits, is called the rauning pollack.
Raunke, obs. f. RANKO. Raunp-, obs. f. RAMP
v. Raunpick, dial. var. RAMPICKO. Raunpike,
var. RAMPIKE. Rauns, obs. f. RANCE sb.1 Raun-
sake, obs. f. RANSACK v. Raunscun', -som(e,
-soun, etc., obs. ff. RANSOM sb. Raunsede,
-sene: see RANSOM v. Rauntree, -try: see
ROWAN-TBEE. Rauon, obs. f. RAVEN sb.1
II Raupo (ra-apo, rau'po). Also 9 ra-poo.
[Maori.] A New Zealand bulrush (Typha Mtiel-
leri) used for building native houses, thatching
roofs, etc. Also atlrib.
1832 A. EARLE o Months' Resid. ff. Zealand 09 Another
party was collecting rushes (which grow plentifully in the
neighbourhood, and are called Ra-poo). 1835 W. YATE
Ace. N. Zealand 205 To engage the natives to build raupo,
that is, rush-houses. 1860 DONALDSON Bush Lays 5 En-
tangled in a foul morass A raupo swamp. 1881 Chequered
Career 104 My canteen was built of raupo, a reed something
like the bulrush, that grows in the swamps,
Ranque (rgk), a. rare. [a. F. rauque, ad. L.
raucus : cf. RAUO, RAUK.] Hoarse, harsh.
1848 LYTTON K. A rthur ix. Ixxxvi, The deafning, strident,
rauque, Homeric roar. 1859 R. F. BURTON in Jrnl. Geog.
Soc. XXIX. 214 The rauque bellow of the hippopotamus is
heard on its banks.
Raut, dial. var. ROWT v. Rauth, var. raught,
obs. pa. t. REACH. Raut he, obs. f. ROTH.
Ravage (rse-vedj), sb. [a. F. ravage (i4th c.),
f. ravir to RAVISH : see -AGE.]
fl. A flood, inundation. Obs. ra>'C~~°.
1611 COTGR., Rngats d'cau, a great floud, inundation,
rauage of waters.
2. The act or practice of ravaging, or the result
of this ; destruction, devastation, extensive damage,
done by men or beasts.
1611 COTGR., Ravage, rauage, hauocke, spoyle. 1656 in
BLOUNT Glossogr. 1684 Scanderbeg Redivivus vi. 154 They
slew near one Hundred-Thousand ; and having finisht their
Ravage, took Bialogrod. 1691 RAY Creation i. (1692) in
To secure their Eggs and Young from the ravage of Apes
and Monkeys. 1751 JOHNSON Rambler No. 185 f 3 What
would so soon destroy all the order of society, and deform
life with violence and ravage, as a permission to every one
to judge his own cause. 1821 SHELLEY Adonaisx\v\\\, 'Tis
nought That ages, empires, and religions there Lie buried
in the ravage they have wrought. 1872 TENNYSON Gareth
ft Lynette 429 Many another suppliant crying came With
noise of ravage wrought by beast and man.
D. //. Extensive depredations, f Also sg. with a.
1697 LUTTRELL Brief Rel. (1857) IV. 294, 60,000 Tartars
are approaching to make a ravage in Poland. 1771 GOLDSM.
Hist. Eng. II. 78 Unable to perceive any signs of an enemy,
except from the ravages they had made. 1844 H. H. WILSON
Brit. India III. 171 They, .after a short interval, returned
and renewed their ravages. 1833 J. H. NEWMAN Hist. Si.
(1873) 'I. I. i. 34 Six centuries have been unable to repair
the ravages of four years.
c. trans/., esp. of the destructive action or effects
of disease, time, storm, etc.
1704 F. FULLER Med. Gymn. (I7n) 78 To what must we
attribute the Ravage this Disease makes ? 1745 J. MASON
Self-Knmul. (,853) i. xiv. 99 The Torment of the Mind,
under such an Insurrection and merciless Ravage of the
Passions. 1786 BURNS Author's Farewell ii. The Autumn
mourns her np'ning corn By early Winter's ravage torn.
1801 Lusitnan IV. 229 The ravage time and affliction had
made on those features. 1868 TENNYSON Lucret. 176 Seeing
with how great ease Nature can smile.. At random ravage.
di
Ti
continued, .for two years. .873 MAX MULLER Se. .
I In rolls of papyrus which seem to defy the ravages of time.
J. concr. Plunder, spoil, rare -'.
1809 MALKIN Gil Bias vi. i. T 2 Three hundred pistoles,
lie lawful ravage of their pockets.
Ravage (rse-vedg), v. [ad. F. ravager, f. ravage :
see prec.]
175
1. trans. To devastate, lay waste, despoil, plunder
(a country). Also transf. we fig.
1611 COTCR., Ravager, to rauage, forray, spoyle, prey vpon.
a 1704 T. BROWN Satire Antients Wks. 1730 I. 24 The Dar-
banans who ravag'd Greece and Italy. 1758 JOHNSON Idler
No. 8 F 6 The Isle of Rhodes .. was ravaged by a dragon.
Ibid. No. 14 F 4 Life is continually ravaged by invaders.
1838-43 ARNOLD HJst. Rome II. xxxvii. 481 ./Emilius began
to ravage their territory with fire and sword. 1848 THACKERAY
/ 'an. Fair xx, That sweet face so sadly ravaged by grief
and despair.
2. intr. To commit ravages ; to make havoc or
destruction.
. . are inabled to ravage, and feed. 1769 GOLDSM. Hist.
Rome (1786) 1 1. 497 A dreadful enemy ravaging in the midst
of their country. 1840 DICKENS Sam. Rudge iv, The lock-
smith who had . . been ravaging among the eatables. 1874
GREEN Short Hist. ii. § 7. 95 When the Danes were ravag-
ing along Loire as they ravaged along Thames.
Ravaged (rre-ved^d), ///. a. [f. prec. + -ED 1. ]
Despoiled, devastated.
1728-46 THOMSON Spring 14 The shatter'd forest, and the
ravag'd vale. 1799 KIRWAN Ceol. Ess. 74 The more southern,
ravaged or torn up continents. 1811 SCOTT Don Roderick
i. ii, Each voice . . That rings Mundego's ravaged shores
around. iSax SHELLEY Hellasgv-j The weight which Crime
. . Leaves in his flight from ravaged heart to heart.
t Ra'vagemeiit. Obs. rare. [a. F. ravagc-
ment : see RAVAGE v. and -MENT.] Ravage.
17*3 Briton No. 20 (1724) 87 Success attended their In-
roads and Ravagements. 1766 ENTICK London IV. 286
Houses within the ravagement of the flames.
Ravager (rse-vedgaj). [f. RAVAGE v. + -EB].]
One who or that which ravages.
i6n COTGR.. Ravagettr, a rauager, spoyler, forrayer. 17*6
LEONI tr. Alberits Archit. I. 39 They fall like so many
Ravagers to demolishing . . every thing before them. 1743
RICHARDSON Pamela III. 226 That very Innocence, which
tempts some brutal Ravager to ruin it. 1815 Monthly Mag.
XXXVIII. 500 He sees .. in the torrent, now the fertilizer,
now the ravager of districts. 1870 MORRIS Earthly Par. \.
ii. 670 The ravager of Rome his right hand slew.
Ravaging (rze-ved^irj), vbl. sb. [f. as prec. +
-ING !.] The action of the vb. RAVAGE.
1611 COTGR., .Sac, a sacke, .. pillage, depopulation, rauag-
ing. 1710 PRIDEAUX Grig. Tithes iv. 176 We have seen . .
the ravagings of our Wealth. 1753 N. TOREIANO Gangr.
Sore Throat 48 A Witness of the ravaging of this Dis-
temper. 1811 SCOTT Don Roderick I. viii, Where . . shepherds
sing.. Of feuds obscure, and Border ravaging. 1867 FREE-
MAN Norm. Cony. (1876) I. vi. 519 The ravaging of districts
for treason.
Ra'vaging, ppl. a. [-ING 2.] That ravages.
1886 W. J. TUCKER E. Europe 103 The ravaging hand
of time. 1887 BOWEN I'irg. jEneid i. 621 When Belus ..
with a ravaging horde, Swept over fruitful Cyprus.
tRava-Umg, vbl. sb. [?ad. F. ravalement,
\ravallement (1 5th c.), f. ravaler to bring down,
f. re- + avaler A VALE v.~\ Reduction, failure.
1609 [Bp. W. BARLOW] Ansvi. Nameless Catk. 365 Raual-
ling of a Confederacie, where affiance is placed in Number,
is a tormenting discouragement.
Ravar(e, obs. Sc. ff. RAVER. Ravary, dial,
var. RAVERY. Ravayn(e, obs. ff. RAVIN1.
t Rave, J*.1 Obs. rare. [a. F. rave (isth c.) :—
L. rapa RAPE sb.K] A turnip.
c 1420 Pallad. on I-fusb. iv. 170 Armorace Or arborace
that wilde laues are. Ibid. ix. 53 Rave as brasyk for vyne
as ille is fonde. 1585 T. WASHINGTON tr. Nicholay's Voy. i.
xviii. 21 Ther grow good Melons, Raues, and pateques.
Rave (r?v), sb.t [Var. of RATHE rf.2]
1. A rail of a cart ; esp. //. a framework of rails
or boards (permanent or removable) added to the
sides of a cart to enable a greater load to be carried.
b. U. S. One of the vertical side-pieces in the body
of a wagon or sleigh.
1530 PALSCR. 261/1 Ravys of a carte. 1575 TUHBERV.
Valerie 195 When the sayd cariage is loded, he forget not
to cause his Cooke and Butler to hang good store of bags
and bottels about the raues and pinnes thereof. 1623 J.
TAYLOR (Water P.) World nmnes on Whecles Wks. (1630)
11. 242/1 Of the bottome of an old Cart, one may make a
fence to stop a gap ; of the Raues one may make a Ladder
for Hennes to goe to Roost. 1688 S. SEWALL Diary 18 Apr.
(1878) I. 211 Jack. .dies, .by the oversetting of the Cart, he
(probably) sitting in it, the Rave fell on's neck and klll'd
him. 1720 STRYPE Stow's Surv. (1754) II. v. xiv. 314/2 The
Raves thereof shall be higher than the Raves of the street
cars or carts to keep the fuel the safer from falling off. 1834
Brit. Husb. 1. 163 The inside depth, below the raves, which
are boarded, is 2 feet, and the projection of the raves
9 inches. 1865 Jrnl. R. Agric. Sue. Her. n. 1. 11. 399 This
cart has head and tail ladders, in place of raves.
attrib. 1884 West Sussex Gaz. 25 Sept., Rave cart, three
dung carts. 1886 Set. Amer. 27 Feb. 130/2 The rave bolts
[in a bob sleigh] extend upward from the runners in front
and rear of the knees, and the raves rest between their ends
on the bottom of the recess.
t 2. App. a rung of a ladder. Obs. rare—1.
Cf. ' Rave, bars or strips of wood across any opening '
(Elworthy W. Sotn. WordJk.).
1566 PARTRIDGE Plasidas C v b, The scaling lathers downe
to throwe they haue their iron staues ; They haue their
hatchets for to cut in sunder all their raues.
3. Weaving. A bar fitted with teeth or pins, used
to separate and guide the threads of the warp while
it is being wound on the beam.
1886 ELWORTHY W. Son:. H'oni-Ms s.v , The object of the
RAVE.
rave is to keep the threads even, and to make them lie on
the beam at the same width as the intended piece of cloth
Rave (re'v), sb.s [f. RAVE ».i] The (or an)
act of raving ; frenzy, great excitement.
1598 YONG Diana 403 Like a sturdie rocke it standes
Against the cruell raues . . Of beating windes and waues.
1652 BENLOWES Theoph. x. xxxviii, So, have we rid out
storms, when Eol's rave Plough'd up the ocean. 1765 J.
BROWN Chr. Jrttl. (1814) 80 Whether I die in a rave or in
extremity of pain. 1820 WIFFEN Aonian Hours (ed. 2) 27
Meanwhile the rave Of gusty winds spake loudly. 1896
MRS. C. CLARKE My Long Life 103 She concluded amid a
rave of admiring plaudits.
Rave (r.?'v), tv.l Also 5 rafe, raffe, 6 Sc. raif(f,
rawe, reave. [? a. OF. raver, app. a variant (of
rare occurrence) of river to dream, be delirious, etc.,
of obscure origin : for conjectures, see Diez (s.v.
reve) and Korting (s.v. rabia).']
1. intr. To be mad, to show signs of madness or
delirium (obs.) ; hence, to talk or declaim wildly
or furiously in consequence of madness or some
violent passion. Occas. (now only dial.), to talk
loudly or boisterously, to shout or bawl.
CI374 CHAUCER Trcylus 11. 116 (65) Ye ben so wylde it
semeth bat ye raue. 1390 GOWER Con/. I. 282 Ech of hem
. .wenen that I scholde rave For Anger that thei se me have.
1494 FABYAN Chron. vi. ccxiv. 231 Stigandus .. sayde .. yl
the Kynge raued, or ellys doted for age & sykenesse. 1508
DUNBAR Tua Marift Wemen 481 Sum raiffis [v. r. raveis]
ftn ght rudly with riatus speche. 1552 LYNDESAY Monarche
5137 Thocht sum de Naturally, throuch aige, Fer mo deis
raittand in one raige. 1620 MIDDLETON Chaste Maid V. L
13 He raves already ; His senses are quite gone. 1727
SWIFT Poisoning o/E. Cyril, Mr. Curll raved aloud in this
manner : ' If I survive this, I will be revenged on Tonson '.
1812 J. WILSON Isle of Palms in. 56 No more the pining
Mariner 111 wild delirium raves. 1871 B. TAYLOR Faust
(1873) I. vi. no She talks like one who raves in fever.
b. Const, with preps, as about, against, at, of;
for.
1593 SHAKS. Lucr. 982 Let him have time against himself
to rave. 1639 FULLER Holy War in. xx, (1647) 144 Those
who when bemadded with anger, most rave and rage against
them. 1707 E. SMITH Phxdra ff Hipp. i. i, Sometimes she
raves for Musick, Lig^ht, and Air. 1733 SWIFT Legion Club,
Let them rave at making laws. zS^bHELLEY/V/Vr.^// yd
I. ix, Raved of God and sin and death, Blaspheming like an
infidel, a 1822 — Tower of Fam. 6 Whose dwellers rave for
bread, and gold, and blood. 1884 Chr. Comm-w. 14 Feb.
416/2 The Times is already raving about our having reached
1 a crisis '.
C. Of animals, rare.
1810 SCOTT Lady ofL. i. viii, He heard the baffled dogs in
vain Rave through the hollow pass amain. 1848 A. B.
EVANS Leicestersh. Words s.v., That sow's always raving
and revelling so.
2. transf. a. Of the sea, storms, etc. : To rage ;
to dash, rush, roar, etc., in a furious manner.
1559 Mirr. Mag., Dk. Suffolk xxii, The windy sourges
whan they rave. 1590 SPENSER F. Q. n. xi. 32 Like as a
fire, the which in hollow cave . . With murmurous disdayne
doth inly rave. 1629 MILTON Nath'ity 67 The milde
Ocean, Who now hath quite forgot to rave. 1726-46 THOM-
SON Winter 186 The whirling tempest raves along the plain.
1767 SIR W. JONES Seven Fountains Poems (1777) 54
Where the dark sea with angry billows raves. z8n SCOTT
Don Roderick u. lix, When the pibroch bids the battle rave.
z8$6 LONGF. Gold. Leg. v. Devil's Bridge, The cataract.
That raves and rages down the steep.
b. Of a disordered mental state, rare.
i6zi SHAKS. Cymb. iv. ii. 135 Not Frenzie, Not absolute
madnesse could so farre haue rau'd To bring him heere
alone. 1638 SANDYS Paraphr. Job xi. 15 Shall these wild
distempers of thy mind . . thus rave, and find No opposition ?
3. To talk or declaim with enthusiasm or poetic
rapture. Also const, about, of, \upon.
a 1704 LOCKE Conduct Und. § 24 1 his raving upon antiquity
in matter of poetry, Horace has . . exposed in one of his satires.
1725 RAMSAY Gentle Sheph. I. ii, How blythly can he sport
and gently rave. 1781 COWPER Retirement 735 Solitude,
however some may rave, Seeming a sanctuary, proves a
frave. 1838 LYTTON Alice iv. ix, How people can rave about
taly, I can't think. 1880 OUIDA Moths I. 56 It is not his
singing that makes the great ladies ravejif him.
4. trans. To utter in a frenzied or enthusiastic
manner. Also with out.
1602 MARSTON Antonio's Rev. iv. v, Like to some boy,
that actes a tragedie, . . and raves out passion. 1742 YOUNG
Nt. Th. vil. 596 Pride, like the Delphic priestess, with a
swell Rav'd nonsense. 1819 SHELLEY Peter Bell yd vi.
xxxii, For he now raved enormous folly. 1887 G. MEREDITH
Ballads t, P. 95 Thus their prayer was raved, and ceased.
b. To lament frantically, rare—1.
1810 Splendid Follies 1. 16 It »as then he wept— he raved
the departure of Seraphina.
5. qnasi-/>vow. with complement : To bring (into
a specified state) by raving.
1812 BYRON Ch. Har. i. Ixxxiii, But passion raves itself to
rest, or flies. 1850 WHIPPLE Ett. # Rev. (ed. 3) I. 402 To
rave men into some new heresy.
Rave, v.- north, dial, and Sc. [App. of Scand.
origin : cf. Ice!, rdfa in same sense (not recorded in
ON.).] intr. To wander, stray, rove, f err. (Now
rare or Obs.)
13.. E. E. Allit. P. A. 665 Bot resoun, of ryjt M con not
raue, Sauez euer more («: innossent. <• 1400 Rule St. lie net
57/362 Hir awn sawle wele may sche saue, Al if hir schepe
vnryght wyl raue. < 1440 York Myst. xxiv. 159 Alias ! for
ruthe, now may I raue, And febilly fare by frith and felde.
zso6 DALRYMPLE tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. I. 71 Quhen . . he
lang had rauet and wandirit, at last he arriuet in Numidie.
Ibid. 85 Albeit sum of thame raue and declyne by the way
RAVE.
[L. alii alicrrenl\. 1841 HAWKINS Poems v. 24 (E. D. D.)
Wi' ither dogs I maunna rave.
Hence f Ba-ving ///. <z.2, straying. Obs. rare-1.
c 1400 Kale St. Benct 56/292 Vnto no bird bai wil tak
Jcepe, Bot raykes forth als raueand schep.
Rave, ?'.3 Obs. exc. dial. [Of obscure origin:
for the sense, cf. RIVE V.] trans. To tear, drag,
pull. Usually with tip : To drag or rake up.
c 1440 Gcsta Rom. Ix. 248 He Ranne to the false Emperes,
and Kavid hir evin to the bone. 1486 Nottingham Rec.
1 1 1. 247 Raving vp of gravell and leying hit on agayn. 1553
T. WILSON Rhet. (1580) 108 Whereas we should bee shorte
in tellyng the matter . . the best is to speake no more than
needes we must, not rauyng it from the bottome. 1610
COOKK Pope Joan 63 He neuer purposed to raue vp all the i
filth which he found written of your Popes. 1877 N. W.
Lino. Gloss., Rime up, to take up, to pull up. (2) To repeat
evil stories relating to by-past time.
b. To poke or pry into. (Cf. RAVEL z>. 4.) rare.
1636 SANDERSON Serm. iv. Wks. 1854 1. 100 It can be liltle
pleasure to us to rave into the infirmities of God's servants.
1856 THOMPSON Bottt»G\OK., Rave up, to repeat old stories ;
to search or rave into anything.
Hence Ka-ving, vol. sb?
'553 T- WILSON Rhet. (1580) 9 Euermore the gladder the
lesse rauyng there is, or stirryng in this matter.
t Have, v.* Sc. Obs. Also raif. [Perh. a. F.
ravir to ravish, if not a mere variant of reif, reve
REAVE v.] trans. To take away by force.
1549 Contfl. Scot. viii. 73 My mortal enemeis purchessis to
raif my liberte. 155* LYNDESAY Monarche 6280 Deith . .
rauis bame frome )>are rent, ryches, and nngis. a 1598 KOL-
LOCK Wks. (1844) II. vii. 84 They would climb up to heaven
and rave it from God.
Hence fHa-ving vbl. sb.Z and//*/, a.3 Obs.
1549 Compl. Scot. Ep. to Queen 2 The rauand sauuage
voiffis. .that deuoris. .scheipfor ther pray, a 1578 LINDESAY
(Pitscottie) Chron.Scot. (S.T.S.) II. 273 Thair was nathing
bot rwgging and raveing of the puir laubourans.
Rave, obs. pa. t. RIVE v.
Have-hook. Naut. [If. RAVE w. 3] (Seetjuot.)
1846 A. YOUNG Nemt. Diet., Rave-hook, an iron instru-
ment used by caulkers to get the oakum thoroughly out of
a vessel's seams, when a rasing-iron would not penetrate
deep enough.
Ravel (ne-v'l), sb.1 Also Sc. raivel, dial, revel,
[f. the vb. Cf. Du. rafel a fraying out.]
1. A tangle, complication, entanglement.
1634 JACKSON Creed vn. xxvi. S i The thread which we are
to unwind as far as possibly we can without knot or ravel.
l853 w- jERriAN Autobiogr. IV. 150 The act by which
numerous political ravels seemed to be so happily dis-
entangled. 1865 SWINBURNE Poems # Ball., At Eleusis 185
She thought to thread this web's fine ravel out
2. A broken thread, a loose end. Alsoy?^.
1831 CARLYLE in Froude Life (1882) II. 307 Great is self-
denial. . . Life goes all to ravels and tatters, where that enters
not. 1847 HALLIWELL, Revels, the broken threads cast away
by women at their work.
Ra'vel, st>-* &. (and north, dial.) Also 7
reuele, ravell, 9 raivel. [Of obscure origin.]
1. A rail or railing.
1631 LITHGOW Trav. vi. 264 A foure squared stone ; in-
closed about with an yron Reuele, on which . . the dead
body of our Sauiour lay, and was imbalmed. [1695 in Hist.
Brechin (1867) v. 98 The east ravell is found to be very
ruinous. In 1707 the whole ravell is directed to be amended.]
1791 New Year's Morning 12 (E. D. D.) A cellar, upo' the
high street, But ony ravel, bare. 1811 GALT Ayrsh.
2. 'The cross-beam to which the tops of cow
stakes are fastened ' (Jam. 1825). Also ravel-stick,
-tree (Northumb. Gloss. ; cf. rail-tree RAIL sb.t 6).
Ra'vel, st>-3 Also Sc. raivel. [Synonymous
with RADDLE sb.1 i b and RAVE sb? 3, but the
mutual relationship of the words is not clear. Cf.
prec. and RAVEL v.^, which may have influenced
the form.] Weaving. A separator (cf.quot. 1842).
1831 PORTER Silk Manuf. 220 The threads of the warp
being separated and guided by means of the ravel. 1842
BISCHOFF Woollen Manuf. II. 412 In order that the warp
may be laid evenly on the beam, an instrument is used
similar to the reel. . . It is called a ravel or separator, and is
composed of strips of cane fastened into a rail of wood [etc.].
Ra-vel, sb.f, variant of RABBLE sb? 3.
1881 GREENER Gun 221 The scraps were then cut into
pieces of the same size, and placed in a furnace until of a
white heat, gathered into a bloom with ravels, and the mass
placed under a tilt hammer.
fRa-vel.a. Obs. rare-1. In 7 rauill. [Perh.
related to RABBLE ».*] ? Loquacious, voluble.
a 1603 T. CARTWRIGHT Confnt. Rhem. N. T. (1618) Pref.
35 Your Dirigie Croats, and Trentall money, will make you
lauish and rauill in your translation.
Ravel (ra'v'l), f.1 Also 6-7 ravell, 7 ravill,
ravle, 9 dial, raivel, reavel. [App. a. Du.
ravclcn (Kilian), rafelen to tangle, to fray out, to
unweave; cf. LG. reffeln, rebbdn in same sense.
A common dial, form is raffle : see RAFFLE v.$
In ordinary Eng. use ravel is synonymous with unravel.
The more original sense of entangling or becoming tangled
is still common in Sc. and dial.]
I. intr. 1. To become entangled or confused
rare (exc. dial.).
01585 MONTGOMERY Flytingta. Polviart 511 Litill tenl
to their time the toone leit them take, Bot ay . . [they] raveld
in their reeles. 1591 SHAKS. Two Gent. HI. ii. 51 As you
vnwinde her loue from him, Least it should rauell, . . You
176
must prouide to bottome it on me. 1671 MILTON Samson
305 By thir own perplexities involv'd They rave! more.
2. Of a fabric : To fray out, to suffer disintegra-
tion. (Also in fig. context.)
1611 COTGR., R inter, to rauell out like silke. 1639 FULLER
Holy Warv. \. (1840) 242 To hem the end of our history
that it ravel not out. 1688 R. HOLME Armtmym. 97/*
Ravell— when threads come out of the edges of the cloth.
1791 HAMILTON Berthollefs Dyeing I. I. it. i. 133 Tll= stuff
now participates of the nature of . . felt . . and it may be cut
without being subject to ravel. 1860 H. WEDGWOOD in Phil.
Sac. Trans. 32 The hem of a garment is that which binds it
round, and prevents it from ravelling out.
fir. 1606 MARSTON Famine II. i, Do's my Lord rauell out,
do's he fret? <:i6io BEAUM. & FL. Phitaster v. iv, Your
royalty shall ravel. 1669 SHADWELL Royal Shepherdess ll,
How do men ravel back to childhood.
3. Of a clue or thread : To unwind ; to come off
the clue, reel, etc. rare (now dial.).
1649 G. DANIEL Trinarch., Rich. II, Ixxxvii, Shee gives
theClue: and if it can but ravel To the Thred's End, wee
seeke no farther travel. i«S3 WALTON A nglermi. 154 With
such a nick . . as may keeo the line from any more of it
ravelling from about the stick than so much of it as you
intend. 1873 A. G. MURDOCH Doric Lyre 13 The threed in
Tammie's shuttle Gaed raivelling aff the pirn.
4. To examine or inquire into a thing. 06s.
(freq. in lyth c.).
i«i8 SIR H. MAY in Fortescne Papers (Camden) 46 Being
unwillinge to ravell into the memory of those offensive par-
ticulers. 1669 W. SIMPSON Hydrol. Chym. 34 We have
already sufficiently ravell'd into the nature of both ^vitriol
and iron. 1710 J. PALMER Proverbs 141 The malicious ..
ravel into the conduct of a man of honour in the dark.
II. trans. 6. To entangle, confuse, perplex.
1598 E. GUILPIN Skial. (1878) 51 Like Weavers shuttles
hich runne to and fro, Rau'hng their owne guts with their
running so. a 1656 VINES Lords Stiff. (1677) 130 The words
which are so ravelled and perplexed by contrary senses.
1706 DE FOE Jure Divino vm. 188 Those wild, unhappy,
self-defending Few, If not destroy'd in Time, will ravel all
the Clew. 1717 BERKELEY Let. to Prior 27 June in Wks.
1871 IV. 145 My affairs were ravell'd by the death of his
Majesty. 1845 P- FAIRBAIRN Typol. Script. (1857) '• '•.'"•
133 It ravels and complicates the meaning of the prophecies.
atsol. i86« HISLOP Prov. Scot. 63 Fools ravel, and wise
men redd.
f b. transf. To make (dust) rise in confusion.
1646 J. Halts Poems To Authour, Summon thy lungs,
and with an angry breath Ravell the curious dust 1847 J.
HALL Poems H. 100 Dust, ravel'd in the Aire will fly Up high.
6. To unwind or unweave ; to unravel, t Also
with away.
1607 TOURNEUR Rev. Trag. H. ii, You shall have one
woman knit more in an hower than any man can rauel
agen. 1650 W. BROUGH Sacr. Princ. (1659) 426 How then
darest thou ravel away that pretious threed. 1716 POPE
Odyss. xix. 173 The night still ravell'd, what the day re-
new'd. 1809 MAR. EDGEWORTH Manamring ix, A fool,
who ravels, as fast as one weaves, the web of her fortune.
1889 Century Mag. Apr. 841 A favorite gown had been
woven by her maids, of cotton, striped with silk procured by
raveling the general s discarded stockings.
b. fig. To take to pieces ; to disentangle.
1581 STANYMURST Mnea To Rdr. (Arb.) 12 Many good
verses would bee rauelde and disraembred. 1648 HEYLIN
Relat. * Obsery. I. 139 b, To rauell back all Governments,
to the first principles of nature, a 1658 CLEVELAND Her-
maphrodite 19 Ravel thy Body, and 1 find In every Limb
a double kind. 1874 HOLLAND Mistr. Manse 161 A thousand
chances of the feud She wove and raveled one by one.
7. To ravel out : To draw or pull out by unwinding
or unweaving.
1623-4 MIDDLETON & ROWLEY Span. Gifsy H. i. 161
A stitch in a man's stocking not taken up in time, ravels
out all the rest. 1675 HOBBES Odyssey xix. 139 All day I
wove, but ere I went to bed, What 1 had wov'n, I ravel'd
out agen. 1746 ARDKRON in Phil. Trans. XL1V. 429 When-
ever it ascended, it wound its Thread with its Feet into a
sort of Coil, and when it descended only ravelled it out again.
1856 FROUDE Hist. Eng. vii. (1858) II. 164 We find a com-
mission sitting at Lambeth . . ravelling out the threads of a
story.
b. To destroy, spoil, or waste, as by pulling a
fabric into threads. 1 Obs.
a 1616 BEAUM. & FL. Wit at Sev. Weap. V. i, Shelter,
shelter, if you be scene All's ravell'd out agen. i6«o
INGELO Bentiv. tf Ur. i. (1682) 157 [They] slighted those
mean Sports which ravel out the time of other people.
01708 BEVERIDGE Priv. Th. l. (1730) 97 Why should I
spend and ravel out my Thoughts upon that which will
destroy my Soul.
C. To disentangle, make plain or clear.
1593 SHAKS. Rich. II, iv. i. 239 Must I rauell out My
weaud-vp follyes? 1601 — Ham. HI. iv. 186 Let him..
Make you to rauell all this matter out. >t 1658 CLEVELAND
Wks. (1687) ii Then roll up, Muse, what thou hast ravel'd
out. 1831 J. BREE St. Herbert's Isle 89 What there she did,
took me full thrice as long To ravel out. 1870 MORRIS
Earthly Par. III. iv. 195 Asking words from these To
ravel out his tale for him.
f 8. To turn or toss over. (? Cf. RABBLE vl a.)
a 1655 DIGBY (J.), They but ravel it over loosely, and pitch
upon disputing against particular conclusions.
fKa-vel, v.i Obs. rare-1. [Cf. RAFFLE v?]
trans. To ruffle or scratch.
1621 J. REYNOLDS God's Revenge i. ii. 62 A faire thrust.,
which onely pierced his shirt, and ravelled his skinne.
fRa'Vel.t/.3 Obs. rare— l. [Perh. a back-forma-
tion from RAVELLED a.] trans. To sift.
1674 JEAKE Arith. (1696) 74 Houshold- Bread of the best
Wheat unravelled, or ravelled through the coursest Boultel.
Ra'vel bread. Obs. exc. dial. [Of obscure
origin : cf. RAVELLED a.] Bread made of whole
RAVELLY.
meal, or of flour with the bran left in. Also ravel
loaf.
1591 FI.ORIO 2»rf Fruites 51 Here is cheate bread, rauel
bread, manchet bread, and houshold bread. 1608 1 . COCKS
Diary (1901) 37/4 Mr. Dearies boye, that brought me a
ravell loafe. 1674 JEAKE Arith. (1696) 74 Bread made of
the whole Wheat is sometime called Cribble or fine Ravel
Bread. 1706 PHILLIPS (ed. Kersey), Panis iiocatus Black-
-.vhithf, bread of a middle sort, between While and Brown ;
such as in Kent is call'd Ravel-bread. 1887 in Kentish
Gloss.
Ravelin J (rie-vlin). Also 6 rau-, reu-, reve-
lin, rav'lin, 7 ravellin, (8 rablin) ; 6 rauelline,
-yne, 7-8 raveline; 6-7 raveling, (7 -iling, 9
-oiling), [a. F. ravelin (l6th c., Rabelais), a. It.
rav-, revellino (Florio), now rivellino = Sp. rebellin,
Pg. rebelim ; of unknown origin.] In fortification,
an outwork consisting of two faces which form
a salient angle, constructed beyond the main ditch
and in front of the curtain.
1589 IVE Fortif. 35 There the defences would be placed
without the counterscarfe . . and being so placed they are
tearmed to be rauelins of the Italyans and Frenchmen, and
of vs they have been tearmed spurres. 1590 SIR J. SMYTH
, omtmu. 103 5 s
rauelings, bulwarkes and platteformes, besides a deepe
ditch. 1665 MAM.I.V tr. Grotitu' Low C. Warns 271 Find-
ing the Bulwark too strong for the Cannon, though a great
part of the Ravelin was beaten down. 1759 STERNE Tr.
Shandy II. xii, Common men. .confound the ravelin and
the half-moon together,— tho' they are very different things.
1818 J. M. SPEARMAN Brit. Gunner(ed. 2) 204 The Ravelins
are intended to cover the curtains and shoulders of the
bastions and to defend the ground in front of their saliants.
1834-47 J. S. MACAL-LAY field Fortif. (1851) 23 Ravelins
are seldom added to forts in the field, but almost always to
fronts of permanent fortifications.
transf. and /if. 1629 B. JONSON in Sir J. Beaumont
Bosworth- Field, This Booke will Hue; It hath a Genius;
..Here needs no words expense In Bulwarkes, Rau'lins,
Ramparts, for defense. 1851 NEWLAND Lect. Tractar. 133
The church .. though protected by a strong ravelin of
masonry from . . the falling ice. 1856 R. A. VAUGHAN Mystics
I. v. ii. 165 All the intellectual fortification of the time—
the redoubts, ravelins., of dry stern logic.
t Ravelin 2. Sc. Obs. rare. [Cf. RAVEL so.2]
A railing, fence.
1616 Burgh Rec. Aberdeen III. 7 The councell grants
licience..to big a dyick or ravelin of tymber, betwixt the
chappell wall and the lard Forbes back dyke of his yaird.
t Ra-velled, a. Obs. (See RAVEL BREAD.)
1577 HARRISON England ll. vi. (1877) I. 154 The raueled
is a kind of cheat bread also, but it retemeth more of the
grosse, and less of the poore substance of the wheat. The
raueled cheat.. is generalise so made [etc.]. 1613 WITHER
Abuses ll. i, For bread, they can compare with Lord and
Knight. They have both raveld manchet browne and white.
[1830 JAMES Darnley l. ix. 200 His pressed curds, his
raveled bread, and his leathern bottle full of thin beer.)
Ravelled (neVld), fpl. a. [f. RAVEL z-i.]
1. Tangled, confused, involved, (lit. znAJig.)
1605 SHAKS. Macli. it. ii. 37 Sleepe that knits up the
rauel d Sleeue of Care. 1641 ROGERS Naaman 336 How to
picke out an end out of the ravelled skeine. 1666 BAXTER
Call to Unconverted 204 Because our ravelled wits cannot
see them right together. 1725 RAMSAY Gentle Sheph. i. L
Ye have sae kind Redd up my ravel'd doubts, and clear d
my mind. 1835 SIR W. HAMILTON Discuss. (1852) 519 Th<>
difficult and ravelled problems touching the various colle-
giate foundations. 1883 ANNIE S. SWAN Aldersyde a. x,
A higher hand holds the ravelled skein of life.
b. Sc. A ravelled hasp : An intricate or involved
matter.
1637 FLEMING in A. Whyte Rutherford (1894) XXIIL 201
My inward life is a ravelled hesp and I need guidance and
direction. 1710 PENNECUIK Helicon (ed. 2) 26 Providence
seems a ravel'd Hasp. i8»» SCOTT Pirate v, Speak her
fair and canny, or we will have a ravelled hasp on the
yam-windles.
f2. Frayed out; with frayed edges; ragged.
Also transf. Obs.
1599 NASHE Lenten Stuffe 47 The raueld buttonholes of
her bleare eyes. 1613^16 W. BROWNE Brit. Past. n. iv,
A ravell'd wound distain'd her purer brest.
Ra-veller. [f. RAVEL z/.i + -ER1.] One who
ravels (Webster 1864).
Ravellin(g, obs. forms of RAVELIN.
Ravelling (rceVlirj), vbl. sb. [f. RAVEL n.l]
1. The action of the vb. in various senses.
1673 in Essex Papers (Camden) I. 79 Commissions issued
out for y« searching and raveling into mens estates. 1688
Col. Rec. Pennsylv. I. 242 Tending to the ravelling into y«
Resolutions of y« Last day's proceedings. 1830 GALT
Lawrie T. H. xi. (1849) 78 All this breaking of banks and
revalling [sic] of manufacturers. _
2. concr. A thread from a woven fabric which is
frayed or unravelled.
1658 A. Fox tr. Wurt? Surf. n. ix. 83 Take the single
threeds or ravsllings of linnen, wet them in this Water,
cleanse the Wounds with them. 1717 Philip Quarll (1816)
57 He . . with the ravelling of some of the sail made a string
to the bow. 1791 SIR B. THOMPSON in Phil. Trans.
LXXXII. 58 The ravelings of cloth, or cuttings of threads.
1870 LOWELL Study Wind. (18861 14 The nest was. .woven
and felted with ravellings of woollen carpet.
fig. 1778 Love Feast 21 Of Righteousness mere Rav lings
and vile Shreds.
Ra'velly, a. rare. Somewhat ravelled.
1890 Century Mag. Jan. 444/1 note, A.. suit of clothes
that looked seamed and ravelly.
RAVELMENT.
Ravelment (reeVlmcnt). [f. RAVEL zi.i +
-MENT.] Entanglement, confusion. Also with a.
1833 CARLYLE Diderot Misc. Ess. (1888) V. 28 A series of
ravelments and squabbling grudges. 1837 — /•>-. Rev. III.
ii. ii, Mischievous deceitful persons cut the rope, and our
Queue becomes a ravelment. 1870 Daily News 24 Sept.,
Heaps of Bavarian and French dead piled high in inextric-
able ravelment.
Raven (re 'Vn), sit (a.) Forms : a. i hraebn,
(h)rfflfn, raefen ; 3 rauon, 4 ravoun ; 3-6 rau-,
ravin, -yn, (5 rawyn, -ine, ravyne), 4-5 rau-,
ravene, 3-7 rauen, 4- raven. /3. i (h)refn, 3
reafen, 3-4 reu-, reven, 3-5 reu-, revyn, (4
rovon, 5 rewyn), 6 Se. revin, 7 Se. reaviu. 7.
i hremn, (h)remm, (h)reem, 1-3 rem. [Comm.
Teut. : OE. Arse/n = MDu. raven (Du. raaf), OHG.
(h}raban (MHG. raben), ON. hrafn (MSw. rafn,
Da. ravri), Goth. *hrabn-s (cf. early ON. Hara-
banav. — Hratnat., the personal name ffrafit).
A normal change of/« to mn, m(m gave also OE;
hrxmn, firem(m = OHG. (h)ram (MHG. rani),
MSw. ramn, (rampn,} ram(ni.
A weak form of the stem appears in OHG. rabo (G. robe,
MLG. rave) \ for the relationship of this to MHG. rappe
raven (G. rappe a black horse) see Streitberg Urgerm.
Gramm. 151.]
1. A widely distributed corvine bi rd ( Corvus Corax)
of Europe and Asia, of large size, with black lustrous
plumage and raucous voice, feeding chiefly on carrion
or other flesh. The name has also been extended to
birds belonging to various other species of Corvus,
esp. the American Raven (Corvus carnivorus}.
The common raven is easily tamed, but is mischievous and
thievish, and has been popularly regarded as a bird of evil
omen and mysterious character.
o. a 800 Erfurt Gloss. 285 Corax, hraebn. i" 850 (.'./•.'.
Martyrol.]&n. 10, pu..fedde hine an hrsefn sextig geara.
c 950 Lindisf. Gosp. Luke xii. 24 Behalda3 oa rafnus hselte
ne sawaed ne hriopaS. c 1220 Bestiary 408 De rauen is
swi3e redi . . & oSre rules hire fallen bi. c 1290 .T. Eng. Leg. I.
312/452 Al )>at o(mr del with-Inne swibe blak as a rauon it
is. 13. . E. E. A Hit. P. B. 455 pe rauen so ronk bat rebel
was euer. <: 1400 MAUNDEV. (Roxb.) xxxiv. 153 Vowltures,
egles, rauyns, and ober fewlez of rauyne. c 1450 HOLLAND
Howlat 215 The Ravyne, rolpand rudly in a roche ran.
1516 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 63 The rauen wyll not
gyue her blacke pennes for the pecockes paynted (ethers.
c 1592 MARLOWE yew of Malta, it. i, Luce the sad-pre-
saging raven, that tolls The sick man's passport in her hollow
beak. 1656 S. HOLLAND Zara (1719) 130 Thou art always
(like the Raven) croaking my infortunity and disgrace.
«688 R. HOLME Armoury in. 144/2 Pens made of Ravens
Quills.. are to finish and shadow your draught. 1766
PENNANT Brit. Zool. (1768) I. 166 Ravens build in trees,
and lay five or six eggs. Ibid. 167 The raven will pick out
the eyes of young lambs when just dropped. 1822 SCOTT
Pirate v, If the men of Thule have ceased . . to spread the
banquet for the raven [etc.]. 1859 TENNYSON Guinevere 132
Till in the cold wind that foreruns the morn, . . the Raven,
flying high, Croak'd.
ft. Beowulf (Z.) 3025 Se wonna hrefn fus ofer faejum.
£-815 Vesp. Psalter cxlvi. 9 Se seleS neatum mete heara &
briddum hrefna. c 1000 Aft. Gosp. Luke xii. 24 BesceawiaS
>>a hrefnas [c 1160 Hatton US. refnes] bast hij ne sawaS.
a i»s Ancr. K. 84 He. .mid his bile, roted stinkinde fleshs,
as is reafnes kunde. a 1300 Fragm. Pop. Sc. (Wright) 63
Al that other del with-inne blac as a reven is. c 1475 Pice.
Voc. in Wr.-Wfllcker 761/33 Hie comix, a. rewyn. 1486
Bk. St. Albans D ij, That hawke that will slee a Roke or
a Crow or a Reuyn. 1500-20 DUNBAR Poems xxvi. 117
Thae tarmegantis. . begowth to clatter, And rowp lyk revin
and ruke. c 1630 SIR W. MURE Ps. cxlvii. 9 Of reavens who
heares The yong ones, when they call.
y. fiooo ^LFRIC Gen. viii. 7 Noe..asende ut a:nne
hremn ; se hremn fleah ba ut [etc.]. c 1000 — Saints'
Lives (Skeat) 1 . 492 Daer flugon sona to hrocas and hremmas.
c 1205 LAY. 30392 Habben bares heorte and remes brede.
t b. Indian raven, the name given by Bontius to
Molucca Islands . . which resembles our Country Raven in
the bill. Ibid. viii. 127 The horned Indian Raven orTapau,
called the Rhinoceros Bird. 1751 SIR J. HILL Hist. Anim.
383 Buuros nigfr. . in shape somewhat resembles the crow
kind, whence, and from it's size, it has been called the
Indian Raven.
c. jig. A croaker.
1814 SIR R. WILSON Priv. Diary (tt6i)\\. 301, I have done
my duty honestly m my correspondence with government
on this subject ; but I am not sure that I shall not be voted
an incorrigible raven.
2. a. The figure of a raven on the flag of the
Danish vikings ; also, the flag itself or the warlike
power typified by this.
_ RaY?.n> as'Asserius reporteth.'
Poet. Wks. 1721 II. 313 The mis'
a 1711 KEN Edmund
Hildebrand the Raven
- — - «« »..». TIIIIIU tiuiac mj.lujll Limlllp!
antly over the Danish raven.
b. Her. The figure of a raven as borne in arms.
1610 GUILLIM Heraldry m. xvii. 162 Hee beareth Or, a
Kaven proper, by the name of Corbet. 1780 EDMONDSON
Compl. Body Heraldry II. Gloss.
\ 3. Astron. The southern constellation Corvus.
- CROW 4. Obs. rare.
[<• 1384 CHAUCER H. Fame n. 496 How goddes gonne stel-
177
lifye Brid, fish, beste, or him or here, As the Raven, o
either Here.) 1551 RECORDS Cast. Knmvl. (1556) 270 The
Kaucn standeth on the same Hydre, ..and it is formed o
7 starres.
4. attrib. (see also B.) and Comb.
a. Simple attrib., as raven kind, quill; simila-
tive, as raven-black, -glossy, -grey, -like adjs., raven-
wise adv. ; parasynthetic, as raven-coloured, -fea-
thered, -haired, -plumed, -toned adjs. ; instrumental,
as raven-torn adj.
c 1600 SHAKS. Sunn, cxxvii, My Mistersse [tic] eyes are
•Rauen blacke. 1857 C. BRONTE Professor x, Raven-black
hair, very dark eyes. 1588 SHAKS. Tit. A. n. iii. 83 Her
•Rauen coloured loue. 1746 KKKVEI Afedit. (1818) 265 The
raven-colored mantle of night. 1708 SOTHEBY tr. Wielaruts
Oberon (1826) I. 8 The starless gloom of *raven-feather'd
night. 1700 DRYDEN Cymon 4- Iph. 151 The snowy skin,
the "raven.glossy hair. 1815 SCOTT Guy M. xix, Two suits ol
clothes, one black, and one "raven-grey. 1844 THACKERAY
May Gambols Wks. 1900 X 1 1 1. 427The dark-eyed and "raven-
haired being. 1727-41 CHAMBERS Cycl., Corvus indicns, . .
a bird of the 'raven kind. 1876 GEO. ELIOT Dan. Der. II.
Jtxii. 82 Said Mrs. A— in her most "raven-like tones. 18
J. EVANS Excurs. Windsor 353 The "raven-plumed gulj...
of oblivion. 1776-96 WITHERING Brit. Plants (ed. 3) IV.
232 Stem solid . . i J inch high thick as a "raven quill. 1797
: SOUTHEY in J. Cottle Reminisc. (1847) ='° The very voice. .
will be enough to convict the "raven-toned criminal. 1860
RUSKIN Mod. Paint. V. ix. ii. §11.211 The carcass of a ewe. .
"raven-torn. 1891 ATKINSON Last of Giant-killers 6\ Nests,
built "raven-wise one a-top of the other.
b. Special combs. , as raven-bone = raven's bone
(see c) ; raven-cockatoo, a black cockatoo (of the
genus Calyptorhynchus) ; raven-crow = RAVEN i ;
raven-duck [ad. G. rabentuch], a kind of canvas
(also raven's dncit) ; raven-fish [tr. It. coracino],
a black-coloured Mediterranean fish ; f raven-foot
(see qnot.) ; f raven messenger -= corbie messenger
CORBIE 2; raven standard: cf. RAVEN 2 a;
raven-stone [ad. G. rabenslein}, the place of
execution, the gallows or gibbet.
18x8 SCOTT Br. Laitnn. ix, Disputing .. concerning nom-
bles, briskets, flankards, and "raven-bones, then usual terms
of the art of hunting. 1817 T. FORSTER Nat. Hist. SmaUmu-
tribe 68 Conius corax, the Raven, Great corbiecrow, or
"Ravencrow. 1753 HANWAY Trav. (1762) I. n. xiv. 61
Sail-cloth, sheetings, "ravenducks and drillings. 1817
ROBERTS Voy. Centr. Aitier. 36 In exchange we gave
them ravenduck, osnaburg, [etc.]. 1755 T. H. CHOKER Orl.
Fur. vi. xxxvi, The salmon, mullet, "raven-fish. ^1165
Vac. Names Plants in Wr.-Wulcker 556/3 Pollipodium,
foliol, "reuenfot. a 1300 Cursor At. 1892 (Gott.) pat messager
. . )>at duellis lane in his iornay, He may be ca'd, wid resun
clere, An of the "rauyris messagere. 1822 SCOTT Pirate xv,
To see our barks . . with the black "raven standard waving
at the topmast. 1817 BYRON Man/red in. i. 74 The raven
sits On the "raven-stone. 1871 B. TAYLOR i-aust l. xxiv,
What weave they there round the raven-stone ?
o. Combs, with raven's, as t raven's bill, a
surgical instrument resembling the bill of a raven ;
f raven's bone (see quots., and cf. corbin-bone s.v.
CORBIN b); raven's book, the list of the dead
(nonce-use}; raveu's-duek = raven-duck (Sim-
monds 1858) ; raven's eye, a species of toadstool ;
t raven's morsel = corbel's fee CORBEL si. I.
1597 A. M. tr. Guillemeau's Fr. Chirurg. i4b/2, The
Ravens bille, in L. called Rostrum corvinum. 1575 TUR-
BERV. Vencrie xliii. 135 There is a litle gristle which is vpon
the spoone of the brysket, which we cal the "Kauens bone,
bycause it is cast vp to the Crowes or Rauens whiche attends
hunters. 1637 B. JONSON Sad Sheph. i. ii, Mar. The
brisket bone, uoon the spoon Of which a little gristle
grows ; you call it— Rob. The raven's bone. 1844 W. H.
MAXWELL Sforts !, Adv. Scotl. iii. (1855) 53, I am fairly in
the "raven's book. 1821-34 Good's Study Med. (ed. 4) 1. 181
Perhaps the plants that through such an error have been
most frequently gathered are, the Medusa's head, the
"raven's eye, the hemlock mushroom, and the agaricus
muscarius. c 1540 Wyl Bucke's Test. A ij b, The "rauens
mprsell, sticke hit on a thorne faste. 1575 TURBERV. Venerie
xlu. 129 The rauens morsell (which is the gryssell at the
spoone of the brisket).
B. attrib. passing into adj. Of the colour of a
raven ; glossy black ; intensely dark or gloomy.
1634 MILTON Comus 251 Smoothing the Raven doune Of
darknes. 1727-46 THOMSON Summer 1088 Thus o'er the
prostrate city black Despair Extends her raven wing. 1761
GRAY Odin 66 A wondrous boy. . Who ne'er shall comb his
raven-hair. 1813 BYRON Giaour ix, Here loud his raven
charger neigh'd. 1822 SCOTT Pirate iii, From her mother
Minna inherited the . . dark eyes, the raven locks. 1850
TENNYSON In Mem. i. Let darkness keep her raven gloss.
Hence (nonce-wds.) Ba vendora, the community
of ravens ; Ba'venhood, the state of being a raven ;
Ra'veuling, a young raven.
1870 STEWART Nether Lochaber xix. 112 Permitted by the
jaws of ravendom. 1889 Gd. Words 483/2 That raven grew
to the fullest stature of lusty ravenhood. 1896 E. J.
HARDING Slav Tales 258 The old raven started off, and
Niezginnek still held the ravenling.
Raven, so.2 : see RAVIN i.
Haven (rarv'n), v. Forms : 6 rau-, ravyne,
6-7 rau-, ravine, 7 rauin, -yn, 7, 9 ravin ; 5-7
rau-, 6-7, 9 raven, [ad. OF. raviner to ravage :—
L. *rapinare, f. rapina : see RAPINE, RAVIN i.]
tl. trans. To take (goods) away by force; to
seize or divide as spoil. Obs.
1494 FABYAN Chron. vn. ccxxxvii. 274 His mouable goodys
were spoyled and rauenyd amonge y* kynges offycers. 1560
DAUS tr. Sleidane's Comm. 356 Ravening and destroying
his goodes, they spoyled his wife and chyldren of all theyr
HAVENER.
apparell. 1593 Q. ELIZ. Ftoeth. i. pr. iii. 7 While they be
buy to rauyne vnproffitable baggage.
David's Vow 237 Hee. .sought to eat him up, and to raven
all hee could get from him. 1657 G. THORNLEY Daflmii *
Chloe 175 Nor had the Wolf raven'd away so much as one.
C. alisol. or intr. To plunder ; to seek after, to
go about, with intent to plunder.
1603 DRAYTON Bar. Wars i. vii, [Blood-thirsting Warre)
Transferd by fortune to the Scottish meare, To ransack
that, as it had rauin'd heere. 1621 MOLLE Camerar. Liv.
Lib. n. xvi. 125 He goes unto the wars to filch and rauen.
1670 COTTON Lspcrnon in. ix. 442 That they might not be
disturbed whilst busie ravening after Booty. 1865 CARLYLE
Fredk. Gt. xx. iv. VI. 92 His Croats and loose hordes went
openly ravening about.
2. To devour voraciously. Also fig.
1560 BIBLE (Geneva) Ezek. xxii. 25 Like a roaring lion
rauening the pray, a 1571 JEWEL On i Thess. (1611) 91 The
fishes belly destroieth those things which they rauine. 1615
BRATHWAIT Strappado, etc. (1878) 278 A Lion new relurnde
from rauening pray, Came to the fount, his blood to wash
away. 1818 KEATS Endym. in. 510 Clusters of grapes, the
which they raven'd quick. 1875 LOWELL Poet. Wks. (1879)
458/2 'Gainst Selfs lean wolf that ravens word and deed.
b. So with up, down, in. Now rare.
1598 B. JONSON Ev. Man in Hum. in. ii, They rauen vp
more butter then all the dayes of the weeke beside. 1603
KNOLLKS Hist. Turks (1621) 833 Certain young men . . like
greedie Harpies ravened it downe in a moment. 1607
TOPSELL Four-f. Beasts 303 If he rauen it in, as he wil do
hauing much at a time. 1683 TRVON Way to Health 648
Saturn and Mars.. with a fierce hunger destroy and raven
up the friendly Properties and Preservatives of Life. 1814
CARY Dante, Inf. xxxn. 124 As bread Is raven'd up through
hunger.
3. intr. or absol. To eat voraciously; to feed
to prey on or upon. Also fig.
avyne, I eate hastyly or gredyly.
horryble lurtcher, se how he ravynetn.
I575-85ABP. SANDYS Serm. (1841) izSForgreedycormorants
to raven upon. 1603 H. CKOSSE ) ertues Conimvj. (1878) 56
The fish Polipus .. doeth rauen vppon other fishes. 1667
Decay Chr. Piety ix. § i. 299 Those wild irregular fiames
which ravine and consume. 1811 JEFFERSON Writ. 11830)
IV. 164 Our printers ravin on the agonies of their victims.
i86» S. LUCAS Secularia 376 They equally ravened on a
smaller community.
b. To have a ravenous appetite or desire for.
1667 DRYDEN Wild Gallant iv. ii, She . . ravens mightily
for green fruit. 1687 — Hind $ P. 111-964 The more they
fed, they ravened still for more. 1883 T. FOSTER in Know-
ledge 20 July 38/1 Beasts . . ravening for blood and slaughter.
o. To have an intense longing for food. Alsoy?^.
_ 1858 BUSHNELL Serm. New Life 66 Those divine affinities
in us that raven with immortal hunger. 1881 Blackvj. Mag.
(XXIX. 194 If I know anything of your constitution . .you
must have been ravening hours ago.
4. intr. To prowl ravenously; to go about in
search of food.
1560 BIBLE (Geneva) Gen. xlix. 27 Beniamin shall rauine
(as) a wolfe. 1577 B. GOOCE Heresbach's Husb. (1586) 155 b,
Let them want no meate, for if they doe, they will for hunger
rauen abroad. 1680 H. MORE Apocal. Apoc. 124 His feet. .
which are his strength and instrument of action to raven and
prey with. 1877 M. M . GRANT Sun-Maid i, Fierce fiery lions
went ravening to and fro.
fig. 1851 DIXON W. Penn xxvi. (1872) 236 Persecution had
ravened through the land. 1857 RUSKIN Pol. Econ. Art 17
The unclean pestilence ravins in your streets.
Hence Ka'vened///. a., ? glutted.
1605 SHAKS. Macb. iv. i. 24 Maw, and Gulfe Of the rauin'd
salt Sea sharke.
tRa-venage. Obs. rare-1, [f. prec. + -AGE.]
Ravenousness.
1673 Jackson's Creed x. xxxvi. Publisher's Notes, The
ravenage or voracity of dogs is such that, .a diseased appe-
tite in man is therefore denamed caninus appetitus.
Ravene, obs. form of RAVEN si., R\AVIN!.
Havener (rarv'nai). Forms : a. 4 rauaynour,
4-5 raueynour ; 4 rauynour, (5 -or, -oure), 4-6
ravinour; 4-7 rauenour, -or, (5 -owre). 0. 5
raveyner ; 4-6 rau-, raviner, 5-6 ravyner ; 4-6
rauener, 6 rauenar, rav'ner, 5- ravener. [a.
OF. ravineor, -our (i 3th c. in Godef.) :— L. rapind-
tor-em : set RAVEN v. and -on, -ER. In common
nse from end of I4th to end of I7th c. ; now rare
or Obs.'}
1. One who ravens or takes goods by force; a
robber, plunderer, despoiler.
o. c 1374 CHAUCER Boeth. iv. pr. iii. 94 (Camb. MS.) Yif he
. . be a rauaynour by vyolence of foreyne rychesse. c 1440
Jacob's Well (E. E. T. S.) 17 Alle bat comaundyn obere to
don raveyn & thefte, & alle raueynoures. IJ39 TONSTALL
Serm. Palm Sund. (1823) 67 To make this realme a praye
to al venturers, al spoylers, . . all rauenours of the worlde.
1610 HOLLAND Camden's Brit. \. 108 These shamelesse Irish
ravenours returne home.
ft. c 1371 XI Pains Hell 36 in O. E. Misc. 211 pese were
proud men, raueners echon. 1393 LANCL. P. PI. C. xvlll.
43 Men of holy churche Sholde .. refuse reuerences and
raueneres oflrynges. <• 144° Jacob's Well (E. E. T. S.) 56
Alle opyn thevys, & alle false raveynerys, murdereres, nyat-
hevys. c 1580 SIDNEY Ps. xvn. iv, Ledd by thy word, the
av'ners stepps I shun. 1631 LITHGOW Trav. in. ot> These
. Seas, are free from pestilent Raueners. 1697 C. LESLIE
Snake in Grass (ed. 2) 96 Raveners from Christ, and his
utter Enemies.
2. A deforcer, ravisher, destroyer, etc. rare.
1390 GOWER Con/. II. 312 Schrif thee hier, If thou hast ben
Raviner Of love. Ibid. 316 And so that tirant raviner,
23
RAVENESS.
Whan that sche was in his pouer. 1594 CAREW r««<»(i88i)
68 That murderer, Of my bloud royall cruell rauiner.
3. A ravenous or voracious animal or person;
a glutton.
a. 1496 Fysshynge w. Angle (1883) 30 The ele is a quasy
fysshe, arauenour&a deuourerof the brodeof fysshe. 1567
MAPLET Gr. Forest 94 The mouse.. is for his bignes averie
rauenour or greedigut. 1591 LODGE Catharos D ij b, These
two bold rauenors, seeking in the Summer euening for their
..Supper. 1601 HOLLAND Pliny I. 343 As for the sea Pontus,
there enter into it few or no rauenours that haunt and
deuoure Ashes, vnlesse it be the Scales & little Dolphins.
specy
JStilli.
which are the greatest raueners. 1617 Bp. HALL Imprest of
Corf n. Wks. 456 This honie of the Church., is letdowne and
digested by these raueners. 1638 RAWLEY tr. Bacon's Life $•
Death. (1650) ii The Pike, amongst Fishes.. is a Havener.
b. With preps., as after, for, of.
1519 HORMAN Vulg. 71 Thou arte a rauenar of delicates
and a francher. 1587 MASCALL Govt. Cattle, Hogges (1627)
says the Fox, and nobody will Tax me . . for a Ravener of
Roots and Apples.
Raveness (r/'-venes). [f. RAVEN sb. + -ESS.]
A she-raven.
1613 WODROEPHE Marrow Fr. Tongue 321/2 The Rauen
loues his Rauenesse, because he finds her most faire. 1870
STEWART Nether Lochaber xix. (1883)112 Flirtations. .with
a neighbouring raveness.
Ravening (rarv'nin), vbl. sb. [f. RAVEN ».]
1. The action of the vb. in its various senses.
ijaS TINDALE Luke xi. 39 Youre inwarde parties are full
of raveninge and wickednes. 1567 MAPLET Gr. Forest
49 b, The Wolfe, and all other beastes, those especially
which Hue by rauening. 1614 RALEIGH Hist. World in.
(1634) ii The art of ravening which is familiar to such as
Hue or border upon desarts. a 1713 ELLWOOD Autobiog.
('765) 154 To whom his Company was as offensive, as his
Ravening was oppressive. 1854 MRS. GASKELL North I; S.
xxii, The dasmoniac desire of some terrible wild beast for
the food that is withheld from his ravening. 1874 S. WIL-
BERFORCE Ess. (1874) I. 285 An instance of selfish ravening
for wealth.
f 2. Madness, rabies. Also with//. : A fit of mad-
ness. Obs. (? for RAVINQ vbl. sb?)
1607 TOPSELL four-/. Beasts (1658) 568 The biting of a
Weasel is reported . . in his ravening or madnesse not to be
lesse hurtfull then the bitings of mad Dogs. 16*8 CUL-
PEPPER & COLE Barthol. Anal. in. vi. 142 The overgreat
and confused motion of these Idea's . . makes ravenings, as
in persons drunk, phrentick, [etc.].
Ravening (ra-v'nin), ///. a. [f. RAVEN z>.]
1. That ravens, in senses of the vb. ; rapacious,
voracious, etc. (In early use esp. of wolves.)
IS»6 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 129 They wyll appere in
terryble similitudes . . as rauenynge wolves or rampynge
lyons. 1548 UDALL, etc. Erasm. Par. Matt. v. 43 He
hathe well cutte of his rauenyng ryght hande. 1601 R.
JOHNSON Kingd. <y Commiv. 25 The Hand breedeth no
woolues nor any other rauening beasts. 1670 MILTON Hist.
Eng. in. Wks. (1851) 96 The ravening seizure of innumerable
Thieves in Office. 1767 SIR W. JONES Seven Fountains
Poems (1777) 50 A cave, where ravening monsters roar.
i8ai SHELLEY Hellas 510 Some ships lay feeding The
ravening fire. 1887 BOWEN Virg. sEneid1 n. 355 Wolves
whom ravening hunger has driven all blind on the path.
f2. Rabid, mad. Obs. (? for RAVING ///. a.1)
1598 MARSTON Sco. Villanie I. iv. 190 To Hue happily (I
heare thee boast) from thy Philosophy, And from thy selfe,
O rauening lunacy 1 1607 TOPSELL Four-f. Beasts (1658) 584
A ravening Wolf by his biting bringeth the same danger, as
a ravenous Dog. 1696 Bp. PATRICK Comm. Exodus (1697)
175 In his ravening fit he called for Moses, as if he had been
near him.
Hence f Ba-veningly adv., ravenously. Obs.
1533 UDALL Flowres 100 b, Gredily and rauenninglye, or
gluttonously to deuour veri moch. 1600 F. WALKER Sp.
Mandeville 146 The Wolues .. very raueningly with open
mouth assayling them.
f Ra-venish, a. Obs. rare-1, [f. RAVEN sb.i +
-I8H1.] Blackish. (The quot. is burlesque.)
'(1:1450 Ballad Pleasant in Stow's Chaucer (1561: 1344/2
Her iyen been holow, and grene as any grasse And Rauimsh
yelowe is her sounitresse (tread sonni tresse).
t Ra-venize, v. Obs. rare—1, [f. raven RAVIN l
+ -IZE.] intr. To raven.
1677 W. HUGHES Man of Sin n. x. 189 That Great Beast
of Prey, the Court of Rome, hath ravenized so, as to tear
the flesh and break the bones together.
Ravenous (rse'v'nas), a. Forms : 5 rav-, ra-
uynous, ravenus, 5-7 rauenous, -ouse, (7 St.
-ows), 5- ravenous ; 6 rauynys, Sc. rawynnis.
[a. OF. ravineux, -as, -ous, etc. (see Godef.) :— pop.
i.. *raftnosus : see RAPINE, RAVIN i, and -ous.]
1. Addicted to plundering or taking by force;
extremely rapacious. (Sometimes transf. from 2.)
1413-20 LVDC. Chron. Troy iv. xxxv, There is no degre
Gredyer nor more rauynous Than priestes be. 1538 STARKEY
England i. iv. 127 Spoylyd of the rauynys and pollyng
offycerys. 1560 DAUS tr. Sleidane's Comm. 269 The hors-
men of Hungary are commonly called Hussares, an ex-
ceadyng ravenous and cruell kynde of men. 1601 B. JONSON
Poetaster v. i, Thus oft, the base and ravenous multitude
Survive, to share the spoils of fortitude. 1713 DE FOE Voy,
round IVorld (1840) 183 Nations who were ravenous and
mischievous, treacherous and fierce. 1855 MACAULAY Hist.
Eng. xiv. III. 424 A crowd of negligent or ravenous func-
tionaries. . plundered, starved, and poisoned the armies and
fleets of William.
178
2. Of animals : Given to seizing in order to
devour; voracious, gluttonous. Hence of appe-
tite, hunger, etc. (Freq. in fig. context.)
c 1430 LYDG. Mi*. Poems (Percy Soc.) 159 Thus by a
aner of simylitude, Tirauntys [are] lyknyd to beestis
ravynous. 1496 Fysskyngeiv. ^«^/£(i883)3o
is a rauenous biter & an egre. ISM tAaRE.Deguat. Noviss.
Wks. 95 The rauenous appetite of dilicate meate & drink.
1590 SPENSER F. Q. i. xi. 12 Dead was it sure .. What ever
thing does touch his ravenous pawes. 1667 MILTON P. L. x.
991 Death shall .. with us two Be forc'd to satisfie his
Rav'nous Maw. 1719 DE FOE Crusoe I. xx. 353 The
ravenous Creatures . . were come down into the Forest and
plain Country, press'd by Hunger to seek for Food. 1835
W. IRVING Tour Prairies 157 The black wolves, in their
ravenous hunger and fury, took no notice of the distant
group of horsemen, a 1859 MACAULAY Hist. Eng. xxm. V.
ai He rushed with ravenous eagerness at every bait which
was offered to his cupidity.
transf. 1598 SHAKS. March. V. iv. i. 138 Thy desires Are
Woluish, bloody, steru'd, and rauenous. c 1614 SIR W.
MURE Dido 4- /Eneas i. 227 Let louse the winds, thy
rav'nows postes imploy, Disperse their navie, and them-
selves destroy, a 1845 HOOD Last Man xxxii, Their jaws
all white with foam Like the ravenous ocean brim.
b. Const of.
01614 DONNE BiaflopoTCK (1644) 65 For that age was
growne so hungry and ravenous of it, that many were bap-
tized onely because they would be burnt. 1856 KANE
A ret. Expl. II. i. ijThey [dogs] are absolutely ravenous of
every thing below the human grade. i88» BLUNT Kef. CA.
Eng. II. 23 That full exercise of power of which he was
ever so ravenous in all ecclesiastical matters.
3. Excessively hungry.
1719 DE FOE Crusoe n. viii. (1840) 184, I got up ravenous.
1877 BLACK Green Past. xlii. (1878) 337 Handsome girls who
waited on the crowd of ravenous people.
f4. = RAVENING///, a. t. OPS. rare.
1607 [see RAVENING ppl.a.i\. 1614 QUAKLKS 3"i>* xviii. 73
Then how dare Thy ravenous lips thus, thus at randome
runne, And counter-maund what I the Lord have done ?
RavenOUSly(r3e-v'nasli),o</z'. [f.prec.
In a ravenous manner.
1338 EL^OT, Lurco, to eate rauenously. x6n COTGR.,
Gloutement, gluttonously, rauenously, greedily, a 1715
BURNET Own Time n. (1724) I. 245 She . . lived at a vast
expence, and was ravenously covetous. 1791 BOSWELL
Johnson an. 1778, 15 Apr., Dr. Johnson ..seemed to read it
ravenously as if he devoured it. 1845 DARWIN Voy. Nat. ix.
(1879) 184 It began ravenously to tear a piece of carrion.
Bavenousness (rie-v'nssnes). [f. as prec. +
-NESS.] The quality or fact of being ravenous;
rapacity, voracity.
1570 GOLDING Justin xxxviii. 157 b, The greedy rauenous.
nesse of their Proconsulles. 1600 SURFLET Countrie Farnte l.
xxiv. 147 The rauenousnes and greedie feeding of this beast.
1656 EARL MONM. tr. Bocfalinfs^ Advts. fr. Parnass. I.
Ixxvii. (1674) 101 To defend their own Estates from the
ravenousness of these Harpies, a 1715 BURNET Own Time
u. (1724) 1. 224 [The treasure] was by the unpatient ravenous-
ness of the English lost. 1819 J. L. KNAPP Jrnl. Nat. 304
There are natural causes which render these apparent
asylums the field of ravenousness and death.
Ravenry (rii'v'nri). [f. RAVEN s6.i + -BY.] A
place where ravens build their nests or are kept.
1888 Nature 26 Apr. 602/2 Nothing short of a reward given
on the hatching-ofT of a ravenry. .would insure protection.
f Ba-veny. Obs. Also 6 -any. [f. RAVEN v. +
-Y 3.] Robbery, rapine.
1506 Kalender ofSheph. F iij, Thoughe thou loue rauany
as dothe a roke, Goodes of this worlde maketh many one
blynde. 1548 UDALL, etc. Erasm. Par. Mark i. 12 Nothing
whose nature wurse agreeth with fighting and raueny. 1577
tr. Bullingers Decades (1592) 749 The diuell .. is full of
greedie rauenie, and most cruell fiercenes.
Raver (rc'-vai). Forms : 5 rafar, ravare, 6
Sc. ravar, 6-7 rauer, 9 raver, [f. RAVE n.1 +
-EB1.] One who raves ; a madman ; an extrava-
gant speaker.
c 1400 Apol. Loll. 96 Sum tyme men wen to see a bing wan
bei see it not, as is schewid bi jogulors, dremers, & rafars.
c 1440 Promp. Parv. 424/2 Ravare, delirus, delirator.
c 1570 Satir. Poems Reform, xxxvii. 69 Rek not, J>aiifoir,
how raschelie ravarris raill. 1632 SHERWOOD, A rauer, res.
vettr. 1800 MOORE Anacreon lui. 19 He still can act the
mellow raver, And play the fool as sweet as ever !
Ravery (r^'-veri). Obs. exc. dial, [?a. OF.
raverie, rare var. of reverie REVERIE : see RAVE
i1.1] Raging, raving, madness or delirium. Also
with a and//., an instance of this ; a fit of raving.
c 1400 Laud Troy Bi. (E. E. T. S.) 11365 How he sclow In
his rauer y The doujti kyng Prothesaly 1 1594 A. HUME
Hymns To Rdr. (S. T. S.) 6 To rehearse some fabulos fails
of Palmerine, Amadis, or other such like raueries. 1659
MACALLO Can. Pkysick 8 Raving or Ravery designes the
braine to be distempered. 1687 A. LOVELL tr. Thevenot's
Trav. n. 105 If the King have sense enough not to give
credit to all their raveries. 1721 WODROW Hist. Sujf. Ch.
Scot. (1828) III. 348 The raveries and blasphemies emitted
by John Gib. 1895 E. Anglian Gloss., Jf ovary, a violent
mad fit of passion, attended with loud vociferation.
Ravestre, Sc. variant of REVESTRY.
Bavet (rse-vet), variant of RABBET sb.1 1 Obs.
1679 RUSDEN Discav. Bees 78 The two front doors to shut
close against a ravet. 1794 W. FELTON Carriages (iBoi) II.
Suppl. 86 Rub the shutting edges, or ravets, with soap.
Baveyn(e, obs. forms of RAVIN i.
Raviling, obs. form of RAVELIN.
Ravin l (ra-vin), raven2 (ra-v'n). Forms : o.
4-6 rau-, ravyn(e, 6 Sc. rawyne, 4-7 rauine, 6-7
-in, 4- ravine, 5- ravin. /§. 4-5 rau-, raveyn,
4-6 rau-, raveyne, -ayn(e. 7. 4-7 rauen, 6
RAVINE.
ravene, 4- raven, [a. F. ravine (t rabine, raveinc,
1 2th c.) :— L. rapina RAPINE. The orig. sense of
the word is now lost in Fr., see RAVINE so.]
1. Robbery, rapine. (Sometimes^, from 2.)
a. 1340 HAMPOLE Pr. Consc. 3368 Thefte alswa and rayyn,
Ilkan of bir es a dedly syn. c 1400 Rom. Rose 6813 Bailifs,
bedels, provost, countours ! These lyven wel nygh by ravyne.
1484 CAXTON FaklcsofJEsop ill. vi, He that lyueth but of
rauyn and robberye snal at the last be knowen and robbed.
1570-* LAMBARDE Peramt. Kent (1826) 95 Oppressing the
common people by insatiable rauine, extortion, and tyrannic.
1619 MAXWELL tr. Herodian (1635) 103 Yet shall you want
nothing which is . . not clogged with violence and ravine.
1718-46 THOMSON Spring 339 With hot ravine fir'd, en-
sangum'd Man Is now become the lion of the plain. 1861
RAWLINSON Anc. Man. I. Assyria m. 308 Blood, and ravin,
and robbery are their characteristics.
(3. c 1380 WYCLIF Serin. Sel. Wks. I. 3 Sum men shal be
dampnyd more felly for raveyne. c 1430 LYDG. Mia. Poems
(Percy Soc.) 210 To punysshe extorcioun, raveyne, and eche
robbour. 1483 CAXTON Gold. Leg. 88/1 He wold kepe hys
people fro the Rauayne that they made. cis»o Treat.
Galauut (1860) a% Prelatis necligence, lordis rauayn, and
marchauntis deceytes.
y. iy» ARNOLDE Chron. (1821) 240 Do thy besy deuor
From my folke al rauen to disseuor. c 1510 MORE Picas
Wks. 21 If thou withdrawe thine handes, and forbere The
rauen of anyething. 1617 FLETCHER Valentinian v. iv,
Why doe we like to feed the greedy Raven Of these blowne
men ? 1816 E. IRVING Babylon II. viil. 303 A generation of
raven and blood-thirstiness.
t b. With a and //. : An act of rapine. Obs.
c 1374 CHAUCER Boeth. i. pr. iv. 9 (Camb. MS.) Whan 1
say the fortunes . . of poeple of he prouinces ben harmyd . . by
pryuey Raueynes [L. privatis rapinis]. 1475 Bk. Noblesse
(Roxb.) 73 Suche oppressions and tirannyes, ravynes and
crueltees. 1546 J. HEVWOOD Pror. (1867) 77 Sens we were
borne, Ruine of one rauine, was there none gretter. 1593
Q. ELIZ. tr. Boeth. i. pr. iv. 9, I sorowed for the provinces
misfortunes, wrackt by private ravins and publick taxes.
2. The act or practice of seizing and devouring
prey or food ; hence, voracity, gluttony.
c 1381 CHAUCER Par!. Foules 336 f e goshauke that dothe
pyne To bryddis for his outragious ravine, r 1440 HYLTON
Scala f'er/(W. de W. 1494) n. xiv, Some men are torned
into wulfes that lyuen by raueyn. 1578 Chr. I'rayers A iv,
Preserue me from .. pride of eyes, rauine of the belly, . .
hunger of richesse, [etc.]. 1609 HOLLAND A mm. Marcell. xv.
v. 57 As wild beasts, wont to Hue of ravine and prey. 1091
RAY Creation (1714) 119 Exposed to the Ravine of any
vermine that may find them. 1856 RUSKIN Mod. Paint. IV.
v. xviii. § 26 Their pastured flocks .. safe from the eagle's
stoop and the wolf's ravin.
b. Beast (etc.) of ravin : Beast of prey.
1340 HAMPOLE Pr. Consc. 9448 Many hydus bestes of
ravyn, AU wode wolfes, lyons and beres felle. £1400
MAUNDEV. (Roxb.) xxxiv. 153 Vowltures, egles, rauyns, and
ober fewlez of rauyne. 1503 DUNBAR Thistle tr Rose 125
And lat no fowll of rawyne do efferay. 1613 LISLE JEffric
onO.^N. Test. Ded. 32 To keepe Your flocks within, and
beasts of ravine out. 1641 MILTON Animadv. Wks. (1851)
233 The very garbage that drawes all the fowles of prey and
ravin . . to come, and gorge upon the Church. 1897 F.
THOMPSON New Poems 143 All fair strong beasts of ravin.
•(• c. A beast of prey. Obs. rare—1.
1613 FLETCHER & ROWLEY Maid in Mill v. ii, Seiz'd on
by a fierce and hungry Bear She was the Ravin's prey.
f d. Ravenous hunger. Obs. rare — l.
i«49 G. DANIEL Trinarch., Hen. V, cci, A Tiger, (whom
lanke Ravin fires To sett vpon the Herds).
3. concr. That which is taken or seized ; plunder,
spoil ; prey (of men or beasts).
a 1315 Prost Psalter Ixi. 10 Ne wil je noujt couaite rauyns.
I3»»WYCLIF Nahum ii. 12 The lyoun. .fulfillede with praye
her dennys, and his couche with rauyn (1388 raueyn].
1590 SPENSER F. Q. I. xi. 12 His deepe devouring lawes
Wyde gaped, . . Through which into his darke abysse all
ravin fell. 1667 MILTON P. L. x. 599 There best, where
most with ravin I may meet. 1836 For. Q. Kev. XVII. 163
There are others again which leap like tigers suddenly upon
their ravin. 1860 PUSEY Min. Proph. 238 Petra..was well
suited to be the receptacle of ravin.
4. atlrib. as adj. = RAVENOUS.
1413 JAS. I Kingis Q. clvii, The lesty beuer and the ravin
bare. 1601 SHAKS. Airs Wellm. ii. 120, I met the rauine
Lyon. 1615 CROOKE Body of Man 165 The great abundance
of meate deuoured by Rauen-stomackes and Trencher-
friends.
t Ra*vin 2. Obs. [a. F. ravin ( 1 690), f. raviner
to hollow out, to ravine.] = RAVINE sb. 3.
1760-72 tr. Juan I, UHo^s Pay. (ed. 3) I. 153 The in-
conveniences of the ravins are avoided. 1785 Phil. Trans.
LXXV. 18, 1 found myself in the bottom of a narrow and
deep ravin. 1813 HOBHOUSE Journey (ed. 2) 444 Uneven
downs . . terminating in heaths intersected by several ravins.
Ravin, obs. f. RAVEN sb., var. RAVEN v.
Ra-vinated, ///. a. = RAVINED ///. a.
1898 Eclectic Mag. LXVII. 646 The Urals .. represent a
wide expansion of ravinated plateaus.
Ravine (ravf-n), sb. Also 5 ravayn, ravyne.
[a. F. ravine a violent rush (now only of water),
a ravine ; identical with ravine RAVIN !.]
1 1- Impetus, violence, force. Obs. rare.
c 1450 Merlin 127 Bretell smote hyrn a-gein . .with so grete
ravayn that the spere ran thourgh his left sholder. Ibia. 324
Thei .. spored theire horse and smote in-to the hoste with
grete ravyne.
f 2. A violent rush of water. Obs. rare — °.
1611 COTGR., Ravine d'ean, a great floud, a rauine, or
inundation of water which ouerwhelmeth all things that
come in it way.
3. A deep narrow hollow or gorge, a mountain
cleft, properly one worn by a torrent.
Cf.the earlier RAVIN', the stressing of which is sometimes
RAVINE.
found with the spelling ravine (see quot. 1807 here, anc
those for ravine-pass, -rifted \\\ 4).
1802 JAMES Mllil. Did., Ravine, .. a deep hollow [etc.]
1807 J. BARLOW Cohtmb. I. 267 Round each bluff base the
sloping ravine bends. 1814 SCOTT Ld. of Isles in. xiv, Each
naked precipice, Sable ravine, and daik abyss. 1837 W
IRVING Capt. Bonneville\\l. 189 Obliged to travel along the
edges of frightful ravines, where a false step would have
been fatal. 1853 HERSCHEL Pop. Lcct. Sc. i. § 41 (1873) 31
The river had run in a ravine, 600 ft. deep and 200 broad.
4. attrib. and Comb., as ravine-pass ; ravine-like,
-loving, -rifted adjs. ; ravine-buck, -deer, the
Indian gazelle (Gazella Benneltii), which frequents
ravines.
1877 J. H. BALDWIN Game Bengal, etc. 202, I .. informed
my Commandant how I had disposed of one of the *ravine
bucks. 1894 PHILLIPS- WOLLEY BigGame Shading II. xlix.
356 A ravme buck with a broken leg will give a good run to
dogs. 1867 JEKDON Mammals India. 280 * Ravine-deer
of sportsmen in Bengal— Goat-antelope in Bombay and
Madras. 1877 J- ^. BALDWIN Game Bengal, etc. 204
The little ravme deer is a regular bush-loving antelope,
and much resembles a wild goat in its appearance and
habits. 1885 H. O. FORBES Nat. Wand. E. Archip. 75
The parched surface of the ground broke up into Ravine-
like cracks. 1861 R. F. BURTON City of Saints 224 The
*ravine-loving quaking-asp (Populus tremnloides). 1845
MRS. NORTON Child of Islands (1846)93 Down *ravine-pass
and mountain-gorge. 1832 J. BREE St. Herbert's Isle 68
To high Blencathra's 'ravine-rifted head.
Ravi'ne, v. rare. [f. prec. sb. or a. F. rcminer
in same sense.] trans, a. To score with ravines.
b. To hollow out.
1858 G. P. SCROPE Geol, Central France M. 2) 167 Causes
which have cut up and ravined to a great depth. .Les Bout-
tieres. 1896 HOWELLS Impressions $ Exp. 258 A gulf
ravined out of the bank for a street.
Ravine, obs. form of RAVEN v.
Ravined (ravfnd), ///. a. [1. RAVINE sb. or v.
+ -ED.] Marked with ravines, furrowed.
1854 CT. E. DE WARREN tr. Di Sanity's Journ. Dead Sea
1 1. 64 Between us and the sea, a large ravined plain extends.
1859 G. MEREDITH R. Feverel xxxiv, There hung Briareus
with deep-indented trunk and ravined brows.
Ravinere, obs. form of RAVEXEE.
Raving (r?:-virj),pW.rf.l t-iNol.] The action
of RAVE zv1; wild or delirious talk or declamation.
c 1440 Promp. Parv. 474/2 Ravynge, deliracio. 1530 TIN-
DALE A nsw. More Wks. 285 That stoppyng of her throte, that
rauyng, those greuous panges. 1624 MASSINGER Renegado
iv. i, Our best hope for his recovery is that His raving leaves
him. 1711 ADDISON Sfect. No. 46 T i There is nothing in
them but Obscurity and Confusion, Raving and Irwausist-
ency. 1803 CHALMERS Let. in Life (1851)!. 480 In vain will
you say that this is idle and declamatory raving.
attrib. 1749 FIELDING Tom Jones xi. iv, Imagine the
maddest woman in Bedlam in a raving fit.
b. With a and //. An utterance of this kind ;
t a fit of madness.
c 1475 RattfCoilyar 895 Schir Rolland, I rek nocht of thy
Rauingis. 1638 A. READ Chirurg. x. 75 A convulsion or
raving, which ensueth after immoderate bleeding. 1798
FERRIAR lllustr. Sterne eic. Of Genius 286 The ravings of
lunatics have often been more regarded than the arguments
of wise men. 1883 Manch. Exam. 7 Jan. 5/2 We hear
ravings over here about 'one-sided ' Free Trade.
Having, vbl. sbt and 3 : see RAVE v.s and v.*
Raving (re'-virj),///. o.i [f. RAVE z>.l + -ING 2.]
1. Delirious, frenzied ; raging.
c X4_75 RaufCoil$ear 650 To his raifand word he gaue na
i (1851) ?r To exercise a Raving and Bestial! Tyranny
over them, a 1704 T. BROWN Sat. Quack Wks. 1730 I. 64
All mankind the raving monster shun. 1781 COWPER Conv.
559 The raving storm and dashing wave. 1837 DICKENS
Pickw. xi, A settled gloom, which .. finally terminated in
raving madness.
b. quasi-aifo. with adjs., esp. mad.
1786 BURNS Toothache iii, Raving mad, I wish [etc.]. 1813
bHELLEY Q. Mob v. ri3 When .. religion Drives his wife
raving mad. 1883 Harper's Mag. Mar. SQJ/J The loco, or
rattle-weed,, .drives them raving crazy.
2. U.S. slang. That excites raving admiration:
superlative.
1886 in Cent. Diet. 1892 F. M. CRAWFORD T/iret Fates
11. 102 \ou are such a raving success, as they call it.
Raving,///, a.2 and 3 ; see RAVE v? and z>.4
t Raving fat. Obs. rare. Also 6 ravin-, (Of
obscure origin and meaning.) Also attrib.
I5.S5 Richmond Wills (Surtees) 86 A paire of studies and
ravmfat, a whealle and a gallan xiiij*. 1578 I bid. 274 A pair
studllls, quelis, cards, raving fatt gangs, and all other
geare perteyning wool! worke.
Ravingly (r^-virjli), adv. [f. RAVING ///. a\
+ -LY •'.] In a raving manner.
a 1586 SIDNEY Arcadia (1622) 113 In this depth of muzes,
id timers sorts of discourses, would shee rauingly haue
remained. 1650 A. B. Mutat. Polemo 3 These ravingly
cursed their fortunes. 1728 RAMSAY Daft Bargain 5 Quoth
Kab (right ravingly) to Raff. 1793 J. BOWLES Ground War
•ui. J' ranee (ed. 5) 72 She . . ravingly exults in the distempered
dea. 1825 Examiner 721/1 Her 'Soldier tired '..was
ravingly encored.
Ravinour, obs. form of RAVENEE.
-Ra'viol. Obs. rare-", [a. It. raviolo (Florio),
ravtuolo, or obs. F. raviole.] = RAFIOL.
1611 FLORID, Rafiali, a kind of little paste-meates in
fashion of little pasties, rauiols.
tRavisable, a. Ohs.-\ [a. OF. ravis(s}able
(Godef.), l. raviss-, ravir to seize.] Ravenous.
179
c 1400 Rom. Rose 7016 Outward lambren semen we . . Anc
inward we withouten fable Ben gredy wolucs rauysable.
t Ra-vish, sb. Obs. rare. [f. RAVISH v.] An
act of ravishing ; ravishment, rapture.
fi6zo M. LOK in Haklnyt Voy* (1812) V. 408 Afte
diuers complaints of those rauishes, . . the Women brough
from thence were apparelled [etc.]. a 1649 WINTHROP New
Eng. ^1853) I. 219 [They] had builded their comfort o
salvation upon unsound grounds, viz., some upon dream
and ravishes of spirits by fits.
Ravish (r£e-vif), v. Forms : a. 4-5 rav-, rau
issoh(e, -isoh (also 6 Sc.), -ysch(e,-isshe,-esche
-es(s)he, -yoh, (5 -ich), 4-6 rauysh(e, -yssoh(e
(6 -yszsh), 4-7 -ishe, 5-6 ravissh, 4- ravish ; .
rewych, 5 revyssh. 0. (Chiefly north, and Sc.) ,
raiuis-, rauioe, ravese, 4-5 (6 Sc.) rauis, rauys ,
Se. 5 rawis-, raves-, 6-7 ravis ; 5 rewis, -ys, (
reuis(s, reuys, reueis-, rewese, 6-7 revis. [a. F
raviss-, lengthened stem of ravir to seize, take away
.--pop. L. *rafire, class. L. raplre. Cf. RAVIN i.]
1. trans. To seize and carry off (a person) ; to
take by violence, to tear or drag away from (a place
or person). Now somewhat rare, f Also, to sweep
or carry away; to drag off (to or into a place). Obs.
a 1300 Cursor M. 7680 His reners [saul] beder send For to
rauis dauid he wend, a 1340 HAMPOLE Psalter\xu. 8, 1 am
tht bridde & if bou hill me not be glede will ravishe me.
1422 tr. Secrela Secret., Priv. Priv. 174 The course of the
ryuer so stronge and so styfe rane, that the knyght and his
hors rauyshith, doune hym bare, and dreynte. 1585 T.
WASHINGTON tr. Nicholay's Voy. in. i. 69 [They] by out-
ragious force rauish these most deare infants . . from . . their
fathers and mothers. 1603 B. JONSON Sejanus v. x, Now
inhumanely ravish him to Prison ! 1624 QUARLES Sion's
Elegies iv. 20 Heaven's Anoynted, Their hands have crusht,
and ravisht from his Throne. 1655 FULLER Ch. Hist. i. v.
§ 20 The British are not so over-fond of St. Patrick, as to
ravish him into their Country against his will, and the con-
sent of Time. 1854 SUMNER Speech in Wks. 1895 III. 201
For the mother there is no assurance that her infant child
will not be ravished from her breast.
fig. 1513 DOUGLAS sEneis vni. i. 49 In mynd..Nou heyr,
nou there, revist in syndry partis. 1560 DAUS ti. Sleidane's
Comm. 464 b, Many men rauished & tuste hither and thither
wuh euery wynde of doctrine.
t b. In pass. : To be carried away from a belief,
state, etc. Obs.
1362 LANGL. /'. PI. A. xi. 297 Arn none rathere yrauisshid
fro the rijt beleue Thanne am thise grcte clerkis. a 1400-50
Alexander 4424 pus fra be rote of rijtwisnes rauyst ere 5e
clene. c 1425 Found. St. Bartholomew's (E. E. T. S.) 45 In
his slepe he was raueshid from his resonable wyttys. 1758
H. WALPOLE Catal. Roy. Authors (1759) I. 157 Ravished
from all improvement and reflection at the age of seventeen,
t C. To draw forcibly to (or into) some condition,
action, etc. Obs.
1398 THEVISA&WM. DeP.R.\\. iv. (1495) b ij b/2 Aungels
ben. .rauysshed to the Innest contemplacion of the loue of
-od. I45o-a53<> Myrr. our Ladye 329 That whyle we
now god vysybly, by hym we mote be rauyshed in to the
loue of inuysyble thynges. 1574 tr. Alarlorat's Apocalips
23 Christes works . . might rauish all men to haue them m
wonderfull admiration. 1600 HOLLAND Livy x. xlL 382 The
Romanes were ravished and carried on end to the battaile,
with anger, hope, and heate of conflict.
2. To carry away (a woman) by force. (Some-
times implying subsequent violation.) Also said
fig. of death, t Obs.
a 1300 Cursor M. 7048 Alexandre, in }>at siquar, J>a' paris
bight, raiuist helayn. 1303 R. BRUNNE Handl. Synnt 7422
pay rauys a mayden ajens here wyl, And mennys wyuys
pey lede awey bertyl. 1387 TREVISA Higden (Rolls) I. 171
lupiter . .rauisched Eurppa, Agenores doubter, c 1477 CAX-
TON Jason 8 They rauisshed the fayr Ypodame out from
alle the other ladyes. 1585 T. WASHINGTON tr. Nicholay's
Voy. H. ill 33 It was there . . Paris after he had rauished
Helene, tooke of her the first frutes of his loue. c 1665
MRS. HUTCHINSON Mem. Col. Hutchinson (1846) 49 Death
quenched the flame and ravished the young lady from him.
b. To commit rape upon (a woman), to violate.
1436 Rolls of Parlt. IV. 498A [He] flesshly knewe and
ravysshed ye said Isabell. 1560 DAUS tr. Sleidane's Comm.
220 b, The women and maides that were fled thither for
feare, they ravissh every one [L. constuprant\ 1642 FULLER
Holy iff Prof. St. v. xi. 397 Defiling virgins, or ravishing
hem rather, for consent onely defiles. 1756-7 tr. Keysler's
Trav. (1760) II. 159 The Locis Turpitudmis, as it is called,
where St. Agnes was in danger of being ravished by two
soldiers. 1834 Cycl. Pract. Med. III. 583/1 Ravishing by
'orce any woman-child, .or any other woman.
fig. 1664 DRYDEN Rival Ladies n. i, Against her Will
air Julia to possess, Is not t'enjoy but ravish Happiness.
1782 COWPER Table T. 332 May no foes ravish thee [Liberty],
nnd no false friend Betray thee, while professing to defend.
fc. To spoil, corrupt. Obs. rare—1,
1593 SHAKS. Liter. 778 O hateful, vaporous, and foggy
Night . . With rotten damps ravish the morning air.
8. To carry away or remove from earth (esp. to
leaven) or from sight. Now rare.
a 1300 Cursor M. 18483 We sal be rauist forth a-wai, Sal
la man se us fra bat dai. 1340 HAMPOLE Pr. Consc. 5050
We . . Sal ban with bam in cloudes be ravyste Up in-to be
tyre, c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints x. (Matthew) 210 It hapnyt pe
ungis son be ded. .pai laid be kynge bat goddis had rawist
lyme. c 1450 LYDG. & BURGH Secrees 97 He was Ravysshed
^ontemplatyff of desir Vp to the hevene lyk a dowe of ITyr.
513 DOUGLAS /Eneis \. t 50 Ganimedes reveist aboue the
ky. 1697 DRYDEN Virg.Georg.\\i.-j\g Forever I am ravish 'd
rom thy sight. 1754 FIELDING Jonathan \l'ild\\. vii,A very
hick mist ravished her from our eyes. 1885-94 R. BRIDGES
Eros «c Psyche Oct. xii, Ravisht to hell by fierce Agesilas,
L'hou soughtest her on earth and couldst not find.
b. To carry away (esp, to heaven) in mystical
RAVISHED.
sense; to transport in spirit without bodily re-
moval.
world. 1482 Monk ofEvesham (Arb.) 36 Y was rauyshte
-i. 1615 G. SANDYS 7Vi
natural! idiots, in high veneration; as men rauished in
spirit, and taken from themselues, as it were, to the fellow-
ship of Angels. 1644 EVELYN Mem. (1857) I. 117 It has
some rare statues, as Paul ravished into the third heaven.
c. To transport with the strength of some feeling,
to carry away with rapture ; to fill with ecstasy or
delight ; to entrance. Also const, from.
13.. E. E. Allit. P. A. 1087 So was I rauyste wyth
glymme pure. 1377 LANGL. P. PI. B. II. 17 Hire arraye me
rauysshed, sucche ricchesse saw I neuere. 1484 CAXTON
Fables of A If once i, The medecyns . . sayd that., he was
rauysshed by loue. a 1533 LD. BERNERS Huon cxliv. 538
bhe had suche loye that of a great spase she coude speke no
word, she was so rauysshyd. 1586 A. DAY Eng. Secretary
(1625) 23 Doth not the learned Cosmographie . . rauish vs
oftentimes and bring in contempt the pleasures of our owne
soyle. 1695 BLACKMORE Pr. Arth. n. 316 Ambrosial Juices,
sweet Nectarean Wine, Ravish 'd their Tast. 1753 HOGARTH
Anal. Beauty v. 28 Ravish the eye with the pleasure of the
pursuit. 1826 E. IRVING Babylon II. vni. 282, I have been
wrapt in wonder, and ravished with delight, in the study of
it. 1873 BROWNING Red Cott. Nt.-cap iv. 135 You ravish
men away From puny aches and petty pains.
4. To seize and take away as plunder or spoil ;
to seize upon (a thing) by force or violence; to
make a prey of. •(• Also with away.
c 1374 CHAUCER Boeth. iv. pr. v. toa (Camb. MS.) Shrewes
rauysshen medes of vertu and ben in honours and in gret
estatis. 1382 WYCLIF Nahum ii. 9 Rauyshe je syluer,
rauyshe Je gold. 1483 CAXTON Cato B iij, To be wyllyng
for to dyspoyle and rauysshe hys neyghbours goodes.
1535 COVERDALE Gen. xxxvii. 33 A rauyshinge beast hath
rauyshed_loseph. a 1661 FULLER Worthies (1840) II. 104
Some antiquaries are so jealous of their works, as if every
hand which toucheth would ravish them. 1731 MEDLEY
Kolben's Cape G. Hope I. 66 The Free-booters had used to
ravish away their lives and their cattle. 1794 BURKE Sf.
agst.rr'.Haslings'Vite. 1826 XV. 430 To steal an iniquitous
judgment, which you dare not boldly ravish.
absol. 1712-14 POPE Rape Lock n. 32 He meditates the
way, By force to ravish, or by fraud betray.
fig- c 1374 CHAUCER Boeth. m. pr. i. 50 (Camb. MS.) Whan
bat thow ententyf and stylle rauysshedest my wordes.
t b. To carry, take, pull, or drag away or along
in a violent manner without appropriation ; to re-
move by force. Also with away, down. Obs.
c '374 Uee RAVISHING///, a. i]. 1398 TREVISA Earth. De
P. R. vni. xxii. (Bodl. MS.) If. 86/r Aboute be whiche axis
alle be swiftenes of be firmament is rauessched and ymeued.
1460-4 PastonLett. No. 434 II. 81 The gret fray, .ravyched
my witts and mad me ful hevyly dysposyd. 1535 COVERDALE
J'rov. i. 12 These are the ways of all soch as be couetous,
that one wolde rauysh anothers life. 1620 MELTON Astrolog.
65 His minde was rauished downe the swift torrent of
an insolent vanity. 1698 CROWNE Caligula, in, Rivers he
ravishes, and turns their courses !
c. Const, from, out of, f into, to.
1398 TREVISA Earth. De P. R. xvl. vii. (Bodl. MS.), 5if bow
doste ber on [on quicksilver] a scrupil of golde it rauesscheb
into it silfe be lijtnes berof. 0400 Rom. Rose 5198, 1 mene
not that [love] which makith thee wood, . . And ravysshith
fro thee all thi witte. 1563 WINJET Wks. (1890) II. 16 We
also..suld reuiss fra it, that mot proflet to the lyfe eternal!.
1634 W. TIRWHYT tr. Bahac's Lett. (vol. I.) a ij, The onely
thing hee supposed to possess . . was ravished from him.
1722 DE FOE Col. Jack (1840) 175, I. .am not. .obliged to
ravish my bread out of the mouths of others. 1748 RICHARD-
SON Clarissa (1811) II. xxxiii. 233 He even snatched.. my
struggling hand ; and ravished it to his odious mouth.
1838 PRESCOTT Ferd. fy Is. (1846) I. ii. 135 The crown was
ravished from her posterity. 1871 R. ELLIS Catullus Ixiv. 5
Fain from Cblchian earth her fleece of glory to ravish,
t d. With double object. Obs.
£•1400 Destr. Troy 462 The sight of bat semely .. rauysshed
lir radly be rest of hit sawle. a 1500 Sir Beues 3917
^Pynson) Thou haste rauysshed my men theire lifie.
1 5. To ravage, despoil, plunder. Obs.
1297 R. GLOUC. (Rolls) 4001 pou..rauissest france & ober
londes. a 1340 HAMPOLE Psalter ix. 32 He waites bat he
rauysch be oore. 1388 WYCLIF Isa. xlii. 22 Thilke puple
was rauyschid and wasted, c 1619 BACON Sp. concerning
War w. Spain Rem. (1734) 226 We ravished a principal
^ity of wealth and strength.
f b. To despoil, rob, or deprive (one) of some-
;hing. Obs.
1362 LANGL. P. PI. A. iv. 34 And hou he rauischede
*ose, Reynaldes lemmon, And Mergrete of hire mayden-
lod. 1560 DAUS tr. Sleidane's Comm. 29 b, I am not led
ashely on like one that were ravished of his wittes. 1606
3. W[OODCOCKE] Hist. Imtine vni. 38 Assailing the brothers
.[he] rauisht them both of their kingdomes. 1686 .F.
SPENCE tr. barilla's Ho. M edicts 240^ As he was .. more
methodick than Blondus, he ravish 'd him of his reputation.
a 1803 Hitglue Graine xiv. in Child Ballads IV. 13 They
may ravish me o' my life, But they canna banish me fro
Ravished (ne-vijt), ppl. a. [f. prec. + -ED 2.]
1. Carried away by force ; violated ; ravaged.
1513 DOUGLAS sEnfis iv. v. 48 To Amon he was son, beget
..Apon the maid revist Garamantida. 1606 SHAKS. Tr. 4
7r. Pro]. 9 The rauish 'd Helen, Menelaus Queene. 1692
JAY Disc. 35 When Sea, Earth, ravisht Heaven, the curious
rrame Of this World's Mass should shrink in purging Flame.
-13 ADDISON_ Cato n. v, The spurious brood Of violated
ilds, of ravish'd Sabines. 1788 BURNS ' Fate gatv tltc
23-2
BAVISHEDLY.
Word\ The mother-linnet .. Bewails her ravish'd young.
a 184$ BAKHAM Cousin Nicholas xxi, The porter, .stretched
out his hand to secure the ravished peruke.
2. Transported, entranced, enraptured.
1501 DOUGLAS /'«/. Hon. I. ii, My rauist spreit in that
desert tcrribill. 1549 COVERDALE, etc. Erasm. far. i Cor.
38 Suche as are inspired with the holy gost are not theyr
owne men, no more then we see rauished men to be. 1697
DRYDEN Virg. Eel. v. 70 Thy Verse . . So sweet, so charming
to my ravish'd Ears. 1768 SIK \V. JONES Sotima Poems
('777) 5 Sooth'd with his lay, the ravish'd air was calm.
01830 PRAEU Poems (1864) II. 48 Before your ravished
eyes New hopes appear.
Hence t KaTlshedly adv. 06s.
'593 NASHE Christ's T. (1613) 10 She breaketh violently
from mee, to run rauishtly into his rugged armes. Ibid. 167
Which maketh them rauishtly melancaolly.
Ravisher (ra-vijaj). Also 4 rauissch-, 5 rav-
ys(s)hour; 6 Sc. raviss-, reuesar. [£ RAVISH v.
+ -EB', in early use prob. after OF. ravisserre,
ravisseor, -ear.] One who ravishes, in senses of
the vb. (esp. a and 2 b).
f '37S XI Pains Hell 78 in O. E. Misc. 225 To brennc
. .Spous-brekers wib lechours, Rauisschers wib rauisschours.
1439 Rails ofParlt. IV. 344/1 Ravyshours of Wymen ayens
the lawe. i$5» Aup. HAMILTON Catech. (1884) 10 All adul-
teraris, deflouraris of virginis, ravissaris of wemen. 1588
SHAKS. Tit. A. v. ii. 104 Good Rapine, stab him, he is
a rauisher. 1631 LITHGOW Trav. n. 74 Her matrons* be-
came a prey and prise to euery Rauisher. 17x3-14 POPE
Rape Lock iv. 103 Gods ! shall the ravisher display your
hair? 1750 JOHNSON SauMtrNo. 77? 14 The giddy libertine,
or drunken ravisher. 1800 Asiat. Ann. Reg., Poetry^ 851
Without love I had stray'd, Till at length a sweet ravisher
came. 1851 D. WILSON Preh. Ann. (1863) II. iv. iii. 250
Pure silver., found in the.. tumulus by its unprincipled
ravisher.
Ravishing (rse-vifirj), vbl. sb, [-INO '.]
1. The action of taking or carrying away by
force ; plundering ; violation, etc.
a 1300 Cursor M. 7080 And al be chesun o bat strijf. Was
for rauising of a wijf. 1398 TREVISA Earth. De P. R. viu.
xxii. iBodl MS.), Aboute bis lyne..be firmament passe)?
aboute wib eendeles rauessching. c 1430 LYDG. Min. Poems
(Percy Soc.) 36 But be wel ware of feyned cosynage, . . And
lords lettres, and ravisshyng, and rage. 1535 COVERDALB
Nahittn iii. r Wo to that bloudthursty cite, which is all full
of lyes and robbery, & wil not leaue of from rauyszshinge.
1380 HOLLYBAND Treat. Fr. Tong, Raft, ou ravissement,
rauisbing or taking away by violence. 1603 KNOLLES
Hist. Turks (1638) 272 The aeflouring of our daughters,
the rauishing of our wiues.
2. The action of transporting with ecstasy or
delight. 10l>s.
1383 WYCLIF Acts xxii. 17 Forsoth it is don to me, turnynge
ajen into Jerusalem, . . me for to be maad in rauyssching of
soule. 143$ M ISYN Fire of Lave 86 Anober maner of rauisch-
y^nge ber is fiat is lyfling of mynde in-to god be contempla-
cion. 1483 Monk of Evesham (Arb.) 112 Vn the space of
hys raueshyng, he was so fully helyd that he hym selfe
meruelyd. 1536 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) i6ib, In
suche hye eleuacyon or rauysshyng vp of the mynde. 1586
T. B. La rriiiniud. Fr. Acad. n. (1594) 234 This degree of
loue may be rightly called rauishing, in which the louer is
so rapt out of himstlfe, that he forgetteth himselfe. 1613
WITHER in Farr S. P. jas. / (1848) 216 He in his troubles
eased the bodie's paines By measures raised to the soule's
rauishing.
t b. An ecstasy, transport, rapture. Obs.
1435 MISYN Fire of Lave 84 Of dobylle rauischyngis.
Ibid. 86 And [als] well his is cald a rauischynge als be todyr.
IS*6 Pilgr. Per/. (W. de W. 1531) 272 The thyrde. . is called
a rapt or a rauysshynge of the soule. 1637-77 FELTHAM
Resolves u. Ixvi. 328 The ravishings that sometimes from
aboue do shoot abroad in the inward man.
Ravishing (rae'vijirj), ///. a. [-mo2.] That
ravishes, in senses of the vb.
1 1. That carries along or away. Obs. rare.
c»374 CHAUCER Boelk. I. met. v. 13 (Camb. MS.) O Thou
maker of the whel bat bereb be sterres which . . tornest the
heuene with a Rauessyng sweyh. Ibid. 14 Thow gouernour
withdrawh and restryne thei rauesynge floodys.
1 2. Seizing upon prey ; ravenous. Obs.
431340 HAMPOLE Psalter xxi. 12 pai oppynd on me baire
mouth as lyon rawysand and rumyand. c 1400 MAUNDEV.
(Roxb.) xxxii. 147 Diuerse maners of nedders and ober
rauyschand bestez. 1535 COVERDALE Gen. xxxvii. 33 A
rauyshinge beast hath rauyshed Joseph. 1605 SHAKS. Macb.
II. i. ss With his stealthy pace, Wilh Tarquin's rauisbing
sides \emend. strides].
3. Exciting ecstasy or transports.
c 1430 LYDG. Reas. * Sens. (E. E. T. S.) 3656 Whan they
harpc pley, and synge, The noyse is so ravysshynge, That
[etc.). 1570 DEE Math. Pref. 3 O rauishing perswasion, to '
deale with a Science, whose Subiect is so AuncienL 1678
BUTLER Hud. HI. i. 783 Those ravishing and charming Graces.
a 1703 BURKITT On N. T., Matt. xvu. 4 O what a ravishing
comfort is the fellowship of the saints. 1840 BROWNING
Sordello in. 351 Then, ravishingest lady, will you pass Or
not each formidable group? 1873 HAMERTON Intelf. Life I.
iv. (1875) 24 His ears drank ravishing harmonies,
t b. as adv. Ravishingly. Obs, rare.
1616 BRETON Coode <r Badde § 8 The rauishfng sweet in
the musique of Honour. 1705 STANHOPE Paraphr. I. 57
Devotions, .like a melodious Consort ravishing Sweet.
Ra-vishingly, adv. [f. prec. + -LT^.] In
a ravishing manner, enchantingly.
1593 NASHE Christ's T. (1613) 96 [They] sing sweetly,
glance piercingly, play on Lutes rauishingly. 1615 CHAPMAN
Odyss. x. rsr To heaie a voice so rauishingly rare, a 1673
STERRY Freed. Will (1675) 105 An unbounded, equally-
beautiful, ravishingly-harmonious variety. 1748 SMOLLETT
Rod. Rand, xxxix, [Her] whole person was ravishingly de-
lightful. 1848 THACKERAY Lett, r Nov., They have a full ;
chorus of boys,.. who sing quite ravishingly.
180
tRavishmeal,a<&. Obs. rare-1, [f. RAVISH f.
+ -MEAL.] In a ' ravishing ' manner.
1381 WYCLIF Job vi. 15 My brcthern passcden beside me,
as a strem that raueshe melum [v. rr. rauyshe mee I, raueshe-
meles ; L. raptim\ passcth in valeis.
Ravishment (rse-vifment). Also 5-6 rau-
issbe-, 6 rauysshe-, rauishe-, etc. [ad. OF.
ravissement (i4th c.) : see RAVISH v. and -MENT.]
t L The act of carrying off a person ; in ravish-
ment of ward or de gctrd, the taking away of a ward ;
also, the writ issued in consequence of this. Obs.
1530-1 Act™ Hen. VUI% c. 15 And alsoexcepted and for-
prised out of this pardon all rauysshementes of the Kynges
wardes. f 1640 J. SMYTH Lives Berkeleys (1883) II. 351
This lord Henry brought his Writ of ravishment de gard
against Robert Hill. 1641 tr. /Vntou* Prof. Bk. i. 9 30. 13
If Lord and Tenant be by Knights service and the Tenant
die, bis heire within age, and a stranger take him away, the
Lord shall have a ravishment of ward. 1700 TYRRELL Hist.
Ettg. II. 1107 Penalties for Ravishment of a Ward from his
Lord's Custody.
2. Forcible abduction or violation of a woman.
15*9 S. FISH Sitpflic. Beggcrs (1871) 8 For the murdre of
his auncestre, rauisshement of his wyfe, of bis doughter.
1661 MOKGAN Sph. Gentry HI. ix. 101 Tatius King of the
Sabines coming against him to revenge the ravishment of
their women. 171* STEF.LE Spect. No. 533 p 2 Why should
there be Accessaries in Ravishment any more than Murthcr?
1794 T. TAYLOR Pausanias I. 39 She was there informed, by
Chrysanthis, of the ravUhment of her (laughter, c 1850
Arab. Nts. (Rtldg.) 679 He begged the princess to acquaint
him of what had passed from the time of her ravishment.
transf. 1647 N. BACON Disc, Gavt. Eng. i. xliv. (1739) 73
For though he might have taken it by ravishment, yet he
chose the way of wooing it by a kind of mutual agreement.
a 1671 LD. FAIRFAX Mem, (1699) 125 Even this 1 hope all
impartial judges will interpret as force and ravishment of a
good name, rather than a voluntary consent.
b. With a and //. : «= RAPE j£.* 3 b.
1576 Act 18 Eliz, c. 7 5 i Felonious Rapes or Ravishe-
incuts of Women Maydes Wieves and DamselR 1686 Ltmd.
Gets. No. 2120/3 All Ravishments and wilful taking away or
Marrying of any Maid. 1724 UK FOE Mum. Cavalier (ifyo)
iSS Murders, ravishments, and barbarities. 1800 W. BOOTH
In Darkest Eng. i. L 13 Ravishments as horrible, as if we
were in Central Africa,
fig. 1693 G. FIRMIN Rev. Mr. Davis*t Vind. i. 9 Our
coming to Christ, and union with him, is compared to
Marriage,.. but Dr. Crisp makes it a Ravishment.
3. Transport, rapture, ecstasy.
c 1477 CAXTON Jason. 67 \ In this rauisshement, him
thought that the God mars saide to him, Appollo, Appollo.
1546 Pritncr Hen. VIII 146 In the mouth honie so melli-
fluous, In the heart ravishment celestious. 1627 W. SCLATER
Exp. 2 TAess. (1629) 89 Cursed M pained calls the dead fits
of his falling Sicknesse, his Exstasie and rauishment at the
appearance of the Angell Gabriel. 1718 Entertainer No. 21.
144 That Heavenly Bliss, which has absorb'd their Souls in
Ravishment and Rapture. 1814 CARY Dante, Par. xiv. 115
A melody That, indistinctly heard, with ravishment Pos-
sess'd me. 1873 BROWNING RedCott. Nt.-cap iv. 270 What
folks nickname A lyre, those ancients played to ravishment.
b. With a and//.
1581 MARBECK Bk. of Notes 655 Some of them haue visions,
rauishmeuts, & traunces. 1663 BP. PATRICK Parab. Pilgr.
xvi, To make joy in heaven, . . oh what a ravishment is it !
17447. PATERSON Comm. Milton's P. L. 266 Ravishments,
exstacies, or transports of the mind for joy. 1841-4 EMERSON
Ess. Ser. t. ix. (1876) 227 What was in the case of these re-
markable persons [Fox, Swedenborg, etc.] a ravishment.
f 4. An act of plundering or ravaging. Obs.
1570 LEVINS Manip. 68/6 A rauishmente, rapina. 1606
G. WfooDcocKF.] Htst. Ivstine ii. 9 The foule rauisbments
they had offered them by the Athenians. 1650 B. Discolli-
tttinium 24 That Scotish Invasion and our English Defeat
..was a very Ravishment.
Ba'vissant, a. Also 3, 6 rauisaunt, -ant.
[a. F. rawissant) pple. of ravir : see RAVISH.]
1* 1. Of beasts : Ravening. Obs. rare.
c 1190 MS. Laud 108 If. n pe wolf wilde and rauisaunt
with pe schep ^eode so milde so Ipmb. 1549 Compl. Scot.
Prpl. 2 Tha said rauisant volfis of ingland Ties intendit ane
oniust veyr.
b. Her. (See quot. 1 780.) rare -°.
The attitude of a ' wolf ravissant ' corresponds to that of
a 'lion salient'.
1727 in BAILEY (vol. II). 1780 EDMONDSON Compl. Body
Htr. II. Gloss., Raviss«uit,z. term used by French Heralds to
express the posture of a wolf, half raised, and just springing
forward upon his prey.
2. Ravishing, delightful.
Now only as F. (raw'san), with fern, rayissante (-ant\
1653 GAUDEN Hterasp. 254 The ravissant happiness of
little Marquise in the world. 1885 MABEL COLLINS Prettiest
Woman ix, She is not ravissante like her sister,
Ravissh-, obs. variant of REVEST v.
Ravle, dial, form of RAVEL.
Ravoun, obs. form of RAVEN sb±
Ravyn(e, obs. forms of RAVEN, RAVIN i.
Ravyner, -ous, obs. forms of RAVENEB, -ous.
fRaw, sbl Obs, rare. Some contrivance for
catching fish.
i$33r4Act*$Hen. F///.C. 7 [No person shall take in any)
crele, raw, web, lister, fier, or any other engine., the yonge
frie..of any kinde of salmon. 1558 Act i Eliz. c. 17 § i No
Person . . withe any . . Crele, Rawe, Fagnett, Trollnett, Trim-
menet. .shall take. .Spawne,or Fryeof Eeles, Salmon, Pyke
or Pyckerell.
Raw, sb? : see RAW a. B.
RAW.
ZtaW (i§), a. (j£.). Forms : a. J hr6aw, hrsew,
(,?hr6ow), 3 ravj, 4 raughe, 4-6 rawe, 4- raw.
0. north. 5 ra(e, 8 rey, 9 ray, reea. [Comm.
Teut.: OE. Maw=¥iis. nit rtt OS. *hrdo (Ara-,
MDu. raeu, roit, rot Du. ratiw), MLG. r& (LG.
rau, rd, tfy OHG. r<$u-t rou-, rd (MHG. rfav->
rouw-y rdt G. roh\ ON. hrd-r (Sw. ra, Da. raa) :—
OTeut. *hrawa-z, pre-Teut. *&rouo-z related to Olr.
cni, Lat. cruor, Lith. kratijas, OSlav. kriivt blood ;
Gr. tcpia?, Skr. kravft law flesh.
The northern forms ra, ray, etc. arc app. ad. ON. hrd-r.}
A. adj.
1. Uncooked, not prepared for use as food by the
action of fire or heat, f Of water: Unboiled. Obs.
Raw cream (see quot. 1706). dial.
a. <rxooo >ELFRIC Horn. II. 264 Ne etc *e of &un lambe
nan clng hreaw. c 1000 Sax. Leechd. II. 102 Meng wio
hreaw aejru. c 1190 S. Eng. Leg. I. 304/152 pei heo hadde
fisch and drinke, )e wuten wel it was ravj. 1387 TREVISA
Higden (Rolls) V. 27 He etc nevere nober drank his fulle,
noper etc rawe fruyte. ci4*oLiberCocornm (1862) 44 Take
raw porke and hew hit smalle. c 1511 ist Eng. Bk. Arner.
(Aib.) Introd. 33/1 People the whiche etc none other than
rawe fleshe. 1577 FKAMPTON Joyfull Newes 11. (1596) 46
With the noughtie meates and drinking of the rawe waters,
. . the most parte of them fell into continuall Agues. 1613
PL-RCII AS Pilgrimage (1614) 693 If we killed a beast for our
use, they would aske the inwards, and eat them raw. 1658
A. Fox Wurtz' Svrg. u. xxiii. 139 The raw Water is better
than if boyled. 1704 Diet. Knst. et Urb. s.v. Afp€tite> You
must cause them to swallow raw Eggs. 1796 W. MARSHALL
W. England Gloss. (E.D.S.), Raw creattr, cream raised in
the natural way, not scalded or clouted. 1861 FLOR.
NIGHTINGALE Nursing 48 A patient should, if possible, not
..even hear food talked about or see it in the raw state.
0. c 1400 MAUNDEV. (Roxb.) xxxii. 147 pai etc fiesch and
fisch rae. c 1425 Voc. in Wr.-Wulcker 662/16 Carv cruda,
ra flesche, 1740- in Lane, and Vks. dial, (in forms rey, ray,
reea).
trattsf. 1651 TATHAM Prff. Verse in Brome Jevtat/Crcu',
It is unhallowed heat, That boyles your Raw-brains.
•f-b. Applied to blood irom a wound. rare~l.
a 1519 SKELTON Ware Hauke 58 The bloude ran downe
raw Vpon the auter stone.
t c. Undigested. Obs. rare.
1533 ELVOT Cast. Helthe n. ix. [see CRUDE a. 3], Ibid. 11.
xxix, In a cold stomake, the litell heate is suffocate with
grosse meate, & the fine meate lefte rawe for lacke of con-
coction.
d. Unbumt, unbaked; not hardened or fused
by fire. Cf. GRKBN a. 9 d.
1698 FRYER Ace. E. India fy P. 131 The Castle, .was large,
but rude, and the Wall of raw Brick. 1815 J. NICHOLSON
Operat. Mechanic 472 Raw glazes are employed for the
common pottery. . . 1 hey are generally composed of white-
lead, Cornish-stone, and flint, ground by a hand-mill. 1882
[see GREEN a.g dj. 1885 Encycl. Brit. XIX. 638/2 The
'raw' vessels fresh from the wheel, which only require a
moderate heat to prepare them for being glazed.
fe. Of fruit: Green, not preserved. Obs,
1686 tr. Chardin's Ttav. Persia 391 They export from
thence vast quantities of Fruit dry'd and raw.
2. In a natural or unwrought state ; not yet sub-
jected to any process of dressing or manufacture:
a. of the materials of textile fabrics ; esp. raw
$tlkt silk simply drawn from the cocoons by the
process of reeling. Alsoyff.
c 1315 SHOREHAM Poetns iii. 150 For wel to conne and
naiu[t] to don Nys naber rawe ne y-sponne. 13.. E. E,
A Hit. P. U. 700 Royl rollande fax to raw sylk lyke. 1463-4
Rolls ofParlt. V. 506/1 In rawe Silke allone unwrought,
1503 Act 19 Hen. y/f, c. 21 All other maner of Sylkes, . .
rawe or unwrought. 1615 G. SANUVS Trav. iv. 245 Eight
thousand bailes of raw silke are yearely made in the Hand.
17x2 GAY Story ofAra^hne 27 Whether raw wool in its first
orbs she wound. 1831 G. R. PORTER Silk Mannf. 207 The
merely nominal duty of one penny per pound on raw silk.
1863 FAWCETT Pol. Eton. i. iv. 47 A tax on cotton goods
would be far preferable to one on raw cotton.
b. of cloth: Unfulled.
1381 in Bickley Little Red Bk. Bristol II. 7 Nule manere
drap a foler qe homeappele raucloth. 1467-8 \Rolls ofParlt.
V. 621/2 To bie Wollen Yarne . . and also to bie rawe Clothes
untoked and unfulled. 1561 /?<g". Privy Council Scot. 1. 175
vj fardellis of raw claith allegit schippit in name of Petir de
Randea. ijSa N. T. (Rhem.) Matt. ix. 16 No body putleth
a peece of raw cloth to an old garment. 1713 RAMSAY
Monk $ Miller's Wife 140 Knaves. . Whase kytes can streek
out like raw plaiding. 1868 Chambers' Encycl. X. 265/2
When the cloth is taken from the loom, it has a bare look,
and is called the raw thread. 1886 ELWORTHV W. Sottt.
Word-bk. s.v., The room in which goods are placed when
taken from the weaver is always the ' raw-piece shop '.
C. of leather or hides: Untanned, undressed.
Cf. GBEKN a. 9 c. Also rawhide, a rope or whip
of undressed hide.
1489 CAXTON Faytesof A.\\. xiv. 118 Covered wythlamynes
of yron or wyth rawe leder. 1585 T. WASHINGTON tr.
Nicholay's I'oy. iv. xxxiv. 156 b, Their headptece was of a
raw oxe hide. 1506 SPENSER F. Q, v. xii. 29 Her lips were,
like raw lether, pale and blew. 1704 Lend. Gaz. No. 4004/3
A Parcel of Raw Hides. 1847 GROTE Greece u. xlix. (1862)
IV. 306 Hides, raw as well as dressed. 1890 L. C. D'OvLE
Notches 174 He called to Peters and his companions to
slacken the rawhide, and by this means they lowered him.
attrib. 1878 Smithsonian Misc. Celled. XIII. No. 6. 83
Split-leather, grain -leather, rawhide thongs.
d. of otner substances (or their qualities), e.g.
undiluted (spirits), unrefined (oil), unmalted (grain),
fundistilled (water) ; etc.
1567 MAPLET Gr. Forest 3 b, [The beryl] is fii>t found also
raw and rude without eyther good looke or pleasant shewe.
RAW.
i6a< BACON Sylva § 347 Dintilled Waters will last longer
than Raw waters. 1651 i'ntl. Gen. Acts 1336 Melting down
Iron, Oare and binders into Raw Iron. 1787 WINTER Syst.
wooden vessels until tne raw flavour is ameliorated. 1038
T. THOMSON Ghent. Org. Bodies 1017 It existed, no doubt, in
the raw grain, but underwent considerable modifications
during the process of malting. 1839 URE Diet, blannf. (1853)
II. 75 The raw oil is converted into a drying oil of a pale
straw colour. 1845 M'CuLLOCH Taxation \\. x. (1852) 361
Raw spirits could not be purchased, .for less than 4$. 6*r*.
e. with general terms, as raw commodity, ma-
terial, produce, etc. (Freq. in igth c.)
1738 BURKE Rep. Ajf. India Wks. 1842 II. 28 This forced
preference of traffick in a raw commodity. 1796 KIRWAN
Elew. Min. (ed. 2) I. Pref. 8 The raw materials, or necessary
instruments of all manufactures. i8a$ McCuLLOcn Pol.
Econ. m. v. 273 A farmer who rents a farm, .. employing
upon it such a capital as will, at the existing prices of raw
produce, enable him to pay his rent. 1846 — Ace. Brit.
Empire (1854) I. 109 The earths, the metals, and other sub-
stances . . sent abroad, either in a raw or manufactured
shape. 1868 FREEMAN Norm. Com;. (1876) II. App. 675
Here is quite raw material enough for a legend-maker.
3. Crude, not brought to perfect composition,
form or finish. (In mod. use chiefly of colouring.)
t To leave raw, to leave unfinished (cf. RAWLY
adv. i).
_ 1398 TREVISA Earth. De P. R. iv. ix. (1495) 94 His vryne
is white and thycke, rawe and euyll coloured [L. cruda et
discolorata]. 1516 SKELTON Magnyf. 71 Softe, my frende ;
herein your reason is but rawe. 1551 T. WILSON Logike
86 b, The fudges .. left the matter raw without judgement
for that time. 1607 NORDEN Surv. Dial. in. 137 Some
Surueyors ouer credulous, will take their raw reports for
matter of record, a 1715 BURNET Own Time iv. (1724) L
629 A raw rebellion would soon be crushed. 1720 WATER-
LAND Farther Vind. Christ's Div. viii. § 7 To set his raw
conceptions and fond reasonings about the meaning of
a word, against such valuable authorities. 1761-71 H.
WALPOLE Yertue's Anecd. Fainl.(tjS6) III. 10 The colour-
ing of the Saturn [was] too raw, and his figure too muscular.
1871 L. STEPHEN Hours in Library (1892) I. v. 183 The ..
scenery, so provokingly raw and deficient in harmony. 1876
E. JENKINS Blot OK Queen's Head 13 That great raw pre-
tenuous building.
b. Uncultivated, uncivilized, brutal, rare.
1577 HARRISON Englantl in Holinshed Chron. (1587) 1. 2/2
Men, being as then but raw and void of all ciuilitie. 1847
TENNYSON Princ. n. 106 The man . . Raw from 'the prime,
and crushing down his mate. 1865 BUSHNELL Vicar. Sacr.
ll. in. (1868) 182 When raw force was everything.
f4. Unripe, immature. Chieflyyf^. Oft.
1477 NORTON Ord. Alch. iv. in Ashm. (1652) 47 For foule
and cleane by naturall lawe Hath greate discord, and soe
hath ripe and rawe. 1495 Trevisa's Barth. De P. R. xvn.
u. (W. de W.) 596 The last frute rypeth nat, but abydeth
rawe and grene. 1576 FLEMING Panofl. Efist. 357 Alowing
one anothers weakenesse of wit, which, though it bee but
rawe, yet in trade of time . . it wil waxe riper. 1593 SHAKS.
Rich. II, n. iii. 41, I tender you my seruice, Such as it is,
being tender, raw, and young, Which elder dayes shall
ripen. 1651 Bp. PATRICK Funeral Serm. in J. Smith's Sel.
Disc., etc. 526 Holy and pious counsels for the teaching of
rawer and greener heads.
fb. New, unfamiliar. Obs. rare~l.
144.7-8 SHILLINGHORD Lett. (Camden) 38 The ij'» Chif
Justise. .to whom oure mater myche was rawe.
5. Of persons: Inexperienced, unskilled, un-
trained ; quite new or fresh to anything.
1561 T. NORTON Calvin's Inst. iv. 23 They so framed
them from their tender age, that they shoulde not come
vnskilfull and rawe to the executyrrgof their office. 1651-61
HEYLIN Cosmogr. it. (1682) 33 The ill smells, .are ready to
stifle and choak up the Spirits of raw Travellers. 1711
STEELE Sfect. No. 288 T i A raw, innocent, young Creature,
who thinks all the World as sincere as herself. 1791
COWPER Iliad xi. 866 He supposed me raw As yet, and
ignorant. 1816 DISRAELI l-'iv. Grey n. xvi, Surely, my
Lords, you will not unnecessarily entrust this great business
to a raw hand ! 1867 TROLLOPE Chron. Barset I. xv. 122
[t was remembered . . how raw a lad he had been when he
nrst came there.
b. esp. of soldiers without training or experience
in fighting.
1577 NORTHBROOKE Dicing (1843) 107 This is the cause
why there are found so many rawe captaines and soldiers
in England*. 1685 LUTTRELL Brief Rel. (1857) I. 352 The
horse (being most raw and badly mounted) never stood one
shock. 1761-1 HUME Hist. Eng. (1806) IV. Ivi. 302 Ra-
181
I exposed; excoriated. Also transf. of the eyes : Un-
. protected. Raw side, the flesh side of a skin. Obs.
14. . Lat. S, Eng. Voc. in Wr.-Wulcker 589/25 Incnido,
to make rawe. c 1410 LYDG. Lyfe Our Ladye xxl. i. (Bodl.
MS. 75) 25 Eyen raw may not abyde ffor to behold a^ens
--
d line
C. Const, at, in, \ to.
1548 UDALI., etc. Erasm. Par. Mark ii. 23 The disciples,
who were as yet rawe in their profession. 1561 T. NORTON
C«*Ml s fat. u. 109 So that when they are called, they Le
not altogether rude and raw to discipline, a 1668 DAVEXANT
«**stht gfatttrv, ,, I have been a raw fellow at fighting.
1697 URYDEN -«»«rfxi. 235 Young as thou wert in Dangers,
raw to War. ,734 tr. Kollin's Anc. Hist. u. (1837) \. 398
S r?-Wj .""experienced in naval affairs. 1790 WOLCOTT
(P. Pindar) lUis. 1812 II. 259 Stiffer than Recruits so raw at
drill. 1842 BARHAM Ingot. Leg. Ser. u. Black Moiisquc-
taire, But painting's an art I confess I am raw in.
a. of things, qualities, actions, etc. rare.
1601 SHAKS. AW.v.ii. i2q[Q.] The concernancy, Sir? why
do we wrap the gentleman in our more rawer breath? 1671
UTWAY Titia «, Berenice I. i, His Fancy does with wild
UUtractlon rove, which thy raw Ignorance interprets Love.
1823 LAMB Elia Ser. u. Old Margate /far, The raw [
questions which we.. would be. putting to them.
«. Having the skin removed, so that the flesh is
vp and couered ouer with skinne, beginne a fresh to waxe
rawe and greene. 1607 TOPSELL Four-/. Beasts (1658) 186
The man.. in Winter time, turneth the hairy side next to
his body, . . and in Summer the raw side. 1719 YOUNG
Busiris i. i. Felt him as the raw wound the burning steel.
1788 KALCONBRIDGE A/r. Slave Tr. 41 They were both
flogged till their backs were raw. 1886 BURTON Arab. Nts.
(abr. ed.) I. 70 She . . Hogged him cruelly. . . Then she drew
the cilice over his raw and bleeding skin.
fig. 1864 TREVELYAN Compel. Wallah (1866) 263 Always
sore upon the question of the. .native, he now became posi-
tively raw and festering.
b. Painful, as when the raw flesh is exposed.
'59° SPENSER F. Q. i. x. 2 All his sinewes woxen weake
and raw, Through long enprisonment, and hard constraint.
1898 Allbutti Syst. tied. V. n It (the local pain in bron-
chitis] is variously described as ' sore ', ' raw ', or ' burning '.
C. Showing through the skin (obs.) ; raw-boned.
1596 SPENSER F. Q. iv. xii. 20 His wonted chearefull hew
Gan fade,. . His cheeke-bones raw, and eie-pits hollow grew,
1849 E. B. EASTWICK Dry Leaves 75 They were, .miserably
mounted on raw nags, that looked as if they had fed on
sand for the last year.
fd. Affected with indigestion = CKUDE 3b. Obs.
n.Sacrament+iz Wholesome meatereceiued
. .
into a rawe stomacke corrupteth and marreth all. 1591 [cf.
raw-stomached in 9]. 1611 FLETCHER Pilgrim in. vi. Cent.
Have you no fearfull dreams? Schol. Sometimes, us all have
That go to bed with raw and windy stomacks.
7. Of the weather, etc. : Damp and chilly; bleak.
1546 St. Paters Hen. VIII, XI. 162 Mr. W&tton beyng
so weake, and the wethur so rawe foule and fervent cold.
1601 ?MARSTON Pasqnil fy Kath. v. TO The evening's raw
and danke ; I shall take cold. 1697 DRYDEN yirg, Georg.
HI. 673 When the raw Rain has pierc'd them to the quick.
1713 SAVAGE Wanderer i. 42 Raw clouds, that sadden all
th' inverted year. 1773 GOLDSM. Sloops to Conq. i. i, You
shan't venture out this raw evening. i8u SCOTT Pirate
xxix, The young ladies spend the night under cover from
the raw evening air. 1876 J. R. HiKDmC/iamters' Astroii.
197 The weather . . was raw and uncongenial.
f 8. Hoarse. (Perh. after obs. F. rait.) 06s. rare.
1474 CAXTON Cticsse in. vi. (1883) 132 Luxurye. .blyndeth
the syght, and maketh the woys hoors & rawe. 1480 —
Ovid's Met. xiv. xi, There was seen a fowle fleying & fyrst
knowen, whyche hade a rawe voys.
9. Comb., as raw-coloured, -devouring, -edged,
-headed, -looking, -mouthed, -nosed, ^-reeked, -ribbed,
t stomached adjj.
157°-' LAMBARDE Peratnb. Kent (1826) p. vii, A *rawe
coloured portraiture that lacketh licking. 1848 BUCKLEY
Iliad 404 The "raw-devouring dogs whom I have nourished
in my palaces. 1847 HALLIWELL, *Kaw-e<!geii,nol hemmed.
1876 MRS. WHITNEY Sights <fr /»«.viii. 92 A newness of old-
ness ; there was nothing raw-edged ; nothing unmellowed.
1586 E. K. in Spenser's Shefh. Cal. Feb. (Emblem), The
old man checketh the *raw-headed boy. 1827 SCOTT Chron.
Canongate i. iv, Abroad,*raw-looking, new-made road. 1508
DUNBAR Flyting 27 "Ramowd rebald. Ibid. 401 Raw-mowit
quarterii brasii ordei *rawe reket. 1638
FORD LaJy's Trial m. i, The *raw-ribb'd apothecary. 1591
PERCIVALL Sf. Diet., Ahiltuh, "rawe stomacked, crudus.
B. Ellipt. or absol. uses passing into sb. (ji.2).
•fr 1. An unfulled portion of a cloth. Obs.
1463-4 Rollt of Parlt. V. 501/2 In case that eny such
diversite, or rawe, scawe, kokell or fagge happen to be in
eny part of the seid Clothes,
2. a. The raw, the exposed flesh. Chiefly in
phr. to touch (one) on the raw (usually Jig.\
i8>3 BYRON yuan VIPI. 1, The veriest jade will wince
whose harness wrings So much into the raw. 1837 MARRYAT
Dogjimd xxxvii, This was touching up Vanslyperken on
the raw. 1866 W. E. FORSTER 31 Oct. in T. W. Reid Life
(1888) I. x. 387 Obliging me to take any number of news-
paper hits, .and these, too, on the raw.
D. A raw place in the skin, a sore or sensitive
spot. Freq.yff.
1815 SCOTT Fain. Lett. II. 235 Using the hackney coach-
man's phrase of a raw. 1840 MRS. GORE in New Monthly
Mag. LX. 470 Susceptibility on such points is an almost
unfailing symptom of a raw. 1858 O. W. HOLMES Ant.
Breakf.-t. (1883) 243 Parties of travellers have a morbid
instinct for 'establishing raws' upon each olher. 1883
V. STUART Egypt 12 Sundry awful raws which stood revealed
now that their saddle cloths were removed.
3. 7 he raw, applied to any raw article (esp. raw
spirits) or quality.
1844 J. BALLANTINE Miller of Deanhaugh v. joo After
swallowing a single glass of the 'raw'. 1864 CARLYLE
Frc.dk. Gt. xv. xii. IV. 182 The raw of a September morning.
4. A raw person, article, product, etc. ; spec, in
pi. raw sugars, or raw oysters.
1868 Chamb. Jrnl. 15 Feb. 110/2 Soft-going raws an' deli-
cate boys with romantic heads. 1884 New York Herald 27
Oct. 6/2 Sugar — Raws steady but inactive.
b. U.S. An untrained pony.
1895 Outing (U. S.) XXVI. 380/2 The animals are mostly
from the Texan and New Mexican mustang herds. They
pay for a ' raw ' on an average fifty dollars.
Raw (rg), z<.i [f. RAW «.]
fl. intr. To become raw. Obs. rare.
1483 Cath. A ngl. 301/1 Rawe as flesche,<-r«<fcrf ^(rudescerc.
1765 Coitipl. Maltster .5- Brewer p. xxii, Acrospired malts. .
are not subject to raw nor rope.
RAWK.
2. trans. To make raw, to excoriate.
1593 NASHE Christ's T. (1613) 135 Some of them haue
grated and rawed their smooth tender skinnes, with haire
I shirts and rough garments. 1613 HEYWOOD Braz Aft
Wks. 1874 III. 250 Helpe me to teare thU infernall shirt,
Which rawes me where it cleaues. 1803 Black t, White
4 Mar. 262/1 He .. carries his head a little forward, just
where the collar raws him. 1899 Alllmtt's Syst. Mtd. VI.
646 The ends of the nerve being rawed and brought together
bysuture.
Raw, obs. or dial, form of Row.
t Raw-bone, a. and s6. [f. RAW a. 6 c.]
A. adj. = RAW-BONED.
. «593 NASHE Christ's T. (1613) 65 So many men as were
in lerusalem, so many pale raw-bone ghosts you would
haue thought you had seene. 1660 Albert Durer Re-
vived 5 A thin slender wast, a raw-bone arm. 1686 Land.
Gaz. No. 2122/4 A slender raw-bone Man. 1704 N. N. tr.
Boccalinfs Advts. Jr. Parnass. I. 235 Mounted on Sir
Hudibrass's raw-bone Steed. 177* BRYDGES Homer Trar.
(1797) I. 10 His quiver. .Rattled against his raw-bone back.
B. sb. A very lean or gaunt person, a mere
skeleton ; //. Death.
1638 BURTON Anal. Mel. in. ii. iv. i. (1651) 519 A long
lean rawbone, a skeleton, a sneaker. 1784 Unfortunate
Sensibility I. 116 Till old Raw-bones.. strips them till they
are, like himself, naked to the very bone.
Ra'w-boned, a. [f. as prec.] Having pro-
jecting bones, barely covered with flesh ; excessively
lean or gaunt.
159* SHAKS. i Hen. VI, I. ii. 35 Leane raw-bon'd Rascals,
who would e're suppose, They had such courage and au-
dacitie? 1638 JUNIUS Paint. Ancients 229 Those that are
dry, raw-boned and bloudlesse. 1686 Land. Gaz. No.
2127/4 Edward Woodcocke, a tall raw-boned Man, down
lookt. IT«I FOOTE Lyar \\. Wks. 1799 I. 305 A raw-bon'd,
over-grown, clumsy cook- wench. 1818 SCOTT Heart Midi.
xxix, Dick turned again to the raw-boned steed which he
was currying. 1861 HUGHES Tom Brown at Oxf. xxiii,
An elderly raw-boned woman with a skin burnt. .brown.
Rawoht, obs. Sc. pa. t. REACH v.l
Rawehter, obs. Sc. form of RAFTER si.1
i Rawed, <.'. Obs. [Of obscure origin: the sense
is that of RAYED a., but connexion between the
forms appears unlikely.] Striped.
1534 in Etif. Ch. Furniture (Peacock 1866) 205 The xth is
of blak & Red velvet! . . & the other side of rawed satten of
brigges. 1551-3 lav. C/t. Goods, Staffs, in Ann. Lichftild
IV. 73 One vestement off rawed saye, an albe to it. 1608
in Best's Farm. Bks. (Surtees) 162 note, Two dozen of fyne
lynnen napkins, the one dozen is rawed with blewe. 1624
Invent, in Archxologia XLVIII. 136 A livery cubberd,
a rawed-work cover on it. 1633 Kaworth Honseh. Bks.
(Surtees) 325 For 29 yeardes dimid. of rawed stufTe for
hanginges.
Rawen, -eyne, obs. variants of ROWEN. Ra-
wenge, Rawess, obs. Sc. ff. REVENGE, REVEST.
t Raw-flesh. Obs. rare—>. = RAW-HEAD.
1598 FLORID, Cacciaiieiiiifit, a bragging craking boaster,
a bugbeare, a rawe-flesh and bloodie-bone.
Rawght, obs. pa. t. REACH ».l
Raw-head1, [f. RAWS. 6 + HEAD^.] The
name of a nursery bugbear, usually coupled with
BLOODY-BONES. (Cf. RAW-FLESH and RAW NECK.)
ciSSO t!GAScoiGNEJ Wyll of Deiiyll C iii b, Written by
our faithful Secretaryes, Hobgoblin, Rawhed, & Bloody-
bone. 1659 Leveller 4 Most People are agast at them, like
children at Raw-head and Bloody-bones. 1694 MOTTEUX
Rabelais iv. Ixvi. (1737) 271 Ruffians and Murtherers, worse
than Raw-head and Bloody-bones. 1773 Life N. Frowde
19 Already I thought that I beheld Raw-head and Bloody-
Bones stalking about my Garret. 1819 L. HUNT Indicator
No. ii (1822) I. 81 He was the Raw-head-and-bloody-bones
of ancient fable. 1881-9 in Lane, and Line, glossaries.
attrib. i8z8 SCOTT frnl. i Apr., Thiy are very angry at
the Rev-em for telling a raw-head and bloody bones story.
1848 MRS. GASKELL M. Barton xx, A raw-head-and-bloody-
bones picture of the suspected murderer.
b. In allusive or figurative use.
1678 BUTLER Hud. in. ii. 682 For Zeal's a dreadful Terma-
gant, .. Turns meek and sneaking Secret ones, To Raw-
heads fierce and Bloody Bones. 1727 SWIFT Art Polit.
Lying Wks. 1755 III. i. 119 Bringing out the raw-head and
bloody bones upon every trifling occasion. 1849 D. J.
BROWNE Anter. Poultry Yd. (1855) 70 They will welcome
the little strangers by making raw head and bloody bones
of them.
•fRawhead2. Obs.-" [-HEAD.] Rawness.
c 1440 Promp. Parv. 424/2 Rawnesse, or rawhede, trvditas.
Rawhide : see RAW a. 2 c.
Rawine, obs. Sc. form of RAVEN si.1
Rawing, dial, variant of rowing ROWEN.
Rawish (rg-if), a. [f. RAW a. + -ISH 1J Some-
what raw, in the various senses of the word.
i6oa MARSTON Antonio's Rev. Prol., The rawish danke of
clumzie winter fc]ramps The fluent summers vaine. 1667
POOLE Dial. betw. Protest, q Pafist (1735) 194 Every Man
that Eats rawish Meat may be said to drink the Blood which
he eats in it. 1674 Loud. Gas. No. 875/4 One white Pad
Nag, with a rawish Nose. i8»8 Bfarlnh Mag. XXIII. 494
The mouth of the drunkard., contracts a singularly sensitive
appearance— seemingly red and rawish. 1858 HUGHES
Scour. White Horse viii, 195 You'll find the night rawish.
Hence Kawishuess.
1628 VKNNF.R Ratal of Bathe in llarl. Misc. (Malh.) IV.
123 The water seems, by reason of the rawishness of the
place, to be colder at ils issuing forth, than it is otherv---
i66a H. STUBBE Ind. Nectar iii. 25 It had also a rawishn
in it, as if the fat required boiling.
Rawk, vapour, fog : see ROKE.
Rawk, variant of RACK a., hoarse. Obs.
wise.
icsse
RAWKY,
t Bawky, a.1 Obs. rare—1, [f. dial, rawk gum
noses drop-
awky, a.2 rare. Also 7 raukie. [f. rawk
var. ROKB + -Y. Cf. ROKT o.J Foggy, misty ; raw.
1601 WEEVER Mirr. Mart. E iij, The gloomie morning ..
Muffled in mists and raukie vapours rose, a 1864 CLARE
Ktm. (1873) 227 Nameless flowers . . Culled in cold and
rawky hours. 1869-81 in Lane, glossaries.
Rawlin pollack (see quot. 1686 and RAUNING).
a 1672 WILLUCHBY Hist. Piscium (1686) 23 Asellus niger,
the Cole-fish or Rawlin Pollack. 1674 RAY Coll. Eng.
Words Fishes 100 The Rswlin-Pollack. 1740 R. BROOKES
Art o/ Angling 144. 1884 GOODE Use/. Ayuat. Anim. 228.
B-awljr (r§'H), adv. [f. RAW a. •*• -LY 2. Com-
mon (-1570-1670, often in quasi-adjectival use.]
f 1. Vii\h to leave: a. In an unfinished state. Ubs.
1538 LELAND I tin. IV. 33 Eiton College, begon to be
buildid by Henry the vj. but left very onperfect and rauly.
1580 LYLY Kuphues (Arb.)2i7 Nichomachus left Tindarides
rawly, for feare of anger, not for want of Art. 1615 HIERON
Whs. I. 599 If I left the matter so rawly, I might fall at
vna wares into two extremities.
fb. At an immature age. Obs. rtrt •
1599 SHAKS. Hen. V, iv. i. 147 Some swearing, some crying
for a Surgean ; some vpon their Wiues, left poore behind
them ; . . some vpon their Children rawly left.
t 2. Ignorantly ; without sufficient knowledge or
experience. Obs.
'5*5 JEWEL Def. Apol. (1611) 108 Had you well considered
these things, M. Harding, ye would not so rawly haue thus
concluded. i«3 R. HARKEY Philnd. 13 To reject it, as this
one Scot hath done very rawly and unadvisedly. 1612
BRINSLEV Lud. Lit. 309 How many euils doe come vpon the
sending of schollars so rawly thither. 1680 BAXTER Le t. in
Ausw. Dodwell 97 To tell you the truth, I entered so
rawly, that.. I remember not that I took that Oath.
t 3. Crudely ; imperfectly, in an insufficient or
unsatisfactory manner. Obs.
1576 FOXE A. !f M. 1895/2 The Story is but rawly and im-
perfectly touched before. 1581 M ULCASTER Positions v. (1887)
32 Counterfeat the letter or some letterlike deuise first
rawly and rudely. 1634 W. WOOD New Eng. Prosp. \. ii,
The English comming over so rawly and uncomfortably
provided. 1697 J. SERGEANT Solid I'hilos. 334 Were these
Principles which I rawly and briefly touch on here, pursu'd
by Learned Men [etc.],
t b. Barely, scarcely. Obs. rare.
1607 MIDDLETON Michaelmas Term iv. iv. 21 The world
is very loath to praise me ; 'Tis rawly friends with me.
1651 H. L'EsTRANGE Answ. Mrq. Worcester 65 Amongst
the antients there is none at all, or very rawly any mention
of Purgatory.
f c. With difficulty or annoyance. Obs. rare~l.
16 I. HOOKER Hist. Irel. in Holimlud \\. 89/1 The
n
hbishop of Dublin rawlie digesting the vicedeputie his
long absence.
4. Immaturely (opposed to ' ripely ).
1875 BROWNING Aristoph. Apol. 135 He who wrote Erech-
theus may be rawly politic, At home where Kleophon
is ripe.
Rawmpe, obs. form of RAMP v.
Rawn (r§n). Sc. and north, dial. Also 8 raan,
9 raun, (roan), ran. [Of Scand. origin, •= Da.
ravn roe ; the relationship of this to Da. rogn,
ON. hrogit (see ROE) is obscure.] The roe of a
fish ; a female fish. Rawn-fieitk, the turbot.
1483 Cath, Angl. 301/1 Rawne of a fysche, lectis, 1584
Kec. Burgh Edtnb. (1882) 343 The heiring to be callour
slayne.. having held and taill with melt and rawne. 1585
'AS. 1 Ess. Poesie (Arb.) 78 Evin so of rawnis do mightie
.ishes breid. 1785 HUTTON Bran New Wark 85 An unshot
codfish hes maar raans in its belly than thare be people on
the face of the earth. 1810 NEILL List of Fishes 12 (Jam.)
Turbot. . . This species is here commonly denominated the
rawn-fleuk, from its being thought best for the table when
in rawn or roe. 1824 SCOTT Redgauntlet let. vi, The water
being in. . rare trim for the saumon raun. 1877 Holdemess
Gloss, s.v., ' Melts an rauns ', male and female fish.
Hence Bawned a., full of roe (Jam.) ; Bawner,
a female salmon, spec, one which has not spawned
at the proper time.
1808-25 JAMIESON. 1901 Dundee Adv. 26 Feb. 6 The fish
was found to be unspawned, or what is known on the Tay
as a ' rawner', and deemed an illegal fish to take.
Rawn, dial, variant of ROWEN.
Rawndoune, -down, obs. forms of RANDOM.
f Raw neck. Obs. rare—1, = RAW-HEAD.
1768-74 TUCKER Lt, Nat. (1834) II. 596 Boiled rabbits are
trussed up to appear as frightful as possible, and made to
resemble that terror of our childhood, raw neck and bloody
bones.
Rawness (rg'nes). [f. RAW a. + -NESS.]
1. The state of being raw or crude ; fig. imper-
fection, incompleteness.
c 1440 Promp. Pan'. 424/2 Rawnesse, or rawhede, cru.
ditas. 1616 HIERON Wks. I. 586 The rawnesse and ragged-
nesse and independance of that which is deliuered. 1646
P. BULKELEY Gospel Covt. To Rdr. 2 The rawnesse of the
draught which I had written for the help of myself, a 1661
FULLER Worthies (1840) III. 108 His book, known by the
name of ' Coriat's Crudities ', nauseous to nice readers, for
the rawness thereof. 1809 PINKNEY Trail. France 204 What
we should call in wine, their rawness and their freshness.
fig. 1605 SHAKS. Macb. iv. iii. 26 Why in that rawnesse left
you Wife, and Childe.. Without leaue-taking ?
2. Inexperience, ignorance.
1548 UDALL, etc. Erasm. Par. Luke xxii, Tempering his
woordes to the rawnesse of his disciples, which rawenes he
suffred. .to remaine a long season in them. 1617 HAKEWILL
Apol, (1630) 272 Considering the rawnesse of his seamen,
182
and the manifold shipwracks which they sustained. 1710
HEARNE Collect. (O. H. S.) III. 94 The Bp. denied him
Orders for his Rawness in Divinity. 1736 CARTE Ormonde
II. 81 The inexpertness of. .the Irish officers, .and the raw-
ness of their soldiers. 1861 DICKENS Gt. Expect, xxxvii, In
my first rawness and ignorance.
o. Bareness of flesh, excoriation, soreness.
1607 MARKHAM Cam/, in. (1617) 144 His nostrils wide
and without rawnesse. 1659 HAMMOND On Ps. Iviii. 9
Annot. 298 So shall rawness, so shall anger, or inflammation
..affright or perplex them. 1803 Med. Jrnl. IX. 525
Universal rawness and soreness in the trachea and chest.
1897 Allbutt's Syst. Med. III. 944 A sense of rawness and
even actual tenderness in the abdomen.
t b. Indigestion. Obs.
1538 ELYOT, Cruditas, raw_nes, or lack of digestion.
1587 GOLDING De Mornay xiv. 209 Our minde . . for all
that, neuer feeleth any rawness or lacke of digestion. 1671
H. M. tr. Erasm. Colloq. 61 He felt neither pain in his
head, nor rawness in his stomach.
4. Chilly dampness, muggy cold.
1608 HEYWOOD Lucrece iv. ii, Hath not . . the moist raw-
ness of this humorous night, Impair' d your health? 1684
SOUTHERNE Disappointment in. i, I am to blame to call
thee forth Into the rawness of a midnight a'r. 1818 MRS.
SHELLEY Frankenst. let. iv, He is far too weak to sustain
the rawness of the atmosphere.
Rawng(e, obs. ff. RANGE. Rawnke, obs. f.
RANK a. Rawnpiked, var. RAMPIKED. Rawn-
sake, -some, obs. ff. RANSACK, RANSOM. Raw-
ranoke, Rawthe, Rawunson, Rawyn, obs.
ff. ROANOKE, RUTH, KANSOM, RAVEN. Rawyne,
•ynnis, obs. Sc. ff. R.vvm1, RAVENOUS.
Rax, sb.t Sc. [f. racks, pi. of RACK so.2 3.]
A roasting-rack (see quot. 1808). Chiefly//.
1697 Im'. Furniture in Scott. N. IT Q. (1903) Dec. 90/7
A pair of raxes, two spits, a frying pann. 1717 RAMSAY
Elegy Lucky Wood v, Rax, chandlers, tangs, and fire-
shools. 1808 JAMIESON, Raxes, iron instruments consisting
of various links, on which the spit is turned at the fire, and^
irons. 1814 SCOTT Ep. Lockhart 42 Speatcs and raxes, .for
a famishing guest, sir.
Rax, s/>* Sc. and north, dial. [f. RAX v.] A
stretch, an act of stretching; a Ftrain, wrench.
1790 D. MORISON Poems 118 To tak a turn an' gi'e my
legs a rax, I'll through the land. 1819 W. TENNANT
Papistry Storm'd (1827) 146 They grippit, . .And, wi' enor-
mous raxes, soucht T' unsaddle ane anitber. 1855- in
northern glossaries (Northumbld., Vks.).
Rax, v. Sc. and north, dial. Also 9 Sc. raux.
[OE. raxan, of obscure formation. The word is
rarely found in ME. (cf. also the variant RASK),
but is common in older and modern Sc.]
I. inir. 1. To stretch oneself after sleep, t To
rax up, to start or waken tip from a swoon.
a 1000 Prose Life Guthlac xii. (1848) 60 Swa he of hefejum
hot walaway. 1377 LANGL. f. I'l. B. v. 398 He roxea \i
raxed) and rored and rutte atte laste. 1715 RAMSAY
Christ's Kirk Gr. in. i, Carles wha heard the cock had
crawn, Begoud to rax and rift. 1805 A. SCOTT Poems (1808)
109 (E. D. D.) The drowsy queen Raise rauxing, gaunting
rub'd her een.
2. To become longer by pulling, to stretch ; f to
be hanged.
1508 KENNEDIB Flyling w. Duntar 368 Thou has a wedy
teuch .. about thy crag to rax. 1530 LYNDESAY Test.
Papyngo 1165 The Rautn said : god, nor I rax in ane raipe.
1785 Fergusson's Sc. Prov. No. 730 Raw leather raxes.
1876- in northern glossaries (Northumbld., Yks.).
b. To wax, grow, become. rare~l,
01774 FERGUSSON Farmer's Ingle Poems (1845) 36 Wad
they to labouring lend an eident hand, They'd rax fell
strang upon the simplest fare.
c. To rax out; (see quot.).
1819 BROCKETT M C. Gloss, (ed. 2), S.Y., As applied to the
weather, to rax out means to clear up, when the clouds
begin to open, and expand themselves, so that the sky
is seen.
3. To extend the hand, etc. ; to reach out (for),
a 1583 MONTGOMERIE Cherric If Slat 367 Then Dreid . .
Forbad my minting anie mair, To raxe aboue my reiche.
1710 RAMSAY Wealth 10 Wha rax for riches or immortal
fame. 18*4 SCOTT St. Ronan's x, Ye . . raxed ower the tether
maybe a wee bit farther than ye had ony right to do. 1893
CROCKETT Stickit Minister 145 Raxing for a peat to light
his pipe.
f4. To extend one's sphere or power; to have
sway or rule; to prevail or have course. Obs.
(i 5-1 6th c. Sc.)
c 1470 HENRYSON Mor. Fab. in. (Cock ft Fox} xxi, He . .
traistit ay to rax and sa to rin (etc.). Ibid. v. (Parl. Beasts)
xlvii, Than sail ressoun ryis, rax, and ring. 1535 STEWART
Cron. Scot. I. 91 Mony theif and tratour in his tyme Raxit
and rang. Itid. 1 1. 465 In Albione than wes gude peax and
rest, Bot rycht schort quhile tha leit it rax or lest, a 1578
LINDESAY (Pitscottie) Chron. Scot. (S.T. S.) I. 346 He will
not rax long nor jeit haue his realme in peace and rest.
II. trans. 5. refl. To stretch or strain (oneself).
c 1325 Gloss, W. de Bittesw. in Rel. Ant. II. 80/1 Raxes
him, se espreche. c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints xl. (Kitiian) 703
Bit bysnyne. .vaknit as of hewy slepe, & raxit hyme. 1513
OUGLAS SEneis iv. xi. 93 Thrise scho hir self raxit vp for to
rise. Ibid. vi. xiv. 45 Considdir Torquatus ;ondir doith
hym rax. a 1670 SPALDING Trout. Cfias. I (1829) 28 He
should seem to rax himself, and shake loose off his arm.
1829 BROCKETT N. C. Gloss, (ed. a\ s.v., To rax oneself, is to
extend the limbs, after sleep or long sitting. 1863 G. MAC-
DONALD D. ElgMrod I. x, Tak' care an' nae rax yersel
ower sair.
6. To stretch (a thing) by pulling.
RAY.
1513 DOUGLAS SEneis XL xvi. 61 Now hir handis raxit it
euery stede. 1613 P. FORBES Comm. Revelation 229 He
had a long chaine, which yet was further raxed. 1786
BURNS Ordination i, Ye wha leather rax an' draw. 1818
SCOTT Hrl. Midi, v, When ye gang to see a man . . raxing
a halter. 1861 RAMSAY Remin. Ser. H. 106 If I could win at
him, 1 wud rax the banes o' him.
b. To strain (the eyes), rare.
1819 W. TENNANT Papistry Storm d (1827) 04 A man mith
rax his een in vain Ere he could spy. .an idol.
7. To reach or hand (a thing) to one; to deal
(a blow).
1711 RAMSAY On flaggy Johnstoun vii, Death wi1 his rung
rax'd her a yowff. 1791 A. WILSON On a Man sawing
Timber, Rax me your haun. 1825 J. WILSON Noct. Antbr.
i. Wks. 1855 I. 8 Rax me ower the loaf. 1894 A. ROBERTSON
Nuggets, etc. 70 Rax me the brandy bottle, an' pit it doon
beside me.
8. To stretch or hold out (the hand, etc.) ; to
elongate (the neck).
1742 FORBES Ajax iii, Raxing out his gardies. 1788
PICKEN Poems 88 The darksome e'ening raxes Her wings
owre day. 1810 COCK Simple Strains I. 89 (E. D. D.) Ye 11
shortly see me rax my neck and craw. 1854 H. MILLER
ScA, ^ Sckm. vii. (1860) 76 Just rax out your han' and tak'
in my snuffbox.
Hence Bazed ///. a. ; Ba-zing vbl. sb. and ///. a.
•637-50 Row Hist. Kirk (1842) 323 The raxeing con-
sciences of conforme men. 1783 BURNS Ep. M'Math iv,
Their three-mile prayers, . .Their raxin' conscience. 1822
SCOTT Nigel iii, That might have cost my craig a raxing.
1824 — Redgauntlettb. xi, Cloured crowns were plenty, and
raxed necks came into fashion.
tBaxle,z'- Obs. Alsoraxhil,razsil, raxill(e,
-el. [Frequentative f. prec. Cf. RASKLE.] intr.
and trans. To stretch, etc. = RAX v.
cijo$ LAY. 25092 SeooSen he gon ramien and raxlede
swioe. a 1300 Cursor M. 2209 (Cott.) Oueral he raxhild
him wit rage. Ibid. 24447 (Gott.) Apon mi taas oft sith i
stod, Roles raxland to pe rode. 13.. E. E. Allit. P. A.
1 174 pen wakned I . . I raxled & fel in gret affray. a 1400-50
Alexander 4930 pe renke within be redell ban raxsils his
armes. 1483 Cath. Angl. 301/1 Raxill;e, alo (cxalo A.).
Bay ftp), rf.1 Also 7 raie, raye ; //. 5, 7
rayes, (6 ?rayse), 6-7 raies. fa. OF. ace. rat,
ray (nom. rais, raiz, etc., see Godef. ; in mod.F.
rais) = Prov. rai(g, rait, etc., Sp. and Pg. rayo, It.
raggio (pi. raggi, rai) :— L. radium, ace. of radius
RADIUS.
Occasionally employed in Eng. from the I4th c. onwards,
but not in common use until the I7th.]
I. 1. A single line or narrow beam of light.
In popular use applied to each of the lines in which
light seems to stream from a distant glowing body or
early scientific use defined by Newton as the least portion
of light which can be stopped alone or propagated alone ;
more recently as the motio_n of a simple particle of light, or
the smallest conceivable line of light, and now usually re-
garded merely as the straight line in which the radiant
energy capable of producing the sensation of light is propa-
gated to any given point.
Ray is usually distinguished from beam, as indicating
a smaller amount of light ; in scientific use a beam is a
collection of parallel rays. In ordinary language ray is the
word usually employed when the reference is to the heat
rather than the light of the sun (as in quot. 1698).
RSntgen (ro'ntyJen) rays, a form of radiation discovered
by Prof. Rontgen in 1895, having the power of penetrating
many substances impervious to the rays of ordinary light.
Also called X-rays (q.v.).
13.. E. E. Allit. P. A. 1 60, I sey. . A crystal clyfle ful re-
lusaunt ; Mony ryal ray con fro hit rere. 1483 CAXTON
Cato F ij, Lyke hym whyche is blynde of the rayes of the
sonne. c 1586 C'TESS PEMBROKE Ps. en. vii, The sunn of
my life dales Inclines to west with falling raies. 1665
GLANVILL Def. Van. Dogm. 34 'Tis as conceivable as how
the Rays of Light should come in a direct line to the
eye. 1698 FRYER Ace. E. India $ P. 242 We had our skins
flead off of those Parts exposed to the Solar Rays, c 1750
SHENSTONE Progr. Taste H. 116 The sheathless sword the
guard displays, Which round emits its dazzling rays, a 1800
COWPER Glowworm 6 Disputes have been, and still pre-
vail, From whence his rays proceed. 1830 M. DONOVAN
chequered the frosty turf. 1898 SIR W. CROOKF.S Addr.
Brit. Assoc. 24 No other source for RSntgen rays but the
Crookes tube has yet been discovered, but rays of kindred
sorts are recognized.
Jig. 1831 LYTTON Godolphin 4 A ray shot across his
countenance as he uttered his last words.
trausf. 1741 SHENSTONE Judgm. Hercules 202 1 hy costly
robe shall glow with Tyrian rays. 1830 TENNYSON Arab.
Nts. 136 With argent-lidded eyes Amorous: and lashes like
to rays Of darkness.
b. A representation of a ray (esp. Her.); a
material thing representing or resembling a ray of
light, a brilliant stretch (of something).
when depicted round the sun, should be sixteen in number,
but, when round an etoile, six only. 1797 Encycl. Brit,
(ed. 3) VIII. 457/1 Azure, one Ray of the Sun, bendways
Gules, between six Beams of that Luminary Argent. 1835
LYTTON Rienzi v. i, Hung with silk of a blood-red, relieved
by rays of white.
C. fig. of mental and moral influences, etc., com-
parable to light.
1634 MILTON Conms 425 The sacred rayes of Chastity.
BAY.
a ray of
1674 BOVLE Excel!. Theal. \. ii. 75 Reason is such
Divinity [etc.). 1731 BERKELEY Alciphr. l. § 2 A ray of
truth may enlighten the whole world and extend to future
ages. 1781 J. MOORE View Sac. It. (1790) I. vi. 63 This
never fails to dart such a ray of comfort into my heart.
1838 THIRLWALL Greece III. xxiii. 265 Only one ray of hope
broke the gloom of her prospects.
d. A trace of anything. (Chiefly with negatives.)
1773 EARL MALMESBURY Diaries «r Corr. I. 97, I am
resolved to push on in my career as long as 1 see a ray
of the ladder, which is within my compass, to mount. 1847
DICKENS Haunted M. (C. D. ed.) 219 Isn't it enough that
you were seven boys before, without a ray of gal. 1856
EMERSON Eng. Traits, The ' Times' Wks. (Bohn) II. 117
Rude health and spirits, . . and the habits of society are
implied, but not a ray of genius.
2. a. (Chiefly poet.) Light, radiance ; (freq. also
implying heat : see note to sense i).
1591 DAVIES Immort. Soul Ded. vii, Where the Sun ..
never doth retire his golden Ray. i6«7_MiLTON P. L. iv.
673 Earth, made..apter to receive Perfection from the Suns
more potent Ray. 1748 GRAY Alliance 66 Lamps, that
shed at Ev'n a cheerful ray. 1770 GOLDSM. Des. Fill. 347
Those blazing suns that dart a downward ray. 1818 SHELLEY
Rev. Islam vi. xxii, A mountain,, .whose crest., in the ray
Of the obscure stars gleamed. 1830 LYTTON P. Clifford
xxvtii, The ray of the lanterns glimmered on the blades of
cutlasses.
fig. 1606 SHAKS. Tr. %Cr.i. m. 47 In stormes of Fortune
..in her ray and brightnesse. 1635-56 COWLEY Davideis
ii. Wks. 1710 I. 346 tair was the Promise of his dawning
Ray. 1716-46 THOMSON Winter 465 Reared by his care,
of softer ray appears Cimon sweet-souled. 1741 SHENSTONE
Juiignt. Hercules 77 Her air diffused a mild yet awful ray.
•(• b. concr. A star, nonce-use. Obs.
1700 PRIOR Carm. Sec. 398 Thou smiling see'st great
Dorset's Worth confest, The Ray distinguishing the Patriot's
Breast.
8. a. (Chiefly poet.) A beam or glance of the
eye; -f-also, sight, power of vision (pis.).
1531 ELYOT Gffv. \\. xii, The rayes or beames issuinge from
the eyen of her, ..hath thrilled throughout the middes of
my hart. 1616 CHAPMAN Homer's Hymn Hermes 368 To
me then declare, O old man,, .if thy grave ray Hath any
man seen [etc.]. 1667 MILTON P. L. in. 619 The Aire, No
where so cleer, sharp nd his visual ray To objects distant
farr. 1718 POPE Dune. n. 7 All eyes direct their rays On
him, and crowds grow foolish as they gaze.
b. A line of sight.
1700 MOXON Math. Diet. 177 The Visual Point . . is a
Point in the Horizontal Line, wherein all the Ocular Rays
unite. 1753 HOGARTH Anal. Beauty v. 25 A ray may be
supposed to be drawn from the center of the eye to the
letter it looks at first, 1842 GWILT Encycl. Arctt. § 2391
The visual rays upon every object may be compared to
the legs of a pair of compasses.
1 4. Astral. •= ASPECT 4. Obs. rare.
1700 MOXON Math. Diet. 137 In Astronomy, a Radius or
a Ray is taken for the Aspect or Configuration of two
Stars : so we say Saturn beholds Venus with an Hostile
Ray, &c. when she is square with him.
5. Used (on the analogy of sense I) in reference
to the emission or transmission of non-luminous
physical energies propagated in radiating straight
lines after the manner of light (in modem use
esp. of heat : cf. RADIATION 2).
1664 POWER Exp. Philos. in. 159 If the Magneticlc rayes
proceeded intrinsecally from the Stone, 1813 SIR H, DAVY
Agric. Chem. (1814) 39 The beautiful experiments of Dr.
Herschel have shewn that there are rays transmitted from
the sun which do not illuminate. 1865 Reader 28 Jan.
105/1 The term dark, or invisible, or obscure rays, stimu-
lates the imagination by its strangeness.
•fb. A series (of atoms) moving in a straight
line. Obs. rare.
1674 N. FAIRFAX Bulk $ Selv. 196 Those rayes of other
atoms that are shacking all over the worlds wasts.
II. 6. Math. a. = RADIUS 3. Now rare.
1690 LEYBOURN Curs. Math. 735 If the Ray AC of the
Concentrick ACE F be supposed to be equal to the Ray BD
of the Eccentrick BDEF. 17040 HAYES Treat. Fluxions^
The Arch of the Circle MQ, bounded at Q by the Ray FA.
1753 CHAMBERS Cycl. Sufp., Kay of curvature^, in geometry,
is used to signify the semi-diameter of the circle of curvu-
ture. 1825 J. NICHOLSON Operat. Mechanic 129 From each
of these points draw a line to the opposite end of the base,
as so many rays to a centre. 1835 LINDLEY Introd. Bot.
(1848) I. 336 A corolla is said to be regular when its seg-
ments form equal rays of a circle.
b. Any one of the lines forming a pencil or set
of straight lines passing through a point.
1879 Encycl. Brit. X. 389/2 Through every point in/ one
line m the pencil will pass, and every ray in Q will cut / in
one point. 1885 LEUDESDORF Cremona's Proj. Geom. 73
The locus of the points of intersection of pairs of correspond-
ing rays of the pencils.
7. One of any system of lines, parts, or things
radially disposed.
1668 WILKINS Real Char. 11. v. 131 A kind of Gelly,..
having several kinds of rays like legs, proceeding from the
middle of it. 1672-3 GREW Anal. Roots i. iii. § 7 These
Parts, are like so many White Rays, streaming, by the
Diameter of the Root, from the inward Edge toward the
Circumference of the Barque. 1748 SIR J. HILL Hist.
Fossils 654 Of these [Asterue] some have five angles, or
rays, and others only four. 1849 NOAD Electricity (ed. 3)
350 The radii of the wheel must be so arranged that each
ray shall touch the surface of the mercury, before the
preceding ray shall have quitted it.
8. Sot. a. The marginal portion of a composite
flower, consisting of lignlate florets arranged ra-
dially. = RADIUS 2 c (a).
1785 MARTYN Rousseau's Bot. vi. (1794) 65 Botanists have
given th« name of ray to the set of semiflorets which com-
183
pose the circumference. 1837 /V«/y Cycl. VII. 422/1 Every
head of (lowers .. has a central part, or disk, and a cir-
cumference, or ray. 1871 OLIVER Eltm, Bat, \\, 195 In
Daisy, the outside florets are irregular, . . and white, con-
stituting the ray.
b. A pedicel or branch of an umbel. = RADIUS
2 C (*).
1785 MARTYN Rousseau's Sot, y. (1794) 51 The rays of the
little umbels are no farther subdivided. 1776-96 WITHERING
Brit. Plants (ed. 3) IV. 375 The Rays may be sometimes
3 or 5, but only accidentally. 1870 HOOKER Stud. Flora
155 Umbels lateral and terminal, subglobose ; rays few or
many, long or short.
c. = MEDULLARY ray,
1884 BOWER & SCOTT De Bary's Phaner. 458 With refer-
ence to their origin at the first commencement of the woody
ring, the former have also received the name of the original
primary rays.
9. Zool. a. ^fin-ray, FIN sb. 6.
1668 WILKINS Real Char. 11. v. 142 Pike. . .Two firms; the
hindermost of which is small, fleshy and without rays. 1769
PENNANT Zool. III. 166 The first ray of the first dorsal fin
is very long. 1828 STARK Elem. Nat. Hist, I. 400 One
great genus, characterized by the first dorsal fin with soft
rays, followed by a second smaller one,, .not supported by
rays. 18711 BAKER Nile Tribut. ix. 156 The back fin
resembled that of a perch, with seven rays.
b. One of the radial divisions of a star-fish.
1753 CHAMBERS Cycl. Svpp. s.v. Star-fish, There are many
species of the star-fish, . . they have different numbers of
rays, but the most common kind have five. 1834 M«MUR-
TRIE Cumer's A niitt. Kingd. 466 There are also two ovaries
in each ray. 1843 Penny Cycl. XXIII. 16/1 Specimens
of star-fish with four large rays and a small one still
growing.
10. attrib. and Comb. a. In sense i, as ray-
fringed^ -gilt, -girt, ^strewn adjs.
1830 TENNYSON To 6 *Ray-fringed eyelids of the morn.
1773 J, Ross Fratricide ir. 54 (MS.) Those yet faithful,
round his *ray-gilt throne Bask in their Maker's smile.
1797 T. PARK Sonnets 29 Glory's *ray-girt head. 1859
G. MEREDITH R. Fevercl xxi, The dim *ray-strewn valley.
b. In sense 8 a, as ray-corolta, -floret^ -Jiower,
-petal.
1870 HOOKER Stud. Flora 203 Artemisia.. *Ray-coroIlas
dilated below. 1845 A. H. LINCOLN Lect. Bot. (1850) 185
Flowers without rays, or the *ray florets indistinct. 1877
DARWIN Forms of Fl. Introd. 5 The ray-florets of the
Composite often differ remarkably from the others. 1852
GRAY in Smithsonian Contrib. Kiurwl. V, vi. 107 Perityle
aglossa. . .This species is remarkable for the want of May-
flowers. 1859 DARWIN Orig. Spec, v. (1872) 116 That the
development of the *ray-petals by drawing nourishment from
the reproductive organs causes their abortion.
c. In sense 9 b, as ray-margin^ ~platet -scale,
-spine, etc.
x&ix E. FORBES Brit. Starfishes 28 The lateral ray-plates.
Ibid. 50 Upper ray-scales transversely oblong. Ibid. 51
The ray-spines are long, slender, and sharp. Jbid. 133 The
number of plates on each ray-margin.
d. ray-filter, a means of separating the obscure
from the luminous rays of electric light (see quot.) ;
ray-fungus, a fungus {Actinomyces) which enters
the body and produces the disease Actinomycosis.
1871 TYNDALL, Fragnt. Set. (1879) I. iii. 86 A substance..
has been discovered, by which these dark rays may be
detached from the total emission of the electric lamp. This
ray-filter is a liquid, black as pitch to the luminous, but
bright as a diamond to the non-luminous, radiation. 1897
Syd. Soc. Lex. s.v. Ray*fungust The ray-fungus consists of
a dense mycelium of interlacing hyphae, with club-shaped
extremities extending radially into the tissues. 1897 All-
butt's Syst. Med. III. 890 The livers contained a large
focus of pus, in which colonies of the ray-fungus were
found.
Ray (r^1), sb? Also 4 ray$e, 4-7 raye, 5 raie.
[a. F. raie (i3th c.) = Sp. and Pg. raya, It. raja :—
L. raia RAIA.] A selachian fish of the family
Raiid&) having a broad flat body (sometimes of
enormous size) and inferior gill-openings; esp* a
skate.
i3»3-4 Durham Ace. Rolls (Surtees) 13 In. .vii Rayes et
ix turbot emptis. c 1400 R. Gloucester's Chron. (Rolls)
App. T., Pole ber was inne .. hengim on his clobes fisch
tayles of ray^e [v.r. rayj. c 1450 Two Cookery-bks. 103
Ray boiled. Take a Ray, and draw him In be bely [etc.].
1565 COOPER Thesaurus, Batis . . the fishe called ray or
skeate. 1588 HARIOT Virginia D iij, There are also Troutes :
Porpoises : Rayes. 16*3 COCKERAM m, Pastoricat a fish
like a Raye, with strong pricks. 1726 SHELVOCKE Voy.
round World 55 All their bays and creeks are well stock'd
with mullets, large rays,.. and drum-fish. 1833 J. RENNIE
Alph. Angling 11 In some fishes, such as the rays and the
sharks, the nostril opens by a considerable chink into the
mouth. 1862 ANSTED Channel Isl. n. ix. (ed. 2) 211 The ray
is taken largely for bait, and is also sold for human food.
b. With denning adjs. (see quots.).
Also eagle-, rock-^ skark-} sting-, whip-ray, etc. ; see these
words. For an enumeration of the various kinds of rays,
see Couch Brit. Fishes (i%(n) I. 97-144.
1611 COTGR., Raye estettf, the starrie Skate, the rugged
Ray. Raye tize, the smooth Raye. . . Raye au long bee,
divided by authors into the smooth and the prickly,
smooth are what we call skates and flairs ; the prickly we
* stinging ray ' from its possessing a barbed spear-bone.
1869 [see BEAKED 2 c.].
c. attrib. and Comb.t as ray-fish, -mouthed adj.,
-tail; ray-dog, ?the ray-mouthed dog-fish; ray-
maid, -oil (see quots.).
BAY.
1857 KINGSLEY Two Y. Ago I. 60 In the shallow muddy
pools, lie . . some twenty non-exenteratcd *ray-dogs and
picked dogs (Anglice, dog-fish). 1611 FI.ORIO, Rhina, the
Skate-fish, a *Raye-fish. x6ix COTGR., Coliart, a kind of
smooth, and straw-coloured Ray-fish. 1862 J. COUCH Brit.
Fishes I. op Thornback Ray. *Ray-maid (Linn. Raia
c/avata). 1 his is one of the commonest of the Rays, and
the most valued. 1884 F. DAY Fishes Gt. Brit. II. 344 The
young [of the Thornback ray] termed maids, maidens, or
maiden-skates: ray-maids. 1875 Trans. Devon. Assoc.\\l.
145 It [Mustelns lavis] is known in Plymouth and Corn-
wall as the ' * ray-mouthed dog.fish '. 1881 Span's Encycl. IV.
1376 * Ray-oils are very extensively procured from the livers
of Raja clavata, R. pasfinacat and other species indi-
genous to Indian seas, and possess qualities like those of
cod-liver-oil.
, sb.$ Obs. Also 4-6 raye, 6 raie (rey).
[Aphetic form of ARRAY sb.t perh. a. ONF. *rei,
OF. roi : see ARRAY z>.]
1. Order, arrangement, array, esp. of soldiers.
In i6-i7th c. also freq. in the comb, battle-ray,
^1470 HENRY Wallace v. 59 Butler be than had putt his
men in ray. 1519 HOHMAN I'ulg. 274 Whan the ray of the
hoste is all to scatered,. .and one byddeth sette in a newe
raye. a 1553 UDALL Royster D. iv, vii, (Arb.) 71 Nowe
sirs, keepe your ray, and see your heartes be stoule. 1609
HOLLAND Amm. Marcell. 119 Dispersed here and there out
of ray. 1633 — Cynifsdia 26 The setting of a battayle
in ray was but a small part of the art.
fig. a 15*9 SKELTON Sf. Parrot 415 Wylfulnes and bray_n-
les now rule all the raye. 1567 Satir. Poems Reform, iv.
43 Fra credite I crakit, Kyndnes brak ray.
2. A line or rank.
1481 CAXTON Myrr. i. xix. 57 She may . . passe only one
ligne or Ray fro the place where she holdeth her in. 1543
UDALL Erasm. Apofh. 183 b, Takyng with hym thirteen
rayes of horsemen, hymself flounced me into the floudde.
1587 Mirr. Mag., Albanact x, By Mars his force, their
raves and ranckes hee rent.
3. Dress. = ARRAY sb. n.
1399 LANGL. Rich. Redeles in. 125 That [w]ho is riall of
his ray, that light reede him ffolwith. 1426 LYDG. DeGitil.
Pilgr. 11503 Thogh thow boldest me nat wys. By cause my
ray ys al to-rent. 1566 J. PARTRIDGE Plasidas 770 Thus
fiftene yeares all desolate She Hues in widdowes ray. 1637
B. JONSON Sad Sheph. n. i, Here he comes, new claithed,. .
and helpes her forth ! This is true court-ship, and becomes
his ray. [c 1760 SMOLLETT Burlesque Ode 39, I am left be-
hind. -To sing thy dirge in sad funereal ray.]
trans/. 1596 SPENSER F, Q. v. ii. 50 As a ship, whom
cruell tempest drives Upon a rocke . . , spoyling all her geares
and goodly ray.
Kay (re1)* sb.t (and a.}. Obs. exc. Hist. Also 4
rai, 4-6 rey, raye, 6 raie. [a. OF. *rai£9 *rett,
northern fY. roi£, roiet (Godef.) f. raie, roie stripe,
streak. (Cf. mod.F. ttoffe de rates.)
In med.L. rendered by radiatusi see Du Cange.]
1. A kind of striped cloth.
The word was app. obsolete in the time of Cowel (1607),
who says ' Ray seemeth to be a word attributed to cloth
neuer coloured or died'. This explanation (adopted by
some later lexicographers) was no doubt suggested by the
separate mention of drap de raye and drap de colour in
various Acts of Parliament.
x^.. MICHAEL KILDARE in Rel. Ant. II. 192 Of fow no
grai, no rede no rai, nastou bot a here. 136* LANGL. /*. PI,
A. v, ?25 Among this riche rayes lernde I a lessun, Brochede
hem with a pak-neelde [etc.]. 14*6 LYDG. De Guil. Pilgr.
14082, 1 ffond vp fyrst devyses newe, Rayes off many sondry
hewe. 1509 BARCLAY Skyp of Folys (1570) 8 The time hath
bene .. When men with honest ray could holde them selfe
content. 155* in Money Ch. Goods Berks (1879) l8 A ?ld
vestymente of Raye. 1837 SIR F. PALCRAVE Merck. 4- Friar
v. (1844) 188 Miniver and satin inspired as little respect as
serge and ray.
b. So cloth of ray.
[1318 Act a Edw. Iff, c. 14 La longure de chescun drap
de Raye. 1388 Act 12 Rick. //, c. 14 En laeure come les
draps de Ray.] 1587 HOLINSHED Chron. III. 802/2 Cloth,
called vulgarlie cloth of raie. c 1640 J. SMYTH Lives Berke-
leys (1883) I. 305 All the knights robes were of cloth of ray.
2. attrib. or as adj. (sometimes placed after the
sb.). Striped ; made of striped cloth.
136* LANGL. P. PI. A. in. 277 No ray robe with riche
pelure. xaSa WYCLIF Prov. xxxi. 22 A rai cloth she made
to hir. 1443 in Willis & Clark Cambridge (1886) I. 382 To
euery of theym iij yerd of cloth Ray. 1494 FABYAN Chron,
vii. 663 To be ladde aboute the towne w< raye hoodes vpon
theyr heddes. 1533 WRIOTHESLEY Chron. (1875) I. 21 Their
was a raye cloath,blew,spreed from the highe desses of the
Kinges Benche unto the high alter of Westminster. i6xx
SPEED Hist. Gt. Brit. ix. xix. § 12 Himselfe and Queene
vpon ray Cloth., went into King Edwards shrine.
Bay (r*?1), sbf> rare. [App. a. F. raie stripe,
streak (see prec.), but in some cases perh. appre-
hended as a use of RAY sb?\
+ 1. A stripe, streak, line. Obs.
axw Poem Time Edw. ft 283 in Pol. Aw« (Camden)
336 A newe taille of squierie is nu in even toun ; The raie is
turned overthvert that sholde stonde adoun. a xsoo Cfcw-
cer's Dreme 1824 A bird, all fedrcd blew and greene, With
brighte rayes like gold betwene, As smalle thred over every
joynt. 1573 BARET Atocaric s. v. Ray, Wrought with little
rayes, streames, or streaks.
2. A groove in a rifle-barrel.
1802 JAMES Milit. Diet. s.v. Rifled, The rifled barrels in
America, during the last war, contained from 10 to 16 rays
or threads. . .Some persons have imagined, that those of 16
rays were the best.
t Hay, $b$ Obs. Forms : 4 reye, 6 ray(e.
[a. MHG. reie (reige}, ret, rf, etc. (see Grimm .-
mod.G. reihen^ rejfffn), or MLG. rei(et Du. (late
MDu.) reit of obscure origin.] A kind of round
dance.
BAY.
c 1384 CHAUCER H. fame in. 146 Pypers of the Duche
tonge, To lerne love-daunces, springes, Reyes, and these
straungethinges. 1514 BARCLAY Cyt. «$• Upbmdyskm. (Percy
Soc.) n, I can daunce the raye, I can both pipe & sing.
a 1529 SKELTON Keplyc. 169 Ye dawns all in a sute The
heritykes ragged ray.
Kay, st>J rare. [Of obscure origin.]
fl. Darnel. Obs.
1398 TREVISA Barth. DeP.R. xvn.lxv. (Bodl. MS.) If. 206
Amonge pe beste wheete somtyme growe^ yuel wedes &
venemos as Cocle & ray & ober suche. 1578 LVTE Dodoens
iv. xv. 469 In Englishe it is also called luraye, Darnell, and
Raye. Ibid, xlv. 504 Wall Barley or Way Bennet. .may be
called Red-Ray, or Darnell. 1597 [see IVRAY]. 1601 HOL-
LAND Pliny xvm. xvii, As for the graine of Raie or Darnell,
it is very small. 1617 in MINSHEU Doctor.
2. ettipt. -RAY-GRASS.
1805 R. W. DICKSON Pract.Agric. I. 351 Being laid down
with fourteen pounds of white clover, and one peck of ray,
the grass lets at twenty shillings.
t Bay, $b.* Obs, rare, [a. ONF. r*i =OF. roi
ROY.] A king.
a 1400 Sir Perc. 178 Scho tuke htrleve and went hir waye,
Bothe at barone and at raye. c 1460 Emare 430 Then sayde
that ryche raye, I wyll have that fayr may, And wedde her
to my quene.
b. Erroneously used for * man ', ' person '.
1513 DOUGLAS SEneis vm. Prol. 157 Thir romanis ar bot
rydlis, quod I to that ray.
t Bay, $b& Obs. [Of obscure origin ; perh. a
concrete application of RAY $b?\ A small piece
of gold or gold-leaf; a spangle.
1x450 Durham Ace. Rolls (Suttees) 633 Pro xxvj rayis
pro garniamento . . senescalli d'ni Prioris, vjs.xjd. 1565
COOPER Thtsanrus^Bracteoln^ little leafeor rayeofgolde,
silver or other metall. Also a thynne ray set under a
precious stone in a ring. 163* SHERWOOD, A raie of gold, or
other met\&\\tfttei{le (for, ou d'aitltrt metal. 1640 O. SEDG-
WICKE Christs Counscll 173 He carefully lookes upon every
ray and dust of gold, and preserves it.
Bay (r^)i J*-10 Now dial. [cf. RAY v± 5 c.]
Diarrhoea in sheep or cattle.
1577 B. GOOCE Heresbachs Hush. (1586) 133 The Flix, or
the Laske, which in som places they call the Ray. 1741
Contpl. Fam,~Picce in. 491 This Salve is very speedy . . in
curing the Distempers called the Ray and the Scab in Sheep.
1869 Lonsdale Gloss., Ray, a diarrhoea.
t Ray, sb.11 Obs. rare — l. App., chopped straw.
The Latin text has emit desecto stramento,
1656 W. D. tr. Contemns* Gate Lat. Unl. § 440 A Driver
..wmnoweth oats with a fan; being winnowed casteth
them (together with Ray) unto the horses.
Bay (r?')» ^ [*'• RAY sf'- '» or ad- F- raytr, OF.
raier:—L.. radiare to emit beams, furnish with
beams, f. RADIUS.]
1. intr. Of light : To issue from some point in
the form of rays. Also with beams, etc. as subj.
Const, forth, off, out.
184
This excellent Glory that ray'd forth through our Saviour's
Body at the Transfiguration. 1850 MRS. BROWNING Poems
II. 87 A molten glory ..That rays off into the gloom. 1890
Murray's flfag:M&y 698 A glitter seeming to ray out from
his cold, pale eyes.
b. transf* ^
1647 H. MORE Song ofSoulm. n. xxviii, The soul, .when
it rates out,. .Oretakeseach outgone beam. 1710 R. WARD
Life More 41 Early in the Morning he was wont to awake
.. with all his Thoughts and Notions raying (as I may so
speak) about him. 1797 BURKE Regie. Peace in. Wks. 1808
VIII. 283 Philosophy, raying out from Europe, would have
warmed. .the universe. 1865 MRS. WHITNEY Gayivorthys
xxiii. (1870) 2x3 On the side of God her soul lay open, and
her thought rayed wide.
C. In indirect passive, with upon.
1656 TRAPP COMM. Phil. iv. 19 So they are rayed upon
with a beam of divine love.
2. intr. Of luminous bodies or points: To emit
light in rays. rare.
1647 H. MORE Song of Soul \\. US. H. xvi, In a moment Sol
doth ray. 1655-87 — App. Antid. iii. § 2 What we fansy..
to befal light and colours, that any point of them will thus
ray orbicularly.
3. intr. To radiate, extend in the form of radii.
1659 H. MORE Imntort. Soul 196 That the Nerves . . may
ray through the sides. 1873 MRS. H. KING Disciples^ Ugo
Bassi it. (1877) 83 Gold-threaded hair that rayed from lips
and brow. 1896 Spectator 12 Dec. 851/1 Iron roads raying
out to the ends .of the kingdom.
b. To move in to a centre along radial lines.
1876 MRS. WHITNEY Sights $ Ins. xxxv. 332 Those in the
far outskirts catching the impulse gradually, and raying in.
4. trans. To send out orfortA, to emit (light) in
rays. Also const, info.
1789 E. DARWIN Bot. Card. n. (1791) 75 The star of
Autumn rays his misty hair. 1850 BLACKIE sEsckyhts 1, 26
The flaming pine Rayed out a golden glory like the sun.
1856 R. A. VAUGHAN Mystics (1860) I. 192 As the sun rays
forth its natural light into the air.
b. transf. wc&Jig.
1655 H. VAUGHAN Silcx Scint., fsaac's Marriage 8 Re-
ligion was Ray'd into thee as beames into a glasse. 1701
NORRIS Ideal World I. ii. 52 It being impossible . . that a
figure that is not exactly round in itself should ray forth the
image of a perfect circle. 1858 CARLYLE Fredk. Gt. v. ii.
(187^2) II. 74 He kept all Europe in perpetual travail;.,
raying-out ambassadors, and less ostensible agents. 1863
COWDEN CLARKE Skaks. Char. xiii. 337 His presence rays
life and manliness into every part of the drama.
5. a. To furnish with rays or radiating lines.
b. To irradiate.
Grk. Pastoral Poet. Wks. 1838-40 II. 148 Such a grace
Ne'er ray'd a human virgin's face. 1871 B. TAYLOR Faust
(1875) II. ii. ii. 94 It rays the darkness with its lightning.
Hence Raying vol. sb.\ (with out).
1856 R. A. VAUGHAN Mystics (1860) 1. 65 There is a raying
out of all orders of existence.
Hay (r^)> v* Obs. exc, dial. Also 4-7 raie, 5
rai, oraiy. [Aphetic f. ARRAY v. Cf. RATIOS]
fl. trans. To put (men) in order or array. Obs.
1387 TREVISA Hi&ien (Rolls) III. 77 After long pees he
rayed batailles, and overcom J>e Albans. a 1450 Le Klorte
Art/i. 2720 Ychone theyme rayed in alle ryghtis : Novther
party thought to flee, r 1470 HENRY Wallace iv. 68 1 The
rang in haist thai rayit sone agayne. a 1600 Flodden f. vii.
(1664) 60 All ray'd in ranks, ready to fight. 1600 HOLLAND
I.hiy xxiii. xxvii. 402 They encountered, thin and losely
raied, with the enemies thicke and closely raunged together.
•j-2. To arrange, dispose, or deal with, in any
fashion ; also in pass., to take oneself away. Obs.
c 1380 Sir Ferutnb. 2295 pe mete bat was ful richly raied
in disches of golde fyn. c 1450 St. Cuthbert (Surtees) 7522
|>e saint be dreme him slepand flayde. And bade him sone
away be rayde. Ibid. 7812 Raying be cors in to be bote pai
led it to Jarow mynster. c 1475 Partenay 3000 The helnie
rent And foulle raide. 1509 HAWES Past. Pleas, xxxi. viii,
Wyth him dismayde which you have rayed so.
1 3. refi. To make ready, prepare, equip (oneself).
c 1380 SirFennnb. 270 Euere subbe y haue me raid redely
to by seruyse. c 1400 Arth. $ Mtrl. (D.) 436 (Kolbing) pey
raydyn [v.r. dighten] hem fcinne to in hast, In to bat batayle
for to wende. c 1440 Prom p. Parv. 422/1 Rayd, or (a) rayde,
or redy,/«ra/«j.
4. To dress (oneself or another). = ARRAY v. 8.
Now dial. Also absol.
1399 LANGU Rich. Redeles ui. 120 Ffor ben they rayed
arith they recchith no fTorther. 4:1400 Beryn 3812 Beryn
rose, & rayd him, & to be chirch went, c 1440 Promp. Parv.
422/1 Rayd, or arayd wyth clothynge, or other thynge of
honest e, ornatus. 1509 BARCLAY A/ry/ of Folys (1570) 9
Both man and woman . . Are rayde and clothed not after
their degree. 1650 FULLER Pisgah iv. vi. 105 Their clothes
were made large and loose, . . so that they might run, and
ray themselves. 1675 HOBBES Odyssey (1677) 169 If true,
with coat and vest my news requite; If not, then not ; al-
though ill raid am I. 1886 in W. Som. and Dorset glossaries.
1898 T. HARDY \Vessex Poems 118 She rose and rayed, and
decked her head.
1 6. To smear, bespatter, or soil with blood, dirt,
etc.; to dirty or defile; to BEBAY. Also const.
in. Obs. (freq. in i6th c.).
15*6 Pilgr. Per/. (W. de W. 1531) 257 All his precyous
body wounded & rayed with blode. a 1535 MORE Wks.
614/1, I. .shall shew you shortly how angrely he ryseth vp,
and royally rayed in dyrte. 1618 BOLTON Florns \\. xviii.
(1636) 150 That those should bee rayed with durt, who would
not be smeared with blood. 1663 MENNES & SMITH Witt's
Recreations \ 469 His scarlet hose, and doublet very rich,
With mud and mire all beastly raid.
•f1 b. Without const, in same sense. Obs.
1533 J. HEYWOOD Merry Play (1830) 31, I burned my face,
and rayde my clothes also. 1588 KYD Househ. Phil. Wks.
(1901) 372 Soyled places which may spoile or ray her gar-
ments. 1596 SHAKS. Taut. Skr. iv. i. 3.
t c. absol. Of sheep : To become foul. Obs. ~l
1523 FITZHERB. Hitsl. § 41 If any shepe raye or be fyled
with dounge about the tayle.
Hence f Raying vM. sb* Obs.
155* ELYOT, Basis. .. roundels made to set'vnder wyne
pottes for raiying of the table. 1591 PERCIVALL Sf. Diet.,
Eneenagamiento, raying with durt, oblimatio.
Ray, var. RA Sc. Obs. ; var. REE v. to sift ; obs.
Sc. f. ROE. Raya, obs. form of RAJA(H.
II Rayah (rai-a). Also raiah, raya. [a. Arab.
A^CJ ratiyah flock or herd, subjects, peasants, f. ^f-j
raP-a to pasture or feed. Cf. next] A non-Moham-
medan subject of the Sultan of Turkey, subject to
payment of the poll-tax (see KHARAJ).
1813 BYRON Br.Abydos \\. xx, To snatch the Rayahs from
their fate. 1863 KINGLAKE Crimea (1876) I. v. 77 They
might rise against their Government and fall upon the
Christian rayahs.
attrib. 1886 A. WEIR Hist. Basis Mod. Europe (1889) 298
The Greeks . . possessed a . . status to which other Rayah
populations could lay no claim.
II Rayat (rai-at). Also rayet, rai(y)at. [Indo-
Pers. var. of prec. : see RYOT.] A cultivator of the
soil ; a peasant.
1818 in Gleig Life Sir T. Mitnro (1830) II. 278 Every
rayet should be at liberty to cultivate as much or as little as
he pleases. 1844 J. TOMLIN Miss. Jmls. 99 A small dry
patch of ground had just been cleared by the rayats. 1896
Sat, Rev. 18 Apr. 389/2 The murder of a raiyat was a matter
of easy settlement.
Raychter, obs. Sc. f. RAFTER sb\ Raycin,
obs. f. RAISIN. Rayckin, Rayd, obs. ff. RACKAN,
RAID sb. Rayd(e, obs. Sc. pa. t. RIDE. Raye,
var. RA, obs. f. RAY.
Bayed (r*'d), ppl at [f. RAY j<M or v.i]
That has or consists of rays ; arranged radially.
1853 KANE Grinntll Exp. xxxv. (1856) 322 The rayed pro-
longations stretched nearly across the sky. 1890 Anthony's
Photogr. Bull. III. 31 Dark paper having some fine perfora-
tions, cross lines or a rayed star cut out of it.
b. Having rays of a specified number or kind.
1748 SIR J. HILL Hist. Fossils 654 Some have one of the
rays bifid, so as to emulate the figure of a six-ray'd kind.
i&*$GreenhouseC0mp. 1.130 Of the barren-rayed [Dahlia],
..of the fertile-rayed species. 1870 HOOKER Sttttf. Flora\&
RAYNB.
Umbels compound, few-rayed. Ibid. 158 Umbels rather
irregular, many-rayed.
c. Zool. = RADIATE A. i.
1841 Penny Cycl. XIX. 319/1 Rayed or Radiated Animals.
1851 RICHAKDSON (reo/. viii. tiBss) 224 In the rayed families,
the organs of locomotion are disposed around a central axis.
t Rayed, ///. a? Obs. [f. RAT ».* + -ED 1.]
Drawn up, arranged, dressed, etc.
1381 WVCLIF Esther i. 6 Also goldene setis and siluerene,
vp on the raied pament [1388 pawment arayede with)
smaragd and pario stones, weren disposid. c 1470 HENRY
// 'allace ix. 535 Throu Cyan land in rayid bnttailt thai raid.
1513 DOUGLAS JEncis vi. xiv.6a Pompey .. With rayit hostis
of the orient. 01578 LINDESAY (Pitscottie) Chrm. Scot.
(S.'l'.S.) I. 271 The Earle of Huntlie and the lord of Home
standand in ane rayit battelL
Bayed, ///. a.3 Obs. exc. Hist. [ad. OF. rail
in same sense : see RAY sb.*\ Striped, streaked.
c 1369 CHAVCEK Dtlht Blamuhe 252, 1 woll yeue him a fea-
ther^bed, Raied with gold, c 1400 MAUNOEV. (1839) xviii. 108
Theise Cocodrilles ben Serpentes, ^alowe and rayed aboven,
and han 4 Feet. 1481 CAXTON Myrr. n. vi. 78 Ther ben
the basylicocks, . . he is whyte rayed here and there. 1598
STOW Sttrv. (1603) 5jo In the year 1516 .. it was agreed ..
that the Shirifles of London should.. giue yearely Reyed
Gownes, to the Recorder, Cham berlaine [etc.]. [1866 ROGERS
Agric. 4- Prices I. xxii. 578 The rayed, or variegated cloth
being the cheaper.]
Eayeny, obs. f. RAINY a. Rayes, obs. f. REIS.
Rayet, obs. f. RAYAT. Rayfart, -flFert, -flfort,
varr. RAIPOBT Obs. Rayge, obs. f. RAGE sb.
Raygn, var. RAIGN v. Obs. Raygne, obs. f.
REIGN. Raygnes, var. RAINES Obs.
Say-grass. Also 7 rea, 8 rey-. [f. RAYJA.T]
= RYE-GRASS (now the usual form).
1677 Lend. Gaz. No. 1176/4 Pure and unmixt Trefoile
Seed . . freed and acquitted from all Rea, and other course
Grass Seeds. 1677 PLOT Ox/ordsh. 154 They have lately
manure, and so does clover, ray-grass, and trefoil. 1831
Sutherland Farm Ktf. 74 in Lit. Use/. Kn., Hint. IU,
On soil of the second quality, one bushel and a half ray.
grass. 1886 BRITTEN & HOLLAND Plant-H., Italian Ray
Crass,.. a commercial name for Lolium italicitm.
t Rayie, a. Obs.-1 [f. RAY **.i] Ray-like.
a 1687 COTTON See. how the Twilight S lumber jfalls Poems
(1689) 353 See how Light .. Beautifies The rayie fringe of
Rayis, obs. Sc. pa. t. RISE v. Rayk(e, Rayl(e,
obs. ff. RAKE, RAIL. Rayler, obs. f. RAILER.
Rayless (ie '-les), a. [f. RAY sb* + -LESS.]
1. Devoid of, not illumined by, any ray of light ;
dark, gloomy.
1749 YOUNG Nt. Th. i. 20 Night. . In rayless majesty, now
stretches forth Her leaden sceptre. iSso SHELLEY Orpheus
10 Hid by a rayless night. 1850 BLACKIE jEschylns\\. 68
The rayless homes Of gloomy Hades. 1875 L. MORRIS
At Last v, Those dear souls, who sleep .. In rayless
caverns dim.
fig. 1820 Ellen Fitzarthur 52 Ah rayless, joyless, lifeless
state I 1845 JAMES Smugglerlll. 94 Rayless, dull despair.
2. That sends out no rays ; dull.
1839 Fraser's Mag. V. 123 The lamp of poesy was flicker,
ing and almost rayless. 1841 MOTLEY Con: (1889) I. iv. 115
The sun . . round and rayless in the centre of its low arch.
1878 BROWNING Poets Croisic clii, Gold which comes up rude
And rayless from the mine.
b. Of the eye (cf. RAT sbl 3).
1834 H. AINSWORTH Rookwood iv. viii, Her eye gazed . .
with a dying glare — then grew glassy, rayless, fixed. 1871
MACDUFF Mem. Patmos xviii. 241 That eye which once
beamed affection now rayless.
3. Excluding, dispensing with, rays of light.
1896 Cosmopolitan XX. 391/1 When they reached the tree,
they sat down under the rayless boughs. 1898 Daily News
6 May 5/3 Revelations of what may be called Rayless
Photography.
4. Having no ray-like parts.
1769 PENNANT Zool. III. 316 That they are not the young
of smelts is as clear, because they want the.. rayless fin.
1837 Penny Cycl. VII. 422/2 The rayless Corymbiferae.
Hence Sa-ylessuess.
1843 POE Prtmat. Burial Wks. 1864 I. 336 The intense
and utter raylessness of the Night that endureth for ever-
more.
Raylet (r/'-let). [f. as prec. + -LET.] A little ray.
i8*> Blackw. Mag. VII. 603 Across the floor is sunny
raylet shot. 1851 S. JUDD Margaret xvii. (1871) 144 A
shower of fine tiny raylets of snow. 1878 HUXLEY Physiogr.
62 From the sides of these rays, secondary rays, or raylets,
may be given off.
Rayll(e, obs. ff. RAIL. Rayly, var. RAILLY v.
Obs. Raym, Rayment(e, Raymson, obs. ff.
RAME «.i, RAIMENT, RANSOM. Rayn, var. RAIGN
v. Obs. ; obs. f. RAIN, REIGN, REIN. Raynard,
Rayndonn, obs. ff. REYNARD, RANDOM.
t Rayne. Obs. rare. (Meaning not clear.)
The rime-words are slayne and Gawayne.
a 1450 Le Morte Arth. 1980 Weilaway, the reufulle Rayne
That euyr Launcelote was my fo. Ibid. 3223 The kynge
gan woffully wepe and wake, And sayd, ' Alias, thys RewrTulle
Rayne '.
Rayne, obs. f. RAIN, RAINY, RANE sb., REIGN,
REIN; var. RAINES Obs. Raynecle: see RAY-
NOLL. Raynish, obs. £ RHENISH. Rayne-
de(a)re, obs. ff. REINDEER. Raynes, -nez, varr.
RAINES Obs. Rayney, -nie, obs. ff. RAINY a.
Raynge, Raynold, obs. ff. RANGE, REYNARD.
RAYNOLL.
fRaynoll. 06s. Also 5 ?raynecle. [Form
and origin uncertain : cf. raymolles in Cotgr.]
pi. Small cakes or balls made of pork with a large
number of other ingredients.
c 1430 Two Coakery-bks. 42 Raynollez. Nym sode Porke
& these, & sejre y-fere [etc.], c 1440 in llousch. Onf. (1790)
461 Put in therto the raynecles [sic], and when thai byn
boyled take horn up.
Kayny(e, obs. forms of RAINY a.
Raynys, variant of RAINES Obs.
Rayon (rel-fa, F. rgyon). [a. F. rayon (1539),
f. rat (mod. mis) RAY id.1]
1. A ray of light, rare.
1591 SPENSER Vis. Bellay 21 Shining Christall, which . . a
thousand rayons threw, a 1609 ALEX. HUME Day Estivall
177 The rayons of the Sunne we see, Diminish in their
strength. 1850 SINGLETON yirgil\\. 244 Here stood A cave,
. . unreached by rayons of the Sun.
|| 2. = RADIUS 4.
1878 LADY HERBERT tr. Huliner's Ranwle HI. i. 459 Within
a rayon of a certain number of miles. 1879 Daily News
26 May 5/6, 1 found myself within his rayon at Newcastle,
which is one of his bases of supply.
Rayonnance. rare—1, [f. F. rayonnant : cf.
next and -ANCE.] Radiance.
1848 BAILEY Festus xix. 206 Some of a cold, pure bodily
rayonnance As is the moon's of naked light.
II Rayonne (rgyonc), a. [F., pa. pple. of ray-
onner, f. rayon RAYON.]
•j-1. Of a kind of hood : Rayed. Obs. rare-1.
1690 EVELYN Muttdus MuliebHs 7 Round which it does
our ladies please To spread the Hood call'd Rayonn&.
[Ibid., Fop Diet. 20 Rayonnf, Upper Hood, pinn'd in Circle,
like the Sunbeams.]
2. Her. Of a division between parts of the field :
Having alternate pointed projections and depres-
sions, whose sides are formed by wavy lines.
(Cussans 1868.)
Raype, obs. f. ROPE. Rayr, obs. f. REAR v.,
ROAR v. Rays, obs. f. RACE si.1, RAISE v. ; obs.
pa. t. RISE v.
t Rayse, v. Obs. rare. [Of obscure origin ;
pern, a special use of RAISE z>.l or z».2] trans.
(Meaning not clear.) Hence Kaysed ppl. a. ;
Rayser ; Ray-sing vbl. si.
1641 S. SMITH Herring Buss Trade 25 Of the choise,
packing, and raysing of the Herrings. Ibid. , 1 1 is forbidden
that no body may rayse or packe any Herrings but in the
Lords street . . and that with dores open. Ibid. 26 The
Packer, Rayser, Cooper, .that are imployed about the pack-
ing of the said Herring. Ibid. 27 The Coopers may not
hoope any dryed or other raysed Herring barrel!, with halfe
barrell hoops.
Rayse, obs. f. RAISE, RASE z/.i; obs. pa. t.
RISE v. Raysen, obs. f. RAISIN. Ray sin, obs.
f. RAISIN ; var. RASEN Obs.
t Raysing. Obs. rare-*, [f. RAISE v.2] A cut.
1593 NASHE Christ's T. (1613) 146 As many iagges, blisters
and scarres, shall Toades . . make on your pure skinnes in
the graue, as now you haue cuts, iagges or raysings, vpon
your garments.
Raysing, Rayso(u)n, Raysure, Raysyn,
obs. ff. RAISIN, REASON, RAZOB. Rayt, obs. f.
RATE. Rayte, obs. f. rait RET v.
Ray;e, obs. form of RAY sb?
Razant, variant of RASANT.
Razbooche, obs. variant of RAJPOOT.
t Raze, sb)- Obs. [f. RAZE v. Cf. RASE rf.i,
RACE sb.S] A slash, scratch, cut, slit.
1610 MAKKHAU Masterf. a. c. 383 If you make two razes
on each side, it shall bee so much the better. 1656 SANDER-
SON Strut. (1689) 370 A man had better receive twenty
wounds in his good Name, than but a single raze in his
Conscience.
fRaze, rf.2 Obs. rare-1. (See quot.)
a 1718 WOODWARD f nails 54 The Tin-Veins . . are either in
Strata of Growan, or of that grey, Talky, Slaty Stone, that
the Tinners call Killas, Raze, or Delvin.
Raze (rif'z), v. [var. RASE v.l Cf. also RACE z>.3]
1 1. trans. To scratch, cut, slit, etc. = RASE z».i I ,
Obs. (Common in lyti c.)
1587 TURBERV. Trag. T. (1837) 279 His death did raze hir
harte. 1610 MARKHAM Masterf. 11. c. 382 Then raze both
the quarters of the hoofe with a drawing-knife, . . so deepe
that you may see the dew come foorth. 1684 R. WALLER
Nat. Exper. 102 It appeared rough, as if it had been prettily
razed with the point of a Diamond.
b. esp. (often with limiting word expressed) :
To cut or wound slightly, to graze (the skin, a
part of the body, etc.).
a 1586 SIDNEY Arcadia in. (1629) 314 The point swirved
and razed him but on the side. 1667 SOUTH Serai., Chance
(1715) 3'7 Might not the Bullet, that perhaps razed his
Cheek, have as easily gone into his Head? 1719 YOUNG
Busins v. i, I could not bear To raze thy skin to save the
world from rum. 1808 SCOTT Alarm, in. xxiv, Yet did a
splinter of his lance Through Alexander's visor glance, And
razed the skin — a puny wound.
2. To remove by scraping; to scrape offot out;
to cut or shave off. Now rare.
pen;
Hydt .... ^.. , „„.„, .„_ ^^ IM iu= ¥iiiii.i
rareth off from several rocks, a 1708 BEVEKIDCE T/tcs.
Theol.(i-jii) HI. 347 Drunkenness .. razeth out the image
of (jod, and stampeth the image of beasts upon us. 1814
S>COTT • Ld. of Isles vi. xxxii, An axe has razed his crest.
Vol.. VIII.
185
1871 PALGRAVE Lyr. Poems 14 Most men raze her stamp,
and prove untrue.
3. spec. To erase or obliterate (writing, etc.) by
scraping or otherwise. ? Obs.
1581 SAVILE Tacitus, Hist. in. xxxi. (1591) 132 The princi-
pal! men . . razed Vitellius name, and defaced his images.
1627 HAKEWILL Apal. (1630) 100 [They deserve] their writings
to bee razed with sponges. 1646 J. HALL Poems i. 67 Now
I will raze those Characters I wrote. 1709 Col. Rec. Penn-
sylv. II. 480 The clause formerly razed .. is agreed to be
kept in the bill.
b. Const, ottt adv. ; from, out </ preps.
1577 FENTON Gold. Epist. 74 He hath razed them out of
the register of heauen. 1641 MILTON Reform, i, (1851) 20
Of those Books .. who knows .. what hath bin raz'd out,
what hath bin inserted. _ 1693 WOOD Life (O. H. S.) IV. 19
Altered the aforesaid originall papers, by razing out many
lines, sentences, and words. 1735 SWIFT Corr. Wks. 1841 II.
735 Having first razed out the writer's name, I have shown
it to several gentlemen.
C. transf. andyf^. (cf. RASE v\ 2 c.)
1^76 FLEMING Panopl. Epist. 285 As for that which is
euil, they raze it out of their memories. 1654 tr. Scudery's
Curia Pol. 147 This base and ingrate person razed me out
of her affection. 1701 ROWE Tamerl. i. i, The first feeble
Blow I meet shall raze me From all Remembrance. 1720
MRS. MANLEY Power of Love (1741) I. 32 He became for-
midable enough to raze the very Name of Mendoza. 1877
GLADSTONE Glean. IV. xxii. 355 If we raze out all our
earlier protests*
4. -f a. To scrape (a writing) so as to erase some-
thing ; to alter by erasure. Obs.
1594 MARLOWE & NASHE Dido in. ii, I will., raze th*
eternal register of Time. 1601 FULBECKE indPt. Parall. 31
A deede razed is not good in your Law. 1710 Land. Gaz.
No. 5825/2 The Decrees. ^were razed. 1724 BP. WILSON in
Keble Life (1863) II. xviii* 609 Razing or adding to records
being ever accounted . . penal.
fb. To shave. Obs. Cf. RASE z/.l 40.
1667 EVELYN Public Etnploym. Misc. Writ. (1805) 544
Trifling amongst barbers, razing and sprucing himself. 1733
Hist. Litteraria III. 421 Both had their Heads raz'd.
C. To scrape, or come close to, in passing.
1598 FLORIO, Radere, . . Also to raze or go along the shore
as a ship doth. 1885 M. BLIND Tarantella I. iii. 29 [The
swallows] dive low, razing the grass, then soar aloft,
f d. absol. (see quot). Obs. rare ~°.
1753 CHAMBERS Cycl. Supp. s.v., A horse is said to have
razed, whose corner teeth cease to be hollow; so that the
cavity, where the black mark was, is filled up.
5. a. To sweep away, efface, or destroy (a build-
ing, town, etc.) completely. In later use esp. to
raze to the ground.
a 1547 SURREY &wid 11. 707, I saw Troye falL.Neptunus
town clene razed from the soil. 1582 STANYHURST JEneis
u.(Arb.)6o Nowthee statelye oilers with gould of Barbarye
fretted Are razde. 1633 G. HERBERT Temple, Sacrifice
xvii, Some said, that fthe Temple to the ffoore In three
dayes raz'd. 1781 GIBBON Decl. fy F. (1869) I. xxiv. 690 The
fortifications were razed to the ground. 1843 PRESCOTT
Mexico (1850) I. 354 If it were refused, the Aztecs would
raze their cities to their foundations. 1870 BRYANT Iliad I.
it. 40 Having razed Troy with her strong defences I should
see my home again.
b. To take away, remove (from a place), in a
thorough manner. (With various objects.)
1580 LYLY Euphues (Arb.) 360 That the heat of thy loue
might clean be razed with ye coldnes of my letter. 1656
EARL MONM. tr. Boccalinfs Advts. fr. Parnass. i. Ixxvii.
(1674) 102 [God] by sending universal Deluges of water,
razed mankind, .from off the World. 1874 H. R. REYNOLDS
John Baft, iv. i. 238 I n Henoch, ' the Son of Man ' is about
to raze kings from their thrones.
Hence Razed, Ra'ziug///. adjs.
158* STANYHURST sEneis \\. {Arb.) 67, I ran too Priamus
razd court. 1598 YONG Diana 60 His short cape cloke was
..lined with razed watchet satten. 1660 F. BROOKE tr. Le
Blanc's Trav. 223 Amongst other things remarkable, there
were three pages in raz'd tissue. 1715-20 POPE Iliad v. 419
Her snowy hand the razing steel profaned. 1813 SCOTT
Triertn. n. xx, No striplings these, who succour need For a
razed helm or falling steed. 1882 W. B. WEEDEN Soc. Law
Labor 180 A razed table on which new classes build them-
selves.
Raze, obs. form of RACE sb.Q, RAISE v.1
Razee (razr), sb. [ad. F. ra$(*(e, pa. pple. of
raser to RASE v.1 : cf. RAZE v. and -EE 1 .] Naut.
A war-ship or other vessel reduced in height by the
removal of her upper deck or decks.
1803 SIR R. WILSON in Life (1862) I. iv. 216 The Captain
of a twenty-four-razee. i8i$BuRNEY Falconers Mar. Diet.
s.v., The Indefatigable, Majestic.., and Saturn have been
cut down for Razees. 1844 HARWOOD Irish. Rebellion 232
Two frigates and a sixty-gun razee bearing down upon him.
b. transf. andyf^.
1820 MARRY AT F. Mildmay iv, This was the sole cause of
my chest being converted into a razee. 1860 O. W. HOLMES
Elsie V. xviii. (1801) 253 The hulks and the razees of
enslaved or half-enslaved intelligences.
Razee (razr), v. [f. RAZEE sb."\
1. trans. To cut down (a ship) to a lower size by
reducing the number of decks.
1843 BRANDB Diet. Mech. s.v. Razeet By razeeing, the
draught of water is diminished, while the centre of gravity
is lowered, and the qualities of the vessel have generally . .
been Improved. »86» W. H. RUSSELL in Times 27 Mar., The
Merrimac..has been razeed and iron-plated. 1894 C. N.
ROBINSON Brit. Fleet 240 In 1793. .old sixty-fours were cut
down a deck, or* razeed' (a term that now came into use)
into forty-fours.
2. fig. To abridge, prune, dock.
1837 MARRVAT Dog-fiend v, He was like a man razfed or
cut down. i88a BLUNT Re/. Ch. Eng. II. 77 They were
RAZOR.
razeed to the smallest possible dimensions as to numbers
and endowment.
Hence Bazee'd///. a.
1884 Daily News 23 Sept. 3/1 The .. Castles of Walmer
Deal, and razeed Sandown. a 1895 ADM. FACET Autobiog.
iii. (1896) 71 The command of the Aigle^ razeed frigate.
Razie, obs. form of RACY a.
Raziere, variant of RASEE'. Obs.
Razine, obs. form of RAISIN.
Razing (rtfi-zirj), vbl. sb. [f. RAZE V.
The action of cutting, erasing, levelling, etc.
booke ! No. 1669 DRYDEN Tyrannick Love v. i, The rough
razings of the pointed Steel. 1705 STANHOPE Paraphr. I.
126 The Messiah and his Messenger must have come, before
the razing of that Temple. 1890 CHILD Ballads IV. 55/2
note, A letter of Argyle's . . would seem to show that he was
not there in person during the razing and burning.
b. A scraping ; a particle scraped off. rare~l.
1669 W. SIMPSON Hydrol. Chym. 363 Particles.. as if they
had been razings of crystals.
Razom, obs. variant of RIZZOM dial.
Razor (r^'zaj). Forms : a. 3-4 rasor, 4-7
rasour, (5 -owre, -owyr, 5-6 -cure, 6 Sc. -iour,
6-7 ra(y)sor, 7 rasoir) ; 6- razor, (6-8 -our).
ft. 4-7 rasure, (6 ray-). 7. 5-6 raser, (5 -ere, 6
-ier, -ar), 6-7 razer. [a. OF. rasor, -our, -ur
(lath c.), f. raser to RASE v.1 Cf. OF. rasoir =
It. rasojo :— late L. ra$orium.~\
1. A sharp-edged instrument, specially used for
shaving the beard or hair.
In modern razors the blade has usually a slight curve
backwards, and is of wedge-shaped section, or has the back
much thicker than the edge ; the sides are often made con-
cave by grinding (' hollow-ground ')• The blade is attached
to the handle by a tang and rivet, so that it can be folded
into this when not in use.
a. c 1890 S. Eng. Leg. I. 98/222 Four 5weles of Iren he let
fullen with rasores, kene I-nowe. 1340 Ayenb. 66 J>e tonge
more keruinde banne rasour. 1387 TREVISA Higden (Rolls)
III. 325 For he dredde be harbour toschavewithrasouresful
soore. 1413 Pilgr. Sowle (Caxton 1483) in. i. 50, 1 wol be vpon
a pyler filched ful of sharp keruyng rasours. 1555 EDEN
Decades 186 To annoynte the place with oyle and scrape it
with a rasoure. 1655 CULPEPPER Riverius vi. vii. 144, 1 got
ready my Raysor, . . and there I made a deep_ incision. 1700
DRYDEN Pal. <$• Arc. 1629 This length of hair .. Guiltless of
steel and from the razour free. 1765 FOOTE Commissary i.
Wks. 1799 II. ii His little weezen face as sharp as a razor.
1856 EMERSON Eng. Traits^ Ability Wks. (Bohn) II. 39
At . . Sheffield, where I was shown the process of making
a razor and a penknife.
£. a 1340 HAMFOLE Psalter H. 2 As sharpe rasure bou did
treson. 1486 Bk. St. A /bans A iv, Thou most cutt it with a
Rasure. 1534 WHITINTON Tullyes Offices n. (1540) 82 The
eldre Dyonisius . . dreding Rasures dyd syndge his heere
with a cole. 1570 LEVINS Manip. 192/29 A raysure, noua-
cula. 1576 NEWTON Lemnie's Complex, (1633) 240 He.,
with a Barbers Rasure finely cut away the Nose.
y. 1483 CAXTON Cato C iv b, Doo so moche that thys
nyght ye haue a rasere and .. cutte the heeris of hys berde.
1585 T. WASHINGTON tr. Nicholay's Voy. ur. xvii. 102 These
. .cause their hayre and beard to be cut with a raser. 1599
Ann. Barber-Surg. London (1890) 192 Grindeinge of rasares.
b. fig. and in 6g, context.
Occam's razor, the leading principle of the nominalism of
William of Occam (see OCCAMISM), that for purposes of
explanation things not known to exist should not, unless it
is absolutely necessary, be postulated as existing ; usually
called the Law of Parcimony. On the razor's edge (after
Gr. eni £vpou curp.ifc), in a precarious position (cf. razor-edge
in 3 c).
c 1430 LYDG. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 198 Wyntrb rasour
doth al away arrace. 1594 WILLOBIE in Shaks. C. Praise 7
The sharpe rasor of a willing conceit. £1611 CHAPMAN
Iliad x. 150 Now on the eager razors edge, for life or death
we stand. 1836-7 SIR W. HAMILTON Metaph. xxxix. (1859)
II. 395 We are, therefore, entitled to apply Occam's razor
to this theory of causality. 1879 BROWNING Pheidippides 86
Here am I back, .we stand no more on the razor's edge !
f C. transf. The tusk of a boar (Phillips 1706).
2. fa. Applied to certain fishes: cf. RAZOR-
FISH 2. Obs. rare.
toucheth it, senteth presently of Yron.
b. —RAZOR-FISH i, RAZOR-SHELL.
1610 GUILLIM Heraldry 111. xxiii. (1611) 170 The rest of
the crusted sort of fishes I will passe puer viz. Crabs,
Lobsters, Creuisses, Cuttles. Razers, Shrimpes &c. 1805
BARRY Orkney Isl. 287 The Razor . . or, as we name it, the
spout-fish, is also found in sandy places. 1869 WOOD Com.
Shells (ed. 3) 32 The common species, the Sabre Razor
(Solen ensis). .another species the Pod Razor (So/en ttiioitA).
Ibid. 34 It would scarcely be recognized as belonging to the
Razors.
3. attrib. and Comb. a. With sbs.,as razor blade,
case, handle, hone, knife, -maker, mettle, -seller^
sheath, strop, -stropping, wit.
1846 HOLTZAPFFEL Turning III. 1051 The *razor blade is
polished on a soft buff wheel fed with dry crocus. 1688
Land, Gaz. No. 2410/4 A black Velvet embroidered 'Rasor
Case, with 3 or 4 Rasors. 1833 MACAULAY in Trevelyan •
Life ft Lett. (1880) I. 323, I have bought a new. .razor-case.
1846 HOLTZAPFFEL Turning III. 1069 Two *razor handles
or scales are . . held at the one end in a pair of clamps. Ibid.
1066 (The) German *Razor Hone .. is universally known
throughout Europe. 1390 GOWER ConJ. I. 187 In his hond
a "rasour knif He bar, with which hire throte he cutte.
1865 LUBBOCK Preh. Times 20 A razor-knife said to have
24
RAZOR.
186
RE-.
been found together with objects of the latter metal. 1677
MOXON Meek. Exerc. No. 3. 56 * Razor-makers Generally
clap a small Bar of Venice Steel between two small Bars of
Flemish Steel. 1767 S. PATERSON Another Trav, I. 416
An infinite number of. .jack-smiths and razor-makers. 1679
J. GOODMAN Penit. Pardoned in. i. (1713) 264 Great wits
and curious tempers are like *razor-mettle quickly turned.
1781 WOLCOTT (P. Pindar) (title) The *Razor Seller. i8ia
W. DOOLEV in Exantiner 31 Aug. 552/1 A *razor -sheath
was found. i8z» GilCs Techn.Repos. III. 42 On Improved
Razors and * Razor-Strops. 1815 SIMOND TourGt. Brit. II.
278 He gave me a lesson of*razor-stropping. 1786 WOLCOTT
(P. Pindar) Ep. Boswell Wks. 1816 I. 246 No *Razor-wit,
for want of use, grows rusty.
b. With adjs., as rawr-bladed, -bowed^ ~edged,
-leaved^ -shaped^ -tongued^ -weaponed.
1765 Ann. Reg. 215 The two boys had found a *razor
bladed clasp knife. 1885 Royal River xii. 338 The *razor
bowed craft move slowly out. 1807-8 W. I HYING Salmag.
(1824) 128 The *razor-edged zephyrs of our ' balmy spring '.
1831 j. W. CROKKR in C. Papers (1884) 1 1. xvi. 143 Warburton
has given us razor-edged disquisitions, fine and false. 1878
T. HARDY Return of Native 11. ivf Urns . . used as flower-
pots for two *razor-leaved cactuses. i8o;r MARY KINCSLEY
W. Africa 236 Small black and white birds . . with heavy
'razor-shaped bills. 1873 O. W. HOLMES Rhymes of an
Hour it The saucy-aproned, *razor-tongued soubrette. 1828
SOUTHEY Let, to A. Cunninghamt When at the looking-
glass with lather'd chin, And *razor-weapon'd hand I sit.
c. Special combs., as razor-bridge, the bridge
Al Sirdty believed by Mohammedans to lead over
hell ; f razor - chirurgeon, a barber - surgeon ;
razor-clam (U. S.) = razor-shell, RAZOR- FISH i ;
razor-edge, a keen edge,y^; a narrow foothold,
a critical situation (cf. razor's edge in i b) ; razor-
grass, a West Indian sedge (Scleria flagellum or
scindens} with sharp-edged leaves and stems;
razor-paper, paper specially made for sharpening
razors on (Knight 1875) ; razor-paste, a paste of
emery- or crocus-powder for improving razor-strops.
iSia SIR R. WILSON Diary in Life I. 380 The paths ..
almost realize the perils of the "razor-bridge of Mahomet.
1624 GEE Foot out of Snare X 2 b, The "Rasor-Chirurgions,
very many of them Popish. i88a SJMMONDS Diet, Usej,
Anim., Razor Fish, in America Solen ensis is called the
"razor clam. 1687 DRYDEN Hind $ P. HI. 688 You have
ground the persecuting knife And set it to a *razor edge on
fife. 1861 Sat. Rev. 7 Sept. 238 On the closest verge of
destruction, . . on the very razor-edge of fate. 18^7 E. CAIRO
Philos. Kant n. xix. 664 Kant is solicitous to maintain him-
self on the exact razor-edge of critical orthodoxy. 1871 C.
KINGSLEY At Last viii, Yonder beautiful green pest, ..
namely, a tangle of "Razor-grass. 1879 BARON KCCERS
Flora St. Croix joq Razor-grass. 1851 MAYHEW Land.
Labour I. 429/2 Of the Street-Sellers of . . *Razor Paste.
Razor (r^i'zai), z/. [f. prec.] trans. To shave
as with a razor ; to cut down.
1827 POLLOK Course T. vii, (1860) 182 Upon the head that
time had razored bare Rose bushy locks. 1872 DE MORGAN
Budget of Paradoxes 337 He has announced his intention
of bringing me. .4159265.. razored down to 25,
t Ra-zorable, a. rare-'1, [f. RAZOR sb^\ Capable
of, or fit for, being shaved.
1610 SHAKS. Temp. n. i. 250 The man i'th Moone's too
slow, till new-borne chinnes Be rough and Razor-able.
Ra'zor-back, sb. and a. [f. RAZOR $£.]
A. sb, \. The Razor-back whale or Rorqual.
1832 LYELL Princ. GeoL II. 278 The other [whale]..
mentioned by Sibbald .. was probably a Razor-back. 1850
SCOKESBY Cheever's Whalem. Adv. vi. (1858) 77 The razor-
back is sometimes met with one hundred and five feet long,
2. A pig having a sharp ridge-like back.
Now chiefly applied to a half-wild breed of hogs common
in the southern United States; cf. razor -backed.
1867 HAWKER Prose Wks. (1893) 149 Prominent among
them the old Cornish razor-back asserted his pre-eminence
of height and bone. 1901 Munsey's Mag. XXIV. 494/1 In
the vernacular of the South, they were razor backs. . . Never-
theless, these two hogs had a value.
B. adj. Having a very sharp back or ridge.
1836 Uncle Philip's Convers. Whale Fishery 34 The
' Razor-back whale * . . is longer and stronger and swifter
than any other sort. 1859 TROLLOPE West Indies iii, (1860)
50 Riding over some of these razorback crags.
So Ba'zor-backed a.
18*9 Sporting Mag. XXIV. 116 A razor-backed yellow
tit. 1846 YOUATT Pig\\. (1847) 69 The old Cornish hog, a
large, .razor-backed animal. 1885 7Y/MW (weekly ed.Jiq Feb.
i/3 A high ridge of razor -backed hills. 1894 Outing (U.S.)
XXIV. 336/2 Their., razor-backed hogs climb the steep hills
like goats.
Ra-zor-bill. [f. RAZOE sb. + BILL sb?]
1. A name given to various birds.
a. A species of AUK (Alca torda).
1674 RAY Collect, Words^ Water Fowl 92 The Rasor-bill :
Auk or Murre. 1768 PENNANT Zool. II. 403 Razor-bill. ..
These birds, in company with the Guillemot, appear in our
seas the beginning of February. 1865 GOSSE Land $ Sea
(1874) 40 The guillemots sitting in rows, . . bolt upright, the
manner of sitting common to the puffins and razor-bills.
b. U.S. The Cut-water or Skimmer. rare~l.
1794 MORSE Amer. Geoff. (1796) I. 214 Shear Water or
Razor Bill. 1831 in WEBSTER.
c. 'The red-breasted merganser, Mergus serrator '
(Hants Gloss. 1883).
' 2. attrib. Razor-billed.
1894 Westm. Gaz. 9 Aug. 4/2 A young razorbill puffin
came alongside.
So Xta'zox-'billed a.t having a bill resembling a
razor (applied spec, to certain birds : see quots.).
1748 CATESBY California App. 103 The Razor-billed
Black-bird of Jamaica. This Bird is somewhat less than
our Jack-daw. 1824 LATHAM Gen, Hist, Birds X. 63 Razor-
billed Auk.
fRa'zored, a, rare—*. Sharp-edged.
1613 HEYWOOD Silver Age in. i, Be his teeth razored; and
his talons keen,.. Yet I ere night will case me in his skin.
Ra'zor-fish. [f. RAZOR sb,]
1. Any bivalve mollusk of the genus Solen or
family Solenidxt having a long narrow shell like
the handle of a razor; esp. the European species
Solen ensis or siliqua, common on sandy shores.
1602 CAREW Cornwall i. 32 The Sheath, or Razor-fish,
resembleth in length and bignesse a mans finger. 1632 T.
MORTON New Eng. Canaan n. vii. (1838) 62 Raser-fishes
there are. 1753 CHAMBERS Cycl. Supp.t Dactylus,. .a name
used by many authors for the solen or razor-fish. 1802-3 tr-
Pallas s Trav. (1812) II. 466, I have nowhere met with any
rare sea-muscles ; only the razor-fish, or Solen, of the Bos-
phorus. 1884 GOODS Usef. Aquatic Anim.j<yj The Cali-
fornian Razor-fish (Siliqua fat ula) is also edible.
2. A Mediterranean labroid fish (Xyrichthys no-
vacula) ; also, a related W. Indian fish (X. lineatus}.
1753 CHAMBERS Cycl. SuM>.* Novacula piscis, the rasor-
fish . . the name of a sea-fish caught in the Mediterranean,
and some other seas. [Description follows.]
Ra zor-gri:nder. [f. RAZOR sb]
1. One who grinds or sharpens razors.
1833 Boston Herald 19 Mar. 4/3, I afterwards met a razor
grinder and his wife. 1886 BESANT Childr, Gibeon u. ii,
They are buhl cutters,, .razor grinders, glass bevellers.
2. A name given to various birds : a. The Aus-
tralian Dishwasher or Restless Fly-catcher (Seisura
inquieta}. b. dial. The Night-jar, c. dial. The
Grasshopper Warbler,
a. 1825 VIGORS in Trans. Linn. Soc. XV. 350 A loud noise
. .caused by a rasor-grinder when at work. 1848 R. HOWITT
Australia 332 The razor-grinder, fitly so called from making
a grinding noise as it wavers in one position a foot or two
from the ground.
b. 1895 P. H. EMERSON Birds, etc. Norfolk 153 The night-
hawk, or big razor-grinder, as he is more rarely called in the
Broadband s.
C. 1895 P. H. EMERSON Birds, etc. Norfolk 50 This shy,
mysterious bird, the 'razor-grinder', as he is often called in
the Broad district.
K/a zor-shell. [f. RAZOR sb. : see quot. 1869.]
The shell of a Razor-fish, or the mollusk together
with its shell.
1751 SIR J. HILL Hist. Anim. 170 The large, brown,
common Solen, called the Razor-shell and Sheath-shell.
1794 Collect. Mass. Hist. Soc. (1810) III. 199 The shores
and marshes afford large and smalt clams, quahaugs, razor*
shells, . . and cockles. 1869 WOOD Com. Shells (ed. 3) 31
That curious family which are appropriately termed Razor-
shells, because, when perfect, the shell looks something like
the handle of a closed razor. Ibid. 32 AH the Razor-shells
are edible.
Razour, obs. form of RIZZAB. Sc.
Razure, variant of RASDRE.
Razy, obs. form of RACY.
II Razzia (nrzia). [a. F. razzia^ ad. Algerian
Arab. &jl£ ghdziah^ var. Arab, ghaswak, ghazah
war, battle, military expedition, raid against infidels,
f. ghasw to make war. Cf. Pg. gaziay gazivat from
the same source.
The initial r of the French form represents a pron. of the
Ar. c. approaching to a guttural r (ghr\ also indicated in
the form ghrazzie formerly used by some English writers : —
i8az CAPT. LYON Trav. N. Africa vi. 262 None but the
Bedouins appear to approve of these ghrazzies. 1826
DENHAM Trav. 75 These people could lead 3000 men into
action, for his ghrazzie was to consist of that number.
Some recent Diets, give the pron. as (rae'tsia) on the
analogy of Italian words of similar form.]
A hostile incursion, foray or raid, for purposes of
conquest, plunder, capture of slaves, etc., as prac-
tised by the Mohammedan peoples in Africa ; also
transf. of similar raids by other nations.
1845 A thenxum 8 Feb. 144 If half those seized survive the
atrocities of the razzia and the march, it is considered an
excellent speculation. z86i J. G. SHEPPARD Fall Rome ix.
515 The wars of Charlemagne .. were something very
different from the freebooting razzias of his Merovingian
predecessors.
b. fig. = RAID 2 c.
18^9 GREEN Lett. (1901) 29 One of our maids has been
making a razzia in my study. 1865 MERIVALE Rom, Emp.
VIII. Txiii. 25 He executed what ..we might call a razzia
upon the remnant of the culprits.
Ra-zzle-da'zzle. slang. A word, app. of recent
(U.S.) coinage, used to express the ideas of be-
wilderment or confusion, rapid stir and bustle,
riotous jollity or intoxication, etc.
1890 GUNTER Miss Nobody xv (heading) Little Gussie's
Razzle Dazzle. 1892 KIPLING & BALESTIER Naulahka 88
There isn't enough real downright rustle and razzle-dazzle.,
to run a milk-cart. 1899 Westm. Gaz. 10 Mar. 3/1 Dick,
who is still on the ' razzle dazzle '.
b. (See quot.)
1891 Daily News 27 July 3/1 A new type of roundabout,
called ' Razzle Dazzle ', which gives its occupants the pleasant
(or otherwise) sensations of an excursion at sea.
So Razzle-dazzle v. trans. , to dazzle, daze,
* bamboozle', etc. Razzle -dazaler (see quot.).
1890 GUNTER Miss Nobody xiv, I'm going to razzle-dazzle
the boys.. with my great lightning change act. 1897 Daily
News 10 Aug. 5/2 Two dozen pair of plain socks and half a
dozen pair of the sort known as ' razzle-dazzlers *.
Re (r*1), sb.l Also 6 rey. [The first syllable
of L. resonare ; see GAMUT.] a. The second note
of Guide's hexachords, and of the octave in modern
solmization. b. (As in Fr. and It.) The note
D, the second of the natural scale of C major, (rare.')
f 1325 [see G-SOL-RE-UT]. a 1529 SKELTON Bowge Court?
258 A balade boke before me for to laye, And lerne me to
synge, Re, my, fa, sol. c 1550 Armonye of Byriies 185 in
Ha/1 E. P. P. III. 194 Chaungyng their key From ut to
rey. 1596 SHAHS. Tarn. Shr. in. i. 74 A re, to plead Hor-
tensio's passion. Ibid. 77 D sol re, one Cliffe, two notes
haue I. 1636 WALLER To Mr. Henry Laives, Let those
which only warble long,. .Content themselves with Ut, Re,
Mi. 1818 BUSBY Grant. Music 60 Whatever the key in
which the octave is taken, do is the tonic, re the supertonic.
Hence f Be v . (in nonce-use).
1592 SHAKS. Rom. $ JuL iv. v. 121, I will carie no
Crochets, lie Re you, He Fa you, do you note me?
II Be («). it-" [Ablative of L. res thing, affair.]
In the matter of, referring to.
The L. phr. I'M re is similarly used (t formerly a]so = in
reality). Re infecta, ' with the matter unfinished or un*
accomplished ', has also been freq. employed in Eng.
1707 HEARNE Collect. 17 May (O. H. S.) II. 14 Amused by
Charlett's trick re Tacitus.
Re, obs. sing, rets REIS (Portuguese money).
Re, obs. Sc. form of ROE, deer.
Be-, prefix, of Latin origin, with the general
sense of ' back ' or ' again ', occurring in a large
number of words directly or indirectly adopted
from Latin, or of later Romanic origin, and on the
model of these freely employed in English as a
prefix to verbs, and to substantives or adjectives
derived from these.
In earlier Latin re- was used before consonants, and red.
before vowels or h-, as in redire, redimfre, redhibere (rarely
in other cases, as in red-dfre). The latter form appears in
Eng. only in a few words which are ultimately of Latin
origin, as redeem, redemption, redintegrate. In later Latin
1 the form with d was no longer in use, and re- was employed
before vowels as well as consonants, as in rcxdificare,
reagire, reexpectare, reilteminare, etc.
In a few words adopted from French the prefix has so
coalesced with the mam part of the word that its real nature
is obscured. In some cases this is due to the combination
of re- with another prefix, as ad- (Fr. a-) or in- (Fr. en.).
For examples of these types, see RANSOM, RALLY, RAMPART.
2. The original sense of re- in Latin is that of
'back' or 'backwards', but in the large number
of words formed by its use, the prefix acquires
various shades of meaning, of which the following
are the most clearly marked, a. ' Back from a
point reached ', ' back to or towards the starting-
; point', as in recedere to draw back, recurrere to
run back, reducer e to lead back, referre to carry
back, refuglre to flee back, remittfre to send back,
respicert to look back, retrahtre to pull back,
revocare to call back. Sometimes the sense of
' backwards ' is also implied, as in resilire to spring
back or backwards. The return of light and sound
is expressed in such verbs as relficlre and remdere
to shine or flash back, reboare to bellow back,
resonare to echo, resound. In many cases the idea
of force is present, as in reflecterc to bend back,
repellfre to drive back, reprimire to force back,
rescindlre to cut back ; hence arises the sense of
resistance, as in reluctarl to struggle against, re-
pugndrc to fight against, reclamare to cry out
against, recfisdre to refuse. Occasionally the sense
passes into that of ' away ', as in removere to move
back or away, revellere to pull away or off. b.
'Back to the original place or position', as in
recondere, reponere, restitutre, etc. to put back,
replace; freq. implying 'back to one's hands or
possession ', as in redpere to take back, redimere
to buy back, rependSre to pay back, resiimere to
take back. C. ' Again ', ' anew ', originally in cases
implying restoration to a previous state or condition,
and frequently occurring as a secondary sense in
verbs of the two classes already mentioned ; further
examples are recreare to create again, reficere to
make again, reformare to form again, renovare to
make new again, refrlgesctre to grow cold again,
revirescerc to grow green again. This naturally
passes into cases where the action itself is done
a second time, as recoqulre to cook or bake again,
refricare to rub again, regenerare to produce again,
retractare to handle again, etc. This class of words
is largely augmented in later Latin, as rexdificare
to build again, rebaptizare to baptize again, etc.
Many of these later compounds have been adopted
in English, and have chiefly supplied the models
for the new formations illustrated in § 5. d. In
some cases re- has the same force as Eng. un-,
implying an undoing of some previous action, as
in recingere to ungird, recludSre to unclose, to open,
refigZre to unfix, resignare to unseal, revilare to
unveil. More rarely it expresses direct negation, as
in reprobare to disapprove of. e. 'Back in a place',
i.e. 'from going forward', with verbs of keeping
or holding, as relinere to hold back, religare to tie
RE-.
back or up, refrenare to rein back, reprchcntttrt
to (seize and) keep back ; or ' without going on or
forward * with verbs of rest, as remanere, residere,
restart to stay or stop behind, requiescere to stay
quiet, etc. Other shades of this sense appear in
relinqulre to leave behind, reservare to keep back,
store up.
Even in Latin the precise sense of re- is not always clear,
and in many words the development of secondary meanings
tends greatly to obscure its original force. This loss of
distinct meaning is naturally increased in English, when the
word has heen adopted in a sense more or less remote from
the strict etymological significance of the two elements
which compose it. In many cases the simple word to which
the prefix is attached is wanting in English ; in others a
change of sound or shifting of stress frequently assists in
disguising its original sense.
In the Romance languages, as in later Latin, extensive
use was made of re- as a prefix in verbs and verbal deriva-
tives, and some of the words thus formed are among the
earliest which were adopted in English, the immediate
source being OF. To these and later adoptions from French
belong many of the commonest words beginning with re-,
as reoate, rebound, rebuke, rebut, recoil, redress, refresh,
regain, regard, regret, remark, etc.
3. Words formed with the prefix re- first make
their appearance in English about the year 1 200.
In the Ancren Kiwle, the first text in which such
forms are prominent, there occur recluse, recoil,
record, relief, religion, religious, and remission,
Towards the end of the century Robert of Gloucester
uses rebel, receit, release, relic, relief, remtie, repent,
restore, revest. In the I4th c. the stock is largely
increased, especially in the writings of Langland,
Chaucer, Wyclif, and Trevisa, and by the year 1400
the number in common literary use is very consider-
able. During the 1 5th c. the additions are of less
importance, but about the middle of the i6th an
extensive adoption of Latin forms or types begins ;
the French element at this time is small in com-
parison, though it includes some important words.
Towards the end of the i6th c. re- begins to rank
as an ordinary English prefix, chiefly employed
with words of Latin origin, but also freely prefixed
to native verbs, a practice rare before this period,
though Wyclif, Trevisa, and others have renew
(after L. renovare). Such formations, however, are
common in Elizabethan writers : Shakespeare has
recall, regreet (frequent), relive, requicken, resend,
respeak, restem, retell (thrice) , and reword,a.n<i many
others occur in contemporary literature, as rebuild,
recast, refind, reflow, regather, etc. Since 1600 the
use of the prefix has been very extensive, though the
number of individual formations appears to have
been smaller in the iStb. century than in the I7th
and I pth.
The rapidly increasing use of re- in the early part of the
1 7th c. is strongly marked in the dictionaries of Florio and
Cotgrave, both of whom freely invent forms with this prefix
to render Italian or French words which begin with it.
Many of these reappear at a later date, and most of them
might be formed again at any time : the following may be
quoted as specimens of those which have obtained little or
no currency in later writers.
1398 FLORIO, Rabbelliinento, a .. rebeauetifying. Ri-
uteritare, to remerit or deserue againe. i6n — Roc-
cordare, . . to reaccord. Ricapricciare, to re-affright. Si-
combattere, to recombat or fight againe. Ricompire, to
recomplish or end againe. Riboccare, to re-enbogue, to re-
mouth. Rimaledittione, a remalediction. Rimollire, . . to
remollifie, to resoften. Risperso, resprinckled. Ristoppare,
to restop, to stop againe. ifin COTGR., Rabnser, to re-
abuse. Reaffranchi, reaffranchised. Reblandir, to re-
blandish. Redaigner, to redaign. Rabitner, to..reinure.
4. In English formations, whether on native or
Latin bases, re- is almost exclusively employed in
the sense of ' again ' ; the few exceptions to this
have been directly suggested by existing Latin com-
pounds, as recall after L. revocdre. In one or other
application of this sense, re- maybe prefixed to any
English verb or verbal derivative, as rearrange, re-
arranger, rearrangement ; reignite, reignitible, re-
ignition; resaddle, resaddling; resettlement, etc.
In all words of this type the prefix is pronounced
with a clear e (if), and frequently with a certain
degree of stress, whereas in words of Latin or
Romanic origin the vowel is usually obscured
or shortened, as in repair (rfpeaM), reparation
(repar^Kan). In this way double forms arise,
with difference of meaning, which in writing are
usually distinguished by hyphening the prefix, as
recoil and re-coil, recover and re-cover, recreate and
re-create. The hyphen is also frequently employed
even where there is no doublet, when emphasis is
laid on the idea of repetition, as bind and re-bind, •
or when the main element begins with a vowel ;
before e it is usual to insert the hyphen, as re-emerge,
re-enter, re-estimate, the use of the diaeresis, as j
reimerge, reenter, being much less frequent.
There is naturally a greater tendency to give full stress to
the prefix when the simple word precedes the compound, as
in make ami re-make, state and re-state; this may also j
187
happen, but in a less degree, in cases where re- does not
mean ' again ', as act and react.
b. Re- is occasionally doubled or even trebled
(usually with hyphens inserted) to express further
repetition of an action, but this practice is rarely
adopted in serious writing, although re- is readily
prefixed to words of which it already forms the
first element, as re-recover, re-reform.
1778 [W. MARSHALL] Minutes Agric. 3 April 1775 Re-re-
re-tried the drill. Not yet compleat ! 1838 MOORE Mem.
(1856) VII. 218 A late publication (or rather re-re-publication
of Bowles's). 1844 SOUTHEV Life Andrew Bell II. 483,
I have read, re-read, and re-re-read your dedication.
5. The extent to which this prefix has been em-
ployed in English during the igth c., and especially
during the latter half of it, makes it impossible to
attempt a complete record of all the forms resulting
from its use. The number of these is practically
infinite, but they nearly all belong to one or other
of three classes, which are illustrated by the quota-
tions given below. The first of these is also abun-
dantly represented in formations of the i;th and
1 8th centuries, which are entered in their alpha-
betical places.
a. Prefixed to ordinary verbs of action (chiefly
transitive) and to derivatives from these, sometimes
denoting that the action itself is performed a second
time, and sometimes that its result is to reverse a
previous action or process, or to restore a previous
state of things (cf. 2 c).
With nouns of action the force of the prefix may fre-
quently be rendered by 'second' or 'new', and on the
analogy of these words it has sometimes been used in this
sense with other sbs., as re-charter, re-invoice.
1870 ANDERSON Missions Amer. Bd. III. ix. 135 To induce
him to "reabandon his original belief. 1870 Temple Bar
Mag. Oct. 252 With a view to their "reacclimatisation in
Switzerland. 1856 F. E. FACET Owlet Owlst. 164 Mr. Page
was too discreet to *readjudicate the matter. 1885 Law
Rep. Weekly Notes 151/2 Each lot will be sold subject to
"re-admeasurement. 1883 Knowledge 6 July 6/2 When the
metal becomes dull, "reamalgamation is necessary. 1874
SULLY Sensation «$• Intuition 80, 1 regret having overlooked
this *reannouncement of Mr. Bain's views. 1875 N. A mer.
Rev. CXX. 103 To "reapportion the supply of labor. 1884
Fortn. Rev. Nov. 707 The *reapportionment of electoral
power. 1853 KANE Crinnelt Ext. xlii. (1856) 394 Acting as
checks or wedges to prevent their "reapposition and cementa-
tion. iSai W. TAYLOR in Monthly Rev. XCVI. 195 The
reexamination and "reappreciation of the assertions. 1880
NICHOL Byron 84 His frequent resolutions, made, "re-
asseverated, and broken. 1884 Law Times LXXVI. 333/2
If the assignor paid his debt he would be entitled to *re-
assignment. 1802-13 BENTHAM Ration. Judic. Evid. (1827)
III. 285 The force of expansion and contraction (repulsion
and "re-attraction). 1826 DISRAELI Viv . Grey i, i, ' I won't
have my hair curl', . .*rebawled the beauty. 1869 Eng.
Mech. 31 Dec. 389/3 The wax is then , . *re-bleached. 1881
Sat. Rev. 24 Sept. 375 A refurbishing and "rebrandishing of
weapons. 1877 LE CONTE Elem. Geol. (1879) 8 These, .are
broken and *rebroken until the rock is reduced to dust.
1877 MRS. OLIPHANT Makers Flor. iii. 74 The *re-bursting
forth . . of the pacificated cities. 1880 E. OPPERT Forbid. L.
iv. no Serious efforts for their recovery or "recaptivation.
1878 NEWCOMB Pop. Astron. iv. i. 417 Tycho Brahe .. 're-
catalogued the stars. 1885 Law Times LXXIX. 217/2
The effect of "re-certificating a man who has been dis-
honest. 1863 If. &Q. 3rd Ser. III. 218 Jupiter . . was •re-
chiselled into St. Peter. 1885 Manch. Exam. 17 Jan. 5/5
Bills deposited by the principal railway companies for the
•re-classification of their rates. 1896 Allbutt's Syst. Med.
I. 437 The catheter must be thoroughly "recleansed. 1874
RE-.
BEEN Introd. Hume (1890) 41 Why make them over
:ion and "recomplication ? 1884 Law Times
331/2 1
demned. 1862 T. A. TROLLOPE Marietta II. xii. 205 Cor-
again by abstract* —
LXXVII. 331/2 The Divisional Courts have been "re-con-
rected and "recorrected sheets. 1860 FARRAR Orig. Lang.
iii. 60 "Re-corrupted into a purely mechanical word. 1836
Fraser's Mag. XIII. 306 Will the recognition of the inde-
pendence of Buenos Ayres . . "recrowd its abandoned har-
bours? 1877 RAYMOND Statist. Mines fy Mining
. . to the first pair of rolls for *recrushing. 1837 SOUTHEV Hist.
Penins. War 11.418 He consented to "re-decimate those on
whom the lot had fallen. 1815 JANE AUSTEN Emma I. ix,
He re-urged—she *re-declined. 1876 BANCROFT Hist. U. S.
VI. 572 He "redeserts, and offers to negotiate for return of
colonies to allegiance. 1830 W. TAYLOR Hist. Stirv. Germ.
Poetry II. 76 [A panegyric which] has not been *redeserved
by any subsequent poet. 1861 H.- SPENCER First Princ. ii.
was eager to bound forward. 1807 in Spirit Pub. Jrnls.
XI. 353 The first expedition.. was embarked, disembarked,
re-embarked, *re-disembarked, about ten times in ten
months. 1811-31 BENTHAM Logic Wks. 1843 VIII. 261 No
counting, no collection, no "re-display, is necessary. x8s6
Q. Rev. XCIX. 396 We are not going to *re-dissect the
vEssais '. 1882 Rep. to Ho. Repr. Prec. Met. U.S. 623 The
gold has been ''redissolved and reprecipitated. 1872 tfh
Rep. Dep. Kpr. Irel. ii The *re-docketing and revival
books. 1830 M. DONOVAN Dom. Econ. I. 87 Malt that ha:
suffered injury . .will not be recovered by *redrying it. t xSyj
1879
Macm. Mag'yi\,. 135 The opportunities of "re-earning a
character. 1811-31 BENTHAM Logic Wks. 1843 VIII. 225
Recession out of or "re-emanation from it. 1858 BUSHNELL
Serm. New Life 374 The torpid creatures . . "re-empowered
with life. 1815 Zeliica III. 212 Zeluca devoted all her
attention to "re-engrossing him. 1813 BENTHAM Not Paul
376 Peter imprisoned, enlarged, recommitted, examined, and
"reenlarged. 1865 MASSON Rec. Brit. Philos. 65 Let us
"re-enumerate them. 1881 LE CONTE Sight 97 _After _this
explanation we "reenunciate the law of corresponding points.
1869 11. Si'ENCtK J'rinc. Fsychol. (1872) 1. 283 The "re.
equilibration of constitution and conditions. 1851 C L.
SMITH tr. Tasso n. Ixxxix, His reasoning in these words he
"re-essayed. 1813 J. HKNKY Camp. agst. Quebec .95 It
often "re-exhilarates my mind to remember the occurrences.
1804-6 SYD. SMITH Mor. Philos. (1850) 282 A writer has no
such . . power of "re-explaining them. 1831 T. HOPE Ess
Origin Man. III. 301 The Portuguese, .first made the power
of Europe "re-extend over the realms of Asia. 1846 LANOOR
acids. 1882 St. James's Gaz. 24 June n/i The same
offender has . . become liable to be "reflogged. 1886 C
SCOTT Sheep-Farming 200 He quenches his thirst as he
"re-fords the stream. 1882 NARES Seamanship (ed. 6) 131
"Refurl the sails. 1812 J. SMYTH Pract. of Customs (1821)
411 The Warehouse-keeper . . issues a Note for "re-gauging
in the following form. 1884 Athenaeum 9 Feb. 191/3 The
"rehanging of the Turner pictures. . is now completed. 1866
DOLING Ai/im. Chem. 85 Reconvertible .. by actual or po-
tential "rehydration. 1853 CLOUCH Poems, etc. (1869) I. 359
note, The word spoom . . seems hardly to deserve *re-fm-
patnation. 1863 Sat. Rev. lo Oct. 497 To "re-indorse old
quotations in compliance with custom. i87»BusHNELL^r»/.
Living Sitbj. 281 To be unsphered here and "reinsphered in
a promised life. 1826 W. IRVING in Life <$• Lett. (1864) IV.
403, I have, as usual, intended and "reintended to write to
you. 1868 LYELL Princ. Geol. II. in. xxxiv. 255 Nothing
less than the "reintervention of the Deity was thought
adequate. 1871 H. SPENCER Princ. Psychol. (1872) II. vii.
iv. 356 The Space . . in which the "re-intuition or imagination
of things occurs. 1882 Knowledge No. 16. 332 He. .reduces
the image . . and then shows it by "rtmagnuication. 1878
F. S. WILLIAMS Midi. Railw. 359 Being "re-marshalled as
empties for the down traffic. 1859 F. MILLS in Athenziim
9 July 49 Ere the shining valves "remeet. 1881 H. PHILLIPS
tr. Chamisso's Faust 19 Thy empty sounds .. "Re-mirror all
the shadows of thy brain. 1861 LYTTON & FANE Tann-
hauser 34 That . .'Remultiplies the praise of what is good.
1863 LYTTON Caxtoniana I. 160 In proportion as he is
always "renourishing his genius. 1881 Athenxum 18 June
824/3 A considerable portion of the work was "re-orches-
trated. 1890 Anthonys Photogr. Bull. III. 400 "Re-photo-
graphing this positive and ruled screen together. 1895
BOYD CARPENTER Led. Preaching iSoThething. .often needs
to be translated and "rephrased. 1884 St. Nicholas XI.
379 They begin at once to "repitch their tent. 1888 B. W.
RICHARDSON Son of a Star III. v. 72 He has planned and
"replanned this day's tactics. 1823 in Spirit Pub. Jrtils. 112
The . . monopolist slowly and blankly "repocket-booked his
authorities. 1882 FLOYER Unexpl. Baluchistan 83 The
wheat thus pounded was "re-pounded and sifted. 1828
Lights^ fy Shades II. 87, I heard a shot . . and saw a fellow
with his gun "reprepared. 1813 T. BUSBY Lucretius II. iv.
Comm. xxviii, Before the sound can be "re-propagated from
that point, a 1878 SIR G. SCOTT Recoil, iii. (1879) 172 "Re-
-oportioning it with reference to its earlier form. 1857
"
ipleted.
87 ' Then you
Mr. Conyers is to be married to-morrow!' *requestloned
Mrs. Lambert 1807 J. BARLOW Columb. vm. 323 To tongue
mute misery, and *re-rack the soul With crimes. 1881
Nature XXV. 15 The *re-radiation which the strip almost
instantaneously exerts. 1815 MARY FRAMPTON JrnL (1885)
246 If [Talleyrand] has refused to *re-rat. 1860 CAPT.
DUNHAM in Merc. Marine Mag. VII, 263 [We] *re-rated
chronometers. 1891 H. SPENCER Justice 54 This violent
reaction will be followed by a "re-reaction. 1864 PUSEY
Led. Daniel iii. 136 Its provinces rebelled, and *re-rebelled.
1882 H. S. HOLLAND Logic $ Life (ed. 3) 129 In token of
his *re-recognised allegiance. 1837 GEN. P. THOMPSON
Exerc. (1842) IV. 348 We must have a *re-reformed one.
1810 SOUTHEY in Q. Rev. III. 451 No expression of regret
escapes the *re-regenerated sinner. 1884 H. SPENCER in
Contemp. Rev. July 30 A very reasonable rejoinder this
seems until there comes the *re-rejoinder. x86x Wheat fy
Tares 284 He would repent and *re-repent, and die the
same. 1891 H. SPENCER Justice 47 Such acts of revenge
and *re-revenge. 1878 NEWCOMB Pop. Astron, in. ii. 268
We can even see the *re-reversal of the lines already
reversed. 1875 RUSKIN Fors Clav. 1. V. ao Needlessly de-
moting myself in the old [ground]. 1897 P. WARUNG Tales
Old Regime 148 The Comptroller *re-scans the parchment
and the application-form. 1809 Char, in Ann. Reg. 734/1
An incessant succession of conscious sensations or *re-
sensations. 1863 Q. Rev. Jan. 172 Only seventy-five, .were
*resentenced to the convict prisons. 1884 Harper's Mag.
Aug. 431/1 Henry has. .*resepulchred the Confessor's bones.
1869 BUSHNELL Worn. Sujfrage v. 89 The *re-sexing of
their sex, they knew to be impossible. 1865 DICKENS Mitt.
Fr. i. ii, He *re-shakes hands with Twemlow. a 1849 J. C.
MANGAN Poems (1859) 128 When spring *reshowers her
spotted. 1822-34 Goods Study Med. (ed. 4) IV. 534 The
superincumbent hairs falling off and never *resproutmg.
a 1849 POE Man that was used~vp Wks. 1864 IV. 323
Presently "re-squeaked the nondescript. 1822-34 Good's
Study Med. (ed. 4) III. 127 Such particular sense .^re-
stimulated into action. 1854 J. SCOFFERN in Orr's Circ. Sc.
Chem. 490 The copper leaves, by further *restratification,
may be entirely converted into sub-carbonate. 1859 R. F.
BURTON Centr. Afr. in JrnL Geoff. Soc. XXIX. 112 The
fields had been stripped and *restripped by every passing
caravan. 1848 LYTTON K. Arthur n. Ixxxv, He spreads it
out . . Strokes and *restrokes it. 1895 G. M ACDONALD Lilith
xlii. 311 Rushing., to *resubmerge the orchard valley,
a 1831 A. KNOX Rent. (1844) I. 62 * Re-submitting to the
long dissolved chains. x8i8 BENTHAM Ch. Eng. 236 The
accession of Elizabeth, and the "re-substitution of the Pro-
testant system. 1865 MRS. WHITNEV Gayworthys xxv, A
certain quick spasm of keen *re-sufferance came over her.
1888 A. S. WILSON Lyric of Hopeless Loi>e 171 My fancy's
wings *Resweep Hellenic plains. 1862 Macm. Mag. Nov.
:4 One kind of Anagram noticed by Mr. Wheatley.'.is that
24 -a
BE-.
188
BEACH.
•which arises not from the rearrangement or transposition of
letters, but only from their redivision or *resyllabi6cation.
1894 BARING-GOULD Deserts S. France I. 169 Grottoes ..
have been *retenanted. 1860 Merc. Marine Mag. VII. 141
Their being . . *re-tested when returned into store. 1894
BARING-GOULD Kitty Alone III. 95 The pros and cons were
thrashed and *re-thrashed. 1851 C. L. SMITH tr. Tasso xix.
xxvi, Then thrust his sword and *re-thrust. 1864 Spectator
440 That he only sent the reports back for the Inspectors to
*re-tinker. 1852 R. S. SURTEES Sponge's Sp. Tour (1893) 59
He was toasted and *re-toasted, and toasted again. 1866
fntfll, Observ. No. 52. 302 *Re-tooled the whole of the
inscription. 1839-48 BAILEY Festtts xxiii. (1848) 298, 1 now
*retrack my course to earth. 1816 W. TAYLOR in Monthly
Mag. XLI. 143 Echo *retrampling every gritty tread. 1803
— in Robberds Mem. II. 91 Transmit the annotated manu-
script to me for * re-transcription. 1879 MRS. A. E. JAMES
Ind. Househ.Managem. 18 They can be more easily altered
and *re-trimmed. 1833 J. RENNIE Alph. Angling 66 The
hairs . . must be *retwisted. 1882 DE WINDT Equator 126
To *re-undergo fresh sufferings. 1881 Times 5 Apr. 9/5
The *re-unification of Afghanistan. 1885 SIR^ C. G. C
BOWEN in Law Times Rep. LI I. 289/1 *Reventilating the
question of domicile. 1815 in J. Smyth Pract. o/ Customs
(1821) 330 Returned Goods may be *re-warehoused. 1874
RAYMOND Statist. Mines $ Mining 179 The *reweldmg ..
costs on an average $10.
b. Prefixed to verbs and sbs. which denote
* making (of a certain kind or quality) ', * turning
or converting into — ', esp. those formed on adjs.
by means of the suffix -ize.
1830 Edin. Rev. LI. 497 The required discipline of *re-
Americanization. 1885 COUPLAND Spirit Goethe's Faust v.
107 Faust must perforce become *reanimalized. 1825 New
Monthly Mag. XVI. 478 The church.. *rebourbonized, and
reconventuahzed. 1870 Eng. Mech. 11 Mar. 637/2, 1 know
this to be a good receipt for *rebrowning gun barrels. 185*
Meanderings of Memory I. 21 O too *rebrutalized ! oh too
bereaved t 1885 COUPLAND Spirit Goefke's Faust v. 106 It
is the aim of the Devil, .to rebrutalize him. 1851 Art Jrnt.
Illustr. Cafai., Science ofExhib. HI. p. x*A Pressing it in
moulds . . and *re-coking it with care. 1895 J. WINSOR
Mississ. Basin 310 This journal, .was.. later *re-Englished
by another hand. 1894 C. L. JOHNSTONE Canada 48 The
duty of *refertilising the land. 1881 Athenaeum 17 Sept.
363/3 The *re-Hellenization of the country by the Byzantine
emperors. 1890 EARLE Eng. Prose 421 They have been
refashioned, respelt, *relatimzed. fbid.t **Relatinization '
provokes cavil. 1804 J, LARWOOD No Gun Boats 29 The
uncassocked Prelate in his now *re-layman'd ministerial
capacity. 1898 HOWELLS Open-eyed Conspir. 100 Miss Gage
*rematerialised . . after a moment's evanescence, 1891 — in
Harper's Mag. Mar. 641 To *reobjectivize the phenomenon
of their recurrence. 1809 W. TAYLOR in Robberds Mem. II.
273 The army., will be *reroyalized. 1893 J. PULSFORD
Loyalty to Christ II. 298 Selfish, until it becomes *reselfed
in God. 1899 Pop. Sci. Monthly Nov. 57 Unscrupulous
manufacturers . . *resterilize the cans with their contents.
i88a Athenaeum 18 Nov. 667/1 This deposit of the foreign
metal may.. be *re volatilized.
c. Prefixed to verbs and sbs. which denote fitting,
furnishing, supplying, or treating with something.
(Frequent in recent technical use.)
1886 WILLIS & ClAiK GuK^H&v I. 184 The interior of
the Chapel was refitted in 1717 and its exterior *reashlared.
1889 Daily Chron. 30 June 7/1 What has been the total
cost of *re-boilering H.M.S. Salamander? 1871 Figure-
Training 54 The staymaker should be directed to take out
all the bones first and to *rebone them again afterwards.
1862 Times 22 Nov. Advt.* Lamps *rebronzed, regilt, and
repaired. 1859 R, F. BURTON Centr. Afr. in Jrnl. Geog.
Soc. XXIX. 212 The central channel must be *rebridged
with branching trees. 1853-8 HAWTHORNE Eng. Note-oks.
II. 340 The body of the church has been almost entirely
*recased with stone. 1879 F. W. ROBINSON Coward Consc.
i. vi, ^Re-chalking his cue. 1886 WILLIS & CLARK Cam-
bridge I. 513 The glazier . . was engaged to *relead them.
1884 R. F. COFFIN Old Sailor's Yarns x. 105 To *releather
the parral of the main royal-yard. 1884 Manch. Exam.
15 Oct. 5/4 Renaming and *relettering the streets of Paris
with Republican signs. 1857 TROLLOPS Barchester T. (1861)
204 Should the bishop now be *repetticoated. 1884 S. J.
REID Life Syd. Smith ii. 46 The Chapel has been *repewed.
1865 CARLYLE Fredk. Gt. ix. viL (1872) III. 132, I *re-
powdered her myself, and readjusted her dress a little.
1884 Bee-keeping 24, I *re-queened all my stocks . . with
Ligurians. 1875 BEDFORD Sailor's Pocket Bk. v. (ed. 2) 151
The means of *re-quicksilvering its reflectors. 1853 WIGGINS
Embanking 113 The contractors had to strip the sod . . and
*resoil and resod. 1893 SELOUS Trav. S. E. Africa 118, I
had all the tools . . necessary for *re-spoking it. 1884 Manch.
Exam. 3 May 3/7 Venetian blinds can be *retaped and made
equal to new. 1883 Manch. Guard. 12 Oct. 4/3 Putting
yarn in a damp cellar .. and then "re-ticketing it. 1845 E.
WARBURTON Crescent 4- Cross I. 166 Re-dressed, *re-tur-
baned, and re-seated on my carpet.
Kea, sing, oireas RETS (Portuguese money).
Rea-, obs. form of RAT-GRASS.
t Re able, a. Sc. Obs. rare-1. [Cf. RE ABLE z>.]
Legitimate.
1581 N. BURNE in Cath. Tract. (S. T. S.) 164/5^ To per-
suade the people that he micht be reable air [ = heir] to his
father, ye preachit euer . . that promeiss of manage vas
lauchful mariage.
t Reable, z*. Sc. Obs. Also 6 -abill, -hable.
[f. RE- + ABLE v., prob. after F. ra-t rkabiller.]
trans. To confirm, to legitimize.
igai in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. n. I. 282 The Due [of Albany]
chalengethe the iiij** parte of her conjunctefee to be his
enheritaunce. .and is reabled to the same by acte of parlia-
ment. 1536 BELLENDEN Cron, Scot. (1821) II. 452 That thay
[the children] micht be lawchful and reabilHt, be virtew of
the matrimony subsequent. 1597 SKENE De Verb. Sign.
s.v. Bastardust Ane bastard, legitimat and rehabled in his
life-time, a 1682 SEMPILL Picktootk for Pope 395 Poems
(1849), A bastards name doth duly them befit For they were
never reabled as yet.
Re-abri'dge, v. [Rfi- 5 a.] trans. To abridge
a second time.
a 1631 DONNE 6 Str»t. ii. (1634) 27 God's abridgement of
the whole world was man ; re-abridge man into his least
volume [etc.].
Reabso'rb, v. [RE- 5 a. Cf. F. reabsorber
(Littre).] trans. To absorb anew or again ; to
take in again by absorption.
1768-74 TUCKER Lt. Nat. (1834) I. 465 Psyche becomes
reaosorbed into the ocean from whence she sprung. 1837
CARLYLE T-y. Rev. III. v. ii, Chaos hasreabsorbed him ; may
it late or never bear his like again ! 1882 J. H. BLUNT Ref.
Ch. Eng. II. 341 Some portions of the jurisdiction assumed
bythe Pope must., be re-absorbed into the Crown.
ReabsoTption. [RE- 5 a. Cf. prec. and F.
^absorption ^Littre).] The action of reabsorbing,
or fact of being reabsorbed : spec, in Path. »
RESOEPTION.
1755 AKENSIDE in Phil. Trans. L. 328 The continual re-
absorption of that moisture by the lymphatics is no less
necessary. 1843 T. GRIFFITH Apostles' Creed 141 The dream
of re-absorption into the divine essence indulged by the
Buddhistsof Burmah. 1875 H. C. WOOD Therap. (1879) 267
As reabsorption in the bladder is at least conceivable, the
catheter should be used early.
t Reacce-nd, v. Obs. [RE- 5 a ; cf. late L.
reaccendfre (Jerome).] trans. To rekindle.
a 1645 HOWELL Lett. I. in. xxxiv. (1650) 96 To kindle and
reaccend this tinder.
Reacce*pt. v. [RE- 5 a. Cf. med.L. reaccipere
(i4th c.).] trans. To accept again.
16*3 ROWLANDSON God's Blessing 72 The comfortable
assurance of his fathers love and relenting goodnesse^to
reaccept him. 1835 LVTTON Rienzi ix. v. One caution
before I re-accept your fealty. 1860 FROUDE Hist. Eng. V.
28 Henry VIII had insisted successfully that the Scotch
should reaccept their engagements.
So Beacce'ptance.
1633 BP. HALL Hard Texts O. T. 374 Thou.. hast made
thy selfe uncapable of my reacceptance by the law. a 165*
BROME Damoiselle I. ii, With reacceptance of this thousand
pound. 1870 PallMallG. 17 Nov. i A formal reacceptance
of the very disabilities she rebels against.
Keaccess. [RE- 5 a.]
1. Return, renewed access.
1611 FLORIO, Recessione^ . . a reaccesse or comming again.
1617 HAKEWILL Apol. 11, i. § i The withering of all things
by the recesse. and their reviving and resurrection, .by the
reaccesse of the Sunne. 18*3 CHALMERS Serm. I. 178 A
Flaming Sword had to. .guard their reaccess to the bowers
of Immortality.
f2. Re-accession (to the throne). Obs. rare*-1.
169. Ad Po^ulum Phalerxi. 54 When such Discourses
fill the Town, what less Can be designed than James's
Re-access ?
So Beacce'ssion.
1825 BENTHAM Offic. Apt. Maxim., Indications (1830) 26
Of the course of illegality begun under Lord Erskine, and
pursued under Lord Eldon, the continuation commenced
with his re-accession, a 1876 in Orton A ndes <fr A mazons
(ed. 3) 601 The exposure caused a re-accession of the fever.
Reacco-mmodate, v. [RE- 5 a. Cf. F. r{~
accommoder (i6thc. in Littre).] trans. To accom-
modate, adjust, f array, afresh or again.
1616 CAPT. SMITH Descr. New Eng. Wks. (Arb.) I. 221
Onely her spret saile remayned . . , till we had reaccommo-
dated her a lury mast. 1639 N. N. tr. Du Bosq's Compl.
Woman i. B 2 He desired to reaccommodate what had been
corrupted. 1641 BAKER Chron. (1674) 125/1 King Edward.,
instantly sends to charge that part, without giving them time
to re-accommodate themselves.
So fReaccommo-deratez'. (Cf. CoMMODEBATE.)
1613-8 DANIEL Coll. Hist. Eng. (1626) 200 [He] instantly
sends to charge that part, without giuing them time to re-
accommoderate themselues.
Reacco-mpany, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To
accompany again ; f to escort back.
1611 FLORIO, Raccomfagnare, to reaccompany. 1650
HOWELL Giraffis Rev. Naples \. 114 Masan'iello. .re-accom-
panied them to their Homes. 1673 O. WALKER Edvc. 219
If they will accompany further, many are wont to reaccom-
pany them part of the way,
Re-acco-mplishment. [RE- 5 a.] A second
accomplishment or fulfilling.
a 1656 BP. HALL Revelation Unrevealed § i A re-accom-
plishment [of prophecies] in these last times.
Re-acco-st, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To accost
again.
1653 J. WRIGHT tr. Camus' Nat. Paradox v. 105 Merinda
. . was forced to joyn with them and re-accost Almeria.
Reaccou'nt, v. Also 6 -compt. [RE- 5 a.]
f 1. trans. To recount, relate. Obs. rare.
Cf. RACCOUNT, and It. raccontaret F. rnconter.
1561 DAUS tr. .Bullinger on Apoc. (1573) 55 Our Lord
proceedeth In reaccomptyng much more ample rewardes.
1635 J. HAYWARD tr. Biondfs Banish'd Virg. 166 The King
upon this-.reaccounted unto him openly Bramac'sembassie
with his answer.
2. To account again or anew.
1840 G. S. FABER Prim. Doctr. Regen. 44 Every Soul is
accounted to be in Adam, until it is reaccounted to be in
Christ.
Re-accriies v. [RE- 5 a.] t trans. To gather
up again (see ACCRUE 4). Obs.
1646 G. DANIEL Poems Wks. 1878 I. 48, I will Assay My
fancie..and re-accrue MyThoughts into their Station.
Reaccu'mulate, v. [RE- 5 a.] intr. To
accumulate again.
1874 LAWSON DU. Eye 53 If. . the aqueous is found to have
reaccumulated, the central point is again opened.
So Reaccvmnla'tion.
1823-34 Good's Study Med. (ed.^) IV. 320 The pressure
will tend to prevent a re- accumulation [of dropsical effusion].
1841 CALHOUN Wks. IV. 7 There must be a great .. increase
of expenditure . . or the reaccumulation of another surplus.
Re-accu-se, v, [RE- 5 a.] trans. To accuse
again.
1609 DANIEL Civ. Wars i. Ix, Who re-accus'd Norfolke for
words of treason he had vs'd.
Reaccu'stom, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To habituate
again,
1611 COTGR., Rabituer, to reaccustome, reinure. 1853
HAWTHORNE Blithedale Rom. xxiii. "(1883) 541 Time long
enough for my. .hands to reaccustom themselves to gloves.
Reace, variant of RACE v2 Obs.
Reach, (ntj), sb.^ Forms: 6 reche, reache,
Sc. reiche, 6-7 reatch, 7 rech, 6- reach. See
also RETCH sbJ- [f. REACH v^\
I. An act of reaching.
1. An (or the) act of reaching out with the arm
(esp. to take hold of something), or with some-
thing held in the hand. Also transf. and_/t^.
1570 LEVINS Manip. 205/10 Reache, perretio [read por-
rtctio], 1642 ROGERS Naaman Ep. Ded. 2 A few good
reaches and affections after holinesse are not enough for us.
1691 NORRIS Pract. Disc. 188 It must . . fan the Flame of our
Affections, and make them tend upwards with importunate
reaches towards Heavenly Objects. 1711 STEELE Sped.
No. 38 P i Her Fan was to point to somewhat at a Distance,
that in the Reach she may discover the Roundness of her
Arm. 1825 LONGF. Sunrise on Hills 22 The woods were
bending with a silent reach. 1881 ' MARK TWAIN ' Prince $
Pauper xxii. 256 A brawny blacksmith . . made a reach for
him.
b. With indication of, or reference to, the space
or distance covered in the act of reaching.
1607 TOPSELL Four-f. Beasts (1658) 231 Making him fit to
take longer reaches without doubling of his legs, a 1680
CHARNOCK Attrib. God (1834) H« 41 Otherwise the reaches
of a created., fancy would be more extensive than the power
of God. 1874 T. HARDY Far Jr. Mad. Crowd xlix, You
needn't take quite such long reaches with your rake. 1884
St. James's Gaz. 29 Mar. 5/2 Their pace then began to fall
off, and the reach shortened all through the boat.
1 2. fig. An attempt to attain or achieve some-
thing ; a design or aim; a device, scheme, plan,
contrivance. Obs. (very common c 1590-1700).
1590 TARLTON News Purgat. (1844) 84 Master Vickar had a
reach in his head. 1621-3 MIDDLETON & ROWLEY Change-
ling v. i, This is my reach : I'll set Some part a-fire of
Diaphanta's chamber. 1678 BUTLER Hudibras in. ii. 1583
But Jesuits have deeper Reaches In all their Politick Far-
fetches, a 1734 NORTH Exam. \. ii. § 6 (1740) 34 All which
Matters., could not be so done without some private Reach.
1785 BURKE Sp. Nabob Arcot Wks. 1842 I. 329 In India
this is a reach of deep policy.
f b. Without a : Scheming, policy. Obs. -1
a 1635 NAUNTON Fragm. Reg. (Arb.) 36 A piece of reach
and hazard beyond my apprehension.
3. spec, f a. A term in dice-playing. O6s."~l
1600 ROWLANDS Lett. Humours Blood iil. 59 He calles for,
Come on flue; and there it is: Or else heele haue it with
fiue and a reach.
b. dial. An addition to wages.
1851 Jrnl. R. Agric. Soc. XII. n. 404 Hay-mowing, corn,
cutting) etc.,., when the workmen, .generally obtain a small
1 reach * in addition to their daily wages.
4. A single stretch or spell of movement, travel,
flight, etc.
1652-62 HEYLIN Costttogr. in. (1673) 4/1 Making two long
reaches in his journey hither. 168* N. O. BoileaitsLutrin.
in. 24 Then wafting at one Reach, they proudly Pearch On
highest Pinnacle of the fata! Church I 1873 TRISTRAM
Moab xv. 290 There was a long reach and many a climb up
and down before camp could be reached.
b. Naut* A run on one tack ; a board.
1830 J. F. COOPER Water Witch xv, 'Tis by many reaches
that the leeward vessel gains upon the wind, a 1845 HOOD
Pain, in Pleasure-Boat 21 Bill, give that sheet another haul—
she'll fetch it up this reach. 1846 A. YOUNG Naut. Diet, s.v.,
A vessel., is said to be on a reach, when she is sailing bythe
wind upon any tack. 1884 Sat. Rev. 14 June 783/2 The race
back, .was, save one little bit, but a run and a reach.
H. Power of, or capacity for, reaching.
6. The extent to which a person can stretch out
the arm or hand, esp. so as to touch or grasp
something (in early use freq.//.) ; the distance to
which an animal can extend a limb or other part,
or to which any limb can be extended.
1579 LYLY Eufkues (Arb.) 77 Kinges haue long armes,
and rulers large reaches. 1655 FULLER Hist. Camo. (1840)
179 This horse, I may say, had a long-reach. 1667 MILTON
P. L. ix. 591 High from ground the branches would require
Thy utmost reach. 1866 Routledge's Ev. Boy's Ann. 327
Availing himself of his height, which .. gave him a longer
reach. 1897 Century Mag. 562/2 Their reach forward is
prodigious, as I found.. when my horse's hind hoof cut the
heel clean off my boot
b. In prep, phrases, esp. 'within^ above or out
(/(one's) reach : freq. =-= Ability to obtain or pro-
cure something ; power to affect or injure another.
a 1548 HALL Ckron. , Henry VIII 219 The bearer . . thought
it. .better for hym to bestowe it without the Kynges reche.
1557 Tottell's Misc. (Arb.) 129, I rowe not so farre past my
reache. 159* SHAKS. Rom. $ Jnl. in. v. 86 The Traitor
Hues, .from the reach of these my hands. 1601 R. JOHNSON
Kingd. Sf Cornmw. (1603) 196 They . . made pray and spoile
of whatsoeuer came into their reaches. 1698 FRYER Ace.
E. India % P. 177 The Tigre seeing them out of his reach . .
falls a Roaring. 1712 J. JAMES tr. Le Blond's Gard, 197
Those.. cost such vast Sums, that they seem to me above
BEACH.
the Reach of the most wealthy private Gentleman. 1781
COWPER Com1. 586 Who . . plucks the fruit placed more
within his reach. 1871 ROSSETTI Dante at Verona Ixxxii,
How the Prince Sunned himself out of Dante's reach.
c. transf. of things, in various applications.
£-1586 C'TESS PEMBROKE Ps. XLVI. v. Our rock on Jacob's
God we found, Above the reach of harmes. 1596 SHAKS.
Merch. V. iv. i. 10 No lawful meanes can carrie me Out of
his entries reach. ^1656 BP. HALL Rent. Wks. (1660) 106
The Almighty is above .ill the reach of these unquiet per-
turbations, a 1687 PETTY Pol. Arith. (1690) 103 All of these
ten Millions of People are obedient to their Sovereign, and
within the reach of his power. 1827 HOOD Hero fy Leander
ci, Just past the reach Of foamy billows he lies cast. 1875
EncycL. Brit. I. 337/1 To plough deeply .. places them
[weeds] out of the reach of frost.
d. Power of reaching far.
1825 J. WILSON N~oct. Ambr. Wks. 1855 I. 40 Although he
has weight length and reach . . yet has he lost every battle.
6. Capacity or power to perform or achieve some
action, attain to some state or condition, etc.
(Chiefly with preps., as in 5 b.) a. of persons.
1576 FLEMING Panofl. Epist. 18 Whom to annoy is beyond
my reache and abilitie. 159* BABINGTON Com/. Notes Gen.
1. § 9 The mouin^ of others, .to consider what wanteth to
a multitude in this land, and to relieue them according to
their reaches. 1711 HEARNE Collect. (O. H. S.) III. 176 His
Learning was above y^ common Reach. 1784 COWPER
Task in. 40 The fault is obstinate, and cure beyond our
reach. tSao W. IRVING Sketch Bk. I. 28 A picture of active
yet simple virtues, which are within every man's reach.
1880 L. STEPHEN Pope vii. 163 Anything like sustained
reasoning was beyond his reach.
b. of things.
1611 TOURNEUR Atk. Trag. it. iv, Any circumstance That
stood within the reach of the designe Of persons. 1690
LOCKE Hum. Und, n. xxi. § 21 In respect of Actions, within
the reach of such a Power in him. 1711 W. KING tr.
Naudes Refined Politics iii. 91 A very great design with a
long reach, and contrived with much judgment. 1800-24
CAMPBELL Margaret Sf Dora ii, Dora's eyes of heavenly
blue Pass al! painting's reach. 1865 M. ARNOLD Ess. Crit,
ii. (1875) 58 The highest reach of science is, one may say, an
inventive power.
f c. Of the voice: Range, compass. Obs.
1597 MORLEY Introd. Music ^ That compasse was the
reach of most voyces. 1674 EVELYN Diary (1827) II. 390
Mrs. Knight .. who sang incomparably, and doubtlesse has
the greatest reach of any Englishwoman, a 1680 BUTLEH
Rem. (1759) II. 429 All he does is forced, like one that sings
above the Reach of his Voice.
7. Capacity or power of comprehension ; extent
of knowledge or of the ability to acquire it ; range
of mind or thought.
1586 A. DAY Eng. Secretary i. (1625) iv, The ignorant ..
hereof, whose reach hath not been so ample as others. 1601
HOLLAND Pliny 1, 168 His high reach and deep wit, whereby
he apprehended the knowledge of all things vnder the cope
of heauen. 1667 MILTON P. L. x. 793 Let this appease The
doubt, since humane reach no further knows. 1671 —
•Samson 1380 How thou wilt here come off surmounts my
reach. 1709 POPE Ess. Crit. 47 Be sure your self and your
own reach to know, How far your genius, taste, and learning
go. 1750 JOHNSON RatnblerNo. 79 F 3 Has a long reach in
detecting the projects of his acquaintance.
b. In prep, phrases, as above^ beyondt out of
(one's} reach. (Cf. 5 b.)
1543 UDALL Erasm. Apofih.i. § 23 This saiyng-.whiche is
fathered on Socrates .. , What is aboue our reach, we haue
naught to doe withall. 1572 H. MIDDELMORE in Ellis Orig.
Lett. Ser. n. III. 5, I sayd they were matters owt of my
reache, and farre from myne acquayntawnce. 16x3 PURCHAS
Pilgrimage i. xii. (1614) 60 Many things they [Planets]
foretold to Alexander .. beyond the reach of men. 1671
MILTON Samson 62 Which herein Happ'ly had ends above
my reach to know. 1711 ADDISON Sfect. NO. 58 F i If my
Readers meet with any Paper that in some Parts of it may
be a little out of their Reach. 1842 MACAULAY Fredk. Gt.
Ess. (1877) 663 Nothing beyond the reach of any man of
good parts.
C. In phr. of (a) great (deep, etc.) reach. (Very
common £1585-1710; in later use only without
article.)
1586 J. HOOKER Hist. Irel. in tfolinshed II. 143/1 In
matters of policie he was verie prudent, and of a great
reach. 1603 KNOLLES Hist. Turks (1621) 1128 A man of
greater reach and courage. 1641 MILTON Reform, n. (1851)
54 Men more audacious, and precipitant, than of solid and
deep reach. 1686 tr. ChardinsCoronat.SoIyman 103 They
that had a deeper reach, were not so positive in their judg-
ments. 1710 STEELE Tatler No. 246 F 8 Plumbeus acknow-
ledges Levis a Man of a great Reach. 1763 J. BROWN
Poetry % Mia. v. 54 If one.. delivered his Stories m Verse,
another of inferior Reach and Invention would naturally
give them., in plain Prose. 1875 STEDMAN Victorian Poets
151 To claim that they have been overrated, and are not
men of high reach.
8. Of the mind or mental powers: Range of
efficiency in speculation, acquisition of knowledge,
penetration, etc.
ci58o SIDNEY Ps. xxxvi. iv, Pleasures past the reach of
mind. 1597 HOOKER Eccl. Pol. v. Ixiii. § i The mysteries
of our religion are above the reach of our understanding.
1661 STILLIXGFL. Orig. Sacr. n. vi. § 2 The events, .must be
such as do exceed the reach of any created intellect. 1715
WATTS Logic (1736) 271 Matters of Fact., which lye be.
yond the Reach of our own personal Notice. 1744 BERKELEY
Sins § 337 The most refined human intellect, exerted to its
utmost reach.
b. With a. (Approximating to sense 12 c.)
>657 J[- SERGEANT Schism Dispach't 261 Hath not this Dr.
of Divinity a strange reach of reason? 1707 Curios, in
Hnsb. <5- Gard. 5 Those who have a sufficient Reach of
Understanding to comprehend the . . ordinary Course of
Nature. 1773 Life N. Frowdc 21 Perhaps no Child of my
189
Years had ever more Cunning, or a readier Reach of
Thought. 1875 JOWETT Plato (ed. 2) III. 186 The ' Utopia*
of Sir Thomas More .. shows a reach of thought far beyond
his contemporaries.
9. Range; scope; extent of application, effect,
influence, etc.
1546 J. HEY WOOD Prov. (1867) 2 Their sentenses include so
large a reache. 1570 DEE Math. Pref. 37 These wordes . .
the reach of their meaning, is farther, then you woulde
lightly imagine. 1600 HEVWOOD -2nd Pt. Ediy. /K, Wks.
1874 I. 99 My simple wit Can never found a judgment of
such reach. 1858 BUCKLE Cimliz. (1869) II. vii. 378 When
we compare the shortness of his life with the reach and
depth of his views. 1875 WHITNEY Life Lang. vi. 100
A process of wide reach and abundant results in English.
10. Range (of carrying or traversing), a. of
a gun, or shot.
1571-51 DIGGES Pantom. (1591) 179 The first parte of the
violent course of Gunners, commonly termed the peeces
pointe blanke reache, 1662 J. DAVIES tr. Mandelslo's Treat,
28 They could not go by, without coming within reach of
our Muskets. 1698 T. FROGER K<y. 21 In order to level
the shot within reach of the Place. ij&Anstm's Voy. n. v.
171 Captain Saunders alarmed them unexpectedly with a
broadside, when they flattered themselves they were got out
of his reach. 1805 in iqth Cent. (1899) Nov. 725 We were
now without any opponent within reach of our guns.
b. of the eye or sight.
1613 MILTON Ps, cxxxvi. 94 Above the reach of mortall ey.
!667 __ p. L, xr. 380 The Hemisphere of Earth .. Stretcht
out to amplest reach of prospect lay. 1700 ADDISON Tatler
No. 119 P2 Those Heavenly Bodies which lie out of Reach
of Humane Eyes. 1875 MANNING Mission H. Ghost xiii.
353 The capacity and the reach of the eye are developed by
practice, and by experience.
C. of the voice.
1797 MRS. RADCLIFFE Italian xii, The travellers .. were
soon beyond the reach of the voices.
11. Power or possibility of getting to (or as far
as) some place, person, or object ; distance or
limit from which some point may be reached. Only
in prep, phrases, as in 5 b.
1784 COWPER Task vi. 263 That has .. within his reach
A scene so friendly to his favourite task. 1806-7 J' BERES-
FORD Miseries Hum, Life (1826) u. i, No knife in your
pocket nor house within reach. 1833 HT, MARTINEAU
Briery Creek ii. 23 Mrs. Temple had never been very happy
while within reach of markets and shops. 1850 DICKENS
T. Two Cities i. v. All the people within reach had sus-
pended their business.
III. That which reaches or stretches.
12. A continuous stretch, course, or extent ; a. of
some material thing or space.
1609 BIBLE (Douay) Ezek, xvii. 3 A great eagle with great
winges, with a long reach of members. 1638 JUNIUS Paint.
Ancients 68 Darksome night .. dimming the spacious reach
of heaven. 1674 N. FAIRFAX Bulk fy Sefo, Contents, The
outmost reach of Body must needs be bounded. 1803 Naval
Chron, IX. 440 Exposed to the \\hole reach of the Western
Ocean. 1866 BLACKMORE Cradock Nowell x, The glades
and reaches of gentle park and meadow.
b. of time.
1814 L. HUNT Feast of Poets 49 His look with the reach
of past ages was wise. 1869 PHILLIPS Vesnv. xii. 323 Some
mountains are now constantly active, and have been so in
all the reach of history.
C. of immaterial things. (Cf. 8b.)
1838-9 HALLAM Hist. Lit. II. in. ii. § 66. 452 A prodigious
reach of learning distinguishes the theologians of these fifty
years. 1869 GOULBURN Purs. Holiness iv. 31 A reach of
love, and wisdom, and power to which it is impossible to set
bounds.
d. The space over which something extends
or is distributed.
1850 H. MILLER Footer. Creat. i. (1874) 9 The marine and
fresh-water animals having each their own reaches,
13. spec. a. That portion of a river, channel, or
lake which lies between two bends ; as much as
can be seen in one view. Also the portion of a
canal between two locks, having a uniform level.
1536 in R. G. Marsden Sel. PLCrt. Adm. (1894) I. 58 The
same catche beyne under sayle in the reche over agaynste
Lymehowse callyd Limehowse Reche. 156* PHAER &neid
vin. X iv, They pluckyng swift their Ores, that .. tyre their
Hms, And reatches lon^ they win. 1609 HOLLAND A mm,
Marcell. 33 Rasing as it goes the high bankes with their
curving reaches. 17*4 DE FOE Mew. Cavalier (1840) 95
The king .. examined every reach and turning of the river.
1792 A. YOUNG Trav. France 99 The river presents one
reach, crossed by the bridge, and then dividing into two
fine channels. 1880 HAUGHTON Phys, Geog. v. 242 Occa-
sionally threading some narrow channel, to enter again
some magnificent reach,
t b. A bay, Obs.
15*6 TINDALE Acts xxvii. 39 They spied a certayne reache
[Gr. roAn-os] with a banke. 1601 HOLLAND Pliny v. xxix. I.
108 All the coast thereof is very full of creekes and reaches,
1650 FULLER Pisgah v. vii. 156 The opposite shoar, on the
same side of the Sea, but . . over a reach, or bay. 1736 Ams-
WORTH Eng.-Lat, Dict.t A reach at sea, duorurn promonto*
riorum intervnllutn.
c, A headland or promontory. Obs. exc. U. S.
(local).
1562 PHAER JEncid i. A in, On either side the reaches hie
..And vnder them the still sea lyeth. i6z6 CAPT. SMITH
Accid. Yng. Seamen 17 A headland, a furland, a reatch, a
land marke. 1627 E. F. Life Edit*. II. in Select.fr. Harl.
Misc. (1793) 45 Twice had they gained St. Vincent's rock,
but, from that reach, were hurried back, with sudden gusts
and tempests. 1897 in Cent. Diet.
14. A bearing-shaft or coupling-pole.
1868 Routled^e's Ev. Roy^s Ann, 478 The Reach, cr
Uaiing-bhaft [of a bicycle] is the most important portion,
REACH.
1875 KNIGHT Diet. Meek. 1887/1 A reach for a certain
description of city wagon is shown in Fig. 4190.
15. = RACHE sb*
1897 M. H. HAYES Points of Horse xx. (cd. 2) 222 If it
runs down the nose in the form of a line of no great width,
it Is known as a ' reach ' or ' stripe '.
t Reach, sb* Obs. rare. [f. REACH v.2] An act
of clearing the throat, or of retching.
1575 LANEHAM Let. (1871) 41 [He] cleered his vois with a
hem and a reach, and spat oout withal. 1736 AINSWORTH
Eng.-Lat, Dict.t A reach, or reaching to vomit, vomendi
(rz'tj), v.1 Forms: o. /»/£«. i raeean,
3 rseehen, 2, 4 rechen, (5 -yn) ; 4-5 reche, (5
rio(c)he, 6 rech), 4-5 reiohe, (5 reyohe, 6 Sc.
reieh), 6 reaohe, (7 reatch), 6- reach. Pa. t.
(a) i rsehte, 3 rehte, 4 reijte, reighte; r, 3
rahte, 4 ra^te, 4-5 raghtc ; 4 rauhte, raujte,
-tte, 5 raw^te, 4-6 raughte, (6 roughte) ; (and
pa. ffle.) 4 raht, 4-5 rajt, 4-6 raght, (4-5 ragh,
5 Sc. raeht) ; 4-5 rauht, (4 rahut, 5 rauth),
raujt, (4 raujht,5 raw}t), 5-9 raught, (5 rawght,
rought, 6 erron. wrought), Sc. raucht, (6
rawcht) ; also pa. ppte. 4 i-rawt. (6) 4-6
reched, (4 recched, 5 rechid, reychid), 6-7
reach'd, 7 reachd, reacht, 6- reached. 0. 4,
Sc. 5-6 reke, (4 reque, 5 Se. rek), 5-6 (9) Sc.
reik, (6 reyk), 8 Sc. reek, ryke, (9 rike). Pa. t.
4 reked, 6 Sc. reikit. [OE. rtecan (also gersecan)
= OFris. reka, rels(f}a, resza, MDu. (Du.) reiken,
MLG. reiken, rekcn, OHG. (G.) reichen :-OTeut.
*raikjan of uncertain relationship.
The various parts of the verb exhibit considerable variety
of form at different periods. In ME. the normal vowel e of
the infin. and pres. is sometimes replaced by a, /, or 7. The
latter is unusual; the olher two (see RATCH v.1 and RETCH
z*.1) have probably been developed by back-formation from
the pa. t. ranght, on the analogies of catch, caught and
stretch, stranght. Mod. dial, forms differing from the
standard reach are rei(t)ch, rey(t)ch (Yks.), raich, reighch
(Lane.), rache, raych (Devon), etc., in addition to the
northern forms with final •& (as in streek beside stretch),
which are recorded from c 1400 and survive as reek, ryke
(Sc.), reak, raik (Yks.), reik, reyk (Lane.), etc.
The normal West Saxon form of the pa. t. was rsehte,
giving ME. rehte, reikte (rare). From the typically
northern OE. rdhte came the usual ME. raught(e, which
continued in general use down to c 1600^ and was frequently
employed for half a century later, but is now only archaic,
or dialectal in the forms raucht (Sc.), rought (Lane., Chesh.,
Staff.) and raught (West Midi.). The new preterite form
reached (cf. northern reekit) appears about 1400, but is
comparatively rare before 1600. For other modern dial,
variants of the pa. t. and [a. pple. (mostly due to analogy)
see the Eng, Dial. Diet.
In addition to raecan, OE. had also the formger&cax, the
use of which is naturally prominent in those senses in which
stress is laid on the full completion of the action (see
sense 4). In some senses (as 4 b, 4 c, and 5) the verb occurs
chiefly or exclusively in the preterite form ratigkt, which in
later use was perhaps not clearly associated with reach in
its other applications.]
I. Transitive senses.
1. To stretch out, extend, hold out or forth (one's
hand, arm, etc.).
c 807 K. ^ELFRED Gregory's Past. C. xxxvi. 246 Ic rahte
mine hond to eow. 0900 CYNEWULF Christ 1620 In bset
hate fyr . . baer hy leomu rsecaS . . to baernenne.^ c 1000
jEtFRic Gen. xxxviii. 28 Se ooer rahte forS his hand.
a 1300 Cursor M. 19791 To saint petere sco raght fair hand.
c 1400 tr. Secreta Secret., Cm'. Lordsh, 83 Drynke he a
syrupe of roses., and after, reche outhisarmes a lityll. 1481
CAXTON Reynard (Arb.) 54 He raught out his right foot and
dubbed me in the necke. 1^65 JEWEL Def. Afol. (1611) 375
lulius Ca;sar raught out his foot for Pompeius Poenus to
kisse. i66a J. DAVIES tr. Oleariits1 Voy. Atnbass. 19 Some
of us would have reach'd their arms over the Table, to take
the Goblet. 1755 RAMSAY To Jos. Clerk 48 [He] will at
naithing stap or stand, That reeks him out a helping hand.
1850 TENNYSON In Mem. Ixxx, Unused example from the
grave [shall] Reach out dead hands to comfort me.
b. Of a tree : To extend (its branches).
1613 SHAKS. Hen. Yfll, v. v. 54 He shall flourish, And
like a Mountaine Cedar, reach his branches, To all the
Plaines about him. 1667 MILTON P. L. v. 213 Where any
row Of Fruit-trees.. reachd too far Thir pamperd boughes.
c. To thrust (a weapon) forth or up by stretch-
ing out the arm.
1506 SPENSER F. Q. iv. iii. 33 At that instant reaching forth
his sweard . . He smote him. 1819 W. TENNANT Papistry
Storitfd (1827) 93 He raucht his halbert up, and brack An
image that stood starin' out.
fd. To launch, direct, aim. Obs.—1.
1591 SPENSER M. HuMerd 840 He would his impudent
lewde speache Against Gods holie Ministers oft reach.
2. To hold out (a thing) and give (it) to a per-
son; to hand to one. Also const, with dat., and
occas. with simple object.
a. a looo Boeth. Metr. xxix. 62 Hierfest to honda herbli-
endum ripa [bleda] receS. c 1000 Ags. Gosf. John xiii. 26
He ys se Se ic race [H 'a/ton MS. rache] bedyppedne hbf.
a 1300 Cursor St. 3649 (Cott.) Quen it [mete] es dight )-ou it
him reche \Fairf. salle bou hit reiche]. (-1369 CHAfCER
Dethe Blaunche 47, 1 . .bade one reche me a booke. 1432-50
tr. Higilfn (Rolls) VII. 35 His stappemoder rechid lo hym a
pece that he my^hte drynke. 1535 COVERDALE Ruth iii. 15
Reach me the cloke y1 thou hast on the, & holde it forth.
1581 in Confer. II. (1584) M iij, The Greke testament being
reached vnto him, he refused to reade it. 1613 SHAKS.
Hen. VIII, iv. ii. 4 Reach a Chaire, So now (me thinker)
I feele a little ease. 1655 FCLLEK C/i. Hist. I. i. $ 5 ll
BEACH.
pleased God with a strong hand and stretched-out Arme, to
reach the Gospel unto them. 1760-72 H. BROOKE Fool of
Qual. (1809) II. 59 Taking out your picture . . , I reached it
to her. 18*7 Blackw. Mag. Sept 339/2, I reached him the
letter.
absol. ^1300 Cursor M. 790 (Cott.) Quen sco |>is frutte
biheild, Sco..tok and ette and raght adarn.
ft. 1513 DOUGLAS sEnefs v. vii. 42 Reik to the man the
price promist. 1567 Satzr, Poems Reform, iii. 230 With
that he rais and reikit me this bill. x86a HISLOP Prov.
Scot. 129 [She] cried * Reik me this, reik me that '.
b. With advbs., as back, down, forth, out> round,
up. f Also to reach up, to surrender.
a 1400-50 Alexander 758 OH16 recouyre me bi rewme, or
reche vp be girdill. Ibid. 817 pis renke & his rounsy ^ai
reche vp a croune. 2508 DUNBAR Tua Mariit IVemen 148
Thai..raucht the cop round about full off riche wynis.
1548 UDALL, etc. Erasm. Par. Luke xxiv. 198 [He] brake
it, and then raught it forth to theim. 1631 WEEVER Anc.
Funeral Mon. 517, I caused some of the Nailes to be
teached vp to me. 1642 ROGERS Naaman 172 Beg of the
Lord to reach you out the Lord Jesus. 1760-72 H. BROOKE
Fool of Qual. (1809) III. 5 The burdened trees reached forth
fruits of irresistible temptation. 1865 KINGSLEY Htrew. iv,
The beaker I reach back More rich than I took it.
fc. With immaterial object: To give, yield,
render ; to grant, bestow, communicate, etc. Obs.
co6i >£THELWOLD Rule St. Benet (Schroer 1885) 139 para
anra, be for neode him benunge %t }>aes mynstres ingange
raecan scylon. a 1300 Cursor M. 5308, I sal be to J* kinge
beteche, And si^>en be mi blissing reche. 13.. E. E. Allit.
P. B. 1369 Vche duk .. Schulde com to his court .. to reche
hym reuerens. c 1470 HENRVSON Mor. Fab. iv. (Fox's Con-
/ess.) xvi, Heir I reik the [=theej full remissioun. 1659
HAMMOND On Ps. cxv. i Unworthy of the least of all thy
goodness, abundantly reached out unto us. a 1718 ROWE (J.X
Through such hands The knowledge of the gods is reach'd
to man.
3. a. To deal or strike (a blow) ; f to give (a
wound). Const. tot of, or dat. Now rare.
1375 BARBOUR Bruce n. 420 To philip sic rout he raucht, . .
He gert him galay disyly. c 1400 Sowdone Bab. 1347 He
*aught a stroke to Ferumbras. c 1470 Golagros <$• Gaw. 630
Schir Rannald raught to the renk ane rout wes vnryde.
« I5S3 UDALL Koyster D. iv. iv. (Arb.) 66, 1 with my distaffe
will reache hym one rappe. 1577-87 HOLINSHED Chron. 1 1.
57/2 Gegathus raught Haco such a wound, that the vpper
pait of his Ituer appeared bare. 1666 BANCROFT Lex Ignea
24 God hath reacht us now an Universal Stroke, ITOO-?*
H. BROOKE Fool of Qual. (1809) II. 19 A sudden punch
which he reached at the nose of his lordship. 1847 CHALMERS
Rowansxxx.. II. 82 Faith .. reaches that exterminating blow
whereby the body of sin is destroyed,
fb. To give (a kiss). Obs. rare~~l.
13.. Gaw. ff Gr. Knt. 2351 pou kyssedes my clere wyf, |w
cossez me rajtez.
4. To succeed in touching or grasping with the
outstretched hand (or with something held in it),
or by any similar exertion,
971 Blickl. Horn. 207 Se hrof . . waes Jwet man mid his handa
nealice zereecean mihte. a zooo Satan 169 Eala . . (>a;t ic
mid handum nemzjheofon ^eraecan. aiyooCursorJtf. 24464
Me-thoght moght i. .wit mi hand him ans reche. .1 suld ha
ben all hale. 1377 LANGL. P. PI, B. xi. 353 Who taujte
hem on trees to tymbre so heighe, There neither buirn ne
beste may her briddes rechen. 1530 PALSGR. 680/2, I reche
a thyng with my hande. . . I can nat reache it, myne arme is
to shorte, 1591 SHAKS. TIUO Gent. in. L 156 Wilt thou reach
stars, because they shine on thee? a 1704 LOCKE (J.),
Having let down his sounding-line, he reaches no bottom.
1747 GRAY Cat 22 She stretch 'd in vain to reach the prize.
1858 KINGSLEY Poems 113 If I could but reach that hand.
fb. To obtain by seizure or otherwise; to
procure, gain, acquire, get possession of. Obs.
a 900 O. E. Chron. an. 885 Pa metton hie xvi scipu
wicenga & wi}> ba gefuhton, £ pa scipo alle geraehton, &
\x\. men ofslo^on. a 1000 Ibid. an. 918 Hie ne meahton
nanne mete sera-can, u.. Ibid. (MS. C.) an. 1066 Hi
ne micte |>a brigge oferstijan, ne sije gerechen. a 1250
Owl % Night. 106 Tho hit bi-com that he najte, And of his
eyre briddes y-rajte. a 1300 Cursor M. 1912 t>e beist[es]
thoght selcutli god pat }>ai hade raght }>air kindle fode.
c 1394 P. PI. Crede 733 After . . his rychesse is rau3t he schal
ben redy serued. a 1541 WYATT Poet. Wks. (1861) 67 With
hapless hand no man hath raught Such hap as I. 1603
DRAYTON Bar. Wars n. xlv, Then had yee raught Fames
richest Diadem. i6ia — Poly-olb. ix. 290 All his diuelish
wit, By which he raught the Wreath.
\ C. To seize in the hand ; to take or lay hold
of ; to carry off. Obs,
c 1330 R. BRUNNE Chron. (1810) 229 A trestille Edward
rauht, fc»at heuy was of pais. c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints xxi.
(Clement) 453 He . . hyre in armys racht & hyre embrasit.
a 1400^50 Alexander 5284 Scho . . ra?t him by be rijt hand
& raikis to a chambre. c 1470 HARDING Chron. cv. vi. Great
people y* daye the death hath raught. a. 1547 SURREY
sEneid ii. 272 Then raught they hym. .twise winding him
about. 1591 R. WILMOT Tancred <J- Gismunda in. iii, She
raught the cane, And with her owne sweet hand she gaue it
me. 1606 SHAKS. Ant. ff Cl. iv. ix. 30 The hand of death
hath raught him. «i6a6 MIDDLETON Mayor o/Queenborough
iv. ii. 155, I was surprised by villains, and so raught,
absol. 1667 MILTON P. L. XL 04 Least .. his now bolder
hand Reach also of the Tree of Life, and eat.
trans/. 1387 Mirr. Mag.% Porrex\\\, Can I complayneof
this reuenge she raught? 1642 FULLER Holy fy Prof. St.
iv. xix; 338 Princes are not to reach, but to trample on
recreations.
fcL To receive, catch, suffer. Obs.
c 1400 Song Roland 756 Of the hethyn hound no harm he
reches. c 1410 Sir CUges 193 As he knelyd on hys knee, ..
He rawght a bowe on hys hede. c *4$pMirourSatuacionn
3554 Of the Jewes cruwelle mykel persecucionne he raght.
fe. To fetch, heave (a sigh). Obs. rare—1.
158* STANYHURST JEneis i. (Arb ) 33 Groane sighs deepe
reaching With tears his lyers ful he blubbred.
190
5. Const, with preps, and advbs. a. To take or
snatch from a person or thing ; to take awayt
hence, out, up. Now only arch.
01400-50 Alexander 799* pou must rewle all my realm
qwen I am raght hyne. 14.. Sir Beites (MS. M) 837 Thes
knyghtes, that Beues raught fro Bradmond. 1481 CAXTON
Reynard (Arb.) 22 Tybert . . raught out his ryght colyon.
1563 Mirr. Mag. \\. Rich. III. xx, [The king] of kyngdome I
bereft, His life also from him I raught away. 1587 TUKBERV.
Trag. T., First History, He raught a truncheon from a
pine by chaunce. 1593 NASHE Christ's T. (1613) 179 Many
in their prime and best yeares are raught hence. 1634 JACK-
SON Creed vm. xix. § 12 Those bodies, which being alive
shall be raught up into the air. 1718 RAMSAY Christ's Kirk
Gr. m. xviii, They frae a barn a kabar raught. 1863 W.
LANCASTER PraeUrita 51 Old confusions, which .. Raugbt
from my helm the garland of its praise.
b. To draw or bring towards oneself (esp. to
take down) from a certain place or position ; to
lift «/, take (f or pull) downt etc.
c 1450 Merlin 697 The damesell . . raught hym vp be the
honde. 1483 CAXTON Gold. Leg. 61 b/i He. .ran and raught
doun the Calf that they had made. 1545 ASCHAM Toxoph.
i. (Arb.) 66 111 fortune me that daye befell, Whan first my
bowe fro the pynne I roughte. 1647 CRASH AW Steps to
Temple 67 Men of martyrdom, that could reach down With
strong arms their triumphant crown. 1649 R. HODGES
Plain. Direct. 17 He raught it from the shelf, when I
wrought it with him. 1746 COLLINS Ode to Fear 33 [The
Bard] reach'd from Virtue s hand the patriot's steel. 1830
MARRVAT King's Own xxiii, (He] reached down his hat,
1868 HOLME LEE B. Godfrey viii. 43 She reached from the
. . shelf her . . cup of ink.
f c. To take *'», (o, or unto, oneself. Obs.
1588 KYD Hoiisch. Phil. Wks. (1901) 253 First wold I that
the parched earth did Hue and raught me in. 1591 SPENSER
M. H ubber d WL That same [rod] hath lesus Christ now to
himraughL i66oBLooME^rcAi/. C b, Calimachus.. reached
unto himselfe the Basket,
6. To succeed in touching with a weapon or with
the hand in delivering a blow (f hence, to strike
or smite).
Beouwl/$$b Ic ajlaecan orde xerachte. 13. . Guy Warw.
(A.) 1477 Giijwiton wij>his swerd raujt, c 1350 Will. Palerne
1193 What nnk so he raujt he ros neuer after, c 1400 Sow-
done Bab. 2923 Richard raught him with a barr of bras.
c 1489 CAXTON Sonnes of Aymon ii. 63 He . . rought hym
wyth soo grete a myghte, that sterke deed he ouerthrew
hym. 1609 HEYWOOD Brit. Troy xn. cvi, The inuincible
t)ardanian with one stroket Raught Aiax Beauer and un-
plumed his bed. 1809 ROLAND Fencing 126 If you can con*
veniently reach your adversary upon the longe.
b. To succeed in affecting or influencing by
some means ; to impress, convince, win over, etc.
1667 MILTON P. L. iv. 801 Assaying by his Devilish art to
reach The Organs of her Fancie. a 1713 ELLWOOD A tttobiog.
(1714) 45 Being sensible that I was thoroughly reach'd ; and
the Work of God rightly begun in me. 1851 DIXON W. Penn
x. (1872) 83 Men's opinions must be reached by reason, not
by force. 1887 Times (weekly ed.) 14 Oct. 15/3 They [the
merchants] know how Chinese are to be reached.
7. a. Of things (or of persons in respect of
some part of the body) : To come into contact
with, to touch ; to extend so far as to touch.
a 1235 Juliana 56 Hu hit grand in hwet so hit rahte.
a 1300 Cursor M. 24390 It raght mi hert al thoru J>e rote.
c 1384 CHAUCER H. Fame in. 284 With hir feet she therthe
reighte, And with hir heed she touched hevene. 1393 LANGL.
P. PI. C. xx. 144 pe paume ha)> power to . . receuen )>at J>e
fyngres rechen. 1667 MILTON /*. L. \\. 1029 A Bridge of
wondrous length . . reaching th' utmost Orbe Of this frail
World. Ibid. iv. 088 His stature reacht the Skie. 1704 POPE
Windsor F. 193 Now his shadow reach'd her as she run,
His shadow lengthen'd by the setting sun.
b. Of immaterial things, in various applications
derived from 7 a and 8, esp. to succeed in affecting
or influencing.
c \qaaSong Rolandi<y> To help the, bat no harm |>e reche.
c 1489 CAXTON Sonnes of Ayinon x, 267 The stroke slided
a syde & kyt a sondre all That it rought. 1613 SHAKS.
Hen. Vlll% u. ii. 89 Who can be angry now? What Enuy
reach you? a 1615 BEAUM. & FL. Bonduca iv. iii, There is
no mercy in mankind can reach me. 1675 H. MORE in
R. Ward Life (1710) 3^7 Nor does that [conclusion] reach
the present Controvert. 171* ADDISON Spect. No. 287 F3
Liberty should reach every Individual of a People. 1761
GRAY Odin 48 Pain can reach the Sons of Heav'n ! ^1786
BURNS Twa Dogs 213 There's sic parade, sic pomp, an' art,
The joy can scarcely reach the heart. 1844 LD. BROUGHAM
Brit. Const, xvii. (i860 259 Libels .. which the ordinary
process of the law reached, and would have been quite suf-
ficient to punish.
8. To come to, arrive at (a place, object, or
point in space), to get up to or as far as.
£1330 R. BRUNNE Chron. Wace (Rolls) 1320 Two dayes
bey sailled . . lond ne hauene reche }>ey ne myght. 13..
E. E. Allit. P, B. 10 Reken with reverence Jray rechen his
auter. 1563 B. GOOGE Eglogs^ etc. (Arb.) 109 Now was the
Son got vp aloft, and raught the mydle Lyne. 1609 HOLLAND
Amm. Marcell. xxv. vi. 273 Sooner than a man would have
thought [they] raught the banke on the further side. 1684 R.
WALLER Nat. Exfcr. no The point not onely again reacht
the Line, but passed beyond it. I709STEELE ?W2rrNa 107
P 2 You may easily reach Harwich in a Day. 1808 SCOTT
Marm. \. xi, The steps of stone, By which you reach the
donjon gate. 1860 TVNDALL Glac. i. xiv. 96 Brought him to
rest before he had reached the bottom.
b. With personal object, in various applications.
1706 E. WARD Wooden World Diss. (1708) 22 Those strong
unexpected Turnadoes . . sometimes reach him as far as Brasfl
and Jamaica. 1894 HALL CAINE Manxman in. xv. 177
Pete's letter had reached him.
c. Of sounds : To come to (the ear, a person or
place).
REACH.
1649 G. DANIEL Trinarch., Hen. /V, Ixxx, Fame had be-
fore the escape of Richard told, .w"1 raught her open Ears.
1671 MILTON Samson 177, I hear the sound of words; thir
sense the air Dissolves unjointed e're it reach my ear. 17*7
GAY Fables \. xxxi. ii My name, perhaps, hath reach'd your
ear. 1784 COWPER Task \\. 5 Where rumour of oppression
and deceit. . Might never reach me more ! 1828 SCOTT F. M.
Perth xix. The alarm leached the royal residence. 1874
MICKLETHWAITE Mod. Par. Churches 10 Every syllable
should reach the ears of the auditors.
d. Of the eye, a gun, etc. : To carry to (a point).
1667 MILTON P. L. xn. 556 Eternitie, whose end no eye
can reach. 1669 STURMV Mariner's Mag. v. xii. 72 What
degree the Gun must be Mounted to, to reach the Mark.
1731 POPE Ess. Man l. 240 What no eye can see, No glass
can reach.
0. To arrive at, to attain or come to (a point in
time, a condition, quality, etc.) : a. of persons.
1590 SPENSER F. Q. i. vi. 29 Till ryper yeares he raugbt.
1604 SHAKS. Otk. \. ii. 24 As proud a Fortune As this that
I haue reach'd. 1647-8 COTTERELL Da-uilds Hist. Fr,
(1678) 2, 1 hope I shall be able to reach the proper order.
1709 POPE kss, Criticism 145 Nameless graces which no
methods teach, And which a master-hand alone can reach.
17*7 GAY Fables \. xxxix. 35 He reach'd the height of power
and place. 1789 Trifler No. 35. 448 Our poets, .frequently
reach the climax of absurdity. 1801 STRUTT Sports ty Past.
n. i. 60, I believe few, if any, of the modern archers in long
shooting, reach four hundred yards. 1874 GREEN Short
Hist. v. § 3. 228 Wyclif. .had already reached middle age.
b. of things.
1667 MILTON /'. /,. in. 197 Thy desire.. leads to no excess
That reaches blame. 1691 LOCKE Lower. Interest Wks. 1727
II. 7 But supposing the Law reach'd the Intention of the
Promoters of it. 17*4 A. COLLINS Gr. Chr. Rel. 215 The
means, .will not reach that end. 1784 COWPER Task i. 696
In the eye Of public note, they reach their perfect size.
Ibid. iv. 662 His faculties . . there only reach their proper
use. 1888 BURCON Lives 12 Gd. Men x. II. 262 This little
work reached a second edition.
1O. a. To succeed in understanding or com-
prehending. 106s.
1605 B. IONSON Volpone iv. I, Sir P. I reach you not.
Lady P. Right, sir, your policy May bear it through thus.
ai6*p MIDDLETON Worn, beware Wont. v. i, But how her
,
fawning partner fell I reach not. s66a DRYDEN Wild Gallant
iv. i, I do not reach your meaning, Sir. a 17x5 BURNET
Hist. Ref. in. Pref. 3 The Meaning of this dark Expression
I do not reach, a xSu SHELLEY Taste 16 The words are
twisted in some double sense That I reach not.
b. To succeed in acquiring or obtaining.
1638 TUNICS Paint. Ancients 303 Zenodorus .. could not
reach the art of tempering the metalls as it was used by the
ancients, c 1709 PRIOR Charity 4 Had I all knowledge . . That
thought can reach, or science can define. 1789 COWPER
Charity 304 Knowledge such as. .only sympathy like thine
could reach. 1842 J. AJTON Dottiest. Econ. (1857) 318 Pay-
ing a small sum yearly,, .according as I could conveniently
reach it.
11. To stretch ; to draw or pull out f or in ; fto
extend (one's power). Obs. exc. dial. (Cf. RATCH
i*.1 3, RETCH z*.1)
971 Blickl. Horn. 191 Min heafod sceal beon on eorban
Secyrred, & mine fet to heofenum gereahte. C*YJ$ Serving
Christ 5 in O. E. Misc. 90 Crist, .on rode was rauht. 1*97
R. GLOUC. (Rolls) 4829 5oure fon ssolle hor poer among ow
wide reche. a 1375 Lay Folks Mass Bk. App. iv. 348 He
rauhte |w Rolle . . Wi|> his teth. ? a 1400 Morte Arth. 2549
Than they raughte in the reyne and a-gayne rydes. c 1420
Pallad. on. Husb. rv. 682 An huge breste, No litel wombe,
and wel out raught the side. 1607 TOPSELL Four-f. Beasts
(1658) 167 Whiles! the members are reached and stretched
with many strains and convulsions. 1648-60 HEXMAM Dutch
Diet.. Het leder Recken, to Stretch or Reach out leather.
1823 MOOR Suffolk Words s.v. Reech^ A pair of small shoes
require to be reached.
II. Intransitive senses.
12. To make a stretch with the arm or hand ; to
extend the arm, hold out the hand. Also of the
arm or hand : To stretch out.
Beowulf "(Z.) 748 Rxhte onxean feond mid folme. a 1225
Ancr. R. 338 Hwon God beot be, reched forS mid booe
honden. c 1305 St. A ndrew 95 in E. E, P. (1862) 101 Here
armes whan hi vpward rei}te bicome as stif as treo. c 1400
N. LOVE Bonavent. Mirr. xxxix. (B. N.C.) If. 92 'I he
disciples seten..so fat \*y alle myjte reche into be myddes
and etc of one disshe. 1538 STARKEY England i. ii. 48 The
ye to se, ..the fote to go, the hand to hold and rech. 1667
MILTON P. L. ix. 779 What hinders then To reach, and
feed at once both Bodie and Mind? 1785 BURNS Jolly
Beggars sth Air, Let me ryke up to dight that tear.
b. Const, to or unto (a person or thing), usually
with implication of catching (for striking) at.
Now only dial, (also absol., to help oneself at
table).
a 1000 Satan 437 Efe . . rsehte f>a mid handum to lieofon-
cyninge. 13.. Sir Beues (A.) 2445 {>e lionesse seyje M
sight And raujt to B[eues], with out faile. ^1400 Destr.
Troy 10882 Ho raght to hym radly, reft hym his sheld. 1586
J. HOOKER Hist. Irel. in Holimhed II. 7/1 But these two. .
raugjht to their weapons. 1671 H. M. tr. Erasm. Colloq.
192 Reach to the Pompions, there's an end of the Lettices.
1674 BREVINT Saul at Endor 232 This Paiment, however
reacht to, is, they say, presented to God by the Pope. 1847
HALLIWELL, Reack>tot to reach out one's hand, spas to help
oneself. 1890 AUSTIN CLARE For Love of Lass iii, Now do
as the missus bids you, and reach to. Your father's son 'H
be always welcome at my table.
c. Const, after, for (a thing).
c»386 CHAUCER Prof. 136 Whan she dronken hadde hir
draughte, fful semely after hir mete she raughte, 1571
CAMPION Hist. Irel. n. ix. (1633) 118 A Gentleman, .raught
in the morning for some paper. 1^91 SPENSER M. Hnbherd
1336 Rouzing up himselfe, for his rough hide He gan to
reach. 1737 [S. BEKI.NGTON] G. dc Lucca's Mem. (1738) 33,
BEACH.
I was.. reaching for my Sword to defend myself to the last
Gasp,
d. To grasp or clutch at. (lit. and^%.)
iS6a J. HEYWOOD Prov. fy Epigr. (1867) 106 Master Sexten
. .Gredily raught at a goblet of wyne. 1593 SHAKS. zHen.
K7, i. ii. n Put forth thy hand, reach at the glorious Gold.
1655 FULLER Ch. Hist. ix. Ded., The Third reached not at all
at Honor. iMaNEAL//^/. Pnrit. (1822) I. 66 Stretching the
laws to reach at those whom they could not fairly come at
an other way. 1818 KEATS Endym. in. 372 Wherefore reach
At things which, but for thee, . . Had been my dreary death ?
6. fig. of mental striving.
1646 P. BULKELEY Gospel Covt. ii. 131 The soule is of an
intelligent nature, reaching after the knowledge of high and
hidden things. 1845-6 TRENCH Huls. Lect. Ser. n, vii. 261
Some of old had been reaching out after this. 1870 J. H.
NEWMAN Grant. Assent i. v. 109 His mind reaches forward
with a strong presentiment to the thought of a Moral
Governor.
13. To make a stretch of a certain length ; to
succeed in stretching one's arm, etc., so far.
a 1300 Cursor M. 1840 Nacreatur in liue. .moght to grund
or reche or riue. Ibid. 11673 Pe fru^ hu sulde man reche
vnto. 13.. Sir Beues (A) 1623 [Beues] knette be rop bar
while Ase hi? ase a mi3te reche. c 140* LYDG. Compl. Bl.
Knt. xvi, With myn hede unto the welle I raughte. ci45o
Merlin 344 He lifte vp his swerde . . and he slytte the shelde
as fer as that he raught, 1484 CAXTON Fables of/Esop \\.
xiii, He cowde not reche to the mete with his mouthe. 1535
COVERDALE Eccl. vii. 23 She wente . . so depe that I might
not reach vnto her. 1581 ].T&E.u~Haddot£sAnsw. Osor.w*
By reaching beyond his reach, he reacheth nothing at all,
1590 SHAKS. Mids. N. HI. ii. 289, I am not yet so low, But
that my nailes can reach vnto thine eyes. 1667 MILTON
P. L. vi. 140 With solitarie hand Reaching beyond all limit.
absol. 1667 MILTON P. L. ix. 593 All other Beasts .. envy-
ing stood, but could not reach.
D. transf. and^/Sg-. in various applications.
a 1300 Cursor M. 27332 Als ferre als he may reche, be
forme o scrift til him he teche. 1570-6 LAMBARDE/Vraw^.
Kent (1826) 257 As farre as I can reache by coniecture. 1591
SHAKS. Two Gent. \. ii. 87 Lu. Melodious were it, would
you sing it. jfu. And why not you? Lu. I cannot reach
so high. 1611 BIBLE Lev. v, Tmarg.^ His hand cannot reach
to the sufficiencie of a lambe. 1635 ^p* HALL Hard Texts^
N. T. 51 This woman hath herein reached beyond your
conceit. 1653 H. MORE Antid. Ath. 11. vii. § 5, I might
now reach out to Exotick Plants.
14. To stretch out (continuously), to extend ; to
project a certain distance (above, beyond, etc.).
a. a 1000 Kiddles Ixvii. 7 (Gr.) Ic com mare bonne bes mid-
danjeard . . wide raece ofer engla card, a 1000 Cxdmoris
Gen. 990 Raehton wide jeond werbeoda wrohtes telgan.
a 1300 Cursor M. 2232 Do we wel and make a toure, . . bat
may reche heghur ban heuen. Ibid, 8080 (Gott.) Lang and
side bair broues wem And recched al a-boute bair ern.
? a 1366 CHAUCER Rom. R <?se 102-2 Hir tresses yelowe. .Unto
hir helys down they raughten. c 1400 MAUNDEV. (Roxb.)
iii. 9 pe schadowe rechez vnto Lempny. 1526 Pilgr. Perf.
(W. de W. 1531) 77 b, Saynt Austyn asketh a questyon :
How hye recheth the nous of perfeccyon. 1633 GOUGE
Serm. Extent God's Provid. § 15 A partition, .which reached
up to the floore of the garret. 1687 A. LOVELL tr. Thevenofs
. . .
Trav. i. 21 The Portico, .reaches along the whole front of
h. 1751 L
reached about 2 Feet above the common High-water Mark.
the Church.
ng t
Br.
,
51 LABELYE Westm. Br. 28 These Frames
.
i8zz LATHAM Gen. Hist. Birds II. 63 The wings reach very
little beyond the base. 1875 BRYCE Holy Rom. Emp. v.
(ed. 5) 72 These vast domains, reaching from the Ebro to
the Carpathian mountains.
^. c*yj$Sc. Leg. Saints •xvm. (Egipciane} 1320 pe sone
cane fare bemys strek, bat fra be hewine til erd can rek.
1462 Extr. Burgh Rec. Peebles (1872) 144 The sayde . . akeris
of land, .on the northt half of the gat rekand to theWenlaw.
1513 DOUGLAS Mneis in. ix. 12 His herd Rekand doun the
lenth neir of a ?erd. 1824 MACTAGGART Gallovid. Encycl.
191 He sought for through-ban's that wad rike.
b. Of immaterial things, in various applications.
a 1000 Sal. 4- Sat. 293 YIdo . , rxceb wide langre linan.
1340 HAMPOLE Pr. Consc. 6311 pe mercy of God .. reches
overalle, bathe fer and nere. 1443 Pol. Poems (Rolls) II.
211 Hir contemplacioun rauht up to the hevene. 1535
COVERDALE Dan. iv. 22 Thy greatnesse increaseth, and
reacheth vnto the heauen. a 1656 HALES Gold. Rent. (1688)
i How far his intent and meaning reacht. 1718 freethinker
No. 2. 10 His Jurisdiction reaches even to the Councils of
Princes. 1760 jfunius Lett. L 9 It reaches beyond the inte-
rest^of individuals. 1871 FREEMAN Norm. Cong. (1876) IV.
xviii. 131 The exclusion of Englishmen reached even to men
of Norman descent born in England.
c. Of a period of time, or with reference to
duration of time.
1340 HAMPOLE Pr. Consc. 554 l>e tother part.. reches fra
be begynnyng Of mans lyfe un-til be endyng. 1535 COVER-
DALE Lev. xxvi. 5 The wyne haruest shal reache vnto the
sowynge tyme. 1622 CALLIS Stat. Sewers (1647) no These
things . .do reach from the beginning of the Lease to the top
of the Inheritance. 1711 ADDISON Spect. No. 159 p 4 That
Portion of Eternity which is called Time,, .reaching from
the Beginning of the World to its Consummation.
d. To suffice, be adequate or sufficient to (also
•with infin.). Chiefly of money. ? Obs.
1377 LANGL. P. PI. B. xiv. 230 His rentes ne wol nau)te
reche, no nche metes to bugge. 1456 SIR G. HAVE Law
Anns (S. T. S.) 168 He aw till allow thai gudis as payment
of his costis . . in alsferr as thai mycht reke. 1642 ROGERS
Naaman 159 Abilities will not reach to suffer for God,
though they seeme to act for him. a 1657 BRADFORD
Plymouth Plant. (1856) 215 Everyone was to pay. .what y»
profile of y> trade would not reach too. 1733 TULL Horse-
Hoeing Husb. xi. (Dubl.) 142 As much of the middle sort of
Wheat as his Money would reach to purchase.
e. To amount to.
1596 SHAKS. i Hen. IV, iv. i. 129 Hotsfi. What may the
Kings whole Battaile reach vnto 7 Ver. To thirty thousand.
1887 STUBBS Medi&v. $ Mod. Hist. 360 Another sum of the
same amount, reaching, .to £120,000.
191
15. + a. To move, proceed, go, spread. Obs.
Some examples would also admit of being taken in sense
16, the history of which is somewhat obscure, in the absence
of quotations for the isth and i6th centuries.
a 1000 Riddles xvi. 27 (Gr.) Sibban ic burh hylles hrof
fceraece. c 1205 LAY. 16265 Bruttes weoren balde & rehten
ouer walde. c 1330 R. BRUNNE Chron. Wace (Rolls) 5003
Tydynges ronne, )>at ouer al reches ; . . bat Romayns were
aryue on land, c 1374 CHAUCER Troylus n. 447 Up he stert
& on his way he raught. a 1400-50 A lexander 3852 pus
rajt he fra bis reuir be many m?e waies.
f b. To go on, or proceed to (a place or point);
to run into ; to penetrate to. Obs.
a. 1300 Cursor M. 15788 (Cott) Ilk dint bat bai him gaf it
reked to be ban. c 1400 Beryn 168 To othir placis of holynes
bey raujte. a 1400-50 A lexander 5510 [Alexander] Ra$t on
to be reede See & rerid |?are his tentjs. c 14*5 WVNTOUN
Cron. i. x. 554 Fra north on sowth the streme it strekys In
tyll the Rede Se quhille it rekys.
c. Naut. To sail on a reach; (see also quot.
1832 MARRYAT N. Forster v, The sloop wearing round,
reached in for the land. 1867 SMYTH Sailor's Word-bk..
Reaching, sometimes used for standing off and on. . . A vessel
also reaches ahead of her adversary. 1884 Hnnfs Yacht-
ing Mag. Apr. 150 A rattling breeze .. got up .. and she
reached along like a schooner.
16. To attain or succeed in coming to a place,
point, person, etc. ; -f* to come up (to).
1632 J. HAYWARD tr. Biondfs Eromena 21 Posting on with
such diligence that by darke night hee reached to Caleri.
1651 CROMWELL Let. 4 Aug. in Carlyle, To give the enemy
some check, until we shall be able to reach up to him. 1719
DE FOE Crusoe i. xyiii. (1840) 318 They could not reach back
to the boat before it was dark. 1749 FIELDING Tom Jones
in. vii, The public voice . . seldom reaches to a brother or a
husband, tho' it rings in the ears of all the neighbourhood.
1802 H. MARTIN Helen of Glenross III. 19 When we had
reached to this stage of our proposed journey.
b. With other constructions. Also with speci-
fication of distance covered in attaining to a point.
1591 R. WILMOT Tancred fy Gismunda i. ii, He neuer
sought, with vast huge mounting towers To reach aloft,
and ouer-view our raigne. 1622 DRAYTON Poly-olb. xxii.
1222 Hastings that before raught hither with his rear,
And with King Edward join'd. 1627 SIR R. GRANVILLE in
Ld. Lansdowne's Wks. (1732) II. 336 We had not raught a
musket-shot out of the Town. 1760^72 H. BROOKE Foot of
Qua/. (1809) IV. 138 At length, reaching near the door. 1799
E. Du Bois Piece Family Biog. Ill, 55 Continually receding
until they have both reached as far as they can go.
C. Of the eye, a gun, etc. : To carry.
1632 HOLLAND Cyrufaedia 166 They gave backe from thence
foot by foot . . so farre as a dart shot raught from the wall.
1698 FRYER Ace. E. India # P. 40 The Power of the
English, who command as far as theirGuns reach. 1885 G.
ALLEN Babylon i, As far as the eye could reach in either
direction.
17. To attain to an achievement, condition, etc.
Now rare or Obs.
a 1300 Cursor M. 20026 A thusand year moght i noght reke
. . Til tend part of hir louing. 1303 R. BRUNNE Handl.
Synne 1930 Alle be penaunce fat bou mayst do Ne may nat
reche here godenes to. c 1330 — Chron. (1810) 195 Inarmes
is ber none pat to bie renoun reches. 1594 SHAKS. Rich. ///,
i. i. 159 Another secret close intent, By marrying her, which
I must reach vnto. 1603 OWEN Pembrokeshire vii. (1891) 55
Great aboundance of Wheat, barlie and other graine, not
rechinge in finenes to Castlemartyn. 1633 BP. HALL Hard
Texts O. T. 373 By no humane meanes which thou canst
reach unto.
b. Const, with infin. Now rare.
a 1300 Cursor M. 11385 Elles moght not kinges thre Haf
raght to ride sa ferr ewai. 1387 TREVISA Higden (Rolls) II.
217 And he may not reche for to greue obere, pan he bycomeb
angry and cruel to hym self. 1871 FARRAR Wittt. Hist. iv.
142 They could only reach to lay their garlands of admira-
tion at his feet.
f C. To attain to (knowledge of). Obs.
1582 N. T. (Rhem.) Mark vi. 3 note, His coun trie-folks ..
not reaching to his godhead and divine generation did take
offence or scandal of him, 1594 HOOKER Eccl. Pol. in. viii.
§ 6 Festus . . heard him, but could not reach unto that
whereof he spake. 1653 H. MORE A ntid. A th. n. v. § 5 To
conclude there is no such thing as Reason and Demonstra-
tion because a natural Fool cannot reach unto it.
.
18. To undergo stretching, rare. Now only dial.
1362 LANGL. P. PL A. iv. 148 Bi him that rauhte on the
1 19. To start up. Ob
a 1450 Le Morte Arth. 3191 Hys chambyrlayns wakyd
hym ther wl all, And woodely oute of hys slepe he raught.
Reach. (rftj),z;.2 Now only dial. (cf.RETCHw.2).
Also 5 areche, 6-7 reche. [OE. hr&can, = ON.
hrxkja to spit, f. OE. hrdca, ON. hrdki spittle,
expectorated matter.
The apparent absence of the word in literature from the
OE. period to the itjth c. is remarkable, but there can be no
doubt of its continuity.]
f 1. a. intr. To spit ; also, to make an effort to
clear the throat, to hawk. Obs.
€897 K. ALFRED Gregory's Past. C. v. 43 Jif he Sonne
5jet wif wille forsacan, Sonne hraece hio him on 5aet neb
foran. ciooo Sax. Leechd. I. 148 WiS geposu & wi5 baet
man hefelice hrace, genim Sas wyrte [etc.], [c 1460 J.
RUSSELL Bk. Nurture 290 Areche, ne spitt to ferre, ner be
ye slow of herynge.] 1545 RAYNOLD Byrth Mankynde 58
Crieng or reching so loude as she can, so to stere her selfe.
1565 COOPER TkesauntS) Screo, to reache in spittyng.
t b. trans. To spit or bring tip (blood or
phlegm). Obs.
REACHING.
ciooo Sax. Leechd. I. 142 £yf hwa blod swibe hr*ce
Senime Oysse ylcan wyrte [etc.], c 1550 LLOYD Treas. Health
(1585) Lij, Gume of a Peache tre geuen to hym that rechit
or spitteth bloud, helpeth greatly. 1601 HOLLAND Pliny II.
59 For them that raught vp bloud at the mouth, he pre-
scribeth to take Mints tn a broth. 1606 — Sueton. 189 Hee
never durst once spit and reach up fleame.
2. intr. To make efforts to vomit ; to retch.
In i8th c. freq. to reach to vomit (cf. REACHING vol. sb?).
TS75. GASCOIGNE Hearbes Wks. 165, I poore soule which
close in caban laye, And there had reacht til gaule was wel-
neare burst. 1636 BRATHWAIT Rom. Emp. 47 As hee was
reaching or striving to vomit. 1748 RICHARDSON Clarissa
(1811) IV. xliii. 285, I shall reach confoundedly, and bring
up some clotted blood. 0:1776 R. JAMES Diss. Fevers
{1778) 51 She .. reached to vomit very much.
Reachable (n-tjab'l), a. [f. REACH vf\
7!, Able to reach to. Obs. rare ^*.
1633 T. ADAMS Exp. 2 Peter ii. 10 A tower reachable to
heaven !
2. That may be reached.
1824 L. M. HAWKINS Mem. II. 5 note^ My father .. had
strong oak shutters put on the outside of all the reachable
windows in our house. 1873 W. S. MAYO Never Again xvli.
229 If through the sense of smell Her heart were reachable.
Reache, variant of RECCHE v. Obs.
Reached,///, a. rare—1. [?f. REACH z/.1 n.]
? Stretched, strained.
1650 WEEKES Truth's Confi. ii. 45 It doth arise from their
own reached and unworthy carriages towards God,
Reachelesse, obs. form of RECKLESS.
Readier (rrtfaa). [f. REACH vl + -EB *.]
1. One who or that which reaches.
1594 GREENE & LODGE LookingGl. G.'sWks. (Rtldg.) 120/1
Hold in your rapier; for though I have not a long reacher,
I have a short hitter. 1598 FLORIO, Recatore, a bringer, a
reacher. 1667 WOOD Life (O. H. S.) II. in [Prynne] spoke
to Jennings the reacher of the records that he should let
him have any record. 1819 BYRON Juan ii. clxv, The highest
reachers Of eloquence in piety and prose. 1899 Daily News
9 Oct. 6/2 Shamrock . . nas proved herself to be a good
runner, a fine reacher.
•f* to. A certain type of beggar. Obsr"1
1607 DEKKER Jests to make you Merry 35 There is a new
company arising,, .and these call themselues Reachers, they
walke together Male and Female [etc.].
f 2. An exaggerated statement, ( stretcher1. Obs.
1613 PURCHAS Pilgrimage n. x. (1614) 157 Adrian had a
Vineyard eighteen miles square, which hee hedged with
those slaine carkasses, as high as a man can reach (a reacher
I thinke). a 1661 FULLER Worthies, Monmouth. iv. (1662)
51, 1 can hardly believe that Reacher, which another writeth
of him, that with the palms of his hands he could touch his
knees, though he stood upright.
Reaching (rz'tjirj), vbl. sb^ [f. as precj
1. The action of REACH w.i, in its various senses.
Also with out, up.
£•950 Lindisf.Gosp. John Intr. 7/3 Mio" raecing [L. porrec-
tione]. Ibid. 8/n MiS racing honda [L. extensione
manuiim}. c 1440 Promp, Parv. 425/2 Rechynge, or stretch-
yng^e, extensw. 1591 PERCIVALL Sp. Dict.t Atcancetoutr-
taking, obteining, pursuing, reaching. 1662 BETTY VERNEY
19 Apr. in Mem. Verney Fam. (1899) IV. 21 The reaching
up of my armes. 1760 LAW Spir. Prayer i. 55 A natural . .
reaching after that eternal light. 1875 WHITNEY Life Lang.
viii. 138 The reaching-out of the bodily organs. 1884 Sat.
Rez1. 14 June 783/2 According to all accepted tenets, mere
running and reaching [in yacht-racing] is poor work.
b. With a and pi. An instance of this.
1785 BURKE Sp. Nabob Arcot Wks. 1842 I. 333 All the
reachings and graspings of a vivacious mind. 1846 RUSKIN
Mod. Paint. (1883) n. i. i, Reachings forward unto the things
that are before. 1871 SPENCER Princ. Psych. II. § 300. 82
All reasoning . . is a reaching of the unknown through the
known.
f 2. A reach or stretch of country. Obs.—*
1727 in M. A. Richardson Hist. Table-bk. Leg. Div. (1843)
I. 401 There are many hills and Teachings for many miles.
3. Comb, re aching-post (see quot.).
1815 BURNEY Falconers Mar. D'ict., Reacking~Post> in
rope-making, a post . . fixed in the ground at the lower-end
of a rope-walk. It is used in stretching the yarn by means
of a tackle.
Rea ching1, vbl. sb% Now dial. [f. REACH
z;.2] The action of retching for (in OE.) spitting.
Also//, (freq. in i8th c.).
crooo Sax. Leechd. II. 174 Jtfs sint tacn adlies majan;
serest gelome spaetunga oooe hraecunga. 1601 HOLLAND
Pliny xxiv. iv, The said barke . . is greatly commended
for the reaching and spitting of blood. 1655 CULPEPPER
Riverius I. vi. 24 Coughing, Yawning, Reaching, and
Hiccoughs. 1719 DE FOE Crusoe (1858) 481 First hungry,
then sick again, with Teachings to vomit. 1777 G. FORSTER
Voy. round World II. 238 They groaned most pitifully, had
violent reach ings.
Beaching (rftjiij), ppl. a. [(. REACH ».i +
-ING 2.] That reaches, in senses of the vb.
1. Of the hand, etc. : Stretching out to or after
something ; able to reach far.
1593 SHAKS. 2 Hen. VI, iv. vii. 86 Great men haue reaching
hands. 1681 T. FLATMAN Heraclitus Ridtns No. 31 (1713)
I. 200 A sad Experiment I have made Of the long reaching
Arm of Kings. 1817 KEATS Sleef $ Poetry 362 Fauns and
satyrs taking aim At swelling apples with a frisky leap And
reaching fingers.
b. Characterized by reaching forward (with the
legs. Cf. REACH si. 5).
1866 BLACKMORE Cradocb Afirwettxxv, She broke from the
long stride of her trot into a reaching canter.
2. Having great (mental) reach ; far- or deep-
reaching. (Freq. in i yth c. Now rare.)
a. of thoughts, views, plans, etc.
REACHLESS.
c 1400 tr. Seen/a Secret., Gov.Lordzh. 106 le ys nedfull..
[to] chese a sotell man, (?at hauyn most stalworth tokenyng,
and most rechand argument, c 150* MARLOWK Jew of Malta.
, :: A !.:__. i i_* __Tn __i_ i_- j _^ . -.
Wks. 1726 I. 840 St. James gives a short Draught of the
Matter, but very full and reaching. 1836 BROWNING Life
cfStrafford (1891) 140 The views of the lord deputy, some-
what more reaching than their own, startled them.
b. of the mind, etc. ; rarely of persons.
1581 STANYHURST Mneis Ep. Ded. (Arb.) 3 Such reaching
wyts, as bend theyre endewours too thee vnfolding thereof.
JSJ4 WILLOBIE Avisn 2 Then Pallas gaue a reaching head,
With deepe conceites, and passing wit. 1664 POWER Exp,
Philos. in. 161 The reaching soul of the renowned Des-
Cartes. 1845 Bp. WILBERFORCE Let. 27 May in A. R. Ash-
well Life (1879) I. vii. 269 A very clever reaching mother.
3. Stretching; capable of stretching, rare—1.
1651 N. BACON Disc. Gavt. Eng. n. viii. (1739) 46 They
saw that in such cases of Treason the King's honour was
made of reaching Leather.
t 4. ? Attractive, ' fetching '. Oil.-1
1607 BEAUMONT Woman Hater v. i, My Book-strings are
sutable, and of a reaching colour.
Hence Rea'chingly adv.
1664 H. MORE Exp. 7 Epist. iii. 31 Very reachingly and
comprehensively PropheticalL
Reachless (n-tfles), a. [f. REACH v -1 + -LESS.]
That cannot be reached.
1618 SIR W. MORE Doomtsday 318 What glorious lights
Must beautifie those reachlesse nights. 1825 HONE Every-
day Bk. I. 951 The hot little dog looking wistfully into the
reachless warm water. 1863 LD. LYTTON King Amasis I.
121 Aloof upon her reachless rock, sat cold the Loreley.
Hence Bea'clilessness. rare—1.
1861 LYTTON & FANE Tannli&user 26 As one should love
a star . . who knows The distance of it, and the reachlessness.
Reachless, obs. variant of RECKLESS.
Reach-me-down, a. and sb. [REACH z».i 5 b.]
A. adj. Of clothes: Exposed for sale in a finished
state, ready for wearing, ready-made; also, cast-
off, second-hand.
i86a THACKERAY Philip xxiv, The most splendid reach-
me-down dressing gowns. 1887 fall Mall G. 22 Jan. 4/1
The reach-me-down finery of the East-end exquisite.
B. sb. A ready-made or second-hand garment.
Chiefly//.
1877 BESANT & RICE Harp!, Cr. xv. 148 Two new pairs of
second-hand machine-made reach-me-downs. 1884 World
3 Dec. 13/1 The wide-awakes, billycocks, ulsters, and reach-
me-downs.
attrib. 1869 Routleiigc's Ev. Boy's Ann. 674 We pre.
ferred going to a reach-me-down store, as Prawle styled it.
Keachy (rrt/i), a. rare. [f. REACH rf.' + -Y.]
That has a long reach.
1888 Poultry 27 July 377 Game Cocks (four)— First (Plattin)
a beautiful Black Red, very reachy, capital style.
Reack, obs. variant of RICK.
Reacknow ledge, v. [RE- 5 a. In early use
suggested by L, recognosctre or F. reconnoitre, .]
f 1. trans. To recognize, confess, acknowledge.
iSSo J- COKE Eng. $ Fr. Heralds \ 225 (1877) '21 You,
syr herald of Fraunce, . . for ever herafter, shall reacknow-
ledge your dutie, gevynge place to the heralde of Englande.
IS55 HARPSFIELD in Banner's Homilies 10 He teacheth vs in
cure prayers, to reacknowledge oure selues synners.
•)• 2. To reconnoitre, explore. Obs. rare — '.
1621 F. MARKHAM Bk. War v. ix. 196 To find out and re-
acknowledge the natures, dispositions and inclinations of all
the Enemies Commaunders.
3. To acknowledge again or anew.
1640 HABINCTON Edw. IV 70 King Henry set at libertie
went .. to Pauls Church, the Clergy, Nobility, and Com-
monalty reacknowledging all obedience to him. 1657 J.
SERGEANT Schism Dispach't 614 If then .. they have broke
in peeces his Church, and renounced the only-certain
grounds of his law, they must . . restore both to their former
integrity by reacknowledging them. 1715 POPE Lett. (1735)
I. 232 This puts me in mind of reacknowledging your con-
tinu'd Endeavours to enrich me.
Hence Eeacknowledgement, -ledging.
1598 FLORIO, Resiphcentia, . . a reacknowledging. 1611
Ibid., Riconoscenza, ^acknowledgement.
Reacquai-nt, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To make
acquainted again ; to bring back into acquaintance.
1647 H. MORE Song of Soul in. i. xii, Tract of time at
least all memory Will quite debarre, that reacquainten
mought My self with mine own self.
So Keaequai'ntanee, renewed knowledge.
1668 H. MORE Div. Dial. m. ii. (1713) i8j Your re-
acquaintance of those many and most noble Truths that
Philotheus recovered into your Mind.
Reacqui're, v. [RE- 5 a. Cf. F. rjacqutrir
(i5th c. in Littre).] trans. To acquire anew.
111691 BOYLE Hist. Air (1692) 22^, I perceived one of
them . . that had almost quite lost its colour, to have re-
acquired a very fair blew, a 1711 KEN Hymnotheo Poet.
Wks. 1721 III. 361 Their penitential Tears. .Had strove lost
Heav'n and Love to re-acquire. 1803 W. TAYLOR in Ann.
Kev. III. 291 The established interests .. would, after the
first novelty of an independant choice, shortly reacquire their
natural ascendancy. 1884 SIR J. PEARSON in Law Times
Rep. L. 712/2 By losing an English domicil, he re-acquired
a Scotch domicil, his domicil of origin.
Hence Reacqui'red ppl. a.
1839 JAMES Louis XIV, II. 299 To ensure durability to
the reacquired power of the queen. 1880 C. & F. DARWIN
Movetn. PI. 524 This regeneration of the tips and reacquired
sensitiveness.
So f Kea.cqni'st v. Obs. rare — '.
1635 J. HAYWARD tr. Biondts Banish'd I'irg. 166, I will
192
endeavour to re-acquist you the kingdome or dye in the
attempt
t Reacqui'te, r. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To requite.
1534 CROMWELL in Merriman Life fy Lett. (1902) I. 305, 1
shall accompt myself bounden to reaquite your gentilnes
with semblable pleasures, a. 1548 HALL Ckron.t Rich. Ill
(1800) 405 His bountyfulnes and liberalise whiche they
would God wyllynge shortly reacquyte. 1594 T. BEDING-
FIELD tr. Machiavelli's Florentine Hist. (1595) 166 So might
he also hope in time to come, to be reacquited.
React (rijse'kt), v.1 [See RE- 2 a and Acr v.
Cf. F. rtagir (i8th c.), lateL. reagtre (5th cent.).]
1. zntr. To act in return, or in turn, upon some
agent or influence. Also without const.
Sometimes used loosely when previous action is merely
implied or possible.
1644 DIGBY Nat. Bodies xvi. 141 If fire doth heate water,
the water reacteth againe . . vpon the fire and cooleth it,
1724 SWIFT Answer Misc. (1735) V. ai Because, the Soul
her Power contracts, And on the Brother Limb re-acts.
1771 WESLEY Wks. (1872) V. 2^3 God does not continue to
act upon the Soul, unless the Soul re-acts upon God. 1831
MACAULAY Sp. in Ho. Comm. 5 July, Government and
society are cause and effect — they re-act on each other.
1880 MCCARTHY Own Times IV. 1. 61 Applause reacts upon
the orator.
b. spec, in Chem. of the action of reagents.
1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) IV. 415/1 The nitrous acid soon ..
reacts on the other metals, and dissolves them. 1845 G. £.
DAY tr. Simon* s Anim. Chem. I. 359 Chyle of different
qualities may react with varying energy on the lymphatic
glands.
2. intr. To act, or display some form of energy,
in response to a stimulus; to undergo a change
under some influence. Const, to (in recent use).
x5g6 tr. Hobbes* Elem* Philos. (1839) 393 Though all sense
. . be made by reaction, nevertheless it is not necessary that
every thing that reacteth should have sense. 1856 KANE
Arct. Expl. II. v. 67 The less severe cases . . are beginning
to feel the influence of their new diet ; but Wilson and
Brooks do not react. i88a VINES tr. Sacks' Bot. 805 The
tendency to expand is increased by darkness ..: light has the
contrary effect, and the one half always reacts more power-
fully than the other. 1891 F. DARWIN in Nature 409 Plants
may gain . .various aptitudes for reacting to light and gravi-
tation.
3. intr. To act in opposition to some force.
Const, against.
1861 M. ARNOLD Pop. Educ. France p. xx, I know that
some individuals react against the strongest impediments.
1871 Daily News 31 Jan., He . . did all that lay in him to
react against the cry, a Berlin.
4. intr. To move or tend in a reverse direction ;
to return towards a previous condition.
1875 TENNYSON Queen Mary iv. Hi. 246 Heaven help that
this re-action not re-act Vet fiercelier under Queen Elizabeth.
1893 Westnt. Gaz. 29 Nov. 2/1 His father was a strong
Wesleyan, and the son, as was natural, reacted towards the
Church of England. 1896 Daily News 5 Nov. 7/4 Silver
reacted 2.J, but rallied ii on dealings.
f5. trans, a. To exercise in turn. b. To drive
back, to reflect. Obs.
1646 SIR T. BROWNE Pseud. Ep.-$t> The spirits of many.,
meeting no assimilables wherein to react their natures, must
certainely anticipate such naturall desolations. 1678 CUD-
WORTH Intell. Syst. i. v. 731 Every thing that suffered and
reacted motion, especially polite bodies, as looking-glasses.
Hence Kea'cting vbl. sb, and ///. a,
16x1 FLORIO, Reatii6net a reacting, or reaction, 1685 J.
CHAMBERLAYNE Coffee^ Teat $ Choc. 60 The acting and re-
acting which they have one upon another. 1833 CHALMERS
Const, Man (1835) I. iv. 173 The actings and readings that
take place between man and man. 1871 MORLEY Voltaire
(1886; 5 A kind of reacting sympathy. 1896 Allbutt's Syst.
Med. I. 245 Some modification in the reacting tissue.
He-act (r/-,se-kt), v.2 [f. RE- 5 a + ACT v.}
trans. To act, do, or perform a second time.
a 1656 Bp. HALL Invisible World in. v, Encouraging a
man, by the prosperous event of his sin, to re-act it. a 1711
KEN Preparatives Poet. Wks. 1721 IV. 18, But.. I fear my
treacherous Will Wou'd live re-acting the like 111. 1755
SMOLLETT Quix. iv. xv, The gay shepherdesses and gallant
part.
Reaction (rf,ae*kjafi). [f.- RE- + ACTION; cf.
REACT z>.i and F. reaction (a 1610).
Florio (1611) uses 'reaction ' to render It. reattione (mod.
reaztone) : see REACTING vbl. sb.}
1. Repulsion or resistance exerted by a body in
opposition to the impact or pressure of another
body.
1644 DIGBY Nat. Bodies xvi. 139 Of reaction . . in locall
motion, that each agent must suffer in acting and acte in
suffering, 1748 HARTLEY Observ. Man i. i. 47 It must be
compressed in return, by the Re-action of the Skull. 1800
VINCE Hydrost. i. (1806) n The reaction of the sides of the
vessel against the fluid. 1881 Encycl. Brit. XII. 524/2 The
reaction of the jets caused the rotation of the machine.
fig. 1643 SIR T. BROWNE Relig. Med. i. § 5 It is the
method of Charity to suffer without reaction. ax66o HAM-
MOND Serm. xxi. Wks. 1684 IV. 687 In such a Soul as this,
there is a perpetual re-action, an impatience of the presence
of any thing which may trash, incumber or oppress it.
2. The influence which a thing, acted upon or
affected by another, exercises in return upon the
agent, or in turn upon something else.
1771 WESLEY Wks. (1872) V. 232 A continual action of God
upon the Soul, and a re-action of the Soul upon God. 1793
A. YOUNG Trav. France 434 The effects of high or low
prices on agriculture, and the re-action of culture on price.
1863 TYNDALL Heat \, 2 Action and reaction have thus gone
on from prehistoric ages to the present time. 1876 L.
REACTIVE.
STEPHEN Eng. Th. \1>tk C. I. i. 12 Mr. Darwin's observa-
tions upon the breeds of pigeons have had a reaction on the
structure of European Society.
b. Chem. The action of one chemical agent on
another, or the result of such action.
1836 J. M. GULLY Magemiie's Formul. (ed. 2) g The great
care that is requisite to prevent the re-action of this acid is
an objection to its use. 1862 MILLER Elan. Chem. (ed. 2)
in. 6^ Owing to the feebler affinities of these elements, the
reactions take place with less vehemence. Ibid. 43^ The
vegetable bases when in solution have generally a decidedly
alkaline reaction upon test papers.
3. Phys. and Path. a. The supervention of an
opposite physical condition, as the return of heat
after cold, or of vitality after shock.
1805 W. SAUNDEBS Min. Waters^ If an intire immersion
in cold water be employed, and the body be in a fit state to
produce reaction, a full . . perspiration will follow. 1842
ABDY Water Cure (1843) 165 The first impulse to the re-
action of the heart has been found to have been given by
these means. 1875 H. C. WOOD Therap. (1879) 652 T^e
cold bath, when not followed by a healthy reaction, is any-
thing but a tonic.
b. The response made by the system or an
organ to an external stimulus.
Reaction of degeneration, ' a gradual diminution and final
loss of faradic excitability of both nerves and muscles, con-
sequent on degeneration and atrophy of both ' (Syd. Soc.
Lex.}. A variety of this is called Reaction of exhaustion,
1896 Allbutt's Syst. Med. I. 359 This condition is known
as the reaction of degeneration, and is found in serious
injury or disease in the motor nuclei of the anterior cornua.
1899 Ibid. VII. 347 The reaction to light was lost in both
eyes.
4. A movement towards the reversal of an exist-
ing tendency or state of things, esp. in politics; a
return, or desire to return, to a previous condition
of affairs ; a revulsion of feeling.
In 1816 referred to as a French use of the word (Edinb. Rev.
XXVII. 480).
1801 HEL. M. WILLIAMS Fr. Rep. I. xii. 122 If I have
delayed sending you the sketch of the re-action at Naples
[etc.]. _i8i6 SCOTT Old Mort. xliv. note, That perpetuating
of factious quarrels, which is called in modern times Re-
action. 1836 HOR. SMITH Tin Trump. (1876) 161 Like every
other excess, fanaticism provokes a reaction. 1875 JOWETT
Plato (ed. 2) IV. 256 In the ancient as well as the modern
world there were reactions from theory to experience.
6. attrib. and Comb., as (sense 3) reaction period^
stage^ time', reaction engine or machine, a
small apparatus in which the motive power is
derived from the reaction exerted by escaping
steam ; reaction process, a method of treating
galena, depending on the chemical reaction which
follows upon roasting and fusing (Raymond 1881);
reaction wheel, a water-wheel impelled by the
reaction of escaping water.
1868 Model Steam Eng. (1895) 82 *Reaction or resistance
engines, described at pages 7 and 8. 1863 GANOT Physics
§ 380 In *reaction machines steam acts by a reactive force
like water in the hydraulic tourniquet. 1897 Syd. Soc. Lex.
s.v., * Reaction-period, the period of reaction or return of
vitality after a shock. 1899 Allbutt's Syst. Med.\l. 619 In
the "reaction-stage of many cases of local asphyxia, there is
distinct evidence of heat. 1893 Outing (U.S.) XXII. 152/2
It appears . . that the "reaction time varies with the loudness
of the report. 1881 Encycl. Brit. XII. 524/2 The old "re-
action wheel consisted of a vertical pipe balanced on a
vertical axis, and supplied with water.
Hence Rea'ctional a.t characterized by reaction;
Rea'ctionally adv.
1856 J. GROTE in Cambr. Ess. 87 Under certain circum-
stances the mind may be likely to move reactionally. 1897
HUGHES Medit. Fever v. 207 This artificial reduction of
temperature is followed by a slight reactional rise,
Reactionary (r^se-kjanari), a. and sb. [f.
REACTION + -ARY 1. Cf. F. reactionnaire (igth c.).]
A. adj. 1. Of, pertaining to, or characterized
by, reaction.
1847 GROTE Greece n. xxxvi. IV. 497 The intensity of the
subsequent displeasure would be aggravated by this re-
actionary sentiment. 1879 MCCARTHY Own Times II. xviii.
40 The results of the year that followed were decidedly
reactionary.
2. Inclined or favourable to reaction.
1858 FROUDE Hist. Eng. III. 161 The reactionary members
of the council bad suggested a call of parliament. 1875
JOWETT /Ya/0 (ed. 2) III. 174 The fixed ideas of a reactionary
statesman.
B. sb. One who favours or inclines to reaction.
1858 FROUDE Hist. Eng. IV. 485 The reactionaries..
watched for some change of fortune.
Rea'ctionist, sb. and a. [f. as prec. + -1ST.]
A marked or professed reactionary.
1862 MERIVALE Rom. Emp. \\\. (1865) VI. 266 As usual
with reactionists in social life, . . they mistook the cause of
the disease. 1883 5>»/. Educ. XVIII. 137 Nobody except
the chronic reactionist and constitutional grumbler wants
to keep back the colored people.
b. attrib. or as adj.
1858 FROUDE Hist. Eng. xiii. III. 177 To the clergy and
the reactionist lords he would not yield a step. 1866 Pall
MallG.v.1 Feb. 4/2 The Liberals. .did not expect that the
reactionist tendencies of the Government would be expressed
so strongly.
Rea'ctive (rz^-ktiv), a. and sb. [f. REACT zv1
+ -IVE. Cf. F. 7YW*/(i8th c.), It. reattivo^
A. adj. -f 1. Repercussive, echoing. Obsr~l
1712 BLACKMORE Creation 357 Ye fish, assume a voice,
with praises fill The hollow rock, and loud reactive hill.
2. Acting or operative in return.
BEACTIVELY.
1794 G. ADAMS Nat. f; Exp. Philas. III. xxi. 103 Every
body that acts, is at the same instant both active and re-
active. 1851 H. SPENCER Soc. Stat. 318 We have to con-
sider, not only what is done for the afflicted, but what is
the reactive effect upon those who do it.
8. Fath. a. Supervening on a previous opposite
state ; due to reaction.
1812-34 Gooifs Study Med. (ed. 4) IV. 434 The patient . .
was not rendered faint by the re-active glow that ensued
upon his quitting the water. 1885-8 PYE-SMITH Faggc's
Princ. Med. I. 51 Such patients . . sometimes pass into a
condition of reactive pyrexia.
b. Recuperative ; responsive (to a stimulus).
1822-34 Goad's Study Med. (ed. 4) I. 704 There 's no
longer any rallying or reactive power remaining. 1896
A /It'll/ fs Syst. Med. I. 193 These granules are feebly re-
active to light. Ibid. 293 Delicate children, with little
reactive power.
4. Characterized by reaction (sense 4).
1868 GLADSTONE JHV. Mitttdi \. (1870) 24 The reactive
tendency to preserve the text by recurrence to a standard.
1890 Harper s Mag. June 77/1 He constantly inclined to
reactive measures.
B. sb. Chem. [ad. F. rlactif] A reagent, rare.
[1790 Monthly Rev. III. 546 Chemical tests, or, as the
French call them, reactives.] 1791 HAMILTON Bcrthollet's
Dyeing 1. 1. n. iv. 192 A chemist should be employed for
preparing a proper reactive. 1887 BROWNING Parleying*,
Ck. Aviion ix. Reviewing learnedly the list complete Of
chemical reactives.
Hence Bea-ctively adv.
1805 FOSTER Ess. i. ii. 30 The living world . . is re-actively
throwing on him various moral influences and infections.
1860 A. L. WINDSOR Ethica v. 285 A very irritable temper,
that bore him reactively into close relationship with a few.
So Bea-ctiveness (Webster 1847) = next-
Reacti' vity. [f. REACTIVE a. + -ITT, after acti-
vity.] The state or power of being reactive.
1888 Nature 22 Mar. 503/1 The occurrence of colour . . is
more frequently than not concomitant with a high degree of
reactivity. 1896 A Mutt's Syst. Med. I. 558 Our know-
ledge . . of vital reactions and reactivity.
Ko-a-ctuate, v. [RE- 5 b.] trans. To make
actual again ; to restore to actuality.
1810 COLERIDGE in Lit. Rent. (1838) III. 386 As far as the
principle . . went to re-actuate the idea of the Church, as a
co-ordinate and living Power.
Reacuntar, obs. Sc. f. RECOUNTER.
Bead (r/'d), rf.l Obs. exc. dial, or tec fin. Also
4 (9 dial.) rede, 5, 9 Se. reid, 8-9 reed. [OE.
rfada, of obscure origin.] The stomach of an
animal ; in later use only spec, the fourth stomach
of a ruminant.
It is probable that the special sense of the word is the
original one, but the early examples are not sufficiently
definite to establish this.
c 1000 ./ELFRIC Gloss, in Wr.-Wulcker 159/38 Ilia, smaele
5 my
reid ! I am vngraciously gorrit, baith guttis and gall 1 '
1601 HOLLAND Pliny I. 342 All creatures bailing a Stomack
or Read, are not without a belly vnder it. 1666 J. SMITH Old
Age (1676) 84 That is that which Anatomists call, Omasum,
and our Butchers, the Read. 1701 GREW Cosmol. Sacra I.
v. 29 Most of those [animals] which have no upper Teeth,
or none at all ; have Three Stomachs : As in Beasts, the
Panch, the Read and the Feck. 1808 JAMIESON s-v., A
calf's reid, the fourth stomach of a calf, used for runnet or
earning. 1836-9 Toad's Cycl. Ana/. II. n/i The food is
finally deposited in the fourth stomach, the abomasum . . or
reed. 1886 W. BARNES Dorset Gloss., Read.
attrib. a 1756 MRS. HEVWOOD New Present (1771) 191
Get four pounds of reed tripe. 1895 Daily News 13 Dec. 8/1
Such technical particulars (to be understanded by butchers
only) as ' weights of suet, caul, and reed fat '.
Read (rid), rf.2 [f. READ v.] An act of pe-
rusal ; a spell of reading ; also Sc., a loan of a
book, etc., for the purpose of reading it.
1838 THACKERAY Hist. Sam. Titmarsk x, When I arrived
and took . . my first read of the newspaper. 1862 DARWIN in
Life (1887) II. 391, I have just finished, after several reads,
your paper. 1870 LOWELL Stud. Wind. 39 A good solid
read, .into the small hours.
Read (rfd), v. Pa. t. and pa. pple. read (red).
Forms : Inf. i r&dan, (-on, raddan, north, reda,
retSa), 3 rseden(n), raden, 2-4 reden, 5 redyu ;
(and fres.) 2, 4 rade, 3-6 rede, 5-6 reede, Sc.
red, reid, 6 (8 Sc.~) reed ; (3) 6-7 reade, 6- read.
(Also 3 sing. pres. I rat, 2-4 ret, 3 red, 3-4 rat.)
Pa. t. i pi. reordun ; I rsedde, 3-4, 6 radde, (4
rade), 4, 6 rad, (4 rat) ; i //. red(d)on, 3, 6 (9)
redd, 4 redde, 4-6 rede, 4-6 (7-8) red, 7- read.
Pa.pple. ir8eden,4reddynn,6readen; irfeded,
3-4 redd, 3-6 redde, (4 radde), 3-6 (7-8) red,
4 rede, 6 reed(e, 6- read ; i geredd, 3 ired, 3-4
irad, 4 iredde, yrade, 4-5 iradde. [Comm.
Teut. : OE. ran/an = OFris. rlda, OS. rSdan (MLG.
rchten, M Du. and Du. raden\ OHG. niton (MHG.
r&ten, G. raten, rathcri), ON. rdSa (Sw. rSda, Da.
raade), Goth, -rldan :-OTeut. *r&dan, prob. re-
lated to Olr. im-rtidim to deliberate, consider,
OS1. rculiti to take thought, attend to, Skr. radh-
to succeed, accomplish, etc.
The Comm. Teut. verb belonged to the reduplicating
ablaut-class, with pa. t. *rero/t and pa. pple.* garSaona-z,
whence Goth, -raird}, *-ridatis, ON. rii, raftnn, OHC.
riat, gir&tan (G. rict,geraterii, OS. ried or redj *girfidan
(Du. ried. geraden). The corresponding forms in OK. are
Vor-. VIII.
193
reord and (ge}rxdent but these are found only in a few
instances in Anglian texts, the usual conjugation being
rsedde^ &crtrd(e)<f, on the analogy of weak verbs such as
l&dan: cf. MLG.rO//rtfc, redde^ §w.ratJde,aT\dG.rat&£te(for
usual riet}, Da. raadede. The typical ME. forms are redde
or radde in the pa. t., and (fired or (i)rad in the pa. pple. ;
in the later language (from the i7th c.) all tenses of the verb
have the same spelling, read, though in pronunciation the
vowel of the preterite forms differs from that of the present
and infinitive. Individual writers have from time to time
denoted this by writing red or redd for the pa. t. and pa.
pple., but the practice has never been widely adopted.
The original senses of the Teut. verb are those of taking
or giving counsel, taking care or charge of a thing, having
or exercising control over something, etc. These are also
prominent in OE.,and the sense of 'advise ' still survives as
an archaism, usually distinguished from the prevailing sense
of the word by the retention of the older spelling REDE.
The sense of considering or explaining something obscure
or mysterious is also common to the various languages, but
the application of this to the interpretation of ordinary
writing, and to the expression of this in speech, is confined
to English and ON. (in the latter perhaps under Eng. in-
fluence).]
I. Transitive uses.
* To consider^ interpret, discern^ etc.
fl. a. To have an idea; to think or suppose
that) etc. Obs* rare.
£900 tr. Bxdas Hist. HI. x, J>a ongann he .. bencean &
raedan, baette nan oSer intinga waere [etc.], c 1400 Destr.
Troy 3308 Tho truly bat are takon .. Shalbe plesit with
plenty.. red ye non ober. 1600 BRETON Pasguils Fooles'
cappe (1870) 22/1 Let him be sure that better wits doe reede
Such Madhead fellowes are but Fooles indeede. 1768 Ross
Helenore in. 122 Goodwife, I reed your tale is true. Ibid*
125, 1 reed 'twas they that me a dreaming set.
t b. To guess, to make out or tell by conjecture
what, who, why, etc. Obs.
a 1000 Kiddies Ixii. 9 Rsed, hwaet ic maene ! c xooo
J&LFRIC Horn. II, 248 ludei . . heton hine rxdan hwa hine
hreopode. a 1300 Cursor M. 597 powmaiask..quigodhim
gaue sua mikel a nam ; Parfay pat es hot eth to rede. 1530
PALSGR. 681/2 Rede who tolde it me and I wyll tell the
tro.uthe. 1564 Child- Marriages 124 This deponent askid
the said Margaret, who that shuld be ; and the said Mar-
garet bade this deponent reade if he cold. 1590 SPENSER
F. Q. ii. xii. 70 Right hard it was for wight which did it
heare To reade what manner musicke that mote bee.
f C. To take for something. Obs. rare.
1591 SPENSER Ruins of Time 633, I saw a stately Bed,..
That might for ante Princes couche be red. [1813 SCOTT
Rokeby in. xvii, I read you for a bold Dragoon, That lists
the tuck of drum,]
2. To make out or discover the meaning or
significance of (a dream, riddle, etc.) ; to declare
or expound this to another.
riooo ^ELFRIC Cram. (Z.) 179 Conicio . . ic raede swefn.
(21300 Cursor M. 4553, 1 haf soght. .At find a man rm drem
to rede. Ibid. 7122 If bai cuth right bat redel rede. ^1380
WVCLIF Serin. Sel. Wks. I. 60 Men bat can rede pes signes.
c 1440 Promp. Paw. 436/2 Redyn or expownyn redellys,
or parabol, and other privyteys, idem quod ondpn'. 1593
DRAYTON Eel. iv. iii, Let vs passe this wearie winters day
In reading Riddles. 1768 Ross Helenore \\\, 124 I'm right,
I'm right ! My dream is read. 1810 SCOTT Lady ofL. v.
xiii, Then, by my word,. .The riddle is already read. 1887
RUSKIN Prseterita II. 24 Neither he nor I were given to
reading omens, or dreading them.
refl. 1865 CARLYLE Fredk. Gt. xiv. vii. (1872) V. 239 The
small riddle reads itself to him so.
b. To foresee, foretell, predict. Chiefly in to
read one* s fortune.
In quot. 1647 passing into sense 10 c.
1591 SPENSER M. Hitbberd 698 For he mongst Ladies
could their fortunes read. 1647 COWLEY Mistress, My
fate 19 You, who men's fortunes in their faces read. 1790
SHJRREFS Poems 122 Like gospel, Sir, she credits a' ye said,
And says, she's sure 'twill happen as ye read.
t3. To count, reckon, estimate. Obs. rare.
a 1225 Juliana 51 (Bodl. MS.) Ne mahte hit na mon rike-
nin ne reden [v.r. tellen], a 1300 Cursor M- 2570 pe barns
bat o be sat bred Namar sal |>mi t>am cun rede, pan sterns on
light and sand in see. 1340 HAM COLE Pr. Consc. 2484 Swa
may we ay rekken and rede An hondreth syns agayne
a gude dede. 1790 GROSE Prav. Gloss., Read, to judge of,
guess. At what price do you Read this horse? Glouc.
j4. To see, discern, distinguish. Obs. rare (in
Spenser only).
1590 SPENSER F. Q. i. i. 21 Such vgly monstrous shapes
elswhere may no man reed. Ibid. in. ix. 2 Good, by para-
gone Of evill, may more notably be rad. 1596 Ibid, v. xii.
39 Bit him behind, that long the marke was to be read.
;* To peruse, without uttering in speech.
6. To inspect and interpret in thought (any signs
which represent words or discourse) ; to look over
or scan (something written, printed, etc.) with
understanding of what is meant by the letters or
signs ; to peruse (a document, book, author, etc.).
Formerly used in imperative (as in quot. 1563) in referring
the reader to another book or author for information.
c888 K. ^ELFRED Boeth. Proem., He hatsaS selcne bara be
bas boc raedan lyste. £950 Lindisf. Gasp. John xlx. 20
Diosne . . taccon meni^o redon \Ritshiv. reddon], c 1200
ORMIN Ded. 328 pa Crisstene menn patt herenn oberr redenn
|?iss boc. a 1300 Cursor M. 8495 pis writte wit fele was red
and sene, Bot fa it wist quat it wald mene. 1375 BARBOUR
Bruce \. 17 Auld storys that men redys, Representis to
thaim the dedys Of stalwart folk. 1413 Pilgr. Sowle
(Caxton) i. xxii. (1859) 23 He hatn redde and knowen bothe
wordes and werkes of the rather seyntes. 1532 MORE
Con/nt. Tindale Wks. 684/2, I can proue that he red some
commentours and holy doctours, that write exposicions vpon
it. 1563 SHUTE Archit. B ij, The Pyramides . . and manye
other beautiful! buildinges of that nacion. Reade Diado.
Sic. Ii. i. a. 1617 MOMYSOH I tin. n. 330 Because I am not
BEAD.
sure whether you can perfectly reade her Maiesties hand,
I send you the same in a coppy. 1646 Hamilton Papers
(Camden) 126 One word of it which I reade without my
cipher. 1709 POPE Ess. Crit. 233 A perfect Judge will read
each work of Wit, With the same spirit that its author writ.
1774 MITFORD Ess. Harmony Lang. 16 What has been
printed on both Sides is little red. 1864 SIR H. TAYLOR
Autobiog. (1885) 1. 198 My father, who had read the work. .
in MS., rejoiced in it more and more when he came to read
it in print. 1871 SMILES Charac. i. (1876) 23 He was always
the most national of the Italian poets,. .the most read.
b. To peruse books, etc. written in (a certain
language) ; esp. to have such knowledge of (a lan-
guage) as to be able to understand works written
in it.
1530 PALSCR. 681/2, I rede latyn better nowe than I wene
I shall do frenche hence of a yere. x6ix BRINSLEV Lvd.
Lit. iii. (1627) 22 Now they may goe thus forward, .in read-
ing English perfidy. 1692 LOCKE Education § 163 When
he can speak and read French well .. he should proceed to
Latin. 1779 JOHNSON L. /*., Milton (1868) 62 He read all
the languages which are considered either as learned or
polite, a 1862 HOGG in Dowden Shelley I. 73 He [Shelley]
had in truth read more Greek than many an aged pedant.
1873 HAMERTON Intell. Life in. vii. 109 By far the shortest
way to learn to read a language is to begin by speaking it.
c. transf* andy^f. in various applications.
1581 J. HAMILTON in Cath. Tract. (S. T. S.) 87 Thou hes
reoT (sayis he) the varkis of the varld. 1601 SHAKS. Tivel. N.
v. i. 302 Ol. How now, art thou mad? Clo. No Madam,
I do but reade madnesse. x6xx — Wint. T. iv. iv. 172 Hee'l
stand and reade, As 'twere, my daughters eyes. 1665
GLANVILL Scepsis Sci. xxv. 154 [They] are the Alphabet of
Science, and Nature cannot be read without them, x 741-2
GRAY Agrip. 65 The dreadful powers That read futurity.
1782 COWPER Cfiariiy 333 He reads the skies. 1818 SHELLEY
Rev. Islam iv. viii, All the ways of men among mankind he
read. 1851 MAYNE REID Scalp Hunt. xxvi. 191 Indians
can 'read' the smoke at a great distance. 1867 CRAIG
Palmistry 42 One of the greatest of all difficulties in read-
ing the hand. x8oo W. A. WALLACE Only a Sister ? 88
What's a man worth that cannot read his own watch?
d. transf. To make out the character or nature
of (a person, the heart, etc.) by scrutiny or inter-
pretation of outward signs.
x6xx SHAKS. Wint. T. in. iii. 73 Though I am not bookish
yet I can reade Waiting-gentlewoman in the scape. 1647
N. BACON Disc. Govt. Eng. \. Pref. (1739) 7 Historians.. for
the most part read Men. 1727 SWIFT Letter on Eng.
Tongue ) This they call knowing the world, and reading
men and manners. 1838 LVTTON Alice \. x, 1 wish you
could read my heart at this moment. 1902 EDNA LYALL
Hinderers ix, We ordinary mortals are at the mercy of you
artists. . . You read us like books.
6. With adverbs, a. To go over (a letter, book,
etc.) in the act of perusal. Also transf.
i" 1374 CHAUCER Troy Ins n. 1036 (1085) He. .radde it over,
and gan the lettre folde. 1560 DAUS tr. Sleidane^s Comm.
133 The Lantgrave readinge over their booke and their
letters, noted what he thought blame worthy. 1594 LYLY
Moth. Bomb. in. iii, Fooles .. Haue farre more knowledge
To reade a woman ouer [etc.]. 1683 H. PRIDEAUX in Lett.
Lit. Men (Camden) 185 Some booke or other . . which he
will read over, and then bring me again. 1768 GRAY Let.
28 Oct., The first act of Caractacus is just arrived here, but
I have not read it over.
b. To read through (f or out] : to peruse from
beginning to end. f Also to read out, to read to
the end of, to finish the reading of. Obs.
1638 BAKER tr. Balzac's Lett. (vol. II.) 196, I may boldly
say, I never yet read a Gazetta through. 1652 GATAKER
Antinotn. 21 Had this Autor but writ or red out the text he
cites he had found somewhat more then faith in it. 1662
NEWCOME Diary 6 Sept. (Chetham Soc) 120, I read out wl
remained to be read in Rusbworth. 1715 SWIFT Let. 28
June, Wks. 1841 II. 526/1, 1 borrowed your Homer from the
bishop, and read it out in two evenings. 1747 MRS. S.
FIELDING Lett. David Simple II. 151 The pretence of
being eager to read out some new Book which I have
borrowed. 1838 FROUDE Hist. Eng.\\\. (1870) II. 113 He
read it through, and replied that . . for himself it was im-
possible [to take the oath].
c. To read off: to note in definite form (the result
of inspection, esp. of a graduated instrument).
Perh. originally used as in sense ii d.
1816 J. SMITH Panorama Sc. <$• Art II. 69 Before the
height of the mercury is rend off. 1834 Penny Cycl. II.
525/2 The angle read off on the interior edge of the ecliptic
is the longitude. 1899 Allbtttfs Syst. Med. VII. 435 Pass-
ing the tip of the finger over the outlines of the letters and
so reading off the result.
d. To mark or impress on (a fabric).
1831 G. R. PORTER Silk Mannf. 258 The workman pro-
ceeds to read on the design.
7. To attach a certain meaning or interpretation
to (what is read) ; to take in a particular way.
1624 BP. MOUNTAGU Gegg 201 Secondly, read it how you
wilh it is not to purpose. 1890 SIR N. LlMDUT in Law
Times Rep. LXIII. 690/1, 1 think there are two methods of
reading that order.
b. transf. To take a certain view of (a person,
thing, event, etc.\ to regard in a certain light.
1847 HELPS Friends in C. (1851) I. " This Is a matter
which, as I read it, concerns only the higher natures. 1866
J. MARTINEAU Ess. I. 190 Every relative disability may be
read two ways.
8. Const, with preps, a. refl. To bring (one-
self) into or to (a certain state) by rending.
1676 WYCHERLEY PI. Dealer in. i, We shall have you read
yourself into a Humour of rambling and fighting. 1873
BLACK Pr. Thule xxi. 345 Give me that book, that I may
read myself into a nap.
to. To introduce (an additional idea or element)
into what is being read or considered. (Freq.
25
READ.
implying that the insertion is unwarranted or er- t
roneous. )
1879 H. SPENCER Princ. Social., Ceremonial Inst. § 346
Men read back developed ideas into undeveloped minds.
1882 AINGER Lamb 173 He reads something of himself into :
the composition he is reviewing. 1895 SIR A. KKKEWICH in !
Lam Times Rep. LXXIII. 663/1 This is a sensible limita-
tion which can easily be read into deed or will.
9. a. To adopt, give, or exhibit as a reading in
a particular passage.
1659 HAMMOND Acts xv. Annot., The JEthiopick and other
interpreters retain . . , what you would not ham done to
your selves, do not ye to another, . . for which other Jewish
writers read, doing as they would be done to. 1697
BENTLEY Phal. 20, I cannot . . comprehend why the most
learned Is. Casaubon will read nwttm in this passage,
and not (rnivSoirra.. 1750 RUDDIMAN Animadver. ^'nd.
Buchanan fa Instead of . . sexagcsimo quinto, we should
read, . . sexagesimo nono. 1847 MADDEN Layamon's Brut.
1 1 1. 346 For Lovaine some copies of Wace read A lemaigne.
b. To register, indicate.
1887 GUMMINO Electricity 44 A rider reading thousands of
an ounce on the beam of a grocer's balance.
*** To learn by perusal.
10. To see or find (a statement) in a written or
otherwise recorded form; to learn by perusal of
a book or other document, (t Formerly some-
times const, with obj. and inf. or fple.~)
cyK Rushiv. Gosp. Matt. xxi. 42 Hwact. .^e nsefre reordun
in jewritum [etc.], c 1000 Ags. Gasp. Matt. xii. 3 Ne rsedde
Xehwset Dauid dyde ba hyne hingrede. caao Trin. Coll.
Horn, ir We radeo on hoc, bat elch man haue5 to fere on
engel of heucne. a 1125 Ancr. R. 170 Ase me ret in hire
boc, heo was the kinge Assuer ouer alle icweme. a 1300
Cursor M. 1459 Cainan his sun, als it es redde, His lijf nine
hundret yeir he ledd. 1387 TREVISA Higden (Rolls) VII. 77
So it is i-rad bat loseph dalf wib his fader moche tresour in
be erbe. c 1440 Generydes i In olde Romans and storys as
I rede, Of Inde somtyme ther was a nobyll kyng. 1555
HARPSFIELD Divorce Hen. VIII (Camden) 268 The terrible
punishment . . the like whereof I never read sent to any.
1597 SHAKS. 2 Hen. IV, \. ii. 133, I haue read the cause of
his effects in Galen. 1621 \V. SCLATER Tythes (1623) 76,
I never read Christ speake so much of any Jewish Caere-
monie as he did of Tythes. 1764 GRAY Jemmy Tvritcher 27
The prophet of Bethel, we read, told a lie. 1839 LONGF.
Beleaguered City i, I have read, in some old marvellous
tale,.. That [etc.].
b. transf. or fig. in various applications.
1588 SHAKS. L. L. L. n. i. 109 Vouchsafe to read the pur-
pose of my comming. 1604 — Oth. in. iv. 57 She was a .
Charmer, and could almost read The thoughts of people, j
1667 MILTON P. L. iv. ion For proof look up, And read thy
Lot in yon celestial Sign. 1840 DICKENS OU C. Shop i,
Her quick eye seemed to read my thoughts.
c. To discern or discover (something) in (or on)
the face, look, etc., of a person.
1590 SHAKS. Com. Err. in. ii. 9 Muffle your false loue ..
Let not my sister read it in your eye. 1638 JUNIUS Paint.
Ancients 235 He might read in their eyes and countenance
the several! faces of anger, love, feare [etc.]. 1713 Guardian
No. 137 F 4 You read his ancestry in his smile. 1768
Woman of Honor II. 15, I red in her looks a willingness to
come to an explanation. 1818 SHELLEY Rev. Islam vni.
xvii, I cannot name All that I read of sorrow, toil, and
shame, On your worn faces. 1860 TENNYSON Sea Dreams
163 My eyes . . Read rascal in the motions of his back.
**** To peruse and utter in speech.
11. To utter aloud (the words or sentences indi-
cated by the writing, etc., under inspection) ; to
render in speech (anything written, a book, etc.)
according as the written or printed signs are appre-
hended by the mind. Also reading = being read.
To read aloud is frequently used to distinguish this sense
of the vb. from 5.
c 900 tr. Bzda's Hist. v. xxi. § 3 Mid fty bset gewrit Sa
waes raided beforan bam cyninge. _97i Blickl. Horn. 167
We gehyrdon, ba ba Esaias se witja rseden waes [etc.],
c 1000 ;£LFRIC Exad. xxiv. 7 Moises.-raedde his boc bam
folce. c 1175 Lamb. Horn. 125 Al bet me ret and singeo on
bisse timan in halie chirche. a 1225 Ancr. R. 428 Je ancren
owen bis lutle laste stucchen reden to our wummen eueriche
wike enes. ^1315 SHOREHAM i. 1292 Ine be aide la}e be
redere Rede be prophessye By wokke. c 1412 HOCCLEVE
De Reg. Princ. 2955 When pei [laws] weren byfore hem
I-radde, bei made hem wondir wroth. 1543 UDALL Erasm.
Afofh. 40 When he heard the dialogue of Plato entitleed
Lysides, readen. 1601 SHAKS. Jul. C. in. ii. 152 Read the
Will ; wee'l heare it Antony. 1621 in Crt. $ Times Jos. I
(18481 I. 249 While the proclamation was reading [etc.].
1662 J. DAVIES tr. Olearius' Voy. Ambass. 213 If we desired
it, we might hear the Letter read. ijosLond. Gaz. No-4i52/2
The Dean and Prebendaries sat within the Rails, . . except
such as Officiated in Reading Prayers. 1802-12 BENTHAM
Ration. Judic. Evid. (1827) II. 285 Oftentimes have I
observed them, while affidavits have been reading, looking
about to their brethren on the bench. 1875 JOWETT Plato
(ed. 2) IV. 160 Socrates requested that the first thesis ..
might be read over again.
b. In phr. to read a lesson or lecture : (see these
words). Freq. fig. To teach (one) something, to
administer a reprimand or check (to one).
a 1225 Ancr. R. 66 Al bet lescun bet God hire hefde ilered
IMS. C. ired hire], a 1460 Gregory's Chron. in Hist. Coll.
Citizen Land. (Camden) 230 Doctor Ive. .radde many fulle
nobylle lessonnys to preve that Cryste was lorde of all.
1593 SHAKS. Rich. II, iv. i. 232 Would it not shame thee, in
so faire a troupe, To reade a Lecture of them? 1629
MASSINUER Picture in. ii, I'll be her tutor, And read her
another lesson. 1-1632 in Athen&um No. 2883. 121/3 Is
this our Jurisdiction or'e the Sea To reade man Lectures of
humanity? 1817 JAS. MILL Brit. India II. IV. iv. 157 Dread-
ful was the fate.. and important are the lessons which it
reads. 1884 W. E. MORRIS Thirlby Hall viii, To read him
194
a lesson which should prevent him from doing the same
a second time.
c. Used of submitting a proposed measure to
a legislative assembly by reading the whole or
some part of it. Cf. READING vbl. sb. 3 c.
1647 CLARENDON Hist. Rev. in. § 129 The bill was . . imme-
diately read the first and the second 'time, and so committed.
1692 [H. SCOBELL] Rules <$• Customs 4 The first business in
the House is ordinarily to read a Bill that was not passed
in the last Parliament proceeding. 1783 Hansard Parl.
Hist. (1814) XXIII. 1224 [Mr. Fox's East India Bill) was
read for the first time, and ordered to be printed. 1863 H.Cox
Instit. i. ix. 166 A bill having been read a first time, is
ordered to be read a second time on a future day.
d. With adverbs (cf. 6), esp. to read out (or «/).
1588 SHAKS. L. L. L. iv. iii. 193 laque. I beseech your
Grace let this Letter be read. . . King. Berowne, read it
ouer. 1600 HOLLAND Livy xxiv. xxv. 526 Before it was all
red out and published, it passed cleare. 1626 BRETON Fan-
tastickes (1879) 15/1 The first course is served in, ..the
dishes haue be red ouer. 1784 R. BAGE Barham Downs
I. 224 Read it up, Timothy : I have not yet seen or heard
a syllable of it. 1794 SOUTHEY Wat Tyler III. i, Tom
Miller. Read it out— read it out. Hob. Ay, ay, let's hear
the Charter. 1808 STOWER Printers' Gram. 395 That part
of the copy . . should be carefully transcribed or read off.
1862 F. C. HUSENBETH Life Milner 173 After dinner the
Secretary of the Catholic Board read up certain Resolutions.
1890 HALL CAINE Bondman^ i. v, The clerk and sexton read
out the askings for the marriage.
f 12. To teach or impart (some art or branch of
knowledge) to another by (or as by) reading aloud.
Also without const. Obs.
1560-1 First Bk. Disc, in Knox's Wks. (1848) 1 1. 210 A Col-
ledge, in whiche the Artis . . be read be sufficient Maisteris.
a 1586 SIDNEY Astr. <v Stella Sonn. xxviii, Loue onely
reading unto me this arte. 1601 B. JONSON Poetaster I. i,
We may read constancy and fortitude To other souls.
!637 — Seat Sheph. II. ii, Are these the arts, Robin, you
read your rude ones of the wood? 1662 J. DAVIES tr.
Olearius' Voy. Ambass. 215 He understood Astrology, and
read Euclid to some of his Disciples.
fb. In pass. To be instructed, to become learned
in. Obs. (Cf. READ/;*/. a- 2-)
1458 Paston Lett. 1.431 William hath goon to scole..to
lern and to be red in poetre or els in Frensh.
13. a. To read oneself in : to enter upon office
as incumbent of a benefice in the Church of Eng-
land, by reading publicly the Thirty-nine Articles
and making the Declaration of Assent.
1857 TROLLOPE Barchester T. xxiii. heading, Mr. Arahin
reads himself in at St. Ewolds. 1890 BARING-GOULD Old
Country Life 136 The rector is said to have visited one of
his livings twice only, .once to read himself in.
b. To readout of: to expel from (a body, party,
etc.), properly by reading out the sentence of ex-
pulsion. Chiefly in pass.
1865 HUNT Pop. Rom. W. Eng. Ser. i. 96 He left the
' people ' that he mightn't be read out. 1875 WHITNEY Life
Lang. xv. 301 It is high time that any one who takes the
wrong view be read out of the ranks.
c. To bring or draw down to, by reading aloud.
1847 TENNYSON Princ. ii. 235 Are you That Psyche, wont
to. .read My sickness down to happy dreams?
•(• 14. To declare, as by reading aloud ; to relate,
tell, say. Obs.
a 1300 Cursor M. 10198 In almis dede hir lijf sco ledd, Als
we find in the stori redd, c 1320 Cast. Love 1359 No tonge
ne mihte reden Ne bou3t benken his mihtful deden. 1393
LANGL. P. PI. C. in. 14 Hure robe was ryccher ban ich
rede couthe. c 1400 Dcstr. Troy 12579 fan Palomydon..
put was to dethe With the birre of his bow, as I aboue
rede. (11586 SIDNEY Astr. f, Stella Sonn. Iviii, Stella's
sweet breath the same to me did reed. 1591 SPENSER
M. Hubberd 604 But read, faire Sir, of grace, from whence
come yee.
t b. To speak of or mention ; to describe ; to
name or call. Obs.
1303 R. BRUNNE Handl. Synne 10801 3e men.. bat haue
herde me rede bys sacrament, How ouer alle byng hyt hab
powere. ("1330 — Chron. Wace (Rolls) 15099 In bat tyme,
J>at y now rede, be date was [etc.], c 1460 Launfal^ 299
May no man rede here atyre. 1590 SPENSER F. Q. i. vii. 46
Whose kingdomes seat Cleopolis is red. 1617 FLETCHER
Valentinian III. i, Good men [will] raze thee For ever being
read again, but vicious.
II. Intransitive or absolute nses.
* In senses corresponding to 5-10 above.
15. To apprehend mentally the meaning of written
or other characters ; to be engaged in doing this ;
to be occupied in perusing a book, etc. Also with
advbs. as away, on.
£950 Lindisf. Gosp. Mark xiii. 14 Se5e redes oncnauacS
\c looo Onjyte se be rset]. a 1225 A ncr. R. 286 Ofte, leoue
sustren, 30 schulen vren lesse uorte reden more, c 1320 Cast.
LoT\J£2t,t Clerkes bat conne reden. c 1386 CHAUCER Wife's
Proh 791 Sodeynly three leves have I plight Out of his
book, right as he radde. 1483 CAXTON Cato A ij b, He
that redeth and no thynge understondeth. 1598 SHAKS.
Merry W. II. i. 54 Heere ; read, read : perceiue how I
might bee knighted. 1671 MILTON P. R. iv. 322 Who
reads Incessantly, . . Uncertain and unsettl'd still remains.
1757 MRS. GRIFFITH Lett. Henry fy Frances (1767) I. p. vi,
I used to take out a parcel from this collection.. and so
read away. 1794 MRS. RADCLIFFE Myst. Udolpho i, How
often have I sat with my book in my hand, reading. 1865
MILL in Evening Star 10 July, Those persons who quoted
this passage were not candid enough to read on. 1887
Miss BRADDON Like /r Unlike i, She had read and thought
much in those years.
b. Coupled with write, usually with reference to
education or instruction.
BEAD.
1490 CAXTON Eneydos xxii. 84 Cadynus inventour of the
first lettres lerned the folke to rede and to write. 1567
Gude Sf Godlie B. (S.T.S.) 196 Preistis, reid and wryte,
And jour fals Cannowne law lat Ije. 1796 H. HUNTER tr.
St. Pierre's Stud. Nat. (1799) III- J54i I applied myself
night and day to the means of learning how to read and
write. 1842 J. AITON Domest. Eton. (1857) 317 An English
nursery governess, . . to learn them to read and write.
C. To occupy oneself seriously with reading, esp.
with a view to examination ; to study. Also to read
up, to collect information by reading.
1826 DISRAELI Viv. Grey i. vi, Vivian, .promised, pro-
tested, and finally sat down 'to read'. 1847 TENNYSON
1889 Harper's Mag. Jan. 209/2 Men should, .be compelled
to ' read up ' on questions of the time.
16. a. To read on : to look on and read. Now
rare or Obs.
c 1200 Vices 9r Virtues 141 panne we on boke radeS, Sanne
spekeS godd wiS us. a msAncr. R. 430 O bisse boc rede3
eueriche deie hwon je beoS else, a 1300 Floriz «/ Bl. 578
AIni;t heo set at hire boke And hab J>eron irad and loke.
c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints \. (Petcr)Ti\ Angelis. .brochtfracriste
to hym a buk, and all be wordis petir one rad. (11450
A rthurdys He bat wolle more loke, Reed on be frensche boke.
\a 1550 Freiris Bervvik 352 in Dunbar's Poems (1893) 297
Quhylis stil) he salt in studeing, And vthir quhylis vpoun
his buk reding. 1642 MILTON Apol. Smect. Wks. 1738 I.
108 To take them nightly to read on and after make them
his pillow. 1764 REID Inquiry vi. § 16 Before the other
eye was placed a printed Dook, at such a distance as that
he could read upon it.
b. Similarly, to read in. Novtrare. Also transf.
c 1470 HENRY Wallace vii. 902 As witnes weill in to the
schort tretty Eftir the Bruce, quha redis in that story.
1485 CAXTON Malory's Arthur Pref. 3 Al noble lordes and
ladyes-.that shal see and rede in this sayd book. 1530
TINDALE Prol. Deiileron. Wks. 21/2 This is a booke worthy
to be read in, daye and night. 1593 SHAKS. Rich. If, iv. i.
276 Giue me that Glasse, and therein will I reade. 1820
SOUTHEY Wesley (ed. 2) II. 140 Neither had he read in
any devotional book.
c. fig. in phrases. ^To read on one side of the
leaf: to regard or apprehend only one side of the
question. To read between the lines (see LINE
sb* 23 a).
1456 SiRG. HAYE Law Amis (S. T. S.) 218 Syndry folk
redis apon a syde of the lef and nocht on the tothir. 1866,
1880 [see LINE sl>2 23 a.] 1886 Manch. Exam. 19 Jan. 5/4
People who have not the shrewdness to read a little between
the lines.. are grievously misled.
fd. To read right: to have or take a correct
view ; to be right in one's ideas or expectations. Obs.
Perh. originally related to senses i and 2.
c 1410 Anturs of Arth. 525, I shal rewarde be bi route, if
I cone rede righte. 1508 DUNBAR Gold. Targe 255 O reue-
rend Chaucere, . . quho redis rycht, Thou beris of makaris
the tryumph riall. 01585 MONTGOMERIE Cherrie <fr Sloe
1191 Gif je reid richt, it was not I.
17. To find mention or record of something by, or
in the course of, reading.
\c IOOOJ'ELFRIC Horn. II. 394 We raedaS be sumon wife, be
waes twelf gear geuntrumod.] a 1225 A ncr. R. 24^ pe ooer
deouel bet me redeS of bet he gredde lude to Semte Bar-
tholomeu. ci^ooApol. Loll. 3ipeiweredekunis, ..as Steuyn,
& silk ober j>at is redd of in apostlis dedis. 1559 W. CUN-
NINGHAM Cosmogr. Glasse 80 -Places towarde the south
coast, of which neither 1 have heard of any credible person,
nor yet red. 1595 SHAKS. John ill. iv. 13 Who hath read,
or heard Of any kindred action like to this ? c 1645 HOWELL
Lett. I. v. xxxvii, I have read of Caligula's Horse, that was
made Consul. 1789 COWPER Annus Mem. 3, I read of
bright embattled fields. 1850 TENNYSON In Mem. xcv,
I read Of that glad year which once had been.
ellipt. 1611 SHAKS. Wint. T. i. ii. 424 Worse then the
great'st Infection That ere was beard, or read.
18. a. To bear reading ; to be readable.
1668 SHADWELL Sullen Lovers in, 'Tis a play that shall
read and act with any play that ever was born. 1727 DE
FOE Hist. Appar. (1840) 340 The book will read without it.
b. To turn out (well or ill), or have a specified
character, when read ; to produce a certain im-
pression on the reader.
1731 Gentl. Mag. I. 21 Thy comedies excell .. And read
politely well. 1789 T. TWINING Aristotle's Treat. Poetry
(1812) 1. 254 Whose productions, .read better than they act.
1805 W. TAYLOR in Ann. Rev. III. 231 This pamphlet is so
pious as to read more like a sermon than a political address.
1828 Examiner 84/2 Nothing can read more free and easy
than his present translation. 1878 Bosw. SMITH Carthage
371 The joke does not read to us like a very good one.
transf. 1863 JULIA KAVANAGH Eng. Worn. Letters vii. I.
187 There are lives that read like one long sorrow.
c. To admit of interpretation.
1866 J. MARTINEAU Ess. I. 28 This rule reads both ways.
** In senses corresponding to 1 1-14 above.
10. To render or give forth in speech the words
one is reading (in sense 5). Const, to (a person),
from or out of (a book, etc. ; t formerly of, in, on),
and with advbs. as away, on, out.
cgyi Lindisf. Gosp. Luke iv. 16 [He] aras to rtdanne.
c 1200 ORMIN 17286 Ejjwhaer bxr mann radebb be Off halij
wite-)hunnge. c 1315 SHOEEHAM I. 1306 He toke ysaies bok
Ine be synagoge, and radde. 1382 WYCLIF Nek. viii. 8 And
thei radden in the boc of the lawe distinctli and apertli.
— Jer. xxxvi. 6 Go in therfore thou, and rede of the volum,
..herende the puple. ^1440 York Myst. xx. 144 Late se,
sirs, in youre sawes Howe right bat 3e can rede. 1556
Chron. Gr. Friars (Camden) 56 Cardmsiker, that rede in
Powlles iij. tymes a weke. 1591 SHAKS. Two Gent. III. i.
329 That fault may be mended with a breakfast : read on.
1835 PAGITT Chrhtianogr. 30 Comming on a Sunday into
READ.
one of their Congregations . . he found one sitting in the
midst of them, . . reading on a Bible in the Chaldean tongue.
1718 Freethinker No. 7 (1733) I. 30 The Bridegroom ..
deposited one Moiety ; and the Doctor read away. 1787
BURNS Tarn Samson's Llegy i, Has . . Robinson again
grown weel, To preach an' read? 1844 LADY FULLEKTON
E. Middle ton vi, Sir Edmund and Henry alternately read
out loud to us. 1879 M. PATTISON Milton 150 Then he
went up to his study to be read to till six.
fb. Coupled with sing, in ref. to church-
services. Obs.
c 1250 Hymn to God\ in Trin. Coll. Horn. App. 258 Hit
bilimped forte speke to reden & to singe Of him. 1303 R.
BRUNNE Itandl, Synne 8018 Whyle y haue jow prestes bre
pat me mow rede ande synge. r 1420 Anturs of Arth. 704
Dame Gaynour garte besly wryte in to be weste, To all
manere of relygeous, to rede and to synge. 1500-20 DUNBAH
Poems x, 29 All clergy do to him inclyne, . . Ensence his
altar, reid, and sing In haly kirk.
c. To read in — 13 a.
i8a8 I. H. NEWMAN/.*//. (1891) 1. 180, I read in— Le. read
the Thirty-nine Articles. 1863 CRIPPS Law Church fy
Clergy (1886) 481 marg.t Certificate of reading in should be
obtained.
d. Sc* Of a minister : To read sermons, instead
of preaching extempore or from memory.
1781 Reading not preaching n. 6 To read, and not preach,
is to deny the Spirit his office. 1888 BARRIE Attld Lie/it
Idylls iii, To follow a pastor who ' read ' seemed to the Auld
Lichts like claiming heaven on false pretences.
f 20. To give instruction by means of reading
aloud ; to lecture or discourse upon a subject. Obs.
c 1*90 S. Eng. Leg. I. 446/521 3if I»u me drifst out of bi
lond . . Ich can rede at parys . . And bare-with winne me mete
i-nov}. 1576 FLEMING Panopl. Epist. 341 In that College
it was his happie lucke, to reade in the open schooles in
Latine. 1596 SHAKS. i Hen. IVt IIL i. 46 Where is the
Liuing. .Which calls me Pupill, or hath read to me. 1618
G. STRODE Anat. Mortalitte i The Statute which I haue
chosen to reade vpon. a 1625 FLETCHER Elder Brother iv.
iii, I shall dissect ye, And read upon your phlegmatic dull
carcasses. 1691-* WOOD Life 6 Jan. (O. H.S.) Ill, The
Master of Pembroke College suffers him to read to Scholars
of his house. 1700 COLLIER znd Def. Short View (1738)
434 To read upon a putrified Carcass, and shew Nature,
to the Affront of Religion.
t 21. To rehearse, speak or tell of. Obs.
a 1300 Cursor M, 4327 Sua did bis wijf, i yow of redd, Sco
folud ioseph at bar he fledd. «•; 1330 R. BRUNNE Chron.
Wace (Rolls) 10598 He wrot his dedes . . & blamed bobe
Gyldas & Bede Why bey wotde nought of hym rede. 1375
BARBOUR tirttce x. 276, I think of hym to reid And till
schaw part of his gud deid, f 14*5 WYNTOUN Cron. 11. x.
heading^ Or I forthere nowe precede, Of the Genealogi will
I rede. 1570 Henry's Wallace vi. 72 Heirof as now,
I will na mair proceid. .Of vther. thing mypurpois is to reid.
Bead (red),///, a. [f. READ v.]
1. That is read, esp. that is read out (in contrast
to being expressed spontaneously or repeated from
memory). Read line (Sc.) : see LINE $b2 23 e.
1590 G. GVPFORD Plain Dcclar. Title-p., A Replie to
Master Greenwood touching read prayer. 1642 S. RUTHER-
FURD Peaceable Plea 326 None by any Act of our Church. .
is obliged to a stinted or read prayer. 1781 Reading not
preaching n. 9 Your read papers is a lame service. 1901
Westm. Gaz. 10 Dec. n/i The trouble of attending the
meeting to hear a read speech. 1901 LAWSON Rcmin.
Dollar Acad. 122, 1 have still a recollection of the read line
being sung in that congregation.
2. In predicative use : Experienced, versed, or
informed in a subject by reading.
Used simply and with adverbs (see also WELL READ).
1586 A. DAY Eng. Secretary n. (1625) 12^ He ought .. to
be well languaged, to be sufficiently read in Histories and
Antiquities. 1631 MASSINGER Emperor East nr. iv, You
are read in story : call to your remembrance [etc.]. 1682
DRYDEN Relig. Laid Pref., Wks. (Globe) 187 Every man
who is read m Church history. 1707 PRIOR Epil. to Phaedra.
3AnOxford Man,extreamlyread in Greek. 1745) FIELDING
Tom Jones m. iii, He was deeply read in the ancients. 1857
EccUsiologist ^ XVIII. 208 Chaucer, who was evidently
quite as read in the Latin classics, as a well-educated person
would be in the present day. 1897 Pall Mall Mag. Feb.
189 A man.., who was read in four Eastern languages.
3. (Chiefly predicative.) Informed by reading,
acquainted with books or literature, learned.
Now only with adverbs (esp. WELL-READ).
1588 SHAKS, Tit. A. iv. i. 33 Thou art deeper read and
better skild. 1607 TOURNEUR Rev. Trag. v. iii, You are
read, my Lords. 1650 B. Discollimininm 43 If any read
Gentleman or Divine will assoile these doubts, I shall be
very much beholding to him. 1676 ETHEREDGK Matt of
Mode i. i, Shootn. Why shou'd not you Write your own
Commentaries as well as Cffisar? Med. The Raskal's read,
I perceive, 1709 POPE Ess. Crit. 612 The bookful block-
head, ignorantly read, With loads of learned lumber in his
head. 1824 JKFFERSON Writ. (1830) IV. 398, 1 might defy
the best read lawyer to produce another scrap of authority
for this judiciary forgery.
Read, obs. f. RED a., var. REDE so.y obs. f. REED.
Readability, [f. next.] Readableness.
1860 TKOLLOPE Castle Richmond I. 3 The readability of a
story should depend .. on its intrinsic merit rather than on
the site of its adventures. 1886 Spectator 6 Feb. 205/1
Readability is the characteristic of his literary work.
Readable (rrdab'l), a. (and sb.) [f, READ z».]
1. Capable of being read, legible.
1570 LEVINS Manip. 114 Both readable, and legible, signifie
195
Usually of literary work: Easy or pleasant to read, [
agreeable or attractive in style.
1826 DISRAELI l^'iv. Grey n. ii, Doubled up the sheet into j
a convenient readable form. 1832 MARKYAT N. Forster\t I
The second and third volumes are by far the most readable.
1895 J. H. ROUND in Bookman Oct. 25/2 This history. .is. . !
a straightforward, readable narrative.
b. As j£. in//. Readable works.
1864 Realm 9 Mar. 8 Though the ingenuity of the story
permits us to class this book among the readables.
3. Admitting of reading. rare~l,
1819 M^CRIE Melville I. iv. 217 The provost was bound to
read lessons in Theology once a week— and the bachelor
every readable day.
4. Enabling, making it possible, to read.
1859 H. T. ELLIS Hong Kong to Manilla 39 Only suffi-
ciently transparent to admit what might be called a read-
able amount of light.
Hence Rea dableness, the quality of being read-
;i tile or legible.
1844 S. R. MAITLAND Dark Ages 69 The correctness and i
readableness of our own edition of a father or a classic.
1861 SMILES Engineers Pref. 10 The interest and readable-
ness of such narratives being often in an inverse ratio to ,
their length. 1883 J. MILLINGTON Are we to read back- '
ivardsl 48 Important factors, .in the readableness of print.
Reada'pt, v . [RE- 5 a.] trans. To adapt anew. ;
1843 HOLTZAFFFEL Turning II. 663 To re-adapt it [the.
nut] to the lessened size of the screw. 1858 CARLYLE Fredk.
Gt. i. i. (1872) 1. 14 To readapt, in a purified state, the old eras, <
So Beadaptabi-lity ; Readapta'tion; Reacla p-
tive a. ; Beada'ptiveuess.
1859 STOPFORD Work * Counterwork 29 This is but a re- !
adaptation . . of the first faculty of reasoning. 1875 WHITNEY
Life Lang. viii. 144 The adaptations and readaptations of
articulate signs. 1889 Pall MallG. 5 Jan. 3/3 The prodigal
fund of ever fresh and readaptive humour. 1894 Forum
(U.S.) Aug. 672 Evidence of their readaptability to society.
Ibid, 673 Anti-social perversity or social readaptiveness.
Readdre'ss, v. [RE- 5 a.]
1. re/I. To address (oneself) anew.
1611 SPEED Hist. Gt. Brit. ix. v. § 16. 471 King Stephen
re-addressed himselfe for the North, to prosecute that which
Thurstan had begunne. 1657 BOYLE Martyrd. Theodora
vii. (1703) 102 Didymus .. readdressed himself to her.
2.. trans. To put a new address on (a letter, etc.).
Hence Readdressing vbl. sb.
1884 Daily News 23 Oct. 2/1 The female staff to which
the re-addressing is entrusted. 1889 Ibid. 3 Oct. 5/2 Why
a letter from abroad should be readdressed in England
without extra charge.
Reade.obs. f. RED a. Readeliche, var. REDELY
adv. Reticle 11, obs. f. REEDEN.
t Reade'pt, v. Obs. [See RE- 5 a and ADEPT
a.y ADEPTED///. a."] trans. To recover.
a 1548 HALL Chron,, Edw. IP (1809) 285 King Henry the
VI thus readepted. .his Crowne and digmtie Royall. Ibid,
291 The which Ducliie if he might by their meanes readept
and recover [etc.], 1577-^7 HOLINSHKU Chron. III. 869/1
In the said yeare . . in which Henrie the sixt readepted the
crowne of England.
So t Reade 'ption, recovery. Obs.
1471 m Rymer Foedera (1710) XI. 693 Of the Readeption ;
of our Roiat Powerr the Furst Yere. 1750 CARTE Hist. \
£"£• H. 798 Upon her husband's re-adeption of the Crown, i
Reader (r/'dsj). Forms: I r&dere, 3-6 re- |
dar(e, 4-6 reder(e, (6 Sc. reidar, ridar, reider),
5- reader, [f. READ v, + -EK 1.]
1. An expounder, interpreter (of dreams, etc.).
fiiioo O. E. Glosses (Napier) i. ^igzAphitoftibust'wicc\\.Tnt
fram raederum. c 1440 Promp. Parv. 426/2 Redare, or ex-
pownder of thyngys hard to vndyrstonde. .interpretator.
2. One who reads or peruses.
c va&Byrhtfertlfs Handboe in Anglia. VIII. 308 f>e bus
ys awriten on bam bocfelle, jemun 6u la radere [etc.].
a 1300 Cursor M, 26502 Vnderstand me wel, bou reder, quat
birthyn mai (>is wordes here. 1423 JAS. I Kingis Q. cxciv,
Pray the reder to haue pacience Of thy defaute. 61425
Hampoles Psalter Metr. Pref. 13 In bis boke is muche
vertu, to reders wib deuocyown. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de
W. 1531) i b, I trust it shall not be tedyous to the reders.
x6ix BIBLE Transl. Pref.*\\ Truly (good Christian Reader)
wee neuer thought . . that we should neede to make a new
Translation. 170* ADDISON Dial. Medals \. Wks. 1721 I. 449
All kinds of Readers find their Account in the old Poets.
i784CowpKK Task 11. 581 My very gentle reader yet unborn.
1856 MRS. BROWNING Aur. Leigh in. 319, 1 wrote tales beside
. . To suit light readers. 1882 A. W. WARD Dickens L 4 He
was no great reader in the days of his authorship.
will help the owner of a stray beast to get him, if his brand
is readable.
2. Capable of being read with pleasure or interest.
fiehittd Closed Doors iii, If I am any reader of countenances.
b. A proof-reader.
1808 STOWER Printers' Grammar 387 A careful and steady
Reader must be indispensable in every printing-office. x88r
J. SOUTHWARD Pract. Printing (1884) 144 All correction!
made by the reader are called ' marks' or readers' majr^"-
c. One employed by a publisher to read tforks
offered for publication and to report on their merits.
1871 in RINGWALT Amer. Encycl. Printing.
3. One who reads aloud; esp. one who is ap-
pointed to read to others, and spec, one who reads
the lessons or other parts of the service in a place
of worship.
In the Roman Catholic Church the office of reader is the
second of the minor orders (see I.ECTOK). After the Re-
formation, lay readers were appointed in the Churches of |
England and Scotland to read the lessons and perform some ,
minor functions in parishes which had no regular incumbent !
or minister. Ill Scotland further appointments to the office .
were forbidden by an Act of the General Assembly m 1581 J |
READILY.
in England it remained in use till a much later period, and
was partly revived in 1866.
£961 ^KTHELWOLD Rule St. Benet xxxviii. (Schroer 1885)
62 f>aet nanes mannes stefn . . fcehyred ne Sy( butan baes
raederes anes. 10. .Laws Mtfnc in Thorpe Laws II. 346
Lector is raedere, be raed on Godes cyrcan, and bi5 bitrio
xehadod baet he bodije Godes word, c 1*90 S. Eng. Lee.
I. 137/1070 pis word bat ore louerd het is redare bi-fore him
radde. c 1315 SHOKEHAM i. 1291 Ine be aide la^e be redere
Rede be prophessye By wokke ; So schulle J>e rederes now
Hyrede. 1382 Wvc LIP i Esdras viii. 9 Esdras, prest, and
redere of the lawe of the Lord. 1560-1 First Bk. Dticipl.
Ch. Scot. iv. in Knox's Wks. (1848) II. 196 In process of
tyme he that is but ane Readar may atteane to the further
degree, and. .may be permittit to minister the sacramentis.
1585 J. CARMICHAEL Let. in Wodr. Sac. Misc. (1844) 436
The readers are made ministers, and . . every man hath
gotten four kirks. 1661 PEFYS Diary 22 Dec., To Church
in the morning, where the Reader made a boyish young
sermon. 1733 [?WORSLEY] Obstrv. Const. Middle Temple
(i8<j6) 180 The Reader whose buisiness it is to read prayers
twice every day. 1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) XVI. 18/2 The
reader must be supposed, .actually to personate the author.
1842 BRANDE Diet. Sci.t etc. s.v., There are . . readers (priests)
attached to various eleemosynary and other foundations.
1873 PHILLIMORE Eccl. Law (ed. 2) I. 451 Recently lay
readers have been appointed by bishops in several dioceses
to officiate with consent of the incumbent.
4. One who reads (and expounds) to pupils or
students; a teacher, lecturer; spec, in some Uni-
versities as the title of certain instructors.
1519 HORMAN Vulg. viii. 88 b, He hath founded a reder in
greke for a C. ducat tes a yere. 1536 Act 28 Hen. 1/111, c. 13
§ 2 Reders of diuini tie in the comon scholes of diuinitie. 1567
BUCHANAN Wks. (S. T. S.) n Ane Reidar in Medicine. 1630
R. Johnson's Kingd. fy Commix. 50 Let his Lecture consist,
more in questions and answers, . . .than in the Readers con-
tinued speech. 1667 Decay Chr. Piety xv'\. ^4 Have any of
our idolized readers bought their interest in us so dear as
Christ has done. 1703 T. N. CityfyC. Purchaser 91 Dr. Hook,
Reader of Geometry in Gresham-col ledge. 1846 MeCuLLOCH
Ace. Brit. Enif ire (1854) 1 1. 359 The University of Durham.,
consists of a warden, professors, tutors, readers, and lecturers.
1881 Stat. Univ. Oxf. (1882) 65 tA Reader in Roman Law
shall be appointed from time to time.
b. In the Inns of Court, a lecturer on law.
(Now only as the title of an honorary office.)
On the nature of the office of reader in the various Inns
see Encycl. Brit. (1881) XIII. 88/2, Douthwaite Grays Inn
(1886) 36, Worsley (?) Observ. Const. Middle Temple (repr.
1896) 57, Black Books of Lincoln's Inn (1897) III. p. xiv.
1517 Black Bks. Lincoln's Inn (1897) I. 182 Who so
bryngith any repaster to the Redai's denar or sopar, except
the Redar or any of the Benche, schall pay for the Repast,
xij</. 1569 Nottingham Kec. IV. 133 Maister Recorder,
then beyng Reder of Grey's Inne. a 1613 OVERBURY A
Wife, etc. (1638) 121 He arrogates as much honour for being
Reader to an Inne of Chancery. 1664-5 PEPVS Diary (1879)
III. 124 Mrs. Turner. .takes it mightily ill I did not come
to dine with the Reader, her husband. 1733 [? WORSLEY]
Observ. Const. Middle '1 'em fie (1896) 57 From the Benchers
are chosen Readers who us'd to read law twice in the year,
viz* : in the Lent, and Long Vacations.
5. Used as a title for books containing passages
for instruction or exercise in reading.
1799 (title) The English Reader ; or Pieces in Prose and
Poetry selected from the best writers, .by L. Murray. 1869
(title) The advanced reader: Lessons in literature and
science. 1876 H. SWEET (title) An Anglo-Saxon Reader ;
in Prose and Verse,
6. a. Thieves'1 cant. A pocket-book.
a. 1790 in POTTER New Diet. Cant. 1819 J. H. VAUX Mem.
I. xii. 140 He had that day turned out three readers, but
without finding a shilling in either of them. 1834 H. AINS-
WORTH Roofewood HI. v. (1878) 200 None [could] knap a
reader like me.
b. Gambling slang. A marked card.
1894 MASKELYNE Sharps <y Flats 27 Whatever method of
marking may be adopted in the preparation of ' faked ' cards
or 'readers'.
Hence Rea deress, a female reader.
1864 Realm 16 Mar. 4 He paid only a just tribute to
readeresses at the expense of readers.
Readership (rf-dajfip). [f. READER + -SHIP.]
1. The office of a reader (chiefly in sense 4).
1719 SWIFT To Yng. Clergyman Wks. 1755 II. u. z They
. . first sollicit a readership, and . . arrive in time to a curacy.
1840 Act 3 «fr 4 Viet. c. 86 § 2 The Term 'Preferment ..
shall be construed to comprehend every Curacy, Lecture-
ship, Readership [etc.]. 1883 tgt/i Cent. May 833 A step in
the ladder of promotion, first to a readership and ultimately
to a professorship.
2. As a title: The personality of a reader.
1771 P. PARSONS Newmarket II. 186 An expectation which
your readership cannot suppose I should, .entertain. iSao
Blackw. Aftff.Vll. 477, I trust, O gentle reader,., that your
readership will not [etc.].
Readesmon, obs. form of REEESMAN.
Readfoll, -full, variants of KEIMSFUL.
Re-adlie*re, v. [RE- 5 a.] intr. To adhere
again. So Be-adhe'Sion.
1813 T. THOMSON Lect. Inflam, 235 A tooth replaced in
this manner not unfrequently re-adheres, c 1865 J. WYLDE
in Circ. Sc. I. 4 The slightest film on the surfaces . . will
prevent their re-adhesion.
Rea-died,///. a. [f. READY z>.] Made ready.
a 1773 R. FEKGUSON Partner's Ingle* The readied kail
stands by the chimley chuck*.
Readily (re-dili), ado. Forms: 4-6 redily,
(4 redyli), 5-6 (7) redyly, (5 reddyly), 6 Sc.
radilie, 5- readily, [f. READY a. + -LY *. In
early use sometimes difficult to distinguish from
KKIULY adv. Formerly compared readilier^ -liest
(i6-i7thc.).] In a ready manner.
BEADINESS.
1. Promptly, in respect of the voluntariness of
the action; hence, with alacrity or willingness;
willingly, cheerfully.
c 13*0 Sir Tristr. 61 1 He. .rcdily ;af him sa Of wel gode
mone. Ibid, 1523 pis tale he hi gan And redyli gan to say.
to come to me soo reddyly. 1538 STARKEY England \. ii. 48
That they promptely and redyly may don that thyng wych
ys requyryd. 1581 MULCASTER Positions xxxvii. (1887) 165
To whonythe patrones would rediiiest yield. 1626 GOUGE
Serm. Dignity Chivalry § 9 Such as . . offer themselves
readily and chearefully to this honourable service. 1658
EARL MONM. tr. 1'aruta's Wars Cyprus 98 Who shal con-
tribute most, and readiliest, to the service of this his Country.
'777.Mlss BURNEY Evelina xxvii, I accepted the offer very
readily, and away we went. 1875 JOWETT Plato (ed. 2) I.
115 Hippocrates readily adopts the suggestion of Socrates.
2. Promptly, in respect of the time of action ;
quickly, without delay; also, without difficulty,
with ease or facility.
1390 GOWER Con/. II. 137 This god, which herde of his
grevance, . . bad him go forth redily Unto a flod was faste
by. IS2« Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. rs3i) 123 b, The more
promptly or redily it discerneth & sheweth, what thynges
we ought to byleue. 1585 T. WASHINGTON tr. Nicholay's
Voy. Ep. Ded., To speake their language redily. 1631
J. DONE Polydoron 174 He sent his Sonne in Mans owne
'gure, to bee the Readilier Cogitated by Man. 1683 Brit.
~j.^, T> C _ 'nL- 1:1: _»• - f . »T . .1
K
Spec. Pref. o The readilier to stir up against him the
Animosity of the people. 1766 GOLDSM. Vic. W. iii, Her
gratitude may be more readily imagined than described.
1846 J. E. RVLAND Life Foster II. 101 An allusion will
readily be understood. 1873 HALE In Hit Name vi. 47 He
did not mean to be readily overtaken.
b. Sc. As may easily happen ; probably.
1*43 R. BAILLIE Lett. 4- Jrnls. (1841) II. 71 Rcadilie it
may cost him more time. 1883 ANNIE S. SWAN Aldersyde
i. il, Sandy Riddell wull hae been here the day readily?
•\'A. In a state of readiness. Obs. rare—1.
1:1400 MAUNDEV. (Roxb.) xxv. 118 J>ai schall fynd before
ham redily puruayd all maner of thinges bat er necessary.
Readiness (re-dines). Also 4-6 redy-, redi-,
(6 reddi-, Sc. radi-, 7 readdi-), 6-7 ready-, [f.
READY a. + -NESS. In early use not easily distin-
guished from REDINESS.] The quality, state or
condition of being ready.
1. Promptness in voluntary action ; prompt com-
pliance, willingness, etc.
£1400 Bcryn 3088 He gan to tell his tale with grete
redynes. 1509 FISHER Funeral Serm. Wks. (1876) 301 Con.
syderynge the redyness of mercy and pyte in our sauyour
Ihesu. 1550 CROWLEY Last Trumpet 214 Refuse nothing
that must be done, but do it wyth al redines. 1631 GOUGE
Gods Arrows in. § 50. 278 That readinesse and forward-
nesse that is in God to succour and support us. 173*
LEDIARD Sethos II. vin. 206 The women.. spoke less, but
with greater readiness than the men. 1821 SCOTT 13 Sept.
in Fain. Lett. (1894) II. xviii. 155 The readiness of all the
country to take arms was very singular. 1875 JOWETT
Plato (ed. 2) V. 291 There is no great inclination or readi-
ness on the part of mankind to be made as good . as
possible.
2. The quality of being prompt or quick in action,
performance, expression, etc.
1300 COWER Con/. II. 80 Theworldesredinesselnbodibothe
and in corage. 1530 PALSGR. 261/2 Redynesse in doyng of
a thyng, practique. 1576 FLEMING Panopl. Epist. 401
Beeing too too curious in imitations, [he] marreth the readi-
nesse of his naturall inuention. 1615 W. LAWSON Country
Housew. Gard. (1626) 27 Let your grafie haue three or foure
eyes, for readinesse to put forth. 1718 Freethinker No. 72.
119 The Readiness and Faithfulness of the Memory is
likewise, very wonderful. 1743 FIELDING J. Andrews 11. x,
This fellow . . had a readiness at improving any accident.
1863 GEO. ELIOT Roinola xxii, His readiness in the French
tongue, which he had spoken in his early youth.
b. The quickness or facility with which some-
thing is done.
»S8s T. WASHINGTON tr. Nicholay's Voy. \. ix. 12 (He]
caused with a marueilous readinesse a forte to be made.
1662 Bk. Com. Prayer, Communion, That he may with the
more readiness and decency break the bread. 1781 COWPER
Expost. 312 Thou canst not read with readiness and ease
Providence adverse in events like these ? 1805 Med. Jrnl.
XIV. 247 The readiness with which the finger passed.. is
not to be conceived but by those who had an opportunity of
examining.
3. A state of preparation : f a.- "With indef. article,
in phr. in (rarely on, into) a readiness. (Common in
i6-i7th c., after to be, get, have, put, set, etc.) 06s.
1511 GUYLPORDE Pilgr. (Camden)7 Alwaye in a redynesse
to set forth whan they woll. 1513 LD. BERNERS Froiss.
I. cclxxix. 419 The erle of Armynahe and the lorde Dalbre,
..made their people to be on a redynesse to kepe and
defende their countreis. 1605 VERSTEGAN Dec. Intel!, vi.
(1628) 175 Caused his shipping to bee made in a readiness
at S. Valeries. 1647 MAY Hist. Part. m. i. 14 That the
Trayned Bands . . should be put into a readinesse. 1713
BLACKMORE Hist. Conspir. agst. K. William 56 Captain
Counter . . said, they must be sure to be all in a readiness
the next Morning.
b. So without article, in phr. in readiness.
'54' Act 33 Hen. VIII, c. 12 § 12 The yoman of the
chaundne.. shall.. haue in rediness seared clothes, sufficient
for the surgeon. 1611 WOODALL Surf. Mate Pref., Wks.
(1653) 19 Such necessaries as by the ship Barbers are fit
to be had in readinesse. 1644 VICAKS God in Mount 186
That the trained-bands in and about London might be put
in readinesse. 1716 Adi'. Capt. K. Boyle 60 She would wait
with some Impatience, .and any Hour should find her in
Readiness. 1820 KEATS Isabel, xxiv, He went in haste, to
get in readiness. 1868 E. EDWARDS Ralegh\. XXVL 654 He
196
sent orders that she [the ship] should continue to lie in
readiness for another night or two.
4. The condition or fact of being ready or fully
prepared, rare.
1548 THOMAS Ital. Diet., Concio, the dressyng, redinesse,
or arraie. 1565 Reg. Privy Council Scot. I. 399 Anent the
reddines of his hous at the King and Quenis Majesteis
commandiment. 1611 BRINSLEY Pos. Parts (»669) 39 Is not
a perfect readiness in the Verb Sum, as necessary as in any
other of the Verbs? yes, and more also. 1638 BAILLIE Lett.
$ Jrnls. (i860 I. 200 We heard nought hot of all England's
arming, at least of the readyness of six or seven thousand
great horse.
1 5. A thing or arrangement ready for use ; ready
use, convenience. Obs. rare.
1513 FITZHERB. Sun. xxiii.42Thewhiche shall be a great
redynesse many yeres hereafter, c 1591 in Lett. Lit. Men
(Camden) 77 Out of w«* booke for your Lordship's readines
there is hereunto noted certen places offensive.
t Eea-ding, sb. Obs. rare. (See quot. 1688.)
1580 Lane, ll'ills III. 36 Two payre of sheetes, th' one
payre of canvas, th' other of redinge. 1688 R. HOLME
Armoury in. 107/1 Readings is a course sort of Cloth.
Beading (rrdirj), vol. so. [f. READ v. + -ING'.]
1. The action of perusingwritten or printed matter;
the practice of occupying oneself in this way. Also
with up, off.
•ctyjK.. ALFRED Gregory's Past. C. xxii. 169 Donne ic
cume, Sonne beo ouabisgad ymbe rzdinge. ti 1115 Alter. R.
44 Redinge of Englichs, ooer of Freinchs, holi meditaciuns.
Ibid. 286 Redunge is god bone. Redunge techeS hu &
hwat me schal bidden, c 1460 Emare 550 As he stode yn
redyng, Downe he fell yn sowenyng. 1534 STARKEY Let.
to Cromtuell in England (1878) p. ix, To trowbull you wyth
the redyng of thys scrole. 1656 EAKL MONM. tr. Boccalinfs
Advts. fr. Parnass. n. xiv. (1674) 154 Politick Salt, which
makes the Reading of History very delightful. 1710 STEELE
Taller No. 147 r i Reading is to the Mind, what Exercise
is to the Body. 13171 Junitts Lett, xlvii. 248 In the course
of my reading this morning I met with the following
passage. 1844 I. T. HEWLETT Parsons n, W. xiii, A little
reading-up woufd, he feft assured, qualify him for matricula-
tion. 1804 BURN, etc. Steam Eng. User 55 The forms and
the Reading off of Indicator Diagrams or Figures.
b. The extent to which one reads or has read ;
literary knowledge, scholarship, f Also pi.
'593 G. HARVEY Pierce's Super, in. 179 He is of no
reading in comparison, that doth not acknowledge euery
terme in those Letters to be autenticall English. 01700
DRYDEN Poems (1822) I. 256 His knowledge more, his
reading only less, c 1700 G. GREY Life M. Robinson (ed.
Mayor)! 25 He that had his writings had cause to question
his great readings. 17*4 SWIFT Riddle, Without my aid
. . The scholar could not shew his reading. 1797 Monthly
Mae. III. 93/2 That information which a man of some
reading might, with ease, have imparted. 1865 M. ARNOLD
Ess. Crit. i. (1875) 9 Shelley had plenty of reading ; Cole-
ridge had immense reading.
c. Ability to read ; the art of reading.
Reading- made easy : the title of various reading-books
for children formerly in use. Still freq. in dial., usually in
form readimatieasy (see Eng. Dial. Diet.).
1599 SHAKS. Mitch Ado in. iii, 20 For your writing and
reading, let that appeare when there is no neede of such
vanity. 1810 CRABBE Borough xxiv, Reading made easy,
so the titles tell. 1817 SCOTT Chron. Canongate Ser. L iv,
A very responsible youth . . gied them lessons in Keedie-
madeasy. 1876 PREECE & SIVEWRIGHT Telegraphy 248 It . .
becomes a matter of the highest importance that every
telegraphist should thoroughly master acoustic reading.
d. A single or separate act or course of perusal ;
also Sc, — READ sb.
'757 KURD Remarks on Hume's Essay 5 The Remarks. .
are such as occurred to him on a single reading of the Essay.
1786 WASHINGTON Let. to Lafayette 10 May, Some petitions
.. could scarcely obtain a reading. 1845 J. WILSON Noct.
Amb. i. Wks. 1855 I. 9 The beuk must be a curious ane
indeed, and you must gie me a reading o't. 1864 TENNYSON
Aylmer's F. 553 Sir Aylmer watched them all, Yet bitterer
from his readings.
2. The action of uttering aloud the words of
written or printed matter. (Also with ref. to the
manner in which this is done.)
£961 1 ^THELWOLD Rule St. Bfnet xxxviii. (Schroer 1885)
62 jebroora jercorde act hyra mysum ne sceal beon butau
c7,. '•- reng? ° romance. 153 eg. p.
St. Androis 103 Neather with preiching nor w' reiding,
Tuke he that faythless flock in feiding. 1779 G. KEATE
Sketches fr. Nat. (ed. 2) II. 189 How frequently do we
meet w
r. 1878 R. .
DALE Led. Preach, viii. 228 It was genuine reading, not
dramatic recitation.
b. The delivery in this manner of a specified
portion of matter ; a single act or spell of this ;
also, the portion so read at one time.
£961 ^ETHELWOLD Rule St. Benet ix. (Schroer 1885) 33
Man breo raidinga rzde and bry rzpsas, and ealle pa ie-
brobra ba hwile sman. c 1000 ^LFRIC Horn. II. 384 Agus.
tmus us onwreah bissere raedinge andjit. 1:1175 Lamb.
Horn. 93 je iherden a lutel er on >isse redunge bat oe halie
gast [etc.], c laoo Trin. Coll. Horn. 163 On salmes, and on
songes, and on redinges. 1381 WYCLIF Acts xiii. 15 Aftir
the redinge of lawe and prophetis, the princes of the syna-
gogue senten to hem. 1490 in Somerset Medieval Wills
.
the more solemn times by select and proper readings. 1673
True Worship oj 'God 9 They had their weekly Readings of
the Law of Moses. 1860 ELLICOTT Life Our Lord iv. 158
The reading of the prophets was to begin, and the reading
READING.
of the season was from the old Evangelist Isaiah. 1864
Sharpe's London Mag. XXVI. 216 No reading should
. .last longer than ten minutes.
C. The formal recital of a bill (or some part of
it) before a legislative assembly.
1647 CLARENDON Hist. Reb. in. § 240 They called, .for the
bill . .' for the extirpation of episcopacy ', and gave it a second
reading. 1701-3 ATTERBURY Let. Misc. Wks. 1739 1. 164 The
Bill about repairing Churches was thrown out by the Lords
.. at the first reading. 1783 Hansard Part. Hist. (1814)
XXIII. 1224 That the Christmas recess should intervene
before the second reading. 1858 J. BRIGHT Sp. India 24
June, Opposing the second reading of this Bill.
d. Sc, The act of reading a portion of Scripture
to the members of a household, as a form of family
worship.
1814 NICHOLSON Poet. Wks. (1897) 67 (E. D. D.) Breakfast
done, and reading bye. 1889 BARKIE Window in Thrums
193 I'll sit up till the readin's ower.
6. A social or public entertainment at which the
audience listens to a reader. Cf. fenny reading.
1858 DICKENS Lett, n Sept. (1880) II. 71 After the reading
last night we walked . . to the railway. 1869 Nation (U.S.)
VI. 269/1 The intelligent classes in this country, who can
read themselves, have little occasion for public readings.
f. X coding in (see READ v. 13 a and 19 c).
1858 DALF. Clergynt. Legal Handbk. (ed. 7) 35 margin.
1891 WHITEHEAD Church Law (ed. 2) 2^1 The church-
wardens and some parishioners should certify that the read-
ing in has been duly performed.
t 3. The act of lecturing or commenting upon
some subject, esp. a law text ; also, the matter of
such lecture or comment, a commentary or gloss.
Reading of the Sentences : (see SENTENCE). Obs.
1517 Black Bks. Lincoln's Inn (1897) I. 183 All such as be
at the Bench and dwellyng in the town, schall come daily
to the redynges. 1581 LAMBARDE Eiren. Proheme (1588) i
The Office and Duetie of lustices of the Peace, after M.
Marrow (whose learned Reading in that behalfe . . is in
many hands to be scene). 1508 MANWOOD Latves Forest ii.
(1615) 28/2 Both Master Hesket and M. Treheme in their
reading of the lawes of the forest. 1656 EARL MONM. tr.
Boccalinfs Advts.fr. Parnass. I. xc. (1674) 121 The reading
of good discipline in a famous University. 1727-41 CHAMBERS
Cycl., Readings are also used for a sort of commentary or
gloss on a law text, passage, or the like, to shew the sense
an author takes it in.
fb. Instruction by a tutor. Obs. rare—1.
'630 R. Johnson's Kingd. <y Comtnvj. 54 Two Crownes a
moneth his Fencing, as much for Dancing, and no lesse for
his Reading.
4. The act of interpreting or expounding. rare~a.
c 1440 Promp. Parv. 427/1 Redynge, or expownynge of
j rydellys, or ofer privyteys . . interpret acio, edicio.
t 5. A or in reading : Being read. Obs.
'S3S COVERDALE i Mace. v. 14 Whyle these letters were
yet a readinge, . . there came other messaungers. 1566
Child-Marriages 137 This respondent saieth, that the testa-
ment was written before this talk, and was then in readinge.
6. The form in which a given passage appears in
any copy or edition of a text ; the actual word
or words used in a particular passage. Various
readings : (see VARIOUS).
'557 N. T. (Genev.) title-p.. The Newe Testament .. With
the arguments, .. also diuersities of readings. 1611 BIBLE
Traiisl. Pref. r 15 They. .had rather haue their iudgements
at libertie in differences of readings. 1699 BENTLEY Phal.
281 If the Reading be not corrupted, this Oracle was
f'ven Olymp. Ixxyi, i. 1714 A. COLLINS Gr. Chr. Relig. 189
ut this supposition . . will not prove the two readings
genuine. 1823 BYRON yuan vn. viii, ' Fierce loves and faith-
less wars '—I am not sure If this be the right reading. 1868
FREEMAN Norm. Conq. (1876) II. App. 612 The readings of
the manuscripts are so different that it is hard to tell their
exact meaning.
7. Matter for reading, esp. with ref. to its quality
or kind.
1706 SWIFT To Peterborough, Ne'er to be match'd in
modern reading, But by his name-sake Charles of Sweden.
1809 [see LIGHT a.1 19], 1840 DE QUINCEY Style i. Wks.
1853 ^' *75 '[ 's *n newspapers that we must look for the
main reading of this generation. 1851 MAYHEW Land.
Labour 1. 415 The books sold at railways are nearly all of
the class best known as ' light -reading ', or what some account
light reading. 1885 Pall Mall Budget 19 June 31/1 His
account of the America is lively reading.
b. Printed or written characters ; lettering.
1891 E. PEACOCK JV. Brendan I. 163 You will observe the
cover has no reading on it, but only seven stars.
8. That which presents itself to be read; spec.
the indication of a graduated instrument.
1833 HERSCHEL Astro*, ii. 83 The division and fractional
part thus noted . . is to be set down as the reading of the
limb. 1838 DE QUINCEY Charles Lamb Wks. 1858 IX. 153
That pure light of benignity which was the predominant
reading on his features. 1869 W. B. CARPENTER inScienti/ic
Opinion 9 Jan. 174/1 note, Our third thermometer stood . .
at 45° . . and its reading has not been taken into account.
b. So reading-off.
1808 SAX in Phil. Trans. XCIX. 240 Taking a mean of
the different readings-off for the true position of the wire.
1833 HERSCHEL Astron. § 198 The same constant error of
graduation, which depends on the initial and final readings
off alone.
9. The interpretation or meaning one attaches to
anything, or the view one takes of it ; in recent use
esp. the rendering given to a play or a character,
a piece of music, etc., as expressing the actor's or
performer's point of view.
179* A. YOUNG Trav. France 37 There is a species of
countenance here so horridly bad, that it is impossible to be
mistaken in one's reading. 1858 J. MARTINEAU Stud. Ckr.
READING.
151 Dogma. .is ever producing new readings of the history.
1860 READE Cloister ,5- H. Iviii, She gave him her reading
of the matter. 1882 P. FITZGERALD Recreat. Lit. Man
(1883) 112 His reading of Balzac's Mercadet .. appeared
somewhat airy and not tragic enough.
10. attrib. and Comb. a. Simple attrib., as
reading-class, day, excursion, hour, -lamp, matter,
party, play, society, -stand, -table, time, tour.
1838 MARG. FULLER Wont. igtA C. (1862) 347 The forward-
ness of their minds has induced me to take both into my
•reading-class, a 1643 CARTWRICHT Ordinary in. v. Song,
A *Reading-Day Frights French away, The Benchers dare
speak Latin. 1654 WHITLOCK Zootomia 240 The Booke
which in that grand reading day . . will be Licensed or burnt.
1848 THACKERAY Van. Fair Ixii, Jaunty young Cambridge-
men., going for a *reading excursion. 1809 CAMPBELL
Gcrt. Wyom. n. ix, A deep untrodden grot, Where oft the
Dreading hours sweet Gertrude wore. 1861 DICKENS Gt.
Expect, xxxix, 1 took up my "reading-lamp and went out.
1884 G. ALLEN Philistia III. 238 To supply the "reading
matter, the letterpress I think you call it. 1860 HUGHES
Tom Brown at Oxf. xxvi, Others applied to know whether
he would take a "reading party in the long Vacation. 1729
FIELDING Author's Farce i. vii, Your "reading play is of a
different stamp, and must have wit and meaning in it. 1797
C. TOOGOOD Let. in Polwhele Trad, ff Recoil. II. 462 We j
meet now, in almost every town, with a 'reading-society.
1853 DALE tr. Baldeschis Ceremonial 119 The Assistant
Priest carries to the Altar the cushion, or "reading-stand,
with the Missal. 1885 MABEL COLLINS Prettiest Woman
1848 THACKERAY Bk. Snobs (1881) 223 They are on a 'read-
ing tour for the Long Vacation.
b. Special combs. : reading-book, f (a) a book
of church-lessons (obs.) ; (6) a book containing
passages for instruction in reading; reading-closet,
one of the small compartments in the reading-room
of a printing-office ; reading-coat, a coat to wear
while reading (lobs.}; reading-desk, a desk for
supporting a book while it is being read, spec, a
lectern ; reading-glass, a large magnifying glass
for use in reading ; reading-hook (see quot.) ;
reading-machine (see quot.) ; reading-pew, a
pew from which the lessons are read in church ;
f reading-psalms, the prose psalms used for read-
ing in church (obs.) ; reading room, a room devoted
to reading, esp. one in the premises of a club or
library, or intended for public use ; also, the proof-
readers' room in a printing-office (Jacobi 1888).
10.. Laws AZlfric 21 in Thorpe Laws II. 350 Se nuesse-
preost sceal habban . . 'raedingboc. 1050-73 Charter in
Thorpe Diplom. 430, ii forealdode raedingbec. £1315
SHOREHAM Poems i. 1311 pe bisschop, wenne he ordreb bes,
pe redyng bok hym take)). 1840 (title) The Church Scho-
lar's reading book. 1886 Referee 10 Jan. 1/2, I was getting
an honest . . living in the composing-room or the 'reading-
closet. 1830 C. WORDSWORTH in Overton Life (1888) 51
Here I am, lying on my sofa, with my drab 'reading-coat
on. 1703 MAUNDRELL Jonm. Jems, (1721) 8 A piece of
plank supported by a Post, which we understood was the
"Reading Desk. 1775 JOHNSON 10 Oct, in Boswell Life
(1791) I. 502 In the reading-desk of the refectory lay the
Lives of the Saints. 1838 LYTTON Alice u. iii, A huge arm-
_ ------- j 401. 1747 ----------- ---- ..... - -„
It would be . . very inconvenient to hold it like a reading-
glass in the hand. 1831 BREWSTER Optics xxxviii. 320 Spec-
tacles and reading glasses are among the simplest and most
useful of optical instruments. 1858 SIMMONDS Diet. Trade,
* Reading-hook, a book-marker, made of bone or ivory.
1897 Sketch 26 May 181/2 The pattern being read from the
draft by the 'reading-machine on to the Jacquard band or
tape by the skilled designer or pantagrapher. 1641 R.
BROOKE Eng. Episc. i. vii. 38 To wrangle downe a Sopnister,
. . or acquaint themselves with a *Reading-Pue, in the
Countrey. 1662 PEPYS Diary 26 Oct., To church, and there
saw for the first time Mr. Mills in a surpjice ; but it seemed
absurd for him to pull it over his eares in the reading-pew.
1848 Ecclesiologist Oct. 144 An open reading-pew and lettern.
1706 A. BEDFORD Temple Mus. viit. 162 The like Order is
observed in the Pointing of our 'Reading Psalms, a 1707
Bp. PATRICK Antobiogr. (1839) 150 The old translation of
the reading Psalms. 1759 GRAY Lett. 8 Aug. (1853) 186,
I often pass four hours in the day in the stillness and soli-
tude of the 'reading room [at the British Museum). 1817
COBBETT Wks. XXXII. 357 There are what are called
Reading Rooms all over the kingdom. 1852 ROCK Ck. of
Fathers III. i. 298 Saint Edmund kept a figure of our Lady
in his reading-room.
Reading (rf-dirj), ppl. a. [f. READ v. + -ING 2.]
1. t a. Reading minister, etc., one who merely
reads the lessons or service, without preaching ; also
Sc., one who reads his sermons (see READ v. 19 d).
1583 STUBBES Atiat. Abus. n. (1882) 71 It were to be
wished that all were preaching prelates, and not reading
nteyne a reading Mi.
ing is not preaching, or a Letter to all reading Clergymen.
b. Reading clerk, the designation of one of the
clerks to the House of Lords.
1788 Miss ROSE in G. Rose's Diaries (1860) I. 96 My
brother William, then reading Clerk, came to us as soon as
the House adjourned. 1817 Parl. Deb. 16 The Lords were
obliged to send this message by their Clerk-Assistant, and
their Reading-Clerk. 1884 YATES Recoil. \. ii. 66 Slingsby,
who is reading-clerk in the House of Lords.
c. Reading boy, a boy who reads copy aloud to
the corrector of the press.
197
i8o8 STOWtR Printers' Gram. 392 The eye of the reader
should not follow, but rather go before the voice of his
reading-boy. 1888 Encycl* Brit. XXI 1 1. 710/1 The reading
department, sometimes called the closet, having for its occu-
pants the reader and his reading-boy.
2. Given to reading; studious. Freq. in reading
man, applied spec, to a University student who
makes reading his chief occupation.
1673 DRVDEN Prol. Univ. of Oxford 31 In London .,
haughty dunces, whose unlearned pen Could ne'er spell
grammar, would be reading men. 1759 Httrtfs Dial, Pref. 6
The learned assemblies of reading divines. 1797 Monthly
Mag. III. 266/1 During my residence at the university, and
a constant intercourse with both reading and non-reading
men [etc.], 1831 Btackw, Mag. Jan. 94/2 The ' reading
public', then, had little to do with the lower orders. 1837
SIR F. PALGRAVE Merck. $ friar Ded. (1844) i His attempts
to be brought out into the reading world. 1885 J, MARTINEAU
Types Eth. Th. II. n. iii. § i. 517 Its. .literary merits secured
it immediate attention on the part of reading men.
Rea-dingdom. The aggregate of readers.
1832 SOUTHKY in C. C. Southey Life .(1849) VI. 182 The
commonwealth of Readingdom is divided into many in-
dependent circles.
t Readjoin, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To join again.
1646 EARL MONM. tr. Biondts Civil Warres ix. 173 Re-
adjoyning unto it whatsoever at sundry times has been
dismembred from it.
ReadjoU'rn, v. [RE- 5 a. Cf. med.L. read'
jornare (1240 in Du C.), F. rfajoumer (1531 in
Godef.).] trans, and intr. To adjourn again.
1611 COTGR., Ri'adjourner, to readiourn. 1628 WOTTON
in Reliq. (1672) 443 The Parliament.. was then re-adjourned
by the Kings especial Command till Tuesday next. 1678
MARVELL Growth Popery 41 He might have given Notice
by Proclamation that upon this account, they should re-
adjourn to a yet longer time.
Hence Readjou rnment (Ogilvie 1882).
Readjtrst, v. [RE- 5 a. Cf. med.L. read-
justare (1236 in Du C.).] trans. To adjust again
or afresh ; to put in order again.
1743 FIELDING J. Andrews iv. xi, The beau .. taking out
a pocket-glass .. re-adjusted his hair. 1764 MASKELYNE in
Phil. Trans. LIV. 357 It is not always necessary to re-
adjust the wires after each sett of observations. 1848 MILL
Pol. Econ. in. xvi. § i The values and prices of the two
things will .. readjust themselves. 1866 FELTON Anc. fy
Mod. Gr. II, ii. i. 253 The early attempts to readjust the
affairs of the East by the Great Powers.
absol. 1864 PUSEY Lect. Daniel (1876) 214 It adjusts, re-
adjusts, turns, re-turns, in every way it wills.
Hence Readjusted///, a. ; Readjusting vbl. sb.
1776 CAVENDISH in Phil. Trans. LXVI. 385 It is not
likely to want re-adjusting soon. 1863 Q. Rev. Jan. 283 He
held out hopes of a readjusted and graduated income-tax.
Readju'ster. [f. prec.] One who readjusts.
1862 THORNBURY Life Turner II. 256 Turner was.. a
selector, reviser, a readjuster of Nature.
b. U» S. A member of a political party (formed
in 1877-8) in Virginia, which advocated a legisla-
tive readjustment of the State debt.
187*) Nation (N. Y.) 13 Nov. 317/2 Further news from
Virginia indicates that the Repudiators, or Readjusters, as
they call themselves, have elected a majority of the General
Assembly. 1883 M. D. CONWAY in Glasgow Weekly Her.
i Sept. 3/2 The readjuster reminds the negro that he was a
slave when this debt was formed .. and should not be taxed
for the interest.
Readjustment, [f. as prec. + -MENT.] The
process of readjusting or of being readjusted.
1771 SMEATON in Phil. Trans. LXI. 208 After this re-
adjustment they botli agreed to i°. 1793 WOLLASTON ibid.
LXXXIII. 149 It is very steady; and rarely wants any re-
adjustment at all. 1865 R, W. DALE Jew. Temp. xii. (1877)
129 Your theology needs alteration and readjustment. 1883
FROUDE in Mrs. Carlyle's Lett. 1. 194 The house . . requiring
paint and other re-adjustments.
f Beadliche, adv. Obs. Also 2-3 red-, 3 reafl-
liche. [Van of ME. radliche RADLY.] Quickly,
promptly.
cii7S \Lojnb. Horn. 45 pa wes sancte paul swiSe wa and
abeh him redliche to his lauerdes fet. a. xaz$ After. K. 422
Water bet ne stureo" nout readliche stinkeS. a 1240 Saivles
Warde in Cott. Horn. 247 His hinen . . swerieS somet rea5-
liche bat efter hire hit schal gan.
Readmrnister, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To
administer again.
1597 HOOKER Eccl. Pol. v. Ixii. § 12 That Baptisme is
onefy then to be readministred, when the first deliuerie
thereof is void, 1763 R. GL-Y Cancers 44 The Hemlock
was re-administered for some Weeks. 1897 Columbia (Ohio)
Disp. 24 Mar. 1/2 The Democratic party . . has regained
power and readmhiistered government.
t Rea'dmiral, v. Obs.-1 [RE- 5 b,] trans. To
make (one) an admiral again.
1599 NASHE Lenten Stuffe 12 Peerebrowne did not only
hold his office all the time of that King . . but was againe
readmirald by Edward the third.
Readmi-re, v. [RE- 5 a.] To admire again.
1781 ELIZ. BLOWER Geo. Bateman I. 202 The pleasure of
having it re-admired by our friends.
Readmission (rfisedmrjan). [RE- 5 a> c*-
next and F. readmission (Littre").] The action of
admitting again.
i6« SIR E. NICHOLAS in N. Papers (Camden) II. 341
Twill proue a very difficult worke to make them allow of y°
readmission of y° King. 1691 WOOD Ath. Oxon. II. 3°7
He .. preached at the readmission of a relapsed Christian
into our Church. 1782 PKIESTLEY Corrupt. C/tr. II. ix. 141
There was . . re-admission to the privileges. 1879 St. George s
Hasp. Rep. IX. 709 Within a week of their readmission, the
disease appeared in nine other cottages.
BEADY.
Readmit («,aedmi-t), v. [RE- 5 a. Cf. F.
riadmettre (readmis, Cotgr. ion).] trans. To
admit again.
1611 COTGR., Readtnis, readmitted. 1616 T. GODWYN
Moses £f Aaron l. (1641) 54 Sometimes they would re-admit
such a one being brought neere unto death. 1665 MAM i y
tr. Grotius' Low C. Warres 616 This was terrible, .to them
of Wesell, who were commanded to readmit the Roman
Rites. 1742 YOUNG Nt. Th. iv. 670 Happy day! that ..
re-admits us . . to our Father's throne. 1866 Land.' Rev.
6 Jan. 2/2 He would at once readmit the late rebel states
to the full enjoyment of their rights.
absol. c 1659 THORNDIKE Church's Ptnver of Excomin.
§ 36 Penance . . readmits not but upon reasonable or legal
presumption of sin first abolished.
Hence Keadmi'tting vbl. sb.
1667 Phil. Trans. II. 583 The re-admitting of the Air.
Readmi ttance. [Cf. prec. and ADMITTANCE.]
Readmission.
1669 Ormonde MSS. in iatk Rep. Hist. MSS. Comtn.
App. V. 104 To order his readmittance and continuance in
the. .guard of halbertiers. aiyn KEN Urania Poet. Wks.
1721 IV. 480 You give me . . Re-admittance to the blissful
Throne. 1845 LD. CAMPBELL Chancellors (1857) I. xxv. 357
The re-admittance of so great a prelate into your favour.
Reado pt, v. [RE- 5 a.] To adopt again.
1598 FLORIO, Readottare, . . to readopt. 1611 COTGR.,
Readopter, to readopt. a 1711 KEN Hymnotheo Poet. Wks.
1721 III. 33, I come to save you. .And God to re-adopt you
to incline. 1742 YOUNG Nt. Th. IX. 1342 When shall my
soul her incarnation quit, And, re-adopted to thy blest em-
brace, Obtain her apotheosis in thee? 1850 13. TAYLOR
Eldorado I. xv. 103 The boundary which had first passed
was re-adopted by a large vote.
Reado'ption. [RE- 5 a ; cf. prec.] Renewed
adoption.
a 1562 G. CAVENDISH Wolsey (Ellis) 170 They feared hyme
more after his fall . . , doughtyng myche hys readopcion in to
auctorytie. 1825 COLERIDGE Aids Reft. (1848) I. 243 John,. .
speaking of the re-adoption of the redeemed to be sons of
God. 1878 BAYNE Pnrit. Rev. v. 162 The readoption of
those religious doctrines and sentiments which . . England
had cast out.
ReadOTll, v. [RE- 5 a.] To adorn anew.
1598 FLORIO, Rabbellire, to rebeawtifie, to readorne againe.
1610 HOLLAND Camden' s Brit. i. 299 King Henry the Fifth
readourned it with new buildings. 1712 BLACKMORE Crea-
tion vi. 449 With Scarlet Honours re-adorn'd.
Hence KeadoTning vbl. sb.
1598 FLORIO, Rabbellimento, a readorning.
f Readunite, v. Obs.—1 [kE- 5 a ; see ADUNITE
and cf. late L. readfmatio (Tertullian), med.L. re-
adundre (Du C.).] trans. To reunite.
«i6oo HOOKER Eccl. Pol. vin. i. § 6 A man .. is upon his
repentance necessarily readunited into the one, but not of
necessity into the other.
Readva'UCe, v. [RE- 5 a.] To advance again.
a. In transitive senses of the vb.
1611 FLORIO, Rinalzare, to raise againe, to readuance.
1633 T. ADAMS Exp. 2 Pet. iii. 17 How able he is to re-
advance the dejected. 1670 G. H. Hist. Cardinals n. II.
162 To re-advance all the Noble Families in Rome, that
began to lessen and decay in their splendour. 1828 SOUTHEY
in Q. Rev. XXXVIII. 574 It recedes from none of its
claims, though it may wait the convenient season for re-
advancing them. 1850 M'CosH Da: Govt. (1852) 266 note,
We are swinging upon a hinge in advancing and re-
advancing such maxims.
b. In intransitive senses.
Camb. (1840) 142 The Vice-Chancellor retreated to Trinity
College. . . This done, he readvanceth to St. John's. 1813
SIR R. WILSON Priv. Diary (1861) II. 254 The Russians re-
advanced to Peterswalde, .. but were checked at Grossubel.
1848 MILL Pol. Econ. i. xiii. § 3 The tide which has receded,
instantly begins to re-advance.
So Readva'iicement ; Beadva ncing- vbl. sb.
1611 SPEED Hist. Gt. Brit. ix. vii. § i. 514 To the seruice
of God, and re-aduancement of the Crosse of Christ. 1611
COTGR., Rehaitlsement, a readuancing. 1647 CLARENDON
Hist. Ret. vi. § 99 The re-advancing upon it and taking it.
tKeadve-rtency. Obs.-1 [RE- 5 a.] Renewed
application (of the mind).
1692 NORRIS Curs. Reflect. 9 A Re-advertency or Re-
application of mind to Ideas that are actually there.
Beadyertise, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To adver-
tise again.
1669 WOODHEAD St. Teresa it. iii. 22 Who not giving me
leave to go, our Lord often re-advertised me.
Readvi-se, v. [RE- 5 a.]
1. trans. To advise again. Also rejl.
1574 HELLOWES Guenara's Fam. Ef. (157?) "°. '. do
nduise and readuise the man [etc.]. 1603 FLORIO Montaigne
I. xxv. (1632) 73 The libertie for a man to repent and re-
advise himselfe. 1748 RICHARDSON CV<jriM<»(i8ii) VIII. 167,
I was going to re-advise her to calm her spirits.
2. intr. To consider again ; to take counsel
afresh.
1598 FLORIO, Rauisare, to readuise, or marke againe.
1643 Five Yrs. K. Jos. 75 You may againe ruminate, and re-
advise to make your defence. 1820 I'. MITCHELL Aristeph.
I. p. Ixxxvii, To re-advise for the better security.
Ready (re-di), a., adv., and sb. Forms: 3
rsedi(5) ; 3-5 redi, 3-6 redie, redy (; Sc.}, 4-5
redye, (6 redey, reedy; also Sc. 5-7 reddy,
reddie, 6 rady, radio) ; 3, 6 readi, 6 readye,
6-7 readie, 6- ready. [Early ME. ra'di(f), rcadi,
redi, in southern texts also jeredi, ireadi, etc. (see
I-BEDY), apparently formed on the analogy of other
BEADY.
adjectives by the addition of -ij, -T, to OE. rsde (?)
or (frsde I-REDE, from the Teut. stem *raid- to
put in order, prepare : see I-BAD and GRAITH jtf.
• and a.
The form rxdi) is peculiar to ME., but synonymous words
from the same base are common in the cognate languages,
as MDu. gcreet, -reit (Du. gereed), MLG. frrftfe, MHG.
ftrtilt,ftrtU\ OFris. ride, red (mod. ree), Du. reede, ret,
MLG, ride (hence Da. rede, Sw. rtda, redo, Icel. rei3ri,
OHG. -rciti (MHG. reite) ; MDu. tercet, -reit (Du. bereid),
MLG. berlde (hence Da. beredt, Sw. teredd), OHG. tireiti
JG. bereft. Mod. Sw. revfr^ unentangled, clear, etc., is an
independent formation from m/<z to disentangle.]
A. adj. I. 1. In a state of preparation, so as to
be capable of immediately performing (or becoming
the object of) such action as is implied or expressed
in the context.
<ri205 LAV. 8651 Julius wes al raedi [c 1275 read!) alse he
to wolde rasen. £1310 Sir Triitr. 259 [He] bad al schuld
be boun . . Redi to his somoun. 1382 WYCLIF Matt. xxv. 10
Tho that weren redy, entriden in with hym to the wed-
dyngis. 1450 in Wan Ettg. in. France (Rolls) I. 511 Make
cure sugites of youre cuntre to be arayyd and redy in thaire
best maniere. 1568 GRAFTON Chron. II. 698 He wrote ..
commaundyng all men . . to be redie in harnesse. 1596
SHAKS. Tarn. Skr. Induct, i. 59 Some one be readie with a
costly suite. 1638 JUNIUS Paint. Ancients 23 Such kinde
of Images, as might be ready at his call, 1697 DRYDEN
yirf. Georg. n. 763 His Kine with swelling Udders ready
stand. 1788 BURNS Co, fetch to me ii, The glittering spears
are ranked ready. 1819 SHELLEY Ceuci iv. iv. 169 As soon
as you have taken some refreshment, .. We shall be ready.
b. spec. Properly dressed or attired; having
finished one's toilet.
As a special sense app. limited to the ifr-iyth c., earlier
and later instances being merely contextual applications of
the general sense.
£1386 CHAUCER Sgr.'s T. 379 Vp riseth fresshe Canacee
hir selue. . Noon hyer was he [the sun] whan she redy was.
15*3 FITZHERB. Hush. § 146 Whan thou arte vp and redy,
than first swepe thy house, t a 1642 ROWLEV Throe. Wander
ii. l. [Stage Direction] Enter Pheander, ready. 1653
DOROTHY OsBORNE Lett, to Sir W. Temple (1888) 100, 1 rise
in the morning reasonably early, and before I am ready I
go round the riouse. 1709 MRS. MANLEV Secret Mem. II.
234 Having permitted 'em time to get themselves ready, he
enter'd the Chamber. 1856 THOMPSON Boston Gloss., To get
Ready, to be dressed and prepared for a visit or journey.
is Anthonio heere? Ant. Ready, so please your grace.
d. Mil. and Naut. as a word of command.
In military use shortened from make reatiy (see 15), the
order to prepare the piece for firing. For the nautical uses,
see quots. 1846, 1867.
1802 JAMES MUit. Diet. s.v. Manual, The officers, instead
of giving the words platoon, make ready, . . are to pronounce
the words short, as for instance, 'toon, ready. 1841 R. H.
DANA Seaman's Man. 150 The master finds that the ship
will not lay her course, and tells the chief mate to 'see all
clear for stays', or 'ready about'. 1846 A. YOUNG Naut.
JJtct. s.v. Amu, Ready About ! an order to the crew that
all hands be at their stations, ready for tacking. 1867
SMYTH Sailor's Word-bk. , Ready with the Lead, a caution
when the vessel is luffed up to deaden her wav, followed bv
'heave'.
2. Const, with infinitive : Prepared, or having all
preparations made, to do something.
ci2oo ORMIN 11758 paer wass efft te labe gast raedij forr
himm to fandenn. ciigo S. Eng. Leg. I. 106/176 Aungles
bare wereu redie I-nowe hire soule to heuene lede 1375
BARBOUR Bruce xix. 454 Than turnyt thai . . And stude
reddy to giff battale. 1478 W. PASTON in P. Lett. III. 238
And than I wol telle you when I schall be redy to come
from Eton. 1568 GRAFTON Chron. II. 306 The king..sayd,
howe he was not as then ready to geue them a playne
aunswere. 1596 SHAKS. Tarn. Skr. iv. iv. 104 To bid the
Priest be readie to come against you come. 1662 STILLINGPU
Orig. Sacr. HI. ii. § 18 There are some more subtile par-
ticles of matter, which are ready to fill up those void spaces.
1719 DE FOE Crusoe 11. i, My nephew was ready to sail.
1791 COWPER Retired Cat 20 Apparelled in exactest sort
And ready to be borne to court. 1860 TYNDALL Glaciers i.
xvi. 115 We stood beside each other ready to march. 1884
CHURCH Bacon ix. 220 His incorrigible imaginativeness,
ever ready to force itself in amid the driest details.
D. Willing ; feeling or exhibiting no reluctance.
ci«oo ORMIN 12936 Godd iss rajdi? tunnderrfon patt follc
batt rihht himm folljhebb. a 1300 Cursor M. 26471 lesus
cnst es redier to merci giue ban jugement. 1361 LANGL.
P. PI. A. iv. 155 'Icham Redi', quod Reson 'to Reste
with be euere'. 1:1449 PECOCK Refr. m. x. 337 Redi in
wil forto haue suffrid marterdom. 1550 CROWLEY Way to
Wealth 512 How readi God is to take vengeaunce for the
oppression of his people. 1648 MILTON Ps. Ixxxvi. 54 Thou
Lord art the God most mild Readiest thy grace to shew.
1786 COWPER Gratitude 43 To me ever ready to show
Benignity, friendship, and truth. 1849 MACAULAV Hist.
•ff' '• j*37 Tne '°yal gentry declared that they were
still as ready as ever to risk their lives for the old govern-
ment. 1875 JOWETT Plato (ed. 2) I. 142 There is no one to
wnom I am more ready to trust.
O. Inclined or disposed ; apt.
1596 SPENSER State /ret. Wks. (Globe) 609/1 They are ready
allwayes to impute the blame therof unto the heavens. 1656
G. COLLIER Amw. 15 Quest. 20 They were readier to sus-
pect themselves than Judas. 1855 MACAULAY Hist. Eng.
xuu III. 273 He was but too ready to consider all who
recommended prudence and charity as traitors to the cause
of truth. 1875 JOWETT Plato (ed. 2) I. 298 You are too
ready to speak evil of men.
d. Sufficiently angry or irritated to be on the I
point of (doing something violent). Cf. FIT a. 5 b. '
"535 COVERDALE Exod. xvii. 4 What shal I do with this
people I 1 hey are almost ready to stone me. 1596 DAL-
198
RYMPLE tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. vii. 12 Thay sune ar steirit up
and radie to put hand in thair King. 1632 HAYWARD tr.
Biondis Eromena iv. 123 Murmuring in so open a manner,
against the person of the Prince, as made him .. ready to
goe besides himselfe. 1722 DE FOE Col. Jack (1840) 28, I
was ready to snatch the breeches out of her hands.
e. Used attributively (cf. 5) in preceding senses
with infin. after the sb. Somewhat rare.
ci*oa ORMIN 13436 Swa batt I mujhe findenn juw All
I rzdi3 follc to folljhenn me. 1535 COVERDALE 2 Cor. viii. 19
That like as there is a ready mynde to wil, there maye be
a ready mynde also to perfourme the dede. 1607 SHAKS.
Titiion i. ii. 49 The fellow that sits next him . . is the readiest
man to kill him. 1660 WOOD Life (O. H. S.) I. 359 The
most ready men to cring to and serve these times. 1706
E. WAR'D Wooden World Diss. (1708) 98 He's the readiest
man living to make him sick with good Liquor.
3. Const, with infinitive : a. That has passed, or
has been brought, into such a condition as to be
immediately likely or liable (to do something).
Also ellipt. in attributive use (quot. 1818).
« '37S Sc. Leg. Saints viL (James less) 300 Rycht as be
aerde suld tremyl al, & male all werkis reddy to fall. 1500-20
DUNBAK Poems Ixv. 5 All is hot tynt, or reddie for to tyne.
1526 TINDALE Heb. viii. 13 Nowe that which is disanulled
and wexed olde, is redy to vanysshe a waye. 1593 SHAKS.
2 Hen. VI, I. L 229 Ready to sterue, and dare not touch his
owne. 1662 J. DAVIES tr. Olearius' l-'oy. Atnbass. 50
Drawing him from one side of it to the other, till he was
ready to give up the ghost. 1710 PRIDEAUX Orig. Tithes
iv. 172 Finding all things ready to run into confusion. 1748
RICHARDSON Clarissa (1868) III. 251 He has ordered her. .
only some little cordials to take when ready to faint. 1818
KEATS Endym. in. 1024 The hen-dove shall not hatch Her
ready eggs, before I'll kissing snatch Thee into endless
heaven. 1855 TENNYSON Mautt L vi. iii, A delicate spark. .
Ready to burst iti a colour 'd flame.
b. Hence (without reference to a previous pro-
cess) : Likely, liable ; ' fit '.
1596 DALRYMPLE tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. I. 59 Quha sailis
frome thir lies is verie radie to incur sik danger 1633
EARL MANCH. Al Monda (1636) 183 Our last thoughts are
readiest to spend themselves upon somewhat that wee loved
best while we lived. 1698 FRYER Ace. E. India f, P. 295
The Sharp Winds are Serene Air .. being ready to cut you
through. 1817 JAS. MILL Brit. India II. v. viii. 635 At
a moment., when every thing was ready to be reported, and
every thing to be believed.
4. Const, with prepositions : f a. With to or unto
(rarely into} : Prepared, inclined, or willing to do,
give, take, suffer, etc. (what is indicated by the sb.) ;
also occasionally, prepared for (an act). Obs.
c 1200 Trin. Coll. Horn. 191 ;if hie redie ben to golliche
deden. a 1340 HAMPOI.E Psalter xvi. 13 pai toke me as
leoun redy til pray. 1382 WYCLIF Ps. xxxvii. 18 For I in
to scourgis am redi [1388 Y am redi to betyngisl. 1300
GOWER Conf. I. 275 He is redi to the feith. Ibid. 282 The
more I am redy to wraththe. 1471 RIPLEY Comf. Alcli.
vii. v. in Ashm. (1652) 170 Lyke Wax yt wylbe redy unto
Lyquacyon. 1558 GOODMAN How to Obey 103 The Lordc,
who is redie to mercie and slowe to anger, a 1591 H. SMITH
ll'ks. (1867) II. 313, I lament that the wisdom of the flesh
should be readier to godly works than the wisdom of the
spirit.
b. Prepared for (an event, action, state, etc.).
ISpi SHAKS. i Hen. I'l, n. iv. 104 Thou shah findc vs
ready for thee still. 1603 _ Meas. for M. III. i. 107 Be i
readie, Claudio, for your death to morrow. 1789 BLAKE '
Songs Innoc., Echoing Green iii, Many sisters and brothers
. . Are ready for rest.
5. Having the quality of being prepared or willing
to act when necessary; prompt, quick, expert,
dexterous (in general, or in the special manner
implied by the sb.). Ready hand, man (see quots.
1840, 1851).
c 1320 Sir Tristr. 798 Rohaud, be riche kniat, Redy was
he ay. 1535 COVERDALE fs. xliv. i My tonge is y«
penne of a ready writer. 1552 ELYOT Classiarius,.. a dili-
gent persone, a .ready felow. 1603 KNOLLES Hist. Turks
" •-- r ii • .~~~] .*..«". i ^ __..„.,..„„ ...... ,..,,,„
(1621) 977 With these., was Amurath, upon a light and
readte horse. ^-1645 HOWELL Lett. (1650) II. n So I am
;°!lr.lnost affectionate ready Servant, J. H. 1704 POPE
Windsor For. 99 Before his lord the ready spaniel bounds
1725 — Odyss. in. 608 Bread and wine a ready handmaid !
brings. 1818 SHELLEY Rev. Islam xn. iv, A thousand
torches. .Borne by the ready slaves of ruthless law. 1840
11 '?":"> •S*o"»aier i. 43 The quickest, or, as they are
called in the trade, the readiest hands. 1851 MAYHEW
Land. Labour (1861) II. 333 He knew that he was a ready
man (a quick workman).
b. Const, at, in, f of.
c 1375 Cursor • M. 8404 (Fairf.) [p]of salamon bi sone be
Knee, he [is] ful wise and redy of tonge. 1484 CAXTON
Fables ofAlfonce xu, And by cause that the yonge woman
was redy in speche and malycious, she ansuerd forth with.
1508 KENNEDIE Fly ting w. Dunbar 467 As thou was louse,
and reddy of thy bune. iSn SHAKS. Cymb. in iv i6r
Ready in gybes, quicke-answered, sawcie. 1686 tr. Char-
dm s Coronal. Solyman 109 These Eunuchs are very ready
at these kind of dark Contrivances. 1777 SHERIDAN Sck.
Scand. 1. 1, 1 would surprise you to hear how ready he is at
all these sort of things. 1833 HT. MARTINEAU Loom i,
Lugger i. v. 67 Likely to be excellent Christians as they '
were very ready at the Bible. 1853 TENNYSON Maud i. v. i, I
Men. .in battle array, Ready in heart and ready in hand.
6. a. Of the mind or mental powers : Quick !
to devise, plan, comprehend, observe, etc.
a 1300 Cursor M. 17432 (Gott) Nu es vs nede of redi
thoght. 1350 GOWER Conf. II. 162 To every craft . . He
hadde a redi wit to helpe Thurgh naturel experience. 1413
Pilgr. Stnt'le (Caxton 1483) IV. xxxiv. 82 Suche as were of
moost redy wyt couthe taken hede of alls. 1607 SHAKS.
Cor. ll. ii. 120 By and by the dinne of Warre gan pierce His
readie sence. 1762 GOLDSM. Cit. W. Ixii, Nature had fur-
nished her not only with a ready but a solid turn of thought. I
READY.
1830 D'IsRAELl Chas. I, III. v. 72 The intellect of Laud
was.. earnest, ready, and practical above most minds.
b. Of persons, etc. : Prompt or quick in speech,
discourse, or writing.
a 1300 Cursor M. 8404 He es wis and o redi lung. Ibid.
27566 Pride rises ..for steuen suet, for rede tung. 1461
Plnmpton Corr. (Camden) 2 Ye may nott faile to send hider
all your bookes and so«e readie man for to answer unto
him. 1531 ELYOT Coy. III. xxi, A man. .shall,, .withalittell
refection, ..haue his inuencyon quicker.. his tonge redyar.
"597 BACON Ess., Studies (Arb.) 10 Reading maketh a full
nian, conference a readye man. 1883 LD. R. GOWER My
Reminisc. I. vi. 101 He had a. .kind heart and a ready pen.
C. Proceeding from, delivered with, promptness
of thought or expression.
1583 STUBBES Anal. Abus. i. (1877) 107 Til neucr a one can
speak a redy woord. 1638 JUNIUS Paint. Ancients 31 The
ready suggestions of our own natural! wit, 1816 SCOTT
Anti:/. i, Returning a ready answer. 1857 WILLMOTT Pleas.
Lit. xxi. 124 A ready jest opens more intricacies of the true
character than a siege or a battle.
7. Of action or capacity for action : Distinguished
or characterized by promptness or quickness.
1390 GOWER Conf. Ill 322 Leonin it herde telle,.. And bad
him eon a redy pas To fetten hire, and forth he wente.
'559 *v- CUNNINGHAM Cosmogr. Glasse 13 For the redier
conceiving . . behold the figure insuing. 1601 CORNWALLIS
J:ss. ll. xxx, Being soone off and soone on, of a readie,
readier elocution than he really possessed.
b. Characterized by alacrity or willingness in
some respect. (In some cases passing into next.)
toward their keepers and norishers. 1695 WOODWARD Nat.
Hist. Earth in. i. (1723) 156 It finds the readyest Reception.
1742 YOUNG Nt. Th. i. 2 He, like the world, his ready visit
pays Where fortune smiles. 1789 MAD. D'ARBLAY Diary
Nov., I gave her my ready promise. 1813 BYRON Br.
Abydos n. xx, Open speech, and ready hand. 1821 SCOTT
Kettil-w. xvii, Never was more anxious and ready way made
for my Lord of Leicester. 1884 Law Times LXXVI. 331/2
This is one of those abstract principles which in the present
day are pretty sure to find ready acceptance.
c. Taking place quickly or easily.
1730 Col. Rtc. Pennsylv. III. 391 That when at Market
they may find a readier sale. 1877 E. R. CONDER Bos.
Faith v. 223 The. .ready solubility [of sugar] in water.
II. 8. In the condition of having been prepared
or put in order for some purpose. Const, for, \ to,
or with iti/in. (in some cases with suggestion of
sense 2).
c 1200 ORMIN 6235 Heore lejhe [ = pay] birrb hemm bcon
Ra;di3, bann itt iss addledd. a 1300 Cursor M. 5270 pair
mete to bam i rede [v.r. redi] broght. 1382 WYCLIF Matt. xxii.
4 My boles . ben slayn, and alle thingis redy. Ibid. 8 The
weddyngis ben redy. c 1450 Merlin 362 A cheyer, that
euer more sholde be redy for the knyght in to sitte. 1523
I.D. BERNERS Froiss. I. Ixxvii, Sir leant- your musyng and
come into ye hall .. yo* dyner is all redy. 1603 SHAKS.
Meas. for M. iv. i. 56 This your companion, .hath a storie
readie for your eare. 1648 GAGE West hid. 17 Our two
Cock-Boates were ready to carry to shore such as . . had
clothes to wash. 1711 STEELE Sped. No. 132 p i His
Horses were ready at the appointed Hour. 1732 BERKELEY
Alcifhr. iv. § 15 A servant came to tell us the tea was
ready. 1816 J. WILSON City of Plague n. v. 72 Here is
a grave Just ready for thy body, Walsingham 1 1878
BROWNING La Saisiaz 106 All awaits us ranged and ready.
b. Added to past participles (cf. 16).
1567 Gude I, Codlie B. (S. T. S.) 06 The cruell men sail. .
half thair bow bent reddy in thair hand. 1608 SHAKS. Per.
in. i. 72 We have a chest beneath the hatches, caulked and
bitumined ready.
c. In attributive use (passing into 5).
"559 Mirr. Mag. Hen. VI, xix, Our kingdomes are but
cares, . . Our riches redy snares. 1634 SIR T. HERBERT
Trav. 147 They, .when past the marke, with an other ready
Arrow, can stnke the rest looking backwards. 1725 POPE
Odyss. n. 455 Along the strand The ready vessel rides. 1764
GOLDSM. Trav. 16 Bless'd that abode, where, .ev'ry stranger
finds a ready chair. 1820 KEATS St. Agnes xl, There were
sleeping dragons .. perhaps, with ready spears.
9. So placed or constituted as to be immediately
available when required or wished for; close at
hand ; handy, convenient for use.
t a. In predicative use. Obs.
a 1240 Wohunge in Colt. Ham. 277, I bi childhad hafdes
tu. .bi moder readi hwen bu pappe jerndes. a 1375 Joseph
Arim. 42 Whon be lust speke with me, lift be hde sone;
pou schalt fynde me redi rijt bi bi side. 1382 WVCLIF John
vii. 6 My time cam not jit, but 3oure tyme is euermore
redy. c 1449 PECOCK Refr. in. x. 336 Persecucioun of
tirantis was redier in tho daies. 1525 Lp. BEKNERS Froiss.
II. ccii. 621 Bycause the langage of yrisshe is as redy to
me as the Englysshe long. 1577 B. GOOGE Heresbach's
Husb. i. (1586) ii b, I place fyrst by them sejues, suche as
are most in vse, that they may be the redier. 1656 H.
PHILLIPS Purch. Patt. (1676) 155 The use of this Table is
plain and ready. 1695 WOODWARD Nat. Hist. Earth I.
(1723) S^The next Cole-pit, or Mine .. these are so ready
and obvious in almost all Places.
b. Similarly in phrases ready to (one's) hand(s),
ready at hand. (See HAND sb. i and 25.)
<• 1386 CHAUCER Friar's T. 21 He had a Somo'nour redy to
his hond. 1530 PALSGR. 822/2 Redy at hande, auant la
mayn. 1663 GERBIER Counsel (3 The Grecians the
readiest at hand had their choise. 1727-41 CHAMBERS
Cycl. s.v. Table, Systems of numbers, calculated to be
ready at hand for the expediting astronomical, .and other
observations. 1891 Law Times XC. 315/2 The chief guide
which both courts found ready to their hands.
READY.
C. In attributive use.
In i6th c. app. only in Sc. use, especially of money, lands,
goods, etc.
a 1425 Cursor M. 10890 (Trin.) pat goddes son calde shal
bene I shewe be redy token to sene. 1535 STEWART Cron.
Scot. III. 48 At Ptolome ane reddle port tha fand. 1545
Ref. Privy Council Scot. I. 14 The reddiest money that
may be gottin for the casualite. 1609 SKKNK Reg, MaJ,,
Forme of Proces 125 To..poynd, and distreinzie the
reddiest cornes. 1659 HAMMOND On Ps. xcix. 8 This appears
to be the full and ready importance of this passage. 1671
MILTON P. R. in. 128 The slightest, easiest, readiest recom-
pence. 1^96 H. HUNTER tr. St. PierrJsStittt. Nat. (\-jyj) \l.
432 Finding there readier means of subsistence, than in the
other cities of the kingdom. 1816 SCOTT Antiq. ix, Rab ..
banged out o' bed, and till some of his readiest claes. 1874
GREEN Short Hist, ii. § 5. 83 William found a more ready
source of revenue in the settlement of Jewish traders.
10. a. Immediately available as currency; having
the form of coin or money.
App. first in ready pennies or pence : cf. Da. rede #enget
Sw. redo. (MSw. also redo) penningar^ ON. reiSupeningar.
Ready coin and ready gold are frequent in i6-i7th c. See
also ready rhino s.v. RHINO l, and READY MONEY.
a 1300 Cursor M. 4835 [We have brought] Al redi penijs
for to tell [Go'tt. MS. Redi penis we haue to tellj. 1303
R. BRUNNE Handl. Synne 6324 Ten mark of pens redy.
And ten mark hys ouper store. 147* Paston Lett. III. 70
If je shuld selle alle this wode togedyr for redy Sylver.
1550 CROWLEY Epigr. 1450 Thys lande he made sale, and
toke readye golde. 1568 GRAFTON Chron. 11.42 Roger, .left
behinde him in readie coyne . . fourtie thousand Markes.
1639 N. N. tr. Du Bosq^s Compl. Iranian it. 14 Procris ..
surrendred the place, as soon as she saw the ready chink.
1712 STEELE Spect. No. 450 r 4 What advantage might be
made of the ready Cash I had. 1747 Gentl. Mag. 580/1 To
turn their wrought bullion into ready sterling. 1826 SCOTT
Woodst, ii, He had never known the ready-penny so hard
to come by. 1885 [see CASH st>.1 2 b].
transf. a 1721 PRIOR Chameleon 5 The chameleon . .struts
as much in ready Light Which Credit gives him upon
Sight [etc.J.
t b. Ready stock : Surplus, amount on hand.
1661 CowLEvOtiver Cromwell Wks. 1710 II. 660 He found
the Common-wealth, .in a ready Stock of about 8oo,ooo/.
11. Of a way, path, etc. : Lying directly before
one ; straight, direct, near, ? Obs,
a 1300 Cursor M. 6252 pou sal see it cleue in tua, And giue
yow redi wai to ga. 1375 HARBOUR Bruce xvn. 555 Thai
ga Toward mytoune the reddy vay. c 1470 Golagros <$• Gaiv.
310 The roy and his rout . . To Rome tuke the reddy way.
1563 Mirr. Mag., Hastings xxii, The stearesman sekes a
redier course to ronne. 1634 MILTON Comus 305 What
readiest way would bring me to that place? 1667 — P. L.
M. 976, I seek What readiest path leads where your gloomie
bounds Confine withHeav'n. 1759 JOHNSON Rasselasxxxix,
To the favour of the covetous there is a ready way.
b. Hence with way in the sense of ' method ',
( means ', etc. ; and so ready means,
1560 DAUS tr. Sleidane's Comm. 58 b, The rediest way to
overthrow theyr authorise. 1591 SPENSER M. Hubberd 127
Euerie thing that is begun with reason Will come by readie
meanes unto his end. 1639 FULLER Holy War v. vi. (1840)
251 Teaching covetousness .. a ready way to assault them.
1750 tr. Leonardus' Mirr. Stones 97 This is the readiest
way of knowing it. 1883 Law Times 20 Oct. 400/2 If in-
vention be required, the readiest way to secure it is to give
proper remuneration to the inventor.
12. Of payment or pay : Made or given promptly ;
not delayed or deferred. ? Obs.
c 1375 Cursor M. 4835 (Fairf.) A party of siluer [we have]
wib vs brojt, redy payment for to telle. 1442 Rolls ofParlt.
V. 63 Redy paiement in hand he hadde. 1545 Reg. Privy
Council Scot. 1. 15 To poynd and dystrenye for the said rest
and mak reddy payment thairof. 1621 T. WILLIAMSON tr.
GoularCs Wise l^ieiUard^i His promise should passe for
ready pay, and for money told on the nayle. 1697 LUTTRELL
Brief R el, (1857) IV. 267 The earl of Oxford's regiments
and the foot guards haveing now ready pay, notice is given
to their quarters not to trust them.
III. In phr. To make ready.
13. refl. To put (oneself) into a state of prepara-
tion ; to prepare (oneself).
ci33o R. BRUNNE Chron. (1810) 97 At Burgh in Schrob-
schire to werre [hej mad him redy. c 1380 WVCUF Serm.
bel. Wks. I. 65 We shulden maken us redy to suffre. c 1470
HENRY Wallace tv. 425 He thaim commaunde to mak thaim
redy fast, a 1548 HALL Chron., Hen. VIII 126 b, The gar-
rison made them ready and bent their ordinaunce. 1610
SHAKS. Temp. i. i. 27 Make your selfe readie in your Cabine
for the mischance of the houre. 1615 W. LAWSON Country
Hoitsew. Card. (1626) 8 Trees cannot .. make themselues
ready to blossome [etc.], 1859 TENNYSON Elaine 775 While
she made her ready for her ride.
theym redy in ornaments,
and began there a very solempne procession. 1603 DEKKER,
etc. Patient Grissil 164 Little girls that yesterday had
ce a hand to make them ready, a 1661 FULLER Worthies
(1840) III. 181 Neatness he neglected into slovenliness; and
. . may be said not to have made himself ready for some
seven years. [i7M MRS. BRADSHAW in Lett. C"tess Suffolk
1824) I. 91 We repair to our own chambers and make our-
selves ready ; for it cannot be called dressing.)
14. trans. To prepare or put in order (a thing or
things); fto dress (a person).
CI375 Sc. Leg. Saints Prol. 95 Syne .. lefit I nocht, til I
had mad bairn redy. 1436 LYDG. De Guil Pilgr, 22918, I
wente afforne .. And made redy his passage, a 1533 LD.
BERNRKS Ifnon Ixvi. 226 Theyr beddes were made redy.
1596 DANETT tr. t'owines (1614) 157 Many a time haue I
scene him made ready and vnready with great reuerence
and solemnity. 1640 in Ussher's Lett. (1686) App. 27 There
be great Preparations making ready against the Liturgy
and Ceremonies of the Church of England. 1808 STOWER
199
Printers' Gram. 345 Making ready a Form. 1842 TENNY-
SON Gardeners Daughter 268 Make thine heart ready with
thine eyes, 1833 G. J. CAYLEY Las Alforjas I. 184 While
our chocolate was being made ready.
15. absoL To make preparations. Const, for
(f /*?), or with inf. ; f formerly also common with-
out const.
13. . Seuyn Sag. (W.) 3876 Thai spred clathes and salt on
set, And made redy vnto the mete. 1375 BARBOUR Bruce
xix. 718 Thai turst harnas and maid reddy. 1382 WYCLIF
Mark xiv. 15 There make je redy to vs. 1473 WARKW.
Chron. (Camden) 2 Wyth the whiche menne made redy, and
beseged the same castelle[s]. 1526 TINDALE Mark xiv. 15
There make reddy for vs. 1603 SHAKS. Meas. for M. nr.
i. 173 To morrow you must die, goe to your knees, and
make ready. 1669 STURM Y Mariner's Mag. i. ii. 20 Make
ready to board him. 1689 [see REAR sb? 7 a]. 1869 W.
LONGMAN Hist. Edw. ///, I. xvii. 319 His companions
made ready to fight. 1890 T. F. TOUT Hist. Eng, front
1680, 29 Bolingbroke . .made ready for a revolution.
b. techn. in Printing (see quots.).
1871 RINGWALT Encycl. Amer. Print.) Making Ready —
the act of getting a form ready to be printed ; . . Making
ready may be said to form the chief portion of the press-
man's duty. 1874 SOUTHWARD Pract. Print, xiv. (ed. 4)413
Begin to 'make ready' — that is, get the impression equal
and level over the whole forme.
IV. Comb, 16. Placed before past participles
to emphasize the completion of the process ex-
pressed by these (cf. 8 b) : a. In predicative use.
(Now frequently hyphened as in b. )
Additional examples are readybeaten (1617), braeed{\yfi\
coined (i6o-$)t graithed(i$i$t grown (1812), mounted (1596),
prepared (1535), shaken (1571), starched (1602); see also
READY MADE. With the early ready uomt, which is frequent
in the I5~i6th c., compare ON. reiditbiiinn, MSw. redhoboin
etc. (Sw. redebogen^ Da. redebon), which may conceivably
have given the suggestion for the Eng. expression.
a 1300 Cursor M. 11595 Son was ioseph redi bun. Hid.
12864 Quen he sagh iesu redi tift. 1390 GOWER Conf. I. 294
For evere his bowe is redi bent, c 1420 Avow. Arth. xxv,
Mi rauunsun is alle redy bo^te. a 1425 Cursor M. 7452 (Trin.)
Greet he was & . . AI redy armed for to fi^t. c 1435 Torr.
Portugal 578 Be the gyant wase redy dyght, Torrent had
slayne the dragon ryght. 1448-9 in Willis & Clark Cam-
bridge (1886) II. lo The seides bowses shull accord with the
other syde the wich is now redy framed next the Freres.
I53S COVERDALE Josh. iv. 13 Aboute a fortye thousande men
ready harnessed to the warre. 1567 Gitde <y Godlie B.
(S.T.S.) 235 Thairfoir leif weil!, be reddy bowne. 1568
GRAFTON Chron. II. 2 The Duke .. seeyng all the countrey
ready set to hedge him in. 1613 PURCHAS Pilgrimage v.
xvii. (1614) 542 Duckes, sometimes raw, and sometimes
ready dressed. 1697 VANBRUGH Prov. Wife in. i, If woman
had been ready created, the devij..had been married. 1727
POPE, etc. Art of Sinking 121 Old Troy is ready burnt
to your hands. 1809 MALKIN Gil Bias x. xii, p 29, I was
the man of all others ready cut and dry for an intrigue. 1836
J. M. GULLY Magendie's Formul. (ed. 2) 161 His doctrine,
that all the varied secretions of the body are ready formed
in the blood. 1842 DICKENS Amer. Notes (1850) 57/1 Clothes
ready-made, and meat ready-cooked.
b. In attributive use. (See also READY-MADE.)
1766 SMOLLETT Tra-v. I. xii. 214 You will find no ready-
furnished lodgings at Nice. 1802-12 BENTHAM Ration.
Jttdic. Evid. (1827) II. 62 A mass of ready-written evidence.
Ibid. 193 Ready-prepared and scientifically-planted ground.
1827 SOUTHEY Hist. Penins. War II. 290 notet The Ameri-
cans carried over ready-built houses for sale. 1892 WOOD-
BURY Encycl. Photogr., Ready-sensitised paper .. in sheets
or in cut sizes.
f c. Used with comet coming. (Cf. B 2.) Obs,
1523 LD. BERNERS Froiss. I. cxxv. 150 At saynt Denyse
were redy come the kynge of Behayne..and many other
lordes. a 1548 HALL Chron.t Hen. VIII 104 b, For redy
comming is yj lord talbot.., with a puissaunt army.
17. a. In parasynthetic combs,, as ready-handed,
-penned, -winged \ also READY-WITTED.
1641 MILTON Ch. Govt. i. vii. Wks. (1847) 40/2 Two quick-
sighted and ready handed virgins. 1771 T. HULL Sir W.
Harrington (1797) IV. 77 You have no ready penn'd sister.
1876 GEO. ELIOT Dan, Der. Ixiii, Ready-winged speech.
1881 BLACKIE Lay Serm. i. 37 Ready-handed interpretations
of judgments.
t b. Objective, as ready-making. Obs.
1611 COTCR., Appareillementi a preparing, prouiding,
readie -making.
B. adv. 1. =; READILY. (In later use chiefly,
and now only, in compar. and superl.)
c 1*50 Gen. $ Ex. 998 And al ?at euere Se louered bad.
dede abraham redi and rad. a 1300 Cursor M. 19638 Sal
me . . quat i sal do, pi will wil I do redi, lo ! ^1485 Digby
Myst. nr. 136 Your arend it xall be don ful redy. 1557
Order of the Hospitalls F iiij, To thintent that all things m
your Office may be the rediar answered. 1596 DALRYMPLE
tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. x. 319 He vnderstude al taknes per-
teineng to the flycht rady anuich. 1641 EARL MONM. tr.
Biondi"s Civil Warres in. 158 Giving him downe a ladder
at the walles foote, that hee might the readier climb up.
1712 BLACKMORECmi//<7« vi. 56 The Earth-born Race Could
move, and walk, and ready change their Place. 1768-74
TUCKER /,/. Nat. (1834) II. 279 Thou ..canst seek, and
readiest find, comforts in the distresses and uses in the evils
thou beholdest. 1709 SOUTHEY Eng. Eel. Poet. Wks. III.
20 There was not. .A child who. .answered readier through
his Catechism.
f2. =•• ALREADY. Obs. rare~l.
1450 Rolls ofParlt. V. 204/2 Bi the opressing of the peple
. .he hath gretli enpovred and hurt the poure Ilond redy.
C. sb, 1. (Usually with the,) Ready money,
cash. {s/ang or co/loq.)
1688 BtjlAl>ViXLt.Sffr.Attat{a i.i, Take upon the reversion;
'tis a lusty one, and Cheatly will help you to the ready. 1712
ARBUTHNOT John Bull i. iii, He was not flush in ready,
either to go to law, or clear old debts. 1784 R. BAGE
READY-MADE.
Barhatn Dmuns II. 136 Cherish your lovely spouse til) you
have got all her ready. 1822 SCOTT Nigel xx\\\, An estate
in the north, which changes masters for want of the redeem-
ing ready. 1872 UKSANT & RICE Ready-money Mort \
* Some of the " ready " ' he said . . ' Gold, father— gold ! ' "
2. (Usually with the.) The position of a fire-arm
when the person holding or carrying it is ready to
raise it to the shoulder and aim or hre.
ready, as if preparing to fire. 1897 Onting (U.S.) XXIX.
427/2, I approach, my gun thrown forward at ready.
Ready (re-di), v. Forms: 4-5 redy(e, 4-6
redi-, o Sc. reddy, 7- ready, [f. READY a.
Somewhat rare between the isth and 19111 c.]
1. refl. To make (oneself) ready in any way.
* X3S° $*• Laurence 51 in Horstm. AltengLLeg. (1881)113
parfore, lady, redy be For here saltou noght ful lang be.
c 1425 Eng. Cong. Irel. 26 He assembled hys hostes & redied
hym to wend thedere. c 1475 RaufCoifyar 782 In Ryall
array he reddyit him to ryde. 1864 MRS. LLOYD Ladies of
Polcarrmu 41 They readied and steadied themselves as best
they might. 1892 BROOKE Early Eng. Lit. II. xviL 105
One of his thegns sprang up and readied him for the
journey.
t2. trans, and refl. a. To direct (one's way, one-
self, or another) ; to guide. Obs.
£1330 R. BRUNNE Chron. (1810) 315 To Scotlond now he
fondes, to redy his viage. t 1400 MAUNDEV. (1839) ^v"- l$$
No man cowde redye him perfitely toward the parties that
he cam fro, but jif it were be aventure and happ. c 1440
Gesta Rom. xxiv. 91 Eche good Cristen man . . owith to redy
him toward the wey of heuen by praiers, fastyng [etc.].
fb. To instruct in (a matter). Obs.~^
1600 HOLLAND Livy xxxiv. Ixi. 886 He redied him in the
names of all those persons with whom he was to talke.
3. trans. To make (a thing) ready; to prepare;
put in order. Now only dial,
a 1340 HAMPOLE Psalter vii. 13 His bow he has bent and
redid it. ^1380 WYCLIF .SW. Wks. III. 181 If bou doist
away synne bou rediest Goddis weye. c 1400 Destr. Troy
5648 All the renkes to row redyn hor shippes. 1609 J. Dow-
divers parents think they have done enough. 1867 WAVGH
Owd Blanket iii. 53 Come in, an' sit tho deawn while eawr
lasses getten yon kitchen readied (made right) a bit.
b. Sc, and dial* To make (food) ready for eating ;
to dress or cook.
1721 WODROW Hist, Sitff. Ch. Scot. (1828) I. i. v. 393 His
fuel to ready it with was sea-tangle. [1765 J. BROWN Chr.
Jrtil. (1814) 237 It is but coarse and ill-readied provision
which I have for breakfast.] 1831 CARLYLE Sort. Res. i. v,
Can a Tartar be said to cook when he only readies his steak
by riding on it, 1881 Isle of Wight Gloss, s.v,, That pork
esn't readied enough.
4. slang, a. Racing. To prevent (one's horse)
from winning, in order to secure a handicap in
another race.
1887 BLACK Sabina Zembra 38 ' Readying ' a horse and
running it out of form so as to scoop the big handicap. 1889
Sat. Rev. 2 Nov. 480/2 A handicap of io,ooo/. will, indeed,
be worth ' readying a horse for.
b. Australian. With up : To prepare or manipu-
late in an improper way for some end.
1893 Melbourne Age 25 Nov. 13/2 (Morris) It has been
said that a great deal has been ' readied up ' for the jury by
the present commissioners.
Hence Bea*dying vbl. sb.
a 1340 HAMPOLE Psalter ix. 41 pe rediynge of baire hert,
bat is, Jjaire hert redy to serue be. 1884 St. James's Gaz.
5 Dec. 5/2 Striking feats of dexterous ' readying ' and
passing ' which his companion performed.
Ready-made, ///• phr., a., and sb. [f. READY
a. 16 + MADE: orig. a participial phrase used only
as a predicate, in later use regarded as a comb,
and hyphened (even in predicative use}.]
f 1. Made ready, prepared. Obs.
c 1440 Jacob's Well 22, I se helle opyn, & my place redy
made bere. 1547 BOORDE Introd. Knoivl. (1870) 185 They
haue euer . . tymber readye made to make a hondred gales
or more. 1588 WHITEHORNE tr. Machiattel's Art Warre
vii. 102 b, V" fortifications being readie made.
2. Of made or manufactured articles : In a finished
state, immediately readyforuse; now spec, of articles
which are offered for sale in this state, in contrast
to others of the same kind which are made to order.
[1390 GOWER Conf. III. 312 Whanne he sih and redy fond
This cofre mad.] 1535 COVERDALE Ezek. xxvii. 19 Dan,
lauan, and Meusal haue brought vnto thy markettes, yron
redy made. 1568 GRAFTON Chron, II. 355 Neyther is there
in Scotland . . leather to make harnesse for their horse, as
Saddels, Bridels, &c. But they haue all these thinges readie
made out of Flaundyrs. 1631 WEEVER Anc. Funeral M on.
498 To each one, a Gowne and a hood ready made. 1687
A. LOVELL tr. Thevenofs Trtrv. i. ^3 A Coffee-hane(soihey
call the place where they sell it (coffee] ready made).
1768-74 TUCKER Lt. .\'at. (1834! II. 515 They expect to buy
understanding and sentiments, as they dp wares, ready
made, at a shop. 1853 SlR H- DOUGLAS Milit. Bridges 337
To move the bridge, ready-made, to its place. 1860 MRS.
CARLYLE Lett. III. 20, I fell to cutting out that jacket last
Monday,.. better to have bought one ready-made. 1875 in
Ruskin Fcrs Cl<iv. lix. notes V-32I Never buy cheap ready-
made clothing of any kind whatsoever.
b. In phrases used attributively.
1844 ALB. SMITH Adv. Mr. Ledbury vi. (1886) 20 [He]
repaired to a ready-made clothes establishment in the
Palais Royal. 1874 BURNANO My time xviii. 151, I used
. .[to] admire the garments in a ready-made clothes shop.
BEADY MONEY.
8. Hence applied to any thing or person which
exists in a finished or complete form, either naturally
or as the result of some process ; freq. used with
depreciatory force, in allusion to the inferiority of
certain ' ready-made' articles of trade.
1738 SWIFT Polite Cont>. 102 A good Wife must be be-
spoke, for there is none ready made. 1801 MOORE To
Poems 88 You will be An angel ready-made for heaven !
1890 Spectator 7 June, We all nowadays . . elect our leaders
instead of taking them ready-made.
b. In attributive use.
1707 BURKE Regie. Peace iv. Wks. IX. 44 A shop of
ready-made Bankruptcy and Famine. 18x3 SHELLEY Q.
Mab in. 41 Some ready-made face Of hypocritical assent.
1869 J. MARTINEAU Ess. II. 64 He carries about with him
certain ready-made formulas. 1871 FREEMAN Norm, Cong,
(1876) IV. xvii. 64 Their own Richard's Castle was a ready-
made outpost of the Norman King.
4. Pertaining to, dealing in, ready-made articles.
1809 MALKIN Gil Bias vi. i. P 7 The ready-made ware-
house, where I bought these dresses. 1853 LOWELL Moose-
head Jrnl. Pr. Wks. 1890 I. 39 True enough, thought I,
this is the Ready-made Age.
6. sb. A ready-made article; esp. a ready-made
garment or suit of clothes.
i88j Standard 18 Dec. 8/3 Traveller wanted for the
Ready-mades for the Midland Counties. 1898 Daily AY:<».v
9 May 3/6 Stocks of cloths, especially ready-modes.
Rea'dy mo-ney. [READY a. 10 a.] Coined
money, cash, as being immediately available for
use ; also, immediate payment in coin for anything
bought. (In common use from isth c.)
<• 14*0 Sir Amadace (Camden) xii, A marcnand of this
cite, Hade. . euiryche $ere thre hundrythe pownde, Of redy
monay, and of rowunde. 1503-4 Act 19 Hen, K/Y, c. 27 § 7
The Capytayne. .agreyd to have .. the said therde parte in
redye money and nott in vitayles. 1613 PURCHAS Pilgrimage
in. x. (1614)295 Readie monie is their surest riches, because
the Grande Signior is their surest Heire. 1712 STEELF Sfect.
No. 264 F 2 He had at this Time fifty Pounds in ready
Money. 1787 BENTHAM Def, Usury iii. 19 No man.. ever
thinks of borrowing money to spend, so long as he has
ready money of his own. 1885 Laiu Rep. 29 Chanc. Div.
468 The company was in great difficulties for ready money.
Prov, 1630 J. TAYLOR (Water P.) Trav. Twelve Pence Wks.
i. 72/2 The Prouerbe true doth say That ready money euer
will away.
Hence Bea-dy-mo-ney attrib. phr.
1. Characterized by immediate payment in money
for articles bought.
171* STEELE Sped. No. 546 F 3 He cannot expose that to
the hazard of giving credit, but enters into a ready-money
trade. iSai SCOTT Pirate xviii, Having been hitherto a
ready-money trade. 1865 Sat. Rev. 21 Jan. 79/2 The
transactions . . require only ready-money dealing. 1898
J. B. WOLLOCOMBE From Morn till Eve x, 236 The land-
lord carried on a ready-money business.
2. Paying readjr money.
1796 NELSON in Nicolas Disp. (1845) II. 221, I think you
will like to have these ready-money gentry come amongst
you. 1895 Pall Mall G. 17 Oct. 3/1 Within handy reach
of every ready-money housekeeper in the kingdom.
Rea-dy-niO:neyed, a. [f.prec.] a. Possess-
ing ready money, "b. Of the nature of ready money.
(In quot./^-.)
1810 Chron. m Ann. Reg. 314/1 Mr. Elwes is, perhaps,
the richest ready-moneyed commoner in England, c 1815
JANE AUSTEN Northang. Abb. (1833) II. xi. 175 Giving
ready-monied, actual happiness for a draft on the future
that may not be honoured.
Rea'dy reckoner. [READY a.] A table,
or collection of tables, showing at a glance the
results of such arithmetical calculations as are
most frequently required in ordinary business,house-
keeping, etc.
17570. PENNING (title) The Ready Reckoner; or, Trade's
most useful Assistant. iSxx S. SIMPSON (title) The Readiest
Reckoner ever invented. 1838 DICKENS Nick. Nick, i,
Abstract calculations of figures, or references to ready-
reckoners. 1851 MAYHEW Loud. Labour I. 327/1 This book
. .contains a diary.., an almanack, a ready-reckoner [etc.].
Ready-witted, a. [READY a. 6 a.] Of a
ready wit or intelligence ; quick of apprehension.
1581 PETTIE tr. Gnazzo's Civ. Conv. m. (1586) 127 b,
Manie grosse heads, by continuall studie become readie
wilted. 1784 BURNS Ep. J, Ranking i, O rough, rude
ready-witted Rankine. 1821 SCOTT Kenilw. xvi, Varney
was as bold-faced and ready-witted as he was cunning and
unscrupulous. 1869 TROLLOPE He Knew, etc. xxxi. (1878)
175 Dorothy was not sufficiently ready-witted to see the
danger of this position.
Hence Bea-dy-wi'ttedness.
1884 Spectator 20 Dec. 1700/2 The ready-wittedness and
power of observation, which makes in semi-civilized com-
munities the successful doctor.
t Reaf. Obs. Also 3 reef, ram-. [OE. riaf^
usually regarded as a special sense of rdaf spoil,
booty (see REAVE z/.), but the precise relationship
is not quite certain.] A garment, mantle.
£950 Lindisf. Gosp. Matt.xxii. 12 Ne haefdes Su wede vel
reaf brydlic. cii2i O. E. Chron. (Laud MS.) an. 1070
Msesse hakeles & cantelcapas & reafes. c iao$ LAY. 23760
Warp he an his rugge a raef swi5e deore. Ibid. 26636
Romanisce leoden mid raeue bihonged.
Reaf(e, variants of REIP, plunder(ing).
Reafen, obs. form of RAVEN sbJ-
Reaffe'Ct, v. 1. [RE- 5 a.] tram. To affect
(t aim at, have liking for, etc.) again or anew.
1599 SAMDVS Eitropx Spec. (1632) 174 The Germane, .will
hardly.. be brought ever in heart to re-affect the Papacie.
200
1651 J. WRIGHT tr. Camus' Nat. Paradoxy.\\. 328 Iphigenes
..seemed to re-affect the desire of Living. 1654 COKAINE
Dianea n. 128 If I kill him, I can never hope to enjoy
him, who living may become sensible of his errour, and re-
affect me.
2. [RE- 2 a.] To affect in return.
1697 J. SERGEANT Solid Philos. 144 Those Phantasms.,
which have already affected the said Seat of Knowledge . .
and have been re-affected by it.
Reaffi-rm, v. [RE- 5 a.]
f 1. trans. To confirm anew. Obs.—°
1611 FLORIO, Raffermare, to re-affirme, to re-confirme.
2. To affirm or assert anew.
«i84« CHANNINC Perfect Life i. (1873) 25, I close with
re-affirming the truth that I have aimed to impress. 1884
Spectator 4 Oct. 1289/2 The electors have since, .reaffirmed
and strengthened that decision.
Hence Reaffi'rmer, one who reaffirms.
1891 BRUCE Apologetics n. v. 231 They were only re-
amrmers with new emphasis of the ancient faith.
Reaffi rmance. [Ki- 5 tu -next.
1716 AYLIFFE Parergon 208 A persisting therein without
Revocation of his Error, or a Re-affirmance thereof after
such Revocation. 1790 BURKE Fr. Rev. 45 Nothing more
than a re-affirmance of the still more ancient standing law
of the kingdom. 1881 G. W. HERVEY Manu. Revivals vi.
45 At such a time the true Gospel may need a reaffirmance
and defence.
Reaffirma-tion. [RE- 5 a.] Renewed affirma-
tion ; reassertion.
1857 P. FREEMAN Princ. Div. Sent. II. 100 The dogmatic
re-affirmation of Eucharistic doctrine. 1885 Athenaeum
14 Nov. 642/2 The . . criticism . . concludes with a reaffirma-
tion of the great influence of the antique on Raphael
Reaffo-rest, v. [RE- 5 a.]
fl. trans. To restore to the legal status of a
forest. Obs.
1667-8 Act 19 * 20 Chas. //, c. 8 § 5 All the other Waste
Lands aforesaid shall be and are hereby reafforrested and
shall from henceforth be governed by Forrest Law. [Hence
in Manley (1684), Phillip:; (1706), and later Diets.]
2. To replant with trees; to cover again with
forest. Hence Beaffo-resting vbl. sb.
1881 Pall Mall G. 10 Aug. 5/1 The great importance of
reafforesting the denuded soil in over-cleared countries.
1890 W. MEYNELL J. H. Newman 2 His scheme for the
reafforesting of England.
So Reafforesta tion.
1884 Manch. Exam. 28 Mar. 5/2 The question as to how
the work of reafforestation is to be done.
t Reaffirm!, v. Obs.-1 [RE- 5 a.] trans. To
pour on again.
1605 TIMME Quersit. i. xiii. 57 If. .the oylely liquor of his
proper sulphur.. be drawen forth.. and be reaffunded and
distilled [etc.].
So t Reaffu sion. Obs. rare.
1657 G. STAKKEY Helmont's Vind. 326 The spirit by re-
affusion and powring off. . will extract the whole tincture of
the Vegetable. 1666 BOYLE Orig. Formes $ Qual. n. vi. I
371 By the Reaffustons of fresh Menstruum on the dry [
Calx of Gold.
Reaflac : see REFLAC Obs.
Reagency (rcy-djensi). [RE- 3 a; cf. RE-
ACT z/.i] Reactive power or operation.
1842 Btackw. Mag. LI. 284 Christianity.. as a re-agency
of destruction to all forms of idolatrous error. 1853 DE
QUINCEY Confess. (1856) 12 The re-agency of these London
sufferings did . . enforce the use of opium.
Reagent (riy-djent). [R£- 3 a; cf. REACT n.l]
1. Chem. A substance employed as a test to deter-
mine the presence of some other substance by means
of the reaction which is produced.
1797 HATCHETT in Phil. Trans. LXXXVIII. 115 The
liquor. .being examined by the re-agents commonly used,
afforded no trace of matter in solution. 1811 SIR H. DAVY
Chem. Philos. 27 Boyle . . introduced the use of tests or
reagents, active substances for detecting the presence of i
other bodies. 1880 DARWIN in Life <J- Lett. (1887) III. 346
Injecting various reagents into the tissues of leaves.
2. A reactive substance, force, etc. (Sometimes
directly transf. from prec.)
1856 EMERSON Eng. Trails, Race 27 Civilization is a re-
agent, and eats away the old traits. 1865 M. PATTISON
Serin. 109 Mind is a reagent against society. 1880 W. MAC-
CORMAC Antis. Surgery 113 The antiseptic method is not
the mere employment of any single reagent.
t Rea-ggravate, i>. Obs. rare. [RE- 5 a, after
med. L. reaggravare (1501 in Du C.), It. raggra-
vare (Florio), F. reaggraver (isth c.): cf. next.]
trans. To make still heavier.
1611 COTGR., R engraver, to reaggrauate; reinforce, re-
new. 1626 C. POTTER tr. Sarfi's Hist. Quarrels 72 Re-
seruing to Himselfe and his successors power to aggrauate
and reaggrauate the censures and penalties against them.
Reaggrava-tion. Eul. [ad.m<xl.L.reaggra-
valio ; cf. obs. F. riaggravation (ijth c. ; the usual
word is riaggrave"). See prec. and AGGRAVATION 3.]
The second warning given to a person before final
excommunication.
1611 COTGR., Reaggravation, a reaggrauation ; and (par-
ticularly) the last, and most direfull excommunication of
offendors. 1727-41 CHAMBERS Cycl. s-v., Before they pro-
ceed to fulminate the last excommunication, they publish
an aggravation, and a re-aggravation. 1864 [see AGGRAVA-
TION 3].
Rea ggregate, ». [RE- 5 a.] trans. To
collect or bring together again. Hence Rea-ggre-
gated///. a. ; Reaggrega'tion.
1849 MURCHISON Siluria xiv. 347 Simply a re-aggregated
granite. 1869 G. P. SCROPE I'ctlcanos 45 A proportionate I
REAL.
diminution of temperature .. reaggregates them in a solid
mass. 1881 SPENCER Princ. Social., Pol. Instit. 243 The
minglings of peoples and institutions, the breakings up and
re-aggregations . .destroy the continuity of normal processes.
Rea-gitate, v. [RE- 5 a.] To agitate again.
1813 T. BUSBY Lucretius II. iv. Comm. p. xxxiv, Certain
minute moveable bones.. provided to re-agitate the air.
t Reagnize, v. Ots.-1 [RE- 5 a.] trans. To
recognize.
1681 H. MORE Anxot. Glanvilts Lnx Orient 30 They
will . . remember their former Paradisiacal state upon its
recovery, and reagnize their ancient home.
t Reagree, v. Obs.-1 [RE- 5 a + AGEEE v. 4.]
trans. To reconcile, make up again.
1609 DANIEL Civ. Wars vn. cxiv, Fain to see that glorious
holiday Of union which this discord re-agreed.
Reaisun, obs. f. REASON. Reak, (!) var. of
RAKE sb? and z>.i Reak(e, obs. ff. REEK sb.
and v. Rcake, obs. f. RECK v. ; (?) obs. var. of
REACH v. Reaklesse, obs. var. of RECKLESS.
Reakn-, obs. Sc. f. RECKON v.
t Reaks, sb. pi. Obs. Also 6-7 reakes, J
reeks, reax : and sing. 9 Sc. reik. [Of obscure
origin: cf. FREAK. The precise relationship to
REX is not clear ; the evidence is not decisive for
the view that rex is the original form.] Pranks,
wanton or riotons tricks or practices. Chiefly in
phr. to keep or play reaks (very common in 1 7th c.).
'575 GASCOIGNE Flowers, Lootes of Loner forsaken Wks.
15 Such reakes the rage of loue in thee had wrought. 1586
D. ROWLAND Lazarillo n. (1672) U i, The owner of the
House, where these Reaks were Played. 1596 NASHE
Saffron Waldcn 95 The olde reakes hee kept with the
wenches in Queenes Colledge Lane. 1633 HEYWOOD Eng.
Trav. n. Wks. 1874 IV. 25 They may be rather called
Reakes then Reuells. 1691 R. L'ESTRANGE Fables (1694)
475 Throwing books at one another's heads and playing
such Reaks as if Hell were broke loose. 1818 SCOTT Kol
Roy xxvi, Mony a daft reik he has played.
Comb. 161 1 COTGR., Riblenr, a disorderlie roauer, . . out-
ragious reakes-player.
Real (rral, w-al), sbl Also 7 reall. [Sp. real,
sb. use of real adj., royal :— L. regal-em : see REAL
a.l, and RIAL si.]
1. A small silver coin and money of account in
use in Spain and Spanish-speaking countries, a.
The old Spanish real de plata (still current in
Mexico, and largely circulated in tie United States
up to c 1850) = an eighth of a dollar, or d\d. b.
The present Spanish monetary unit, real (de) vellon
(not current as a coin) — a quarter of a peseta, or
about 2 ',</.
The real of p late was formerly known in the northern
U.S. by the name of Mexican or Spanish shilling, in the
south by that of LEVY so.1 See also BIT so.' 8 b.
1611 COTGR., Real, a Reall, or Spanish sixpence. 1613
PURCHAS Pilgrimage vm. x. (1614) 795 Euery Indian payeth
tribute to the King [of Spain] twelue Reals of Plate. 1662
J. DAVIES tr. Olearius' Voy. Ainbass. 97 The Muscovites.,
tarry them [Rixdollers] to the Mint, as they do also Spanish
Reals. 1760 Ann. Reg. 89 All they owed to the crown ..
which does not amount to less than sixty millions of reals.
which it took me more than an hour to count.
f2. Realof eight = Pieceof Eight (EIGHT 2 d). Obs.
161* SHKLTON Qnix. I. i. iL 14 It being all one to me to
be paid my Money in 8 single Reals, or to be paid the
same in one Real of eight. 1628 DIGBY I'oy. A/edit. 38.
4 French vessels, whereof one. .had still a hundred thousand
reals of eight abord her. 1818 JAS. MILL Brit. India L I.
ii. 31 The prize money, whicn was estimated at ioo,ooo/.
and 240,000 reals of eight.
t Real, a.1 (and sb?) Obs. Also 4-5 reale, 4,
6-7 reall ; //. 5 Sc. reaws. [a. OF. real (i 2th c.)
= Prov. real, reial, Sp., Pg. real, It. reale :— L.
regal-em REGAL. As a variant of RIAL and ROYAL,
the form chiefly occurs in MSS. written about 1400.]
A. adj. Royal, regal, kingly.
13.. Guy Wartv. (A.) 3879 A real pauiloun he ber seye.
c 1350 Will. Palerne 1597 Al bat real aray reken schold
men neuer. 1397 Rolls of Parlt. III. 379/1, I amonges
other restreyned my Lord of his fredom, and toke upon
me. .Power RealL c 1415 WYNTOUN Cron. in. iii. 560 Brute
..byggyd in his land a towne, Yhit realle [and] off gret
renowne. 1460 CAPGRAVE Chron. (Rolls) 197 The qween
held a real Cristinas.se aftir at Walingford. 1577 HELLOWES
Gueutira's Chron. 109 He edified the reall palace named
Neptunus. x6oa MARSTON Ant. fy Mel. u. Wks. 1856 I. 23
Then whome I knowe not a more .. pretious, reall, mag-
nanimous, bountious.
B. sb.% A royal person, rare.
1399 LANGL. Rich. Redelcs i. 91 Reffusynge the reule of
realles kynde. Ibid. in. 301 Whanne realles remeveth, ..
And carieth ouere centre ther comunes dwelleth. c I425
WYNTOUN Cron. vm. i. 105 Gyve any male Of Reaws might
fundyn be Worth to have that realte.
Real (rf-al), a.2, adv., and st>.3 Also 5-7 reall.
[a. OF. real, reel (isth c. in Godef.), or ad. late L.
realis, f. res thing, etc. + -AL.]
The precise sense is uncertain in the following early
instances of the word : — c 1440 Promp. Parv. 424/2 Real,
realis. 1570 LEVINS Manip. 13/31 Reall, realis. 1598
MARSTON Sep. Villanie To ittdic. Perusers 160 Some of his
new-minted Epithets (as Reall, Intrinsecate, Delphicke).
A. adj. I. 1. Having an objective existence ;
actually existing as a thing.
1601 SHAKS. Alts Well v. iii. 307 Is there no exorcist
REAL.
Beguiles the truer Office of mine eyes? Is't reall that
I see? 1651 HOBBES Leviath. in. xxxiv. 210 That some
such apparitions were not Imaginary, but Reall. 1667
MILTON P. L. vni. 310 Whereat I wak'd, and found Before
mine Eyes all real, as the dream Had lively shadowd. i8zi
SHELLEY Prometh. Unb. \. 748 But from these create he
can Forms more real than living man. 1859 PARKINSON
Optics (1866) 130 A real visible object and its optical image
differ in this respect.
b. In Philosophy applied to whatever is regarded
as having an existence in fact and not merely in
appearance, thought, or language, or as having an
absolute and necessary, in contrast to a merely
contingent, existence.
1701 NORRIS Ideal World i. iii. 150 An Hircocervus or
any other Fictitious Being is true and real with respect to
the Simple Essences or Natures. 1711 SHAFTESB. Charac.
(1737) II. in. i. 369 Thought we own pre-eminent, and con-
fess the reallest of Beings. 1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) XVIII.
79/1 Numberless absurdities, such as, that, .forms or sensible
qualities are real things independent of their subject and the
sentient beings who perceive them. 1843 MILL Logic I. vi.
§ 3 He [Locke] admitted real essences, or essences of indi-
vidual objects, which he supposed to be the causes of the
sensible properties of those objects. 1857 WHEWELL Hist.
Induct. Sc. (ed. 3) I. 343 The perfections are unquestionably
real existences. 1893 BRADLEY Appearance $ Reality xxvii.
(1897) 552 The more that anything is spiritual, so much the
more is it veritably real.
c. Real money ^ current coin or cash (esp. as op-
posed to imaginary money or money of account).
1685 PETTY JfY//p. v, An estate of about i3oo/. in ready
and real money. 1849 FKEESE Comm. Class-bk. 71 Real
monies are coins of any kind of metal, made current by the
authority of the state.
d. Math. Of quantities. (Opposed to IMAGIN-
ARY i c, or IMPOSSIBLE 2.)
17*7-41 CHAMBERS Cycl. s.y. Root^ If the value of x be
positive, i.e. if x be a positive quantity,., the root [of an
equation] is called a real or true root. 1841 Penny Cycl.
XX. 150/2 Here a and b are meant to be real algebraical
quantities, that is, reducible to positive or negative whole
numbers or fractions.
e. Optics. (See quot.)
1859 PARKINSON Optics (1866) 130 If an image consist of
points through which the light actually passes it is called
real ; — in other cases virtual. Hence a screen placed in the
position of an image will receive illumination only when the
image is real.
2. Actually existing or present as a state or quality
of things ; having a foundation in fact ; actually
occurring or happening.
1597 SHAKS. Lovers Compl. 114 His real habitude gave
life and grace To appertainings and to ornament, Accom-
plished in himself, not in his case. 1662 STILLINGFL. Orig.
Sacr. in. ii. § 7 Time .. denotes nothing real in its self
existing, .and so can argue nothing as to the real existence
of things from all eternity, c 1689 PRIOR To Chas. Montague
4 He can imagin'd pleasures find, To combat against real
cares. 1719 BUTLER Sernt. Hum. Nat. ii. Wks. 1874 II. 18
Our inward feelings, and the perceptions we receive from
our external senses, are equally real. 1794 PALEV Evid. HI.
ii. (1817) 288 The malady was real, the cure was real,
whether the popular explication of the cause was well
founded or not. 1816 J. WILSON City of Plague ii. iii. 122
More terrible These sights and sounds from the disastrous
sky Than all the real terrors of the Plague. 1852 MRS.
JAMESON Leg. Madonna Introd. 36 The Caracci school ..
combined . . the study of the antique with the observation of
real life. 1879 M. ARNOLD Irish Cathol. Ess. 115 From
Christianity's being a real source of cure, for a real bondage
and misery. 1884 tr. Lotze's Logic nr. ii. (1888) II. 208 We
call.. an event Real which occurs or has occurred, in con-
tradistinction to that which does not occur.
b. Real presence ) the actual presence of Christ's
body and blood in the sacrament of the Eucharist.
The precise sense attached to real depends on the belief
held as to the nature or mode of the presence. In the
Roman Catholic and Lutheran churches it implies the
presence (by transubstanttation or consubstantiation) of the
actual body and blood of Christ ; by the Church of England
it is held that the body and blood are present * only after an
heavenly and spiritual manner'.
1559 FECKNAM in Strype Ann. Kef. I. App. ix. (1709) 25
Doctor Cranmer . . did most constantly affirme and defend the
real Presence of Chryst's Bodye in the Holie Euchariste.
1563 [Latimer in] FOXE A. <$• M. 979/1 This same presence
may be called moste fitly, a reall presence, that is a presence
not fained, but a true and faythfull presence. 1655 FULLER
Ch. Hist. ix. vii. § 12 Confessing the reall presence, and
that the manner thereof transcended his apprehension.
1687 DRYDEN Hind $ P. n. 32 And to explain what your
forefathers meant By real presence in the Sacrament, After
long fencing. .Your salvo comes, that he's not there at all.
1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) XVIII. 78/1 This account of the
Romish doctrine concerning the real presence. 1839 KEIGHT-
LF.Y Hist. Eng. I. 322 Wickliffe.. seems to have agreed with
the present Church of England, in denying a bodily but
acknowledging a real spiritual presence in the sacramental
elements. 1882 M. CREIGHTON Hist. Papacy i. ii. (1899) I.
124 Wyclif did not deny the real presence of Christ in the
elements; he denied only the change of substance in the
elements after consecration.
^ 3. '1 hat is actually and truly such as its name
implies ; possessing the essential qualities denoted
by its name ; hence, genuine, undoubted.
.155? 'n Strype Ann. Ref. (1824) I. n. App. vi. 401 Eccle-
siasticall lawes made, cannot byndthe universall churche of
Christe, without the reall assent . . of the sea apostolike.
1597 HOOKER Eccl. Pol. v. Ixvii. § 2 That which alone is
materi.il, namely the real participation of Christ, .by means
of this sacrament. 1667 MILTON /'. L. x. 413 Planets.. real
Eclips Then sufferd. 1711 ADDISON Spect. No. 275 p 3
Homer tells us that the Klood of the Gods is not real Rlootl,
but only something like it. 1790 BURKE Fr. Rev, 51 Press-
VOL. VIII.
201
ing down the whole by the weight of a real monarchy. 1836
HOR. SMITH Tin Tritmp. I. 12 Dressing like a real, and
driving like an amateur coachman. 1866 G. MACDONALD
Ann. Q. Neighb. iv. (1878) 52 It was evidently real and not
affected doubt.
b. Natural, as opposed to artificial or depicted.
1718 Poi'E Arachne 158 A real bull seems in the piece to
roar, And real billows breaking on the shore. 1827 STEUART
Planter's G. Pref. (1828) 2 In removing Wood, for the
purpose of creating Real Landscape, plants of a large size
are necessarily employed.
C. Mus. (See quots.)
1869 OUSELEY C&unterp. xiv. 83 Counterpoint In more
than four real parts, i. e. ' parts which proceed together, and
yet have each a different melody'. Ibid. xix. 160 A fugue
with a subject, the answer to which gives every interval by
exact and simple transposition, is called a real fugue. 1889
PROUT Harmony v. § 139 If . . the quality of the intervals is
exactly the same in the imitations as in the pattern, the
sequence will be real, i. e. exact. . . A real sequence is much
rarer than a tonal one.
4. a. That is actually present or involved, as
opposed to apparent^ ostensible, ^ic.
1716 POPE Let. to Lady M. W. Montagu 18 Aug., What-
ever I write will be the real thought of that hour. 1771
Jvnins Lett. Hx. 307, I doubt not they delivered their real
sentiments. 1802-12 BENTHAM Ration. Jndic. Evid. (1827)
IV. 644 notet There lurks the real reason at the bottom of
the ostensible one. 1860 TYNDALL Glac. n. vii. 279 With
regard to the real explanation of these effects, it may be
shown [etc.]. 1870 LOWELL Study Wind. 249 An imper-
turbable perception of the real relations of things.
b. The actual (thing or person); that properly
bears the name.
^1631 DONNE Poems (1650) 9 The Kings reall, or his
stamped face. 1660 F. BROOKE tr. Le Blanc's Trav. 10 One
of them to his thinking favoured very much his companion,
and as he was about to follow them, his reall companion
called him to come back. 1704 [see HORIZON 3], 1774
GOLDSM. Nat. Hist. (1776) IV. 244 The bag .. may rather be
considered as a supplemental womb. In the real womb, the
little animal is partly brought to perfection. i&i$ Sporting
Mag. XLI. 175 She went the real pace, having passed this
extent of country in forty-five minutes. 1840 MACAULAY
£ss., Clive, It was absurd to regard him as the real master
of Hindostan. 1869 RUSKIN Q. of Air § 5 From the real
sun, rising and setting; — from the real atmosphere [etc.],
C. The real thing : The thing itself, as contrasted
with imitations or counterfeits ; hence slang, the
'genuine article'.
1818 LADY MORGAN Autobiog. (1859) 15 He is the real
thing, and no mistake. 1858 HAWTHORNE f'r. $ It. Note-
bks. II. 37 Represented with the vividness of the real thing.
6. t a. Sincere, straightforward, honest. Obs.
(freq. in iyth c.).
1597 BACON £ss,t Ceremonies fy Respects (Arb.) 24 He that
is only reall had need haue exceeding great parts of vertue.
1630 R. Johnson's Kingd. ff Comnnv. 51 The Dutch hath
an honest and reall manner of dealing. 1647 CLARENDON
Hist. Reb. i. § 35 If his intentions were real. 1686 tr.
Chardin's Trav. Persia 173 Supposing he should be real
and sincere. 1709 MRS. CENTLIVRE Gamester \. i, If I could
believe thee real, my joys would be compleat.
fb. True or loyal to another. Obs.
1643 EARLOFCLANRICARDE in Carte Ormonde (1735) III. 79
To haue a person soe full of worth and honour to be firme
and reall to me. 1690 Seer. Hist. Chas. II $ Jas, //, 9 1
Which, had England been real to the confederate, might
have been easily wrested again out of his hand.
C. Free from nonsense, affectation, or pretence ;
'genuine1.
1847 TENNYSON Princ. Concl. 18 They hated banter, wish'd
for something real. 1851 HAWTHORNE Ho. Sev. Gables ix,
Phoebe's presence made a home about her. .. She was real !
1880 MRS. WHITNEY Odd or Even ? xxxvi, She had been so
near real people who meant every bit of their lives.
II. 6. Law. (Opposed to PERSONAL.)
a. Of actions, causes, etc.: Relating to things, or
spec, to real property (see c).
In early use freq. placed after the sb,, and with pt in -jr.
1448 Shilling fora s Lett. (Camden) App. 139 Any action
real personall and myxte apon any person or persons, 1535
Act a/ Hen. VllI^ c. 26 § 4 All actions realles, hereafter
shalbe conueied, perpetrated, or sued for any landes. 1574
tr. Littletons Tenures 41 If the villaine be demaundant in
an accion reall, or plaintife in an action personal. 1603
OWEN Pembrokesh. (1892) 155 Pleas reall and mixt for
landes are and must be sued at home. 1652 GAULE Mag-
astrom. 342 All matters or causes, criminall or reall. 1768
BLACK STONE Comm. III. 117 Real actions . . which concern
real property only. 1818 CRUISE Digest (ed. 2) III. 401
After a real action was barred by length of time. 1863 H.
Cox Instil, ii. ix. 512 Real actions, brought for the specific
recovery of freeholds.
b. Connected in some way with things or real
property : (see quots. and W barton's Law Lexicon}.
1467-8 Rolls of Parlt. V. 578/2 Lands, Tenementez and
other Possessions .. in demeane and reall possession. 1625
SURGES Pers. Tithes 48 How much should bee due,_ where
no Custome, Composition real, or other sufficient Priuiledges
takes place. 1666-88 DALLAS Stiles (1697) 694 (heading}
Real Rights. Ibid. 797 Disposition . . of certain Lands,
Baronies, and others, in Real Warrandice of other Lands
formerly Disponed. 1727-41 CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v., Customs
are said to be real ; that is, they determine all inheritances
within their extent. 1766 BI.ACKSTONE Comm. II. in. 28 A
real composition is when an agreement is made between the
owner of the lands, and the parson or vicar,.. that such
lands shall for the future be discharged from payment of
tithes, by reason of some land or other real recompence
given to the parson, in lieu, .thereof. 1802-12 BENTHAM
Ration. Judic. Kvid. (1827) I. 53 Real evidence, that which
is afforded by a being belonging, not to the class of persons,
but to the class of things. 1832 AUSTIN Jnrispr. (1879)1. 59
Real rights (property in things real or real property) are
REAL.
rights which are inheritable. 1837 tr. Guizofs I/ist. Civiliz.
iii. 89 Personal legislation, in contradistinction to real
legislation, which is found upon territory.
c. Consisting of immovable property, as lands
and houses; esp. real estate (see ESTATE sb. n).
1641 Decay Trade 2 The price and measure of all our
other meanes both personall and real!. 1644 G. PLATTES in
Hartlib's Legacy (1655) 209 A present estate, either real or
personal. 1690 CHILD Disc. Trade (1694) 8 Securities of
lands and houses [are] rendered, indeed such as we com-
monly call them, real securities. 1711 STEELE Sj>ect, No. 97
f 5 Their real Estate shall be immediately vested in the
next Heir. 1827 JARMAN Powell's Devises II. 169 The
word effects, without the word real, will not .. comprehend
land. 1845 STEPHEN Comm. Laws .£«,£•. (1874) H«9 Things
real comprise not only the land itself, but also such in-
corporeal rights as issue out of or are connected with it.
1870 PINKERTON Guide 27 A sale of real estate by order of
Orphans' Court, .must be public.
d. Chattels real : (see CHATTEL 4 b).
7. T &• Consisting of actual things. Obs. rare.
1613 PURCHAS Pilgrimage vii. ix. (1614) 698 The cere-
f monies they used to them, were . . verball prayers, reall
offerings. Ibid. ix. xiv. 912 The Colonie .. haue not onely
sent verball, but reall commendations of the place.
b. Relating to, concerned with, things.
1593 G. HARVEY Pierces Sitperer. Wks. (Grosart) II. 162
The most endlesse altercations ; being generally rather
verbal, then reall, and more circumstantial], then substan-
tial!. 1620 T. GRANGER Dtv. Logike 143 Logicke is a
Rational!, not reall art. 1681 RAY Corr. (1848) 130 Making
your discoveries and observations public, for., the advance-
ment of real philosophy. 1697 tr. Burgersdicius his Logic
ii. xv. 64 A Real is when the Attribute of the Question is
real ; as, ' is a Place a Superficies?1 or so. 1845 WHATELY
Logic in Encycl. Metrof. I. 235/1 Those which are called
real Definitions, viz. which unfold the nature of the thing.
1870 J. H. NEWMAN Gram. Assent \. \. 8 Propositions , . of
which the terms stand for things external to us, unit and
individual as . . ' the earth goes round the sun ' . . ; these I call
real propositions, and their apprehension real.
fc. Of written characters: Representing things
instead of sounds. Obs.
1605 BACON Adv. Learn, n. xvi. § 2 We understand
further, that it is the use of China, and the kingdoms of the
High Levant, to write in characters real, which express
neither letters nor words in gross, but things or notions.
1668 WILKINS Real Char. i. iii. § 5. 13 A Real universal
Character, that should not signifie words, but things and
notions. 1727-41 CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v. Character, The real
character is no chimera ; the Chinese and Japonese have
already something like it.
d. Corresponding to actuality ; true.
1657-83 EVELYN Hist. Relig. (1850) I. 87 But, though we
can neither see God, nor our souls, we may and can have a
real idea of both, without a sensible vision. 1690 LOCKE
Hunt. Und. n. xxx. § 5 Ideas of substances are real, when
they agree with the existence of things. 1862 H. SPENCER
First^ Princ. i. ii. § n (1875) 32 The impossibility of ex-
panding our symbolic conception of self-creation into a real
conception, remains as complete as ever. 1866 G. MAC-
DONALD Ann. Q. Neighb. xiv. (1878) 287 Whether a story be
• real in fact or only real in meaning.
•f- 8. Essential, important. Obs.—*
1620 Lo. HERBERT Corr. in Lift (1886) 349 This being the
reallest, . . I need not insist upon some less essential forms.
9. Attached, or pertaining, to scholastic Realism.
1528 TINDALE Obed. Chr. Man To Rdr., One holdeth this,
an other that. One is reall, an other nominal]. 1663 BUTLER
Hitd. i. i. 156 Profound in all the Nominal And Real ways
beyond them all
10. Real school [tr. G. realschule"}. Applied to
a class of schools in Germany which occupy them-
selves mainly with the sciences and modern lan-
guages, as subjects of practical utility. Hence
Real scholar.
1833 SIR W. HAMILTON Discuss. (1852) 552 RealscJtnlen^
real schools, .because they are less occupied with the study
of languages (Verbalia) than with the knowledge of things
(RealiaJ. 1836 Ibid. 269 The best of our former Real
Scholars, when brought into collation with the Latin
Scholars could, in general, hardly compete with the most
middling of these. 1885 Guardian 6 May 697/3 Chapters
on the State schools, whether, .real schools, or gymnasia.
IIL 11. Comb., as real-hearted, -minded adjs.
ai866 T. GROTE Exam. Utilit. Phil. ii. (1870) 37> The
more real-minded the philosopher is, and the less he is the
mere echo of others. 1884 J. PARKER Apost. Life III. 66
Would .. real-hearted men respect him now?
B. adv. (Usually with adjs.) Really, genuinely.
Also more loosely in later use (chiefly Sc. and
&.S.): Very, extremely.
In early use properly an adj. qualifying the phrase (' good
turn ', etc.) which follows, and only at a later period appre-
hended as an adv. qualifying the adj. C good ', etc.).
1658 Whole Duty Man xiii. § 35 The reallest good turn
that can be done from one man to another. 1718 J. Fox
Wanderer No. 17. 116 An Opportunity of doing a real good
Office. 1771 Mi*QnrmB/ifyt.L*tfy&*rtff*n.t£a ihe
burning of three real good and substantial houses in this
town. 1827 R. H. FROUDE Rtm. (1838) I. 448 Last Friday
was a real fine day. 1885 G. AU.EM Babylon vi, It looks real
nice. 1887 MABEL WETHERAL Two A.-C. Maids xxv. 174,
I was real put out to think how [etc,].
C. Absolute or as sb. (^Va^/^o*-/
fL = REALIST i. Obs.
1519 HORMAN Vulg. 93 The wey of the nomynallys and
reals is dyuers. 1604 T. WRIGHT Passions vi. 298 Those
dissenting and contradicting Sectes of. . Realles and Nomi-
nalles. 1684 S. G.Angl.Spec. 801 W. Ockham headed the
Nominals against the Reals, followers of Scot us.
2. A real thing; a thing having (or conceived as
having) a real existence, either in the ordinary or
in a metaphysical sense.
REAL.
202
REALIZABLE.
,71626 BP. ANDREWES Sernt. (1856) I. 142 The names of
His imposing ; there is no surer place in logic than from
them. His nominals be reals. 1646 SiRT. BROWNE Pseud.
Ep. 82 Hereunto we know not how to assent in the General!,
as having met with some whose Reals made good their
representations, c 1810 COLERIDGE in Lit. Rem. (1838) III.
332 If we will confound actuals with reals. 1884 tr. Lotze's
Metaph. 60 A material of reality, a Real pure and simple,
which in itself is neither this nor that, but the principle of
reality for everything.
f b. A piece of real property. Obs. rare.
1651 W. G. tr. CowcFs lust. 26 And so of immoveables and
realls if aliened by the Husband in his lifetime.
3. The real : That which actually exists, con-
trasted (a) with a copy, counterfeit, etc., (b} with
what is abstract or notional.
x8i8 COLERIDGE On Poesy or Art ', For this does the artist
for a time abandon the external real in order to return to it
with a complete sympathy with its internal and actual.
1844 MRS. BROWNING Dead Pan xxxvi, And the Real is
His song. 1852 MRS. STOWE Uncle Tom"s C. xv, Thus
ended, .the ideal of life for Augustine St. Clare. But the
real remained. 1870 NEWMAN Gram. Assent i. v. 13^ Reli-
gion has to do with the real, and the real is the particular.
Real, obs. form of REEL sb.
Realgar (r^se'lgai). Also 8 realgal. [a.
med.L. realgar, ultimately from Arab. Ail I y&.
rehj al-ghar * powder of the cave ' : cf. Sp. rejalgar,
F. realgar (earlier realgalt reagal, riagal)t It. re~
algale, and see RESALGAR.] The native or factitious
disulphideofABSENic(i b),also called red(sulphide
or sulphuret of} arsenic and red orpiment^ used as
a pigment and in pyrotechnics.
bert
Ckit
brymstone, vnsleked ly me, and orpigment. It kylleth rattes.
1685 BOYLE Salubr. Air 75 Divers native Orpimental Min-
erals, to say nothing of Realgar because it is a factitious
combination of Or pi me nt and Sulphur. 1698 Phil. Trans.
XX. 199 A Medicine made of red Arsemck, or Realgar
Powdered. 1771 WOULFE ibid. LXI. 126 Arsenic forms a
reddish mass like realgar. iSia SIR H. DAVY Ghent. Philos.
457 Sulphur and arsenic readily unite by fusion, and form a
red vitreous seim transparent mass. The same substance is
found native in different parts of Europe, and is called
realgar. 1876 HARLEY Mat. Med. (ed. 6) 298 Realgar of
Arsenic was in ancient times employed in Medicines, and
still is in India.
Heali, variant of REALLY adv£ Obs.
B-ealie, obs. Sc. form of REALLY advl
Realignment. [RE- 5 a.] A new alignment.
(Chiefly U.S.}
1889 in Public Opinion 27 Apr., That the time has come for
a partisan realignment on the vital economic concerns of
to-day. 1896 N. Amer. Rev. CLXIII. 700 There need be
no realignment of contemplated business plans.
Realism (rf-aliz'm). [f. REAL a. 2 + -ISM; perh.
after F. rfalisnic or G. realismus.]
1. Philos. a. The scholastic doctrine of the objec-
tive or absolute existence of universals, of which
Thomas Aquinas was the chief exponent. (Opposed
to NOMINALISM and CONCEPTUALISM.) Also in
later use: The attribution of objective existence
to a subjective conception.
1838-9 HALLAM Hist. Lit. I. i. iii. 187 Scotus and his
disciples were the great maintatners of Realism. 1846
WRIGHT Ess. Mid. Ages I. vi. 236 The struggle between
nominalism and realism, underxUfferent forms, has con-
tinued even to the present day. 1874 FISKE Cosmic Philos.
II. 401 By a subtle realism, he projects the idea of himself
out upon the field of phenomena, and deals with it hence-
forth as an objective reality.
b. Belief in the real existence of matter as the
object of perception (natural realism) ; also, the
view that the physical world has independent
reality, and is not ultimately reducible to universal
mind or spirit. (Opposed to IDEALISM I.)
1836-7 SIR W. HAMILTON Metafk.x\\.( 1859) I. 293, 1 would
be inclined to denominate those who implicitly acquiesce in
the primitive duality as given in consciousness, the Natural
Realjsts or Natural Dualists, and their doctrine, Natural
Realism or Natural Dualism. 1872 H. SPENCER Princ.
Psyckol. II. vii. xix. 491 It cannot, .construct its argument,
without making many times over that assumption which
Realism makes but once. 1881 R. ADAMSOM Fichte 219
The opposition between Hegelianism on the one hand, and
scientific naturalism or realism on the other.
2. Inclination or attachment to what is real;
tendency to regard things as they really are ; any
view or system contrasted with IDEALISM 2.
18x7 COLERIDGE Biog. Lit. 127 It is only so far idealism,
as it is at the same time, and on that very account, the
truest and most binding realism. 1851 CARLYLE Sterling
HI. ii. (1872) 180 Faithful assiduous studies .. of which,
knowing my stubborn realism,.. he told me little. 1858 J.
MARTINEAU Stud. Chr. 274 The realism of his mind makes
him a better critic of the hard Judaical element. 1860
EMERSON Cond. Life vi. (1861) 126 Let us replace senti*
mentalism by realism, and dare to uncover those simple
and terrible laws which, be they seen or unseen, pervade
and govern.
b. The principle of giving practical subjects the
chief place in education. (Cf. REAL a.2 10.)
1836 SIR W. HAMILTON Discuss. (1852) 270 One . . with a
stronger bias to realism, in the higher instruction, than is
of late, .easily to be found in Germany.
3. Close resemblance to what is real ; fidelity of
representation, rendering the precise details of the
real thing or scene.
In reference to art and literature, sometimes used as a
term of commendation, when precision and vividness of
detail are regarded as a merit, and sometimes unfavourably
contrasted with idealized description or representation. In
recent use it has often been used with implication that the
details are of an unpleasant or sordid character.
1856 RUSKIN Mod. Paint, iv. viii. § 8 (1883) III. 103 To
try by startling realism to enforce the monstrosity that has
no terror in itself. 1863 D. G. MITCHELL Sev. Sior.t My
GLADSTONE Prim. Homer 27 Ther
the difficulties which beset the re-establishment of Odusseus
in his dominion!;. 1880 SWINBURNE Stud. Shak. 136 The
one is a typical example of prosaic realism, the other of
poetic reality.
b. A real fact or experience.
1858 CARLYLE Fredk. Gt. x. i. II. 558 A life-pilgrimage
consisting, .of realisms oftenest contradictory enough.
Realist (rfalist), sb. (and a.) [f. REAL «.2 +
-1ST ; cf. F. rfalisteJ]
f 1. One who occupies himself with things rather
than words. Obs. rare.
1605 CAMDEN Rent. (1637) 19 When as it is a greater glory
now to be a Linguist, then a Realist, 1613 H. SYDENHAM
Serm. Sol. Occ. (1637) 30 He that only sings unto God (the
vocale professor) he doth but talk of his wondrous work,
but he that psalmes it (the realist in Christianity) he glories
in his holy name.
2. Pkilos. An adherent or advocate of Realism
(as opposed either to NOMINALIST or to IDEALIST).
a 1695 WOOD Hist, fy Ann. Univ. Oxon.vn. 1340 (1792)
1. 1. 437 The faction now of the Nominalists and Realists
being very rife and frequent in the University. 17*5 WATTS
Logic n. iii. § 4 In the colleges of learning, some are for the
nominals, and some for the realists, 183* tr. Sismondfs
Ital. Rep. vi. 130 He fancied himself, however, a philo-
sopher, and took a part in the quarrel between realists and
nominalists. 1836-7 [see REALISM i b). 1864 BOWEN Logic
x. 330 The Realist, who believes in the objective validity
of our external perceptions. 1884 tr. Lotze's Metaph. \. viu
(1887) I. 217 While the Idealist conceives his one principle
as a restlessly active Idea, the Realist conceives his as
something objective.
3. a. One devoted to what is real, as opposed to
what is fictitious or imaginary.
1847 EMERSON Repr. Men, Napoleon Wks. (Bohn) I. 370
He is a realist, terrific to all talkers and confused truth-
obscuring persons. 1889 Spectator 28 Sept., The multitude
of protectionists do not dream. They are hard, if mis-
taken, realists.
b. An artist or writer addicted to realism.
1870 SWINBURNE Ess. fy Stuff. (1875) 337 No modern realist
has excelled in quaint homeliness .. Piero's study of a
Nativity. 1874 L. STEPHEN Hours in Library (1892) II.
vi. 193 [Fielding! is, indeed, as hearty a realist as Hogarth.
4. attrib. or as adj. Pertaining to, characteristic
of, realists.
1845 MAURICE Mor. Philos. in Encycl. Metrop. II. 644/1 It
was this realist spirit . . which really held back the nominalism
of the schools. 1871 KINGSLEY At Last ii, As long as the
nominalist and the realist schools of thought keep up their
controversy. 1874 R. TYRWHITT Sketch Club i They direct
attention to good realist landscape.
Realistic (r2,aU-stik), a. [f. prec. +-IC.]
1. Characterized by artistic or literary realism;
representing things as they really are.
1856 EMERSON Eng. Traits, Literature Whs. { Bohn) II.
104 How realistic or materialistic in treatment of his subject
is Swift. 1874 L. STEPHEN Hours in Library (1892) II. ii.
63 Crabbe, like all realistic writers, must be studied at full
length. Ibid. vi. 193 His scenery is as realistic as a photo-
graph. 1887 Spectator 26 Mar. 421/3 A woman in a realistic
novel murders ner child.
b. That conceives or imagines (a thing) as real.
'858 J. MARTINEAU Stud. Chr. 171 That realistic mode of
conception in which alone a true atoning doctrine can rest
in peace.
2. Concerned with, or characterized by, a practical
view of life.
i86a * SHIRLEY' [J. Skelton] Nug^e Crit. x. 436 Carlyle's
.. speculative genius (for his genius is speculative, how-
ever realistic it may appear in certain aspects). 1869 SEELEY
£ss. fy Lect. iii. 87 Could not be reconciled to life by any
plain view of things, by any realistic calculations.
3. Of or pertaining to realists in philosophy ; of
the nature of philosophical realism.
1874 J. FISKE Cosmic Pkilos. I. i. v. 122 The realistic ten-
dency—the disposition to mistake words for things — is a
vice inherent in all ordinary thinking. 1884 tr. Lotze's
Meta£h. 362 The Realistic view inclines to treat general
principles of this kind .. as designations of mere matters of
fact, which might have occurred differently [etc.],
Hence Realistically adv., in a realistic manner,
with realism. Also Beali sticize v., trans, to
make realistic.
1868 H. C. MERIVALE in Fortn. Rev. Nov. 476 Let us look
a little more closely and 'realistically ', as the phrase now
runs, at the features of New World landscape. 1874 L.
STEPHEN Hours in Library (1892) II. vii. 233 [He] painted
the truth as realistically as Crabbe. 1900 H. D. TRAILL in
Contemp. Rev. Feb. 200 (heading) Romance Realisticized.
Reality (r/|3e-liti). Also 6 realyte, 7 reallity.
[ad. med.L. realitas (1120 in Du Cange), or F.
rtalitt (i6th c.) : see REAL a.z and -ITT.]
1. The quality of being real or having an actual
existence.
1550 BALE En%. Votaries n. 49 Sigebertus sayth, Realyte
they ioyned to their sacramental! breade, to make the people
beleue it to be Christes natural! body. i6ao MELTON
151 oBBES.f7-7x««iii. x. 250 e reaty o s
rences with God. 1711 ADDISON Spec/. No. 110 p 6
tius ,. makes no doubt of the Reality of Apparitions.
PALEY Horx Paul, i, 4 It proves the general reality of
Astrolog. 20 Your discourse . . hath no Realitie or Essence
in it. 1651 HoBBES/.f7-7VxM««iii. xl. 250 The reality of his
Conferences with God.
Lucreti
1790 PAL
the circumstances. 1813 SHELLEY Q. Mab^ vii. 63 Fancy's
thin creations to endow With manner, being, and reality.
1861 E. GARBETT Boyle Lect. 13 The presence or absence
of faith .. no more affects the reality of the truths revealed,
than sight creates the material objects of the natural world.
b. of feelings, etc. (with implication of sense a).
1649 CROMWELL Let. i<) Oct. in Carlyle, By these you will
see the reality of my intentions to save blood. 1686 tr.
Chardin's Trav. Persia 36 The Port had never till then
quest ion'd the Truth and Reality of the Proposals. 1693
T. POWER in Dryden^s Juvenal ~x\\. Argt., He professes the
reality of his Friendship, and the sincerity of his Intentions.
C. Correspondence to fact ; trutn. ? Obs.
1793 SMEATON Edystone L. § 72 The reality of the asser-
tion seemed however then incredible to Dr. Spry.
d. Suggestion of, resemblance to, what is real.
1856 STANLEY Sinai $• Pal. xiii. (1858) 431 The simplicity
and reality of a teaching which took its stand on the ordin-
ary sights and sounds still seen and heard in the same land.
1896 Harper's Mag. Apr. 680/1 The showy girl and her
showy accessories were reproduced on the canvas with al-
most startling reality.
f 2. Sincere devotion or loyalty to a person ;
sincerity or honesty of character or purpose. Obs.
1651 FULLER Holy $ Prof. St. (ed. 3) v. xviii. 466 We
want not a will but wait a time, to expresse our reallity to the
Emperour. a 1657 R. LOVEDAY Lett. (1663) 126 A perfect
confirmation of the opinion I ever cherished of your reality.
1665 MARVELL Corr. Wks. 1872-5 II. 187, I believe there is
nothing but reality among the partys. 1677 W. HUBBABD
Narrative 22 In token of the abovesaid Sacnims reality in
this Treaty, a 1761 LAW Corn/. Weary Pilg. (1809) 54 If
thy faith and desire does not seek and cry to Christ for
them in the same reality as the lame asked to walk and the
blind to see.
fb. A sincere expression of opinion or feeling.
#1679 T. GOODWIN Work of Holy Spirit vii. Wks. 1704
V. 165 Will you take one of Paul's realities? (I must not
term them complements).
3. Keal existence ; what is real ; the aggregate of
real things or existences; that which underlies and
is the truth of appearances or phenomena.
1647 H. MORE Song of Soul i. Psychorcia Pref., God doth
not fill the World with his Glory by words and sounds, but
by Spirit, and Life, and Reality. 1663 COWLEY College
Wks. 1710 II. 623 To carry it on from Discourse and Design
to Reality and Effect. 1818 SHELLEY Rev. Islam vii. xvi,
Like sweet reality among Dim visionary woes. i864SKEAT
Uhland*s Poems 16 What morning's dreams had promised,
proved Reality when eve drew near. 1877 E. R. CONDER
Bos. Faith iv. 178 The universe of Reality is built on
Truth. 2884 tr. Lotze's Metaph. \. vii. (1887) I. 217^ Limita-
tions., imposed by Reality on itself and within which it is.
b. In reality r, really, actually, in fact. 7 Also
in reality of fact.
1679 B. THOROGOOD Succession 5 Not by fiction of Law,
but in reality. 1667 A. LOVELL tr. Thevenofs Trav. \. 229 In
reality, the life of a Corsair is most wretched life. 1690 LOCKE
Hum. Und. \. ii. § 13 This Saying .. amounts, in reality of
Fact, to no more but this. 1761 HUME Hist. Eng. III. 1x1.321
The military being now in appearance, as well as in reality,
the sole power which prevailed in the nation. 1850 McCosn
Div. Govt. HI. i. (1874) 321 Doubtless they intend thereby
to benefit the cause of religion, but they are in reality doing
it serious injury. 1869 J. MARTINEAU Ess. II. 166 In words,
he does ; in reality, he does not.
4. A real thing, fact, or state of things.
1646 SIR T. BROWNE Pseud. Ep. 1 13 Not to receive figures
for realities. 1710 ADDISON Tatler No. 165 P i To dis-
tinguish between Realities and Appearances. 1781 COWPER
Hope 68 'Tis grave philosophy's absurdest dream, . . That
. . earth has no reality but woe. 1860 TYNDALL Glac, n. L
239 What effort of the imagination could transcend the
realities here presented to us? 1884 F. TEMPLE Relat.
Relig. ffSci. vii. (1885) 200 Their genuine success for a time
has been enough to show that they rested on a reality.
5. The real nature or constitution of something;
also without const-, the real thing or state of things.
1690 LOCKE Hum. Und. n. xxx. \ i Our simple Ideas are
all real, all agree to the Reality of things. 1756 WASHING-
TON Lett. Writ. 1889 I. 404 You entertain notions very
different from the reality of the case. 1875 JOWETT Plato
(ed. 2) V. 130 He probably suspected.. that the appearance
of the heavens did not agree with the reality.
b. That which constitutes the actual thing, as
distinguished from what is merely apparent or
external.
1840 MACAULAY Ess.t Clive, A formal grant of the powers
of which he already possessed the reality. 1861 M. PATTI-
SON Ess. (1889) I. 45 Thick walls and turrets at the angles
gave the whole the aspect and the reality of a fortress. 1878
J. P. HOPPS Jesus \ii. 27 The reality and not the mere show
of prayer.
6. Law. f a- - REALTY 2 3. b. (See quot.)
1628 SIR E. COKE Upon Littleton n. xi. § 177 Chattels . .
Reall, because they concerne the realitie. 1706 PHILLIPS
perty, whether real or personal, or things ; the term is used
in opposition to Personality of laws.
Realizable (rf-ateizab1!), a. [f. REALIZE V.1*
+ -ABLE.] That may be realized, in senses of the
vb. (Common from c 1860.)
1848 TaiCs Mag. XV. 254 He is establishing a property
realisable only by his death. 1853 YiAX^Grinnell &J&. xh.
(1856) 379 Warmth, .was realizable and apparent. 1881 G.
ALLEN I'ignettes fr. Nature ix. 88 A hopeful progress to-
wards a.. realisable Paradise in the future.
REALIZABLENESS.
Hence Re'alizableness, Re'alizably adv. • also
Re-'alizabi'lity (in recent Diets.).
1886 Manck. Exam. 10 Feb. 3/3 All the little details
which give charm and realisableness to biography. 1885
Ibid. 18 Mar. 3/3 Its persons and its situations alike are
well and realisably conceived.
Realization (r^abiz^'Jan). [f. REALIZE z/.2
+ -ATION.] The action or result of realizing.
1. The action of making real or investing with
reality; the process of becoming or being made
renl ; conversion into real fact.
16x1 CoTGR., /?*«/«artw*i a realization, a realizing, a mak-
ing real. 1799 W. TAYLOR in Monthly Rev. XXIX. 148
Conscious of the . . value of his lofty views, and desirous of
dying for them .. to secure the trust of their realization.
1815 WRAXALL Hist. Mem. I. 243 No reflexions., on the
indecorum.. in the proceeding interposed to prevent its im-
mediate realization. 1880 MCCARTHY Own Times III.
xxxvi. 152 There is as yet no sign of the realisation of the
fears winch he expressed.
b. A case or instance of this.
1837 HT. MARTINEAU Soc. Amer. III. 259 Such a realisa-
tion of high morals., as the world has not yet beheld. 1833
KANE Grinnell Ex$. v. (1856) 38 The rider seemed one
with his craft, an amphibious realization of the centaur.
2. The action of forming a clear and distinct
concept, or the concept thus formed.
1828 PUSEY Hist. Enq. I. 157 His own views were rather
dim . . conceptions than any full realization of the truths
which flashed across rather than dwelt upon his mind. 1874
GREEN Short Hist. yi. § 4. 299 His [Colet's] faith stood
simply on a vivid realization of the person of Christ.
3. a. The action of converting (paper money,
property, etc.) into a more available form ; in later
use chiefly applied to the sale of stock, or of a
bankrupt's estate, in order to obtain the money
value, b. The action of obtaining or acquiring
(a sum of money, a fortune, etc.).
1796 MORSE Amer. Geog. II. 61 In 1777, a judicious realiza-
tion of the paper took place; and silver, with national bank
notes, form a sure medium. 1800 Asiat. Ann. Reg.t Proc.
Parl. 12/2 When the estimate ..was brought before the
Committee, . . doubts were stated as to the realization of the
net revenue. 1813 WELLINGTON in Gurw. Ztory*. X. 52 Some
authority .. which should superintend the realization of the
resources of the country. 1881 Times n Apr. 9/3 Bankruptcy
legislation . . should intrust the creditors with the realization
of the insolvent's estate. 1887 Daily News 10 Mar. 6/8 After
a rise of nearly one in French Rentes some realisations were
inevitable.
attrib. 1895 Westm. Gaz. 6 June 6/1 The new company
was to be a realisation company, and not a trading concern.
1896 /£«/. 3o_July 6/1 The price of the stock . . relapsed on
some realisation sales.
t Re*alize, vl Obs.—° [ad. obs. It. realizzare :
see REAL a.l and -IZE.] (See quot.)
1611 FLORIO, Realizzdre^ to reallize or make Kingly.
Realize (rf-alsiz),^.2 [f. REAL a.2 4- -IZE, perh.
after F. rfaliser (i6th c. in Hatz.-Darm.).]
1. tram. To make real, to give reality to (some-
thing merely imagined, planned, etc.) ; to convert
into real existence or fact ; f to show the reality or
truth of (a statement).
In common use from c 1750 with a variety of objects, as
ideas or ideals, schemes, theories, hopes, fears, etc., and
freq. in passive.
1611 COTGR., Realisert to realize, to make of a reall con-
dition, estate, or propertie; to make reall. 1661 GLANVILL
Van. Dogm. 22 It will be as hard to apprehend, as that an
empty wish should remove mountains ; a supposition which,
if realized, would releave Sisyphus. 1684 T. HOCKIN God's
Decrees 322 We shall but make up the story of Icarus, and
realize the fable. 1742 YOUNG Nt. Th. in. 517 Rich death,
that realizes all my cares, Toils, virtues, hopes ; without it
a chimera ! 1755 JOHNSON Let. to Miss Boothby 20 Dec.,
Designs are nothing in human eyes till they are realised
by execution. 1763 J. BROWN Poetry <$• Music v. 46 In
Support of the Truth of these Deductions, let us now
endeavor to realize them; by shewing that such Conse-
quences did in Fact arise in ancient Greece. zSia WELLING-
TON in Sporting Mag. XXXIX. 6 Nor has the experience of
any officer realized the stories which all have read. 1845
M'CuLLocH Taxation in. ii. (1852) 441 These expectations
were rarely realised. 1875 JOWETT Plato (ed. 2) II 1. 1 54 Ideals
are none the worse because they cannot be realized in fact.
b. To make realistic or apparently real.
1779 SHERIDAN Critic n. ii, Dangle. Well, that will have
a fine effect. Puff. I think so, and helps to realize the
scene. 1865 Strauss' Life Jesus II. ii. Ixxxii. 299 The
introduction of features that tend to realize and strengthen
his account.
absol. 1859 LONGF. Hyperion n. viii, He [Goethe] does
not so much idealize as realize, 1885 JANE HARBISON Stud.
Grk. Art vii. 305 There the artist seemed well-nigh com-
pelled to realism, and after all he has realized ideally.
c. To convert into by making real.
1872 LOWELL Dante Pr. Wks. 1890 IV. 207 His instinct as
a poet .. realized her into woman again.
2. To make real as an object of thought; to
present as real ; to bring vividly or clearly before
the mind.
1646 H. LAWRENCE Comm. Angells 146 A lively faith
reahzeth things, and makes them present. 1750 JOHNSON
Rambler No. 60 f i An Act of the Imagination, that realises
the Event however fictitious, or approximates it however
remote. _1798 Gcraldina II. 235, I conjure up frightful
forms which my imagination realizes. 1888 1 farmers Mag.
Apr. 806/1 To a certain degree the story realizes him.
b. Const, to (the mind, a person).
1681 FLAVEL Fear 37 It is the use.. of faith to reallize to
the soul the invisible things. 1719 DE FOE Crusoe n. i, It
203
was. .so realized to me, that. .1 could not be persuaded but
that it was. .true. 1870 EMERSON Soc. fy Sotit., Domestic
Life, The child realizes to every man his own earliest
remembrance.
c. Especially to (oneself or one's own mind).
i6<H in C. Mather Magn. Chr. (1853) II. 360 Let us now
realize unto ourselves that great and notable day of the
Lord. 1778 A. HAMILTON Wks. (1886) VII. 538 Realize to
yourself the consequence of having a congress despised
at home and abroad. 1843 ARNOLD in Life (1844) II. 313
Strengthen my faith, that I may realize to my mind the
things eternal. 1867 HOWEI.LS Ital. Jonrn. 170 They
might thus realize to themselves something of the earnest-
ness which animated the elder Christian artists.
3. To conceive, or think of, as real ; to apprehend
with the clearness or detail of reality; to under-
stand or grasp clearly.
In early use chiefly American, and frequently condemned
as such by English writers about the middle or the iqth c.
I775 J- NEWTON Cardiphonia Let. to Nobleman No. 18
(1857) 96 Even these are much concerned to realize the
brevity and uncertainty of their present state. 1781 P.
SCHUYLER in Sparks Corr. Amer. Rev. (1853) HI- 2&i My
heart realizes your feelings on the occasion, and cordially
sympathizes with yours. 1820 \V. IRVING Sketch. Bk. I. 47
She cannot realize the change we must undergo. 1850
ROBERTSON Serm. Ser. in. ix. 115 He is compelled to realize
at every moment the possibility of the extremes of life.
1891 E. PEACOCK A7". Brendan I. xiv, When her mother died
she was too young to realize the situation.
absol. 1896 *M. FIELD' Attila 11.47 You realise— Torture
and then the executioner . .but torture first.
b. With stibord. clause as obj.
1775 ABIGAIL ADAMS in Fam. Lett. (1876) 68 Can they
realize what we suffer? 1817 B'NESS BUNSEN in Hare Life
I. v. 117, 1 never could have realised that I should have borne
the parting, .so well. 1891 SWINBURNE Stud. Prose <$• Poetry
£1804) 17 Scott, .evidently failed to realize how far superior
is Clara Mowbray to all his other heroines.
C. U.S. To have actual experience of.
1776 ABIGAIL ADAMS in Fam. Lett. (1876) 138 To-night
we shall realize a more terrible scene still. 1791 WASHING-
TON Lett. Writ. 1892 XII. 62 That you may find it [national
happiness] in your nation, and realize it yourself.
4. To convert (securities, paper money, etc.) into
cash, or (property of any kind]) into money.
After F. rSaliser^ first used c 1719 in connexion with the
speculations over Law's scheme, in the sense of converting
securities into cash or permanently valuable property.
Hence Johnson, perh. influenced by the phrase ' real pro-
perty '» gives as one sense of the word ' To convert money
into land' ; this, however, is unsupported by quotations.
1727-41 in CHAMBERS Cycl. 1768 Woman of Honor HI.
225 Substantial securities . . to DC realised and converted
into cash. 1799 K. Du Bois Piece Family Biog. I. 25 One
more voyage I must make, to realize the property I have in
that quarter of the globe. 1848 MILL Pol. Econ. (1876) 3
When he retires from business it is into money that he
converts the whole, and not until then does he deem himself
to have realized his gains. 1894 H. NISBET Bush Girl's
ROM. 21 Realizing what he could of his impoverished
estates, and emigrating to Australia.
b. absol. To realize one's property ; to sell out.
1781 BENTHAM Wks. (1843) X. 93 Caron de Beaumarchais
has realized . . to the tune of ,£30,000 or j£ 40,000 a-year.
1849 THACKERAY Pendennis ii, He realised with great pru-
dence while this mine was still at its full vogue. 1887 R.
LODGE Mod. Europe xxii, § 12 (1897) 510 On application the
holder of one of these asstgnats could realise in land.
6. To obtain or amass (a sum of money, a fortune,
etc.) by sale, trade, or similar means ; to acquire
for oneself or by one's own exertions ; to make (so
much) out of something.
i7«>3 HANWAY Tray. (1762) I. VH. xc. 411 About four
millions of dollars might be realised with great ease. 1775
S. J. PRATT Liberal Opin. Ixxii. (1783) III. 46 You, sir, who
have realized a fortune. iSoa MRS. E. PARSONS Myst.
Visit. III. 166 Thus happily realizing a sum far beyond
her expectations. 1845 MCCULLOCH Taxation i. ii. (1852)
71 The nett profits realised by those engaged in all depart-
ments of industry.
transf. 1847 MRS. CARLYLE Let. 6 Mar. in New. Lett.
(1903) I. 224, f have been extremely lucky . . in realizing so
. . respectable a servant out of the great sink of London.
b. Of property or capital : To bring (a specified
amount of money or interest) when sold or invested ;
to fetch (so much) as a price or return.
1845 MeCuux>CH Taxation (1852) 398 Have checked the
transfer of capital from England to America, notwithstand-
ing the high rate of profit it realises in the States. 1863
FAWCETT Pol. Econ. in. ii. 313 There would evidently be
a much greater demand for them than if the same pictures
realised a hundred guineas each. 1885 Law Times Rep.
LI I. 647/1 His duty was to see that the property realised
its full value.
C. intr. With advb. : To turn out (well or ill)
when sold. •
1884 Leeds Mercury 27 Nov. 4/4 The liabilities are esti-
mated at ^130,000, and the assets will, it is assumed,
realise well.
Hence Be'alized ///. a.\ also Be'alizedness.
1845 MfCuLLOCH Taxation i.iv.(i852) 113 A tax on what is
called realised property, that is, on lands, nouses, the public
funds, mortgages, and such-like securities. 1876 F. H.
BRADLEY Ethical Stnd, 119 Taking pleasure to be the
feeling of the realizedness of the will or self. 1883 Contemp.
Rev. XLIII. 268 The realized morals of a people find an
expression in their usages and laws.
Realizer (rrabizai). [f. REALIZE z/.2 + -ER1.]
One who or that which realizes.
1809-10 COLERIDGE Friend (1865) 74 Miserable was the
delusion of the late mad realizer of mad dreams. 1839-40
W. IRVING Wot/erf s R. (1855) 188 Sleek placemen— know-
ing realizers of present pay.
REALLY.
Realizing (rrabizirj), vbl. sb. [f. as prec.+
-ING l.] The action of REALIZE v.'2
1611 [see REALIZATION i]. 1727 BOVER Diet. Royal I, s. v.
Realiscrt Misers call realizing, the hoarding up of Gold or
Silver. 1785 BURKE Nabob of Arcot Wks. 1826 IV. 277
Suppose i,2oo,ooo/. to be annually realised (of which we
actually know no more than the realising of six hundred
thousand). 1802 H. MARTIN Helen ofGlenross I. 153 The
realizing of one or two of your dismal reveries. 18x8 JAS.
MILL Brit. India. II. iv. vi. 226 It has frequently been seen
what difficulties attended the realizing of revenue.
attrib. 1895 Boston Herald 21 Mar. 5/7 Realizing sales
caused irregularity and nervousness.
Realizing (rrllaufaj), ppL a. [f. as prec.+
-ING ^.] That realizes, in senses of the vb. ; esp.
a realizing sense (U.S.).
1768 WHITAKER Two Serm. n. 39 A realizing view and
perception of the moral.. glory of God. 1806 J. VAILL in
Memoir (1839) 95, I have.. a fixed and realizing sense of
the truths contained in the word of God. 1816 I. SCOTT
Vis.Parjs^ed. 5)243 The vivid Leonardo da Vinci, the grasp-
ing realizing Titian. 1838 H. BLUNT Seven Ch. Asia 75
A more realizing communion with God. 1897 HOWELLS
Landlord Lion's Head 324, I ought to go, so that it can be
brought home to me, and I can have a realising sense of
what I am doing.
Hence Re aiizingly adv., in a realizing manner.
a 1849 J. H. EVANS in Spurgeon Treas. Dav. Ps.cxix. 151
Then may I realizingly remember, that [etc.]. x8gx G.
MEREDITH One of our Cony. I. xii. 232 Her subservience. .
compelled her to think realizingly of any scheme he allowed
her darkly to read.
Reallich(e, obs. forms of REALLY advl and 2.
Re-allO't, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To allot afresh.
1876 DIGBY Real Prof . i. § i. 6 The practice of re-allotting
from time to time portions of the arable or meadow land is
occasionally noticed in later times. 1885 SIR C. BOWEN in
Law Ref>. 29 Chanc. Div. 445 The conduct of the company
in cancelling and re-allotting the shares.
Hence Be-allo-tment.
f 1874 STUBBS Const. Hist. I. ii. 21 The annual re-allotment
involves an equality of subdivisions.
*,^. Obs. Forms: 5 realy,(7re-aly),
6 re-allie, 7 really, re-ally, re ally, reallee. [a.
obs. F. reatier, -yer> reallier^ var. ralier, rallier to
RALLY v.1 ; see RE- 2 and ALLY v.]
1. trans, and reft. a. = RALLY z*.1!. Also with up.
1456 SIR G. HAVE Law Arms (S. T. S.) 59 Pompee .. was
discomfyte . . and had agayn realyed his folk, and gevin
thame bataill. (1500 Melusine 144 The sawdan .. realyed
his folke about hym. 16x4 RALEIGH Hist. World II, v. iii.
§ 21. 495 Masanissa .. not suffering them to re-ally them-
selues, draue them quite out of the field. 1645 SLINGSBY
Diary (1836) 152 The enemy did not pursue, which gave us
time to stop and really our men.
b. To connect, unite (again) to or with.
1603 FLORIO Montaigne in. xiii. (1632) 621 To acquaint
and re-aly me with that people and condition of men that
have most need of us. 1653 GAUDEN Hierasf. 32 The
Ministers of this Church will never be able to stand . . until
.. they .. re 'ally themselves to that Primitive Harmony.
2. intr. (for reft.} — RALLY z/.1 4.
1456 SIR G. HAYE Law Arms (S. T. S.) 47 Thai war dis-
comfyte . . hot efter that, thai realyd. 1596 Z. I. tr. Lavar-
din's Hist. Scanderberg \. 36 They reallied & assembled
themselues together neare Alchria. 1647 WARD Simp.
Cobler (1843) 66(That the Errors of State and Church, routed
by these late stirs, may not re-allee hereafter.
3. trans. To form (plans) again, rare"*1*
a 1590 SPENSER F. Q. vii, vi. 23 Before they could new
counsels re-allie.
'h Re 'ally, «<&•* Obs. Forms: 4 reali, real-
(l)ich(e, realych, 4-6 real(I)y, 6 Sc. reallie. [f.
REAL a.1 + -LY 2. Cf. RIALLY.] Royally.
£-1350 Will. Palerne 1426 pe messageres rijt realy were
arayde, for soj«. 1387 TBEVISA Higden (Rolls) III. 171
He hadde i-reigned nobliche and realliche gritty jere.
ci4oo Ywaine fy Gaw. 1569 Ful really thai rade about ..
To justing and to turnament. ci$n ist Eng. Bk. Amer.
(Arb.) Introd. 36/1 Realy wrought with sterres lyke yf it
were ye heuen. a 1578 LINDESAY (Pitscottie) Chron. Scot.
(S. T. S.) I. 93 He..callit [him] to the supper and bankitit
him werie reallie.
Really (rrali), (zcfc.2 Also 5 rialliohe, 6 Sc.
realie, 6-7 reallie. [f. REAL a.2 + -LY 2.]
1. In a real manner ; in reality ; in point of, or as
a matter of, fact ; actually.
In later use commonly placed immediately in front of the
word or phrase on which emphasis is laid.
Mtmast. (Camden) 161 My dysfortune hathe byn . . not only
with yntellectyon to have thought yt, but exteryally and
really I have fulfyllyd the same. 1363 FOXK A. ft M. 172/1
He held this opinion, that it was not the body of Christe
really, the whiche was sacramentally vsed in the church.
1639 Bury Wills (Camden) 180, I will that twenty pounds.,
shalbe paid to the said ffeoflees when they shall really begin
the said worke. 166* STILLINCFL. Orig. Sacr. III. ii. 8 16
He imagined that which is said to be above as to us, was
really the upper part of the world. 1691 E. WALKER tr.
Epictetns' Rlor. xxxvii. To have right Notions of the
Deities; As that such Beings really are. 1712 ADDISON
Spcct. No. 315 F 9 The Account of such things as have
really happened. 1761 GOLDSM. Nash 21 Frequented only
by such as really went for relief. 1798 FERRIAR lllHstr.
SU-rrtf, etc. 287 The popular prophets of this country were
all really or affectedly mad. 1820 SHELLF.V Witch All.
Ixxiii, How the God Apis really was a bull, And nothing
more. 1849 MACAULAY Hist. Eng. vi. II. 139 It soon
appeared that the government was really directed, not at
"ublin, but in London. 1886 LD. ESHER in Law Ref. 32
26-2
JK
REALM.
Chanc. Div. 26, I do not think that any of the cases that
were cited did really prove that assertion.
b. Used to emphasize the truth or correctness of
an epithet or statement ; hence = positively, indeed.
<zi6ioHEALEYCV&tt(i636) 140 Hee..shallbe really blessed,
and lift up beyond the pitch of misery. 1687 A. LOVELL tr.
Thevenocs Trav. I. 70 The Janizaries . . seem to be sacred ;
and really I know no Order of Militia in the World, that is
so much respected. 1722 DE FOE Hist. Plague (1754) 5
This last Bill was really frightful. 1772 Test Filial Duty
II. 180 He was really very useful, perfectly commode. 1824
HOOD Whims $ Oddities, May-day (1857) 308 A really
pretty maiden, and worthy of the honour. 1834 R. H.
FROUDE Rem. (1838) I. 378, I really think this illness is
being a good thing for me. 1874 MICKLETHWAITE Mod.
Par. Churches 207 It is really a pity that this is not true.
o. Coupled with truly.
1742 FIELDING J. Andrews ii. xiii, The word really and
truly signifies no more at this day. 1828 MOIR Mansie
Wauch xx. 302 This was really and truly a terrible business.
1849 MACAULAY Hist. Eng. iv. I. 435 The king is really
and truly a Catholic. 1852 DICKENS Bleak Ho. II. xv. 195
' Have you money for your lodgings ? ' * Yes sir ', she says,
' really and truly .
2. Used without syntactical construction : a. As
a term of asseveration or protest.
1602 SHAKS. Ham. v. ii. 132 Is't not possible to understand
in another tongue? You will do't, sir, really. 1728 GAY
Begg. Op. in. viii, But really, Mistress Lucy [etc.]. 1819
KEATS Let. 22 Sept., How fine the air . . Really, without
joking, chaste weather. 1841 DE QUINCEY Homer Wks.
1853 VI. 338 Really no : a dyspeptic demigod it makes one
dyspeptic to think of ! 1875 JOWETT Plato (ed. 2) I. 61 Why
really, I said, the truth is that I do not know.
b. Interrogatively.
ciSis SIR D. WILKIE in Pinnington Life, etc. (1900) 75
Wilkie looked, smiled, and in the most unconscious manner
said, ' Rea-al-ly ! ' 1893 Scribner's Mag. June 787/1 She
exclaimed, ' Really? It is really true?1
f3. Sincerely, honestly, truly. Obs.~ '
1650 T. B[AYLEY] Worcester's Apoph. 79, I protest my
Lord, I speak, said Redman, really ; he is coming.
f 4. In the usual course of things, naturally.
1631 Cvi-PEfTERAstrol. Judgcm. Dis. (1658)89 Diseases.,
whether they come really, or oy accident, as fractures.
f 5. Math. Used with reference to an equation
having real roots. Obs.
1706 W. JONES Syn. Palmar. Math. 128 In every Prepared
Equation Really constituted, which has . . all its Terms.
Realm (relm). Forms : a. 3-5 reaume, 4
reeaum, reawme. /3. 4 reome, 4-5 reem(e,
regm(e, 4-6 rem(e, reame, 5 reyme, reiem,
reamme, Sc. reime, 6 ream. 7. 4-5 reum(e, 4-6
rewm(e. 5. 4-8 realme, 4- realm, [a. OF.
reaume, realme, reialme = Prov. re-, reyalme, OSp.
rea(l)me, It. reame :— pop. L. *regalimen, f. L. rl-
galis regal, royal : see also RIALM and ROYALME.
The earliest form adopted in Eng. was reaume, which
subsequently appears also in the reduced forms reame or
reme and reume. The more etymological spelling realm
appears somewhat later, and did not finally become the
standard form till about 1600.]
1. A kingdom. Now chiefly rhet., and in such
phrases as 'Statutes of the Realm'.
a. c 1290 5". Eng. Leg. I. 114/276 pare nas Man In enge-
lond bat hadde so gret power Of be reaume ase seint
thomas. c 1350 Will. Palerne 135 pat he ne schuld wigtli
in bis world neuer weld reaume. 1387 TREVISA Higden
(Rolls) VIII. 87 Pe kyng committed be destourbance of be
reawme to be bissnop of Durham. 1470—85 MALORY A rthur
i. viii, It was a grete shame . . to see suche a boye to haue a
rule of soo noble a reaume.
ft. c 1330 A rth. $ Merl. 1642 (Kolbing) pou hast made
flem pe njt aires out of be rem. 1362 LANGL. P. PI. A. IX.
99 To beo kyng . . And rule be reame. c 1430 LYDG. Min.
Poems (Percy Soc.) 4 Sovereign lord and noble Kyng, 56 be
welcome oute of 5oure reame of Fraunce, into this blissed
reme of Englond. 14^83 CAXTON G. de la Tour G iv, God. .
sent to hym and to his reame many euyles. 1575 LANEHAM
Let. (1871) 3 Born both indeed within the Ream beer, but
yet of the race of Saxons. 1590 SPENSER F. Q. HI. v. 53
And to your willes both royalties and reames Subdew.
•y. 1340 HAMPOLE Pr. Consc. 4033 Rewme ogayne rewme
. .sal ryse. 1382 WYCLIF Matt. iv. 8 The deuel . . shewide
to hym alle the rewmys of the world. 1417 K. HENRY V in
Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. ill. I. 62 How the said Due Tohan
governeth him towardes us and cure Rewme of Englande.
c 1475 Partenay 5552 That roiall rewme which in hand [ye]
hold, And bat ye gouerne now. 1562 A. SCOTT Poems
(S. T. S.) i. 147 So lairdis vpliftis mennis leifing ouir thy
rewme. ,
S. 1362 LANGL. P. Pl.\.\. 93 Kynges and knihtes scholde
. . Ribtfuliche Raymen be Realmes a-bouten. 1390 GOWER
Conf. III. 86 Hou that a worth! king schal reule His
Realme bothe in werre and pes. 1456 SIR G. HAVE Law
Arms (S. T. S.) ii His disciplis .. convertit realmes and
regionis. 1535 COVERDALE Amos ix. 8 The eyes of the Lorde
are vpon the realme that synneth. 1591 SPENSER M. Hub-
lerd 1185 Nobilitie, ..The Realmes chiefe strength and
girlond of the crowne. 1667 MILTON P. L. iv. 234 Wandring
many a famous Realme And Country. 1705 HEARNE Col-
lect. 22 Nov. (O. H. S.) I. 92 The Duke of Argyle is to be
created a Peer of this Realme. 1765-9 BLACKSTONE Comm.
(1793) 599 To the common law, and to their own by-laws,
not contrary to the laws of the realm. 1818 CRUISE Digest
(ed. 2) V. 247 Persons who are out of the realm at the time
when a fine is levied. 1871 FREEMAN Norm. Cong. (1876)
IV. xvii. 99 His work in his island realm, instead of being
ended, was hardly begun.
ttansf. 1733 POPE Ess. Man ill. 184 The ants Republic,
and the Realm of bees.
2. transf. andy?g-. a. The kingdom of heaven, or
of God.
a 1340 HAMPOLU Psalter xliv. 3 pe reum of be whilke is
204
De Imitatione 11. i. 39 pe reume of god is pes & ioy in be
holi goste. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 7 In the
whiche there be.. many pleasures in many realmes, that we
here shall neuer knowe. 1813 SHELLEY Q. Mat vi. 106 The
avenging God ! Who. .sits High in heaven's realm.
b. Any sphere or region. (Sometimes with
suggestion of a ruling power. )
c 1374 CHAUCER Boethius n. pr. ii. 24 (Camb. MS.) Thou
bat art put in the comune Realme of alle, ne desire nat to
lyuen by thin oonly propre ryht. 1596 SPENSER F. Q. iv.
viii. 45 His soule descended downe into the Stygian reame.
'757 GRAY Bard 72 Proudly riding o'er the azure realm In
gallant trim. 1784 COWPER Task vi. 579 He that hunts Or
harms them there . . Disturbs the economy of Nature's
realm. 1816 J. WILSON City of Plague I. ii. 309 The realms
of Hell are gleaming fiery bright. 1856 EMERSON Eng.
Traits, Personal Wks. (Bohn) II. 132 New means were
employed, and new realms added to the empire of the muse.
1899 AlUmtfs Sysl. Med. VI. 626 Loss of sensory and
motor power in the realm of the nerve affected.
c. The sphere, domain, or province of some
quality, state, or other abstract conception.
1667 MILTON P. L. H. 133 Thir Legions. .Scout Ja
farr and
wide into the Realm of night. 1682 DRYDEN Mac-Fl. 6
In prose and verse .. Through all the realms of Nonsense
absolute. 1725 YOUNG Love Fame VH. 62 A realm of death !
and on this side the grave ! 1781 COWPER Hope 651 The
realms of Sin, where Riot reels. 1812 J. WILSON Isle of
Palms i. 148 Lift thy queen-like diadem O'er these thy
realms of rest, 1830 TENNYSON Arab. Nts. joi Thro' the
garden I was drawn— A realm of pleasance. 1873 HAMEK-
TON Intell. Life x. ix. 385 The fairest realms of fancy.
d. A primary zoogeographical division of the
earth's surface.
1876 WALLACE Distrib. Anint. I. 61 In an elaborate paper
. . (Bulletin of Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge,
Massachusetts, vol 2), Mr. J. A. Allen proposes a division
of the earth . . as follows : i. Arctic realm . . 8. Australian
realm. Ibid. 68 The following terms are proposed : realm,
region, province, district. .; the first being the highest, the
last the lowest and smallest subdivision. 1895 BEDDARD
Zoogeogr. 78 The fewness of the peculiar genera and their
alliance with Australian forms seems to render it necessary
to place the entire Polynesian realm within the Australian.
3. attrib. and Comb., as f realm raiker, \rape;
realm-bounding, -destroying, -o'ershadowing, -suck-
ing, -unpeopling adjs.
1768-74 TUCKER Li. Nat. (1834) I. 472 The wide-extended
ocean, the 'realm-bounding mountains. 1643 PRYNNE Sov.
Power Parl. Ded. A in, Their .. 'Realme-destroying,
Church-subverting selfc-seeking. 1810 MONTGOMERY H est
Indies n. 60 The dun gloom of *realm-o'ershadowing trees.
1506 DALRYMPLE tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. v. 307 All *Realme
raikaris to put furth of the land. 1559 Mirr. Mag., Dk.
Clarence xlix, For *realme rape spareth neither kin nor
frend. 1633 Costlie Whore v. i. in Bullen O. PI. IV, These
*realme-sucking slaves. That build their pallace upon poor
mens graves. 1777 POTTER &schylus 495 He in *realm-
unpeopling war Wasted not his subjects' blood.
Hence Sea-lmic a., of or belonging to a realm ;
Bea Imist, a supporter of the realm (in quot.
attrib.") ; Rea'lmlet, a little realm.
1863 Intell. Observ. No. 38. 149 Individual, realmic, and
epicosmic. 1883 SWINBURNE Les Casquettes xi, As flowers
on the sea are her small green realmlets. 1895 Wcstm. Gaz.
4 Mar. 3/2 When petty party politics shall have been for-
gotten in the rise of a great Realmist League.
Realme, obs. (erron.) form of REAM si.3
Bealmless (re-lmles),o. [f. REALM + -LESS.]
Destitute of a realm.
1820 KEATS Hyperion i. 10 His old right hand lay ..
Unsceptred : and his realmless eyes were closed. 1843
LOWELL Prometheus Poet. Wks. (1879) 32/1 Realmless in
soul, as tyrants ever are. 1863 LD. LYTTON Ring Amasis
II. 282 Sethos the realmless prince, immoveable, before
Amasis the usurper.
Bealness (n-alnes). [f. REAL a.2 + -NESS.]
The fact or quality of being real ; reality, truth.
1642 ROGERS Naaman 181 It hath brought realnesse of
comfort and peace into it. 1675 BROOKS Gold. Key Wks.
1867 V. 147 This expression is used . . to note out the truth
and realness of the thing. 1835 BROWNING Paracelsus in.
Science 27 Nov. 472/2 There is such a freshness, . . and
such a realness to his narration that one is willing to
overlook his many deficiencies in the art of expression.
Be-a'lter, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To alter again.
1816 SOUTHEY in Q. Rev. XIV. 347, I began to scribble,
to alter, to read, and re-alter. 1824 Miss MITFORD Village
Ser. i. (1863) 6 He has a passion for bricks and mortar, and
. .diverts himself with altering and re-altering.
tBe'alty1. Obs. Forms: 4-5 realte, (4 -tee,
reaulte), 7 realty, -tie ; 4 relate, reaute, Sc.
reawte, (rewate). [a. OF. reaute:, realti:— pop.L.
*regdlitdt-em REGALITY : see also RIALTY and
ROYALTY.]
1. Royalty ; royal state, dignity, or power.
c 1350 Will. Palerne 5006 Alle be clerkes vnder god coube
nou}t descriue. .pe realte of bat day. 1377 LANGL. P. PI.
B. X. 335 Kynghod ne kny3thod . . Helpeb nou}t to heuene-
ward . . ne reaute of lordes. c 1400 M AUNDEV. (Roxb.) xxx.
134 Now will I speke of sum of be principall iles of Prestre
lohn land, and of be realtee of his state.
b. Used as a title.
1400 in Royal % Hist. Lett. Hen. IV (Rolls) 23 Likit
yhour Realte to wit that I am gretly wrangit be the Due of
Rothesay.
2. Sc. a. A kingdom, realm.
1375 BARBOUR Bruce i. 593 Thiddir somownys be in hy
BEAM.
The barownys of his reawte. c 1425 WYNTOUN Cron. vin.
i. 62 Na thare consent,. .Prejwdycyale suld [noucht] be Till
off Scotland the realte.
b. A town or district under the immediate juris-
diction of the king ; a regality.
1438 Sc. Acts jfas. 7/(i8i4) 32 Vyth help and supple of
the Tordis of the realteys geyff neyd be.
Realty2 (ri-alti). Also 5 realte, 7 -tie. [f.
REAL a.2 + -TT.]
fl. Reality. Obs.
c 1440 Promp. Para. 424/2 Realte, realitas. 1627 W.
SCLATER Exp. 2 Thess. (1629) 99 The man [leads into
Error] through realty, or opinion of learning, or sanctity, or
both. 1644 MAXWELL Prerog. Chr. Kings 47 He is King
of kings . . truly so, kings upon earth are onely such . . more
in resemblance, than realtie.
t b. A reality, a real thing. Ol>s.~~l
1647 H. MORE Song of Soul i. II. xii, We may see The
nearly couching of each Realtie.
f 2. Sincerity, honesty. Obs. rare.
16x9 in Eng. fy Germ. (Camden) 170 He tould the Am-
bassador that he needed not doubt of his realty in observing
such capitulations. 1667 MILTON P. L. vi. 115 That such
resemblance of the Highest Should yet remain, where faith
and realtie Remain not.
1 8. A real possession ; a right. Obs. rare.
1618 J. WILKINSON Of Courts Baron 120 b, If any man
hath fished, hawked, or hunted within this Lordship . . you
must present them, for they are the Lords Realties. 1635
CHAPMAN & SHIRLEY Chabot i. ii, That kings do no [f fluff
not] hazard infinitely In their free realties of rights and
honours Where they leave much for favorites' powers to
order 1
,
leet (r7i4> 109 In Action of Debt which concerns the Realty.
1766 BLACKSTONE Comm. II. xxiv. 385 Our courts now
regard a man's personalty in a light nearly, if not quite,
equal to his realty. 1861 PEARSON Early S, Mid. Ages Eng.
186 The realty of a man who died intestate, Was divided
equally among his sons.
Kealy, variant of REALLY adv.1 Obs.
I Beam, sbl Obs. Forms: i hrfiam, 2-3
ream, 3 ram, rem. [OE. hrtam, of obscure origin ;
hence REME v -1 The sb. is common in OE. and
early ME., but is not found after c 1 250.] Clamour,
outcry, shouting.
c 897 K. ALFRED Gregory1 i Past. C. Iv. 427 Dajlte swiSe
wiere xemanijfalSod Sodomwara hream & Gomorwara.
ciooo &LFRIC Horn. II. 336 Dam haljan were waes jebuht
baet baes jefeohtes hream mihte beon sehyred jeond ealle
eorSan. c 1205 LAY. 11280 Scottes buuen up muchelne
rasrn & Octaues folc nam flem.
b. esp. Noise of wailing or lamentation ; hence,
great sorrow, distress, or trouble.
Beowulf (Z.) 1303 Hream wearS in Heorote . . Cearu waes
fceniwod. a 900 CYNEWULF Christ 594 Swa mid Dryhten
dream, swa mid deoflum hream. c izoo ORMIN 8137 pe^re
wop & te}3re ra=m Comm full wel till hiss zre. a 1225 Leg.
Kath. 2325 To arisen from ream to aa lestinde lahtre.
a 1250 Owl fj Night. 1213 3ef eni mon schal rem abide,
Al ich hit wot ear hit i-tide.
C. With a and pi. A cry (of grief)-
a 1225 Leg. Katk. 164 Swio feole 3einde..wiS reowfule
reames. c izfoCen. $ Ex. 1962 He missed loseph. .wende
him slagen, set up an rem.
Beam (run), sb.'* Obs. exc. dial. Forms : 1
r<§am, 4-5 rem, j-6 reme, (6 Sc. reyme), 7
reame, 8- ream, (8-9 dial, reeam, reem, raim,
etc.). [OE. riam = MDu. (Du.) room, MLG.
rdm(e, MHG. roum (G. rahm, also dial, raum,
rohm, etc.) :— OTeut. *raumo-z, of obscure origin :
ON. rjdmi (Norw. dial, rjome, rome, etc.) repre-
sents a different ablaut-grade with weak ending
(*reumoa-').]
1. = CREAM sl>.2 i. (In ME. occ. milkes reme?)
c 1000 Sax. LeecM. II. 314 Jenim god beren mela and
hwit sealt, do on ream oo5e gode flete. c 1330 A rtk. ff
Merl. 1455 (Kolbing) On is white so milkes rem, pat ober
is red. 1483 Cath. Angl. 303/1 Reme, guaccum. 1549
Comfl. Scot. vi. 43 Fresche buttir ande salt buttir, reyme,
flot quhaye. 1728 RAMSAY Betty $ Kate ii, Can dale
dainties please Thee mair than moorland ream? 1788
SHIRREFS Poems (1790) 141, I laid upon the board Some
cruds and ream. 1822 GALT Sir A. Wylic Ixxxviii, A bonny
wee china pourie, full o' thick ream. 1869- in northern
dial glossaries (Yks., Lane.). 1880 E. Conmall Gloss.
s.v., Cold cream is called ' raw ream '.
b. Used allusively (see quot. 1721).
I72i KELLY Sc. Prov. 136 He streaks Ream in my Teeth.
. . Spoken when we think one only flattering us. 1722 RAMSAY
Three Bonnets IV. 31 Rosie. .Rubs o'er his cheeks and gab
wi1 ream, Till he believes 't to be a dream.
f2. =CBEAMJ*.1
Perh. a mechanical alteration of crem in the original text.
13. . Minor Poems fr. Verncn MS. 624/435 Cristened we
weore In Red[de] rem, Whon his bodi bledde on be Beem.
3. transf. A scum or froth upon any liquid.
1460-70 Bk. Quintessence 2 ?e schal se as it were a liquor
of oyle ascende vp, fletynge aboue in maner of a skyn or of
a reme. 1594 T. B. La I'rimaui. Fr. Acad. n. 346 This
liquor is called by the physicions chylus, which . . resembleth
the. reme of a ptisame. 1786 BURNS Tina Dogs 131 The
nappy reeks wi' mantling ream. 1839 MOIK Mamie llrauck
(ed. 2) xxiv. 306 The porter.. was in prime condition with
a ream as yellow as a marigold.
Ream(rfm),rf.3 Forms: a. 4 rem, 5-6 reme,
(5 reeme, 7 rheme) ; 5-7 reame, 6 realme, 7-8
rheam, 6- ream. /3. 5-6 rym, 6 rim. [ME.
BEAM.
rem and rim — Du. riem (i6th c.), OF. ray me,
raime^reytne^remme (1360-1489 in Godef. ; mod.
F. ratne}t and riesme (1492 ibid.), Sp. and Pg.
rest/ia, It. (and med.L.) risma, ad. Arab. Jujj
riztnah bale or bundle (of clothes, paper, etc.).
The precise source of the ME. forms is not clear; the
usual reme approximates to those which appear in OF.,
while the northern rim or rym has more resemblance to
existence of ream as a variant of REALM.]
A quantity of paper, properly 20 quires or 480
sheets, but frequently 500 or more, to allow for
waste; of paper for printing, 2l| quires or 516
sheets (sprinters' ream}.
a. 1391-3 Earl Derby's Exp. (Camden) 154 Pro j rem
papiri, viij*. 14x1 Close Roll 12 Hen. IV, {Licence, .to ex-
port from England to Ireland, one] ' Reme de papiro '. 1481-
90 Howard Househ. Bks. (Roxb.) 303, ij. Ib. almondes,
and half a reme paper. 1497 Naval Ace. Hen, VII (1896)
128 A reame of paper roiall, j reame & vij quires of small
paper. 1545 Rates of Customs c iij, Paper the bale contein-
fnge x. realme at xvirf. the realme. 1549 J. CHEKE in Lett.
Lit. Men (Camden) 8, I prai yow bi me a reme of paper at
London. 1630 J. TAYLOR (Water P.) Gt. Eater Kent 9
Offring him, that for a wager he would deuoure 4. reame of
his ballads ; which in the totall are two thousand. 1689-90
WOOD Life 20 Mar. (O. H. S.) III. 328 Bought, .a reame of
writing paper. 1766 C. LEADBETTER Royal Ganger u. xiv.
(ed. 6) 371 Tied up into Reams or Bundles for Sale. Note.
That 18 of the good Quires, and 2 of the broken go to each
Ream. 1832 BABBAGE Econ. Manuf. ix. (ed. 3} 65 The
hundred reams of paper were printed off. 1879 Print.
Trades Jrnl. xxvi. 15 A hundred reams were actually made
in Scotland and delivered m London in three days.
ft. 1473-4 Durham Ace, Rolls (Surtees) 645 Pro di. rym
et iij quaternis papiri empt., \}s. \\)d. 1507-8 Ibid, 659 In
ij Rymez papiri empt. 1568 Wills $ Inv. N. C. (Surtees
J835) 293 Half a rim of paper . . Half a rim. of dim paper.
b. Used to denote a large quantity of paper,
without reference to the precise number of sheets.
1597 BP. HALL Sat. n. ii. 30 When ye have spent A
thousand lamps, and thousand reams have rent Of needlesse
papers. 1646 J. HALL Poems i Paper-tyrants reign, who
presse Whole harmlesse reams to death. 1699 GARTH
Dispens. iv. 46 Hither, rescu'd from the Grocers, come
M— — Works entire, and endless Rheams of Bloom. 1781
COWPER Progr. Err. 311 Whose corresponding misses fill
the ream With sentimental frippery and dream. 1814 SCOTT
Drama (1874) 202 More fire than warms whole reams of
modern plays, a 1839 PRAED Poems (1865) II. 14 Shield
thee with a ream of rhyme.
c. With pun on ream REALM.
1589 Pappe w. Hatchet D ij, Let them but chafe my penne,
and it shal sweat out a whole realme of paper, or make
them odious to the whole Realme. c 1592 MARLOWE Jew
of Malta iv. iv, Giue Me a Reame of paper, We'll haue a
kingdome of gold for't.'
Ream, obs. variant of REALM.
Ream, v. l Obs. exc. dial. Forms : 3 rsemien,
4-6 reme, 6- ream, 9 dial. ra(y)me, r(h)eem.
[ME. rxtnienj of obscure origin. Cf. REAM z;.3
As the evidence for the word is chiefly south-western, it is
doubtful whether the northern quots. in i b. belong here.]
1. intr. To stretch oneself after sleep or on rising ;
fto yawn.
flics LAY. 25991 SeoS5en he gan rsemien and raxlede
swibe, 1393 LANGL. P. PI. C. vin. 7 He . . bus brest knokede
Rasclcd and remed and routte at pe laste. 14. . Lat.-Eng.
Voc. in Wr.-Wulcker 563/9 Ah, to reme. 1591 PERCIVALL
Sp. Dict.t Enaspar el cuerfa, to reame, to reach, pandicu-
lare, exporrigere se. 1886 ELWORTHY W. Som. Word-bk.^
Ream, to stretch oneself on awaking, or on getting up.
b. To stretch or reach after.
<z 1225 Aner* R. 72 Holde euerich his owene mester, &
nout ne reame cores, 1691 RAY A^. C. Words, Ream, to
stretch out the hand to take any thing ; to reach after. 1781
HUTTON Tour to Caves (ed. 2) Gloss., Reamt to reach with
stretched out body and arms.
O. Of bread : (see quot.).
1778 Exmoor Scolding Gloss., Bread is said to ream, when
. . it a Piece of it be broken into two Parts, the one draws
out from the other a kind of String . . stretching from one
Piece to the other.
2. trans. To draw oat, to stretch, distend.
1398 TREVISA Barth. De P. R. vn. xlviii. (Bodl. MS.),
Wombe ache come^ . . of winde bat strecchi}? and remeK
1598 Herrings Tayle D i b, His pearching homes are ream'd
a yard beyond assise. 1880 W. Cornwall Gloss. s.v,. Don't
ream it out of shape. 1886 ELWORTHY W. Som. Word-bk.
S.V., You can ream that there cloth [etc.].
b. To pull apart or to pieces ; to tear open.
1587 Mirr. Mag., Irenglas xxv, Which seeme .. to reme
my hart, Before I come to open all my smart. 1746 Ex-
moor Scolding (E. D. S.) 18 Chell ream my Heart to tha
avore Ise let tha lipped.
Ream (r/m), z/,2 Chiefly Sc. Also 5 remyn,
6 Se. rem-. [f. REAM sb%\
1. intr. To froth or foam. Also const, over.
(Said of liquor, or the vessel containing it, and
hence transf. at fig. in various applications.)
c 1440 Promp. Parv. 429/1 Remyn' as ale or other lycoure,
spumat. 1513 [see REAMING ppl, a.2], 1710 RUDDIMAN
Gloss. Douglas" &neis s.v. Remand, We say that ale
reams, when it has a white foam above it. 1785 BURNS
Scotch Drink ii, Or, richly brown, ream owre the brink In
glorious faem. 1791 — Tarn o* Shanter 109 The swats sae
ream'd in Tammie's noddle. 1814 SCOTT Wan. xi, A huge
pewter measuring-pot, .which in the language of the hostess,
reamed' .. with excellent claret. 1863 T. TAVLOR Pict, in
Words xxiii, Where the white waters chafe and ream.
205
b. To become covered with cream.
a 1774 FiiRGUSSON Fanner's Ingle Poems (1845) 36 Wi
buttered bannocks now the girdle reeks; I* the far nook the
bowie briskly reams.
2. trans. To take the cream off; to skim. Also
intr., to be skimmed.
1768 Ross Helenore ii. 71 On skelfs . . the cogs were set,
Ready to ream, an' for the cheese be het. 1890 J. COLVILLE
Scott. Vernacular 15 (E. D. D.) When the milk was drawn
in the cog it was.. reamed for the churn.
Ream (nm), z>.3 techn. Also reem. [Of some-
what doubtful origin : perh. a survival in special
sense of ME. reme to make room, open up.
The word is current in south-western dial., in which it is
app. not regarded as distinct from REAM v.1 ; but the mean-
i ing, and the fact that reamer corresponds to a northern
| rimer, make it probable that the real source is M.E. rewet j
j rime :-OE. ryman. The spelling reem is rare in the |
, senses given here, but is usual in another application of the :
i word, for which see REEMING vbl. sb.}
1. trans. To enlarge or widen (a hole) with an '
1 instrument.
1815 [see REAMING vbl. so.]. 1825 JENNINGS Obs. Dial. \
, W, Eng., Ream, to widen; to open. 1881 Metal World \
\ No. i. 3 Bore the tang-hole with a gimlet, and slightly ream j
1 the hole with a taper reamer.
2. a. To enlarge the bore of (a gun) by the use
of a special tool. Chiefly with out.
1867 m SMYTH Sailors Word-bk. 1876 VOYLE & STEVEN-
SON Milit. Diet. 330/1 The practice of reaming out guns, or
i boring them out, first took place in the British service in
1830. 1881 JEFFERSON DAVIS Rise $ Fall Confed. Govt. I.
474 Iron guns which were reamed out to get a good bore.
D. To clear from lead.
1882 [see REAMING vbl, so.]. 1886 J. M. CAULFEILD Sea-
manship Notes 7 Reaming a shackle is clearing the undercut
portion of the lug of a shackle from any. .lead which might
remain after pin and pellet are knocked out.
3. With out : To remove (a defect) by reaming.
1861 E. P. HALSTED Let. in Times 25 Oct., The interior
of the gun itself was defective, . . and the defect had been
reamed out at Woolwich.
t Ream, v.^ Obs. Also reem-, rem-. [Of ob-
scure origin ; found only iJLayamon, usually along
j with rsesen RESE v.] intr. To rush, charge.
c 1205 LAY. 623 Ofte heo raesden & rsemden togadere.
Ibid. 9339 Heo rsesden to Romleoden & heo remden to
flonne. c 1275 Ibid, 26813 Bruttus to jam reamde, and
flowen Rom-leode.
Ream, a. Cant. Genuine.
1851 MAYHEW Lond. Labour I. 313 Not one ' swell ' in a
score would view it in any other light than a 'ream'
! (genuine) concern. Ibid., Petition with ream monekurs
(genuine signatures).
Re-ama'SS, v. rare. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To
, bring or heap together again.
16x1 FLORIO, Ramassare, to re-ammasse together, a 1631
j DONNE Serm. (1640) Ixxvi. 767 All that is written in our
I hearts . . is reamassed, and reduced to the Ten Command-
! ments, the Lords Prayer and to the Creed.
Reame, obs. form of REALM, REAM j£.2, sb.%
Re-ame nd, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To amend
anew. So Be-ame'ndment.
1796 LAMB Left. ii. To Coleridge 17 Take my sonnets, once
for all, and do not propose any re-amendments. 1884 Century
Mag. May 149 The Constitution might be re-amended.
Reamer (rfmai). [f. REAM w.3 + -ERi; see
; also RIMER.] An instrument used to enlarge a hole
! or boring.
1825 in JENNINGS Obs. Dial. W. Eng. a 1864 GESNER
Coal, Petrol., etc. (1865) 28 The Reamer is used to enlarge
the hole made by the Bit. 1883 CRANE Smithy <$• Forge 167
This ' half round ' reamer is justly a favourite with ex-
perienced workmen.
Rea~miiig, vbl, sb. [f. REAM z/.3 + -ING*.]
(See the vb. and quots.)
1815 BURNEY Falconers Mar. Diet., Reaming, in block-
making, the act of increasing the size of a hole with a large
instrument, 1882 NAKES Seamanship (ed. 6) 156 The lead
that remains in the groove must be extracted— this is called
reaming.
Reaming, variant of REEMING vbl. sb.
Rea*ming,///.<z.1 rare. [f. REAM^.*] Stretch-
ing out in threads ; ropy ; forming masses of fila-
ments.
1495 Trevtsa's Barth. De P. R. v. xxii. (W. de W.), Moche
grete spityll & thycke, gleymy & reamyng. 1647 HERRICK
Noble Numbers, Widow's Teares v, Farewell the Flax and
Reaming wooll, With which thy house was plentiful!.
Rea'miug, ppl. a? Chiefly Sc. [f. REAM v.%]
Frothing, foaming. Also in phr. reaming full.
1513 DOUGLAS /Eneis \. xi. 89 He merely ressauis the re-
mand tais, All out he drank. 1717 RAMSAY Elegy Lucky
Wood\\, Reaming swats. 1721 — Prospect of Plenty 196
With reaming quaff, a 1774 FERGUSSON Poems (1845) 5
j Come and gie's the tither blaw O1 reaming ale. 1824 SCOTT
\ Redgauntlet ch. ii, It's a sore thingtoseea. .cowkickdown
the pail when it's reaming fou. 1842 J. AITON Domest,
Econ, (1857) 201 They give a reaming hand'iful of rich milk.
1894 CROCKETT Lilac Snnbonnct 23 The reaming white
which filled the blanket tub.
Reamme, obs. form of REALM.
tRe-amou-nt,z>. Obs. [RE- 5 a.] To remount.
1621 QIMRLES Argalus % P. (1678) 64 All rites perform'd,
! he re-amounts his Steed.
Reamy (rr mi), a. [f. REAMJ^ + .Y!.] Creamy,
frothy ; made with cream.
1831 J. WILSON in Blackw, Mac. XXIX. 553 A reamy
i richness, unknown to any other malt. 1868 G. MACDONALU
| A*. Falconer vi, A bit o' reamy cakes.
BEANNEX.
Kean (nn). Obs, exc. dial. Forms: 6 reian,
6-7, 9 reane, 7, 9 reean, 9 rean(n, reen(e,etc.
[App. a var. of RAIW j<5.2, but the difference in
vowel over the northern area is difficult to explain.
In the west perhaps associated with run RHINE.]
1. A water-furrow. = RAIN si.2 2.
1 a 1500 Cluster PI. ii. 478 Corncs fayre and clcane that
groweth on ridges out of the reane. 1523 FITZHERB. Husb.
§ 21 He taketh up the wede, and casteth it in the reane.
Ibid. § 33 It wolde be water-forowed bytwene the landes,
there-as the reane shulde be. 1688 R. HOLME Armoury ill.
iii. 73 A Reean, is the distance between two Buts. 1859
Jrnl. R. Agric. Soc. XX. I. 221 The work being thus all
' cops ' and ' reanes ', not only was there a waste of ground
from such a redundance of water-furrows, but there was a
great loss of time in ploughing. 1879- in dial, glossaries
(Northumb., Lane., Chesh., Shropsh., Glouc.).
t b. A streamlet. =-- RAIN sb? a b. 06s.-1
1611 COTGR., Ruisstlet, a small brooke or gullet J a reane,
or gutter of running water.
2. A balk, ridge, terraced strip, etc. =RAIN sb? I.
1781 HUTTON Tour to Caves (ed. 2) Gloss., Kean, a dale,
or rig in a field. 1869- in northern glossaries (Cumb.,
Northumb., Durh., Yks., Derby). 1883 SEEBOHH Eng.
Village ComtH. x. 381 Similar terraces in the Dales of York-
shire., are still called by the Dalesmen ' reeans ' or 'reins'.
Eean, obs. form of REIN sb.
Re-a'nclior, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans, and intr.
To anchor again.
a 1711 KEN Hymnarium Poet. Wks. 1721 II. 27 Soon as
she re-anchor'd in my heart, She thus began her Cargo to
impart. 1897 MARY KINGSLEY W. Africa xviii. 418 The
Lafayette having dragged her anchor . . must be rescued and
re-anchored.
Reane, obs. form of RANK sb. and REAN.
Rea'nimate, a. rare. [Cf. next and ANI-
MATE o.] Reanimated, revived, etc.
1810 SOUTHEY Kehama xiv. x, With other life re-animate,
She saw the dead arise. 1885 in Schaff & Oilman Libr.
Relig. Poetry 567, I would.. with reanimate and quickened
step, .go on my way.
Reanimate (rz'ise'nim^'t), v. [f. RE- 5 a +
ANIMATE v., prob. after med.L. reanimare or F.
rianimer, (Crammer) ranimer (i6th c.).]
1. trans. To animate with new life, to make alive
again, to restore to life or consciousness. Also^g".
x6ix COTGR., Ranimert to reanimate, reincourage, reuiue
[etc.]. 1714 Sfect. No. 578 r 8 The Power of re-animating
a dead Body, by flinging my own Soul into it. 1786 tr.
Beckforifs Vathek (1868) 14 The wakeful lark hailed the
rising light that reanimates the whole creation. i8i> BYRON
Ch. Har. I. xliv, Fame that will scarce re-animate their
clay. 1865 DICKENS Mtit. Fr. m. iii, Doctor examines the
dank carcase, and pronounces., that it is worth while trying
to reanimate the same. i886RusKiN/Var/»i'/a I. 271 Byron
. .reanimated for me the real people whose feet had worn the
marble I trod on.
2. a. To give fresh heart or courage to (a person) ;
to stimulate anew. Aho const, with.
1706 PHILLIPS (ed. Kersey), To Re-animate, .. to put in
heart again. 179* Anecd. W. Pitt II. xxiii. 57 His late
Majesty could not re-animate the Dutch with the love of
liberty. 1870 DISRAELI Lothair xxxii, Your presence always
reanimates me.
b. To impart fresh vigour, energy, or activity
to (a thing).
1762 FOOTE Orators I. Wks. 1799 I. 204 He reanimates
their slackened nerves with the mystic picture of an apple-
tree. 1785 BURKE Wks. (1826) IV. 267 To reanimate the
powers of the unproductive parts. 18*3 DE QUINCEY Dice
Wks. 1862 X. 314 The picture . . called up and re-animated
in his memory . . all his honourable plans. 1872 YEATS
Growth Comm, 250 He reanimated the textile manufactures.
3. intr. To recover life or spirit.
1645 SYMONDS Diary (Camden) 244 All ours re-animated,
and expected to follow Pointz to the North. 1782 Miss
BURNEY Cecilia ix. v, 'There spoke Miss Beverley I ' cried
Delvile, re-animating at this little apology. 1796 JANE
AUSTEN Sense % Sens, xvii, His affections seemed to re-
animate towards them all. 1841 J. CURTIS in Jrnl. R.
Agric. Soc. II. n. 207 They reanimate as they are dried by
the sun.
Hence Kea-nimated, -a-nimatibg, ///. adjs.
1661 GLANVILL Van. Dogtn. 138 We are our re-animated
Ancestours and antedate their Resurrection. 1746 HERVEY
Medit. (1818) 157 The resurrection of the just, and the state
of their re-animated bodies I 1817 I. SNART (title) Thesaurus
of Horror, or the Charnel-House Explored, showing the re-
animating power of earth in cases of Syncope. 1871 SMILES
Charac. Hi. (1876) 84 Gazing on them with reanimated eye.
Reaniniation (rz'iaeninw1 Jan), [f. prec. : see
-ATION.]
1. a. The action of restoring to life. Alsoy^f.
1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) XVI. 26/1 Reanimation means
the reviving or restoring to life those who are apparently
dead. 1858 SEARS A than. ll. xi. 237 The reammation of the
corpse. 1889 RUSKIN PrmUrUaUl. 147 The first two of
his great poems . . are the re-animation of Border legends,
b. The fact, or process, of returning to life.
1816 W. TAYLOR in Monthly Mag. XLI. 502 Canonized on
the express ground of a miraculous reanimation. 1838 POE
A. G. Pym Wks. 1864 IV. 31, I experienced . . a giddy and
overpowering sense of deliverance and reanimation.
2. Renewal of vigour or liveliness.
1815 JANE AUSTEN Emma n. v, A most delightful re-
animation of exhausted spirits. 1833 SIR F. B. HEAD
Bubbles fr. Brunnen 4, I felt a reanimation of mind.
Beannez (n~|5ne'ks), v. [a. OF. reannexer
(1476 in Godef. Compl.} : sec RE- and AKNEX z».]
trans. To annex again.
1495 Rolls o/Parlt. VI. 469/3 That the same Manoura. .
REANNEXATION.
206
REAP.
be reuiued and reannexed to the said Duchie of Cornwall.
1622 BACON Hen. I' II 40 King Charles was not a little
inflamed with an ambition to repurchase, and reannex that
Duchie. 1642 C. VERNON Consid. Exch. 58 The said Court
of Wards and Liveries .. might .. escape from being re-
annexed to the Exchequer. 1750 CARTE Hist. Eng. II. 284
Declaring the feif forfeited, re-annexed it to the domaine of
the Crown. 1808 W. TAYLOR in Robberds Mem. II. 223,
I believe I shall be re-annexed to the Critical Review if it
go on. 1896 LELY Stat. o/Pract. Utility 8 note. The gth
.. section .. reannexed to Lower Canada certain parts of
Labrador and the adjacent islands.
Hence Reanne'xing vbl. sb.
1622 BACON Hen. VII 45 The French Ambassadors were
dismissed ; the King auoiding to vnderstand any thing
touching the reannexmg of Britaine.
Reannexation (r^seneks^'Jan). [Cf. prec.
and ANNEXATION.] The action of reannexing ; the
fact or process of being reannexed.
1860 MOTLEY Netherl. (1875) I. 360 One general scheme;
the main features of which were the reannexation of Holland
[etc.]. 1866 Macm. Mag. Feb. 280 Adjusting the terms of
reannexation to Rome.
Iteanoint (rf,anoi-nt), v. [RE- 5 a.] trans.
To anoint again.
1611 FLORIO, Riungere^ to reanoint. 1626 BACON Sylva
§ 998 The Party Hurt, hath been in great Rage of Paine,
till the Weapon was Reannointed. 1627 DRAYTON Agincourt
99 Edward, .re-annoynted mounts th1 Imperiall Chaire.
Reanson, obs. form of RANSOM sb.
t Rea-nswer, sb. Obs .-1 [Cf. next.] Reply.
1599 Sir Clyom. in Peele's Wks. (Rtldg.) 531/1 Who art
thou, or what's thy name ? re-answer quickly make.
t Reauswer, z*-1 Obs. [f, RE- + ANSWEB v.,
prob. after respond, reply t rejoin, etc.]
1. trans, a. To answer ; to give answer to.
15*3 MORE in State Papers (1830) 1. 143 Which [commenda-
tion] I can never otherwise reanswere than with my pore
prayoure. £1594 GAIT. WYATT R. Dudley's Voy. W. Ind.
(Hakl. Soc.) 3 Our great ordenance . . was re-answeared by
the Queenes ordenance out of Callshott Castle. 1599 Sir
Clyom. in Peele's Wks. (Rtldg.) 511/1 In case you will re-
answer me my question to absolve.
b. To meet, be sufficient for, or equivalent to.
1598 BARRET Theor. Warres iv. i. 97 If. .your enemy [be]
very strong in horse, and you few horse or none to re-
answere them. 1599 SHAKS. Hen. K, in. vi. 136 The losses
we haue borne . .which in weight to re-answer, his pettinesse
would bow vnder. 1630 R. Johnsons Kingd. $ Commit}.
513 Rewards of their abstinence and vertues, as also to re-
answer their benefactors confidence.
C. To make good. rare~~^.
1591 GREENE ind Pt. Conny-Catching Wks. (Grosart) X.
109 If a purse bee drawen. .they take vp all the Nips and
Foists abovte the cittie, and let them lie there [in Newgate]
while the money be reanswered vnto the party.
2. intr. To make an answer or return.
1526 Pilgr. Per/. (W. de W. 1531) 21 b, He commeth to vs
helpyng. .vs : and we reanswere to his grace.
f Rea-nswer, v.2 Obs."1 [RE- 5 a.] trans. To
answer a second time.
1608 HIERON Defence n. 179 Lyraes distinction betwene
the facte and the zeale is before answered, and by and by
shal be reanswered.
Re-a-nyil, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To put on the
anvil again ; to forge afresh.
1716 M. DAVIES A then. Brit. III. 61 Of which Arian
forgeries some were re-anvill'd again by. .Turrianus.
Reap (rfp), sbl Forms : i reopa, rypa, 4-5
reepe, 4-6 repe, 7- reap. [OE. reopa, ry/a,prob.
for *ripa, related to rlpan or ripan REAP z».l]
A bundle or handful of grain or any similar crop;
a sheaf, or the quantity sufficient to make a sheaf.
(Cf. RIP sb.}
c 825 l^esp. Psalter cxx v. 6 CumaS . . berende reopan heara.
Ibid, cxxviii. 7 Se Se reopan somnaS. a 1340 HAMPOLK
Psalter cxxv. 8 J?ai sail cum with gladnes : berand t>aire
repis. 1388 WYCLIF Judith viii. 3 Men byndynge togidere
reepis in the feeld. c 1420 Pallad, on Huso. VH. 247
Barly. . vppon repes bounde And in a none ybake. c 1460
Townelcy Myst. ii. 235 As mych as oone reepe. 1523
FITZHERB. Husb. § 29 In some places they lay them [beans
and peas] on repes,.. and neuer bynde them. 16x3 MARK-
HAM Eng. Husbandmtan. xviii. (1635) 116 You may put
twentie reapes together, and thereof make a cocke. 1764
Museum Rust. II. 81 Though the bottom of the reaps
will be a little greenish, they must not be turned to weather
the under side. 1805 R. W. DICKSON Pract. Agric. II. 706
They are usually reaped with the sickle, and laid in thin
grips or reaps. 1829 in BROCKETT {ed. 2). 1876- in dial,
glossaries (Cumb., Northumb., Yks. ; GIouc., Som.).
Reap («p), $b? Forms: a. i hrip(p-,hrip(p-,
i , 4 rip, ryp, 4 ripe, rype, rijp ; ripp, ryppe, rep.
0. 6 reape, 7, 9 reap. [OE. rtp or rip related to
ripan or ripan REAP z/.1 ; on the relationship and
history of the forms cf. the note to the vb. Sense 2
is pern, directly from the vb.]
1 1. Harvest, reaping. Obs.
a. cysft Lindisf. Gosf. Matt. xm. 30 Forletas e^Ser
gewaexe wi3 to hripe. .& in tid hripes [etc. ; Rushw. ripe{s].
c 1000 Ags. Gosp. Matt. ix. 37-8 Micel rip ys . . Bidda)? 8aes
ripes hlaford baet he sende wyrhtan to his ripe. 1382 WYCLIF
Gen. viii. 22 All the daies of the erthe,seed and ripe, .shulen
not rest. — 2 Sam. xxi. 9 In the dais of the fyrst rijp [1388
the firste rep or ripp]. 1387 TREVISA Higden (Rolls) VIII.
185 J>ou hast no leve to sette J?yn hook in o)>er men ripe
[v.r. ryppe, rip, ryp(e].
|3. 1542 BECON David's Harp Pref., We had nede therefore
to pray vnto the Lord of the haruest, to sende out labourers
into his reape. 1600 W. WATSON Decacordon (1602) 239
Your plants are blasted in the bud : your come shaken
before the reape. 1679 BLOUNT Anc. Tenures 21 He was. .
to come to the Lords Reap with all bis houshold.
2. A set of reapers.
1826 in Hone Every-day Bk. II. 1167 The lord of the har-
vest is accompanied by his lady (the person is so called who
goes second in the reap).
Heap (rip), v.I Forms : see below. [OE.
ripan or ripan (North, rioppattc,}, rypan,reopant
not represented in the cognate languages : the
relationship of the various forms and their sub-
sequent history in ME. is to some extent obscure.
Tne quantity of the vowel in WS. is not certain, but the
pi. pa. t. ripon (rypon) would normally correspond to an
infin. rfpan (conjugated like ridan ride), tor Anglian
and North, dial., however, a short vowel is proved by the
forms with umlaut (reef-, riop-)t and by the spelling with
double / ; how these forms were conjugated does not
appear. Whether an OE. *repatt can also be inferred from
the late pi. pa. t. ra/tmt and early ME. reopen* is doubtful.
In ME. the infin. types are rJpe(n and rij>e(n, the former
of which might represent either OE. rtpan or ripan, and
the latter OE. ripan or *re^an. The strong conj. of ripe(n
is that of verbs of the fourth and fifth classes, with pa. t.
rap> and pa. pple. repeat or rope(n. The rare pa. t. rope
(pi. ropen} may either be a relic of the old com. of rfpan, or
a new formation on analogy of the pa. pple. From the
15th c. the conj. has usually been weak, though some strong
forms have been retained (or re-formed) in dialect use. The
infin. rip^ found in some i6th c. writers, is also common in
mod. dial., and may partly represent the old northern forms
with double/.]
A. Illustration of forms.
1. Inf. (and Pres.) a. I ripan, rypan, north.
hriopa, 3 ripen, ripe, 4 rype.
The normal forms of* the present tense in OE. are i. rife,
a. ripsti 3. r ip$t or ripeti \ pi. ripaV,
c8as Ves£ PS alter cxxviii. 7 Of Saem ne gefylleS bond
his se ripeo. c 950 Lindisf. Gosjt. Matt. xxv. 24 £)u hripes
Ser 5u ne sawes. £975 Rushiv. Gosp. ibid. 26 Ic ripe
[c looo ripe, rype] bzr ic ne scow, c 1000 ^"EuRic Gtn. xlv.
6 Man ne ma?x n.iOer erian ne ripan. c isoo Moral Ode 22
(Trin. Coll. MS.) Alle men suite ripen |>at hie ar sewen.
c 1290 ripe [see B. i]. 1367 TREVISA Higden (Rolls) I. n
Jif 5e [=she] wole wib jow rype, forbedeb hir nou}t.
6. i reopa, 3 reopen; 2-4 repen, 4-6 repe,
5-6 reepe, 6-8 reape, (6 Sc. raipe), 6- reap.
c 825 I'csf. Psalter cxxv. 5 Da sawa3 in tearum, in gefion
hie reopac?. a, 1200-25 repen, reopen [see B. 2 bj. a 1300
E. E. Psalter cxxv. 6 In mikel gladschip repe sal pat.
a 1325 Prose Psalter cxxviii. 6 Of which he \<i\\ shal repen,
ne fild noujt his honde. 1393 LANGL. P. PI. C. vi. 15
Canstow .. Repe. c 1420 LVDG. Assembly of Gods 1245
Suche as ye haue sowe Must ye nedes reepe. 1530 PALSGR.
686/2, I repe come with a syckell. 1535 COVERDALE Matt.
xxv. 26, 1 reape where I sowed not. — Rev. xiv. isThruste
in thy sycle and reepe. 1588 A. KING tr. Canisiits* Catech.
185 Ouhat so euer a man saues, the same sal he raipe.
1591 SPENSER M. Hubberdzbi To plough, to plant, to reap.
1707 in Hearne Collect, 9 Aug. (O. H. S.) II. 32, I should
not reape one peny advantage. 1833 TENNYSON Lotos
Eaters 166 Sow the seed, and reap the harvest.
7. i north, hrioppa, hripp-, 6-7 rippe, 6 rip.
c 9«jo Lindisf. Gosp. Matt. vi. 26 Fuglas heofnes ne settas . .
ne rioppas. Ibid. xxv. 26 Ic hrippo oer ne seawu ic. 1533-4
Act 25 Hen. VIII in Bolton Stat. Irel. (1621) 75 Their
wages to rippe or binde corne. 1565 COOPER Thesaurus
s.v. DemetOi to rippe or cut downe with a sickle.
2. a. Str.pa. t. i pi. ripon, -rypon, rscpori; 4
rap, rope (//. ropen) ; dial. 8-9 rope, 9 rep.
c 893-0 xi22 [see B. 2). 1377 LANGL. P. PI. B. xm. 374 If
I rope [ I wolde] ouer-reche, or ?af hem red that ropen [etc.],
1388 WYCLIF Ruth ii. 23 So longe sche rap with hem.
b. Str. pa. pple. a. 4 ropen, ropun, -yn, 4-5
rope. /3. 4 repe, 4-5 repen, -yne, (o. reapen).
1382 WYCLIF Gen. xlv. 6 It may not be eerid, ne ropun.
1388 — Song Sol. v. i, Y haue rope [v.r. repe] my myrre.
c 1385 ropen, -yn, repyne [see B. 2 b]. c 1420 rope [see B. 2).
1874 OUIDA Tivo little wooden Shoes 256 The wheat was
reapen in the fields.
3. a. Weak pa. t. 4 repide, 6 rieped, 7-8 reapt,
8- reaped.
1382 repiden [see B. 3]. 1542 rieped [see B. 4]. 1613
PURCHAS Pilgrimage ix. ix. (1614) 876 That which they
reapt on the land. 1724 DE FOE Mem. Cavalier (1840) 183
The king reaped the fruits of the victory.
b. Weak pa. pple. 5-6 reped, 6 reeped, 6-
reaped, 7- reap'd ; 6 reapt, rept; ripped.
1489 reped [see B. 4], 1535 COVERDALE Rev. xiv. 16 The
earth was reeped. 01547 SURREY jSmfUlV. (1557) F 2 b,
Springyng herbes reapt vp with brasen sithes. 1566 PAINTER
Pal. Pleas. I. 72 When the wheate was ready to be ripped.
1573 TUSSER Husb. (1878) 45 Much profit is rept, by sloes
well kept. z6zi BIBLE Rev. xiv. 16 The earth was reaped.
1653 MILTON Hirelings Wks. (1851) 365 From him wherfore
should be reap'd?
B. Signification.
1. intr. To perform the action of cutting grain
(or any similar crop) with the hook or sickle.
Also freq._/Ef. or in fig. context.
c 825 [see A. i a and ft], ^897 K. ALFRED Gregory's Past.
C. xxxix. 284 Se be him aelc wolcn ondraet, ne npS se naefre.
C950- [see A. i a], ciooo ^LFRIC Horn. II. 462 Behealdad
bas fleojendan fugelas, 5e ne sawa5 ne ne ripa3. c 1250
Moral Ode it in E.E.P. (1862) 23 Hy mowen sculen &
ripen ber be hi aer seowen. c 1290 S. Eng. Leg. I. 303/126
He ne J?urte carie of non obur weork, nof»ur to ripe ne
mowe. 1382 WYCLIF Rev. xiv. 15 Sende thi sikel, and
repe. £1450 Mirour Saluacioun 4203 The Austere juge
wille repe in place whare he noght sewe. 1526 Pilgr. Perf.
(W. de W. 1531) ii b, They dyd sowe, & we do repe. 1600
SHAKS. A. Y. L. in. u. 113 They that reap must sheafe
and binde. a 1822 SHELLEY Men of Eng. vi, Sow seed, —
but let no tyrant reap. 1842 TENNYSON Dora 76 The
reapers reap'd, And the sun fell, and all the land was dark.
2. trans. To cut (grain, etc.) with the sickle, esp.
in harvest ; hence, to gather or obtain as a crop
(usually of grain) by this or some other process.
^893 K. ALFRED Oros. iv. viii. § 7 pjet folc him ge^uhte
ba hie heora corn ripon. .baet ealle pa ear waeron blodeje.
1x900 O. E. Chron. (Parker MS.) an. 896 On haerfjcste ..
bahwtle be hie hira corn gerypon. a 1122 Ibid. (Laud MS.)
an. 1089 Manij men rsepon neora corn onbutan Marlines
mxssan. 13. . Propr. Sanct. (Vernon MS.) in A rchiv Stud,
neu. Spr. LXXXI. 83/22 [The wheat] is ropen and leid ful
lowe. 1382 WYCLIF Dent. xxiv. 19 Whanne thou repist
corn in thi feeld. £-1420 Pallati. on Husb. x. 127 Now in
sum stede is panyk rope and mylde. 1495 Trevisa's Barth.
De P. R. xvn. clvii. 707 Repers haue repen the corn with
hokys and gadred it home. 1523 FITZHERB. Husb. § 29
Pees and benes be moste commonly laste reped or mowen.
1585 HICGINS tr. yunius1 Notucnclator 107 The strawe,
stubble, .remaining in the grounde after the corne is rept.
1667 MILTON /'. /-. xii. 18 Labouring the soile, and reaping
plenteous crop. 1717 PRIOR Alma \. 156 No man ever
reapt his Corn, Or from the Oven drew his Bread. 1784
COWPER Task v. 203 They ploughed and sowed, And reaped
their plenty without grudge or strife. 1812 SIR J. SINCLAIR
Syst. Huso. Scot. i. 268 Many have reaped more than 60
bolls [of potatoes] from one acre. 1825 COBBETT Rnr. Rides
239 , 1 am told they give twelve shillings an acre for reaping
wheat. 1850 TENNYSON /« Mem. Ixiv, Who ploughs with
pain his native lea And reaps the labour of his hands.
b. In fig. context.
ciooo ^LFRIC Horn. II. 534 fcif we cow |>a gastlican saed
sawab, hwonlic bib bast we eowere flaesclican bing ripon.
a isoo Moral Ode 20 Je mawen sculen & repen bet ho er
sowen. a 1225 Juliana 74 (Bodl. MS.) 5e scnulen . .reopen
ripe of }>at sed Jwt je her seowen. c 1385 CHAUCER L. G. W.
ProL 74 Well I wote that ye haue here byforn Of makyng
ropyn [v.r. ropen, repyne] and lad a-wey the corn, c 1410
LYDG. Assembly of Gods 1245 Suche as ye haue sowe Must
ye nedes reepe. 1590 SPENSER F. Q. i. iv. 47, I hopM to
reape the crop of all my care. 1667 MILTON P. L. in. 67
Reaping immortal fruits of joy and love. 17x8 LADY M. W.
MONTAGU Let. to Abbe" Contl 19, May, We die or grow
old before we can reap the fruit of our labours. 1842
TENNYSON Locksley Hall 130 What is that to him that reaps
not harvest of his youthful ioys? 1853 SIR H. DOUGLAS
Milit. Bridges 147 To reap the fullest fruits of a victory.
C. With down adv., (T^adv. and prep.
1563 GOLDING Cxsar iv. (1565) 104 In all other quarters
y* corn was reaped down, & none standing any where saue
in thys one place. 1592 Knaresborougk Wills (Surtees)
I. 187 When the same [barley] shalbe reapte of the feilde.
1649 BLITHE Eng. Itnprov. Intpr. (1653) 75 I'll.. begin to
enter upon tt as soon as the Crop is reaped off.
d. trans/. To cut (plants, flowers, etc.) after the
fashion of reaping. Also in fig. context.
1721 MORTIMER Husbandry II. 123 It will repair the
hurt you have done to the Plants in reaping their Shoots.
1781 COWPER Retirement 753 We reap with bleeding hands
Flowers of rank odour upon thorny lands. 1784 — Task
vi. 939 Compared with which The laurels that a Czsar reaps
are weeds. 1820 KEATS Lamia \. 318 Baskets heap'd Of
amorous herbs and flowers, newly reap'd Late on that eve.
3. fig. To get in return ; to obtain or procure
(esp. some profit or advantage) for oneself; to
gain, acquire.
c 1300 S, Cecilia 155 (Ashm. MS.) We schulleb uor our
trauail, bi blisse repe atenende. 1382 WYCLIF Hosea x. 13
3e ban sowe vnpite, $e repiden [1388 ban rope or repe]
wickidnesse. 1560 DAUS tr. Sltidane's Comm. Pref. 2 Men
may reape frute and commodity. 1573 TUSSER Hnsb. (1878)
46 By malt ill kept, small profit is rept. 1630 PRYNNE Anti-
Armin. 159 They can reape nothing but discomfort from it.
1671 MILTON Samson 966 Why do I . .suing For peace, reap
nothing but repulse and hate? 1711 STEELE Sped. No. 262
F 6 Those Advantages, which the Publick may reap from
this Paper. 1752 HUME Ess. $ Treat. (1777) 1. 182 He reaps
no satisfaction but from low and sensual objects. 1833 LAMB
Etia Ser. n. Pref., He sowed doubtful speeches, andreaped
plain, unequivocal hatred. 1863 BRIGHT Sp. Amer. 26 Mar.
(1876) 126 Where labour . . has reaped its greatest reward.
1875 JOWETT Plato (ed. 2) III. 197 The greatest blessing
which you have reaped from wealth.
f b. With material object. Obs. rare.
1601 SHAKS. Ttvel. N. in. i. 144 When wit and youth is
come to haruest, Your wife is like to reape a proper man.
1630 R. Johnson's Kingd. <$• Cornmw, 60 The nils swarme
with cattell and sheepe, from whence they reape plenty of
butter, cheese, and milke.
C. To take away by force, rare"1.
1634 SIR T. HERBERT Trav. 50 The Bramini. .vnresisted
reaps her Virgin honour.
4. To cut down or harvest the crop or produce of
(a field, etc.). Also with down.
1582 WYCLIF Jos. v. 4 The hiire of 5oure werkmen, that
repiden joure cuntrees. 1489 CAXTON Faytes of A. ii. ix.
108 Theyre landes were almost ripe for to be reped. 1526
TINDALE Jos. v. 4 The labourers which haue reped doune
youre feldes. 1542 UDALL Erastit. Apoph. 210 b, He rieped
Asia and had all the eres, and I dooe but gather the
stalkes. 1697 DRYDEN Virg. Georg. in. 279 With thy Sickle
reap the rankest Land. 1784 COWPER Task y. 755 Ye may
fill your garners, ye that reap The loaded soil. 1827 G. S.
FABER Sacr. Calend. Prophecy (1844) III. 217 If a king
shall behold a country reaping or reaped.. he shall quickly
hear of the slaughter of his people.
transf. 1596 SHAKS. i Hen. ft7, i. iii. 34 His Chin new
reapt, Shew'd like a stubble Land at Haruest home.
Hence Heaped, Rea-pen, Hea-ping///. adjs.
1765 Museum Rust. III. 193 At market I sold the reaped
wheat at one pound per comb. 1819 KEATS Fancy 41 Thou
shalt hear.. Rustle of the reaped corn. 1844 H. STEPHENS
Bk. Farm III. 1069 In reaped sheaves. .the straws are
straight and hard pressed. 1865 SWINBURNE Poems fy Ball.,
Garden o/Proserpitie 6 For reaping folk and sowing. 1874
OUIDA Two little "wooden Shoes 206 The purple brow of the
just reapen lands. 1887 R. L. STEVENSON Merry Men in.
131 Scythes for the reaping angel of Death.
REAP.
Reap («p)i v-2 Now only dial. [Var. of RIP,
due to the existence of rip as var. of REAP z'.1]
trans. To rip up (a matter).
1580 LYLY Euphues Wks. 1902 II. 143 The rages of friendes,
reaping vp al the hidden malices, or suspicion;;, or follyes
that lay lurking In the minde. 1698 FRVER Ace. E. India
fy P. 374 The Courtiers are shy of her Company, because of
reaping up their old Sins. i86a MRS. H. WOOD C /tannings
III. 52, I am sorry you should have reaped up this matter.
1873- in many dial. (esp. northern and western) glossaries.
Reapable («*pab'l), a. rare. [f. REAP v.1 +
-ABLE.J That can be reaped ; fit for reaping.
1570 LEVINS Manip. 2/30 Reapable, messibilis. 1858
CAKLYLE Fredk. Gt. ix- i. II. 390 A strange sowing of
dragon's teeth, and the first harvest reapable from it a
world of armed men.
Reape, obs. var. RIPE v.1 ; dial. var. ROPE sb.
Reaper (rrpw). Forms : I ripere, 4-6 reper,
(5 repare, 6 repar), 6- reaper, [f. REAP z/.1]
1. One who reaps.
c 1000 Ags. Gosp. Matt. xiii. 39 teet rip is worulde endung,
t»a riperas synt englas. 1382 WYCLIF Ruth it 3 She . .
gedride eeris after the backis of reperis. 1387-8 T. USK Test.
Love Prol. (Skeat) 1. 105 These noble repers, as good work-
men and worthy their hier han al draw and bounde vp in
the sheues. c 1440 Promp. Parv. 430/1 Repare, hervyst-
manne, messor. 1495 Act n Hen. VI I, c. 22 § 3 A Reper
and Carter. .iijd. by the day. 1523 FITZHERB. Hnsb. § 29
Loke that your sherers, repers, or mowers geld not your
beanes. 1576 FLEMING Panopl. Epist. 228 Keeping com-
pany with the labouring reapers. 1667 MILTON P. L. xi.
434 Thither anon A sweatie Reaper from his Tillage brought
Hrst Fruits. 1740 SOMERVILLE Hobbinol \\. 21 The ripen'd
Grain, whose bending Ears Invite the Reaper's Hand.
1845 FORD Handbk. Spain I. 69 Reapers .. could never stand
the sun's fire without this coofing acetous diet.
attrib. 17x5-20 POPE Iliad xvni. 638 With bended sickles
stand the reaper train. 1730-46 THOMSON Autumn 225
He. .chanced beside his reaper-train To walk.
2. A mechanical device for cutting grain without
manual labour, the more modern types having also
a device for binding the sheaves.
1862 Times 12 June 6/1 In addition to the agricultural
machines . . there are a variety of reapers and mowers. 1871
LOWELL Study Wind. (1886) 76 Our pianos and patent
reapers have won medals. 1883 Stubbs' Mercantile Circular
26 Sept. 862/2 English reapers suit well in some parts of
South Russia, but self-binders are not understood.
attrib. 1887 Pall Mall G. 23 Aug. 10/2 He fell off his
seat and became entangled in the reaper knives.
Rea'p-hook. [f. REAP v\\ A reaping-hook.
1591 PERCIVALL Sp. Dicf., Hocfno, a reape hooke. 1761
Brit. Mag. II. 447 One of them struck at him with the
reap-hook, and cut his arm almost off. 1820 Blackw. Mag.
VIII. 143 The reap-hook had been busy among the ripened
corn. 1896 BRUCE Econ. Hist. Virginia I. 464 In harvest-
ing wheat, both the reap-hook and the sickle were used.
Reaping; (rrpirj), vbl. sb. [f. REAP z>.l]
1. The action of the vb. REAP, in lit. or Jig. uses ;
also, the amount reaped.
c 1380 WYCLIP Serm. Sel. Wks. I. 97 Tyme of J>is repinge
is clepid be day of dome. £1440 Promp. Parv. 430/1
Repynge, of come, messura. 1548 UDALL, etc. Erasm. Par.
"Jo/in ivj There is more pain and labour about the tilling
and sowing, then in the haruest and reaping. 1576 FLEMING
Panopl. Epist. 179 To the readie reaping of your comoditie.
1693 EVELYN De la Quint. Compl. Card. I. 32 Those which
..require some help in order to a good Reaping. 1765
Museum Rust. III. 136 Let the wheat stand ever so well,
yet reaping is preferable to mowing. 1812 SIR J. SINCLAIR
Syst. Hnsb. Scot. i. 270 An acre of potatoes gives 120 days
reaping (shearing). 1844 H. STEPHENS Bk. Farm III. 1053
Calculating every day's reaping of those who are hired by
the day. 1881 A thenxum 5 Nov. 603/2 That blueness which
proves thousands of reapings by a razor.
2. attrib. and Comb., as reaping-fork, -hook^
-scythe, -sickle, -time ; also reaping-machine =
REAPER 2.
1805 R. W. DICKSON Pract. Agric. II. 793 A ^reaping
fork is sometimes made use of for collecting it into sheaves.
41700 DRYDEN (J.), It looks Most plainly done by thieves
with *reap|ng-hooks. 1765 Museum Rust. III. 134 They
must imagine . . that the new-fashioned scythes are much
better for use than the old-fashioned reaping-hooks. 1805
R. W. DICKSON Pract. Agric. II. 794 The sickle with teeth
should be employed in preference to the reaping-hook
with a cutting blade. 1842 MACAULAY Horatius xiv, Sun-
burned husbandmen With reaping-hooks and staves. 1812
SIR \. SINCLAIR Syst. Husb. Scot. i. 328 No *reaping
machine has yet been invented, that will answer the object
they had in view. 1844 H. STEPHENS Bk. Farm III. 1076
The first reaping-machine that came before the public with
any claim to efficiency was that of Mr. Smeath of Deanston,
about the year 1814-15. Ibid. 1081 Of this form of mount-
ing a *reapmg-scythe there are many varieties. 1611 COTGR.
s.v. iWoissan>iiert a "reaping sickle. 1388 WYCLIF Matt.
xiii. 30 SurTre ^e hem bothe wexe ..in to *repyng tyme.
X6xi COTGR., Mousont .. reaping time.
t Reap-nian. Obs. Forms : i hrip(p)emonn,
2 ripman, 4 ripeman, 4-5 repman, 5-6 repe-
man. [OE. rip(p]e-, ripmann, f. ripp-t rip REAP
sb2] A reaper.
C9SS %****''& GosP- Matt- x»i- 30 In tid bripes ic willo
cuoeoa oa^m hnppe-monnum [etc.]. Ibid. 39 Da hripemenn
soohce engles smdon. cnoo Hatton Gosp. Matt. ix. 37
Witodlice mycel rip ys, & feawe ripmen. 1387 TREVISA
Htgden (Rolls) I. n Ruth . . lase vp be eeres after his ripe-
men. ^1400 Solomon's Bk. Wisd. 246 Repmen forto here
mete sone he hym bider sent. 1426 LYDG. De Guil. Pilgr.
10420 Thow semyst . . A repman, for thyn vnkouth guyse.
c 1449 PECOCK Repr. m. xvi. 383 Whanne money is paied to
a repe man for his dai labour in the haruest feeld. 1566
WITHALS Diet. 17 b, A repe man or he thnt repeth the corne.
207
Reappaise, variant of REAPPEASE v. Obs.
H»e-appa'rel, -'. [KE- 5 a.] trans. To apparel
again. Hence Re-appa'relling vbl. sb.
1624 DONNE Devotions 358 (T.), Then we shall all be in-
vested, reapparelled in our own bodies. 1901 F.din. Rev. Oct.
— ' iarel themselves in modern dress. Ibid.
ig is of secondary import when [etc.].
416 Ideas must re-apparel themselves in modern dress. lbid.t
All such re-apparelhng is of secondary import when [etc.].
Re-appa'rent, a. [1<E- 5 a.] Of stars : Reap-
pearing periodically.
1794 G. ADAMS Nat. $ Exp. Philos. IV. xliv. 190 Three
changeable or re-apparent stars have been discovered in ..
the Swan.
Reappari-tion. [RE- 5 a.] A reappearance.
1599 SANDYS Europx Spec. (1632) 15 With many other
re -apparitions and detectable strange accidents, 1634 BP.
HALL Contempt. > N. T. iv. xii, Remember thy glorious re-
apparition with thy Saviour. 1766 MATY in Phil. Trans.
LVI. 65 Sufficient to render the reapparition of the comet
uncertain. 1883 A. WINCHELL World-Life 281 (Cent. Diet.),
Colonies, reapparitions, and other fauna! dislocations in the
vertical and horizontal distribution of fossil remains.
Reappea-1, v. Also 5 -appell. [f. RE- +
APPEAL v. In early use after obs. F. reappeller
var. rappehr RAPPBL v. ; cf. med.L. reappellare
(1330).] trans, and intr. fa. To call back; to
recall. Obs. b. To appeal again. Hence Be-
appea-ling vbl. sb.
1480 CAXTON Ovid's Met. xnr. iv, Ayax.-sholde have
mayntened the warre ayenst the Troyans, and have re-
appelled and called them agayn to the stour. 1579 FENTON
Guicciard. n. 80 Almost all the kingdom expected., an occa-
sion to reappeale the Aragons. 1598 FLORIO, Rappellare^ to
reapeale . . or call againe. z6ix lbid.t Rappdlo^ a reappeal-
ing vnto. 1748 RICHARDSON Clarissa. (1811) V. 133 May I
not re-appeal this to your own breast?
So Beappea-1 sb.t -[(a) a recall (obs.)\ (b} a
second appeal.
161 1 FLORIO, Rappellatwne^ a reappeale, a reuoking. 1899
Westm. Gaz. n Sept. 5/2 Peace cannot be reached by a
vista of endless retrials and re-appeals.
Reappear (n~iapi»-i), v. [f. RE- 5 a + AP-
intr. To appear again.
1611 COTGR., Reparoistre>\.o reappeare. 17*8 POPE Dune.
HI. 322 The dull stars roll round and reappear. 1792
MURPHY Ess. Johnson 20 [The Nile waters] continue hidden
in the grass and weeds for about a quarter of a league, when
they re-appear amongst a quantity of rocks. xSai SHELLEY
Adonais xviii, The ants, the bees, the swallows, reappear.
1863 Sat, Rev. 16 May 638 That which was ' motion .. re-
appears as heat. 1900 G. C. BRODRICK Mem. $ Imp. 92, I
never felt quite sure for years afterwards that he might not
reappear in my rooms.
Hence Beappea'ring vbl. sb. and///, a.
x8z6 SOUTHEY Lay of Laureate Iviii, In re-appearing light
confess'd, There stood another Minister of bliss. 1884
Harper's Mag. Mar. 607/2 The next afternoon went by
without his re-appearing. 1891 Daily News n Sept. 3/3
One or two [cottages] that have become shelters for the
reappearing small holders.
Reappea-raiice. [RE- 5 a.] The act of ap-
pearing again ; a second or fresh appearance.
1664 POWER Exp. Philos. 1.35 All my little Animals made
their re-appearance. 1753 N. TORRIANO Gangr. Sore Throat
20 We bled her again . . on account of a Re-appearance of
bleeding at the Nose. 1828 LANDOR I mag. Conv, Wks. 1853
I. 341/1 The most favourite word with her ever since her
re-appearance among us. 1856 KANE Arc/. ExpL II. xiii.
131 About a month after the reappearance of the sun.
T" Beappease, v. Obs* rare. Also 6 reappaise.
[RE- 5 a.] trans. To pacify or appease again.
1579 FENTON Guicciard. i. (1599) 44 To be aduertised,
afore he entered the Citie : whether the tumult of the people
were in any sort reappaised. 1598 FLORIO, Rachetare^ to
reapease, to quiet. 1611 in COTGR., s.v. rci>landir.
Reappell, obs. form of RE-APPEAL.
Reap-permy. rare-1. = REAP-SILVEB.
1843 CARLYLE Past * Pr. n. v, [What difficulty .. has our
Cellerarius to collect the repselver, * reaping silver ', or penny.
Jl'iii.} Wise Lord Abbots . . did in time abolish or commute
the reap-penny.
Re-applica*tion. [RE- 5 a; cf. next.] A fresh
application.
1691 NORRIS Curs. Reflect. 9 A Re-advertency or Re-
application of mind to Ideas that are actually there. 1823
J. BADCOCK Dom. Amusem. 27 The simple re-application of
fire produces nearly the same result. 1897 Daily News 12
Mar. 3/3 Racing licences should hold good from year to
year without re-application.
Re-apply, v. [RE- 5 a.] To apply again.
1713 HOUSTOUN in Phil. Trans. XXXII. 388 She went
chearfully Abroad, and re-apply'd herself to Business. 1805
R. W. DICKSON Pract. Agric. I. 388 Mixing them [slices of
soil] into composts with lime, and re-applying them. 1873
M. ARNOLD Lit. $ Dogma (1876) 88 By giving a fuller idea
of righteousness, to reapply emotion to it.
Hence R«-appli'er, one who reapplies.
1884 CRAFTS Sabbath for Man (1894) 384 Knox seems to
have been . . the re-applier of the term ' Sabbath ' to it.
Reappoi lit, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To appoint
again. Hence Reappoi'nted///. a.
1611 COTGR., Redeleguert to redelegate, reappoint, giue a
new commission vnto. 1815 Zeluca III. 58 Jiefore the re-
appointed day. 1855 MACAULAY Hist. Eng. xvii. IV. 46 The
convert had . .been reappointed Master of the Temple. 1884
Manch. Exam. 13 Sept. 5/2 A member may be reappointed
for five years.
So Reappoi *ntment, a second appointment.
1800 Asiat. Ann. Reg.tProc. E. fnd. Ho. 72/2 The court
postpone the re-appointment of a committee of patronage.
1900 Westm, Gaz. 6 Dec. 2/1 The sooner, therefore, [he] is
withdrawn, or his reappointment prevented, the better.
REAR.
tReapport, sb. Obs. rare. [var. RAPPORT or
REPORT sb., as if f. RE- + APPORT sb.] A report.
xjTO FENTON Guicciard. i. (1599) 18 Ferdinand and Isalx:!!
. . Princes in those times of great reapport and name for
gouernment and wisedome. Ibid. \\. 86 The reapport of his
ouerthrow in Calabria.
So f Reapport z/., trans, to report. Obs.~l
1587 HOLINSHED Citron. III. 885/1 The losse of the battell
was no sooner reapported at Millaine, than [etc.].
tReappOSe, v. Obs. [var. REPOSE v,t as if
[etc.]. 1587 HOLINSHED Chron. III. 896/2 Such as reapposed
in the confidence of their faction.
Re-approa'ch, ^- [K*:- 5 a.]
1. trans. To approach again.
1651 LOVEDAY tr. Catyrenedtfs Cassandra HI. 198 Re-
approaching him, and raising him by the Arme. 1755
SMOLLETT Quix. (1803) IV. 151 Re-approaching the hole,
he .. surveyed the depth of the cave. 1854 P. B. ST. JOHN
Amy Moss 90 He then rose, .. re-approached the fire, and
sat down upon a log.
•f 2. To bring together again. Obs.
1663 BOYLE Exp. Hist. Colours HI. Exp. xiv, Severing or
reapproaching the edges of the two irises.
Reappro-priate, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans, fa.
"o restore. Obs. b. To take back ti
To
i back to oneself.
1653 MILTON Hirelings Wks. (1851) 372 What shall be
found hertofore given by Kings or Princes out of the pub-
lick, may justly by the Magistrate be recall 'd and reappro-
priated to the Civil Revenue. 1863 Sat. Rev. 3 Jan. 19/1
That forest which has reappropriated the conquests made
from it. 1864 W. HANNA Earlier Years Our Lcra^s Life
112 St. Matthew should revive, reappropriate and reapply
that image.
f Reap-reeve. Obsr~l [f. REAP sb? + REEVE.]
A harvest overseer.
'393 LANGL. P. PL C. vi. 15 Canstow .. Repe o|>er be a
repereyue [v.r. ripfp)-, rype-] and a-ryse erliche?
t Reap-silver. Obs. rare. [f. as prec. +
SILVER.] The sum paid by a tenant to a superior,
in commutation of his services in harvest-time.
iz.. Chron. Joe. tie Brakelonda (Camden) 73 Solebant
homines de singulis domibus dare celerario unum denarium
in principio Augusti, ad metendum segetes nostras, qui
census dicebatur rep-selver. 1x99 Muniment. A!agd. Coll.
Oxf. (1882) 145 Ripsulwer.
t Heap-time. Obs. rare. [f. as prec. + TIME.]
Harvest-time.
c\wx*Ags. Gosp. Matt. xiii. ^o LastaS se^ber weaxan oS
rip-timan & on ^am rip-timan ic secge J>am riperum. 1382
WVCLIF Prov. xxvi. i What maner sno^ in somer, and reyn
in rep time, so vnsemende is to the fool glorie.
Reaquite, variant of REACQUITE v. Obs.
tRear, sbl Obs.~l [?var. reard REED.] A
crash, peal.
1584 HUDSON Du Bartas1 Judith \\. in Sylvesters Du
Bartas u. (1621) 702 At this Hebrew's prayer such a reare
Of thunder fell that brought them all in feare.
f Bear, sb* Obs. rare. [f. REAR vl] That
which is reared or got (from cattle).
aiGiS RALEIGH Anc. Tenures Wks. 1829 VIII. 608
Fructus not only comprehends cattle, with their wool and
milk, but the rear, and that which cometh from them. Ibid.
615 The wool, or milk, or rear of them.
Rear (n°J), sb.t> (and a.1) Also 7 reer, reare,
(9) rere. [Aphetic form of ARBEAR sb., prob.
originating in the rear for ttf arreary or under the
influence of rear-guard, rear-ward.
The form became current in the i7th c. ; an app. instance
in R. Brunne's Chron. (1810) 204 is no doubt to be taken as
elliptical for rereward.]
L Mil. (and JVavaf). The hindmost portion of
an army (or fleet) ; that division of a force which
is placed, or moves, last in order. (In later use
tending to pass into sense a.)
1606 SHAKS. Tr. fy Cr. HI. iii. 162 Like a gallant Horse
falne in first ranke, Lie there for pavement to the abject
reare \conj.for neerej. 1629 DONNE Devotions Expost. xvi.
380 When an Army marches, the vaunt may lodge to night,
where the Reare comes not till to morrow. 1667 MILTON
P. L. H. 78 When the fierce Foe hung on our brok'n Rear
Insulting. 1684 Scanderbeg Rediv . vi. 137 One great De-
tachment following the Imperial Army fell upon their Reer.
173* LEDIARD Sethos II. x. 372 The cavalry, .soon overtook
the enemy's rear. 1769 FALCONER Diet. Marine (1780),
Rear, a name given to the last division of a squadron, or
the last squadron of a fleet. 1790 BEATSON Nov. Sf Mil.
Mem. I. 190 Expecting that the van of the enemy would
necessarily come to the assistance of their rear. i8o« JAMES
Milit. Dict.tRearofanArmy>.. Generally the third com-
ponent part of a large body of forces, which consists of an
advanced guard, a main body and a rear guard. 1870 VOYLE
& STEVENSON Milit. Diet. 330/1 A detachment of troops
which brings up and protects the rear of an army.
b. fig. and in fig. context,
16*9 DONNE Devotions Expost. xvi. 381 That (bell) which
rung to day was to bring him in his reare, in his body, to
the Church. 163* MILTON L* Allegro 50 While the Cock..
Scatters the rear of darkness. 1671 — Samson 1577 The
first-born bloom of spring Nipt with the lagging rear of
winters frost. i8ai SHELLEY Hellas 339 That shattered
flag of fiery cloud Which leads the rear of the departing day.
2. The back (as opposed to the front) of an army,
camp, or person ; also, the space behind or at the
back ; the position at or towards the back.
1600 EDMONDS Obs. Cxsarjs Comm.t Mod. Training, When
the whole Battalion being in their close order shoulde turne
about and make the Rere the Fiont. 1651 N. BACON Disc.
BEAR.
208
REAR.
Govt. En^. n. i. 4 The King was advised to give place, . .
till he had tryed masteries with Scotland, and thereby se-
cured his Rere. 1663 BUTLER Hud. i. iii. 76 His rear was
suddenly Inclos'd, And no room left him for retreat. 1735
SOMERVILLE Chase in. 536 He stands at Bay against yon
knotty Trunk That covers well his Rear. 1796 Instr. A-
Reg. Cavalry (1813) 93 The Divisions marching through
each other from Rear to Front. 1838 THIRLWALL Greece
IV. xxxiv. 334 The rear, as the post of danger, he claimed
for Timaslon and himself. 1847 Infantry Man. (1854) 40
They will carry their right foot . . diagonally to their right
rear. 1888 P. H. SHERIDAN Personal Mem. II. 37 Crook. .
conducted his command south in two parallel columns until
he gained the rear of the enemy's works.
3. In general use : The back, or back part, of
anything.
1641 J. JACKSON Trite Evang. T. in. 191 The front, and
the reare, the beginning, middle, and end of our salvation.
1667 MILTON P. L. ix. 497 Not with indented wave, Prone
on the ground, .. but on his reare, Circular base of rising
foulds. 1670 MOXON Meek. Excrc. ix. 152 By the width I
mean the sides that range with the Front and Rear of the
Building. 1864 TENNYSON En* Ard. 729 The ruddy square
of comfortable light, Far-blazing from the rear of Philip's
house, Allured him.
4. In adverbial and prepositional phrases :
a. In the rear (less freq. in rear), in the hind-
most part (of an army, etc. ) ; hence, at or from the
back, behind.
1600 EDMONDS Obs. Cxsar's Comm.> Mod. Training
Another meanes to preuent the enemy his assaulting vs in
the reare or flanke. 1614 RALEIGH Hist. World in. (1634)
126 The horsemen, .were placed on the flanks, only a troupe
of the Eleans were In reare. 1689 Perfect. Milit. Discipl.
(1691) 20 Fall back with your right Arm and Leg, keep the
Spear in the Rear. ITM WOLLASTON Relig. Nat. ix. 216
Followed many times by sharp reflections and bitter pen-
ances in the rear. 1781 COWPER Gilpin 235 With postboy
scampering in the rear, They raised the hue and cry. 1844
[see FRONT sb. 5 c]. 1851 MRS. STOWE Uncle Tom's C.
xvii. 165 The women, .saw, far in the rear,, .a party of men
looming up. 1837 YOUNGHUSBAND Handbk. Field Service
208 If possible to take any enemy in rear, it should be done.
b. In (or on) one's rear, at one's back, behind
one,
1639 R. BAILLIE Lett. $ Jrnls. (1861) I. 212 To . . march
forward, leist his unkannie trewesmen should light on to
call [= drive] them up in their rear. 1653 HOLCROFT Pro-
copins i. 34 They began on both sides . ., vitigis and Beli-
sarius incouragmg their men in their Reares. 1745 De
Foe's Eng. Tradesman vi. (1841) I. 39 His payments may
come in on his front as fast as they go out in his rear. 1827
SOUTHEY Hist. Penins. War II. 303 A plan which was im-
possible, unless Soult should . . allow the enemy to get in
his rear. x86a STANLEY Jewish Ch. (1877) I. v. 108 The
huge mountain range which rose on their rear, and cut off
their return.
c. In (f or within') the rear of, at the back of,
behind. Also in later use with at, and occas. with-
out the.
1602 SHAKS. Ham. i. iii. 34 Feare it Ophelia,.. And keepe
within the reare of your Affection. 1643 R. M. Schools of
Warre A 3b, Half of the Muskettiers tol>e in the Reare of
the Pikes. 1699 BENTLEY/Vm/. 194 In his own time, in the
Rear of so many Poets. 1815 W. H. IRELAND Scribbleo*
mania 13 Slush from the ditch that's in rear of the mountain.
1851 MRS. STOWE Uncle Tom's C, xv. 141 Miss Ophelia dis-
appeared in the rear of Mammy. 1886 Law TY/w^r LXXXI.
59/2 The houses were built in 1877. At the rear of them
was a g-inch sewer.
6. a. In verbal phrases : To bring up (or dose)
the rear, to come last in order. *f To get the rear
of, to get behind. To hang on one's reart to follow
closely, in order to attack when opportunity offers.
1643 SIR T. BROWNE Relig. Med. i. § 58 My desires onely
are . . to be but the last man, and bring up the Rere in
Heaven. 1653 HOLCROFT Procopius n. 6 1 Whom he directed
. . to get the Reare of them, and to follow at their backs.
1667 [see i], 1717 LADY M. W. MONTAGU Let. to Abbl
Conti 17 May, The rear was closed by the volunteers. 1728
POPE Dune. i. 308 Let Bawdry, Billingsgate. .Support his
front, and Oaths bring up the rear. 1759 ROBERTSON Hist.
Scot. in. (1817) I. 209 A body of the enemy hung upon
their rear. 1860 TYNDALL Glac. i. xiv. 98 Lauener was in
front,, .while I brought up the rear. 1884 Graphic 6 Aug.
159/1 A Lancashire army of quite as great dimensions would
be able to hang on his rear.
b. In phr. Front and rear used in loose con-
struction.
1689 Perfect. Milit. Discip. (1691) 28 Upon marching
from your Arms, step Front and Rear together with the left
Feet 1691 HICK ERIN-GILL Good Old Cause Wks. 1716 II.
512 His Army stood in battalia, ready to fight the Enemy
that had beset them Front and Rear. 1808 SCOTT Marmion.
VL xxxiv, Front, flank, and rear, the squadrons sweep. 18x6
— Antiq. xxvii, Keep thegither, front and rear.
6. One who stands in the rear of another, rare*-1.
1851 MAYNE REID Scalp Hunt. 1L 387 The heads of the
front-rank men rested between the feet of their respective
* rears '.
II. attrib. and Comb.
7. attrib. passing into adj. (a.1) Placed or situated
at the back ; hindmost, last.
a. In Mil. (and Naval} use of divisions of troops,
etc., as rear-brigade^ company t division, ^ forlorn f
t (lorne) hope, rank, etc.
1600 DYMMOK Ireland (1843) 32 In the head of the reare
lorne hope. 1623 BINGHAM Xenophon 114, I will goe and
take some of the Reare Companies. 1650 CROMWELL Let,
4 Sept. in Carlyle, The Enemy . . had like tohave engaged our
rear-brigade of horse with their whole Army. 1689 Perfect.
Milit. Discipl. (1691) 59 The Rear half Files are to March
exceeding slow. Ibid. 91 The Rear Ranks of Musketiers
make Ready. 1727-41 CHAMBERS Cycl.t Rear~Line^ of an
army encamped, is the second line ; it lies about four or five
hundred yards distant from the first line, or front. 1769
FALCONER Diet. Marine (1780!, Arriere-garde, the rear-
division of a squadron of vessels of war. 1796 Instr. <5- Reg.
Cavalry (1813) 95 If on a rear division. That division will
be placed. ..The change will then be made as on a front
division. 1802 JAMES Milit. Diet. s. v. Rear front ', The
rear-rank-men stand where the front-rank-men ought to be.
1861 MAY Const. Hist. (1863) II. viii. 83 The halting rear-
rank of their own Tory followers.
b. In Mil. or general use, of things.
1667 PRIMATT City 4- C. Build. 72 Front and rear walls
in the first Story to be two Bricks and a half thick, c 1860
H. STUART Seaman's Catech. (1862) 12 Why are the rear
trucks taken off?.. To give the gun more elevation. 1862
Patents^ Abridg. Velocipedes (1886) I. n Bicycle steered
by small rear wheel. 1868 Rep. to Gort. U. S. Munitions
War 97 The metallic rear-end of the cartridge. 1884 Mil,
Engineering (^ A. 3) I. it. 45 Choose the best men for diggers
in the gun-spaces and rear-trench. The diggers in the front
ditch have easier work.
8. With adverbial force: a. Towards the rear,
as rear-directed, b. From the rear, as rear-driven,
-driving -steering.
1855 SINGLETON Virgil I. 147 Trusting in flight and rear-
directed shafts. 1887 vise. BURY & G. L. HILLIER Cycling
159 (Badm. Libr.) The rear-driving safety bicycle. I bid.
162 The old class of single-driving rear-steering tricycles.
1888 Encycl. Brit. XXIII. 559/2 The evil of rear-steering
is only reduced, not removed.
0. Special combs., as rear-cut, applied attribu-
tively to a mower having the cutting-bar in the
rear of the carriage (Knight 1884); rear-crew,
U. S. the party of men who attend to the rear of
a 'drive* of logs; rear driver, a cycle driven by
means of the rear wheel ; rear front, f ? a covering
for the wall at the back of an altar (cf. FRONT 9 b) ;
7 the back of a building (pbs.)\ Mil. (see quot.) ;
rear man, Naut. (see quots.) ; rear-ateerer, a
tricycle steered from the back.
1893 Scribner*s Mag. June 715/1 Behind them follows
the ' *rear crew ', the name indicating the work they do.
1438 in Somerset Medieval Wills (1901) 144 [Also one
white chalice, one] ' frount ' [and] ' *rerefrount' [of]
' Grenetarteryn '. 1703 MOXON Meek. Exerc. 265 A Build-
ing, which is 25 Feet, both in the Front and Reer Front.
i8oa JAMES Milit. Diet. s.v., When a battalion, troop, or
company is faced about, and stands in that position, it is
then said to be rear front. 1859 F. A. GRIFFITHS Artil.
Man. (1862) 227 The two men whose numbers place them
farthest from the ship's side [in working a gun] are to be
termed right, and left *rear-men. c 1860 H. STUART Sea-
man's Catech. 12 Who places the inclined planes? The
rear-man. 1883 BROWNING in Knowledge 18 May 289/2,
I prefer a *rear-steerer with ratchets for easy riding. 1887
Vise. BURY & G. L. Hn.LiF.R Cycling 374 (Badm. Libr.) The
old bath-chair .. front-steering tricycle is fast following the
old rear-steerer into obscurity.
Rear (ri-M),a.2 Obs. exc. dial. Forms: I hrer,
4-7 (9 dial.) rere, 6 reere, 6-7 (9 dial.) reer, 6-7
reare, 6-8, 9 dial. rear. See also RARE a* [OE.
hrgr, of uncertain origin.] Slightly or imperfectly
cooked, underdone. In early use only of eggs.
ciooo Sax. Leechd, II. 272 Nim scamoniam..& hrer
henne aej swiSe sealt. [Cf. Ibid. III. 294 On an hreren-
braeden <e^.] c 1400 Lanfranc's Cirnrg. 58 pe broj>is of
fleisch, ..& rere eyren, & smale fischis. a 1450 Knt. de la
7V«r(i868) 27 Thei had atte her dyner rere eggis. 153*
MORE Confut. Tindale Wks. 667/2 Supping of a rere roten
egge. 1584 COGAN Haven Health cxciii. (1636) 174 Rere
egges, ..that is to say little more than through hot. 1655
CULPEPPER, etc. Rweriusiv. vit. 121 Let the Patient abstain
.. from Wine, Flesh, and Rear Eggs. 1731 MEDLRY
Kolben*s Cape G. Hope I. 201 The Hottentots,, .love their
victuals, whether roasted or boil'd, should be very rear.
a 1796 PEGGE Derbicisms Ser. 11, Rear, meat underdone.
a 18*5 in FORBY Voc. E. Anglia. 1865- in dial, glossaries
(Cumbld., Durham, Lanes., Yks., Lines., Shropsh., Dorset,
Hants, etc\
transf. vc fig. 1620 MIDDLETON & ROWLEY World Tost
Wks. (Dyce) V. 192 I'll have thee ramm'd Into a culverin
else, and thy rear flesh Shot all into poach 'd eggs. 16*5
MIDDLETON Game at Chess iv. ii, Can a soft rear, poor
poach 'd iniquity So ride vpon thy conscience?
b. As complement with verbs.
1541 BOORDE Dyetary xii. (1870) 264 Let the egge be newe,
and roste hym reare. 1700 DRYDEN Ovid's Met., Baucis <$•
Phil. 98 New laid Eggs, which Baucis busie Care Turn'd
by a gentle Fire, and roasted rear.
C. Comb. (cf. quot. c 1000 above), as rear-boiledt
-dressed, -poached^ -roasted.
1548 ELYOT s.v. Ouum, Sorbile ouum, a reere rested egge.
1576 BAKER Jewell^ of Health 55 The hearbe [Eyebright]
..eaten euerie day in a reare potched Egge. 1586 BRIGHT
Melanch. xxxix. 253 Eggs.. reare dressed somewhat. i6a6
BACON Sylva § 53 Eggs (so they be Potched, or Reare
boyled). 1656 HEYLIN Surv. France 260 A dish of Egges,
rear-roasted by tbe flame.
Rear (ri»i), ».i Forms: i r&ran, 3 reeren,
3, 4 reren, 5 reryn ; 4-6 rere, 5, 6 reere, (3) 6
reare, 7- rear; (6-7 rair, 9 dial. rare). [OE.
rasran (:— OTeut. *raizjan) ~ Goth, -raisjan, ON.
reisa, to RAISE. OE. had also drxran ABEAK (in
use down to the 1 7th c.).
The main senses of rear run parallel with those of the
Scandinavian equivalent RAISE, but the adopted word has
been much more extensively employed than the native, and
has developed many special senses which are rarely or
never expressed by rear. Hence, on the one hand, rear
has in many applications been almost or altogether sup-
planted by raise, a process which is clearly seen in the
usage of the Wyclif Bible (see note to RAISE; in the
version of 1611 rear is found only m i Esdr. v. 62, while
raise is freely employed). On the other hand, it is probable
that rear has sometimes, esp. in poetry, been used as a more
rhetorical substitute for raise, without independent de-
velopment of the sense involved. As in the case of raise
there is some overlapping of the senses, and occasional
uncertainty as to the precise development or meaning of
transferred uses.) #
I. To set up on end ; to make to stand up.
1. trans. To bring (a thing) to or towards a
vertical position ; to set up, or upright. = RAISE i .
Frequently with suggestion of senses 8 or n, and now
usually implying a considerable height in the thing when
raised.
niooo Cxdnwn's Gen. 1675 (Gr.) Ceastre worhton & to
heofonum up hlaedrse r<erdon. c 1205 LAY. noo Heo rserden
heora mastes. Ibid. 17458 Maerlin heom (the stones] gon
rseren [c 1175 reare] alse heo stoden aerer. 1387 TREVISA
Higden (Rolls) V. 455 pe place bere Oswaldus Jcnelede and
rerede a crosse. £1400 Smvdone Bab. 2658 Thai rered the
Galowes in haste. 1530 PALSGR. 687/2 It is a great deale
longer than one wolde have thought it afore it was reared
up. 1371 DICGES Pantom. i. xxix. Ijb, Fixing on the
dimetient thereof two sightes perpendicularly reared. 1631
WEEVER Anc. Funeral Mon. 637 A broken peece of a faire
marble stone, reared to the side of a pillar. 1688 PRIOR
Ode Exodus iii 108 That Ladder which old Jacob rear'd.
17*5 POPE Odyss. xi. 3 At once the mast we rear, at once
unbind The spacious sheet. 1822 W. IRVING Braceb. Hall
xxvi. 225 The May-pole was reared on the green. 1847
TENNYSON Princ. v. 404 Your very armour hallow'd, and
your statues Rear'd.
rejl. 1596 DRAYTON Legends iv. 933 The Corne.. being
once downe, it selfe can never reare.
b. spec, of setting up the crust of a pie. Now
dial. = RAISE i c.
('1420 Liber Cocorutn (1862) 34 Take floure and rere the
cofyns fyne. Wele stondande withouten stine. 1588 SHAKS.
Tit. A. v. il 189 Of the Paste a Coffen I will reare. 1879-
in dial, glossaries (Chesh., Shropsh., Warw.).
2. To lift (a person or animal) to or towards an
erect or standing posture ; usually, to set (one) on
one's feet, assist to rise. Now chiefly dial*
1590 SPENSER F. Q. i. viii. 40 He found the meanes that
Prisoner vp to reare, Whose feeble thighes . . him scarse to
light could beare. Ibid. x. 35 She held him fast, and finnely
did upbeare J As carefull nourse her child from falling oft
does reare. 1667 MILTON P. L. xi. 758 Till gently reard By
th' Angel, on thy feet thou stood'st at last. 1667 N. FAIR-
FAX in Phil. 'Irans. \\. 457 Nor could she lie flat, but
rear'd up with pillows. 1769 SIR W. JONES Pal. Fort, in
Poems (1777) 30 The Matron with surprize her daughter
rears.
b. refl. To get upon one's feet, to rise up (rare);
also of animals, to rear (sense 15 b).
t 1580 SIDNEY Ps. in. iii, I laid me downe and slept, ..
And safe from sleepe I rear'd me. 1591 SPENSER M.
Hubberd 237 Eftsoones the Ape himselfe gan up to reare.
1749 FIELDING Tom Jones iv. xiii, The unruly beast pre-
sently reared himself an end on his hind-legs. 1856 KANE
Arct. Expl. II. xv. 164 He [a bear] will rear himself upon
his hind-legs.
c. So with body 9 etc. as object. Chiefly reft.
1593 SHAKS. 2 Hen. VI. in. ii. 34 Helpe Lords, the King
is dead. Sow, Rere vp his Body, wring him by the Nose.
1610 WILLET Hexapla Daniel 137 Whereas before he went
groueling . . now he rearetn vp his bodie. 1667 MILTON
P. L. i. 221 Forthwith upright he rears from off the Pool
His mighty Stature. 1810 SHELLEY St.Irvyne in. xvi, Her
skeleton form the dead Nun rear'd. i^i^ — Alastor 182
He reared his shuddering limbs.
d. To cause (a horse) to rear. rare""1.
1814 SOUTHEY Roderick xxv, He raised his hand, and
rear'd and back'd the steed.
t3. To raise from the dead. Obs. = RAISE 3.
c 13*0 Sir Beues (MS. A) 2839 Lord, |>at rerede be Laza-
roun. 1387 TREVISA Higden (Rolls) IV. 461 lulianus..
rered bre men fro deth to lyve. 1572 R. H. tr. Lavaterus'
Ghostes (1596) 177 [Saule] sought helpe of a witch to reare
Samuel from the dead.
rejl. c 1450 LONELICH c7ra;Vxlix. 201 $if that to lyve he
rere him Ageyn thanne ben they myhty [gods].
•f b. To raise (a person) tot out of, or from a
certain condition. Obs.
Connexion with sense 17 is also possible. Cf. RAISE 19.
• c 1450 tr. De Imitatione in. Ixii. 145, I am it bat rere to
helth hem Jat mornej>. c 1580 SIDNEY Ps. xxxiv. ix, God
shall him to safety reare, When most he seemes opprest.
1590 SPENSER F. Q. in. i. 64 Their Ladye..they reard out
of her frosen swownd. 1624 QUARLES Div. Poetns, Job
(1717) 187 Then doubt not, but he'll rear thee from thy
sorrow.
4. To cause to rise : a. To rouse from bed or
sleep. Obs. exc. dial. = RAISE 4 a.
a 1000 Riddles iv. 73 (Gr.) Saga hwset ic hatte ob^e hwa
mec rare, bonne ic restan ne mot. c 1200 Trin. Coll. Horn.
77 [To pray] bat he. .weche us of ureheuie slapeandrereus
of ure fule lust bedde. 13 . . E. E.Allit. P. C. 188 per ragnel
in his rakentes hym rere of his dremes. 138* WYCLIF Jer.
xxxi. 26 Therfore as fro slep I am rered. c 1440 Promp.
Parv. 430/2 Reryn, or revyn of slepe, infra in wakyn',
excito. 1886 ELWORTHY IV. Sont. Word-bk,, Rear, to rouse ;
to disturb.
fb. To rouse or dislodge (a beast of chase,
spec, a boar) from covert. Obs. = RAISE 4 b.
1486 Bk. St. Alhans'Q iv, Whiche beestes shall be reride
with the lymer. 1575 TURBERV. Venerie xl. 115 Beating
and following vntill they haue reared and found the Harte
againe. 1589 STANYHURST sEneis i. (Arb.) 28 Rearing with
shoutcry soom boare. 1685 DRYDEN tr. Horace Epode ii,
Into the naked Woods he goes And seeks the tusky Boar
to rear, a 1700 B. E. Diet. Cant. Crew, Rear the Boar,
dislodge him. 1774 GOLDSM. Nat. Hist. (1776) III. 174
When the boar is rear'd, as is the expression for driving
him from his covert. 1846 YOUATT Pig iv. (1847) 37 When
REAR.
209
REAR-.
first the animal was ^reared', he contented himself with
slowly going away.
5. To rouse up for common action. Ohs. exc. dial.
= RAISE 5.
1:1400 Beryn 2905 [He] made an hidouse Cry,..& rend
vp al be town. 1460 Paston Lett. I. 506 The kyng cometh
to London ward, and. .rereth the pepyll as he come. 1464
Hid. II. 148 That.. he rere the contre and take hem and
bryng hem to the Kyng. 159$ SHAKS. Rich. //, iv. i. 145
If you reare this House against this House. 1864 BARNES
Dorset Gloss.) Rear,..iQ rouse; to excite. 1878 Cumbld.
Gloss., Rear, . .rally, bring up. 1891 T. HARDY Tess (1900)
143/1 There are sixteen of us on the Plain, and the whole
country is reared.
-f-8. To arouse, animate, stimulate. Obs. ~ RAISE 6.
1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 97 b, Therfore rere vp
thy courage & shewe thy manhode, i6zi BURTON A nat.
Mel. n. ii. vi. iii. (1651)299 A roaring-meg against Melan-
choly, to rear and revive the languishing soul. _ 1647 H.
MORE Song of Soul \\. \, n. ii, New strength my vitals doth
invade And rear again, that earst began to fade.
II. To build up, create, bring into existence.
7. To construct by building up. = RAISE 8.
It is not clear whether the common OE. phrase Codes (or
dryhtnes) lof rxran is a fig. use of this sense, or is to be
associated with branch III.
#900 tr. B^da's Hist. in. ii[i]. (1890) 158 He Cnstes
cirican in his rice jeornlice timbrede & raerde. a, 1000 Cxd-
mons Gen. 1880 (Gr.) Ongunnon him ba bytlian & heora
burh rseran. c 1205 LAY. 15459 Icn faren wulle to ban munte
of Reir & rxren J>er castel. 1297 R. GLOUC. (Rolls) 5408
Abbeys he rerde momon In mony studes. 1382^ WYCLIF
Gen. xxxiii. 20 And there, an auter reryd, he. .clepide vpon
the.. God of Israel. 1479 Nottingham Rec.ll.^go That the
seid howse be fenysshit, reryd and made upp. a 1548 HALL
Chron., Hen. VIII 73 A tower . . rered by great crafte.
1590 SPENSER F. Q. in. x. 52 Amongst the hives to reare
An hony combe. 1634 MILTON Comus 798 Till all tthy
magick structures rear'd so high, Were shatter'd into
heaps. 1697 DRYDEN Virg. Eel. n. 30 When summon 'd
Stones the Theban Turrets rear'd. 1779 J. MOORE View
Soc, Fr. (1789) I. xlvlii. 408 He had reared a building
greatly larger. 1849 MACAULAY Hist. Eng. v. I. 629 Her
family reared a sumptuous mausoleum over her remains.
1874 GREEN Short Hist. iii. g 4. 129 The canons.. reared the
church which still exists as the diocesan cathedral.
fig. 1772 MACKENZIE Man World i. ii. (1803) 421 The
fall of those hopes we had been vainly diligent to rear.
1781 COWPEH Table-t. 532 From him who rears a poem lank
and long, To him who strains his all into a song. 1812
Miss MITFORD in L'Estrange Life (1870) I. vi. 193 How
weak the fame the lowly songstress rears.
f b. To bring into existence ; to cause to arise
or appear. Obs. = RAISE 9,11.
In the Wyclif Bible (up to the end of Jeremiah) rere is
regularly employed to render L. suscitare in the above
senses : it is not quite clear whether the underlying idea
belongs here or to branch I.
1382 WYCLIF Gen. xxxviii. 8 Go yn to the wijf of thi
brother .. that thou rere seed to thi brother. — i Sam.
ii. 35, I shal rere to me a trewe preest. 1591 SHAKS.
i Hen. VIt iv. vii. 92 From their ashes shall be reard A
Phoenix.
f 8. To originate, bring about, set going (a state
or condition of things, esp. one which causes trouble
or annoyance) ; to commence and carry on (some
action, esp. war). Obs. = RAISE 12, 14.
A 900 CYNEWULF Christ 689 God .. sibbe raerejj ece to
ealdre engla & monna. a 1023 WULFSTAN Horn, xxxiii.
(1883) 156 Djejhwamlice man ihte yfel a^fter oSrum, and
unriht reerde. c 1052 O. E. Chron. (MS. C.) an. 1052 Ealle
Frencisce men be aer unlade raerdon. 12.. Moral Ode 172
(Egerton MS.) po scullen habben hardne dom..ba be euele
heolden wreche men & vuele Ia3es rerde. 1297 R. GLOUC.
(Rolls) 8987 Erl thebaud .. bigan to rere worre vpe be king
of france. ^1330 Fiance fy Bl. (1857) 685 We han irerd
this schame and schonde. 1382 WYCLIF 2 Sam. xii. 11,
I shal rere vpon thee yuel of thin hows, a 1450 MYRC 1243
Hast bow reret any debate. 1494 FABYAN Chron. vn. 454
Which tempest, after ye oppynyon of some wryters, was reryd
by y negromauncers of ytt Frenshe Kynge. a 1548 HALL
Chron.t Hen. IV 10 If any persones would presume to rere
warre or congregate a multitude. 1577 NORTHBROOKE
Dicing (1843) 25 Rearing vp slanders vpon the preachers
of the worde of God. 1590 SPF.NSER F. Q. n. vi. 21 Her
mery fitt she freshly gan to reare. Ibid. xii. 22 Unweeting
what such horrour straunge did reare.
b. To make (a noise) by shouting ; to utter
(a cry) ; to begin to sing. rare. = RAISE 13.
Also associated with (or originating in) branch III.
13.. E. E. Allit. P. B. 873 penne be rebaudez so rpnk
rered such a noyse. c 1330 Arth. fy Merl. 6417 (Kulbing)
pe paiens..gun rere a wel foule crie. 1382 WYCLIF I so.
xv. 5 The cri of contricioun thei shul rere [L. levabunt}.
c 1500 in Arnolde Chron, (i8n) 94 Ye shall rere vp hue and
crye and. .folowe theym fro strete to strete. 1784 COWPF.R
Task vi. 662 The simple clerk ..did rear right merrily,
two staves, Sung to the praise and glory of King George.
9. To bring (animals) to maturity or to a certain
stage of growth by giving proper nourishment and
attention ; esp. to attend to the breeding and growth
of ;cattle, etc.) as an occupation. =RAiSE9b, 10 b.
c 1420 Pallad, on Hiisb. i. 610 The pocok me may rere vp
[L. nutrire} esely If beestes wilde or theuys hem ne greue.
1523 FITZHERB. Husb. § 8 That countrey is not for men to
kepe husbandry vppon, but for to rere and brede catell or
shepe. Ibid. § 66 Yet is it better to the housbande, to sell
those calues, than to rere them, by cause of the cost.
[1697 DRYDEN Virg. Georg. in. 668 Thoughtless of his
Kggs, [the snake] forgets to rear The hopes of Poison, for
the following Year.] 1759 BROWN Compl. Farmer 49 It is
a common saying, the worst housewife will rear the best
pigs. 1774 GOLOSM. Nat. f/ist. (1776) II. 248 Those persons
whose employment it is to rear up pigeon -i of different
colours, can breed them . . to a featiier. 1805 R. W. 1 )ICKSON
Pi-act. Agric. II. 085 Calves reared in this manner are to
VOL. VIII.
be enticed to eat hay as early as possible. 1844 H. STEPHENS
Bk. Farm III. 845 No man rears a stallion for the use of
his own mares only. 1863 Sat. Rev. ii July 49 Man de-
votes his energies to the. .employment of rearing pigs.
b. To bring up (a person), to foster, nourish,
educate. = RAISE 10.
1590 SHAKS. Mids. N. it. i. 136 For her sake I doe reare
v/\her boy. 1605 SYLVESTER Du Bartas n. iii. in. Leave
lob She takes him up and rears him rpyall-like. 1671
MILTON Samson 555 God with these forbid'n made choice
to rear His mighty Champion. 1784 COWPER Task vi. 38
We loved, but not enough, the gentle hand That reared us.
1803 J. DAVIS Trav. l/.S. 215 This gentleman, .is not only
a Latin, but a Greek Scholar. He was reared at Cambridge.
1879 M. PATTISON Milton 179 When Milton was being
reared, Calvinism was not old and effete.
absol. 1850 TENNYSON In Mem. xl, Her office there to
rear, and teach.
c. To attend to, promote, or cause the growth of
(plants) ; to grow (grain, etc.). = RAISE loc.
1581 W. STAFFORD Exam. CompL i. (1876) 19 Breade
Corne, and Malte corne ynough, besides, reared alltogether
vpon the same lande. 1728 YOUNG Love Fame v. 230 In
distant wilds . . She rears her flow 'rs. 1784 COWPER Task
vi. 753 Happy to rove among poetic flowers, Though poor
in skill to rear them. 1810 SCOTT Lady of L. v. vii, While
on yon plain The Saxon rears one shock of grain. 1834
H. MILLER Scenes $ Leg. v. (1857) 61 In those times it was
quite as customary for farmers to rear the flax which sup-
plied them with clothing. 1871 R. ELLIS tr. Catullus Ixii.
50 A flower, .rear'd by the showers.
trans/. 1728-46 THOMSON Spring 1148 Delightful task!
to rear the tender thought, To teach the young idea how
to shoot. 1770 BURKE Pres. Discont. Wks. II. 340 It is
therefore our business . . to rear to the most perfect vigour
and maturity, every sort of generous and honest feeling.
1781 COWPER Hope 295 Hopes of every sort, whatever sect
Esteem them, sow them, rear them, and protect.
d. To raise or grow (meat or food).
1799 J. ROBERTSON Agric. Perth 345 In the highlands
every man rears, on his own farm, what butcher meat his
family requires.
III. To lift from a lower to a higher position.
10. To lift up or upwards as a whole. = RAISE 17.
Sometimes also with implication of sense i, esp. in to rear
the head.
971 Blickl. Horn. 187 Rasre up bin heafod & geseoh bis
|>iet Simon deb. c 1320 Sir Tristr. 1391 pai rered goinfay-
noun. 1382 WYCLIF E.vod. x. 13 A brennynge wynd reride
vp locustes. — J\Jatt. xi. 23 And thou, Caphernaum,
whether til in to heuen thou shalt be rerid vp? 1:1450 Bk.
Curtasye 754 in Babees Bk.t Who so euer he takes bat mete
to bere Schalle not so hardy bo couertoure rere. c 1485
Digby Myst. in. 1878 Rere vp be seyll In all be hast, as
well as bou can. 1571 DIGGES Pan torn, i. xvii. E iij b, The
nature of water is such, as by pipes it may be rered aboue
the fountaine hed. 1610 SHAKS. Tentf. n. i. 295 When I
reare my hand, do you the like To fall it on Gonzalo. 1668
CULPEPPER & COLE Barthol. A nat. iv. vii. 165 Its Use is
to rear up the Chest. 1726 POPE Odyss. xxn. 14 High in his
hands he rear'd the golden bowl. 1827 HOOD Mids. Fairies
xviii, Upon a mast rear'd far aloft, He bore a very bright
and crescent blade. 1864 TENNYSON En. Ard. 752 The
babe, who rear'd his creasy arms.
refl. 1398 TREVISA Bartk. De P. R. xn. i. (Bodl. MS.),
pe more brides haueb of holownes of pennes . . be more
eselich bei rereb bemsilf and fleeb vpward.
b. To have, hold, or sustain (some part) in an
elevated or lofty position. Also quasi-rg/?.
1667 MILTON P. L. iv. 699 Each beauteous flour.. Rear'd
high thir flourisht heads between, and wrought Mosaic.
1671 — P. R. iv. 546 Higher yet the glorious Temple rear'd
Her pile. 1757 GRAY Bard 112 Sublime their starry fronts
they rear. 1781 J. MOORE View Soc. It. (1790) I. xxxv. 381
The ancient Mistress of the World rears her head m melan-
choly majesty. 1823 BYRON Island iv. ii, A black rock
rears its bosom o'er the spray. 1872 JENKINSON Guide
Eng. Lakes (1879) 150 Homster Crag, the grandest in the
district, rears its front on the left.
c. reft. To rise up to a height, to tower.
_ . /•> i _ _. *T-i rr:.j i_nf_\ T •: __ T>I_» -
rears itself aloft. 1860 TYNDALL Glac. \. ix. 63 A steep slope
of snow .. reared itself against the mountain wall.
T" d. absol. or with it. To raise anchor. Obs.
14.. Sailing Directions (Hakluyt Soc. 1889) 13 Yif ye
Ride in the Doowns and will go into Sandwiche haven,
Rere it by turnyng wynde at an est south of the moone.
Ibid. 15 A man that ridith in the way of odierene at an
ankre, he may begyn to rere at an est southest moone for to
turne.
11. To lift up, raise, elevate, exalt, in various fig.
applications (sometimes with suggestion of other
senses of rear or raise}. Now rare or Obs.
1382 WYCLIF Jer. Ii. i Babilon and . . his dwelleris, that
ther herte rereden a^en me. c 1450 tr. De I}iiita(if>nei.x\\\\.
32 Kepe bin herte fre& rere it up to by god. 1586 MARLOWE
ist Pt. Tambnrl.\\i.\\, And higher would I rearmyestimate
Than luno. 1611 SHAKS. IVint. T. i. 11.314 His Cup-bearer,
whom I from meaner forme Haue bench'd, and rear'd to
Worship. 1637 R. ASHLEY tr. Mafoezzi's David Persecuted
5 The same action which at one time hath reared up a
Prince, should, .sink him. 1655 JER. TAYLOR Guide Devot.
(1719) 154 Thy Goodness may hereafter rear Our Souls unto
thy Glory.
12. To turn or direct (esp. the eyes) upwards.
1596 SPENSER F. Q. vi. ii. 42 The Ladie . . Gan reare her
eyes as to the chearefull light, 1621 QUARLES Div. Poems,
EstJter (\-J-LT) 14 Jonah (humbly rearing up his eyes), 1671
MILTON P. R. u. 285 Up to a hill anon his steps he rear'd.
1712-14 POPE Rape Lock \. 126 To that she bends, to that
her eyes she rears. 1807 J. BARLOW Coluinb. iv. 135 O'er
the dark world Erasmus rears his eye.
13. To cause to ri?e : a. Naut. - RAISE 23 a.
1555 EI>KN Decades 351 In .xv. degrees we dyde reere the
crossiers. 1559 W. CUNNINGHAM Cosmogr. Glasse 49 We
reared the north starre in short space .xij. degr. and at
length, 30. deg. 1867 SMYTH Sailor's Word-bit, s.v., To
rear an object in view, is to rise or approach it.
f b. To raise (a fiend). Obs.
156? GOLDING Ovid's Met. vi. (1503) 148 The tyrant with
a hideous noise away the table snooves, And reares the
fiends from hell.
C. To make (the voice) heard. = RAISE 21.
1817 SCOTT Harold vi. xiii, When his voice he rear'd,.. The
powerful accents roll'd along. 1818 SHELLEY Rev. Islam
xi. xx, His voice then did the stranger rear.
fl4. a. To levy, raise, gather, collect (fines,
rents, etc.). Obs. = RAISE 25. Also const, upon.
c 1420 Sir Amadace (Camden) xii, A marchand of this
cite, Hade riche rentus to rere. 1449 Rolls of Parlt. V.
144/2 A Subsidie to be take and rereyd of al manere Prests
seculers. 1475 ^' Noblesse (Roxb.) 30 Oppressed .. by
over gret taskis and tailis rered uppon them. 1574 Galivay
Arch, in \othRep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. V. 423, xxti
pound sterlinge current mony of England to be rered and
levied to the commone use. 1599 HAKLUYT Voy. II. n. 60
Which rent is reared onely in goats skinnes.
fb. To levy, raise (an army). Obs~^
a 1400-50 Alexander 81 Artaxenses is at hand & has ane
ost reryd, And resyn vp with all his rewme.
f C. To take awayy>w# one. Obs.~~l
1596 SPENSER F. Q. iv. vi. 6 He, m an open Turney lately
held, Fro me the honour of that game did reare.
IV. 15. intr. To rise up (towards a vertical
position or into the air) ; to rise high, to tower.
Spec, in Husb. of a furrow-slice: see quots. 1523 and 1790.
n., E. E. Allit. P. B. 366 J>e mukel lauande loghe to J«
lyfte rered. Ibid. 423 Ofte hit roled on-rounde & rered on
ende. 1523 FITZHERB. Husb. § 16 Lette the husbande . .
plowe a brode forowe and a depe..and lay it flat, that it
rere not on the edge. 1790 W. MARSHALL Mid. Counties
(1796) II. Gloss. (E. D. S.) Rear, to rise up before the plow,
as the furrows sometimes do in plowing. 1840 DICKENS
Old C. Shop xxxviii, The loftiest steeple that now rears
proudly up from the midst of guilt. 1881 Scribner's Mag.
Aug. 532/2 If a wind on the beam is so strong as to make
her either slide or * rear up ' too much.
b. intr. Of a quadruped, esp. a horse : To rise
on the hind feet. Also with it.
1375 BARBOUR Bruce xiv. 69 Hobynis, that war stekit thar,
Rent and flang. 1593 SHAKS. Ven.fy Ad. 279 Sometimes
he trots, . . Anon he reres vpright, curuets, and leaps. 1611
COTGR., Cabrer^ to reare, or stand vpright on the hinder
feet; ..as a Goat, or Kid that brouses on a tree. 1761
STERNE Tr. Shandy III. xxxvi, Let me beg of you, like an
unback'd filly .. to jump it, to rear it, to bound it. 1800
COLERIDGE Wallenstein iv. iv, His charger, by a halbert
bored, rear'd up. 1870 EMERSON Soc. $ Solit. x. 207 When
he began to rear, they were so frightened that they could
not see the horse.
fig. 1629 GAULE Holy Madn. 92 How he reares in the
Necke. « 1761 JOHNSON in Bosivell an. 1780 Johnson. . pro-
fessed that he could bring him out into conversation, and
used this illusive expression, ' Sir, I can make him rear '.
1899 Scribner's Mag. Jan. 98/i_[He] is a brave man and
has been known to rear on occasions.
C. trans. To throw off by rearing, nonce-use.
1852 BAILEY Festus xxii. (ed. 3) 395 Earth rear off her
cities As a horse his rider.
16. intr. To turn out (well or ill) in course of,
or after, rearing (in sense 9).
1894 Daily News 2 Oct. 6/6 In the counties mentioned
pheasants have reared well.
Rear (rl«i), &.2 Obs. exc. arch. Also 5-6 rere.
[Of obscure origin.] trans. To cut up or carve
(a fowl, spec, a goose).
c 1470 in ffors, Shepe % G. (Caxton 1479, Roxb. repr.) 33
A dere broken, a ghoos rerid, a swan lyfte . . a heron dis-
membrid. c 1500 For to serve a Lord in Babees Bk. 374
To lose or untache a bitorn : kitte his nekke,..rere hym
leggeand whynge, as the heron, a 1756 MRS. HEYWOOD
New Present (1771) 269 To rear a Goose. 1804 FARLEV
London Art Cookery (ed. 10) 293 To rear a goose, cut off
both legs in the manner of shoulder of lamb. 1840 H.
AINSWORTH Tower of London (1864)412 In the old terms
of his art, he leached the brawn, reared the goose,
t Rear. ^.3 Obs. rare. [f. REAR ^.3]
1. trans. To attack or assail in the rear.
1670 EACHARD Cent. Clergy 48 He falls a fighting with
his text, and makes a pitch'd battel of it, . .he rears it, flanks
it, entrenches it, storms it. 1682 BUNYAN Holy IVar xv,
Then the captains fell on, and began roundly to front and
flank and rear Diabolus* camp.
2. To strengthen in the rear.
1680 J. SCOTT Serm.lef. Artillery Comp. Wks. 1718 II. 24
We cannot talk in Rank and File, Flank and Rear our Dis-
courses with Military Allusions.
fBear, v.* Ot>s.~l Naut. (Of obscure origin
and meaning.)
1599 HAKLUYT Voy. II. n. 40, I tooke our skiffe and went
to them to know why they lost vs.. .and lohn Kire made
me answere that his ship would neither reare nor steere.
f Rear, advl Ofc.—1 - ABREAB adv .
The sense of the passage is not clear ; the phrase may
mean simply * not at all '.
c 1413 HOCCLEVE De Reg. Princ. 1247 Sone, as for me,
nouthir avaunte ne rere.
t Rear, adv.* Obs. rare. ->RARSO&fl Early.
1714 GAY Sheph. Week\. 6 O'er yonder Hill does scant
the Dawn appear. Then why does Cuddy leave his Cott so
rear? Ibid, n This rising rear betokeneth well thy mind.
Rear, dial, variant of ROAR v.
Bear-, comb, form, partly of OF. or AF. origin,
as in rear-ward, -guard, rearsupper (and hence by
analogy in rear-admiral, -feast, -freight} > partly
nd. 1''. an'ttre-) as in rear-vassel^ ~vaultt and partly
27
REAR-ADMIRAL.
(from c 1600) an attributive use of REAE sb$ In
recent use the older spelling RERE- has sometimes
been adopted, esp. in archaic or architectural
terms (see rear-arch, -vaulf}t
Rear-A'dniiral. [f. REAR-.]
1. A flag-officer in the navy, the next in rank
below a vice-admiral. (See ADMIRAL 3.)
In the U.S. navy the highest rank granted except in
special circumstances.
1589 [T. CATES] Sir F. Drake's W. Ind. Voy. a Captalne
Francis Knolles, Rieradmirall in the Gallion Leicester.
a 1642 SIR W. MONSON Naval Tracts in. (1704) 3^2/1 The
use of a Rear-Admiral is but a late invention, and is allow'd
but the ordinary Pay of a Captain. X7oa Lond. Gaz.^o.
3829/3 Sir John Munden, Rear-Admiral of the Red, hoisted
his Flag this day on the Mizen-top-mast of her Majesty's
Ship the Victory. 1769 FALCONER Diet. Marine s.v. Ad*
tttiral) There are at present in England, .four rear admirals
of the red, four of the white, and five of the blue squadron.
i8o» JAMES Milit. Diet. s.v. Rank, Admirals .. rank with
generals of horse and foot ; rear-admirals, as major-generals.
1867 SMYTH Sailor's Word-bk.t Rear-Admiral^ the officer
in command of the third division of a fleet, whose flag is at
the mizen.
t b. Formerly used in the designation Rear
Admiral of England or Great Britain. Now Obs.
1684 Lond. Gaz. No. 1901/3 His Majesty has been gra-
ciously pleased to constitute Arthur Herbert Esq. Rear
Admiral of England. 1705 Ibid. No. 4086/3 The Lord
High Admiral has been pleased to appoint Sir Cloudesly
Shovell. .to be Rear-Admiral of England. 1707 Ibid. No.
4397/3 HC was at the Time of his Death Rear-Admiral of
Great Britain. 1799 Naval Chron. I. 368 note, In August
1771 [Sir George Rodney] was made Rear Admiral of Great
Britain.
t 2. A ship carrying a rear-admiral's flag. Obs.
1587 R. LENG True Descr. Voy. Sir F. Drake (Camden)
i$ We all put out to sea .. : videlicet .. the Golden Lyon,
vize-admirall ; the Dreadnaughte, reare admirall [etc.].
i6a8 DIGBY Voy. Medit. (1868) 28 The newes of my Rere-
admirall fighting the day before with the Venetian shippe.
1690 Lond^. Gaz. No. 2541/3 Their Majesties Ship the Coro-
nation, being a second Rate, and Rear-Admiral of the Red.
Rear-arch. Arch. Also rere-. [f. REAR- +
ARCH.] The inner arch of a window- or door-
opening, when differing in size or form from the
external arch. (Cf. REAR-VAULT.) Also attrib.
1849 FREEMAN Archit. 343 By these two means the splay
and the distinct rear-arch are abolished. 1860 G. E. STREET
in Archseol. Cant. III. 116 From these a richly-moulded rear-
arch springs. 1878 SIR G. SCOTT Lect. Archit. I. 280
Taking all styles together, the rear, or rere arch, or in
earlier works the wider internal splay, is greatly more
frequent, probably because less costly than the other form,
the ' through arch '. Ibid. 282 The two systems may be
distinguished as rere-arch windows and through arch
windows.
Rear-banquet : see KERB-BANQUET.
Reard, variant of RERD, noise.
Reardemain, variant of REREDEMAIN Obs.
Reardors, obs. variant of REREDOS.
Reared (ri»id), ///. a. ff. REAR z/.i + -ED 2.]
1. Raised, elevated, exalted.
1381 WYCLIF Isa. xxx. 25 Vp on alle rered hit. 1595
BARNFIELD Cassandra (1841) 32 Stately Ilion (whose provd
reared walls Seem'd tocontroule the cloudes). 1606 SHAKS.
Ant. ff Cl. v. ii. 82 His rear'd arme Crested the world.
1638 KILLIGREW Conspiracy Epil., From your reared and
exalted Throne. 1716 LEONI tr. Albertfs Archit. II. 59/1
On the rear'd Column be my Story wrote.
2. Brought up to a certain stage of growth.
1889 Pall Mall G. 27 Dec. 1/2 Freely giving the millions
of reared fish away.
Rearer (rie-rai). [f. REAR V.I + -ER!.]
1. One who rears (in transitive senses, esp. sense 9),
1382 WYCLIF Judith xiv. 9 That not of the rereres, but of
the noise makeris Olofernes shulde waken. z6n COTGR.,
Esleveur^ a rearer, breeder. 1767 LEWIS Statins x. 323
The Rearer of the Steed, When the kind Spring renews nis
gen'rous Breed [etc.]. 1841-3 ANTHON Class. Diet. 570 She
.. is, by the appointment of Jupiter, the rearer of children.
1880 Daily News 23 Oct. 2/1 The demand of the English
rearer of store cattle for Irish lean cattle.
2. A horse that rears, or has a habit of rearing.
1829 Sporting Mag. XXIV. 89 In nine cases out of ten I
have found that confirmed rearers are tender mouthed.
1882 Daily Nevus i June 3/1 He was a respectable rearer,
and a hearty horse at a kick.
3. Slang. (See quot.)
1827 Sporting- Mag. XXI. 131 We were favoured with . .
what is technically called ' a rearer ', that is to say, the near
side wheels went into a ditch deep enough to have turned
us keel upwards.
4. Coal-mining. An edge-seam (see EDGE sb. 12,
and cf. REARING///, a. i, quot. 1686).
1883 GRESLEY Gloss. Coal-mining 200.
t Rear-feast. Obs.-1 [f. REAR- + FEAST.] The
latter meal, supper.
1615 CHAPMAN Odyss. iv. 286 But let us not forget our
rear feast thus.
f Rear-freight. Obs.-1 [Alteration of REPRAIT,
after REAR- and FREIGHT.] Refrain, burden.
c 1557 ABP. PARKER Ps. 309 The reare freyt of the Psalme.
Rear-guard1 (ri^ugaid). Mil. Forms: 5 rier-,
ryere-, 5-6 reregarde ; 5 rere-, 6 Sc. rearegard ;
6 Sc. reir-, 7 rere-, 7- rearguard, [a. OF. rere-
gtiarde^ AF. reregard^ rergarde (^1307) : see note
to ARREAR-GUARD and cf. REARWARD sb.1
Variously written rearguard, rear-guard, and rear
guard,}
210
+ 1. The rear portion of an army or armed force
drawn up for action. Obs. = REAR sb.% i, REAR-
WARD sbJ- i.
1481 CAXTON Godfrey xlv. 85 He kepte alwey the rier
garde with grete plente of his peple. c 1500 Melnsinc 191
The two bretheren. .them self toke & conduyted the gret
baytayll. .. And of the reregarde were captayns the iwo
knightes of poytou. 1398 BARRET Theor. Warres 57, 1400
armed men, the which are to arme the front and reregard
of the battell. 1636 E. DACRES tr. MachiaveCs Disc. Livy
II- 335 Though they have made their Armie tripartite,
terming the one the Vauntguard, the other the Battell, and
the last the Rereguard.
2. A body of troops detached from the main force
to bring up and protect the rear, esp. in the case of
a retreat.
1659 RUSHW. Hist. Coll. I. 417 The King of Denmark..
endeavored to make his retreat ; but Tilly followed so close
his Rear -guard, that he kept them in continual action. 1777
A. ST. CLAIR in Sparks Corr. Amer. Rev. (1853) I. 404 The
rear-guard, .wasted so much time in the morning, that they
were overtaken and surprised. 18x1 WELLINGTON Let. 30
Mar. in Gurw. Desp. (1838) VII. 412 The enemy went off
towards Setubal, the rear guard in admirable order. 1876
VOYLE & STEVENSON Milit. Diet. 330/2 Under such cir-
cumstances, seldom more than a fifth or sixth of the total
force forms the rear guard.
Jig. 1837 HT. MARTINEAU Soc. Amer. III. 283 If the
clergy of America follow the example of other rear-guards
of society. 1860 TVNDALL Glac. \. xxv. 185 The storm, too,
had left a rear-guard behind it.
attrib. 1898 Westm. Gaz. 6 Jan. 4/3 The worst of all
battles to fight — a rearguard action.
Bear-guard 2. [f. REAR sb.S\ The guard at
the rear of a railway train ; or the van he occupies.
1897 Daily News 17 Mar. 8/7 The rear-guard of the
Houuslow train.
Reargne (rf,augi«), v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To
argue (spec, a case in law) a second time ; to debate
over again.
1776 BURROW Rep. IV. 2320 The Court ordered the Cause
to be re-argued. 1863 Sat. Rev. 6 June 724 The case does
not need or admit of re-arguing now. 1884 Law Times
Rep. XLIX. 584/2 TheCourt. .desired that the point should
be reargued before a full Court of Appeal.
So Rea rg-ument.
1884 LD. FITZGERALD in Law Times Rep. LII. 200/1 The
Lord Chancellor directed a re-argument of the Case.
Rear-horse. Entom. [f. REAR z/.1 15 b.] A
mantis.
1884 Stand. Nat. Hist. II. 173 The Mantida; have be-
come popularly known under a variety of names, such as
Rear-horses, Race-horses, . . from the peculiar positions
assumed by them at different times.
Rearing (rla-rirj), vbl. sb. [f. REAR z/.i] The
action of the vb. in various senses.
1. The action of lifting up, raising, elevating,
T" increasing, etc.
ci44o CAPGRAVE Life St. Kath. v. 1232 If ye deye in this
same errour, youre rerynge ageyn shat cause you grete
dolour. 15*6 Pilgr. Per/. (W. de W. 1531) 260 b, In the
whiche rerynge doutlesse his handes & fete dyd rent &
teare. 1549 LATIMER Serm. bef. Edw. K7, i. (Arb.) 41 Al
the enhansinge and rearing goth to your priuate commo-
ditie and wealth. Ibid. vi. 168 [The deuil] sturres men up
to outragious rearyng of rentes.
2. The action of erecting, building up, etc.
In various dialects spec, the erection of the roof-timbers,
putting on the roof, of a house ; hence rearing-feast^
•supper (or simply rearing), a supper given to the workmen
on this occasion. (See Rochd., Lonsd., Chesh., Line., and
Hants glossaries.)
1387 TREVISA Higden (Rolls) IV. 99 Scipio . . rTorbeed be
rerynge of be theatre in be citee of Rome. 1535 COVERDALE
i Esdras v. 62 In the rearinge vp of the house of the
Lorde. 1543 UDALL Erasni, Apoph. 232 Buyldyng an hous
euen from the foundacion vnto the vttermost raftreyng and
reirynge of the roofe. 1639 MS. Ace. St. John's Hosp.,
Canterb.i The rareinge of our house in Ruttinton Lane.
186? FREEMAN Norm. Cong. (1876) I. App. 682 In the minster
of the Holy Trinity of his own rearing.
3. The action (practice or occupation) of bring-
ing up to or towards maturity.
1398 TREVISA Earth. De P. R. xvni. i. (Bodl. MS.),
Bestes . . haue redines of wytte in bredynge and reringe of
here brode. 1611 COTGR., Eslevement^ a rearing, breeding,
or bringing up. 1681 DRYDEN Prol. to Saunders' Tamer-
lane 23 He's a young plant, .. But his friend swears he will
be worth the rearing. 1776 ADAM SMITH W. N. i. viii.
(1869) I. 83 Poverty .. is extremely unfavourable to the
rearing of children. 1796 MORSE Amer, Geog. I. 770 The
soil.. is thin, and better adapted to the rearing of cotton
than sugar. 1797 BEWICK Brit. Birds I. 263 The breeding
and rearing of these charming birds. 1886 Pants Fis/t
Culture Sept. 67 They aim at the stocking of waters rather
than the rearing offish for the table,
4. f a. The fact of rising up. 06s.-1
1398 TREVISA Barth. De P. R. xiy. xlvi. (Bodl. MS.),
VaTeis ben ischadowed bi reringe & hijenes of hilles.
b. The action of rising on the hind legs.
1831 YOUATT Horse xix. 337 Then rearing may be im-
mediately and permanently cured by using a snaffle-bridle
alone. 1892 E. REEVES Homwvard Bound 262 In the
frantic rearing of the horse . . both horse and rider turned
a somersault.
5. attrib. a. Of animals : Being reared, intended
for rearing.
the two rearing calves. 1887^ in S. Chesh, Gloss, s.v.,
Promising well-bred rearing heifer calf.
b. Of appliances or places used in or for the
RE- AROUSE.
rearing of animals (esp. fowls or fishes), as rearing
box, coop, glass, ground, pond, tank.
1854 Zoologist XII. 4189 For r ear ing-g! asses [for insects],
I have used confectioners' show-glasses of various sizes.
1884 Pall Mall G. 4 Apr. 4/2 Building hatching-houses and
boxes, constructing rearing-coops and runs. 1886 Paul's
Fish Culture Sept. 71 Rearing grounds similar to those
which are found on»the coast of France. 1891 Chambers*
Encycl. VIII. 198/1 Rearing ponds situated near the sea.
6. Comb. : rearing-bit, a bit employed to prevent
a horse from lifting the head while rearing (Knight
Diet. Mech. 1875).
Rearing (rie-rirj) , ///. a. [f. REAK z-.1]
1. That rears or rises np.
With the first quot cf. REARER 4.
1686 PLOT Stajfordsh. 147 If it oe a rearing mine or edg-
coal as some call it, cutting the superficies of the earth at
right angles. x8t6 L. HUNT Hero <$• Leander n. 65 Sur.
mounted like a god the rearing tide. 1851 J. M. WILSON
Rural Cycl. IV. 29 A viciously rearing horse, .is sometimes
dealt with by being pulled over backward by a rider.
2. That rears or brings up. (Cf. prec. 5 b.)
1884 Health Exhib. Catal. 119/1 A Rearing Mother for
the artificial rearing of the chickens.
Rearing-bone, -piece. (See quots.)
1736 BAILKY Househ. Diet. 349 Take two buttock pieces
or as they are also call'd two rearing pieces of pork (these
are the lean that is cut off the gammon on the inside of the
flitch). 1883 Hants. Gloss.i Rcaring-bone^ the hip-bone of
a pig.
Re arise (rfjarai-z), v. [RE- 5 a.] intr. To
arise again.
1865 SWINBURNE Poems $ Ball., Hesptria 31 As a ghost
rearisen. 1887 BOWEN Virg. /Eneid iv. 129 Morn, mean-
while realising, has left dark Ocean.
Rea*rling. rare—1, [f. KEARP.!] A fosterling.
1884 J. PAYNE Tales fr. Arabic II. 100 This youth is my
rearling, and he was born of one of my slave-girls.
t Rea rly, adv. Obs. rare. [f. REAR a.2 +
-LY *.] Early.
1611 Two NobU K. iv. I, I'll bring it tomorrow. Daughter.
Do very rearly ; I must be abroad else. 1714 GAY Sheph.
Week iv. 39, I rearly rose just at the break of day.
Rearm (nja-im), v. Mil. [RE- 5 a.] trans.
To arm again ; tsp. to arm afresh with more
modern weapons. Hence Hea*rming vbl. sb.
1871 Pall Mall G. 6 Mar. 7 At this moment the effort of
the Government is to rearm as many soldiers of the line as
possible. 1898 Daily News 31 Aug. 5/4 The recent re-
arming of the German artillery with a new weapon.
So ReaTmament.
1870 Obsewer 13 Nov., The revictualment of Paris is more
important than the rearmament of France.
Rearmost (ri*um<3ust), a. [f. REAR 0.1 +
-MOST.] Farthest in the rear, coming last of all.
1718 ROWE tr. Lucan H. i no The rest pursue their Course
..These of the Rear-most only left behind. 1790 BEATSON
Nav. $ Mil. Mem. II. 193 The rearmost ship of the enemy's
line. 1851 M AYNK REID Scalp Hunt. xli. 322 The Indians
halted until those who were rearmost should close up.
1880 Nature XXI. 357 The rearmost end of this fragment.
Rearmouse, reremouse (ri»umaus). Now
only arc h. or dial. Forms : a. i hrere-, hryre-
mus, (2 reremus), 4-5 reremous, -mows(e, 6-7,
9 reremouse, (7 reere-, 7, 9 dial, reer-), ft. 6-7
reare-, 7- rearmouse, (9 dial. rare-). 7. 6-7 //.
remice, -mise, 9 dial. ry(e)-, ray-, raa-, raw-
mouse. [OE. hreremitS) f. mils MOUSE.
The first element may represent the stem of OE. hriran
to move, but the length of the vowel is not certain. It is
also possible that the form is an alteration (by phonetic cor-
ruption or popular etymology) of the older hrtatietnus,
found in the earliest glosses and some later texts, and perh.
represented by some of the existing dialect forms.]
= BAT sb.l (Cf. flicker- tjHnder-,jlitter-mou$e!)
a. a noo Voc. in Wr.-Wulcker 318/27 Uespertilio, hrere-
mus. 1382 WYCLIF Lev. xi. 19 A Tapwynk and a reremous.
138* — Baruch vi. 21 Aboue the bed of hem backis, or
reremijse,and swalewis flee$en. 1399 LANGL. Rich. Redeles
in. 272 Not to rewle as reremys, and reste on the daies.
1552 HULOET, Backe or Reremouse which fiieth in the
darke, nicteris. 1590 SHAKS. Mids. N. n. ii. 4 Some warre
with Reremise for their leathern wings. 1634 SIR T.
HERBERT Trav. 212 Reer-mice, or Bats so large as Gos-
hawkes. 1686 J. DUNTON Lett.fr. New-Eng. (1867) 24 One
of the Seamen affirm'd that he had seen Flying Fishes,
and that they had wings like a Rere-Mouse. 1863 WISE
New Forest 192 The bat is here called rere-mouse. 1864-
in dial, glossaries (Dorset, Som., Glouc., Hants). 1886
R. F. BURTON Arab. Nts. (abr. ed.) I. Foreword 8 The rere-
mouse flitted overhead with his tiny shriek.
ft. 1581 J . BELL H addons A HSW. Osor. 504 We shall wander
and straggle blindely . . as wantes and rearemyce at the
bright beames of the cleare Sunne. 1668 DRVDEN Even.
Love v. i, Some flying, and some sticking upon the Walls
like Rear-mice. 17*8 MORGAN Algiers I. iv. 129 These
Brutes, whose language resembled the screeching of Bats,
or Rear-Mice. 1835 BROWNING Paracelsus in. 391 Do the
rear-mice still Hang like a fretwork on the gate? 1892
EARL LYTTON King Poppy Epil. 163 The rear-mice flit In the
hard furrow.
y. 1565 GOLDING Ovid's Met. iv. (1593) 92 We in English
language bats or remice call the same. 1603 KNOLLES
Hist. Turks (1621) 544 Their lights are oftentimes put out
with the. .swarmes of remise flying about their eares. 1825
BRITTON Beauties Wilts III. Prov., Rymoase, a bat. 1851,
1893 in Glouc. and Wilts glossaries (rye-, raa-, raiumonse}.
t b. transf. (See quot.) Obs.-1
1611 COTGR. Rondole, the sea Bat, or Rearemouse of the
sea; a flying fish.
Re-arotrse, v. [RE- 5 a.] To arouse again.
1830 LYTTON P. Clifford xix, The witness, re-aroused into
BE- ARRANGE.
anger, . . said in a low voice [etc.]. 1860 EARL LYTTON L ucile
n. iv. § 6. 37 The heart of a man re-aroused to the use Of
the conscience God gave him.
Be-arra-nge, v. [RE- 5 a.] To arrange anew.
1860 TYNDALL Olac. 4 Is it meant that these particles.
each taken as a whole, were re-arranged after deposition ?
1863 A. C. RAMSAY Phys. Gcog. 13 On cooling, the con-
stituents re-arranged themselves.
So Be-arra ngreable a. ;
1867 H. SPENCER First Princ. n. xiii. § 102. 297 Its parts
are no longer appreciably re-arrangeable by any save
violent actions. 1863 Sat. Rev. 6 June 719 It will repay
the trouble of rearrangement and fresh elaboration.
Be-array", v. [RE- 5 a.] To array again.
« 1711 KKN llyums Festhi. Poet. Wks._ r?2i I. 249 In
wonted Splendor re-array'd, He strait invisible retir'd.
£1858 ELIZ. WATTS Poultry Yard 112 This bird.. was pre-
sented. .on a large dish, re-arrayed in its glorious plumage.
Be-arre'St, v. [RE- 5 a.] To arrest again.
1655 FULLER Hist. Camb. (1840) 186 As for the duke . . he
was re-arrested of high treason. 1889 Daily News 12 July 5/5
If he escapes this time, it is almost certain that he will be
rearrested,
So Be-arxe-st sb.
1864 Morn. Star 29 Dec., The issue of new warrants. .for
the re-arrest of the raiders.
Rear-rib: see REAR- VAULT (quot. 1844).
Be-arri-ve, v. [RE- 5 a.] To arrive again.
1598 SYLVESTER Panaretus 1423 [They,] re-arrived in
their own camp, their prize Unto their prince present. 1637
WOTTON in Kelif. (1672) 74 The Arch-bishop of Spalato
being then re-arrived from England.
So Re-arri'val.
1891 Miss DOWIE Girl in Karp. 262 The village scon got
wind of my re-arrival.
Rear-shaft : see REAK-VAULT (quot. 1844).
Rear-supper, variant of RERE-SUPPEB 06s.
Bear-vassal. Hist. Also rere-. [f. REAR-
+ VASSAL, after F. arriere-vassal, ' an vnder-
vassall, a vassall vnto a vassall' (Cotgr.).] A
sub-vassal ; one who does not hold directly of the
sovereign.
1761 GIBBON Misc. Wks. (1814) III. 215 His own imme-
diate vassals were bound to follow him into the field against
a prince of whom they were themselves the rear-vassals.
1831 AUSTIN Jurisfr. (1879) II. Hi. 875 This . . is the case
with freehold land . . where the tenant in fee simple is
properly a rere vassal. 1844 LD. BROUGHAM Brit. Const.
xiii. (1862) 183 note, Mr. Hume erroneously thinks that the
statute 7 Hen. IV. gave rear-vassals their right of election.
Bear-vault. Arch. Also rere-. [f. REAR-,
after F. arriire-voussure.] The vaulted space
connecting an arched window- or door-head with
the arch in the inner face of the wall.
1844 WILLIS Archit. Nomencl. § 81 We may therefore call
the said vault, rib, and shaft, the rear-vault, rear-rib, and
rear shaft of the window or door. 1861 BERESF, HOPE Eng.
Cathedr. v)th C. ii. 46 These window groups being in-
ternally set back into a single recessed panel, and sur-
mounted by a single rear-vault.
Rearward (risMwgid), sbj- Forms : 4-5 rer-,
4-9 rere-, 5 Sc. reir-,6-7 reare-, 7 reer-, 6 rear-
ward; also 4-7 -warde. [a. AF. rerewarde
(c 1 307 ) : see note to ARRF.AB-WAKD.]
1. Mil. (and Naval}. That part of an army (or
fleet) which is stationed behind the main body ; the
third division in a force drawn up for battle. Cf.
REAR-GUARD \. Obs. exc. arch.
13. . Coer de L. sr47 Alle the rerewarde Was i-slayn with
Kyng Rychard. 1375 BARBOUR Bruce ynl. 71 Quhen the
remvard saw thaim swa Discumfit. .Thai fled on fer. c 1430
Syr Gener. (Roxb.) 9024 Thei without folowed hard, And
slogh many of the rereward. 1450-1530 Myrr. our Latiye
119 An hooste in batayle is departed in thre, that ys to saye,
the forwarde, the mydel warde, and the rerewarde. 1585
T. WASHINGTON tr. Nicholay's Yoy. i. xvii. 19 At thys Cape
..were foure Galliots of the rearewarde of the Turkes armle.
1609 HOLLAND Amm. Marcell. 119 The spuldiors of our
rereward, who kept the upper part of the hill. 1654 EARL
MONM. tr. Bentivoglio's Warrs Flanders 322 The third
Squadron of the Rereward got almost all safe off. 1828-40
TYTLER Hist. Scot. (1864) II. 41 He himself followed with
the rearward, composed of the main strength of his army.
fig. 1591 SHAKS. Rom. <$• Jul. in. ii. 121 [Q. a] But with a
rereward following Tybalts death Romeo is banished [etc.].
b. trans/, in various applications.
c 1586 CTESS PEMBROKE Ps. LXVIII. ix, The rereward lowd
on instruments did play. 1611 BIBLE Num. x. 25 The campe
of the children of Dan. .which was the rere-ward of all the
campes throughout their hostes. — Isn. Iviii. 8 Thy righteous-
nesse shall go before thee, the glory of the Lord shall be thy
rereward. 1665 BUNYAN Holy Citie 174 As he is to be the
Captain and Leader of his People, so he is to be the Rere-
ward and Bringer-up of his People. 1860 WARTER SfO-
board II. 27 God went before them, and was their rereward
also.
t 2. In verbal phrases : To have, keep, make the
rearward (in early use said of the leaders, later of
the troops). To close the rearward, to bring up
the rear. 06s.
13. . K. Alis. 7788 Antioche hadde tl>e former-warde, And
Tolomc the reirwardc. 1375 BARBOUR Bruce xvi. 58 Schir
bduard . . Befor in the avaward raid. The Kyn; him-stlf the
reirward maul, c 1380 Sir Fertttitb. 2712 Y me-self and
Olyuer..Wollebcome be-hynde her; & kepe be rereward.
1 1400 Laud Troy ISk. 14662 (E. E. T. S.) Ho schal haue the
vaunwarde, Who the myddel, and ho the rerewarde ? c 1430
Syr Gener. (Roxb.) 3757 Aufreus of Tharse . . The rereward
he kept ful wiseliu. 1583 in Grosart Sft'usir's Wks. I. 484
The examinate . . appointed the souldieres to keepe the rere-
warde. 1613 HAVWARU Norm. Kings 9 The I.UKJL-S and men
211
at Armes cloased the Rereward. 1614 RALEIGH Hist. World
n. (1634) 248 These had the Rereward and moved last.
3. In prepositional phrases (cf. j£.2) :
a. In (or at) the rearward, in the rear.
14.. [see 4]. 1487 Bat-hour's Bruce xiv. 60 (Camb. MS.)
The vaward had the erll thomas, And in the rereward schir
eduard was. 1600 HOLLAND Livy xxxix. xlix. 1054 Whiles
he came himselfe behind in the rereward. .his horse fell and
cast him at once. 1601 DOLMAN La Primaud. Fr. Acad.
(1618) III. 759 Cranes come from the farthest orientall seas
of India. . liuery troup hath a captaine who is alwaies at the
rereward. 1866 NEALE Sequences fy Hymns 67 Some in the
van Thou call'st to do . . And in the rearward not a few Thou
only bidd'st to bear.
To. In (or on} the rearward of, in the rear of.
1597 SHAKS. 2 Hen. 11^, in. it. 339 Hee was the very Genius
of ramine : he came euer in the rere-ward of the Fashion.
1599 — Much Ado iv. i. 128 [Q.J My selfe would on the rere-
ward of reproches Strike at thy life. 1603 DEKKER Wonder-
full Years A iv b, There stands in the Rere-ward of this
Booke a Troope of straunge Discourses. 1808 SCOTT
Mann, vi, xxvi, Lord Dacre with his horsemen light, Shall
be in rear-ward of the fight. 1841 Blackiv. Mag. XLIX.
152 It would occupy its right position.. in the advance, not
in the rearward of the times.
4. transf. The hinder parts, posteriors.
14. . Tourn. Tottenham in Hazl. E. P. P. III. 86 He
gurde so fast his gray mare That she lete a fowkyn fare At
the rerewarde. c 1557 ABP. PARKER Ps. Ixxviii. 227 Hys
foesrearwardes evendown hefelde. 1855 MARTIN & AYTOUN
Bon Gaultier Ball. 238 Already in his rearward Felt he
Jove's tremendous toes.
Rearward (rf»"iwaad), a. [f. REAR- + -WARD.]
1. Situated in the rear.
1598 BARRET TJieor. Warres 54, 6 rankes at 2 men per
ranlce in the reareward angles. 1813 SCOTT Rokeby 11. vi,
As champions, when their band is Broke, Stand forth to
guard the rearward post. 1876 ' MARK TWAIN ' Tom Sawyer
vi. His coat, .had the rearward buttons far down the back.
2. Directed towards the rear ; backward.
1861 Sat. Rev. 7 Dec. 585/1 If the execution of a rapid rear-
ward movement be required. 1872 JENKINSON Guide Eng.
Lakes (1879) 28 A rearward view discloses a fine grouping
of the hills which have been passed.
Rearward (ri^iwajd), adv. (s&.2) [f. as prec.]
1. Towards the rear ; backward.
1625 MARKHAM Souldters Acrid. 18 Open your Rankes,
from the front reareward. 1818 SOUTH EY in@. Rev. XVIII.
33 The heavy weapon reached me in the rear, And rearward
I returned a long loud sigh. 1868 Rep. to Govt. If. S.
Munitions War 53 The head of the locking bolt . . causes
this block to move obliauely rearward.
b. At the back of.
1880 L. WALLACE Bcn-ffuriv. x, Rearward of the structure
which graced the entrance-way.
2. As sb. in phr. in the rearward, in the rear,
1831 G. DOWNES Lett. Cent. Countries I. 55 The view in
the rearward now became agreeably diversified by the
mountains we had lately traversed.
So Rea'rwardly adv. ; Bea'rwards adv.
1856 OLMSTED Slave States 91 A room that extended out,
rearwardly, from the house. 1807 Daily Neu's 25 May 8/1
The unfit were gradually weeded out and sent rearwards.
Reas, variant of REIS (Pg. money).
Reascend(r/iase-iid),v. [RE- 5 a.] To ascend
again: a. intr. (Cf. ASCEND 1-4, 7-10.)
c 1450 Mirour Saluacioun 4088 Crist descendid to helle . .
so to heven is he reascendit. 1594 SPENSER Amoretti
Ixxxvi, I wish that day would shortly reascend. 1621 T.
WILLIAMSON tr. Goulart's Wise Vieillard 166, 1 reascend to
the nintith one Epistle, from whence I will deduce that
which followes. a 1691 BOYLE Hist, Air (1692) 134 The
mercury re-ascended to its first stations. 1760-72 H. BROOKE
Fool ofQual. (1809) IV. 14 How shall he . . be able to re-
ascend in the state of his weakness? 1814 Sm R. WILSON
Priv. Diary II. 355 How many degraded sovereigns have
re-ascended from a dungeon to a throne ? 1850 DE QUINCEY
in ' H. A. Page ' Life II. xvii. 67 Up from the river banks you
behold it reascendmg.
b. trans. (Cf. ASCEND 5-6.")
1615 CHAPMAN Ody&s. xx. 86 The Goddesse . . re-ascended
the Olympian skies. 1624 MASSINGER Renegado in. v, To
re-ascend that glorious height we fell from, a 1711 KEN
Ilymnotheo Poet. Wks. 1721 HI. 120 Till they the Lunar
Mountains re-ascend. 1781 COWPER Truth 395 She . . As
soon shall rise and reascend the throne. 1891 T. HARDY Tess
Ivi, She heard Tess re-ascend the stairs to the firs>t floor.
Hence Heasce'nding vbl. sb. and ///. a.
1611 FLORIO, Risalita,* reascending or getting vp againe.
1664 POWER Exp. Philos. n. 92 The re-ascending Quick-
silver will never totally . . fill the Tube. 1818 BYRON Ck.
Har. iv. clxxiv, 'Arms and the Man', whose reascending
star Rose o'er an empire,
SoBeasce ndant,-entrt.,Reasce-ndaiicy,-ency,
Reasce nsion.
1668 MILTON P. L. vn. Argument, The Angels celebrate
. . his reascention into Heaven. 1808 BENTHAM Let. to Ld.
Holland Wks. 1843 X. 440 Since the reascension of this
thinking . . great court has, in my absence, been paid to him.
1868 MILMAN St. Paul's 237 St. Paul's witnessed the triumph
of reascendant Roman Catholicism. 1875 LIGHTFOOT Comm.
Col. (1886) no He described this re-a.scension of the Christ
as a return ' to His own pleroma '. 1885 Cornli. Mag. Mar.
267 The eventual reascendency of Brahmanism.
Reascent (rfase-nt). [f. RE- 5 a + ASCENT.]
1. The act of reascending.
<ri7ii KEN Hymnotheo Poet. Wks. 1721 III. 87 The
Heav'nly Standard then shall wave in Air, And the bright
Hosts for Re-ascent prepare. 1733 TULL Hott*ton*g
Husb. xvi. 247 To prevent the Re-ascent of what that brings
down. 1808 BENTHAM Sc. Reform 43 Where the descent
has not been occasional, alternating; with re-ascent. 1851
C. L. SMITH tr. Tasso xv. xxxiii, The bun .. shone behind
them on its re-a^ccnt.
REASON.
2. The way by which one reascend s.
1784 COWPER Task I. 327 Hence the declivity is sharp and
short, And such the rea¢. 1855 BAILEY Mystic 6 They. .
Move ever up the reascent to light.
3. The distance to which one reasccnds.
1807 WORDSW. White Doe vn. 297 Dire overthrow, and yet
how nigh The re-ascent in sanctity.
Rease, obs. f. RAISE ».i, var. RESE Obs., obs. Sc.
pa. t. RISE v., Sc. dial. var. of ROOSE v.
Reased, variant of REESED a., rancid.
t Reasemblance. Obs.— * [Perh. for resem-
blance, but cf. ASSEMBLANCE 2.] Resemblance.
1638 R. BAKER tr. Balzac's Lett. (vol. II.) 212, 1 can make
you a reasemblance at least of the good Cheere of Paris.
Reasen, Reasin, obs. forms of RAISIN .
Reasiness : see REASY a.
Re-a'sk, v. [RE- 5 a.] To ask again.
1611 FLORIO, Radiniandare, to redemaund, to re-aske.
1803 J. WHITAKER in Polwhele Trad, ff Recoil. (1826) II. 547
' Why then should we fear ? ' she re-asked. 1856 LEVER
Martins of Cro' M. 602 The few questions to which I will
ask your answers, now,, .may, very probably, be re-asked of
you under more solemn circumstances.
Reasnable, obs. form of REASONABLE.
Reason (rrz'n), j/>.1 Forms : a. 3 retain, 4
-oun, (5 reissoun), 3-5 reysou, (5 -one), 4-5
reison ; 3 reaisun, 4-6 rayson, (4 -oun), 6
raisson, rasone, Sc. rasoun. 3. 3-5 resun, (4
-une), 3-6 resoun, (4-5 -oune, 4 -owne), 3-7
reson, (4-6 -one) ; 4 reesoun, 5 -on ; 5-6 res-
soun, (7 Sc. -oune), resson, (6 -one) ; 7 Sc. reas-
soune, 4- reason, [a. OF. reisun, -on, raisun,
•on, reson, etc. (mod.F. raison) :— L. ration-em
reckoning, account, relation, understanding, motive,
cause, etc., vbl. sb. f. rat-, ppl. stem of rlri to
think, reckon : see RATIO and RATION.]
I. 1. A statement of some fact (real or alleged)
employed as an argument to justify or condemn
some act, prove or disprove some assertion, idea,
or belief.
In common use down to c 1600 ; after that date somewhat
rare, except as elliptical for sense 5.
a 1225 Ancr. R. 164 IhereS nu reisuns hwui me ouh for to
fleon fene world : eihte reisuns et te leste. c 1305 St.
Katherine 3t in E. E. P. (1862) 90 Mid ober reisouns of
clergie |>at maide preouede also t>at here godes nobing nere.
1362 LANGL. P. PI. A. xi. 41 pei .. Bryngeb forth Ballede
Resouns..And puyteb forb presumpcion to preue be sobe.
c i44oCAPGRAVE^{/fe St. Kath. 11.704 ?e may.. New wordes
reherse & new resones spcke, Whech wer rehersyd & haue
her answers eke. 1533 BELLENDEN Liry v. xxv, It is said
camillus movit be Romanis fra migration to veos be mony
ressonis. 1563 FOXE A. <$• M. 1369/2 Cirillus .. prouing to
the Jewes that Christ was come, vseth this reason. 1585 T.
WASHINGTON tr. Nicholay's Voy. in. xxii. 112 b, They would
not depart without hauing of me some present, alleadging
by their reasons that they had done me great honour^ in
comming. 1600 E. BLOUNT tr. Conestaggio 15 Strengthning
their reasons with many examples, 1638 R. BAILLIE Lett,
ff Jrnls. (1841) I. 90 Ye have here also some Reasons against
the Service in print. zSlo CRABBE Borough xxi, They proved
(so thought I then) with reasons strong That no man's
feelings ever lead him wrong.
b. A woman's (or the ladies' ) reason : (see quots.) .
1591 SHAKS. Two Gent. i. ii. 22, 1 haue no other but a
womans reason : I thinke him so, because I thinke him so.
(i 1641 Bp. MOUNTAGU Acts <fr Man, (1642) 106 They were,
scilicet, because they were ; which is more foolish then a
womans reason. 1768-74 TUCKER Lt. Nat. (1834) I. 287
A pretty way of proving the point, being no better than the
ladies' reason, it is divisible because it is. 1792 MARY
WOLLSTONECR. Rights Woln. v. 254 This mode of arguing,
if arguing it may be called, reminds me of what is vulgarly
termed 'a woman's reason'; for women sometimes declare
that they love or believe certain things ' because ' they love
or believe them.
c. Logic. One of the premises in an argument;
esp. the minor premise when placed after the con-
clusion.
1826 WHATELY Logic i. § 2 A premiss placed after its con-
clusion is called the Reason of it, and is introduced by one
of those conjunctions which are called causal. [Note. The
Major-premiss is often called the Principle : and the word
Reason is then confined to the Minor.] 1864 BOWEN Logic
vii. 211 To deny the Consequent is also to deny the Reason.
2. a. To give, yield or render (a) reason : to give
an account (of one's acts or conduct). Now arch.
a 1225 Ancr. R. 82 Of swuche speche. .schal euerich word
beon irikened, & ijiuen reisun, hwi be on hit seide [etc.].
<JI225 Leg. Kath. 2248 Ich am her .. mid alle mine hird-
men to golden reUun [t: r. reaisun] for ham. 1340 HAWPOLE
Pr. Cause. 5966 pus sal men )>an yheldc resons sere Of alle
bair lyf, als writen es here. 1382 WvcUF Matt. XIL 36 Of
euery ydel word that men speken, thei shul ?elde resoun
therof in the day of dome, c 1400 Rule St. Benet 42 Pe
abbes.. salle vmbebinke hir..bat sho sal yelde resun of alle.
1818 SCOTT Hrt. Midi, xxxiv, Ye have an undoubted right
to ask your ain son to render a reason of his conduct.
t b. To do, put, or set to reason (tr. OF. meltre
a raison) : to bring or call to account. Obs.
a 1300 Cursor M. 3881 pan did he laban to resun: 'Qui
has bou don me sli tresum ? ' 1340 HAMPOLE Pr. Cause. 5791
It semes bat be kyng had grete encheson To sette hym for
j>at kepyng to reson. 1425 Rolls of Parlt. IV. 296/2 To
putte ye said parties to reson.
•|- c. Monetary reckoning ; pi. accounts, moneys.
1382 WVCLIK i Mace. x. 40, I shal }eue in eche seris fiftene
thousandis of siclis of syluer, of the kyngis reysons, that
perteynen to me. 138* - Matt, xviii. 23 A man kyng, that
wolde putte resoun with his seruauntis.
27-a
REASON.
f 3. A statement, narrative, or speech ; a saying,
observation, or remark ; an account or explanation
of, or answer to, something. Also, without article,
talk or discourse.
In common use throughout the i4th c. after OF. raison\
in later examples perh. a fresh development of sense i.
a 1300 Cursor M. 210 pe last resun of alle (?is ron Sal be of
hir concepcion. Ibia. 1632 Drightin of heuen spak til him
ban, And bus his resun he began. Ibid. 12211 Of ilk letter
for to ask Resun of itkan be nam. 13. . Coerde L. 117 The
kyng ham tolde, in hys resoun, It com hym thorugh a
vysyoun. c 1374 CHAUCER Boeth. iv.pr. vi. in (Camb. MS.)
But I se now that bou art . . weerey with the lengthe of my
reson. c 1400 MAUNDEV. (1839) xv. 165 And so seyn thei,
that maken here resounes, of othere Planetes ; and of the
Fuyr also. 1460 Lybcaus Disc. 109 Wib oute more resoun
Duk, erl and baroun Wesch and ?ede to mete. 1481 CAXTON
Myrr. n. xxix. 122 Of the wyndes may men enquyre reson
of them that vse the sees. 1588 SHAKS. L. Lt L. v. i. 2 Your
reasons at dinner haue beene sharpe and sententious, a 1635
NAUNTON Fragnt. Reg. (1641) 35 The Queene. .began to be
taken with his election, and loved to heare his reasons to her
demands.
t b. A fact, event, or incident, as a subject of
discourse. Obs, rare.
13 . . Cursor M, 5456 (Gott.) Mani resunes he bairn tald,
Bath bat bai suld ouer bide, And in bair last dais bitide.
« I37S Joseph Ariin. 76 pat tyme bat Augustus Cesar was
Emperour . . bis reson bi-gon pat I schal now rikenen.
fc. Part of reason \ a part of speech. Ohs. rare.
1481 CAXTON Alyrr. i. v. 16 Vnneth . . knowe they their
paries of reson whiche is the first book of grammaire.
1530 PALSGR. Introd. 24 Partes of reason ..they have
thryse in. for, besydes the vni parts of speche commen
betwene them and the latmes. .they have also a nynth part
of reason whiche I call article.
f 4. A sentence. Obs.
1388 PURVEY Prol. Bible xv. 57 Whanne oo word is oonis
set in a reesoun, it mai be set forth as ofte as it is vndur-
stonden. i45<>~*53O Myrr. our Ladye 7 There is also many
wordes that haue dyverse vnderstondyng^es, .. and som
tyme they may be taken in dyuerse wyse in one reson or
clause. 1530 PALSGR. Introd. 24 Of these letters, lyke as it
is in all tonges, be made syllables, of syllables wordes, of
wordes sentences or reasons,
t b. A motto, posy. Obs.
1434 E. E. Wills (1882) 96 A ryng of golde with a ston,
& a reson ' sans departir'. 1463 Bury Wills (Camden) 18
My armys and my reson tlierto, Grace me gouerne, a 1548
HALL CAran., Hen. I'll I 80 Gounes . . enbrodred wuh
reasons of golde that sayd, adieu funesse, farewell youth.
II. 5. A fact or circumstance forming, or alleged
as forming, a ground or motive leading, or sufficient
to lead, a person to adopt or reject some course of
action or procedure, belief, etc. Const, "why, where"
fore* that • of, for nreps. ; to with inf.
a i2j$ Ancr. R. 78 pis is nu be reisun of be vemnge hwi
Isaie ueie5 hope & silence. 1*97 R. GLOUC. (Rolls) 9304
An ober reson. .meueb more me ber to, pat be king. .Mid
vnri^t halt bis kinedom. 13.. E. E. Allit. P. C. 191
[He] Araynedhym.. whatraysoun he hade In such slaves of
sor^e to slepe so faste. a 1450 Knt. de la Tour (1868) 122
She shewed so mani good resounes vnto the kynge her
husbonde, that he forgaue Absolon. 1533 BELLENDEN tr.
Livy in. xxxv, He couth fynd na resson quhy he aucht
nocht to helpe be romane pepill to recovir be land. 1588
SHAKS. L. L. L, v. ii. 715 Brag. Sweet bloods I both may,
and will [deny], Ber. What reason haue you for't? 1633
BP. HALL Hard Texts, O. T. 560 Is there any reason in you
. . why I sh'1 respect you any more than the very Ethiopians ?
1662 J. DAVIES tr. Olearlus' Voy. Ambuss. 202 The Ambas-
sador Brugman would by no means accept of the horse, for
no other reason, doubtlesse, than this, that his was not so
good as his Collegue's. 1711 ADDISON Sped. No. 101 p 7
He made a Voyage to Grand Cairo for no other Reason, but
to take the Measure of a Pyramid. *7&3 C. JONES Hoyles
Games fmfr,, Backgammon (1778) 181 For the same Reason
avoid hitting any Blots which your Adversary makes. 1843
MILL Logic i. iii. § 7 Should we not have as much reason
to believe that it still existed as we now have. 1875 JOWETT
Plato (ed. 2) V. ^ There is no reason.. to imagine that this
melancholy tone is attributable to disappointment.
b. Reason of state> a purely political ground of
action on the part of a ruler or government, esp.
as involving some departure from strict justice,
honesty, or open dealing. Freq. without article, as
a principle of political action. So ^public reason.
A rendering of F. raison d'etat or IL ragione di stato% the
latter used or cited by Scarlett Estate Eng. Fugitives^ 1595)
Riij, Ben Jonson Cynthia's Rev. (1590) i. i, Volpone (1605)
iv. i, and Bacon Adv. Learn. (1605) I. ii. § 3.
1611 FLORIO Ragione di stato, the law, reason, or policie
of State. 1622 BACON Hen. VII 3 As if the King . . were
become effeminate and lesse sensible of Honour, and Reason
of State, then was fit for a King. 1660 R. COKE Power fy
Subj. 116 King Charles had not the same Reason of State to
indulge the House of Commons. 1667 MILTON/'. L. iv. 380
Public reason just . . compels me now To do what else . . I
should abhorre. 1735 BOLINGBROKE Sind. Hist. ii. (1752) 39
The notion of attaching men to the new government . . was a
reason of state to some. 1756 BURKE Vind. Nat. Soc.
Wks. 1842 I. 34 The whole of this mystery of iniquity is
called the reason of state. It is a reason which I own I
cannot penetrate, 1897 MORLEY Machiayelli 40 The most
imposing of all incarnations of the doctrine that reason of
State covers all, is Napoleon.
6. A ground or cause of, or for, something :
a. of a fact, procedure, or state of things, in
some way dependent upon human action or feeling.
a 1300 Cursor M. 551 For bis resun bat 3ee haue hard,
Man is clepid be lesse werld. c 1450 HOLLAND Hnvlat 544
Throw this ressonis aldt The bludy hart it is cald. 1592
SHAKS. Rom. $ Jul. iv. 1. 15 Now doe you know the reason
of this hast ! 1659 PEARSON Crcedix. 697 This reason did the
212
ancient Fathers render why the Church was called Catholick.
1698 ASGILL Argitment 9 Custom it self, without a reason
for it, is an argument only to fools. 1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3)
XI. 477/1 This holds equally in metaphor and allegory;
and the reason is the same in all. 1841 LANE A rob. Nts.
I. 105 Respecting this palace, and the reason of thy being
alone in it.
b. of a fact, event, or thing not dependent on
human agency.
c 1374 CHAUCER Boeth. iv. pr. vi. 104 (Camb. MS.) To
vnwrappen the hyd causes of thinges and to discouere me
the resouns couered with dyrknesses. 1484 CAXTON Fables
ofSEsop v. xii, The wulf on a daye came to the dogge and
demaunded of hym the rayson why he was soo lene. 1601
SHAKS. Jul. C, i. iii. 30 When these Prodigies Doe so
conioyntly meet, let not men say, These are their Reasons,
they are Naturall. 1656 tr. H abbes' Elem. P kilos. (1839)
484, I should think comets were made in the same manner.
. . For I could very well from hence give a reason both of
their hair, and of their motions. 1690 LOCKE Hum. Und.
m. vi. § 9 We know not their Make; and can give no
Reason of the different Qualities we find in them. 1826
WHATELY Logic (1840) App. Ambig. Terms xix, The Reason
of an eclipse of the sun is, that the moon is interposed
between it and the earth. This should strictly be called
the cause. 1879 LUBBOCK Set. Lect. ii. 67 There is not
a hair or a line, not a spot or a color, for which there is
not a reason.
fc. In phr. by the reason of or tfiat. (Cf. 7.)
1422 tr. Secreta Secret. , Priv. Priv. 244 Hit nedyth a
man do more abstynence in that tyme.. by the reyson that
\Uxt than] in colde tyme the colde chasyth the naturall
hete. 1530 in W. H. Turner Select. Rec. Oxford (1880) 88
Ther is a corporacyon made . . amongst fischrnongers . ., by
the reason wherof all maner of n.sche is sold derar. 1538
STARKEY .£H£-/a«rf i. i. 9 You se..what glotony..ys had in
cytes and townys, by the reson of thys socyety and cumpany
of men togydur.
7. (Without article.) a. By (f or/0r) reason of,
on account of.
Very common in the Bible of 1611, •
a 1300 Cursor M. 16372 A prisun ar yee wont at hafe, for
resun o be dai. 1393 LANGL. P. PI. C. xvii. 49 The ryche is
yreuerenced by resou of his richesse. 1431-50 tr. Higden,
Uarl. Contin. (Rolls) VIII. 471 John Holand, brober to
the kynge by reason of his moder. 1496 Rolls of Par It. VI.
512/2 [Lands] whiche came . . to youre nandes of possession,
by reason and force of the same Acte. 1568 GRAFTON
Chron. II. 39 In the night [they] had quarrelled among
themselves, "by reason whereof they ranne vpun a rock.
i665MANLEv(,V0//«j' LoioC. Warres 391 The Commanders
being unserviceable, by reason of their wounds, quickly
abated their Courage. 1750 tr. Leonardus' Mirr. Stones
137 By reason of its softness, it is turned and cut. 1840
HERSCHEL Ess. (1857) 76 Their labours are highly deserving
of notice by reason of their having attempted to execute
this task systematically. 1885 Academy 6 June 397 Irri-
tating by reason of its deficiency in organisation.
b. By reason (that}) for the reason that, because.
(Freq. ^1560 to 1720 ; now rare.)
1534 Lett. Suppress, Monast. (Camden) 42 The cause of
their dissent.. was by reason that that article was clerely
agaynst their professyon. 1537 Ibid. 165, I ame myndet to
let it staunde to the sprynge of the yere, by reason the days
ar now so short. 1582 N. LICHEFIELD tr. CastanJtedti's
Cauq, E. Ind. 8 b, They doe not flye, by reason they have
no feathers in their wings. 1662 STILLINGFL. Orig, Sacr.
i. vi. § i By reason that their Moneths must of neces-
sity by degrees change their place. 1745 P. THOMAS Jrnl.
Anson's i'oy. 52 There were several Murmurings. .by reason
the Prize-Money was not immediately divided. 1829
LANDOR Imag. Conv.t Mary & Eliz. Wks. 1853 II. 91/2 By
reason that she is adorned with every grace and virtue.
8. (Without article, and sometimes with adj., as
good, great, little, small.)
a. There is (was, etc.) reason. Also with omis-
sion of verb (sometimes not clearly distinct from 14).
1588 SHAKS. L. L. L. v. ii. 28 You care not for me. Res.
Great reason : for past care, is still past <:ure. 1593 —
2 Hen. Vl^ i. i. 155 There's reason he snould be displeased
at it. 1667 MILTON P. L.\\\\. 443 Whose fellowship..
Good reason was thou freely shouldst dislike. 1671 — P. R.
iv. 526 Good reason then if I [etc.]. 1849 C BRONTE Shirley
xviii, I have rather a leaning to the agricultural interest too ;
as good reason is [etc.]. iSgaLaw Times XC1IL 414/2 If the
defendant was let out of prison before these things were
done, there was reason to believe that they would never be
done at all.
b, 71? have reason for ; or to do, something. Also
ellipt. without construction (cf. 17).
1590 SHAKS. Mids. N. in. i. 146 Me thinkes . . you should
haue little reason for that. 1597 J. KING On Jonas (i6i&) 177
Hee had reason to exclame as he did. 1605 SHAKS. Macb.
m. v. 2 Why how now Hecat, you looke angrily? Hec.
Haue I not reason. 1663 BUTLER Hud. i. iii. 272 Noble
Orsm, th' hast Great reason to do as thou say'st. 1776
Trial of Nundocomar 66/1 , I have reason to remember it.
- ,--f 1859 F.
FACET Curate Ciimberwortk 353, I had good reason to
hope that I was being of use at Roost.
C. To see reason (to do something).
1596 SHAKS. i Hen. jy, i. ii, 207 If he fight longer then
he sees reason, He forswear Armes. 1740 J. CLARKE Educ.
Kt?wM(ed. 3) 154, I never yet saw Reason, .to believe [etc.].
1833 HT. MARTINEAU Brooke Farm v. 62, I began this
winter by admiring Sir Henry's benevolence .. more than
I saw reason to do afterwards.
d. With or without reason.
1601 DOLMAN La Primaud. Fr. Acad. (1618) III. 837
Yet hath not God giuen their beeing without good and iust
reason. 1667 MILTON P. L. n. 431 With reason hath deep
silence and cfemurr Seis'd us. 1781 COWPER Hope 316 Could
he with reason murmur at his case, Himself sole author of
his own disgrace? 1833 HT. MARTINEAU Brooke Farm iii.
REASON.
30 It is very wrong in you to make your neighbours dis-
contented without reason.
"f 9. Rationale, fundamental principle, basis. Obs,
1585 GREENE Planetom. Wks. (Grosart) V. 19 The Egip-
tians.. found out the reason of Diuination, increasing the
Science greatly. 1607 TOPSELL Four-f. Beasts (1658) 181
The reason of the Latin word Hirats, is derived of Hirtus
(signifying rough). 1668 MOXON Meek. Dyalling 4 Geo-
metry, and the Projecting of the Sphere., are only useful to
those that would know the reason of Dyalling. 1678 T-.M i
Crt. ^Gentiles III. 7 The formal reason or nature of Sin
consists in its being a deordination or transgression of the
Divine law,
HI. 10. That intellectual power or faculty
(usually regarded as characteristic of mankind, but
sometimes also attributed in a certain degree to the
lower animals) which is ordinarily employed in
adapting thought or action to some end ; the guiding
principle of the human mind in the process of
thinking. (Freq. more or less personified.)
a 1225 Ancr. R. 272 Wummon is be reisun, bet is, wittes
skile. a 1300 Fall fy Passion 19 in E, E. P. (1862) 13 Skil,
resun, an eke mi}t he gefadam in his mode. £1315 SHORE-
HAM Poems i. 515 pat alle byng his ase he seib py resoun
wole be rede. 1340 HAMPOLE Pr. Consc. 62 pan aght man
..nognt to be of wers condicton. pan be creatours with-
outen reson. 136* LANCL. P. PI. A. i. 52 For rihtfoliche
resoun schulde rulen ou alle. 1406 HOCCLFVE La Male
Regie 105 Reson me bad . . To etc and drynke in tyme at-
temprely. 1450-80 tr. Secret a Secret. 38 Of his wijsdome
and resoun he refreyneth him silff from these vicis that
nature shewith in him. 1538 STARKEY England i. i. 4
Seyng the perfectyon of man restyth in the mynd and in
the chefe and puryst parte therof, wych ys reson and intel-
lygence. 1590 SHAKS. Mids. N. n. h. 115 The will of man
is by his reason sway'd : And reason saies you are the
worthier Maide. 1:1665 MHS. HUTCH INSON Mem. Col.
Hutchinson (1846) 26 In matters of faith his reason always
submitted to the Word of God. 1693 DRYUEN Persius
v. (1697) 478 Reason still is whi.sp'ring in your Ear, Where
you are sure to fail. th'Attempt forbear. 1785 REID /«/*//.
Powers 530 It is absurd to conceive that there can be any
opposition between reason and common sense. 1859
DICKENS T. Two Cities i. ii, Some brute animals are endued
with Reason. 1871 DARWIN Desc. Man I. ii. 46 Of all the
faculties of the human mind, it will, I presume, be admitted
that Reason stands at the summit.
b. So ($good or) right reason. Now rare.
Perhaps sometimes understood as in sense 11.
a. 1300 — c 1400 [see 133, 136, 13 g, and 14]. 1508 KENNEUIE
Fly ting iu. Dunbar 305 It war aganis bayth natur and
gud ressoun, That Dewlbeiris bajrnis were trew to God
or man. 1538 STARKEY England \\. i. 147 Yf man wold
folow euer ryght reson and the jugement therof. 1611
BIBLE Transl. Pref. F i That the Church be sufficiently
prouided for is so agreeable to good reason and conscience.
1647 H. MORE SongofSoiilw. i. n. xvii, The Dog, the Horse
..Will all .. claim their share in use of right reason. 1709
POPE Ess. Crif. 212 If once right reason drives that cloud
away, Truth breaks upon us with resistless day. 1809-10
COLERIDGE />;>«</ (1865) 27 The clue of right reason, which
we are bound to follow in the communication of truth. 1887
BROWNING Parleying*^ G. B. Dodington i, Right reason
being judge.
c. In the Kantian transcendental philosophy :
The power {Vermtnff) by which first principles
are grasped a priori > as distinguished from UHDEK-
STANDING (VerstancT).
1809-10 COLERIDGE Friend (1850) I. 240 note, By the
pure 'reason' I mean the power by which we become
possessed of principles. 1827 CARLYLE St. Germ. Lit. Misc.
(1840) I. 102 Reason, the Kantists say, is of a higher nature
than Understanding ; it works by more subtle methods, on
higher objects.
d. In various mystic or transcendental uses : (see
quots.).
1702 tr. Le Clerc's Prim. Fathers 86 The Son is called
Reason as well as the Paternal Reason. Ibid. 87 Cerinthus
held the Preexistence of the Reason which he called the
Christ. 1841 Penny Cycl. XIX. 323/2 Schelling defines
reason to be the identity of the subjective and the objective.
. . God and reason are essentially of the same nature ; they
are identical. 1870 EMEKSON Sec. <$• Sotit., Art Wks.
(Bohn) III. 20 There is but one Reason. The mind that
made the world is not one mind, but the mind. 1874
SIDGWICK Meth. Ethics in. xiii. 362 This absolute end.,
can be nothing but Reason itself, or the Universe of
Rationals.
1L The ordinary thinking faculty of the human
mind in a sound condition ; sanity.
c 1380 WYCLIF De Ecclesia Sel. Wks. III. 342 pat man is
out of resouD bat trowib bat Clement in Petris tyme was
more ban Joon evaungelist. 1602 SHAKS. Ham. 11. ii. 214
A happinesse, That often Madnesse hits on, which Reason
and Sanitie could not so prosperously be deliuer'd of. 1611
BIBLE Dan. iv. 36 At the same time my reason returned
vnto me. 1765 BLACKSTONE Comm, I. xiv. 351 A fourth
incapacity is want of reason. 1818 SHELLEY Rev. Islam
vii. xxv, So now my reason was restored to me. 1863
Spectator 25 July 2295 We are fully convinced that any
attempt to show Hamlet's reason to be shaken is utterly
hopeless.
p. A reasonable or sensible view of a matter ;
chiefly in phr. to bring to reason.
a 1300 Cursor M. 12759 To here of his sermon pat mani-
man broght to resun. 1525 LD. BERNERS Frotss. II. ccii. 621
The kyng. .commaunded me. .to gouerne and bringe them
to reason, a. 1548 HALL Chroii,, Hen. I'll! 150 b, Whiche
thynges if he deny to dooe, then the confederates certifie
hym, that tliei shall neuer cease till he be brought to reason.
1647 CLARENDON Hist. Reb. w. § 279 He would sit still till
they who were over-active would come to reason. 1703
FAHQUHAH Inconstant Dram. Pers., Oriana . . would bring
him to reason. 1870 BURTON Hist. Scot. VI. Ixvi. 332 They
had failed to bring a recusant clergyman to reason.
REASON.
213
REASON.
12. In verbal phrases denoting the conformity of
something to the dictates of reason : f a. Reason
will or would. Obs.
a 1300 Cursor HI. 11663 ' loseph ', sco said, 'fain wald i rest '
. . ' Gladli ', said he, ' fat wil resun '. 1377 LANGL. P. PL
B. x. 112 Whi shulde we [etc.]?, .resoun wolde it neuere.
1423 Rolls ofParlt. IV. 257/2 Hit semeih resoun wolde he
shuld have the disavaille therof, and not the Marchant.
1433 IhiiL 424/2 To be as reson will, Chief hereof. 1536
TINUALE Acts xviii. 14 Yf it were a matter of wronge, ..
reason wolde that I shuld heare you. [So COVKRDALK
& 1611.] 1597 SHAKS. 2 Hen. //•'', iv. i. 157 Our Cause [is]
the best ; Then Reason will, our hearts should be as good.
b. // stands (^ivith or) to reason.
1528 PAY NHL Salerne's Regim. Biij, Considerynge then
that mans eies be colde of nature : hit standeth with reason
they shulde be washed with colde water and not with hotte.
1612 SHELTON Quix. i. i. I. 6 For it stood greatly with
reason, seeing his Lord and Master changed his estate
and vocation, that he should alter likewise his denomina-
Exam. 137 It stands to reason, that he thought the Ex-
pression common enough ; or else he would not have us'd it.
1873 ULACK Pr. Thule xxiv, Of course it stands to reason
that the rich never have justice done them in plays and
stories : for the people who write are poor.
13. In prepositional phrases (chiefly Obs.\ de-
noting agreement with, or opposition to, what
reason directs or indicates :
fa. By reason (— QY.parraisoti}. Also rarely
by good (or right"} reason, by no reason. Obs.
a 1300 Cursor M. 14742 Mi hus agh be, [be] right resun
Hus o prater and of onsoun. 13.. K. Alis. 3937 The kyng
. . n'olde him sle, bote by resoun. c 1400 MAUNDEV. (1839)
x.i2o SeyntPetre the Apostle, and thei that camen aftrehim,
han ordeynd to make here Confessioun to man ; and be gode
Resoun: for [etc.]. 0:1425 Cursor M. 10535 (l"n-) Shal
no mon bi no resoun Ageyn hir haue no wicke chesoun.
a 1450 Knt. de la Tour (1868) 53 Thei that seethe the good
and takithe the evelle, by reson they shulle repent hem.
1523 LD. BERNERS Froiss. I. xviii. 26 He delyuered them
sufficient by reason, to pay all their small charges. 1563
Mirr. Mag., Collingbonrne 145 b, The gylty alwayes are
suspicious, And dread the ruyne that must sewe by reason.
b. In reason. Also in all or any reason ; f upon
reason.
a 1400-50 Alexander 1670 Aske it at Alexander quat bou
will apon reson, And I sail grant. 1597 SHAKS. 2 Hen. IV,
n. ii, 53 Keeping such vild company as thou art, hath in
reason taken from me, all ostentation of sorrow. 1598 —
Merry IV. i. i. 249 In any reason. 1603 — Meas.for HI.
in. i. 250 In all reason. 1650 T. B[AYLEY] Worcester's
Apoph. 97 The Law could not in reason take notice of any
such thing. 1678 BUNYAN Pilgr. r. (1862) 68 Had he had a
thousand souls, they had in reason been cast away. 1712
BUDGELL Sped. No. 277 P 12, I am willing to do anything
in reason for the Service of my Country-women. 1823
KEBLE Semi. iii. (1848) 65 To.. consider fairly, what effect,
in all reason, their believing it ought to have on themselves.
1898 G. B. SHAW Plays I. {Unpleasant) 186 If you want
a cheque for yourself, .you can name any figure you like-
in reason.
t C. Of reason. Also with a//, good. Obs,
14x3 Pilgr. Sowle (Caxton 1483) iv. xxx. 78 They shall . .
brynge hit in to good couenable fourme as to suche a lord
bllongeth of reson. 1449 in Wars Eng. in. France (Rolls) I.
493 Purveaunce shalbe made for you in such wise as of
reasone ye shal holde you wel contente. 1523 FJTZHEHII.
Husk. § 12 In some places they sowe bothe pees and beanes
vnderforowe : and those of reson must be sowen betynie.
1533 BELLENDEN tr. Livy v. ii, May it nocht be said to him
of gude resoun : ( Thow has gerelie wagis, suffir bareof 5erelie
Uuoouris?' 1664 H. MORE Antid. Idolatry^ ix. 103 The
Council ofTrent . . must of all reason be conceived to mean
these very Circumstances.
yd. Out of reason. Obs.
c 1400 Destr. Troy 2222 We may boldly vs byld with
bostis out of Reason. 1480 CAXTON Ckron. Eng. ccxix. 209
Mortimer disgised him with wonder riche clothes out of al j
maner reson. 1576 FLEMING Panopl. Epist.' •$$ You sell
the same, .to your Brother too deere and out of reason.
•f- e. Through (good or right'] reason. Obs.
13 . . SirBenes (MS. A.) 48 Man, whan he falleb in to elde,
Feme a wexeb . . pour} ri^t resoun. c 1325 Chron. Eng, 842
in Kiison Metr. Rom. II. 305 Ant so thourh god resoun He
yekl hem heore tresoun. c 1330 R. BRUNNE Chron. Wace
(Rolls) 3628 After Belyn, Gurgoint his sone Hadde be
heritage borow resone.
ff. With (or to) reason. Also with no. Obs,
jrtly facions. 1615 T.
White Dfvitt yj These ride in the open ;-treetes, whiles the
other lurke inclose woods— and to reason, for [etc.],
t g. Without (right} reason. Obs.
a 1300 Cursor M. 16296 Qui smites bou me wit-vten right
resun. c 1330 R. BRUNNE Chron. (1810) 150 Men mad tille
him grete mone, it was without reson. 1390 GOWER Conf.
III. 42 Delicacie in loves cas Without* reson is and was.
1484 CAXTON Life of M sop 2 b, He., went in without
ray son and hath eten al the fygges. 1568 GRAFTON Chron.
II. 629 This multitude., spoyled, robbed and rifled, without
reason or measure.
14. A matter, act, proceeding, etc., agreeable to
; in phrases // is reason or reason is (also
resun blam. ^1330 Amis fy Ainil. 874 Then seyd thai al
with resoun, Sir Amis schuld ben in prisoun. 14.. Sir
Btues (MS. M.) 179 Syr Guy answered hym withreason And •
sayd : ' Alas, for here is treason ! ' c 1489 CAXTON Sonnes
of Ayinon vu. 159 As ye knowe, I wolde be reformed with
with goodt great}, it is no (or not} reason, to think
(it} reason, etc. Freq. c 1400-1650; now rare.
So OF, it est raison, c'est (bien) raison, c'est raison et
droit, etc.
c 1320 Cast. Love 1096 'pat is skite', quaj> Jhesu, 'and
good reson '. 1340 HAMPOLE Pr. Consc. 6891 parfor it es
reson and ryght, J?at bai ay se bat grysely syght. 1423
Rolls of Parlt. IV. 257 Hit is no reson that the Maister
take his worship of another mannes harme. 1454 Ibid. V.
248/1 In suche wyse as it can be thought reason unto our
Tresorer. 1523 LD. BURNERS Froiss. 1. 348 It is reason that
it shulde so be. #1533 — Gold. Bk. M. Anrel. Ddvi,
Reason is, that I succour thy povertee with moneie. 1577
B. GOOGE Heresbac/i's Huso. i. (1586) 25 b, It is good reason
to sowe timely hi wette groundes. 1625 BACON Ess., Mar-
riage (Arb.) 264 It were great Reason, that those that haue
Children, should haue greatest care of future times. 1676
HOBBES Iliad i. 129, I thought it reason th' Argives should
collect. 1686 tr. Ckardins Coronat. Solywan 100 It was
not reason to punish the innocent with the Guilty. 1809
MALKIN £7/7 Bias vi. ii. F 2 It is but reason that you should
distrust our purity. iBiST. L. PEACOCK Nightmare Abbey
iv, 'Do you know, sir, that Marionetta has no fortune'?'
'It is the more reason, sir, that her husband should have
one'. 1864 MANNING Let. to Putty 28 It is, however, but
reason that I should' rejoice.
•\ b. In parenthetic phrases, as reason is (or was},
as (it} is reason , etc. Obs.
c 1386 CHAUCER Prol. 847 Telle he moste his tale as was
reson, By foreward and by Composicion. 1535 COVERDALE
Barnch ii. 6 We with oure fathers (as reason is) are brought
to open shame. 1596 DANETT tr. Canines (1614) 198 To
which his comman dement I obeyed as reason was. 1604 E.
G[HIMSTONE] D^Acostas Hist. Indies \. xxii. 74 If we shall
give that respect to the authoritie of Plato (as it is reason),
we must [etc.]. 1671 MILTON Samson 1641 What your
commands impos'd I have perform'd, as reason was, obeying.
T~ c. And reason, placed after a statement. Obs.
1563 MAN Muscttlits Coininonfal, 279 They do sufficiently
confesse . . that the sacrament is not the very grace itselfe,
and reason, c 1592 MARLOWE Jew of Malta iv. i, Barabas.
I'd cut thy throat, if I did. Ithamore. And reason too.
1671 MILTON P. R. in. 122 To whom our Saviour fervently
reply'd. ' And reason ; since his word all things produced .
•f* d. Similarly and good reason, and (rarely as)
reason good. Obs. (Cf. 8 a.)
1593 SHAKS. 2 Hen. VI, iv. ii. 171 Wee'l haue the Lord
Sayes head. . . Cade. And good reason. 1657 W. RAND tr.
Gassendis Life Peiresc i. 75 He wrote most frequently (and
good reason) to his Father and Uncle. 1714 MRS. MANLEY
Aiiv. Rivella 60 Lord Crafty, as Reason good, immediately
assumed the Management of his Lady's Affairs. 1757 MRS.
GRIFFITH Lett. Henry <y Frances (1767) I. 115 True love ..
never attacks us but once, and reason good, because it lasts
us for life.
f!5. That treatment which may with reason be
expected by, or required from, a person; justice;
satisfaction ; chiefly in phr. to do (one) reason (tr.
Tf.faire raison}, Obs.
c 1400 MAUNDEV. (Roxb.) xxxi. 141 pai do resoun and
trewth till ilke man, als wele to pouer as to riche. c 1420
Anturs ofArt&.xxvm, Welecome.worthyly wyghte ! Thou
sail hafe resone and ryghte. c 1477 CAXTON Jason 72 b, To
holde them in pees reson and justice, a 1533 LD. BERNERS
Huon x. 30, I shal do hym reason yf it be founde that
I haue done any wronge. 1588 SHAKS. Tit. A . i. ii. 278, I . .
[am] resolu'd withall To doe my selfe this reason, and this
right. 1638 R. BAILLIE Lett. $ Jrnls, (1841) I. 94 If they
gett reason, it is thought they are both undone. Ibid. 132
The Thesaurer.. required that his Grace would see justice
done upon him.. .The Commissioner promised him reason.
1651 tr. De-las-Coveras1 Don Fenise 301 The more I endea-
voured by faire meanes to oblige him to doe me reason, the
more I excited him to derision.
b. With reference to drinking. Obs. exc. arch.
1594 PLAT Jewell-ho. in. 62 Quaffing companions . , wil
require reason at their hands as they ternie it. 1663
DRYDEN Wild Gallant i. i, First I'll drink to you, Sir;
upon my faith I'll do you reason, Sir. 1698 FKYER Ace. E.
India fy P. 279 After . . every one's Health has reason done
it, they take off the Table-Cloth. 1819 SCOTT Ivanhoe xlii,
I pray you . . to do me reason In a cup of wine. 1826 —
Woodst. xix, Nor was his follower slow in doing reason to
the royal pledge.
fc. Satisfaction by a duel. Obs~l
1619 in Crt. ff Times Jets. I (1849) II. 120 Sir Edward Vil-
liers told him himself was the man. ' I hope*, said the oth^r,
* you will do me reason '. Thereupon a challenge was made
and accepted.
1 16. A reasonable quantity, amount, or degree.
Also spec, the measure by which a miller took his
toll. Obs.
1426 LYDG. De Gitil. Pilgr. 10614 As toucbyng off the
melle, Thow myghtest ther. .be-holden A mesure Wych (by
folkys oppynyoun,) Bereth the name off 'Resoun'. 1:1430
Pilgr. Lyf Mankode n. xv. (1869) 80 At the mille pera-
uenture ye haue seen a mesure that is cleped resoun. Ibid.
in. xvil 144 Mlllewardes also that filleth here resoun, with
oute clepinge of resoun. 1591 SPENSER Al. Hnbberd 887
In case his pames were recompenst with reason. 1598
GRENEWEY Tacitus^ Ann. vi. vi. (1622) 130 Agrippina not
contented with reason, and greedy of rule. 1599 SHAKS.
Much Ado v. iv. 74 Bene. Doo not you loue me? Beat. Why
no, no more than reason. 1675 EARL ESSEX [A. CAPEL]
Lett. (1770) 15, I have not yet heard precisely what terms
mr. Thinne stands upon, but in case he will take reason . .
it would be a great convenience to me to be provided of
a dwelling in town.
fb. Moderation. 06s."1
1615 LATHAM Falconry (1613) 93 When she hath cast them
againe, giue her her breakefast of good meat, with reason in
the quantity.
f!7. To have reason (tr. K. avoir raison} : to
beri"ht(esp. in making a statement). Obs. ^Cl.Sb.
1557 NOKIII Guevara's Diall Pr. i. -\. (1568) 13 b, This if
they had demaunded of the true God, they should haue had
reason. 1594 CAREW Hitarte's Exam. Wits 8 Aristotle
excepteth naturall Philosophic, saying, a yoong man is not
of fit disposition for this kind of doctrine, wherein it semeth
he haih reason. 1634 BEDELL Lett. vi. 95 The King him-
selfe said aloud, that both sides had reason. 1667 DRYDEN
& DK. NEWCASTLE Sir M. Mar-all HI. i, Sir Alart. You
have reason, sir. Mood. There he is again too ; the town
phrase. 1704 SWIFT Meek. Oferat. S£ir. Misc. (1711) 285
The Objectors have Reason, and their Assertions may be
allowed. 1771 Junius Lett, xliii. (1804) II. 181 Louis XIV
had reason when he said ' the Pyrenees are removed '.
18. The fact or quality of being agreeable to the
reason ; such a (f procedure or) view of things as
the reason can approve of.
c 1470 Golagros ff Gaiv. 331 Ressaue him reuerendly, as
resoun in lyis. 1599 SHAKS. Hen. V^ v. ii. 358 Wee haue
consented to all tearmes of reason. 1601 — Jnl.C. in. ii. 113
Me thinkes there is much reason in his sayings. 1653
WALTON Angler ii. 47 This is reason put into Verse, ana
worthy the consideration of a wise man. 1667 MILTON P. L.
ix. 738 His perswasive words, impregn'd With Reason, to
her seeming, and with Truth. 1732 BERKELEY Alciphr. H.
§ 4 There is reason in what you say. 1819 SHELLEY Cenci
11. ii. 17 Nay, there is reason in your plea; 'twere hard.
1880 T. HARDY Wessex 7'afes, Fellow-Townsmen iii. (1896)
124 There was reason in Mrs. Downe's fear — that he owned.
b. In phrases to hear, listen to, or speak reason.
1535 STEWART Cron* Scot. I. 596 For na counsall that tyrne
wald he heir ressoun. 1545 ELYOT s.v. fits, /us dicis,
thou speakest reason. 1599 SHAKS. Much Ado I. iii. 5
You should heare reason. Ibid. v. i. 41 There thou speak 'st
reason. 1664 J. WILSON A, Commenins v. iii, Troth he
speaks reason. 1719 DE FOE Crusoe n. iii, The rogues were
now more capable to hear reason than to act reason. 1768
GOLDSM. Good-n. Man i, When I'm determined I always
listen to reason, because it can then do no barm. 1832 HT.
MARTINEAU Hillfy Valley vi. 101 The people were now in
a condition to hear reason. 1880 T. HAKDY Wessex Tales t
Fellow-Townsmen, iii. (1896) 124 Her impression is that your
wife will listen to reason.
IV. f!9. The exercise of reason; the act of
reasoning or argumentation. Obs.
c 1330 King of Tars 276 The doughter dude overcome
heinbothe Deo riht reson and evene. 1:1440 York A/yst.
xxxvii. 255, I schall be proue be right resoune. 154*
RECORDS Gr. Artes (1575) 8 Reson is the expressing of a
iust matter with witty persuasions, furnished with lerned
knowledge. 1565 JEWEL Repl. H ai-ding (it\i) 361 Wee may
not argue by reason in this sort [etc.]. 1620 T. GRANGER
Dvv. Logike 8 That part of euery proposition that goeth
afore in reason, howsoeuer the words be placed, is the
Theme there handled. 1647 H. MORE/WW.T Interpr. Gen.
433, I understand by Reason, the deduction of one thing
from another.
*t*20. Consideration, regard, respect. Obs.
(71385 CHAUCER L. G. W. 728 Thisbe, And certeyn as by
reson of hir age Ther myght haue ben bitwixe hem mariage.
1398 TREVISA Earth. De P. R. xvm. Hii. (Bodl. M S.), Amptes
. . take grete charge of heyr comyn profile and haue hereof
reson and mynde. 1533 BELLENDEN tr. Livy in. xxiv, More
respect suld haue bene had to ressoun of be senatouris ban
to ony ressoun of bare vassalege or meritis,
1 21. Way, manner, method ; spec, the method of
a science. Obs.
c 1380 WYCLIF Serin. Sel. Wks. 1. 15 5if nien avysiden hem
on bis resoun, noone slmlde juge bi mannis lawe. 1530
PALSGR. 889 And by lyke reason forme they tintouin, chari-
uaris, and suche lyke. 1551 RECORUE Pat/tw. Knowl. Argts.,
The fourth booke teacheth the right order of measuringe all
platte formes, and bodies also, by reson Geometricall. 1643
in Clarendon Hist. Reb. vi. § 353 We cannot believe the
intermixture of the present ecclesiastical government with
the civil state to be other than a very good reason.
f b. Possibility of action or occurrence. Const.
but. Obs. rare.
1591 SHAKS. Two Gent. n. iv. 212 When I looke on her
perfections, There is no reason, but I shall be blinde. c 159*
MARLOWE Jew of Malta v.ii, Since things are in thy power,
I see no reason but of Malta's Wrack. 1596 SHAKS. Tant.
S/ir. ii. i. 409, I see no reason but suppos'd Lucentio Must
get a father.
t22. Math. *= RATIO 2. Obs.
CI374 CHAUCER Boeth. n. pr. vii. 44 (Camb. MS.) Al the
enuyronynge of the erthe abowte ne halt but the resoun of
a prikke at regard of the gretnesse of heuene. £1400 tr.
Secret a Secn>t.t Gov. Lordsh. 86 If it be yn tokenynge
ffleumetyke, a lityll [medicine] after be qualyte & resoun of
be tokenynge. 1570 BILLINGSLEY Euclid XL def. i. 312
There are . . three reasons or meanes of measuring, which are
Geom. Numbers \. 8 Like-plaines haue a doubled reason of
their correspondent sides. 1678 COCKER Arithm.\\. 60
A third [number], which shall have such reason to the one,
as the other hath to unite. 1713 BERKELEY tfjrlMtj Phil.
iii Wks 1871 I. 337 The moments or quantities of motion
! iu bodies are in a direct compounded reason of the velocities
: and quantities of Matter contained in them.
V. 23. attrib. and Comb, (chiefly objective and
' obj. gen.), as reason-plating (after armour-plating),
-poisoning, -renderer, -scanner, -worship ; reason-
derived, -proof 'adjs. ; reason-ring, a ring bearing
I a ' reason ' or motto.
1874 W. WALLACE llcgcCs Logic § 36. 61 A reason-
derived knowledge of God is the highest problem of philo-
sophy. 1870 Spectator 24 Dec. 1536/1 If his heavy artillery
i could not penetrate the thick *reason-plating of the states-
t men, it w:is pa.sMun-proof. 1888 F. M. CRAWFOKD With the
Immortals I. 69 Doctor Saul Ascher, who died an abstract
death from "reason-poisoning. 1819 IVcstm. Rev. Oct. 442
A man who on this topic . . is pretty nearly 'reason proof.
1589 PUTTENHAM Eng. Pocsic in. xix. (Arb.) 236 Thi>
as>ignation of cause the Greekes called Etiologia. . -We also
call him the "reason-rendrer. 1877 W. JONES l-'ingti-riHg
REASON.
416 Among the motto or * "reason* rings, as they were
termed, is an example . . found in 1823, at Thetford. 1591
SYLVESTER Du Bartas i. iii. 970 * Reason-scanners have re-
solved all, That heavie things, hang'd in the Aire must fall.
1893 G. A. DENISON in Ch. Times 24 Mar. 325 *Reason-
worship, the parent of all heresies.
Reason (r/'z'n), sb? Forms : 6 resun, 7 resen,
8 reson, dial, rezen, 7- reason, [var. RASKN,
q.v.] = RAISING-PIECE. Also attrib. \i\Cb. piece.
a 1548 [see RAISING-PIECE]. 1611 COTCR., A rchitrave, . . the
reason peece, or master beame (in buildings of timber).
1674-^91 (see RASKN]. 1703 T. N. City $ C. Purchaser 183
Betwixt them and the Sell, or Reson. 1736 PEGGE Kenti-
cisms (E. D. S.), Rezen. the raising; 'tis much the same as
the wall-plate. 1875 KNIGHT Diet. Meek. 1899/1 Reason-
piece, a timber which lies under the beams on the brick or
timber in the side of a house.
Heason(rfz'n),z/. Forms: 4 resun, 5 resoune,
5-7 reson, 6 rai-, rayson, reazon, Sc. reason, 5-
reason. [ad. OF. raisotier (F. raisonner) :— late L.
rationare to discourse, f. ration-em : see REASON j^.1
In sense i perh. aphet. for AREASON.]
f 1. trans. To question (a person) ; to call (one)
to account. = ABEASON v, Obs. rare.
13.. Cursor M. 8676 (Gott.), I knew wel. .Of )ns tresun
scho had me don. I hir resuned ban al-sua son. c 1430
Syr Getter. (Roxb.) 2809 Generides thoo he [Anazaree] gan
reason \Vhi the Sowdon did him in prison, a, 1578 LINDESAY
(Pitscottie) Chron. Scot. (S.T.S.) I. 33 Quhen^he had pansit
in this maner wp and doun and ressonit himself for his
slouthfutnes.
1 2. intr. To hold argument, discussion, discourse
or talk with another. Obs.
The precise sense depends greatly on the context.
1483 CAXTON G. de la Tour Lvj, Yf one begynne to
resoune and talke with yow of suche mater, lete hym alone,
c 1489 — Sottnes ofAymon i. 32 Thenne he resoned wyth
his prynces and barons. 1530 PALSGR. 680/1 By that time
that I have reasonned a lytell with hym I shall soone fele
his mynde. 1568 GRAFTON Chron. II. 127 He sent for the
Maior and Shirifes of London, with whome he reasoned
greuously for the escape of one called John Gate. 1596
SHAKS. Merck, V. n. viiL 27, I reason'd with a Frenchman
yesterday, who told me [etc.}. 1611 BIBLE i Sam. xii. 7
Now therefore stand still, that I may reason with you before
the Lord. 1671 MILTON P. R. iv. 233 How wilt thou reason
with them, how refute Thir IdoHsms, Traditions, Paradoxes?
fb. (Without const.) To argue, discourse, con-
verse, talk. Obs.
15*6 Pilgr. Pcrf. (W. de W. 1531) 99 Glotony commeth in
full subtylly, & reasoneth full craftely, sayenge [etc-]. 1551
ROBINSON tr. Morels Utoj>. n. (1895) 271 That no man shalbe
blamed for reasonynge in the mayntenaunce of his owne
religion. 1554 SHAKS. Rich. Ill, iv. iv. 537 Away towards
Salsbury, while we reason here, A Royall battell might be
wontie and lost. 1611 BIBLE Matt. xvi. 7 And they reasoned
among themselues, saying, It b because we haue taken no
bread.
t c. Const, about) against ', of, on (a matter). Obs.
1551 ROBINSON tr. More's Utofi. n. (1895) 270 He, as sone
as he was baptised, began . . to reason of Christes religion.
1588 SHAKS. L. L. L, L i. 95 How well bee's read, to reason
against reading. 1599 — Hen. Vt in. vii. 38 My Horse . .
'tis a subiect for a Soueraigne to reason on. 1667 MILTON
P. L. ii. 558 Others apart sat on a Hill retir'd,. .and reason'd
high Of Providence, Foreknowledge, Will, and Fate.
d. To employ reasoning or argument with a per-
son, in order to influence his conduct or opinions.
1847 MARRY AT Childr. N. Forest iv, All he could do was
..to reason with him. 1875 JoWBTT Plato (ed. 2) V. 72
Mankind must be reasoned with before they are punished.
3. intr. To think in a connected, sensible, or
logical manner ; to employ the faculty of reason in
forming conclusions (in general, or in a particular
instance).
In early use not clearly distinguished from 2 b.
1593 SHAKS. Rich. //, I. iii. 277 [Q. i] Teach thy necessity
to reason thus, — There is no vertue like necessity. 1620 T.
GRANGER Div. Logike 2 God doth not reason, or discourse.
1651 HOBBES Leviath. n. xxix. 168 Kings deny themselves
some such necessary Power . . : wherein they reason not well.
1667 MILTON P.L. ix. 765 Hee hath eat'n and lives, And knows,
and speaks, and reasons, and discernes, Irrational till then.
1713 ADDISON Cato v. i, It must be so - Plato, thou reason's!
well. 178* COWPER Doves i, Reasoning at every step he
treads, Man yet mistakes his way. 1810 CRABBE Borough
xix, Temptation came ; I reason'd, and I fell. 1846 RUSKIN
Mod. Paint. II. in. i. xiv. § 5 Though we cannot, while we
feel deeply, reason shrewdly.
b. Const, from (premises or data) ; about, of,
upon (a subject).
1651 HOBBES Leviath. in. xlii. 280 By Reasoning from the
already received Scripture. 1695 BLACKMORE Pr. Arth. I.
398 He reason'd deep of Heav'ns mysterious Ends. 1785
PALEV Mor. Phiios. i. vii, To reason about his duty. iSxa
SIR H. DAVY Chem. Phiios. 3 If the phenomena are reasoned
upon, . . the enquirer is guided by analogy. x8aa SHELLEY
Faust n. 341 Oh ! He is far above us all in his conceit:
Whilst we enjoy, he reasons of enjoyment. 1844 H. H.Wn.sos
Brit, fndia n. xi. II. 489 Reasoning from experience of the
past abuses . . they anticipated a like result from the present.
4. With object-clause :
a. To question, discuss what, why, etc.
15*9 BRIGHTWELL [Frith] Ep. to Christian Rdr. in b, If
thou woldist reason why God doth thus. 1594 SHAKS.
Rich. Ill, i. iv. 04, 1 will not reason what is meant heereby,
Because I will l>e guiltlesse from the meaning. 1596 —
i Hen. IV, n. iii. 107, I must not haue you henceforth,
question me, Whether I go : nor reason where-about. 1855
TENNYSON L f. brigade 14 Their's not to reason why. 1864-8
BROWNING J. Lee's Wife iv. i, I will be quiet and talk with
you, And reason why you are wrong.
b. To argue, conclude, infer that, etc.
214
15*7 R- THORNE in Hakluyt Ifoy. (1589) 257, I reason, that
as some sicknesses are hereditarious,. .so this inclination
or desire of this discouerie I inherited of my father. 1727
POPE & GAY What passed in London Swift's Wks. 175*
VI. 262 She reasoning, that it would be time enough.. after
the Comet had made its appearance.
C. To say by way of argument, nonce-use.
1840 DICKENS Barn. Rudge i, ' What have I done ', rea-
soned poor Joe.
6. trans, a. To discuss or argue (a matter). Now
rare.
two divines to reason the matter. i6a$ BURCES Pers. Tithes
26 Thence a tender conscience may lustly thus reason the
case. 1660 Trial Regie. 116 [He] was pleased to do me,
and several other Gentlemen, .the favour to reason the Law
with us. 1802 MAR. KDGEWORTH Moral T. (1816) I. 205, I
am in no humour to reason that point.
b. To explain, support, infer, deal with, by (or
as by) reasoning, nonce-uses.
1605 SHAKS. Lear i. ii. 114 Though the wisedome of
Nature can reason it thus, and thus, yet Nature finds it
selfe scourg'd by the sequent effects. 1607 — Cor. v. iii. 176
This Boy^ that cannot tell what he would haue, Doe's reason
our Petition with more strength, Than thou hast to deny'i*
I7ja POPE Ess. Man i. 18 Say first, of God above, or Man
below, What can we reason, but from what we know ? 1821
SHELLEY Promcth. Unb. in. iv. 22 It saw much, Yet idly
reasoned what it saw.
6. a. To bring (a person) into, out of (sa state of
mind, etc.) by reasoning.
1599 SHAKS. Hen. K, v. ii. 165 These fellowes of infinit
tongue, that can ryme themselues into Ladyes fauours,they
doe alwayes reason themselues out again. 1653 H. MORE
Conject. Cabbal. 233 Men commonly reason themselves into
an allowance of sin, by pretending humane infirmities or
natural frailties. 1749 FIELDING Tom Jones x\. H, You
know us better than to talk of reasoning a woman out of
her inclinations. 1785 PALF.Y Mor. Phiios. i. vii, A man,
who has to reason about his duty, when the temptation to
transgress it is upon him, is almost sure to reason himself
into an error. 1893 FORBES-MITCHELL Remin. Gt. Mutiny
289 David tried to reason him out of his fears.
b. To put down by reasoning.
1686 GOAD Celest. Bodies n. i. 155 This .. is the grand
popular objection, which Cries, not reasons us down. 1713 ,
ADDISON Cato i. i, Love is not to be reason'd down, or lost ,
In high ambition.
7. To think out, to arrange the thought of, in
a logical manner.
1736 BUTLER Anal. i. vi. Wk.s. 1874 I. 124 There is no hint
or intimation in history, that this >ystem was first reasoned
out. 1851 THACKERAY Eng. //«;«., Swift (1858) 34 They
are reasoned logically enough. 1874 CARPENTER Menl.
rhys. i. ix. (1879) 414 By thus reasoning-out the probable
consequences of an action, motives .. may lose more or less
of their force.
8. To provide with reason ; to accompany with
a reason, nonce-uses.
1563 J. HEYWOOD Prov. % Ei>igr. (1867) 161 Which..
Shewth thy nose better sesond than thy bed resond. 1796
BURKE Keg. Peace i. Wks. 1826 VIII. 129 This offer so
reasoned plainly implies, that [etc.].
Reason, obs. form of RAISIN.
Kea:sonabi'lity. rare. [f. as next + -ITY.]
Reasonableness.
1897 Advance (Chicago) 22 July 105/1 The reasonability
of man, and the reasonability of the contention of God with
his sinful creature.
Reasonable (r/Vnab'l), «., adv., and sb.
Forms: 4 raison-, reison-, 4-5 resoun-, (5 re-
sun-), 4-7 reson-, 5-6 reason-, 6 rezon-, 5-
reasonable (also 4-6 -abil, -abyll, etc. ; 5 resen-
able, 6 reasnable). [a. OF. yaison(tf}able, reson-
(«)a£&, etc. (mod.F. taisonnabte}, f. raison^ reson,
etc. REASON, after L. rationabilis RATIONABLE.
The 15th c. form resenable may represent the earlier
resnablc RENABLE, q.v.]
A. adj. 1. Endowed with reason. = RATIONAL
a. i. Now rare. a. of persons or living things,
esp. reasonable creature ("for beasf].
ci374 CHAUCER Boeth. v. pr. iv. 128 (Camb. MS.) Man is
a resonable two foted beest. Ibid. pr. vi. 133 The commune
lugement of alle creaturis resonablis . . is this bat god is
eterne. 1456 Sin G. HAVE Law Anns (S. T. S.) 64 Or lang
tyme be gane, thare sail men that ar callit resonable do
mare bestly dedis. 150* Ord. Crysten Men {W. de W. 1506)
Prol. 2 Every creature resonable unto whome god bathe
gyuen mynde and understandynge. 1588 KYD Honseh.
Phil. Wks. (1901) 251 Man, a reasonable creature whose
dignity doth come so neere the Angels. 1650 JER. TAYLOR
Holy Living $ Dying (1870) 7 Let your employment be
such as may become a reasonable person. 1725 WATTS
Logic HI. ii. § 5 If every Creature be reasonable, every Brute
is reasonable. 1791 BURKE App. Whigs Wks. 1826 VI. 218
For man is by nature reasonable.
b. of the soul or intellectual powers.
1390 GOWEK Conf. III. 378 Thilke intelligence In mannys i
soule resonable Hath schape to be perdurable, c 1425 '
Found. St. Bartholomew's (E.E.T.S.) 45 In his slepe he |
was raueshid from his resonable wyttys. 1538 STARKEY !
England i. ii. 40 Some sayd that man was no thyng els but
hys resonabul soule. 1595 SHAKS. John in. iv. 54 My
reasonable part produces reason How I may be deliuer'd of
these woes. ibfiShorterCatech. § 22 Christ, .became man
by taking to Himself a true body and reasonable soul. 1736
CHANDLER Hist. Persec. Introd. 2 Every Man is bound, .to
make the best use he can of his reasonable powers. 1838-9
HALLAM Hist. Lit. II. ii. iii. § 6. 102 The reasonable soul
uf mankind is not numerically one.
REASONABLE.
jfig. 1610 SHAKS. Temp. v. i, 81 Their vnderstanding Be-
gins to swell, and the approching tide Will shortly fill the
reasonable shore.
2. Having sound judgement ; sensible, sane. =
RATIONAL a. i b. Also, not asking for too much.
13 . . E. E. A Hit. P. B. 724 Fyfty fyn frendez . . J>at . . re^t-
ful wern & resounable & redy be to serue. c 1386 CHAUCER
Wife's Prol. 441 Sith a* man is moore resonable Than
womman is, ye moste been suffrable. 1573 G. H ARVEY Letter-
bk. (Camden) 10 He is able to satisfi ani reasnable natural
philosopher in that point. 1638 JUNJUS Paint. Ancients 39
Reasonable and judicious Readers will not dislike the same
digression. 1669 STURMY Mariner's Mag. \\. 46 To give
any reasonable Man an answer to any useful Question in
the Art of Gunnery. 1751 SMOLLETT Per. Pic. xxxix, Those
polite, candid, reasonable watermen demanded a Louis d'or
for that service. 1769 Juntas Lett. \. 10 We are governed
by counsels from which a reasonable man can expect no
remedy but poison. 1802 Gouv. MORRIS in Sparks Life <V
Writ. (1832) III. 369 If mankind were reasonable they would
want no government. 1883 ANNA K. GREEN (Mrs. Koblfsj
Hand ,y Ring iii, * Ferris is a reasonable man ', said the
coroner.
b. Requiring the use of reason, nonce-use.
1611 SHAKS. Wint. 7\ iv. iv. 409 Is not your Father growne
incapable Of reasonable affayres.
to. Able to discourse or discuss matters; ready
of tongue or speech. Also const, of. Obs.
c 1369 CHAUCER Dethe Blannche 534 Loo how goodely
spake thys knyghte..!. .fonde him so tretableRyght wonder
bkylful and resonable. 1387 TREVISA Higden (Rolls) VIII.
25 He was . . resonabet of speche, and wel i-lettred. c 1400
Rom. Rose 2214 Wherfore be . . Goodly of word, and reson*
rble Rothe to lesse and eek to mar.
•f-b. Of language : Marked by reasoning. Obs.
1387 TREVISA Higden (Rolls) I. n After so noble spekers
bat sownede at be beste ; and of hem faire facounde and
resonable speche, folowed and streynede all her lyf tyme.
1390 GOWER Conf. III. 136 Rethorique the science Appro-
pred to the reverence Of wordes tliat ben resonable.
4. Agreeable to reason ; not irrational, absurd or
ridiculous.
a 1300 Cursor M. 26767 Stedfast and stabil Sal scrift be,
bat es resonabil, And noght als neus bat er tan. c 1340
HAMFOLE Prose Tr. 24 Charite . . Uth both ine loue of God
and of thyne evyne cristene, and here fore itt is resounable
that he that hath cherite vse both. 1390 GOWER Conf. III.
210 Pite..Makth that the god is merciable, If ther be cause
resonable. 1411 Rolls of Parlt. III. 650/2 Alte such reson-
able tyme as it likyth toe forsaid Lord . . to assigne. 1494
FABYAN Chron. vi. clxxxv. 184 This pylgryme . . layde for
hym many resonable excuses, as well for his age as other-
wyse. 1573 G. HARVEY Letter-bk. (Camden) i Uppon a
reasnable vew of the matter. 1594 SHAKS. Rich. Ill, i. ii.
136 It is a quarrell iust and reasonable, To be reueng'd on
him that kill'd my Husband. 1655 STANLEY Hist. P kilos.
in. (1701) 78/1 That God, not chance, made the World and
all Creatures, is demonstrable from the reasonable disposi-
tion of their parts. 1715 DE FOE Voy. round World (1840)
154 Something which it was much more reasonable to
worship. 1796 BP. WATSON Af>ol. Bible 232 So far from this
genealogy being a solemn truth, it is not even a reasonable
lie. 1858 GREENER Gunnery 359 The reasonable assumption
would be that this bullet would range a greater distance if
projected at the same velocity. 1877 E. R. CONDEK Bos.
Faith i. 3 The conviction would be reasonable, for it would
be based upon universal experience.
fb. That may reasonably be used. Oos.~~l
1465-6 Act 5 Edw. /Kin Bolton StaL Irel. (1621) 37 The
Bowes [to be] of Ewe, Wych-hassell, Ashe, Awburne, or any
other reasonable tree.
5. Not going beyond the limit assigned by reason ;
not extravagant or excessive ; moderate.
a. of requests, desires, wishes, expectations, etc.
? a 1366 CHAUCER Rom. Rose^ 1499 This prayer was but
resonable, Therefor god held it ferme and stable, c 1399
Pol. Poems (Rolls) II. 5 Axe of thi God, so schalt thou
noght be werned Of no reqwest, which is resonable. 1561
WINJET Cert. Tractates Wks. (S. T. S.) I. 4 Our ressonable
desyris being knawin. 1581 J. HAMILTON in Cath. Tract.
(S. T. S.) 76 This demand appeiret ressonabill to sum, that
thay could not reiect the same. 183* HT. MARTINEAU Life
tn Wilds iv. 55 The reasonable wishes of the whole people,
1882 A. W. WARD Dickens iv. 91 He never had a reasonable
want which he could not and did not satisfy.
b. of amount, size, number, etc., or of things in
respect of these properties.
13. . E. E. Allit. P. A. 523 What resonabele hyre be na?t
be runne, I yow pay in dede and bojte. c 1380 WYCLJF Sel.
ll'ks. HI. 200 Men and wymmen schulden lyven in. .reson-
able abstynence of mete. 1477 Rolls of Parlt. VI. 178/2
Suche resonable costs and expenses, as shall happen to be
done. 1504 Bury Wills (Camden) 98, 1 wyll that J. P. shall
by my house, .for xl Ii. . . to be payd in resonabyll yeerys as
he can agre w* myn execute's. 1573 TUSSER Husk. (1878) 20
Rent corne to be paid, for a reasnable rent. 1631 LITHCOW
& THORNTON Connoisseur No. 68 f 9 The old lady had the
hardiness to squint at the sum total, and declared * it was
pretty reasonable, considering1. 1849 MACAU LA \ Hist. Eng.
ii. I. 206 Doing a great service on reasonable terms to the
Church of which ne was a member. 1895 Bookman Oct.
25/2 A straightforward, readable narrative in a very reason-
able compass.
c. Moderate in price ; inexpensive.
1667 COLLINS in Rigaud Corr. Set. Men (1841) II. 471 Mr.
Stephens., will undertake it when paper is more reasonable.
1805 W. IRVING in Life <y Lett. (1864* I. 148 This part of
Paris is tranquil and reasonable. 1885 Field 3 Oct. 502/2
Feeding materials., are unusually reasonable just now.
t d. Law. Reasonable aid', (see quot.). Obs.
1607 CovtF.Li.f»t£r6r., Reasonable aydc, is a duty that the
Lord of the Fee claimeth holding by Knights :>eruice or in
soccage to marie his daughter, or to make his sonne Knight.
REASONABLENESS.
6. Of such an amount, size, number, etc., as is
judged to be appropriate or suitable to the circum-
stances or purpose.
1436 E. R. Wills (1882) 104 Beyng yn Resonable helth of
body. 1513 FITZHERB. /lust'. § 62 If the beaste be fatte,
and any reasonable meate vpon hym. 1560 DAUS tr. Sfei-
dane's Comin, 251 We trust surely, that moste men..wil be
content for reasonable [L. tolerabilis] wages rather to followe
oure campe, than theirs. 1614 LATHAM Falconry (1633)
116 Put it into a pipkin or posnet with some reasonable store
of faire water. 1755 FRANKLIN Autobiog. Wks. 1887 I. 252
All . . forage . . Is to be taken for the use of the army and a
reasonable price paid for the same, 1784 COWPER Task n.
623 A man o' the town dines late, but soon enough, With
reasonable forecast and dispatch, To ensure a side-box
station at half-price. 1849 MACAULAY Hist, Rng. v. I. 656
They were determined to prosecute ,. unless a reasonable
sum were forthcoming, and .. by a reasonable sum was
meant seven thousand pounds.
f b. Of a fair, average, or considerable amount,
size, etc. Obs. (Freq. c 1590- 1650.)
1588 PARKE tr. Mendoza's Hist, China 31^ There are many
prouinces . . that euery one of them is as bigge as a reason-
able kingdome. Ibid. 337 They saw two reasonable litters,
vppon whose bankes there were many vines. 1597 MORLEY
Introd. Mns. 60, I haue a Brother, .a reasonable musition
for singing. i6iz WOODALL Sure; Mate Wks. (1653) 9 My
self have had reasonable experience in piercing wounds.
1653 GREAVES Seraglio 154 A Customer, who receiveth
custom of the buyers and sellers of slaves, which amounteth
to a reasonable sum in a year, for the toll is very great. 1726
SWIFT Gulliver i. vi, A barrel of their liquor a reasonable
draught.
1 7. Proportionate. Also const, to. Obs. rare.
(-1460 FORTESCUE Abs. $ Lim. Mon. x. (1885) 132 Also
moche salte as by t hair conjecture ys ressnable to the nombre
off be men, women, and childeren. 1546 Reg. Privy Council
Scot, I. 51 The said Dame Marioun to haue ane ressonable
terce of Eglintoun. 1766 BLACKSTONE Comm. II. 492 The
shares of the wife and children was called their reasonable
parts, and the writ de rationabili parte bonorum was given
to recover it.
8. Comb. , as rcasonable-bladed , -minded, adjs.
1764 Museum Rust. III. 373 You cannot possibly hurt
the gut, . . which no reasonable- bladed pen-knife can touch.
1895 Outing- (U.S.) XXVII. 226/2 Enough for any reason-
able minded person.
B. adv. Reasonably, a. With adjs. and advbs.
1470-85 MALORY Arthur x. Ixxvi, I helde hym resonable
hole though ye had not holpen me. 15*3 LD. BERNERS
Froiss. I. ccclvi. 574 The first day the wynde was reasonable
good for them. 1583 STOCKER Civ. Warres Lowe C. i. 16 b,
The minister .. made a reasonable long exhortation. 1603
KNOLLES Hist. Turks (1638) 185 The common people began
to like reasonable well of the Turks. 1698 FRYER Ace. E.
India, $ P. 66 There is also a reasonable handsome Buzzar.
1835-40 HALIRURTON Clockm. (1862) "180 Reasonable well, I
give you thanks, sir, said he.
b. With verbs. rare~l.
ciSSo Disc. Common Weal Eng. (1893! 326 Thincke youe
that, .he did not speake. .reasonable.
C. absol. as sb. f a. A reasonable being. Obs.
c 1400 Rom. Rosefyfo In al this caas and in semblables If
that ther ben mo resonables He may begge as I telle you
here. 1620 T. GRAXGER Div. Logike i. xxvL 57 A mixt
action in reasonables is voluntarie, because there is some
consent of will, or self-motion. 1633 B p. HALL Occas. Medit.
§24 That woeful hostility, which is exercised betwixt us
reasonables.
b. A reasonable person, rare""1.
a 1814 Savoyard i. \. in New Brit. Theatre IV. 360 What,
fool, are you one of the reasonables too?
Reasonableness (rfz'nab'lnes). [f. prec.]
T" 1. The quality of being reasonable or rational ;
rationality. Obs.
c 1511 ist Eng. Bk. Amer. (Arb.) Introd. 27 These folke
lyucn lyke bestes without any resonablenes. 1620 T.
GRANGER Div. Logike n. vi. 231* Reasonable nesse is in man
vniuersally. a 1677 HALE Prim. Orig. Man. i.i. 16 Porphiry
. . and some others have been bold to make reasonableness
not the specifical difference of the Humane Nature.
b. The fact or quality of being amenable to
reason, or of acting or thinking in a sensible
manner.
'533 UDALL Floures i68b, Lette your goodnes or reson-
abtenes be som refuge or succour vnto my folyshnes. 1576
FOX**, ff M. (ed. 3) II. 1884/1, I haue heard you talke
this houre and a halfe, and can heare no reasonablenes in
hym. 1736 BUTLER Anal. i. v. 134 A settled moderation
and reasonableness of temper. 1850 KINGSLEY Alt. Locke
Pref. (1879) 105 The self-restraint, the reasonableness, the
chivalrous honour of the men. 1873 M. ARNOLD Lit. $
Dogma 379 For the right inculcation of the method and
secret of Jesus, we need the epieikeia, the sweet reason-
ableness, of Jesus.
2. Of actions, opinions, words, etc. : The fact of
being based on, or agreeable to, reason.
1568 Q. ELIZ. in H. Campbell Lovt-lett. Mary Q. Scots
(1824) APP. 10 They shall., judge thereby the reasonableness
of the things propounded. 1581 SIDNEY Apol. Poetrie {Arb.)
23 May I not presume a little further, to shew the reason-
able nes of this worde Vatesl 1641 SMECTYMNUUS I'ind.
Ansiv. n. 44 i he reasonablenesse or unreasonablenesse of
this we determine not. 1712 Spectator No. 524 r 2 A serious
Reflection on the Reasonableness of Virtue, and great
Folly of Vice. 1751 SMOLLETT Per. Pic. xli, He saw the
Sas0nAii SS °f her fear' l8*5 M'CutLOCH Pol. Econ. n.
11. 74 All have been impressed with the reasonableness of
he maxim which teaches that those who sow ought to be
permitted to reap. 1860 TVNDALL Glac. I. viii. 60 To ac-
knowledge the reasonableness of my remarks.
b. Moderateness, cheapness, rare.
1742 FIELDING J. Andrews u. xiii, They had no objection
to the reasonableness of the bill, but many to the probability
of paying it. 18x3 Guide Watering Places 289 The reason-
215
ableness of this place, joined to the beauty of its situation,
draws to it a considerable number. .during the season.
Reasonably (rrz'nabli), adv. [f. as prec.]
1. According to reason, with good reason, justly,
properly.
1377 LANCL. /'. PI. B. xiv. 102 Ricchesse ri^tfulliche y wonne
and resonablelich yspendcd. 1456 SIR G. H AYE Law Arms
(S. T. S.) 66 He gave to man wit and resoun, knaulage and
discrecioun to governe him resonably. a 1533 Lu. IJERNEKS
Hiion cxlix. 563 He wolde gyue hym as moche golde &
syluer as he coud resonably demaunde. 1585 T. WASHING-
TON tr. Nicholays I'oy. in. iii. 74 Reasonably to consider
aswel the time past, present, and too come. 1651 HOBBES
Leviath. n. xxvi. 150 One may very reasonably distinguish
Laws in that manner. 1718 Freethinker No. 87 r 9 He can
reasonably blame only Himself. 1830 Miss MITFORD in
L'Estrange Life (1870) II. xiii. 302 The French Revolution
is most happily over ; never was anything French so reason-
ably conducted. 1879 LUBBOCK Addr. Pol. <V Ednc. iii. 49
The results which we might reasonably expect from a more
enlightened system of education.
2. At a reasonable rate ; fto a reasonable extent.
? a 1400 Morte Arth. 1508 Raunsone me resonabillye, as I
may over reche, Aftyre my renttez in Rome may redyly
forthire. 1423 tr. Secreta Secret.^ Priv. Priv. IQI, xij"
causes enduceth a man to loue his wif reissonnabli and
tempora[t]li. 1600 SURFLET Countrie Farmew. li. 351 When
you see that all the water is consumed . . boile them altogither
reasonablie,
3. Sufficiently, suitably, fairly.
c 1502 Joseph Arim. (E.E.T.S.) 47 Verely she was heled,
and lefte her styltes thore, And on her fete wente home re-
sonably well. 1589 PUTTENHAM Eng. PoesL' in. xxiii. (Arb.)
278 The Earle. .could reasonably well speake French. 1638
JUNIUS Paint. Ancients 15 The helpe of a reasonably good
wit, 1665 MAN-LEY Grotitis' Low C. Warres 720 A town . .
reasonably well fortified, having therein a strong garrison.
1791 MRS. RADCLIFFE Rom. Forest ii, Their distress was
reasonably great. 1861 DICKENS Gt. Expect, v, There was
a reasonably good path now.
T" b. With vbs. : Fairly or pretty well. Obs.
1586 A. DAY Eng. Secretary r. (1625) 76 It is reported . .
that you are groune prettely skilled in Instruments whereon
you play reasonably. 1613 PURCHAS Pilgrimage vi. ii. (1614)
566 To which also the computation of Herodotus dothe
agree reasonably in the time.
f4. Normally, naturally. Ot>s~l
16*5 CROOKE Body of Man 335 The Infant borne the
seuenth month is reasonably borne and liueth.
t Rea'sonal, sb. and a. Obs. rare. [f. REASON
sb}- + -AL, after RATIONAL sb. and <z.] a. sb. =
RATIONAL sb.2 2. b. adj. = RATIONAL a. 2.
1577 Test. 12 Patriarchs (1706) 46 Put on the stool of
priesthood, the crown of righteousness, the reasonal of
understanding. 1594 CAREW Huartc's Exam. Wits (1616)
286 [They] make their children defectiue, as well in the
powers reasonall, as in the natural!.
fBeasonate, v. Obs.-* (? error for resonate,
to resound, shout.)
1631 R. H. Arraignm. Whole Creature xii. § 4. 127 He
cryes out of a suddaine . . like that passionate Orator, that
reasonates; Oh tempora? Oh mores?
t Rea-soned, a. Obs.-'1 [f. REASON j£.i] Pro-
vided with reason or reasoning power.
1521 FISHER Serm. agst. Luther Wks. (1876) 345 These
heretykes all be it they . . were fell wytted men and depely
resoned . . yet were they disceyued.
Reasoned (rWnd), ppl. a. [f. REASON v. +
-ED1.] Characterized by or based on reasoning,
carefully studied. Also with out,
1684 T. BURNET Th. Earth \. n. x. 297, I do generally
distinguish of two sorts of opinions in all men, Inclination-
opinions, and Reason'd-opinions. 1815 J. C. HOBHOUSS
Substance Lett. (i816) I. 304 The official letter of Lord
Clancarty.. which is a sort of renewed and reasoned declara-
tion. 1862 H. SPENCER First Princ. n. vL § 61 (1875) 192
All reasoned-out conclusions whatever must rest on some
postulate. 1874 L. STEPHEN Hours in Library (1892) II. vi.
200 He prefers nature to law, instinct to reasoned action.
Hence Rea'sonedly adv.
1836 A. WALKER Beauty in Woman 281 The Greeks,
either intuitively or reasonedly, distinguished the three
species of beauty as to the Figure.
Reasoner (rrz'noi). [f. as prec. + -ER 1.]
1. One who reasons.
1548 ELYOT, Raliocinator,.. a disputer, a reasoner. 1551
T. WILSON Logike X vj, Vpon such matters as are necessary
. . for the godlye reasoner to teache. 1639 ROUSE Hctw.
Univ. Advt. (1702) 3 By too many of the great Reasoners of
the age. 1741 WARBURTON Div. Legat. II. 642 Our Reasoner
has here mistaken the very question. 1769 Junius Lett.
xix. 82 A correspondent . . censures him for a bad reasoner.
1864 BOWEN Logic ix. 271 The ambiguities of language
which, .originally led the reasoner astray.
f 2. A keeper of accounts. Oi>s.~~l
1509 Plumpton Corr. (Camden) 205 John Wythers, his
Surveyor & general! Reasonner.
t Rea-sonfully, adv. 06s.—1 [f. REASON sb.i +
-FUL + -LY 2.] Reasonably.
1387-5 T. USK Test. Love in. i. (Skeat) 1. 136 Reasonfulli
maye he sey, yt mercy both right and lawe passeth.
Reasoning (rrz'nirj), vbl. sb. [f. REASON z».
+ -ING i.] The action of the vb. REASON, esp. the
process by which one judgement is deduced from
another or others which are given.
ci374 CHAUCER Troylus iv. 1046 (1018), I may wel maken
..My resoninge of goddcs purveyaunce. — Botth, v. pr.
v. 131 (Camb. MS.) Yif )>at wit and ymaginacion stryuen
ayein resonynge. 1494 FABVAN Chron. iv. Ixix. 47 For
resonyng and profe of this was after assygned vii. score
lewes. 1538 STARKEV England i. iv. 137 Hyt ys a commyn
faute in resonyng, to lay a faute ther as non ys. 1587 GOLD-
ING f>eMor>iay\t There is no reazoning against those which
REASONLESSNESS.
ii' ij, r , '•. » i- . '""fe-. »/-» *-•*•- *-ui-, » oy. round
world (1840) 313 A httle reasoning with them brought some
of the men to their senses. 1781 COWPER Table-t. 51 Such
reasoning falls like an inverted cone, Wanting its proper
base to stand upon. 1866 GEO. ELIOT F. Holt ( 1 868) 29 The
Rector was helped to this chain of reasoning by Harold's
remarks.
b. With a and//. An instance of this.
1552 EDW. VI >«/., etc. (Roxb.) 457 The reasonings be in
my deske. 1611 BIBLE Litke ix. 46 There arose a reasoning
most evident, a 1720 SEWKI. Hist. Quakers (1795) I. ii. 101
_ -f _ — __j _ .._ .„...,„„. .
confused, contradictory, and often childish.
C. attrib.) as reasoning faculty, ground, power,
thread.
1728 POPE Dune. i. 179 Or quite unravel all the reas'ning
thread. 1775 _ HARRIS Philos. A rrangem. Wks. (1841) 325
Of all the animals we see around us, man alone possesses
the reasoning faculty. 1781 COWPER Conrersat. 431 The
reasoning power vouchsafed of course inferred The power
to clothe that reason with his word. 1875 E. WHITE Life
in Christ i. i. 14 Such contradictory arguments as these,
the reasoning-grounds . . of two opposing schools.
Reasoning (rf-z'nirj), ///. a. [f. as prec. +
-ING2.] That reasons, in senses of the vb.
^ 1665 GLANVILL Def. Van. Dogtn. 80 Thus was the reason-
! ing World despoil 'd of that Freedom which is the priviledge
: of Humane Nature. 1737 POPE Hor. Epist. i. i. 185 That
I reas'ning, high, immortal Thing, Just less than Jove. 1781
COWPER Hope 143 Then praise is heard instead of reasoning
| pride. 1821-2 SHELLEY Chas. 7, n. 158 All that makes the
j age of reasoning man More memorable than a beast's. 1870
' J. H. NEWMAN Gram. Assent i. iv. 91 After all, man is not
j a reasoning animal.
Hence Bea-sonlngly adv.
1886 H. JAMES Bostonians III. in. xxxvi. in 'That's not
the way ', Verera went on, reasoningly.
I Rea'SOnist. Obs. rare. [f. REASON sb} or v.
+ -IST.] A professed reasoner.
1610 HEALEY St. Aug. Citie of God (1620) 843 But what
say our great Reasonists unto those ordinary things which
are so common ? a 1740 WATERLAND Chr. Vind. agst. hifid.
Wks. 1823 VIII. 67 Such persons are now commonly called
reasonists and rationalists, to distinguish them from true
reasoners and rational inquirers.
Reasonless (rfz'nles), a. (and adv.}. [f.
REASON sbl + -LESS.]
1. Not endowed with reason. -IRRATIONAL a. i.
1398 TREVISA Earth. De P. R. xvm. Iii. (Bodl. MS.) 273/1
[The ant is] a litel beste wiboute prince and resonles.
c 1411 HOCCLEVE De Reg. Princ. 3659 If he tho weies take
wolde That beestes resonles vsen and holde. 1581 PETTIE
Guazzo's Ci^>. Conv. n. (1586) Sob, Nature . . giuing a very
long life to many reasonlesse creatures. 1604 T. WRIGHT
Passions v. § 4. 201 Beasts, though reasonlesse, yet in loue
follow this generall instinct and inclination of reason. 1633
W. STRUTHER Trjte Happines 14 Three instances prove the
same : The first is from reasonlesse creatures. 1877 BLACKIE
Wise Men 250 So great a gap Betwixt the reasonless and
the reasoning life A favouring God hath set.
b. Of natural forces or their results : Acting or
produced without the aid of reason.
1867 H. MACMILLAN Bible Teach, ii. (1870) 36 The forces
of nature . . are not reasonless, merciless forces. 1895 Q. Rev.
Apr. 492 A purely reasonless concourse of atoms.
2. Devoid of ordinary reason ; senseless.
1431 HOCCLEVE Complaint 222 Yet homly reason know
I nevartheles ; not hope I founden be so resonles as men
demen. 159* GREENE Groatsiv. Wit (1617) 24 Reasonlesse
Roberts, that hauing but a Brokers place, asked a Lenders
reward. 1628 WITHER Brit. Rememb. in. 626 Now, most
thou need'st it, be not reasonlesse. 1671 F. PHILLIPS Reg.
Necess. Ep. Ded. i These unhappy times have brought forth
a sort of reasonless men, whose humors and phancies ..
makes them unwilling to submit to Laws. 1868 BROWNING
Ring fy Bk. iv. ii This rabble's-brabble of dolts and fools
Who make up reasonless unreasoning Rome.
3. Not grounded upon reason or reasons; not
supported by any reason.
1553 GRIMALDE Cicero's Bk. Offices in. (1558) 124 That is
reasonlesse that some say [etc.). 1591 SHAKS. i Hen. VIt
v. iv. 137 This proffer is absurd, and reasonlesse. 1658 T.
WALL Charact. Enemies Ch. 23 Casting a fraudulent shew
of reason upon those things which are indeed reasonless.
1794 ANNA SEWARU Lett. (1811) IV. 34 The shallow, reason-
less oratory, which is so perpetually shifting its ground.
1874 T. N. HARPER Peace through Truth Ser. n. i. p. xx,
The feelings of the great body of the people, even though
reasonless, ought to be respected.
T"b. of a reason. (Common c 1600-50.) Obs.
a 1603 T. CARTWRIGHT Confu^ Rhem. N. T. (1618) Pref.
26 To affirme that a substanliall reason .. should be iudged
reasonlesse. 1634 CANNE Necess. of Separ. (1849) =1° It is
likely he saw that there was no help for him there, and
therefore only makes use of this reasonless reason. 1670
G. H. Hist. Cardinals \. i. 20 The good Father.. made me
a long discourse. ., alleging reasonless reasons.
•fi. adv. Without reason. Obs. rare~l.
1632 BROME Crt. Beggar iv. iii, Since reasonlesse you layd
those wrongs upon me.
Hence Rea'soulessly adv., Rea soulessness.
1889 Harper^s Mag. Apr. 721/2 Reasonlessly, silently, all
her anger against him vanished. 1891 MAX MULLER Pres.
Addr. Brit. Assoc. in Nature 3 Sept., He saw . . that there
is no possible transition from reason less ness to reason.
Reasoune, obs. form of REASON sb.1
RE-ASPIRE.
Re-aspi-re, ^. [RE- 5 a.] To aspire again.
1621 S. WARD Life of Faith 2 It would pittie one to see
how lamely and blindly hee re-aspires thereunto. 1646 E.
F[ISHER] Mod. Divinity (ed. 2) 222 The soule is thereby
made to re-aspire towards, .that chief good, even God.
Reassa'il, v. [RE- 5 a.] To assail again.
1579 FENTON Guicciard. i\. (1599) 67 The king complayned
. .that he did not eftsoones reassayle with a new supply [of
vessels] the rocke of Yschia. 1665 GLANVILL Def. Van.
Dogm. 75 And possibly could with an humor brisk enough
have reassailed the spirit of proud and unreasonable pre-
sumption. 1851 C. L. SMITH tr. Tasso m. xxxi, Then showed
her front and re-assailed the foe.
Reassault, *& [RE- 5 a.] A renewed or
repeated assault.
1611 FLORIO, Riassalto, a re-assault. 1631 R. BYFIELD
Doctr. Sabb. 3 Never so subtle or serpentine in malice to a
re-assault, a 1711 KEN Urania Poet. Wks. 1721 IV. 471
The Chaste . . By Watching, Prayr, Fasts, Alms, Lust's Fury
quell, and all its reassaults repell.
Reassatrlt, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To assault
or attack again.
1654 H. L'ESTRANGE Chas. I (1655) 24 One Turner a
Doctor of Physick, reassaults it in these six Queries. 1674
T. FLATMAN Agst. Thoughts Poems 102 Then they throng
again, And reassault me with a trebled pain. 1x1711 KF.N
Hymnotheo Poet. Wks. 1721 III. 220 Soon as this lower
World becomes our own, We with success may reassault
the Throne. 1851 C. L. SMITH tr. Tasso HI. xxiii, She
covered her fair head.. And re-assaulted him.
Reassay, v. [RE- 5 a.] a. intr. To make
a fresh attempt, b. trans. To test the purity of
(metals) again. Hence Reassaying vbl. sb.
1598 FLORIO, Rattentare^ to reattempt, to reassaie. 1665
BRATHWAIT Comment Two Tales 140 In this sort she re-
assaies to course him before she leave him. 1677 Touch-
stone in Rigland Assay Gold $ Silver IV, 71 Four grains
out of every twelve ounces that is marked, is . . to be detained
and kept for a reassaying. 1898 Daily News 2 May 6/7
They require hall-marked silver to be re-assayed.
fReassecure, v. Obs. rare—1. [RE- 5 a.]
trans. To make secure again.
1654 EARL MONM. tr. Bentivoglio 's Warrs Flanders 384
Thinking that it was sufficient for them to reassecure their
Neutralities which had been violated.
Reasse*mblage. [RE- 5 a.] A collecting,
meeting, or gathering together again.
1744 HARRIS Three Treat. \. notes (1765) 264 New Beings
arise from the Re-assemblage of the scattered Parts. 1792
Ann, Reg., Chron, 49 A reassemblage of the mob was appre-
hended. 1815 SOUTHEV in Q. Rev, XIII. 482 It will not
now be doubted that Buonaparte had this reassemblage in
view. 1890 WEISSMANN in Nature 6 Feb. 319 The giving
off, circulation, and reassemblage of gemmules.
Reassemble (rf,ase*mb'l), v. [RE- 5 a. Cf.
F. rassentbler, f reassembler (i4th c.).]
1. trans. To bring together again, to collect anew.
1494 FABYAN Chron. vn. ccxlvi. 289 Kynge Phylyp re-
assembled his Knyghtes, and sped hym towarde the coun-
trey of Poytoys. c 1520 BARCLAY Jugjirth xxxi. 430, Whan
Metellus (as sayd is) had reasembled them againe : he began
in fewe wordes to pray and exhort them. 1667 MILTON
P. L. i. 186 Reassembling our afflicted Powers, Consult how
we may henceforth most offend Our Enemy. 1751 JOHNSON
Rambler No. 157 F 12, I was reassembling my scattered
sentiments. 1768-71 H. WALPOLE I'ertue's Anecd. Paint.
(1786) V. 267 King Charles's collection, which his royal high-
ness wished as far as possible to re-assemble. 1863 COWDEN
CLARKE Shaks. Char. vii. 173 Her old father pathetically
endeavours to reassemble his wandering ideas.
refl. 1818 SCOTT Rob Roy viii, Morris, whose scattered
wits had hardly yet reassembled themselves.
2. intr. To meet, come together, again.
1611 COTGR., Reconvtnir, to reassemble, reunite, c 1645
HOWELL Lett. i. n. xix. (1890) I, 133 At the dissolution of
the last Assembly at Lodun, where he solemnly gave his
word, to permit them to re-assemble when they would six
months after. 1677 COLES Eng.-Lat. Diet., To Reassemble,
mrsutn con-venire. 182 1 SHELLEY Hellas 1003 If Greece
must be A wreck, yet shall its fragments re-assemble. 1882
J. HAWTHORNE Fort. Fooli. xviii, They would reassemble
in London once more.
Hence Beaase'mbling vbl. sb.
1611 COTGR., R alliement, a rallying, reassembling, re-
uniting. 1817 Parl. Deb. 247 Mr. Hunt's parliament at
Spa-fields was prorogued, and at the re-assembling received
a royal message. 1863 H. Cox Instit. i. vi. 32 This rule ,.
applies as well to the original meeting of a Parliament as
to its reassembling after prorogation.
Reasse;mbly. [RE- 5 a. Cf. obs. F. rfas-
semblee (1606-9 in Godef.)] = REASSEMBLAGE.
1611 FLORIO, Radnnanza^ a re-assemblie. 163* H. SEILE
Augustus xlviii. 157 The Soldiers. .he dispersed. .all about
Italy, in 32. Colomos : .. for their more speedy reassembly,
if need should require. 1779-81 JOHNSON L. /*., Young
Wks. IV. 278 The re-assembly of the atoms that compose
the human body. 1896 Daily Chron. 25 Aug. 3/5.
Reassert (rfiasaut), v. [RE- 5 a.]
L trans. To assert (a statement, claim, etc.) again.
a 1665 J. GOODWIN Filled «-. the Spirit (1867)^ 162 We
might re-assert our former argument for the divinity of the
Holy Ghost. 1716 POPE Odyss. xvn. 147 With equal fury,
and with equal fame, Shall great Ulysses re-assert his claim.
1771 Junitts Lett. Ivi. 293 You replied with abuse, and re-
asserted your charge. 1855 LYTTON Rienziv, v, I re-asserted
each right, and proved it. 1879 FROUDE Cxsar xxii. 368
They had an opportunity of reasserting their independence.
refl. 1840 MILL Diss. <$• Disc. (1875) I. 417 The natural
tendency .. reasserted itself. 1854 K.INCSLEY Alexandria
Pref. 10 These laws will .. reassert themselves.
1 2. To reassign (a person) to a condition. Obs."~l
1675 SOUTH Serin. (182^) I. 297 Gross ingratitude in the
person . . made free, forfeits his freedom, and re-asserts him
to his former conditions of slavery.
216
3. To claim (a thing) again, rare.
1715 POPE Odyss. i. 52 To warn the wretch, that young
Orestes grown To manly years sliou'd re-assert the throne.
1853 KANE Grtnnell Exp. xxv. (1856) 202 Both of these
documents reassert the name of Albert Land for the large
tract of high lands.
Hence Reasse'rting vbl. sb.
1697 C. LESLIE Snake in Grass (ed. 2) 233 A fair occasion
. , towards the Re-asserting of the Good Old Cause.
ReasseTtion. [RE- 5 a.] A repeated asser-
tion, a reaffirmation.
1848 R. I. WILBERFORCE Doctr. Incarnation xii. (1852) 327
The glowing words in which Scripture describes the privi-
leges of Christians, are regarded . . as a re-assertion of the
claims of nature. 1880 E. WHITE Ctrt, Relig. 106 A reso-
lute reassertion by scholars of the Baconian laws of scientific
interpretation.
So Reasse'rtor, one who asserts again.
1859 SMILES Self-Help iii. (1860) 48 A recent reassertor of
the power of perseverance.
Re-aSSe-SS, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To assess
anew.
1803 W. TAYLOR in Ann. Rev, I. 427 Whatever taxes are
laid on the rent of land, must be re-assessed by the grower
of corn on the produce. 1813 — in Monthly Mag. XXXVI.
7 This . . will be- re-assessed with a profit on the poor. 1884
Law Times Rep. L. 142/1 The rateable value of certain
property having been re-assessed at a much higher sum.
So Re-asse ssmeut.
1777 BURROW Rej>. IV. 2291 Personal Estate Is not gene-
rally rated to the Poor, throughout the Kingdom ; and very
seldom to the Land Tax, unless upon a Re-assessment.
1886 Pall Mall G. 10 Aug. 8/2 There had been lately in
London a quinquennial reassessment.
t Keaasiege, v. Obs. rare-1. [RE- 5 a.] trans.
To lay siege to anew.
1577 HOLINSHED Hist. Scot. 4I2/I Which occasioned the
castell of Edenborough to be reasseeged and inuironed both
bysea and land.
Reassi'gn, v. [RE- 5 a.] To assign anew.
1611 COTGR., Recotisignert to reconsigne, reassigne, re-
appoint. 1721 in BAILEY [hence in later Diets]. 1893 Voice
(N. Y.) 8 June, Generally on the occasion of a new sovereign
all lands were reassigned.
So Beassig nation (Bailey 1721); Beassi gu-
ment (Worcester 1850).
Reassrmilate, f». [RE- 5 a.] To assimilate
anew. So Beassimila tion.
1828 in WEBSTER. 1876 DOUSE Grimm's L. in A partial,
but now arrested reassimilation.
Reasso'ciate, v. rare. [RE- 5 a.] refl. and
intr. To come together again.
1494 FABYAN Chron. vn. 552 Some euyll dysposyd ..
reassociat them, and sayde and cryed that [etc.]. 1809 A.
HENRY Trav. 124 The Indian families .. separate in the
winter season, . . and re-associate in the spring and summer.
Reasso'rt, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To assort
again. So Beasso'rtment.
1779 FORREST Voy. N. Guinea 294 He took care to provide
.. reassortments of stock, which he safely deposited in his
warehouse. 1870 ORTON Andes ff Amazons n. xxxii. (1876)
438 Wool is generally taken to that city . . to be re-assorted
and repacked. 1872 \V. S. SYMONDS Rec. Rocks vL 193 The
whole mass has evidently been reasserted by water.
t Reassert, obs. variant of RESORT v.
1535 in Lett, Suppress. Monasteries (Camden) 85 There
was here suche frequence of women commyng and reassert-
ing to this monastery.
Reassoune, obs. Sc. form of REASON sbj-
Reassume (r/~iasi«-m), v. [f. RE- 53-*- AS-
SUME v. Cf. Sp. reasnmir, Pg. reassumir. It, ri-
assumere. See also RESUME V., with which this
word formerly coincided in many of its senses.]
1. trans. To take, or take op, again (a material
thing laid down or handed to another).
1494 FABYAN Chron. vn. 319 Pandulph toke y8 Crowne of
the Kynge,. .y« Kynge reassumyd the Crowne of Pandulph.
1628 FELTHAM Resolves H. XXL 70 Beware him, as an
Enemie, apt to re-assume his Armes. 1679 New Advice in
Roxb. Bail. (1883) IV. 548 Painter, once more thy Pencil
reassume. a 1766 MRS. F. SHERIDAN Sidney Bidulph\. 44, -
I shall break off here, and shall re-assume my pen in tne
evening. 1848 C. C CLIFFORD tr. Aristophanes^ Frogs 18
No nonsense, Xanthias ; reassume your pack.
b. To revoke, take back (a grant, gift, etc.).
1609 DANIEL Civ. Wars in. Ixxxix, His successour . . did
reuocate And re-assume his liberalities. 1675 H. NEVILE
MachiavellCs Prince vii. Wks. 209 Lest the next Pope
should .. reassume all that Alexander had given him.
1726 POPE Odyss. xvi. 476 She waves her golden wand, and
reassumes From ev'ry feature every grace that blooms.
1792 CHARLOTTE SMITH Desmond I. 129 What then should
prevent ajiation from re-assuming grants? 1816 SCOTT
Antiq. xviii, His lands., lay waste till they were re-
assumed by the emperor as a lapsed fief.
t C. To rescind, recall (a vote). Obs.
1685 S. SEWALL Diary 22 Oct., Deputies reassume their
vote as to the treasurer, and consent with the magistrates
1716 B. CHURCH Hist. Philip's War (1867) II. 128 The
Lieut. Governour . . told them except they did Re-assume
that Vote, .they should sit there till the next Spring.
2. a. To take back (a person) into close relation-
ship with oneself.
1610 DONNE Pseudo-martyr 13 The seuerity which the
Church vsed towards them,, .and her bitternesse and auerse-
nes, from re-assuming them, euen after long penances, into
her bosome. 1647 N. BACON Disc. Govt. Eng. i. xlvL (1739)
76 He reseized and reassumed the English, in partnership
with the Norman in their ancient right of Government.
1667 MILTON P. L. x. 225 Into his blissful bosom reassum'd
In glory as of old.
REASSUME.
b. To take back (a thing) as a constituent part.
1692 RAV Disc. II. ii. (1732) 74 Carried off by the rivers
and reassumed by the sea. 1741 MONRO Anat. (ed. 3) 22
The Marrow . . is reassumed into the Mass of Blood. 1883
Cath. Diet. (1897) 744/1 St. Thomas says .. that all the
particles of blood which Christ shed in his Passion were
reassumed by him in His resurrection.
3. To take again upon oneself:
a. a shape or form, a garb or something worn.
1624 HEYWOOD Gunaik. i, 31 By the bankes of Nilus re-
assumed her humane shape. 1660 F. BROOKE tr. Le Blanc's
Trav. 221 The.. Steward of houshold .. caused him to
reassume his apparell. 1719 J. T. PHILIPPS tr. Thirty-four
Confer. 283 At the great Day of Accompts the Souls shall
re-assume their former Bodies. 1771 MRS. GRIFFITH Hist.
Lady Barton II. 271, 1 could again be weak enough .. to
reassume those rosy fetters. 1855 LONGF. Htaiv. xn. 304
Then the birds, again transfigured, Reassumed the shape of
mortals. 1873 B. STEWART Consent. Force § 157 The heat
thus spent reassumes the form of molecular motion.
b. a charge, office, exercise of power, etc.
163* SIR T. HAWKINS tr. Mat/ticu's Unhappy Prosf. i. 24
Hee should re-assume the charge [which] had beene taken
from him. 1670 MILTON Hist. Eng. i. Wks. (1851) 25
Elidure now in his own behalf re-assumes the Government.
17*6 AYLIFFE Parergon 162 After Henry the VHIth had
re-assum'd the Supremacy. 1774 tr. Helvetius' Child Nat.
II. 245 At last, reason reassumed her empire. 1821 SHELLEY
Pronteth. Una. III. i. 58 The tyranny of heaven none may
retain, Or reassume, or hold. 1885 M. ARNOLD in Pall
Mall G. 3 Nov. 3/2 To reassume an office at sixty-two is
not the same thing as to assume it at thirty-two.
C. a character, attribute, quality, feeling, etc.
1631 MASSINGER Maid of Hon. v. ii, I conjure you To
re-assume your order [of knighthood]. 1655 tr. Com. Hist.
Francion xn. 23 Little and little he began to reassume his
Spirits. 1671 MRS. BEHN Forced Marriage i. iii, Go, re-
assume your beauty; dry your eyes. 1711 STEELE Sfect.
N 0.432*4 These little Republicks reassume their National
Hatred to each other. 1785 G. A. BELLAMY Apol. IV. 37
Upon rejoining the company, he reassumed his good humour
and politeness. 1810 SOUTHEY Kehanta xxiv. iv, Then did
the Man-God re-assume His unity. 1899 Allbutfs Syst.
Med, VIII. 482 The quality of reassuming turgescence on
excitement.
d. a right, title, name, etc.
1660 T. M. Hist. Independ. iv. 101 The Lords (who had
now reassumed their Native right by taking their places in
the higher House). 1761 GRAY Odin 92 Night Has re-
assum'd her ancient right 1813 EUSTACE Class. Tour
(1821) IV. 328 Whether Italy be destined tore-assume her
honors. 1830 LYTTON P. Clifford xxxiii, He had re-assumed
his hereditary name. 1847 MRS. A. KERR tr. Ranke's
Hist. Servia vi. 114 They re-assumed the title of Dahi.
e. refl. To return to one's natural character.
i68a N. O. Boileau's Lutrin i. 149 Then Reassume your-
self, forbear to Boat. 1811 Henry <y Isabella I. 168 She
instantly combated what she considered an ungenerous
suspicion, and reassumed herself.
r. absol. To take office again. Obs. rare.
1716 B. CHURCH Hist. Philip's War (1867) II. 3 Soon
after this was the Revolution, and the other Government
Re-assumed.
4. To take, resume (one's place) again.
1640 in Rushw. Hist, Coll. in. (1692) I. 45 Mr. Solicitor.,
reassumed the Chair again. 1670 DRYDEN Cong, Granada
i. ii, But now my Reason re-assumes its Throne. 0x711
KEN Hymnotheo Poet. Wks. 1721 III. 84 The scatter'd
Atoms of each humane Mold . . Shall .. re-assume in Men
their pristine site. 1789 CHARLOTTE SMITH Ethelinde (1814)
IV. 131 Again reassuming his place at the breakfast -table.
1821 SHELLEY Ess. <$• Lett. (1852) II. 255 We could easily
reassume our station with the spring at Pugnano or the
baths. 1841 CLOUGH Poems (1862) 8 The day may come
I yet may re-assume My place.
6. To recommence, take up again, resume :
f a. speech, discourse, thought, a subject, etc.
Very common in the i7th and i8th centuries.
1608 WILLET Hexapla Exod. 818 After the lewes had
made answere..the Lord presently reassumeth that speech.
1660 ItiGELQ^Bentiv. 4- Ur. n. (1682) 102 They might after-
wards re-assume their delightful conversation. 1682 VERNON
Life Heylin 183 He again re-assumes the Argument and
confutes all that BeHarmin and others produce for it. 1715-6
Town Talk No. 4 Mr. Arthur reassumed the discourse.
1755 B. MARTIN Mag. Arts $ Sc. i. n We will re-assume
the Subject of the Ptolomaic System.
b. a practice, action, occupation, etc.
Common in the i7th and i8th centuries.
1624 Bp. MOUNTAGU Gagg 244 A thing prohibited in the
councell of Laodicea, but re-assumed, and long time fre-
quented m the Church, a 1641 — Acts $ Mon. (1642) 144
They re-assumed the work upon warrant of Cyrus his
former Edict. 170* ECHARD Eccl. Hist. (1710) 492 Those
kind of Spectacles were already over, and not to be re-
assumed the same day. 1756 TOLDERVY Hist. 2 Orphans
III. 12 Our company reassumed their march ; and. .arrived
in good time. 1791 CHARLOTTE SMITH Celestina (ed. 2) I.
220 To quiet the perturbation of her mind by re-assuming
her usual occupations. 1824 in Spirit Pub. Jrnls, (18251
«;o8 Mary Stuart haying brought some superb diamonds
into France, the ladies of the Court re-assumed the wear
of them.
t c. With inf. Obs. rare.
1646 FULLER Wounded Consc. (1841) 313, I re-assume to
personate a wounded conscience.
f d. intr. To resume, continue speaking, after
a pause. Obs.
1719 J. T. PHILIPPS tr. Thirty-four Confer. \* Then they
re-assumed and said. 1768 STERNE Sent, jfourn. II. no
Case of Conscience, I own it is necessary, re-assumed the
master of the hotel, that [etc.]. 1796 CHARLOTTE SMITH
Marchmont I. 60 ' Ah, my dear love!' reassumed this ad-
mirable woman, after a short pause.
t 6. To repeat. Obs. rare.
1631 R. BYFIELU Doctr. Sabb. 17, I re-assume that your
BEASSITMING.
exposition is meerely a dreame. 1684 T. HOCKIN God's
Decrees 353 Here give me leave to re-assume that great
Apostolical caution.
Hence Reassu-ming vbl. sl>.
tr. Bxcalin s vts. r. arnass. I. v. 174 5 n e ee-
tian Common-wealth, those reformations of Government,
those re-assumings of State were never seen.
t Reassu-mpt, v. Obs. rare-1. [RE- 5 a.J
= RE ASSUME v. (Only \npa.pple.}
1561 DAUS tr. Bullinger on Apoc. (1573) 273 b, S. John
speaketh not of the bodyes reassumpted, chaunged.orraysed
agayne at the last iudgement.
Reassvrmption. [RE- 5 »•] The act of
reassuming.
1611 FLORIO, ReassuntUiie, a reassumption. 1695 J.
EDWARDS Perfect. Script. 469 Ver. 1 1 . . is but a repetition or
reassumption of this. 1701 DE FOE Trueborn Eng. I. 145
He did not send his Dutchmen home again. No Re-
assumptions in his Reign were known. 1815 SOUTHEY in
Q. Rev. XIII. 55 The return from Elba and the reassump-
tion of the throne.
Reassurance (rf|aju»-rans). [RE- 5 a. Cf.
F. rassurame and, in sense 3, reassurance (1681).]
1. Renewed or repeated assurance ; repetition of
assuring statements.
1611 FLORIO, Rassicurdnza, a re-assurance. 1643 PRYNNE
Sov. Pcnuer Purl. in. 25 He hastily dispatcheth messengers
to him with great summes of Money, and a re-assurance
of his tributary Subjection. 1863 J. C. JEAFFRESON Sir
EverariTs Dau. 186 So wrought upon by the re-assurances
of his physician. 1873 BROWNING Red Colt. Nt.-caf l. 403
By reassurance of that promise old.
2. Renewed or restored confidence.
1875 CHURCH Pascal, etc. xyi. (1895) 272 We have learned
from facts a reassurance which some only can find in the
most self-consistent theories.
3. Reinsurance.
1745-6 Act 19 Geo. If, c. 37 § 4 It shall not be lawful to
make Re-assurance, unless the Assurer shall be insolvent,
become Bankrupt, or die. 1826-30 KENT Comm. v. xlviii.
(1858) III. 368 The contract of reassurance is totally distinct
from, and unconnected with, the primitive insurance.
Reassure (r»"ia|u»u), v. [f. RE- 5 a + ASSURE v.
Cf. F. rassurer (OF. rasseurer), and, in sense 3,
^assurer (1681 in Littr^).]
fl. trans. To re-establish, confirm (a thing).
Also const, to (a person), b. To confirm (one)
again in (an honour). Obs.
1613 SIR R. BOYLE in Lismare Papers (1886) I. 28, I..
reassured the said land to him by my lease for xxi yeares.
1637 SALTONSTALL Eusebius1 Const/inline 36 [They] were
restored to their former dignities, and reassured their former
honours, a 17x1 KEN Anodynes Poet. Wks. 1721 III. 422
They long sharp Penances endur'd, Till ghostly Health
was reassur'd. 1764 CHURCHILL Gotham in. Poems 1772
III. 153 Ere 'tis too late wish'd Health to re-assure.
2. To restore (a person, the mind, etc.) to confi-
dence. f Also const, from (a fear), and with inf.
1598 DALLINGTON Meth. Trav. M iij, By this meanes hee
should reassure other Cities that then stoode wauering. 1687
A. LOVELL tr. Thevenofs Trav. n. 184, I endeavoured _to
reassure him and the rest from the fear which made him
speak so. 1697 DRYDEN /Eneid vni. 146 They rose with
Fear,.. Till dauntless Pallas reassur'd the rest, To pay the
Rites. 1718 ELIZA HEYWOOD tr. Mad. de Gomez's Belle A.
(1732) II. 289 The Air with which I spoke these Words
something re-assuring him. 1806 SURR Winter in Land.
III. 34 With a calmness of manner that reassured me, as
it demonstrated that he had no suspicion of me. 1879
MCCARTHY Own Times II. xxviii. 333 This was a sort of
explanation more likely to alarm than to reassure the public.
b. To confirm again in an opinion or impression.
Const, of.
1811 SYD. SMITH Lett. Ixxvi, There is great happiness in
the country, but it requires a visit to London every year to
reassure yourself of this truth. iSji BYRON Juan in.
xxxvii, And long he paused to reassure his eyes.
3. To reinsure.
1826-30 KENT Comm. v. xlviii. (1858) III. 368 The insurer
may have the entire sum he hath insured, reassured to him
by some other insurer. 1828 WEBSTER, Reassure, to insure
a second time against loss..; to insure against loss that
may be incurred by taking a risk.
Hence Beassu reel ppl. a. ; Reassu rement ;
Beassurer; Beassu'i-ing //•'. a.; Beassu'r-
ingly adv.
1896 Weshn. Gaz. 28 Dec. 5/2 One of the two Johannes-
burg deputies.. sent off a "reassured and reassuring tele-
gram. 1891 E. & D. GERARD Sensit. Plants II. 11. xii. 124
This was meant as a *reassurement, but his words startled
Janet further. 1828 WEBSTER, *Reassurer, one who insures
the first underwriter. 1897 Allbutfs Syst. Med. II. 273
In this matter the profession should take the part of the
reassurer and not of the alarmist. 1861 TRENCH Ep. 7
Churches Asia 114 This may not sound, at the first hear-
ing, a "reassuring word. 1884 Athenauiiu 14 June 754/3 If
there be any fears of severance from old associations,, .such
works as the present may have a reassuring effect. 1872
GEO. ELIOT Mittdlctii. xxxii, ' I .shall take a mere mouthful
of ham and a glass of ale ', he said, "reassuringly.
Keast, var. REKST v., obs. f. REST v.
Reasty (rf-sti), a. Obs. exc. dial. Also 7, 9
reisty, 9 reesty, reeasty, raisty, etc. [Later
form of RESTY a, ; cf. REESED a.]
1. Rancid. Cf. REASY i.
1573 TUSSF.R Husb. (1878) 53 Through follie too beastlie
much bacon is reastie. 1632 SHERWOOD, Reasie (or reastie),
rand, relaut. 1639 HORN & ROB. Gate Lang. Unl. xxvi.
S 329 Musty,, .tainted, sappy, rotten, reisty things such as
bacon and grease is wont to be. 1688 R. HOLME Armoury
VOL. VIII.
217
in. 269/1 Much Bacon and long kept, grpweth reasty.
1821 A. WELBY Visit N. Anter. 113 For six months the
food . . was only some reasty bacon and Indian corn. 1848
A. B. EVANS Leicestersh. Words s.v., ' That ere oil's as raisty,
as raisty.' 1855- in many dial, glossaries.
trans/. 1593 G. HARVEY Pierce's Safer, in. 147 Martins
Vnbrideled stile, and Pap-hatchets reastie eloquence.
T 2. = REASY 2 (q.v.).
Rea'sy, a. Obs. exc. dial. Also 8 reesy, 9
reezy. [Obscurely related to prec. ; cf. REESE v,]
1. Rancid, 'reasty'.
i6xz COTGR., Rand, musty, fusty, reasie, resti, tainted.
1736 BAILEY Househ. Diet. 140 The butter-milk in fresh
butter must not by any means be wash'd out with water ; . .
for water will make it rusty or reesy. 1848 A. B. EVANS
Leicestersh. Words, Reasy or Reezy, rancid : said of bacon.
f 2. Idle, lazy. Obs. rare -°.
1679 COLES Eng.-Lat. Diet. (ed. 2), Reasy, reasty, reses,
deses. To be reasie, resided, stupeo, torpeo.
Hence •)• Bea'siness. Obs. rare~".
1611 COTGR., Rancissure, mustinesse, fustinesse, reasi-
nesse. 1679 COLES Eng..Lat. Diet. (ed. 2) Reasiness,
desidia, pigritia.
Reasynge, obs. form of RAISIN.
•f Reat, sb. Sc. Obs. rare — '. [ad. L. reat-us, {.
reus accused.] Offence, wrong-doing.
'535 STEWART Cron. Scot. II. 667 Of thi reat this tyme
full soir I rew ; In tyme to cum so that thow wilbe trew,
Heir I forgif the ail faltis bygone.
t Reat, v. (fa. t.) Obs. rare.
Of doubtful origin and meaning ; the intransitive example
may belong to ruten to dart, rush : see ROUT v.
a 1225 Juliana 54 J>e edie meiden . . reat him mitte rake*
tehe unrudeliche swi3e & warp him foro efter bet from
hire. Ibid. 58 So ber lihtinde com an engel of heouene &
reat to bat hweol swa bat hit al to refde.
Reat, obs. f. RATE sb.1 Reata : see RIATA.
Reatch, obs. form of REACH sb.1 and v.1
Reatchlessness, obs. var. RECKLESSNESS.
Reate (r«t). Obs. exc. arch. [Of obscure origin:
cf. REIT.] A species of water-crowfoot, Ranun-
culus fluitans.
1661 WALTON Angler (ed. 3) xx. 242 To kill the water-
weeds, as Water-lillies, Candocks, Reate and Bullrushes.
1840 BROWNING Sordello vi. 81 Pure, loquacious pearl the
soft tree-tent Guards, with its face of reate and sedge.
Reath, obs. form of RAITH.
Reafte, obs. form of RATHE adv.
Reattach. (n.atse-tj), v. [RE- 5 a. Cf. F.
rattacher (istli c.) ; OK. rattachier.']
f 1. trans. Law. To seize (a person) by authority
of a writ of reattachment. Const, for. Obs.
1607 COWELL Interpr. s.v. Reattachment, Reattachment
general seemeth to be, where a man is reattached for his
appearance vpon all writs of Assise lying against him.
2. To attach again. Const, to.
1814 SIR R. WILSON Priv. Diary (1862) II. 489 His lord-
ship, .suggests that marshal Bellegarde should re-attach to
his own army the division Gciber. 1841-4 EMERSON Ess.
Ser. II. i. (1876) 22 The poet, who reattaches things to
nature and the Whole.
refl. 1813 W. TAYLOR in Monthly Rev. LXXII. 424 The
church separated from the aristocracy, and re-attached
itself to the regal order. 1860 TYNDALL Glac. n. xxii. 347
The ice was crushed, but the crushed fragments soon
re-attached themselves.
Reatta'clinient. [RE- 5 a.] A fresh attach-
ment, esp. in Law.
1574 tr. Littleton's Tenures 42 The demaundante or
pleintife. .may have a resummons or a reattacbment uppon
his original. 1607 COWELL Interpr , Reattachment, a
second Attachment of him, that was formerly attached.
1634 Irish Act 10 Chas. I, Sess. n. c. 14 To prosecute and
sue re-summons, re-attachments, . . or other such like pro-
cesse. 1860 TYNDALL Glac. n. xxx. 405 Some of them have
yielded along a plane passing through them, . . but the re-
attachment is very strong.
Reatta'ck, v. [RE- 5 a.] To attack again.
a 1711 KEN Psyche Poet Wks. 1721 IV. 195 And if I
chance my Watch to slack, My Soul they re-attack. 1795
NELSON 7 Feb. in Nicolas Disp. (1845) II. 6, I was the
cause of re-attacking Bastia, after our Generals gave it
over, from not knowing the force. 1894 Westm. Gaz. 16
Oct. s/i The Kaffirs are re-attacking Lorenzo Marquez.
Reattai'ii, v. [RE- 5 a.] To attain again.
1609 DANIEL Civ, Wars v. Iv, And got and lost, and
reattaines (againe) That which again was lost.
So Reattai'nment.
1853 MILL Diss. * Disc., Grate's Greece (1859) II. 513 The
resurrection of Athens, and her reattainment .. of something
like imperial dignity.
Reatte'inpt, sb. [RE- 5 a.] A second trial.
1598 FLORIO, Kitento, a reattempt, reassaying. i66z
HICKERINGILL Jamaica 56 Being so often refrustrated in
their reattempts.
Reatte'nipt, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To attempt
anew. Hence Keatte-mpting vbl. sb.
1583 HAYES Voy. Sir If. Gilbert in Hakluyt Voy. (1600)
III. 158 Also laying downe his determination in the
Spring following, for disposing of his voyage then to be
reattempted. 1598 FLORIO, Rattentarc, to reattempt, to
reassaie. Ibid., Rattento, a reattempting, a reassaying.
1646 SIR T. BROWNE Pseud. Ep. 319 It was first attempted
by Sersostris, . .but was long after re-attempted, and in some
manner effected by Philadelphus. 1669 WOOUHEAD St.
Teresa n. ii. 8, I should . . discourse no more ot it, till t
season came for re-attempting the business.
Reatte-nd, v. [RE- 5 a-] \f,ms. To attend
to again • to give renewed attention to (a thing).
l64z QUARLES Dili. Potms, Jonah (ed. 2) 22 With prayers,
andpains re-utter'd, re-attended ; They try'd new ways,
REAVE.
despairing of the old. a 1711 KEN Christophil Poet. Wks.
1721 I. 429 We Thoughts on Things extraneous spend,
And Heav'n can hardly re-attend.
Reaue, obs. form of REAVE, REEVE.
Reaulte, variant of REALTY l Obs.
Reaume, obs. form of REALM.
II Reaumur (r«|0mar). [See def.] The name
of a French physicist (1683-1757), used e-llipt. to
denote the thermometer or thermometric scale intro-
duced by him about 1730, in which the freezing
point of water is o° and the boiling point 80°.
In English works the accent on the e is usually omitted.
1782 JEFFERSON Notes on Virginia (1787) 132 In rooms
heated to 140° of Reaumur, equal to 347° of Farenheit. 1814
tr. Klaproth's Trav. 271 The water . . commonly has a
temperature of more than 55° Reaumur. 1855 English,
woman in Russia 5 There were but 18° of Reaumur ; the
sky was beautifully blue.
Reaunceoune, obs. form of RANSOM sb.
Reaute, variant of REALTY l Obs.
Reauthentica'tion. [RE- 5 a.] A renewed
authentication.
1802-12 BENTHAM Ration. Judic. Evid. (1827) IV. 634
Until the authenticity of the supposed transcript can be
put out of doubt (for example, by being sent to the original
for reauthentication. .).
Reau-thorize, v. [RE- 5 a.] To authorize anew.
1646 TRAPP Comm. John xxi. 17 To confirm him . . and to
re-authorize him in his apostleship.
Reave (rzv), v.1 Now only arch, or poet.
Forms: In/in. I rdafian, 2 rsDuen, 2-3 reauen,
3 reefenn, reafen, 3-5 refe(n, 3-6 reu-, reve(n,
5 revyn ; (? 4 reyue), 5-6 Sc. reif(f )e, rewe, 6 Sc.
reff-, 6 (8-9 Sc.') reeve, 6-7 reaue, 6- reave, (Sc.
reive, 9 rieve). Pa. t. a. I rfiafode, 2-3 reeuede,
reuede, 3 rewede, rsefde, refde, 4 revede ; (and
pa. pple.) 4-5 reu-, reued, (-id, -yd, 5 refyd,
reuet, Sc. rewyt, etc.), 6-7 reaued, 6- reaved,
9 riaved. 3. 3-6 raft(e, 5 raffle ; 3-5 refte, 4
reeft, 5 refft, 3- reft. Also pa. pple. 3 rsefedd,
refd, 4 yreued, -raft, 7 reauen. (See also RIVE
v.) [Comm. Teut. : OE. reafian = OFris. rdvia,
rdva, OS. rdfiSn (MLG. rdven, MDu. raven, Du.
roaven), OHG. roubon (MHG. rouben, G. raubeti),
Goth. (bi)raubSn :— OTeut. *rauti}jan, f. *rautom
(OE. riaf: see REIF), from the o-grade of a pre-
Teut. ablaut series *reup-, roup-, rup-, widely repre-
sented in the cognate languages ; the original sense
is app. that of breaking, as in OE. rtofan, ON.
rjtifa, ranfa, Lat. rup-, rumpere.
In the sense of robbing or plundering the word is wanting
in ON. The later Icel. reyfa {.from about 1400) is ad. Da.
rime (MDa. rSffiie, etc.), which like S%v. rfifi/a (MSw. rSffua,
rtnva, etc.) is from MLG. roven : cf. note to REAVER.
The spelling reive (or rievf), originally Sc.,is sometimes
employed when the reference is to the taking of goods or
cattle by force (cf. reiver, reiving)', in other senses the
normal Eng. spelling is retained, as in the comb. BEREAVE.]
1. intr. To commit spoliation or robbery ; to
plunder, pillage. Const./;w«. (In later use chiefly
Sc., sometimes written reive, rieve)
cy&Lindisf.Gosp. Matt. Contents xv, Ne Saem sloe^ende
ne 5aem reafende . . wiSstonda. a 1023 WULFSTAN Horn.
xxxiii. (Napier) 163 Hy her3ia6..rypaS and reafiaS and to
scipe Ixda9. c 1175 Lamb. Horn. 31 BluSeliche be mon
wife gan to scrifte & segge be preoste bet he haueo ireaueo
6 istolen. CI2OS-LAY. 10584 Heo rupten, heo rsefden \v.r.
refden], noht heo ne bi-laefden. a 1300 Cursor M. 6477 Lok
bat bou ne reue ne stele. 1375 BARBOUR Bruce xvi. 551
Thai . . Tuk land, and fast begouth toreif. c 1450 St. Cuthbert
(Surtees) 4898 pai slew, bai brent, bai robbed, bal reued.
c 1520 BARCLAY Jttgitrth xxvii. 37 Euery man . . robbyng and
reauynge without measure, from the commen wele. 1607
pease. 1851 LOWELL Poems, Anti-Apis, Thor the strong
could reave and steal. 1864 BURTON Scot Abr. I. il. 62 A
troop of bare-legged ruffians, who rieved and ravaged far and
f 2. trans, a. To despoil or rob (a person) ; to
deprive (one) of something by force. Obs.
scyldigan. c 1154 O. E. Chron. (Laud MS.) an. 1135 ^Eu
man sone rzuede ober be mihte. a 1225 A ncr. R. 286 Hwo
so euer on him sulf nimeS ouSer of beos two, he robbeo
God & reaueS. 13.. Cursor M. 6149 (GOtt.) Gpdd, f>at
v- .-..- y- ----,,. „ c ™, c .
reve him be the way. 1567 Gudc f, Godlie B. (S. 1. S.) 9
Commit na thift, na man thow reif.
20O2 \je sulclt tun"->» «• *" ...... -0. ^L VX
c 1465 in Three 15** Cent. Chron. (Camden) 23 The Kynge
off Scottes . . robbed and revid the contre about Derham.
3. To despoil, rob, or forcibly deprive (usually
a person) of something. (In mod. use chiefly in
pa. pple. reft.)
c 1275 LAY. 8799 He wolde me vt driue and refe me of ban
lifue c 1300 harrow. Hell 119 3'f b°u reuest me of myne
28
REAVE.
218
REB.
Y shal reue be of byne. c 1375 Sc. Leg, Saints xix.
(Christopher) 658 Ane arow . . rewyt be king of ane ee-sycht.
c 1470 HARDING Chron. i.xvm. x, So shall wee reue theim
sonest of their life. 1559 SACKVILLE Induct. Mirr. Mag.
liii, Pale death Enthryllyng it to reue her of her breath.
1567 GOLDING Ovid^s Met. xii. (1593) 283 Amycus .. began
To reeve and rob the bridehouse of his furniture. 1610 G.
FLETCHER Chris? s fr'ict. i. Ixviii, Though of present sight
her sense were reauen, Yet shee could see the things could
not be seen. 1757 GRAY Bard 79 Reft of a crown, he yet
may share the feast. 1813 SCOTT Triertn. in. Introd. i, A
wild resemblance we can trace, Though reft of every softer
grace. 1884 TENNYSON Becket i. iii. 364 We fear that he
may reave thee of thine own [eyes].
4. With double object : To take (a thing or per-
son) from (one) by, or as by, robbery or violence ; to
deprive (one) of (a possession, quality, etc.). ? Obs.
The personal object prob. represents an original dative,
and in early use is retained when the construction is passive.
c1 zzoo ORMIN 4470 3'ff bu raefesst me min bing pu raefesst
Godd tin sawle. Ibid. 8238 Himm wass pa be kinedom
Forr hise gilltess rsefedd. c 1300 Havclok 2590 He moun
vs . . thral maken, and do ful wo Or elles reue us ure Hues.
c 1320 Sir Tristr. 1220 pai raft me fowe & griis. Ibid, 3304
Mi leman fair and swete A kni^t hab_ reued me. c 1374
CHAUCER Boetk. iv. met. vii. 147 (Add.MS.JHeslou^ pelyoun
and rafte hym hys skyn. £1440 Partonope 3204 A wyne I
dranke. .Thorwe whiche my wyt was me rafte. 1450-80 tr.
Secreta Secret. 38 If thou maiste not reve hem her watir. .
envenyme it. 1561 NORTON & SACK. Gorbodnc n. i, I mer-
uaile inuche what reason leade the kynge. .to reue me halfe
ye kingdome. 1591 SYLVESTER Du Bartas i. i. 723 He reaves
him [Job] all his Cattel. 1594 CAREW Huarte's Exam.
Wits xv. (1596) 274 To say that Eue for her offence was
reft that knowledge which she wanted cannot be auouched.
6. To take forcible possession of (something be-
longing to another) ; to take away from another
for oneself.
c 815 Vesp. Psalter Ixviii. 5 Da ic ne reafade, Sa ic onlesde.
c 888 K. ALFRED Boeth. xiii, Se 3e hit [gold] gaderao" &
on o6rum reafa5. c 1000 ^ELFRIC Horn. I. 130 Swa hwsct
swa he aer on unriht. .reafode. a 1225 Ancr. J\. 396 pi luue
..is forto sullen, o5er heo is forto reauen & to nimen mid
strencSe. a 1300 Cursor M. 1962 Etc . . O nakin worme bat es
made, Na o fouxul bat refes his Huelade. c 1350 Will. Palerne
1824 Bred ober drinke . .redeli i wol it reue & come a £ein
swipe, c 1400 Yivaine fy Gaiv. 2253 My landes haves he
robbed and reft, Noght bot this kastel es me left, c 1470
HENRY Wallace iv. 59 The hors thai reft quhilk suld your
harnes ber. 1587 TURBERV. Trag. T, (1837) 83 It were a
worthie deede . . To murther him, and reave his realme. 1609
SKENE Reg". Maj, 14 The cat tell, or anie other thing thif-
teouslie stollen or reft. 1768-73 W. COLE in Willis & Clark
Cambridge (1886) II. 40, I observed all the Brass of Dr.
Stokes's Monument reaved,. .except a small Peice. 1808
SCOTT Marm. in. Introd. 69 The last, the bitterest pang . .
For princedoms reft, and scutcheons riven. 1866 SKEAT
Ludlow Castle i. Hi, Crafty foemen long to . . reave or spoil
The herdsman's care, the peasant's toil.
b. To take away (life, rest, sight, etc.).
£1330 Arih. fy Merl. 9088 (Kolbing) pai hem brewe wib
spere & kniif & ober armes to reuen her liif. 1375 HARBOUR
Bruce in. 715 The vvawys reft thar sycht of land, c 1440
Partonope 239 Let no such thoughtes reve youre rest. 1559
Mirr. Mag. (1563) X ij, Who reft my wyts? or howe do I
thus lye? 1590 SPENSER F. Q. n. i. 17 Sith that false tray-
tour did my honour reave. 1591 — M. Hubberd 34 Talke,
that might unquiet fancies reave. 0:1771 GRAY Dante 79
For then Hunger had reft my Eye-sight, 1872 BLACKIE
Lays Highl. 82 They shot . . And reaved his purple life.
c. Const, from (a person, etc.), f of, out of
(a place, etc.).
Usually conveying the idea of deprivation (as in a and b),
but sometimes merely expressing removal or separation.
c 1200 Vices fy Virtues n An oSer senne, Se reaueS godes
luue of mannes hierte. a 1300 Cursor M. 28791 To reue
a-nober his right him fra. c 1330 A rth. fy Merl. 4967
(Kolbing) For to haue anon yreued His bodi fram hisgentil
heued. c 1386 CHAUCER Monk's T, in He golden Apples
refte of the dragoun. c 1400 Destr. Troy 7680 He . . The
right arme, with a rappe, reft fro be shuldurs. c 1470 HENRY
Wallace x. 484, I mycht reiff . . Fra the thi crowne off this
regioun. 1513 DOUGLAS sEnets in. iii. 95 The rane and
roik reft fra ws sicht of hevin. 1590 SPENSER F. Q. i. i. 24
From her body.. He raft her hatefull heade without re-
morse. 1606 G. W[OODCOCKE] Hist, Ivstine xxxix. 125
Hauing giuen commaundement to haue the Image of
lupiter reft out of the Temple also, a 1638 MEDE Wks.
(1672) 311 The wicked shall be condemned at the last day,
not for reaving the meat from the hungry, but for not
feeding their poor brethren. 18*5 SCOTT Talism. viii, His
soul should not have been reft from his body. 1884 TENNY-
SON Becket i. iii, There be among you those that hold Lands
reft from Canterbury.
d. With away.
1382 WYCLIF Jer. 1. 11 ^ee ful out iojen, and grete thingus
speken, reuende awei myn eritage. 4:1400 Rowland $ O.
561 His schelde a waye it reuede. ^1450 St. Cuthbert
tSurtees) 2648 All his webb bat he weues, A puft of wynde
away reues. 1768 BEATTIE Minstr. i. xxxvi, Fell chanticleer !
who oft hast reft away My fancied good, a 1839 PRAED
Poems (1864) II. 290 The daily labour, and the nightly
lamp, Have reft away .. from him The liquid accent and
the buoyant limb.
6. To take or carry away (a person) from another,
from earth, to heaven, etc. ; also ellipt. to carry off
to heaven ; to take away from earth or this life.
(Also with soul as object.)
c i3oo ORMIN 19825 Herodian Filippess wif . . Jratt fra
Filippe raefedd was..& gifenn till Herode. 11x300 Cursor
M. 17551 He bam said he was be-nummen, * Reft awai for-
soth es he '. 1340 Ayenb. 143 [The soul] huanne hi is
y-reaued panne to heuene, hi lokep ope be erpe uram uer.
c I37S $c' Leg. Saints vi. (Thomas') 464 pane cumys ded
vnwenandly & rewis bame a-wa in hy. c 1450 St. Cutkbert
(Surtees) 6463 pat he was fra be erde reuyd And in thoght
to heuyn heuyd, 1563 Mirr. Mag. n. Compl, Henry Dk.
Buckhm. 126 When the fates had reft that royal prince
Edward the fowrth. 1590 GREENE Orl. Fur. Wks. (Rtldg.)
106/2 A Fury, sure, worse than Megaera was That reft her
son from trusty Pylades. 1637 MILTON Lycidas 107 Who
hath reft (quoth he) my dearest pledge? 1721 RAMSAY
/' '// never leave thee i, Tho'.. honour should reave me To
fields where cannons rair. 1818 SHELLEY Rev. Islam vin.
xxiv, We are wretched slaves, Who from their, .native land
Are reft, a 1873 LYTTON Pausanias n. iv, Wouldst thou see
my daughter reft from me by force.
t b. To deliver or rescue by carrying off. Obs.
(Also with double object, as in 4.)
a 1225 Juliana 68 Bihald me ant help me ant of pisse
reade leye ref me [and] arude me. a 1340 HAMPOLE Psalter
xvii. 20 He reft me out fra my faes stalworthest. c 1400
Destr. Troy 6838 Let vs reskew the Renke, refe hym his
fos ! 1550 Reg. Privy Council Scot. I. 97 The said Capitane
Skenestoun..reft the said Schir Robert fra thaim efter that
thai had takin him. a 1649 DRUMM. OF HAWTII. James II f
Wks. (1711) 56 If found guilty, they should not be reft
from justice by strong hand.
\ c. To take away, remove,_/?w« some condition,
activity, etc. Obs.
lorde. c 1381 CHAUCER Parl. Foules 86 The derke n
That revith bestis from here besynesse. 1621 BRATHWAIT
Nat. Embassie, etc. (1877) i£8 How hard it was from error
to be reau'd. 1665 DRYDKX & HOWARD hid. Queen v. i,
'Till fit for arms, I reaved you from your sport, To train
your youth in the Peruvian court.
f d. Sc. To snatch or lift up (in lit. and jig.
senses). Obs.
1561 WINJET Cert. Tract. Wks. (S. T. S.) I. 8 Gospellaris
and cunning in Scripture . . reft vp in hie curjositie of ques-
tionis. 1715 RAMSAY Christ's Kirk Gr. i. xii, The wyves
cam furth, and up they reft him, And fand lyfe in the loune.
Reave, v£ Now dial, or arch. Forms : Inf.
4 reue, 6 reve, 6-7 reave, 7, 9 reive, 9 reeve.
Pa. t. 3 reafde, refde, 4 raft, 5 Sc. reft. Pa. pple.
6 refte, 9 reft. [App. a confusion of prec. with
RIVE v. In mod. literary use only in the preterite
form reft.]
1 1. intr. To break in pieces ; to burst. Obs.
a 1225 Juliana 58 An engel . . reat to pat hweol swa pat
hit al to refde \Bodl. MS. to reafde]. c 1560 Disobed. Ckitd
(Percy Soc.) 6 Though ye crye tyll ye reve asunder I wyll
not meddle with sucli a matter.
2. trans. To tear ; to split, cleave.
a 1300 Cursor M. 4490 A mikel rauen mi basket hent,
Aboute mi heued he raft and rent. £1375 -Sc. Leg. Saints
xxvii. (Machor) 251 Scho . . with hyr newis reft hir brest,
1393 LANGL. P. PL C. iv. 203 Religion hue al to-reueb and
out of ruele to lybbe. 1578 T. PROCTOR Gorg. Gallery in
Heliconia (1815) I. 70 My sighes from sobbing harte Doth
reaue my brest in twayne. 1590 R. PAYNE Descr. Irel.
(1841) 6 Timber, .so good to reaue, that a simple workeman
with a Brake axe will cleaue a greate Oke. 1660 STANLEY
Hist. Phiios. ix. (1701) 369/1 Finding a great Tree with
Wedges in it, he set his Hands and Feet to it, trying to
reive it asunder. 18x4 SCOTT Ld. of Isles in. xxvii, The
patriot's burning thought.. Of England's roses reft and torn.
1887 Pall Mall G. n Nov. 7/1 The rock was reft asunder.
absol. 1895 CROCKETT Men of Moss-Hags xxxii. 235 [A
dog] ruggin' an' reevin' at the hinderlands o' him.
f 3. To pluck or pull up. Obs.
a 1400-50 A lexander 409 pis diuinour . . 5ede him furthe . .
herbis to seche, Reft pam vp be be rotes. 1558 PHAER
jEneid n. C i b, Against them Troians down the towres and
tops of houses rold, And rafters vp they reaue.
t Reave, v.% Obs. rare. ?var.
1613 SIR G. HELWYS in Buccleuch MSS. (Hist. MSS.
Comm.) 1. 161 Whether.. I had got any inkling of this fore-
said foul act or not, and if I had, whether he could perceive
any desire in me to have it reaved into or not. 1643 HORN
& ROB. Gate Lang. Unl. xlvi. § 504 Sometimes also nee rips
' the seams, and reaveth [ravelleth out] the threds.
Reave, obs. Sc. f. RAVE w.i, var. REEVE v.
Reavel, obs. form of RAVEL.
f Reavel-ravel. Sc. Obs.~~* A rigmarole.
a 1689 W. CLELAND Poems (1697) 107 Like some Lawyers
making Speeches, He . . Half singing vents this Reavel Ravel.
Heaven, obs. Sc. form of RAVEN sh.l
Reaver, reiver (rrvw). Forms : a. i r^afere,
(hre'af-, r6of-), 2-3 reeuere, (3 -are), 2-4 reuere,
4-5 reuour, 4-6 reu-,rever, 5 -6 Sic. reu-,revar(e,
6-7 reauer, 6- reaver. Also 4 refar, 5 Sc. reffayr.
0. 4 reyuour, 6 reyvar. 7. Sc. 5-6 reiffar, 6
reifar, 7 reivar, 6, 9 reiver, 9 riever. [OE.
rfafere, agent-n. f. rfajian to REAVE vl = OFris.
r&vere^ MDu. rover (Du. roover}, MLG. r$ver^
QH.G.roubari (MHG. roulwre, rouber^ G. rauber,
\rauber}. MSw. rovare (Sw. rofvare] ,MDa. rovere
(Da. rover), and Icel. raufari (i3th c.), reyfari
(^1400) arefromMLG.r&w: see note to REAVER.!,
and cf. Eng. ROVER.
In mod. use the normal Eng. spelling reaver is less usual
than the Sc. reiver (or riever^ brought into literary use by
Scott]
1. A robber or plunderer; a marauder, raider.
Occas. with of. Also transf. ox fig-
a. c 888 K. ^ELFRED Boeth. xxxvii. § 4 gif bu on hwilcum
men ongitst bat he bid gitsere & reafere. ^950 Lindisf.
Gosp. Luke xxii. 52 Suae to hreafere [Rusk™, reofere] ^ie
cuomon mi5 suordum. c 1000 ^ELFRIC Horn. II. 330 SceaSan
& reaferas, oSSereSemanslasan. <^"54 O. E.Ckron. (Laud
MS.) an. 1137 Al be tunscipe flu^sen for heom, wenden 3a;t
hi waeron raeueres, c 1230 Halt Meid. 29 J>eoues hit stelen
ham, reaueres hit robbeS. a 1300 Cursor M. 2205 per wit
was he [Nimrod] . . Reuer and man-queller gret, c 1400
Apol. Loll. 77 Clerkis now are fals witnes a^en ber lawis,
& ^efis, & refars, & fals intrewsars. c 1440 Gesta Rom. Ixix.
386 (Add. MS.) The prophete seith, wo shall be Robbers
and revers of pore mennes goodes. 1559 SACKVILLE Induct.
Mirr. Mag. xlii, [Sltep] Reuer of si,^ht, and yet in whom
we see Thinges oft that tide. 1583 bTOCKXi Civ. IJ'arres
Lowe C. I. 6 b, The reauers and robbers of all churches and
images. 1615 JACKSON C\-eed iv. viii. § 2 [Bodies politic]
the one hath reavers the other only plain thieves. 1721
KELLY Scot. Prov. 284 Reavers should not be Ruers. 1846
SIR W. HAMILTON Diss. in Reid's Wks. 890 note. This paper
is remarkable for the sagacity which tracks th$ footsteps of
the literary reaver.
ft. 1 1380 Sir Fernnib. 1798 For J>ov mayntenest bef rey-
uours, . . To g_pn aboute & robby ous. 1525 LD. EERNERS
Froiss. II. xxiii, There is nother Englyshe, nor French, nor
robbers, nor reyvars, yl dothe them any hurte.
148 The said (Japit
the said fyscheing. ^1578 LINDESAY tPitscottie) Chron.
Scot. (S. T. S.) I. 66 To theif and reiver he was ane sicker
targe, a 1615 Briene Cron. Erlis Ross (1850) n Scap-
thriftis, alias rcivars and sorneris. '7*5 RAMSAY Gentle
Sheph. iv. ii, Carried by some reiver's hand, Far frae his
wishes. 1824 SCOTT Redgauntlet ch. xi, Harry was none of
your bold-speaking, ranting reivers. 1880 MCCARTHY Own
Times III. xxxii. 62 The chiefs of Oudh were reivers and
bandits ; the king was the head reiver and bandit.
attrib. 1864 J. C. ATKINSON Stanton Grange 292 A gun
might warn the reiver crow to be less audacious.
•f 2. A pirate, sea-robber (cf.' sea-reaver}. Obs.
CI375 St. Leg. Saints xxi. (Clement} 305 pare come in b«
sithtware Reueris sayland. 1436 Pol. Poems (Rolls) II. 164
'Ihe commodytes of Pety Brytayne, wyth here revers on
the see. c 1470 HENRY Wallace ix. 87 The best wer man in
se is ws beforn,..The Rede Reffayr thai call him.
fRea-very. Obs. Forms: 3-5 reu-,revery(e,
5 S(. reuere. [f. REAVE v.1 + -EKY. Cf. MDu.
roverij (Du. rooverij}, MLG. rfoerie, G. raub-j
rduberei, MSw. rov-, roveri (Sw. rofveri), Da.
roverit obs. Icel. reyfari (1453).] Robbery.
IZ97 R. GLOUC. (Rolls) 4000 pou. .mid bi reuerye Rauis-
sest france & ober londes. £1330 R. BRUNNE Chron. Wace
(Rolls) 5827 Longe dured bat reuery \v.r. robber ie]. 1456
SIR G. HAVE Law Arms (S. T. S.) 3 Weris discensiouns
thiftis and reveryis. < 1490 Plumf-ton Corr. (Camden) 81
Such other as . . have made revery and withdrawen goods,
contrayrie to the Kings lawes,
Reaving, reiving (rf-vin), vbL sb. [f. as
prec. + -ING i.] The action of REAVE z*.1
In recent use chiefly in Sc. form reiving.
c iizz O. E. Chron. (Laud MS.) an. 1116 Wurdon manega
unrada & ra^funga. c 1205 LAY. 2647 pes wes |>e aereste
king, be ferde vt to racuing \v.r. reuing], bat ouer sae wende.
a 1300 Cursor M. 28797 ^r lauerd . . wil na gift of oker,
reuing, ne o thift. 1387 TREVISA Higden (Rolls) VII. 495
Al be 3ere was in be lond robbynge and manslau3ter, and
revynge. c 1440 Promp. Parv. 432/1 Revynge of reste, in-
qnietacio. 1567 TURBERV. Epit. etc. 101 For it a Friendly
liart. . In value doe not passe The Ring, you may reprooue
The reauing of the same. 1596 DALRVMTLE tr. Leslies
Hist. Scot. in. 187 Trubling the west styes in thift, ruging
and reiueng. 1851 SIR F. PALGRAVE Norm, iff Eng. I. viii.
684 They must help themselves.. by robbing and reiving.
Reaving, reiving (r/~-virj),///. «. [f. as prec.
+ -ING 2. J That robs or reaves.
c looo ^LFRIC Saints' Lives I. 328 Hi synd wib-innatv
reafigende wulfas. 1500-20 DUNBAR Poems hx. 2 A refying
sone of rakyng Muris. 1816 SCOTT Old Mort. iv, The twa
reiving loons drave the cow frae the gudewife. 1828 —
F. M. Perth viii, A party of reiving night-walkers. 1858-61
J. BROWN Horse Subs. (1882) III. 417 His ancestors were of
the sturdy border stock, reiving pastoral lairds.
Re-avou*ch, v, [RE- 5 a.] To avouch again.
1645 MILTON Tetrach. 70 (i Cor. vii.) That this heer spoken
by Paul, .cannot be a command, these reavouch.
Re-avow*, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To avow again.
1654 H. L'EsTRANGE K. Chns. I (1655) 118 Upon the evi-
dence formerly given in by the Countesse, and re-avowed
then by her, . . [they] were found guilty.
Reawa'ke, v. [RE- 5 a.] intr. and trans. To
awake again.
1831 T. HOPE Ess. Origin Man 1. 11 When from the sleep
of death . . I again reawake to a new life. 1863 W. PHILLIPS
Speeches iii. 53 Prophets . . to . . reawake the people to the
great ideas that are constantly fading out of our minds.
a 1873 S. WILBERFORCE Ess. (1874) II. 186 The great ques-
tions . . seem . . to have suddenly reawoke amongst us.
Hence Beawavking/^/. a.
1848 LYTTON Harald xi. viii, William's re-awaking and
ready intellect.
Reawa ken, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans, and intr.
To awaken again.
1846-55 [see below]. 1860 PUSEY Min. Proph. 35 By God
. .alone the longing for Himself is kept alive or reawakened
in His creature. 1809 Pop. Sci. Mmlhly LV. 62 The con-
sciousness of the truth, .reawakens.
Hence Jteawa'kened ///. a. ; Reawakening
vbl. sb. and ppl. a. ; Beawa'kenment.
1846 BP. BLOMFII-.LE in Life (1863) I. ix. 247 We cannot
afford to wait for th": re-awakened liberality of the legis-
lature. 1855 MILMAN Lat. Chr. xiv. iii. (1864) IX. 152 A
sign of the reawakening life of the human mind. 1862 Q.
Rev. Oct. 465 Some extreme views which have disfigured
the great reawakening of the Church of England. 1886 Gd.
Words 602 The overthrow of Darius at Marathon is not
unnaturally marked by a reawakenment of piety.
Reawe, obs. f. Row. Reawme, obs. »". REALM.
Reaws : see REAL sb? Reawte, obs. f. REAMT J.
Reazed, variant of REESED a., rancid.
Reb. U. S. Abbreviation of REBEL sl>.1
1862 in Post Soldier's Lett. n. xxxii. 90 As soon as the
BEBAIL.
rebs saw our red breeches (the Zouaves) coming through
the woods they skedaddled. 1886 Century Mag. June 316/1
You will ride right into the Rebs.
Keb, obs. Sc. and north, form of RIB.
Eebaik, variant of REBALK v. Obs.
f Retaail, v. Ol>s.~l [a. OF. rebailler, f. re- RE-
•f bailler BAIL z/.l] trans. To hand over again.
1601 F. TATK Honsch. Ord. Edw. II § 66 (1876) 48 If it
happen the same wines, or any parte of them, be not
spent before tlie kinge departe . . then let them be rebailed,
redelivered to the chief purveiour to carry or keep them.
Rebai't, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To bait (a fish-
hook or line) again. Also absol.
1848 Life Normandy (1863) I. 164 During the night tide,
when they have to rebait their lines. 1893 Outing (U. S.)
XXII. 96/1 Quickly disengaging our respective hooks.., we
rebaited and cast out again.
Rebait, obs. form of REBATE v.
Rebak, variant of REBALK v. Obs.
Reba'ke, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To bake again.
1727 BRADLEY Fain. Diet. s.v. Sallet, Re-bake 'em a
second time, till they are Stone hard. 1834 G. BENNETT
Wanderings II. 212 It is then resifted at another bench and
rebaked.
Rebald(e, obs. Sc. (and north.) ff. RIBALD;
obs. f. REBEL a. Rebaldaill : see RIBALDAILLE.
Rebaldrie, obs. Sc. form of RIBALDKY.
t Kebalk, v. Sc. Obs. Also 6 rebak, -baik.
[Of obscure etym.] trans. To assail with abuse
or reproaches.
(-•1450 HOLLAND Howlat 915 All birdis he rebalkit that
wald him nocht bowe. 1535 STEWART Cron. Scot. II. 85
The Britis all richt bitterlie and bald Rebalkit him.. Of tha
wordis that he said, a 1578 LINDESAY (Pitscottie) Chron.
Scot. (S. T. S.) II. 83 Everie ane of thame rebakit ane wther
witht ewill dispossit wordis. 1596 DALRYMPLE tr. Leslie's
Hist. Scot. II. 139 Silius quha befor sa vncourteouslie had
rebaikit Reuther wl sa rude, rasche, and rouch wordes.
Reban (rzte'n). [RE- 5 a.] A second or
additional ban.
1843 S. AUSTIN Ranke's Hist. Re/. II. 185 He forbade the
assembly, on pain of being found guilty of high treason, and
incurring sentence of ban and reban. 1873-4 DIXON Tii'0
Queens II. viii. v. 82 He .. has commanded that ban and
reban be proclaimed within his countries.
Reban, obs. Sc. form of RIBBON.
t Reba-nd, v. 06s. rare. [f. RE- + BAND v?,
or ad. F. rebander (Cotgr.) in same sense.] trans.
To throw back, retort.
1588 SIR W. STANLEY Brief Disc. Dr. Allen's Sedit.
Drifts 95 Slanderous defamations . . most truely and iustlye
refuted, and rebanded vpon himselfe and his partie. 1600
W. WATSON Decacordon (1602) 348 [The Jesuits] reband
this surmised assertion with the speeches which some great
persons should vse.
Reba-ndy, v. rare-1. [RE- 2 b.] trans. To
bandy or toss back again.
1650 R. STAPYLTON Strata's Low-C, Warres vi. 2 From
thence being rebandied to his country . . he bounded againe
into the Belgick Tumults.
Reba-nish,;1. [Rs-5 a; cf.F.rafo»KzV(Cotgr.).]
trans. To banish again. HenceReba'nished///.a.
1611 FLORIO, Ribandito, rebanished or proclaimed againe.
1617 Bp. HALL Quo Vadist § 15 No bulwarke of lawes ..
can keepe our rebanished fugitiues from returning.
Rebant, obs. form of RIBBON.
Rebaptisant. rare—0. [a. F. rebaptisant
(i8th c.).] = REBAPTIST.
1727-41 CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v., The Anabaptists are re-
baptisants, inasmuch as they baptize those at maturity, who
had been before baptized in childhood.
Rebaptism (nbDe-ptiz'm). [RE- 5 a; cf. RE-
BAPTIZE z/.] A second baptism ; rebaptizing.
1795 BURKE Lett., to Dr. Hussey (1844) IV. 284 Re-
baptism you won't allow, but truly it would not be amiss for
the Christian world to be re-christened. 1850 J. E. MIDDLE-
TON Lect. Reel. Hist. 44 Disputes respecting the rebaptism
of those who had been baptized by heretics.
Hence Kerjapti'smal a.
1892 Daily News 3 Aug. 5/2 In the re-baptismal certificate
he was called the son of George Large.
t Reba'ptist. Obs. [RE- 5 a.] One who
baptizes again, or advocates a second baptism ;
spec, an Anabaptist.
1651 C. CARTWRIGHT Cert. Relig. i. 49 Cyprian [was] a
rebaptist. 1673 T. JOLLY Note-bk. (Chetham Soc.) 13 Shee
was cast out of the church of Duckenfeild long since, and
then fell in with the Rebaptists. 1738 [G. SMITH] Cur.
Relnt. I. ii. 138 Several of the Re-baptists wereapprehended.
t Rebaptiza'tion. Obs. \&.\a.\&~L.rebaptizatio
(4th c.) : cf. REBAPTIZE v.] The act or practice
of baptizing again.
Very common c 1570-1700, esp. with ref. to the view, held
by St. Cyprian and opposed by Pope Stephen I, that those
baptized by heretics ou^ht to be baptized again before
being admitted to the Church.
157° FOXE A. !, HI. (ed. 2) 08/2 Agrippinus, which also
was y« fyrst author of rebaptization. 1593 BELL Motives
thing .. ; and put usually into the same predicament.. wit!
Re-baptization. 1780 in Kippis Biog. Brit. II. 315 note,
This extraordinary Baptism of theirs [laymen] was counted
valid, without any need of Re-baptization.
trans/. 1617 DONNE Serin, cxlvii. VI. 10 Tears which
should be thy Souls Rebaptization for thy Sins. 1623 BAR-
GRAVE Serin, lief. Ito. Comin. (1624) 14 This Bathe of Mary
Magdalens repentance . . h a kind of Rebaptization, giuing
strength and effect to the first washing.
219
Rebaptize (rfbseptsi-z), v. [a. late L. re-
baptizare : cf. F. rebaptiser (i4th c.).]
1. trans. To baptize again or anew.
Common c 1550-1650 : see note to prec.
1460 CAPGRAVE Chron. 77 The Donatistes sey that . . thoo
that schuld come to her secte must be rebaptized. 1540 Act
32 Hen. y/II, If they [infants] be baptysed that they
ought to be rebaptised when they come to lav.'ful age. 1635
PAGITT Christianogr. i. iii. (1636) 165 They are accused of
rebaptizing themselves yeerely. 1699 BURNET 39 A rt. xxiii.
(1700) 261 We do not Annul such Baptisms, nor Rebaptise
Persons so Baptised. 1736 CHANDLER Hist. Persec. 332
Whosoever was discovered to re-baptize any person, should
forfeit twenty dollars. 1817 BYRON Bej>po xcviii, His wife
received, the patriarch re-baptized him. 1865 PUSEY Truth
Eng. Ch. 34 The question of rebaptizing heretics was settled
by the Council of Aries.
absol. 1597 HOOKER Eccl. Pol. v. Ixii. § 6 The Bishop ..
yet durst not aduenture to rebaptise. 1678 Lively Orttc. vi.
§ ii You say 'tis lawful to rebaptize, we say 'tis not lawful.
b. transf. andySg*.
1635 QUARLES Embl. in. i, 125 You whose better thoughts
are newly born, And (rebaptiz'd with holy fire) can [etc.],
a 1711 KEN Hymtiotkto Poet. Wks. 1721 III. 34 While he
rebaptiz'd himself in Tears. 1743 YOUNG Nt. Th. iv. 738
Reason rebaptiz'd me when adult. 1818 BYRON Mazeppa.
xiv, With a temporary strength My stiffen'd limbs were re-
baptized. 1878 B. TAYLOR Deukalion i. iii, 29 They consent
to see Themselves in sacred marble rebaptized.
2. To give a new name to ; to name afresh.
1596 RALEIGH Discov. Guiana. 24 Baraquan farther down
is also rebaptized by the name of Orenoque. 1646 SIR T.
BROWNE Pseud. Ep. 101 What is practised by many is ..
relinquishing their proper appellations, to re-baptise them
[herbs] by the names of Saints [etc.]. 1670 MILTON Hist.
Eng. in, Wks. (1851) 106 Of any Paganism .. we read not,
or that Pelagianism was rebaptiz'd. 1828 Lights fy Shades
II. 142 Every misnamed 'gentleman' who reads this pro-
posal for re-baptizing him. 1852 THACKERAY Esmond n.
xiii, That name, with which sorrow had rebaptized her.
Hence Rebaptrzed///. a.
1620 QUARLES Div. Poems, Jonah, (1638) 34 The voice of
heavens high Commander .. Came downe .. to Jonah new-
born Man, To re-baptized Jonah. 1657 AUSTEN Fruit
Trees n. 192 Some are for the Episcopal way, . . some for
the Rebaptized way.
Rebapti'zer. Also 6 rebaptisour. [f. prec.
+ -ER: cf. F. rebaptlseur (1532).] One who re-
baptizes ; a rebaptist, Anabaptist.
1553 HULOET, Anabaptistes .. signifieth rebaptisoures.
c 1645 HOWELL Lett. iv. xxix, There were Adamites in former
times and rebaptizers. 1651 BAXTER Inf. Bapt. 148 This
man continued a most zealous re-baptizer many years. 1721
in BAILEY. 1823 CRABS Technol. Diet. s.v. Anabaptists,
They are called Anabaptists, that is ' Rebaptizers '.
Rebapti zing, vbl. sb. [f. as prec. + -ING *.]
The action of the vb. REBAPTIZE.
i$79 FULKE Heskiw? Par/. 414 The matter of rebaptising.
a 1631 DONNE Let, to Ctess Bedford, From need of tears he
will defend your soul Or make a rebaptizing of one tear.
1684 BAXTER Ansiv. Theol. Dial. 2 What if Rebaptizing
prove a Sin? 1860 FROUDE Hist. Eng. V. 298 He would
have no conventicles, no rebaptisings [etc.].
Reba:rbariza-tion. [f. next + -ATION.] The
fact or condition of being rebarbarized.
1840 MILMAN Hist. Chr. I. 130 The comparative rebar-
barisation of the human race.
Rebarbarize (rfba-jbaraiz), v. [RE- 5 b.]
trans. To reduce again to barbarism. Also absol.
1798 W. TAYLOR in Monthly Rev. XXV. 567 A love of
military achievement, which tends to rebarbarize. 1807
SOUTHEY Espriella's Lett, (1808) II. 109 Nations can never
take too many precautions against the possibility of being
rebarbarized. 1842 BISCHOFF Woollen, Mamif, II. 104 If the
object was to rebarbarise the country, the proposition . .
would be well calculated to attain that end.
Hence Reb a *rb arizing vbL sb. and///, a.
1804 W. TAYLOR in Ann. Rev. II. 692 Destructive and re-
barbarizing actions. 1807 HAZLITT Pol. Ess. (1819) 406 The
re-barbarising and the re-enslaving the country.
Reba'rbative, a. rare. [a. F. rgbarbatif, -ive
(i4th c.), f. barbe beard.] Crabbed, unattractive.
1892 Sat. Rev. 12 Nov. 571/1 It is not very clear why Sir
Robert Coke . . bestows so much trouble and time on this
very rebarbative lady.
Rebarbere, obs. form of RHUBARB.
f Rebarriea*do, v. Obs. In 7 -oe. [RE- 5 a.]
trans. To barricade anew.
1655 tr. Com. Hist. Francion i. 15 The cowardly Clownes
. . going all away, gave the besieged time enough to re-
bar ricadoe their Avenues.
t Reba-rter, v. Ol>s~l [RE- 5 a.] trans. To
give in return or exchange.
i6i6J. LANECV«£ Sgr's. T. viii. 220 All quarters., chaungd
wordes for bloes, and thrustes for thrustes rebarters.
fRebash, v. Obs.—*- In 5 -bassh. [a. F. ra~
baisser to bring or come down (i3th c. in Littre) :
see RE- and ABASH z>.] intr. To descend.
1481 CAXTOH Myrr. in. viii. 147 Whan he [the sun] re-
basshith and declyneth he maketh the wynter to bygynne.
fRebat. Sc. Obs. [«d.F.r»fa*i cf. RABAT 2.]
A collar.
1657 S/>. Fife Laird m J.Watson Colt. Scots Poems (1706)
i. 30 Rebats, Ribands, Bands, and Ruffs, Lapbends, Shag-
bands, Cuffs and Muffs.
Rebat, obs. form of REBATE z>., RYBAT.
Rebata, variant of REBATO. Obs.
Rebate (rtto'-t), sb.l [ad. F. rafaf, sb. f. ra-
battre REBATE v.1] A deduction from a sum of
money to be paid, a discount; also, a repayment,
drawback.
BEBATE.
1656 H. PHILLIPS Purch. Fait. (1676) 103 What is the
rebate out of 500 pound due 6 :".ionths hence, to be paid at
present ? 1604 LUTTRELL Brief Ret. (1857) III. 332 Such as
subscribe before Sunday will be allowed 505. per cent, re-
bate. 1727-41 CHAMBERS Cycl., Rebate^ Rebatement^ in
commerce, a term much useac.t Amsterdam for a discount
or abatement in the price of certain commodities. 1882
Contemp. Rev. Aug. 234 The company gives the settler a
rebate, or payment bac';, cf 5$. for every acre of land so im-
proved. 1891 La-w Timcz XCII. 94^1 The company.. had
made payments in ad.vc.nce under its agreement without
receiving any discount or rebate.
attrib. i&A Daily News 4 Dec. 7/1 Returning the amount
in the form or a * rebate ' coupon entitling the possessor to a
ten per cent, reduction on the prices of. .articles.
Rebate (r/b£i*t) , sti* [Respelling of RABBET sb.,
on analogy of prec. and REBATE z>.l] A rabbet.
The pron. (rlb^'"t) is given in all Diets, from 1845 onwards,
but in technical use the word is commonly pronounced as
if written rabbet.
1674 GOULDMAN Eng.-Lat. Diet., A rebate, rebating or
chamfering, strix. 1731 BAILEY, Vol. II. (ed. 2), Rebate
(with Architects), chamfering or fluting. 1785 PEACOCK in
Phil. Trans. LXXV. 370 Fix the . . groove . . in the rebate.
1823 P. NICHOLSON Pract. Build. 421 Cottage and some
kinds of church windows are glazed in squares, or other
figures, in leaden rebates. 1894 BOTTONE Elect. Instr.
Making (ed. 6) 201 The movable back fits into a rebate in
the bottom of this box.
b. attrib. , as rebate-joint, -plane.
1797 Trans. Soc. Arts XV. 261 The sort of planes I have
used are what, by the joiners, are called the levelled rebate
plane, and small rounds. 1825 J. NICHOLSON Operat, Me-
chanic 582 A third sort of rebate-planes, called a fillister, is
used for sinking or cutting away the edge of a piece of wood,
to form the rebate. 1875 Carfentry $ Join. 27 The rebate
plane is . . made as follows. 1886 LOCKWOOD Diet. Terms,
Rebate-Joint^ a joint which is made by the overlapping of
the edges of material.
Rebate, sb$ rare—0. [App. for rabbet, ad. F.
robot : cf. RABAT i.] a. = RABBIT sb$y RAB i,
b. ( An iron tool sharpened something like a chisel,
and employed in dressing and polishing wood, etc.*
1826 ELMES Diet, fine Arts. Hence in Webster (1847)
and later Diets.
Rebate, sb£ rare—0. [Of obscure origin.] * A
kind of hard freestone used in the formation of
pavements' (Elmes 1826).
Rebate (nb^-t), v.1 Also 5 rabat, 6 rabb-,
rabate, 6-7 rebait, 7 rebayte. [ad. OF. rabattre,
f. re- RE- + abattre ABATE z/.1 (cf. BATE z>.2).]
fl. trans, a. Falconry. To bring back (a 'bating'
hawk to the fist). Also intr. of the hawk : To
settle down. Obs.
Cf. BATE v.1 2, and OF. rebat sb. in Godef. VI. 636.
1486 Bk. St. Albans Avj, The secunde [term] is rebate
youre hawke to yowre fyst, & thatt is whan yowre hawke
batith the leest meuyng that ye can make with yowre fyst
she will rebate ayen vppon yowre fyst. 1632 [see RABATE v.}.
1677 COLES Eng.-Lat. Diet., To Rebait a hawk, accipitrem
relicere.
fb. Of a horse: (cf. ABATE z/.l 19). rare-0.
1611 COTGR., Rabatre,. .also, a horse to rebate his curuet.
1727 BOYER Diet. Royal I. s.v. Rabattre, A Horse that
rebates bis Curvets very handsomely.
f 2. a. To deduct (a certain amount from a sum) ;
to subtract (one quantity or number from another).
1427 Rolls ofParlt. IV. 257/2 Yf [Silver] be as good in
alay as the old Sterlyng, to take it wythoute gruchyng ..,
and yif it be wars, to rebate truly the disavaill therof, after
the feblenesse of the alay. 1472-3 Ibid. VI. 4/2 The Rentes
and Services goyng oute of the seid Londes . . therof opnly
to be deducte and rebated. 1542 RECORDE Gr. Artes E iij b,
Than do I rebate 6 out of 8, & there resteth 2. 1633 T.
STAFFORD Pac. Hib. ir. iv. (1821) 275 Detaining only, and
rebating to her Highnesse use, twelue pence sterling upon
every twentie shillings. 1675 GREGORY in Rigaud Corr.
Sci. Men (1841) II. 273 Ye say ye are owing me 44^., but ye
are not owing so much. You have to rebate the price of the
Archimedes [etc.].
absol. 1440 in Wars Eng. in France (Rolls) II. 587 The
king may rebate yerely of the said som as shalbe thoughte
resonable, 1542 RECORDE Gr. Artes Eiij, If you shoulde
go aboute to rebate, you muste haue two sundry summes
proposed. 1586 WARNER Alb. Eng. in. xix. (1589) 81 God
. . with a Plague did crosse The Brutons, that had els at
least rebated from their losse.
f b. To reduce or diminish (a sum or amount).
Obs. (Cf. 3.)
1538 STARKEY England \\. i. 175 Al such rentys as be m-
haunsyd by memory of man scnold be rebatyd, and set to
the old stynt. 1599 HAKLUYT Voy. II. ii. 43 We began. .to
rebate our allowance of drinke, to make it indure the longer.
transf. 1627-77 FELTHAM Resolves n. x, If I be able to
do a Courtesie, I rebate it by remembring it.
fe. To give or allow a reduction to (a person).
1523 LD. BERNERS Froiss. I. cccxliv. 543 Therle was set to
his raunsome to pay sixscore M. frankes, so that whan he
had maryed the lady Maude, than to be rebated threscore
thousande, and the other threscore thousande to pay. 1656
H PHILLIPS Part A. Patt. (1676) 19 All the money the Land-
lord receives for the Fines of those Leases, he rebates his
Tenant for it. 1669-70 MARVELL Corr. cxxxvii. Wks. 1872-5
II. 303 The merchant paying down the duty in ready mony
is to be rebated blank per cent.
3. To reduce, lessen, diminish (a condition, quality,
feeling, activity, etc.). Now rare.
Common c 1575-1725, with a large variety of objects.
c 1450 Cov. Myst. viii. (Shaks. Soc.) 76, I xal sey here the
same here sorwys to rebate. 1495 Trevisa's Bartk. De
P. R. xvn. cxxxii. 689 Pulegium hath the vertue . . to rebate
[1398 abate] ventosyte. 1362 LEIGH Armorie 123 b, Who so
killeth his prisoner . . with hys owne hande, rebateth his
honor. 1593 MUNDAY Def, Contraries 98 Dearth of victuals
28-2
REBATE.
..rebateth the pride of the highest mounted. 16x4 CAPT.
SMITH Virginia iv. 128 Their fury was not onely rebated,
but their hastinesse intercepted. 1686 GOAD CeUst. Bodies
n. xii. 322 Warmth it self, when dull'd and rebated by the
Affluence of the contrary, is not wholly bound up. 1748
Eng.
the Acidity. 1897 F. THOMPSON New Poems 144 Thou dost
rebate thy rigid purposes.
b. To reduce the effect or force of (physical
agencies, a blow, stroke, etc.). Now rare.
1579 TOMSON Calvin s Sertn. Tim, 278/2 This fire will be
put out, or so rebated that we shall burne no more as we
were woont to do. 1586 BRIGHT Mtlanch, xi. 53 The poysons,
being malstred or at least rebated by .. remedies. 1609
HEYWOOD Brit. Troy vi. xtviii. 124 To yeeld way, rebates
the greatest stroke, 1663 in Boyle's Wks. (1772) VI. 371
The flesh of the viper rebateth the poison of the viper. 1713
C'TESS WINCHELSEA Misc. Poems 93 When the Coquette . .
Assumes a soft, a melancholy Air, And of her Eyes rebates
the wand'ring Fires. 1814 SOUTHEV Roderick xxv. 493
Many a foin and thrust Aim'd and rebated.
fc. To lessen the vigour or activity of (the
mind, etc.) ; to repress, stop (a person or action).
1581 SAVILE Tacitus^ Hist. iv. Ixvii. (1591) 220 The success
of the Sequani rebated and stayed the course of the warre.
'597 BEARD Theatre God's Judgem. (1612) 34 His malicious
and bloudthirstie mind was somewhat rebated and repressed
from doing that which he pretended. Ibid. 472 He . . was
cut short and rebated by a small and base creature, and
constrained to leaue this life. 1645 King's Cabinet Open.
in Select.fr. Harl. Misc. (1793) 356 Digby's sanguine com-
S'exion, not to be rebated from sending good news, a 1683
LDHAM Wks. (1686) 42 Let no defeat Your sprightly
Courage, and Attempts rebate. 1788 Trifler No. 30. 384
Where universal torpidity rebates the animal spirits.
4. To make dull, to blunt : a. the edge or point
of a weapon, ory?^. of a feeling, action, person, etc.
Now rare.
Common c 1590-1720 in both lit and fig. contexts.
1565 COOPER rhcsanrus, Gladioritm aciem prae$tringltt
it rebaieth or dulleth. c 1586 C'TESS PEMBROKE /'j. LXXXIX.
xiv, Takes he his weapon ? thou the edge rebatest. 1601
R. JOHNSON Kingd, ff Comiinv. (1603) 193 The footemen try
it out at sword and buckler with point and edge rebated.
1686 HORNECK Cruet/. Jesus xx. 577 When the very tools
whereby the soul is to work, are blunt, and their edge re-
bated. 1715-20 POPE Iliad xi. 304 The broad belt, . . The
point rebated, and repell'd the wound. 1801 STRUTT Sports
$ Past. in. i. 123 Armed with a pointless sword, having the
edges rebated.
fig, a 1586 SIDNEY Arcadia (1622) 251 Compassion so re-
bated the edge of Choler. ci6n CHAPMAN ///Wxxiv. 585
So long would I rebate Mine own edge set to sack your
town. 1630 LESNARD tr. Charron's Wisd. \\, iii. (1670) 249,
I will here adde a word or two .. to rebate and blunt the
point of detraction. 1700 DRVDEN Pal. <$• Arc. in. 502 The
keener edge of battel to rebate. 1773 J. ALLEN Sertn. St.
Mary's, Oxf. 16 To. .rebate the edge of Erastian insolence.
b. a weapon, or something compared to one.
1574 HELLOWES Gueuaras Fain. Ep. (1584) 210 His rule
cqmmaunded, that they shoulde not torney more than thirtie
with thirty, and with swords rebated, a 16*5 FLETCHER
Fait/if. Friends in. iii, This shirt of mail worn near my
skin Rebated their sharp steel. 1676 MARVELL tVfr, Smirke
48 He forthwith relented, he rebated the Sword of the Exe-
cutioner. 1708 OZELL tr. BoiUnus Lutrin 101 My Front
rebates your soft Artillery. 1814 SOUTHEV Carmina Aulica
vi. i, Of arrows and of spears they told Which fell rebated
from his mortal mould. 1863 W. THORNBURY True as Steel
(i868j I. 136 To see that the horses were well shoed and the
spear-heads properly ' rebated ' or blunted.
Jig. 1649 G. DANI«L Trinarc/t., Hen, V, cvii, Nature
will not, (haveing forg'd him vp To Life, and Edge) rebate
him, in her Shoppe. 1681 DRYDEN Abs. <$• Achit. To Rdr.,
By rebating the satire, where justice would allow it, from
carrying too sharp an edge.
6. Her. To diminish (a charge) by removal of
a portion, esp. a point or projection. Cf. REBATE-
MENT 3. b. To remove (a point, etc.) from a charge.
xS(Sj LEIGH Armorie 122 b, When the father is dead, it
may please y° prince to adde agayne to the sonne that, that
was rebated from the father. Ibid. 127 b, The fielde is
Geules, three Escocheons Argent, one rebated on the Sinister
chiefe point. 1610 GUILLIM Heraldry in. ii. 87 To shew
that the Canton doth not rebate the Starre in the Dexter
point 1637 HEYWOOD Dial. iv. Wks. 1874 VI. 163 Some of
the raies are broke, others rebated. 1868 CUSSANS Her, iv.
60 A Cross Moline, with its eight points rebated, or cut off.
f 6. To repulse, drive back. Obs.
1590 LODGE Rosalind L, Hee was not onely rebatted, but
sore wounded. 1590 GREENE Orl. Fur. Wks. 1831 I. 34
This is the city of great Babylon, Where proud Darius was
rebated from. 1633 W. STRUTHER True Happincs 46 Hatred,
Feare . ., and Sorrow, .which serve to rebate and keep us in
Separation from it.
'\ 7. intr. a. To diminish, lessen, abate. Obs.
1545 RAYNOLD Byrth Mankynde 133 When the infant
falleth away, and the flesshe rebateth remaynyng nothynge
but as it ware skynne and bone. iSS7 GRIMALDE Cicero^s
Death in TottelCs Misc. (Arb.) 124 Rage rebated, when
They his bare neck beheld, and his hore heyres. 1597
BEARD Theatre Gods' Judgem. (1612) 170 He had scarce
ended these speeches, but the Christians battell and courage
began to rebate.
t b. To grow blunt. Obs.
1587 GOLDING De M or nay xvi. (1617) 280 The edge of
vnders landing rebateth at the outside of the least things
that are. 1614 C. BROOKE Rich. Ill Poems (1872) 141 But
soone my archers slack their strongest bent, My souldiers'
steel rebated.
t C. To depart, fall away/?w« a thing. Obs."1
1570 FOXE A. fy M. (ed. 2) 1951/2 In king Edwardes dayes,
he began a litle to rebate from certeine poynts of Popery,
and somewhat to smell of the gospell.
220
1 8. (Meaning not clear : cf. REBATING vbl. sb?)
i5oa ABNOLDE Chron. (1811) no, ix. tonne of good CJuill
oyle, vessels fylled, the gauge payde and rebated. Ibid, 113
Which tonne wyne wele rebatid ful and gawge J. Alman
byndith him. .to delyuer.
Rebate, »•- [Later spelling of RABBET v.t on
analogy of prec. For pron. see REBATE sl>.2]
1. trans. To make a rebate or rabbet in.
1674 GOULDMAN Eng.-Lat, Diet., To rebate or make re-
bates, stria. 1706 PHILLIPS (ed. Kersey), To rebate^ to
channel or chamfer. 1785 PEACOCK in Phil, Trans. LXXV.
368 The edges of the said board are to be rebated. 1825
J. NICHOLSON Operat. Mechanic 583 This kind of plane is
usually employed to rebate narrow pieces of wood, such as
are used in sashes. 1863 WYNTER Subtle Brains ff Lissom
Fingers 275 Another machine rebated and bearded the keel.
2. To join together with a rebate.
1838 London's Arch. Mag. V. 579 It will be seen that the
headers and stretchers are rebated together. 1847 SMEATON
Builders Man. 90 A lap dovetail, which, when put together,
shows only a joint, as if the pieces were rebated together.
Reba ted, ///. a.1 [f. REBATK z>.1 + -ED 1.]
Blunted ; dulled.
1587 HOLINSHED Chron. III. 1297/2 Six gentlemen on
either side with rebated swords. 1616 SURFL. & MAKKH.
Country Farme 66 Make them cleane .. with a rebated
knife made of purpose, such a one as will not cut. a 1661
FULLER Worthies^ Northants n. (1662) 292 During liis
reign.. a shrude thrust was made at all Abbies, not with
a Rebated point, but with sharps indeed.
fig- 1589 NASHE Pref. Greene's Menaphon (Arb.) 8 Re-
create their rebated witts.
Rebated, ///. *.2 [f. REBATE ».-] Having
a rebate or rabbet.
1785 PEACOCK in rhil. Trans. LXXV. 370 The stock . . is
to slide in a rebated or dove-tail groove, 1837 Civil Eng.
ff Arch, *Jrnl, I. 70 A letter, .on Hitch's ' Patent Rebated
Brickwork '. 1875 Carpentry $ Join. 104 The moulded,
bevelled, or rebated strips can be set on edge in these.
Reba'tement. 1 Obs. [a. OK. rebatement
(1290 in Godef.) : see REBATE v.l and -MENT.]
1. A sum to be deducted from another ; a discount.
1542 RECORDE Gr. Artes E iij, The rebatemente or
suinme to bee withdrawen. .muste be sette vnder the fyrste
[sum]. 1635 R. DAFFORNE Merck. Mirr. title-p., The
Ready mony..that we are to Receive or Pay upon Rebate-
ment. 1687 Addr. from Chichester in Lond. Gaz. 2270/4
We having no rebatements to make, are totally thankful.
17*7-41 CHAMBERS CycL s.v. Rebateth*. merchants having
not always wherewithal to pay for their goods in hand, by
means of the rebatement, such as have, will find their
account in it
2. Diminution in amount, force, etc.
1598 STOW Surv, xxxviii. (1603) 373 The rebatement of
Bishops Huings. 1663 T. TULLV in Lett, $ Poems (1676) 95
Mine I fear may look like Injury and Rebatement to their
Worth. 1701 UKVERLKY Glory cf Grace 37 The Law hath
its full Course, it is pointed still against Them, without
Rebatement.
3. Heraldry. = ABATEMENT 4.
1562 LEIGH Armorie 127 This is a rebatement, .. but is
rebated onely for dought of challenge. x§86 FERNE Blaz.
Centrie 97, I haue heard of these nine vices before : and
also of cert:dne rebatements of armes appointed to them.
1661 MORGAN Sph. Gentry i. vii. 101 There are notes of
infamy as well as of honour, which in Arms are called
Rebatements. 1727-41 in CHAMBERS Cycl. and later Diets.
1 4. A narrowing (of a wall). Cf. RABATE sb. 06s.
i6n BIBLE i Kings vi. 6 In the wall of the house hee
made narrowed rests [tMargt'tt, narrowings, or, rebatements]
round about, that the beames should not bee fastened in the
walles of the house,
Rebater (rfb^-taj). [f. REBATE V.I + -ER!.]
One who or that which rebates.
1601 DENT Pathiv. Heaven (1603) 37 God, in his great
mercy sent him a cooler, and a rebater : to wit, a pricke in
the flesh. 1893 Independent (N.Y.) 19 Oct. 32/2 What is to
be done with rebaters ? There is a law . . [in] many of the
states providing a penalty for its practice.
Rebater, variant of REBATO 06s.
Rebating (rfb^-tirj), vbl. sb} [f. REBATE z>.i]
1. The action of the vb., in various senses.
a 1483 Liber Niger Ediv. /K in Househ. Ord. (1790) 7*
All other crafte for the rackinge, coynynge, rebatinge, and
other salvation of wynes. 1561 in Froude Hist. Eng. (1881)
VI. 486 Punishing of massmongers for the rebating of their
humours. 1598 R. HAYDOCKE tr. Lomazzo u. 138 How the
Lights, Reflexions and naturall rebating of the lights doe
vary. 1631 SHERWOOD, A rebating, or rebatement, rabais.
1889 Times 6 June 5/1 Both houses of the Cape Parliament
have passed the convention tariff, which confers similar
powers of rebating on the Government.
t 2. = REBATEMENT 3. 06s.
1562 LEIGH Armorie 122 There are nyne rebating[s] of
armes, . . for nyne sondry vngentilmanly dedes done.
Rebating, vbl. sb? [f. REBATE v?\ The
making of a rebate or rabbet.
1823 P. NICHOLSON Pract. Build. 159 Grooving and Re-
bating consist in taking or abstracting a part which is every
where of a rectangular section. 1861 WYNTER Sac. Bees
144 As there is no window-framing, planing, mortising, or
rebating required, the cost is very inconsiderable.
attrib. 1812-16 J. SMITH Panorama Sc. $ Art I. m
Rebating-planes without a fence have the iron the whole
breadth of the sole. 1842 GWILT Archil. § 2104 Of the
sinking rebating planes there are two sorts.
f Reba-ting, a. 06s.-1 [Prob. f. rebat-er, var.
of next.] Supporting the ruff.
1596 GOSSON Quips Upst. Gentlew. 80 (Percy Soc.) 6 This
starch, and these rebating props, as though rufies were
some rotten house.
t Reba'to. 06s. Also 6 rebatu, 6 7 rabato,
rebater, 7 rebata, -oe. [f. F. rabat collar, etc.,
REBECK.
on anal, of Italian words in -atot or ad. obs. F. raba-
teau, recorded in i6-i7th c. in some of the senses
of rabat (see Godef.).] A kind of stiff collar worn
by both sexes from about 1 590 to 1 630.
1591 HARINGTON Orl. Fur. 410 You fayre Ladies, that
spend so many houres in looking and prying in a glasse to
see if this shadow sit h^idsomlie, if your rebatoes be well set.
1593 NASHE Chrises T. (1613) 161, I see Gentlewomen..
burning out many pounds of Candle in pinning their treble
rebaters. 1598 MARSTON Sco. Villanie \\. vii. 208 Alas, her
soule struts round about her neck, Her seate of sense is
her rebate set. 1609 HEYWOOD Brit. Troy xu. xvi. His
smooth Rebata from his Neck he fals. 1630 J. TAYLOR
(Water P.) Wks. u. 254 The Tires, the Periwigs, and the
Rebatoes, Are made t'adorne ilshap'd Inamoratoes.
fig. 1601 BP. W. BARLOW Defence 162 The men who
haue made scarfes, and veiles, and rebaters for sinnes.
b. A collar of this kind used to support a ruff,
or a frame of wire serving the same purpose.
Also//.
1593 NASHE P. Penilesse (ed. 2) n b, Their Lords au-
thoritie is as a rebater to beare vp the Peacockes taile of
their boasting. 1601 DENT Pathw. Heaven (1831) 36 These
great ruffs, which are borne up with supporters and re-
batoes, as it were with post and rail. 1617 MORYSON /tin.
in. iv. i 166 In Prussia I obserued them to weare long ruffes,
with rebatoes of wire to beare them up, such as our women
vsc. 1634 PEACHAM Genii. Exerc. i. xvii. 56 King Salomon
sitting m his throne with a deepe laced Gentlewomans
Ruffe, and a Rebatoe about his uecke.
C. attrib., as rebato-pinner^ -wire.
1601 Jack Drum's Entertainm. iv, Peace ! you Rebato-
pinner, Poting-stick. 1607 HKYWOOD Worn. Killed w.
Kindn. (1617) H iij, A Bodkin or a Cuffe, A Bracelet,
Necklace, or Rebato wier. 1611 in Naworth Honseh. Bks.
(Surtees) 10 A rebatoe wyer for Mrs Mary.
Rebaude, Rebaudry, obs. ff. RIBALD, Ri-
BALDBY. Rebawde, Rebawdous, obs. ff. RI-
BALD, RJBALDOUS. Rebayn, obs. f. RIBBON.
Rebbec, obs. f. REBECK.
f Rebbit, obs. variant of RABBET sb.
1675 J. GEDDE Meth. Bee-Houses $ At the top of the Box
there is a crease or rebbit all round it, about half an inch in
depth on the outside.
t Rebea't, v.1 Obs. [f. RE- back + BEAT, prob.
after F. rebattre REBATE z/.l] trans. To beat back
again ; to force or drive back, to repel. Hence
f Rebea'ting vbl. sb.
In last quot. perhaps * to blunt * : cf. REBATE v.1 4.
1595 DANIEL Civ. Wars in. cix, An equall fury thrusts to
stay And reheat backe that force. 1611 FLORIO, Rabbat-
timento, a reheating backe or downe. a 1634 RANDOLPH
Muses Looking-gl. \\. ii, An undaunted rock, whose constant
hardnesse Rebeats the fury of the raging Sea. a 1634
— Poems (1652) 14 Am I invulnerable ? is the Dart Re-
beaten which thou levelst at my heart?
Re-bea t, v£ [RE- 5 a.] trans. To beat again.
1654 GAYTON Pleas. Notes iv. xvii. 259 Beaten and re-
beaten by the Carriers. 1815 I. NICHOLSON Operat.
Mechanic 532 The mortar., should be kept covered up,
and when wanted be re-beaten.
Re-beautify, -fying: see READOBN (1598).
Rebecca (rf be-ka). The name given (in allu-
sion to Gen. xxiv. 60) to the leader in woman's
attire of those rioters who demolished toll-gates in
South Wales in 1843-4, Also attrib.
1843 Times 8 May 4/2 Rebecca and her Daughters. The
counties of Carmarthen and Cardigan appear to be in a
most fearful state from these daring depredators. 1846
Ibid. 17 June 7/6 Rebecca wanted in Glocestershire. 1879
MCCARTHY Own Times xiii, An odd feature of the time
was the outbreak of what were called the Rebecca riots
in Wales.
b. transf. A salmon -poacher.
1881 igth Cent. Apr. 692 The poor emaciated salmon . . is
transfixed by the unerring aim of* Rebecca '.
Hence Bebe-cca v. trans., to demolish or remove
(a gate). Bebe ccaism, the practices and princi-
ples of the Kebeccaites. Bebe ccaite, a follower
of ' Rebecca * ; also attrib.
1879 Rebecca Riots in Radnorshire i The outrages the
' Rebeccaites ' committed did not.. appear to originate in
political causes. Ibid. 7 In dealing . . with the Rebeccaite
question. 1881 Daily Neivs 8 June 6 The report of Mr.
Walpole and Professor Huxley . . as to the cause and
existence of Rebeccaism was issued yesterday. 1890 Sat.
Rev. 14 June 719/2 The desire of the County Council to
' Rebecca ' certain of the Duke of Bedford's gates.
f Rebe-ck, s6.1 Obs~l [Of obscure origin :
connexion with next is doubtful, but cf. RIBIBE.]
A term of abuse applied to a woman.
c 1386 CHAUCER Friar's T. 275 Brother, quod he, heere
woneth an old rebekke That hadde almoost as lief to lese
hire nekke As for to yeue a peny of hir good.
Rebeck (rrbek), sb? Now only Hist, or poet.
Forms: 6-7 rebecke, (7 -beka), 6- rebeck, (7
rebbeck); 8- rebec, (8 rebbee). [a- F. rebec
(t rabec, I5th c.) = rnedX. rebeca (c 1400), It. ri-
6et'a, Pg. rebeca, rabeca, app. variants of the forms
cited under RIBIBE. but the alteration in the final
consonant has not been clearly explained.] A
mediaeval instrument of music, having three strings
and played with a bow ; an early form of the fiddle.
(Also personified, in quot. 1509.)
1509 HAWES Past. Pleas, xvi. (Percy Soc.) 61 There sat
dame Musyke, with all her mynsirasy ;. .Rebeckes, clary-
cordes, eche in theyr degre, Dyd sytte aboute theyr ladyes
mageste. ^1530 LD. BERNERS Arth. Lyt. Bryt. (1814) 232
Than began .. taboures, and rebeckes, and oilier instru-
REBECK.
mentes. 1598 YONG Diana 50 Syrenus did these verses sing,
And on his Rebecke sweetely play. 1632 MILTON U Allegro
94 When, .the jocund rebecks sound To many a youth, and
many a maid. 1644 — Areop. (Arb.) 50 The bag-pipe and
the rebbeck. 1755 SMOLLKIT Don Qitix. n. iii. 56 [A]
young fellow .. who .. can read and write, and play upon
the rebec. i8n SCOTT Don Roderick if. xxv, Far to
Asturian hills the war-sounds pass, Ami in their stead rebeck
or timbrel rings. 1870 MORRIS Earthly Par. III. iv. 188
While round about the rebecks played.
fb. ellipt. Applied to the player. 06s.
1540 Antndel MS, 97 If. laab in Vicary's Anat. (1888)
App. xii. 241 Item, for Thomas Evans, Rebeke, wagis xxj.
vhj</. 1647 HAWARD CrownRcv. 25, Musicians and Players,
..Rebeck: [^28. 6.8.
fRebe-ck, sb$ Obs.-1 [£ F. r* %«<fr to retist
or oppose saucily.] Resistance.
1609 [Br. W. BARLOW] Answ. Nameless Cath. 199 Generous
mindes yeeld where they find a relenting passage ; rebecke
by opposition prouokes to wrath.
t Kebe-ck, ^. Obs.—1 [f. RE- back + BECK v. 2.]
trans. To beckon back, to recall, reclaim.
1607 HEYWOOD Worn. Killedw. Kindn. Wks. 1874 II. 99
Now she hath seis'd the Kowle, and 'gins to plume her,
Rebecke her not ; rather stand still and checke her.
Re-becO'nie, V. [KE- 5 a.] intr. (with compl.}
To become again.
1590 C'TESS PEMBROKE Antonie i. 100 Thy loue with such
things nourished . . stealingly Retakes his force and re-
becomes more great. 1599 R. LINCHE Fount Anc. Fict.
K ij, The Egyptians, .held that Serpents .. by despoiling
and vncasing them of their vpper skins . . instantly againe
rebecome youthful!. x6ix COTGR-, Redeuenir^ to returne,
rebecome, or become againe. 1719 T. GORDON Cordial Low
Spirits I. loo They abandoned the Gospel and their Wives,
and re-became orthodox Catholics. 1788 EARL MALMESBURV
Diaries fyCorr. II. 415 If we mean, .to prevent this country
. .from re-becoming a French province. 1861 R. F. BURTON
City of Saints 569 Snow still lay, .. but in the fine clear
sunny day . .the lowest levels re-became green.
Re-bege't, z>. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To beget
again or a second time. Hence Re-bege'tting
vbl. sb.\ Ke-bego'tten///. a.
1587 GOLDING De Mornay xxxiv. 638 Palingenesian, that
is to say, a Regeneration, Rebeegettmg, or New Birth.
a 1631 DONNE St. Lucy's Day ii, He ruined me, and I am
re-begot Of Absence Darkness Death. 1645 WITHER Vox
Pacif. 136 Themselves to re-beget Into a perfect bodie.
1839 48 BAILEY Fest-us x. 105 All being shall be rebegotten.
Ibid. xx. 254 The rebegotten world is born again.
Re-begi'U, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To begin
again or anew. Hence Re-be grnning vbl. sb.
1598 FLORIO, Ripigliars^ . . to rebegin a speech. Ibid,*
RaccominciamentO) a rebeginning. 1633 J. HAVWARD tr.
BiondVs Eromena 150 Having landed the fresh forces.,
they re-began the fight. 1778 [W. MARSHALL] Minutes
Agric. 29 Nov. 1774 Re-began to stir the fallow. 1893 in
Barrows Parlt. Relig, 1. 636 Are-beginning, and another fall.
Re-begurle, v. [RE- 5 a.J To beguile again.
a 17X1 KEN Uraniet Poet, Wks. 1721 IV. 484 The Question
startled me awhile, But I myself would re-beguile.
Re-behold, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To behold,
or look upon, again.
1603 SYLVESTER Du Bartas u. iii. in. Law 808 When the
Sun . . doth haste his Race To re-behold the beauty, number,
order. .Of th' awfull Hoast, 1812 GARY Dantet Purg. xvii.
8 So thy nimble thought May image, how at first I re-
beheld The sun. 1830 LYTTON P. Clifford xxvi, One..
whom in such a scene it will . . wound thee to re- behold.
Rebel (re-bel), a. and sbj- Also 4-6 rebele,
4-7 rebell^e, 6 rebald. [a. F. rebelle adj. (i2th c.)
and sb., ad. L. rebellis rebellious, f. re- RE- + bellttm
war.]
A. adj. (Formerly common in predicative use,
freq. with const, against or to\ now only attribu-
tive, and sometimes capable of being taken as an
attrib. use of the sb.)
1. Refusing obedience or allegiance, or offering
armed opposition, to the rightful or actual ruler or
ruling power of the country.
pred. 1297 R. GLOUC. (Rolls) 1625 Adrian .. temprede horn
vol wel, & made horn sone milde ynou, bo hii were rebel.
c 1330 R. BRUNNE Chron. (1810) 222 pe flemed ageyn be
kyng ros eft full rebelle. £1385 CHAUCER L. G. W. 591
Cleopatra^ Rebel un-to the toun of rome is he. c 1400
tr. Secreta Secret.. G<x>. Lordsh. 108 J>e hertys of \>\ subgitz
sail be rebell io J>y gouernaill. 1494 FABYAN Chron. vn.
ccxxii. 246 Whyle Kyng William was thus occupyed in
Normandy, the Northumbers waxte sterne & rebell. a 1548
HALL Chron., Hen. F///88b, And where as the duke of
Geldre is subiect to the Emperor, is he not yet at this
day., rebell?
attrib. 1382 WVCLIF fsa. xli. 12 Thi rebel men thei shul
ben as tho} thei ben not. — i Mace. iii. 20 Thei cummen
to us_in rebelle multitude. 1616 J. LANE Cant. Sqr.'s T. xi.
40 His (father now heere sendes to her her conquerd rebell
sonn, bound prisoner. 1667 MILTON P. L. i. 484 The Rebel
King Doubl d that sin in Bethel and in Dan. Ibid. vi. 647
Amaze., and terrour seis'd the rebel Host. 1726 POPE
Odyss. xxiv. 6n Now by the sword and now the jav'lin
fall The rebel-race. 1812 BYRON Ch. Har. 11. Ixxvii, Wa-
nab s rebel brood, who dared divest The prophet's tomb of
all its pious spoil. 1861 LOWELL Pickens-and-Stealins
Rebell. Pr. Wks. 1890 V. 82 To acknowledge the inde-
pendence of the Rebel States.
b. Consisting of, belonging or falling to, in
command of, rebels.
1682 DKYDEN & LEE Dttke of Guise n. ii, He was the
author of the rebel-league. 1776 GIBBON Decl. $• F. vi.
(1869) I, 119 The rebel ranks were broken. 1821 SHI-.U.I v
Hellas 529 If the rebel fleet Had anchored in the port.
Ibid, 1020 Now shall . . British skill . . Thunder-strike rebel
221
victory. 1825 J. NEAL Bro. Jonathan III. 138 The seamen,
having the same fear of the rebel chief, .stuck to the shipping.
2. Disobedient to a superior or to some higher
power ; contumacious, refractory, -f Also const. ofy
and with itifin.
^1300 Cursor M. 28094 Gayn haly kyrk was i rebell.
1340 Ayenb, 69 To be rede of oure Ihorde ofte hi byej? rebel.
1389 Eng. Gilds 95 Qwo-so be rebele of his tonge ajein j>e
aldirmaii. £"1430 LYDG. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 145 [He]
Deyed accursyd, rebel to paye his dymes. 1496 Dives fy
Paup. (W. de W.) v. x. 376/2 Yf he be ouer proude & to
rebell to his mayster. 1523 Lix BERNERS Froiss. I. ccxxix.
307 He was rude and rebel! agaynst the commaundementes
of holy churche. 1667 MILTON /'. L. x. 83 The third best
absent is condemn'd, Convict by flight, and Rebel to all
Law. 1685 DRYDEN Misc. u. 454 Sinai., where was receiv'd
the Law, That ought to keep the Rebel World in aw. 1742
YOUNG Nt. Tk. iv. 328 A rebel universe ! . . not one exempt !
1821 SHELLEY Hellas 301 To speak in thunder to the rebel
world.
fb. Said of animals. Obs. rare.
13.. E. E.Allit. P. B. 455 pe rauen so ronk |?at rebel was
euer. £1420 Pallad. on Husb. iv. 776 Yf they be rebel, so
let hem stonde ffastyng oon day and nyght in yokis bonde.
C. transf. of things.
1340 Ayenb. 68 IPe herte |>et is rebel and hard, c 1386
CHAUCER Pars. T. P 192 Right as reson is rebel to god
right so is .. sensualitee rebel to reson. 1593 SHAKS. Liter.
625 From a pure heart commaund thy rebell will. 1647
TRAPP Comm. Matt. vi. 16 [It] subdues rebell-flesh, which
with fullnesse of bread will wax wanton. 1702 ROWE Tamer-
lane iv. i. 1752 All my Rebel-blood assists the Fair. 1885-94
R. BRIDGES Eros ty Psyche July xv, She set the lamp
beneath a chair, and cloked..its rebel lustre from the eye.
fd. Of ulcers: = REBELLIOUS 3. Obs.—1
1541 R. COPLAND Galyen's Terap. 2 D iv, The curacyon of
vlceres, nat inueterate, but contumaced and rebell.
3, Of words, actions, etc. : Characterized by rebel-
liousness; characteristic of a rebel or rebels.
c 1393 CHAUCER Scogan 23 pe ilke rebel word that thou
hast spoken. 1700 CONGREVE Way of World v. vii, Must 1
live to be confiscated at this rebel-rate ? 17x5-20 POPE
Iliad xv. 248 Desists at length his rebel-war to wage. 1755
H. WALPOLE Corr. (1837) 1. 296 However rebel this may
sound at your Court my Gothic spirit is hurt. 1812 H. & J.
SMITH Rej. Addr.> Living Lustres viii, Unaccustom'd to
rebel commotion.
B. $b± 1. One who resists, or rises in arms
against, the established governing power ; one who
refuses or renounces allegiance or obedience to his
sovereign or the government of his country.
(1400 Destr. Troy 1466 He [Priam] was faryn to fight in
a fer londe, To riche hym of Rebelles pat of be rewme held.
c 1460 FORTKSCUE Abs. <$• Lim. Mon. ix. (1885) 129 When
such a rebell hath more riches than his souerayne lorde.
1560 DAUS tr. Sleidane's Comm. 56 The rebelles had en-
camped them on a Hill. 1612 DAVIES Why Ireland, etc.
(1747) 113 We find the degenerat and disobedient English
called Rebelles, but the Irish which were not in the King's
peace are called Enemies. 1719 DE FOE Crusoe i. x, I could
. .give Liberty, and take it away, and no Rebels among all
my Subjects. 1778 Gouv. MORRIS in Sparks Life $• Writ.
(1832) I. 158, I know that for such sentiments I am called
a rebel. 1864 LOWELL Gen. McClelland Report Pr. Wks.
1890 V. 107 General McClellan, by the admission of the
Rebels themselves, had Richmond at his mercy.
tb. In collect, sense (cf. enemy). 0&s~l
1600 DYMMOK Ireland (1843) 33 The small losse we sus-
teyned in this place was multiplied upon the rebell by our
quarter and skoutmasters.
c. Law. One who resists or disobeys a legal
command or summons. Now only spec, in Sc,
Law : A debtor who disobeys a charge on letters
of horning.
1592 Sc. Act 12 Jos. VI § 129 (1597) 119 Quhen-ever onie
persones, that hes fund sovertie to vnderly the Law, com-
peiris not at the day appoynted, and their-throw are de-
cerned to be denunced rebelles, as fugitiues fra the law.
1607 COWELL Interpr. s.v. Rebellion^ Rebell is sometime
attributed to him that wilfully breaketh a lawe.., sometime
to a villein disobeying his Lord. 1609 SKENE Reg. Maj. 86
The lands and tenements of felonis (of rebelles at the home)
quhilk are escheit induring their lyftime. Ibid., Burrow
Lawes i4ob, The rebelles (disobedient) and perturbers
within the burgh. 1666-88 DALLAS Stiles (1697) 289 Being
..orderly denunced Rebel and put to the Horn, by vertue
of Letters of Horning raised, used and execute against him.
1752 A. McDouALL Inst. Laws Scot. in. iii. II. 260 It was
for his not surrendering his person, (in default of payment)
which was in his power, that he was pronounced rebel, a 1768
ERSKINK Inst. Law Scot. u. v. § 56 If the debtor obey not
the will of the letters within the days mentioned in them, the
messenger may immediately after publish the diligence by
denouncing the debtor rebel. 1882 WATSON Belt's Diet.
Law Scot. s.v.
2. One who, or that which, resists authority or
control of any kind.
1340 Ayenb. 69 pos hy bye|> rebels to be heste of oure
Ihorde. a 1400 l^ernon MS. in Hampole's Wks. (1896) II.
345 To chastise the rebel, .beo wib-drawyng. .|>e occasion of
his sunne. 1484 CAXTON Fables of A man xxi. The cursyd
& rebelles whiche doo no thynge but playe with dees and
cardes. 1567 Gude <y Godlie B. (S. T. S.) 104 God, . . Ceis
not to send thy Sanctis sune support, . . For thay Rebellis
with rage do resort. 1606 SHAKS. Ant. fy Cl, iv. ix. 14 That
Life, a very Rebell to my will, May hang no longer on me.
1665 GLANVILL Scepsis Set. xiii. 76 'Tis Imagination is the
Rebel, Reason contradicts its impious suggestions. 1738
WESLEY Drydens l Creator Spirit, by ivhose Aid* iy,
Create all new, our Wills controul ; Subdue the Rebel in
our Soul. 1822 BYRON Werner iv. i, You are not jealous
Of me, I trust, my pretty rebel t
3. Comb.) as rebel-high ^ ~likc advbs.
1605 SHAKS. Lear iv. iii. 16 (Q. i) It seemed, she was a
>ner her passion, Who most rebell-like, sought to be
XV £ B E L L E R .
King ore her. ai66i HOLYDAY Juvenal (161$ 73 How he
seems arm'd for resistance, rebel like I 1719 YOUNG Brotlttrs
in. Wks. 1757 II. 240 Demetrius borrows those [wings], To
mount full rebel-high.
t Rebel, sb:* Obs. [f. REBEL v. (perh. on
analogy of prec.) or ad. med.L. rebellum. -turn
(Du Cange).] Rebellion.
c 1400 Rule St. Benet 46 Lauerd for his merci giue vs sua
obediens and mekenes at halde, and rebel at fle, bat [etc.].
1444 Rolls of Parlt. V. 104/1 The secunde rebell of the
seid Walssh men, the which arosen with Owen of Glan
doure. £1470 HARDING Chron. xxx. viii, His subiect, or
another wight, That with rebell vnlawful kill hym might.
1581 J. BELL Haddorfs Answ. Osor. 75 In my opinion it is
a manifest rebell agaynst the holy Scriptures. 1618 RALEIGH
in Four C. Eng. Lett. (1880) 38 If I had resisted .. the
rebells and spoils which my companyes would have made.
Rebel (rfbe'U, v. Also 4-8 rebell, (4-6 -e).
[ad. F. rebeller (i4th c.), ad. L. rebellare to make
war again, to revolt, f. re- RE- 2 c + bellare to fight,
make war, f. bellum war.]
1. intr. To rise in opposition or armed resistance
against the rightful or established ruler or govern-
ment of one's country. Const, against^ -\from, to.
1375 BABBOUR Bruce ix. 649 He duelt furth in-to the land,
Thame that rebelland war warrand. i39oGowER Conf. H.
196 The king of Puile, which was tho, 1 noghte ayein Rome
to rebelle. c 1460 FORTESCUE Abs. fy Lim. Mon. iii. (1885)
114 Bi cause the commons.. haue not rebellid or beth hardy
to rebelle. 15*3 LD. BERNERS Froiss. I. cii. 122 The kyng
ordayned therle of Salisbury., into the northe parties, . . for
the Scottes had rebelled agayne to hym. 1560 WHITE-
HORNE Ord. Soitldwurs (1588) 35 b, The same towne beeing
rebelled from the French men, . . the Venetians . . had laid
the streete full of artillerie. 1651 HOBBES Leviath. in.
xxxviii. 240 They rebelled, and would have a mortal! man
for their King. 1718 Free-thinker No. 56 ^9 It is astonish-
ing., the People should ever rebell for Slavery. 1767 Jnnins
Lett. xxxv. 163 You would not be the first prince . . against
whom they have rebelled. 1863 W. PHILLIPS Speeches xix.
446 The government. .deserves to be rebelled against
b. To resist, oppose, or be disobedient to, some
one having authority or rule.
1340 Ayenb. 28 £o rebelei> be enuyous uor to ssende and to
destrue be his mi^te. 1382 WYCLIF Nntnb. xxvi. 9 In the
dissencyoun of Chore, whanne a3ens the Lord thei rebelden.
1495 Trevisa's Barth. De P. R. (W. de W.) vi. xiv. 199 The
faders herte is sore greuyd yf his chyldren rebell ayenst
hym. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 17 Rebellyng
agaynst theyr prelates & curates. 1566 Paso nine in a
Traunce 50 b, Howe wilt thou that they should be honest,
if in their cursed othe, they rebel from Christe. 1631 GOUGE
GoeCs Arrows in. § 69. 309 To take vengeance of such as
obstinately rebell against his will. 1667 MILTON P. L. vi.
179 This is servitude, To serve th* unwise, or him who hath
rebelld Against his worthier. 1817 SHELLEY Rev. Islam iv.
xx, They . . bend beneath the spell Of that young maiden's
speech, and to their chiefs rebel.
c. transf. or_/^. in various contexts: To offer
resistance, exhibit opposition, to feel or manifest
repugnance, etc.
.1386 CHAUCER SqrSs ProL 5, I wol nat rebelle Agayn
youre lust; a tale wol I telle. 1597 SHAKS. 2 Hen. IV,
H. iv. 379 His Grace sayes that, which his flesh rebells
against. 1634 HEYWOOD Maidenhead lost iv. Wks. 1874
IV. 151 My blood rebells against my reason. 1738 JOHNSON
London i, Tho' grief and fondness in my breast rebel, When
injur'd Thales bids the town farewell. 1781 COWPER Re-
tirement 16 Thus Conscience pleads her cause .. Though
long rebelled against, not yet suppressed. 1859 TMNNYSON
Elaine 648 Amorous adulation, till the maid Rebell'd
against it. 1874 GREEN Short Hist. vii. § 2. 354 The temper
of the whole people rebelled against so lawless a usurpation.
t d. refl., and with it. Obs. rare.
1456 SIR G. HAVE Law Arms (S. T. S.) 125 Quhen ever
a baroun risis to mak were on his king, or rebell him in ony
thing to cum agaynis him, he fallis in the crime of lese
niageste. 1656 S. H. Gold. Law 68 Yet it kill'd Achan, and
infinite Innocents enough . . to have rebell'd it.
t2. trans. To oppose rebelliously. Obs. rare~l.
c 1450 HOLLAND Howlat 562 Quhen they rebellit the
crovne, and couth the kyng deir.
Hence t Kebe'lled ///. a., in active sense ; in
quot. absol. Obs.
1667 MILTON P. L. vi. 737, I .. shall soon, Armed with thy
might, rid Heav'n of these rebell'd.
Itebeldom (re1 beldam), [f. REBEL sb. + -DOM.]
1. The domain of rebels. Chiefly applied by their
opponents to the Confederate States during the
American Civil War.
1862 GRAY Lett. (1893) 480 As to Rebeldom, there is now
hardly any State that we have not got some foothold in.
1866 VISCT. STRANGFORD Selection (1860) II. -198 Its neigh-
bours call it Yaghistan, the land of revolt, rebeldom.
2. Rebellious behaviour.
1859 THACKERAY Virgin. H, Never mind his rebeldom of
the other day.
t Hebe'llailt, a. and sb. Obs. rare. [a. OF.
rebel/ant, pr. pple. of rebeller to REBEL, used as
adj. and sb. in I4~i6th c. (see Godef.).] a. adj.
Rebellious. Const, to. b. sb. A rebel. Const, to.
1432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) II. 21? That other infortuny is
exterialle, that man scholde haue his inferior rebellante to
hym. 1586 WARNER Alb. Eng. in. xviii. (1597) 86 RebeJ-
lants to a common good, and sinning without awe. 1641
SIR E. DERING Sp. Relig, xi. 38 Although my . . reason be
rebellant to your conclusions.
Rebeller (r^be'laj). Now rare. Forms : 5
(6 Sc.} rebellour, (5 -e), 5 rebellar, (6 Sc. -e),
6-7 rebellior, 5- rebeller. [f. REBEL v. + -EB i :
see also -IOUB and -OUR.] A rebel, one who rebels.
REBELLING.
1422 tr. Secreta. Secret., Pr'm. Priv. 206 Sooner Is
graciously hardyn oone Prayere of the obedient, than ten
thowsante of oon rebelloure. 1495 Paston Lett, III. 388
The shippes witli the Kynges rebel lars. iS48UDALL£'r/ww.
Par. Luke xxi. 166 A continuall rebeller against God.
^1640 J. SMYTH Lives Berkeleys (1883) I. 290 The same
kinge affirmed the same Maurice to bee his enemy and his
rebellior. a 1787 J. BROWN Set. Rein. (1807) 165 A robber of
and rebeller against God. 1837 CARLYLE Fr. Rev. I. vi. i,
Who is it that especially for rebellers and abolishers can
make a Constitution?
Rebelling (i/be'Hn), vbl. sb. [f. as prec. +
-ING1.] The action of the vb. REBEL.
a 1340 HAM POLE Psalter xvii. 41 Til bat bai faile and wite
awey and leue baire rebellynge. c 13815 CHAUCER Knt.'s T,
1601 Myn is.. The murmure, and the cherles rebellyng.
1560 A. L. tr. Cafoirfs Fonre Sernt. Songe Ezcck. i, He
tormenteth . . with a rebelling uncomely for a servant of
God. 1661 HF.YLIN Hist. Ref. II. 68-After Absalom's re-
belling was suppressed, and the kingdom setled.
Rebelling (r^be'lin,), ///. a. [f. as prec. +
-ING 2.] That rebels ; rebellious.
1575 GASCOIGNE Flowers Wks. 77, I thinke the Goddesse
of reuenge deuisde So to bee wreackt on my rebelling wyll.
x6xx SHAKS. Cyntb. v. iv. 96 The Thunderer, whose Bolt ..
Sky-planted, batters all rebelling Coasts, a 1677 M ANTON
Strut. Ps. cxix, cxv. Wks. 1872 VIII. 91 An unconstant and
rebelling heart. 1847 J. KIRK Cloud Dispelled ii. 44 Sin is
the intrusion . . of a free and rebelling creature on the plans
..of a holy God.
Rebellion1 (r/be-lyan). Forms: 4-5 rebell-
youn,4~6 -ioun; 5 rebylione, -billion, -belyone,
5-6 rebellyon(e, 4- rebellion, [a. F. rebellion
(i4th c.), ad. L. rebellion-em a renewal of war,
revolt, rebellion, f. rebell-is REBEL a.~\
1. Organized armed resistance to the ruler or
government of one's country ; insurrection, revolt.
c 1440 Prontp. Parv. 425/1 Rebellyone, or vnbuxumnesse,
rebellio. c 1460 FORTESCUE Abs. fy Lim. Mon. iii. (1885) 114
He wolde not sett any such charges . . vppon the nobles for
fere of rebillion. 1542-5 BRINKLOW Lament. (1874) 107
They teache sedycyon, & cause rebellypn agaynst the
hygher powers. 1593 SHAKS. Rich. II, u. iii. 109 In grosse
Rebellion, and detested Treason. 1667; MILTON P. L. xii.
36 He . . from Rebellion shall derive his name, Though of
Rebellion others he accuse. 1788 GIBBON Decl. # /''. xlvi.
(1869) II. 717 Every province of the empire was ripe for
rebellion. 1857 BUCKLE Civiliz. I. xii. 686 There can be no
doubt that rebellion is the last remedy against tyranny.
b. With a and//. An instance of this.
The Great Rebellion^ the civil war of 1642-9 and the
Commonwealth government of 1649-60. In Sc. Hist, the
name of Rebellion is spec, applied to the risings of 1715 and
1745, and in U. S. Hist, to the Civil War of 1861-5.
1382 WYCLIF i Kings xi. 27 The cause of the rebellioun
a;ens hym. 1460 CAPGRAVE Chron. 62 He was sent be
Nero to Palestyn, for to withstand the rebellion of lewis.
1511-2 Act 3 Hen. F///, c. 17 § 2 As.. yf the same treasones
rebellyones &oder mysdedes. .hadde never bedoone. 1602
SHAKS. Ham. iv. v. 121 What is the cause . . That thy Re-
bellion lookes so Gyant-like? 1647 CLARENDON Hist. Reb.
i. § i To present to the world a full and clear narration of
the grounds, circumstances, and artifices of this Rebellion.
1746 Ascanus 273 The Duke of Perth, .had for some Time
been suspected by the Government before the Rebellion
brokeout. 1838 THIRLW ALL Greece yi\\. 11.198 His meditated
expedition had been delayed by a rebellion which broke out
at Babylon. 1861 LONGF. in Life (1891) II. 418 John Bull
is not behaving well about this Rebellion.
C. Law (now only Sc. Law), Disobedience to
a legal summons or command ; also dlipt., the
fact of being regarded as a rebel on account of
such disobedience.
1550 Reg. Privy Council Scot. I. 102 Under the pane of
rebellious 1607 COWELL Interpr. s.v., Commission of re*
bellion . . is otherwise called a writte of rebellion.., and it
hath vse, when a man after proclamation .. to present him-
selfe to the court by a certaine day, appeareth not. 1666-88
DALLAS Stites (1697) 289 All Goods, Gear, . .that shall happen
to fall . . to him in any time coming during his Rebellion. 1720
T. WOOD Instit. Laws Eng, iv. i. (1732) 463 If a Non est
Invent-us is Return'd, then an Attachment with Proclama-
tion of Rebellion Goes against Him; and if He stands
further out in Contempt, then a Commission of Rebellion
may be issued, a 1768 ERSKINE Inst. Law Scot. n. v. § 61
All moveables belonging to the rebel [at] the time of his
rebellion, .fall under his single escheat, whether the rebellion
proceeds on denunciation, or on conviction in a criminal
trial. 1882 WATSON Bell's Diet. Laiu Scot. s.v.
2. Open or determined defiance of, or resistance
to, any authority or controlling power.
a 1340 HAM POLE Psalter ix. 6 pe swerdis of oure enmy ere
be rebellions of be deuel. c 1430 LYDG. Alin. Poems (Percy
Soc.) 141 He was bounde by lawe . . To pay his dymes, and
for rebellioun I cursyd hym. 1552 ABP. HAMILTON Catech.
(1884) 43 Without ony murmur rebellioun or contradictioun.
1595 SHAKS. John in. i. 289 Thy later vows, against thy first,
Is in thy selfe rebellion to thy selfe. 1715 DE FOE Fajn.
Instruct. I. iv. (1841) I. 92 Contempt of God, and rebellion
against your parents. 1781 COWPER Hope 565 His aim was
mischief, . . His speech rebellion against common sense. 1885
E. GARBETT (Mrs. Mayo) At any Cost xiii. 235 Perhaps
some rebellion against his destiny accounts for his atheism,
fb. Of ulcers: Obstinacy. 06s.—1
1541 R. COPLAND Gafyen's Terap, 2 D iv, It happeneth
that some vlceres and diseases are contumacy and rebellyon
[sic] to heale. Howbeit indicacyon curatyfe is nat taken of
this contumacy and rebellyon.
•}* c. Opposition, variance. Obs. rare.
1456 SIR G. HAVE Law Arms (S. T. S.) 78 Nowspere I. .
gif man suld have this rebellioun and contrarietee, ane
agaynis ane othir, quhen thai ar of divers complexiouns?
f Rebellion 2. Obs. [ad. late I. at. rebellion-em,
f. as prec.] A rebel.
222
1461 Paston, Lett. II. 37 The seyd Stapylton, &c., makyn
gret gaderyngs of the Kyngs rebelyones, lying in wayte to
niorder me. 1543 GRAFTON Contn. Harding 437 Anye manne
beyng a traytoure or rebellion hertofore to hys grace.
Rebellior, obs. form of REBELLEB.
Rebellions (r^be'lyas), a. Also 5 rebellous(e.
[ad. L. type *rebdlosus or ^rebellidsus, f, rebellis
REBEL a., or rebellio REBELLION. Cf. obs. F. re-
bclleux (Godef.).]
1. Insubordinate, defying lawful authority; be-
longing to a party of rebels. Const, against, to.
Rebellious Assembly, in Cowell (1607) and later Diets., is
defined in accordance with the act cited in quot. 1553.
1432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) II. 449 Men of Peloponense
haue euer bene rebellious. 1553 Act i Mary n. c. xii, An
Acte againste unlawfull and rebellyous Assembles. 1611
BIBLE Traits?. Pref. 3 A Pandect of profitable lawes against
rebellious spirits. 1641 THORNDIKE Prim. Govt. Ch. Ep.
Ded., It is a Child rebellious to the Fathers intentions.
1738 WESLEY //>/««, ' Father^ how wide thy glory shines '
iv, When we view thy strange Design To save rebellious
Worms. 1795 SOUTHEY Joan of Arc v. 61 My weak heart
..Will beat, rebellions to its own resolves. 1871 R. ELLIS
tr. Catullus Ixiii. 13 Lost sheep that err rebellious to the
lady Dindymene. 1888 Miss BRADDON Fatal Three \. i,
A horrid rebellious girl who has been expelled from a school.
absol. 1462 Pol. Poems (Rolls) II. 270 Alle rebellyous
undyr he sclial hem brynge. 1611 BIBLE/*.?. Ixvi. 7 Let not
the rebellious exalt themselues. 1667 MILTON P. L. vi. 414
On th1 other part Satan with his rebellious disappeerd.
b. transf. of the hand, head, a weapon, etc.
c 1580 SIDNEY Ps. xvii. vi, Thou by faithfull men wilt
stand, And save them from rebellious hand. 1605 SHAKS.
Miicb. i. ii. 56 Point against Point, rebellious Arme 'gainst
Arme. 1667 MILTON P. L. in. 86 Revenge, that shall re-
dound Upon his own rebellious head. 1810 SCOTT Lady of
L. n. xxxii, Douglas ne'er Will level a rebellious spear.
1848 LYI TON Harold n. ii, When Mangor. .let loose his re-
bellious tongue.
c. transf. of intoxicating liquor. rare~~^.
1600 SHAKS. A. Y. L. n. iii. 49 In my youth I neuer did
apply Hot and rebellious liquors in my bloud.
2. Of actions, etc. : Characteristic of a rebel or
of rebels ; marked by rebellion.
1499 Rolls ofParlt. VI. 447/1 Joyed in rumour and re-
bellous novehies. 1544 BALE Sir J. Oldcastle 20 Vpon
youre rebellyouse contumacye ye were both excommuni-
cated. 1667 MILTON P. L. vi. 786 His hapless Foes,
. .to rebellious fight rallied thir Powers, a 1704 T. BROWN
On. Dk. Ormomfs Recov. Wks. 1730 I. soOesar to aid, and
end rebellious strife. 1862 LONGF. Wayside Inn Prel. 113
The sword his grandsire bore In the rebellious days of yore.
3. Of things : Offering resistance to manipulation
or treatment ; refractory, a. Of diseases, sores, etc.
1578 LYTE Dodoens i. xv. 24 Very good against, .rebellious
! old sores. 1600 SuKFLKrCotitttrte l''artfieiu.\iv. 557 They..
I vse the oyle for rebellious ringwormes. 1698 FRYER Ace. E.
\ India fy P. 229 It [a tumour] is rebellious to all common
; Medicines. 1899 Allbutfs Syst. Med. VIII. 800 Few skin
| lesions have proved more rebellious [than lupus].
b. Of material things.
1594 GREENE & LODGE Looking Gl. G.'s Wks. (Rtldg.)
i 1 20/1 If his mane grow out of order, and he have any re-
bellious hairs. 1828 SCOTT F. M. Perth xvii, 'Bring
forward ', he said, ' our key . . and apply it to this rebellious
gate'. 1883 Rep. to Ho. Repr. Prec. Met. U.S. 609 The
new processes for the treatment of rebellious gold ores.
Rebelliously (rfbe-lyasli), ado. [f. prec. +
•LY 2.] In a rebellious manner.
1551-2 Act 5 <$• 6 Ediu. Vft c. xi. § 3 If any person . . re-
belhouslye doe. . withholde from our saide Soveraigne Lorde
. .Castles [etc.]. «i66xHoLYDAY Juvenal (ibjz) 73 The beast
is forraign and behaves himself rebelliously. 1729 BUTLER
Serin. Hum. Nat. ii. Wks. 1874 II. 28 Men viofate [con-
science] and rebelliously refuse to submit to it. 1884 FREE-
MAN in Manch. Guard. 22 Sept. 5/6 The body which thus
disloyally, almost rebelliously, flouted the crown.
Rebelliousness (r^be-lyasnes). [f. as prec.
+ -NESS.] The state of being rebellious.
*583 FOXE A. <$• J/. (1596) 299/2 The king ..perceiuing
the waiwardnesse of his owne clergie, or rather rebellious-
nesse. 2649 ROBERTS Clavis Bibl, 374 Teaching us sub-
mission, and bridling all undutifulness and rebelliousness.
1681 H. MORE Exp. Dan. Pref. 90 Our Schismatjcalness
and Rebelliousness. 1873 HELPS Anitn, Sf Mast. i. (1875)
29 The singular rebelliousness of young people.
Rebellour(e, obs. forms of RESELLER.
Rebellow (r/be'bu), v. [f. RE- + BELLOW v.t
after L. rebodre (see RE- a a).J
1. intr. Of cattle : To bellow in reply or in torn.
Also transf. of the wind.
1596 SPENSER F. Q. iv. x. 46 The raging buls rebellow
through the wood. [1700 DRYDEN Pal. $ Arc. in. 140 For
thee the bulls rebellow through the groves.J 1776 MICKLE
tr. Camoens* Lusiad 240 The blast rebellows o'er the ocean
wide. <t 1790 WARTON Poet. Wks. (1802) II. 179 Rebellows
to the roar the staggering ox.
b. Of places or material objects : To re-echo
loudly (lo or with a sound ; also rarely to the agent
producing the sound). Freq. in iSth c.
1590 SPENSER F. Q. i. viii. n He loudly brayd with beastly
yelling sownd, That all the fields rebellowed againe. 1697
DHYDEN ¥irg. Georg. \. 686 Here the Rhine rebellows with
Alarms. 1715-20 POPE Iliad v. 1057 Earth and heaven re-
bellow to the sound. 1791 Cow PER Iliad n. 566 The earth
Rebellow'd to the feet of steeds and men. 1837 CARLYLE
Fr. Rev. I. vn. i, The Palais Royal rebellows with Veto.
c. Of sounds: To re-echo lottdly. lit. and _/?£-.
a 1806 K. WHITE GondoL Ixxii, Hollow peals of laughter
loud Again rebellow'd round. 1867 GOLDW. SMITH Three
BEBIND.
I Eng. Statesmen (1882) 198 A storm of denunciation, which
still rebellows in the histories.
2. trans. To return or repeat (a sound) in a
bellowing tone.
1765 Merftriciad(t&. 6) 51 Panders, Boys, and Men, In
cadence hoarse, re-bellow out— Amen. 1800 W. TAYLOR in
filonthly Mag. X. 425 Echo hears, and aloud more wildly
rebellows the bellow 1807 J. ADAMS Wks. (1854) IX. 592
The English, the Scotch, the tories, and hypertederalists
will rebellow their execrations against me.
Hence Kebellowing///. a.
1711 BLACKMORE Creation 260 And strike rebellowing caves
on either side. 1789 E. DARWIN Hot. Card. n. (1790 60 With
loud acclaim, A present God ! they cried. A present God,
rebellowing shores reply'd.
Rebelly (re-beli), a. rare. [f. REBEL rf. + -yl.]
Inclined to rebellion ; marked by rebelliousness.
1817 LADY MORGAN O 'Brims f, O' Flaherty* II. 328 Did
nell and others (vide the recent rebelly literature fassirn).
t Rebelly, adv. Obs.~l [f. REBEL a. + -LY 2.]
Rebelliously.
c 1400 Master of Game (MS. Digby 182) xxxv, If (>ei drawe
fer fro hym rebellyche, he shulde sey to hem in bat caas as
when he scketh for be hare.
i Re'belness. Obs. [f. REBEL a. + -KESS.]
Rebelliousness.
(71380 Antecrist in Todd Three Treat. Wyclif (1851) 145
To putte out of chirche for rebelnesse to hem. c 1450 St.
Citthbert (Surtees) 3376 {>aiin self of rebelnes |?ai blamed.
1480 CAXTON Chron. Etig. ccvi. 187 With hem that were
outlawed oute of Englond for hyr rebelnesse.
Ite-belo-ve, i>. trans. 1 Obs. [RE-.] To love
in return. (Only in pass.)
1591 WARNER Alb. Eng. vn. xxxvi. 175 Erickmon languish!
all this while not re-beloued long. 1649 EARL MONM. tr.
Senault's Use Passions (1671) 238 He loves without hope of
being re-beloved.
t Rebel rout, var. RABBLE BOUT, by confusion
with REBEL sb.l
a. tjoo B. E. Diet. Cant. Crew, Rebel-rout, the Rabble,
running Riot.
Re-belry. nonce-wd. [f. REBEL riM + -BY. Cf.
revelry."] The behaviour characteristic of rebels.
1893 LELAND Mem. II. no, I. .joined in the dreadful
rebelry and returned unharmed.
tBebelty. Obs. [ad. OF. rebelled (Godef.) :
see REBEL a. and -TY.] Rebellion.
c 1380 WVCLIF Wks. (1880) 75 Not for rebelte ajenst god
ne his lawe. 1388 — i Kings xi. 27 This was cause of re-
belte a}ens the kyng.
Re-bemi-re, v. [RE- 5 a.] To bemire again.
1608 SVLVESTER Du Bartas ii. iv. iv. Decay 786 But Israel
back to his vomit turns, Him rebemires.
Rebe'nd, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To bend again
or in a new direction (in various senses of the word).
1601 SIR W. CORNWALLIS Ess. n. xxvii. P 4 Custome is a
mettal that stands which way so euer it is bent & is not to
be rebent without the danger of breaking. 1611 FLORID,
Reclinatorio, rebending or inclining againe. c 1828 BERRY
Encycl. Her. s.v., Rebending, is the same as bowed em-
bowed, bent first one way and then another like the letter S.
1832 MARRYAT A'. Farster xi. Her topsail-sheet was . . soon
rebent. 1897 KIPLING Captains Courageous 48 These hooks
are made of soft metal to be rebent after use.
So Rebend sb., a bend following another.
1893 H. M. DOUGHTY Our Wherry in Wendish Lands 63
We . . unravelled the bends and rebends and surrebends of
the Geeste.
f Re-benedi-etion. Obs. [RE- 5 a.] A second
or renewed benediction.
16x1 FLORIO, Ribenedittione, a rebenediction. 1656 EARL
MONM. tr. Boccalinis Pol. Touchstone (1674) 289 The re-
benediction of the most Christian King, Henry the Fourth.
Re-besie-ge, v. [RE- 5 a.] To besiege again.
ai66i FULLER Worthies, Lincoln n. (1662) 159 Tyrons
credit now lay a bleeding, when to stanch it, he rebesieged
Blackwater.
t Rebesk, a. Obs~° [Aphetic f. arabesque ; cf.
It. rabesco (Florio).] = ARABESQUE a. i.
x6ji COTGK., Arabtsqite, Rebeske worke ; a small and
curious flourishing. 1656 in BLOUNT (hence in Phillips, etc.).
Re-bestow, 'V. [K.E- 5 a.] trans. To bestow
again. So Bebestowal.
1835 LYTTON Rienzi vn. ix, A fair name vindicated, and
rightful honours re-bestowed. 1896 Daily News n Dec. 2/6
His formal placing of his office in the hands of the Academi-
cians, and their equally formal rebestowal of it.
fRebet, v. Sc. Obs.-1 [App.ad.Y.(se)re6attrt
to turn, take a new course = REBATE z*.1] intr. To
return.
c 1470 HENRY Wallace x. 802 Gret harm it war at he suld
be ourset ; With new power thai will on him rebel.
Be-beta-ke, v. [RE- 5 a.] reft. To betake
(oneself) again to a place, etc.
1635 QUARLES Embl. IV. xii. (1818) 242 At length . .She re-
betakes her to her lonely bed. 1642 FULLER Holy tr frof.
St. u. xix. 128 He rebetakes himself to his former calling.
Rebeue, obs. form of REBUKE sb.
Re-bewai-1, v. [RE- 5 a.] To bewail anew.
aiyii KEN Psyche Poet. Wks. 1721 IV. 166 They re-
bewail'd their own, and publick crimes.
Rebillion, obs. form of REBELLION.
Rebind (if bai-nd), v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To
bind again, in senses of the vb. ; esp. to give a new
binding to (a book). Hence Bebi-nding vbl. sb.
1850 KINGSLEY Alt. Locke xxv, He had numbers of his
REBIRTH.
223
REBOUND.
hooks rebound in plain covers. 1863 Spectator!, Feb. 120/2
A great victory might still rebind the fetters upon its serfs.
1886 Athenxum 30 Oct. 566/2 Why these old covers were
not restored to the volume on its rebinding it is hard to say.
Rebirth (nbaujj). [RE- 5 a; cf. REBOHN.]
A second birth (physical or spiritual) ; also_/%; of
things.
In common use from c 1850, now especially with reference
to the reincarnation of the soul in new forms.
1837 tr. Guizot's Hist. Civiliz. vi. 196 This re-birth of the
spirit of free inquiry. 1853 BAILEY Mystic, etc. 22 The de-
struction and re-birth of things He saw. 1866 J. MARTJNRAU
F.ss. I. 14 The rebirth of his heart was indispensable. 1871
ALABASTER Wheel of Lain p. xlv, The request to a living
Buddha to reward an offering by some particular rebirth.
f Rebi'te, z<.l 06s.—1 trans. To bite in return.
1594 T. B. La Primaitd. Fr. Acad. n. 325 When the heart
is wounded with griefe by any one, it desireth . . to rebite
him of whome it is bitten.
Rebite (r/bai-t), ».2 [RE- 5 a.] trans. To
bite again (in sense n of the vb.). Hence E-e-
bi'ting vbl. sb.
1816 J. SMITH Panorama Sc. $ Art II. 768 When any
part of the plate is materially too faint, it may be rebitten.
1822 IMISON Sc. $ Art II. 429 This second biting in the j
same lines is called re-biting. 1875 KNIGHT Diet. Mech. \
1 899/1 The parts which do not require rebiting.
Reble'SS, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To bless again, j
1399 SANDYS Eiiropx Spec. (1632) 181 The Popes refusall
to reblesse the King upon his sodaine reconversion. 1614
C. BROOKE Eclogue Poems (1872) 159 Take thy pleasant
reed, And with thy melody reblesse mine eare. 1630 J.
TAYLOR (Water P.) Wks. n. 303/1 At last the Pope was
pleased, and I reblest.
Rebloom (r/bl?7-m), v. [RE- 5 a.] intr. To
bloom again.
1605 SYLVESTER Du Bartas n. Hi. HI. Law 1236 His oft-
quickned Rod, Which dead, re-buds, re-blooms, and Almonds
bears. 1793 SOUTHEY Lines isf December xi, Nature soon
..Shall .. Expand the bursting bud again, And bid the
flower re-bloom. 1812 CRABBE Tales 59 Faded beauty with
new grace re-bloom'd. 1864'! ENNYSON Aylmer'sF, 142 They
. . Gather 'd the blossom that rebloom'd.
Reblossom (nblp'sam), v. [RE- 5 a.] intr.
To blossom again.
1611 FLORIO, RigermogUante^ budding or burgeoning
againe. reblossoming. 1747 Gentl. Mag. 339 Your charms
reblossom, in a female face. 1768 STERNE Sent. Journ.
(1778) II. 55 (The Sword) The little tree his pride and af-
fection wish'd to see re-blossom. 1863 LYTTON Caxtoniana
I. 115 Mere dandies are but cut flowers in a bouquet— once
faded, they never can reblossom.
Re-blue-, v. rare. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To make
(the sky) blue again.
1598 SYLVESTKR Du Bartas 11. i. iv. H (indie-crafts 13 Fair
Goddesse that renew'st Th' old golden age, & brightly
now re-blew'st Our cloudy sky.
Reboailt (re-b0want), a. Chiefly poet. [a. L.
reboant-) ppl. stem of reboare, f. re- RE- 2 a +
bodre to bellow : cf. REBOATION.] Rebellowing,
re-echoing loudly.
1830 TENNYSON Conf, Sensit. Mind 97 UnpHoted i1 the
echoing dance Of reboant whirlwinds. 1844 MRS. BROWNING
Vis. Poets 13 Spiritual thunders.. Crushing their echoes
reboant With their own wheels.
Reboa-rd, v. rare. [RE-.] trans. To board
(a vessel) again or in return.
c 1594 CAPT. WYATT R. Dudley's Voy. W. Ind. (Hakluyt)
ii After great bordinge and rebordinge each other, one the
morrow wee solemnlie feasted one another. Ibid. 19.
t Reboation. Obs. rare. [f. L. reboare : see
REBOANT and -ATION.] A rebellowing echo.
1654 R. CODRINGTON tr. Justine xxiv. 337 The sound is
heard more multiplyed by the reboation. 1659 ^p- PATRICK
Dm. Arilh. 2, I imagine that I should hear the reboation
of an universal groan. [1736 in BAILEY ; hence in Johnson
and later Diets.]
t Rebo'dy, v. trans. Obs~l = RE-EMBODY v.
1622 H. SYDENHAM Sertti. Sol. Occ. n. (1637) 174 Man. .is
. .rebodied with the soule, to the honour of a Resurrection.
fReboil, sb. Obs.-1 [f. next.] Wine which
has fermented a second time.
c 1460 J. RUSSELL Bk. Nurture 115 The reboyle to Rakke
to J)e lies of [re rose bat shalle be his amendynge.
t Reboi'l, v.l Obs. Forms : 5 reboille, 5-7
-boyle, 6-7 -boile. [a. OF. rebouillir (i3thc. in
Littre) :— L. rebulll-re to bubble up : see BOIL ?'.
and EBULLITION.]
1. intr. Of wine : To ferment a second time.
1444 Rolls ofParlt. V. 114/1 Neither Clusters of Grapes,
ne hole Grapes . . yat myght cause yat Wyne after that to
reboille or myscare. c 1460 J. RUSSELL Bk. Nurture no
Take good bede to be wynes..J»at bey not reboyle nor lete.
1594 PLAT Jewell-ho. in. 63 If anie sweete Wines happen to
reboile in the hot part of the Summer. 1601 HOLLAND Pliny
I. 417 New wine, .must be suffered to work: and afterwards
to reboile and work againe. .the Summer following.
2. intr. To boil up or over (iny%-. uses).
1477 SIR ]. PASTON in P. Lett. III. 174 It semythe that
the worlde is alle qwaveryng ; it will reboyle somwher. 1531
ELVOT Gov. \\, vii. Some of his companyons therat re-
boyleth, infamynge hym to be a man without charitie. 1556
PHAER Mncid iv. L iij b, Fixed vnderneth her brest her
wound reboyle th fast. 1601 F. GODWIN Bps, of Eng. 501
The auncient hatred he bore vnto the king . . now reboiled
in his stomacke.
b. trans. To cause to boil up (fig.}.
a 1529 SKELTON Rcf>lyc. Wks. 1843 I. 209 These demy
diuines . . feruently reboyled with the infatuate flames of
their recbelesse youthe.
Hence f Beboiled///. a. ; t Beboiling vbl, sb.
1432 RoHs ofParlt. TV. 405/2 After thei have I yen a little
while, thanne for reboylyng. .because of the saide falsnesse
they wer all noght. 0:1483 Liber Niger in House k. Oni.
(1790") 73 If any wynes be corrupted, reboyled, or unwhol-
some for mannys body. 15x3 W. DE WORDE Bk. Keruynge
in Babees Bk. 267 Drawe the reboyled wyne to ye lyes, &
it shal helpe it. 1598 FLORIO, Ribolttmento, a reboyling,
a heating, or skalding.
Reboil (rfborl), z/.2 [RE- 5 a.] trans. To
boil again (lit. Kn&jfc.}. Hence Heboi'lixigz'£/..r£.
1615 CROOKE Body of Matt 267 [The vein] powreth the
blood into the right ventricle .., there it is reboyled and
attenuated. 1628 tr. Mtctkitifs Poiverfitll Favorite 120
Tiberius hauing boyled and reboyled his project in his heart.
1806 A. HUNTER Culina (ed. 3) 247 Let them [eggs] be re-
boiled for the same space of time as at first. 1875 Miss
BIRD Sandwich Isl. (1880) 76 This rebelling of the drainings
is repeated two or three times.
Reboiler, v. : see RE- 5 c.
Reboise (rYboi'z), v. rare. [ad. F. reboiser, f.
re- RE- + bois wood.] trans. To reafforest, reforest.
1891 in Cent. Diet.
Reboisenient (r/boi'zment). [a. F. reboise-
ment t f. reboiser\ see prec.] Reafforestation.
1882 Pall Mall G. 10 Aug. 5/1 By reboisement of much
waste land wholly unfit for the plough. 1893 R. KIPLING
Many Invent. 189 The reboisement of all India is in its hand.
t IRebO'ke, v. Obs. [f. RE- + boke> var. BOLK v.]
intr. To belch, eructate.
1509 BARCLAY Shyp of Folys (1570") 229 He is king of
dronicardes and of dronkennes Reputed of them. .As grunt-
ing and drinking, reboking up agayne. 1514 — Cyt. fy
Uplondyshm. (Percy Soc.) 47 Sometime thy felowe reboketh
in thy face, a 1529 SKELTON Bonge of Court 180 His stomak
stuffed ofte tymes did reboke.
ItebO'lt,^- [RE- 5 a.]
1. trans. To bolt (a door) again.
1877 Sunday Mag. 113/1 John came back, rebolted the
scullery door, looked to his other fastenings [etc.].
2. To cut up again into bolts or lathes. Hence
rebolting-machine (see quot.).
1875 KNIGHT Diet. Mech. 1899/1 ReloUing-tnachine, a
species of sawing-machine for rebelling large blocks of
timber without quite separating smaller bolts from each
other. [Description follows.]
Rebon, obs. variant of REBOUND sb.
Re-book, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans, and intr. To
book again (see BOOK v. 40).
1864 Railw. Time Table, Passengers cannot be re-booked,
at any Intermediate Station by the Train in which they are
travelling. 1885 Law Rep. 14 Q. B. D. 228 At Stockport
the plaintiff re-booked to Ashton-under-Lyne.
Reboot, obs. Sc. form of REBUT v.
Re-bore, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To bore (a gun-
barrel, wheel, etc.) again.
1821 COL. HAWKER Diary ( 1 893) 1.239 Weight of gun since
reboring. .83 Ib. 1884 F. J. BRITTEN Watch <y Clockm. 152
If the wheel is out of truth it must be re-bored.
Reborn (r/bpun), pa.pple. and///, a. [RE- 5 a.]
Born again (physically or spiritually).
1598 FLORIO, Rinato, reborne or sprung vp againe. 1614
H. GREENWOOD Jayle Deliv. 476 O better for these never
to have been borne, then not to be reborne. 1652 BENLOWES
Theoph. iv. iv, The New-man is By th' quickning Spirit of
the High'st reborn. 1842 PUSEY Crisis Eng. Ch. 12 Through
her we were reborn, within her have we been trained. 1871
ALABASTER Wheel of Law p. xxxix, According to them, it
is not the soul or self which is reborn, but the quality.
b. transf. of things.
1824 Miss MITFORD Village Ser. i. (1863) 17 The road is
alive again. Noise is re-born. 1864 PUSEY Ltd. Daniclm.
105 Noah at the head of the newly cleansed and as it were
reborn world.
Reborrow (rflywi), v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To
borrow back again ; to borrow anew. Also absol.
1631 BP. H. KING On Death Dr. Donne, Nor is't fit Thou,
who didst lend our age such summes of wit, Shoulds't now
rebprrow from her Bankrupt Mine That Ore to bury thee,
which once was thine. 1806 W. TAYLOR in Robberds Mem.
(1843) II. 135 For your specimens I will re-borrow and tran-
scribe an ode or two of Stevens. 1863 GLADSTONE Financ.
Statent. 393 We shall ask the House to intrust us with
power to reborrow that money. 1885 Law Times Rep. LII.
800/1 One of the powers of the company is to borrow and
reborrow for the purposes of the company.
Rebosa, Reboso : see REEOZO.
Rebo'ttle, v. [RE- 5 a.] To bottle again.
1807 SOUTHEY in Robberds Mem. W. Taylor (1843) II. 198
To rebottle water which he has distilled till it has lost all its
life and freshness. 1888 J. ELLIS New Christianity vi. 137
The clear portion of the wine must be carefully removed . .
and then heated and rebottled and corked while hot.
Rebouk, obs. form of REBUKE v.
Rebounce, v. [RE-.] To bounce back or again.
1616 J. LANE Conf. Sqr.'s T. VH. 245 [The fight] More and
more encreasinge, hotter grew, .. bowncing, rebowncinge,
new noise immitatinge.
Rebound (r/'bau-nd), sb. Also 5 rebon, 6 re-
bowne. [f.thevb. Cf. F. rebond(i&h. c.). The
early forms without d are prob. a. AF. reboun
(Go wer).]
tl- ? Noise, din. O?>s~l
(-1485 Digby Kfyst. in. 1465 Who made the so hardy to
make swych rebon?
1 2. A violent blow. Obsr*
Cf. mod.Sc. ' He got a great rebound for his carelessness ',
I.e. a severe rebuke or reprimand.
a 1500 Sir Beues (Pynson) 3515 Than rode . . syr Terry To
the kynges broder .. And gaue to hym suche a rebowne
That fjoth he and his hors fcl downe.
3. The act of bounding back after striking ; re-
silience, return, recoil.
a. of material things.
1530 PALSGR. 261/1 Rebounds of a ball, bond. 1596
RALEIGH Discov. Gviana 67 The rebound of water made it
seeme, as if it had beene all couered ouer with a great
shower of rayne. 1698 FRYKR Ace. E. India fy P. 398 They
play Balls with Rackets, bringing their Steeds to observe
the Rebound. 1732 LEDIARD Scfhos II. vii. 55 His head ..
made three rebounds upon the scaffold. 1814 BYRON Ode
Napoleon vi, He who of old would rend the oak, Dream'd
not of the rebound. 1876 T. HARDY Etkelberta (1890) 344
The water began to thunder into these [caverns] with a leap
that was only topped by the rebound seaward again.
b. of sound and light.
1594 T. B. La. Primaud. Fr. Acad. n. 81 The soundes
woulde not be conueyed in so well, as they are in places
that bend and giue backewarde, where they haue rebounds.
1603 HOLLAND Plutarch's Mor. 1217 The stroks..be heard
a farre off,, .by reason of the resonance and rebound. 1689
BURNET Tracts I. 93 The Rebound of the Sun-beams from
the Mountains doth so increase the heats here. 1810 SOUTHEY
Kehama i. iv, With quick rebound of sound, All in accord-
ance cry.
c. transf. m fig- in various applications.
*5<>2 J- HEYWOOD Prov. fy Epigr. (1867) 135 Throw no
gyft againe at the gyuers hed : If thou do the rebounde
may be so red, That the red bloud may run downe in thy
necke. 1589 PUTTENHAM Eng. Poesie in. xix. <Arb.)2i6 Ye
haue another figure which by his nature we may call the
Rebound. 1606 SHAKS. Ant. $ Cl. v. ii. 104, I do feele By
the rebounde of yours, a grief that suites {emend, shoots]
My very Heart at roote. a 1658 CLEVELAND Cl. Vindic.
(1677) 169 She had return'd your Summons without perusal.
Which rebound of your Letter.. is the most compendious
Answer to what you propound, a 1708 BEVERIDGE Wks.
(1846) VIII. 654 The report. .1 heard, by a second rebound
from the prints which go about the country. 1763 EARL
MARCH 21 June in Jesse G. Sel-wyn (1843) I. 235 My dinner is
a rebound of one we had at Eglinton's. 1782 Miss BURNEY
Cecilia ix. iii, Nature herself, .is not more elastic in her re-
bound. 1853 MAURICE Proph. # Kings xvii. 292 The feeling
would be all the stronger because it was a rebound from a
state of depression and shame.
f d. fg. in phrases to take at (a or the] , by, from.
or upon rebound ; also, to accept, catch, etc., at re-
bound. Obs. (Freq. in i7th c.)
1577 STANYHURST Descr. Irel. in Holinshed VI. 5 Here
percase some snappish carper will take me at rebound. 1639
FULLER Holy War in. xix. (1840) 150 St. Bernard, taking it
rather from the rebound than first rise chargeth them there-
with. 1660 Trial of Regie. 118 If he doth but write them
by the command of another, by speaking them after another,
taking them upon rebound, that is not treason. 1673 COCKER
Morals 2 Accept a Courtesie at first Rebound. 1739 MEL-
MOTH Fitzosb. Lett. (1763) 361 Either to seize upon their
conclusions at once, or to take them by rebound from others.
Rebound (rz'bau-nd), v. Also 6 rebowne,
reboune. [ad. OF. rebonder, -bondtr, -bundir
(mod.F. rebondir'} to resound, bound back: see
RE- and BOUND v.* In ME. and early mod.E. freq.
confused with REDOUND v. ; see ib-id and 3 c,]
1. intr. To spring back from force of impact,
to bound back.
1398 TREVISA Barth. DeP.R. vni. xxviii. (Bodl. MS.1 pat
besschynyng bat reboundej? a^en is icleped lumen refluxitm.
c 1450 Merlin 245 He droff hem a-wey discounfited, and
made hem to rebounde vpon the warde of ffalsabres and
vpon the warde of Pyngnoras. 1530 PALSGR. 680/1, I never
sawe gonne stone skyppe on that facyon, it rebounded thrise
one after an other. 1559 W. CUNNINGHAM Cosmogr. Glasse 42
The Sonne beames rebounding from th'earth. 1634 PEACHAM
Gentl. Exerc. i. x. 33 A ball being strucken hard downe
with your hand, reboundeth backe in the same line. 1692
BENTLEY Boyle Lect. vii. 235 Those few [atoms] that should
happen to clash might rebound after the collision. 1751
SMOLLETT Per. Pic. xxxvi, My shot rebounded from his
face like a wad of spun-yarn from the walls of a ship. 1816
BYRON Ch. Har. in. Iviii, When shell and ball Rebounding
idly on her strength did light. 1855 MACAULAY Hist. Eng.
xii. III. 236 The shock was such that the Mountjoy re-
bounded, and stuck in the mud.
b. transf. or_/%-. of immaterial things (common
in 1 5-1 7th c.).
In early use prob. confused with REDOUND v. ; cf. 3 c.
?c 1400 LYDG. Msop"s Fab. v. 164 Where frawde is vsed,
frawde mote rebounde. 1412-20 — Chron. Troy ii. xii, The
shame . . doth rebounde Upon vs all. a 1533 LD. BERNERS
Gold. Bk.M. Anrel. (1546) I, That benefite rebounded onely
to the myserable prysoners. 1581 J. ¥>K\A. H addons A nsiv.
Osor. 186 The question reboundeth backe agayne from
whence it came first. 1647 COWLEY Mistr. xxvin. iv, When
it does Hardness meet and Pride, My Love does then re-
bound t'another side. 1707 NORRIS Treat. HtimiMy vi.
246 The respect that is shewn to those below us, rebounds
upwards. 1788 BURKE Sp. agst. W. Hastings Wks. XIII.
16 An evil example, that would rebound back on themselves.
1852 ROBERTSON Serttr. Ser. in. xiv. 170 Through the medium
of reaction rebounding from extremes which produce con-
trary extremes.
fc. To redound tone's shame, honour, etc. UK.
1412-20 LYDG. Chron. Troy n. xvi, Reprefe to their name
That iustly might rebounde to their shame. £1460 G.
ASHBY Dicta Philos. 76 So it shal rebounde to youre honour.
1528 ROY Rede me (Arb.) 36 Unto oure dishonowre all doeth
rebowne Seyinge that gone is the masse.
•I cL Used by Wyclif to render L. redtmdare.
1382 WYCLIF Prw. iii. 10 Thi bernes shul ben fulfild with
fulnesse, and with win thi presses shul rebounden. -
Esther vii. 4 Our enemy . . whos cruelte reboundeth in to the
king. Ibid. x. 6 A Htil welle, that grew into a flod, . . and
in to manye watris rcboundide.
2. To re-echo, reverberate, resound. Now rare
or Obs. a. of sounds.
REBOUND.
224
REBUILD.
c 1440 Promp. Parv. 425/1 Rebowndyn', or sowndyn a-
3ene', reboo. ? a 1500 Knt. of Curtcsy 347 The noise of
gonnes did rebounde. 1530 RASTELL Bk. Purgat. \. xvi,
Every man hereth the hole voyce, sown, or worde, & it re-
boundyth hole in every mannes erys. 1581 STANYHURST
SEneis in. (Arb.) 71 With playnts most pitiful to oure ears
thus^sadlye rebounding. 1646 CRASHAW Sospetto d'Herode
xxxviii, A gen'ral hiss, from the whole tire of snakes Re-
bounding, through hell's inmost caverns came. « 1711 KEN
Preparatives Poet. Wks. 1721 IV. 51 More surprising Sound
Will through the hollow Graves rebound. 1781 COWPER
Hope 346 From stuccoed walls smart arguments rebound.
a 1821 SHELLEY Homer's Hymn Merc. Ixxxvti, Far and
wide rebounded The echo of his pipings.
b. of places. Const, of, with, to, and absol.
I555 EDEN Decades To Rdr. (Arb.) 49 Hauens uith echo
seuen tymes reboundynge. 1579-80 NORTH Plutarch (1612)
430 Made the mountaines. .to rebound againe of the sound
and eccho of their cries. 1697 DRYDEN I7irg. Georg. iv. 100
With hoarse allarms the hollow Camp rebounds, 1725 POPE
Odyss. vin. 16 With tumultuous sounds Of thronging multi-
tudes the shore rebounds. 1788 WARTON On his Majesty's
Birthday ii, Where the long roofs rebounded to the din Of
spectre chiefs, who feasted far within.
3. a. To bound or leap, esp. in return or response
to some force or stimulus. Now rare or Obs.
13.. E. E, Allit. P. B. 422 [The ark] flote forthe with |>e
flyt of be felle wyndez ; Wheder-warde so be water wafte,
hit rebounde. c 14*0 Avow. Artk. xi, Als sone as he come
thare, A-^aynus him rebowndet the bare. 1513 DOUGLAS
sEneis vir. vii. 91 [The top] smyttin wyth the tawisdois re-
bound. 1634 SIR T. HERBERT Trav. 7 Sometimes ihesurges
or Sea-flashes doe rebound top-gallant height. 1653 H.CocAN
tr.Pinto's Trav. xxiii. 86 By means of a bellows, .the water
rebounded up so high, that .. it fell as small as dew. 1667
MILTON P. L. i. 788 At once with joy and fear his heart re-
bounds. 17*5 POPE Odyss. xv. 162 Along the court the fiery
steeds rebound. 1791 COWPER Iliad xni. 741 The heart
Rebounded of Pisander, full of hope.
b. To bound back (without impact).
1513 DOUGLAS sEneis vii. Prol. 112, I. .slepit sownd Quhill
the orizont wpwart gan rebound. 1856 FROUDE Hist. Eng.
II. 213 The stone which had been laboriously rolled to the
summit of the hill was trembling on the brink, and in a
moment might rebound into the plain.
-f-C. To result, arise from a source. Obs.—1
Prob. confused with REDOUND: cf. i b.
a 1471 FOKTBSCUE Wks. (1860) 485 Thou knowest nat what
spiritual wynnyng reboundeth from theis temporal hurts.
1662 J. CHANDLER Van Helmonfs Oriat. Pref., As soon as
any one shall come to be fined, let the money rebounding
from hence, be laid aside for the use of suppressing the
Enemies.
4. trans. To cause to bound back ; to cast or
throw back, to return. Now rare.
c 1560 in CEcon. Rokebiorum in Richmond JfiY/j(Surtees)
200 ttoff, Christofer Rokeby, being as^ulted. .was able soe
to have rebounded the blowes given him [etc.]. 1506 Ediv.
///, i. i, Defiance, Frenchman 1 we rebound it back. 1657
J. SMITH Myst.Rhet. 126 When Anthony charged Cicero,. .
Cicero rebounded the same accusation again to Antony.
1638 GuRNALLCAr. in Arm. verse 14. xi. § 3 (1669) 99/1 Now
to rebound his love in thankfulness, she bestirs her self
[etc.]. 1713 STEELE Sfect. No. 423 p 6 They have the
whole Woman between them, and can occasionally rebound
her Love and Hatred from one to the other. 1803 JANE
PORTER Thaddens xxvi. (1831) 231 His dignified composure
rebounded their darts upon his insult ers. 1865 S. FERGUSON
Forging of Anchor ii, The leathern mail rebounds the hail.
fb. To reflect (light). Obs.
1398 TREVISA Earth. De P. K. vm. xxix. (Bodl. MS.), A
merroure .. and of»er glistering bodies reboundeb a3en be
schynynge that he fongel>. 1599 DA VIES Hymns Astra-a
xv, Rebound vpon thy selfe thy light. 1653 MORK Antid.
A tit. H. xii. § 3 The rays falling upon the Retina .. being
rebounded thence upon the Uvea.
5. To re-echo, return (a sound). Now rare.
1555 EDEN Decades 96 The wooddes and montaynes . , re-
bounded the noyse of the horryble crye. 1591 SPENSER
Tears of Muses 22 The hollow hills. .Were wont redoubled
Echoes to rebound. 1655 FULLER Ch. Hist. i. v. § 10 They
reckoned their Foes by the increase of the Noise rebounded
unto them. 1703 POPE Tltebais i. 163 The dreadful signal
all the rocks rebound. 1751 LAVINGTON Enthits. Meth. fy
Papists in. (1754) Pref., I have little more Honour than that
of being an Echo, rebounding your own Words. 1813 T.
BUSBV Lucretius I. n. 370 Loud to the neighbouring hills
the clamours rise, The neighbouring hills rebound them to
the skies.
t b. To send out, exalt, celebrate, by a re-echoing
sound. Obs.
c 1557 ABP. PARKER Ps. Ixxxi. 235 Open . . the mouthes of us
thy suppliants to rebounde out the prayse of thy glorious
majesty. 1598 YONG Diana 444 They shall rebound His
famous name ..Vnto the highest spheares. 1647 J. HALL
Poems H. ioi His throne,, .whom your plumy pipes rebound.
Hence Reborvndable a. ; Rebou-nded ///. a. ;
Rebou'nder, a device in a gun-lock by which the
hammer is thrown back after it has struck the cap
(Knight Diet. Meek. 1875).
1659 Gentl. Calling 78 Everie degree of unmercifulness
they shew to others, reverts with a rebounded force upon
themselves. 1685 COTTON tr. Montaigne III. 244 Our
reasons.., our arguments and controversies are rebound-
able upon us.
Rebounding (r/bcnrndin), vbl. sb. [f. prec.
+ -ING1.] The action of the vb. REBOUND, in
various senses ; an instance of this. Also attrib.
1381 WYCLIF Wisd. xvii. 18 The a;een sounende rebound-
ing of sound fro the he^est hillis maden them failende for
drede. £1440 Partoncpe 4212 This hors .. was euer neyng
And ther to so gretly reboundyng Hit made. 15*6 Pilgr.
Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 30 By reason of the great refleccyon
or rebownynge of the sayd beame it causeth an hete. 1582
STANYHURST sEneist etc. (Arb.) 138 Now doe they ray^e
gastly lyghtnings, now grislye reboundings Of ruffe raffe
roaring, a 1635 SIBBES Confer. Christ <V Mary (1656) 88
This reflection, this return, this rebounding back to God.
1698 CAPT. l.ANGFORDin Phil. Trans. XX. 414 The Reverse
or Rebounding back of the Wind.
Rebounding1 (r/"bau*ndirj), ppl. a. [-INQ2.]
That rebounds, in various senses of the vb.
1382 WYCLIF Prov. xviii. 4 The reboundende [L. rcdun-
dans\ welle of wisdam. 1555 EDEN Decades 134 The re-
boundyng noyse of a horseman comminge. 1635 SWAN
Spec. M. vii. § 3 (1643) 348 The harmlesse choristers of the
rebounding woods. 1667 MILTON P. L. x. 417 Chaos, .with
rebounding surge the bans assaild. 1790 A. WILSON /Wwj,
Thunder Storm, Trembling he stops, . . When bursting,
harsh, rebounding thunders roll ! i8*a GOOD Study Med.
II. 26 The dicrotic, coturnising, and inciduous [pulses] . . as
mere subvarieties of the rebounding, or redoubling.
b. Rebounding lock, a guii-lock fitted with a
' rebounder '.
21 GREENER Mod. Breech-loaders 32 We consider that
:ient striking power cannot be imparted to the rebound-
ing lock to insure certainty of ignition with the cartridges
as now made. x88x — Gun 259.
tReboUTS, a. and sb. Obs. Forms : 4 reburs,
rebours(e, robours, 5 Sc. rebowris. [a. F. re-
bours rough, perverse, etc. (as sb., the wrong side
of a fabric) :— pop. L. reburs-itmt L. reburntm
rough-haired, bristly.]
A. adj. Perverse, froward. rare—1.
1340 Ayenb. 68 Wy^stondynge is a zinne bet comb of be
herte bet is rebel and hard and rebours and dyuers.
B. sb. in phr. at rebours (tr. F. £fyftfWIY),Onthe
rough or wrong side, in the wrong way or opposite
direction, perversely. Chiefly Sc,
ci33oR. BRUNNE Citron, li'ace (Rolls) 5165 Androcheus
..answered hym al at reburs [v.r. robours}. Ibid. 12652.
c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints I. (Katforine) 860 f>ir quhelis .. twa
aganis twa Sail alwais turne in contrare cours As thingis
beand at rebourse. c 1425 WYNTOUN Croti. ix. viii. 48
Schyre Willame persaywyd then His myschef, and hym
send succowris, Ellis had all gane at rebowris.
t Rebous. Sc. Obs. rare. ? Din, disturbance.
Etym. and precise meaning not clear : connexion with OF.
rebous var. tfrcbours (see prec.) is perh. possible.
1535 STEWART Chron. Scot. II. 212 The schawis schuik
and trimlet all the erd With sic rebous reboundand fra the
bruke. Ibid. 647 His wyfe that tyme, but bargane or rebous,
Rycht reuerentlie to him gaif ouir the hous.
Rebout-, obs. form of REBUT v.
Rebowne, obs. form of REBOUND sb. and v.
Rebowris, Sc. var. REBOURS Obs.
Rebowt-, obs. form of REBUT v.
Reboyle, obs. form of REBOIL v.1
Reboyt-, obs. Sc. form of REBUT v.
II Rebozo, reboso (r<?b<r]w, -bd-ze). Also re-
bosa, ribosa. [Sp. reboso !\ A shawl or long scarf
used by Spanish- American women as a covering
for the head and shoulders.
1850 B. TAYLOR Eldorado II. ix. 52 The men in their
white shirts, and the women in their bewitching rebosas.
1851 MAYNE REID Scalp Hunt. ix. 70 Swarthy ill-favoured
faces appear behind the folds of dingy rebozos. 1888 Literary
World (Boston) 18 Aug. 262/1 The women move shyly,
covered to the eyes in the long blue scarf, or reboso, which
is part of the national costume.
Rebrace (jfbr^-s), v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To
brace again. Hence Rebra-cing vbl. sb.
1741-2 GRAY Agrippina 138 A cause To arm the hand of
childhood and reorace The slackened sinews of time- wearied
age. 1797 MRS. RADCLIFFE Italian vii, Vivaldi's nerves
were instantly rebraced, and he sprang to the door. i8a6
SOUTHEY Lett. (1856) III. 540 Tjie rebracing of a bodily
frame. 1848 LYTTON Harold xi. viii, Rebraced to its purpose
by Lanfranc's cheering assurances, the resolute, indomitable
soul of William now applied itself [etc.].
Rebreatlie(rfbrfo'),^ [RE- 5 a.] trans. To
breathe (air) again. Hence Bebrea'thed ppl. a.
1606 HEYWOOD Challenge for Beauty iv. i, Have hope to
bee redeemd ; . . Hope to re-breathe that ayre you tasted first.
c 1865 J. WYLDE in Circ. Sc. I. 427/1 He must . . re-breathe
these . . exhalations. 1896 Allbutt's Syst. Med. I. 310 The
consequence is that patients have to inhale rebreathed air.
Rebree-d, v. rare— 1. [RE- 5 a.] To breed again.
1608 SYLVESTER Du Bartas IL iv. in. Schisme 788 My
Childe returns, re-breeding in my Womb.
Rebrew, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To brew again.
1761 ARMSTRONG A Day 219 Brewed and rebrewed, a
double, treble curse.
Rebri'be, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To bribe a
second time.
1602 2nd Pt. Return fr. Parnass. rv. ii. 1646 It is vsuall
with them, .to be bribed and rebribed on the one side, then
to be feed and refeed of the other. 1849 DE QUINCEY Eng.
Mail Coach Wks. 1862 IV. 294 This whole corporation was
constantly bribed, rebribed and often sur-rebribed.
Rebri'ng, v. [RE-.] trans. To bring back.
Also with back.
1595 DANIEL Civ. Wars \. xxiv, Now this great succeeder
all repaires, And rebrings-backe that discontinued good.
1616 J. LANE Cont. SgrSs T. viiL 112 But then afreshe ..
rebringes these canons foorth that back weare run. 1839-
BAILEY Festus^ 557 Lo ! ye are all restored, . . rebrought
Heaven by Him who cast ye forth.
Hence Bebri'nger ; Bebri'nging1 vbl. sb.
1598 FLORIOJ Rapportatore^ . . a rebringer. Ibid., Rap-
Porto^ . .a rebnnging.
Rebstone, obs. form of RUBSTONE.
Rebu-bble, v. [RE-.] To bubble up again.
1823 BYRON Island iv. iv, They watch'd awhile to see him
float again, But not a trace rebubbled from the main.
Rebuck, obs. form of REBUKE v.
Rebu'Ckle, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To buckle
again. Hence Rebirckling vbl. sb.
16x1 FLORIO, Ra-ffibbiare^ to buckle againe, to rebuckle.
Raffibbiatnra, a rebuckling. 1845 BROWNING How they
brought the good News ii, 1 . . Rebuckled the cheek-strap,
chained slacker the bit.
Rebucous: see REBUKOUS.
Retard, v. [RE- 5 a.] intr. To bud again.
Hence Bebu'dding vbl. sb.
1605 SYLVESTER Du Bartas n. iii. in. Law 1236 His oft-
quickned Rod, Which dead, re-buds, re-blooms, and Almonds
bears. 1611 FLORIO, Ripantfiinarc, to rebud or reburgeon
out a new as a Vine doth, a 1618 SYLVESTER yob Triumph.
888 It will revive, and, as a Plant, re-bud. 1814 Sporting
Ma$, XLIV.Q5 When earth rebuds with kindly rain. 1871
Daily News 7 Mar., The rebudding of the wand of peace.
Rebuff (rn>t> f), sb. [a. obs. F. rebuffe (i6lh c. ;
mod.F. rebuffade), ad. It. ribuffo (also rabbuffo),
f. ri~ RE- + buffo puff.]
1. A peremptory check given to one who makes
an advance of any kind ; a blunt refusal of a request
or offer; a snub. Also without article (quot. 1847).
1611 FLORIO, Ribuffo^. .a chiding, a taunt, a rebuffe. 1685
WOOD Life 25 Oct. (O.H.S) III. 168 In Air. Paynter's
chamber, [I received] a rebuff from Dr. LI. .. a pedagog.
1736 Swift's Lett. (1766) II. 229 Perhaps, if I seek it too
much, I might meet with a rebuff. 1784 COWPER Task iv.
411 The rugged frowns and insojent rebuffs Of knaves in
office. 1833 J. H. NEWMAN Hist. Sk. (1873) II. i. i. 8 Great
men love to be courted, and little men must not mind rebuffs.
1847 C BRONTE y. Eyre xviii, All eyes met her with a glance
of eager curiosity, and she met all eyes with one of rebuff
and coldness. 1880 L. STEPHEN Pope ii. 53 Pope un-
doubtedly must have been bitterly vexed at this implied
rebuff.
b. A check to further action or progress, due to
circumstances.
1672 MARVELL Reh. Transp. i. 208 Too glorious an Enter-
prize to be abandoned at the first rebuffe. 1759 STERNE Tr.
Shandy II. i, These perplexing rebuffs gave my uncle Toby
Shandy more perturbations than you would imagine. 1853
KANE Grinnell Exp. (1856) 544 Bontschitscheff met the
same rebuff at the same height thirty degrees further west.
2. A repelling puff or blast, rare.
1667 MILTON P. L. n. 9^6 The strong rebuff of som tu-
multuous cloud Instinct with Fire and Nitre. 1811 H. & J.
SMITH Rej. Addr,, Archil. Atoms 52 ^Eolian Monarch !
Emperor of Puffs ! We modern sailors dread not thy rebuffs.
Rebuff (rfbp-f), v. [ad. obs. F. rebu/er (ra-
buffcr), ad. It. ribuffare (also rabbttffare}, i. ribuffo :
see prec.]
1. trans. To repel bluntly or ungraciously; to
give a rude check or repulse to (one).
a 1586 SIDNEY Arcadia in. (1655) 319 Marvelling, that
hee, who had never heard such speeches from any knight,
should be thus rebuffed by a woman. 1611 FLORIO, Ribuffaret
to rebuke, .to rebuffe. 1697 DRYDEN &ncitt 111.319 At length
rebuff'd, they leave their mangled Prey. 1774 MAD.
D'ARBLAY£(?r/j'/Pz<zrj'3oMar., I answered .., that I could
not possibly comply : he would not be rebuffed. 18*7 SCOTT
Surg. Dau. vi, He could not find any proper mode of re-
buffing, or resenting it. 1869 TROLLOHE He knew, etc. xxiv.
(1878) 137 She had certainly not intended to rebuff him.
2. To blow or drive back, rare,
1747 [see REBUFFING ///. a. below]. 1798 LANDOR Gebir
Wks. (1846) II. 493 The fierce element . . earths adamantine
arch rebuft.
Hence Bebuffed (r/"bo'ft), Bebu'ffing///. adjs.
1747 HALES in Phil. Trans. XLIV. 582 Those tempestuous,
rebuffing, whirling Hurricanes, which bear down all before
them. 1788 H. WALPOLE Reminisc. viii. 66 The rebuffing
spite of the princess dowager. 1793 MARY WOLLSTONECR.
Rights Worn. vi. 265 His manners .. are rebuffing, and his
conversation cold and dull. 1886 Pall Mall G. 17 Apr. 4/1
Some of the rebuffed ones seat themselves.
Rebu'ffet, v. [RE-.] trans. To reject or return
with a buffet.
1672 EACHARD Lett. 64 Mandringo's Pismires rebuffetted.
16970. LESLIE Snake in Grass (ed. 2) 251 This was soon
Re-buffeted back again upon them, by the Quakers in the
West of England.
Rebuik, obs. Sc. form of REBUKE sb.
Rebuild (rfbi-ld), v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To
build again ; to reconstruct.
1611 COTGR., Rebastir, to reedifie, rebuild. i6ia DRAYTON
Poly-olb. viiL 159 In whose, .name Great London still shall
live, (by him rebuilded). 1655 H. VAUGHAN Silex Scint.,
Ascension Hymn vii, Hee alone . . can Bring bone to bone
And rebuild man. 1743 BULKELEY & CUMMINS Voy. S.
Seas i The Ships were all in prime Order, all lately rebuilt.
1790 BURKE Fr. Rev. Wks. V. 163 We have rebuilt Newgate,
and tenanted the mansion. 1840 MILL Diss. •$• Disc. (1875)
I. 423 When society requires to be rebuilt, there is no use
attempting to rebuild it on the old plan. 1875 S TUBES Const.
Hist. I. xii. 458 Farmhouses and palaces had alike been re-
built.
absol 1818 CRUISE Digest (ed, 2) IV. 88 Where a re-
mainder-man . . suffers the lessee or assignee to rebuild.
1861 M. PATTISON Ess. (1889) I. 44 When the Company pro-
ceeded to rebuild, they no longer did so in the massive and
imposing style of the fourteenth century.
b. Rebuilding = being rebuilt. Cf. BUILD v. 7.
1668 H. DUKE Londons- Nonsuch title-p, , That most stately
and magnificent structure now re-building. 1745 Observ.
Cone. A^z/ys^Sheis re-building. 1776 G. SEMPLE Building
in Water 30 The Bridge at that Time rebuilding at Orleans.
Hence Rebuild sb., an operation of rebuilding,
a thing rebuilt; Bebni'lt ///. a.
169* Lond. Gaz. No. 2761/3 Two rebuilt Ships, the Prince,
. .and the Dunkirk. 1856 P. FAIRBAIRN Prophecy n. ii. 268
Arestoration to the Land of Canaan, and a rebuilt Jerusalem.
REBUILDER.
1878 F. S. WILLIAMS Midi. Railw. 646 We enter the erecting
hhops, . .one for 'rebuilds ', renewals, and new engines.
Rebuilder (n bi-ldaj). [f. prec. + -ER 1.] One
who rebuilds or reconstructs.
1686 PLOT Stafl'ordsh. 295 The Founder or rebuilder of
this Church. 1831 CARLYLE Sart. Res. in. vii, An English
Radical, who . . it is to be hoped, will become an English
Rebuilder. 1856 FROUDE/fist. Eng. I. 116 He saw himself,
in imagination, the rebuilder of the Catholic faith.
Rebuilding (n'brldiij), vbl. sb. [f. as prec. +
-ING l.] The action of the vb. REBUILD. Also//.
1601 HOLLAND Pliny xvi. xl, Brought with other timber
for the rebuilding of the foresaid bridge. 1691 T. H[ALE]
Ace. New Invent, p. lxi,The Fire and Rebuilding of London.
1772 Ann. Reg. 222 The buildings, re-buildings, and repairs
of ships of war in his Majesty's yards. 1867 FREEMAN
Norm. Com!, (ed. 3) I. v. 399 All the rebuildings of that
wonderful pile. 1886 WILLIS & CLARK Cambridge III. 254
The rebuilding of the entire college on a new site was
undertaken.
Rebuit, variant of REBUTE Sc.
Rebukable : see REBUKEABLE.
Rebuke (rfbiu-ty , sb. Also 5 rebeuc, 6 rebuk,
Sc. rebuik. [f. the vb.]
•f 1. A shameful or disgraceful check ; a shame or
disgrace. Obs. (Common in 1 5th c., esp. ill phr. to
put to a rebuked)
<: 1430 LVDG. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 258 Behold the re-
bukys that do me so menace, c 1470 GREGORY Chron.
(Camden) 197 That yere the Pope put that hethyn hounde. .
to a grete rebuke. 1470-85 MALORY Arthur ix. iv, The re-
bukes that sir Launcelot dyd vnto many knyghtes causeth
them that be men of prowesse to beware.
f b. Without a or//. : Shame, disgrace, reproach.
Obs. (Common in ifith c.)
1495 Act n Hen. VII, c. 19 To the grete rebuke and dis-
claunder of the seid Crafte. a 1533 LD. BERNERS Hiton
xlvii. 160 We shall do hym all the shame and rebuke that
we can. 1548 UDALL Erastn. Apoph. 174 He dyd not
stayne ne putte to lacke or rebuke hys royall autoritie. 1590
SPENSER F. Q. in. i. 55 For great rebuke it is love to despise.
2. Reproof, reprimand.
'1430 LYDG. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 127 Scorne and
rebuke cast in his visage, He . . sayde nothyng therto. c 1515
Cocke Loreirs B. 8 On your owne sleue to wype your nose
Without rebuke takynge. 1596 SHAKS. i Hen. IV, v. i.
in If he will not yeeld, Rebuke and dread correction waite
on vs. 1611 BIBLE Prov. xiii. i A wise sonne heareth his
fathers instruction : but a scorner heareth not rebuke. 1671
MILTON P. R. i. 468 Sharply thou hast insisted on rebuke.
1781 COWPER Expost. 397 Hast thou. .Despising all rebuke,
still persevered. 1844 MRS. BROWNING Drama of Exile
Poems 1850 1. 48 God hath rebuked us, who is over us, To
give rebuke or death.
b. With a and //. (the commonest use) : A re-
proof, a reprimand.
1514 BARCLAY Cyt. tr Uplmdyshm. (Percy Soc.) 47 Thou
shalt at the least way rebukes soure abide. 1560 DAUS tr.
Sleidane's Comm. 424 b, It is incredible, with what rebukes
and railinges y8 people received hym. 1611 SHAKS. Cymb.
in. v. 48 Shee's a Lady So tender of rebukes, that words are
stroke[s]. 1667 MILTON P. L. iv. 844 So spake the Cherube,
and his grave rebuke . . added grace Invincible. 1784 COWPER
Task n. 720 His gentle eye Grew stern, and darted a severe
rebuke. 1837 W. IRVING Capt. Bonneville III. 66 The only
Eunishment this desperado met with, was a rebuke from the
;ader of the party. 1877 SPARROW Serm. xx. 272 The very
existence of these forms in our Prayer Book is a standing
rebuke of the selfish ingratitude of those who [etc.].
1 3. a. A check, stop. b. A severe blow. c.
Reproof or correction by a blow. Obs. rare.
1615 W. LAWSON Country Houscw. Gard. (1626) 27 The
sap in grafting receiues a rebuke, and cannot worke so
strongly. 1692 R. L'EsTFANGE Fables I. xxxvii. 36 [The
horse] gave him so Terrible a Rebuke upon the Forehead
with his Heel, that he laid him at his Length. 1713 STEELE
Sped. No. 436 F 9 Miller's Heat laid him open to the Rebuke
of the calm Buck, by a large Cut in the Forehead.
Rebuke (rfbia-k), v. Also 4 rebuk(k, -bouk,
-buyk, -bukie, 5 rebuck. [a. AF. (Langtoft) and
+ bucher to beat, strike. (Connexion with ONF.
rebottquer, F. retoucher, to blunt, is doubtful.)]
1 1. trans. To beat down or force back ; to re-
press or check (a person) ; to repulse. Obs.
c 1330 R. BRUNNE Chron. (1810) 180, 1 am now comen here,
pise barazins to rebuke [F. destrure\ & slo at my powere.
Ibid. 194 Rebuke [F. rebuked:} him for bat ilk of |>at
auauntrie. 1380 Sir Ferumli. 4692 [>» frensche to bam shute
& caste, & rebuked hem foule with-ynne. 1422 tr. Secreta
Secret., Priv. Priv. 204 Anoone..he rebukid the forsayden
breenys and bourkeyns. .and ham to Pees reformed, c 1500
Melusine 252 Two of his knightes . . proudly rebuckyd
Claudes men with theire speres. 1599 SHAKS. Hen. V, in.
vi. 128 Wee could haue rebuk'd him at Harflewe. 1605
—^Macb. m. i. 56 Vnder him My Genius is rebuk'd, as it is
said Mark Anthonies was by Czsar.
t b. To check, repress (a quality, action, etc.).
1450-1530 Myrr. our Lady e 28 The holynes of the chyrche
& deuoute prayers made therin . . rebuketh the boldnes of
the fende. 1584 COGAN Haven Health ccxv. (1636) 232 The
drinke being cold, it rebuketh naturall heat that is working.
'595 SHAKS. John n. i. 9 Hether is he come, .to rebuke the
vsurpation Of thy vnnatural Vncle, English John,
t c. To beat, buffet. Obs. rare.
'?" BEAUM . & FL. King f, No King iv. iii, A head rebuked
O ,E°ts of a" size> daggers, stools, and bed-staves.
•a. 1 o reprove, reprimand, chide severely. Some-
times const, for, f»/(a fault).
c 1325 Lai !e Freine 75 The knight . . was sore agramed,
And reboukcd his leuedy. 1377 LANGL. P. PI. B. v. 371
Repentance rijte so rebuked hym bat tyme. 1413 Pilgr.
VOL. VIII.
225
Sowle (Caxton) n. Iviii. (1859) 56 Why shold the ashes be
blamed, or rebuked for theyr vnthryftynesse? 1486 Bk. St.
Albatis B iij b, Iff ye haue a chastised hounde that will be
rebuket. c 1500 MF.DVVALL Nature (lirandl) 517 These .ii.
folk . .euer enbesyeth theym to rebuke you of syn. 1574 tr.
Marlorat's Apocalips 13 To rebuke al such as are vngodly
for al the works which they haue done wickedly. 1608
SHAKS. Per. in. i. i Thou god of this great vast, rebuke
these surges. 1611 BIBLE Luke iv. 39 He stood ouer her,
and rebuked the feuer, & it left her. 1676 HOBBES Iliad
i. 510 And angry him rebuk't with Language keen. 1738
WESLEY Ps. LXXXVIH. ii, Rebuke these Storms, and set me
safe on Land. 1791 COWPER Iliad v. 514 Him thus the
Archer of the skies rebuked. 1834 LYTTON Pomfeii i. ii,
' Thy heart rebukes thee while thou speakest ', said the
Egyptian. 1883 FROUDE Short Stud, IV. i. vi. 70 He re-
buked them for their cowardice and want of faith.
absol. 1535 COVERDALE Ps. lxxiii[i]. 18 Remembre this. .
how the enemie rebuketh. 1611 BIBLE Amos v. 10 They
hate him that rebuketh in the gate.
b. To express blame or reprehension of (a quality,
action, etc.) by reproof or reprimand addressed to
persons.
15*9 MORE Supplic. Soulys Wks, 335/2 Albeit we cannot
well, .rebuke or blame this negligence and forgeatfulnes in
you. 1550 CROWLEY Langland's P. Pi. To Reader, There
is no maner of vice..whiche this wryter hath not godly,
learnedlye, and wittilye rebuked. 1590 SPENSER F. Q. n.
xii. 69 The Palmer.. much rebukt those wandring eyes of
his. 1632 QUARLES Div. Fancies n. vi. 49 His indulgent
tongue Compounded rather than rebuk'd the wrong. 1784
COWPER Task vi. 655 The Muse perhaps . . rebukes a deed
Less impious than absurd. 1821 SHELLEY Hellas 928,
I must rebuke This drunkenness of triumph ere it die. 1875
JOWETT Plato (ed. 2) IV. 131 Parmenides rebukes this want
of consistency in Socrates.
c. transf. ex Jig. of things.
1611 SHAKS. Wint. T. v. iii. 3^ Do's not the Stone rebuke
me, For being more Stone then it ? 1728 YOUNG Love Fame
111.76 Impatient art rebukes the sun's delay. i85oWHiTTiER
My Psalm iv, The manna dropping from God s hand Re-
bukes my painful care. 1876 J. PARKER Paracl. i. viii. 134
Holy and unblamable lives, whereby ungodly men are
silently rebuked and instructed.
f3. To treat lightly, despise. Obs. rare.
£•1330 R. BRUNNE Chron. (1810) 246 pis Reseamiraduk, als
fole & onwise, His letter gan rebuk, sette it at light prise.
1485 CAXTON Paris $ V. (1868) 14, I wyl be lothe to see the
beaulte of my lady vyenne to be rebuked.
1 4. To put to shame, bring into contempt. Obs.—1
1529 MORE Dyaloge in. Wks. 228/1 The order is rebuked
by the priestes begging and lewde liuing.
f 5. Falconry. To check (a hawk). Obs.
1575 TURBERV, Faulconrie 121 Take heede that you caste
not your lewre into the water, least she shoulde thereby be
rebuked. Ibid. 134, 141, etc.
Rebuke, obs. Sc. form of ROEBUCK.
Rebukeable (rrtriw-kab'l) , a. Now rare. [f.
REBUKE v. + -ABLE.] That may be rebuked;
deserving of rebuke. (Freq. in i6th c.)
1550 BALE Eng. Votaries n. 91 Nothynge [is] more re-
bukeable, if ye respect fame. 1576 FLEMING Panopl. Efist.
343 Frowardnesse, and suche lyke rebukeable conditions.
ci66o To All Friends <$• People in Christendom 25 These
were rebukeable, that were not to be numbered among the
Christians. 1882 SWINBURNE Tristram of- Lyonesse 108
Yet am I not rebukable by thee.
Rebukeful (r/bi/7'kful), a. [f. REBUKE sb^\
1. Of words : Of a rebuking character.
1523 [COVERDALE] Old God $ New (1534) D iij, The chefe
preestes . . fell to opprobrious and rebukefull wordes. 1570
FOXE A. fy M. (ed. 2) 269/1 Becket . . replyeth agayne, ex-
postulating and checking them with rebukefull wordes. 1623
COCKER AM i, Opprobation, rebukefull, spightfull. 1887
Illustr. Lond. News 17 Dec. 700/1 This retort . . evoked
some very rebukeful language.
b. Of persons : Full of, given to, rebuke.
1868 HEAVYSEGE Jezebeltt. 81 She turned away Rebukeful.
1869 BLACKMORE Lorna D. xxi, Not that he is rough with
ihrm, or querulous, or rebukeful.
1 2. Deserving of rebuke ; disgraceful, shame-
ful. Obs.
1530 PALSGR. 322/1 Rebukefull,. .culpable, a 1535 FISHER
Wks. (E.E.T.S.) n. 429 It shalbe moche rebukefull and
moche worthy punishement. 1548 UDALL, etc. Erasm. Par.
John i. 13 He toke vpon him the rebukefull miserie of our
mortalitie. 1570 LEVINS Manip. 187/21 Rebukeful, culp-
andus.
Hence Relnvkefully a Jr., Bebivkefnlness.
1531 ELYOT Gov. in. xxviii, He wyl gyue to the a fayned
thanke, & after reporte rebukefully of the. 1552 HULOET,
Speakinge despitefullye, rebukefullye, or reprochfullye,
Ogprobatio. 1888 Conth. Mag. May 475, ' I hope not often ',
said Sir Lucas, rebukefully. 1891 L. KEITH Lost Illusion
I. ix. 225 Said Oliver, with cold rebukeful ness.
Rebuker (rfbif/'kaj). [f. REBUKE v. + -ER *.]
One who rebukes.
c 1420 LYDG. Assembly of Gods 90* Rebukers of synne &
myschefes odyous. 1532 MOREC<J«/«/. TVffi&I&Wks. 651/2
These rebukers of our liuyng, Hue themselfe at the leaste
wyse as euill as we. 1579 GOSSON Sch. Abuse (Arb.) 53
Euery rebuker shoulde place a hatch before the doore. 1670
MILTON Hist. Eng. in. Wks. (1851) 97 These great Rebukers
of Nonresidence. 1741 in Lett. Ctess 5ig?mE* (zBu) II- 182
You should, for Miss Hobart's sake, begin your office of re-
buker with her. 1867 SWINBURNE Ess. <$• Stud. (1875) 146
They can turn round upon their rebukers, and say [etc.].
Rebuking (rrbi«-kirj), vbl. sb. [f. as prec.+
1 "" The action of the vb. REBUKE. Also
with a and //. : An instance of this.
^1400 Master of Game (MS. Digby 182) xxxiii, pei ought
to holde be abay as longe as bei may withouten rebukynge
of be houndes. c 1430 LYDG. Reason <$• Sens. 580 To thy
name Hyt is rebukyng and gret shame. 1526 Pilgr. Perf.
REBUS.
(W. de W. 1531) 241 b, Without ony exprobracyon or re-
bukyng [I] admyt the to my grace. 1561 T. NORTON
Calvin's hist. n. v. (1634) 142 Exhortations and rebuking*
much availe . . to enflame the desire of goodnesse. 1611
BIBLE 2 Sam. xxii. 16 The channels of the Sea appeared..
at the rebuking of the_ Lord. 1821 CLARE Vill. Minstr.
I. 103 Her worst rebukings wore a smile.
Rebu'king, ///. a. [f. as prec. + -ING ^.] That
rebukes.
1611 COTGR., Sa^yric, satyricall. ..sharpe, rebuking, re-
prouing. 1829 S. TURNER Mod. Hist. Eng. iy. n. xxxi. 336
Her . . rebuking sense of the atrocious transaction.
Hence Bebu'kingly adv.
1582 BENTLEY Mon. Matrones ii. 13 The liuelie voice of
God rebukinglie tooke me vp. 1652 GAULE Magastrom. 29
That art or power which the Holy Ghost thus rebukingly
derides. 1829 LYTTON Disowned xi, ' Have not I prayed,
and besought you, many and many a time ', said the lady,
rebukingly, [etc.]. 1896 MRS. CAFFYN Quaker Grandmother
2 She glanced rebukingly at the ceiling.
f Rebu-kous, a. Obsr* In 5 rebucous. [f.
REBUKE sb. + -ous.] = REBUKEFUL a. i.
1494 FABYAN Chron. vn. 557 She gaue vnto hym many
rebucous wordys.
f Rebu-lhency. Obs.-1 [ad, L. type *rebul-
lientia, f. rebullire : cf. next.] A tendency to boil
up. In quot.^5^".
1681 RYCAUT tr. Gracian's Crittck 15 Suppressing with
what power I could the strong rebulliency of my Passions.
t Rebulli-tion. Obs.-1 [Noun of action (cf.
ebullition^ f. L. rebullire : see REBOIL z*.1] A
boiling up again. In quot.y^.
a 1639 WOTTON in Reliq. (1685) 582 The Scotish gentlemen,
who have been lately sent to that King, found (as they say)
but a brusk welcome ; which makes all fear that there may
be a rebullition in that business.
Rebu'iich, v. U. S. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To
arrange in new groups. Also absol. Hence Be-
bu'nching vbl. sb,
1881 Harper's Mag. Oct. 723 A sure though gradual re-
bunching of the small farms into large estates. 1888 in
Bryce -4wfr. Commw. II. HI. Ixvi. 500 They can destroy,
rebunch, fail to distribute, and what not as they please.
Rebnoy (rlbor), v. [RE- 5 a, 5 c.J trans, a.
To buoy up once more. In quot.^/fo b. To furnish
with a new set or arrangement of buoys.
1818 BYRON Ch. Har. iv. xxii, Some, with hope replenish 'd
and rebuoy'd, Return to whence they came. 1860 Merc.
Marine Mag. VII. 94 The entrance to Frazer River has
been re-buoyed.
So Retouoy ag-e, the act of rebuoying.
1890 Chamb. JrnL 12 July 433/1 The ever-shifting bars
and sandbanks of our river estuaries necessitate frequent
soundings and rebuoyage.
Rebu'rden, ^. [RE- 5 a.] trans, a. To lay
a new burden on. fb. To make more burden-
some. Obs. Hence BebuTdening vbl. sb.
1611 FLORIO, Ricarcatura, a recharge, a reburthening.
Ricaricare, to recharge, reburthen. 1631 BRATHWAIT
WhimzieS) Jayler 49 He redoubles his wards, reburdens
his irons.
So f BebuTden sb.j a new burden. Obs.1"0
1611 FLORIO, Ricarica, a recharge, a reburthen.
t RebuTgeon, v. Obs. rare. [a. OF. rebour-
geonner : see RE- and BURGEON v.~\ a. trans. To
cause to bud or spront again, b. intr. To bud or
sprout anew.
r 1400 tr. Secreta Secret.^ Goi>. Lordsh. 59 He by rayne
what bing bat is makys whik, dede binges reburgones, and
he geuyshys benysoun in alle vertuz. 16x1 ¥LOK\ofRipam-
pinare, to rebud or reburgeon out a new as a Vine doth.
t Rebu'rse, v. Obs. [f. RE- + -burse, as in dis-
burse, imburse.\ trans. To reimburse (a person).
(In B. Jonson Tale Tub in. L, prob. intended as an error
for de- or disburse.)
1587 Sc. Acts Jos. F/(i8i4) III. 598/2 And [the strangers]
alsua salbe rebursit and payit of bair expense and passage.
Rebury (nbe-ri), v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To
bury again.
1584 [R. PARSONS] Leycesters Comma*. (1641) 36 My good
Lord . . would needs have her taken up againe and re-buried.
1611 SpEKD/S/rf. Gt. Brit. ix. xv. § 86. 649/2 Her Coffin ..
hath euer since so remained, and neuer reburied. a 1711
KEN Hymnotheo Poet. Wks. 1721 III. 86 Some [shall] wish
themselves re-buried in the Grave. 1837 CARLYLE Fr. Rev.
II. in. vii, Reburied hastily at dead of night. 1862 LYTTON
Sir. Story xli, No one . . could suppose that some third
person had. .forced open the casket to abstract its contents
and then rebury it.
Rebus (rrb&i), sb. [a. F. rebus (1512 in Hatz.-
Darm.), or L. rebus, abl. pi. of res thing.
The precise origin of this application of the Latin word is
doubtful. It is variously explained as denoting ' by things',
from the representation being non verbis sed rebus, and (in
Menage) as taken from satirical pieces composed by clerks
m Picardy for the annual carnival, which dealt with current
topics, and were therefore entitled^ de rebus gux geruntur
' aoout things which are going on '.]
An enigmatical representation of a name, word,
or phrase by figures, pictures, arrangement of
letters, etc., which suggest the syllables of which it
is made up. b. In later use also applied to puzzles
in which a punning application of each syllable of
a word is given, without pictorial representation.
1605 CAMDEN Rent. (1634) 146 They which lackt wit to
expresse their conceit in speech, did vse to depaint it out
(as it were) in pictures, which they called Rebus. 1630 B.
JONSON New inn \. i, I will maintain the rebus against all
humours, And all complexions in the body of man. a 1661
FULLER Worthies, Somerset in. (1662) 23 He gave for his
29
REBUS.
226
RECALCITRANT.
Rebus (in allusion to his Name [Beckinton]) a burning
Beacon. 1713 BIRCH Guard. No. 36 r 14 If this meets with
encouragement, I shall write a vindication of the Rebus, and
do justice to the Conundrum. 1777 SHERIDAN Sch. Scam/,
i, i, I back him at a rebus or a charade against the best
rhymer in the kingdom. 1854 &• A. FREEMAN in Ecclesio-
logist XV. 318 A certain John Chapman was a benefactor
to the building, and carved a chapman with a dog, as a
rebus on his name. 1882 F. HARRISON Choice Bks. (1886)
305 Many an ingenious picture is nothing but a painted
rebus.
attrib. 1744 WARBURTON Occas. Reft. 23 Mistaking, for
Egyptian, a ridiculous Kind of rebus-writing. 1765 BP.
LOWTH Lett. Warburton 13 From Egyptian Hieroglyphics
to modern Rebus-writing. 1864 Reader 14 May 614 The
rebus addresses . . that postmen sometimes get.
Hence Re bus v, trans., to mark or inscribe with
a rebus or rebuses.
In quot. 1864 substituted for berebns used by Fuller,
Worthies, Essex (1662) 330.
165$ FULLER Ch. Hist. iv. xv. § 35 John Morton . . had a
fair library (rebussd with More in text and Tun under it).
1864 Atltenseum No. 1932. 595/1 A fine cenotaph . . rebused
with hawks.
Rebut (rfbtn), v. Forms : a. 3-4 (6 Se.) re-
bute, 4 rebuyt ; Sc. 5 reboyt, rabut, 5-6 raboyt,
6 reboot. /3. 4-5 rebout(e, 5 rebowte. y. 5-7
rebutte, 7 rebutt, 6- rebut, [a. AF. reboter
(1302-7), OF. reboter, rebuter^ rebouter, etc., f. re-
RE- + boter, buter^ bouter to BUTT z/.i]
•f* 1. trans. To assail (a person) with violent lan-
guage : to revile, rebuke, reproach. Obs.
a 1300 Cursor M. 29520 For-hi es fele rebuted [tr.r. reuyledj
here >at forwit crist self es dere. 1330 Artk. fy Merl. 3000
(Kolbing) King & erls, wib outen dout, per gun him anon
reb mt For to prouen his maner. c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints xii.
(Mut/iias) 174 Rubene .. fand hyme sa takand his froyte.
quhare-for he cane hyme fasie rehoyte ; & he hyme with
wordisfell answerte. c 1470 HENRY Wallace*.. 595 'Wallace',
said Bruce, 'rabut me now no mar'.
f 2. To repel, repulse, drive back (a person, or
an attack). Obs.
1375 BARBOUR Bruce yn. 617 Fiften hundreth men & ma
Wyth fewar war rebuilt swa, That thai vith-drew thaim
schamfully. c 1400 Melayne 743 Was neuer kynge that
werede a crown So foule rebuytede. c 1470 HENRY Wallace
vi. 754 Raboytit ewill, on to thar king thai rid. 1480 CAXTON
Ovid's Met. xiv. xiv, Romulus & his peple. .made them to
retorne and flee abacke & rebowted them alle out of Rome.
1513 DOUGLAS sEtteis xi. viii. 38 Quha can that say . . That
I rebutit was or dung abak? 1568 GRAFTON Ckron. II. 542
The Englislie Capteynes .. rebutted and draue away the
Frenchmen. 1590 SPENSER F. Q. n. ii. 23 But he.. Their
sharp assault right boldly did rebut.
b. transf. in various uses. Also const, from.
1536 BELLENDEN Cron. Scot. (1821) I. 24 The Scottis and
Pichtis, more insolent efter this victory than afore, rebutit
the Britonis, and denyit peace. 1570-6 LAMBARDE Peramb.
Kent (1826) 495 The Eldest Sonne onely shall be rebutted,
or barred, by the warrantee of the auncestour. 1593 NASHE
Christ's T. 66 Our Atheist,., with nothing but humaine
reasons will bee rebutted. 1661 COWLEY O. CVvJHHttt&Wks.
1710 II. 660 The other Design, .from which he was rebuted
by the universal Outcry of the Divines. 1848 Fraser's Mag.
XXXVII. 510 This demand upon the exercise of the ima-
gination will rebut the mere novel-reader.
t c. To foil 6r deprive of (a thing) by repulse.
1508 DUNBAR Gold. Targe 180 Syne [they] went abak
reboytit of thair pray. 1535 STEWART Cron. Scot. III. 466
He had far leuer sterue,. .Of his honour or he rebutit be.
3. To force or turn back (a thing, now usually
something abstract) ; to give a check to.
1490 CAXTON Eneydos x. 40 The lyghte of the daye re-
bouted and putte a backe the shadowe of the nyghte. 1596
SPENSER Hymn Heav. Beaut. 125 Their points rebutted
backe againe Are duld. 1601 WEEVER Mirr. Mart. B vb,
A naked piller, Whose force rebutts the streame which
runneth alter. 1633 P. FLETCHER Pise. Eel. i. iii, Rebut-
ting Phoebus parching fervencie. a 1720 SHEFFIELD (Dk.
Buckhm.) Wks. (1753) II. 157 Rowing in the Gallies is nothing
to the toil of popularity ; but ambition is rebutted with
nothing. 1814 SOUTHEY Roderick xvi. 66 [The stream] here,
from the rock Rebutted, curls and eddies. 1859 I. TAYLOR
Logic in Theol. 24 Fatalism .. has been rebutted in its at-
tempt to interfere with the energies of the day.
t b. To repel, reject (a thing offered). Obs.
156* A. SCOTT Poems (S.T.S.) i. 108 As waspis ressauis of
be same hot soure, So reprobatis Christis buke dois rebute.
4. Law. To repel by counter-proof, refute (evi-
dence, a charge, etc.). Hence in general use : To
refute, disprove (any statement, theory, etc.).
1817 W. SBLWYN Law Nisi Prius (ed. 4) II. 709 The pre-
sumption of legitimacy.. may be rebutted by circumstances
inducing a contrary presumption. 1830 D'!SRAELI Chas. 7,
III. v. 70 This faculty . . enabled him to rebut the minute
and harassing charges brought against him. a 1862 BUCKLE
Civiliz. (1873) III. v. 327 This antiquated notion is further
rebutted by the fact that wages are always higher in summer
than in winter. 1869 ROGERS Fref. Adam Smith's W. N.
I. 26 He rebuts their strange doctrine.
5. intr.QTabsol. fa. To draw back, retire, retreat,
recoil. Obs.
1422 tr. Secreta Secret., Priv.Priv, 139 Company.. makyth
the honnoure of lordshupp rebutte in dyspite. Ibid. 246
The grete colde. .makyth the naturall hette reboute and re-
tourne to the stomake. 1481 CAXTON Myrr. 11. xxi. in
. .
As the sabboth day approcheth he [a river] rebputeth and
goth into therthe agayn. 1590 SPENSER F. Q. i. ii. 15 Them-
selves. .Doe backe rebutte, and ech to other yealdeth land.
1624 QUARLES Dtv. Poems, Stan's Elegies ii. 5 As the Pilot
. -striving to 'scape The danger of deepe-mouth'd Carybdis
rape, Rebutts on Scylla.
b. Law. To bring forward a rebutter. ? Obs.
1602 FULBECKE 2nd Pt. P (trail. 67 If the prouiso had
beene that he should neyther vouche nor rebutte, the prouiso
had beene void. 1628 COKE On Lift. 365 The action of the
heire by the WatTantie of his Ancestor, .is called to Rebut
or repel!. 1768 BLACKSTONE Comm. III. xx. 310 The plaintiff
may answer the rejoinder by a sur-rejoinder; upon which
the defendant may rebut.
C. Curling. To play a random shot with great
force towards the close of a game, in the hope of
gaining some advantage for one's own side.
1831 [see REBUTTING vbL sb.}. 1800 KERR Curling 404 To
rebut . .and to cannon . . , were two favourite points by which
the ancient curlers were wont to win distinction.
Rebute (jftxrt). Sc. (and north.} 1 Obs. Forms:
5 north, rebuyte, Sc* 5 rabut, 6 rebuit, 6, 8 re-
bute. [f. rebute, obs. form of REBUT v. Cf. obs. F.
rebout.~\ fa. Rebuke, reproach. Obs. b. Repulse.
c 1450 St. Citthbert (Surtees) 4531 Restyng place to our
refuyte >'t haue we nane bot beres rebuyte. c 1470 HENRY
Wallace ix. 860 Allace, how [may] this be ; And do not
harm ? Our gret rabut haiff we. 1513 DOUGLAS &neis xn.
v. 166 Drevin abak Wyth a schamefull rebute and mekill
lak. c 1585 MONTGOMERIE Afisc. Poems xlvi. 14 My hairt hes
biddin sik rebute. 1794 BURNS * O steer her up ' ii, Ne'er
break your heart for ae rebute.
Rebuttueilt (r/b»-tment). [a. obs. F. rebutte-
ment (also reboutte-^ rebouie-) : see REBUT v. and
-MENT.] The act of rebutting ; the fact of being
rebutted. Now only as » REBUTTAL.
1593 NASHE Christ's T. (1613) 40 lustled head-long downe
. . and breaking their backes with their stumbling rebutment.
1623 COCKEKAM, Rebittments, iusttings. 1824-6 LANDOR
Imag, Conv. Wks. 1846 I. 204 In fact, ' will 1 ' can only be
used in the rebutment of a question. 1871 Daily News
ii Mar., In rebutment of the presumption of law.
Rebuttable (r/bp'tab'l), a. [f. REBUT v. +
-ABLE.] That may be rebutted.
1879 Smith's Leading Cases (ed. 8) II. 883 Payment of
rent .. was held not to be a conclusive admission of title ..
but rebuttable by showing that he never had any title.
Rebuttal ^rttwtfl). [f. as prec. + -AL.] Refu-
tation, contradiction ; spec, in Law (cf. REBUT v. 4).
1830 S. WARREN Diary Physic. I. xiv. 302 There is gener-
ally preserved an amazing consistency in the delusion, in
spite of the incessant rebuttals of sensation. 1881 Times
20 June 6/1 To hear the defendant's evidence first,, .reserv-
ing his right . . to call evidence in rebuttal thereof.
Rebutter (i/to-toi), sb. [In sense i, a. AF.
rebuter (see REBUT v. and -ER*); in 2, partly f.
REBUT v. + -ER!.]
1. Law. a. An answer made by a defendant to
a plaintiff's surrejoinder.
1540 Act 32 Hen. VIII^ c. 30 § i Replycacyons, reioynders,
rebutters,, .and other pleadynges. 1588 FRAUNCE Laiviers
Log. i. iv. 25 Formal precidents of . . rejoynders, surre-
joynders, rebutters, issues. 0x734 NORTH Exam. in. viii.
§ 61 (1740) 630 Of all the several Pleas, . . Rebutters, Sur-
rebutters &c. the Public were made Judges by the Favour
of the Press. 1770 FOOTE Lame Lover \\. Wks. 1799 II. 71
Rebutters, sur- reb utters, replications.., and imparlance.
1875 POSTE Gaius iv. § 129.
trojisf. 1599 Broitghtoifs Lett. v. 17 It had been too
much for any such . . to haue aduanced a Rebutter against
his Grace. 1613 CHAPMAN Rev. Bnssy D*Ambois Wks. 1873
II. 176 loyne in mee all your rages, and rebutters,
t b. (See quots.) Obs.
1607 COWELL Interpr. s. v., The Donnee. .repelleth the
heire, because though the land were intailed tohim : yet he is
heire to the warranty likewise ; and this is called a Rebutter.
a 1625 SIR H. FINCH Law (1636) 378 If the sonne bring an
action to recouer the land, he shall be barred by the war-
rantie made by his father, and this is called a Rebutter.
1658 PHILLIPS, Rebutter^ a Term in Law, is, when the
Donnee by virtue of a Warranty made by the Donour re-
pelleth the Heir.
t c. (See quot.) Obs.
1607 COWELL Interpr. s.v., If I graunt to my tenent to
hould sine impetitione vasti, and afterward I impede him
for waste made, he may debarre me of this action, by shew-
ing my graunt, and this is likewise a Rebutter.
2. That which rebuts, repels, refutes, etc. ; a refu-
tation.
1794 GODWIN CaL Williams 170 Surely, it is no sufficient
rebutter of a criminal charge [etc.]. 1829 GEN. P. THOMPSON
Ejcerc. (1842) I. 181 If they have received a rebutter for
their pains, they must ascribe it to the fatality which
prompted them to folly. 1868 Daily News 3 Aug., The
constitutional course which the Queen has adopted . . is a
sufficient rebutter of the suspicion.
Hence f Rebu tter v. intr.t to make a rebutter
to (a statement) ; to reply.
1715 M. DAVIES At/ten. Brit. I. Pref. 30 An English
Fryar.., writ a Pamphlet, which he call'd, The Case Re-
stated ; which was presently reply'd to .. in a Pamphlet,
styl'd, The Case truly stated ; which has been again re-
butter'd to, by another Missioner,
Rebutting (rrbzrtirj), vbl. sb. [f. as prec. -f
-ING1.] The action of the vb. REBUT, in various
senses; spec, in Curling (see quot. 1831).
1375 BARBOUR Bruce xn. 339 Thai haf tald thair reboyting,
Thai of the vaward. a 1548 HALL Chron., Rick. If I 25 b,
Y' his aduersaries in no wise should haue any place apte or
oportune easely to take lande withoute defence or rebut-
tynge back. 1695 ColbatcKs Neiu Lt. Chintrg. put out
39 Sounding the Wound with his Probe, and being alarmed
with the rebutting of it by the Systole and Diastole of the
Heart. 1831 J. WILSON in Blackw. Mag. XXX. 971 Re-
butting, is towards the end of the game, when the ice is
blocked up, and the aspect of the game hopeless or desperate,
to run the gauntlet through the same.
So Rebu'tting///. a., that rebuts.
1871 Daily Neivs ii Mar., The rebutting evidence. .was
exceedingly strong. 1901 N. Amer. Rev. Feb. 248 The
medical member of the commission practically testified as a
rebutting expert.
Rebu-tton, v. [HE- 5 a.]
1. trans. To button (a garment, etc.) again.
1851 R. S. SURTEES Sponge's Sp. Tour (1893) 278 Then he
commenced to rebutton the easy, brown great-coat. 1882
ANSTEV Vice Versd (ed. 19) 120 The boys began .. to un-
button and rebutton* their gloves with great care.
2. To furnish (a garment) with new buttons.
1867 A. GRANT Mr. Sec. Pepys, An old seedy black coat,
re-buttoned, sponged, and ' goosed up '.
Rebuy, z>. [RE- 2 b and 5 a.]
1. trans. To buy back.
1611 COTGR., Retraict Lignagier^ a power, giuen by
custome vnto the neerest kinsman of one that sells land, to
rebuy it within a certaine time. 1693 LUTTRELL Brief Rel.
(1857) III. 118 Prince Lewis had taken some horses, mules,
with part of D'Lorges baggage ; who sent to the prince to
rebuy their horses, but was refused. 1886 Law Times
LXXX. 206/1 To sell and to rebuy the same amount of
stock at a future day at the same price.
2. To buy a second time.
1866 NKALE Sequences fy Hymns 186, I bought them ; and
I will rebuy them.
Rebuyk-, obs. form of REBUKE v.
Rebuyt-, obs. form of REBUT v.
Rebuyte, variant of REBUTE. Sc.
Rebylione, obs. form of REBELLION.
Rebylle rable, obs. f. RIBBLE-BABBLE.
t Reca'dency. 06s.—1 [f. med.L. recad-fre to
fall back + -ENCY : cf. CADENCY.] A falling back,
recidivation, backsliding.
1648 W. MOUNTAGUE Devout Ess. , Addr. to Court a 4 One
patern of relapse and retrogradation . . is apt to render many
sincere progressions in the first fervor, suspected of unsound-
ness and recadency.
II Hecado (r^ka-do). Also 7 recaudo, recarder.
[a. Sp. or Pg. recado (also recautio) a message or
errand, a gift, equipment or furnishings, etc.; of
uncertain origin (see Diez and Korting).]
T"l. A present; a message of compliment. Obs.
1615 R. COCKS Diary (Hakluyt Soc.) I. 26 Our hostis . .
sent her sonne to me with a present of 2 barilles wine and
other recado. < 1645 HOWELL Lett. I. v. ix. 205 Yours of
the 2 of July came to safe hand, and I did all those particu-
lars recaudos,you enjoyned me to do to som of your friends
here. 1698 FRYER Ace. E. India $ P. 71 The Padre-
Superior, whose Mandate whereever we came caused them
to send his Recarders (a Term of Congratulation, as we say,
Our Service).
2. A South American saddle.
1826 SIR F. HEAD Pampas 246 (Stanf.), I was standing in
despair, gazing at the recado which had formed my bed.
1845 DARWIN Voy. Nat. iii. (1873) 44 The complicated gear
of the recado or saddle used in the Pampas.
Recal, variant of RECALL jA1, z>.i
fReca'lcate, v. Obsr* [ad. L. recalcare]
1 To tread under foot * (Cockeram 1623).
Recalculation (nkselsin/i-Jsn). [RE- 5 a.]
The action of recalcining ; a second calcination.
1768 Elaboratory laid open 149 The recalcination of the
ashes .. is wholly unnecessary. 1802 SMITHSON in Phil.
Trans. XCIII. 26Disoxidation of the zinc calx,, .its sublima-
tion in a metallic state, and instantaneous recalcination.
Re-calcine (nkselsai-n), v. [RE- 5 a.] trans.
To calcine again. Also_/^.
1655 QUARLES Embl. n. xv. (1818) 129 So, now the soul's
sublnn'd ; her sour desires Are re-calcin'd in Heaven's well-
temper'd fires. 1662 MERRETT tr. Nerfs Art of Glass i.
xxv, Powder it [brass] again, serce it fine, and re-calcine it.
1758 REID tr. Macquers Chym. I. 376 As it would have
been too tedious to re-calcine them all separately, he made
four parcels of the whole. 1860 TOMLINSON A rts $ Manuf.
Ser. n. Sugar 28 It [charcoal] is then taken to the retort-
house and re-calcined, a process which restores all its valu-
able properties.
Recalcitrance (r/kse-lsitrans). [See next and
-ANCE. Cf. mod.F. recalcitrance.] Recalcitrant
temper or conduct.
1856 FROUDE Hist. Eng. (1858) I. iii. 279 Armed with this
letter, the heads of houses subdued the recalcitrance of the
overhasty 'youth'. 1882 FARRAR Early Chr. I. 32 The
Senate snowed signs of indignant recalcitrance against her
attacks on those whose power she feared.
So Beca'lcitrancy.
1869 Daily News 15 Apr., This judgment is not at all un-
likely to strengthen them in their recalcitrancy.
Recalcitrant (r^kse-lsitrant), a. and sb. [a.
F. recalcitrant (i^-iSth c.), or L. recalcitrant-,
pres. pple. of recalcitrare to RECALCITRATE.]
A. adj. 1. * Kicking ' against constraint or re-
striction ; obstinately disobedient or refractory.
(Said of person or animals, and transf. of things.)
Also const, to.
1843 THACKERAV Fitzbood&s Confess. , Mr. «$• Mrs. F.
Berry 361 In oaths both French and English [he] called
upon the recalcitrant Anatole. 1861 Sat. Rev. 7 Sept. 240/2
If you are recalcitrant to the rules of his art. 1866 Cornh.
Mag. Sept. 339 A recalcitrant pin falling from its rightful
place. 1874 GREEN Short Hist. vii. § 3. 371 For a time it
was necessary to suspend the more recalcitrant ministers.
absol. 1865 MAFFEI Brigand Life II. 50 The number of
the recalcitrant was exceedingly small.
2. Characterized bv refractoriness.
account of its recalcitrant temper.
p
S
RECALCITRARY.
B. sb. A recalcitrant person.
1865 Pall MallG. 30 May 10 All recalcitrants were treated
as rebels and traitors. 1881 Times 4 July 11/2 The Registrar
will take legal proceedings against the recalcitrants.
So Beca'lcitrary a.
1862 F. WILFORD Alaiticn of our own day 505 If this
troublesome landlord is still recalcitrary, . . I have another
plan to propose.
Recalcitrate (rHcce-lsitr^t), v. [f. ppL stem
of L. recalcitrate to kick ont (Horace), to be re-
fractory (Vulgate) : see RE- and CALCITRATE z/.]
1. intr. To kick out, kick backwards, rare. (Now
only withy^". connotation, as in b.)
1623 COCKERAM, Recalcitrate, to kicke with the heele.
1656 in BLOUNT Glossogr, 1852 W. WICKENDEN Hunchback's
Chest 258 Another was recalcitrating like a kicking horse.
1853 Eraser's Mag. XLV. 176 We recalcitrate with all our
heels against the conclusion.
b. To ' kick out ' against or at a thing ; to show
strong objection or repugnance ; to manifest vigorous
opposition or resistance; to be obstinately dis-
obedient or refractory.
1767 STERNE Tr. Shantiy IX. xxxiii, Why then did the
delicacy of Diogenes and Plato so recalcitrate against it?
1834 Black™. Mag. XV, 563 Many good fellows . . have re-
calcitrated against every proposal. 1852 LANDOR Wks.
(1876) II. 126 Those who .. recalcitrate at their caresses,
they threaten with Tartarus. 1862 GOULBURN I'crs. Relig.
ii. i. (1873) 42 Slothfulness always recalcitrates against an
effort of mind.
2. trans. To kick back. rare.
1832 Blackw. Mag. XXXII. 745 When this man .. was
stopping the rock with his feet, to recalcitrate it upon the
enemy, a 1859 DE QUINCEY (Ogilvje\ The more heartily did
one disdain his disdain, and recalcitrate his tricks.
Hence Recalcitrating vbl. sb. and///, a.
1837 CARLYLE Fr. Rev. I. in. vi, There is nothing but re-
bellious debating and recalcitrating. 1870 J. H. NEWMAN
Grain. Assent \. v. 129 Seeming to force, and to exult in
forcing, a mystery upon recalcitrating minds.
Recalcitration (r/telsitr^'Jan). [Seeprec.
and -ATION.] The action of recalcitrating, or
'kicking* against something.
1658 PHILLIPS, Recalcitration^ a striking back with the
heel. 1678 J. J[ONES] Brit. Church 364 With unevangelical
revenge, and recaldtration, after fair eviction. 1818 SCOTT
Hrt. Midi, xl, These symptoms of recalcit ration. 1861
J. G. SHEPPARD Fall Rome vni. 415 The hard battle which
they had daily to maintain with the recalcitration of the
roprietor and the extortion of the treasury. 1880 L.
TEPHEN Pope ii. 46 One cannot read Addison's praises
without a certain recalcitration.
Recalculate (r*k£e-lldrfl«H),z>. [RE- 5 a. Cf.
F. recalculer.] trans. To calculate afresh ; to re-
count. Also absol.
1611 COTGR., Recalculer, to recalculate, or make a new
computation of. 1652 BROME Damoiselte n. i, Whilst I
recalculate The miseries of a distressed man. 1669 FLAM-
STEED in Rigaud Corr. Sci. Men (1841) II. 77 These occulta-
tions . . I recalculated from the exactest tables. 1856 DOVE
Logic Chr. Faitkvi. § I. 334 If you have made an error in
your process, then you must recalculate. 1885 A thenzum
3 Jan. 18/3 Dr. Hurter .. has recalculated the tables for
English weights and measures.
t Recalefy, v. Obs. [RE- 5 a. Cf. L. recale-
faclreJ] trans. To heat again.
1599 A. M. tr. Gattlhoucr's Bit. Pkysicke 80/2 \Vhen it is
coulde, then recalefy the same agayne. 1657 TOMLINSON
Renou's Disp. 548 They coct them to the consistence of
an Electuary, then they recalifie them.
Recalesce (rilcale-s), v. [ad. L. recalescfre :
see RE- 2 c and CALESCENT.] intr. To grow hot
again. So Recale'sceuce.
1887 Nature 15 Dec. 165 If an iron bar. .be heated to a
white heat and allowed to cool, the brightness at first
diminishes, and then reglows (recalesces) for a short
interval. 1887 TOMLINSON Recalescence of Iron in Proc.
Physical Soc. (1888) Apr. 107 The metal, to all appearances,
receives a sudden accession of heat, and reglows. This
phenomenon was discovered by Professor Barrett, and is
requently designated the ' recalescence ' of iron. 1809
W. F. BARRETT in Nature 22 June 173 In this paper, the
phenomenon, for which I suggested the name recalescence,
was first described.
Recall (r/lcg-l), rf.l Also 8-9 reoal. [f. RE- +
CALL sb., after the vb.]
1. The act of calling back ; an invitation or sum-
mons to return to or from a place.
In recent use spec, the calling back of an actor, singer, or
other performer to the stage or platform ; an encore.
1611 FLOHIO, Riafella, a recall, a reappeale. 1616 J. LANE
Cant. St/r.'s T, 195 Canac, on knees, did too Cambuscan fall,
With begginge grace for Algarsifes recall. 1759 J. G.
COOPER tr. Cresset's Ver Vert. iv. 191 There the blest day
of his recall Is annually a festival. 1794 Ld. Auckland s
Corr. (1862) III. 201, I shall., wait at Brussels for my letters
of recall, and for orders. 1806 A. DUNCAN Nelson 86 The
admiral .. gave the signal of recal. 1849 MACAULAY Hist.
Eng. vi. II. 139 About three quarters of a year elapsed
between the recall of Ormond and the arrival of Clarendon
at Dublin. 1884 MRS. H. WARD Miss Brethe, -tan vii, He. .
escaped behind the scenes as soon as Miss Bretherton's last
recall was over.
fig- '748 RICHARDSON Clarissa Lett. Lxxv. iii. 352 A poor
girl, .having no recalls from education.
b. Naut. A signal flag used to call back a boat
to a ship, or a vessel to a squadron.
1831 MARRYAT N. Forstcr xli, The recall is up on board
of the commodore. 1833 — P. Simple (1863) 117 The Sea-
horset who saw the recall up, did not repeat it, and our
captain was determined not to see it.
c. Any sound made as a signal to return ; esp.
I
227
Mil. a signal sounded on a musical instrument to
call soldiers back to rank or camp.
1855 KINC-SLEY Westward Hoi ix, The trumpets blow a
recall, and the sailors drop back again by twos and threes.
2. The act of recalling to the mind. rare.
1651 tr. De-las-Coveras* Don, Fenise 243 A history I will
tell you, at the recall whereof this Cavalier .. will under-
stand [etc.]- 1887 BAIN in Mind Apr. 161 The recall,
resuscitation, or reproduction of ideas already formed.
3. The act or possibility of recalling, revoking,
or annulling something done or past. Chiefly in
phrases beyond, pasty or "without recall.
1667 MILTON P. L, v. 885 Other Decrees Against thee are
gon forth without recall. 1680 DRYDEN Span. Friar in. ii,
'Tis done, and since 'tis done, 'tis past recall. 1790 in
Dallas Ainer. Law Rep. I. 143 After foreclosure, the land
is in the mortgagee without any possibility of recal. 1853
HT. MARTINEAU Fr, Wines <$- Pol. i. 15 Since the bargain
is . . beyond recall it is no longer my affair. 1864 BROWNING
Rabbi Ben Ezra x.xvii, All that is, at all, Lasts ever, past
recall. 1884 Law Times LXXVII. 25/2 The Chancery
Division may possess power to order the recall of probate.
b. A claim to rescind a bargain.
1894 Daily News 14 Apr. 2/7 If you buy that stone you
buy it on your own entire judgment, and you have no
* recall* upon me.
Recall (rfkg-1), i£.2 [RE- 5 a.] A repeated
call or demand.
1823 W. TAYLOR in Monthly Rev. CI. 254 He makes fre-
quent calls and recalls on our attention.
Recall (rfl^'l), z/.l Also 7-9 recal. [f. RE-
+ CALL v.t prob. after F. rappeler or L. revocare.]
1. trans. To call back, to summon (a person, or
Jig. a thing) to return to or from a place.
1591 SHAKS, Two Gent. v. iv. 155 Let them be recall'd
from their Exile. 1633 LITHGOW Trav. I. 38 These . . were
all re-cald home to their fathers Pallaces. 1670 MARVELL
Corr. Wks. 1872-5 II. 314 About the same time the King
had resolved to recal the Lord Roberts back. 1759 ROBERT-
SON Hist. Scot. (1817) 209 To recal those legions which
guarded the frontier provinces. 1816 SHELLEY Mont Blanc
48 Some phantom, some faint image ; till the breast From
which they fled recalls them. 1874 GREEN Short Hut. iv.
§ i. 162 His father's death recalled him home.
b. To bring back by (or as by) calling upon.
1583 T. WATSON Centurie of Love To Rdr., Nothing is
more easlie let flowne, . .nothing later recalled backeagame,
then the bitter blast of an euill spoaken man. 1633 BROME
Northern Lass i. iii, There's no recalling time. 1667
MILTON P.L. ix. 926 But past who can recall, or don undoe?
1766 tr, Beccaria s Ess. Crimes xil. (1793) 47 Can the groans
of a tortured wretch recal the time past, or reverse the
crime he has committed? 1817 SHELLEY Rev. /slam XH.
xxviii, Ye who must lament The death of those that made
this world so fair, Cannot recall them now. 1834 MRS.
SOMERVILLE Connex. Phys, Sc. ix. (1849) 78 The attraction
of the earth would have recalled the greatest axis to the
direction of the line joining the centres of the moon and
earth.
C. To summon or bring back (the attention,
mind, etc.) to a subject. Also without const.
1667 MILTON P. L. xi. 422 But him the gentle Angel by
the hand Soon rais'd, and his attention thus recall'd. 1790
BURKE Fr. Rev. 21 We must recall their erring fancies to
the acts of the Revolution. 1820 SHELLEY Let. Maria Gisb.
253, I recal My thoughts and bid you look upon the night.
1848 W. H. KELLY tr. L. Blan/s Hist. Ten Y. I. 430
Whether it was that the king wished to recall to his own
person the too long diverted attention of the public [etc.].
2., To call or bring back to (or front} a certain
state, occupation, etc.
1591 SHAKS. i Hen. K/t i. i, 66 If Henry were recall'd to
life againe, These news would cause him once more yeeld
the Ghost. 1621 T. WILLIAMSON tr. Goulart's Wise Vieil-
lard 103, I will not bee recalled from my last end, to my
first state and condition. 1667 MILTON P. L. xi. 330 Re-
call'd To life prolongd and promisd Race, I now Gladly
behold [etc.]. 1766 GRAY in Corr. iv. Nicholls (1843) 63 He
. . by such afflictions recalls us from our wandering thoughts
and idle merriment .. to serious reflection. 1798 FERRIAR
Illnstr. Sterne^ etc. ii. 36 We are so constantly recalled to
right and severe reason. 1821 BYRON Cain HI. i, May his
soft spirit, .recall thee To peace and holiness ! 1871 R. W.
DALE Commandm. Introd. 9 The Commandments recall
us to the better faith of earlier times.
refl. 1575-85 ABP. SANDYS Serin, (Parker Soc.) 69 That
all heretics not recalling themselves by admonition should
be avoided. 1638 JUNIUS Paint. Ancients 58 Polemo, forced
by the weightinesse of his speech, could not but recall him-
selfe by little and little.
b. To bring back or down, to reduce, to a certain
number. rare~\
1836-7 HAMILTON Metaph, xxxi. (1859) U- 23Z Aristotle
recalled the laws of this connection to four, or rather
to three,
3. To call or bring back (a circumstance, person,
etc.) to the mind, memory, thoughts, etc.
1611 BIBLE Law, iii. 21 This I recall to my mind, there-
fore haue I hope. 1671 MILTON P. R. \\. 106 Mary ponder-
ing oft, and oft to mind Recalling what remarkably had
pass'd. 1779 I. MOORE View Soc. Fr. II. xcv. 423 Any
statue of the Virgin would serve as effectually as that to
recal her to the memory. 1796 H. HUNTER tr. St.-Pierre's
Stud. Nat. (1799) III. 303, 1 tried to recal myself to him by
the image of Arcadia. 1817 SHELLEY Rev. Islam v. xxxvii,
The sleepless silence did recal Laone to my thoughts.
1875 JOWETT Plato (ed. 2) I. 46 The name does not recall
any one to me.
b. To bring back to the mind ; to cause one to
remember.
1651 HOBBKS Lci'iath. i. iv. 13 Wheras a Proper Name
bringeth to mind one tliinK unely ; Universal recall any
one of those many. 1819 SHELLEY Julian 557 In towns,
with little to recal Regret for the green country. 1875
RECANT.
JOWETT Plato (ed. 2) IV. 225 The expectation of his death
recalls the promise of his youth.
C. To recollect, remember, f Also with over.
1600 LOCKE Hum. Und. i. i. § 17 'Tis strange that the
Soul should never .. recall over any of its pure native
Thoughts. 1739 BUTLER Serm. Love of God Wks. 1874 II.
194 Recall what was before observed concerning the affec-
tion to moral characters. 1798 FKRRIAR lllustr. Sternet
etc. 247 We now begin to recall the Gothic labours of our
ancestors. 1833 DE C^UINCEY Con/ess. 23, 1 cannot yet recal,
without smiling, an incident which occurred at that time.
1888 BUKGON Lives 12 Gd. Men II. v. i It would be easy
to recall the names of men who eclipsed him by their achieve-
ments.
4. To bring back, restore, revive, resuscitate
(a feeling, quality, or state}.
1593 SHAKS. 2 Hen. K7, HI. ii. 61 Might liquid teares ..
recall his Life ; I would be blinde with weeping, sicke with
grones. 1667 MILTON /'. L. iv. 05 How soon Would hiyhth
. t i_- L .L*. i_i_ /-•... «___ fi A. ... - .::• 'i'i_ •._ \f.
peace. 1850 TENNYSON In Mem. Ixxxv, Autumn . . Recalls, in
change of light or gloom, My old affection of the tomb.
6. To revoke, undo, annul (a deed, sentence,
decree, etc.).
1588 GREENE Pandosto (1607) 18, I haue committed such
a bloodie fact, as repent I may : but recall I cannot. 1590
SHAKS. Com. Err. I. i, 148 Passed ^entence may not be
recal'd. 1659 H. THORNDIKE Wks. (1846) II. 505 A man of
so much knowledge as to think himself fit to recall the laws
of his country. 1686 tr. Chardjn's Coronal, Solyman 45
You have not kept your word with him,, .he recalls hUown.
1788 GIBBON DecL <V F. xl. (1869) II. 497 They recalled the
hasty decree. 1828 D'ISRAELI C/ias. /, II. iii. 84 Charles
instantly recalled the new duties on merchandize, which he
had imposed. 1885 Manch. Exam. 27 Feb. 5/2 They have
no more right .. than a chess player who finds out that he
has made a bad move has to recall it.
b. To revoke, take back (a gift).
1608 SHAKS. Per. in. i. 25 We here below Recall not what
we give. 1850 TENNYSON Tithonus 49 The Gods themselves
cannot recall their gifts.
f C. absol. To retract. Obs. rare —l .
1598 MARSTON Sco. Villan'te n. vi. 201, When I . .heard him
sweare I was a Pythian, Yet straight recald, and sweares
I did but quote Out of Xilinum . . , I scarce could hold.
Hence Reca'lled ppl. a. ; Reca'ller.
1640 R. BAILLIE Canterb. Self-convict. Pref. 10 Would
not .. all of you who shall remame in life, bee most earnest
recallers..of your owne Countrie men. 1895 Westm. Gaz.
i Oct. 7/1 The recalled Governor of Indo-China.
Recall O'i'kg'l),^ [RE- 5 a.] intr. and trans.
To call again, call a second time.
1794 BURNS She says she lo'es me, etc. iii, While falling,
recalling, The amorous thrush concludes his sang. 1863
Times 19 Mar. 13/1 He then proceeded to recall the names
in a regular way.
Recallable (rrk§-labjl), a. [f. RECALL v.i +
-ABLE.] That can be recalled.
1657 TRAPP Comm. Ps. cxix. 176, I am recallable, and
ready to hear thy voice. 1830 JAMES Darnley vi, An
office given and recallable at pleasure. 1869 H. SPENCER
Princ. Psychol. § 90 The glow of a gorgeous sunset con-
tinues to be recallable long after faintly coloured scenes of
the same date have been forgotten.
recantation. 1646 Hamilton Papers (Camden) 115 The re-
calling of the copy of the letter then ready to be sent. 1696
T. BRAY Lect. I. xvii. 195 The Mischief and Poyson of such
Temptations do fly beyond his Recalling. 1835 BROWNING
Paracelsus I. 85 Recall With all the said recallings, times
when [etc.]. 1836 J. H. NEWMAN in Lyra Apost. (1849) 155
Who knows but myriads owe their endless rest To thy re-
calling ?
Recallment(r^k2'lment). [f.asprec. + -MENT.]
= RECALL j^.1
1650 T. BAYLY Herba parietis 115 Now the time is come
for her recaUment. 1678 SHAUWECL Timon n. ii, If he
sollicites his recallment with you. 1753 w- SMITH Thu-
cydides Disc. iii. (1805) I. 106 A change of government is
judged a necessary measure to bring about his recalment.
1845 BROWNING The Glove 122, I followed after, And asked
..If she wished not the rash deed's recalment?
i Reca-mara, -era. Obs. rare. [a. Sp. re-
camara, It. recamera (Florio) : see RE- and CAM-
ERA.] A back chamber, retiring room, closet.
1623 MABBE tr. Aleman's Guzman dAlf.\. i. viii. 92 They
made ready their Recamara, and all fitting provision for
such a businesse. 1625 BACON Ess.t Building (Arb.) 552
An Infirmary. -with Chambers, Bed-chamber, Anticamera,
and Recamera, ioyning to it.
Recambole, obs. form of ROCAMBOLE.
fReca-mby. Sc. Obs. rare-1, [ad. med. L.
* recambtuni (cf. Sp. recambio, It, ricambio], f. RE-
+ CAMBIUM.] *» RECHANGE sb. i.
1489 Acta Dom. Cone. Scotl. 129 The payment of ^e
sounTe of twa hundreth fourd ducatis. . .And of be Recamby
ilke foure moneth . . of ilke x ducate a ducate.
Recande-scence. [RE- 5 a. Cf. L. recan-
descere.] The process of becoming brilliant again.
1861 BESTEAD ¥en. Dis. (1879) 483 If.mcrcury ** «.IV«
for the primary sore, it may somewhat dimmish for a time,
but commonly undergoes a recandescence upon the evolution
of secondary symptoms.
Recant (tfkse'nt), z/.1 [ad. L. re^ant-dre to
recall, revoke (Horace), f. re- RE- 2 d + caniare
to sing, chant : cf. Gr. waAicySeiV.]
1. trans. To withdraw, retract, or renounce (a
statement, opinion, belief, etc.) as erroneous, and
29 -a
RECANT.
esp. with formal or public confession of error in
matters of religion.
LYNDESAY Satyre 1136, I will recant nathing that
_, • T i _ *j ..L: x-_t »u_ :*.:_
I haue schawin : I haue said nathing bot the veritie.
1542-3 Act 34 <$• 35 Hen. VI If, c. i Suche offendour..
shalbe for the first time admitted to recante and renounce
228
Recanter1 (rfkae'ntw). [f. RECANT v.1
One who recants or retracts.
-KB1.]
his said errours. 1560 DAUS tr. Sleidane's Comm. 200 b,
He was enforced to recant suche thynges as he had taught
before. 1601 F. GODWIN Bps. of Eng. 246 He was content
to recant his opinions at Paules crosse. 1636 FEATLY Strxt.
in Strict. Lyndom. (1638) n. 215 They recanted the Pro-
testant Religion, and were reconciled to the Roman Church.
1719 WATERLAND Def. Queries v, Can you deny it with-
out recanting all that you had said before? 18x7 MOORE
Lalla R. (1824) 344 His criticisms were all ., recanted
instantly. 1853 KANE Grinnell Exp. xxxvil. (1856) 338,
I was forced to recant in a measure my convictions as
to the force of the opposing floes.
*t*b. To renounce, abjure (a course of life or
conduct) as wrong or mistaken. Obs.
1576 WHETSTONE Rocke of Regard iv. 90 Before the world,
I here recant my life, I do renounce both lingring loue and
lust. 1579 LYLY Enphnes (Arb.) 101 Musing to renue his
ill fortune, or recant his olde follyes. 1605 Play of Stucley
in Simpson Sch. Shaks. (1878) I. 227 Let it suffice If with
his tongue he do recant his fault. 1701 C. WOLLEY Jrnl.
New York (1860) 55, I cannot say I observed any swearing
or quarrelling, but what was easily reconciled and recanted
by a mild rebuke.
2. a. To withdraw, retract (a promise, vow, etc.).
Now rare.
1596 SHAKS. Merck. V, iv. i. 391 He shall doe this, or
else I doe recant The pardon that I late pronounced heere.
1600 FAIRFAX Tasso v. Ixix, The Captaine sage the damsell
faire assured, His word was past, and should not be re-
canted. 1667 MILTON P. L. iv. 96 Ease would recant Vows
made in pain, as violent and void. 1855 MILMAN Lat.
Chr. ix. ii. V. 230 Recanting all his promises and struggling
out of his vows.
b. To renounce, give up (a design or purpose).
ifijjz J. WRIGHT tr. Camus' Nat. Paradox x. 232 Lest ..
compassion .. should have made mee .. recant the Design
which I had resolved to execute upon him. a 1814 IVord of
Honor n. i. in New Brit. Theatre I. 361 Edw. Then
Thomas lied? Car, But I recant my purpose.
3. intr. To retract, renounce, or disavow a former
opinion or belief; esp. to make a formal or public
confession of error.
1553 M. WOOD [? Bale] tr. Gardiner's Tnte Obed. To Rdr.
A vj, How these incarnate deuils could, .say yea than, & so
impudenili.. recant and say nay now. 1633 P. FLETCHER
Poet. Misc. 78 Here I recant, and of those words repent me.
1645 PAGITT Heresiogr. (1601) 44 Of a Congregation of
Dutch Anabaptists .. four recanted at Pauls Cross. 1768
H. WALPOLE Hist. Doubts 88 Not one of the sufferers is
pretended to have recanted. 1830 D'ISKAELI Chas. /, III.
xiv. 306 To induce him to recant, they attempted to confute
his principles. 1876 MOZLEY Univ. Serm. i. 21 The earth
must roll back on its axis again before the moral sense of
society recants on these questions.
fb. To go back on, resile from, an agreement ;
to refuse to fulfil a contract. Obs. rare.
1660 F. BROOKE tr. Le Blanks Trav. 316 We agreed for
threescore and odd pistols, which I laid down ; but he re-
canting and demanding more, I withdrew my money. 1755
MAGENS Insurances I. 403 Should the Giver of the Premium
not approve of the Contractor, he may very justly recant.
f4. refl. To make retractation (of something).
c 1590 GREENE Fr. Bacon vi, Recant thee, Lacy, thou art
put in trust. 1646 GAULE Sel. Cases Consc. 199, I will con-
ceive, withal), that witches have as great cause as may be
to recant them of their bargaine.
Hence Beca'nted///. «., Beca'nting vbl. sb.
1538 ELYOT Palinodia .., nowe of some men called a re-
cantynge. 1580 HOLLYBAND Treas. Fr. Tong^ Abjure*
went) a recanting. 1671 GLANVILL Disc. M. Stubbe 8
Some, you phancy, may think, that you writ against the
Errors of that recanted Book.
t Recant, v.2 Obs. rare. [ad. L. recant-are :
see prec. and RE- 2 a, 2 c.]
1. To sing again ; to repeat in singing.
1603 HOLLAND Plutarch's Mor. 704 (R.) They were wont
ever after in their wedding songs to recant and resound this
name— Thalassius. 1611 FLORIO, Ricantare, to recant or
sing againe. 1656 BLOUNT, Recant^ to sing after another.
2. To relate, recount, rehearse.
1603 HOLLAND Plutarch's Mor. 137 If one that sits by him
. .recant of some processe of law or action commenced. i6zx
FLORIO, Ridetto, said, repeated, or recanted againe.
Recant (r^kse-nt), v.^ rare—1, [f. RE- + CANT
z\2] intr. To cant or tilt back.
1793 Trans* Soc. Arts XI. 199 Wheel Cranes, by their re-
canting back, when overpowered by the weight.
Recantation1 (nksent^Jan). [f. RECANT z/.1
+ -ATION.J The action of recanting ; an instance
of this.
1545 JOYE Exp. Dan. v. 94 The kyng with publyke rescript
and open recantacion confessinge his synne. 1616 R. C.
Times Whistle vi. 2413 Turn convertite, and make true
recantation. 1667 PEPYS Diary (1879) IV. 261 Two papist
women lately converted, whereof one wrote her recantation.
1771 Jutting Lett. xliv. 232 My offences are not to be re-
deemed by recantation or repentance. 1814 D'!SRAELI
Quarrels Auth. (1867) 453 Recantations usually prove the
force of authority, rather than the force of conviction. 1846
GROTE Greece i. xv. (1862) I. 257 His poem of recantation
(the famous palinode now unfortunately lost).
attrib. 1619 R. JONES Two Serin. , The Recantation
Sermon. 1690 LUTTRELL Brief Rel. (1857) II. 109 Mr. Sheap-
herd. .has preacht a recantation sermon in Pinners hall.
t Recantation2. Obs. rare"0. [Cf.RECANT z>.2]
(See quot.)
z6xx FLORIO, Ricantatione^ a recantation or singing againe.
1589 J. RIDER Biblioth. Schol. s.v. Recant, A recanter, or
he that reca.nteth,#a/inodt'c»s. 1607 SHAKS. Ttmon v. i. 149
The publike Body, which doth sildome Play the re-canter.
1689 HICKERJNGILL Modest Inq. IV. 29 Heaven is fiH'd with
no glorified Saints, except Recanters. 1826 W. E. ANDREWS
Rev. Foxe's Bk. Mart. II. 52 A recanter, a prevaricator,
and frontless liar.
t Recanter*. Obs. rare-1, [f. RECANTS/.*]
(See quot.)
ai66i FULLER Worthies (1840) III. 428 To recant; .. to
say over the same again (in which sense the cuckoo, of all
birds, is properly called the re<^nter).
Recanting (r/kse-ntirj),///. a. [f. RECANT v.1
+ -ING 2.] That recants or retracts.
1593 SHAKS. Rick. //, i. i. 193 My teeth shall teare The
slauish motiue of recanting feare. 1607 — Tinion i. ii. 17
Recanting goodnesse, sorry ere 'tis showne. 1648 MILTON
Tenure Kings Wks. 1738 I. 320 Have .. not .. their now re-
canting Ministers preach 'd against him?
Hence Reca ntingly adv.
*593 NASHE Chrises T. (1613) 119 lulian . . recantingly
cryed out, Vicistit Galilxe> vicisti.
Recap (rfkse-p), v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To put
a (or the) cap on (a thing) again ; esp. to provide
(a cartridge) with a new cap. Also absoL
1870 GREENER Mod. Breech-Loaders 235 The principal
advantage of this cartridge is, that it can be recapped and
fired a great number of times. Ibid. 246 advt., It both
extracts and re-caps at the same time. 1890 Anthony's
Photogr. Bull. HI. 27, I .. blow the magnesium powder
through the flame, and then recap the lens.
Hence Beca'pped ///. a. ; Beca pper, a tool for
recapping shells or cartridges. Also recapping-
machine.
1870 GREENER Mod. Breech-Loaders 112 A re-capped
cartridge-case should not be trusted when in pursuit of
dangerous game. Ibid. 246 advt.t Improved Central-fire
Cap Extractor and Re-capper. 1885 Bazaar 30 Mar. 1274/1
Loading, turning-over, and re-capping machines.
Recapa'citate, v. rare. [RE- 5 a.] trans.
and reft. To make (legally) capable again. (Cf.
CAPACITATE v. a.)
a~3 ATTERBURY Let. Misc. Wks. 1739 I. 166 There was
another [amendment], which provided, that persons, re-
" ig themselves by taking the oaths, should not
the places out of which they were turned, if full.
capacitatin;
come into t
1703 Loud. Gaz. No. 3892/1 An Act for Enlarging the Time
for taking the Oath of Abjuration, and also forRecapacitat-
ing and Indempnifying such Persons as have not taken the
same by the Time limited.
t Beca-pitate, v. Obs—*- [ad. It. ricapitare in
same sense.] trans. To send, to forward.
1592 WOTTON in Reliq. (1685) 700 Being yesterday from
my Friend advertis'd that your Honour resided still in
Padoa, and that my last [letters] were recapitated thither ;
I now proceed to effectuate your Will.
t Beca'pitle, v. 06s. Also 6 -capytele. [ad.
obs. F. recapitler, var. rtcapituler\ see RECAPI-
TULE v.] trans. To recapitulate.
1430-40 LYDG. Bochas iv. Prol, (1554) 0.9 b, He . . doth re-
capitle agayn The fal of many that sate in hye stages. 1501
Ord. Crysten Men (W, de W. 1506) n. xv. 121 For to under-
stonde y* better & retayne these thynges before sayd they
ben recapyteled. 1529 MORE Dyaloge i. Wks. 175/2 The
authour in this chapiter doth briefely recapitle certaine of
the principall pointes that he before proued.
Recapi'tulary, a. rare—1. = RECAPITULATORY.
1830 Westm. Rev, Oct. 437 Re-inquiry, or call it repeti-
tional or recapUulary hearing.
Recapitulate (iik&pHbH**t),p. [f. ppl. stem
of late L. recapitulare : see RE- and CAPITULATE z/.]
1. trans. To go over or repeat again, properly in
a more concise manner ; to give the heads or sub-
stance of (what has been already said) ; to sum-
marize, restate briefly.
1570 FOXE .4. <S-.il/. (ed. 2)7/1 Wherof as mention is touched
before, so breeflye to recapitulate the same. 1607 T. ROGERS
39 Art. Pref. 14 These and many more (too many here to
be recapitulate) . . this first subscription brought first to light.
1642 FULLER Holy $ Prof. St. iv. viii. 275 Judge Markham
in a grave speech did recapitulate select and collate the
materiall points on either side. 1699 BENTLEY Phal. 108, I
would summ up the Particulars of this Second Head, if the
Examiner's Performance could bear recapitulating. 1768
H. WALPOLE Hist. Doubts 121, I will recapitulate the most
material arguments that tend to disprove what has been
asserted. 1783 BURKE Sp. E. Ind. BUI Wks. 1826 IV. 27 It
only remains, .for me just to recapitulate some heads. 1861
BERESF. HOPE Eng. Cathedr. iQth C. 205 All that I feel
bound to do is to recapitulate the alternative possibilities.
"875 JOWETT Plato (ed. 2) I. 404 Socrates recapitulates the
argument of Cebes.
absol. 1821 CRAIG Lect. Drawing^ etc. viii. 428 My object
being now merely to recapitulate, I give you the rules with-
out the reasoning. 1875 JOWETT Plato (ed. 2) I. 485 Let me
recapitulate— for there is no harm in repetition.
b. transf. in Biol. of young animals : (see RE-
CAPITULATION i b). Also absol.
1879 E. R. LANKESTER Advancem.Sc. i. (1800) 43 Suppose
.. that the Barnacles .. instead of recapitulating in their
early life, were to develope directly from the egg to the
adult form. 1879 Atkenaum 19 July 83/2 The fact that in
their early development young animals recapitulate their
ancestral history.
2. To bring together again ; to sum up or unite
in one. rare. Also refl.
1607 BP. ANDREWES Serm. Nativity iii. (1631) 21 That
this Mysterie is . . the fulfilling of all Prophecies ; That all
Moses veiles, and alt the Prophets' visions, are recapitulate
RECAPTION.
in it. i6«9 DONNE Serin. Wks. 1830 V. 436 Truly even
this first work, . . to recapitulate ourselves, to assemble and
muster ourselves [etc.]. 1870 W. GRAHAM Lect. fcphes. i. 46
Jesus Christ is the Head in whom all things are to be re-
capitulated. 1874 H. R. REYNOLDS John Bapt. iii. § 3. 197
The two offices were alike recapitulated in the person of
Him who is at once our Prophet and pur Priest.
1 b. intr. To come together into one. Obs.~~l
1623 BP. ANDREWES Serm. Nativity xvi. (1631) 152 The
Head is (as it were) the Summe of all sense ; motion, speech,
understanding, all recapitulate into the Head.
Hence Recapitulating ///. a.
1845 A. SYMINGTON in Ess. Ckr. Union viii. 467 The Re-
deemer in heaven is the grand recapitulating Head in which
redeemed and holy creatures, .are to be united.
Recapitulation1 (r/kapititfl^ijan). [a. F.
recapitulation (i3-i4thc.), or ad. lateL. recapitu-
lation-em '. see prec. and -ATION.]
1. The action of recapitulating ; a summing up
or brief repetition.
1388 PURVEY Prol. Bible xii. 48 The vi. reule is of recapitu-
lacoun, either rehersing a thing don bifore. Jbid.t This is seid
by recapitulacoun. c 1410 LYDG. Lyfe Our Lady vxvtii. head-
ing (MS. Ashm.), A recapitulacion of b*> wordes of gabriell
to oure lady. 1526 Pilgr. Per/. (W. de W. 1531) 7 A shorte
recapitulacion or rehersal of all yl is sayd. 1579 FENTON
Guicciard. i. (1599) 13 It is a time vainely spent to stand
long vpon the recapitulation of these reasons. 1628 VENNER
Baths of Bathe (1650) 363 Take this short hint or recapitula-
tion for all. 175* JOHNSON Rambler No. 194 F i, I shall
therefore continue my narrative without preface or recapitu-
lation. 18x2 BYRON Ch. Har. n. L note, The reflections
suggested by such objects are too trite to require recapitu-
lation. 1869 FARRAR Fam. Speech iii. (1873) 85, 1 will content
myself with a mere recapitulation of the elements which we
possess for the decision.
transf. 1673 tr. Harvey's A ««/. Exerc. 28 Nature in death
making as it were a recapitulation, returns upon her self
with a retrograde motion.
b. Biol. The repetition of evolutionary stages in
the growth of a young animal. Also attrib.
1875 DYER in Encycl. Brit. III. 692/2 In the animal
kingdom the 'recapitulation theory1 steps^in. x88o E. R.
LANKESTER Degcner. 21 In some animals this recapitulation
is more, in others it is less complete.
2. A gathering together into one. rare—1.
a 1635 SIBBES Confer. Christ <y Mary ^(1656) 3 There is a
recapitulation, a gathering of all things in heaven and earth.
Hence Recapitula'tionist, an adherent of the
theory of recapitulation in Biology.
1897 MIALL in Nature 26 Aug. 408/2 If I had time to dis-
cuss the Recapitulation Theory, I should begin by granting
much that the Recapitulationist demands.
Recapitula-tion 2. rare-1. [RE- 5 a.] A
second capitulation or surrender.
1641 EARL MONM. tr. Biondts Civil Warres v. 100 Being
blockt up on all sides, this their retreate served onely for
their recapitulation.
Recapitulative («1caprti£l#iv), «. [f. RE-
CAPITULATE ; see -ATIVE.] Characterized by (bio-
logical) recapitulation.
1875 DYER in Encycl. Brit. III. 692 The economy of nutri-
tion [in plants] has probably generally led to the suppression
of recapitulative structural details. 1879 E. R. LANKESTER
Advancem. Sc. i. (1890) 19 The tadpole is a recapitulative
phase of development.
Recapi'tulator. rare. [f. as prec. : see -on.]
One who or that which recapitulates.
1382 WvcLiF.£&&Pref. Ep. Jerome vii. 72 Perlipomynon,
that is, the book of the olde instrument, recap! tulatour, word
bregger. 1589 PUTTENHAM Eng. Poesie in. xix. (Arb.) 244
Ye may geue him more properly the name of the collectour
or recapitulatour.
Recapitulatory (rfkapi'ti^latsri), a. [f. as
prec. + -OBY.] Of the nature of, characterized by,
recapitulation.
1669 BARROW Expos. Decalogue Wks. 1716 I. 516 This law
is comprehensive and recapitulatory (as it were) of the rest
concerning our neighbour. 1685 R. LUCAS Happiness (1692)
I. 66 marg,, A recapitulatory conclusion. 1781 WARTON
Hist. Eng. Poetry xxxviii. III. 358 Illustrating it by re-
capitulatory moral reflections. 1829 BENTHAM Justice %
Cod. Petit, i So A fresh hearing, termed a recapitulatory
hearing, or say a new trial. "1881 FITCH Lect. Teaching 153
A most effective form of recapitulatory lesson.
b. Biol. = RECAPITULATIVE.
1890 Nature 1 1 Sept. 468/1 Sudden changes of this kind . .
cannot possibly be recapitulatory.
t Recapitule, »• Obs.-* [ad. F. rtcapituler
(i4th c.), ad. L. recapitulare. Cf. RECAPITLE v.]
trans. To recapitulate. Hence t Becapi'tuler.
1489 CAXTON Faytes of A. I. xxix. 86 To recapytule shortly
almost all the substance, a 1533 LD. BERNERS Gold. Bk..
M. Aurel. xii. 140 b, Colliodrus recapituler of the antyke
lawes, that was banyshed by Nero the cruell. 1623 COCKE-
RAM, Recapititler, which briefly rehearseth.
Recapped, -capper, -capping : see RECAP v.
Recaption (tf-, r/k^-pjan). [f. RE- + CAP-
TION.]
1. Law. a. A second distress (see quots.).
1607 COWELL Interpr. s.v., Recaption, .signifieth a second
distresse of one formerly distreined for the selfe same cause,
and that during the plea grounded upon the former distres.
1641 Termes de la Ley 20 If a man be convict before the
sherife in the County of a Recaption, he shall be but amerced.
1753 in CHAMBERS Cycl. Supp. i&jx Penny Cycl. XIX.
402/2 If after goods have been replevied, and before the suit
has been decided, the defendant makes another distress for
the same cause, such second distress is called a recaption.
b. (Also writ of recaption.) A writ issued in
favour of one who has been distrained twice.
RECAFTOR.
FINCH Law (1636) 447 Recaption is for him whose goods
being distreined before for rent or seruices, . . are distreyned
again for the same thing. 1768 BLACKSTONE Comm. III. 150
If, pending a replevin for a former distress, a man distreins
again for the sa_me rent or service, then the party is not
driven to his action of replevin, but shall have a writ of re-
caption. 1841 rainy Cycl. XIX. 402/2 If the landlord ..,
finding the goods of B upon the land, . . distrains them for
the same rent, no writ of recaption lies.
2. Law. The peaceful seizure without legal pro-
cess of one's own property wrongfully taken or
withheld.
1768 HLACKSTONE Comm. III. 22 Though I mayretake my
goods if I have a fair and peaceable opportunity, this power
of recaption does not debar me from my action of trover or
detinue. 1769 Ibid. IV. 336 Recaption is unlawful, if it be
done with intention to smother or compound the larciny ; it
then becoming the heinous offence of theft-bote.
•)• 3. = RECAPTURE i . Obs. rare —'.
1766 Chron. in Ann. Reg. 76/2 The king and the magis-
trates of that city have offered a reward of ioo/. each for
her re-caption.
Recaptor (nkse-pt£i). [f. RE- + CAPTOR.]
1. One who retakes by capture ; esp. one who
makes a recapture at sea.
1751 BEAWES Lex Mercat. 280 She and her cargo were
sold, to pay the salvage due to the recaptors. 1804 LD.
ELLENBOROUGH in Best's Rep. V. 320 Lyde in that case ac-
cepted the goods from the recaptors, and not from the master.
1848 ARNOULD Law Mar. Insitr. (1866) II. in. viii. 969 A
perishable cargo having, after capture of ship, been brought
by recaptors into a foreign port.
2. Law. One who takes goods by a recaption or
second distraint.
1841 Penny Cycl. XIX 402/2 The course is to sue out a
special writ for the restoration of the goods and for the
punishment of the recaptor.
Recapture (r/'kos-ptiuj), sb. [f. RE- + CAP-
TUBE.]
1. The fact of taking, or being taken, a second
time ; recovery or retaking by capture.
1752 _BEAWES Lex Mercat. 280 There is no room to claim
a loss in cases of a recapture. 17^87 R. MACKENZIE Strict.
Tarlelon's 'Campaigns 17^80-1 ' titfe-p., The Recapture of
the Islands of New Providence. 1856 KANE Arct. Exfl.
II. x. in, I learned too that Godfrey was playing the great
man at Etah, defying recapture. 1873 SYMONDS Grk. Poets
vii. 209 The simplicity of Giotto was gone beyond recapture.
2. That which is captured again.
1861 HUGHES Tom Brown at Oxf. xxiii, After carrying
his re-capture safely home, and erecting the hive on a three-
legged stand, . . he hastened to rejoin Simon.
Recapture (rfkje-ptiuj), v. [RE- 5 a.] trans.
To capture again ; to recover by capture.
1799 Hull Advertiser 6 Oct. 3/2 She . . had been in
possession of the French a day or two only prior to her
being re-captured. 1834 SIR F. B. HEAD Bubbles jr. Brunnen
284 They had nowhere to run but to their own homes, where
they would instantly have been recaptured. 1899 W. E.
NORRIS Giles Ingilby viii, Something which every writer
loses, as time goes on, and never can recapture.
Hence Reca'ptnred ///. a. ; Keca'pturer .
1804 NavalChron. XI. 4 13 A recaptured brig of the convoy.
1889 STEVENSON Master of B. 296 The master, .thanked his
recapturers as for a service.
Recarder, obs. form of RECADO.
t Reca-rga(i)son. Obs. rare-", [a. obs. F.
recargaison (Cotgr.), or f. RE + CABGASON.] The
cargo of a ship for the homeward voyage.
1661 in BLOUNT Glossogr. (from Cotgr.). 1677 COLES Eng..
Lat. Diet., A Recargason, sarcina navis doinitm rediturx.
Reca-rnify, v. rare-1. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To
convert into flesh again.
? 1645 HOWELL Lett. II. li. 65 The flesh which is daily
dish d upon our Tables is but concocted gras, which is re-
carnified in our stomacks.
Recarriage (rfkarrids). Also 6 recariage.
[f. RE- + CARKIAGE : cf. next.] The act of carrying
or conveying back again, esp. conveyance back of
merchandize ; also, the fact of being carried back.
154' Act 33 Hen. Vlll, c. 6 For the cariage & recariage
of them, a 1603 T. CARTWKIGHT Confut. R/tem. N. T. (1618)
16 This story of his carriage and re-carriage to and fro the
Wildernesse. 1633 MUNDAV Slew's Sun. I. iv. 18/1 Three
thousand poore Watermen are maintained, through the
carriage and recarriage of suche persons as passe and repasse
. . upon the [river). 1889 rail Mall G. 15 June 7/1 The
return or recarriage of goods broken or damaged in transit.
Recarry (rJkarri), v . [f. RE- + CARRY v. ; cf.
F. rapporter, L. reportare.]
1. trans. To carry, bear, or convey, back or again.
(Common in 16-1 7th c., esp. in carry and recarry!)
1429 Rolls ofParlt. IV. 345/1 Which Rever is comone to
alle yowr poeple . . for to carye, recarye and lede . . in botes . .
maner of Marchaundise. 1494 FABYAN Chron. II. li. b,
the saide crossebowe. 1609 BIBLE (Douay) Gen. xliii. 12
Lluble money also carie with you : and recarie that you
found in your sackes. 1637 J. TAYLOR (Water P.) Carrier's
Cosmogr. C iv b, Great Boats that doe carry and Recarry
Passengers . to and fro. 1745 De Foe's Eng. Tradesman
xxxiv. (1841) II. 687 Thousands of men and horses are
employed in the carrying and recarrying to and from
London the growth of England. 1855 SINGLETON Virgil
1. 82 So all thing!.. gliding gradually, are re-carried back.
alisal. 1578 FI.ORIO ist Fruites 15!), They cary and
I5»ary' no y sait'' any th'nB to them. 1622 MAIIBK tr.
Alatuart Gtamax if A//, n. 31 Moyling and toyling in the
229
world . . carrying and remarrying home, and out againe.
1673 T. JORDAN London in Splendor in Heath Grocer's
Comp. (1869) 514 The .. Inhabitants are very actively im-
ployed, some in working and planting, others carrying and
recarrying.
2. To carry again by storm.
1839 ALISON Europe (1850) XIV. xciv.§ 21.24 Planchenoil
was recarried ; Bulow was driven back into the wood.
Hence Beca rrier j Reca Trying vbl. sb.
1563 FOXE A . ff M. 890/2 A matter not of taking, but of
gasing, . . carying, recariyng [etc.]. 1610 HEALEY St. Aug.
Citie of God (1620) 667 Mercury .. feigned to be the carier
and recarier of soules to and from hell. 1677 YARRANTON
Eng. Improv. 31 For carrying and recarrying of Wood,
Coles, Corn, and all other Commodities to and fro. 1711
Lond. Gaz. No. 4866/1 The . . Carrying, Recarrying, or
Delivering of any Letter.
Reca-rt, v. [RE-.] To cart off or back again.
1820 SYD. SMITH Wks. (1850) 291/1 No sooner have the
poor wretches become a little familiarised to their new
parish, than the order is appealed against, and they are re-
carted with the same precipitate indecency.
Reca'Sh, v. [RE-.] intr. To make repayment.
1843 MARRYAT M. Violet xxvii, The poor fellow was con-
demned to recash and pay expenses.
Reca'sket, v. [RE-.] To enclose again in a casket.
1853 C. BRONTE Villette xxvi, I had hardly time to re-
casket my treasures and lock them up.
Recast (rzkcvst), sb. [RE- 5 a. Cf. next and
CAST sb. VIII.] An act or instance of recasting ;
the new thing or form produced by recasting.
1840 DE QUINCEY Homer v. Wks. 1857 VI. 386 Popular
feeling called for a diaskene, or thorough recast. 1862
MERIVALE Rom. Em*. (1865) III. xxx. 402 In the second
recast of the imperial drama, Agrippa might seem to play
the part of Brutus. 1868 M. PATTISON Acadein. Org. 229
Not merely a revision, but an entire re-cast of the Statute.
Recast (nka-st), v. [RE- 5 a.]
1. trans. To cast or throw again, rare—1.
1603 FLC-RIO Montaigne i. xlviii. 155 In the middest of
their running-race, [they] would cast and recast themselves
from one to another horse.
2. To cast or found (metal) again. Also^f.
1768-74 TUCKER Lt. Nat. i. vi. § 9 Taking_ their terms
from the common language, . . recasting them in a mould of
their own. 1809-10 COLKRIDGE friend (1865) 156 They.,
would melt the bullion anew in order to recast it in the
original mould. 1846 ELLIS Elgin Marbles II. 146 Recast-
ing some articles of gold and silver. 1863 Q. Rev. Jan. 275
To no purpose has the taxation . . been recast in the moulds
of their narrow philosophy.
b. To refashion, remodel, reconstruct (a thing,
esp. a literary work, a sentence, etc.) ; to invest
with new form or character. (Freq. in igth c.)
1790 Bp. T. BURGESS Serm. Div. of Christ 28 The advo-
cates of free inquiry have recast the annals of Christian
antiquity. 1817 MALTHUS Popul. (ed. 5) I. p. xiii, I have
recast and rewritten the chapters. 1828 WHATELY Rhetoric
in Encycl. Metrop. (r847) !• 287/1 Young writers . . should
always attempt to recast a sentence which does not please.
1840 Eraser's Mag. XXII. 63 Buonaparte recast the art of
war. 1852 GROTE Greece II. Ixxii. IX. 255 He sent Eteonikus
to Thrace for the purpose of thus recasting the governments
every where.
absol. 1820 BYRON Let. to Murray 23 Apr., I can neither
recast nor replace.
3. To compute over again, recalculate.
1865 NEALE Hymns on Paradise 48 Now the years of
their affliction In their memory they recast.
Hence Beca'st ppl. a. ; Beca-ster, one who re-
casts; Reca- sting- vM. sb. (also atlrib.}.
1687 in Harwood Lichfield (1806) 68 Towards the re-
casting of the bells. 1857 GLADSTONE Oxf. Ess. 27 All the
recasting processes which have yet been tried. 1869 J.
MARTINEAU Ess. II. r39 No re-casting, .can adapt it to our
psychological methods. 1884 Athenaeum 5 July 7/2 The
original and the recast Carolingian poems and romances.
1888 Edia. Rev. Apr. 510 These are only additions by the
recaster of the narrative.
Reca'tch, v. [RE- 5 a.] To catch again.
1824 in Sfirit Pub. Jrnls. (1825) 294 As to recatching the
Speaker ! as soon They might hope to have caught Mr.
Graham's Balloon. 1871 Daily News 19 Jan., French
officers . . recaught by the Germans. 1895 Chamb. Jrnl.
5 Oct. 634/2 Of 337 dabs marked and liberated, n were
recaught.
t Reca-tholize, v. Obs. rare-1. [RE- 5 a.]
trans. To make Catholic again.
'599. SANDYS Eurofie Sfec. (1632) 101 To have her re-
catholized and absolved.
Recaudo, obs. form of RECADO.
Recaulescence (rzkgle-sens). [RE- 5 a : see
CAULESCENT a.] Bot. The adhesion throughout
its whole length of a bract or leaf to its stem.
»88o GRAY Struct. Bot. (ed. 6) 158 note, Bracts or leaves
may be for a good distance adnate to sympodial shoots,
whether peduncles or leafy flowerless branches. This
(named recaulescence by Schimper) is of most frequent
occurrence in SolanaceEC.
Recaulk vnkg-k), v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To
caulk again.
1860 Merc. Marine Mag. VII. 242 If a vessel requires to
be . . re-caulked. 1885 LADY BRASSEY The Trades 6 Her
decks . . had not been recaulked after her last voyage.
Recawnt, obs. variant of reckan RACKAN.
t Recche, reclie, -v. Obs. Forms : I recean,
reccean, 3 reecehen, recchen, reohen, 4 raohen;
3 reache, 3-4 recche, 4 riohohe,4-5 reehe. Pa. t.
1 reahte, 1, 3 rehte, 3 rsehte. Pa.pple. i gereaht,
2 ireht, 3 iraht. [Comm. Teut. : OE. recc(e)an
= OS. rekltian (MDu. retail, Du. nkkcn], MLG.
RECEDE.
recken (hence Da. rxkke, Sw. racka), OHG. recchan
(G. recken), ON. rekja, Goth, rakjan (in comb.
ufrakjan) :-OTeut. *rakjan, prob. related to Gr.
vptytiv, L. regere, por-rigere.
The original sense of the word, retained in Du. rekten,
G. recken to stretch, reach, is not prominent in OE. ; how
far it existed in ME. is not quite clear, as the pa. t. and pa.
pple. of recche, reche cannot well be distinguished from
those of REACH, but it is possible that RATCH v. and RETCH
v. may partly represent both recche and reach.]
1. trans. To tell, narrate, say. a. with simple
object.
Beowulf (Z.) 91 Se be cujie frum-sceaft fira feorran recean.
c looo Ags. Gosp. Matt xiii. 31 He rehte him ba xyt ober
bisspel. <ri2os LAY. 25131 pa spac Howel be hende .. and
his quides raehte. c 1430 Freemasonry (ed. Halliw. 1840) 550
An angele smot hem so with dyveres speche, That never
won wyste what other schuld reche.
b. with dependent clause.
Beowulf XGr.) 2093 To lang ys to reccenne hu ic bam leod-
sceaSan yfla jehwylces ondlean forgeald. c 888 K. ALFRED
Boeth. xxxii. § 2 ForOaem ic be recce call bait ic be aer
reahte. c 1000 Ags. Gosp. Mark v. 16 Hi rehton him . . hu
hit xedon waes. cizos LAY. 10842 Nu ich habbe be iraht
hu he hauede bene nome icaht. a 1250 Owl f, Night. 1447
Ich reache heom bi mine songe, That swucch luve ne lest
noat longe.
2. To explain, expound, interpret (a dream, etc.).
c 1000 ^ELFRIC Gen. xl. 16 Hu gleawlice he ban swefen
rehte. cixy Gen. f, Ex. 2122 De king him bad ben hardi
6 bold If he can rechen Sis dremes wold, a 1400-50 Alex,
anler 521 pus he vndid him ilka dele & him be dome
reched. Ibid. 1354 pe kyng callis him a clerke .. to reche
\v.r. rachen] him his sweuyn.
3. intr. To go, proceed, make one's way.
^897 K. ALFRED Gregory's Past. C. xi. 65 He nat hwider
he reco mid oasm staepum his weorca. c 1205 LAY. 25646
Swa sone swa heo mihten ut of scipe heo rehten. a 1225
Ancr. R. 164 Seint Peter seiS bat be helle liun rengeS &
r«cche3 euer abuten. a 1300 Vox $ Wolf 268 in Hazl.
E. P. P. I. 67 On frere . . hem shulde awecche Wen hoe
shulden thidere recche. 13. . Gaw. ff Gr. Knt. 1898 Renaud
com richchande bur} a ro^e greue.
b. trans. To pursue (one's course), rare—1.
a 1225 ^. Marherete 9 pe sunne recchco hire rune euch
buten reste.
Hence tHe-cohing vbl.sb., interpretation. Obs.— l
c 1250 Gen. ff Ex. 2058 Tel me 8in drem . . Que3er-so it
wurSe softe or strong oe reching wur<5 on god bilong.
Recche, obs. f. RECK v., RETCH v. Reccheles,
-lesly, -lesnes, obs. ff. RECKLESS, -LESSLY, -LESS-
NESS. Reccless, var. REKELS, incense. Reccles-
laic: see RECKLESSLAIK. Reccnenn, obs. inf.
of RECKON v. Receande, var. RESEANT Obs.
t Rece-de, sb. Ofa.~l [f. next.] Withdrawal.
1658 SLINGSBY Diary (1836) 202, I shall now take occasion
to make my recede from the world.
Recede (rftf-d), z;.l Also 5 reysede, 6 recead,
7 receed. [ad. L. recedere, f. re- RE- 2 a + cedere to
go, CEDE. Cf. obs. F. reader (Godef.).]
1. intr . To go back or further off ; to remove to
or towards a more distant position.
a. of persons. Usually = to retreat, retire.
1660 F. BROOKE tr. Le Blanc's Trav. 93 You must recede
and keep at distance, when you meet women. 1725 POPE
Odyss. vi. 263 But, nymphs, recede ! sage chastity denies
To raise the blush. 1799-1805 S. TURNER Anglo-Sax. (1836)
I. in. iii. 168 Of the events of the battle, he only says, that
Arthur did not recede. 1822 LAMB Elia Ser. i. Dream
Children, While I stood gazing, both the children gradually
g-ew fainter to my view, receding, and still receding. 1848
YTTON Harold HI. iii, The Earl ceased and receded behind
his children.
b. of things. (Said also of things from which
one is moving away.)
1662 GLANVILL Lux Orient, xiii. 140 As the sun recedes,
the moon and stars discouer themselues. a 1763 SHENSTONE
Elegies vii. 73 When proud Fortune's ebbing tide recedes.
£1790 IMISON Sch. Arts I. 66 If it be charged positively ..
the balls will recede still further asunder. 1818 SHELLEY
Eugan. Hills 21 The dim low line.. Of a dark and a distant
shore Still recedes. 1860 MAURY Phys. Geog. Sea (Low) i.
§ 13 When the two [waves] receded, there was not a house. .
left standing in the village.
C. Const, from. Also iny^f. context.
1605 BACON Adv. Learn, n. xxv. § 12 It is plain that the
more you recede from your grounds, the weaker do you con-
clude. 1653 H. MOKE Antid. Ath. n. ii. 44 The resistance
. . could no more keep down the above-said bullet from
receding from the earth [etc.]. 1759 JOHNSON Rasselas
xxviii [xxix], Those conditions, .are so constituted, that, as
we approach one, we recede from another. 1860 TYNDALL
Glac. I. xi. 73 We receded from him into the solitudes. 1868
Q. VICTORIA Life Highl. 26 As the fair shores of Scotland
receded more and more from our view.
d. To become more distant ; to lie further back
or away ; to slope backwards.
1777 MASON Eng.Garden n.86 Oft let the turf recede, and
oft approach, With varied breadth. 1784 COWPER Task 1. 65
Not with easy slope Receding wide, they pressed against
the ribs. 1815 SHELLEV A lastor 404 Where the embowering
trees recede and leaveAlittle space of green expanse. 1877
A. B. EDWARDS Up Nile vii. 167 The mountains here recede
so far as to be almost out of sight.
2. To depart from some usual or natural state,
an authority, standard, principle,etc. 106s. (Com-
mon 1650-1700.)
1480 CAXTON Chron. Eng. III. (1520) 19/1 It is mervayle
that suche men so excedynge in wyt . . receded from the
knowlege of the very god. 1651 HOBBES Lcviath. I. xi. 50
Receding from custome when their interest requires it. 1665
GLANVIU. Def. Van. Dogin. 60 By the instances alkjj'd, he
RECEDE.
recedes from his Master Aristotle. 170* STUBBS For God
or Baal 17 The Brute . . recedes not from the Directions of
Instinct. 1796 H. HUNTER ir.St.-Pierre'sStitd. Nat. (1799)
I. 194 We recede very widely from the intentions of Nature.
b. Of things: To depart, differ, or vary from
something else. Now rare.
1576 FOXE A. <J- M. (ed. 3) 3/1 If they held any thyiig
whiche receaded from the doctrine and rule of Christ. 1605
BACON Adv. Learn, i. i. § 3, I sawe well that knowledge
recedeth as farre from ignorance as light doth from dark-
nesse. 1659 HAMMOND On Ps. Ixxxvi. 2 Another possible
notion of the word, and which recedes very little from this.
1734 A. COLLINS Gr. Chr. Rclig. 171 The Septuagint, which
greatly receded from the Hebrew text, by its additions [etc.].
1834 MRS. SOMERVILLE Conncx. Phys. Sc, iii. 12 In paths
now approaching to, now receding from, the elliptical form.
3. -fa. To fall away (in allegiance or adherence)
from a person. Obs. rare.
1480 CAXTON Chron. Eng. iv. (1520) 33/1 Many kyngdoms,
the whiche receded from all other Emperoures, wyliully to
this man torned agayne. 1568 GRAFTON Chron. II. 75 That
neither he nor his sonne, should recede or disseuer from
Pope Alexander, or from his Catholique successors.
D. To draw buck from a bargain, promise, etc.
Also without const.
1648 DK. HAMILTON in H. Papers (Camden) 154 They ar
so far from receding from anie engagement to you. 1651
G. W. tr. CoweCs /tut. 184 If., the Buyer repents of his
Bargain, so that he desires to recede, he shall loose what he
gave. 17551 ROBERTSON Hist. Scat. v. Wks. 1813 I. 357 By
receding from the offer which she made. 179* Anecd.
W. Pitt Ill.xxxix. 51 How could I recede from such an en-
gagement? 1802 MAR. EDGEWORTH Moral T. (1816) I. 220
A. felt no inclination to recede from the agreement, into
which he had entered. 1885 Law Rep. 29 Chanc. DJv. 437
There was a concluded contract from which neither party
could recede.
C. To withdraw^?;// a position, proposal, under-
taking, opinion, etc. Also without const.
1716 Lond. Gaz. No. 5447/2 The Deputies . . thought fit to
recede from the Objections. 1738 Col. Rec. Pennsyly. IV.
324 They hope the Governour would recede from this part
of the Amendment. 1844 THIKLWALI. Greece Ixiii. VIII. 233
Chilon, whose hopes were dashed by this failure, now only
persevered because it was too late to recede. 1863 H. Cox
Instit. til. ii. 602 From this opinion some of the judges sub-
sequently receded.
4. a, To go away, depart, retire (from or to a
place or scene), rare.
£-1485 E. E. Misc. (Warton Club) 29 The grettyst payn..
Was when my sole dyde from me reysede. 1679 WOOD Lije
(O. H. S.) II. 446 About the same time that the Treasurer
went away, 'twas reported that the dutchess of Portsmouth
receededalsp. 1691 — Ath. Oxon. I. 5 Afterwards receeding
to his Native Country, he wrot in his own Language.
1818-10 E. THOMPSON Cullen"s Nosol. Method, (ed. 3) 201
Inflammation of the joints suddenly receding. [1842 BRANDS
Diet. Set. etc., s.v. Kectss of the Empire* They are thought
to have been so termed from being pronounced at the time
when the diet was about to ' recede ', or separate. 1892
KIRK Abingdon Ace. p. xxviii, Two monks had 'receded*,
one to Colne.]
•f- b. To retire from an occupation. Ofa.~~l
1666 Ormonde MSS. in loM Rep. Hist. MSS. Comtn.
App. V. 20 Bankes thinks to recede from those im ploy men ts
to follow his owne.
t c. To have recourse to one. Obs.-*
1681-6 J. SCOTT Chr. Life (1747) III. 368 This Power Is
subordinate to the Civil Legislation .-. and . . stands obliged
to recede to the Civil Sovereign.
5. a. To go back or away in time.
1831 Blacfov. Mag. XXX. 660 From Green and Bewick. .
let us recede (in a chronological sense) to Hogarth. 1834
CALHOUN Wks. (1864) II. 392, I shall endeavor to recede, in
imagination, a century from the present time.
b. To go or fall back, to decline, in character
or value.
1818 HALLAM Mid. Ages i. ix. (1869) 585 A nation that
ceases to produce original and inventive minds, .will recede
from step to step. 1883 Daily News 7 Nov. 4/7 American
prices were firm, but foreign Government stocks receded
fractionally.
6. trans, t a. To retract, withdraw. Obs.~~ l
1654 H. L'EsTKANGE Chas. I (1655) 57 Rather willing to
submit to the hazard of Lewes his breach of Faith, then to
the blame of receding his own from polticitation.
b. To remove back or away.
1819 in Picton Lpool Munic. Rec. (1886) II. 364 The
widening of Dale Street by taking down and receding of the
houses. 18*3 J. BADCOCK Dom. Amusetn. 51 Introducing
two lenses.. and approaching or receding these by means of
the slider.
Hence Bece'der ; Rece ding- vbl. sb.
1605 BACON Adv. Leant, n. xxv. § 24 When there is once
a receding from the word of God. 1748 RICHARDSON Cla-
rissa (1768) IV. xxxv. 214 ( Do I what, Madam?' 'And
why vile man ? ' . . O the sweet receder !
Recede (rfsf-d), ».a [f. RE- 5 a + CEDE v.~\
trans. To cede again, give up to a former owner.
1771 J. BAILEY in F. Chase Hist. Dartmouth Coll. (1891) !
I. 435 The lands on the west side Connecticut river might ,
be receded back to New Hampshire. 1805 M. CUTLER in Lifet
Jrnls. fy Corr. (1888) II. 185 The first step was to re<ede
Alexandria to Virginia,
Recedence (r/srdens). [f. RECEDE vl + -ENCE :
cf. precedence.'] = RECESSION.
1859 J. TOMES Dental Surg: 494 The gradual waste of the
alveolar processes, accompanied by a corresponding re-
cedence of the gums. 1883 New Eng. Jrnl. Editc. XVII.
329 An age approximating the recedence of the flood.
Recedent (r&/-dent), a. Med. ff. as prec. +
-ENT : cf. precedent^ = RETBOCEDENT.
1822 GOOD Study Med. II. 505 Retrograde; recedent ;
misplaced gout. 1830 Fraser's Mag, II. 381 Persons subject
230
to gout .. particularly in that form of the disease which the
learned call recedent.
Receding (r/srdin), ///. a. [f. as prec. -f
-ING2.] That recedes.
1781 COWPER Charity 147 The sable warrior.. Loses in
tears the far receding shore. 1805 EMILY CLARK Banktqf
Douro III. 299 Embittering the receding moments of exist-
ence. 1866 HUXLEY Preh. Rein, Caithn. 98 The forehead
is smooth and not receding. 1878 — Physiogr. 141 The
muddy bank left by the receding tide.
Recedure (r&fdito). Arch. [f. as prec. +
-UBE.] A recess or ledge on the inner side of a
chimney stalk.
1839 URE Diet. Arts 280 To facilitate the erection . , of an
insulated stalk of this kind, it is built with three or more
successive plinths, or recedures.
Receipt (rfsn)t sb. Forms: o. 4-6 receyt,
(5-6 -e, 6 receeyte), 4-7 receite, 5-8 receit,
(8 reciet) ; 4-5 resceyte, 5 (7) resceyt, 5, 7 (8)
resceit, (5-6 -e); 4 resseit, 4-5 reseit, (6 -e), 5
resseyt(e, -ayt, 5-6 resayte, -eyt, 6 -ayt, 6 (7 Sc.)
ressait, (6 reseight) ; 5 recyt(e ; 6 receate, 7
-eat. ft. 4-7 receipte, 5 resceipte, 5-6 receypte,
6- receipt. [ME. receite, receit, a. AF. (ONF.)
receite, receyte ( 1 304-5) =^ OF. re^oite^ var. of recete
= Sp. receta, Pg. receita, It. ricetta :— L, recepta^
fem. pa. pple. of recipfre to RECEIVE.
The vowel of OF. receitt ', refoite is app. due to the in-
fluence of such verbal forms as receit, refoit. The normal
OF. form is reccte* the more usual recepte (whence mod.F.
recette) being a learned reversion to the Latin form (cf.
RECEPT so.1). In Eng., the spelling receipt (with / from
Latin, as in OF. refoiptt) has prevailed in this word, in
contrast to the related CONCEIT and DECEIT.}
I. 1. A formula or prescription, a statement of
the ingredients (and mode of procedure) necessary
for the making of some preparation, esp. in Med.
(now rare) and Cookery ; a RECIPE.
c 1386 CHAUCER Can. Yeom. Pro/, iff T. 800 What schal
this receyt coste? telleth now. 1:1400 tr. Secreta Secret.,
Gov. Lordsh. 84 Off be Receytes off Medicynes. 1530
PALSGR. 261/1 Receyte of dyvers thynges in a medycine,
drogges, recepte. 159$ Widowes Treasure B iv b, A nota-
ble receite to make Ipocras. 1631 J. HAYWARD tr. Biondi's
Eromena iv. 125 The severall antidotes by mee taken, whereof
I shewed them the receipts. 1703 J. TIPPER in Lett. Lit.
Men (Camden) 307 Medecinal and Cookery receipts collected
from the best authors. 1791 HAMILTON Bcrthollet's Dyeing
I. Pref. 5 A few books of receipts [for dyeing] taken from
Hellot. 1828 SCOTT F. M. Perth vi, The thin soft cakes,
made of flour and honey according to the family receipt.
1859 W. COLLINS Q. of Hearts (1875) 24 She spent hours in
the kitchen, learning to make puddings and pies, and trying
all sorts of receipts.
fig. 1647 COWLEY Mistr. Wks. 1710 I. 113 I'll teach him
a Receipt to make Words that weep, and Tears that speak.
1709 POPE Ess. Crit. 115 Some .. Write dull receipts how
poems may be made. 174* YOUNG Nt. Th. v. 04 Till the
destin'd youth Stept in, with his receipt for making smiles.
b. The formula or description of a remedy ^fc/"
a disease, etc. ; also absol,t a remedy, means of cure.
1586 T. B. La Primand. Fr, Acad. (1589) 145 As surgeons
do to cut off and to burne .. when there is no way to
finde or use any other receit, i6iz BACON Ess,, Studies
(Arb.) 13 Euery defect of the mind may haue a speciall
receit. a 1656 BP. HALL Soliloquies 29 Dark rooms, and
cords, and hellebore are meet receipts for these mental dis-
tempers. 1693 DRYDEN Juvenal Ded. (1697) 75 The Patients,
who have open before them a Book of admirable Receipts
for their Diseases. 1711 STEELE Sfect. No. 52 FsThe most
approved Receipt now extant for the Fever of the Spirits.
1809 MALKIN Gil Bias xu. iv. p 5 There is not a receipt in
the whole extent of chemistry which I have not tried.
fig. 1628 tr. Mathieu's Powerfull Favorite 108 Death is
the onely receit for her euils, and they keepe her by force
from it. 1646 GATAKER Mistake Removed 39 [They have]
made up all their receipts for distempered souls of so much
Law and so much Gospel.
c. The formula of a preparation, or an account
of the means, by which some effect may be pro-
duced ; hence, the means to be adopted for attain-
ing some end.
i6« T. WILLIAMSON tr. Gaularfs Wise Vieillard 22 That
hee had a receipt would preserue a man from growing old.
1646 SIR T. BROWNE Pseud. Ef.\.\\.v$ From the knowledge
of simples shee had a receipt to make white haire black.
1707 Curios, in Husb. 4- Card. 276 These Receipts for the
Vegetation of Plants. 1817 POLLOK Course T. vii, [He]
sought Receipts for health from all he met
fig. 1691 HARTCLIFFE Virtues 166 The best Receipt, both
for _the amending our Manners, and the managing our
Business, is the Admonition of a Friend. 1777 SHERIDAN
Sch. Scand. iv. iii, Well certainly this is. .the newest receipt
for avoiding calumny. <zx868 BROUGHAM (Ogilvie), A more
certain receipt for producing misgovernmentof every kind..
it would be difficult to devise.
t 2. A drug or other mixture compounded in
accordance with a receipt. Obs,
1398 TREVISA Barth. De P. R. xvii. viii. (Bodl. MS.), In
alle good receites and medicynes Amomum is ofte ido.
c 1430 LYDG. Mitt. Poems (Percy Soc.) 69 This ressayt is
bought of no poticarye,. .To al indifferent, richest diatorye.
c 1500 Sloane MS. 2491 If. 73 A Booke . . teachinge the waye
of making diuerse good and excellent Receipte/. 1560
WHITEHORNE Ord. Sonldionrs (1588) 40 b, Fill the bottels
halfe full of this foresaide receipt. 1605 BACON Adv. Learn.
ii. viii. § 3 It can be done with the vse of a fewe drops or
scruples of a liquor or receiie. a 1631 R. BOLTON Coin/. Afft.
Consc. 64 He throwes the glasse against the Wall, spills that
precious Receipt, and drives the Physition out of doores.
1773 GOLDSM. Stoops to Coinf. ii. i, Did not I prescribe for
you every day, and weep while the receipt was operating t
RECEIPT.
trans/, andyff. c 1430 LYDG. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 50
My lord may al my sorowe recure, With a receyte of plate
and of coyngnage. 1576 FLEMING Panofl. Epist. 27 Their
noblenesse . . quite quenched their calamitie, with preserua-
tiue receiptes of comforte.
fb. //. Ingredients of a mixture. Obs.
1669 STURMY Mariners Mag. v. xli. 65 Gun-powder of a..
Russet colour is very good, and it may be judged to have
all its Receipts well wrought.
H. 3. That which is received ; the amount, sum,
or quantity received, a. of money.
a 1400 Minor Poems fr. Vernon MS. 225/145 penk also . .
J>at longe hast lyued and muche reseiued, . . hou pou hast
spendet J>at reseit, c 1483 CAJCTON Dialogues 3/9 Your
recyte and your gyuing oute Brynge it all in somme. 1570
Act 13 Eliz. c. 4 § 8 Any Treasorer. .whose whole Receipt
from the begyning of his Charge, is not.. above the Summe
I of Three Hundred Poundes. 1648 BP. HALL Breathings of
Devout Soul § 38 None of the approved servants. . brought
in an increase of less value than the receit. 1800 Asiat.
Ann. Rtf>, Proc. Parl. 16/2 The Tanjore subsidy is stated
at something more than the receipt last year. lbid.t The
deficient receipt in 17^7-8. 1849 MACAULAY Hist. Eng. vi.
II. 102 The Commissioners of the Customs reported to the
King that . . the receipt in the port of the Thames had fallen
off by some thousands of pounds.
//. 14*2 to.Secreta Secret.^Priv. Priv. 134^ Whan the Myses
& the exspensts. . ouer-Passy th . .the receitis, than moste the
kynge of his Peple bar goodis take. 1535 A ct 27 Hen. VIII,
c. 37 The said chauncellour shall . . take reconisances of
euery particular receiuour .. for the sure paiement of his
receites. 1589 WARNER Alb. Eng. vi. xxxi. (1612) 153, I
spake of great accompts, Receites [etc.]. 1691 HARTCLIFFE
Virtues 87 Liberality . . is designed to be a Virtue moderating
our Receipts, as well as our Gifts. 1805 W. COOKE Mem.
Foote I. 96 His own pieces, and Macklin s Love-a-la-Mode,
brought great receipts to Crow-street theatre. 1863 Sat.
Rev. 6 June 714 That a possible margin should be left for
an excess of actual revenue over estimated receipts.
trans/, andy?^. x6xa T. TAYLOR Comtn, Titus ii. 12 The
end of all thy receits is Gods glory in the seruice of the
Church. 1692 RAY Disc. n. ii. (1732) 78 In the Mediter-
ranean the Receipts from the rivers fall short of the expence
in Vapour.
t b. of other things. Obs. rare.
1593 SHAKS. Lucr. 704 Drunken Desire must vomite his
receipt, Ere he can see his owne abhomination. 1607 —
Cor. i. i. 116 The belly . . taintingly replyed To th' dis-
contented Members, ..That enuied his receite. 16*3 LISLE
Test. Antiq. Anc. Faith Ch. Eng, 13 He which will receive
that housell, shall, .take with chastitie that holy receit.
III. 4. The act of receiving something given
or handed to one ; the fact of being received.
1399 LANGL. Rich. Redeles n. 98 Whedir the grounde of
Stfte were good other ille,. .reson hath rehersid the resceyte
of all. 1439 Rolls o/Parlt. V. 16/2 After the date and re-
ceit of the saide Wntte. 1442 Ibid. 57/1 To see the bookes
of receyte. 1494 FABYAN Chron. iv. Ixix. 47 After the receyte
of thyse letters, he wrote answer to his moder. 1588 J.
MELLIS Briefe Instr. Fvijb, Whan you pay money to
another, cause the day of receite to be written in your booke
of recorde. a 1617 BAYNE On Eph. (1658) 20 The receit of
benefits, is the foundation of thankfulness. 1661 MARVELL
Corr. Wks. 1872-5 II. 61 We thought it would be a good
answer to giue you account of the receit of your letter. 1774
JEFFERSON Autobiog. Wks. 1859 I- X33 On receipt of such a
sum as the Governor shall think it reasonable for them to
spend. 1831 T. H.QPE£SS. Origin Man III. 341 The receipt
of the radiance that .. proceeds to us as its common centre
and focus. 1848 MILL Pol. Econ. i. vii. § 5 (1876) 69 Fit to
be entrusted with the receipt and expenditure of large sums
of money.
t b. Bill or ticket of receipt = next. Obs.
1509-10 Act i Hen. VIII, c. 3 § i AH Acquittaunces and
Billes of Receyte heretofore made by the seid John Heyron.
1551 Keg. Privy Council Scot. I. 114 Conforme to the tekat
of ressait maid betuix the saidis parteis thairupoun.
C. A written acknowledgement of money or goods
received into possession or custody.
i6oa in Maitl. Cl. Misc. (1840) I. 23 Certane buikis. .gevin
to Mr. Adam Newtoun for the Prince his use, as the said
Mr. Adamis ressait thairof producit testifeis. 1651 MARIUS
Bills of Exchange 13 Make a receit for the same on the
backside of the said Bill. 1731-41 CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v.,
Where the receipt is on the back of a bill, £c., it is usually
called an indorsement. 1858 Murray's Hand-Bk. N. Germ.
190 The fare must be paid beforehand, and a receipt is
always given for it.
fig. 1781 COWPER Conv. 202 Then each might, .carry in
contusions of his skull A satisfactory receipt in full.
5. The act or practice of receiving ^stolen goods) ;
reset. ? Obs.
1413 Pilgr. Sowte(Caxton 1483) in. v. 54 Had not be youre
redy receyt, they had not be at al tymes so redy to stele.
1596 SPENSER State Irel. Wks. (Globe) 620/1 The stollen
goodes are convayed to some husbandman or gentellman,
which . . liveth most by the receit of such goodes stoln.
6. The act of receiving or taking in ; admittance
(of things) to a place or receptacle. ? Obs.
£-1400 tr. Secreta Secret.* Gov. Lordsh. 96 pe wirkynge of
IMS last..ys yn be receyte of pe seed in f»e mariz. Ibid. 101
receite. a 1600 in Hakluyt Voy. (1810-12) III. 141 Shipping
used among us either for warre or receit. 1615 G. SANDYS
Trav. 22 Ample cisternes for the receit of raine. 1651
Raleigh's Ghost 200 It [the ark] was sufficient for the receite
..of all living Creatures.
f b. The act of taking in (food, medicine, etc.)
by the mouth or otherwise. Obs.
^1400 tr. Secreta Secret.^ GOT.'. Lordsh. 82 Drynkes of
swete wyn, and ressayt of hony moyst. 152* MORE De
Quat. Noviss. Wks. 74/2 The pleasure that men may finde
by the receeyte of this medicine. 1367 MAI-LEI" Gr. Forest
26 b, [Plants] by their more hid receit of necessaries . . have
8
RECEIPT.
given great causes of doubting. 1599 B. JONSON Every
Afan out of HUM. in. i. (Rtldg.) 49/1 He shall receive the
first, second, and third whiffe [of tobacco-smoke].., and,
upon the receipt [etc.].
fc. An act of taking; a definite amount taken.
1390 GOWER Conf. III. ii If I myhte. .Of such a drinke..
have o receite. 1601 HOLLAND Pliny II. 36 A greater receit
than one Obulus, killeth him or her that taketh it.
f d. The act of receiving the sacrament. Obs.
1500-20 DUNBAR/WWJ ix. 92 Of ressait sinffull of The my
Saluiour, ..I cry The mercy. 1552 R. HUTCHINSON yd
Serm. (1560) G vi. A manifest denial! of the transubstantia-
tion, and of all corporal!, real!, and natural! receit.
f 7. The act of receiving or admitting (a person)
to a place, shelter, accommodation, assistance, etc. ;
the fact of being so received; reception. Obs.
(Common c 1600-50.)
1557 Order of Hospitalls Fviijb, Against Easter yow
shall prepare a Booke for the receipt home of the children.
a 1586 SIDNEY Arcadia in. (1598) 338 Come, death, and lend
Receipt to me, within thy bosome darke. 1615 G. SANDYS
Trav. 10 When all the earth at the intrealie of Juno, had
abjured the receipt of Latona. a 1641 BP. MOUNTAGU Acts
% Mon. (1642) 539 Speciall lodgings for receit of women
dedicated to God. 1676 HALE Contempt, i. 528, I have A
little room, .. not that I think it fit For thy Receit or
Majesty, but yet It is the best I have.
f b. The ordinary or habitual reception of
strangers or travellers; esp. \o. place of receipt. Obs.
1608 HEYWOOD Lucrece Wks. 1874 v- l83 There is no
newes there but at the Ale-house, ther's the most receit.
1634 SIR T. HERBERT Trav. 154 Noble places of Receipt or
Carrauans-rawes for Trauellors to rest in. 1642 ROGERS
Naaman 846 Inne-Keepers who stand at their doors or
gates of receit . . to welcome and lodge travellers. 1650
FULLER Pisgah ii. ix. § 25 The greatest place of receipt in
Samaria.
f c. Receptiveness, welcome. Also with a : A
(good or bad) reception. Obs. rare.
1596 in Nichols Progr. Q. Eliz. (1823) III. 584 This Master
Dorstetell came and made his speach in Latin, full of receit,
love and curtesie. 1664 PEPYS Diary 26 Feb., I had a kind
receipt from both Lord and Lady as I could wish.
f d. Law. The admission of a third person to
plead in a case between two others in which he is
interested. Also, admittance of a plea in a court
of justice. Obs.
1607 COWELL Interpr. s.v. Resceyt. 1628 COKE On Litt. n.
iil. § 96 As there may be a demurrer upon counts and pleas,
so there may be of Aide prior, Voucher, Receite, waging of
Law, and the like. 1658 in PHILLIPS.
f 8. Acceptance of a person or thing. Obs. rare.
c 1460 G. ASHBY Dicta Philos. 852 For kynge they wolde
haue hym in Receite, Howe be it that they baue hym not
in love. 1607 COWELL Interpr., Resceyt of homage, is a
relatiue to doing homage, for as the Tenent, who oweth
homage, doth it at his admission to the land : so the Lord
receiueth it, 1621 BP. MOUNTAGU Diatribx 569 Not so
general!, euery where in vse, and receit, because not so
obuious euery where vnto the vnderstanding.
9. The fact of receiving (a blow, wound). ? Obs.
a 1533 LD. BERNERS Huon Iv. 186 They had neuer sene
before so grete a stroke nor a goodlyerreseyt therof without
fallynge to the erthe. 1615 G. SANDYS Trav. 28 Hearing
his brother cry out at the receipt of a blow. 1651 Life
Father Sarpi (1676) 62 The day after the receipt of his
wounds [etc.]. ^1676 WISEMAN Chintrg. Treat. (J.).
T" 1O. To stand at receipt ; to stand ready to
receive. Obs.
Perh. originally a hunting term ; cf. sense 14.
1546 HEYWOOD Prov. n. v. (1867) 59 If ye can hunt, and
stand at receite, a 1569 KINGESMYLL Man's Est. x. (1580)
62 Happie it was that there stoode some at receipte to re-
ceive the precious seede sowen by our Saviour. 1587 GREENE
Euf>hues his Censure Wks. (Grosart) VI. 245 Yet nee would
alwaies gyue the onset, saying that souldiers which stood
at receipt, and felt the furious attempt of the enemy, were
halfe discomfitted. ci6n CHAPMAN Iliad vi. 375 Helen
stood at receipt, And took up all great Hector's pow'rs t'
attend her heavy words.
IV. 11. The chief place or office atwhich moneys
are received on behalf of the Crown or government ;
the public revenue-office. Also in Eng. use, Re-
ceipt of the {King's) Exchequer. Now only Hist.
1442 Rolls of Parlt. V. 62/2 Certayn Tailles reysid at the
resceyt of your Escheker. 1450 Ibid. 176/1 If Shirrefs,
Eschetours, or eny other persoues shall . . paie eny sommes
of money therof att Kynges receite at Westm. 1485 Naval
Ace. Hen. Vf/(i3g6) 7 Thomas Roger hath receyvedattlie
Receypt of the Kinges Exchequier. .cc1'. 1596 DANETT tr.
Comities (1614) 242 One other also being of the receit was a
furtherer thereof till his heart failed him. 1603 KNOLLES
Hist. Turks (1621) 1277 The Magistrates in the publicke
receipt. 1620 WILKINSON Coroners $ Sheriffs 75 To levie
the Kings debts, and to pay them into the receit duely and
orderly. 1691 LOCKE Lower. Interest Wks, 1727 II. 93
Who will not receive clipp'd Money, . . whilst he sees the
great Receipt of the Exchequer admits it. i- "
of Exchequer.
fig. 1684 T. BURNET Th. Earth 11. 75 Thousands of lesser
[rivers] that pay their tribute at the same time into the great
receit of the ocean.
b. The receiving-place </ custom. Hence fig.
1539 BIBLE (Great) Matt. ix. 9 He sawe a man (named
Mathew) syttyng at the receate of custome. 1847 L. HUNT
Mfn, Women f, Ii. II. vii. 96 The bird sat at the receipt of
victory, a 1859 - Kk. Sonnet {1867) I. 87 Lamb .. sat at
the receipt of impressions, rather than commanded them.
1 12. A place lor the reception of things ; n
receptacle. Obs.
231
1388 WYCLIF #.r0rf. xxxviii. 3 Hemaderedi ofbrasdyuerse
vessels, caudruns, tongis, ..and resseittis of firis. £1400
MAUNDEV. (1839) x. 112 Men ban made a litylle Res-
ceyt, besyde a Pylere of that Chirche, for to resceyve the
OfTrynges of Pilgrymes. c 1430 LYDG. CompL Bl. A'nt.
xxxiti. The thought [is] resseyt of woo and of compleynt.
1593 NASHE Christ's T. 33 b, Hauing her receipt of disges-
tion almost closed vp with fasting. 1601 HOLLAND Pliny \.
340 [The heart] contains within it certaine ventricles and
hollow receits, as the chiefe lodgings of the life, and bloud.
1605 SHAKS. Macb. i. vii. 66 Memorie .. Shall be a Fume,
and the Receit of Reason A Lymbeck onely.
t b. esp. A receptacle for water ; a basin or
other part of a fountain ; a reservoir. Obs.
c 1450 Flan Charterhouse Waterwks. in A rchxologia
LVI1I. (1902) 303 Seint John receyte undir be hegge.
^1512 Ibid. ^1548 HALL Chron., Hen. VIII 166 The
second receit of this fountaine was enuironed with wynged
serpentes all of golde. 1575 LANEHAM Let, (1871) 52
Sundrye fine pipez did liuely distill continuall streamz
intoo the receyt of the Foountayn. 1601 HOLLAND Pliny
II. 411 The least leuell for to carry and command water vp
hill from the receit, is one hundred foot. 1625 BACON Ess., \
Gardens (Arb.) 561 Fountaines I intend to be of two
Natures : The One that, Sprinckleth or Spouteth Water ; ]
The Other a Faire Receipt of Water. 1646 J. GREGORY I
Notes fy Obs. (1650) 114 The dry land appeared . . recom- j
pensed with an extuberancy of Hils and Mountaines for .
the Receipts into which he had sunk the waters,
f C. A recess in a wall. Obs~l
1560 WHITEHORNE Arte Warre (1588) 94 To make the |
walles crooked, and full of tourninges, and of receiptes.
f 13. A place of reception or accommodation for
>ersons ; a place of refuge. Obs.
persons
h
1390 GOWER Conf. III. 118 Aries. .is the receipte and the
hous Of myhty Mars. 1430-40 LYDG. Bochas\\\. viii. (1554)
172 b, His tonne to hym [Diogenes] was receite and hous-
holde. 1495 Act n Hen. VII, c. 5 Preamble, The grettest
haven succour and receite . . for marchauntes and shippes.
1579-80 NORTH Plutarch (1895) III. 423 His house was a
common receite for all them that came from Greece to
Rome. a. 1603 T. CARTWRIGHT Confut. Rhem. N. T. (1618)
655 Their Munkeries are Receits of children starting from
their fathers. 16*5 MARKHAM Bk. Hon. m. v. § 4 His House
became as it were an Hospitall or Receit for all that wanted.
t b. A chamber, apartment. Obs. rare.
iS93 NASHE Christ's T. 28 In the inner receipt of the
Temple, was hearde one stately stalking vp and downe.
1615 CHAPMAN Odyss. iv. 413 Atrides, and his. .spouse,. .In
a retired receit, together lay.
fl4. Hunting. (Cf, 10.) A position taken up
to await driven game with fresh hounds ; a relay
of men or dogs placed for this purpose. Obs.
1575 TURBERV, Venerie 244 They use their greyhounds
only to set backsets or receytes for deare wolfe foxe or such
like. 1580 LYLY Evphites (Arb.) 419 In hunting I had as
liefe stand at the receite, as at the loosing. 1622 BACON
Hen. VII (1876) 154 The lords that were appointed to circle
the hill, had some days before planted themselves, as at the
receit, in places convenient. 1688 HOLME Armoury in. 187/1.
V. fl5. Capability of receiving, accommoda-
ting, or containing ; capacity, size. Obs. (Common
in 1 7th c., esp. of nouses or other buildings.)
1563 GOLDING Caesar v. (1565) 108 Newe shippes to be
buylded.., and the olde to be mended, declaring of what
receite and fasshyon he wold haue them made. 1592 Nobody
fy Somebody C ij b, To purchase me a name, Take a large
house of infinite receipt. 1615 G. SANDYS Trav. 5 One only
harbor.. of a conuenient receit for ships, respect we either
their number or burthen. 1652 COTTERELL Cassandra, vi.
(1676) 567 The Palace which was of receipt sufficient to lodge
them all comm odiously. 1657 R. LIGON Barbadoes (1673) 90
After much keeling, they take it. .and put it into ladles that
are of greater receipt. 1703 T. N. City $ C. Purchaser 12
He that designs . . the Building, . . must have respect to its
due Situation, Contrivance, Receipt, Strength [etc.].
fig. 1642 FULLER Holy $ Prof. St. v. xix. § u. 438 His
popular manner was of such receipt that he had room to
lodge all comers.
f b. Mental capacity ; power of apprehension.
c 1400 tr. Secreta Secret., Gov. Lordsh. 114 Many heres in
J»e brest. .bytokyns..lessenynge of he resceyt. 1605 BACON
Adv. Learn, i. i. § 3 If then such be the capacitie and receit
of the mind of man [etc.]. 1607 HIERON Wks. I. 262 The
heart of man is of great receit and able to containe many
things. 1628 BP. HALL Old Relig. (1686) 31 This justice
being wrought in us by the holy Spirit according to the
modell of our weak receit.
1 16. Accommodation or space provided. Obs.
1615 T. ADAMS Leaven 1 14 Do not . . thrust it into a narrow
corner in your conscience, while you give spatious receat
to lust and sin. 1627 CAPT. SMITH Seaman s Gram. x. 49
To make roome and receit for the Sea.
VI. 17. atttib., as receipt dutyy form, sidey
stamp, tax ; receipt-book, (a) a book of medical
or cooking receipts (also _/£".) ; (£) a book con-
taining receipts for payments made.
1654 WHITLOCK Zootomia 50 One Remedy shall serve . .
severall Diseases, and distempers., ; Their *Receipt- Book
is as universally indifferent, as a Church-Booke. 1797
Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) III. 391/2 Receipt book. In this book
a merchant takes receipts of the payments be makes. 1808
HAN. MORE Ceelebs II. xlvii. 446, I now found her grand
receipt-book was the Bible. 1873 Miss BROUGHTON Nancy
I. 6 Keep stirring always !. .say I, closing the receipt-book.
1878 JEVONS Prim. Pol. Econ. 130 The penny *receipt duty
. .is. .a good tax. 1898 Engineering Mag. XVI. 46 Further
below is the *receipt form : Rec'd [etc.]. x8oo Asiat. Ann.
Diaries (1860) I. 203 Funds on the "Receipt Tax.
t Recei'pt, vl Obs. Forms : 4-6 receit-, 7-8
Sc. receipt, [a. OK. rercitery var. rtteterto RESKT :
cf. prec. and RECEPT z/.]
RECEIVABLE.
1. trans. To receive, harbour (a person, esp. a
criminal).
c 1300 Beket 1242 That thu ne snfTri no^t that he beo
Receited in thi londe. 1483 Rolls of Parlt. VI. 251/1 The
said Water . . falsly and traiterously receited, herboured,
comforted and ayded the same S* John. 1600 O. E. Refl.
Libel i. viii. 207 They would not haue abetted traytors to
rebel!, nor receited rebelles, that are fled out of the realme.
a 1670 SPALDING 1'roub. Chas. I (1828) I. 3 Letters of inter-
commoning against the Clanchattan . . that none should re-
ceipt, supply or intertain any of them, a 1733 Shetland
Acts 4 in Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. (1892) XXVI. 196 That none
receipt them [beggars] in their houses, nor give them hospi-
tality or service.
2. To reset (a thing stolen). rare~*.
1714 R. SMITH Poems of Controversy (1869) 21 Invercall
would not receipt A thing that's got by stealth or cheat.
Receipt (risf-t), v.<2 [f. RECEIPT sb. 40.]
1. trans. U. S. To acknowledge in writing the
receipt of (a sum of money, etc.).
1787 M. CUTLER in Life, Jrnls. <$• Corr. (1888) I. 376, I ..
have delivered him one hundred and ten dollars. ., which he
has receipted to me as received on the account of the Ohio
Company. 1798 I. ALLEN Hist. Vermont 233 Forty pri-
soners were returned. . . Major Fay, as Commissary of
prisoners, receipted them. 1828-32 WEBSTER, Receipt, to
give a receit for ; as to receit goods delivered by a sheriff.
2. To mark (an account) as paid.
1844 DICKENS Mart. Chuz. xlvi. If you will have the
goodness to send us a note of the expense, receipted, we
shall be happy to pay it. 1876 SAUNDERS Lion in Path vi,
He pays promptly, for the account has been receipted at
the time of purchase.
3. intr. (J.S. To give a receipt for (a sum of
money, etc.).
1880-6 in WEBSTER. 1889 Scribner'sMag. Aug. 216/1 The
supplies, .are there weighed or measured and receipted for.
Hence Receipted ppl. a.
1848 THACKERAY Van. Fair xix, The destruction of every
written document (except receipted tradesmen's bills).
Receiptable, a. [f. RECEIPT z/.2 + -ABLE.]
That may be receipted (Ogilvie 1882).
t Receipter. Obs. Forms : 4 resceitour,
5 receytour, 5-7 receitor, 6 reyceter, 7 re-
ceipter. [a. AF. *receitoury var. OF. receteur
RESETTER. Cf. RECEIPT z/.1] One who receives
or harbours criminals or stolen goods.
c 1380 WYCLIF Sel. Wks. III. 294 J>ei maken holy Chirche
a bande of here synne, and resceitour of here raveyn. 1487
Act 3 Hen. VII, c. ii § n That such mysdoers. .procurators
to the same and receytours . . be hensforth reputed and juged
as principall felons. 1537 in Froude Hist. Eng. (1858) III.
418 An old man, who with his two sons, being arrant thieves,
were the receitors. 1579-80 NORTH Plutarch (1895) 111.360
Such as the pyrates and sea rovers had hidden being parte of
their spoyles and bestowed with their receitors. 1626 JACK.
sottCrefd viii. vi. § 4 Shee alone, .committed the robbtry in
taking the forbidden fruit from off the tree, her husband was
the receipter onely.
Recei'ptless, a. [f. RECEIPT ^.40 + -LESS.]
Not receipted.
1873 Miss BROUGHTON Nancy III. 74 Gnashing his teeth
..at his exasperated creditors and receiptless bills.
Receiptor (nsft^i). [f. RECEIPT v* + -OB.]
U. S. A person who receipts property attached by
a sheriff ; a bailee.
1839 J. STORY Law of Bailments § 125 Upon bailments of
this sort it may not be without use to consider .. what are
the rights and duties of the bailee( commonly called the
receiptor. 1847 in WEBSTER. 1864 in WHARTON Law Lex.
(ed. 3) ; and in recent Diets.
Receit(e, obs. forms of RECEIPT sb. and v.1
Receitor : see RECEIPTEB.
Receivable (r&/~vab'l), a. [Orig- a. AF. re-
ceivable (1304), var. OF. recevable\ in later use f.
RECEIVE v. + -ABLE.]
1. Capable of being received.
1382 WYCLIF Ecclus. \\. 5 Men . . resceyuable [L. recepti-
biles\ in the chymne of mecnesse. 1646 SIR T. BROWNE Pseud.
Ep. 87 There will remaine a quantity of water not receive-
able. 1669 WOODHEAD St. Teresa i. Pref. 31 Without con-
sidering, .the benefits receivable by it. 1777 WESLEY Wks.
(1872) XI. 382 This is spoken of as receivable by mere faith.
1836 Penny Cycl. V. 163/1 Bills . . receivable or payable.
1865 M. ARNOLD Ess. Crit. viii. (1875) 326 His doctrine was
more intelligible than Coleridge's, more receivable.
b. Of indictments, excuses, evidence, etc.
1581 LAMBARDE Eiren. iv. v. (1588) 503 Now let us .. con-
sider what enditements be receivable by the lustices of
Peace. 1621 MOLLE Cainerar. Liv. Libr. \\. ix. 103 A fresh
testimonie . . which may seeme receiuable. 1662 J. DAVIES
tr. MandelsWs Trav. 231 If they can alledge any receivable
excuse, they are shut up again. 1880 LD. BLACKBURN m
Law TimesRep. XLIII. 213/2 The general rule of English
law is, that hearsay evidence is not receivable. 1884 LD.
COLERIDGE ibid. L. 277/1 Does that make the husband a
receivable witness against his wife ?
c. Of certificates, paper money, etc. : That is to
be received as legal tender.
1790 HAMILTON Wks. (1886) VII. 5° The certificates.,
shall also be receivable in all payments whatsoever for land.
1856 Toft's Mag. XXIII. 648 Government paper, .receivable
in payment of taxes. 1889 Spectator j Dec., These certifi-
cates are to be receivable in all State Treasuries for all pur-
poses, and may be redeemed whenever the holder chooses.
2. Capable of receiving; f receptive <?/". Now/wr.
c 1530 tr. Erasmus' Serm. Ch. Jesus (1901) n He formed
[vsj to his owne lykenes ; that is to wyte, receyuable of the
highe joy. 1548 U DAI i,. etc. £rast», Par. Mark ii. 15 b.The
feastes of the lewes bee small, and receiuable but of fewe
persones. Ibid. viii. sob, Crying ofte ,. that his audience
BECEIVABILITY.
is not receyuable of so high misteries. 1887 MARY BURT
Browning's Women 198 The susceptible, receivable, teach-
able quality in woman or in man.
Hence Beceivabrlity, Recervableness.
1580 HOLLYBAND Treas. Fr. Toiig, Capaciii, capacitie or
receyuablenesse. i654WHiTLOCKZtw/£»«/a352Exuberances
of Fancy, or Desires, [which] various Reading might imprint
on such waxy Molds, or tender Receivablenesse. 1813
JEFFERSON Writ. (1830) IV. 200 These bills would make
their way .. by their receivability for customs and taxes.
Receival (rftfval). Now rare. [f. RECEIVE v. \
+ -AL.J The act of receiving, receipt, reception.
1637 EARL MONM. tr. Malvezzis Romulus # Tarquin 40 '
Witnessing the receivall of them. 1656 — tr. lloccalini's ,
Advts.fr. Parnass. u. xxviii. (1674) 177 This Edict caused I
great commotion, .[and no] threats were able to make those
of Marca give way to the receival thereof. 1792 A. WILSON
in Poems f, Lit. Prose (1876) I. 56, I hope, on receival of
this, you will oblige me. 1823 SOUTHEY Hist. Peaitis. War ;
I. 152 On the receival of the dispatches. 1871 B. TAYLOR \
Faust (1875) II. i. iii. 30 Graceful be in your receival. 1895
Funk's Stand. Diet., Receival,. .in railway use, the receipt ;
of a car by one road from another.
t Receivant. Obs.-1 [ad. F. recevant, pr. pple.
of recevoir to RECEIVE: see -ANT.] One who
receives.
1623 tr. Favixe's Theat. Hon. ix. vi. 394 The Receiuant
causing him to rise, speaketh thus to him.
Receive (rftfv), v. Forms : a. 4 reoeyf-, 4-6
receyve, 4, 6- receive, (? 4 Imper. reoeiuf) ; 4
resceyve, rescheyve, 4-5 resceive, resseyve,
5-6 reseyve ; 4 reoeve, 4-6 reseve, 5 resceve,
5 Sc. resseve, 5 resoewe ; 6-7 receave, 6 Sc.
receawe ; 7 reoieve. 0. 4 (9 Ir. dial.) resaive,
4-5 ressayve, 4-6 resayve, 4 (6-7 Sc.) ressaive,
5 resay we ; 4 Sc. resaiff, 4 north., 6 Sc. resaif, 5
resayfe, ressayf, 5-6 Sc. ressaif, 6 north, resayff,
6 Sc. rassaif; 4 resoaive, -ayve, 5 reschayfe ;
4-6 (9 Ir. dial.) resave, 4 Sc. reschave, 4 (5-7 Sc. )
ressave, (? 6 recave) ; 4 Sc. resaf, ressawe, 4, 6
Sc. resawe, rasawe. y. 4-6 recive, 4 reycive,
reseyve, 6 reoyve, (? 5 reoiffe). Pa. pple. 6 Sc.
rassave. [ad. ONF. receivre, receyvre = OF. re-
foivre :— L. recipere (f. re- RE- + capere to take) ;
or OF. receveir, recevoir :— pop. L. *recipere : cf.
CONCEIVE and DECEIVE.]
The leading distinction between the senses of receive in
Eng. is that between the more active senses included in
branches^! and II, and the almost passive ones placed under
III. This distinction, however, is not always perfectly
clear in actual use, and it is often difficult or impossible to
determine which aspect of the word is meant to be promi-
nent in particular instances. Owing to the very extensive
use of the vb. from the I4th c. onwards, there is also much
overlapping of its various applications, and in many ex-
amples it is uncertain whether a specific or merely general
sense is intended.
I. 1. trans. To take in one's hand, or into one's
possession (something held out or offered by
another) ; to take delivery of (a thing) from
another, either for oneself or for a third party.
01300 Cursor M. 7746 Nou her I leue )>e kinges glaiue,
Yee send a man at it receiue. 1:1350 Will. Palerne 1260
panne william..receyued of bat riche duk realy his swerde.
c 1420 Citron, yilod. st. 557 pe lytulle childus honde he
streyjte forthe )>o To resayve bat tapre wyth be lyat, c 1470
Golagros tf Gain. 195 This kyth and this castefl, Firth,
forest and fell,. .Ressaue as your awin. 1539 BIBLE (Great)
Matt. xvii. 24 They that vse to receaue tribute-money cam
to Peter. 1591 SHAKS. Two Gent. i. ii. 40 He would haue
giuen it you, but 1 being in the way, Did in your name
receiue it. c 1620 SIR W. MURE Misc. Poems ii. 39 Receaue,
in sing that thou hes won the field. Ye bow, ye schafts
[etc.], c 1738 POPE To L^ady F. Shirley 10 Aw'd, on my
bended knees I fell, Receiv'd the weapons of the sky. 1819
SHELLEY Cyclops 411 He. .Received it, and at one draught
drank it off. 1859 TENNYSON Elaine 1196 In one cold
passive hand Received at once and laid aside the gems.
b. Of God : To take (one's soul, spirit, etc.) to
Himself. (Perh. partly in sense 2.)
a 1300 Cursor M. 19472 To be iesu Yeild i mi gast, receiuf
it nu ! 1382 WYCLIF Acts vii. 58 Thei stoonyden Steuene
. . seyinge, Lord Ihesu, receyue my spirit. 1423 JAS. I
Kingis Q. cxxiii, Ressaue I sail 3our saulis of my grace.
1594 ? GREENE Selimus 2180 Thou God of Christians, Re-
ceive my dying soul into thy hands. 1827 KEBLE Ckr. y.,
St. Stephen's Day v, Jesu, do Thou my soul receive.
c. To reset (stolen goods).
1583 STUBBES Anat. Alms. n. (1882) 39 If they would not
haue receiued our stollen goods, we woulde neuer haue
stollen them, a 1625 FLETCHER Love's Cure v. iii, You
must restore all stolen goods you receiv'd. 1727-41 CHAM-
BERS Cycl. s.v. Receiver, Such as knowingly receive stolen
goods from thieves and conceal them. 1898 BESANT Orange
Girl ii. xv, Guilty of receiving stolen goods.
d. To take from another by hearing or listening ;
to attend, listen, or give heed to.
1388 WYCLIF Prm. ii. i Mi sone, if thou resseyuest my
wordis, and hidist myn heestis anentis thee. 1489-90
Plumpton Corr. (Camden) 91, I \a\zzdediniuspotestatem
out of the Escheker . . derected to Sir Guy Fayrfax, to
resayve your hothesand my ladyes. 1535 COVERDALE Prov.
x. 8 A wyse man wil receaue warnynge. 1366 PAINTER Pal.
Pleas, i. (1569) 232 Madame sith it pleaseth you to receiue
mine aduise [etc.]. 1601 SHAKS. AlCs Well n. L 22 Our
hearts receiue your warnings. 1841 LANE Arab. Nts. I. 80
Receive news, O fisherman. 1874 GREEN Short Hist. ix.
§ 6 (1895) 663 A priest named Huddleston . . received his
confession. 1896 W. H. HUTTON Philip Augustus ii. 51
He . . charged the archbishop of Rbeims and others to |
receive the oath of fealiy from his new vassals.
232
t e. Med. = RECIPE A, Obs.-1 (In
1588 GREENE Perimedes 5 Receiue twenty ounces of merrie
conceipts, pounded in the mortar of a quiet resolution.
2. To accept (something offered or presented).
In some cases, esp. in negative clauses, this use is not
clearly distinguishable from sense i.
a 1300 Cursor M. 28794 iCott.) Vr lauerd. . receues .. right
nan Almus J>at o wrang es tan. 13.. Ibid. 10276 (Giitt.)
Quen Jm has barntein in lande, Gladly sal we rescyue
whyche . . the grace that fortune hym yewyth nel resceive.
1513 DOUGLAS jEneis^ v. ii. ^5 Beseik. .That my fadir wald
eftir this ressave This sacrifice. 1561 WINSET Cert. Trac-
tates i. Wks. (S.T. S.) 1. 7 Na man . . wald resaue the office of
ane pastour, quhil he wes almaist compellit thairto. 1601
SHAKS. AlFs Well i. iii. 243 But thinke you. .If you should
tender your supposed aide, He would receiue it? 1647
Portland Papers VI. (Hist. MSS. Comm.) 55 The Com-
missioners refusing to receave my Answer sealed, I.. read
and delivered it open to them. 1776 Trial of Nundocomar
16/1 The books must be produced, as we cannot receive
parole evidence of their contents. 1836 CALHOUN Wks. (1864)
II. 472 He who votes for receiving this petition, .votes that
Congress is bound to take jurisdiction of the question.
f b. To accept the surrender of (a person or
place). Obs.
1375 BARBOUR Bruce xm. 530 ' Till gow her I geld me, at
jour will to be '. * And I resaiff the, schir ' saide he. c 1470
Gregory's Chron. (Camden) 120 Noo captayne .. shalle
nought ressayvynne, nor suffer to ressayvynne . . the cap-
tayne t her of. 1470-85 MALORY Arthur v. xii, Knelyng
bifore kynge Arthur [they] requyred hym for the loue
of god to receyue the cyte, & not to take it by assaulte.
fc. To listen to, or hear, with acceptation. Obs.
1388 WYCLIF Ps. vi. 9 [10] The Lord hath herd my bi-
secnyng; the Lord hath resseyued my preier. [Also in
Coverdale and 1611.]
3. To become the support of (something super-
imposed).
i43»-$» tr. Higden (Rolls^ V. 163 The grownde was
elevate in maner of a hepe to receyve Hillarius. 1736 GRAY
Statins i. 19 Ye Argive flower, ., Receive a worthier load.
1842 TENNYSON Morte d Arthur 164 Make broad thy
shoulders to receive my weight, And bear me to the margin.
b. To catch (a person or thing falling or descend-
ing) in the arms or otherwise.
1470-85 MALORY Arthur i. ix, His four knyghtes re-
ceyued hym and set hym an horsback. c 1485 Digby Myst.
(1882) iv. 442 Stonde ner, Nichodemus ! resaue hym softlye 1
Mawdleyn, hold ye his fete ! 1594 ? GREENE Selimus 127^2
A band of armed soldiers Received him falling on their
spears' sharp points. 1671 MILTON P. R. iv. 583 A fiery
Globe Of Angels . . on their plumy Vans receiv'd him soft
From his uneasie station.
C. To catch or intercept (a missile, blow, etc.) ;
to encounter or stand the force or effect of.
1560 DAUS tr. Sleidane's Comm. 56 b, All the pellettes y*
they shall shoute, I will receave them with my cote. 1606
SHAKS. Tr. <5- Cr. in. iii. 122 Like a gate of steele, Fronting
the Sunne, receiues and renders backe His figure, and his
heate. 1632 J. HAY WARD Biondis Eromena in. 79 By this
time had the horse (issued from their side) received the
charge, after the foote were cut all to pieces. 1704 SWIFT Batt.
Bks. Wks. 1751 I. 213 Paracelsus ., darted his Javelin with
a mighty force, which the brave Antient received upon
his Shield. 1751 SMOLLETT Per. Pic. xxxv, The son in-
terposing, received the first discharge of her fury. 1814
SOUTHEY Roderick xxv. 489 The Goth objects His shield,
and on its rim received the edge. 1855 BREWSTER Life of
Newton I. iii. 46 The rays reflected by the speculum were
received upon a plane metallic speculum.
d. To catch (a sound) by the sense of hearing.
c 1385 CHAUCER L. G. W. 752 T/u'sfo,Vpon theo sydeof the
walle stood he, And on that other syde stood Tesbe, The
swoote sovne of other to receyve. 1599 SHAKS. Hen. y, iv.
Prol. 6 The fixt Centinels almost receiue The secret
Whispers of each others Watch. 1773-83 HOOLE Orl. Fur.
viii. 528 A lamb.. strays With tender bleats, .. Till from
afar the wolf the sound receives.
4. To permit oneself to be the object of (some
action, etc.) ; to allow (something) to be done to,
or (some quality, etc.) to be conferred on, oneself;
to submit to, endure.
01300 Cursor M. 18714 All pat wald tru fra t>at time,
And siben wald receiue baptime. 1382 WYCLIF John v. 44
How mown 3e bileue, that receyuen glorie ech of other.
c 1386 CHAUCER Pard. T. 598 Com forth anon, and kneleth
heere adoun And mekely receyueth my pardoun. 1535
COVERDALE Jer. vii. 28 This is the people, that nether
heareth the voyce of the Lorde . . ner receaueth his correc-
tion. 1556 ROBINSON tr. Morels Utop. n. (Arb.) 108 marg.*
The religiously disposed person.. ought pacientlye to re-
ceaue and suffer them [griefs]. 1601 HOLLAND Pliny xv.
iii, If the barke of an Olive tree be slit and cut, it will
receive the rellice and smell of any medicinable spice. 1818
T. L. PEACOCK Nightmare Abbey i, Family interests com-
pelled Mr. Glowry to receive occasional visits from Mr. and
Mrs. Hilary.
b. To admit (an impression, etc.) by yielding or
by adaptation of surface. Also Jig'.
c 1391 CHAUCER ^Astrol. n. § 40, I .. wexed my label in
Maner ot a peyre tables to resceyue distynctly the prikkes
of my compas. 1533 BELLENDEN Livy iv. xxiii, Quhat
place was left hail in all pare bodyis to ressaue ony new
woundis. 1592 SHAKS. Ven, fy Ad. 353 His tendrer cheeke
receiues her soft hands print. 1655 STANLEY Hist. P kilos.
in. (1701) 88/2 They being eager in prosecution of their
design, and he prepared by want, and malice, to receive
their impression. 1759 STERNE Tr. Shandy II. ii, The wax
is over hardened, it will not receive the mark of her thimble.
1785 COWPER Poplar Field 4 The winds play no longer
and sing in the leaves, Nor Ouse on his bosom their image
receives. 1898 MAXWELL GRAY House of Hid. Treas, in.
RECEIVE.
iii, Chip's brain.. was more calculated to retain than to
receive impressions.
c. To allow (something) to be applied to, or
placed on, oneself.
1549 Compl. Scot. iv. 31 It is said generelye tyl al them
that hes resauit the goilk ande the confes-sione of crist.
1713 ADDISON Cato n. i, Egypt has since Received his
yoke, and the whole Nile is Caesar's. 1784 COWPER Task
iv, 329 Earth receives Gladly the thickening mantle.
1788 — Negro's Compl. 42 By our blood in Afric wasted,
Ere our necks received the chain. 1820 SHELLEY CEd. Tyr.
n. i. 109 To receive upon her chaste white body Dews of
Apotheosis. 1898 MAXWELL GRAY House of hid. Treas. n.
i!i; Barling Harbour received the crimsoning light on its
stilt levels and held it faithfully.
d. Of recording instruments : To be affected, or
operated on, by (the thing transmitted).
i86a Catal. Internal. Exhio. II. xiii. 12/2 The apparatus
. . for receiving and indicating the signals. 1884 Telegraphist
June 88/2 Chemically prepared paper . . receives the record
of signals sent over the lines.
5. To take in ; to admit as to a receptacle or
containing space ; to allow to enter or penetrate.
a 1300 Cursor M. 1135 [The] erth .. (?at rescued bi brober
blode, Wit pine it sal Be jeild bi fode. £1380 WYCLIF Wks.
(1880) 97 Swolwis of J»e see and helle, fr>at resceyuen al bat
(>ei may & gelden not a3en. c 1400 MAUNDEV. (Roxb.) xiv.
61 pare es a vessell of marble vnder be table to ressayue
|>e oel. 1422 tr. Secreta Secret.^ Priv. Priv. 243 The
stomake sbal be nuet to resceue more charge than hit was
wonyt. 1541 COPLAND Gitydon"s Quest. Chirurg. G ij b,
A concauyte wherin is receyued the ende of the addicyon.
a 1548 HALL Ckron.t Hen. VIII 730, Doores and en-
terynges into the chambers . . to receiue light and aire at
pleasure. 1588 SHAKS. Tit. A. v. ii. 184 The Bason that
receiues your guilty blood. 1615 W. LAWSON Country
Hons&v, Card. (1626) 4 Some for this purpose digge the
soyle of their Orchard to receiue moisture, 1667 MILTON
P. L. vi. 55 The Gulf Of Tartarus, which ready opens
wide His fiery Chaos to receave thir fall. 1712-4 POPE
Rape Lock in. 110 From silver spouts the grateful liquors
glide, While China's earth receives the smoking tide. 1784
COWPER Task i. 562 A kettle, slung Between two poles ..
Receives the morsel. 1814 SOUTHEY Roderick xxv. 351
Let One grave with Christian rites receive them both.
trattsf. 1388 WYCLIF Ecclus. xxxvi. 21 An vnwise herte
resseyueth false wordis. 1533 BELLENDEN Livy v. ii, We
differ nocht ^e batall bot ressauis It within (>e bosum of
cure landis. 1780 COWPER Progr. Err. 431 Learning itself,
- received into a mind By nature weak.
b. Of a place or building : To admit (a person) ;
to give accommodation or shelter to.
a 1300 Cursor M. 17982 ' Helle ', he seide, 'make be redy
To receyue iesu hastily1. 138* WYCLIF Acts iii. 21 Jhesu
Crist, whom sotheli it bihoueth heuene for to resceyue.
c 1400 MAUNDEV. (1839) xxn- 243 Lines ordeyned . . to
resceyve bothe Man and Hors. c 1475 Partenay 160 Som
receit nye the wodes lynde, Wher we mow thys tym re-
ceyued to be. a 1625 BEAUM. & FL. Knt. of Malta iv. i,
This cave, fashion'd..To be a den for beasts, alone receives
me. 1667 MILTON P. L. i. 252 Hail Infernal world, and
thou profoundest Hell Receive thy new Possessor. 1784
COWPER Task i. 354 We tread the Wilderness . . The Grove
receives us next 1819 SCOTT Leg. Montrose x. motto,
More doubtful show'd The mansion which received them
from the road. 1898 MAXWELL GRAY Hon se of Hid. Treas.
Prol. ii, It was a long time since the Old House had received
a child-guest.
c. To afford proper room or space to ; to hold
or contain conveniently.
c 1440 Generydes 1972 All ther hoole puysaunce, Whiche
was so grete . . The Cite myght resseyue them day ne night.
1549 T. SOME Ded. to Latimer's Serin, bef. Ediu. VI
(Arb.) 19 As it is vnpossyble that a litel ryuer should receiue
ye recourse of ye mayne sea with in his brymmes. 1585
1'. WASHINGTON tr. Nichotay's Voy. iv. xxiil 139 A port
. .able to receiue a 100. Gallies. 1611 BIBLE i Kings vih. 64
The brasen Altar . . was too little to receiue the burnt
offerings. 1697 DRYDEN &neitfDt&. in Ess. (1900) II. 228
The scantiness of our heroic verse is not capable of receiving
more than one. 1856 ' STONEHENGE ' Brit. Rur. Sports 474/1
The well [of a rowing-boat] . . is long enough to receive two
men instead of one.
Q. To take in by the mouth ; to swallow. (In
later examples prob. a contextual use of other
senses.) ? Obs.
c 1400 tr. Secreta Secret., Gov. Lordsk. 77 A mouth-full of
hoot water, ilk morwe twyes ressayued. 1484 CAXTON
Fables ofPoge x, He gaf to hym the sayd pylles & badde
receiue a Utle Kneubarb. 1509 ti. JONSON £.very Ma. .
of Hum. in. i. (Rtldg.) 46/2 The Cuban . . whiff, which he
shall receive or take in here at London, and evaporate at
Uxbrldge. 1608 SHAKS. Per. \, ii. 69 Thou .. minister'st a
potion unto me That thou wouldst tremble to receive thy-
self. 1742 POPE Dune, iv. 383 Down his own throat he
risk'd the Grecian gold, Receiv'd each Demi-God, . . Deep in
his Entrails. 1840 BROWNING Sordello v. 447 If lies are true,
The Caliph's wheel-work man of brass receives A meal.
b. To participate in, take (the sacrament or
sacred elements). See also 23.
1303 R. BRUNNE Handl. Synne 10199 Pe f°^ bat to b6
preste went For to receyue }>e sacrament. £1375 XI Pains
of Hell 188 in O. E. Misc. 216 pese beleuid not .. in cristis
carnacione . . And neuer resayuyd cristis body, c 1420 Chron.
Vilod, st. 468 pe mayden kneled at J>e auters gende . . & abode
bere to resaue hurre saueour. 1500-20 DUNBAR Poems
xxxiv. 8 Ane preist sweirit be God verey Quhilk at the
alter ressauit he. 1594 SHAKS. Rich. Ill, i. iv. 208 Thou
did'st receiue the Sacrament, to fight In quarrell of the
House of Lancaster. 1686 [H. MORE] Brief Disc. Real
Presence 52 We really though spiritually . . eat or receive the
real Body and Blood of Christ. 1791 BURKE in Hansard
ParL Hist. (1814) XXIX. 397 The priest, from whom they
had received the sacrament, had not submitted to the test.
RECEIVE.
1874 GREEN Short Hist. viii. § 4 (1895) 510 The habit of re-
ceiving the communion in a sitting posture.
7. To take into the mind ; to apprehend mentally ;
to understand ; to learn.
1603 SHAKS. Metis, for M. n. iv. 82 But marke me, To be
receiued plaine, He speake more grosse. 1660 STANLEY
Hist. Philos. III. I. 37 He made him presently fit to receave
his doctrine. 1667 MILTON P. L. vii. 179 The Acts of God
. . to human ears Cannot without process of speech be told,
So told as earthly notion can receave. 1733 POPE Ess.
Man in. 175 Thy arts of building from the bee receive.
1892 WESTCOTT Gospel of Life IQI Man is fitted by his
essential constitution to receive a knowledge of God.
II. 8. To admit (a person) into some relation
with oneself, esp. to familiar or social intercourse ;
to treat in a familiar or friendly manner.
a 1300 Cursor M. 4939, I receiud bam, and warnd ham
noght Of alle thing |>ai me be-soght. 13*0-30 Horn Ch. in
Ritson Metr, Rom. III. 291 Houlac king was wel hende,
Ressaived hem nighen. 1 1384 CHAUCER H. Fame \. 339
Anon as we ban yeu receyued Certenly we ben deceyuyd.
1484 CAXT.ON Fables of Page viii, Two wymmen . . came to
a curteyzan, .. whome he receyued [etc.]. 1568 GRAFTON
Chron. II. 303 The other prisoners . . went to see the king
at their pleasure, and were receyued onely vpon their
faythes. 1611 BIBLE 2 Cor. xi. 16 Let no man thinke mee
a foole ; if otherwise, yet as a foole receiue me. 1703
STEELE Tend, Husb. i. i, He is a Gentleman so Receiv'd,
so Courted, and so Trusted. 1784 COWPER Task in. 81
A waif, Desirous to return, and not received. 1885 MABEL
COLLINS Prettiest Woman ii, ' She shall be received at my
house ' said Prince Sucha.
b. In religious use, with reference to the accepta-
tion of man by God, or of Christ by man.
1303 R. BRUNNE Handl. Synne 236 J>ou;e he to-day fro
hys god weyue, To-morwe hys god wyl hym receyue. 1382
WYCLIF John i. ii He cam in to his owne thingis, and hise
receyueden not him. Ibid. xiii. 20 He that receyueth me,
receyueth him that sente me. 1535 COVERDALE Ps. xlviii.
[xlix.] 15 God shal deliuer my soule from the power of hell,
when he receaueth me. 1567 Gnde $ Godlie B. (S. T. S.) 87
Aduert till Goddis word and Discipline, Ressaif his Sone.
185* TENNYSON Wellington 281 God accept him, Christ
receive him.
f c. Astrol. (Cf. RECEPTION 2 a.) Obs.
c 1386 CHAUCER Man of Laufs T. 209 O fieble Moone,. .
Thou knyttest thee ther thou art nat receyued. c 1391 —
Astrol. H. § 4 The lord of the assendent. .where-as he is in
his dignite & conforted with frendly aspectys of planetes
& [wel] resceued.
9. To meet (a person) with signs of welcome or
salutation ; to pay attention or respect to (one who
comes to a place) ; to greet or acknowledge upon
arrival or entrance. (See also 10.)
a 1300 Cursor M. 15059 J>e receiues bin aun folk and
welcums )« hame. c 1430 LYDG. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 3
Alle of assent. .Ther noble Kyng were glad to resseyve.
1480 CAXTON Chron. Eng. ccxliii. 287 The dukes sone of
Barre with a fayre meyny resseyued this worthy lady.
1585 T. WASHINGTON tr. Nickolay's Voy. r. vi. 40, Ther
came with him . . captaines and lanissaries to receiue the
Ambassadour. 1647 CLARENDON Hist. Reb. iv. § 78 The
city of London made great preparations to receive the
King. 1850 TENNYSON In Mem. Jxxxv, The great Intel-
ligences fair That range above our mortal state . . Received
and gave him welcome there. 1883 HOWELLS in Harper's
Mag. Dec. 81/1 You stay here and receive him, Nettie.
D. To admit to one's presence, rare.
1687 A. LOVELL tr. Thevenofs Trav. i. 85 The Grand
Signior .. is willing first to see what he hath brought,
before he receive him to Audience.
10. To meet, welcome or greet (a person) in
a specified manner.
CI330 Art A. <$• Merl. 3376 (Kolbing) Al, |>at euer wald
l»ider gon, Curteyseliche were ressaiued anon. 1375 BAR-
HOUR Bruce it. 163 He resawyt him in gret daynte. Ibid*
in. 661 The king rycht weill resawyt he. c 1400 Destr.
Troy 8311 Ho receyuit hym with Reuerence. 1480 CAXTON
Chron. Eng. ccxliii. (1482) 287 Our kynge with al his lordes
goodly and worshipfully hym resceyued and welcomed
hym. 15x6 WRIOTHESLEY Chron. (1875) I. 10 The Queene
of Scottes. .was richly receaved, and rode thorowe London.
1560 DAUS tr. Sleidane"s Comm. 18 He was royally received
of kynge Henry the eight. 1656 EARL MONM. tr. Bocca-
lin?s Pol. Touchstone (1674) 268 This Duke visited ..
Prospero Colonna, of whom he was received with all sorts
of Honour. 1701 ADDISON Dial. Medals Wks. 1721 I. 484
Well received among the Praetorian guards, and afterwards
declared their Emperor. 1849 MACAULAY Hist. Eng. vi.
II. 101 The lord mayor came to queli the tumult, but was
received with cries of 'No wooden gods'. Ibid. xv. II.
598 Mulgrave was received not ungraciously at Saint
James's. 1853 J. H. NEWMAN Hist. Sk. (1873) II. i. i. 30
Attila . . had received the Roman ambassadors, as a barbarian
indeed, but as a king.
b. Mil. To meet with resistance (an enemy, his
attack, etc.).
1375 BARBOUR Bruce xin. 16 Thair fais resauit thame
reill,
1650 CROMWELL Let. 4 Sept in Carlyle, The Enemy being
in a very good posture to receive them. 1749 FIELDING
Tom Jones v. xi, Our friend received the enemy's attack
with intrepidity. 1892 Ckamb. Jrnl. 24 Sept. 610/2 There
was no time to get into square formation to ( receive ' the
charging horsemen.
11. To admit (a person) to a place ; esp. to give
accommodation or shelter to ; to harbour.
1390 GOWKRGWI/ III. 318 To his In, Wher he whilom
sojourned in, He goth him straght and was resceived.
ci4oo MAUNUEV. (1839) vi. 66 Men resceyved there alle
manere of Fugityfes of other places, for here evyl Dedis.
1533 BELUNDBM Livy iv. xxiii, It was betrasit be ane ser-
vand, qubilk ressauit J>ame at ane secrete place, 1565 COOPER
VOL. VIII.
233
Thesaurus s.v. Occultator, A place meete to receyue and
hide theeues in. 1597 SHAKS. 2 Hen. IV, n. iv. 101 Take
heede what Guests You receiue : Receiue (says he) no swag-
gering Companions. 1640-1 Kirkcndbr. War-Connn. Min.
Bk. (1855) 53 Nae hostler, heritor or yeoman, .shall ressaive
any such maisterless or idle man. 1704 ADDISON Italy 8 It
. .drove out the Spanish Garrison and receiv'd a French one.
1846 Penny Cycl. Supp. II. 165/2 A married woman also
shall not be liable to conviction for receiving her husband.
1859 TENNYSON Guinevere 140 O peaceful Sisterhood, Re-
ceive, and yield me sanctuary.
b. Const, into or within (a house, city, one's
arms, etc.).
c 1380 WYCLIF Serm. Sel. Wks. I. 22 Obir tenauntis of be
lord shall resceyve me into here housis. c 1400 MAUNDEV.
(1839) vi. 67 Of tbo same resceyved Abraham the Aungeles
in to his Hous. 1526 TINDALE John vi. 21 Then wolde they
have receaved hym into the shippe. 1560 DAUS tr. Sleidanes
Comm. 354 The Senate refused to make surrender or to re-
ceive a power into the citie. 1617 MORYSON Itin. i. 20
Another gate .. by which passengers are receiued into the
City by night. 1713 ADDISON Cato i. ii, To-morrow should
we thus express our friendship, Each might receive a slave
into his arms. 1805 SCOTT Last Minstr. iv, xxiv, Either
receive within thy towers Two hundred of my master's
powers, Or [etc.]. 1874 GREEN Short Hist. ix. § 4 (1895)
650 Titus Gates .. had been received into Jesuit houses at
Valladolid and St. Omer.
c. With other than personal object.
1545 Reg. Privy Council Scot. I. 10 The said pryse of
Portingal takin be the saidis Franchemen may be ressavit
in this realm. 1551 ROBINSON tr. More's Utof. n. (1895) 116
A large and wyde sea, which, .receaueth in shyppes to-
wardes euery parte of the lande. 1896 W. H. HUTTON
Philip Augustus v. n6The bishop of Limoges did homage
. .and his see was received into the king's direct domain.
12. To admit (a person or thing) to, into (t in)
a state, condition, privilege, occupation, etc.
c 1366 CHAUCER A. B. C. 35 Ful ofte..Hast JJQU to miseri-
corde resceyued me. 1375 BARBOUR Bruce ix. 523 The
chiftanis in hy can ta Thair way to Bothwell, for till be
Resauit in-to gude savite. Ibid. x. 127 He resauit him till
his pes. 1382 WYCLIF Mark v. 37 He resceyuede not ony
man to sue him, no but Petre, and James [etc.], c 1400 Rule
St. Benet 141 This is be furme how A Nouice sail be made
& resaiuid to religiun. 1535 COVERDALE Ps. lxxii[i]. 24 Thou
ledest me with thy councel, and after warde receauest me vnto
glory. 1596 DALRYMPLE tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. vi. 314 The
king forgyues him, and receaueshim in hisfauour, 4:16481,0.
HERBERT Hen. F///(i683) 436 We. .do crave to be received
and adopted into the same Laws and Privileges which your
other Subjects enjoy. 1662 STILLINGFL. Orig. Sacr. Ded.,
The greatest ambition of the Author of it, is, to have it re-
ceived into your Patronage and Protection. 1784 JOHNSON
in Boswell^ Receive me, at my death, to everlasting happi-
ness. 1864 Miss BRADDON Henry Dunbar II. 211 A lady
whom she used to receive to music lessons.
b. To admit to membership of a society or class
or to partnership in work ; to take in among other
persons or things. Also const, into.
1389 in Eng. Gilds (1870) 6 Whan a brother or a suster
schal be resceyued, bat bey schul be swore vpon a book to
be brotherhede. c 1400 Rule St. Benet 110/2201 Fro time
pai resauyd be, All sal be sarued in o degre. 1533 BELLENDEN
Livy iv. ii, Haue we nocht ressauit sindri of the house of
Claudius . . amang Jie nowmer of patricianis ? 1549 LATIMER
$th Serm. bef. Edw. VI (Arb.) I36 They that wyl not for
the offyce sake receyue other, regarde more the flese than
the flocke. 1724 WATERLAND A than. Creed vi. Wks. 1823
IV. 230 One may. .infer, that this Creed was not received into
the Roman Offices so early as the year 809. 1843 Baptist
Reporter Jan. 48 Forty-five persons have been received by
immersion into the church. 1894 FORSYTH Forms of Service
Ch. Scot. 42 Your brethren in office will receive you into
the Kirk-Session by giving you the right hand of fellowship.
13. To take or accept (a person) in some capacity.
Const, as, for, f to, -\to be, or with simple predicate.
a 1400-50 Alexander 3478 Alexander .. Resayued to his
riche quene Rosan his dojtir. c 1400 Rule St. Benet 133
Al strangers or ghestes arn to be receyued . . as god. 1513
DOUGLAS s&tieis xin. vii. 79, I the ressaue . . As son in law
and successpur to me. 1533 BELLENDEN Livy iv. ii, Oure
progenitouris contempnit nocht strangearis, bot ressauit bame
to be kingis. 1582 N. LICHEFIELD tr. Castanheda's Conq.
£. lud, i. vii. 16 b, One of the Moores, which was receiued
for Pilot. 1644 Shetland Witch Trials Hibbert Shetland
Isl. (1822) 602 The Assyze being recavit, sworn and admittit.
1654 tr. Scudery's Curia Pol. 79 He was chearfully received
Generall to that victorious Army. 1671 MILTON Samson
883 Why then Didst thou at first receive me for thy husband ?
b. To admit (a person) to plead or give evidence.
1607 COWELL Interpr. s.v. Resceyt^ He in the reuersion
commeth in, and prayeth to be receiued to defend the land,
and to plead with the Demandant. 1647 CLARENDON Hist.
Reb. iv. § 130 The law was clear that less than two witnesses
ought not [to] be received in case of treason.
14. To take, accept, regard, hear, etc. (anything
offered or presented, or to which attention is given)
in a specified manner or with a specified expression
of feeling.
iwGowER Coaf. III. 163 Thessamolerie Of Arisippe Is
wel received And thilke of Diogene b weyved. 1422 tr.
Secreta Secret.^ Priv, Priv. 172 He toke not to hevynesse
the damagis that hym befell, but . . ham rescewyth lyghtly.
1560 DAUS tr. Sleidanes Comm. 16 His bokes are joyfully e
received and red of good and well learned men. 1602
SHAKS. Ham. n. ii. 129 But how hath she receiu'd his Loue ?
1605 — Lear n, ii. 155 My Sister may recleue it much more
worss. 1647 CLARENDON Hist. Reb. iv. § 166 This, though
a known truth to any one who knew anything of the law,
was received with noise and clamour. 1667 MILTON P. L.
xii. 503 Thus they win Great numbers of each Nation to
receave With joy the tidings brought from Heav'n. 1874
GREEN Short Hist. ii. § 8. 105 The brutal murder was re-
ceived with a thrill of horror throughout Christendom.
b. To take for, regard as, etc. (Cf. 13.)
RECEIVE.
sic delyt,. .[as] for his hevin rassaif hir cullour quhyt. 1596
DALRYMPLE tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. ix. 259 This he for a
takne ressaiuet and sygne, that the end of his lyfe was at
hande. 1613 SHAKS. Hen. VIII, \\. i. 125 This from a
dying man receiue as certaine. 1671 MILTON Samson 473
These words I as a Prophecy receive.
15. To accept as an authority, rule, or practice ;
to admit the truth or validity of ; to make use of.
1382 WYCLIF Prol. Bible i. 2 Holy chirche resceyueth not
siche bookis. — Acts xvi. 21 These men . . schewen a
custom, the which it is not leueful to vs for to receyue. 1482
CAXTON Trevisas Higden y. xiv. 2^0 b, But he plesyd her and
other that had resseyued his lawe in this maner [etc.]. 1513
DOUGLAS jEneis v. x. 99 And mychty Rome syne eftir
mony ane dajy- Sik ois rasavit has. 1589 PUTTENHAM Eng.
Poesie in. xxii. (Arb.) 260 This word egar is as much to say
as to wander or stray out of the way, which m our English
is not receiued. 1626 BACON Sylva § 104 This Computation
of Eight, is a thing rather receiued, than any true Computa-
tion. 1652 NEEDHAM tr. Selden's Mare Cl. 21 This appear's
plain in the Imperial Law ; nor do wee know of any Nation
where _it is not received. 1709 BERKELEY Th. Vision § 131
An axiom universally received. 1790 PALEY Horse PauL
Wks. 1825 III. 263 These books were not only received from
the beginning, but received with the greatest respect. 1884
D. HUNTER tr. JKeuss* Hist. Canon xvii. 349 The duty of
approving and receiving Scripture.
b. To give credit to ; to believe. Also absol.
1382 WYCLIF Matt. xi. 14 5if je wolen resseyuen, he is Ely
that is to cume. 1601 SHAKS, Ttuel. N. HI. iv. 212, I will
. . driue the Gentleman (as I know his youth will aptly receive
it) into a most hideous opinion [etc.]. 1605 — Macb. i. vii.
74, 77 Macb. Will it not be receiu'd,.. That they haue don't?
Lady. Who dares receiue it other? 1784 COWPER Task v.
855 They . . speak in ears That hear not or receive not their
report. 1868 BROWNING Ring fy Bk. vi. 2055 This stupid
lie, Its liar never dared propound in Rome, He gets Arezzo
to receive.
•)• C, To give assent to, to pass (a law). Obs*
1538 STARKEY England i. i. 15 Lawys . . receyuyd and stab-
lyscnyd for the mayntenaunce. .of vertue. 1647 CLAREN-
DON Hist. Reb. iv. § 1 38 The greatest invitation to the House
of Commons so irregularly to receive that bill to remove the
bishops.
HI. 16. To have (a thing) given or handed to
oneself; to get from another or others. Also re-
ceiving = being received.
a 1300 Cursor M. 16470 Wit his penis forth he lepe he had
resaueid are. (1330 R. BRUNNE Chron. (1810) 24 He res-
ceyued b« coroune, after his broker dede. c 1375 Sc. Leg,
Saints xxiv. (Alexis) 128 Scho suld . . }>are-of rasawe gret
med In hewine. 1484 CAXTON Fables of Poge viii, The
sellar. .delyuerd the hors and receyued the xv. ducattes.
1556 Aurelio $ Jsab. (1608) C vi, Sins that I haue of yowre
hignesse .. so muche goode resavede. 1583 Leg. Bp. St.
Androis 383 Ane William Symsone, . . Whome fra scho hes
resavit a buike. 1584 HUDSON Du Bartas1 Judith v. (1608)
74 in Sylvester's Du Bartas, Come all to Court, and there
ye shall resaue A thousand gaines. 1667 MILTON P. L. y.
423 The Sun that light imparts to all, receives From all his
alimental recompence In humid exhalations. 1689 Answ.
Lords fy Commons Sp. 34 The very Money that is now re-
ceiving, was asked with Two Armies on Foot. 1788 GIBBON
Decl. iff F. xlix. V. 133 The conquerors of the West would
receive their crown from the successors of St. Peter. 1818
CRUSE Digest (ed. 2) III. 369 His mother, .residing in one
of them, .and receiving rent for the others. 1891 ROSEBERY
Pitt ix. 149 The essential point, .is to receive in return the
services for which the payment is made.
b. To get (a letter, etc.) brought to oneself or
delivered into one's hands.
c 1400 tr. Secreta Secret.^ Gov. Lordsh. 48 pis Epistel res-
sayued, Alexander did after his consaill. 1478 W. PASTON
in P. Lett. III. 237, I have resevyd of Alwedyr a lettyr,
1530 PALSGR. 680/2, I receyved but one letter from my
father sythe he went in to the countraye. 1594 SHAKS.
Rich. ///, y. ii. 5 Heere receiue we from our Father Stanley
Lines of faire comfort. 1647 CLARENDON Hist. Reb. n. § 44
Arundel and Holland gave another kind of reception to the
letters they received. 1798 JEFFERSON Writ. (1859) IV. 208
A letter is certainly received here by an individual from
Talleyrand. 1888 MRS. H. WARD R. Elsmere xxxvii, Els-
mere received a characteristic letter from him.
c. To get by communication from another ; to
learn, ascertain, etc., in this way.
1526 TINDALE i Cor. xi. 23 That which I gave vnto you I
receaved off the lorde. 1506 SHAKS. Merch. V, i. i. 164
Sometimes from her eyes I did receiue faire speechlesse
messages. 1608 — Per. i. i. i Young prince of Tyre, you
have at large received The danger of the task you under-
take. 1647 CLARENDON Hist. Reb. n. § 10 To enjoin that
no presbyter should reveal any thing he should receive in
confession. 1674 RAY Collect. Words^ Allom Work at
Whitby 139 The process of making Allom, as we partly saw,
and partly received from the workmen. 1748 Anson's Vcy.
II. iv. 169 On Mr. Anson's receiving any other intelligence.
1893 Weekly Notes 68/2 The date at which he received
notice of the receiving order.
17. a. To get (a person) into one's custody,
control, vicinity, society, etc. Now rare or 06s.
a\y»CursorM. 22077 pedeuil sal. .vmbelai hir al bidene,
Al in his weild hir to receiue. 1382 WYCLIF Luke xv. 27
Thi brodir is cpmen, and thi fadir hath slayn a fat calf, for
he receyuede him saf. 1500-20 DUNBAR Poems xxxiv. 23 The
Feind ressaif me gif I le. 1513 DOUGLAS /Entis i. v. 81
Romulus sail the peple ressaue and weild. 1596 DALRYMPLE
tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. iv. 219 Conran receaueng in manage
Ada, the sister of Ambrose. 1611 BIBLE Ps. Ixxy. 2 When
I shall receiue the congregation, I will iudge vprightly.
b. To get, or come into, possession of (a town,
country, etc.). rare.
1568 GRAFTON Chron. II. 739 He .. besieged a towne..,
which when he bad receyued, . . he caused all the inhabitants
SO
BECEIVE.
cruelly to be put to death. 1596 DALRYMPLE tr. Leslie's
Hist. Scot. II. 139 His countrey and kingdome, quhllke..he
receiuet sair oppressit be his nychtbouris.
c. To get or acquire (some feature).
1789 Ann. Reg. 132/2 About ten years ago she received
a new set of teeth. 1874 GREEN Sttort Hist. ii. § 8. 112
The three distinct courts . . which by the time of Edward
the First received distinct judges. 1880 T. HARDY Wcssex
Tales, Fellow-Townsmen iv. (1896) 126 A window-niche
which had as yet received no frame.
18. To have (some quality, attribute, or property)
given, bestowed, conferred or impressed.
c 1310 Cast. Lave 1661 Comyth . . And receyvyth the blys-
full joy anon. 138* WYCLIF Acts ix. 12 He sy} a man . .
puttinge to hym hondis, that he receyue sijt. £1400 tr.
Secreta Secret., Gov. Lordsh. 58 Al be body ressayues
strynght. 1411 Ibid., Priv. Priv. 243 Al the Erthe rescewyth
his anournement and his beute. c 1450 Merlin 109 Worthier
men and wise, that were better worth! to resceyve that
dignyte, than a boy. 1552 ABP. HAMILTON Catech. (1884) 5
Ouhilk hes ressavit the office of teching. 1651 HOUSES
Leviath. 11. xxvi. 138 They promise obedience, that they
may receive life. 1666 G. HARVEY Morb. Angl. xxvi. (1672)
62 The place is, where the acrimonious humours . . receive the
form of humours. 1708 SWIFT Sentiments Ch.-Eng. Man
Wks. 1751 IV. 76 Those who receive orders must have some
Vices to leave behind them when they enter into the Church.
1754 RICHARDSON Grandison IV. v. 45 If your mind.,
should then have received alteration. 1813 Edin. Rev.
Oct. 174 Such collections of stony fragments .. receive the
name of Moraines. 1883 Catholic Diet. s.v. Reception, In
many countries, .bishops receive power as delegates of the
Holy See., to absolve from the censure.
b. In religious use, of the reception of spiritual
influences.
a 1300 Cursor M. 19544 pai praid for bam. .bai suld receue
be haligast. 1382 WYCLIF Acts viii. 17 Thanne thei puttiden
hondis on hem, and thei receyueden the Hooly Cost. 1597
HOOKER Eccl. Pol. v. Ivii. § 6 We receive Christ Jesus in
baptism once as the first beginner .. of our life.
19. To be the object of (some action) ; to experi-
ence or meet with (some treatment).
c 1330 King- of Tars 850 In to the watur he con gon, And
reseyvede the baptise. 1382 WYCLIF -Acts x. 43 For to re-
ceyue remyscioun of synnes by his name. 1460-70 Bk.
Quintessence 3 J>e knees . . bat resseyuen a synguler influence
of be sterris of Capricorn. 1535 COVERDALE Ps. xxiii[i]. 5 He
shal receaue the blessinge from the Lord, and mercy from
God his sauioure. 1596 DALRVMPLE tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot.
IV. 216 He had beine vnthankful of al benifite and gude deid
ressauet. 1662 J. DAVIES tr. Olearius' Voy. Amiass. 6 The
honour he had receiv'd in our Court, during his Exile. 1697
DRYDEN Virg. Georg. iv. 704 A Fault which easie Pardon
might receive, Were Lovers Judges. 1781 COWPER Retirem.
302 This [malady] . . Claims most compassion, and receives
the least. 1859 STOPFORD Work <$• Counterwork 88 The
pleasure of receiving unwonted sympathy. 1891 Law Times
XCI. 2/2 The proposal, .deserves more attention than it is
likely at present to receive.
b. To suffer, undergo, be subjected to (some-
thing hurtful or unpleasant).
1375 HARBOUR Bruce iv. 273 Throu hir feill the ded resauit.
1390 GOWER Conf. I. 9 For every lond . . of desese his part
receyveth. Ibid. 82 He schal noght faile to receive His
peine. c 1450 Merlin 32 He hadde resceyved deth thourgh
me. 1484 CAXTON Fables of &sop n. x, Men ought to pre-
sume ouer hym by whome they receyue somme dommage.
1535 COVERDALE Has. x. 6 Ephraim shal receaue full punish-
ment. 1570-6 LAMBARDE Peramb. Kent (1826) 125 King
Canutus . . , after that he had received the woorse in a fight
in Lincolne shyre. 1604 E. G[RIMSTONE] D'Acosta's Hist.
Indies in. xxvi. 200 The Townes and Provinces . . receive
sometimes great losses by these Earthquakes. 1656 EARL
MONM. tr. Boccalinfs Advts.fr. Parnass. I. Ixxxvii. (1674)
117 The ruines, plunderings . ., and other utter desolations
which she had received from the Goths. 1745 Col. Rfc.
services. 1840 DICKENS Old C. Shop xxxii, Mrs. Jarley . .
recounted, word for word, the affronts she had received.
1887 LECKV Hist. Exf. MAC. (1892) VII. xx. 167 France.,
had undoubtedly received much real provocation.
C. To be exposed to (heat, light, etc.).
c 1400 tr. Secreta Secret., Gov. Lordsh. 71 pe mete of be
mydday resceyueth be hete of be day. 1697 DRYDEN Virg.
Georg. n. 411 Nor plant it to receive the setting Sun.
2O. To have (a blow, wound, mark, etc.) inflicted
or made upon one or in some part ; to get (a
specified injury).
13. . Caw. fy Gr. Knt. 2076 pat schulde teche hym to
tourne to bat tene place, per be ruful race he schulde re-
sayue. 1382 WYCLIF 2 Cor. xi. 24, 1 resceyuede of the Jewis
fyue sythis fourty strokis oon lesse. 1526 TINDALE Rev.
xiii. 16 He made all . . to receave a marke in their right
hondes. (11548 HALL Chron., Hen. IV 28 b, The earle
received such a wound in his head that he departed out of
this world. 1597 *• M" tn Gnillemeau's Fr. Chintrg. 8 b/i
Hippocrates reclteth to have cured a personage which had
receaved a shot with an arrowe. a 1671 LD. FAIRFAX Mem.
(1699) 54 Here I received a shot in the wrist of my arm, which
made the bridle fall out of my hand. 1687 A. LOVELL tr.
Thevenot's Trav. I. 162 This Kiaya.. after a long fight, re-
ceived a thrust with a Pike in the Belly. 1759 STERNE Tr.
Shandy I. xxv, The wound in my uncle Toby's groin, which
he received at the siege of Namur. 1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3)
XI. 282/1 Excision will be of use a considerable time after
the bite is received. 1860 TENNVSON Sea-Dreams 157, I
stood like one that had received a blow. 1898 Daily News
25 Feb. 3/2 One man's thigh was broken, another received
a broken jaw.
f b. Of a ship : To spring (a leak). 06s.
1595 Drake's Voy. (HakL Soc.) 25 The Hope received a
leake and was forced to go from the fleete, to an iland.
c. To come in the way of and suffer from (a
missile, gun, etc.).
284
1715-20 POPE Iliad v. 712 His bended arm received the
falling stone. 1805 DUNCAN British Trident IV. 227 The
boats . . (after having beat the launch . . , and receiving several
Bins and small arms from the frigate) boarded. 1844
ICKENS Mart. Chuz. lii, Mr. Pecksniff started back as if
he had received the charge of an electric battery.
21. To have (a law, etc.) imposed or laid on
one ; to get as a charge.
1381 WVCLIF 2 John 4 As we receyueden maundement of
the fadir. 1535 COVERDALE 2 Extras ix. 36 We y' haue
ipions braue, With armies huge approchlng to resaue
Thy will. 1593 SHAKS. 2 Hen. VI, 11. iii. 3 Receiue the
Sentence of the Law for sinne. 1604 E. G[RIMSTONE]
D'Acosta's Hist. Indies v. xxv. 398 They received penaunce,
yea sometimes very sharpely. 1647 CLARENDON Htst. Kelt.
iv. § 358 Four lords and eight commoners, . . who were always
to receive instructions from themselves. 1667 MILTON/". L.
li 240 With what eyes could we Stand in his presence
humble, and receive Strict Laws impos'd. 1784 COWPER
7<K*vi 200 The infant elements received a law From which
they swerve not since. Ibid. 335 The total herd [of cattle]
receiving . . a summons to be gay. 1839 KEIGHTLEV Hist.
Ene II 25 He reported the case and received directions
from the prelate. 1875 JOWETT Plato (ed. 2) V. 82 No man
likes to receive laws when they are first imposed.
IV. Absolute uses.
22. To take, accept, or get, in various senses ;
to be or become a recipient ; to take in, admit, etc.
1382 WVCLIF Acts xx. 35 It is more hlessid for to 5yue,
more than for to rcceyue. 1411 tr. Secreta Secret., Priv.
Priv. 171 The Prynces in olde tyme . . more gladly they
'.3 f . . a _ __ FJ^._I-.J /-O_OL _ U= .V.~*
for to entre, and other haue vacuytes that receyueth. 1596
The receipt . . must be signed by the person receiving. 1817
BYRON Bep/>o xxxiv, His heart was . . Wax to receive, and
marble to retain. 1869 SKEAT Langland's P. PL B. XVH.
177 marg., The palm., receives from the fingers.
b. Const, of.
1382 WYCLIF Mart xii. 2 [He sent) a seruaunt, that he
schulde receyue of the fruyt. — Rev. xviii. 4 ?e schulen
not receyue of the plagis of it. 1526 TINDALE John xix. 30
As sone as lesus had receaved of the venegre. 1535 COVER-
DALE Deut. xxxiii. 3 They shall set them selues downe at
thy fete, and receaue of thy wordes. 1684 BUNYAN Pilgr.
n 4 He receiveth of the smiles and favours of him that is
Judge of all. 1833 TENNYSON Lotos-Eaters 30 Whoso did
receive of them, And taste.
23. To take the sacrament ; to communicate.
1560 DAUS tr. Sleitlane's Comm. 19 b, They receyved under
bothe kyndes. 1584 FENNER Def. Ministers (1587) 88 The
priuate Masse of the Papistes, where the Priestes and his
Clearke onely doe receyue. 1653 BAXTER Chr. Concord 89
Our Objectors will never prove that they Received standing.
1686 WOOD Life 5 Jan. (O.H.S.) III. 176 M' Boys and Mr
Deane were in the outer Chapel, but did not come in to re-
ceive. 1874 G. A. DENISON Let. 18 Aug. in 50 Yrs. at East
Brent (1902) 157, I do not understand worshipping where I
cannot receive if I desire to receive.
24. To hold receptions.
1854 J. S. C. ABBOTT Napoleon xxviii. (1855) 445 He de-
clared, that she should be crowned with him, and that she
should receive at his side. 1877 World VII. No. 180. 4 He
goes into society, or, what is still more agreeable to him, re.
ceives at home.
Received (rftf-vd), ppl. a. [f. prec. + -ED 1.]
1. Generally adopted, accepted, approved as true
or good. Chiefly of opinions, customs, etc.
c 1440 Promp. Parv. 425/1 Receyvyd, receptus, acceptus.
1542 RECORDE Gr. Aries 130 b, Procedyngeby no grounded
reason, but onely by a receaued fourme. 1597 MORLEY
Introd. Mus. Annot., I am loth to breake a receiued
custome. 1652 NEEDHAM tr. Selden's Mare Cl. 69 Very
many things, .clearly prove it to have been a most received
opinion. 1710 STEELE Taller No. 164 P 4 That Pride and
Vanity which naturally arise in the Mind of a received
Author. 1838-9 HALLAM Hist. Lit. IV. iv. i. 15 He de-
fended the received chronology. 1867 FREEMAN Norm.
CoHif. (1876) I. App.6i3 Divisions, .for which there were no
received geographical names.
2. In other senses of RECEIVE v.
1575 PAINTER Pal. Pleas. H. xxxv. (1890) III. 420 The
memorye of a receyued good turne. 1707 NORRIS Treat.
Humility viii. 345 Health, beauty, strength, &c. are no
reasons why we should be proud, as being received endow-
ments. 1895 Daily News 19 Dec. 5 The cost of having their
received telegrams telephoned .. to their offices.
b. Entom. Admitted between other parts.
1826 KIRBY & SP. Entomol. IV. 332 An insect having a
visible Scutellum. . . a. Rejected. . . b. Received (Receptum).
When it intervenes between the elytra at their base.
Hence Becei vediiess.
a- 1691 BOYLE (J.), Others will, upon account of the re-
ceivedness of the proposed opinion, think it rather worth to
be examined, than acquiesced in.
Receiver1 (rftfvaj). Forms: see RECEIVE
and -ER 1 (-OR) ; also 5 ryssavour. [Orig. a. AF.
*receivere or receivour, receyvour = OF. recevere
(-erre, -eire) and recevour (mod.F. receveur),
agent-n. f. receivre, recevirir to RECEIVE. In later
use also directly f. the verb + -EK !.]
1. One who receives, in various senses of the vb.
a 1340 HAMPOLE Psalter lxxxviii[i]. 26 My fadire ert bou,
my God and reseyuere of my hele. c 1380 WYCLIF Sel. Wks.
T.'F T» , t _ . _ j _ . _r i •_ :_ L;_
1526 Pilgr. Per/. (W. de W. 1531) 294 b, Therfore this ioye
is perfyte, and the receyuer therof is perfytly mortifyed.
RECEIVER.
1579 FULKE Ref. Rastel 727 An other miracle of an vn-
worthie receiuer, in whose hand the Sacrament was turned
into ashes. 1656 COWLEY Pindar. Odes i. xi, In this thank-
less world the Givers Are envi'ed ev'n by the Receivers.
1705 STANHOPE Paraphr. II. 312 The Condition of the Re-
ceiver is. .a great deal worse than if he had not received it
at all. 1809 PINKNEY Trav. France n Though they cost
little to the giver, [they] are not the less valuable to the
receiver. 1883 Law Rep. 9 App. Cases 80 If the Crown
paid income tax it would be at once payer and receiver.
t b. Hunting. The huntsman who with his dog
intercepts and brings down the hunted deer. Obs.
rare — '.
c 1400 Master of Game (MS. Digby 182) xxxv, And as of
feutreres if bei ben sette, be firste teysoure and be resceyuour
that draweth hym doune shull parte be skynne.
2. One who receives on behalf of others :
a. An official, officer, or servant appointed to
receive money due; a treasurer, collector. Also
general receiver : see RECEIVER-GENERAL.
In ordinary use down to c 1700 ; now chiefly Hist., or in
reference to foreign countries.
<ri33o R. BRUNNE Chron. (iBio) 287 A lord of grete
honoure, pat was be tresorere, of Flandres resceyuoure. 1432
Rolls of Parlt. IV. 396/2 Be the handes of the Receyvour
of Cornewayll for the tyme bcyng. c 1500 Melusine 356
Duryng that long space of tym he asked of his receyuours
none acomptes. 1534 Act 26 Hen. Vlll, c. 3 § 10 All fees
for stewardes, receiuers, bailliffes, and auditours. 1600 J .
PORY tr. Leo's Africa iv. 221 Fiue great gates ... at euery
one of which there is placed a garde of soldiers, and certaine
receiuers of the Kings custome. 1693 LUTTRELI. Brief Rel.
(1857) III. 102 The jury this day gave in a verdict at the
court of exchequer in the cause between the kings receiver
of Worcestershire and the county of Bucks. 1781 GIBBON
Decl. fy F. xvii. II. 55 Twenty-nine provincial receivers,
of whom eighteen were honoured with the title of count,
corresponded with the treasurer. 1855 MACAU LAV Hist.
Eng. xv. III. 534 Their receivers were appointed receivers
for the Crown, and continued to collect the revenues of the
vacant sees. 1874 DASENT Half a Life I. 72, I was sorry
to see. .that the Receiver's house — for Gell was the Chapter
Receiver [at Westminster]— was being pulled down.
fig. '7<>5 STANHOPE Paraphr. II. 304 He hath declared
the Poor his Receivers, a 1711 KEN Hymnarhim Poet.
Wks. 1721 II. 55 Love my Receiver best can know The
mighty Debts I owe. 1869 SPURGEON Treas. Dav. Ps. xvi.
3 Poor believers are God's receivers, and have a warrant
from the Crown to receive the revenue of our offerings in
the King's name.
b. A person appointed by a court to administer
the property of a bankrupt, or property which is
the subject of litigation, pending the suit. In recent
use also official receiver.
1793 F. VESEY Jr. Chancery Repts. I. 139 The security
given by a receiver here does not relate to the faithful
management. 1841 Penny Cycl. XIX. 325/1 The cases in
which a receiver is appointed are those in which there is
great danger of property being wasted or lost. 1886 Pall
MatlG. 26 Oct. i i/i The official receiver is the outward and
visible sign of the new departure in bankruptcy legislation.
C. (See qnots.)
1607 COWELL Interpr. s.v. Receiver, There is also an officer
called the Reiceiuer of Fynes, who receueth the mony of
all such as compound with the King., for the buying of any
lands, or tenements houlden in Capite. 1863 H. Cox Instil.
i. XL 260 To distinguish between those petitions which were
properly within the cognizance of Parliament and those
which were not, certain ' Receivers and Triers ' were ap-
pointed. 1867 SMYTH Sailor's Word-bk. 564 Receivers of
Droits of Admiralty, .. Receivers of Wreck, persons speci-
ally charged with wrecked property for the benefit of the
shipping interests.
3. One who knowingly receives stolen goods or
harbours offenders ; a resetter.
c 1330 R. BRUNNE Chron. (1810) 255 pe robbed he alle held,
as a resceyuour. 1532 MORE Debell. Salem Wks. 996/1
Murderers & theues and such as are theues receiuours. 1544
BALE Sir J. Oldcastle y)\>, Receyuers, defenders.., ayders,
and maynteners of condemned heretyques. 1655 tr. Com.
Hist. Francion n. 33 Perretta .. became their Receiver, and
concealed the Goods they stole. 1715 LEONI Palladia's
A rchit. (1742)11.78 For apprehending Incendiaries, Thieves,
or their Receivers. 1828 P. CUNNINGHAM N. S. Wales (ed 3)
II. 194 Decided receivers ought indeed to be worked in
irons during the whole of their sentence. 1877 A. B.
EDWARDS Up Nile xxi. 653 An organised band, not only of
robbers, but of receivers, who lived by depredations.
4. That which receives ; a receptacle.
1398 TREVISA Earth. De P. R. v. xxxix. (Bodl. MS.), What
is fleting and watry. . turneth into flewme and be resceyuoure
bereof is J>e lunges. 1541 R. COPLAND Guydon's Quest.
Chirurg. I iv, The bladder . .is a receyuer of ayguous super-
fluytees of the kydnees. 1609 C. BUTLER Fern. Man. v.
(1623) K iij, Having first parted the new Combs and the old
with a long knife, take off the upper Hiue or Receiuer.
1751 HARRIS Hermes Wks. (1841) 131 The ship .. being so
eminently a receiver and container of various things. 1780
New Newgate Col. V. 126 The screws of the receiver of the
bolt [had been] forced out of the wood.
b. A tank or reservoir ; a vessel to hold anything.
1538 LELAND I tin. III. 88 Much Ground therabout is
playne and low, and as a Pan or Receyver of most parte of
the Water of Wyleshire. 1677 PLOT Oxfordsh. 239 Behind
that [are] the Receivers of water to supply the Pipes. 1725
DE FOE Voy. round World (1840) 280 Channels of the
water, which might easily be formed into proper receivers.
1839 URE Diet. Arts 136 After the superfluous alkaline ley
had been drained from them, they were arranged on a grat-
ing in a receiver. 01864 GESNER Coal, Petrol., etc. (1865
147 The receivers are vessels in which the crude oil pumped
from the retort vat is settled.
c. A mould to receive molten metal.
1846 GREENER Set. Gunnery 112 Any person may case-
harden a few pounds weight of stubs, and afterwards melt
them in a crucible, and run them into a receiver.
RECEIVER.
5. As the name of certain parts of apparatus or ma-
chinery, intended to receive and contain something.
a. Chem. A vessel for receiving and condensing the pro-
duct of distillation, b. The bell glass of an air-pump, p.
The receptacle for mercury in a barometer, d. An air-
tight vessel for receiving and containing gases, e. Engin.
A chamber to receive steam and water alternately, used in
old forms of water-raising steam-engines, f. (see quots.).
a. 1376 BAKKR Jewell of Health iv. 256 The Retort then
set into ashes, fixing a large receiuer to it. 1605 TIMME
Quersit. i. v. 21 Those saltes, being put into a retort,.,
wit ha receiver, stilleth forth a volatile salt, 1662 R. MATHEW
Unl. Atch. 152 Lay to it a receiver as big as the retort.
1758 REID tr. Macquer's Chym. I. 226 Set the retort in a
reverberatory furnace : fit thereto a large glass receiver,
1800 tr. Lagrange's Chem. I. 299 When the heat is very
strong, it assumes the form of an oil, which falls into the
water of the receiver. 1899 CAGNEY tr. Jaksclis Clin.
Diagn. vii. ^ed. 4) 393 The dark brown oily fluid in the re-
ceiver is freed from sether by evaporation.
b. 1660 BOYLE New Exp. Phys. Meek. Proem 6 The
Receiver, or Glass to be empty'd, consisting of one entire
and uninterrupted Globe and Neck of Glass. Ibid. 9
Which we, with the Glass-men, shall often call a Receiver,
for its affinity to the large Vessels of that name, used by
Chymists. 1705 W. DERHAM in Lett. Lit. Men (Camden)
317, 1 tryed it divers hours and divers times in the Receiver,
unexhausted and exhausted. 1816 J. SMITH Panorama
Sc. $ Art II. 6 When the operation of pumping the air out
ef the receiver must cease.
attrib. 1797 EncycL Brit. (ed. 3) XV. no/i The hole in
the receiver-plate [being] shut up, the pump was made to
exhaust as far as it could.
Jig. 1878 T. SINCLAIR The Mount 296 The 'religion of
humanity' is an exhausted receiver.
C. 1682 LOCKE in Boyle Hist. ,/!/>( 1692) 128 That new
fitting my Barometer, here the Mercury was raised by
Addition of more in the receiver.
d. 1817 Conversat. on Chem. \. yi. 193 We shall intro-
duce a small lighted taper under this glass receiver. 1871
B. STEWART Heat § 134 This generator is connected with
an equally strong iron vessel called the receiver.
6. 1702 SAVERY Miner's Friend^ Fill the Vessels called
Receivers with Steam strong enough. 1797 Eneycl. Brit.
(ed. 3) XVII. 745/2 The entry of the steam into the receiver
merely allowed the water to run out of it by a large valve.
1824 K STUART Hist. Steam Engine 43 The pipe . . is six-
teen feet long, from the surface of the water to the stage on
which the receiver.. is placed.
f. i88a SENNETT Marine Steam Engine iv. xix. 328 By
the term receiver is to be understood the whole of the
space between the high-pressure piston and the back of the
low-pressure slide-valve or valves. 1887 Eneycl. Brit. XXII.
494. 1900 ]. Rose Key to Engines 200 A Receiver . . acts
as a reservoir of steam for the low pressure or intermediate
cylinder, as the case may be.
6. a. Med. A piece of flannel in which a newly-
born infant is placed.
1688 Lond. Gaz. 22 Oct. 3 This Deponent opened the
Receivor, and saw it was a Son. 1797 EncycL Brit. fed. 3)
XI. 781/1 The infant must be wrapped in a warm receiver.
iSofi Allbutfs Syst. Med. I. 451 Linen thread, ligatures,
flannel receiver, antiseptic lubricant.
b. Surg. A surgical basin.
1767 GOOCH Treat. Wounds I. 450 Towels and receivers
for trie Viscera, when they are to be taken out of their
cavities. 1896 Allbutfs Syst. Med. I. 425 In washing or
syringing a wound a receiver must always be placed to
collect the water or lotion that has touched the sore.
7. a. A device or instrument which receives an
electric current or a telegraphic message.
1873 J. C. MAXWELL Electr. fy Magn. § 213 During this
cycle the positive receiver has lost a charge a Kand gained
a charge B1?". 1876 PREECE & SIVEWRIGHT Telegraphy
1 19 The Receiver is a Morse direct inkwriter, of a novel and
sensitive character. 1894 Times 30 Apr. 3/4 The recording
instrument known as Kelvin's syphon receiver.
b. An apparatus which receives and reproduces
sounds transmitted from another part of an electric
circuit ; that part of a telephone which is applied
to the ear.
1877 Nature XVI. 403/2 The apparatus at each end. .be-
comes alternately transmitter and receiver, first being put
to the mouth to receive sounds, and then to the ear to im-
part them. 1889 PREECE & MAIER Telephone vi. 49 These
intense vibrations produce powerful induced currents, which
give rise in the receiver to corresponding vibrations, and
thus create a considerable noise.
f Becei-ver ^. Obs— : [f. RECEIVE v.t app. on
anal, of words ending in -ER*.] A bow made in
acknowledgement of something received.
1620 SHELTON Quix. iv. xiii. II. 158, I kissed the Cross,
and took up the Money . . and we all together made our
Receivers.
Receiver-general. A chief receiver, esp. of
public revenues. (Also ^general receiver?)
In Great Britain now only as the title of an official of the
Duchy of Lancaster. In some of the United States of
America an additional title of the State Treasurer.
1439 Rolls of I'arlt. V. 7/2 Delivered bi the Receyvours
Generall of the saide Duchies. 1460 Ibid, 383/1 In and of all
our said Duchie [of Lancaster], ther hath been . .oon general
Receyvour. 1509-10 Act i Hen. VIII, c. 3 The Kyng..
entendyihe that divers Revenues & Duetys dewe . . to hys
Highnes shalbe payde to . . his generall Receyvor. 1540
Act 32 Hen. VIH) c. 46 § 31 To make payment to the
kinges receyvour generall. 1607 in COWELL Interpr, 1630
R. Johnsons Kingd. fy Comniw. 167 Treasurer of the
Exchequer, instituted in Francis the first his time, in place
of the Receiver generall. 1656 Pub. Gen. Acts 217 The
Receivers- General for this whole Six Moneths Assessment
shall .. Receive from the Receivers-General of the respective
Counties, Cities, and Places, .. the Sums of Money.. to be
Tfcxed. 1702 Lond. Gaz. No. 3825/3 Receiver-General of
the Rights and Perquisites of the Admiralty. 1705 Ibid.
No, 4104 '3 The Receiver-General for Prizes. 1709 Ibid*
235
No. 4535/3 Late Receiver-General for the County of
Suffolk. 1839 ALISON Hist. Europe (1849-50) VII. xlii.
§ 16. 99 The receivers-general of the service were invited to
deposit the sums they had drawn. 1876 BANCROFT Hist.
17. S. IV. xiv. 413 Having voted to pay no more money to
the royal collector, they chose a receiver-general of their
own, and instituted a system of provincial taxation.
fig. 1809 MALKIN Gil Bias vir. iii. p 3, I mean to make
you the receiver-general of all my inmost ruminations.
Hence Receiver-generalship.
1874 Daily News 2 June 5/5 A Minister of Finance's
patronage comprised receiver-generalships [etc.].
Receivership (rfcTvaifip). [f- RECEIVER!.]
1. The office of a receiver (in senses 2 a and 3 b).
1485 Rolls of Par It. VI. 361/1 The Receyvourshlpp of the
Honour of Leycestre. 1535 Act 27 Hen. K//7, c. 26 § 39
The office of receiuorsMp of the said lordshippe of Bealth.
1590 SWINBURNE Testaments 233 Accountable of their
stewardship, receiuership, and their other offices. 1617
in Fortescue Papers (Camden) 42 My Recevorship of the
Lycences of wynes. 1791 PITT in G. Rose's Diaries (1860) I.
112 A letter applying for the Receivership of Kent. 1850
SMEDLEY F. Fairlegk li, Are you in earnest about the
receivership? 1885 Act 48 <$• 49 Viet. c. 40 Preamble, It was
ordered that .. Beisley should be discharged from the said
receivership, and that a fresh receiver should be appointed.
2. The condition of being in the hands of a
receiver.
1884 Q. Rev. July 79 (The railway] had gone through the
lingering diseases of receivership and reorganisation.
Receiving (r/srvin), vbl. sb. [-ING1.]
1. The action of the verb RECEIVE, in various
senses. Aiso^/., what is received.
c 1380 WYCLIF Wks. (1880) 377 Criste .. dampned be res-
sauyng of be lordeschip be whiche siluestre toke of con-
stantyne. c 1450 LYDG. & BURGH Secrees 1824 Of metys &
drynkes [to] knowe dyuersite, With proporcioun and tyme of
Receyvyng. 1474-3 Rolls of Par It. VI. 55/1 By Indentures
to be made of all such retayndres, receyvyngs and per-
ceyvynges. i&*6 Pilgr* Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 10 Yf any
mortall s'ynne be forgoten, by the receyuynge of this sacra-
ment it is forgyuen. 1568 GBAFTON Chron. II. 836 He
caused all his brothers daughters to be conueyed into his
palace with solempne receauing. 1642 W. MOUNTAGU in
Bucclench MSS. (Hist. MSS. Comm.) I. 306 The petition
of the Houses concerning the receiving of the Yorkshire
petition. 1685 BAXTER Paraphr. N. 7'., Matt. xx. 13 Thou
shouldst be glad of thy Brother's receivings.
2. attrib. a. Of the nature of, pertaining or re-
lating to, receiving.
1681 FLAVEL Meth. Grace vi. 115 This receiving act .. is
that upon which both our righteousness and eternal happi-
ness do depend. 1827 FARADAY Client. Ma-nip, xy. 352
Bladders and bags . . are very useful in many receiving or
transferring operations. 1883 Act 46 <$• 47 Viet. c. 52 § 5
{Bankruptcy Act) The Court may. .make an order, in this
act called a receiving order, for the protection of the estate.
b. Of places : Intended or serving for the receipt
or reception of things, persons, etc., as receiving-
kouse, -office, -room^ -skip, -station, -yard.
In some cases the sense approaches that of the/^5/. a.
1833 Miss MITFORD Village Ser. v. 47 A Receiving-house
for letters and parcels. 1830 LYTTON P. Clifford viii, As it
was rather late in the day when Paul made his first entree
at Bridewell, he passed that night in the ' 'receiving-room'.
1899 Allbntfs Syst. Med. VIII. 618 The patient walks
into the receiving room of the hospital for adiagnosis. 1830
MARRYAT King's Own xl, A guard-ship is a * receiving-ship
for officers and men, until they are enabled to join . . their. .
ships. 1846 A. YOUNG Naut. Diet., Receiving-ship, a vessel
employed at any port to receive supernumeraries, or pressed,
or entered men for the Royal Navy. 1895 Daily News
19 Dec. 5 There is only one branch telegraph Receiving-
station besides the Central. 1890 ' R. BOLDKEWOOD' Col.
Reformer (1891) 217 These . . animals he managed . . to im-
pel into the large *receiving yards.
Receiving (r&f'vin\ ///. a. [f. as prec. +
-ING -.] That receives, in senses of the vb.
In some cases not clearly distinct from prec. 2 b.
1599 SHAKS. Hen. V Prol. 27 Horses . . Printing their
prowd Hoofes i' th' receiuing Earth. 1634 SIR T. HERBERT
Trav. 149 [Persian] women when they goe abroad, wrap
themselues in a large receiuing sheet. 1712 J. JAMES tr.
Le Blond's Gardening 191 Water-Engines . . raise it . . into
receiving Cisterns. 1804 LARWOOD No Gun Boats 14 Masts
..nicely and accurately appropriated to the receiving boat.
1840 Cottagers Manual 22 in Lib. Use/. Kn.^ Husb. Ill,
The receiving tank.. has another pipe from the inside with
a funnel. 1883 GKESLEY Gloss. Coal-mining, Receitring
Rods, auxiliary cage guides at insets and at pit tops. 1897
Allbutfs Syst. Med. III. 819 The outermost of the three
layers is known as.. the sheath or the receiving layer.
Re-ce'lebrate, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To cele-
brate or commemorate again.
1598 BARCKLEY Felic. Man i. (1631) 12 They .. place him
[a prisoner] in a house of some man that was lately slaine in
the warres, as it were to re-celebrate his funeral. 1629
B. JONSON Underwoods, To Edw. Filmer, Who. . with their
chained dance, Recelebrales the joyful Match with France.
Re-ceme'nt, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To join
together again with, or as with, cement ; to unite
firmly or closely.
1647 WARD Simp. Cooler 64 They are . . determined to re-
cement you to your Body. 1850 HOLTZAPFFEL Turning III.
1327 The stone . . is detached from the stick, and re-cemented
with the front outwards. 1863 Sat. Rev. 23 May 659/2
Some anxiety, lest a partial reopening of the river to trade
should re-cement the waning loyalty of the Western States.
So Re -cement a- tiou.
1848 HKRSCHEL /•.'.«. (1857) 331 Rocks constructed by the
re-cementation of fragments and pulverized matter.
Recen, obs. form of RECKON v.
Recency (n-sensi). [f. RECENT: see -ENCY.
RECENT.
Cf. med.L. recentia (Du Cange).] The state or
quality of being recent. (Common in igth c.)
_ i6iz WOODALL Surf. MateWte. (1653) 303 Such wounds,
in their recency, .resemble VIcers. 1657 TOMLINSON Renoits
Disp. 41 A peculiar antiquity or recency consists in several
medicaments. 1751 SMOLLETT Per. Pic. cvi, She objected
the recency of her kinswoman's death. 1800 COLERIDGE
Lett. (1895) 330 If I am not deceived by the recency of their
date. 1875 MAINE Hist, Inst. xiii. 398 The comparative
recency of legislative activity in Germany.
Recense (rfte'ns), v. [ad. L. recensere (f. re-
RE- + censere CENSE z>.2) or F. recenser (141!* c.).]
trans. To survey, review, revise (now spec, a text :
see RECENSION).
1597 A. M. tr. Guillefttea.it' s Fr. Chirurg. 52 b/2 Nether
may we heere omitt to recense and speake of the feare
wherewith cowardes are oftentimes taken. 1613 CAWDREY
Table Alph., Recensed, repeated, rehearsed, named. 1716
BENTLEY Corr. (1842) 506 PopeSixtus and Clemens, .had an
assembly of learned divines, to recense and adjust the Latin
Vulgate. 1902 J. S. PHILLIMORE Sophocles Introd. 78
Alexander Aetolus, who recensed the Dramatists for the
Museum Library.
So f Rece nseate, to go over, enumerate. Obs.~l
1657 TOMLINSON Kenan's Disp. 296 Twenty two. .varieties,
which to recenseate, were superfluous.
Recension (rftenjOT). [ad. L. recension-em,
n. of action f. recensere : see prec. and cf. mod.F.
r&ension.]
1. An enumeration, survey, review. Now rare.
(Freq. in i7th c., esp. in Evelyn's works.)
a 1638 MEDE Wks. (1672) 276 Their number cannot be
known, because Moses does not make a recension of all the
Families or Heads of families, a 1677 BARROW Poke's
Suprem. (1687) 90 In the recensions of the Roman Bishops,
sometimes the Apostles are reckoned in, sometimes excluded.
1819 HOPE Anastasius II. 228 Intentuppn tempting Provi-
dence by the daily recension of his growing riches.
b. A review (of a book). rare~~l.
1872 GEO. ELIOT Middlem. xxix, Bitterly convinced that
his old acquaintance Carp had been the writer of that
depreciatory recension.
2. The revision of a text, esp. in a careful or
critical manner; a particular form or version of
a text resulting from such revision.
1818-28 HALLAM Mid. Ages (1872)!. 270. The Burgundian
law, though earlier than either of these in iheir recensions,
displays a far more advanced state of manners. 1860
WESTCOTT Introd. Study Gosp. iii. (ed. 5) 205 The Gospels
of St. Matthew and St. Luke represent the two great types
of recension to which it may be supposed that the simple
narrative was subjected. 1894 J. T. FOWLER Adattinan
Pref. 8 There are two recensions of the text.
b. transf. A revised ordistinct form of anything.
1835 I. TAYLOR Spir. Despot, ix. 388 We are the creatures
of that recension of Christianity which happens to be current
in our times. 1859 — Logic in TheoL 331 There is no new
recension of the worship of the ancient Church.
Hence Rece'nsionist, one who makes a recen-
sion. (In recent Diets.) Also Bece'nsor.
1876 SPURGEON Commenting 17 The laborious recensor of
the various MSS.
Re-ce-nsure, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To censure
again. So Re-ce'nsure sd.t a censure in return.
1645 Kings Cabinet Opened in Select, fr. Harl. Misc.
(i793) 343 Out of fear, that Hamilton might return to a
capacity of re-censuring me. iSao CARLYI.E Misc. (1857) II.
$3 That censure of Shakspeare which elicited a re-censure
in England.
Recent (rrse'nt), a. [ad. L. recent-, recens, or
a. F. rtcent (i6th c.). App. first in Sc. use.]
1. Lately done or made; that has lately happened
or taken place, etc.
1533 BELLEKDEN Livy i. Prol. (S.T.S.) 8, I dout nocht bot
the beginnyngof Romanis. .sail be of les pleserto ^eredaris
ban recent historyis, becaus bai will haisty bame self to here
\>\r novellis and recent dedis done in our dais. 157* Reg.
Privy Council Scot. Ser. i. II. 131 The persoun being appre-
hendit in the recent deid salbe deliverit in the handis of the
Provest Marschell. 1574-5 Ibid.^yj For na recent crymes
committit be thame. 1661 BOYLE Style oj 'Script. (1675) 161
Recent translations I have seen of it in French. 1748
Anson's Voy. \. v. 51 The discovery of these valuable stones
is much more recent than that of gold. i8ai J. Q. ADAMS
in C. Davies Metr. Syst. in. (1871) 150 The recent coinage
of dimes.. alluded to in our public journals. 1837 LYTTON
E. Maltrav. i. viii, The bright drops of a recent shower
sparkled upon the buds of the lilac.
2. Lately formed, created, originated, or begun ;
f new-born.
a 1676 WISEMAN Chirurg. Treat. 117 How dangerous it
is to neglect the consulting the . . Chirurgeon while the
Disease is recent. ^SCuDWORTH Intell. Syst.\. v. 776 We
have made it unquestionably Evident, that this Opinion, .is
no Novel or Recent thing, c 1709 PRIOR ist Hymn Lalli-
machm 22 She sought a neighbouring spring lo wash the
recent babe. 1748 THOMSON Cast. Indol. \\. xxvu, Gay
plains extend where marshes slept before ; O er recent
meads th' exulting streamlets fly. 1788 GIBBON Decl. £ F.
xlix V 147 Lorraine and Aries, two recent and transitory
kingdoms. 1816 SINGER Hist. Cards 317 Erasmus .. seems
to have had the then recent system of Murner in his eye.
1899 Allbutfs Syst. Med. VII. 5°3 we found recent lymph
becoming organised.
b. Fresh; not yet affected by decay, decomposi-
tion, or loss of moisture.
1632 MASSINCER & FIELD Fatal Dowry n. i, The old
mans virtues [are] So recent in him as the world may swear
Nought but a fair tree could such fair fruit l>ear. 1759
B. STILLINGFLKI.T tr. htjprov. Physic in Misc. Tracts (1762)
221 The recent root of the rose- wort is vastly superior to the
dry in head-achs. 1808 BARCLAY Muscular Motions 477
30-a
REOENTITY.
A cursory inspection of a recent eye is sufficient at any
time to prove the contrary. 1839 URE Diet. Arts 903 The
odour [of essential oils] is seldom as pleasant as that of the
recent plant.
c. poet. Lately or freshly come or arrived/ram a
place.
1715-20 POPE Iliad xiv. 382 Shall I not think that .. All
heavn beholds me recent from thy arms? 1759 GIBBON
Autobiog. (1896) 207 Recent from Paris, I assisted with
pleasure at the representation of several tragedies. 1820
WIFFEN Aonian Hours (ed. 2) 73 Here Caesar, recent from
barbaric wars, Leads Rome in chains. 1864 SWINBURNE
Atalanta 1260 Recent from the roar of foreign foam.
3. Belonging to a (past) period of time compara-
tively near to the present. (Opposed to ancient
•(• or antiqued)
1622 BACON Hen. VII, 35 Though it be an action of so
recent memorie. 1666 BOYLE Orig. Formes Sf Qual. To Rdr.,
Upon perusal of several Scholastick Writers, (especially the
recenter). 1699 BENTLEY Phal. 400 The Sense of some
of them occurs there, but express'd in a more recent way.
1730 MARTIN in Phil. Trans. XXXVI. 453 Garangeot . .
who is one of the recentest Writers. 1829 LANDOR Imag.
Conv., Emp. China $ Tsing-Ti Wks. 1853 II. 148/1 The
older creation of the nobility . . is more ill-constructed and
ill-favoured than the recenter. 1876 BIRCH Rede Led.
Egypt 12 The Egyptian belongs after all to the more recent
race of men.
b. Geol. Of or pertaining to the present geological
epoch. (Cf. 4b.)
1830 LYELL Princ. Geol. I. 95 Murex coi.iutus, fossil at
Asti, is now only known recent in warmer latitudes. 1833
Ibid. III. 60 In the Pliocene we find an intermixture of
extinct and recent species of quadrupeds. 1877 J. A. ALLEN
Anter. Bison 457 These remains differ in no appreciable re-
spect., from those of the recent bison of the Plains.
4. Of a point or period of time: Not much earlier
than the present ; not long past.
1823 Edin. Rev. Oct. 109 Up to a very recent period. 1841
ELPHINSTONE Hist. India I. 425 The celebrity of the Ma-
rattas was reserved for recent times. 1856 KANE Arct.
Expl. II. xii. 120 Of such a character as to indicate for them
a tolerably recent date.
b. Geol. Applied to the later portion of the
Quaternary or Post-Pliocene period.
1833 LYELL Princ. Geol. III. 343 During the newer Pliocene
epoch, partly, perhaps, in the Recent.
Recent, obs. form of RESENT v.
fRece-ntity. Obs.-1 [f. RECENT a. + -ITY.]
Recency, newness.
1631 W. SALTONSTALL Pict. Loquent. Divb, Hee gaynes
most by the recentity of freshmen, unto whom he sticks as
close as a Horseleech.
Recently (rf-sentli), adv. [f. RECENT a. +
-LY '*.] At a recent date ; not long before or ago ;
lately, newly.
1533 BELLENDEN Livy n. ii. (S.T.S.) I. 133 The commoun
liberte sa recentlie Recouerit was nere loist be falset and
tressoun. Ibid. 135 pis tressoun recentlie ymaginate.
a 1548 HALL Chron., Rich, ///(isso) 25 Sodeinly he herde
newes that fyer was spronge out of the smoke, and the ware
recently begonne. i6n COTGR., Recentement, recently,
freshly, newly, lately, a 1735 ARBUTHNOT (J.), Those tubes,
which are most recently made of fluids, are most flexible
and most easily lengthened. 1788 GIBBON Decl. *f F. xlix.
V. 142 The people of Hesse and Thuringia were recently
incorporated with the victors. 1849 MACAULAY Hist. Erie.
vii. II. 221 James did not pretend to have been recently
convinced. 1864 BRYCE Holy Rom. Emp. ix. (1875) 151 Its
prelates and nobles . .retained till recently the style and title
of Princes of the Holy Empire.
b. With pples. or adjs. used attributively.
1794 GODWIN Caleb Williams xiii, A recently conceived
purpose. 1848 BUCKLEY Iliad 243 The blood flowed from
his recently-wounded hand. 1856 KANE Arct. Expl. I. xxx.
410 A small space of recently-open water that was glazed
over with . . ice. 1887 MOLONEY Forestry IV. Afr. 28 One
of the recently-acquired German Protectorates.
C. Const, after, from. rare.
1791 BOSWELL Johnson an. 1752, The situation in which he
found him recently after his wife's death. 1858 HAWTHORNE
Fr. fy It. Note-bks. I. 251 We saw the Clitumnus, so recently
from its source . . , that it was still as pure as a child's heart.
Recentment, obs. form of RESENTMENT.
Itecentness(rrsentnes). [f. RBCENTO.] The
state or quality of being recent ; recency.
a 1677 HALE Prim. Orig. Man. n. v. 167 This Inference
of the Recentness of Mankind from the Recentness of these
Apotheoses [etc.]. 1823 LAMB Guy Faux Misc. Wks. (1871)
373 Men's minds were still shuddering from the recentness
of the escape. 1872 PROCTOR Ess. Astron. xviii. 210 A value
founded rather on their recentness than on their specific
importance.
Re-ce'ntre, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To centre
again. Hence Re-ce'ntring///. a.
1796 COLERIDGE Ode Departing Year ix, Now I recentre
my immortal mind In the deep sabbath of meek self-content.
1843 HOLTZAPFFEL Tumingll. 549 Making the drill with
a cylindrical lump, so as to fill the hole ; this is called the
re-centeiing drill.
t Rece-pt, rf.1 Obs. [a. OF. recept, ad. L.
recept-um, or refashioning of recet RESET sb. under
influence of the L. spelling ; in later use prob.
directly associated with the L. form.] = RECEIPT^.,
in various senses. (Chiefly in i6th c.)
1422 tr. Secreta Secret., Priv. Priv. 246 Bestis that no
recepte haue tremblyth . . for the colde. 1503 Rolls ofParlt.
VI. 524/2 Of all suche receptes, reteynders and perceyvyng.
1541 R. COPLAND Guydon^s Quest. Chirurg. G iij, These two
coniunctions of bones be called the recepte of the hande.
\31\-* Reg. Privy Council Scot. Ser. i. II. 108 [At] the tyme
of thair recept in the univcr*ilie. 1576 FLEMING PanopL
236
Efist. 246 Thirst which requireth moyst rccepts. 1631
Strathbogie Presbytery Bk. (1843) 5 Thomas Murray, . .
summondit for recept and consulting with witches.
Recept (rrsept), sbt [ad. L. recept-um (see
RECEIPT) , after concept, percept. .] A term suggested
by Romanes to express a ' compound idea ' formed
by the repetition of similar percepts.
1888 ROMANES Mental Evol. Man ii. 36 In addition, then,
to the terms Percept and Concept, 1 com the word Recept.
. .A recept is that which is taken again, or a re-cognition of
things previously cognized. Ibid. 37 Recepts, then, are
spontaneous associations, formed unintentionally as what
may be termed unperceived abstractions. 1889 MIVART
Orig. Hum. Reason 217 The relation between the highest
recept of a brute and the lowest concept of a man.
t Rece-pt, v. Oh. [var. RECEIPT v.i ; cf. RE-
CEPT rf.l and OF. recepter.} trans. To harbour,
reset. = RECEIPT v.1
1472 Snriea Misc. (1888) 25 Robert Broun . . receptes
Scottes and othir suspect peple. iu> in Add. MS. 32,646
(B. M.) If. 197 b, The Names of certain of the most notable
and arrant traitourgrecepted in Scotland. ciGjoinG. Hickes
Stint of Popery (1680) 44 And further, That I, nor they shall
Recept, Supply, or Commune with forfeited Persons. 1687
in Burnet Six Papers 54 It is declared High Treason .. to
Recept, Supply or Intercomon with declared. .Traitors.
f Rece'ptable. 06s. [a. obs. F. receptable
(Godef.), alteration of riceptacle.} A receptacle.
1615 G. SANDYS Treat. 256 [Naples] being first the re-
ceptable of Philosophic, then of Muses, and lastly of the
souldiery. 1634 SIR T. HERBERT Trav. 45 But that his
bones want sence and expression, they would tell you the
earth is not worthy his receptable.
Receptable, variant of RECEPTIBLE a.
Receptacle (rfse-ptak'l). [ad. L. recepttuulum,
f. ppl. stem of recipfrc to RECEIVE. Cf. F. r(-
ceptacle (i4th c,).]
1. That which receives and holds a thing ; some-
thing into which another thing may be put ; a con-
taining vessel, place, or space ; a repository.
c 1420 Pallad. on Husb. i. 407 But clene, Thyn oiles re-
ceptaclis thow demene. 1517 ANDREW BrunsTvyke's Ditty U.
Waters B iv/i Ye shal set a receptacle or vyole so that the
pype of the alembyke hange within it. 1555 EDEN Decades
85 They may be the receptacles of the water passing through
the landes. 1607 TOPSELL Foitr-f. Beasts (1658) 153 In this
receiveth he his meat, having no other receptacle for it.
1675 tr. Camden's Hist. Eliz. \\. (1688) 249 He fired a rich
Receptacle or Store-house of Merchandise. 1783 COWPER
Let. to J. Hill 23 Nov., His receptacle of my squibs is the
Public Advertiser. 1834 LYTTON Pompeii in. i, His belt, or
girdle, contained a small receptacle for ink. 1878 HUXLEY
Physiogr. 117 The river becomes the common receptacle for
all the soluble matter delivered by its tributary streams.
b. fig. in ref. to qualities, feelings, etc.
1412-20 LYDG. Chron. Troy iv. xxxv, They be in theyr
entente Of couetyse very receptacle. 1559 W. CUNNINGHAM
Cosmogr. Glasse 43 The receptakle ofheauenly influence.
'597 HOOKER Eccl. Pol. v. Ixvii. § 2 The soule of man is the
receptacle of Christ's presence, a 1625 FLETCHER Nice
Valour v. i, Away, receptacle Of luxury and dishonour !
1664 POWER Exp. Philos. i. 2 One would wonder at the
great strength lodged insosmalla Receptacle. 1709 ATTER-
BURY Serin. (1726) II. vii. 221 Some of these Publick Funds
and Receptacles of Charity. 18*7 LYTTON Falkland I. 37,
I have descended into the receptacles of vice. 1863 GOUL-
BURN Pers. Relig. \. iii. (ed. 2) 26 His glorified humanity is
the appointed receptacle of Grace.
2. Any place into which persons (ships, animals,
etc.) are received or retire, esp. for shelter or
security ; t a room or apartment in a building.
14x2-20 LYDG. Citron. Troy n. xxi, From storme and rayne
them selfe for to saue They deuysed other habytacles
Tiguryes and smalle receptacles, a 1548 HALL Chron.,
Edw. /K(i55o) 35 Lest his neighbors countrey might be an
harborough, or receptacle of his foes and aduersaries. 1599
HAKLUYT Voy. I. 127 An Hauen .. which is a commodious
and safe receptacle for all ships directing their course for
the same. 1615 G. SANDYS Trav. Ded., Those rich lands. .
remaine waste and ouergrowne with bushes, receptacles of
wild beasts. 1634 SIR T. HERBERT Trav. 59 A third
Chamber . . was a receptacle for the Queene and Ladies.
1671 PETTY Pol. Anat. xii. in Tracts (1769) 364 Holy-wells,
rocks and caves, which have been the reputed cells and re-
ceptacles of men reputed saints. 1751 JOHNSON Rambler
No. 91 F ii They entered this general receptacle [the Hall
of Expectation] with ardour. 1809 PINKNEY Trav. France
196 It was a standing receptacle for all vagabonds and
beggars. 1868 FREEMAN Norm. Conq. (1876) II. viii. 224
Now applied to the degrading purposes of a receptacle of
French cavalry.
fb. Without article : Receipt, admittance. Obs.
1656 EARL MONM. tr. Boccalinfs Advts.fr. Parnass. i.
Ixxxix. (1674) 119 Whosoever durst give receptacle to so
pernicious a man in his Library.
3. spec . in scientific use. (The L. form recepta-
culum is also used in the same senses.)
a. Anat. and Bot. An organ or space which
receives a secretion, esp. receptacle of chyle (the
dilated lower portion of the thoracic duct), of
secretion (in plants).
1543 TRAHERON tr. Vigo's Ckirurg. vm. xii. 205 b/i By
oppilation of the pores . . as by stronge bynding and re-
plecyon of the receptacles. 1722 QUINCY Physical Diet.
s.v. Lacteal Veins, The Receptacle of the Chyle is easily
found in live Bodies. . . The Receptacle receives all the
second order of Lacteals. 18x9 Pantologia s.v. R^eceptacu~
lum, In brute animals the receptacle of the chyle is situated
on the dorsal vertebra; where the lacteals all meet. 1832
LINDLEY Introd. Bot. \. \. 27 The receptacles, .in the leaves
of the Orange and of all Myrtaceae..are called, .receptacles
of oil. Ibid., Although the receptacles of secretion have no
proper coat, yet they are so surrounded by cellular tissue
RECEPTIBLE.
that a lining or wall is formed. 1882 VINES tr. Sachs' Dot.
93 The canal-like Receptacles for Secretions are formed, in
many plants, by cells, .. separating from one another and
leaving an intercellular space.
b. Bot. The common base which supports the
floral organs, the torus or thalamns (floral re-
ceptacle). Also, the axis or rachis of a head, spike,
or other cluster (rtceptaclc of inflorescence).
Proper receptacle, the apex of the peduncle or pedicel
supporting a single flower. Common receptacle, the sup-
port of the florets in a composite flower-head ; the clinan-
thium ; also = receptacle of inflorescence.
1753 CHAMBERS Cycl. Svpp. s.v. Receptaculum, The disk
of the receptacle is of various shapes in the various plants.
1777 W. CURTIS FloraLond. I. 58 Receptacle [of Dandelion]
naked and full of little holes. 1830 LINDLEY Nat. Syst. Bot.
198 Flowers . . collected in dense heads upon a common re-
ceptacle. 1870 HOOKER Stud. Flora 254 Nutlets, .attached
by the edge to an elevated receptacle.
c. Bot. In Ferns, Mosses, Algae, and Fungi, the
support of the fructification or reproductive organs ;
an apothecinm, pycnidium, sporophore, etc.
1842 in BRANDE Diet. Sci., etc. 1852 H ENSLOW Diet. Sat.
Terms s.v., Receptacle . . is also applied to various forms
of support to the fructification of cryptogamous plants.
1874 COOKE Fungi 50. There is manifestly a succession in
formation and maturity of the asci in a receptacle. 1882
VINES tr. Sacks' Bot. 370 The receptacle of Mosses either
terminates the growth of a primary axis, . . or the axis is
indeterminate, and the receptacle is placed at the end of an
axis of the second or third order.
Receptacula-ceous, a. Bot. [f. as next +
-ACEOOS.] = next ? Obs.
1760 J. LEE Introd. Bot. i. xii. (1765) 30 Receptaculaceous
Nectaria, such as join to the Receptacle. 1853 m MAC-
DONALD & ALLEN Botanist's Word-bk.
Receptacular (reseptae-kialaj), a. [f. L. recep-
lacul-um receptacle + -AB. Cf. F. riceptaculaire.]
L Bot. Pertaining to the receptacle of a flower.
1847 in WEBSTER.
2. Of the nature of, serving as, a receptacle.
1848 OWEN in Times 14 Nov. 8/7 Being an air-breathing
animal, with long vesicular and receptacular lungs.
t Rece-ptance. Obs.— ' [f. L. recept-, recipere,
or reccptarc, after acceptance.\ Reception.
1681 LUTTRELL Brief Rel. (1857) I. 128 A solemn speech.,
which mett with a gracious receptance from his majestie.
So Rece-ptant a., receiving, rare—1.
1872 Ki SKIS Munera P. 32 The holder of wealth, in such
temper, may be regarded . . as a money-chest with a slit in
it, not only receptant but suctional.
t Rece'ptary, sb. and a. Obs. rare. [f. as prec.
+ -AKY. In sense I, ad. obs. F. receptaire (i6thc.).]
1. A book or collection of receipts.
z6xi COTGR., Receptaire, a receptarie, a note of Phisicall
receipts. 1656 in BLOUNT Glossogr.
2. a. sb. A received or accepted notion or belief.
b. adj. Merely received or accepted as true, with-
out proof.
1646 SIR T. BROWNE Pseud. Ep. Pref., Our sober enquiries
in the doubtfull appertinancies of Arts, and Receptaries of
Philosophy. Ibid. 34 Baptista Porta, in whose workes,
although there be contained many excellent things, and
verified upon his own experience, yet are there many also
receptary, and such as will not indure the test.
Receptation. Obs. rare. [ad. med.L. recep-
tatio, f. L. receptare to receive: cf. acceptation.']
The fact of being received into a place.
1574 Reg. Privy Council Scot. Ser. i. II. 400 Ony crymes
that it safhappin the saidis transgressouris . . to commit the
tyme of thair returning and receptatioun. 1576 Ibid. 1 1. 550.
t Reee-ptative, a. Obs.-1 [f. as prec. : see
-ATIVE.] Receptive.
1509 HAWES Past. Pleas, xxiv. ix, Thus comyn wytte
worketh wonderly, Upon the v. gates whyche are receptatyve
Of every thynge for to take inwardly.
Recepte, var. recet received : see RESET v.
Rece:ptibi'lity. Also 9 -ability, [f. next]
1. The quality or state of being receptible.
1676 Doctrine of Devils 50 There is one Doctrine of his,
would spoil all the receptibility of the whole System of
Religion promulgated in his Gospel. 1757 tr. HenckeVs
Pyritologia 114 Some inequality in this receptibility. 1820
L. HUNT Indicator No. 55 (1822) II. 20 Without at all
diminishing his receptability among the said circles.
1 2. Capacity for receiving. Obs.—1
1661 GLANVILL Van. Dogut. xvi. 153 The Peripatetick
matter is a pure unactuated Power, and this conceited
Vacuum a meer Receptibility. [Cf. ibid. The imaginary
space is receptive of any body.]
Receptible (rfte'ptib'l), a. Now rare. Also
7 -able. [ad. late L. receptibilis : see -IBLE and cf.
obs. F. receptible (Godef.).]
1. That may be received, receivable.
1574 NEWTON Health Mag. G, Hoate bread he vtterlie
discommendeth . . because it is not (as he there affirmeth)
receptible of nature. 1652 GAULE Magastrom. 60 Whether
it be a clear and receptable distinction of magick. 1886
C. A. WARD in Temple Bar Mag. LXXVII. 542 A bright
idea is lost on the masses, and the smoke of verbosity is re-
quired to make it receptible by their understanding.
2. Capable of receiving. Const, of.
1656 STANLEY Hist. Philos. v. (1701) 201/1 Water, con-
tinually flowing, easily receptable of any Form. 1793 HOL-
CROFT tr. Lavater'sPhysiog. xxxiv. 175 All their organs are
tender, yielding, easily wounded, sensible and receptible.
1894 Emanuel S-wedenborg v. 113 Not a conception of life
but only of the first and purest forms receptible of life.
Reoepticioua : see RECEPTITIOLS.
BECEPTION.
Reception (r&e-pjon). Also 5 recepciou.
[a. F. reception (i 2-1 3th c.), or ad. L. reception-em^
n. of action f. recipere to RECEIVE.]
1. The action or fact of receiving or getting.
t J489CAXTON Blanchardyn%2rY\)K loye that blanchardyn
had made at the recepcion of the present that she had sent
vnto hym. 1689 Col. Rec.Pennsyh'. I. 256 Upon y* Recep-
tion thereof, I informed the said David Lloyd, and delivered
htohim. 1709 BEKKELEY Th. Vision^ 128 A Man Born Blind
wou'd not, at first reception of his Sight, think the things
he saw were of the same Nature with the Objects of Touch.
1789 GIBBON Let. to Ld. Sheffield'Ntisc. Wks. 1814 I. 297
Within an hour after the reception of your last, I drew my
pen for the purpose of a reply. 1834 HT. MARTINEAU
Moral i. 5 The prospect of the wealth which awaits man's
reception.
t b. //. Receipts, sums received. Obs. rare ""*.
1514 Clmrchw. Ace., Pilton (Som. Rec. Soc.) 67 The
wyche nobyll ys caste yn ye cownte of the recepco[n]is.
2. a. Astrol. The fact of each of two planets
being received into the other's house, exaltation,
or other dignity.
1390 GOWKR Con/. III. 67 He loketh the conjunccions, He
loketh the recepcions, His signe, his house, his ascendent.
163* MASSINGER City Madam n. ii, Venus, .and Mars.. in
mutual reception of each other, .assure a fortunate com-
bination to Hymen. 1679 MOXON Math. Diet. 128 The
first is a Reception by House (which is the best and
strongest). The second is a Reception by Triplicity. 1686
GOAD Celest, Bodies i. xv. 98.
b. The action of receiving (esp. persons), or fact
of being received, into a place, company, state, etc.
1650 CROMWELL Let. 13 Dec. in Carlyle* Making way for
the reception of professed Malignants, both in their Parlia-
ment and Army. 1671 MILTON P. R. in. 205 All hope is
lost Of my reception into grace. 1725 POPE Odyss. x. 14
This happy port affords our wand'ring fleet, A month's re-
ception. 1794 MRS. RADCLIFFE Myst. Udolpho xliv, The
Count gave orders for the north apartments to be . . pre-
pared for the reception of Ludovico. 1863 GEO. ELIOT
Romola xxi, The great palace . . had been prepared for the
reception of another tenant.
c. The action of receiving, or fact of being
received, in a formal or ceremonious manner.
i66a J. DAVIES tr. Olearius' Voy. Ambass. 6 We stayed
above six weeks, in expectation of the Great Duke's orders
for our reception. 1681 PRIDEAUX Lett. (Camden) 99 This
day is appointed for his cpmeing to town, and great prepa-
rations are makeing for his reception. 1702 ADDISON Dial.
Medals Wks. 1721 I. 484 His reception is here recorded on
a Medal, in which- one of the Ensigns presents him his
hand. 1841 ELPHINSTONE Hist. India II. 411 Abdullah
Shah was preparing an entertainment for his reception,
when he suddenly advanced as an enemy. 1886 Manch.
Exam. 14 Jan. 4/7 Lord Salisbury has fixed Tuesday next
for the reception of a deputation from the Irish Defence
Union.
d. An occasion of ceremonious receiving; an
assemblage of persons for this purpose.
1882 M. ARNOLD Irish. Ess. 113 In a short time there will
be held in Paris a reception, as it is called, of. . M. Renan at
the French Academy.
3. The action of receiving, or taking in, physically
or spatially. Also transf.
X432~S° tr- ffigden (Rolls) II. 425 Apuleus rehersethe ..
that same thynge to haue happede to hym thro the recep-
cion of suche venome. 1651 BAXTER Inf. Bapt. 319 Some
Divines say — That Faith is Physically a Passive Reception
of Christ himself. 1659 PEARSON Creed (i%-yj) 192 By that
connexion of his operations, showing the reception of his
essence. 1837 DICKENS Pickw. ii, Ready for the reception
of any discoveries worthy of being noted down. 1868
FRKEMAN Norm. Cong. (1876) II. x. 515 Two smaller
towers for the reception of the bells were designed.
b. The action of receiving mentally.
1850 MAURICE Mor. fy Met. Philos. (ed. 2) 180 The absence
of a faculty of reception. 1867 SWINBURNE Ess. $ Stud.
(1875) 176 Culture, sanity, power of grasp and reception [etc.].
4. The action of accepting or admitting ; ac-
ceptance, admittance, approbation.
1660 R. COKE Justice Vind. 15 If they had not been the
word of God before the Church received them . . their recep-
tion and tradition could never have made them so. 1669
CLARENDON Ess. Tracts (1727) 97 A virtuous mind appearing
with more lustre in the rejection than In the reception of
good turns. 1718 ATTERBURY Serin. (1734) I. vii. 186 God
never intended to compell, but only to persuade us into a
Reception of Divine Truth. 1765 BLACKSTONEC^WW*. 1. 15
In those of our English courts wherein a reception has been
allowed to the civil and canon laws. 1788 PRIESTLEY Led.
Hist. n. xii. ioi If .. I shall thus contribute to the more
general reception of the great outlines of this system. 1867
FROUDE Short Stud., Spinoza. (1878) I. 351 We refuse to
submit to the demonstrations by which it thrusts itself on
our reception.
t b. An idea received or accepted without evi-
dence of its truth. Obs.
1646 SIR T. BROWNE Pseud. Ep. i. vii. 26 Our mature and
secondary enquiries are forced to quit those receptions. 1691
SIR T. P. BLOUNT Ess. iii. 62 Most Men. .obstinately adhere
to those unexamined Receptions.
5. The action of receiving, or fact of being
received, in a certain manner ; kind or manner of
reception. (Usually with qualifying adj.)
a. of persons.
1649 CROMWELL Let. 26 Feb. in Carlyle, An account of
the kind reception, and the many civilities afforded them.
1666 PKKVS Diary 20 May, My wife much pleased with the
reception she had. 1702 Loud. Gas. No. 3808/7 The Im-
perial Forces were m so good a Posture, that the French
would meet with a warm Reception. 1795 BURKE Abr.
Eng. Hist. Wks. 1842 II. 537 Baldwin, earl of Flanders,
gave him a very kind reception, 1828 SCOTT 1<\ J/. Perth.
237
viii, The discourse turned on the reception which they were
to expect from their Provost. 1858 FROUDE Hist. Eng. III.
xiv. 205 He found in the Netherlands a scarcely more
cordial reception than in France.
b. of ideas, proposals, etc.
1647 CLARENDON Hist. Reb. in. § 149 When it was brought
into the House [the bill] found a better reception than was
expected. ifA Freethinker^®. 17 p 4 New Opinions at first
meet with a cold Reception. 1745 Cot. Rec. Pennsylv. V. 7
Whatever shall be laid before me for the Welfare of this
Province, will meet with a favorable Reception. 1803
Kdin. Rev. Apr. 236 They only have an interest in .. pro-
curing a good reception for his name. 1849 MACAULAY
Hist. Eng. iii, I. 372 His inventions, therefore, found no
favourable reception.
6. The action of receiving or taking, in various
applications of the vb.
1863 H. Cox Instil, i. viii. 123 The parties . . produce
evidence, the reception of which is. .regulated by the rules
of law. 1898 BESANT Orange Girl n. xiv, It is proper to
show that you were not an accomplice of the removal and
the reception [of the stolen goods] in your house.
f7. Capacity for receiving. Obs.
1667 MILTON P. L. x. 807 Natures Law, By which all
Causes.. To the reception of thir matter act. 1670-98 LAS-
SELS Voy. Italy II. 167 This Hospital . . is of great reception.
It maintains two thousand sick and decrepid in it.
f8. A receptacle, a place of reception. Obs.
1646 SIR T. BROWNE Pseud. Ep. 172 Ascending first into a
capsulary reception of the breast bone. 1696 STANHOPE Chr.
Pattern. (1711) 324 Make me room in thy heart, and let it
be a clean and fit reception for so pure a guest.
T" 0. Recovery, recapture. Obs.~~l
1622 BACON Hen, VU 44 Hee was right glad of the
French Kings reception of those Townes from Maximilian.
10. Comb.t as (sense 2 c) reception day^ room ;
reception order, an order authorizing the recep-
tion and detention of a person in a lunatic asylum.
1829 LVTTON Devereux n. v, Such was the reception-room
of Beau Fielding. 1880 G. MEREDITH Tragic Com. (1881) 8
He was in her father's reception-room when she reached
home. 1890 Act 53 Viet. c. 5 § 4 Received and detained as
a lunatic . . under a reception order made by the judicial
authority. 1896 Harper's Mag. Apr. 680/1 By this time
Duncan and his friends were frequenting all Madame de
Champbaron's reception days. 1899 Allbutfs Syst. A fed.
VIII. 430 The Reception Order of a justice is sufficient
authority to take the patient to, and to receive him in an
asylum, or to detain him there if he has already been
removed on an Urgency Order.
Hence Kece'ptionism, Rece'ptionist (see quot.
1900).
1867 COBB Kiss of Peace 4 We must ., give this opinion a
name. Let us call it the * Theory of Reception ', and its
professors * Receptionists '. 191x1 D. STONE Ontl. Chr.
Dogma, xi. 191 Receptionism is the view that the bread and
wine remain only bread and wine after consecration J but
that, together with them, the faithful communicant really
receives the body and blood of Christ.
Receptitious (r/septrjfas), a. Also 9 -icious.
[ad. L. receptititis or -icius : see RECEIPT and
-JTIOUS *.] Roman Law. (See quots.)
1656 BLOUNT Glossogr., Receptitioust that is received, kept,
or reserved to ones use from another. 17*7-41 CHAMBERS
Cyct. s.v. Goods, Receptitious goods were those which the
wife might reserve the full property of to herself, and enjoy
them independently of her husband. i88oMuiRHEAD Ulpian
vi. § 5 An adventicious dowry always remains with the
husband, unless the person who gave it have expressly
stipulated that it shall be returned to him; such a dowry is
called specifically recepticious.
Receptive (r&e'ptiv), a. [ad. med.L. recep-
tfvus: see RECEIPT and -IVE, and cf. obs. F.
receptif.}
1. Having the quality of, or capacity for, receiving ;
able to receive ; pertaining to, of the nature of, re-
ception. (Common in 1 7th and igth c. ; in later use
esp. of the mind, or of persons in respect of it.)
1547 BOORDE Brev. Health Pref. 4 Chierurgyons must
knowe . . what synges . . be receptyve [printed recentyve],
what signes be expulcive. 1594 HOOKER Eccl. Pol. i. xi. § 3
The soul, .shall, as it is receptive, be. .perfected with those
supernatural passions of joy, peace, and delight. 1656
BRAMUALL Replic. iv. 160 That receptive Power . . to admit
or not admit such new Laws, a 1677 HALE Prim. Orig.
Man. i. iii. 89 The Earth and Sun . . ; the one active, piercing,
. . the other passive, receptive. 1817 COLERIDGE Biog. Lit.
I. v. 95 The passive sense, or what the school-men call the
merely receptive. 1836-41 BRANDE Chem. (ed. 5} 210 The
receptive and transmitting powers of bodies in regard to
radiant heat. 1875 WHITNEY Life Lang, ii. 30 The passive
receptive work of the mind.
b. Const, of.
1641 'SMECTYMNUUS* Answ. xyiii. (1653) 7^ A heaven that
hath a broad way leading thither, and is receptive of
Drunkards. 1717 DE FoEfysf. Magic, u. i. (1840) 234 The
heart of man became receptive of wickedness. 1825 COLE-
RIDGE Aids Reft. (1848) I. £o We are to answer every one
that inquires a reason, .which supposes something receptive
of it. 1875 JOWETT Plato (ed. 2) V. 291, I should wish the
citizens to be as receptive of virtue as possible.
2. spec. Tfl» Receptive measures ', measures of
capacity. Obs.
1680 MORDEN Geoff. Rect.t Coin (1685) 281 Receptive
Measures are two-fold. First of liquid or moist things ;
Secondly of dry things. 17*7 W. MATHER Yng. Man's Comp.
197 Of Receptive Measure, that is, Things Measured in-
wardly.
b. Receptive spot> the spot in an oosphere at
which the male gamete is admitted.
1875 BENNETT & DYER tr. Sachs' Bot. 344 The entrance
takes place at a lighter spo^of the oosphere facing the neck,
which is termed tEc Receptive Spot*
RECESS.
Hence Bece*ptively adv.
1881 W. SPOTTISWOOUK in Nature No. 624. 570 We can
cause the discharge to be from one terminal only, the other
terminal acting merely receptively.
Beceptiveness (r/se-ptivnes). [f. prec. +
-NESS.] Receptivity. (Common in recent use.)
1681 FLAVEL Meth. Grace v. 104 There is found in us a
capacity, aptness, or receptiveness, of this principle of life.
1701 NORRIS Ideal World i. i. 79 From the receptiveness of
first matter he concludes the real and actual existence of it.
1858 GLADSTONE Homer II. 8 The retentiveness of that
people equalled its receptiveness. 1874 BLACKIE Self-Cult.
85 A young man . . with a reverential receptiveness and a
delicate sensibility.
Receptivity; (r/septi-viti). [f. as prec. + -ITY.]
The quality of being receptive ; ability or readiness
to receive or take in. (Common in igth c., esp.
with ref. to the mind.)
a 1619 FOTHERBY Atheom. n. i. § 6 (1622) 181 Hee cannot
worke any where beyond the possibilitie or receptiuitie of
his matter. 1686 GOAD Celest. Bodies i. iii. n The Air being
of a thin Body . . is of an easie receptivity for all sorts of
Impressions. t 1798 W. TAYLOR \n Monthly Rev. XXV. 585
His receptivity for aesthetic gratification [is] not delicate.
1837 Fraser's Mag. XV. 728 They are here receptivities, or
moulds of matter. z886 G. ALLEN Darwin x. 175 He had
the sympathetic receptivity of all truly great minds.
t Bece-ptment. Obs."1 [= AF. receptment,
var. recettement RESETMENT.] The act or practice
of harbouring criminals.
1620 J. WILKINSON Coroners 8f Sheriffs 28 Men have used
. . to outlaw the people appealed of commandement, force,
aide, and receptment.
Receptor (r/se-pt^i). Also 5-6 -our(e. [a.
OF. receptour^ -eur^ or L. receptor, agent-n. f. re-
cipere to RECEIVE.]
fl. = RECEIPTEK i, RESETTKR. Obs.
c 1440 Jacob"1 s J£W/3oOny heretykes. . or here receptourys,
defenderys, or fauourerys. i4?z Sttrtees Misc. (1888) 25
Robert Mascald . . is a receptour of suspect persones. 1585
FLEETWOOD in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. i. 11. 297 The searchinge
out of sundrye that were receptors of ffelons. 1609 [Bp. W.
BARLOW] Answ. Nameless Cath. 13 The kind Receptors of
the Fugitiues after the Detection. 1660 Virginia Stat.
(1823^ I. 538 Against pyrats, their assistors or abettors,., or
receptors.
2. A telephonic receiver.
•&c&Wtstw*Gax. 17 Feb. 1/3 In the hospital., each Roman
Catholic patient has a receptor connected with the cathedral
at the head of his bed on Sunday.
3. Med. (See quot.)
1900 Lancet 18 Aug. 528/1 The fixation .. of the Toxin
molecule in the protoplasm was accomplished by means of
certain lateral chains which the latter possessed and which
were termed ' receptors '.
t ReCC'ptory, sb. Obs. [ad. late L. recep-
torium, neut. of receptorius : see next, and cf. obs.
F. receptoire^ A receptacle.
ELYOT Cast. Heltlie (1541) 51 b, The humours .
L ..t _ _ ___>!_*_ -f .L - 1 1 ._ il
Ei/
fylleth and extendeth the receptones of the bodye, as the
stomacke, the vaynes, and bowelles. 1363 T.G^LzAntidot.
n. 68 Put these in a Glasse styll wyth his receptorye well
luted. 1601 HOLLAND Pliny II. 222 A paile or trey made of
kids or goats leather for a receptory. 1678 Phil. Trans.
XII. 1053 A Current that turneth the Liquor into a Re-
ceptory, from whence it is pumped into another Pit or Mine.
1727 A. HAMILTON New Ace. E. hid. I. xxiii. 282 Those
three Rivers . . disembogue at one Moutli into the common
Receptory of Rivers.
t Bece'ptory, «. [ad. late L. receptori-us :
see RECEIPT and -OKY , and cf. F. receploire(id\.\i c.).]
Pertaining to reception ; receptive.
1633 T. AOAMS Exp. 2 Peter 1.17 You see, the form of the
words is receptory, He received. 1651 BIGGS New Disf.
p 170 Dam up the receptory vessels.
Receptual (rfte-pti*<al), a. [f. L. receptu-s +
-AL ; in mod. use after conceptual.]
f 1. Capable of receiving or taking in other sub-
stances. 06s.~l
1477 NORTON Ord. Alch. xxxii. in Ashm. (1652) 198 And
soe after the Colour of that Erth ys Sulphuri and receptuall,
Some men do say ys engendered every Meuall.
2. Of the nature of, pertaining to, a (mental)
recept or recepts. Hence Rece ptually adv.
1888 ROMANES Mental Evol. Man ii. 41 note, The term
apperception as used by some German psychologists is,aUo
inclusive of what I mean by receptual ideation. Ibid. iii. 58
The animal is able to distinguish receptually between the
numbers i, 2, 3, 4, 5.
II Becercel6(e (iftMaB?). Her. [a. OF. re-
cerceli!, -lie circular, curled, pa. pple. of recerceler,
{. re- RE- + cercel a circle.] Of a cross : Having
the ends of the arms curling into divergent spirals.
1766 PORNY Heraldry (1777) Diet., RecerceUe . . is said of
a Cross that circles or curls at the ends, very much resem-
bling a Rams horn. 1864 BOUTELI. Her. Hist. $ Pop. xv.
(ed. 3) 218 A chesuble charged with his cross recerceUe.
1868 CUSSANS Her. (1893) 62 The Cross Recercele resembles
a Cross Moline with its floriations more expanded.
Recerve, obs. form of RESERVE.
Recess (rrse-s), sb. [ad. L. recess-us, f. rece-
dere to RECEDE ; cf. It. recesso (Florio).J
f L The act of retiring, withdrawing, or depart-
ing (from or to a place) ; withdrawal, departure.
Obs. (Common in 1 6-1 7th c., freq. in phr. access
and recess.)
1531 St. Papers Hen. yill, IV. 576 Ye write unto Us of
the recesse ande departing of our and your Commissioners.
1538 CKOMWUU. Let. i j July in Merriman Li/e <$• Lett. (190=
RECESS.
II. 147 He may haue free accesse and recesse from tyme to
tyme. 1608 TOPSELL Serpents (1658) 782 They have easie
accesse and recesse to and fro to their beguiling nets. 1660
BOYLE New Exp. Pkys. Meek, xxviii. 216 The sudden recess
of the Air made the bubbles .. appear . . numerous. 1691
WAGSTAFFE Vind. Carol, v. 58 Not only Petition the King,
. . but upon his recess from Whitehall, send him a Peremptory
Petition.
transf. 1536 in Burnet Hist. Kef-, Coll. Records No. 52
Hen. VIII, His Recesse from the Church, ye proffe not
otherwise, than by the..Comon Opinion of those Parts.
f2. The (or an) act of retirement from public
life or into privacy ; the fact of living retired or in
a private manner ; a period of retirement. Obs.
1645 EVELYN Diary 31 Jan.. Famous for the debauched
recesses of Tiberius. 1654 H. L'ESTRANGE Chas. I (1655)
135 Long lived he in that retirement . . yet was not his
re-cesse in-glorious. 1700 DRYDEN Fables Ded.^ 163 The
soft recesses of your hours improve The three fair pledges
of your happy love. 176* Ann. Reg, n. 2 His indispositions
and other reasons made him determine entirely to quit_the
court : During his recess, however he lost nothing of his ..
respect for the king.
•j- b. Without article : Retirement, seclusion,
privacy. Obs.
1645 EVELYN Diary 6 May, Faire Parks or Gardens..
being onely places of recesse and pleasure. 1709 PRIOR
Chios Hunting 16 Ev'ry neighbouring Grove Sacred to soft
Recess and gentle Love. 1768 Woman of Honor II. 208, I
had chosen, .my Aunt Clifford's, .there to remain in recess
for some time.
8. The act of retiring for a time from some occu-
pation; a period of cessation fiom usual work or
employment.
In early use chiefly of Parliament, later also of schools.
1642 SIR E. DERING Sp. on Relig. x. 35 Since the late Re-
cesse, some endeavours of mine have been reported more
distastive then before, a 1671 LD. FAIRFAX .&rY>«._(i6oo) 22
In this recess of action, we had several treaties about
frisoners. 1706 Royal Sp. 16 Feb. in Loud. Gaz. No. 4_202/r
t will be convenient to make a Recess in some short Time.
1797 MRS. A. M. BENNETT Beggar Girl (1813) I. 210 Every
recess of the school they passed at Mushroom Place. 1860
O. W. HOLMES Elsie V. xxvi. (1891) 394 In the recess, as it
was called, or interval of suspended studies in the middle of
the forenoon. 1881 GLADSTONE in Times 8 Oct. 6/3 We are
in a Parliamentary recess, but the leaders of the lories do
not appear to have had any rtcess at all.
ft). Without article: Cessation from work,
relaxation, leisure. Obs.
1711 SHAFTESB. Ckarac. (1737) II. n. it. ii. 159 A Love of
moderate Recess and Rest from Action. 1781 COWPEK
Retirem. 215 His hours of leisure and recess employs In
drawing pictures of forbidden joys.
1 4. Delay ; respite. Obs. rare.
1622 J. REYNOLDS God's Revenge n. vi. 4 After the pro-
traction and recesse of a yeeres time, Victoryna consenteth
to Syponius to be his wife. 1706 DE FOE Jure Div. x. 229
The small Recess the weary Land obtain'd So little Breath
to rising Freedom gave.
5. A place of retirement, a remote and secluded
spot, a secret or private place.
1636 G. SANDYS Paraphr. Ps. cxxxiv. (1648) 205 Your hands
devoutly raise To his divine Recesse. 1698 FRYER Ace. E.
India <J- P. 199 Airy and cool Choultries, private Recesses
for their Women. 1784 R. BAGE Bar/iam D&ivns II. 250 A
woman, .who had been housekeeper at Lord Winterbottom's
recess. 1831 LAMB Elia Ser. n. Ellistoniana, The last re-
treat, and recess, of his every-day waning grandeur.
tb. A dark resource, a secret. Obs. rare.
1646 J. GREGORY Notes fy Obs. (1650) 6 To cast out Devills
(by a knowne Recesse of the blacke Art) through him that
is the Prince. 1649 JER. TAYLOR Gt, Exemf. Ad Sect. iv.
52 Magnifying the recesses of his Counsell and Wisdome and
Predestination.
6. The act of receding, of going back or away,
from a certain point. (Used chiefly of the motion
of things, and esp. of water, the sea, or the heavenly
bodies.)
1607 J. NORDEN Sum. Dial. i. 19 Alwayes at the waters
recesse, euery iiiaa could finde out his owne land by the
plot. 1653 GATAKER Vind. Annot. Jer. 157 The accesse or
recesse of the Sun unto and from several parts of the world.
1728 PEMBERTON Newton's P kilos. 202 As the earth in its
recess from the sun recovers by degrees its former power.
1756 BURKE Subl. $ B. iv. xyi, As we recede from light, .the
pupil is enlarged by the retiring of the iris, in proportion to
our recess. 1818 G. S. FABEK Hors Mosaics I. 266 It is at
present dry, in consequence of the gradual recess ^ of the
waters. 1834 MRS. SOMERVILLEGWJW.T. Pkys. Sc. iii. (1849)
19 An alternate recess and advance of the apsides.
b. transf. or Jig. of immaterial things.
1620 T. GRANGER Div. Logike 109 It is the defect, and re-
cesse of the opposite facultie. 1646 EARL MONM. tr. Biondi's
Civil Warres vi. 60 Leaving her in the recesse of her
Fortune. 1722 DE FOE Hist. Plagued-] $6) 235 The principal
Recess of this Infection., was from February to April. 1782
JEFFERSON Notts on Virginia (1787) 132 The access of frost
in the autumn, and its recess in the spring. 1843 J. MAR-
TINF.AU Ckr. Life xliiL (1876) 506 Painting the access and
recess of his thought.
7. transf. QVjftg. (from senses I and 6).
+ a. A dislike or disgust to a thing. Obs.~~l
1567 MAPLET Gr. Forest 26 It becommeth to haue an ap-
pttite to that which it holdeth good and pleasant, and a
recesse or lothsomnesse to yl which maketh against it.
f b. A drawing back (from a promise). Obs.
1601 J. WHEELER Treat. Comm. 96 Queene Marie by the
way of Recesse . . reuoked this Decree, and restored the
Hanses to their formerpriuiledges. 1628 FELTHAM Resolves
n. xiii. 125 Some., admit of an absolute recesse from a word
already passed.
f C. A departure from some ^tate or standard.
Obs. (Common iu 1 7th c.)
238
1605 BACON Adv. Learn, n. vii. § 5 Men .. have made too
untimely a departure, and too remote a recess from particu-
lars. 1661 LOVELL Hist.Anim. % Min. 430 Recesses of the
parts of mans body, from the natural state. 1693 BEVERLEY
Disc. Dr. Crisp 7 Every Sin . . is a Recess from the Holiness
of God.
f d. A falling back ; decline. 06s.
a 1635 NAUNTON Fragm. Reg. (Arb.) 55 Others,, .when he
was in the right course of recovery, and setling to modera-
tion, would not suffer a recesse in him. 1650; J. HARRINGTON
Lawgiving III. iv. (1700) 456 This Standard in a well founded
Monarchy, must bar recess ; and in a well founded Common-
wealth must bar increase.
8. A retired or inner place or part ; one of the
remotest or innermost parts or comers of anything.
1616 BULLOKAR Ens. Expos., Recesse, a bye-place. 1673
RAY Journ. LOVJ C. 224 Gentletnens houses . . having more
in the recess than they promise in the front. 1697 DRYDEN
Virg. Georg. iv. 604 Within a Mountain's hollow Womb,
there lyes A large Recess, conceal'd from Human Eyes.
1797 MRS. RADCUFFK/tetf<mvi,To carry torches into every
recess of the ruin. 1801 STRUTT Sports $ Past. Introd. 4 A
pursuit . .only requisite in the gloomy recesses of the cloister.
1871 L. STEPHEN Playgr. Ear. (1894) iv. 89 The little village
. .lies, .deep in the recesses of the Pennine chain.
b. fig. especially of the soul or heart
1688 SOUTH Serin. (1727) II. 301 Sorrow, .must force, and
make its way into the very inmost Corners, and Recesses of
the Soul. 1715-10 POPE Iliad \. 711 The thoughts that roll
lies, .in the recesses of psychology.
9. A receding part or indentation in the line of
some natural feature or object, as a coast, range of
hills, etc.
1697 DRYDEN SEneidl. 228 Within a long Recess there lies
a Bay. 1781 COWPER Truth 79 His dwelling a recess in
some rude rock. 1838 Murray's Handtk. N. Germ. 273
Every projection on the one side of it [a valley] corresponds
with a bay or recess on the other. 1846 M«CULLOCH Ace.
Brit. Empire (1854) I. 242 The recesses between the hills
are mostly filled with gentlemen's seats.
b. spec. A receding part or space breaking the
continuity of a wall ; a niche or alcove.
1774 Act 14 Ceo. Ill, c. 78 § 28 It shall also be lawful to
cut perpendicular Recesses into any Party-wall. l8»6 SCOTT
Woodst. iii, The recesses within them [oriel windows] were
raised a step or two from the wall. 1840 DICKENS Barn.
Rvdge xlviii, They sat down in one of the recesses on the
bridge, to rest. 1875 MRS. RITCHIE Miss Angel x. 90 The
gallery was evidently used as a . . sitting room- There was
a spinnet in a recess.
c. Any small depression or indentation; also
Anat, a sinus or fold in an organ or part.
1839 LINDLEY Introd. Bot. I. ii.(ed. 3) 135 Leaves .. divided
more or less deeply into lobes, which leave void spaces be-
tween them, which we call recesses (sinus). 1897 Syd. Soc.
Lex. s.v. Recessus, A recess or fold between the duodenum
and jejunum. 1909 MARSHALL Metal Tools 49 The cutting
edges, .on either side of the pin produce the required recess
as the drill is fed down.
\ d. A cesspool. 06s.—1
1764 Museum Rust. II. 73, I. .have in my yard, what you
usually see in most farmers yards, two recesses or pools, as
reservoirs of dung and water.
10. T a. ? An agreement or convention. 06s.~l
1516 Inv. R. Wardr. (i8i5)-22 Efter the forme and tenor
of the recesse maid be ambaxiatouris of this realme, and
procuratouris and commissionaris of Ingland thairapoun.
b. Hist. A resolution, decree, or act of the
Imperial Diet of Germany or of the Diet of the
Hanseatic League.
After med.L. recessus (see Du Cange) ; so F. reccz.
1706 tr. Dupiris Eccl. Hist. i6M C. II. in. xi. 149 The
Recess was published : It contained the following Articles.
[note. What we call an Act of Parliament in England is
called a Recess in Germany.] 1779 Hist. Mod. Europe II.
lix. 254 The famous Recess of Augsburgb, which is the basis
of religious peace in Germany. 1881-3 SCHAFF Eneycl.
Rtlig. Kturwl. I. 638 When the three colleges [of a diet]
agreed, the decree, or recess as it was called, was submitted
to the imperial sanction.
f c. (See quot.) Obs. rare.
17*6 AYLIFFE Parergon 275 In the Imperial Chamber the
Preetors have half a Florin .. for every substantial Recess,
as they call it. Ibid., The substantial Recesses are the Intro-
duction of the Cause, the exhibiting of the Libel [etc.].
11. attrib., as (sense 3) recess time ; (sense 9 b,
90) recess decoration, plate, shop.
1828 Lights ft Shades II. 170 We hurried into one of the
little recess shops [on Brighton Pier] to avoid them. 1851
RUSKIN Stones Ven. I. xxlv. § n Recess decoration by leaf
mouldings. 1874 THEARLE Naval A rchit. 88 The armour
shelf or recess plate is a part of the longitudinal framing of
the ship. 1885 Miss S. O. JEWETT Marsh Island TIM, The
boarder had . . treated the children to apples at recess-time.
fRece-ss, v.1 0/>s.—1 [f. L. recess-urn, pa.
pple. of recldSre RECEDE.] To recede.
1581 DEE Diary (Camden) 13 Roger Cook, .thowght that
he was utterly recest from intended goodnes toward him.
Recess (rise's), v.2 [f. RECESS sb.]
1. irons. To place in a recess or in retirement ;
to set back or away.
1809 MAR. EDGEWORTH Manteitvring vii, Behind the screen
of his prodigious elbow you will be comfortably recessed
from curious impertinents. 1820 Examiner No. 620. 132/2
The writ was then served in the expectation of recessing me
in the Fleet during the long vacation. 1874 T. HARDY Far
fr. Mad. Crovid I. xviii. 199 His house stood recessed from
the road.
b. spec. To set (part of a wall or other structure)
iu a recess. Also reft.
RECESSIONAL.
1845 PETRIE Eccl. Arc/tit. [ret. 180 The arches, of which
there are two, one recessed within the other. 1853 KANE
Grinnell Exp. vi. (1856) 44 Little man-of-war port-holes
recessed into its wooden sides. 1865 M»s. WHITNEY Gay-
worthy* ix, The window recessed itself into the wall.
2. To make a recess or recesses in ; to cut away,
so as to form a recess.
1876 J. ROSE Pract. Machinist ix. 162 Providing that the
cutter is not recessed'and does not cut on both sides. i88z
Bazaar 15 Feb. 174 The inner .. hubs are recessed, within
them being placed stout steel rings.
3. intr. U. S. To take a recess or interval.
1893 Columbus (Ohio) Disp. 14 Apr., The Senate recessed
five minutes yesterday afternoon.
Hence Recessed (r/se'st) ///. a., set in a recess ;
Rece ssin&f :'/</. .(/;.
Recessed arch, an arch set within another arch. Recessing.
bit, a bit for enlarging the ends of screw-holes, etc.
1809-1* MAR. EDGEWORTH Ennui x, Lady Geraldine and
Cecil Devereux . . were in a recessed window. 1867 LADY
HERBERT Cradle L. iii. 90 Underneath this basilica is a little
recessed chapel. 1873 SHELLEY Workshop Appliances 223
The first [pin-drill], with three cutting edges,, .being some-
times called a recessing-bitt. 1874 PARKER Gotk. Archit. I.
iv. 114 In many of the earlier examples the square profile of
the recessed Norman arch is retained.
tReee-ssful, a. 06s.-1 [f. RECESS s6. +
-POL.] To which recess or recourse may be had.
Also Heee-ssfully adv. (cf. RECESS sb. 5 b).
1646 J. GREGORY Notes fr Obs. 33 It was disposed of in
some eminent or recessefull place of the City. Ibid. To
Rdr., Who recessefully and impertinently pretend to a Spirit
of Interpretation.
Recession (r/se'Jan), si.* [ad. L. recession-em
(Vitruvius), n. of action f. recedfre to RECEDE. Cf.
mod.F. recession, It. recessione (Florio).]
1. The action of receding from a place or point ;
withdrawal, retirement.
t Recession of the equinoxes : see PRECESSION.
a 160 J. SMITH Stl. Disc. ix. vi. (1660) ^19 Neither were
it a Happiness worth the having, for a Mind, . . by a reces-
sion into it self, to spend an Eternity in self-converse. 1691
RAY Creation l. (1692) 185 The Sun . . plying them always
alike without any annual Recession or intermission. 1704
J. HARRIS Lex. Techn., Recession of the Equinoxes is the
going back of the Equinoctial Points every Year about 50
Seconds. 1789 E. DARWIN Bot. Card. i. (1791) Notes is
Particles mutually recede from and approach each other re-
ciprocally ; at the times of their recession from each other
[etc.]. i8s3 C. BRONTE Villette xxyi, She seemed to recede.
I drew nearer : her recession, still silent, became swift. 1879
PROCTOR Pleas. WaysSc. iv. 99 The method shows no signs
of approach or recession in the moon's case.
D. Used with ref. to receding or distant parts of
surfaces or outlines. (See also RECESSOR.)
1753 HOGARTH A nai. Beauty xii. 101 Planes or flat surfaces
. . have their appearances of recession perfected by the 6rst
species of retiring shades. i8ai CRAIG Lett. Drawing, etc.
i. 44 Those degrees of light and dark which arise from differ-
ence of local colour, or from recession in distance. 1870
RUSKIN Ltct. Art v. 126 The solid forms of an object, that
is to say, the projections or recessions of its surface within
the outline.
c. A setting or going back in time, rare,
1646 SIR T. BROWNE Pseud. Ep. 317 They must ..endure
anticipation and recession from the moveable condition of
their causes, a 1876 M. COLLINS Th. in Garden (r88o) II.
290 Has there really been a recession of the seasons, so
that summer comes later every year ?
2. The action of receding, retiring, or departing,
in various transf. or Jig. senses. Const, from.
Common in 1716 c. (esp. in Jer. Taylor's works) of de-
parture from a principle, state or condition.
1647 JER. TAYLOR Lib. Proph. viii. 152 It is a plaine reces-
sion from Antiquity. 1659 W. BROUGH Schism 524 There is
no sin nor schism in our recession from them, a 1716 SOUTH
Semi. X. 301 (T.) His [Christ's] whole life went in a constant
recession from his own rights. 1758 JOHNSON Idler No. 32
p 13 All this is a temporary recession from the realities of
life to airy fictions. 1859 J. GUMMING Ruth iii. 41 He may
leave us . . to taste the bitterness of our recession so far and
so criminally from Him.
3. The departure of a quality or property from
that in which it exists.
1659 PEARSON Cried iv. (1839) 301 Death is nothing else
but the privation or recession of life. 1836 TODD Cycl. Anat.
I. 801/2 The recession of heat from the limbs was noticed
by Hippocrates. rtgpAllbult'sSyst.Med.Vlll. 304 There
U little wonder that in some cases the recession of mental
function is not on physiological lines.
Recession (rise-fan), sb? [f. RE- 5 a + CES-
SION : cf. RECEDE v.2] The action of ceding back.
1890 Century Mag. Jan. 475/2 A bill for the recession [of
the Yosemite Valley] to the United States.
Recessional (r/se-Janal), a. and sb. [f. RE-
CESSION sb.^ + -AL.]
A. adj. 1. Eccl. Belonging to the recession or
retirement of the clergy and choir from the chancel
to the vestry at the close of the service; esp.
recessional hymn, a hymn sung while this retire-
ment is taking place.
1867 Ch. Opinion 13 Apr. 15 The service concluded with a
recessional hymn. 1881 Howilet. Monthly Apr. 410 Tl
ritualist .. orders his processional and recessional movements
with toll of bell and thunder of organ.
2. Belonging to a recess (of Parliament).
1895 Westm. Gaz. 24 Aug. 2/2 The Government . . con-
tinues to pile up work for the Recess and next Session.
The recessional work promised by the Home Secretary [etc.].
B. sb. A recessional hymn.
1867 in r.ife Jas. Skinner xiii. (1884) 253 To crown all, wo
had ' O Paradise ! ' as a recessional.
RECESSIVE.
ReCC'SSive, a. [f. L. recess-, ppl. stem of [
reclderc to RECEDE + -IVE.] Tending to recede.
1672-3 GREW Veget. Roots § 38 They will also be more
Pliable and recessive from the Centre. 1721 J. CLARKE
Moral Evil 23 That the constituent particles of it should be
induced with particular impulsive or recessive forces.
Hence Bece'ssively adv., in a receding manner.
1886 Ellin. Rev. Oct. 494 As she [Greece] passes recessively
from the grand Attic period to the Spartan, the Theban, the
Macedonian, and the Asiatic.
Recessor. (? Misprint for recession.)
01637 B. JONSON Discov. (1640) ii2 From the ppticks it
[painting] . .tooke shadowes, recessor, light, and heightnmgs.
Becet, -cett(e, obs. ff. RESET sb. and v. Be-
cetter, -or, obs. ff. RESETTER. Receve, obs. f.
RECEIVE. Recewle.var.ofREcrjEiL. Receypte,
Reeeyt(e, Rseeytour, Reeeyve, obs. ff. RE-
CEIPT, RECEIPTEK, RECEIVE.
Rech, obs. f. REACH so.1 and w.1, RICH v.
Rechabite (re-kabsit). [ad. biblical L. Kecha-
bita, used in pi. to render Heb. D'MT Rekabtm, f.
the personal name Rikdb : see Jer. xxxv. 2-19.]
One of a Jewish family descended from Jonadab,
son of Rechab, which refused to drink wine or
live in houses. Hence (a) one who abstains from
intoxicating liquors ; now spec, a member of the
Independent Order of Rechabites, a benefit society
founded in 1835 ! (*) a dweller in tents.
1382 WYCLIF Jer. xxxv. 3 Jeconye . . and alle his sonus,
and al the hous of Rechabitis. 1535 COVERDALE ibid., The
whole housholde off the Rechabites. c 1681 (title) The
English Rechabite, or a Defyance to Bacchus and all his
Works, c 1720 PRIOR Wandering Pilgrim 9 A Rechabite
poor Will must live, And drink of Adam's ale. 1860 RUSSELL
Diary India II. xviii. 345 Cone after cone of canvas offers
brief shelter to the Rechabite.
Hence Re'chabitism, the practice of abstaining
from intoxicating liquors ; the principles or prac-
tice of the friendly society of Rechabites.
1870 Rechabite $ Temperance Mag. Jan. 8 To extend the
blessings of Rechabitism throughout . . the land.
fReehace. Obs. rare-1, [ad. OF. rachasnom.
of rachat f. re- RE- + ackal ACHATE si.2] The
act of buying back or redeeming.
c 1460 SIR R. Ros La Belle Dame, etc. 324 He bat ones to
loue dothe his omage, Full often tyme, der boght is the
rechace.
Rechace, variant of RECHASE sb. and v.
t Bechafe, sb. [RE- 5 a.] A repeated chafing.
1581 J. BELL H addon's Answ. Osor. 307 b, Archbyshoppes,
and monckes . . roonning to Rome in their often chafe and
rechafe, sweating and turmoyling.
Rechafe,?1. [RE- 5 a. Cf. RECHATJPE v.~\ trans.
To chafe again.
1583 GOLDING Calvin on Deut. Pref. 3 Although they haue
been oftentimes chafed and rechafed yet are they so starke
and stiffe for colde that they have no force nor might.
So f Becha'fement. Obs.-1
1609 [Bp. W. BARLOW] Answ. Nameless Cath. 364 They
take order to keep out and cut off the originall nourishing
inflamers, which minister the recbaffment to these disloyal
attempts.
Rechai-n, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To chain again.
a 1711 KEN Hymns Evang. Poet. Wks, 1721 I. 171 He
their malicious Tyranny restrained, And orders gave they
shou'd be all rechain'd.
Rechange (riljV'-nds), sb. Also s Sc. re-
cheiig o, 5-6 reehaunge, 6 rechaynge. [f. RE-
5 a + CHANGE sb."\
fl. The RE-EXCHANGE on a bill Obs.
So F. rechange (1680 in Hatz.-Darm.). See also RECAMBY.
1489 Sc. Acta Dom. Cone. 130/1 pe recheng interess
dampnage & expensis sustenit be be said reuerent faider
extending.. to be soume of xij" of ross noblis. 1492 in
Arnolde Chron. (1502) H iv, Alle maner costis lossis and
damagis whiche shall happen too falle for lac of payment at
the daye aforesayde of the principall somme aboue sayde be
it bee exchaunge reehaunge or other wyse. 1538 in R. G.
Marsden Sel. PI. Crt. Adm. (1894) I. 72 To pay change and
reehaunge after the use and custum of merchants. 1682
SCARLETT Exchanges 294 By Re-change here and else-where,
Li meant, the whole Bill which is advanced with the Re-
change, Provisions and Charges, &c. . . and not the bare
Re-change only, which is the Monyes that exceeds the
Value of the first Bill.
1 2. The act of re-exchanging (money or goods).
1487 Rolls of Parlt. VI. 403/1 An Act against Exchange
and Rechange, without the Kings License. 1503 Ibid.
525/1 Money in Golde or Silver, whiche.. cannot come to
the proffete of the Kyngs Realme. .without exchaynge or
rechaynge made in the Landes beyond the See. 1570 DEE
Math. /-' fef. *ij, Certaine and generall Rules for Exchaunge
of money, and Reehaunge. i622MALYNES^«c, Law-Merch.
371 The benefit or profit of exchange is never known
directly but by the rechange thereof. 1625 in Rymer
Foedera XVIII. 146 With sufficient Meanes for the Re-
change of the Tokens to be uttered to the Citizens.
3. The act of changing or altering again.
a 1550 Image Hypocr. i. 192 in Skilton's Wks. (1843) H-
416/1 Which \1read with] chaunge and reehaunge Of
fastinges and of feestes. a 1586 SIDNEY Arcadia (1622) 232
Neuer the Muses more tired then now with changes &
rechangcs of his deuises. 1642 SPELMAN View Printed
Bk.^6 With in the space of 500 yeares. .how many changes
[printed thinges] and rechanges had they of their Gouern-
ment. 1890 LOWELL Inscr. Bust Fielding, He.. saw the
Sphinx, now bestial, now divine, In change and rechange.
Rechange (rftjV'-ndz,), v. Also 6 rechaung(e.
[f. RE- 5 a -i- CHANGE v., perh. after I<". rechangcr^
239
1. To change or alter again, a. intr. or absol.
1579 LYLY Euphues (Arb.) 98 Helen of Greece, .chaunged
and rechaunged at hir pleasure, I graunt. 1594 T. B. La
Primaud. J"'r. Acad. n. 155 It..addeth thereunto or
diminisheth, changeth and rechangeth. 1682 HUNYAN Holy
War 129 How often hast thou changed and rechanged.
1811 W. TAYLOR in Monthly Rev. LXV. 141 The eye soon
sickens of identical furniture, and unvarying imagery. . . Let
us change and rechange.
b. trans.
1592 KYD Sol. # Pers. i. i. 22 Did not I change long loue
to sudden hate ; And then rechange their hatred into loue ?
1644 FEATLY Roma Ruens 7 The whole world shall be
changed into a second chaos, and that chaos shall be re-
changed into a new world, a 1774 GOLDSM. Hist. Greece I.
170 By this changing and rechanging the order of battle,
nothing farther was done for that day. 1896 Daily News
19 Nov. 6/5 Recusancy, or the crime of not being able to
change, and even re-change, one's religion at the command
of the Privy Council, figures conspicuously.
f2. trans, (and absol.) To re-exchange (goods
or money). Obs.
1551 EDW. VI Jrnl. in Lit. Kern. (Roxb.) II. 406 Liberty
was gevin to the marchauntis to exchaung and rechaung
money for money. l6a» MABBE tr. Aieman's Guzman
d'Alf. II. 239 There is no negociating now adayes, but with
it [honesty] and with money ; changing and rechanging as
the market goes.
Hence Becha-nging vbl. sb.
1611 FLORIO, Rimuta, a remoouing or rechanging. 1612
BREREWOOD Lang, tr Relig. 47 Nothing is found of any
rechanging of those languages from the Roman, into the
state wherein now they are.
Recha'nt, v. [f. RE- + CHANT v., perh. after
F. rechanter (1288) or L. recantdre: cf. RECANT
z».2] intr. and trans. To chant again or in reply;
to repeat in chanting. Hence Becha'nted, Be-
cha-nting///. adjs.
1598 SYLVESTER Du Bar/as n. i. iv. Handie-crafts 31
Hark, hark, the cheerfull and re-chanting cries Of old and
young ; singing this joyfull Ditty. 1633 PRYNNE isf Pt.
Histrio-tn. 532 b, Whiles they chaunt and rechaunt this.
1641 R. BAILLIE Canterb. Self-convict. Large Suopl.
Postscr. i To parallel the Scottish Covenanters with Jesuites
U the old and oft rechanted son[g) of your fellows.
Recha'OS, v. rare. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To
reduce again to chaos.
1611 I. DAVIES Scourge of Folly Wks. (Grosart) II. 53
Shee snail Preserue thy name till she re-chaos'd go To
purging-flames. 1616 — Sir T. Overbury Ibid. 16 So shall
thy stay, when states re-chaosed lie, Make thee great
Steward to Eternitie.
Recharge (rHja'jdj), sb. Now rare. [f. RE-
+ CHARGE sb., prob. after F. recharge (1433).]
1. A fresh charge or load. rare.
1611 FLORIO, Ricarica, a recharge, a reburthen. 1727-41
CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v., The recharge should never be so deep
as the first charge, lest the piece, .should burst.
•(• 2. The act of accusing in return. 06s.—1
1637 C. Dow Ansiu. H. Barton 127 His brave retort and
recharge of sedition upon them.
3. A renewed or return charge in battle.
1603 HOLLAND Plutarch's Mor. 675 That buffetting
representeth the charging of the enemie, and the avoiding
of his recharge, a 1656 USSHER Ann. (1658) 749_ Caesars
ships being. .ready for any needs of service, either for
charge or recharges, or to turn about. 1802 JAMES Milit.
Diet., Recharge, a renewal of the charge or attack.
t b. Jig. A renewed attack of something. Obs.— L
1620 J. PYPER tr. Hiit. Astrea \. vn. 234 This recharge of
griefe surprized me so forcibly.
Recharge (ntja-jdg), v. [f. RE- + CHARGE
v., perh. after F. recharger (I3th c.).]
1. trans, t a. To reload (a vessel). Also refl.
and absol. Obs.
1432 Rolls ofParlt. IV. 417/2 They [ships] have atte all
tymes be discharged and recharged. 1497 Naval Ace.
Hen. VII (1896) 250 The seid veassayle . . saylyng , . vnto
Portesmouth & ther dyscharged then frome thens to
Southampton & ther Recharged with the cordage. 1600
HAKLUYT Voy. III. 863 They bee there all the winter in the
ports, to discharge their loding and recharge backe againe.
1615 tr. De Monfarfs Sum. E. Indies 35 The Portugalls
mutually come to discharge and recharge themselues.
b. To put a fresh charge in ; to refill, reload.
1839 URE Diet. Arts 167 As soon as the melting-pot is
emptied, it is immediately re-charged. I&76PREECE& SIVE-
WRIGHT Telegraphy 21 In recharging the battery the liquid
drawn off from the zinc cells is again employed in them.
2. f a. To charge or accuse in return. Obs.
1594 HOOKER Eccl. Pol. in. xi. § 13 Whereupon they re-
charge vs, as if in these things we gaue the Church a libertie
which hath no limits or bounds. 16976. KEITH ind A'arr.
Proc. Turner's Hall 33 Whereas 1 charged T. Elw. with
perverting the Apostles Creed, he recharges me, and lays
the whole Ground of his Charge upon a Quibble.
• b. To make a new charge against.
1895 Daily News 4 June 2/5 The magistrate .. then
directed that she should be re-charged for the assault on
the assistant gaoler.
c. intr. To repeat a charge or accusation. Obs~l
1595 DANIEL Civ. Wars i. Ixi, Norfolke denies them
peremptorily. Herford recharg'd.
3. To lay or impose again as a charge, rare.
1611 COTGR., Reimf>oser, to reimpose, to recharge. 1665
WITHER Lord's Prayer 2 [He] shall have all his suits re-
jected, and his sins, .recharged upon him. 01734 NORTH
Lives (1826) II. in The unfair traders, and runners, and
such as come in before the duties are recharged.
4. intr. To charge (in battle) again or in return.
1598 BARRET Theor. ll-'arres in. i. 43 Then recharging
aduisedly to be ready to come vp. 1616 J. LANK Cant.
RECHAUFFE.
Sqr.'s T. ix. 90 With valient secondes, placd to recharge
after. 1666 URYDEN Ann. Mirab. txvii, They charge,
re-charge, and all along the Sea They drive and squander
the huge Belgian Fleet.
Hence Becha-rging vbl. sb.
1892 Daily News 3 June 7/3 The recharging occupies six
hours. 1897 R. KEARTON Nature ff Camera 358 The
recharging of dark slides,
Recharter (rftfautai), sb. [RE- 5 a.] The
renewal of a charter ; a new or second charter.
1847 in WEBSTER. 1852 J. M. LUDLOW Hist. U. S. 159 In
1832.. Webster led the new Whig party in support of
its re-charter. 1878 F. A. WALKER Money xx. 457 In 1832
occurred the Recharter, when the Bank directors showed a
still further change of views.
Recharter (rAja'rtai), v. [RE- 5 a.] trans.
To charter again ; to give a new charter to. Hence
Beeha-rtering vbl. sb.
1847 in WEBSTER. 1876 BANCROFT Hist. U.S. III. vi.
373 He prepared to recharter the bank of England. 1884
igiA Cent. Dec. 1005 The Vice- President, .was found to be
opposed to the rechartering of a United States Bank.
f Rechase, sb. Obs. Also 5 reehas, -ohayse,
5, (7) -chaee. [Perh. ad. OP". *rachas, nom. of
*rachat RECHEAT rf.] = RKCHEAT sb. (but in later
quots. possibly associated with RECHASE ».i 2 a).
£1420 Venery de Tuety in Rel. Ant. I. 152 Than shall
y« blowe on this maner a mote, and aftirward the rechace
upon my houndys that be past the boundys. c 1420 A nturs
of Arth. 58 The huntes bei halowe, in hurstes and huwes,
And bluwe reehas ryally. ? c 1475 Sqr. lame Degre 772 To
here the bugles there yblow,.. And sevenscore raches at his
rechase. 1634 Malory's A rthur n. cxxxviii, All the blasts
that long to all manner of games ;..to the rechace \Caxton
rechate] to the flight [etc.],
Recha'se, vl Obs. exc. dial. Also 5 rechasse,
5-6 rechace. [a. F. rechasser (i3th c. ; OF. also
rechacier, etc.) : see RE- and CHASE v.}
f 1. trans. To chase or drive back (an assailant) ;
to chase in turn. Obs.
c 1477 CAXTON Jason 18 After . . the worthy Jason had re-
chaced his enmyes unto nyghe by the ooste. 1523 LD. BER-
NERS Froiss. I. cccv. 458 These fortresses . . made dyuers
yssues and assautes on their neighbours, Somtyme chasyng
and somtyme rechased agayne. 1614 SYLVESTER Bethulia's
Rescue v. 358 One-while the Syrians by the Medes are
chas't ; Anon the Medes by Syrians are rechas'L
absol. 1609 DANIEL Civ. Wars iv. xlvii, Then these
assaile, then those rechase again.
fb. To drive or force back (a thing). Obs.-1
a 1533 LD. BERNERS Gold. Bk. M. Aurel. (1546) Q vij,
There is nothyng that more rechaceth the balle of the
2. f a- Hunting. To chase (a deer) back into
the forest. Obs.
c 1369 CHAUCER Dethe Blannche 379 Withynne a while
the herte founde ys I-halowed and rechased faste Longe
tyme. 1678 PHILLIPS (ed. 4), To Rechace,.. among Hunts-
men is to make homewards, to drive back towards the
lace where the game was rouzed or started. 1727-41
HAMBERS Cycl. s.v. Rechacing, The keeping of running
dogs to rechace the deer into the forests.
b. To drive back (cattle or sheep) from one
pasture to another.
1618 J. WILKINSON Courts Baron (1620) 147 If any tenant
. .doth vse in the Summer time or open time of the yeere,
. . to bring Cattell from his other Farme into his farme
within this Manor, ..this is called chasing and rechasing.
1720 T. WOOD Inslit. Eng. Law IV. i. 490 The Homage may
also Enquire.. Of Chasing Cattle into the Manor, and Re-
chasing them. 1851 Dorset Gloss., Chase and re-chase, to
drive sheep at particular times from one pasture to another.
t C. To drive or course (horses) back over the
same ground. Obs.
1607 MARKHAM Caval. i. (1617) 54 Albe some Authors giue
aduice to chase and rechase your Mares vp and downe the
ground. Ibid. in. 9 The best mettald Horses, if they be
chaste and rechaste without, .some incouragement, will by
degrees growe worse and worse.
f 3. intr. ? To be engaged in rechasing. Obs.—
Perh. a transferred use of 2 a, suggested by the hunting
sense of guest ; but the correct reading may be theire
chase is.
c 1485 Digby Myst. v. 723 The queste of holborn come in-
to this places, a-geyne the right euer thei rechases.
Hence t Beoha'ser ; t Becha'sing vbl. sbl
1611 FLORIO, Riccacciatnenti, rechasings. 1727-41 CHAM-
BERS Cycl. s.v. Rechacing, Antiently there were offices of
rechacers of the deers bestowed by the king on gentlemen,
or old hunters,
tRecha'Se, v? Obs. rare. Also 5 -chace.
[var. of rechate RECHEAT v., after RECHASE s/>.]
intr. To recheat. Hence t Becha-sing vbl. s/>.2
CI450 Master of Game (MS. Douce 335) xxxiii. If. 6° He
sholde rechace with oute long mote; for the mote shold
neuer be blowe before this rechasyng.
Recha-sten, v. [KE- j a.] To chasten again.
1817 MOORE Lalla R., Proph. Khar. II, To see Those vir-
tuous eyes for ever turn'd on me ; And in their light re-
chasten'd silently. .Grow pure by being purely shone upon.
Bechat^e : see RECHEAT sb. and v.
t RechaU'fe, v. Obs. rare. [a. F. rechauffer:
see next.] trans. To warm (again).
a 1521 R. COPLAND Knt. of the Swanne ix, After that the
good hermit had done his possibilitie to susteine and re-
chaufe the .vii. litle chyldren. 1579 BAKER Guydon's Quest.
Cluritrg. 27 It is ordeyned for to rechaufe the parts next
thereto, as Galen sayth.
,: Rechauffe (,r«Jofe). [F., pa. pple. of r{-
chauffer to warm up again, f. re- + tchauffer : see
RE- and CHAFE v.] A warmed-up dish; hence
pla
CH
RE-CHAW.
fig. something old served up or presented again,
esp, a rehash of literary matter.
1805 Edin. Rev. Apr. 133 It is really wasting time to con-
fute this rechauffe of a theory. 1864 Q. Ke~v. July 83 A r£~
chanffi of the forgotten criticisms of one of our old English
deists. 1870 Miss BROUGHTON Red as Rose I. xiii. 272
A rtchaujfft of one's own stale speeches is not an appetising
dish.
Re-chaw, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To chaw a^ain.
1616 J. LANE Cont. Sqr.'s T. VH. 102 Which soddaine.
motion so entind his blood, as causd him aye rechawe his
moodie cudd.
Rechayse, variant of REOHASE sb, Obs.
Rechche, Reche, obs. forms of RECK v.
t Heche, z>. Obs—1 [Of obscure origin: cf.
RACHE v.2] trans. To tear, rend.
ciqaoDestr. Troy 13939 He wan vpo fote, Ail-to rechit
his robis & his ronke here ; Fowle frusshet his face with his
felle nailes.
Reche, obs. form of REACH, RETCH.
Becheat (r/tjrt), t rechate, sb. Obs. exc.
arch. Also 8 ra-. [Prob. ad. OF. *rachat, vbl.
sb. from rachatcr RECHEAT z>.] f a. The act of
calling together the hounds to begin or continue the
chase of a stag, or at the close of the hunt. Obs.
rare. b. The series of notes sounded on a horn
for one or other of these purposes.
1470-85 MALORY A rthur x. Hi, Fyrste to the vncoupelynge,
to the sekynge, to the rechate, to the flyghte. 1575 TUH-
BERV. Venerie xL in They may come in nearer towardes
their houndes & blowe a Rechate to their houndes to coin-
forte them. 1590 COCK AINE Treat. Hunting D iv, The Re-
chate, with three winds, The first, one long and fiue short.
The second one long and one short. The third, one long
and sixe short. i6oa -zndPt. Retnrn/r. Parnass. n. v. 853
As you sounded the recheat before, so now you must sound
the releefe three times. 1651 DAVENANT Gondibert n.
xxxvii, Now winde they a Recheat, the rous'd Dear's knell.
1741 Compl. Fam.-Piece ll. i. 292 He that gives the fatal
Blow, ought to sound a Racheat, to assemble together the
rest of the Company, as also the Dogs. 1861 Luck of
Ladysmede II. 343, I did not think there was one amongst
ye who could sound a recheat so like mine own.
fig- r5?9 SHAKS. Much Ado i. i. 242 That I will haue a
rechate winded in my forehead . . all women shall pardon me,
t Recheat, rechate, V. Obs. Also 6 rechat.
[ad. OF. rachater^ rocketer to reassemble, rally
(Godef.).] intr. To blow a recheat. Also with in,
13. . Caw. <$• Gr. Knt. 1911 Huntes hy^ed hem J>eder, with
hornez ful mony, Ay rechatande ary5t til J>ay be renk sejen.
Ibid. 1446. c 1400 Master of Game (MS. Digby 182) xxxiii,
He shulde rechate . . and blowe after ^at a moote. Ibid.
xxxv, pci shull blowe a moot and rechate and relaye and
go forth her with awaye rechatynge amonge. 1526 SKELTOM
Magnyf, 2177 Yonder is a horson for me doth rechate:
Adewe, syrs, for I thynke leyst that I come to late. 1575
TURBERV. Veiierie xl. 114 If they finde that he hunteth
the chaffed Deare, they shall rechate in for the rest of the
houndes. 1602 vndPt. R f turn fr. Parnass. n. v. 850 Then
must you sound 3 notes, with 3 windes, and recheat . . vpon
the same with 3 windes. 1612 DRAYTON Poly-olb. xiii. 127
Redialing with his horn, which then the hunter chears.
Hence Rechea'ting vbl. sb.
c 1400 Master of Game (MS. Digby 182) xxxiii, pe moot
shulde neuer be blowe byfore be rechatynge.
f Reched. Obs,~~*- (Meaning unknown.)
? 01400 Morte Art/i. 5264 The rowelle whas rede golde
with ryalle stonys, Rayhde with reched and rubyes inewe.
Recheer C"tJi9'J), ». [RE- 5 a.]
1. trans. To cheer or encourage again.
1614 SYLVESTER Betkulia's Rescue iv. 392 Untill . . The
courteous General's words re-cheer her. a 1618 — Job IIL 63
Re-comfort them shalt Thou, And thus re-cheer them, a 1711
KEN Hymnarium Poet. Wks. 1721 II. 142 In short time the j
Light Recheers their Sight. 1773 J. Ross Fratricide in. 545 I
(MS.) Eternal clemency will hear thy suit, Absolve the error '
and thy soul recheer.
2. To salute again with a cheer or cheers.
1880 Standard 20 May 3 The vessels sail one by one out
of the Sound, cheered and re-cheered by women and children.
t Re-chelen, v. Obs.—1 [f. rechel-s REKELS :
cf. OE. recelsian.1 trans. To smoke with incense.
cxaoo Trin. Coll. Horn. 133 Zacharie bo be he gede in be
temple mid his rechel fat to rechelende pe alter.
Recheles, var. of REKELS, incense. Obs.
Recheles, -leshed(e, -lesliche, -lesnes(se,
obs. ff. RECKLESS a., RECKLESSHEAD, etc.
t Recheles-ship. Obs. In4-shepe,-schipe,
5 rechelaschepe. [f. ME. reckeles RECKLESS +
-SHIP.] Recklessness, carelessness.
1303 R. BRUNNE Handl. Synne 2559 Wyllyng, certys, y
dyd hyt noght, But for rechelesshepe of poght. 13.. Prick
of Love 355 in Min. Poems fr. Vernon MS. 277 Rechele-
schipe is the thridde [sin]— [>ou takest no kep what men be
bidde. c 1430 Freemasonry (1840) 191 Suche a mon, throve
rechelaschepe, My3th do the craft schert worschepe.
t Rechelest, -lust. Obs. rare, [OE. reccellest,
f. recceleas RECKLESS.] Carelessness, negligence.
c 888 K. ALFRED Boeth. xviii. § 3 Hi .. for recceleste for-
leton unwriten para monna Seawas, c 1200 Trin. Coll. Horn.
45 f>urh mannes gemeleste and burh mannes recheleste.
Ibid. 63 f>urh uniweald oSer recheluste.
Rechel-fat, var. of REKEL-FAT, censer. Obs.
Rechelis, var. REKELS, incense. Obs.
I! Recherche (r*ferf?), a. [F., pa. pple. of
rechercher^ f. re- RE- + chcrcker to seek, SEARCH.]
Carefully sought out; hence, extremely choice or
rare. (Common in igth c., esp. of meals, articles
of food or drink, and dress.)
240
I72Z RICHARDSON Statues Italy 121 This Excuse maybe [
thought too partial, and Rechercke. 1776 H. WALPOLE
Corr. (1857) VI. 310 Sly as Montesquieu without being so
reclierche. 1823 BYRON jfittin xiii. xxviii, At Henry's man-
sion, then,.. Was Juan a recherM, welcome guest. 1838
LONGF. in Life (1891) I. 298 A quiet recherM dinner at the
Albion. 1883 Century Mag. Aug. 608/1 A tasteful and
recherM stock of frames and feathers and ribbons.
Heches, obs. form of RICHES.
Rechew (ntf»-), v . [RE- j a._
1609 J. DAVIES Holy Rood G iij b, Nor could He (as some
Beasts rechew their meat..) Rechew this Bread. 1713
C'TESS WINCHELSEA Misc. Patait 292 When . . unmolested
Kine rechew the Cud. 1856 J. CUMMINO Script. Readings,
Dent. xiit. 228 The animal that rechews its food as the sheep.
RechHd.w. [RE- 5 a.] To become a child again.
1606 SYLVESTER Du Bartas 11. iv. n. Magnificence 526
When he (re-childing) sought With childish sport to still
KechieBS(e, -les(s)ly, -lesness, obs. ff. RECK-
LESS a., RECKLESSLY, -NESS.
Rechoose (rftjw-z), v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To
choose again.
1690 CHILD Disc. Trade (1694) 149 All the twelve to be
rechosen. 1795 W. TAYLOR in Mmilily Rei: XVI. 524 The
liberty of rechoosing the members of the.. assembly. 1885
North Star i July 3/2 The old-time ceremony of re-
choosing a representative.
Rechlisten (rfkri-s'n), v. [RE- 5 a.] trans.
To christen anew ; to rename.
1796 LAMB Let. to Coleridge 10 June, Now it is rechristened
from a Sonnet to an Effusion. s8za T. L. PEACOCK Maid
Marian 221 He was rechristened without a priest. 1861
J. G. SHEPPARD Fall Rome vi. 334 It was deemed advisable
to re-christen the district with the old imperial name.
Rechri'stianize, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To
christianize again or afresh.
1791 Gent/. Mag. LXII. I. 147 His assertion, that the
world wants to be re-christianized. 1851 C. WORDSWORTH
Oma. Serm. Ser. ll. 25 His more proper task of re-
christianizing the multitudes of his own Italy.
Recht, Sc. form of RIGHT a. and adv.
Reehy, variant of REECHT a.
t Reci'de, »• Obs. Also 7 reside, [ad. L. re-
cidlre, i. re- RE- +cadere to fall. Cf. INCLDE ?.-]
L intr. To fall back, relapse.
1628 FELTHAM Resolves n. xcvii. 284 All good things,.,
without perpetual! vigilancie,. .will reside \ed. 1677, recide],
and fall away. 1643 Plain English 21 People conceive the
Parliament recide from their principles and votes.
2. [For reside.} To subside, go down.
1634 T. JOHNSON Parey's Chirjtrg. vin. xiii. (1678) 205 The
tumor . . will recide without noise, either by the pressure of
your fingers, or [etc.].
Recide, Recidence, obs. ff. RESIDE, etc.
t Recidivate, pa. pple. and v. Obs. rare.
Also 6 res-, [f. ppl. stem med.L. recidivare, f.
recidlvus RECIDIVE.] a. pa. pple. Fallen back.
b. v. intr. To fall back, relapse.
1528 in W. H. Turner Select. Rec. Oxford (1880) 59 Y«. .
Mayor .. being residivate into the saide interdiction. 1611
COTGR., Recidiver, to recidiuate, relapse, fall backe, or
againe. a 1626 Bp. ANDREWES Opvscula (1629) 79 (L.)
Thus then to recidivate, and to go against her own act and
promise [etc.]. 1677 COLES Eng.-Lat. Diet., To Recidivate,
recido, re labor.
t Recidivation. Obs. Also 5 resydyua-
cion, 5-6 -iuation, 6 -evatyon ; 6-7 resid-,
reeydiuation (-acion, etc.). [a. F. ricidivation
(i5thc.), or ad. med.L. recidTvdtian-em,n. of action
f. recidivare : see prec.]
1. Relapse into sin, error, crime, etc. ; back-
sliding, apostasy. (Very common in 1 7th c.)
£1430 LYDG. Assembly of Gods 1856 As for Resydiuacion
ys no more to sey But aftyr confession turnyng ayene to
syn. 1513 BRADSHAW St. Wcrturge n. 452 The laith of
holy churche dyd ever there endure Without recidiuacipn
and infection sure. 1609 BIBLE (Douay) Ecclus. xxxiv.
comm., Recidivation into sinne maketh the former repent-
ance frustrate. 1693 in Hickes & Nelson J. Kettlewell in.
Ixxii. (1718) 382, 1 promise a great Watchfulness .. against
all Temptations to any Degrees, or Instances,, .of Recidi-
vation till I am called to lay aside my Business here.
2. A relapse in a sickness or disease. (Common
in 1 6-1 7th c.)
1513 MORE Rich. Ill (1883) 34 There is as phisicians saye
. . double the perill in the recidiuacion that was in the first
sicknes. i$»5 St. Papers Hen. fill (1849) VI. 509 The
Frenche ^Kmg was. .sore syke agayne, fallon in to a newe
recidivation. 1610 DONNE Pseudo-martyr 138 As all re-
cidiuations and relapses, are worse then the disease. 1697
R. PEIHCE Bath Mem. I. v. 85 Drinking the Waters, to pre-
vent the Return of his Chollick (for he had had some
Threatnings of a Recidivation). 1706 in PHILLIPS.
3. The fact of falling again under an interdict.
1518 in W. H. Turner Select. Rec. Oxford (1880) 59 Uppon
payne of residivation into y« same interdiction.
Recidive (re-sidiv), a. and sb. rare. [ad. L.
recidiv-us, f. recidere : see RECIDE and -IVE. In
sense B. a. = F. recidive, med.L. rccidiva.]
fA. adj. Falling back, relapsing. Obs.
1537 CROMWELL Let. 6 June in Merriman Life <$• Lett.
(1002) II. 60 But seing their cankred recidive hert [etc.].
1659 MACALLO Can. Physick 75 The evil humours remaining
after a Crise, are wont to make one recidive or relapsing.
B. sb. f a. = RECIDIVATION 2. Obs.
1600 HOLLAND Livy xxiv. xxix. 529 It might soone after
by relapse fall backe, as it were, into a recidive, and a worse
disease and more daungerous than the other.
b. = RECIDIVIST.
RECIPE.
,, J. B. DALGAIRNS Dcvot. Heart of Jems (ed. 2) 32 The
feeble penance of such a recidive as Anne de Rohan.
t Recidive, f. Ofis.—' [ad. med.L. retidivdre
or F. recidiver (1517): see prec.] •= RECIDIVATE v.
1548 UDALL, etc. Erasm. Par. Mark x. 73 Ofte tymes
recidiuing, and falling into the same disease.
Recidivism (r/si'diviz'm). [f. as next +
-ISM.] The habit of relapsing into crime.
1886 Pall Mall G. 24 May 3/2 Recidivism is largely repre-
sented by the low foreheads, the scowling brows and cunning
eyes. 1895 tr. Ferris Crint. Social. 256 The great im-
portance of statistics of recidivism.
Recidivist (r/si'divist). [ad. mod. F. reci-
divisle, f. recidiver: see RECIDIVE v. and -IST.]
One who relapses ; esp. one who habitually relapses
into crime.
1880 COBBOLD in Land. Med. Record May 172 Of the 82
males, 61 were cases of relapse ; of the 28 women, 10 were
recidivists. 1882 Pall Mall G. 16 Dec. 3 The convicts, .are
to be transported to Madagascar and their places taken by
the recidivists of France. 1895 tr. Ferris Lrim. Social. 255
The hardened recidivists, who ought to be considered as
degenerate criminals, or criminals by profession.
fTg. 1896 Life A. y. Gordon 302 The human heart is, in
his opinion^ an incorrigible recidivist.
Recidi vity. rare. [f. as prec. + -ITT.] Tend-
ency to relapse {Syd. Soc. Lex. 1897).
Recidivons (r/srdivas), a. [f. L. recidiv-jis
+ -COS.] Liable to fall back or relapse.
1658 PHILLIPS^ Kecidivoiu, falling, or sliding back to the
same passe as it was before. [Hence in Bailey, Johnson,
and later Diets.] 1890 Times 24 Oct. 3/5 The establish-
ment of agricultural colonies for recidivous criminals.
t Reciduity. Obs. rare~l. [f. L. type *re-
cidu-us (cf. deciduus) + -ITY.] = RECIDIVATION 2.
1597 A. M. tr. Guillemcait's Fr. Chirurg. 19/1 Where-
throughe the whole curatione consisteth without reciduitye.
Reciet, Recieve, Reciffe, obs. ff. RECEIPT
si., RECEIVE.
t Recinct. Obs. rare~^. [f. as next, or ad. It.
recinto, ricinto : cf. precinct.} Compass, circum-
ference, encircling line.
1665 J. WEBB Stone-Heng(ii2$) ^ He calls Cronets those
that lie upon the Pylasters of the outward Circle, in relation
to the Form of a Crown, as making the Recinct thereof.
f Recinct, v. Obs. rare ~*. [f. L. recinct-,
ppl. stem of recingfre : see RE- 2 and CINCT.]
trans. To surround, enclose.
1597 A. M. tr. GuillciHcait' s Fr. Ckinirg. 31 b/i They
with wett cloutes-.recincted and defended them.
i Recrneration. Obs. rare-1. [RE- 5 a.]
A second reduction to ashes.
1657-83 EVELYN Hist. Relig. (1850) I. 199 Things visible
are made invisible, and visible again by the art of fermenta-
tion,, .cribration, and even recineration.
Recipe (re'sip<), v. imper. and sb. [L. recipe
take (2nd sing, imper. of recipere to RECEIVE),
used by physicians (abbreviated R, RJ) to head
prescriptions, and hence applied to these and
similar formulae. So F. ricipt (15* c.).]
t A. v. imper. = ' Take'. Obs.
c 1400 Lanfranc's Cirurg. 81 Recipe litargium as myche
as bou wolt. a 1500 Harl. MS. 5401 in Babfes fik. 53
Recipe brede gratyd, & eggis. 1543 TRAHERON Vigors
Ckirurg. 52 b/i Recipe of syrupe de pesantiis, of syrupe of
roses, a 1652 BLOOMFIELD Blossoms xiii. in Ashm. (1652) 308
Some . . unto thee shall say, Recipe this, and that, with
a thousand things more.
B. sb. 1. Med. A formula for a medical pre-
scription j a prescription, or the remedy prepared
in accordance with this.
1584 R. PARSONS Leicester's Cowmw. (1641) 23 Hee died
in the way of an extreame Flux, caused by an Italian
Recipe. 1622 MABBE tr. Aleman's Guzman (TAlf. I. 31
Hee would thrust his hand into his Satchell, . . and then
would bee take forth one of his recipe's. 1697 TUTCHIN
Search Honesty ix, They, with their Recipes, Corrupt our
Blood. 1742 BLAIR Grave 333 Where are thy recipes and
cordials now? i&oz WOLCOTT (P. Pindar) Tears 4- Smiles
Wks. 18:2 V. 50 To bring her back to health again Of
recipes a score. 1899 Allbutt's Syst. Med. VIII. 579 It
would be useless to try to enumerate all the . . drugs, and
recipes for their application, which have been tried.
transf. a 1679 T. GOODWIN Unregen. Alan's Guilt. XIIL
viii. Wks. 1865 X. 546 Those two known cordial recipes ..
commonly taken by most Christians in their distresses.
1865 CARLYLE Fredk. Gt. ix. x. (1872) III. 151 But Friedrich
Wilhelm steps in with a healing recipe : ' Let there be Four
Reich's-Feldmarschalls '.
attrio. 1674 R. GODFREY Inj. % At. Physic Pref., Many
of those Recipe-Medicines, .do more harm than good. 1781
T. RIPLEY Set. Orig. Lett. 113 Every author (before.. Dr.
Brachin) appears to me only recipe men, and smatterers in
farriery.
2. A statement of the ingredients and procedure
necessary for the making or compounding of some
preparation, esp. of a dish in cookery ; a receipt.
1743 H. WALPOLE Let. 12 Oct, Recipes for pastry ware.
1775 R. CHANDLER Trav. Asia Minor Ivii. 195 The epicure
will not lament that the entire recipe has not reached us.
1846 GREENER Sci. Gunnery 177 The best method of staining
barrels is by the following recipe ; . . i oz. Muriate Tincture
of Steel [etc.J. 1853 SOYER Pantroph. 289 Two thousand
years have elapsed since Cato wrote the recipe for his some-
what heavy tart.
3. transf. A means (actual or suggested) for
attaining or effecting some end.
a 1643 SUCKLING Let. Wks. (1646) 69 To marry is the
best Recipe for living honest. 1675 A rt Contentm. x. § 1 1
(1684) 234 When those are precluded, for all the rest St.
EECIPIANGLE.
Pauls recipe is a catholicon, * Be careful for nothing '.
1789 H. WALPOLE Let. 14 Aug., Easy as I call this recipe,
you, I believe, would find it . . difficult to execute. 1820
SCOTT Al'bot xxvi, We have the Plague proposing us a
visit, the best of all recipes for thinning a land. 1876
MOZLEY Univ. Scrm. i. 23 This Corporation has one recipe
against all difficulties — organisation.
Recipiangle (n"si-pioerjg'l). [a. F. rMpiangle,
f. stem of L. recipfre : see RECEIVE and ANGLE.]
An instrument formerly used (chiefly in France)
for measuring and laying off angles, esp. in fortifi-
cation. (See first quot.)
The description in Chambers is based on the article in
Trevoux Diet. Univ. (1721).
1727-41 CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v.,The recipiangle .. is usually-
very simple, in form of a square or rather a bevel ; cen-
sisting of two arms or branches rivetted together and yet
moveable like a sector on the centre or rivet. 1802 JAMES
Milit. Diet. 1875 KNIGHT Diet. Meek, igoo/r.
Recipience (rftrpiens). rare. [f. as next :
see -ENCE.] The act or process of receiving.
1882 in OGILVIE. 1891 Harper's Mag. Dec. 156/2 They
went and came in rapid processions of renunciation and
recipience.
Recipiency (r&rpiensi). [f. RECIPIENT : see
-ENCY.] Receptivity ; reception.
1822 LAMB Elia Ser. i. Dist. Corresp., The fine slimes
of Nilus . . whose maternal recipiency is as necessary as
the (sol pater.' 1850 R. I. WILBERFORCE Holy Baptism
52 Their powers of recipiency are yet imperfect. 1855
BROWNING Clean 246 We struggle, fain to enlarge Our
bounded physical recipiency.
Recipiendary (n'si-piendari). rare. [f. L.
recipiend-, gerundial stem of recifere to RECEIVE
+ -ARY 1, perh. after F. r(cipiendaire^\
1. One about to be received into a society.
1662 J. DAVIES tr. Olcarius' Voy. Antoa-ss. 43 Enjoyning
. . the Bishop of the Province . . to examine, not onefy the
Recipiendaries, but also the Pastors themselves. 1833 CAR-
LYLE Ct. Cagliostro Misc. (1872) V. 95 The apt Recipiendary
is rapidly promoted through the three grades of Apprentice,
Companion, Master.
2. ? A receptacle.
1834 BECKFORD Italy II. 76 The old Marialva's delights
are centered between his two silver recipiendaries.
Recipient (r/srpient), a. and sb. [ad. L.
recipient-em, pres. pple. of recip&re to RECEIVE :
cf. F. recipient (i6th c.).]
A. adj. That receives or is capable of receiving ;
receptive.
1610 HEALEY.S/. Aug.CitieofGod^ The ponderative
judgement of reason, consisting of two intellects, the Reci-
pient and the Agent. 1694 R. BURTHOGGE Reason ft Nat.
Spir. 130 There mention is made . . of the Abyss of Waters
wrought upon, as the first Recipient Subject. 1872 H.
SPENCER Princ. Psychol. (ed. 2) I. u. iv. 220 A difference in
feelings, according as the organization is or is not highly
recipient. 1893 SIR R. BALL Story of Sun 253 Waves which
produce the sensation of heat whenever they fall on properly
recipient nerves.
B. sb. 1. One who or that which receives, in
senses of the vb.
16x5 E. HOWES Strut's Ann. 939/2 Turning and winding
to come from the head to the great Recipient 1675 TRA-
HERNE Clir. Ethics 351 That they might be fit recipients for
the infinite bountytand goodness of God. ?ci73oW_ATERLANn
Rein. Clarke's Ex'p. Ck. Catech. iv,When the recipient is fitly
qualified, .there is a salutary life-giving virtue annexed to
the sacrament. 1794 G. ADAMS Nat. $ Exp. Philos. III.
xxv. 55 This invisible and formless being, the universal
recipient of all forms. 1877 FROUDE Short Stud. IV. i. xi.
(1883) 134 The recipient of the gift expressed his gratitude
by corresponding presents.
2. a. Chem. A receiver ; a (glass) vessel for
receiving or holding a liquid. ? 06s.
1558 WARDE tr. Alexis' Seer. \. I. (1580) 6 Powre the
water out of the Recipiente. 1610 B. JONSON Alch. \\. v,
Take away the recipient, And rectifie your menstrue, from
the phlegma. 1658 R. WHITE tr. Digby's Powd. Syrup.
(1660) 78 The mercury in the limbick will gather there, and
nothing will passe into the recipient. 1707 Curios, in
Hush, ff Card. 289 The Moisture . . filtrates it self to drop
into the little Recipients. 1794 G. ADAMS Nat. f, Exp.
Philos. III. xxxiv. 382 Whatever fluid is to be weighed, let
it be put into the glass recipient.
b. The receiver of an air-pump. 1 Obs.
1672 Phil. Traits. VII. 5029 He suspended them in the
Recipient of his Engin, and exhausted it of Air. 1709 F.
HAUKSBEE Phys.-Mech. Exper. (1719) 3 Upon the plate of
the [air] Pump is always laid a wet Leather, on which the
Recipients are placed. 1815 SIMOND Tour Gt. Brit. I. 378
A cup^ of pure water, under the recipient of the pneumatic
machine, became a mass of ice.
3. A re-entrant angle.
1811 PINKERTON Petral. II. 306 The remarkable articula.
tions. .strengthened by projecting angles and recipients.
Reci-piomo'tor, a. rare. [f. recipio- as comb,
form of L. recipZre + MOTOR.] Receiving, or con-
nected with the reception of, motor impulses.
i'^8, H- SpENCER Princ. Psychol. 1. 1. iii. § 18 (1872) 49 We
shall be . . helped by thinking of the afferent nerves as
rtapio-motor and the efferent nerves as dirigo-inotor.
Reci-procable, a. rare -'. [f. as next + ABLE.]
Capable of reciprocating.
1788 T. TAYLOR Proclus' Comm. I. Diss. 44 The superior
genera and differences . . among which no equal predicate
can be assigned reciprocable with man.
Reciprocal (rfti-prifkal), a. and sb. Also 6-7
-all. |7. L. reciproc-us RECIPROQUE + -AL.]
A. adj.
VOL. VIII.
241
f 1. Having, or of the nature of, an alternate back-
ward and forward motion. (Said esp. of tides.) Obs.
Used by Chapman Iliad xvur. 355 to render Or. ai/f6ppoos.
1601 HOLLAND Pliny II. 400 Amid the reciprocall tides of
the sea, ebbing and flowing in their alternatiue turnes. 1631
MILTON Epit. Hobson ii. 30 Obedient to the Moon he spent
his date In cours reciprocal. 1662 HOUBES Seven Prob.
Wks. 1845 VII. 26 The reciprocal and contrary motions of
the two pieces of wood. 1716 tr. Gregory's Elem, Astron,
vi. 843 The reciprocal Tide arising from the four moons [of
Jupiter].. is various and uncertain.
t b. Of actions : Alternate, alternating. Obs.
1667 HOOKE in Phil. Traits. II. 539 The Dog being kept
alive by the Reciprocal blowing up of his Lungs with
Bellowes, and they suffered to subside. 17518 BORLASE Nat.
Hist. Cornwall 283 The pigeon (whose reciprocal contrac-
tion and dilation in those parts is well known).
' fc. (See quot.) 06s.~°
1727-41 CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v., Reciprocal, In poetry, is
applied to verses which run the same both backwards and
forwards J called also recurrents.
2. Of the nature of, pertaining to, a return made
for something; given, felt, shown, etc., in return ;
correspondent.
1596 DRAYTON Legends iv. 523 And shew in how reci-
procall a sort My thankes did with his Courtesie agree.
1647 N. BACON Disc. Govt. Eng. i. Iviii. (1739) 107 After
that Royalty sprung up, the influence thereof upon them
exhaled.. a reciprocal interest back again. 1711 HARLEY
in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. n. IV. 266 This the_ Queen has
done without any reciprocal obligation or promise from her
Majesty to France. 1770 Junius1 Lett, xxxviii. 187 He had
a right to expect from them a reciprocal demonstration of
firmness. 1883 H. DRUMMOND Nat. Law in Spir. W.
Pref. (1884) 22 No science contributes to another without
receiving a reciprocal benefit.
b. Existing on both sides ; felt or shared by
both parties ; mutual. (Cf. 4 a.)
Reciprocal defence^ in Fortification, a form of flanking
defence (Voyle & Stevenson Milit. Diet. 1876).
1579 LYLY Euphnes (Arb.) 130 If the Mother nourysh the
chUde, and the childe sucke the Mother, that there be as it
were a relation and reciprocall order of affection. 1607
J. NORDEN Surv. Dial. i. 37, I know there is a kind of
reciprocall bond of duty each to the other, and may be
broken of either side. 1652 EARL MONM. tr. Bentivaglio' s
Hist. Relat. 66 Spain and . . Flanders . . may be said to joyn
in one common and reciprocall Government. 1751 JOHNSON
Rambler No. 166 F 7 Kindness is generally reciprocal. 1785
TRUSLER Mod. Times III. 106 We were as happy as matri-
mony, reciprocal affection, and good circumstances could
render us. 1804 WELLINGTON in Gurw. Desp. III. 157 This
treaty of general defensive alliance, for the reciprocal pro-
tection of their respective territories. 1879 FARRAR St. Paul
(1883) 636 A reciprocal recognition of honest convictions.
3. Inversely correspondent or related ; correla-
tive, complementary ; f opposed. Now chiefly
Math. (c£ 4d).
1570 BILLINCSLEY Euclid xi. xxxiv. 347 In equall Paral-
lelipipedons the bases are reciprokall to their altitudes.
1632 LITHGOW Trav. x. 488 With shrew'd Acerbious speech,
you Anathematize My will Reciprocall to yours. 1690
LOCKE Hum. Und. n. xxv. § 2 Relative Terms that have
others answering them with a reciprocal Intimation, as
Father and Son, . . Cause and Effect. 1852 MULCAHY Princ.
Mod. Geom, 39 This is the required reciprocal theorem.
1860 TYNDALL Glac. \. xv. 103, 1 first thought it [a chamois]
was a man. . . It evidently made the reciprocal mistake to
my own. 1861 FERRERS Triltnear Co-ordinates vi. 108
Hence, if the Conic, .be a parabola, the point (a, b, c) must
He in the reciprocal Conic.
b. Math. Based upon an inverse relationship.
Reciprocal equation^ proportion^ ratio (see quots.). Re*
ciprocal spiral^ a spiral in which the radius vector varies
inversely as the angle through which it is turned.
1823 MITCHELL Diet. Math, fy Phys. Set. 411 ^Reciprocal
equations are those which contain several pairs of roots,
which are the reciprocal of each other. 1656 tr, ff abbes'
Elem. Philos. (1839) 171 If there be three continual ^pro-
portionals, and again, three other continual proportions,
which have the same middle term, their extremes will be in
Reciprocal proportion. 1709 I. WARD Introd. Math. i. vii.
§ 2 If More require Less, or Less require More . . then the
Terms will be in Reciprocal Proportion. 1823 MITCHELL
Diet. Math. # Phys. Sci. 412 Reciprocal proportion is
when the reciprocals of the two last terms have the same
ratio as the quantities of the first terms. I bid. ^Reciprocal
ratio is the ratio of the reciprocals of two quantities. 1743
EMERSON Fluxions ii. 144 To draw a Tangent to the Reci-
procal spiral. 1886 CARR Synopsis Math. I. n. 725 The
Hyperbolic or Reciprocal Spiral.
4. Corresponding or answering to each other,
as being either similar or complementary.
a. of acts, feelings, duties, etc. (Cf. 2 b.)
1605 SHAKS. Lear iv, vi. 267 Let our reciprocall vowes be
remembred. 1632 LITHGOW Trav. ix. 405 Leauing our
reciprocall loues behind vs, wee diuided our bodies East
and West. 1741 RICHARDSON Pamela (1824) I. 2ro The
highest civilities .. and reciprocal good wishes all around.
1781 GIBBON Decl. $ F. xix. II. 134 After so many reciprocal
injuries, Gallus had reason to fear and to distrust. 1856
FROUDE Hist. Eng. (1858) II. vii. 138 Their relations were
already embittered by many reciprocal acts of hostility.
1872 YEATS GrowthComm. 160 Barcelona and Cadiz .. also
entered into like alliances for reciprocal privileges.
t b. of things or persons sent by one party to
another. Obs.
Warres in. 142 Reciprocall Emhassadors .. had already
accorded all differences with the Dolphin. 1716 M. DAVIES
Alktn. Brit. II. 30 Some of King Henry the 8th s and
Queen Anne Bolen's reciprocal letters were printed. 1783
l'r,-lim. Art. Peace w. .S>«;V; viii. 21 The necessary orders
RECIPKOCALITY.
shall be sent by each of the high Contracting panics, with
reciprocal passports for the Ships,
c. of things in themselves. Somewhat rare.
1661 BOVLK Style of Script. (1675) 75 The Books of Scrip-
ture illustrate and expound each other: Genesis and the
Apocalypse are in some things reciprocal commentaries.
1718 Freethinker No. 40 f 5 Allegiance and Protection are
reciprocal in all Countries. 1839-48 BAILEY Festus xxv.
312 The world and man are just reciprocal Yet contrary.
1884 tr. Lotze's Metaplt. 27 Each will continue to exercise
influences on others or to be affected by their influence.
These reciprocal agencies [etc.].
d. Math, in reciprocal curves^ fgrires^ polarst
quantities^ triangles, etc. (Cf quots.)
1570 BiLLiNGSLEY£«t//V/vi.def. ii. 153 b,Reciprocall figures
are those, when the termes of proportion are both ante-
cedentes and consequentes in either figure. 1797 Encycl,
Brit. (ed. 3) XVI. 29/1 Reciprocal, in mathematics, is
applied to quantities which multiplied together produce
unity. 1848 Solutions Cantb. Senate-Ho. Problems (1851)
119 This theorem may also be proved by the method of
Reciprocal Polars. 1852 MULCAHY Princ. Mod. Geom. 145
The theory of reciprocal curves on the sphere. 1857
CAYLEY in Q. Jrnl. Math. 7 On a Theorem relating to
Reciprocal Triangles.
T" 5 • Convertible, synonymous, equivalent in
meaning or force. Obs.
1621 BURTON Anat. Mel. To Rdr. (1676) 26 Aristotle, in
his Ethicks, holds . . to be wise and happy are reciprocal
termes. 1681 R. L'ESTRANGE Tully's Offices r3g Make
Profit and Honesty Reciprocal. 1733 SHAW tr. Bacon's
De Sapientia^ Sphinx (1803) 6r note, Knowledge and
power are reciprocal.
t b. Logic. «= CONVERTIBLE a. i b. Obs.
1697 tr. Burgersdicius his Logic i. xxxL 123 Terms are
said to be Reciprocal, when there may be a Conversion of
the Predicate into the Place of the Subject, and on the
contrary. 1725 WATTS Logic \\. ii. § 3 These are the Pro-
positions which are properly convertible, and they are called
reciprocal Propositions. 1727-41 CHAMBERS Cycl, s.v.
Theorem^ Reciprocal Theorem is one whose converse is true.
0. Gram. Of pronouns and verbs, or their signifi-
cation : a. Reflexive.
1611 FLORIO Rules (tal. Tongue In Diet. 631 It [si] makes
the Verbe to which it is affixed to be sometimes directly
Actiue .. and other times Passiue or Reciprocall, 1727
BOYER Diet. Royal 'II. s.v., A Pronoun or a Verb reciprocal.
1766 DEL PINO New Span. Grant. 27 The two first serve
for the Active, Neuter, and Reciprocal Verbs. Ibid* 171
Estarse^ reciprocal, signifies to stay long. 1797 Encycl.
Brit. (ed. 3) VI 1 1. 50/2 The word .r^/subjoined to a personal
pronoun forms also the reciprocal pronoun. 1837 G. PHILLIPS
Syriac Gram. 41 The Demonstrative pronouns .. become
reciprocal by being joined to the personal pronouns. Ibid.
114 The ordinary method of expressing a reciprocal or
reflexive sense. 1879 LEWIS & SHORT Lat. Diet. s.v. Red-
Preens^ A reciprocal pronoun, as sioi\ se.
b. Expressing mutual action or relationship.
[1727-41 CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v., The abbe* de Dangeau de-
fines reciprocal verbs to be those whose nominative is plural,
and denotes persons acting mutually on one another.]
1844 LATHAM in Proc. Philolog. Sec. I. 232 (heading) On
the Reciprocal Pronouns, and on the Reciprocal Power of
the Reflective Verb. Ibid.,, Too often the terms Reciprocal
and Reflective have been made synonymous. 1872 ^IoRRls
Eng. Accidence 150 One another, each other, are some-
times called reciprocal pronouns.
B. sb. fl. One who is sent back. Obs. rare"1.
1616 CHAPMAN Homer's Hymn Apollo 734 No more Yee
must be made, your own Reciprocalls To your lou'd Cittie.
2. A thing corresponding in some way to another;
a return, equivalent, counterpart, etc.
1570 in Digges Compl. Ambass. (1655) 12 Offering to de-
liver unto her the reciprocal of our part under our Great
Seal. 1622 BACON Hen. VII (1876) 205 After he had
received the King of Castile into the fraternity of the
Garter, and for a reciprocal had his son the prince admitted
to the order of the Golden Fleece. 1626 — - Sylva § 329
Corruption is a Reciprocall to Generation. 1730 CHESTERF.
Lett. (1792) III. 42 Pleasure is a necessary reciprocal ; no
one feels who does not at the same time give it. 1852
MULCAHY Princ. Mod. Geom. 37 By means of the theory
of polars, every Proposition . .leads immediately to another,
called its reciprocal. 1885 J. MARTINEAU Types Etk. Th.
(1886) II. i, i. 31 The two cognitions are, therefore, inde-
pendent reciprocals.
f 3. Gram. A reflexive verb. Obs.
a HAMMOND On Ps. Ixxvi. 5 The reciprocal from 7TD
itus est. 1766 DEL PINO New Span. Gram. 177 Verbs
re, and the greatest part of the Reciprocals, require the
Ablative.
4. Math. a. A function or expression so related
to another that their product is unity ; the inverse.
1782 HUTTON in Phil. Trans. LXXIV. 33 The reciprocal of
the cosine will be the secant. 1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) X VI .
29/1 Likewise - is said to be the reciprocal of .r, which is
again the reciprocal of ^. 1831 BREWSTER Optics xvii. 151
The radius O a of the ellipse will be what is called the
reciprocal of the index of refraction at a. 1882 MINCHIN
Untpl Kinemat. 185 Their combined resistance is found
from the fact that its reciprocal is equal to the sum of the
reciprocals of their separate resistances.
b. Polar reciprocal ': (sec quot. 1885).
1852 MULCAHY Princ. Mod. Geom. 38 The two figures
are, therefore, properly called polar reciprocals. 1885
LEUDESDORF Cremona's Proj. Geom. 240 Two curves . .
such that each is the locus of the poles of the tangents of
the other, and at the same time also the envelope of the
polars of the points of the other, are said to be polar reci-
procals one of the other with respect to the auxiliary
conic.
Heciprocality (r/sipr#kre'l!ti). [f. prec,
-ITY. Cf. RECIPROC
. RECIPROCALTY.]
RECIPROCITY.
31
BECIPROCALIZE.
242
RECIPROCATION.
1736 BAILEY (folio) App. to Pref., Reciprocality , recipro-
calness. 1748 RICHARDSON Clarissa (1811) III. xxxi. 188
An acknowledged reciprocality in love sanctifies every little
freedom. 1786 Hist. Eur. in Ann. Reg. 172/1 Similar con-
cessions were made by France, .. reciprocality .. being the
ground- work of all these arrangements. 18*7 SCOTT Napo-
leon xxxvi. Wks. 1870 XII. 275 The reciprocal ities of love
and duty. 1873 tr. Swede nbo rg' s TrueChr, Rel. 591 There
cannot possibly be conjunction without reciprocality.
Reei'procalize, v. rare"1, [f. as prec. +
-IZE.] trans. To make reciprocal.
1802-12 BENTHAM Ration. Judic. Ei>id. in. xv. (1827) II.
401 Which consists of the effect of the equity bill recipro-
calized, and in that way doubled.
Reciprocally (rrsi-prJkali), adv. [-LY 2.]
•f* 1. Backwards and forwards. Obs. rare~~l.
1631 LITHGOW Trai>. ix. 395 Euen as the Turkes.. are
tossed... hanging betweene two high trees, reciprocally
wauing in the ayre.
fb. Alternately. Obs. rare*-*.
i6ai BURTON Anat. Mel. i. L n. viii. 39 The Lungs, which
dilating themselues as a paire of beltowes reciprocally fetch
it [the air] in and send it out.
2. In turn, in return.
1601 HOLLAND Pliny xxxvn. v. 611 As they ever send out
their owns raies by little and little, so they entertaine
reciprocally the visuall beames of our eyes. 1654 BRAMHAI.I.
Just. Vind. v. (1661) 92 Churches from whence .. their
neighbours did fetch sound doctrine, and reciprocally paid
to them due respect. 1756 Monitor No. 35 I. 327 As the
mind affects the body, trie body reciprocally affects the
mind. 1864 BURTON Scot. Abr. II. \\. 150 Gustavus . . con-
fided. .in the valour . . of the Scottish nation and they reci-
procally in the gallantry, .ofhim.
3. Mutually.
1577 tr. Bullinger's Decades (1592) 579 The Apostle . . vseth
this worde aAA^Aov? which signifieth mutually, one another,
..and as it were reciprocallie. 1642 PK. CHARLES in Ellis
Orig. Lett. Ser. n. IV. z natt. Although a while dissevered
we may reciprocally understand of each other's welfare.
1692 BENTLEY Boyle Lect. vii. (1724) 278 The sun, moon, and
all the planets do reciprocally gravitate one toward another.
1759 SARAH FIELDING C'tess of Dellivyn I. 142 A lively
..Capacity rendered them reciprocally agreeable to each
other. i8» SCOTT Pirate xxix, The two sisters ..sat
with their arms reciprocally passed over each other's
shoulder. 1876 BANCROFT Hist. U. S. III. iii. 7 The
existence of our kind is continuous, and its ages are re-
ciprocally dependent.
4. Math. Inversely.
15^0 BILLINGSLEY Euclid vi. Addit. prop. iv. 182 The
sections of the one to the sections of the other shall be
reciprokally proportional I. 1656 tr. Hobbes' Elem. Pkihs.
(1839) 163 From hence the cause is evident why two equal
products have their efficients reciprocally proportional.
1696 WHISTON T/t. Earth iv. (1722) 363 The Heat of the
Sun is. .reciprocally as the Squares of the Earth's distance
from him. 1743 EMERSON Fluxions 113 The Square of the
Velocity is reciprocally as the Weight of the Body. 1813
MITCHELL Diet. Math. $ Phys. Set. 412 In botdies of the
same weight, the density is reciprocally as the magnitude ;
viz. the greater the magnitude the less is the density. 1853
SIR H. DOUGLAS Mflit. Bridges -^ZQ Agreeably to >a principle
in hydrodynamics, the velocity of the current in different
sections is reciprocally as those sections.
5. Conversely.
a 1628 PRESTON Nnv Coi<t. (1629) tii. 561 You must vnder-
standit reciprocally, the battel is not alwayes to the strong, |
therefore it is sometimes to the weake. 1641 WILKINS j
Math. Magick i. iv. (1648) 21 As the weight is to an !
equivalent power, so is the distance betwixt the weight and i
the center, unto the distance betwixt the center and the !
power, and so reciprocally. ^IJDESAGULIERS Fires Impr. •,
118 What opens the passage for hot Air to go into the i
Room, may shut out the cold Air, and so reciprocally. }
1744 HARRIS Three Treat. Wks. (1841) 15 If it be true that ;
all art implies such principle, is it reciprocally true that !
every such principle should imply art? 1881 A^a/wr^XXIV.
419/1 Substances capable of exerting great force by their \
combination are those which can undergo a great diminution !
of the velocity of their internal motions, and reciprocally,
f b. Convertibly, by way of equivalence. Obs.
1658 BRAMHALL Consecr. Bps. xjL 223 There is nothing
either in our forme or theirs which doth distinctly ana
reciprocally expresse Episcopal! power and Authority.
f Reci-procalness. Obs. rare. [f. as prec. +
-NESS.] Reciprocity.
1667 Decay Chr. Piety xiv. F 3 The reclprocalness of the
injury ought to allay the displeasure at it. 1731 BAILEY
vol. II, Reciprocalnessi interchangeableness.
So \ Reciprocally. Obs. rare"1.
1621 BURTON Anat. Mel. i. L i. v, He knowes not the
condition of it, where with a reciprocal Itye, pleasure and
pain are still vnited. •
He ci' pro cant. Math. [ad. L. reciprocant-em^
pres. pple. of reciprocdre to RECIPBOCATE.] A
differential invariant.
1885 SYLVESTER in Amer. Jrnl. Math. VIII. 199 We are
. . led . . by prosecuting this inquiry to lay the foundations of
the theory of Reciprocation orReciprocants.
Hence Reci'procantive £., pertaining to a reci-
procant (Cent. Diet. 1891).
Reci'procate, a. rare. [ad. L. reciprocat-us^ \
pa. pple. of reciprocdre : see next.]
t 1. Complementary ; closely connected. Obs.
1619 SIR J. SEMPIL Sacrilege Handled 28 They are of
Nature, Reciprocate ; that is, the one cannot be without the |
other. 1653 Consid. Dissolv. Crf. Chancery 30 Principles.. I
so wterwoven and radicated in the very Being of Parlia- !
ments, so inseparable from it, and so reciprocate to it.
2. =*= RECIPROCAL a, 2 b.
1833 Fraser'sMag. VIII. 343 The congenial and recipro-
cate stupidity and ignorance of the majority of actors and
the majority in audiences.
\
Reciprocate (rfsi-pr^kv't), v. [f. L. rccipro-
cat-, ppl. stem of reciprocdre^ f. reciproc-us RE-
CIPROQUE.]
1. intr. fa. To go back, return ; to have a back-
ward direction. Obs.
1623 COCKERAM, Reciprocate^ to returne from whence one
came. 1639 JACKSON Creed \i. n. xi. §4 Our thankfulness
would reciprocate upon the fountain from which they flow.
1 66 1 LOVEU. Hist, Anim. $• Min. Introd., The gula, to
which the intestine is joyned, which is single, and recipro-
cating towards the head.
b. To move backwards and forwards (now only
Mech.} • f to go up and down, to vary (0fo.).
1678 CUDWORTH Intell. Syst. i. iv. $ 13. 221 Whereby
things reciprocate forwards and backwards, as when a Bow
is successively Intended and Remitted. 1730 Phil. Trans.
XXXVI. 254 Always in a Morning it reciprocated between
80 Deg. and 100 Deg. 1843 HOLTZAPFFEL Turning II.
740 The saw blade is strained in a rectangular frame,
which both reciprocates and descends in a vertical plane.
c. trans. To alternate the direction of; to cause
to move backwards and forwards.
1653 HARVEY Anat. Exerc. (1673) 46 [The blood] like Euri-
;us reciprocating its motion again and again, hither and
ither. a 1677 BARROW Serm. xxix. Wks. 1700!. 359 Vainly
reciprocating the saw of endless contention. 1875 KNIGHT
Diet. Meek. 1900/2 The propeller is reciprocated by a
horizontal engine.
2. trans, a. To give and receive in return or
mutually; to interchange; fto have in common.
1611 COTGR., Reciproquer, to reciprocate, interchange,
returneonefor another. 1645 EVELYN ^tafy? FCD- (Baiae),
The waters reciprocating their tides with the neighbouring
sea. 1654 H. L'EsTRANGE Cfias. I (1655) 6 Affectionate
adieus, reciprocated and interchanged between the King
and herself. 1710 J. T. PHILIPPS tr. Thirty-four Confer. 34
We are not come here to reciprocate Questions and Answers
out of this or that System of borrow'd Principles. 1837
J. PHILLIPS Geology 24 The sources of variation which are
daily in action may not exactly reciprocate their influence.
1866 HOWELLS / 'enet. Life iii. 34 At night men crowd the
close little caffSs-) where they reciprocate smoke, respiration,
and animal heat.
b. To return, requite; to do, feel, etc., in or
by way of return.
18*0 W. IRVING Sketch Bk. I. 68, I verily believe he re-
ciprocated the sentiment with all his heart 1855 PRESCOTT
Philip II, I. i. ii. 21 He took some pains to reciprocate
the civilities he had received by entertaining his hosts in
return.
3. intr. To make a return or interchange with
(another or others). Now rare or Obs.
1626 R. HARRIS HezekiaKs Recov. 4 In manners wee must
reciprocate with men, much more with God. a 1662 HEY-
I.IN Land i. (1671) 52 She so far reciprocated with him in
the like affection, .that some assurances past between them
of a future Marriage. 1781 COWPER Charity 119 "Tis thus
reciprocating each with each Alternately the nations learn
and teach.
b. spec. To make a return or exchange of good
wishes.
1779 JOHNSON in Boswell 12 Oct., Then when the two
glasses of water were brought,, .he said, ' Madam, let us re-
ciprocate '. 1874 LISLE CARR Jud. Giuynne I. viii. 258 Oh 1
yes, thanks; quite right again. And I reciprocate by
hoping that you have got over that horrible fire.
4. a. trans. To make correspondent or con-
vertible with ; to convert. ? Obs.
1620 T. GRANGER Div. Logike 47 End is adequate which
is euened or reciprocated with the whole thing. 1640 I.
STOUGHTON Def. $ Distrib. Divinity i. 38 It is more aptly
resembled to a Rule or Canon, as it respects faith and
things to be beleeved, with which it is every way recipro-
cated. 1788 REID Aristotle's Logic v. § 2. in If the
attribute cannot be reciprocated, it must be something
contained in the definition or not.
b. intr. To be correspondent or in agreement
(with something) ; to be equivalent or convertible.
1683 O. U. Parish Churches No Conventicles 7 Logicians
will tell [him], .that every Definition must reciprocate with
the Thing defin'd. 1746 SARAH FIELDING Fashion in
David Simple (1747) II. 290 Truth and Falshood can never
reciprocate, but are immutably distinct thro' all Eternity.
1768 T. TAYLOR Proclns" Comm. I. Diss. 44 Risibility.,
mutually reciprocates with its subject ; since every man
is risible, and whatever is risible is man. a 1806 BP. HORSLEY
Serm. (1812) I. ix. 175 This atonement was the end of the
incarnation : And the two articles reciprocate.
5. Math. a. trans. To find the reciprocal to
(a curve).
respect to another, the reciprocal curve will be an ellipse,
parabola, or hyperbola, according as [etc.).
b. intr. To pass into by reciprocation.
1861 FERRERS Trilinear Co-ordinates vi. 103 The asymp-
totes . . reciprocate into the points of contact of the tangents
drawn to the reciprocal curve from the centre of the
auxiliary conic. 1885 SYLVESTER Theory ofReciprocatits iii.
Hence Beci-procated///. a.
1782 COWPER Friendship 48 'Tis a union that bespeaks
Reciprocated duties. 1858 W. ARNOT Lau'sfr. Heaven for
Life on Earth Ser. 11. xiv. 123 The heart of the man Christ
Jesus yearns for the reciprocated love of saved men.
t Reci'procately, adv. Obs. rare-\ [f. RE-
CIPROCATE a. + -LY 27) Convertibly.
1666 G. HARVEY Morb. Angl. xxvi. (1672) 71 Whether
there be any other sort of true, perfect, exquisite, or proper
(for those terms are reciprocately used by Authors) Con-
sumptions, besides a Pulmonique Consumption ?
Recrprocating,///. a. [f. RECIPROCATE v.]
fl. Back-flowing. Obs. rare-1.
163^ LITHGOW Trav. in. 99 Those that got to land, were
pulled backe by the reciprocating waues.
2. Moving back wards and for wards; characterized
by alternation in movement or action.
1697 DRVDEN Virg. Georg. iv. 249 One brawny Smith the
puffing Bellows plyes ; And draws, and blows reciprocating
Air. 1759 B. MARTiNWa/. Hist. Eng. I. 26 From Waters
gathered in the subterraneous Basons in this Hill, proceeds
this wonderful reciprocating Fountain. « 17668. CHANDLER
Life David 1 1. ii. 9 warg-.t The reciprocating motion of the
buckets of a well, one descending as the other rises, and
vice versa. 1830 KATER & LARDNER Mech. xviii. 247 Re-
ciprocating circular motion is seen in the pendulum of a
clock. 1892 Pall Mall G. 2 Mar. 3/2 This tool is provided
with a reciprocating plunger, located and moving within ..
two coils of insulated copper wire.
b. Mech. Of machines, etc. : Having a recipro-
cating part or parts.
1825 J. NICHOLSON Oftrat. Mechanic 441 Reciprocating
saw-mills, for cutting timber,.. do not exhibit much variety
in their construction. 1843 HOLTZAPFFEL Turning II.
739 Rectilinear, or reciprocating, saw machines. 1873 J.
RICHARDS I Vood~ivorking Factories 1^3 For the lighter class
of work, .the reciprocating machine is best.
3. That reciprocate(s), in other senses of the vb.
i8»7 R. CRAIG in Mem. (1862) 93 A false religion cannot
exist without its [Despotism's] reciprocating support. 1858
W. ARNOT Lawsfr. Heaven for Life on Earth Ser. n. xxiTi.
193 Sellers and buyers alike would be ashamed . . to begin, in
this form, the reciprocating series of deceit, 1864 BOWEN
Logic iv. 93 Reciprocating, Convertible or Coextensive Con-
cepts are those which have precisely the same Extension.
Reciprocation (rfsiprtfk^-Jan). [ad. L. re-
eiprocation-eni) n. of action f. reciprocdre, to
RECIPROCATE. Cf. F. reciprocation (i6th c.).]
1 1. a. Reflexive action ; a reflexive mode of
expression. Obs. (Cf. RECIPROCAL a. 6.)
1530 PALSCR. Introd. 35 They double the pronowne, and in
the thyrde parsones use reciprocation, as Je me maruaille^
..il se marnaille. 1651 GOUGE God's Arrou-s in. § 42. 256
The Hebrew word., intimated both a reciprocation, and also
a continuance of the action.
fb. Backward motion. Obs.~°
1613 COCKERAM, Reciprocation, a going backe,
2. Motion backwards and forwards. Now only
Mech. (Common in I7th c., esp. of the tides.)
1646 SIR T. BROWNE Pseud. Ep. 363 Aristotle drowned
himself in Euripus as despairing to resolve the cause of its
reciprocation, or ebbe and flow seven times a day. 1685
BOYLE Enq. Notion Nat. ^06 The Box will, after some Re-
ciprocations, return to its Horizontal Situation. 1843
HOLTZAPFFEL Turning \\. 919 The machine .. makes two
reciprocations for every revolution of the shaft. 1847 T.
MILNER Gallery of Nature (1855) 268 The reciprocations of
the spring are easily observed by this contrivance.
b. Alternate action or operation, rare.
1656 tr. Hobbes1 Elem. Philos. (1839) 459 Such motion is
the reciprocation of pressure, sometimes one way, sometimes
the other. iSoa PALEY Nat. Theol. xi. § 2 (1819) 170 Dis-
tending and contracting their many thousand vesicles, by a
reciprocation which cannot cease for a minute. 1844 H. STE-
PHENS Bk.Farm\\. 306 A few repetitions of such reciproca-
tion would so fill the condenser as to render it ineffective.
fc. Alternation; alternate change or succession ;
vicissitude. Obs.
1610 HEALEV St. Aug. Citie of God 909 How delightfull is
the dayes reciprocation with night ! 1659 H. MORE Immort.
Soul L xi. (1713) 41 That we may not think this Reciproca-
tion into Motion and Rest belongs onely to Terrestrial
particles, a 1766 S. CHANDLER Life David II. ii. 9 marg.,
The verb is here applied . . to point out the various reciproca-
tions and changes of David's fortunes. 1794 in Polwhele
Trad. <$• Recoil. (1826) II. 397 A man who has been an
author so long as you have must have experienced a re-
ciprocation of praises and censures.
t d. Alternate singing or chanting. Obs.~*
1641 R. B. K. ParaU. Liturgy w. Mass-Bk. ii The
answering of the people was the invention of the Italians,
as the Reciprocations and Antiphonies was the invention of
the Greeks.
3- The action of making a return, or doing some-
thing in return ; esp. a mutual return or exchange
of acts, feelings, etc,
1561 T. NORTON Calmn^s Inst. in. 202 Hys worde is in
greke altelous, mutually, enterchangeably, by turnes, or (if
they so like best to terme it) by way of reciprocation one to
an other. 1605 TIMME Quersit. i. iv. 14 These simple ele-
ments..do render to the elements and beginnings mutual
reciprocation of love. 1608 NORRIS Pract, Disc. (1707) IV.
56 The Union between Soul and Body.. is only a mutual
Reciprocation of Action and Passion between Soul and
Body. 1788 MME. D'ARBLAV Diary 29 Sept, The birthdays
..are made extremely interesting.. by the reciprocation of
presents and congratulations. 1841 DICKENS Lett. (1880) I.
41 With a sincere reciprocation of all your kindly feeling.
1853 KANE Grinnell Exp. iy. (1856) 33 We showed our
colors, but the little craft declined a reciprocation.
4. The state of being in a reciprocal or harmo-
nious relation ; correspondence.
1605 L. HUTTEN Avnswere 64 These . . differ only as re-
latiues, whose difference is, their naturall reciprocation.
1677 PLOT Oxfordsh. 288 Our common principle of the Re-
ciprocation of strength and time. 1803 BEDDOES Hygeia ix.
73 The nice reciprocation in the contractions and dilatations
in the several sets, concerned in every kind of motion.
t b. Logic. The conversion of terms or proposi-
tions, or the relation involved by this. Obs.
1588 FRAUNCE Laiviers Log. i. xiii. 56 b, In distribution
and definition there is a most necessary reciprocation or
j conversion. 1613 BP. ANDREWES Serm. (1841) IV. 291 That
J reciprocation I touched before ; that seeing they reign by
j Him, He may reign by them. 1677 GALE Crt. Gentiles
BECIPROCATIVE.
II. iv. 249 Platos plain naked mind is that the First being
and One admit of reciprocation, i.e. God the First Being is
the prime Unitie.
t c. Equivalence ; meaning. 06s. — *
« 1661 FULLER Worthiest (1662)79 A Corrollary about the
Reciprocation of Alumnus : The word Alumnus is effectually
directive of us . . to the Nativities of Eminent persons.
d. Math. The process of converting a pro-
position, quantity, or curve, to its reciprocal.
1853 MULCAHY Princ. Mod. Gt-om. 37 The process by
whicii one Proposition is thus deduced from another, is
called reciprocation. 1883 [see RECIPKOCANT].
Recrprocative, a. rare. [f. RECIPROCATE z/.]
Characterized by, inclined to, reciprocation.
1888 Pop. Sci. Monthly (U.S.) XXXIV. m Our four-
handed cousins apparently credit their biped kinsmen with
reciprocative tendencies.
Reciprocator (rftrprdktf'taA [Agent-n. on
L. types, f. RECIPROCATE v.~\ One who, or that
which, reciprocates.
1850 TaifsMag. XVII. 167/2 The recipient and reclpro-
cator of her deepest feelings. 1874 SYLVESTER in Proc. R,
Instit. VII. 184 The numbers denoting the two were always
inverse or reciprocal to each other. .. Hence a Peaucellier's
cell may be conveniently termed a Reciprocator or Inverter.
Reciprocatory (iM-mfkJteii), a. [f. as RE-
CIPROCATE v. + -ORV. j = RECIPROCATING ///. a. i.
1857 SMILES Life Stfpttenson viii. 64 The reciprocatory
action being turned into a rotatory one by toothed wheels
and a sun and planet motion. 1882 DREDGE Elect. Ilhitni-
natioti I. 388 A rotatory movement could be combined with
the reciprocatory one.
Re ciprocita'rian. [f. next, after Trinita-
rian etc!] One who advocates reciprocity in trade.
1881 Times 16 July 13/2 The new reciprocitarians or
advocates of free trade. 1891 Pull Malt G. 5 Feb. 1/2 The
dictionary has been ransacked . . for epithets to fling at the
reciprocitarians.
Reciprocity (resiprp-siti). [ad. F. reciprocity
(1729), or L. type *reciprocitat-em, f. reciproc-us
RECIPROQUE.]
1. The state or condition of being reciprocal ;
a state or relationship in which there is mutual
action, influence, giving and taking, correspondence,
etc., between two parties or things.
1766 BLACKSTONE Camm. II. 445 Any degree of reci-
procity will prevent the pact from being nude. 1791 PAINE
Rights of man (ed. 4) 121 A Declaration of Rights is, by
reciprocity, a Declaration of Duties also. 1835 I. TAYLOR
Spir. Despot, n. 75 People and priest ought to be connected
by some sort of effective reciprocity. 1867 FREEMAN Norm.
Conq. (1876) I. App. 623 Reciprocity of a certain kind was
the essence of the feudal relation.
b. A reprisal, rare ~'.
1865 CARLVLE Fredk. Ct. xx. vi. (1872) IX. 114 Touched
by these horrors of war, and by the reciprocities evidently
liable to follow.
2. spec. a. Mutual or correspondent concession
of advantages or privileges, as forming a basis for
the commercial relations between two countries.
1783 Prelim. Art. Peace w. U.S. (1783) 25 It is agreed to
form the Articles of the proposed Treaty on such principles
of liberal equity and reciprocity, as that . . a beneficial and
satisfactory intercourse between the two countries may be
established 1783 Prelim. A rt. Peace ?y. France xviiL 10 To
agree upon new arrangements of trade, on the footing of re-
ciprocity and mutual convenience. 1868 G. DUFF Pol.
Suru. 24 The Danish Government passed two new . . laws
granting freedom from remeasurement in Danish ports to
all foreigners according reciprocity. 1880 A. J. WILSON
(.title) Reciprocity, Bimetallism and Land Tenure Reform.
attrio. 1876 Eticycl. Brit. IV. 766/2 The Reciprocity
Treaty was negotiated by the late Earl of Elgin. 1887
MORLEY in Daily News 16 May 2/5 Protectionists and
Reciprocity men. 1893 IHd. 13 Mar. 2/6 A report to the
British Foreign Office, dated Washington, February 2, on
the reciprocity clause, is now published.
b. In the Kantian philosophy : Mutual action
and reaction.
1883 A. BARRATT Pkys. Metemfiric 232 We can think of
Things-in-themselves . . only under the categories of sub-
stance, causality and reciprocity.
B,eciprocK(e, variant of RECIPROQUE.
Reciproco-rnous, a. rare—", [ad. L. red-
procicornis (Laberius), f. recifroc-us RECIPROQUE
a. + cornu horn.] ' Having horns that turn back-
wards and forwards like those of a ram' (Ash
1775 ; hence in recent Diets.).
tReci'procous, a. 06s. rare. [f. L. reci-
froc-us RECIPROQUE + -ous.] = RECIPROCAL a.
1567 K'g- I'rivy Council Scot. I. 536 The band and con-
tract to be mutual! and reciprocous. 1721 STRYPE Eccl.
Mem. I. i. v. 67 Letters of Instruction and Commission,
authorizing the French Ambassador to conclude on Obliga-
tion reciprocous.
Hence f Beci-procously adv. 0/>s. — '
1683 E. HOOKER Pref. Pordage's Mystic Div. 94 Reel-
procously_ ratified by these Testimonies.
t Reci-proey, obs. var. RECIPROCITY.
1803 Censor i Sept. 92 If so, there is a reciprocy of affec-
tion, and he need not use any words or ink.
t Reciproque, a. and s6. Obs. Also reci-
prock(e, -procq(ue, -prok(e, recyproque. [a.
F. recifroijiie (14-15111 c.), or ad. L. recifroc-us,
app. f. re- back and pro forward.]
A. adj. = RECIPROCAL a. (Chiefly in senses 2 b
and 4 a ; common c 1570-1620.)
c 1531 Du WES Introd. Fr. in Palsgr. 1049 Suche love is
nat reciprocque or retoniing. 1594 T. BEDINGHKLD tr.
243
Machiavelli's Florentine Hist, (1595) To Rdr., Succession
.. planteth a certaine reciproke loue betweene the Prince
and the people. 1603 SIR R. CECIL in Ellis Orig. Lett.
Ser. u. III. 207 The King receaved it with reciprocq generall
kindness. 1619 SIR J. SEMPIL Sacrilege Handled^ Giuing
and Taking then, are on both sides, mutuall and reciprock.
B. sb. 1. A return or equivalent. = RECIPROCAL
s6. 2. Also with///£ : The natural return, the like.
1538 HEN. VIII Let. to Wyatt 17 May in Wyatfs Wks.
(1816) 492 We would be content upon convenient reciproque
that [etc.]. 1542 SIR W, FACET in Burnet Hist. Ref. (1865)
VI. 256 Ask reasonably for the dote, and make a reciproque
for the rest. 1552 Ibid. V. 115 The king is bound by the
treaty ; and If he will be helped by that treaty, he must do
the reciproque. 1612 BACON Ess.) Love (Arb,) 446 It is a
true rule that loue is euer rewarded either with the re-
ciproque or with an inward and secret contempt, a 1648
Lp. HERBERT Hen. VIII (1683) 442 That they should give
King Henry no Reciproke, as lying at that distance.
2. A reflexive pronoun, rare ~'.
1681 W. ROBERTSON Phraseol. Gen. (1693) 730 A Relative
is sometimes used for the Reciproque sui.
Hence ^ Reciproquely adv. Obs.
1558 Sc. Acts Mary (1814) 505/1 To be ratifeit and apprevit
and consentit vnto Receproquilie be his maiestie and my
lord daulphin his sone. 159* G. HARVEY Four Lett,, etc.
Sonn. xvi, Each one with Cordiall indulgence forbeare And
Bondes of Love reciproquely enseale.
Reci'rde, v. rare. [RE- 5 a.] To circle again.
1611 FLORIO, Recirculare, to recircle or compasse about
againe. a 1.711 KEN Hymns Evang. Poet. Wks. 1721 1. 173
His Blood re-circling made his Pulses beat.
Beci-rculation. [RE- 5 a; cf. prec.] A
renewed or fresh circulation.
z6xi FLORIO, Recirculatione, a recirculation. 1812 J. J.
HENRY Camp. agst. Quebec in Rubbing with my hands
..soon caused a recirculation of the blood. 1899 Star 5
July 3/4 Putting the old stamps into recirculation.
Recision (rfsi'^an). Now rare. [ad. L. reel-
sidn-em, n. of action f. recldere to cut back. In
early use also ad. F. recision, obs. var. rescision
RESCISSION.] a. The action of cutting back or
pruning, f b. The action of rescinding. Obs.
1611 COTGR., Recision, a recision, cancelling, or cutting
off. 1656 J. HARRINGTON Oceana (1658) in A solemn and
annual Feast call'd the Sisacthla, or Recision. 1664 EVELYN
Sylva (1776) 371 If they present us their blushing double
rather chose to grant a Recision of the Contracts. 1706 in
PHILLIPS (ed. Kersey ; and hence in Bailey, Johnson, and
later Diets.). 1881 SWINBURNE Misc. (1886) 256 The re-
arrangement and recision and reissue of a single verse.
Recission, -ory, erron. ff. RESCISSION, -OEY.
Recital (r/sai-tal). Forms : 6 recyghtall,
6-7 recitall, (6 resyt-, recyt-), 6- recital, [f.
RECITE v. + -AL 5.]
1. A rehearsal, account, or description of some
thing, fact, or incident ; also (esp. in early use),
an enumeration or detailed account of a number
of things, facts, etc. ; a relation of'the particulars
or details of something.
cisso J. MARDELEY (title} A short Resytali of certeine
holy Doctours [etc.]. 1586 W. WEBBE Eng. Poetrie (Arb.)
43 A laciuious disposed personne, whom the recitall of sins
..wyll not staie. 1631 BAXTER Inf. Bapt. 300 The Ante-
cedent is undeniable, as might be manifested by a recital of
the particular Texts. 1691 WOOD Atk, Oxon. I. no, I shall
not make a recital of it now. 1781 COWPER Conversat. 313
Some men . .give us in recitals of disease A doctor's trouble,
but without the fees. 1838 LYTTON Alice n. v, Caroline's
lively recital of their adventures was received with much
interest 1876 LOWELL Among my £ks. Ser. n. 322 At the
recital of a noble action., they would suffuse with tears.
b. A discourse, account, relation, narrative.
a 1565 J. HEYWOOD Wit fy Folly (Percy Soc.) 5 The sotts
pleaseure in this lastaquyghtall Cownterwayleth his payne,
in yowr fyrst recyghtall. 1577 tr. Bullinger's Decades
(1592) 841 Who is able to recite all .. the studies of the
Church, in a verie large discourse, much lesse in this short
recitall? 1692 DRYDEN St. Euremonfs Ess. 163 In their
Narrations they engage us to follow them by the insensible
bond of an agreeable and natural recital. 1732 LEDIARD
Sethos II. vin. 168 This recital struck our . . auditors with
astonishment. 1791 COWPER Iliad ix. 742 That dread recital
roused him. i86oTYNDALLG&zc.i. xxvii. 219, 1 cannot finish
this recital without saying one word about my men.
C. Without article : Narration, rare.
1771 MACKENZIE Man Feel, xl, Peter came one morning
into his master's room with a meaning face of recital. 1772
— Man World IL xi, Those short letters of recital, which
I was obliged to write to Sir Thomas.
d. An occasion of narrating or rehearsing.
1842 J. WILSON Chr. North II. 287 Some old tragic
event that gathered a deeper interest from every recital.
2. spec. The rehearsal or statement in a formal
or legal document of some fact or facts closely
connected with the matter or purpose of the docu-
ment itself ; the part containing mis statement.
1511 Act 4 Hen. VIIIy c. 13 Any recytall or other matter
in thys Acte. . notwithstandyng. 1614 SELDEN Titles Hon.
354 Neither do the Patents . . proue that by the Patent they
were made, but the recitall do of the Creation. 1687 Assur.
Abb. Lands 44 In this Hull are the fullest Recitals of the
Pope's dispensing Power, that 1 have yet met with. 1774
BUBKE Sp. Amer. Tax. Wks. 1842 I. 156 All you suffer is
the purging the statute-book of the opprobrium of an empty,
absurd, and false recital. 1810 HENTHAM Packing (1821)
168 The particular recital prefixed, by way of preamble, to
this very clause. 1891 Law 7V/Wi'XCII. 107/1 The titles
and recitals of both the [Acts] . . show them to be Real
I'n.ptji-ty AclS.
RECITATIONIST.
Comb. 1834 T. MARTIN (title} The Conveyancer's Recital-
book.
3. An (or the) act of t reading or) reciting.
1612 T. WILSON Chr. Diet. s.v. Read, Reading is nothing
else, but such a recitall and speaking forth the letters and
sillibles. 17*4 WATERLAND A than. Creed vi. Wks. 1823
IV. 231 From this time .. I presume, the Athanasian Creed
has been honoured with a public recital. 1863 Sat. Rev.
ii July 58 The recital of the poems revealed an entirely
new talent. 1875 JowKTT/YrtMed.2) IV. 121 [AJdialogue,
combining with the mere recital of the words spoken, the
observations of the reciter.
b. Music. A musical (now only instrumental)
performance given by one person ; a concert con-
sisting of selections from one composer. Opera
recital, a performance of the music and words of
an opera without appropriate costume or acting.
The use of the word in quots. 1840, to which its present
currency is due, is attributed to Mr. F. Beale. The term
is now applied to the whole performance, not to the rendering
of each separate piece.
1811 BUSBY Diet. Mus. (ed. $\ Recital, formerly the
general name for any performance with a single voice. But
at present only applied to recitative. 1840 John Bull
31 May i Liszt's Pianoforte Recitals. M. Liszt will give at
Two o'clock on Tuesday morning, June 9, Recitals on the
Pianoforte. Ibid. ^ June 3 On Wednesday evening .. M.
Liszt will also give a recital of one of his great fantasias.
1867 Musical Times i June 74/1 Mr. Walter Macfarren
gave the first of a series of three Pianoforte recitals.. on
the i8th ult.
4. A repetition ; a quotation, rare*1.
1790 PALEY Horas Paul. i. 4 If it thould be objected
that this was a mere recital from the Gospel [etc.].
Hence Reci'talist, one who gives musical recitals.
1889 Pall Mall G. 22 May 6/1 Our 'vocalists ' seem as
chary as our ' recitalisis ' are prodigal of their talents. 1897
Scotsman 31 Mar. 8/7 Mr. Benda..is not altogether un-
known as a recitalist in Edinburgh.
f Reel-tally, adv. Ol>s,~l [f. RECITE v. +
-AL + -LY 2.] By way of citation.
« 1641 Bf. MOUNTAGU Acts 4- Mon. (1642) 389 So much
Hierome, not reci tally delivering other mens opinions, but
positively putting down his own.
Recitant (re'sitant). [f. pres. ppl. stem of L.
recitare to RECITE.] One who recites or repeats.
1888 Cfi. Times XXVI. 472/3 In the private recitation of
Matins and Evensong, the recitant can omit the exhortation
and the absolution, but should say all else.
fRe-citate, v. 06s.—1 [f. pa. ppl. stem of L.
recitare.'] trans. To recite, deliver in recitative.
1774 tr. Helvetius' Child of Nature II. 187 They will soon
oblige the composers to substitute notes to words, and have
them recitated, or sung, by the performers of the opera.
Recitation (resit^jan). Also 5 recytacion.
[ad. L. recitation-em t n. of action f. recitare to
RECITE ; or a. F. recitation (14-1 5th c.).]
1. The action of rehearsing, detailing, t or enu-
merating; recital,
1484 CAXTON Fables of Poge v, The v fable is of the
recytacion of somme monstres. 1648 JENKYN Blind Guide
i. 15 Though indeed the recitation of such cheape and poore
stuffe, be a sufficient refutation of them among intelligent
Readers. 1685 BAXTKR Parafhr. N. T., Matt. i. 14, I re-
duce them to fourteen in the recitation, for memory-sake.
b. An instance of this; an account, narrative.
1641 MILTON C/t. Govt, 11. Wks. (1851) 148 Wise and artful!
recitations sweetned with eloquent and gracefull intice-
ments. 1654 HAMMOND Fund am. xv. § 7 The recitations
and descriptions of God's decreed wrath.
2. The action of reciting (f or reading aloud) ;
the repetition of something got by heart.
1623 COCKERAM, Recitation, a reading with a loude voice.
1659 PEARSON Creed (1839) 18 The recitation of the Creed
at the first initiation into the Church by baptism. 1828
WHATELY Rhet. in Encycl. Metrop. (1847) I. 302/1 Let all
studied recitation therefore . . be carefully avoided. 1841
BORROW Zincali II. ii. in. 60 From the recitation of this
individual we wrote down the . . Deluge. 1879 GROVE
Diet. Mus. I. 626 The note on which the recitation is made
in each Psalm or Canticle tone.
b. An instance of this ; an act of reciting.
1841 LANE^;*5. Nts. I. 15 Thus, on the first night of the
thousand and one, Shahrazad commenced her recitations.
1847 GROTE Greece ii. xxviii. (1862) III. 60 There were
recitations and lectures in a spacious council-room. 1858
RUSKIN Arrows of Chace (1880) II. 264, I heard your
daughter's recitations in London last Autumn.
3. U. S. The repetition of a prepared lesson or
exercise ; an examination on something previously
learned or explained.
1824 W. N. BLAUS Excursion 364 The ' recitations' men-
tioned, are examinations on the subject of the lecture of the
preceding day. a 1882 J. QUINCY Figures of Tost (1884) 4
He took up his Livy to prepare for the last recitation that
he could hope to attend.
4. attrio. , as (sense 3) recitation-bench* -room;
(sense 2) recitation-note.
1844 EMERSON New Eng. Reformers Wks. (Bohn) I. 261
Shut up in schools, and colleges, and recitation-rooms for
ten or fifteen years. 1850 HELMORE Man. Plain Song 6
This is set for G,. .as the recitation-note of the Priest. 1887
Lifpincotfs Mag. Aug. 203 A Freshman . . never tires of
inscribing his class numerals on recitation-benches.
Hence Recita tionalism, the characteristics of
the usual style of recitation ; Recita tionist, one
who gives recitations.
1885 E. C- STEDMAN in Century Mag. Feb. 512/1 The
youth, who has heard this last of the recitation ists deliver
one of his poems [etc.]. 1890 Pall Mall G. 18 Aug. 3/1
His delivery was admirable .. without a taint of rant or
recitationaliMn,
31-3
RECITATIVE.
Recitative (re'sitatz'-v), a.land.ri. Mus. [ad.
It. recitativo RECITATIVO; cf. F. rtcitatij 'sb.
Johnson (1755) gives the stressing as recitative, and
Webster (1828) as reci'tative (defending it in a note): see
also quots. 1655 in A. i and 1821 in B. i.]
A. adj. I. Of the nature of, in the style of,
recitative (see B).
1643 EVELYN Diary June (Venice), We went to the Opera
where Comedies and other plays are represented in recita-
tive Musiq. 1653 []. PHILLIPS] Satyr agst. Hypoc. (1674) 6
Then out he whines the rest like some sad ditty. In a most
doleful recitative style. 1711 ADDISON Spect. No. 29 p 2
The Transition from an Air to Recitative Musick being
more natural, than the passing from a Song to plain and
ordinary Speaking. 1892 E. REEVES Homeward Bound 40
The oratorio . . is a peculiar and difficult work of the dramatic
recitative order.
t 2. Employing a recitative style. Obs.~ l
1660 JER. TAYLOR Duct. Dubit, in. iv. rule 20 § ii Mu-
sicians . . are not so recitative, they do not sing and express
the words so plainly that they which hear do understand.
B. sb. 1. A style of musical declamation, inter-
mediate between singing and ordinary speech,
commonly employed in the dialogue and narrative
parts of operas and oratorios.
1656 BLOUNT Glossogr. s.v. Ofera, A Tragedy .. performed
by Voyces in that way, which the Italians term Recitative.
1685 EVELYN Diary 27 Jan., His singing was after the
Venetian recitative, as masterly as could be. 1706 in PHIL-
LIPS. 1780 HARRIS Philol. Enq. Wks. (1841) 428 The ancient
choruses between the acts were probably sung, and perhaps
the rest was delivered in a species of recitative. 1821
BYRON Juan iv. Ixxxyii, To hear him you'd believe An ass
was practising recitative. 1882 FARRAR Early Chr. II. 552
Maimonides carefully preserves, .the reason why the name
was pronounced in an almost inaudible recitative.
t b. The tone or rhythm peculiar to any lan-
guage. Obs.
1771 SMOLLETT Humph. Cl. 13 July, Because every lan-
guage had its peculiar recitative. 1791 BOSWELL Johnson
xxvi. an. 1772, I could name some gentlemen of Ireland, to
whom a slight proportion of the accent and recitative of
that country is an advantage.
2. Words or passages intended to be delivered in
recitative.
1716 ROWE Let. to Hughes 22 Oct. in Sotheran's Catal.
No. 12. (1899) 46 Three or four Airs with some little Reci-
tative between is what the composer will be glad of. 1727
GAY Begg. Of. Introd., I have not made my Opera through-
out unnatural, like those in vogue ; for I have no Recitative.
1843 E. HOLMES Mozart 171 The libretto . . still wanted
alterations and abbreviations of the recitative.
3. a. A part rendered in recitative, or a piece
of music intended for such a part.
1734 RICHARDSON Grandison (1781) IV. xii. 9^ How will
the dear Harriet bear these abominable recitatives ? 1762
KAMES Elem. Crit. xvtii. (1833) 290 The melody of a reci-
tative approaches sometimes to that of a song. 1874 LADY
HERBERT tr. Hilbitcr's Ramble n. ii. (1878) 249 The flute
begins playing a recitative evidently of great antiquity.
b. A performance in recitative.
1873 TRISTRAM Moat ii. 28 A capital ' fantasia ' or Arab
dance and recitative round our camp fire.
Hence f Recitatively adv. Obs.—1
1702 Lett, on Ci. Anne's Going to St. Paul's (T.), The
jubilee was sung in the same manner, after which the office
was performed only recitatively ; no organs made use of.
Recitative (re-site'tiv, rfsi-tativ), 0.2 rare.
[f. RECITE v. + -ATIVE, perh. suggested by prec.]
Of the nature of a recital or repetition.
1860 WESTCOTT Introd. Stud. Gosp. iii. (ed. 5) 193 Of
verbal coincidences, ..one-fifth occur in the narrative, and
four-fifths in the recitative parts. 1896 C. JOHNSON in Cal.
Petit, to Pope I. Pref. 6 Although in other respects the
recitative portion of the bull is usually full.
Recitative (re'sitatf-v), v. [f. RECITATIVE a.i]
1. trans. To render or deliver in recitative.
1806 R. CUMBERLAND Mem. 59 Mrs. Cibber..sung or
rather recitatived Rowe's harmonious strain. 1833 Q. Rev.
XLIX. 353 The elder verse — the Homeric and Hesiodic—
was sung, or.. recitatived.
2. intr. To declaim in recitative.
1832 SOUTHEY Hist. Penins. War III. 598 Sundry. .Lusi-
tanian worthies recitatived in praise of Lord Wellington.
Recitati'vical, a. rare-1, [f. RECITATIVE
sb. + -ICAL.] Of the nature of recitative.
1791-1823 D'IsRAELi Cur. Lit. (1866) 145/2 It approaches
to the former by recitativical declamation.
Recitativo (re'sitatfw). [It., f. ppl. stem of
recitare to RECITE + -ivo -IVE. Cf. mcd.L. reci-
tative adv. (Du Cange).] = RECITATIVE sb. i.
[1617 B. JONSON Masques (1641) II. 10 The whole Maske
was sung (after the Italian manner) Stylo Recitativo. 1678
T. JORDAN Triumphs Loud. (Percy Soc.) 169 The per-
formance of a song of three parts, in stilo recitativo.}
1645 EVELYN Diary 10 Oct., She presented me afterwards
with two recitatives of hers, both words and musiq. 1667
PEPYS Diary 12 Feb., All in the recitativo very fine. 1711
ADDISON Sped. No. 20 P i There is nothing that [has] more
startled our English Audience, than the Italian Recitativo
at its first Entrance upon the Stage. 1748 RICHARDSON
Clarissa <i8n) IV. Hi. 351 Charming matrimonial recita-
tivoes ! 1819 T. HOPE Anastasius (1820) III. xii. 323 He
soon discovered in my recitativos and arias a mystic sense.
1864 ENGEL Mus. Anc. Nat. 231 They sang in recitativo, as
they smg in Italy the ritornello.
attrib. 1780 Ann. Reg. ii. 21 He repeated stanzas from
Aripsto in a pompous recitativo cadence, peculiar to the
natives of Ilaly. 1812 Religionism 41 Recitativo preaching
call we this. 1813 Edin. Rev. XXII. 143 The habit of using
somewhat of recitativo intonation.
Re'Citator. rare — '. [ad. L. recitator, agent-n.
244
f. recitare to RECITE ; cf. F. recitateur.] One who
recites ; a recitant.
1880 J. Ross Hist. Corea x. 334 The recitators then step
before the incense table.
Recite (r/ssi-t), sb. rare. [f. the vb., or ad. F.
r(cit.~\ A recital.
1683 TEMPLE Ess., Health Wks. 1731 I. 277 All the former
Recites or Observations, either of long-lived Races or Per-
sons in any Age or Country. 1886 R. F. BURTON Arab.
Nts. (abr. ed.) I. 331 Small birds on branches sang with
melodious recite.
Recite (rfsaH), v. Forms : 5-7 resite, 6
resyte, -syght, -zyt, 6-7 resight ; 5-6 reeyte, (6
-eeite, Sc. -ceat), 6- recite, [a. F. reciter (izth
c.), or ad. L. recitare, i. re- V.E- + citare to CITE.]
1. trans. To repeat or utter aloud (something
previously composed, heard, or learned by heart) ;
now spec, to repeat to an audience (a piece of verse
or other composition) from memory and in an ap-
propriate manner. Also, to read out or aloud
(now rare).
1481 CAXTON Myrr. in. x. 153 The Orysons that ben sayd
and recyted cuery day in the chirches. 1330 PALSGR. 681/1
He hath a syngular memorie, he recyted al our hole comu-
nycacion and myssed nat a worde. 1589 PUTTENHAM Eng.
Poesie l. xv. (Aro.) 50 All other kinde of poems . . were onely
recited by mouth, a 1660 HAMMOND Serm. xxii. (1850) n. 481
Moral precepts [young men] cannot be said to believe, . . they
now recite them only, and shall then understand them, when
they come of age. 1709 STEELE Tatler No. 47 p 3, 1 recited
some Heroick Lines of my own. 1789 BURNEY Hist. Mus.
IV. iS The dialogue was neither sung in measure, nor
declaimed without Music, but recited in simple musical
tones. 1816 J. WILSON City of Plague n. ii. 151 Methinks
1 hear his voice while he recites Some fragment of a poem.
1884 HORNER Florence (ed. 2) 1 1. xxxi. 421 Slrozzi. .endowed
the Church in 1589 on condition of masses being recited
for his soul.
t b. To read out the name of (a person) ; to
call on by name. Obs.—1
1572 R. H. tr. Lauaterus' Ghostes (1596) 107 After this,
the question is to be moved, eache man there present being
recited whether he would answere unto this or that man.
c. To read out the charges on (a shield).
1859 THACKERAY Virgin, xxxii, 'I make', cries Charley,
reciting the shield, ' three merlons [? morions] on a field or,
with an earl's coronet '.
2. To relate, rehearse, narrate, tell, declare; to
give an account of ; to describe in detail. ? 06s.
1483 CAXTON Cato E vij b, Alle that thyn eyen seen thou
oughtest not to recyte ne telle but..kepe bit secrete. 1538
STARKEY England i. iv. 128 As touchyng thys poynt, yf
I schold recyte al that I know [etc.]. 1383 T. WASHINGTON
tr. Nicholays I'oy. i. xv, In his treaty. .of the warres of
Malta, [he] doth recyte a history no lesse lamentable. 1399
MASSINGER, etc. Old Law i. i, It is thought fit .. that they
be put to death as is before recited. 1633 H. COGAN tr.
Piuto't Trav. xix. 68 Antonio .. recited unto them his un-
happy voyage. 1723 POPE Odyss. L 221 Sincere, from
whence began thy course, recite.
b. Law. To rehearse or state in a deed or
other document (some fact bearing closely upon
the matter in hand).
14^30-1 Rolls of Parlt. IV. 376/1 A remembrance.. resityng
nd privileges [etc.]. 1531 .
Ebor. (Surtees) VI. 31 Reciting that by a deed bipartite he
had enfeoffed [etc.]. 1682 [see RECITING ppl. a.]. 1766
BLACKSTONE Comni. II. xxi. 358 The subsequent proceedings
are made up into a record or recovery roll, in which the
writ and complaint of the defendant are first recited. 1818
CRUISE Digest (ed. 2) VI. 450 John Ivy, reciting that he had
made a former will in the life of his wife [etc.]. 1839 C.
BuuutXttK. Princ. i. 13 The preamble, .recites that many
visitations had been made in the 200 years preceding.
•(• 3. To compose ; to write down. Obs. rare.
1523 LD. BERNERS Froiss. I. i. 2, I toke on me. .to wryte
and recite the sayd boke, and bare y* same compyled into
Ingland. 1611 BIBLE Ealus. xliv. 5 Such as found out
musical tunes, and recited verses in writing. 1634 FULLER
Two Serm. 52 Wherefore he [God] reciteth downe mens
Actions, not out of any necessitie to helpe himself to re-
member them ; but partly out of State.
4. To go through or over in detail; to make
separate mention of (a number of things) ; to
enumerate, give a list of. Now rare.
a 1533 LD. BERNERS Hum Ixviii. 234 Yf and I sholde
resyte all the ryches that they had there, it shold be to
longe to be rehersed. 1378 T. N. tr. Conq. W. India 200
All the things recited, and many others which I speake not
of, are sold in every market of Mexico. 1613 PURCHAS
Pilgrimage v. vii. (1614) 508 What should I heere recite
their Camphora, Mirrhe, Frankincense, . . and a world of
others? 1641 WILKINS Math. Magkk i. v. (1648) 36 Divers
other natural! problemes.. which I forbear to recite. 1693
WOODWARD Nat. Hist. Earth i. (1723) 18 They were
Minerals as the Belemnites and the others recited, are
o_ T tl? — . o ¥r i". , *
RECIVILIZE.
FOXE A. ff M. (1596) 78/2 After that, he reciteth the decree
which he himselfe made against them. 1621 BURTON Anat.
Mel. i. ii. i. ii, Some few I will recite in this kinde out of
most approoued Phisitians 1633 H. MORE Antid. Ath. MI.
ii. § i (1712) 89, I will briefly recite some few of those many
Miraculous passages. 1710 PRIUEAUX Orig. Tithes iv. 165
The passage of Mathew Paris above recited. 1793 BEDDOES
Math. Evid. 14, I might recite the opinions of a consider-
able number of writers.
fb. To cite or mention, to quote from (a book).
a 1568 ASCHAH ScJiolcm. ll. (Arb.) 153 Which booke is oft
386 We find only bishops and magnates recited as present,
t b. To mention, speak of (a single thing). Obs.
1552 Bury Wills (Camden) 143 To make vpp y« full of xx1'
wthin this wyll resytted. 1373 L. LLOYD Marrow of Hist.
(1653) 126 What should I recite Arganthonius, who was
threescore years before he came unto his Kingdome ?
a 1643 HABINGTON Surv. Wares, in Wares. Hist. Soc. Proc.
ii. 321 Lendewyke . . in the Charter of Kynges Kenred and
Offa, recyted next to Evesham.
t O. To cite, quote. Obs.
1542 UDALL Erasia. Apoph. 290 Allegeyng and recityng
certain la\ves many yeres afore graunted vnLo them. 1570
CHALMERS Caledonia I. n. vi. 302 The Chronicon of Dun-
blane . . is recited by Innes, in his MS. Collections.
1 6. intr. (or without direct object.) To relate,
rehearse, etc. Obs. (Cf. sense 2.])
1484 CAXTON Fables of Msop in. xiy, He that gyueth
ayde and help to his enemy is cause of his dethe, as recyteth
this fable. 1341 R. COPLAND Galyen's Terap. 2 E iv, Where
they haue estemed that it shulde be superflue to reeyte,
they haue obmysed and left some. 1534-9 T. WATERTOUNE
in Songs if Ball. (1860) n Thus Esaye the prophet pleanly
dothe resyght.
t b. Const of, or to with inf. Obs.
1485 CAXTON Paris $ V. (1868) 16 Now it sholde be ouer-
longe to reeyte of the barons, c 1331 Hye way to Spyttel
Hous 36 in Had. E. P. P. IV. 24 Of suche ryche men
recyteth the gospell, . . Saying [etc.]. 1397 A. M. tr. Guille-
mean's Fr, Chirvrg. 8 b/i Hippocrates reciteth to have
cured a personage which had receaved a shot with an
arrowe.
7. intr. To repeat something from memory ;
U. S. to repeat a lesson, or be examined on one.
1818 WEBSTER, Recite, to rehearse a lesson. The class
will recite at 1 1 o'clock. 1847 TENNYSON Princ . n. 430 There
One walk'd reciting by herself. <zi88a I. QUINCY Figures
of Past (1884) 14 From each of these books we were re-
quired to recite once a week.
Recited (rtsai-ted), ///. a. [f. RECITE v. +
-ED l.] Repeated, related, mentioned, etc.
Also freq. in I7th c. in above-, afore; last-recited.
1630 PRYNNE;4»rY-/lr>«/«. 173 All these recited Fathers.,
haue approued. 1630 BULWER A nthropomet. 1 1 1 The bored
lips, so shamefully worn by some of the recited Nations.
a 1691 BOYLE Hist. Air (1692) 194 A part of the Alpes, less
high than that where the recited observation was made.
1786 BURKE Art. agst. W. Hastings Wks. 1842 II. 112/2
Called to answer for the said recited irregularities.
t Recrtement. Obs. [a. F. ricitement (\f>\\
Cotgr.) : see RECITE v. and -MEKT.] Recital.
1646 SIR T. BROWNE Pseud. Ep. 75 These conceits are of
that monstrosity that they refute themselves in their recite-
ments. 1686 GOAD Celest. Bodies in. iii. 463, I delight not
in the Raven-Notes that do befal Recitements at large of
those Subjects. 1766 ENTICK London I. 350 The Jaws,
recitements, and statutes of holy King Edward.
Reciter (rftsi-tsi). Also 6 -our, -or. [f. RE-
CITE v. + -EB 1.] One who recites.
1372 HULOET, Recitour,rccita/or. 1398 FLORIO, Recitante,
a rehearser, a recitor, or reader. 1624 BURTON Anat. Mel,
n. ii. iv. (ed. 2) 229 Solemne Declamations of certaine
select yong Gentlemen in Florence (like those Reciters in
old Rome). 1712 STEELE Spect. No. 521 p 4 The others
repeat only what they hear from others . . and are called
Reciters. 1796 WASHINGTON Let. Writ. 1892 XIII. 215 If
the persons through whom it has passed to the reciter are
not mistaken in their details. 1821 SCOTT Keitilw. xvii,
The graceful form and animated countenance of the young
reciter. 1893 FORBES MITCHELL Remin. Gt. Mutiny 76 An
excellent vocalist and reciter.
b. Used as the title of books containing passages
for recitation.
1829 (title} The Universal Reciter, and Cabinet of Comical-
ities ; an elegant collection of . . recitations. 1867 {.title}
Routledge's Comic Reciter.
Reci'ting, vbl. sb. [f. as prec. + -ING 1.] The
action of the vb. RECITE.
1330 PALSGR. 261/1 Recityng of a matter, recitation. i_ .
HOLLYBAND Treas, 1'r. Tong, Rccit, a reciting, a declara-
tion. 1660 R. COKE Power <$• Subj. 136 In the reciting of
these laws, I do not affirm [etc.].
b. Reciting note (see quots.).
1876 STAINER & BARRETT Diet. Mas. Terms s. v. Chant,
The opening chord of a chant, and also the first chord after
each double bar, may be sustained at will, to accommodate
the number of syllables contained in each part of the
verse. These chords are called reciting notes. 1881 GROVE
Diet. Mus. IV. 86 Reciting-note, a name sometimes given
to that important note, in a Gregorian Tone, on which
the greater portion of every Verse of a Psalm, or Canticle, is
continuously recited.
So Beci'tingr ///. a., that recites.
1682 W. MOUNTAGU in Buccleuch MSS, (Hist MSS.
Comm.) I. 338 The warrant.. is not altered in a word, only
some .. addition .. inserted in the reciting part. 1838 GLAD-
STONE Homer III. 552 To Homer, a reciting poet, the
Catalogue was a great effort of memory.
Recive, obs. form of RECEIVE.
Beciviliza'tion. [RE- 5 a.] The action of
recivilizing.
1816 W. TAYLOR in Monthly Rev. LXXIX. 463 An amalga-
mation.. that might be favourable to the re-civilization of an
important cornerof Africa. i837CARLYLE /•>. Rev. III. vn.
iv, TheThermidor effulgence of recivilisation.
Recivilize, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To civilize
again. Hence Keci-vilized///. a.
1813 G. EDWARDS Meas. True Pol. 25 France and Great
Britain.. would readily reciyilize the ancient World. 1837
CARLYLE Fr. Rev. III. vn. ii, Fair Cabarus,.. struggling 10
recivilise mankind. 1899 MACKAIL Life W. Morris I. 6 In
the restored and recivilized England of a distant future.
BECK.
:k),rf.l Ol'S. exc. toct. Forms : 6 recke,
reake, Sc. rak, raek(e, 6, S-y reck. [f. RECK ».]
1. Care, heed, consideration, regard.
1568 Jacob ff Esau I. ii. in Hazl. Dodsley II. 196 One that
hath no recke ne care what way he walke. 1594 CAREW
HuartesExain, ll'iis xv. (1596) 268 The vulgar make little
reake thereof. 1866 H. C. LEA tr. A icdefroid-le-Batard in
Siiperst. % Force \. (1878) 63 Your love [is] another's, and of
mine, You have nor reck nor care.
2. Sc. In phr. What reck? What matters it ?
1535 LVNDESAY Satyre 210 Quhat rak of }our prosperitie
Gif }e want Sensualitie ! < 1600 MONTGOMERIE Cherrie Jjr
.Slae issgThoch it be cummersom, quhat reck? 1792 BURNS
The Tither Morn i, When I, what reck, did least expect
To see my lad sae near me.
t Heck, sb2 obs. variant of RACK sb? 5 d.
1671 Phil. Tratts. VI. 2111 A Reck . . is a frame made of
boards about three foot and an half broad, and six long,
which turns upon two iron pegs fastened in both ends, and
the whole placed upon two posts.
Reck, obs. variant of RICK, WHEAK sl>.
Keck (rek), v. Forms: a. Inf. a. i reoan,
rece (e) an, 2-5 reccheu, (recthen), (and fres.j
3 rsBcche, rechche, 4-5 retche; 2-5 reche(n,
4 reiche, reyche. P. 3-6 rekke(n, 4-7 reck(e,
4-6 rek, 6- reck, (7 wreoke) ; 4-6 reke, 6-7
(w)reak(e ; north, and Sc. 4-6 rak k, 7-8 rack,
9 Sc. raik. b. fa. t. a. 1-3 rdhte, 3-5 rojt(e,
4-6 roght(e, 4 roht; 3-5 rouht(e, roujt^e,
rowght, 4-7 rought(e, 5 rowjte, rough, rowth,
6 Sc. roucht ; 4-6 raught(e, 5 Sc. racht. ft. 5
recched, retched, -yd; 6 wreaked, Sc. rakit;
7- recked. C. fa. ffle. a. 4 roght, 5-6 rought(e,
6 wrought ; 5 raught. /S. 5 reckid, 6- recked.
[Comm. Teut. : OE. reccan (?r#a»)=OS. rSty'an
(MDu. rpeketi), OHG. ruoh(fi}en (MHG. ruocheii),
ON. r&kja (mod. Norw. dial, rokja) :— OTeut.
*rokjan, the base of which does not appear in the
cognate languages.
The reason of the double consonant in OE. reccan (for the
normal recan) is not clear ; it may have been due to associa-
tion with reccan RECCHE. In ME. there is considerable
variation of form, arising from differences both in vowel and
consonant ', the typical forms with short vowel are recche or
retcht, recke and rack, contrasted with recke or reke, later
rectk. The latter is common in the i6th c., but from about
1600 the usual literary form has been reck.
The OE. pa. t. rokte gives the usual ME. pret. forms
ro^e, rt}iignl(e, etc. ; the occasional raitght may be due
to the influence of the pa. t. of REACH, The new formations
in -edt as reccfied, recked, are app. not older than the isth c.]
From its earliest appearance in Eng., reck is
almost exclusively employed in negative or in-
terrogative clauses. In the former the simple
negative may be replaced by nought, nothing, little,
not much, etc. ; in the latter the pron. what is
most usual. There are comparatively few examples
of the word during the I7th and i8th c., but in the
igth it again becomes common in rhetorical and
poetic language.
1. intr. Const, with of: a. To take care, heed,
or thought of some thing (or person), with incli-
nation, desire or favour towards it, interest in it,
or the like ; to think (much, etc.) of.
cB3& K. ^ELFRED Boeth. xxv, peah heora lareowas him
bonne biodan ba ilcan mettas . . Sonne ne reccaS hi bara
metta. c 1000 ^ELFRIC Horn. 1.224 He ne rohte baes eor&lican
reafes sySSan he of deaoe aras. c 1*05 LAY. 17051 Ne recche
ich noht his londes his seoluer ne his goldes. a 1250 Owl fy
Night. 1404 pe gost . . lutel rekb of milce and ore. a 1300
Cursor M. 15776 ' ludas, quilum was ', he said, ' pat mikel
o be i roght '. c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints xliii. (Cecilia) 394 A
murtherere. .bat racht nobire of mensk na honoure. c 1440
CAPGRAVE Life St. Kath. in. 1370 ?e neuyr mech rowth
[z/.r.rought] Of no wordly. . plesauns. 1481 CAXTON Reynard
(Arb.) 48 Ye retche not of brede of flesshe ne suche maner
mete. 1579 SPENSER Sheph. Cal. July 34 Syker, thous but
a laesie Toord, And rekes much of thy swinck \gloss counts
much of thy paynesj. 1616 R. C. Times' Whistle v. 1928
He would not wrecke Of all celestiall ioyes. 1810 SCOTT
Lady ofL. iv. xix, What from a prince can I demand, Who
neither reck of state nor land ? a 1845 BARHAM Ingol. Leg.
Ser. in. Jerry Jamis, Little recked he of flowers— save
cauliflowers. 1887 BOWEN Virg. JEtieid v. 400 Of gifts I
reck but lightly.
b. To take heed or have a care of some thing
(or person), so as to be alarmed or troubled
thereby, or to modify one's conduct or purpose on
that account.
Beoivulf (Z.) 434 Se 2e^la;ca .. wxpna ne recceS. a 900
CYNEWULF Crist 1440 Fylgdon me mid firenum ; fajhbe ne
rohtun. <ri»oo ORMIN 16165 Nan mann ne burrfte offhimm
Ne nimenn jjom, ne rekkenn. 1297 R. GLOUC. (Rolls) 4419
So gret was is herle bat of deb he ne rojte no bing. c 1375
t cl: Saints *'"• (Agatha) 154 Do one as bu has thocht,
for of bi panys rak I nocht. c 1450 tr. De Imitatiane III. v. 68
II trou(>e delyuere be, bou shall, .not recche of mennes veyn
wordes. 1578 T. PROCTOR Gorg. Gallery Gallant Invent.,
fure Lonsc., A Conscience pure. .That.. Of slaunders loth-
some reketh not. 1379 SPENSER Sheph. Cal. Oct. 29 What
Creaked I of wintrye ages waste. 1667 MILTON P. L. a. 50
wi rCCk'? "°' °f a wound- i87* BLACK JU'utcaf ' "•
What recked she of the mad course she was pursuing.
o. 1 o know, be aware, or think of.
1813 HVRON Corsair in. v, Ah ! little reck'd that chief of
womanhood— Which frowns ne'er quell'd, nor mm.ii.cs iub-
245
ducd. 1835 LYTTON Rienzi iv. i, If tliis last, I shall have
done better for my charge than I recked of. 1865 DICKLNS
Mut. /•>. ii. v, Little recked Mr. Podsnap of the traps and
toils besetting his Young Person.
2. \Vith other preps. To set store or account by ;
to care for ; f to think or have pity on ; f to be
troubled or distressed at.
With by axi&for the sense may be either as in i a or i b.
cxooo Ags. Gosp. Mark xii. 14 We witon baet. .bu ne recst
be n:ne;Eum menu, c 1275 LAY, 2789 Alle his riche eorles . .
nolde for ban lunges bode nobing . . reche. 1423 JAS. I
Kingis Q. xxvii, Was non that myght, that on my peynes
rought. 1490 CAXTON Eneydos v. 21 The wymmen. .were to
fore the sayd aulter . . wythoute retchynge ought by theym
selfe. 1530 PALSGR. 681/1 He is the moste neglygent folowe
that ever I sawe, he recketh for nothynge. 1566 DRANT
Wail. Hierint. K vi b, And lende his cheeke unto the stroke,
nor recke at wordes of spite. 1615 BRATHWAIT Strappado
(1878) 131 Ane, we raught on meanely. ? 1788 BURNS Song-,
Louis, what reck I by thee, Or Geordie on his ocean ? 1853
KINGSLEY Hypatia xxv, [The gods] recked nothing for the
weal or woe of earth.
3. With inf. a. To care, desire, be willing or
anxious to do something.
11900 Laws of SE If red In trod. c. 40 in Schmid Gesetze
(1858) 62 Leases monnesword ne rece bu no ba;s toxehieranne.
a 1200 Moral Ode 221 Neure in helle hi com, ne fer ne come
reche. £1386 CHAUCER Knt?s T. 1377, I recche nat, .. To
haue victorie of hem, or they of me. c 1450 St. Cnthbert
(Surtees) 6557 In J>e chapiter twenty and sex he may se, to
knawe wha rex. 1481 CAXTON Godfrey xliii. 83 Tancre his
neuew .. retched not for to see Themperour ne to speke to
hym. 1574 HELLOWES Gueuara's Fain. Ep. (1577) 290 Such
as be of good gouernment, and reck not to follow physick.
1600 SHAKS. A. Y. L. 11. iv. 81 My master .. little wreakes
to finde the way to heauen By doing deeds of hospitalitle.
1873 SYMONDS Grk. Poets iii. 72 Old eyes forlorn Scarce reck
the very sunshine to behold.
b. To care, to be troubled, distressed, or re-
luctant ; to feel aversion or repugnance to, etc.
c 1300 Becket (Percy Soc.) 405 Lute hi wolde recche to
loose here ordre so. a 1340 HAMPOLE Psalter xxi. 13 pai
roght na mare to sla me ban to spill watere. 1430-40 LYDG.
Bochas I. i. (1554) 3 Ye retche not by sin To slea your soule.
1483 CAXTON Chas. Gt. 214 The cristen men. .raught not for
to deye for be crysten fayth. 1610 BOYS Expos. Ep. fy Gosp.
Wks. (1629) 507 Schismatikes .. reake not to be condemned
of the learned for ignorant ; so they may be commended of
the ignorant for learned.
4. With dependent clause : To care, be troubled,
concern oneself, if> that^ though \ how, when^
where ; whether ; who> what, etc.
c 888 K. ALFRED Boeth. xviii. § 4 je ne recca55eah hweSer
ge auht to gode don. £950 Lindisf. Gosf. Mark iv. 38 Ne
reces Su ban [Rushw. oah] we deado sie. c 1000 ^LFRIC
j Colloq. in Wr.-Wiilcker 89/14 Hwaet rece we hweet we
sprecan. a ziaa O. E. Chrott. (Laud MS.) an. 1086 Se cyng
j .. ne rohte na hu swi5e synllce \>a. jerefan hit begeatan of
earme mannon. c 1205 LAY. 18042 Ne burfen 56 nauere
, rehchen, bah 30 slsen ba wrecchen. a 1225 Juliana 19 Cristene
| womman icham iwis; I ne reche ho it wite. a 1300 Cursor
i M. 5446 Nou rek i neuer quen i dei. c 1380 WYCLIF Wks.
\ (1880) 44 [Let friars] recke not bat \y.r. bo] pel ben vn-
; kunnynge to lerne letteris. a 1450 Knt. dela TV/*?* (1868) 60
There be many women that rechin neuer what fallithe of her
counsayle. 1485 CAXTON CJtas, Gt. 196, I retche not though
he be put to dethe. 1532 MORE Confitt. Tindale Wks. 530/1
As though he roughte not whether they dydde good or ill.
c 1570 Satir. Poems Reform, xxxvii. 69 Rek not . . how
rascnelie ravarris raill. 1606 SHAKS. Tr. <$• Cr. v. vi. 26, I
wreake not, though thou end my life to day. 1641 MILTON
Animadv. i. Wks. (1851) 187 They wreck not whether you
. . know them or not. 1813 SCOTT Rokeby i. xix, Whether
false the newSj or true, Oswald^ I reck as light as you. 1823
— Talism. xii, Sir Kenneth little recked, that [etc.]. 1845
HIRST Com. Mammoth^ etc. 15 We recked not what our
fates might be.
6. Without const, (usually cttipt* for one or
other of prec. uses) : To care, heed, mind, etc.
c xooo Sax. Leechd. III. 25-1 Hi habbaS burh baet cornes
swa fela swa hi maest recceao. a HU O. E. Chron. (Laud
MS.) an. 1070 J>a munecas .. beaden heom gri<5, ac hi na
rohten na bing. c 1205 LAY. 16179 To ban castle heo brohten
swa inuchel swa heo rohten. c 1320 Cast. Love 341 They. .
lyed to him therof, and lytelle rowghton. c 1386 CHAUCER
Nun's Pr. Prol. 48 If he wol serve thee, rekke not a bene.
c 1430 Chev. Assigne 177 She raw^te hit hym a^eyne & seyde
she ne row$te. 1483 CAXTON Gold. Leg. 198/2 There were
many fayr myracles whyche by neglygence . .and not retch-
yng were not wryton. a 1548 HALL Chron.t Rich. Ill 31 b,
In faith, quod he, I neither wote ne recke, so I were
once hence. 0:1591 H. SMITH Wks. (1867) II. 485 Who
little recks, much good foregoes. 1667 MILTON P. L. ix. 173
Revenge.. back on itself recoilesj Let it ; I reck not. 1746
W. THOMPSON Hymn to May xxx, Who hears them cry, ne
recks. 1791 COWPER Iliad xi. 97 The eternal father reck'd
not. 1813 SCOTT Rokeby in. ii, I reck not. In a war to
strive,. .Suits ill my mood.
6. trans. To need, regard, care for, etc. (either
as in sense I a or I b).
c 1205 LAY. 28851 Mucchel scome heom buhte bat wepmen
heom ne rohte. 1390 GOWER Conf. III. 186 The king his
oghne astat ne roghte. c 1449 PECOCK Repr. u. viii. 182 If
I thei be not remembrid, thei schulen not DC reckid. 1513
DOUGLAS ^Eneis xm. v.8i O haitfull deid-.Quhilk gret and
I small doun thringis, and nane rakkis. 1591 R.WILMOT 7 'ancred
I % Gismunda iv. iii, Not that she recks this life. 1602 SHAKS.
Ham. i. iii. 51 Himself., reaks not his owne reade. 1637
G. DANIEL Genius of this /ste 631 Eagles doe not recke the
Wren's weake flight. 1786 BUKNS Ep. Young Friend xi,
May ye belter reck the rede Than ever did th' Adviser !
1839 KEIGHTLKY Hist. ting. I. i"j Hi- w:is so stern, that he
recked not all their hatred. 1871 R. KLLIS tr. Catullus
xlv. 22 Septimius. .Recks not Syria, recks not any Britain.
b. To reckon, consider, think. Now only Sc.
•j AUu const, in.
RECKLESS.
1599 '*• M[qL>Ki]iV/*7«<»r/««.'*5a Which kings themselues
in highest prize do reake. 1639 G. DANIEL Eccius. xiii. 6
Doe not recke Thy selfe the wiser, to b' Associate With
those who are beyond thee in Estate. 1791 LEAKMONT Poems
114, I ne'er thought.. [she] Coud e'er harbour a thought o*
distrust Or reck her shepherd unkind. 1892 LUMSDEN Sktcp-
head 91 Ye wha reck our Scottish name Fit wi1 the warm's
first to ally.
1 7. reft. To trouble or concern (oneself). Ods.
rti2$o Owl $ Night. 533 Of none winters ich me recche.
13. . Guy \Varw. (A,) 593 Henne forward ne reche y me Of
mi liif. c~ 1450 Merlin 93 Of that ne recche the nothingefor
to enquere. 1489 CAXTON Faytes of A. i. L 2 Retche the
not what they saye. 1674 RAY N. C. Words 38 Never Rack
you ; Le. Take you no thought or care.
8. In impersonal use : To concern or trouble
(one) ; to interest. (With various const., as in
senses 1-4 above.)
a 1225 Ancr. R. 104 ^if heo beoS feor, me ne reccheS.
c 1290 Beket 449 in S. Eng. Leg. I. 119 Luyte heom wolde
rechche to leosen heore ordre so. a 1300 Cursor M. 1834
Littel roght bam of his manance. c 1385 CHAUCER L. G. IV.
605 Cleopatra^ Hym roughte nat in armys for to sterve.
c 1460 Towneley Myst. i. 129 Now, therof a leke what rekys
vs? #1592 GREENE George a Greene Wks. (Rtldg.) 264/1
What recks it us, though George-a-Greene be stout. 1634
MILTON Co/tuts 404 Of night, or loneliness it recks me not.
1637 — Lycidas 122 What recks it them? What need they?
1869 RLACKMOKF. Lcrna. £>. ii, Little it recked us and helped
them less that they were our founder's citizens.
b. dbsoL To matter ; to be of importance or
interest.
a 1225 Ancr. R. 188 ?e schulen lihtlie iseon hu lutel hit
reccheS. c 1374 CHAUCER Boeth. (E.E.T.S.) 38 perfore what
wenist bpu bar recche [L. qnidigitur referre putas] yif bou
forlete hir in deynge or ellys bat she . . forlete be ? 1483 Cath,
A ngl. 299/2 It Rakkes, refert. a 1547 SURREY /Eneid u. 499
Craft, or manhod, with foes what reckes it which ? a 1600
MONTGOMERIE Misc. Poems xxviii. 44 Quhat reks then of the
reid ? Or of the trees what reks V a 1771 GRAY Dante 17 It
rekes not That I advise thee. a 1774 FERGUSSON On J. Hogg
Wks. (1800) 156 What recks tho ye ken mood and tense?
1825 SCOTT Talism. iii, ' But what recks it ', said stout Sir
Kenneth.
Hence He 'eking vbl. sb. rare.
1886 R. F. BURTON A rob. A7.r._(abr. ed.) 1. 14 [He] thanked
him, saying, ' Right is thy recking '.
Reckan(d, varr. RACKAN. Reckelaes, obs. f.
RECKLESS. Reckon, -in, obs. ff. RECKON v.y
RACKAN. Reckevere, obs. f. RECOVER.
f Reekie, var. rackle^ RAKYL, chain. Sc* Obs.
c 1603 Litidesay's (Pitscottie) Cron. Scot. (1814) 190 Ane
faire blowing home, in ane reckle of gold borne and tipped
with fyne gold at both the endis.
Reckless (re'kles), a. Forms : a. i recci-,
reccel^as, 4recchelees, rechcheles, 4-6 retche-,
4-7 retchless, (7 wretch-) ; i rece!6as, 2-6
recheles, (6-7 -lesse, 6 rechelles), 6-7 reach-
less; 6 rache-, riche- ; 3 rechyles, srechilesse,
richilees. £. 3 reckelces, 4-6 rekke-, 6-7
reckeless ; 4 rec(c)-, 4-6 rek-, 6- reckless, (9
•wreck-) ; 4-6 reke-, 6 reak, 6-7 wreak(e)less.
north, and Sc. 4-6 rakless, (4-5 -lese), 6-8
rackless ; 4-5 rakelese. [OE. reccelfas (early
recciUas] and r&elfas *= MDu. (and Du.) roekeloos,
MLG. rdkelds, OHG. ruachalds (MHG. ruocheWs,
G. ruchlos), f. OE. *recce, *rece = OHG. mocha,
rocha care (see RECK v.} + -Uas -LESS.
The a-forms are very common from ^1375 to 1650; those
with k are originally northern, and are rarely found in
southern writers before the second half of the i6th c.]
1. Of persons : Careless, heedless, a. Careless
in respect of (f one's conduct, reputation, or) the
consequences of one's actions ; lacking in prudence
or caution.
a. c 725 Corpus Gloss. 1646 Przfaricator, reccileas. c 888
K. ALFRED Boeth. v. § 3 Du wendest osette stiorlease men &
recelease warren jesajlie. c 1290 S. Eng. Leg. 1. 47/17 Wylde
Men ne louede he nou3t, bat rechelese weren of bou?te. 1377
LANGL. P. PL B. xvni. 2 Wolleward and wete-shoed went I
. . As a reccheles \v.r. recheles] renke, that of no wo reccheth.
c 1420 Chron. Vilod. st. 670 Ever after forsothe a parfyt
lever was he, J>e whyche hadde be a ful rechelesse womon
byfore. 1480 CAXTON Chron. Eng. ccxlvi, 311 Inhis yougthe
he had ben wyld and recheles. 1538 STAKKEY England i.
PARKER Free $ Impart. Censure (1667) 183 To reform
a debauch'd and wretchlesse child.
0. c 1400 Cursor M. 27772 (Cott. Galba) He es rekles in
word and dede, in tyme when he of both has nede. c 1400
Rule St. Benet 6/14 f>a J>at ere fraward and recles, hede
>aim be straiter. 14.. Battle of Otterbonrn 53 The roo
full rekeless ther sche runnes, To make the game and gle.
igoo-ao DUNBAR Poems xc. 58 [When one] is rekless ID his
governance,. .That man is abill to fall ane gret mischance.
a 1585 MONTGOMERIE Ciierrie $ Sloe 595 They are hot
rakles, ?oung and rasche. 1613 R. CAWDREV Table XjML
Rfcktesse, rash, carelesse. a 1667 COWLKY (J-), Next this
was drawn the reckless cities flame When a strange hell
pour'd down from heaven there came. i8xa H.ft J. SMITH
Rej. Addr., Cut Bono? ii, Ye reckless dupes, who hither
wend your way. 1819 LYTTON Ditfmtud iii, I became bold,
reckless and adventurous. 1879 DIXON Windsor II. vi. 63
A rough and reckless soldier, caring for nothing but a fight.
f b. Careless in respect of some duty or task ;
negligent, inattentive. Obs.
a. agoo tr. B&da's Hist. in. xi[ii]. (1890) 190 Ymb ba
ftenucnne his ecre h^lo [he] wacs to s;t-ne & to receleas.
c izoo Trin, Coll. Horn, 39 He..hlone5 and slepeS and
syneged on getnelestc alsc he bat is recheles. a 1*40 Sawles
RECKLESS.
Wardc in Cott. Hom. 245 Alle hit [v . r. ha] beo3 untohene
& rechelese hinen, bute 3ef he ham rihte. 1387 TREVISA
Higden (Rolls) IV. 361 He was recheles a morwe, and
wolde nou}t come or he hadde i-ete. c 1449 PECOCK Refr.
in. v. 307 Thei ou3ten not be ouer myche recheles in lesing
her godis. 1523 FITZHERB. Husb. § 7 He that wyll .. be
slouthefull, recheles, and not diligent 1573 TUSSER Husb.
(1878) 21 A retcheles [v. r. reachelesse] seruaut, a mistres
that scowles. 1657 R. LIGON Barbados: 45 The carelessness
and slothfulness of retchless servants. 1681 W. ROBERT-
SON Pkraseol. Gen. (1693) 1048 Reachless or careless.
0. c 1200 ORMIN 932 Jiff bat he waire reckelaes To ringen
hise belless. a 1300 Cursor M. 28269 Mi childer als and |
my men3e a reckeles leder fcii fand me. 1340 HAMPOLE Pr. \
Consc. 5802 Whaswa es rekles and kepes it ille, He sal be
aresoned. 1:1375 St. Leg. Saints xviii. (Mary Egypt) 1281
Repentand hyme . . he had (bene) bane sa raklase bat hyre
name nocht had he speryt c 1440 Promt. Fan/. 428/2
Rekkeles, necgligens, incurins. 1483 Calk. Angl. 299/2
Rakles (A. Rakelese), ignavius, necligens, $ cetera, tibi
slawe. 1593 SHAKS. 3 Hen. VI, v. vi. 7 So flies the wreak-
lesse shepherd from y° Wolfe.
\ C. Having no care or consideration for one-
self or another. Obs. rare.
ta 1366 CHAUCER Rom. Rase 340 To sorowe was she ful
ententyf, That woful recchelesse caityf. 1591 SHAKS.
Two Gent, v. ii. 52 More to be reueng'd on Eglamoure,
Then for the lone of reck-lesse Siluia. 1717 RAMSAY Elegy
Lucky Wood ii, Rackless Death, wha came unsenn To
Lucky Wood.
2. Heedless or careless of something.
«io»3 WULFSTAN Ham. xlix. (1883) 258 note, To hwam
wurde>u swa receleas biera gyfena (5e ic oe xeaf). c 1375
Sc. Leg: Saints xvi. (Magdalene) 290 Gyf scho ware mare
rakles of It,, .scho suld rew it farly sare. a 1547 SURREY
in Tottelts Misc. (Arb.) 17 Retchlesse of his life, he gan
both sighe and grone. 1631 Celestina n. 33 The cause of
your growing carelesse and wretchlesse both of your body,
soule, and goods. 1700 DRYDEN Pal. <$• Arc. in. 1074
Retchless of Taws, affects to rule alone. 1791 COWPER Odyss.
vi. 356 Reckless of her parents' will. 1803 WORDSW. Prelude j
v.i 18 He hurried on Reckless of me. 1849 GROTE Greece \
(1862) III. xlii. 521 This unfortunate man had becomereck-
less of life. 1887 R. LODGE Mod. Europe xxii. § 16 (1897)
517 The king's brothers., were utterly reckless of the dangers '
to which their conduct exposed Louis XVI.
transf. 187!) GEO. EUOT Theo. Such ii. 41 Hedgerows 1
reckless of utility.
3. Of actions, conduct, things, etc. : Characterized
or distinguished by (f negligent carelessness or)
heedless rashness.
a. 1529 MORE Dyaloge in. Wks. 207/1 The good meane
maner betwene scrupulouse superstition andrechlesse negli-
gence. 1559 SACKVILLE Induct. Mirr. Mag. xlvi, Death
. . With retcheles hande in grave doth couer it. 1581
MULCASTER Positions xxxiii. (1887) 119 Being full of excre-
mentes by reason of ther reacheles diet. 1633 PRYNNE ist
Pt. Histrio-m. 157 Too deare a price for so fruitlesse, so
wretchlesse a purchase. 111640 JACKSON Creed x. xxxv.
§ 6 A retchless temper or neglective content in living from
hand to mouth.
/3. a 1300 Cursor M. 12315 O barns an..Brak be pott.,
wit wil or wit recles dint, c 1400 Rule St. Benct 69/857 Of
slike rekles warkes Sais haly writ [etc.]. 1:1470 HENRY
Wallace v. 455, 1 haiff tynt men throw my (our) rakless deid.
1500-20 DUNBAR Poems xv. 34 Asking wald haif convenient
place .. But hairt abasit, but toung rekless. 1581 T.
HOWELL Denises (1879) 236 A troubled wyt, a reaklesse |
hande, a wrathfull hart to spill. 1596 DALRYMPLE tr. Leslie's j
Hist. Scot. i. 109 Rekles negligence in preicheng the worde
of God. 1721 KELLY Sc. Proverbs 284 Rackless Youth |
makes rueful Age. 1827 SCOTT Chron. Canongate Introd. 3
He had lost.. all the reckless play of raillery which gave i
vivacity to his original acting. 1863 FAWCETT Pol. Econ. \
II. vi. 216 Asystem of small landed properties., is supposed
to encourage a reckless increase of population.
4. Quasi-adv. Recklessly. Also Comb.
c 1430 Hymns Virg. 62 Quod leccherie, ' bi seed richelees
bou schake, And make no force of no mariage '. c 1470
HENRY Wallace vm. 270 Than ane Mawthland rakless
betwixt thaim past. 1548 UDALL, etc. Erasm. Par. Acts i.
vi b, What daunger it wer for vs negligently and recbeles to
execute thoffice, whiche we take in hande. 1591 SPENSER
M. Hubberd 950 Through the forest rechlesse they did goe.
1866 BLACKIE Homer ft Iliad I. 163 The hurly-burly of
reckless-shifting war.
t Re'ckless, v. Obs. Also 6 Sc. rakles. [OE.
rtcettasian (= OHG. ruahha-, ruachalSsSn), i.
rtcellas RECKLESS a. In later use only Sc., and
perh. formed anew from the adj.] trans. To
neglect ; to be negligent or heedless of (a thing).
Also reft, and absol.
a 1023 WULFSTAN Hom. xlix. (1883) 258 To hwon rece-
leasedest bu ba;re jife, be ic be jeaf. c 1560 A. SCOTT Poems
(S. T. S.) iii. 26 Rekles nocht jour eirand for the rane. 1567
Q. MARY in Keith Hist. Scat. (1734) I. 391 Albeit he [Both-
well] hes in some Pointis or Cereinoneis raklest himself.
a 1600 MONTGOMERIE Misc. Poems xxiii. 31 Quhair I half
recklest, I recant.
tRe'CkleSShead. Obs. Forms: re(c)ohe-,
retehe-, rekleshed(e, -heed. [f. RECKLESS a. +
-HEAD. Cf. (M)Du. roekelooskeid.] Recklessness.
a. 1430-1 Rolls of Parlt. IV. 378/1 Of recheleshed
addyng or levyng more or lesse than nedeth. 1496 Dines *
Paup. (W. de W.) n. xx. 132/1 Yf they by retcheleshede of
speche or of dede ben cause of brekyn^e of peas.
|3. 14x2-20 LYDG. Chron. Troy l. vi, For rekleshed she
sawe it all to late. 1447 BOKENHAM Seyntys (Roxb.) 71
This errour. .Wher in throgh reklesheed thou art falle.
So f Becklesshood, -laik. Obs. rare.
a 1300 Cursor M. 27772 O suernes cums . . reccles-laic in
mede and ded. 1833 COLLIER Hist. Etig. Dram. P. II. 290
They are called Recklesshood, Idleness, Surfeit [etc.].
Recklessly (re-klesli), adv. Forms: see
RECKLESS a. [f. RECKLESS a. + -LY '•'.']
246
1. In a reckless manner : t &• Carelessly, negli-
gently. Obs.
o. £897 K. ALFRED Gregory's Past. C. Ivii. 439 Nis us
nawht recceleaslice to gehiranne Oaette he nemde oa un-
. .as a reneyed caityf recchelesly gon aboute. 1413 P'lgr-
Souilt (Caxton 1483) iv. xxvii. 73 Thou haste thy body
rechelesly gouerned and blamest hyt for thy gylt. 1496
Dives t, Panp. (W. de W.) n. ii. m/i People kepe not
theyr vowes .. but breke them retchelesly or wylfully.
1548 UDALL, etc. Erasm. Par. Luke viii, Because he so
rechelessely kept the euangelicall treasure. 1612 DRAYTON
Poly-olb. x. 271 when of ages past we look in books to read,
We retchlesly discharge our memory of those.
ft. a 1300 Cursor M. 28279 Quare i was scheperd had
sauls to kepe, to reckelesly i geit my schepe. 1340 HAM-
POLE Pr. Consc. 3907 Penance .. done Parchaunce over
rekleslyand over sone. c 1470 HENRY Wallace iv. 227 The
lauboreris latt rakleslye went in.
b. Without regard to consequences, rashly.
c 1400 Rule St. Benet 58/367 And bai wil not bair mys
amend, Bott reklisly hir rede refuse. 1513 DOUGLAS jEncis
IX. vi. 48 Thre of his seruandis, that fast Dy hym lay, Full
raklesly he kyllyt. 1571 GOLDING Calvin on Ps. Ixxiii. 19
They rechelessly despyse all daungers as if they were out
of all gonneshot. 1629 EARLE Microcosm., Drunkard
(Arb.) 82 Nothing.. makes him more retchlesly carelesse,
what becomes of all. 1843 BETHUNE Sc. fireside Star. 60
Mr. M'Quiddit drank recklessly and deep. 1871 H.
AINSWORTH Tmver Hill n. iv, He had turned a deaf ear to
their supplications, and hurried them recklessly to the
scaffold.
t 2. Sc. Through carelessness; accidentally. Obs.
CI375 Sc. Leg. Saints xxii. (Laurence) 609 Rek[l]asly he
let It fall, and brak quhyt in pecis smaL £1425 WYN-
TOUN Cron. ii. Pro!, u Thre thousand jhere .. Neyr for-
;et were reklesly [by historians], c 1470 HENRY Wallace
i. 118 Thus raklesly this gud knycht [haifT] thai tynt.
•-uelljqur--"— JI u
slaine . . be ane of his awin gunis that brak rackleslie in
hir schutting. 1609 SKENE Kef. Maj., Crimes 159 Gif ane
stranger, or traveller burnes ane other mans house rakleshe,
he sail be arreisted. a 1670 SPALDING Troitb. Chas. I (1829) j
92 There was a sudden fray among them occasioned by a
shot racklesly let go in the same house.
Recklessness (re-klesnes). Forms : see
RECKLESS a. [f. RECKLESS a. + -NESS.] The
quality of being reckless.
o. 0975 K. Edgar's Canons in Thorpe Laws (1840) II.
262 Ic andette mines modes mor3or . . receleasnessa Codes
beboda. a 1023 WULFSTAN Ham. vii. (1883) 53 On^ean bam
wislican rzde..se wiSerrajda deofol ssewS receleasnesse.
c 1380 WYCLIF Wks. (1880) 392 If eny siche lordeschips be. .
take fro hem by rechelesnes of her predecessouris. c 1449
PECOCK Repr. ill. xi. 344 Forto forsake God in a lijtnes and
in a rechelesnes. 1502 ATKYNSON tr. De Imitatione in. v.
199 How many good thinges thou hast lefte vndon of
rechelesnes. 1581 J. BELL H addon's Anna. Osor. 206 b,
Neyther can any such retchlesnes agree with the gracious
mercifulnes of God. a 1656 HALES Gold. Ran. (1688) 147
Through the wrechlessness of our first Parents. 1676
MARVELL Mr. Smirke Wks. 1875 IV. 15 A retchlesness and
mockery ill becoming his character.
/3. 1340 HAMPOLE Pr. Consc. 3909 Penance bat enioynt
es And es forgeten thurgh reklesnes. 1439 Rolls of Parlt.
V. 29/2 By rekelesnesse..of suche Maistres and Mariners.
c 1470 HENRY Wallace x. 173 The gret trespace that [he],
throw raklesnace, Had gert him mak. 1560 DAUS tr. Slei-
dane's Cotntn. 37 b, Throughe a certeine negligence, and
racklesnes of suche as shoulde have redressed U in tyme.
a 1586 SIDNEY Arcadia i. vi. (1891) 26 That ouer-many good
fortunes began to breed a proude recklesnesse in them.
1828 SCOTT F. M. Perth xxiv, Hardly listening to them, in
the pride and recklessness of his nature. 1873 SYMONDS Grk.
Poets vii. 195 Oedipus, in his youthful recklessness, . .kills
his father and weds his mother.
b. Neglect or disregard of something.
1387 TREVISA Higden (Rolls) II. 173 Englisshe men.,
wonej* hem to. . rechelesnesse of Goddes hous. 1586 T. B.
La Primaud. Fr. Acad. i. (1594) 184 For his retchlesnes
of feats of armes. 1587 FLEMING Contn. Holinshed III.
1999/2 For his owne pnuat lucre and retchlesnesse of that
noble realme. 1837 HT. MARTINEAU Sac. Amer. II. 348
A society where recklessness of life is treated with leniency.
1868 FREEMAN Norm. Cong. (1876) II. ix. 348 In their
insular recklessness of canonical niceties.
Re'Ckling. Also wreck-. [Of obscure forma-
tion; variant dial, forms are (w)rack-, rick-, ruck-,
rig-, ivreg-, and ritlin(g, and forms without the
ending also occur, as ivrig, rit, rut.'] The smallest
and weakest animal of a litter; the youngest or
smallest child in a family.
In general use in northern and midland counties.
1781 HUTTON Tour to Caves (ed. 2) Gloss., Wrecklin, the
least animal in a brood or litter. 1859 TENNYSON Vivien
559 On returning found Not two but three [babes] ; there
lay the reckling, one But one hour old ! 1863 HOLME LEE
Annie Warleigh I. 3 John was Rachel's elder by ten years;
he was the first-born of his mother, and she was her little
attrib. 1834 SIR H. TAYLOR znd Pt. Artevelde v. iii, A
mother dotes upon the reckling child, More than the strong.
fBe-ckly, a. Obs. rare-1. [Perh. for Sc.
richly, f. RICKLE sb."\ ? Rickety, tumble-down.
1715 in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. i. III. 361 The.. High-
landers .. will be .. left to make the best of their way to their
own reckly cells in the Braes of Athol.
Reckon (re-k'n), v. Forms : a. I -recenian,
3-4 rekeni , 4-5 rekeny ; 3-4 rekene, 4-6 reken,
(4 recen), rekin, (4 -ine), 5-6 rekyn ; 4 rekoun,
5-6 rekon, reoon(e, 6 rekan-, Sc. reakn-, 7
RECKON.
(9 dial.} reacon. /3. 3 rikeni(e)n, 3-4 rikenen,
4 rikene, ryken(e, 5 riken ; 9 dial, ricken, -on.
7. 3 reccnenn, 4-5 rekne(n, 5 -nyn ; 4-5 rekk-
en(e, 4-6 rekkin, (6 Sc. -ine), reckin, 6 recken,
6- reckon. 8. 4 raken, -ine ; Sc. 5 rakyn, 6 -in,
racken, -in, rakkin, 7 raikn- ; dial. 9 raekan,
-en, -on, rakkon. *[OE. (u~)recenian (found only
once) = OFris. rek(e)nia,WL(Ji. and MDu. rekenen,
OHG. rechendn, -inSn (MHG. rechenen, G. rech-
tieri) :-OTeut. *rekendjan, perh. i.*reken- REKEN a.
and ultimately from the root rek- found in OE.
reccan RECCHE. The Scand. forms, late ON. reikna,
Norw. rekna, Sw. rdkna, Da. regne, are early adop-
tions from LG.]
1. trans, fl.. To enumerate serially or sepa-
rately ; to name or mention one after another or
in due order ; to go over or through (a series) in
this manner. Obs.
c izooOii.MiN 11217 He biginnebbCristesskinnTo reccnenn
& to rimenn Att Abraham, & reccnebb 333 Dunnwarrd fra
mann to manne. a 1225 Ancr. R. 210 Alle sunnen sunder-
liche, bi hore owune nomeliche nomen, ne muhte no mon
rikenen. a 1300 Cursor M. 18992 He tald bam mani takens
sere, bat es na nede all recken here. 1377 LANGL. P. PI. B. i.
22 Nempne hem I thinke, And rekne hem bi resoun, reherce
thow hem after, c 1470 Golagros ft Caw. 743 Now wil I
rekkin the renkis of the Round .Tabill. 1533 GAU Rickt
I'ay 3 Thay reknit mony foul and abhominabil sinnis. .the
quhilk mony guyd men. .kneu neuer of befor.
b. So with up, rarely over.
13. . E. E. Allit. P. B. 2 Clannesse who-so kyndly cow(>e
comende, & rekken vp alle be resounz bat ho by rijt askez.
c 1450 Pol. Poems (Rolls) II. 228 Pile for to here the people
complayne, And riken up the ragmanne of the hok rowte.
1576 FLEMING Panopl. Efist. 336 [He] reckoneth vpp by
name diuerse Gentlemen, with whome he was in fauour.
1638 JUNIUS Paint. Ancients 105, I shall reckon up only
such authors whose records.. are lost and gone. 1694 W.
WOTTON Ane. /t M°d- Learn. (1697) 410 France could
reckon up Des Cartes, Mersennus, Fermat, and Gassendi.
1846 H. W. TORRENS Rent. Milit. Hist. 355 In 1585, a
pamphlet was addressed to. .[the] Mayor of London, reckon-
ing over the advantages of a marching watch for the city.
1884 tr. Lotzc's Metaph. 477 It would be mere trifling to
reckon up reactions of a third and fourth order.
t C. To recount, relate, narrate, tell. Obs.
a 1000 Czdmon's Exod. 525 (Gr.) Run biS serecenod, ned
forS ga3. c 1350 Will. Palerne 3179 Sche. .rapli gan away
renne, to reken be sobe. a 1375 Joseph Arim. 76 pat tyme
..)?is reson bi-gon pat I scnal now rikenen. 01400-50
Alexander 4124 pen ferd bai furth..Euyn to be heued of
liumaure, as I first rekend. 1530 PALSGR. 684/1 , I wyll reken
all the mater to hym as it vas. 1586 A. DAY Eng. Secretary
I. (1625) 45 To reckon to you since, how he came into the
country here, ..why should I clog myself?
t d. To repeat, recite, utter. Obs. rare,
a 1400-50 Alexander 4931 The renke. .rekind bir wordis :
1 Haile Alexander '. 1533 GAU Rickt Vay 31 That is noth
aneucht that ony reid the creid or rekin ye articulis contenit
in it x or xii timis apone ye day. 1621 Gude «/ Goalie £.
(S. T. S.) 174 Sum mumlit Auies, sum raknit [1567 crakmt]
Creidis.
t e. To mention ; to allege. Obs. rare.
1513 DOUGLAS Mneis vi. ix. 143 Quhat suld I rekin [L.
auid menwrem} thai peple of Thessaly, That Lapithas ar
hait..? 1532 MORE Confut. Tindafc'Wks. 352/2 Belieue me
not if any man can reken a place where euer he founde it
otherwyse. 1596 SPENSER f. (?. iv. x. 15 Cast into sundry
shapes by wondrous skill, That like on earth no where
I recken may.
2. To count, so as to ascertain the number or
amount of; to ascertain or arrive at (a number,
quantity, etc.) by counting or calculating ; to com-
pute. Also with out.
Now usually implying some process of calculation, as dis-
tinguished from the mere counting of individual things.
a 1225 Ancr. R. 214 pe 3iscare. .makeo berinne figures of
augrim, ase beos rikenares doS bet habbeS muchel uorto
rikenen. 1340 HAMPOLE Pr. Consc. 2484 Swa may we ay
rekken and rede An hondreth syns agayne a gude dede.
c 1386 CHAUCER Sliif man's T. 216 How longe tyme wol ye
rekene and caste Youre sommes and youre bookes and youre
thynges? V«i4oo Arthur 410 Fowre hundred bowsand An
hunderd and foure & twenty,— Thus herawdes dude ham
rekeny. 1530 PALSGR. 684/1, 1 shall reken it syxe tymes by
aulgorisme, or you can caste it ones by counters. 1602
SHAKS. Ham. u. ii. 121 O deere Ophelia, I am ill at these
Numbers ; I haue not Art to reckon my grones. 1633 T.
ADAMS Exp. 2 Peter iii. 10. 1307 A woman reckons out her
nine monetns, and can guesse neare to the day ofhercomming.
1687 A. LOVEU. tr. Thevenot's Trail, i. 36 They Divine with
Beans, which they put together without reckoning them.
1833 HT. MAETINEAU Brooke Farm iv. 46 But I can't reckon
it • will you ?— Eleven pounds and sixpence, is it ? 1845
LEVER The O'Donougkoe xliv. (1858) 324 Mark . . pointed
straight out to sea, where now seven sail could be reckoned.
b. With subordinate clause as obj.
1390 GOWER Conf. I. 281 Whan I beginne To rekne with
miself withinne How many yeres ben agon [etc.], c 1400
MAUNDEV. (1839) xix. 213 Now may men wel rekene, how
moche that it amountethe. 1568 GRAFTON Chron. II. 289
He is now looking on your crownes. .to recken if he haue
his whole some or no. 1667 FLAVEL Saint Indeed (1754) 44
Antigonus over-heard his soldiers reckoning how many
their enemies were.
c. To count or calculate from ; to calculate or
keep count of, in relation to some starting-point or
base. Also with over.
1540 in Vicary's Anat. (1888) App. xii. 239 The same half
yere accompted and reconned fromme Michaelmas last
paste. 1651 HOBBES Leviath. in. xxxviii. 240 Death IS
reckoned from the Condemnation of Adam. 1774 ABIGAIL
RECKON.
ADAMS in faitt. Lett. (1876) 24, I shall reckon over every
week as they pass, and rejoice at every Saturday evening.
1868 LOCKYER Eletn. Astron. vii. § 43 (1879) 264 Declination
is reckoned N. or S. of the plane of the earth's equator,
f d. To count out, to pay. Also with out. Obs.
c 1200 ORMIN 3540 lllc mann shollde cumenn ham . . Forr
|«er to reccnenn till [>e King An peninng for himm sellfenn.
Ibitl. 3561. 1713 STEELK Guard. No. 17 f 7 There is an
honest Man . . who has often said he would marry her with
Two Hundred Founds. The Knight ordered his Man to
reckon out that Sum.
e. To count up; also, to sum up, to estimate
the character of (a person).
1836 MARRYAT Japliet viii, To reckon up their means —
that is, to count the money which they may have' in their
pockets. 1853 DICKENS Bleak Ho. liv, The deceased Mr.
Tulkinghorn employed me to reckon up her Ladyship — if
you'll excuse my making use of the term we commonly
employ — and I reckoned her up, so far, completely.
3. To include in a (or the) reckoning ; hence, to
place or class. Const. among(si), for, in, with
preps. ; in adv.
1387 TKEVISA Higden (Rolls) VI. 171 pe (jridde Leo .. is
1101151 i-rekened in £>e ordre of bisshopes. c 1400 MAUNDEV.
(1839) xviii. 186 Also these Yles of Ynde..heth noght
reckned in the Climates. 1516 Pilgr. Pcr/.(\V. deW. 1531)
248 b, Fyrst the matyits..is rekened for one of thevij. 1581
Leg. Bf. St. Androis 613 Gude Robert Melwene . . I shuld
not racken in with thea. 1630 R. Johnson's Kingd, <$•
Comtn-w. 231 The number of souldiers. .amount to eight
thousand, not reckoning any man of sort, nor Mariners.
1711 ADDISON Spect. No. 40 f 4 There is also another Par-
ticular, which may be reckoned among the Blemishes .. of
our English Tragedy. 1774 GOLDSM. Nat. Hist. (1776) II.
230 In this class we may reckon the Georgians, Circassian -•,
and Mingrelians. 1868 HAWTHORNE A mer. Note-bks. (1879)
I. 52 Among other languages spoken hereabouts must be
reckoned the wild Irish.
b. To accept or state as a total.
1563 MAN Musculns' Commonpl. 273 b, Wherein he recon-
neth but two sacramentes only, giuen by the Lorde himselfe.
1671 J. WEBSTER )letallogr. vii. 115 He reckons four of
a silver colour, that hold no metal, nor yield any fire. 1848
W. H. BARTLETT Egypt to Pal. iii. (1879) 52 Lepsius reckons
about sixty, including some very small ones.
4. t a. To calculate, work out, decide the nature
or value of. Obs. rare.
'.',11400 Marie Arth. 1275 Thane salle we rekkene fulle
rathe, whatt ryghte that he claymes. a 1400-50 Alexander
41 He was wyse enoje wirdis to reken, When he (>e henyn
beheld, of ledes opon lyfe. 1567 Scitir. Poems Rejorm. viii.
9 War }or richt reknit to be croun It my* be laid with litill
menss.
fb. To estimate, value. Obs.
" '533 LD. BERKERS ffium li. 173, I wold reken all the
sorow that 1 haue enduryd at no thynge. 1601 SHAKS.
Alfs Will v. iii. 90, I haue scene her weare it, and she
reckon'd it At her Hues rate. 1642 ROGERS Naaman 136
Never barkening what God will answer . . but reckoning
her worke for a price. 1667 PEPYS Diary (1879) IV. 360
The world sees it, and reckons my interest accordingly.
t c. To take into consideration, to consider.
06s. rare.
1613 PURCHAS Pilgrimage v. viii (1614) 486 If a man doe
any thing worth reckoning, presently his Captaine imparteth
this honour to him. 1686 PARR Life Usher 94 Which
[treatises] being not set down in my Lord Primates own
Words.. cannot 'be reckoned, being much enlarged by the
Dr., as himself confesseth.
5. To consider, judge, or estimate by, or as the
result of, calculation. (Const, as in b.)
1555 EDEN Decades 351 We sette owre course east, ..
rekenynge owre selues .xxxvi. leaques from the coast of
Guinea. 1632 LITHGOW Trav. x. 456 [This] I reckon to be
foure hundred and fifty English miles. 1745 P. THOMAS
Jrnl, Austin's Voy. 343 They reckon that this . . Work will
be finish'd in about fifty Years. 1781 COWPER Let. 4 Oct.,
I reckon my volume will consist of about eight thousand
lines. 1848 W. H. BARTLETT Egypt to Pal. xiv. (1879) 315
We reckoned the distance about sixteen miles and back.
b. To set down, to hold, consider, or regard, as
being of a specified character, importance or value,
or (rarely) as being in a certain condition. Const.
for, as, to be, or with appositive complement.
1340 Ayenb. 214 Al bane time bet bou ne bengst naht a
god, bou hise sselt rekeni uor najt. ? a 1400 Marts Arth.
2334 To rekkene theis Romaynes recreaunt and joldene.
c 1450 St. CutUert (Surtees) 4360 pis I rekyn hot schort
aray. a 1533 LD. BERNERS Huoit vii. 16, I reken our wyage
to be a daungerous passage. 1561 T. NORTON Calvin's Inst,
in. 192 He reckeneth repentance and fayth as two diuerse
thmges. 1603 OWEN Pembrokeshire (1891) 244 This is
reconned for a strange and rare thinge. 1687 A. LOVELL
tr. Thevcnot's Trav. i. 39 They reckon Women with big
black Eyes, and red Cheeks, to be the greatest Beauties.
1711 STEELE Sfect. No. 422 p 6 Fortius would have been
reckoned a Wit, if there had never been a Fool in the
World. 1748 H.WALPOI.E Let. iSMay.ThePrincessofWales
among the prettiest in France, c 1850 Arab. fits. (Rtldg.)
rtl He was reckoned one of the richest merchants in the
city. 1870 YEATS Nat. Hist. Comm. 108 Quite a fourth of
the soil is reckoned as unproductive.
c. With inf. To regard as doing something.
1513 MORE in Grafton Chron. (1568) II. 760 Yee see their
youth, of which I rekon the onely suretie to rest in your
concord. 1732 ARBUTHNOT Rules of Diet in Aliments, etc.
V/4? i-'s reckoned to increase milk. 1852 MRS. STOWE
Uncle Tom's C. i. 5, I believe I'm reckoned to bring in
nUL' fine^' droves of niggers that is brought in.
6. To consider, think, suppose, be of opinion, etc.,
that. Also with omission of that.
247
1513 MORE in Grafton C/*r0«, (1568) 11.803 Menwouldenot
recon that hee coulde haue right to the realme. 1530 WKIOTHKS-
LEY Chron, 1,1875) I. 16 Some recken he killed himselfe with
purgations. 1611 HIBLE ISA. xxxviii. 13, I reckoned till
morning, that as a Lyon so will hee breake all my bones.
1668 GI.ANVILL Plus Ultra Pref, Whether his reply be
publique or not, 1 reckon he will blow the dust upon me.
17x1 SWIFT Jrnl. to Stella xlviii, I reckon the queen will go
to Windsor in three, .weeks. 1796 BUKNEY Mem. Aleta-
stast'o II. 78, I reckon that I shall have a humpback. 1860
MRS. GASKELL Sylvias Lovers v, ' A reckon it's a bargain ',
said Harry. 1875 JOWETT Plato (ed. 2) I. 443, I reckon,
said Socrates, tliat no one.. could accuse me of idle talking.
b. I reckon, used parenthetically or finally.
Formerly in literary Eng. use ; still common in Eng.
dialects, and current in the southern States of America in
place of the northern /guess,
1603 SIR R. CECIL in Harington Nugx Ant. (1804) I. 345
He is, I reckon, no wise man that looketh this waye to
heaven. 1748 RICHARDSON Clarissa Wks. 1883 VII. 144,
I shall have a good deal of trouble, I reckon,., to be decent
on the expected occasion. 1776 FOOTE Capuchin i. Wks.
1799 II. 389 All your family .. come over to be polish'd,
I reckon. 1827 J. F. COOPER Prairie I. vii. 107 Neither of
us, I reckon, has ever had much to do with [etc.]. 1883
STEVENSON Trt-as. 1st, iv. xx, You would just as soon save
your lives, I reckon.
f 7. To account, assign, or attribute to (a person
or thing). Obs. (In quots. only pass.}
15*6 TINDALE Rom. iv. 9 We .saye verely how that fayth
was rekened to Abraham for rightewesnes. 1641 J. SHUTE
Sarah fy liagar (1649) 142 The Ishmaelites .. are reckoned
unto Hagar, not unto Abraham; and therefore called
Hagareans. 1688 COLLIER Several Disc. (1725) 285 The
last Sermon de Sanctis..is mistakenly reckon'd to this
Father. 1719 WATERLAND I7ind. Christ's Div. 25 As if the
Ray were not to be reckon'd to the Sun, as included in it.
II. intr, f 8. To place or name things in order.
Obs. rare.
£1290 S, Eng, Leg, I. 312/440 Of \>e Mone, Monen-day
[is named], Jif ?e wel rikeni konne. 1390 GOWER Con/. III.
122 After Virgo to reknen evene Libra sit in the nombre of
sevene. c 1470 G^olagros fy Gaiv. 403 He is the rial lest roy..
Of all the rentaris to ryme or rekin on raw. 1535 STEWART
Cron. Scot. II. 708 Mony mo than I will heir report, To
reckin heir becaus the tyme is schort.
•j-b. To speak or discourse £/" something. Ods.~l
a 1400-50 Alexander 150 Slik care kindils in his curte ..
t>at it ware tere any tonge of bar tene to reken.
•f1 c. To reckon right : to judge correctly, to take
a correct view of things. Obs.
c 1400 Rom. Rose 3032 Ther was a womman eke, that
hight Shame, that, wno can reken right, Trespasse was hir
fadir name. 1535 LYNDESAY Satyre 1308, I traist, gif I can
reckon richt, Scho schaips to ludge with him all nichL 1556
LAUDER Tractate 63 Nothing, at all,— to rekin rycht, —
Different, in-to Goddis sycht. 1667 MILTON P. L, vni. 71
This to attain, whether Heav'n move or Earth, Imports not,
if thou reck'n right.
9. To count, to make a calculation ; to cast up
an account or sum.
To reckon -without one's host '. see HOST sb2 z b.
a 1300 Cursor M, 9228 Four thusand yeir and sex hundreth,
Qua reckens right to tell es eth. c 1369 CHAUCER Dethe
Blaunche 436 Thogh Argus the noble covnter Sete to rek-
ene . . Yet shulde he fayle to rekene evene The wondres me
mette. 1530 PALSGR. 684/1, I holde you a grote you have
reckened false. 1599 SHAKS. Hen. V, iv. i. 241 Wee haue
French Quarrels enow, if you could tell how to reckon.
1669 STITRMY Mariners Mag. n. ix. 74 The North Point of
the Nocturnal is the first Point you reckon from, . . and so
reckon forward North and by East. 1697 POTTER Antiq.
Greece i. i. (1715) 3 Meursius reckons to the number of forty
Plantations peopled by Athenians.
1 10. To render or give an account (of one's
conduct, etc., ory^ something icceived). Obs.
».. Prayer to Our Lady ^ in O. E. Misc. 193 Hwan ich
hier-of rekem schal, wel sore me mei drede. 1340 HAMPOLE
Pr* Consc, 5984 Fadirs and modirs sal rekken bat tyde, Of
bair sons and bair doghtirs unchastide. 1363 LANGL. P. PI.
A. n. 96 $e schule abygge it bothe..At oo jeris ende whan
je reken schul. 1450-1530 Myrr. our Ladye 89 We muste
haue as they had and worse for we haue receyued more to
reken for. 1575-85 ABP. SANDYS Serin, xx. 345 Christ is
comming in the cloudes, Al! fleshe shall rise and recken.
fb. To account for, explain. Obs~*
1674 N. FAIRFAX Bulk <$• Selv. 153 We can give no reason
why a Fool should rise more Mathematically from a seat,
than the wisest man can fully reckon for.
11. To go over or settle accounts (in lit. QI fig.
sense) with one, or together.
1*97 R. GLOUC. (Rolls) 6575 Bi be fey ich owe to god,
icholle rekeni mitte. c 1380 WYCLIF Wks* (1880) 425 f>is
lord wole rikene wib bes seruauntis fully. (1400 Melayne
1517 That there no sarazene solde come owte, To bay had
rekkenede with bat rowte. c 1470 HENRY Wallace ix. 1154
Erar he wald bid chaktns off his king, Than with Wallace
to rakyn for sic a thing. 155* Bk. Com. Prayer, Com-
munion, Euery Parishioner shal reken with his Person,
Vicare, or Curate. 157* HULOET, To recken together, or
to come to TQcken'mg,cofi/£rre rat tones. 1605 SHAK& Macb.
v. vii. 108 We shall not spend a large expence of time, Before
we reckon with your seuerall loues. 1784 COWPER Task vi.
606 God. .Will reckon with us roundly for the abuse. 18*5
SCOTT Talism, ix, The blame rests not with thee, but with
those with whom. . I hope to reckon roundly.
b. To reckon with : to take into account or con-
sideration ; to be prepared for.
Jews were the only dissenters with whom the king and the
church had to reckon.
12. To calculate, design, or expect to do some-
thing. Now only dial.
BECKONING.
c 1550 BALE K. Jo/tan (Camden) 44 The Cystean nionkes are
in soche perplexyte That owt of Englond they reken all to
flee. 1568 GRAFTON Chron. 1 1. 737 They departed to . Saint
Malo.. where they reckned to haue taken shippyng. 1601
R. JOHNSON Kingd. $ Commiv. (1603) 160 He neither de-
fendeth himselfe, nor intreatethe for mercie, as reckoning
straight to die. 1770 JOHNSON Let. to Mrs. Thrale 7 July
I reckon to go next week to Ashbourne. 187* HARTLEY
Yorksh. Ditt. Sen it. 44 Ov a Thursday aw reckon to brew.
b. To look for something, rare.
1848 J. H. NEWMAN Loss $ Gain in. v. 330 You may
have more to bear than you reckon for, when you find your-
self with men of rude minds and vulgar manners.
13. Const, of; To account or think (much, etc.)
of; to take account of, think highly of, approve of.
Now rare exc. dial.
1594 R. ASHLEY tr. Loys le Roy 47 Traitours. .were most
reckoned of in Court. 1601 SIR W. CORNWALLIS Disc,
Seneca (1631) 40 Wee reckon of Physitians because the end
of them is health. 1651 H. COGAN tr. Scarlet Gown 109
He is not much reckoned of in the Court, but is reuerenced
in the sacred Colledge. 1803 tr. P. Le Brun's Mons. Botle
II. 208 He reckoned a good deal of the pleasures of the
table. 1878 Cumb. Gloss. (E. D. S.) 117.
t b. To regard in a certain light. Obs. rare.
1600 W. WATSON Decacordon (1602) 05 He w as to be
reckned of for an inurious calumniator. 1615 Bp. MOUNTAGU
App. Czsar 151 So he was esteemed and held, during life,
and so is he reckoned of by his followers at this day.
f c. To reck of, take heed of. Obs. rare.
i6aa R. HAWKINS Voy. S. Sea (1847) 115 They reckon not
of a musket shot, a sword pierceth not their skinne. 1634
Malory's Arthur n. xxx, Like as it had beene a man ..
which reckoned not of himselfe.
14. To count, depend, or rely on or upon.
1633 LITHCOW Trav. v. 173 No man could reckon vpon
felicity so long as he Hued. 1665 BOYLE Occas. Re_fl. 205
His reward would be much less than he reckons upon. 1796
H. HUNTER tr. St.-Pierre's Stud. Nat. (1709) I. p. Ixx, "
I reckon on the indulgence of the really intelligent. 1836
Backwoods of Canada 22, I was reckoning much on seeing
the falls of Montmorenci. 1874 GREEN Short Hist. ii. § 4. 74
He could reckon on no support within England itself.
15. a. To number, amount to.
1877 Miss YONGE Cameos Set. in. xxx. 301 He marched
[them] into the camp before his own troop, which did not
reckon nearly so many.
b. To count, have a place or value.
1879 MCCARTHY Own Times II. xxii. 159 Such discretion
. .would in the long run reckon to his credit and his advan-
tage. 1898 BESANT Orange Girl i. i, After the fashion . . of
the sailors, with whom strength of arm reckons before style.
Hence Be ckoned///. a. Also Be'ckonable a..
capable of being reckoned, rare.
1658 CROMWELL Sp. 25 Jan. in Carlyle, A thing far from
reckonable as a suggestion to any ill end. 1812 WOOD-
HOUSE Astron. xxxviii. (1823) 756 The difference of actual
or absolute time, which depends on the reckoned time at
each place of observation. 1859 BKIGHT in Times 18 Aug.
9/6 [The Government] having no reckonable majority in
the House of Commons.
Reckon^-crook), var. RACKAN (-CROOK).
Reckoner (rek'nsj). Also 3 rikenare, 5 rek-
naie, 6 reck(e)ner. [f. RECKON v. + -BR 1.]
1. One who reckons, in senses of the verb.
a. 12*5 Ancr. R, 214 J>eos rikenares. .bat habbeS muchel
uorto rikenen. c 1440 Pronip. Parv. 428/2 Reknare, compu-
tator.. 1546 J. HEY WOOD Prov. (1867) 16 Reckners without
their host must recken twyce. 1611 COTGR., Compteurt a
reckoner. 1745 WARBURTON Occas. Refl. n. xiii, Retro-
spects with bad Reckoners are troublesome Things. 1823
MRS. HEMANS Vespers of Palermo v. ii, We shall have
Stern reckoners to account with. 1875 WHITNEY Life
Lang. ii. 20 Fingers are the most ready and natural of
aids to an unready reckoner.
2. An aid to reckoning. (Cf. READY RECKONER.)
1827 G. HIGGINS Celtic Druids 7 His fingers would be his
first reckoners.
Reckoning (re-k'nirj), vbL sb. Forms: see
RECKON v. (also 3 recnirjg, 5 Sc. rek-, raknyne,
5-6 rekniug, rakuiug, 6 reokuing, -yng, etc.).
[f. RECKON v. + -INQ1. Cf. Du. rekening, MLG.
rekeninge (whence late ON. reikningrt Sw. rak-
ning, Da. regning), OHG. rechenunga (MHG.
-unge, G. rccknung).]
1. The action of the vb. RECKON ; enumeration,
calculation, computation.
a 1300 Cursor M. 1566 Reckhnng cuth J?ai nan o right.
c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints xii. (Mathias) 266 Of thre hundir be
teynd leyly,. .cumys be raknyne to thretty. c 1440 Pronip.
Parv. 428/2 Reknynge, computacio. 1500-20 DUNBAR
Poems Ixxtx. 6 For rekkyning of my rentis and roumes, >e
neid nocht for to tyre ?our thowmes. 1588 SHAKS. L. L. L.
v. ii. 498 Ber. I alwaies tooke three threes for nine. Clow.
O Lord sir, it were pittie you should get your lining by
reckning sir. 1651 HOBBES Leviath. i. iv. 14 Without words,
there is no possibility of reckoning of Numbers. 1869 E. A.
PARKES /Vac/. Hygiene (ed. 3) 2 The usual mode of reckon-
ing is to divide the total daily supply in gallons by the total
population.
b. Manner or mode of computing or numbering.
c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints xxxi. {Eugenia} 943 Be be reknyne
of rome. .twa hundir 5ere sex & fyfty. 1c 1540 Hye we? to
Spyttel Hous 919 in Haxl. E. P. P. IV. 64 That is but lytell
used in this lande,. . For Englysshe men knowe not of (-uche
rekeninges. aiy»y NEWTON Ckronol. Amended In trod.
(1728) 2 The reckoning by Olympiads was not yet in use,
1849 MACAULAY Hist. Enr.\x. II. 475 On the sixteenth of
October, according to the English reckoning.
2. An instance of enumerating or counting, or
the result of this ; an enumeration, calculation,
or account. Also with up.
RECKONING.
248
RECLAIM.
a 1300 Cursor M. 12713 O bis reckining na mar her nu,
liot o lohn baptist and o iesu. c 1391 CHAUCER Astrol, \\.
§ 22 Understond wel this Reknyng. (1440 Promp. Paw.
428/2 Rekenynge, or a counte,. .comfotus. 1561 DAUS tr.
Bullinger on Apoc. (1573) 149 Let vs thinke, that our Lord
God kepeth a rekoning of all the dayes of our calamitie.
1674 N. FAIRFAX J7w/£ <y .SWz*. 188 There is not a full reckon-
ing up of those attributes of his that have to do in the work.
1719 DE FOE Crusoe \. xvii, As for an exact Reckoning of
Days, after I had once lost it, I could never recover it again.
1864 D. G. MITCHELL Sev, Star. 284, I tried to keep some
reckoning of the streets through which I passed.
b. The process or result of (one's) counting, etc.
Freq. in phrases, as to be out in oref, to leave out
of, to tose, one's reckoning.
1585 Q. ELIZ. in Four C. Eng. Lett. (1880) 29 If I mad not
my rekening the bettar of the moneths. 1668 CULPEPPER &
COLE Barthol. Anat. i. xiv. 34 According to his reckoning,
there will be two Ligaments, not one only. 1699 BENTLEY
Phal. Pref. 12 A plain argument, that the Examiner is quite
out in his reckoning. 1719 DE FOE Crusoe \. iv, I should
lose my reckoning of time. 1783 Cow PER Let. 13 Oct., It is
ever the way of those who rule the earth to leave out of
their reckoning Him who rules the universe. 1809 MALKIN
Gil Bias vii. xii. F i He was short in his reckoning by an
arm and a leg.
c. spec. The calculated period of pregnancy.
1638 G. SANDYS Paraphr. Job xxxix, Can'st thou their
Recknings keepe, the time compute. 1751 SMOLLETT Per.
Pic. Ixxxi, The time of my reckoning was nearly expired.
1844 H. STEPHENS Bk. Farm II. 599 A shepherd that has
attentively . . marked the reckoning of every ewe.
d. ATaut. The estimate made of a ship's position
by calculation from the log, the course steered, ob-
servation of the sup, etc. See also DEAD RECKONING.
1669 STURMY Mariners Mag. iv. i. 138, [I] tookour Reckon-
divided into four or five columns, whereon are marked the
reckonings of every day. 1769 FALCONER Diet, Marine
(1780) s. v. Dead-reckoning^ This reckoning.. is always to
be corrected, as often as any good observation of the sun
can be obtained. 1840 R. H. DANA Bef. Mast xxx. 108
Having gone by reckoning over thirteen hundred miles in
seven days.
fig. 1706 E. WARD Wooden World Diss. (1708) 14 Some-
times he comes many Leagues short of his Reckoning, for
through loss of Hands to work her the Ship is lost. 1884
PAE Eustace 91 You have got out of your reckoning.
3. A computation or account of the sum owing
by, or due to, one ; a statement of a charge or
charges ; a bill, esp. at an inn or tavern, f Also
without article, in phr, upon reckoning (quot. 1617).
c 1386 CHAUCER ProL 760 After soper , . Whan that we
hadde maad our rekenynges. c 1481 Plumfton Corr. (Cam-
den^ 41 Henry Fox bad me send my rakmngat Ripon, & I
should be answered to my money. 1533 [see HOST sl>.2 2 b],
1590 Wills fy Iny. N. C. (Surtees 1860) 198 He owes me the
rest of a reckening for c quarters of barley. 1617 MORVSON
I tin. i. 165, I paid each night foure bolinei for my bed, and
eating vpon reckoning, I spent lesse then two giulij by the
day. 1650 FULLER Pisgah H. x. 215 They liked the wine,
but not the reckoning which was to be paid for it. 1749
FIELDING Tont Jones vn. xi, Having now pretty well satis-
fied their Thirst, nothing remained but to pay the Reckoning.
18x8 SCOTT Rob Roy iv, He called for a reckoning for the
wine. 1874 T. TAYLOR Leic. Sq. vii. 154 Reckonings were
called and paid.
transf, and fig. 1635-56 COWLEY Davideis iv. 584 Our
watchful Prince by bending sav'd the Wound, But Death in
other coyn his reck'ning found. 1784^ COWPER Task v. 278
He deems a thousand . . lives, Spent m the purchase of re-
nown for him, An easy reckoning.
b. A Dutch reckoning*, (see quots.).
a 1700 [see DUTCH a. 4]. 1724 SWIFT Draftees Lett. Wks.
1755 V. H. 78 A Dutch reckoning, wherein if you dispute the
unreasonableness and exorbitance of the bill, the land lord
shall bring it up every time with new additions, a 1814
Forgery n. ii. in New Brit. Theatre 1.449 Come, we'll have
a Dutch reckoning to-night, for we will share the dust, or
see them shopp'd [=put in prison],
4. The act ion of rendering an account of property
etc., entrusted to one's charge; an account so
rendered. Chiefly in phrases, as to give or yield,
to hear, hold or make, to bring or call to, reckoning ;
sometimes also count and reckoning. Now only
in legal use.
1340 Ayenb. 18 His Ihordes guodes huer-of him behouel>
straitliche yelde rekeninge and scele. 1377 LANGL. P. PI.
B. v. 427, 1 can holde louedayes and here a reues rekenynge.
1413 Pilgr. Serwlc (Caxton 1483) iv. xxxiv. 83 Of al reuenues
that to the kynge bylongen in his Countre the Shirreue
nyuste yeue rekkenynge. 1568 GRAFTON Chron. II. 58 The
king.. began to call him [Becket] to reconynges, and to
burthen him with paymentes. 1596 DALRYMPLE tr. Leslie's
Hist. Scot. x. 264 The keiperis of the Thesaurhous . . he
bringis to compte and rekning. 1611 BIBLE 2 Kings xxii. 7
Howbeit, there was no reckoning made with them, of the
money that was deliuered into their hand. \96$Act 32 <$• 33
Viet, c. 116 § 7 The grantee being always bound, upon pay-
ment of the price, to hold count and reckoning with the
grantor for the same.
traiisf. 1568 GRAFTON Chron. II . 683 As for the towne of
Calice. .the sayde Monsire de Vawclere promised thereof to
make him a good reconyng.
b. The action of rendering to another an account
of one's self or one's conduct.
^1450 LONELICH Merlin 1300 (Kolbingl Respyt gonnen
they take . . xv dayes thanne next sewenge Hire forto
brtngen to rekenenge. 1530-1 Act 22 Hen. F//7, c. 12 If
any man. .be vagrant, and can gyue no rekenynge howe
he_dothe lefullye get his lyuynge. 1599 SHAKS. Much Ado
v. iv. 9 Being, .enforc'd To call young Claudio to a reckon-
ing for it. 1706 E. WARD Wooden World Diss. (1708) 18
A servile Constraint being much more resented by a generous
Soul than a deep Reckoning. 1828 SCOTT F. M. Perth vi,
I have also a reckoning to hold with you.
c. spec, with ref. to rendering an account of one's
life or conduct to God at death or judgement.
a 1300 Sarmnn xxiii, in E. R. P. (1862) 3 Hit nis no doute
he sal be dede to gelde recning at [>e dome. 1340 Ayenb. 214
God will acsi rekeninge ate daye of dome, c 1375 AY.
Leg. Saints xxiv. (Alexis) 133 We sal. .gyf reknyne hat luge
til of al dedis, gud & II. 143* E. E. Wills 97 As myne
executoures wyl answere at the laste rekenyng. c 1500
Lancelot 1358 Wharof that god a raknyng sal craf At the,
and a sore Raknyng sal hafe. 1599 SHAKS, Hen. V% iv. i. 141
If the Cause be not good, the King himselfe hath a heauie
Reckoning to make. 1641 HINDE J. Bruen xxxiv. 108
The reckoning and account of a true Professor and sound
Christian is not to seeke, nor to make at the houre of their
death. 1784 COWPER Task in. 179 He will judge the earth,
and call the fool To a sharp reckoning that has lived in vain.
d. In phr. Day of reckoning. (See also 9.)
1838 DICKENS Nick. Nick, xx, There will be a day of
reckoning sooner or later. 1861 BUCKLE Crviliz. (1873)
III. iii. 132 The patience of the country was well nigh
exhausted, and the day of reckoning was at hand.
fe. An account, statement of something. Obs.
J>oi
[T. COTTESFORD] (title) The Rekening;
faith and beleif of Huldrik Zwingly.
5. The settlement of accounts or differences be-
tween parties.
c 14^70 Golagros 4- Gaw. 850 Rude reknyng raise thair
renkis betuene. 1546 J. HEYWOOD Prov. (1867) 53 Euen
recknyng maketh longe friend is, . . Foralwaie owne is owne,
at the recknyngis eend. 1776 PAINE Com. Sense (1791) 62
A firm bargain and a right reckoning make long friends.
6. The action of calculating or estimating chances
or contingencies ; (an) anticipation, or expectation.
1568 GRAFTON Chron. II. 689 Makyng sure reconyng to
haue had theyr pray and pryse. 1588 PARKE tr. Mendoza's
Hist. China 144 It went not with IJmahon and his foure
hundred souldiers according as he did make reckoning.
1686 tr. Chardin's Coronat. Solyman 25 The General of
the Slaves expected the Precedency as his due. . . However
he missed of his reckoning. 1871 FREEMAN Norm. Cong.
(1876) IV. xviii. 113 Most likely the reckonings of the men
of Kent did not go so far afield.
fb. Thought, idea. Obsr*
1574 HELLOWES Guenara's Fam. Ep. (1584) 231 After I . .
read againe your fetter, I fell in the reckoning that it was
of Mosen Rubin my neighbour.
•f 7. a. Mode of regarding a matter. Obs.
1390 GOWEH Conf. I. 356 As to the worldes rekeninge Ther
schal he fmde no wjnnynge. 152* MORE DC gnat. Noviss,
Wks. 79/2 With this reckening shal thei loke vpon death
muche nerer hande. 1596 SHAKS. Tarn. Shr. iv. i. 87 By
this reckning he is more shrew than she. 1649 MILTON
Eikon. ix, 86 By this reckning his consent and his denials
come all to one pass.
•f b. To make reckoning of\ to hold or account
of, to take heed of. Obs. (Common c 1580-1680.)
1581 PETTIE tr. Guazzo's Civ. Conv. i. (1586) ?b, A man
must not make reconing or account of the multitude of
people. 1613 PURCHAS Pilgrimage ii. xix. (1614) 217 That
lew.. is accounted a Traytor, and neuer made reckoning of
after. 1686 tr. Chardin's Coronat. Solyman 99 The General
at that time made little reck'ning of what he said.
f C. To be, or come to, one reckoning : to be of
the same value, to be equivalent. Obs.
1599 SHAKS. Hen. F, iv. vii. 18 The great, or the mighty,
or the huge., are all one reckonings. 1674 N. FAIRFAX
Sulk 4- Selv. 93 To take away place, or to take away the
body plac'd, comes all to a reckoning.
f8. Estimation, consideration, distinction. (Used
with adjs., as good, little, mean, etc., and abso-
lutely.) Obs.
1582 STANYHURST ^Etifis n. (Arb.) 46 Whilst counsel
auayled, Then we were of reckning. 1586 A. DAY Eng.
Secretary i. (1625) 5 A woman of very meane reckoning.
1598 MANWOOD Lawes Forest xx. § 10 (1615) 179/2 Such
beasts.. are. .not meete for any man of reckoning to eate.
i6oa CAREW Cornwall 6 For Windowes, Domes, and Chim-
nies, Moore stone carrieth chiefest reckoning. 1653 H.
COGAN tr. Pinto*s Trav. xlvii. 271 He found that some fifty
thousand were missing, all men of little reckoning.
9. attrib., as reckoning book, chamber, day.
1548 ELYOT Rationarins codex, . . a reckenyng booke.
1613 R. CAWDREY Table Alph. (ed. 3), Register, kalender,
a reckoning booke. 1647 HKXHAM s. v., A reckoning
chamber, or a chamber of accounts, een reecken-kamer.
1765 JOHNSON (ed. 2), Reckoning book, a book in which
money received and expended is set down. 18x2 BYRON
Ch. Har. i. Hi, Ah ! Spain ! how sad will be thy reckoning-
day. 1851 MAYNE REID Scalp Hunt. xvii. 120, I may yet
find a reckoning day for him.
f Reckonmaster. Obs. rare -1. In 6 recken-.
[f. RECKON v.\ cf. Du. rekenmeester, G. rechen-
meister^ A professional reckoner, an arithme-
tician.
1570 DEE Math. Pref. *ij, The common Logist, Recken-
master, or Arithmetician .. imagineth lesse partes : and
calleth them Fractions.
Recks, variant of REX, pranks.
Reclaim (rfkU7ltm), so.1 Now rare. Forms:
see CLAIM sb. (also 5 racleyme). [a. OF. reclaim,
sb. from reclaimer, reclamer to RECLAIM.]
•f 1. The act of recalling a hawk ; esp. to come to
reclaim, to return when called. Obs.
1398 TREVISA Barth. De P. R. xn. ii. (Tollem. MS.), He
wexej? ramaiouse o|jer slowe, and dedeynej? not to come to
reclayme. 1486 Bk. St. Albans Bij, And or she come to
the reclame make her that she sowre not.
fb. The recall or bringing back of a person.
c 1430 LYDG. Min. Poems (Percy SocJ 77 Defye false
fortune, And al recleymes of hyr double luyne. 1533
BELLENDEN tr. Livy i. xii. (S. T. S.) I. 70 J>e Sabinis coni-
planit J>at bare rebelHs .. war J>are Inlertenyit but ony re-
clame or punycioun eftir following. 1590 SPENSER /'. Q.
HI. x. 16 The loving couple, .leasure had. .to frame Their
purpost flight, free frqpi all mens reclame.
fc. Revocation (of an edict). Obs.rare~~l.
1604 T. WRIGHT Passions v. § 4. 234 Ester, .procured the
death of Hamtnan, and the reclaime of that bloody edict.
2. The act of recalling, or state of being recalled,
to right conduct.
In early examples prob. transf. from sense i.
a 1300 Cursor M. 1578 Wimmen bai forced a-mang )>aim,
Was nan bam moght bring to reclaim. 1494 FABYAN Chron,
vii. 395 He . . buylded newe the cytie & castell of Beau
Maryse, and broughte the vnsteadfast Walsnman to newe
reclayme. 158* N. T. (Rhem.) Pref. n For the better pre-
seruation or reclaime of many good souls endangered thereby.
1598 B. JONSON Ev. Man in Hunt. i. i, I see you are e'en
past hope Of all reclaim, a 1656 HALES Gold. Rem. i. (1673)
96 Let him examine his own conscience, and impartially
sift all the manner of his reclaim. 1891 J. AITCHISON Signa
Christi vi. 225 [Christ is] the real Originator of societies for
reclaim of the fallen.
b. The reclamation of land.
1799 J. ROBERTSON Agric. Perth 421 While the country
underwent the work of reclaim.
T 3. A challenge, protest. Obs. rare.
c 1440 Protnp. Parv. 425/2 Recleyme, or chalange, cla-
meutn, vendicacio. c 1449 PECOCK Repr. in. xvi. 386 He
him si If ma i it lette bi the reclaime.. which be mai make.
f 4. The act of claiming back. Obs. rare.
1560 DAUS tr. Sleidane's Coinm. 417 b, Fridericke maketh
reclaime to hys landes. 1609 BIBLE (Douay) Jndg. xi. 26
Wherfore have you so long attempted nothing for reclaime?
Re- claim, so.2 [RE- 5 a.] A fresh claim.
1890 Pall Mall G. 18 Aug. 2/3 The overseers.. have.,
exposed a very large number of the electors to the chance
of oeing struck off on objection, if re-claims are not made.
Reclaim (r/kl/i-m), v. Forms : see CLAIM v.
[ad. OF. reclamer, f reclaimer (i 2th c.) :— L. recla-
mare to cry out against, contradict, also to re-echo :
see RE- and CLAIM v.]
I. trans. 1 1- Falconry. To call back (a hawk
which has been let fly). Obs.
In some cases not easily distinguished from sense 3.
a 1300 Cursor M. 3530 Hauk es etb, als i here say, To
reclaym bat has tint his pray. 1390 GOWER Conf. II. 285
Fulofte he faileth of his game That wol with ydel hand
reclame His hauk. £"1477 CAXTON Jason 126 The kyng..
came into this gardyne for to reclayme a sperhawke of his.
1600 SURFLET Countrie Fanne vn. xliii. 872 To reclaime and
bring them to the lure. 1727-41 CHAMBERS Cycl, s.y., The
spar-hawk, gos-hawk, &c. are reclaimed with the voice, the
falcon only by shaking the lure.
clayme thee, and brynge thee to lure, c 1460 SIR R. Ros
La Belle Dame 634 paire bysy hertes passen to and fro,
bai be so wele reclaymed to the lure.
fb. To call back; to recall. Obs.
1596 SPENSER F. Q. v, xii. 9 Willed him for to reclayme
with speed His scattred people, ere they all were slaine.
1597 BEARD Theatre God's *fudgem. (1612) 223 When .. he
oppressed the people with exactions, and was reclaimed
home, a 1700 DRVDEN (J.), The head-strong horses hurried
Octavius . . along, and were deaf to his reclaiming them.
1727-41 CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v., The partridge is also said to
reclaim her young ones, when she calls them together upon
their scattering too much from her.
fig. 1590 GREENE Mourn. Garni. (1616) B iv, Knowing
young wits were wandring, he began to reclaime him thus.
t C. To restrain, check, hold back. Obs.
a 15*9 SKELTON Agst. Garnesche iv. 105 Auaunt, rybawde,
thi tune reclame ! 1596 DANETT tr. Comities (1614) 319 Then
the Duke vsed to reclaime vs, saying ho, one to one. 1633
T. STAFFORD Pac. Hib. i. iii. (1810) 51 They would reclaime
themselves and their followers from committing any out-
rage. 1700 PRIOR Cartnen Sec. 292 Is her tow 'ring Flight
reclaim 'd By Seas from Icarus' Downfall nam'd?
td. To recall, withdraw (a statement); to re-
voke. Obs. rare.
1615 T. ADAMS Two Sonnes Wks. (1630) 425 Let vs re-
claime our impudent and refractory renegations. 1639
DRUMM. OF HAWTH. Memorials of State Wks. (1711) 129 Ii
Henry VI. ..would ..have reclaimed the approbation, .of
Richard duke of York. 1670 W. SIMPSON Hydrol. Ess.
76 What I have said. .1 find no reason to reclaim.
2. To recall, bring back (a person or animal)
from a wrong course of action, etc., to a proper
state, f Also const, of.
The first quot. may rather belong to sense 3.
1390 GOWER Conf. III. 277 Adam and Eve . .hem aschamed,
Til that nature hath hem reclamed To love, f 1450 St,
. ..
and sharply against them, and reclaimed them home to
peace and obedience. 1581 MULCASTER Positions xxxv.
(1887) 126 If the soule it selfe be reclaymed from follie. 1633
P. FLETCHER Purple Isl. \. xlix, Being one soon into two he
framed it, And now made two, to one again reclaimed it.
1681-6 J. SCOTT Chr. Life (1747) III. 2 A Man. .may upon
due Consideration . . reclaim himself to a very pious and
virtuous Life. 1686 BLOME GcntL Recreat. II. 38 In a
little time this will Reclaim her of that Roaveing Kytish-
trick. 1798 FF.RFIAR Illustr. Sterne, etc. vi. 165 A young
man, who was reclaimed from a very dissolute course of life.
1841 LANE Arab. Nts. I. 74 So was he reclaimed to a sense
of his duty. 1849 MACAULAV Hist. Eng: v. 1. 624 Henrietta
had reclaimed him from a life of vice.
RECLAIM.
b. To call back from wrong-doing or error ; to
bring back to the right way ; to reform.
1577 NORTHBBOOKE Dicing (1843) 77, I am glad to heare
this of you, that you are so reclaimed. 1610 WILLKT
Hexapla Dan. 361 Such an one was Saul, that would by
no meanes be reclaymed. a 1680 BUTLER Rein. (17591 I. 7°
Like the Plagues of ^igypt, meant a Curse, Not to reclaim
us, but to make us worse. 1743-3 Johnson's Parl. Deb.
(1811) II. 360 We shall give those, who have accustomed
themselves to this liquor, time to reclaim their appetites.
1779-81 JOHNSON L. 1'., Addison (1868) 234 Addison . . had
very diligently endeavoured to reclaim him. 1819 T. B.
JOHNSON Shooter's Comp. 85 [Young dogs] if they are
suffered to acquire any bad habits . . will be with great
difficulty reclaimed. 1831 Miss FERRIER Destiny v, Em-
ploying the industrious,, .or reclaiming the wicked.
reft. 1586 A. DAY Eng. Secretary I. (1625) 54 As a yong
man I went astray I grant, but . . I reclaimed my selfe ere
I fell. 1609 T. MORTON Anfiv. Higgins 26 Do you not also
see how he reclaimeth himselfe, and accordeth vnto the
common opinion ?
atsnt. 1667 MII.TON P. L. vi. 791 They hard'nd more by
what might most reclame, . .at the sight Took envie.
C. To win back, win over (again). Also with
inf. ran.
1587 TURBERV. Trag. T. 35 No loue deuise, no iewek
fet from farre, Could so reclaime this noble Ladies minde.
1611 BACON Hen. VII n Fit also to reclaime them to know
him for their King, whom they had so lately talked of as
an Enimie. 1853 C. BRONTE Villctte xx, Once alienated,
[I doubt) whether he were ever to be reclaimed.
d. To put right, _ to remedy, correct, amend
(something wrong, an error, fault, etc.). rare.
1596 BACON Max. «£ Uses Com. Law Pref,, In deciding of
doubts,and..inreclaimingvulgar errors. i6ti—Hen, y'll
17 By his presence, .to reclaymeand rectifie those humours.
'74»-3 Johnson's Parl. Deb. (1811) II. 398 The same pro-
visions by which the vices of our own people are to be
reclaimed. 1849 ALISON Hist. Europe I. iii. 8 74. 332 In
these abuses, which we have a right to reclaim, will be
found a mine of riches,
3. To reduce to obedience, tame, subdue (an
animal, esp. a hawk, also rarely a person).
The legal term for reducing animals ferse naturae to
domestication (see quot. 1766).
1390 GOWER Con/. III. 366, I thoghte thanne how love is
swete, Which hath so wise men reclamed, c 1440 I'romp.
Parti. 425/2 Recleymyn', or make tame, aumo. 1486
Bk. St. A loans, a iij, The same night after the fedyng, wake
her all nyght.., then shee will be preui Inowgh to be re-
clamed. ijwPALSGR. 681/1 Hewasthestoburnestboyethat
ever I sawe, out I have reclaymed hym. 1579 LYLY Euphites
(Arb.) 41 Though the Fawlcon be reclaimed to the fist, she
retyreth to hir haggardnesse. 1607 MARKHAM Cat/a/, n. ix.
102 This course of reclaiming a horse by gentlenesse..
I have found much to auaile. 1632 MASSINGF.R Maid o/
Hon. n. ii, Cautiola. \ am still myself, and will be. Fulgentio.
A proud haggard, And not to be reclaimed ! 1737 STACK-
aetmffitt, Bible n. i. (1752) I. 150/2 Such Creatures as are
immorigerous, we have found out Expedients to reclaim.
1766 BLACKSTONE Comm. II. xxv. 39: A qualified property
may subsist in animals ferx natiirx, per industrial!! ho-
minis', by a man's reclaiming and making them tame by
art, industry, and education. 1851 R. F. BURTON Falconry
in Valley Indus vi. 71 Allowing a week or ten days for
reclaiming the bird.
fb. To keep the growth of (wood or trees)
within bounds. 06s.
iSoi HOLLAND Pliny xvn. xxii, By this means also the
wood is reclaimed and repressed from running out in length
beyond all measure. 1697 DRYDEN Virg. Gcorg. ii. 86 Much
labour is requir'd in Trees, to tame Their wild disorder,
and in ranks reclaim.
c. To remove (rude qualities) by means of in-
struction or culture ; to bring (savage people) to
a state of civilization.
1760 GOLDSM. Cit. rV. Ixxv, Savage rusticity is reclaimed
by oral admonition alone. 1844 LINGARD Anglo-Sax. Ch.
(1858) I. Pref. 6 By religion they were reclaimed from
savage life. 1865 Reader 12 Aug. 180/1 A fair field,. .with
no aborigines to be protected or reclaimed.
d. To bring (waste land, or land formerly covered
by water) under, or into a fit state for, cultivation.
1764 Museum Rust. I. 370 The plain reason, why potatoes
are an excellent crop for reclaiming land. 1808 I. WALKER
Hilt. Hebrides I. 162 There has . . been more wild land in
Scotland, reclaimed by means of lime, than by any other
manure. 1874 GREEN Short Hist. viii. § 5. 503 A great
scheme was set on foot for reclaiming the Fens.
4. t»- Sc- To make a claim against (one), to sue
at law. Olis. rare.
1456 SIR G. HAVE Law Arms (S.T. S.) 92 Quhethir . . he
may lefully recover apon him be were his thing, gif he may
reclame him in jugement. Ibid. 168 Thai quite clamant!
him in. time tocum, to nocht reclame him of thai gudis.
b. To claim the restoration of, to demand or
take back (a person or thing).
In later use properly a new formation on RE. 5 a and
CLAIM v. with distinct pron. of the prefix (rt)
1530 in W. H. Turner Select. Rec. Oxford (1880) 91 Hys
M| . . desyred to have hym reclaymed of the Maire. 1590
SPENSUR F. Q. in. ,„. <8 So shall the Briton blood tlleir
crowne agayn reclame. 170! Land. Gaz. No. 3758/7 Captain
Arena .being reclaimed by the Imperial Ambassador, was
set at Liberty. I76o-7a H. RZOOKR Fool of Quat. (i8oo>III.
94 Reclaiming the bar,, he threw it to a length. .judged to
exceed my cast. ,835 MARHYAT Pacha Many T. iii, To
make a note of any particular marks upon the children by
which they miSht be eventually reclaimed. j872 SWINBURNE
£*• VJ?** <l875> "7 In vain he reclaimed for Paris, in the
face of Versailles, the right of municipal self-government.
/if. 1875 BLACKMORE Alice Lorraine 111. vi. 94 This cold
resistless flood calmly reclaimed its ancient channel,
r&.a. lo call repeatedly upon. (In Caxton only.)
VOL. \ III.
249
I 1481 CAXTON Myrr. in. xii. 159 Thise thre bountees
reclayme alle crysten men. 1491 — Vitas Pair. i. xxxvi.
(M95> 37 »/' The name of god was reclamed and named in
al townes and cytees.
t b. To proclaim. Obs. rare.
a ij»9 SKELTON Bk. 3 Poles Wks. 1843 I. 202 If that I am
beloued of dyuers persons whiche reclaymeth mee good and
vertuous. 1565 KNOX Serin. Wks. 1864 VI. 265 Slil to re-
i clayme Him to be our God.. is the greatest victorie of faith,
t c. To re-echo, return (a sound). Obs.-1
1590 GREENE Mourn. Garm. (1616) E ii, Melt to teares,
poure out thy plaints, let Eccho reclame them.
f6. To cry out, or protest, against (a thing or
person) ; to gainsay, reject. Obs.
1634 CANNE ffecess, Sefar. (1840) 94 Your consciences re-
claimeth not the wearing of such garments : but many
thousand both godly and learned are otherwise persuaded.
1650 FULLER Pisgak n. viii. § 3 Herod . . in stead of re-
claiming what they exclaimed, imbraced and hug'd their
praises as proper to himself.
II. intr. 7. To exclaim, protest. Now rare,
c 1440 Promp. Parv. 425/2 Recleymyn', or wythe seyn,. .
reclame, a 1471 FORTESCUE Title of House of York Wks.
(1869) 500 Kinge Henry. .was annoynted and crouned ..,
no man reclaiminge. 1549 COVERDALE, etc. Erasm. Par.
Heb. xi. 20 She gave no eare to nature reclaming and harking
to_the contrarie. 1579 FULKE Confut. Sanders 680 All the
Bishops.. subscribed and allowed all that had bene saide. .,
and no man reclamed. 1719 WATERLAND Vind. Christ's
Div. viii, Scripture reclaims; and the whole Catholick
Church reclaims ; and Christian Ears would not bear it.
1869 BROWNING Ring $ Bk. vin. 354 We could reclaim,— . .
But no, — we'll take it as spontaneously Confessed.
b. Const, against, ^at, ^to.
c 1449 PECOCK Repr. ill. xvii. 398 That y. .am stille in not
reclaymyng ajens the trust neither a^ens the jifte. 1534
CRANMER Let. to Cramivellin Misc. Writ. (Parker Soc.) II.
286, I think there is not one . . that would once reclaim
against it. 1565 KNOX Sena. Wks. 1864 VI. 262 Began tocall
[it] in double, .bicause that naturall judgement.. reclaymed
thereto. 1604 HUBBOCKE Orat. Graf. K. James 9 Every
one acclaming to it, no man reclaiming at it. 1609 BENTLEV
Pkal. 60 The whole Context in Dionysius reclaims against
this Emendation. 1769 BLACKSTONE Comm. IV. xiii. 164 In
Northern countries, the very nature of the climate seems to
reclaim against it. 1818 JEFFERSON Writ. (1830) IV. 308
He wrote to reclaim against an expression of Mr. Wirt's.
1875 ULLATHORNE Gladstone's Expost. Unrav. 70 Against
which act .. we .. loudly reclaim, in like manner as, on other
occasions, we have protested against like attempts.
C. With obj. clause. To declare or say in protest.
ri449 PECOCK Repr. in. xviii. 398 If y thera?ens reclame
or proteste for me and hem, that y .. w'ole be fre. 1714
EUSDEN ToLd. Halifax in Steele Poet. Misc. 192 Where are
the Flights, (trueCriticks may reclaim) The Heat, the Force,
and Fancy. . ! 1846 W. H. MILL Five Serin. (1848) 26 Will
not experience bitterly reclaim, that from this consideration
. .the gloomiest answer only can follow.
d. Sc. Law. To appeal ; now spec, from a
judgement of the Lord Ordinary to the Inner House
of the Court of Session.
1578-9 Reg. Privy Council Scot. Ser. i. III. 109 The said
decreet. .fra the quhilk the said Dame Grissell hes reclamit.
1666-88 DALLAS Syst. Stiles (1697) 455 By the saids Acts,
their is a Provision and Salvo for the Defender to Reclaim
and make Application to the Lords in case of unjustice of the
Judge. 1709 Act Sederunt p July, Act anent Interloquitors
in the Outter-house, and Bills reclaiming against them. 1752
MeDoUALL hist. Laws Scot. iv. xxxvi. II. 676 Parties are
presumed to acquiesce to the judgments of the ordinary,
when they do not reclaim to the lords. 1884 Law Times
LXXVI. 333/1 The trustees have reclaimed against the
recent interlocutor of Lord Fraser.
•(• 8. To call out, cry loudly. 06s. rare.
1647 W. BROWNE Polexander w. iv. 297 The voice flying
into aire, I call'd a long time to intreat it to instruct me . . .
But I re-claim'd in vain, a 1700 DRYDEN Iliad \. 294 One
whisper'd soft, and one aloud reclaim'd.
1 9. a. To draw back ; to recant. Obs. rare.
1596 SPENSER F. Q. vi. iii. 43 Yet would he not perswaded
be for ought, Ne from his currish will a whit reclame. 1604
T. WRIGHT Passions (1620) 310 Why may they not as well
reclayme again, as they did before ?
t b. To reform. Obs.
1625 B. SPENSER Vox Civitatis 2, 1 wish you to reclaime,
repent, beleeue. 1741 RICHARDSON Pamela III. 47 If he
was in earnest to reclaim. 1757 MRS. GRIFFITH Lett. Henry
ff Frances (1767) I. 242 Few of such creatures ever reclaim
of themselves ; but .. die without repentance.
Reclaimable (rfkte'-mab'l), a. [f. prec. +
-ABLE.] Thnt may be reclaimed.
a 1677 HALE Prim. Orig. Man. iv, viii. 371 He . . hath
power to reclaim those that are reclaimable.. ; as Horses,
Elephants, Camels, c 1710 J. COCKBURN Kern. Burnet's
Hist. Own Times 41 He said, that he was young, and so re-
claimable ; that this was his first Fault. 1765 ULACKSTONE
Comm. I. viii. 288 Any beast may be an estray, that is by
nature tame or reclaimable. a 1814 Masquerade tv. iv. in
NCTU Brit. Theatre I. 261 If you have resolution to do that,
I shall begin to think you reclaimable. 1848 W. H. BARTLETT
Egypt to Pal. vi. (1879) 145 The valley appeared as though
it might be reclaimable by Nile water.
Hence Beclai-mableness, Beclai'mably adv.
1*95 J- SAGE Article Wks. 1844 I. 70 Such as are in a state
of reclaimableness. 1882 OCILVIE, Reclaimably.
Keclaimant (r/kl^-mant). 1 0bs. [f. RE-
CLAIM v. as CLAIMANT. Ct. F. riclamanl (ciSoo
in Littre).] One who reclaims.
17.. in Richardson s.v. Reclaim, The famous council.,
of 318 bishops, very unanimous in their resolutions, except-
ing a few reclaimants. 1755 MAGENS Insurances I. 325
Cnpt. John Hunt's Lawsuit Charges, which the Reclaimants
engaged to satisfy. 1778 Sketches/or Tal'crttacle Frames 15
Acting. .the mild Reciaimant's Part.
RECLAMATION.
Reclaimed (rrklr'-md), ///. a. [f. RECLAIM v.
+ -ED ».] Tamed, reformed, brought under cultiva-
tion, f protested against.
c 1440 Promp. Parv. 425/2 Recleymyd, or chalangyd, re-
clamatus. lbid.t Recleymyd, as hawkys, redomitus. 1481
CAXT^N Myrr, n. xvi. 102 The goshawke and sperhawk . that
ben tame and reclaymed brynge that they take to theyr lord.
i59aGREENF.£>K/K/. 35 Thegentleman. .foundher afterward
a reclaimed woman . 1600 SURFLET C ottntne Fanne vn. viii.
813 The chiefe andprincipall furtherance., that can begiuen
to trees, either reclaimed or wilde. z686 BLOME Cent I.
Rtcreett. II. 36/2 He that hath once experienced a well
Reclaimed Sparrow- Hawk will hardly be without one. 1769
G. WHITE Selborne xxii, What you mention with respect to
reclaimed toads raises my curiosity. 1840 BUEL Farm. Comp.
47 The crops best calculated for reclaimed swamps. 1881
Macm. Mag. XLV. 40 Here is a 'reclaimed' hawk: he
can be. .recovered as soon as his owner pleases.
Reclaimer1 (rnd/i-msj). [f. as prec. + -ER!,]
One who reclaims.
1676 Re$, French Capers 4 Aug. in Marvell Growth Popery
(1678) 58 That all Privateers and Reclaimers know it. 1711
C. KING Brit. Mcrch. \. 103 A Suit being commenced be-
tween the Captors of Prizes on one part, and the Reclaimers
of the same on the other. 174* RICHARDSON Pamela III.
143 The whole Country round you . owe great Obligate ns
to your fair Reclaimer. 1861 SMILFS Engineers I. 22 The
first reclaimers of the Fen lands seem to have been the re-
ligious recluses. 1868 Act 31 $ 32 Viet, c. 100 § 52 After a
reclaiming note has been present, the reclaimer shall not be
at liberty to withdraw It.
t R-eclarmer -. Obs. rare. [App. ad. AF.
reclaimer", see -ER4.] Reclamation, reform.
1650 H, BROOKE Ccnserv. Health 230 We ought even in
our Angers to give some manifest of a desire of good to the
Person we are angry withall, as of Reclaimer, of his amend-
ment and altering his Course. 1667 WATERHOUS Fire Lon-
don 40 Obstinacy and opposition to, and despight of the
meanes and motions of reclaimer.
Reclaiming (r/khr'-mirj),.^/. sb. [-ING!.]
The action of the vb. RECLAIM, in various senses.
(71383 CHAUCER L. G. W. 1371 Hypsipyle, Thow madi^t
thyn recleymyng and thy lures To ladyis. c 1440 Promp.
Parv. 425/2 Recleymynge, of wyldenesse, redomitacio. 1575
TURBERV. Faulconrie Cont., The reclayming, imping,., and
fleyng both the fielde and liuer of the same Haukes. 1580
HOLLVBAND Trcas. Fr. Tang-, Criement . ., a reclaming, a
crying againste. 1601 wid Pt. Return fr. Parnass. n. v.<ji3
Through good reclaiming my faulty hounds found their
game againe. 1641 HINDI: J, Brnett xxxi. 97 For their
better information in the way of God, and more efFectuall
reclaiming of themselves. 1755 MAGKNS Insurances I. 345
We made it. .an express Condition to be entirely free of all
Charges of Detention and Reclaiming. 17*60. SEMPLE
Building in Water 118 The reclaiming of Ground. 1851
R. F. BURTON Falconry iu Valley Indus iv. 44 Their re-
claiming commences with being broken to the hood.
b. attrib.) as reclaiming bill, days, note,
petition (see RECLAIM v. 7 d).
anent reclaiming Petitions. 1765 Ibid. 27 Feb., The Lords
declare, that no marking of the clerks, .shall hereafter keep
the reclaiming days open til! next Session. 1831 Miss
FERRIER Destiny xliii, Not a decreet, or reclaiming petition.
1868 fsee RECLAIMER 1]. 1888 Law Rep. Ho. Lords XIII.
404 The appellants reclaimed, and the respondents took
advantage of that reclaiming note, to ask [etc.].
So Reclai-niing- ///. a., that reclaims.
1560 in Strype Ami. Ref, (1709) I. xviii. 214 They should.,
procure to their reclaiming consciences the biting worm that
never dies/ 1813 SHELLEY <?. Afa&ix. 145 A pathless wilder-
ness remains, Vet unsubdued by mans reclaiming hand.
1843 CANDLISH in Life (1880) 273 We could abstain frcmi
intruding ministers upon a reclaiming congregation.
Reclai-mless, a. rare~l. [f. RECLAIM s&J-
+ -LESS.] That cannot be reclaimed.
1682 DRYDEN & LER Dk. Guise n. i, A Resolution to pre-
serve his Life, And look on Guise, as. a reclaimless Rebel.
Reclaimment (r/kl^I'm,ment). rare: [f. RE-
CLAIM v. + -MENT.] Reclamation.
1861 SMILES Engineers I. 26 These attempts at reclaim-
ment, however, made comparatively small impression on ..
the great Fen Level.
Reclamation. (rcklamf'-Jsn). Also 8 re-
claim-, [a. F. reclamation (1549 in Hatz.-DarnO,
or ad. L. reclamation-em, n. of action f. reclamare
to RECLAIM,]
1. The action of protesting ; a protest.
1533 BELLENDEN tr. Livy m. ix. (S.T. S.) I. 281 Nochtwith-
standing ony reclamacioun of tribimis, twa strang armyis
belive war rasit. 1631 R. BOLTON Com/. Ajfi. Consc. 26 The
many secret grumblings . . and stinging reclamations of a
gauled conscience against its present guilty courses. 1650
BULWER Anthropontet. 131 An act. .done against the recla-
mation of the Law of Nature. 1793 PAINK in Spnrks Life
tf Writ. Morris (1832) I. 417 A reply is necessary, were it
only to continue the reclamation. 18*9 LANDOK Iniag. Ccnv.,
Emp. China ff 7V«£--7VWks. 1853! I. 135/2 That two of
the perpetrators might be kept on their thrones, against the
reclamation of their subjects. 1871 PROCTOR Ess. Astron.
iv. 60 My reclamation was not well received.
t b. Sc. An appeal at law. Obs.
»5fi3~4 Reg- Pr*''jf Council Scot. Ser. i. I. 264 Quhilk de-
crete. .thai, .sail abide. ., butpnyappel!ntiountreclan>atioun,
or agane calling quhatsumevir, 1579 Ibid. III. 169 To obey
thair declaratioun and jugement, without reclamatioun, ap-
pellatioun, or contradictioun.
2. The action of calling or bringing back from
wrong-doing, reformation.
1633 T. ADAMS E.rf>. 2 Peter iii. 17 To them that wilfully
continue in a state of Kin, there is a monument of reclam.i-
tion, the lake of Sodom. 1640 Br. HALL Episc, Ep. Ded. 4
32
RECLAME.
250
RECLOTHE.
The fervent desire of whose reclamation . .hath put my pen
upon this . . taske. 1709 Tailer No. 71 F 5 These out of
many such irregular Practices, I write for his Reclaimation.
1849 ROBERTSON Serin. Ser. iv. xxii. (1876) 266 It is meet
that God should be glad on the reclamation of a sinner.
1867 HOWELLS ftal. Journ. 141 There were altogether some
hundred boys in the first stages of reclamation. *
b. The action of reclaiming from barbarism.
1868 ROGERS Pol. Econ. xviii. (1876) 245 The reclamation
of nations . . from barbarous customs, is gained from experi-
ence as to the humanising influences of honest trade.
C. The making (of land) fit for cultivation.
1861 SMILES Engineers II. 156 The reclamation of these
unhealthy wastes became quite a hobby with him. 1886
Manch, Exam. 22 Feb. 6/1 There have been reclamations
of fresh land by means of the enclosure of commons.
attrib. 1884 KNIGHT Diet. Mech. Suppl. 745/2 Reclama-
tion Plowt a plow for breaking new land. 1890 J. NEWMAN
Earthwork Slifls (title-p.), The Construction or Maintenance
of.. Reclamation Embankments, Drainage Works, &c.
f3. Revocation. Obs.
1577 HANMER Anc. Eccl. Hist. vir. x. (1636) 129 The suffer-
ing of reclamations, perils, persecutions,, .and sundry tribu-
lations which happened .. under Decius. 1611 FLORIO,
RichiamOi a reclamation, a reuokeing.
t 4. An echoing shout. Obs.~l
a 1639 WOTTON Disparity in Reliq. (1651) 48 So many
thousand Citizens .. made within the reach of his own ears
large reclamations in his praise.
5. The action of claiming the return of something
taken away; a claim^r something.
1787 JEFFERSON Writ. (1859) II. 114 It was a silent recla-
mation and acknowledgment of fraternity, between tw,o re-
ligions of the same family. 1846 LANDOR I mag. Conv,, Penn
<$• Ptterb. Wks. I. 534/1 [Popes never] pardon a reclamation
made on any side for redress. 1873 BROWNING Red Colt,
Nt.-cap n. 649 They quarrelled . . from reclamation of her
rights To wifely independence.
Reclame (r^klam). [Fr., f. r&lamer: see
RECLAIM v.] The attainment of notoriety by
( puff* or advertisement.
1883 Miss BRADDON Gold. Calf III. vi. 195 Byron was an
adept in the art of reclame. 1896 A. BEARDSLEY Three
Music, iii. in Savoy Jan. 65 A slim gracious boy .. dies for
riclame and recall.
Keclang (r*klse'rj), v. [RE-, as in re-echo.]
intr. To clang in return.
1848 LYTTON K. Arthur u. xci, The floors reclang'd with
armour as he walk'd.
Reclasp (wkltrsp), v. [RE- 5 a.] trans, and
intr. To clasp anew.
1802 PALEY Nat. THeol. xii. 234 When two laminae, which
have been separated by accident or force, are brought to-
gether again, they immediately reclasp.
Reclasaifica-tion : see RE- 5 a.
Reclear (r*kli«-i), ». [RE- 5 a.]
1. trans. To make clear again.
1605 SYLVESTER Du Bartas n. iii. in. Law 469 He . . Re-
cleers the Floods, and sends the frogs away. 1670 G. H.
Hist. Cardinals I. it. 57 Re-clearing the Foundations, and
re-establishing the Church. 1880 Times 16 Oct. 12/3 The
old forest of Genquoich was only re-cleared of sheep some
six years ago.
2. intr. To become clear again, rare—1.
a 1618 SYLVESTER Mem. Mortality \\. Ixxxvii, Thick streams
reclear, when storms and stirring cease.
Recle-fatt, variant of REKEL-FAT, censer. Obs.
Recles(s, variants of REKELS, incense. Obs.
Recleslaike : see RECKLESSLAIK.
Re climb (rjklai'm), v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To
climb again.
1744 ELIZA HEYWOOD Female Sped. No. 8 (1748} II. 94 A
kind of precipice, which, when once leaped, there is no pos-
sibility of reclimbing. 1817 MOORE Lalla R., Fire-lVor-
shipf>ers Wks. (1897) 260/2 He ..reclimVd the steep And
gain'd the Shrine. 1886 HISSEY On Box Seat 272 We re-
climbed the cliffs, . .and found our way back to our little inn.
Itecli'nabie, a. rare. [f. RECLINE v. + -ABLE.]
Capable of being reclined.
1894 Pop. Sci. Monthly Nov. 75 His fangs are always
partially or wholly erect, and not in the true sense of the
word reclinable.
Reclinant (r^klarnant), a. [a. F. rtclinant^
pr. pple. of r&Kntr to RECLINE.] Her. Bending
or bowed. 1850 in OGILVIE.
Reclinate (re'klin^'t), a. [ad. L. weBnittust
pa. pple. of reclinarc to RECLINE.] Bending down-
ward ; esp. Bot. of stems, branches, leaves, etc.
1753 CHAMBERS Cycl. Supp. s.v. Leaf^ Reclinate or reflex
Leaf, one which has its summit lower than its base. Ibid.
s.v. Stalk) Reclinate stalk, that which stoops towards the
ground. 1861 BENTLEY Man. Bot. 144 The upper half of the
leaf may be bent upon the lower, so that the apex approaches
the base, it is then said to be reclinate or indexed. Ibid.
329 In some plants, .the ovule is suspended from the end of
a long funiculus . . ; such an ovule is frequently termed
reclinate.
So Be'dinated a. rare.
1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) XVI. 231/2 The reclinatum or
reclmated broad-leaved gooseberry- bush rises with a low
shrubby stem and reclinated somewhat prickly branches.
Recliuatioil (reklin^'Jan). [ad. late L. re-
clination-ein (4th c. in Quicherat), n. of action f.
recRnare to RECLINE. Cf. F. rtclinaison (Littre").]
1. The action, posture, or practice of reclining.
Now rare.
1578 BANISTER Hist. Man 1. 19 Howhapneth y« inclination
and reclination of the head. 1619 LUSHINGTON Repetition
Serm. (1659) 65 It signifies rather ihe reclination or posture
of one asleep, than the affection of sleep it self. 1657
THORNLEY tr. Longus Daphnis # Chloe 133 She lifted him
up from the reclination on his side. 1822-34 Good's Study
Med. (ed. 4) III. 349 Rest, reclination, general tonics . . con-
stitute the best plan of treatment.
b. The action of resting or relying upon one.
1823 COLERIDGE Lett., Conv.t etc. 25 Jan. II. 79 With un-
wrinkled confidence and inmost reclination.
2. Dialling. The angle made by the plane of the
dial with a vertical plane intersecting it. ? Obs.
1593 FALE Dialling 4 The degrees of the Reclination are
found out thus. 1669 STURMY Mariner's Mag. VH. vi. n
The Reclination is the distance of his Poles from the Zenith
and Nadir of your place. 1717-41 CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v., The
reclination is easily found, by means of a ruler, and a quad-
rant. 1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) V. 788/1 It cannot be a
gnomon, .when the reclination is equal to the co-latitude.
f3. The action of drawing back; aversion. Ofor*
1678 MRS. BEHN Sir Patient Fancy v. i, I saw with plea-
sure, Sir, your reclination from my addresses.
4. Surf. An operation formerly used for cataract
(cf. quots.).
1820 TRAVERS Dis. Eye in. iii. § i The lens may be depressed
vertically or horizontally. The term ' reclination * has been
applied to the latter method. 1825 GOOD Study Med. (ed. 2)
IV. 229 Upon the ordinary operation of depression M. Will-
burg seems to have made a considerable improvement, ..to
this mode of operation is given the name of reclination. 1875
H. WALTON Dis. Eye 807 ' Reclination ' disposes of the
cataract by tilting It backwards.
T" Reclinatory. Obs. Also 5 reclyn-. [ad.
late L. redinatdrium the back of a couch (7th c.),
the seat of a chariot (Vulg.), f. recRnare to RE-
CLINE. Cf. OF. rcdinatoire (Godef.).] Something
on which to recline ; a couch.
1412-20 LYDG. Chron. Troy n. xit Costly tabernacles
Vaulted aboue lyke to reclynatoryes. 1430-40 — Bockas i.
xii. (1554) 25 Fortune in her reclinatorie. 1502 Ord. Cristen
Men (W. de W. 1506) v. vi. 409 His trone and his reclina-
torye. 01633 AUSTIN Medit. (1635) 48 His Couches (or
Reclinatories) were but meane ones.
b. spec. A seat for the use of a priest while
hearing confession.
1637 POCKLINGTON AltareChr. 24 To the Chancels belong
the Vestry, .and Reclinatories for hearing Confessions.
1640 R. BAILLIE Canterb. Self-convict. 76 A publik peniten-
tiarie, who. .might in the Kirk sit in his reclinatorie.
Recline (rfltUrn), sb. rare. [f. the vb.] A
recumbent or reclining posture.
1753 HOGARTH Anal. Beauty xvii. 229 Holding the head
erect is but occasionally right ; a proper recline of it may
be as graceful. 1773 J. Ross Fratricide v. 529 (MS.) From
recline erecting her fine front. 1882 CABLE Dr. Seiner x.
(1884) I. 69 He drew partly up from his half recline.
t Becli ne, a. Obs—1 [ad. L. reclTnis reclining,
f. redinare to RECLINE.] Recumbent, reclining.
1667 MILTON P. L. iv. 333 Fruits which the compliant
boughs Yeilded them, side-long as they sat recline On the
soft downie Bank.
Recline (r^kbi-n), v. Also 5 reclyne. [ad.
OF. rediner (i3th c. in Godef.), or L. recRnare)
f. re- RE- + -dinar* : see DECLINE v."\
1. trans. To lay down, or make to lie down
(properly on the back) ; to cause to incline (back-
wards) ; to place in a recumbent or leaning posi-
tion ; to rest (the head, etc.) in this way.
Properly distinguished from incline (as in quot. 1578), but
the distinction is not always clearly preserved.
c 14*0 Pallad. on Hitsb. iv. 142 Her seed yf me reclyne In
baume, or narde, or opi daies thre. Ibid. XH. 402 The
Grekish sheep, .on bored plankis they reclyne. c 1440 Gesta
Rom. xlvii. 204 (Harl. MS.) The sonne of man haj>e not wer
he may reclyne or enbowe his hede. 1578 BANISTER Hist.
Man i. 19 By meanes of which Articulation, the Head is
now inclined, and now reclined, a 1667 COWLEY Horace^
Ep. !i. 25 With how much Joy does he.. His careless Head
on the fresh Green recline. i68a DRYDEN Medal 322 Our
wild labours wearied into Rest Reclin'd us on a rightful
Monarch's Breast. 176* CHURCHILL Night 114 The homely
bed, Where virtue, self-approv'd, reclines her head. 1792
Bar. Muttchausen's Trav. xxix. 133 Both the warring
champions .. 'neath their feet reclined their weapons. 1822
T. TAYLOR Apuleius 243 She easily reclined me on the bed.
reft. 177* J. BRYANT Mythol. II. 182 Reclining himself
under the shade of an oak. 1813 SCOTT Rokeby n. ii, Each
huge trunk that. .Reclines him o\r the darksome tide.
b. In pa. pple. denoting position or posture.
1697 DRYDEN Virg. Georg. m. 134 On his right Shoulder
his thick Mane reclin'd, Ruffles at speed. 1726 SWIFT
Gulliver IIL ii, Their heads -were all reclined either to the
right or the left. 1784 COWPER Task iv. 302 Thus oft, re-
clined at ease, I lose an hour At evening. 1818 SHELLEY
Rev. Islam xii. xviii, Cythna sate reclinedBeside me. 1841
Penny Cycl. XIX. 496/1 The branches are so much reclined
that .. the flowers will not be well seen. 1885 Mag. Art
Sept. 443/1 The great god Pan reclined on moss-covered
stones And fluting to the attentive Dryads.
fc. To incline (one's ear). Obs~l
1566 PAINTER Pal. Pleas. I. 113 b, The Lorde which re-
clined his eare to every trifling report and credited the
wordes of every whistling pickethanke.
fd. To turn (a person)/?w# something. Obs.—1
a 1614 DONNE Biaflacaros (1644) 215 To make it of more
use, they would utterly recline and avert our nature from it,
t e. ? To turn aside, divert. Obs~l
1613 DAY Festivals viii. (1615) 233 The Authoritie of a
Father, commanding that which is not to bee done, must
rather bee reclined, then resisted.
2. intr. Of a dial : To have a backward inclina-
tion, to lie away back from the vertical. ? Obs.
1593 FALE Dialling 4 If the plat standeth not upright,
but maketh an obtuse or blunt angle with the Horizon, it is
said to recline. 1668 MOXON Mech. Dial. 18 It is not up-
right, but Inclines or Reclines. .. If you find the Plane Re-
clines, apply the side AD to it. 1690 LEYBOUKN Curs.
Math. 706 Suppose a direct West Plain, should recline from
the Zenith towards the Horizon 35 deg. 1797 Encycl, Brit.
(ed. 3) V. 788/1 I f the plane . . be made to incline, or recline,
any given number of degrees, the hour-circles of the sphere
will still cut the edge of the plane fete.].
3. Of persons or parts of the body : To rest in
a recumbent or inclined position, lean or repose
on or upon something.
1697 DRYDEN /Eneid ix. 581 His snowy Neck reclines
upon his Breast. 1742 POPE Dune. tv. 20 Soft on her lap
her Laureate son reclines. 1797 SOUTHEY Lett. Joum,
Spain 89 When there reclining on this grassy slope, I bore
thee, Relic of my Love ! away. 1815 SHELLEY Alastor 635
Upon an ivied stone Reclined his languid head. 1841 MYERS
Cat/i. Th. in. § 43. 164 It can matter little to him to know
whether the Jews ate sitting or reclining.
transf. 1807 WORDS w. White Doe iv. 153 Not forbidden
to recline With hope upon the Will divine.
b. Of inanimate things. Const, over, to.
1793 WORDSW. Descr. Sketches 278 The wood-crowned cliffs
that o'er the lake recline. 1849 H. MILLER Footer. Creat.
x. 186 The stream to which they [fossil trees] reclined, must
have flowed from nearly north-east to south-west.
C. Mil. Of one extremity of an aimy : To rest
upon a place, rare.
1850 MERivALEjffow:. Emp* (1865) I. vii. 383 His rear re-
clined upon the river.
f4. To incline, have a tendency, to return to
a certain condition, physical or mental. Obs. rare.
c 1450 Cov. Myst. (Shaks. Soc.) 141 It wyl turne to watyr
ageyn . . For snow onto watyr dothe evyr moi e reclyne. 1706
DE FOE Jure Divine In trod. 5 She still reclines to the first
State she Loves.
f5. To fall backwards or down. Obs.-1
1764 GOLDSM. Captivity iii, See yonder tower just nodding
to the fall :. .And now behold the battlements recline.
Reclined (r/kUi-nd), ppl. a. [f. prec. + -ED*.]
Placed in a reclining or recumbent position; charac-
terized by recumbency.
1660 STURMY Mariner s Mag. vii. xvii. 28 The Pole of the
Reclined Plane FLE. 1779 J. DUCHE Disc. (1700) II. xix.
403 Who is yonder pensive mourner, whose reclined head
and sad dejected countenance speak more than common
anguish? 1822-34 Good's Study Med. (ed. 4) III. 384
During the paroxysm, perfect rest and a reclined position
will be always found necessary. 1853 MACDONALD & ALLAN
BotanisCs Word-bk.* Reclined^.. applied to leaves which are
bent backwards, so that their apex is lower than the base.
Re diner (r/klarnaj). [f. as prec. + -ER1.]
One who or that which reclines ; spec, a reclining
dial or plane.
1668 MOXON Mech. Dial. 28 If your Plane be an East In-
cliner, or a West Recliner. 1669 STURMY Mariner's Mag,
vii. xiv. 23 Now we will proceed to draw the Hour-lines in
a North Recliner. 1727-41 CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v., Declining
Recliner, . . is a dial which neither stands perpendicularly,
nor opposite to one of the cardinal points. 1867 C. B.
CAYLEY in Fortn. Rev. Nov. 590 While from thy lip is hung
the breath drawn by the recliner.
Reclining (r/klai-nin),///. a. [f. as prec. +
•ING 2.] That reclines, in senses of the vb.
Reclining dial, plane (see quots. 1668-0, 1797).
1668 MOXON Mech. Dial. 7 Direct Reclining Planes, which
lean from you. 1669 STURMY Mariner's Mag. vn. xiii. 21
Reclining . . Planes have their Bases or Horizontal Diameters
lying in the Horizontal Diameter of some Azimuth. 1726
LEONI tr. Alberti's Archit. II. 81/1 This Window . . must
either be higher than it is broad, or else on the contrary
broader than it is high, which last sort is called a reclining
window. 1748 THOMSON Cast. Indol. i. xxxvi, Reclining
lovers, in the lonely dale, Pour'd forth at large the sweetly-
tortur'd heart. 1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) V. 787/1 Those
dials .. are called inclining or reclining dials, according as
their planes make acute or obtuse angles with the horizon.
1807 T. E. SMITH Pkys. Bot._ 118 Reclinatus^ reclining,
curved towards the ground, as in Ficus, the Fig.
So Recli'ning vbl. sb. at t rib. in reclining-board,
= BACK-BOARD 4 (Ogilvie 1882) ; reclining-
chair, a chair whose back can be adjusted to any
required angle (Knight Diet. Mech. 1875).
Reclis, variant of REKELS, incense. Obs,
Reclivate (re'kliv^t), a. Entom. rare. [f. late
L. recllv-is or recllv-us bending backwards + -ATE.]
Forming a double or sigmoid curve.
x8as SAY in Wks. (1859) II. 245 Spot on the vertex . . and
reclivate line on the hemelytra. Ibid. 246 A rufous, some-
what reclivate line.
fReclose, v.1 Obs.—1 [ad. L. recliis- (see RE-
CLUSE z\), after close.] trans. To shut up, confine.
1382 WYCLIF Wisd. xvii. 15 Theraftir if any of hem hadde
fane doun, he was kept in prisoun, with oute iren, reclosid.
Reclose (nklJn'z), v.2 [RE- 5 a.J To close
again, a. intr.
1541 R. COPLAND Guydon's Quest. Chirurg. M j, To kepe
the lyppes of woundes open . .that the rottennes reclose nat
but come out. 1846 LYTTON New Timon (ed. 3) 203 The
winds leap forth, the cloven deeps reclose. 1894 A. WEBSTER
Mother $ Dau. (1895) 19 The broad blue lightnings flamed
the sky ; . .And sudden dark re-closed when it went by.
b. trans.
1661 HICKERINGILL Jamaica 41 Arguments, that perswaded
the Spaniard to reclose and dam up a rich Silver Vein.
a 1711 KEN Sion Poet. Wks. 1721 IV. 402 My broken Heart
Love fill'd, and Love reclos'd. 1725 POPEC?^^. i. 552 The
silver ring she pull'd, the door reclosed. 1822 BYRON Werner
HI. iv, You reclosed the panel? 1885 Truth 28 May 844/1
The receiver of it reclosed the envelope.
Beclothe(nkUu-S),^. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To
clothe again ; to provide again with clothing.
BECLOTHING.
163* LITHGOW Trav. x. 467 They recloathing my .. cold
trembling body. 1826 Miss MITFORD Village Ser. n. (1863)
364 Not sufficient to reclothe herself and her half-naked
children. 1865 Pall Mall G. 4 Aug. 10/1 The other tramps
had carried off all their clothes, and the workhouse autho-
rities had no choice but to reclothe them.
trans/, andyff. 182* LAMB Elia Ser. u. Th. on Bks. <$•
Reading, A tithe of that good leather would comfortably re-
clothe my shivering folios. 1842 TENNYSON Day-Dream,
Sleeping Pal. i, The varying year with blade and sheaf
Clothes and re-clothes the happy plains. 1872 WHITTIER
Brew. ofSoma xii, Reclothe us in our rightful mind.
Hence Beclo'thing vbl. sb.
1846 TKENCH Mirac. xxxi. (1862) 447 The image of the re-
clothing of the bare and withered fig-tree with leaf and bud.
1887 MOLONEY Forestry W. Afr. 1242 Judicious re-clothing
wiln vegetation.
Reduce, obs. form of RECLUSE a.
t RedU'de, v. Obs. [ad. L. reclildHre to open ;
later, to shut up : see RE- and CLOSE ^.]
1. trans. To open (a gate, etc.).
c 1420 Pallad. on Husb. i. 1069 Hem, softe enclude, And
towarde nyght her yatis thou reclude. 1665 G. HARVEY
Disc. Plague xiv. (1673) 145 The Ingredients .. reclude
oppilations, mundifie the blood.
2. To shut up (a thing or person) ; to close.
1576 BAKER Jewe II of Health 169 Let it be recluded in the
pitte of a penitent breast. 1578 BANISTER Hist. Man i. 32
Neyther doth Os sacrum obscurely reclude, but playne and
largely open and discouer the passages. 1651 Raleigh's
Ghost 243 The meanes for the wicked to their salvation
should be recluded and shut up. [a 1843 SOUTHEY Comm.-pl.
Bk. (1850) III. 401 A King and jOueen recluded.]
b. To shut (a person) dSfrom a thing.
1598 in Archpriest Controv. (Camden) I. 51 You are not
recluded from the world to disquiett the world. 1600 W.
WATSON Decacordon (1602) 87 The party.. is recluded from
the speech of any body but the sayd father for a certaine
time. 1657 W. MORICE Coena quasi KOU'-J Def. xv. 208
Eastern people., think it conduceth to the Majesty of their
Kings to be recluded and shut up from publick intercourse.
3. To shut out (a thing), rare—1.
1634 W. TIRWHYT tr. Balzac's Lett. (vol. I.) 359 To small
purpose had they recluded the power of strangers.
Hence f Reclu'ded///. a. Obs—*-
1597 A. M. tr. Gnillemeau's Fr. Chirurg. 15 b/2 The re-
eluded Parrates Bllie.
t RedU'dent, a. Obs.-'1 [ad. L. rechldent-em,
pr. pple. of recltldHre : see prec.] Of a muscle :
That opens (the eye).
1684 tr. Bonefs Merc. Compit. xiv. 466/1 A Wound in-
flicted from the Eye-brows downwards hinders., not the
opening of the Eyes : for by such a Wound the Fibres of
the Rectudent or Elevating Muscle . . are not cut asunder.
Reclus, obs. form of RECLUSE a.
t Reclusage. Obs. rare. [a. OF. reclusage
(Godef.) : see RECLUSE a. + -AGE.] A hermitage,
place of seclusion. (Only in Caxtoa.)
1480 CAXTON Ovid's Met. xii. viii, Ulixes bethought hym
. .that Achylles was in some reclusage. 1483 — Gold. Leg.
in b/i He fledde the world and entred into a reclusage.
Recluse (rfkl£*s), a. and sb. Also 3-4 reclus,
6 reduce, [ad. F. reclus, recluse, pa. pple. of re-
cture:—L. redudtre to shut up, RECLUDE.]
A. adj. 1. Of persons : Shut up, secluded from
society, esp. as a religious discipline.
a. In predicative use, or placed after the sb.
a 1225 Ancr. R. 378 Nes he him sulf reclus i<5e meidenes
wombe? 1387 TREVISA Higden (Rolls) VII. 81 He lerned !
of a man recluse (>at in Wlcanes potte . . be soules of dede |
men were tormented. 1390 GOWER Con/. I. 254 An holy :
clerk reclus, Which full was of gostli vertus. c 1491 Ckast. '.
GoddesChyld. 22 Some tyme thei wyllegooon pylgremage,
somtyme they wyll be recluse. 1581 MULCASTER Positions '
iv. (1887) 15 As most beseeming him, which must liue among
many and neuer be recluse, c 1610 BEAUM. & FL. Philaster
i. i, A virtuous court : to which your great ones may. .retire,
and live recluse. 1662 PEPYS Diary 24 May, How recluse
the Queene hath ever been, and all the voyage never come
upon the deck. 1698 FRYER Ace. E. India $ P. 156 The
Women, both White and Black, are kept recluse. 1751
JOHNSON Rambler No. 89 P3 It . . frequently happens that the
most recluse are not the most vigorous prosecutors of study.
1781 COWPKR Conversat. 801, I have lived recluse in rural
shades. 1868 MASSON Mem. in Goldsm.'s Wks. (Globe) p.
xxxvii, Young was dying ; Gray was recluse and indolent.
b. In attributive use (usually denoting attach-
ment to seclusion or retirement).
1634 HABINGTON Castara i. (Arb.) 18 The Vowes of recluse
Nuns, and th' An'thrits prayer. 1710 STKELE Taller "No. 139
P 4 Falling into the Error which recluse Men are very
subject to. 1769 ROBERTSON Chas. Vt xi. III. 340 He ac-
quired . . the qualities and passions of a recluse ecclestastick.
1865 MERIVALE Rout. Enip. Ixiv. VIII. 114 The fashion set
by princes has more influence . . than the example of recluse
philosophers. 1891 E. PEACOCK N. firendon I. 315, I care
much more now for our recluse friend than I did before.
absol. 1726 LEONI tr. Albert?* Archit. I. 85/1 To dis-
order, or pollute the minds of the Recluse. Ibid., Those
Recluse who to Religion join the study of the liberal Arts,
•fr c. Shut off, retired from company, etc, Obs.
1708 J. PmunCf&ri, 23, I all the live-long Day Con-
sume in Meditation deep, recluse From human Converse.
1789 Triumphs Fortitude I. 159, I resolved to keep myself
as recluse from company as I could during my short stay.
2. Of one's life, condition, etc.: Characterized by I
seclusion or close retirement.
c 1645 HOWELL Lett. (1688) II. 376 One who by this recluse
passive Condition hath his share of this hideous Storm.
1673 Lady's Call. \. v. § 28 Devotion in a Cloister is as
recluse as the Votary. 1709 Tatler No. 32 p 4 A Lady who
had writ a fine Book concerning the Recluse Life. 1797
HOLCROFT tr. Stolbergs Trav. (ed. 2) II. xl. 51 Their mode
251
of living is exceedingly recluse and severe. 1849 GROTE
Greece \\. xlvi. (1862) IV. 109 His private habits were sober
and recluse. 1867 UARKY SirC. Barry x. 329 Few men had
less of a recluse character.
3. Of places: Secluded, hidden from observation,
solitary. Now rare.
1651 J. WRIGHT tr. Camus1 Nat. Paradox vti. 158 You
might rather wonder how the news .. should penetrate my
Ears in that recluse Mansion. 1708 Brit. Apollo No. 26.
3/2 Those Limpid Streams retrieve their Heats, From
Earth's recluse Sulphureous Seats. 1782 Contin. Sterne's
Sent. J0unt.t Tuileries (1784) 234 The most recluse retreats
..are constantly chosen for these oblations. 1825 COBBETT
Rur, Rides (1885) II. i, I never saw any inhabited places
more recluse than these. 1825 9 MBS. SHERWOOD Lady of
Manor III. xxii. 332 Though it lay quite as deep in the
clay as Stanbrook Court, it was, in reality, less recluse.
t b. Of things, actions, etc. : Hidden, secret,
private. Obs.
1660 INGELO Beutiv. $ Ur. \\. vi. (1682) 138 Having made
their more recluse Mysteries the exercise of all Unnatural
Lust. i673/V«V. TVwu.VIII. 6132 Of the Sensible Natures
of Vegetables, as also of their more recluse Faculties and
Powers. 1713 PERIIAM Pkys.-Thcol. iv. iii. 129 These
recluse Parts . . ministring to this Sense of Hearing. 1773-83
HOOLE Orl. Fur. XLIII. 60 When a husband, with too
curious eye, Into his wife's recluser deeds would pry.
t c. Of words or ideas : Recondite. Obs. rare.
1748 HARTLEY Observ. Man \. i. 39 This is a mere Suppo-
sition, and that of a very recluse Nature, a 1770 AKENSIDK
Let. Wks. (1867) p. Ixxxiv, Systems [is] too recluse and
subtle a word.
B. sb. 1. a. A person shut up from the world
for the purpose of religious meditation ; a monk,
hermit, anchorite or anchoress, spec, one who re-
mains perpetually shut up in a cell under a vow of
strict seclusion, b. One who lives a retired life,
one who mixes little with society.
a 1225 Ancr. R. 10 pe latere dole of his sawe limpeS to
recluses. 1395 E. E. Wills 7, I bequethe to the Reclus
frere Thomas, .xl, s. £1425 St. Christina xxvi. in Anglia
VIII. 129/25 She dwellid nyne 3eere with a womman re-
clused .. Of be whiche recluse I hadde many thinges bat
I haue writen. 1470-85 MALORY Arthur xm. xvii, This
lustes was done to fore the hermytage where a recluse
dwelled. 1574 tr- Littletons Tenures 92 If there be a
recluse that he may not because of his order go out of his
house. 1632 MASSINGER & FIELD Fatal Dowry in. i, I will
not consent to have you live Like to a recluse in a cloister.
1703 MAUNDRELL Journ. Jtrus. (1732) 71 The dayly em-
ployment of these Recluses is to trim the lamps. 1750-1
MRS. DELANY Autobiog. $ Corr. (1861) III. 22 He is.,
a plain young man, a recluse in his nature, and very
ignorant of the world. 1837 EMERSON Addr.t Amer. ScJtol.
Wks. (Bohn) II. 180 There goes in the world a notion, that
the scholar should be a recluse, a valetudinarian. 1874
H. R. REYNOLDS John Bapt. iii. § 2. 152 He was clothed
with the rough hairy garment worn by the recluse and the
prophet.
transf. 1746-7 HERVEY Medit. (1748) II. 59 The sprightly
Morning, which awakens other Animals into Joy, adminis-
ters no Pleasure to this gloomy Recluse [the owl].
f 2. What is shut up ; contents, store. Obs. rare.
c 1420 Pallad, on. Husb. xii. 308 Baskettis of seggis me
may vse, So they be thykke, and saue ther recluse, c 1430
LYDG. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 51 Of crosse nor pile there
is no recluse, Prynte nor impressioun in all thyseyntwarye.
t 3. A place of seclusion. Obs.
1621 BRATHWAIT Nat, Emoassie (1877) 88 Hast thou. .no
Refuge nor no Recluse for thy hope ? 1630 — Eng. Gentlem.
(1641) 156 Let our bosome (the recluse of secrets) be like the
Lions den in the Apologue. 1658 SLINGSBY Diary (1836)
208 Privacy, . . the only recluse of safety, . . may become as
dangerous as a place of agency. 177* J. WISE Churches*
Quarrel Espoused f>$ It is certain, that the church of Christ
is the. .sacred recluse and peculiar assilum of religion.
t b. A reservoir for water. Ol>sr'i
Cf. med.L. reclausa in the same sense (Du Cange).
1593 NASHE Christ's T. 23 b, Heere ebbe the spring-tide
of my Teares, Eyes from this present, prepare your selues
to be recluses.
1 4. Reclusion ; retirement. Obs.~l
1665 WITHER Lord's Prayer Preamble, This made me
desirous to spend those days of recluse . . In what might
glorifie God.
t ReclU'Se, v. Obs. [f. L. reclus^ ppl. stem of
recludere : see prec.] trans. To shut up, seclude.
138* WYCLIF Lev. xiii. 4 The preest shal recluse hym
seuen daies. 1393 LANGL. P. PI, C. v. 116 Til . . religious
out-ryders [be] reclused in here cloistres. 1450 Rolls of
Parlt. V. 195/2 The Priours or Convent of the Howses and
places.., in which eny Nonnes are reclused. 15*6 Pilgr.
Per/, (W. de W. 1531) 99 b, Beynge reclused or shut vp in
a derke prison, a 1631 DONNE Annunciation fy Passion
Poems (1654) 333 She sees, .the Virgin mother stay Reclus'd
at home. 1657 TKAPP Comnt. Neh. vi. 10 A house he had
in the Temple : and there he had reclused and shut up
himself. 1713 C'TESS WINCHELSEA Misc. Poems 95 To
Desarts banisVd, or in Cells reclus'd.
t Reclu-sed, ///. a.i Obs. [f. prec. + -ED*.]
Shut up, secluded, retired.
1613 DONNE Eclogue 48 So reclus'd hermits oftentimes do
know More of heaven's glory, than a worldling can. 1627
E. F. Hist. Edw. II (1680) 8 This kind of reclus'd beha-
viour makes him unpleasant. 1653 A. WILSON Jos. I 231
The fained and cousening Miracles of reclused holiness.
Hence *t* Reclivsedness. Obs. rare"1.
'653 A. WILSON 5V»j. / 72 His health was impaired,
which he imputed to his reclused nesse, and want of Air.
t Reclused, ppl. a$ Obs~° [f. L. rcdils-us,
pa. pple. of reclfidere to open + -Ei> *.] (See quot.)
1623 COCKERAM 11, Opened, reclused.
Reclusely (rnclw'sli), adv. Now rare. [f.
RECLUSE a. -f -LV 2.1 In a recluse manner.
RECOCT,
1673 R. HEAD Canting Acad. 182 If you jest and mean
, loosly, Though ne'r bo reclusely. 1748 H. WALPOI.E Let.
3 Sept., From a melancholy turn, from living reclusely,..
I he [Gray] never converses easily. 1794 W. TAYLOR in
Monthly J\trv, XV. 22 Ida, reclusely brought up by a most
worthy man. a 1806 H. K. WHITE Clifton Gr. 251 In yon
hamlet's solitary shade, Reclusely dwelt the far-famed
Clifton maid.
Recluseness (rrkl/7-snes). [f. RECLUSE a.+
-NESS.] The state of being recluse ; reclusion.
^ 1654-66 EARL ORRERY Part/ten. (1676) 375 Why did he
impose on himself so strict a penance as a three years
recluseness? 1698 FRYER Ace. E, India $ P. 394 The
: Recluseness of their Condition is such [etc.]. 1809 PINKN&Y
Trav. France 190 [A road] which by its recluseness and
solitude seemed to lead us into the recesses of the country.
1881 MASSON De Quincey iv. 36 This recluseness was not
owing to the extreme necessity of economy.
Reclu sery. [f- RECLUSE sb. + -ERY. Cf. «««-
nery,] A residence for recluses.
1881 T. E. IJuiDGETT Hist. Holy Eucharist II. 194 The
more common ankerhold or reclusery was a small house of
one or two cells.
Reclusion (rftifgot). Also 5 recluc-. [ad.
L. redfisidn-em> n. of action f. fwttomto RECLUDE,
Cf. F. reclusion (i7th c. in Hatz.-Darm.).]
1. The action of shutting up, or fact of being shut
up, in seclusion ; a state of retirement.
(1400 LOVE Bonavent. Mirr. v. (Brasenose MS.) J?is
one benefece of so longe reclucioun for oure sake. 1600 W.
WATSON Decacordon (1602) 87 Vpon his first reclusion the
father.. giueth him a meditation to study vpon. 1670 G. H.
Hist. Cardinals in. n. 275 Thus Gregory the i4th. was
chosen, after . . two whole months reclusion of the Conclave.
1727-41 CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v., The bishop having harangued
the people in praise of the new recluse,, .conducted her pro-
cessionally to her reclusion. 1824 SOUTHEY Bk. ofCh. (1841)
194 Reclusion for the purpose of religious meditation, was
the object of the earlier religious orders.
b. The fact of being shut up as a prisoner, esp.
in solitary confinement. (Usu. after F. redusion.)
1872 Daily News 13 Aug., A promise that the five years'
' reclusion ' shall be changed to five years' simple imprison-
ment. 1886 STEVENSON Kidnapped 290 We could no doubt
find some men of the Covenant who would swear to your
reclusion.
2. A place of icligious retreat or seclusion.
1797 SOUTHEY Lett. Joum. Spain (1808) I. 116 He was
obliged to establish Convents and Reclusions, as they were
called, in other parts.
Reclusive (r/klw'siv), a. [f. as RECLUSE v.
+ -IVE.] Marked by reclusion or retirement.
1599 SHAKS. Much Ado iv. i. 244 You may conceale her. .
In some reclusiue and religious life, Out of all eyes. 1661
R. DAVENPORT City-Nightcap iv. 45 You shall unto the
Monasterie of Matrons, And spend your daies reclusive.
18500. WINSLOW Inner Life 207 The gospel of Jesus is not
reclusive or selfish.
Hence Recursiveness.
1895 TH. WATTS in IQ//I Cent. Feb. 235 Her reclusiveness
shut her in and away from many people.
Reclusory (r/kl#-sari). [ad. med.L. reclftso-
rium (Du Cange), f. redudtre to RECLUDE.] The
cell of a recluse. (Cf. RECH'SEIIY.)
1821 BAYLEY Tower Land. 129 [The cell]., was inhabited
by a recluse. ..In one place it is noticed as thereclusory, or
hermitage of St. Peter.
Reclyne, obs. form of RECLINE v.
Recoagula-tion. rare-1. [RE- 5 a.] A second
coagulation.
1661 BOYLE Phys. Ess., Hist. Firmness Wks. 1772 I. 433
This salt we speak of, being .. dissolved in a convenient
quantity of water, does upon its re-coagulation so dispose
of the aqueous particles among its own saline ones, that [etc.].
Recoal (wlw«-l), v. [RE- 53.] a. trans. To
supply with fresh coal. Tb. intr. Of a steamship :
To take in a fresh supply of coal.
1884 Pall Mall G. 13 Nov. 5/1 The necessity for frequent
recoaling seriously reduces her speed. 1887 PROCTOR Chance
fy Luck 212 My fire, which in the meantime must very
nearly have gone out, had been recoaled. 1895 N. Amer.
Rev. Mar, 375 Such vessels can accomplish about 6,000 miles
without recoaling.
Recoa'St, v. trans. [RE- 5 a.] To coast again.
1775 K. CHANDLER Trav. Asia M. (1825) I. 55 We left
this lively scene with regret, and re-coasting the rough
European shore, landed not far from the town.
Recoat (rik(?u-t),z/. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To coat
afresh (with paint or the like).
1876 'MARK TWAIN* Tom Sawyer iii, She found the
entire fence, .not only whitewashed but elaborately coated
and recoated. 1882 Pall MaH G. 26 June 8/1 Sbe will be
placed in the vacated dock, .for slight recoating.
ReCOCk (r/kp*k), v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To cock
(a firearm) again. Also absol.
1797 Encyd. Brit. (ed. 3) 1. 337/2 By re-cocking the piece,
another discharge irtay be made. 1851 MAYNE REID Rifle
Rangers ii. 27, I drew a pistol, .and fired. . . His comrade,
hearing me re-cock, took to his heels. 1868 Rej>. to Govt.
U.S. Munitions War 54 The pulling out of the trigger*
guard will then re-cock the piece.
Recoct (Wkp-kt), v. [f. L. recoct-, ppl. stem of
recoqutre : see RE- and COOK ^.] trans. To boil
or cook a second time ; also^/ff. to vamp or fur-
bish up anew. Hence Beco-cted///. a.
1562 Ui'LLEVN Bk. Simples 85 b, Recocted or two times
sodden whay, is the best whay. 1605 L. HUTTEN Aunswere
64 So that the Sun recocted it once more. 1836 LANUOR
32-3
RECOCTION.
Peric. t, Asp. xlviii. Wks. 1853 II. 373/2 He picked up all
the arrows that were shot against him, recocted all the
venom of every point [etc.].
So Beoo'otion. (Cf. decoction.)
1749 Phil. Traits. XLVI. 185 Its Recoction or Annealing
deprives it of this Brittleness. 1847 in WEBSTER, and in
recent Diets.
Recoeure, obs. form of RECOVER v.1
ReCO'gitate, v. rare. [f. ppl. stem of L.
recogilare to think over (med.L., to change one's
mind), or f. RE- + COGITATE v.] fa. inlr. To
reconsider, change one's mind. Obs. b. To think
over again.
1651 C. CARTWRIGHT Cert. Relig. n. 29 He cites Origen
saying, that Christ did in those words recall his desire, and
as it were recogitate. 1656 BLOUNT Glossogr., Kccogittite,
to weigh and consider in minde earnestly, to think and think
again upon some thing.
So Becogita tiou. [L. recogitatio\. ? Obs.
1615 JACKSON Creed iv. viii. § 3 So deeply did the recogi-
tation of what he had . . heard sink into this true patriot's
heart. 1614 GATAKER Transubst. 218 A recogitation or
a serious consideration and faithfull meditation.
Recogneis, -nis, obs. Sc. ff. RECOGNIZE zv.1
Recognition (rek/gni-Jsn). Also 6 -ni(s)-
oyon. [ad. L. recognition-em, n. of action f.
recognit-, recognoscSre to RECOGNOSCE. Cf. F.
recognition (isth c.).] The act of recognizing.
1 1. Sc. Law. The resumption of lands by a feudal
superior for any reason, in later use spec, on account
of unwarranted alienation by the vassal. Obs.
1473 Ace. Ld. High Treas. Scot. (1877) I. 47 Lettres vndir
the priue sele for the recognicione of the BUchop of Sanctan*
dros tcmporalite. 1578 Reg. Privy Council Scot. Ser. i.
II. 603 All recognicionis, dispositionis of landis falling be
forfaftour or last air. 1597 SKENE De Verb. Sign. s.v.,
Recognition of landes is commonly vsed in the law, and
practicque of this realme. 1666-88 DALLAS Syst. Stiles
(1697) 253 Whilks Lands.. felt and became in Our_ Hands,. .
as Superior and Over-lord.by reason of Recognition. 1747
Act 20 Gen. II, c. 50 § i The Tenure of Lands in .. Scot-
land, by Ward Holding, and the consequences of the same,
being the Casualties of Ward Marriage and Recognition,
a 1765 ERSKTNE lust. Law Scot. n. v. § 10 Recognition,
though ranked by some writers among the casualties of
superiority, was indeed a total forfeiture of the fee.
f2. The action of reviewing or revising; revision,
recension. Obs.
1568 ABP. PARKER Corr. (Parker Soc.) 338, 1 trust by com-
parison of divers translations . . will appear . . the circum-
spection of all such as have travailed in the recognition.
[1861 Quaritch's Catal. Dec., By Edmund Becke after
Taverner's recognition, with prologues to the New Testa-
ment by William Tindale.J
b. Hist. The form of inquest by jury in use in
England under the early Norman kings.
The chief source for the use of the term is Glanvil De
Legibtts Angliae (ll. vii, etc.), from which the earliest quot.
is ultimately derived.
1609 SKENE Reg. Maj. 58 It rests that we speik of divers
recognitions. 3. Some recognition is called of mortancestrie.
i6s8 COKE On Litt. 158 b, Recognition is a serious acknow-
ledgment or opinion upon such matters of fact as the jurors
shall have in charge. 1863 H. Cox Instit. n. iii. 346 The
new method of inquiry, which was called a recognition of
assize. 1876 FREEMAN Norm. Cong. V. xxiv. 453 The
greatest step made at any one time in the developement of
the Jury system was when the practice of recognition was
organised by the great Assize of Henry the Second.
1 3. Knowledge or consciousness. Obs.
•5>6 I'ilgr. Per/. (W. de W. 1531) 167 b, Euer hauyng
recognicyon or remembraunce of his owne vnworthynesse.
1547 BOORDK Brev. Health 73 b, Sensualitie, the whiche can
neuer be subdued without the recognition and knowledge of
a mannes selfe.
4. The action of acknowledging as true, valid,
or entitled to consideration ; formal acknowledge-
ment as conveying approval or sanction of some-
thing; hence, notice or attention accorded to a
thing or person.
1597 HOOKER Eccl. Pol. v. xx. § 9 A fourth kind of pub-
lick reading, whereby the lives of such saints had, at the
time of their yearly memorials, solemn recognition in the
churchofGod. i6a« BACON Hen. F//II He did not presse to
haue the Act penned by way of Declaration or Recognition
of right. 1766 BLACKSTONE Comm. II. xxvi. 407 Much may
be also collected from the several legislative recognitions of
copyrights. 1788 GIBBON Orel, /r F. xlix. V. 99 Even this
title was a recognition of the six preceding assemblies. 1853
KANE Grinnell Kxp. xxii. (1856) 170 He was told that his
nephew's claim to the service had received a recognition.
1876 MOZLEY Univ. Serm. v. in The Christian recognition
of the right of war was contained in Christianity's original
recognition of nations.
b. The formal acknowledgement by subjects of
(the title of) a sovereign or other ruler (t esp. of
James I as King of England) ; sf^c. as the name of
a part of the Coronation ceremony (see quot. 1902).
1558-9 Act r KHz. c. 3 (title) An Acte of Recognition of
the Quenes Highnes Title to the Imperyall Crowne of this
Realme. 1603 Act i Jos. I, c. i (title) A mostc joyfull and
juste Recognition of the immediate lawfull and undoubted
Succession Descent and Righte of the Crowne. 1655 CROM-
WELL in Stainer Speeches dooi) 177 From your entering
into the House upon the Recognition to this very day.
1685 Coronation Order o/ Jos. II in Wickhanl Legge
Coronation Rrc. <iooi) 293 The Recognition. ..The People
signify their Willingness, and Joy, by loud and repeated
Acclamations ; crying out, God save King James. 1702
Land. Gaz. No. 3804/1 The Archbishop of Canterbury ..
began with the 'Recc-snition. 1717-41 CHAMBERS Cycl.,
Recognition.. is particularly used ill our law-books fo«- the
252
lilleof the first chapter of the Slat. i. Jac. I. ijea EELES j
Eng. Coranat. Service 31 First conies the Recognition : the '
Sovereign is presented to the people by the Archbishop,
and is received as such by them.
c. In international law : (see quot. 1824).
1814 MACKINTOSH Sp. S. Amer. Wks. 1846 III. 441 The
true and legitimate sense of the word ' recognition , as a
technical term of international law, is that in which it
denotes the explicit acknowledgment of the independence
of a country by a state which formerly exercised sovereignty
over it. 1863 F. W. GIBBS Recognition 5.
5. The acknowledgement or admission of a kind-
ness, service, obligation, or merit, or the expression
of this in some way. Now chiefly in phr. in re-
cognition of.
1570 MARG. ASCHAM Ded. Ascham's Scholan. (Arb.) 16
liesechyng you. .to accept the thankefull recognition of me
and my poore children. 1635 F. WHITE Sabbath (ed. 2) 86
your greatest tendernesse, wisdome and affections to her.
1675 TKAHERNE Chr. Ethic* 417 The great part of our
eternal happiness will consist in a grateful recognition .. of
benefits already received. 1880 C. R. MAKKHAM ferny.
Bark 279, 1 made an urgent appeal for some small grant in
recognition of Weir's excellent and faithful services.
f 6. A formal declaration, admission,, or con-
fession (of some fact). Obs.
1513 FITZHERB. Sum. 15 b, A recogniscyon of a tenaunt
what he holdeth of the lorde. 1580 Act 23 Eli-, c. « 87
[He] shall uppon his Recognicion of such Submission in
open Assises or Sessions . . be dischardged of all . . the said
Offences. 1631 Star Chamber Cases (Camden) 57 S' Arthur.
Savage was this day brought to the barre . . to make his
recognition of wrong donne to my Lord Falkland.
7. The action or fact of perceiving that some
thing, person, etc., is the same as one previously
known ; the mental process of identifying what
has been known before ; the fact of being thus
known or identified.
1798 WORDSW. Tintern Abbey 59 With many recognitions
dim and faint . .The picture of the mind revives again 1833
HT. MARTINEAU Loom >i Lugger n. iii. 57 One of them
turned . . and an immediate recognition took place. 1860
TYNDALL Glac. i. xxii. 157 The brown crags seemed to look
at me with a kind of friendly recognition. 1866 G. MAC-
DONALD Ann. Q. Ncigkb. xiii. (1878) 267, I could not escape
recognition. 1878 HOLBROOK H)'g. Brain 25 Taking recog-
nition of Sound.
b. The action or fact of apprehending a thing
under a particular category, or as having a certain
character.
1881 FROUDE Short Stud. (1883) IV. 11. vi. 249 The recogni-
tion that certain things were not true was the first step. 1884
tr. Lotze's Metaph. 164 They would thus only satisfy him
who could content himself with the mere recognition of a
state of things as unconditional matter of fact.
8. atlrili., as recognition-colour, mark(ing,
a colour or marking on an animal or bird, supposed
to serve as a means of recognition to others of the
same species; recognition-service, a church
service held for the purpose of introducing a new
pastor to his congregation.
1889 A. R. WALLACE Darwinism viii. 220 An inspection of
the figures of antelopes . . in . . illustrated works will give a
better idea of the peculiarities of recognition markings than
any amount of description. 1891 — Tropical Kat. 367 note,
For numerous examples of recognition-colours in birds, see
Darwinism, pp. 217-226. 1896 — Studies (1900) I. xviii.
382 These ' recognition marks ', as I have termed them, are of
great use even to existing well-defined species. 1897 Westm.
Gaz. 9 Nov. 9/3 The Baptist Church . . where bis recognition
service was held last night.
Recognitive (r/kjrgmtiv), a. [ad. L. type
*recognitiv-us : see prec. and COGNITIVE.] Of or
pertaining to recognition ; that recognizes.
1884 TRAILL Coleridge ix. 165 Deeply as his criticism
penetrates, it is yet loyally recognitiye of the opacity of
millstones. 1884 H. JENNINGS Phallicism Introd. n The
Americans, .wrote and published in recognitive quarters.
Recoguitor (rflcp-gnitffr). Now only Hist.
Also 6 -our. [a. med.L. recognitor (Bracton),
agent-n. f. recognit-, recogndscere to RECOONOSCE.]
A member of a jury impanelled on an assize or
inquest (cf. RECOGNITION 2 b).
X5.74 tr- Littletons Tenures 78 The recognitours of the
assise may say and yelde to the justices their verdite at
large uppon all the matter. 1628 COKE On Litt. l. 253 So
may he shew the Recognitors in an Assise, the view of lands
in another County. 1768 13 LACKS i ONE Comm. III. xx. 297
In assises of land, where also there is. . merely a question of
right stated for the determination of the recognitors or jury,
the tenant makes no such defence. 1819 Edin. Rev. XXX II.
10 Bole-land was held by the oaths of seven recognitors.
1876 FREEMAN Norm. Cong. V. xxiv. 452 The recognitors
are not judges but witnesses, witnesses declaring their
verdict from their personal knowledge.
Recognitory (r/Vgnitari), a. [ad. L. type
*recognitori-us : see prec. and -OBY 2.J Of or per-
taining to recognition or acknowledgement.
1822 LAMB F.lia. Ser. I. Dist. Corresp., A pun and its
recognilory laugh must be co-instantaneous. 1849 KEMBLE
Saxons in Eng. II. n. vii. (1876) 329 note. Probably a re-
cognitory rent for land held under the burh or city. 1897
C DIXON (title) Curiosities of Bird Life, an Account of the
. .Protective and Recognitory Colours, .of Birds.
Recognizabi-lity. [f. next : see -ITY.] The
quality of being recognizable.
RECOGNIZANCE
1873 Contemp. Rev. XXI. 101 Starting . . with this postulate,
the existence and recognisability of God.
Recognizable (re-k/gnaizab'l), a. [f. RE-
COGNIZE z/.l + -ABLE.] Capable of being recog-
nized ; that admits of recognition.
1799 WRAXALL Mem. Crt. Berlin II. 301 So disfigured
her features, that thev are no longer recognizable. 1838
FOE A. G. Pym Wks. 1864 IV. 73 It was of singular form
and character, and easily recognizable. 1861 TIIACKEKAY
Four Georges iv. (1862) 184, 1 could at this very desk perform
a recognizable likeness of him. 1880 GEIKIE Pkys. Geog.
iv. 239 In many springs the proportion of dissolved gas is so
small as to be hardly recognisable.
Recognizably (re'k^gnaizabli), adv. [f. prec.
+ -LY -.] In a recognizable manner, perceptibly.
1840 CARLYLE Heroes iii. (1858) 261 No thought, word or
act of man, but . . works sooner or later, recognisably or
irrecognisably, on all men ! 1875 WHITNEY Life Lang. ii.
16 There is, recognizably and traceably, a time when . . many
of our words came into use.
Recognizance (rfkp-gnizans, rflcfn-), si.
Forms: a. 4reconnissaunoe,4-5reoonisaunce,
-ys(s)aunoe, 5-6 -isanoe, 6-7 -usance, (6 re-
quynesaunce). 0. 5-6 recognysa(u)nce, 6
-isaunce, -usance, 7 -issance, 4- recognizance,
-isance. [a. OF. recon(u)issance, (requenoy sauce';,
recognussance, etc. (see Godef. ; mod.F. recon-
naissance), f. recon(o)iss-ant, pres. p. of recoiioistre
+ ANCE : see RECOGNIZE v.1 On the spelling and
pron. cf. the note to COGNIZANCE.]
1. J aw. A bond or obligation, entered into and
recorded before a court or magistrate, by which
a person engages himself to perform some act or
observe some condition (as to appear when called
on, to pay a debt, or to keep the peace) ; also,
a sum of money pledged as a surety for such per-
formance and rendered forfeit by neglect of it.
c 1386 CHAUCER Shipman's T. 330 He was bounden in a
reconyssaunce, To pave twenty thousand sheeld anon.
1436 Rolls ofParlt. IV. 499/2 Bounde by a reconysaunce
in youre Chauncellerye, to paye to you at certain dayes in
the same recognisance specified. 1459 J°'<t- V- 369/1 That
:very of the seid persones, fynde to youre Highnes sufficient
uerte, by recomsauns in youre Chauncerie, of his good
_^ ^ _ j73) 193 b,
They . . do binde them sejues to the Pope and Sea of Rome,
as it were by recognisance. 1601 FULBECKE 2nd PC. Parall.
65 If the defendant did make a reconusance vppn statute
marchant such a daie at Canterburie to the plaintife. 1660
Trial Regie. 35 And all those bound by Recognizance to
appear, let them come forth, and give their Evidence, or else
to forfeit their Recognizance. 1749 FIELDING Tom Jones
vin. xi, He committed him to prison, and bound Frank in
a recognizance, I think they call it. 179* BURKE On Negro
Code Wks. IX. 296 The said Trader or Factor shall be
deemed to have forfeited his recognizance. 1849 MACAULAY
Hist. Eng. v. I. 521 Three of the peers who were thus under
recognisances were Roman Catholics.
trans/. 1609 J. DAVIES Holy Roode Wks. (Grosart) 13
Then, by Recognizance Wee'l aye be bound to praise Thee,
for our parts. 1696 SOUTHERNS Oroonoko iv. ii. An oath is
a recognisance to Heav'n, Binding us over in the courts
above To plead to the indictment of cur crimes.
2. Recognition or acknowledgement (of a person
as holding a certain position, of a fact, duty, right,
service, etc.). Now rare.
14.. in TnttdaJe's Vis. (1843) no They broght hym gold
. . And gaff hym . . Hooly of al her hart for a reconysaunce.
a 1450 Knt. de la Tour (1868) 5 Eueri tyme he awakithe,
he ought to yeve God reconisaunce, . . that he is hisjorde,
creatour, and maker. 1538 STAHKEY England II. iii. 109
And so for the recognysance of thys superyoryte, I wold
that our reame schold pay thys Peter pens. 1593 G. HARVEY
Pierce" s Super, in. 109 Some-body oweth the three-shapen
Geryon a gieater duty,in recognisance of his often-promised
curtesies. 1659 H. L'ESTKANGE Alliance Dili. Ojf. 212 The
Antient form of thanksgiving, that by which special recog-
nisance was made to God as the Creator. 1685 Land. Gaz.
No. 2009/3 In recognisance of your just Right and Title.
1787 ANNA SEWARD Lttt. (1811) I. 269 His even affectionate
recognizance of our youthful acquaintance. 1791 NEWTE
Tour Eng. ft Scot. 132 A recognizance of the prescriptive
rights of the antient tacksmen. 1830 HERSCHEL Stud. Nat.
PAH. 303 The recognisance of the important distinctions
which appear to divide these great classes of bodies from
each other. 1845 A. DUNCAN Disc. 175 Let us endeavour
to honour it by a dutiful recognizance, .of his goodness.
b. Recognition (of a person) as the same, or as
having a known character. Now rare.
c 1489 CAXTON Blanchardyn 149 After their teeris and
pytuable reconyssaunce were past . . they taryed the space of
; a moneth wyth in the cyte. 1575-85 ABP. SANDYS Serin.
; (Parker Soc.) 68 Some such badge of recognisance. 1597
HOOKER Eccl. Pol. \: xlii. § 10 They chose it to serve as
1 their special mark of recognizance, and gave it secretly..*
j sinister construction. 1801 tr. GabriellisMyst. Huso I. 164
Having waved his helmet in token of recognizance, he en-
deavoured by signs to convince them how much he regretted
their absence. 1831 Frasefs Mag. III. 53 From known
faces she stole away, to avoid recognizance.
3. A token, badge, emblem ; a cognizance. Now
only arch.
c 1477 CAXTON Jason 57 b, Fyfty thousand women . . gar-
nisshed with pennons and recognysaunces. 1563 FOXE
A. ff jr. 30/2 A girdle . . hauyng vii. keies, wyth vii. seales
hanging there vpon. for a recognisance or token, of nis
seuenfold power. 1604 SHAKS. Otli. v. ii. 214 That Recog-
nizance and pledge of Loue Which I first gaue her. 1890
jR. PRINCE Of Jnymts Card iv. 724 His cnoicest Iroop of
Larons. harnessed black, With black recognisances.
RECOGNIZANCE.
t4. a. Cognizance: (a) knowledge ; (*) notice.
c 1450 LYDG. Sccrces 235 Ther of to have Cleer entende-
ment, And of scryptures Just Reconysaunce. 1716 M.
DAVIES At/nil. Brit. II. 245 As for his being the Son,
either Begotten or Unbegotten, the Sabellian Hypothesis
took no Recognizance of.
t b. Law. - RECOGNITION 2 b. Obs.
1607 COWELL Interpr. s.v., If any man be attainted of
disseisin . . by Recognisance of Assize of nouel disseisin, the
iudgement shall etc. 1706 in PHILLIPS. 1727-41 CHAMBERS
CycL, Recognizance is also used, in our antient statutes for
the verdict of the twelve jurors impanelled upon an assize.
Hence t Beco-gnizanoe v., to recognize. Obs.-1
1657 HEYLIN Ecclesia Vind. n The submission of the
Clergy, to the said King Henry, whom they had recog-
nizanced for their supream Head.
Recognizant (r/k(>'gnizant), a. [f. RECOG-
NIZE: CK COGNIZANT.] That recognizes, affords
recognition or acknowledgement ; perceptive.
1867 E. YATES Forlorn Hope iii, His.. stately wife might
have been. .a little more recognisant of the girl's charms.
1881 G. MACDONALD Mary Marston II. v. 69 He .. went
through a series of bows and smiles recognizant of favour.
t Recognizate, v. Obs. rare—1, [f. RECOG-
NIZE i/.l + -ATE.] trans. •= RECOGNIZE n.1
1799 in Spirit Pub. Jrnls. III. 312 Who could have
thought, he would . . have deigned to demand in full assembly
to be matriculated and recognizated as he has been.
So t Keeognization, recognition. Obs. rare~.
1560 in Strype Ann. Re/. (1709) I. xvii. 208 Against the day
of ordering.., to give open recognizations to all men.
Recognize (re'kjjgnaiz), z>.! Forms : 5 Sc..
raewnnis, raeunnys, recognis, (6 -eis) ; 6 re-
oognish(e, -yse, -yce, 6- recognise, -ize. [a.
OF. reconuiss-, recognoiss- etc., stem of reconoistre
(mod.K. reconnattre) :— L. recoj>noscere to RECOG-
NOSCE. The ending was early assimilated to that
of verbs ia -ise, -ize : cf. note to COGNIZE.]
fl. trans. Sc. Law. = RECOGNOSCE v. 4. Obs.
1456 Bitrgh. Rec. Peebles (1872) 117 The balyeis has
racwnnis the wast land in the North Gat for faut of the
Kyngis burroumallis. c 1470 HENRY Wallace in. 376 His
wncle Schir Ranald may mak this band. Gyff he will nocht,
raeunnys all his land. 1488 Acta Dom. Concil. (1839) 103/1
The landis of brebirtoune . . recognist bi J»e said William erle
merschell for alienacioune w'out consent of the owrlord.
1609 SKENE Reg. Maj. 52 (Act Robt..III, c. 2 § 3) Provyd-
ing that he doe his diligence to repledge his lands, quhllks
are recognised fra his overlord.
f2. To look over again; to revise, correct,
amend. Obs.
1534 CRANMER, etc. lust. Chr. Man Pref, We do moste
humbly submyttc it [this treatise] to. .your maiestie, to be
recognised, ouersene, and corrected. 1539 (title) The most
sacred Bible, . . translated into English, and newly recognised
with great diligence, .by Rycharde Taverner. 1570 FOXE
(titM A Sermon of Christ crucified. . . Newly recogmshed by
the Author. 1605 Willed s Hexapla Gen. Printer to Rdr.,
The author, .was absent and could not recognize what was
printed. 1631 HEYLIN St. George 95 Being corrected first
by Pope Pius Quintus, and after recognised by Clement.
1656 — in Extraneus Vapnlans 238 Not only to alter their
opinions,, .but retract and: recognize, .what they said _ before.
1715 M. DAVIES A then. Brit. I. 25 Several times printed.,
recogniz'd and amended by Joachim Camerarius, . . 1591.
t b. To reconnoitre. Also absol. Obs. rare.
1637 MONRO Exped. I. 9 In quartering either in village,
field or Citie, he ought himselfc to recognize all avenues.
1814 SCOTT Wav. Ixv, Neither, as he observed, was he
without sentries for the purpose of recognizing.
i1 C. To go over again, to expound. 06s.~~t
1676 TOWERSON Decalogue 199 One taketh the book and
readeth; another.. recogniseth that which is least under-
stood, that is, expoundeth it.
1 3. To acknowledge by admission, confession, or
avowal ; to admit (to oneself or another). Obs.
xS3x-a Act 23 Hen. VIII, c. 6 § i Euery obligacion. .shal
be sealed with the scale of the partie . . that shall recognise
or knowledge the same. 1535 in Lett. Suppress. Monast.
(Camden) 27, 1 thought it expedient for you to write unto
his highnes, and to recognise your offence and desire his
pardon. 1570 MARC. ASCHAM Ded. Ascham's Scholem.
(Arb.) 15 How gladly, -he vsed in hys lyfe to recognise and
report your goodnesse toward hym. 1633 PRYNNE \st Pt.
Histrio-m. 628 That the minde. .might be.. occupied in the
service of God, in recognizing his benefits, a 1641 Bp.
MOUNTAGU Acts ff Man. (1642) 204 In honour of God, to
avow his dominion paramount over all, to recognize their
hold from him, their subsisting by him.
fb. Const, that or with inf., expressing the
fact acknowledged. Obs. (common in ifith c.).
1533 HENRY VIII in St. Papers (1830) I. n. 392 Ye duely
recognysyng, that it becomethe youe not . . to enterprise any
pane of your saide office. 1535 in Lett. Suppress. Monast.
(Camden) 86 For somuche as your sayd maistershipe ..
counselled me to recognishe the kynges highnes to be our
patrone and ffounder. 1587 HOLINSHED Cttron., Irel. II.
61/2 Some adde, that he gaue awaie his kingdoms to the
see of Rome for him and his successors, recognising to hold
the same of the popes in fee. 1603 DEKKER & CHETTLE
Cms// (1893) 37, I must recognize and confesse very gene-
rouslie . . the welsh knight, making a very desperate thrust at
mybosome,..fairely mist my imbroydered lerkin.
fc. Const, for. Obs.-1
1550 BALE Image Both Ch. \. v. E v, They worshypped
him. .and recognyswl him for theyr mercyfull Lorde.
4. To acknowledge by special notice, approval
or sanction ; to treat .is valid, as having existence
or as entitled to consideration ; to take notice of
(a thing or person) in some way. + Also const, to.
'548-9 (Mar.) Bk. Com. Prayer, Private Baptism, \Vhoso-
euer shal confess the, o lorde ; recognise him also iu thy
253
kingdotne. 1581 SAVILE Tacitus, Hist, (1598) 217 Lining in
some equalitie of alliance, and yet recognizing a superiority.
1705 AUDISON Ittily 21 There are Canons Regular, .. that
will by no means allow it to be the Body of the Saint, nor
is it yet recognis'd by the Pope, 1771 Juniits Lett. Ixii.
291 They have been frequently recognised and admitted by
parliament. 1792 Anecd. IV. Pitt III. xlii. 125 As an
Englishman..! recognize to the Americans their supreme
unalienable right in their property. 1818 JAS. MILL Brit.
India II. v. v. 499 The majority of the Council however re-
cognised the suspension. 1849 MACAULAY Hist. Eng. iii. I.
290 The only army which the law recognised was the militia.
1891 Law Times XCI. 225/1 A contract by a foreigner with
a rebel State which has not been internationally recognised.
b. spec, in U.S. (seequot.).
1888 BKYCE Anter. Commtv. I. i.xiii. 187 A recent Speaker,
. .universally condemned because he had usually 'recognized'
(/. e. called on in debate) his own friends only.
c. To admit to consideration, or to a status, as
being something.
1858 MILL Liberty ii. (1865) 22/2 This discipline recognises
a knowledge of the enemy's case as beneficial to the teachers.
1874 GKEEN SAorf Hist. v. § 3. 228 Wyclif . , was . . recognized
as first among the school-men of his day.
5. To know again ; to perceive to be identical
with something previously known.
'533 (see RECOGNOSCE v. i]. 1636 BLOUNT Glossogr.,
Recognize, to call or bring into remembrance, . . to know
again. 1784 COWPER Task II. 454 The better hand . . aids
the indebted eye With opera-glass to . . recognise the slow-
retiring fair. 1801 MRS. CROFTS Salvador II. 228 The
voice of Dermandoft was recognized by him calling his
name. 1855 H. SPENCER Prim;. Psyclwl. ll. viii. 180 We
know the object as one previously perceived. -we recog-
nize it. 1878 BROWNING La Saisiaz 159 Can I . . sharpen
. ear to recognize Sound o'er league and league of silence?
b. To know by means of some distinctive fea-
ture ; to identify from knowledge of appearance
or character.
1725 POPE Odyss. r. 415 Then first he recognis'd the
Ethereal guest, a iSaa SHELLEY Triumph Life 28.5 He
pointed to a company, Midst whom I quickly recognised the
heirs Of Cajsar's crime. 1855 BAIN Senses $ Int.. "• "• § 2
(1864) 166 The Spice Islands of the Indian Archipelago are
recognised far out at sea. 1876 MOZLEY Univ. Serin, xiii.
240 Without being able to express accurately all we mean
by love, we recognise it when we meet it.
c. To perceive clearly, realize.
1865 R. W. DALE Disc. Spec. Occ. (;866) vii. 241 Linnell
has made us recognise a new beauty in the heather. 1879
HARLAN Eyesight iii. 31 Kepler first recognized the fact that
the eye is a camera.
f6. [Cf. z/.a] a. To know again o'r further. Obs.—1
1563 MAN Muscului Commmpl. 374 b, Wee doe defyne,
that God is fyrst to be knowen by nature, Secondly to be
recognised by doctrine.
•(• b. To mark or distinguish again. 06s .—'
1639 FULLER Holy War iv. xi. (1647) 187 He required the
Crosse should be restored to him again and vowed to eat no
bread until he was recognized with the Pilgrims badge.
7. Law. a. U.S. refl. and intr. To enter into
a recognizance, b. trans. To bind over by a re-
cognizance. 1 Ol>s.
1699 Col. Rec. Pennsyhi.l. 563 The said Edward Robinson
recognized himself in 300 /. 1783 Hist. Pel/tain (Mass.)
(1898) 250 Samuel Sampson as principal^ in behalf of said
John recognizes to the Commonwealth in the sum of fifty
pounds with sureties. 1809 TYLER Rep. I. 148 Mallery was
recognised by Justice Seaton to appear in this court.
Re-cognize (nkfjgnai-z), v.2 rare. [RE- 5 a.]
trans. To cognize again.
1875 LEWES Probl. Lift fy MinelSer. i. II. HI. v. 193 By
the aid of Reasoning we are guided in our search, and by it
re-cognize known relations under somewhat different at-
tendant circumstances.
Recognized (re'kffgnaizd),///. a. [f. RECOG-
NIZE v.l + -ED!.] Acknowledged.admitted; known.
18*6 DISRAELI Viv.Grey ill. viii, The nice etiquette, which
was observed between recognised states, and non-recognised
states, was really excessively amusing. 1841 W. SPALDING
Italy ff It. Isl. I. 93 The three centuries and a half during
which classical paganism was the recognised religion of the
empire. 1867 FREEMAN Norm. Conq. (1876) I. App. 547 The
real and only recognized name of the united nation.
Hence Be-cognizedly adv.
1861 BERESF. HOPE Eng. Cathedr. igffi C. vi. 238 An
honest adaptation of materials recognisedly in use to pur.
Sjses in which their real nature was not disguised. _ 1875
USKIN ForsClav. xlix. 7 The consequences of recognizedly
vicious conduct.
Recognizee. Law. ? Ola. Also 6 -isee, 7
reconusee. [f. as RECOGNIZE tv.1 + -EE !.] The
person to whom one is bound in a recognizance.
1591 WEST ist Pt. Symbol. § 41 G, When the moietie of
the Recognisours landes bee delyuered to the Recognisee.
1601 FULBECKE zndPt.Parall.b?, So in an auoydance of a
statute merchant it is a good plea to sale that part of the
land is purchased by the reconusee. 1634 Ir. Act 10 Chas. /,
Sess. Hi. c. 7 The said recoverers, obligees and recognizees,
have been, .without remedy. 1706 in PHILLIPS (ed. Kersey ;
hence in later Diets.).
Recognizer (re-ki?gnaiz3j). [f. RECOGNIZE v.1
+ -ER 1. J One who recognizes ; f a reviser.
1608 S. WARD in Ussher's Lett. (1686) 25 The Recognisers
of Gratian in their Annotations. 1711 SHAFTESB. Charac.
(1737) II. in. i. 353, I find no warrant for our being Mich
earnest Recognizers of a controverted Title. 1851 CAKI.YI.K
Sterling in. vii, A Poet after his sort, or recogmser and
delineator of the Beautiful. 1887 BROWNING Parleyines,
Ch. Allison viii, With form enough to know and name it by
For any recognizer sure of ken And sharp of ear.
Recognizing (re-kffgnaizin), vbl. 16. [f. as
prec. + -ING '.] The action of the vb, KMOOS1ZE1.
RECOIL.
1611 COTGR., Recognoissance, a recognizing, .. acknow*
ledgement. 1651 BAXTER Inf. Bapt. 115 The latter is the
actuall recognizing of the Covenant. i68s BL'RNET Rights
Princes y. 187 A Recognizing of the Customs and Liberties
of the King's Ancestors.
Re-cognizingly, adv. [f. pres. pple. of RE-
COGNIZE v .1 -f -LY 2.] With recognition.
1854 CARLYLE in Froude Life Lond. (1884) I. xxii. 158, I
know not if among all his ' friends ' he has left one who feels
more recognizingly what he was. .than I.
rRecognizon. Obs. rare. [var. of RECOGNITION,
after AF. sbs. in -»«».] Acknowledgement.
1596 BACON Max. 9f Uses Com. Law (1630) 37 The fourth
Institution was that for Recognizon of the Kings bounty by
eueryheire succeeding his ancestor in those Knights seruice
lands, the King should haue Primer seisin of the lands.
Recognizer. Law. ? Obs. Also 6-7 -isor,
(6 -isour), 7 reeonusor. [f. as RECOGNIZE f.1 +
-OB.] One who enters into a recognizance.
*S$i-*Act 23 Hen. VIH\ c. 6 § 3 Everi person., shall haue
..ayenste the said recogmsour.Jike processe..& advaun-
tage. i6oz FULBECKE zndPt.Parall, 41 The Shirife returned
an Extent of the lands of the reeonusor in this maner. 1628
COKE On Litt. 290 Neither in that case can he haue a.Scirc
foe' vpon this Statute against the first Debtor or Recognizor.
1706 in PHILLIPS (ed. Kersey ; hence iu later Diets.).
•)• Recognosce, v. 06s. Chiefly Sc. Also 6
•os(s. [ad.JL. recogndsclre : seeRE- and COGNOSCE.]
L trans. To recognize, identify, rare—1.
1533 BELLENDEN tr. Livy v. vi, Two dayis lasere war gevin
to Ilk man to recognos \v.r, recognis] his awne gere (L. ad
recognoscendas res\.
2. To recognize or acknowledge.
"555 $£• Acts Mary (i%n) 506 W' quhat zeleand affectioun
hir subiectis ar myndit To obserue and recognoss hir said
spous. 1570 BUCHANAN Admonit. (S.T. S.) 36 Refuse not ye
help send to ?ow be god hot recognosce thankfullie his fauour
towardis }ow. 1644 MAXWELL Prerog. Chr. Kings 21 The
possessour , . recognosceth or acknowledged .. no superiour
but Almightie God. 1671 True Nonconf. 437 That . . the
Emperour [is] Liege-lord, and all the Princes feudataires
recognoscing him.
3. a. To revise, amend. raie~l.
1563 WINJET Wks. (S. T. S.) II. 83 In the buke of iiiixxiii
qucest. sum places explanit or recognoscit.
b. To reconnoitre, rare. Also absol.
1637 MONRO Pract. Obs. in Exped. n. 202 We must re-
cognosce on horse or foot, according to the exployt we have
before us. Ibid, 204 You are to recognosce bolh his strength
and order.
4. Sc. Law. Of a feudal superior : To resume
possession of (lands). See RECOGNITION I and
RECOGNIZE v. i.
1597 SKENE De Verb. Sign. s. v. Recognition, The superiour
hes entresse and regresse to the propertie of the landes, and
may recognosce the samin. 1609 — Reg. tfajf.114 That
Lord may not knaw, nor recognosce that land to him be law.
a 1765 ERSKINE lust. Law Scot. n. v. § 10 The overlord
was said to recognosce the lands by the falling of the
vassal's escheat, or by the nonentity of the heir.
b. intr. Of lands: To return to the superior by
recognition.
175* McDouALL Inst. Lnws Scot. II. xi. II. 155 If the vassal
neglect payment of the feu-duty. . , the feu becomes void by
statute, and recognosces and returns to the superior. 1754
ERSKINE Princ. Sc. Lawt. (1809) 155 By the feudal customs
it was only the part aliened which recognosced.
Hence f Recogno'scence, recognition. Obs.—1
1594 LYLY Moth. Bomb. IV. ii, Your eloquence passes my
recognoscence.
Re-cohabita'tion. [RE- £ a.] Renewed co-
habitation.
1858 LD. ST. LEONARDS Handy Bk. Prop. Law xii. 74 In
case of re-cohabitation, the property will continue to he her
separate estate.
Recoil (r/koi'l), sb. Forms: 6 recule, 6-7
recoyle, (6 requoyle), 7 reooyl, -coile, 4, 7-
recoil. [f. next ; in common use only from the
latter part of the i6th c. Cf. F. recul (i6th c. in
Hatz.-Darm.).]
1. The act of retreating, retiring, or going back.
Now rare.
&
Den
rbe
1577 STANYHURST Hist. Irel. 80/2 „
Omore his recule, he pursued him. 1643 TUCKTJEY Balme
of G. 39 Especially since of late after our recoiles back-
wards towards Egypt, he hath been about to leade us the
second time in a more direct and full way Canaan-ward.
1808 SCOTT Mariii. vi. xxv, Life and death were in the
shout, Recoil and rally, charge and rout.
fig. 1686 tr. Chardin's Trav. Persia no The RecoyI of
my Fortune. 1716 M. DAVIES At/ten. Brit. II. 214 A more
! retir'd recoyle and recess of their. . Devptionary Calls.
2. The act of bounding or springing back, esp.
through impact or elasticity ; resilience.
1613 W. BROWNE Brit. Past. i. ii. 40 [The river] against a
mountaine dashes, And in recoile, makes Meadowes stand-
ing plashes. 1677 HALE Contempl. II. Lord's Pr. 201 The
reflection of thine own Glory, a recoyl of that Beam that
ic from thy Sun. 1831 J. HOLLAND Maituf. Metal I.
It gives a recoil to the nammer,and permits the workman
came from ty un. 131 . OLLAND anu. Metal I.
324 It giv
to modify or shorten the stroke. 1855 H. SPENCEK Princ.
Psychol. II. xvi. 271 We strain a bow and let its recoil
S-opel the arrow. 1877 Encycl. Brit. VI. 17/1! The pallet
will drive the wheel back a little, and produce what is
called the recoil.
fig. 1848 MILL Pol. Econ. ill. xii. § 3 The recoil of prices
after they lui\ c l>t:en raised by a s& i: it of speculation.
RECOIL.
b. fig. of feelings ; esp. with ref. to shrinking
from something.
1643 MILTON Divorce i. x. Wks. (1851) 47 A powerfull re-
luctance and recoile of nature. x8oi COLERIDGE Christabel
n. Concl., A sweet recoil of love and pity. 1833 CHALMERS
Constit. Man (1835) I. iv. 186 With the recoilof delicacy
and self-respect. 1886 KUSKIN Prxterita I. 269 Reverent
love of beauty, and indignant recoil from ugliness.
3. spec. The rebound or * kick * of a gun or firearm
when discharged.
1575 GASCOIGNE Weedes Wks. 183 A peece which shot so
well,.. It neyther bruzed with recule, nor wroong withouer-
weight. 1589 IVE b'ortif. 23 Draw a lyne-.vnto the parapet
in the flanke for the requoyle of the artillery. 1669 BOYLE
Contn. New E^P^ i. 19 The Recoyl [of guns] seems to de-
pend upon the Dilatation and Impulse of the Powder. 1781
THOMPSON in Phil. Trans. LXXl, 258 The recoil of great
guns is much more violent after the second or third discharge
than it is at first. 183* BABBAGE Econ.Manuf. ii. (ed. 3)23
Amongst different kinds of shot, that which is the smallest,
causes the greatest recoil against the shoulder. 1879 SLADEN
Gunnery 17 The velocity of recoil is generally taken as the
velocity imparted to the gun and carriage by the discharge
of the piece.
b. ellipt. A recoil-check.
i88a Daily News 10 Feb. 6/1 A. -duck gun, mounted ready
for action in a punt. It is lilted with Booth's recoil.
4. attrib. or Comb. a. In names of devices in-
tended to diminish or absorb the recoil of a fire-
arm or piece of ordnance, as recoil-breeching, -checkt
-plate,, -spring, -toggle.
1868 Rep. to Govt. U.S. Munitions War 281 A small space
is left between the tenon on the rear of this block, and the
front surface of the breech-block. . . to admit of a slight rock-
ing motion of the recoil-plate. 1876 in Smithsonian Misc.
Collect. VIII. No. 6. 30 Accessories of loading. .. Recoil-
checks. 1881 GREENER <J»« 460 (Plate) Greener- Field Punt
Gun, with India-rubber Recoil -breech ing. Ibid. 531 It is
immaterial to which end of the breeching the ' recoil toggle '
is affixed.
b. recoil escapement, an ordinary form of
escapement in clocks and watches, in which the
teeth of the crown- or balance-wheel act on the
pallets by recoil ; recoil pallet, a pallet in a recoil
escapement ; recoil wave, a dicrotic wave.
1850 DENISON (Sir E/ Beckett) Clocks <$• Watches (Weale)
71 The recoil escapement, which is still used in all the com-
mon clocks in the world, though it has long been abandoned
in all that make any pretension to a great accuracy. 1883
Ibid. (ed. 7) 79 Recoil pallets— and dead ones too — should
only just clear the teeth. 1884 F. J. BRITTEN Watch fy
Clockm. 7 The Recoil Escapement (invented by Dr. Hooke
about 1675) is the one most generally applied to the ordinary
run of dials and house clocks.
Recoil (r^koi*!),?/.1 Forms : a. 4(6 A.) recuile,
5 recuyeltl)e, recuyll-, 6-7 recuile, (7 recool),
4-7 (9 St.) recule. 0. 3-4, 7 recoile (n, 6-7
recoyl(e, (7 requoyle), 6- recoil, [ad. OF. rc~
culer (izth c,), f. re- KE- + C«/ CUL, CULE :— L.
cfilus the posteriors: cf. Sp. recular^ Pg. recitar,
It. rinculare, med.L. (14-15111 c.) recul(f}are. For
the change of u to oi cf. DEFOIL z/., FOIL v.i9 Foisr
jtf.1 ; recuU is the usual form in the i5-i6th c.]
f 1. trans. To beat, drive, or force back (also
with back or aback] ; to cause to retreat or retire.
a 2225 Ancr. R. 294 pu.. Bluest be ueonde in^ong. .so bet
tu ne meiht recoilen him ajanward. £1330 Arth. fy Merl.
6693 (Kolbing) .v. forlong he dede hem recoile & vnder hors
fete defoile. c 1380 Sir Ferumb. 4585 pay wy^-stode hem
al wyb strengbe, And reculede hem bar an acres lengbe.
c 1489 CAXTON Blanchardyn, 58 He . . reculed his enemyes
abacke tyll within the barreysof the towne. a 1547 SURREY
sEneid n. 560 With this from thense I was recuiled back.
1590 Si'ENSER /"*. Q. n. xii. 19 Neither toyle nor traveill
might her back recoyle. 1667 Obs. Burn. Land. 33 When
it found any let or hinderance that did recoil it back, it blew
equally both to the right and to the left. 1713 SWIFT
Cadenus fy Vanessa, The darts were .. often blunted and
recoil'd.
fie. 1628 tr. Matkietis Powerfnll Favorite 104 He was
author of my Vnckles death, who recoiled his hopes. 1645
City Alarum 10 Our passionate desire of an end recoyles
us from the end. 1650 GENTILIS Considerations 164 How
behove-full would it be to recule and set by unfortunate men
ere they were scarce known.
"I" b. refl. To draw back, retire. Obs. rare.
c 1489 CAXTON Blanchardyn 106 They..lepte and reculed
hem self abake six passes or moo. 1579 TOMSON Calvin's
Serm. Tim. 33/2 Wnosoeuer will order himselfe according
to Gods rule, must learne to recule & withdraw himselfe.
t c. To take or carry back. O&s.-1 (Cf. 3 c.)
1603 FLORIO Montaigne \. ix. (1632) 16 Who recoile their
narration so farre-backe, and stuff it with so many vaine cir-
cumstances, that . -they smoother the goodnesse of it.
t d. To return or retort (a thing) upon one. Obs.
1626 W. FENNER Hid. Manna Ep. Ded., I say, this [argu-
ment] may be recoyled back upon them. 166* GURNALL
Chr. tnArm.ui. verse 18 xlv[i]. § i (1669)404/1 Shereverseth
the unjust judgement past upon the life of her people, and
recoyls it upon the life of him that laid the plot.
2. intr. To retreat, retire, go or draw back (or
aback] before an enemy or opposing force.
Very common (in form recule) from c 1490-1610.
a. c 1380 Sir Ferumb. 971 pe frensche men fc»ai made re-
cuile wel an akers lengbe. 1470-85 MALORY Arthur v. xii,
The knyghtes . . made them to recuyelle & flee, a 1533 LD.
BERNERS Hnon ci. 335 When Huon sawe them he sayd to
his men ' syrs, it is good that we recule to our cyte '. 1550
J. COKE Eng. <$• Fr. Heralds § 70 (1877) 80 Charles., secretly
reculed home with suche Hungariens as escaped. 1610
HOLLAND Catnden's Brit. (1637) 35 The Britans being
troubled with the strange forme of those galiies . . reculed.
254
1640 tr. Verdure's Romant of Rom I. 13 poest thou not
know that worthy Knights must never recuile for any con-
sideration of danger whatsoever.
ft. 1511 GUYLFORDE Pilgr. (Camden) 59 We were with
vyolence and rage of the sayde tempest constreyned to re-
coyle and turn backwardes. 1570 LEVINS Manip. 215/11 To
Recoyle, recedcre. 1637 R. HUMPHREY tr. St. Ambrose i. n
Skilfull darters who by recoyling are wont to gaine the day.
1644 VICARS God in Mount 118 They were forced swiftly to
recoyle and flie backe. 1807 JL BARLOW Colutnb. v. 209 The
French recoiling half their victory yield. 1865 KINGSLEY
Herew. vi, The peasants swarmed like flies but they soon
recoiled.
16*3 MILTON fs. cxiv. o. Jc
recoil, As a faint host that hath receiv d the foil.
b. To stagger back, from the effects of a blow.
" I533 LD. BERNERS Hiton xvi. 42 Huon .. gaue be erle
such a stroke bat he .. reculyd backe more than .ii. pases.
c 1650 Don Bellianis 58 Arsileos horse with the strong
stroke recoyled back three or fourpaces. 1667 MILTON P.L.
vi. 194 Ten paces huge He back recoild.
1 3- To go back (or backwards) ; to recede, re-
tire, retreat, return. Obs.
1483 CAXTON £0/(£ Leg. 317/1 Theshypperecuyeled back-
ward in to the Water soo that he fylle doune in to the
deppest of the flood. 1489 — Faytes of A. it. xxxv. 146 As
a ramme . . whan he reculeth a bak for to hurte with hys
homes. 1548 UDALL, etc. Erasm. Par. Luke xxt 5 Whom
soeuer of theim, this extreme distresse shall soodainly take
in any forein countreyes . . : leat not suche recule into Jewrie.
1601 HOLLAND Pliny II. 370 It goeth as it were reculing
backward. 1601 DOLMAN La Pnmautf. fr. Acad. (1618)
III. 718 According as the sunne doth approch neere, or re-
cule from vs. . . so naue we the daies longer or shorter. 1651
tr. De-las-Covcras' Don Fenise 199 They perceived the
earth to fall upon them, which terrified them very much, not
knowing whether they should advance or recule.
jfir. 1641 in Carte Ormonde (1735) III. 36 This gentleman
will acquaint your Lordship how the affaires stand here,
which rather recoyle than advance to his Majes tit's service.
1642 ROGERS Naaman 157 Then Self will most recoilej and
selfe-deniall will most appeare.
f b. To fall back or away (from some state or
condition), to degenerate. Obs. rare.
1601 WEEVER Mirr. Mart. C v, Orleance Saw that his
Souldiers courage gan recoile. 1605 SHAKS. Mac/', iv. iit. 22
A good and verluous Nature may recoyle, In an Iniperiale
charge. z6u — Cymb. i. vi. 128 Be reueng'd, Or she that
bore you was no Queene, and you Recoyle from your great
Stocke.
T C. To go back in memory or in a narrative.
Obs. rare. (Cf. i c.)
1611 SHAKS. ll'int, T. i. ii. 154 Looking on the Lynes Of
my Boyes face, me thoughts I did requoyle Twentie three
yeeres. 1655 FULLER Cn. Hist. vn. i. § 34 Now followed
the fatall tragedy of the Duke of Somerset, and we must
recoile a little, to fetch forward the cause thereof,
f d. To He back or away//w//. 0&s~l
1579 FENTON Guicctard. (1618) 37 A place betweene the
walls of the same towne, and a ditch which reculeth about
a thousand paces from the towne.
1 4. To retire, withdraw oneself to a place. Obs.
1548 UDALL, etc. Erasm. Par. Mark y. 38 The Lorde . .
reculed unto the water syde and toke sliippe. 1590 SPENSER
F. Q. i, x. 17 A whyle I read you rest, and to your bowres
recoyle. 1591 — M. Hubberd-j^ When this Courtly Gentle-
man with toyle Himselfe hath wearied, he doth recoyle
Unto his rest. 16*7 DRAYTON Agincourtt&.t. (1631) 13 The
Lawyer to his chamber doth recule For he bath now no
bus'nesse at the barre.
1" t>- fig* To draw back _/>•<?/« an act or course of
action, a promise, etc. Also without const. Obs.
1481 CAXTON Myrr. i. v. 24 They that ought wnderstande
vertues and to teche other . . they ben they that recule and
withdrawe fro it. 1483 — Gold. Leg. 271 b/* The Appostle
recuylled not but .. wente forth Joyeng. c 1510 BARCLAY
Mirr. Gd. Manners (1570) C vj, Submitting him selfe to
death . . Rather then to recule from the defence of right.
1586 T. B. La Pritnaud. Fr. Acad. i. (1594) 57 If I recule
now and draw backe, the reputation thereof will be di-
minished, a 1631 T. TAYLOR God's Judgem. \. i. xvi. (1642)
49 So filthily recoyling from the Truth . . that he became a
setter up of false Idols. 1761 HUME Hist. Eng. (1806) III.
xxxix. 294 He again renewed his consent ; but in a few days
he began anew to recoil.
5. To start or spring back in fear, horror, disgust,
or the like.
1513 DOUGLAS AZneis ix. xiii. 38 He full fers.-Seand the
scharp poyntis, recullis backwart. 1577 STANYHURST Descr.
Ircl. s/i A toad . . indeuoring to haue skipt ouer it, sud-
denlie reculed backe, as though it had beene rapt in the
head. 1601 HOLLAND Pliny II. 176 If a Vine stand neare
vnto it, a man shall sensibly perceiue the same to shrinke
away and recule backward from it, 1667 MILTON P. L. u.
759 Back they recoild affraid At first, and call'd me Sin.
1746 COLLINS Passions 20 Fear. .back recoil'd he knew not
why, Even at the sound himself had made. 1865 PJARING-
GOULD Werewolves vii. 88 The little girls recoiled, and the
youngest took refuge behind Jeanne.
b. fig. of persons, in respect of the mind or
feelings.
1644 H. PARKER Jits Pop. 47 The ten Tribes, recoyling
from the pressures under Rehoboam. 1662 Bt\ HOPKINS
Fun. Sewn. (1685) 64 Yet even he, as man, recoiles at that
death, which, as God, he was assured to conquer. 1792
COWPER On Bill Mortality v, Why deem we Death a foe ?
Recoil from weary life's best hour, And covet longer woe?
1838 LYTTON Alice \. x, I recoil from the idea of marrying
him. 1874 GREEN Short Hist. ii. § 7. 96 The age.. recoiled
from the cool cynicism of his crimes.
c- fig- of the mind, heart, etc.
1605 SHAKS. Macb. v. ii. 23 Who then shall blame His
pester 'd senses to recoyle and start. 1680 OTWAY Orphan
v. ix. At each word that my Distraction utterM My heart
RECOILING.
recoyl'd. 1764 REID Inquiry v. § 7 Something within me
that recoils against it. 1836 Jf. GILBERT Chr. Atonem. ix.
(1852) 262 The mind naturally recoils against the position.
1871 L. STEPHEN Playgr. Eur, (1894) ii. 68 The imagination
fairly recoils from the prospect in horror.
6. a. To rebound, to spring or fly back through
force of impact.
1581 SAVILE Tacittts, Hist. \. Ixxxvi. (1591) 49 Tiber . . by
the ruines of it beeing dammed, reculing againe, ouerflowed.
i6i3PuRCHAS/Y/£r*w<z£fc ix. i. (i6i4)82oHe[theOrenoque]
. . with his vomited abundance maketh the salt waters to
recoyle. 1660 BOYLE New Exp. Phys. Mech. i. 35 They
must press upon the surface of the Earth, and, as it were re-
coyling thence letcj. 1784 COWPER Task vi. 874 He gleans
the blunted shafts that have recoiled. x8n SHELLEY Marg.
Nicholson^ Spec. Horsem. 41 The meteors of midnight recoil
from his figure. 1871 TYNDALL Fragm. Sci. (1879) II. v. 63
They (two balls] clash together, but, by virtue of their
elasticity, they quickly recoil.
b. Of firearms or artillery : To spring back
by the force of the discharge.
1530 PALSGK. 681/2 Se howe yonder gonne reculeth or ever
shelowse. a 1658 CLEVELAND Wks. (1687)25 The Bullet
flying makes the Gun recoil. 1660 W. SECKER Nonsuck
Prof. 1 41 A peece ill charged instead of hitting the mark,
does but recoil on him that shoots it. 17*7-41 CHAMBERS
Cycl. s.v. , The ball, when the gun had liberty to recoil, was
always thrown to the right. 1797 Encyci. Brit. (ed. 3) V I II.
246/2 A barrel mounted upon a very straight stock will recoil
more than one that is considerably bent. 1876 VOYLE &
STEVENSON Milit. Diet. 331/1 The shot it is believed has
left the piece before the gun commences to recoil.
fig, 1640 SIR E. DERING Sp. on Relig 14 Dec. 13 They
have charged their Canons at us to the full, and never fearing
that ever they would recoyle back into a Parliament, they
have ramm'd a prodigious, ungodly Oath into them.
C. To spring back to the original position.
1768-74 TUCKER Lt. Nat. (1834) II, 571 Habit . . is more
tough and stubborn ; when you think you have quite
weakened its spring, it will recoil again with wonted vigour.
7. To rebound, spring backt or return, to the
starting-point or source. Const, against, tot on,
upon. Chiefly fig. (now with on).
1599 Brottghton^s Lett. iii. 13 They are like, .arrowes shot
vp against the Sunne, these reculing to their hurt that shot
them. 163* SIR T. HAWKINS tr. Mathieus Unhappy Pros-
feritie i. 49 marg.. There is nothing so deformed as an in-
jury which reculeth backe against him who spake it. 1664
POWER Exp. Philos. in. 156 Electrical fluors do presently
recoyl by short streight lines to their Bodies again. 1682
FLAVEL Fear 3 All their councels and cruelties recoyl upon
themselves. 1749 FIELDING Tout Jones xiv. vii, The good
or evil we confer on others, very often . . recoils on ourselves.
1855 MACAULAY Hist. Eng. xv. III. 513 That evidence
missed the mark at which it was aimed, and recoiled on
him from whom it proceeded. i88a J. H. BLUNT Re/. Ch.
Eng. II. 185 Their treason recoiled on their own heads.
Hence Recoi'led///. a.
1599 NASHE Lenten Stuffe 61 By the honor of his house,
and his neuer reculed sword. 1611 COTGR., Rccnle, recoiled,
repulsed.
t Recoil, v.- Obs. rare. In 7 -ooile, -coyle.
[ad. It. rawogliere (see RACCOLTA) or F. recueillir
(OF. recoiller) : see RECUEIL v. and COIL v.1]
trans. To collect, gather, obtain.
163* LITHGOW Trav. u. 58 Fertile soyle, And trees from
whence all times they fruit recoyle. Ibid. vi. 275 A contribu-
tion is granted .and also recoiled. Ibid. vii. 329 Some Bay,
or Creeke . . Whence Ancorage, and safety ships recoile,
Recoil (rikoi-1), z>.3 [f. RE- 5 a + COIL v.$\
trans. To coil again.
1865 TYLOR Early Hist. Man. ix. 245 Uncoiling the string,
and recoiling it as before.
Re c oiler (r/koi-laa). [f. RECOIL z>.i + -EH*.]
One who recoils.
a 1670 HACKET Abp. Williams i. (1692) 98 He became an
humble Suppliant to his Majesty, that he might have his
Leave to return for Italy. . . As if this recoiler had told him
no news, he spake but little, and dismissed him. 1813
Metxoir Sir J. E. Smith (1832) II. 351 Shall the Patriot
e'er prove a recoiler? 1840 BROWNING Sordello iv. 758
Recoil ? That's nought ; iPthe recoiler leaves HU name for
me to fight with, no one grieves.
Recoiling (rfkorlin.), vbl. sb. [f. as prec.+
-ING1.] The action of the vb. in various senses.
c 1380 Sir Fcrumb. 2771 In be reculynge £>at bay made an
hundred of hem wer sleyn. 15*3 Lu. BERNERS Froiss. I.
1. 72 On the see ther is no reculyng nor fleyng, ther is no
remedy but to fight. 1590 SIR J. SMYTH Disc. Weapons 18 b,
They either put their peaces in hazard of breaking, or els
themselues to bee ouerthrowne with the reculing of them.
1617 HIERON Wks. II. 308 That recoyling, which Dauid
prescribed to loab, could not bee with the death of Vriah
only, a 1715 BURNET Own Time (1794) I. 50 The recoiling
of cruel counsels on the authors of them never appeared
more eminently. 18*9 R. STORY Mem. Isabella Campbell
xii. 474 Thoughts of death seemed to have lost all power for
a season to excite the recoilings of nature. 1899 A ihenxwn
26 Nov. 737/1 After sundry self-search ings and recoilings. .
she marries Dering.
Recoiling (rHcoi-lin), ///. a. [f. as prec. +
-ING 2.] That recoils. Recoiling escapement, pallet
(see RECOIL sb. 4b).
1632 LITHGOW Trav. in. 100 The recoiling waues brought
vs backe from the Shelfes. 1643 ROGKRS Naaman, 14 A re-
belling and recoyling spirit against God. Ibid. 538 In
shooting off his recoyling gun. 1776 G. SEMPLE Building
in Water 150 The remaining Part of its recoiling Force.,
will be quite swallowed up in that Depth of Water. 182$
J. NICHOLSON Operat. Mechanic 516 The motion of the
wheel is hobbling and unequal, by which this escapement
has received the appellation of the recoiling 'scapement.
1842 Encyci. Brit. (ed. 7) VI. 769/1 It is sometimes called
the recoiling bcap-jinent or the recoiling pallets. Ibid. 773/3
RECOILMENT.
N.) mle mil be given for the angle which the recoiling arch
should make with the concentric one.
Hence Recoi'lingly adv. (Webster 1847).
Recoi Imeilt. Now rare or Obs. Also 7
recuil-, recule-. [f. RECOIL z».l + -MENT.]
1 1. The act of removing or sending away ; dis-
missal. Obs. rare.
a 1608 SIR F. VKHI-: Cinnm. (1657) 46 Though I was sensible
as became me, who saw no cause in myself, of this recuil-
ment and disgrace. Iliui. 67 When notwithstanding I had
discovered . . in my recuilment his Lordships coldnesse of
affection to me.
2. The act of recoiling or springing back.
1651 Fuller's Abel Retiii'. Wks. 1867 I. 118 A man might
easily perceive the recoilments of his own natural and exor-
bitant proclivities. 1684 IUCLL Life Hammond^ in H.'s Wks.
(1684) I. 40 The recuilment of serous moisture into the habit
of the body and insertions of the Nerves. 1766 G. CANNING
Anti-Lucretius iv. 314 Such feign'd recoilment never could
exist. 1847 in WEBSTER.
Recoiu (rfkoi-n), ». [RE- 5 a.] trans. To
coin over again, to pass again through the mint.
1685 in is/A Kef. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. VIII. 131 The
remedy, .is to recoyne the forreign money to our standard.
a 1717 NEWTON Chronol. Amended (1728) 40 Darius the
Mede recoins the Lydian money. 1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3)
XII. 229/1 It may be found convenient .. to recoin such
denominations altogether. 1879 H. PHILLIPS Notes Coins 6
These pieces, upon their arrival at Rome, by reason of their
..fineness of quality, were at once recoined.
Jig. 1836 E. FITZGERALD Lett. (1889) I. 34, I wish with
you that people would . . recoin some of the everyday com-
pliments into a simpler form.
Hence Recoi ning vbl. si. ; also Recoi'ner, one
who recoins (Ogilvie 1882).
1691 LOCKE Lr.ucr. Interest Wks. 1727 II. oo It will
enforce the recoining of all our Money, both old and new.
1740 W. DOUGLASS Disc. Cnrr. Brit. Plant. Amer. 32 In
France their recoinings. .did rise the Price of Goods. 1882
Rej>. to Ho. Refr. Free. Met. U.S. 547 An annual con-
sumption of gold in England . . for use in the arts, for abra-
sion and for recoining.
Xtecoinage (nkoi-nedj). [f. RE- 5 a -f COIN-
AGE ] The act or process of recoining money.
iSai BACON Hen. VII 216 The Recoinage of Groats and
Halfe-groats, now Twelue-pences and Six-pences. 1707
Loud. Gaz. No, 4366/2 After the Recoinage, each Piece of
Money is to receive a Denomination much above the . .
Value it bears at present. 1776 ADAM SMITH W. N. i. xi.
III. (1869) I. 206 Before the fate re-coinage the gold coin
was a good deal defaced. 1864 H. AINSWORTH John Law
iv. ii, A diminution of nearly fifty per cent, on the money
already reduced in value by a previous recoinage.
attrilt. 1884 St. fames'* Gaz. 29 Apr. 7/2 The dislike of
Mr. Childers's recoinage scheme.
tBecolage. Obs. Also4ricol-, rycol-, rigol-,
rekelage. [ad. OF. rigolage, (. rigoler to be merry
or riotous.] Wanton or riotous conduct.
a 1300 Cursor M. 49 In riot and in rigolage [v. rr. ricolage,
rekelage], Of all here lijf spent bai be stage. 1303 R. BRUNNE
Handl. Synne 7273 pan wyl bey . . sytte vp pare wyb reco-
lage And ayt do moche more outrage, c 1375 Cursor M.
1952 (Fairf ) Fie recolage and thefe as dede.
tReeolation. 06s.— " [n. of action f. L. reco-
Idre : see RE- and COLATION.] (See quot.)
1753 CHAMBERS Cycl. Supp., Recolation, a method of
fining the decoctions of vegetables, etc. by repeated perco-
lation, or straining them several times successively through
a tinnen or woollen bag.
Recolet, obs. form of RECOLLET.
Recoil, obs. Sc. variant of RECDEIL.
Kecolla-te, v. [RE- 5 a.] To collate again.
Hence Recolla ting vbl. si. (in quot. attrib.}.
1853 ' L. N. R.' Book % its Story n. ii. (1857) "4 After the
Bibles are sewn, they are again taken to the re-collating-
room to be examined. 1881 Athenaeum 12 Feb. 236/1
The volume will also contain a number of old Irish frag-
ments.., which have all been recollated by Dr. Zimmer.
So Recolla tion, the action of recollating.
1816 ind Rep. Comm. Public Rec. App. F I, The many
Omissions discovered on Re-collation. 1881 Academy 19
Feb. 139/2 The MS... has been missing, -since June last, so
that recollation is for the present impracticable.
Recollect (re-kpNekt), sb. [ad. L. recollect-us
or F. ricollet RECOLLET, q.v.] A member of an
Observantine branch of the Franciscan order, which
originated in Spain in the end of the I5th c., and
was so named ' from the detachment from creatures
and recollection in God which the founders aimed
at' (Catholic Diet.}.
1631 _WEF.VER Anc. Funeral Mon. 139 Many other re-
formations haue beene from time to time of the Franciscans,
as by the Minims, Recollects, Penitentiaries, Capuchins, &c.
i *Lond. Gaz. No. 1806/4 The Council of State . . forbid
the Cordeliers, the Recollects, and other Religious, of the
Order of St. Francis, to obey their General, who is a
Spaniard. 1746 in Ace. French Settlim. N. Amer. 21
Opposite to it is the convent of the Recollects. 1767 S.
PATERSON Another Trav. I. 115, I met with a pious soul of
a Recollect in the barge. 1883 Catholic Diet, s.v., The
Recollects were uninfected by Jansenism.
D. altrili. and affos. Belonging to the order of
the Recollects.
1655 FULLER CA. Hist. vi. vii. Dmay, Some report this
erected . . by the charity of English Catholicks for recollect
Fryers of the Order of S. Francis. 1710 I.on.i. Gaz.
No. 4650/3 The Body, .was interred. .in the Church of the
Recollect Friars. 1897 Catholic Diet. (ed. 5) s.v., There
appear to be at present six Recollect houses in Great
Britain.
c. transf. The Cedar-bird or Carolina Chatterer.
255
1783 LATHAM Gfn. Sytt. Birds II. i. 94 At Quebec it is
called the Recollect [note, Perhaps from the .similarity of the
crest or plumage to the habit of this order of friers].
Recollect (rfk^le-kt), v.l [prig. ad. L. re-
collect-) ppl. stem of recolligfre, f. re- + colligere, but
in later use apprehended as an Eng. formation from
RE- 5 a + COLLECT v.> and consequently sometimes
written re-collect. The earlier pron. was prob. as
in v.2, from which it is now distinguished by the
vowel of the prefix.
In some senses the distinction between this and y.* is not
clearly maintained, and the pron. may vary accordingly.]
I. f 1. trans. To collect, gather. Obs.
1513 DOUGLAS ^Eticis i. Prol. 99 A lord sa gentle and
kynd, . . Quhilk . . Bukis to recollect, to reid and se, Hes greit
delite als euir hed Ptolome. 1608 SHAKS. Per. n. i. 54 How
. .These Fishers, .from their watry empire recollect All that
may men approue, or men detect ! 1628 tr. Mathieifs
Powerf nil Favorite 133 Neither the Consuls nor the Praetor
gaue their vote at all, but recollected those of the others.
1645 QUARLES Sol. Recant, m. 6 There is a time to recollect
and lay Thy treasure up ; a time to cast away. 1670
DUMARESQUE in Evelyn's Mem. (1857) III. 227 It was no
wonder if planting was not so much in fashion before you
were pleased to recollect that art in a body.
t b. To collect again. (Cf. 2.) Obs.
1607 TOPSELL Four-/. Beasts 152 The drops disperse the
scent of the Hare and the drye weather recollecteth it
againe. 1613 W. BROWNE Brit. Past. i. i, Call backe thy
spirits, and recollect againe Thy vagrant wits. 1693 Mew.
Cnt. Teckely m. 32 To recollect once again the Friends he
still retained in Hungary.
2. To collect, gather, or bring together (things
or persons) again.
In i7th c. examples it is often difficult to decide whether
this or sense i is intended.
1615 G. SANDYS Trav. 168 When broken by the Saracens,
the peeces were recollected. i6« SPURSTOWE Wels of Salva-
tion 54 How dust scattered and mown up and down should be
recollected, was altogether beyond the line of their reason.
1768 H. WALPOLE Hist. Doubts Pref. 9 Our empire was but
forming itself or re-collecting its divided members. 1800 W.
TAYLOR in Monthly Mag. X. 6 When Zerubbabel ..was
already returned to Jerusalem, to re-collect its scattered
inhabitants. 1870 Standard 16 Nov., Since the Crimean
war. .Russia has been carefully engaged in recruiting her
strength and in re-collecting her resources.
fig. 1615 DANIEL Queers Arca.dia'Wks. (1717) 224 There-
fore let us recollect our selves, Dispers'd into these strange
confused Ills. 1650 FULLER Pisgah n. 67 So Reuben could
never after recollect his lost credit, to recover the full
favour of his Father.
refl. 1642 LORD W. ST. LEGER in Lismore Papers Ser. n.
(1888) V. 43 That. .Army, .now will aske some tyme to re-
collect it self after this vnexpected Discomfiture. 1671
SALMON Syn. Mcd. i, xxxvii. 86 Flegm, as it is speedily
dissipated, so it as speedily recollects it self. 1770 LANG-
HORNE Plutarch (1879) I. 408/2 The Achaean cavalry recol-
lecting themselves after their flight, found that Philopoemen
was not with them.
b. intr. To come together again, rare.
a 1631 DONNE Lett., to Lady Bedford (1651) 174 Of this
all though many parts decay, The pure, which elemented
them, ..Shall recollect, and in one all unite. 1855 MRS.
GATTV Parables Jr. Nat. Ser. i. (1869) 27 The first thing
they attempted, when they had re-collected to consult.
3. To collect (one's spirits, thoughts, mind, etc.).
1614 RALEIGH Hist. World v. ii. 329 The enemies .. not
hauing recollected their Spirits to make it good. 1649 I.
AMBROSE Media ii. 36 When we call in all our thoughts and
affections, and recollect them together. 1705 STANHOPE
Paraphr. III. 361 As oft as He says Let us pray ; They
should recollect their wandering Thoughts. 1759 JOHNSON
Rasselas xlv[i], He was timorous and bashful ; but, when
the talk became regular, he recollected his powers. 1800
Asiat. Ann. Reg:, Misc. Tr. 12/2 Upon recollecting his
spirits, . . he found his affairs very far from being as yet in
a desperate condition.
fb. With impersonal subject. ? Obs.
1611 I. DA VIES Scourge Folly Wks. (Grosart) 56 The
heauenly charme that . . recollects the mind that cares dis-
tract. 1627 E. F. Hist. Etiw. II (1680) 16" The injustice of
the quarrel which might in time have recollected his senses.
1703 ATTERBURY Sentt. (1737) IV. 112 Darkness and solitude
which recollect the thoughts and turn the mind inward.
4. To gather or summon up (strength, courage,
etc.) ; to rally ; to recover by an effort.
1655 tr. Com. Hist. Frandon v. i He determined to keep
his Bed for that day, the better to recollect his strength.
1667 MILTON P. L. ix. 471 Then soon Fierce hate he recol-
lects, and all his thoughts Of mischief. . thus excites. 1760-72
H. BROOKE Fool ofQnal. (1809) I. 98 Recollecting all my
force, and drawing my sword. 1791 MRS. RADCLIFFE Rom,
Forest (1806) IIL xxiii. 279 She .. re-collected sufficient
resolution to submit. 1886 STEVENSON Dr. *jfekyll 71 Mr.
Utterson's nerves . . gave a jerk that nearly threw him from
his balance ; but he re-collected his courage.
b. refl. To nerve or brace (oneself).
1652 BP. HALL Invis. World \\\. § n When thou hast re-
collected thyself to a resolution of defiance and unweariable
resistance, cast thine eye upon the deplorable condition of
those Damned Souls.
t 5. To bring back again to viftom some position
or state ; to withdraw (oneself) from. Obs.
ifiao T. GRANGER Div. Logike 204 Daily experience . .
shewes it [Category] to be the most obuious..way to
nnijilific a .. particular sentence .. by retracting, or recol-
lecting it to his generall head or fountaine. 1621 DONNE
Sertn. xv. 150, I who can do that, can also recollect you
from y( present desperation. 1643 MILTOS Divorce ir. xxi.
Wks. (1847) 155/2 Recollecting himself from an unmeet help j
which was never meant. 1655 Theopkania 32 He recol- j
lected himself from that profound trance.
fb. re/I. To bring (oneself) back to a recon-
sideration or better view of something. Obs.
RECOLLECTABLE.
1641 J. SHUTR Sarah * Hagar (1649) n3 It may be she
had in part recollected herself, and did repent of her foolish
carriage. 1670 G. H. Hist. Cardinals 11. i. 118 That Pope
recollected himself, discover'd his errour. 1696 PHILLIPS
(ed. 5), To Recollect a Man's self, to change a Mans mind
upon better Consideration.
6. refl. To bring (oneself) back to a state of
composure ; to compose, recover (oneself). Also
const, from. Now rare.
1639 FULLER Holy War in. xxix. (1840) 170 Nor were his
thoughts ever so scattered with any sudden accident, but he
could instantly recollect himself. 1653 H. COGAN tr. Pinto's
Trav. viii. 23, I was not able to utter a word ; howbeit at
length recollecting myself a little, I signified [etc.]. 1748
SMOLLETT Rod. Rand, xxxi, They, .allowed the Spaniards
to recollect themselves from the terror occasioned by the
approach of an English fleet. 1798 Geraldina I. 124, I re-
collected myself after a little, and assumed sufficient com-
posure to finish my dress. 1801 MAR. EDGEWORTH Moral
T. (1816) I. xviii. 148 His heart beat violently, and he..
stopped, to recollect himself.
absol. 1740 RICHARDSON Pamela (1824) I. 200 Till I can
recollect, 1 am not pleased with you.
b. In pass, without expressed agent. ? Obs.
1629 SHIRLEY Grate/. Sciv. i. i, The duke is re-collected;
where's the prince? 01689 MRS. BEHN Lucky Mistake
Novels 1871 II. 266 She gave a great shriek, which frighted
Vernole ; so both stood, for a while, staring on each other,
till both were recollected. 1739 JOHNSON Rasselas xlii[ij,
The princess was recollected, and the favourite was abashed.
f 7. To retrace (one's steps). Obs.—1
1698 FRYER E. India $ P. 37 The Sand was scalding hot,
which made me recollect my steps, and hasten to the Fort.
Hence Becolle'cting vbl. sbl
1613 DAY Dyall(\t>\$ vii. 150 A recollecting and gathering
of the same matter, whereof our body was first composed.
1880 C. R. MARKHAH Peniv. Bark 255 Besides the first
gatherings, .there has since been three ' re-collectings '.
Recollect (rek^le'kt), v2 [Of the same origin
as prec., but now distinguished by the pronuncia-
tion (see v.1). In sense 4 prob. after F. rtcolliger.]
1. trans. To call or bring back (something) to
one's mind ; to recall the knowledge of (a thing,
person, etc.) ; to remember.
Rewllcct) when distinguished from remember^ implies a
conscious or express effort of memory to recall something
which does not spontaneously rise in the mind.
1559 in Strype Ann. Ref. (1709) I. xi. 141 To move her
Majesty that she would seriously recollect to memory her
Gracious Sister's zeal unto the holy see. 1647 CLARENDON
Hist. Reb. i. § 114 The Treasurer quickly recollected the
ground of his perturbation. 1712 ADDISOH Spect. No. 293^7
A famous Grecian General, whose Name I cannot at present
recollect. 1781 COWPER Truth 153 Conscious of age, she
recollects her youth. 1868 TENNYSON Lucretius^ Perchance
We ^do but recollect the dreams that come Just ere the
waking.
absol. 1863 DRAPER Intcll. Devel. Europe (1875^ II. x.364
Animals remember, man alone recollects.
b. With obj. clause, infin,, etc.
1776 Trial of Nundocomar 26/1 Do you recollect being at
Mr. Driver's house some time ago? 1784 COWPER Task v.
335 Recollecting still that he is man, We trust him not too
far. 1835 LYTTON Rienzi i. v, Recollectest thou not how
the noble Boniface himself. .was kept in thraldom.. ? 1860
WARTER Sea-board II. 458, I recollect to have read some-
where of Sir Thos. More, how [etc.].
C. To say upon recollecting, nonce-use.
1748 RICHARDSON Clarissa VII. 247 But come, recollected
she, how do I know but all is for the best. .?
d. intr. To have a recollection (^something.
1837 HENDERSON in Proc. Berw. Nat. Club I. No. 5. 151,
I recollect of being shewn . . a quagmire.
1 2. a. To reflect with (oneself). Obs.
1697 POTTER Antiq. Greece n. vi. (1715) 257 Glaucus..
promis'd to recollect with himself, and if he found anything
due, to pay it. 1675 EARL ESSEX Lett. (1770) 271, 1 humbly
beseech your lordship to recollect with yourself who should
insinuate any such matter. 1719 WATERLAND Mud, Christ's
Dtv. xvii. Wks. 1823 I. n. 181 Recollect with yourself, that
he is sometimes distinctly and personally invocated.
b. refl. To recall (oneself) to something tempo-
rarily forgotten.
1828 SCOTT F. M. Perth xi, ' Well, but that was not what
I wished of thee just now ', said the Prince, recollecting
himself.
•f- 3. To recall (a thing) to a person. Obs.
1673 Lady^s Call. r. v. § 37 When the apostle recollects to
the Ephesians the wretchedness of their gentile state. 1724
WELTON Chr. Faith fy Pract. 364 My chief design .. has
been to recollect to your minds some instances.
fb. To go over again. Obs. rare~~l.
1741 WATTS ftn^rov. Mindi. \\. § 5 The learner .. should
always recollect and review his lectures, read over some
author, .upon the same subject.
4. To concentrate or absorb (the mind, oneself,
etc.) in contemplation ; spec, in mystical religious
use (cf. RECOLLECTION a i, RECOLLECTED///, a? i).
1671 WOODHEAD St. Teresa \. xxxi v. 241, 1 took a. .Rosarie,
..procuring not to recollect my Understanding, though; for
my exteriour, I was sufficiently recollected. Ibid. u. xi. 91
Any kind of vertuous Exercise so recollected them, that
they were presently out of themselves. i86a GOULDURN
Pers. Relig. u. xi. (1870) 144 It is wonderfully refreshing thus
to recollect the mind.
Hence Kecolle-cting vbl. sl>.-
1669 WOODHEAD St. Teresa i. xiv. 85 This is a kind of
recollecting, and as it were, a shutting up of the powers of
the soul within herself.
Recolle'Ctable, a. rare. [f. prec. + -ABLE.]
That may be recollected.
1778 [W. MARSHALL] Minutes Ag-ric. 18 July 1776 This
adduces to the mind the whole chain of recollectable facts
RECOLLECTED.
and words incident to the subject. 1801 COLERIDGE Lett. \
(1895) 357 His deepest and most recollectable delights have i
been in solitude. 1891 Harper's Mag. Sept. 542/1 It was !
more ' recollectable ' than all my real adventures.
Recollected frfk/le-ktM), ///. a^ [f. RE- |
COLLECT I'.l + -ED '.]
1. (Meaning uncertain.)
Variously taken by commentators as ' gathered with pains,
not spontaneous ', ' picked, refined ', ' studied ', ' recalled,
repeated ', etc.
1601 SHAKS. Twel. N. it. iv. 5 Light ayres, and recollected :
termes Of these most briske and giddy-paced times.
2. Of things: Collected or brought together
again.
1628 in Rushw. Hist. Coll. (1659) I. 570, I shall not per-
adventure follow the Method of your Lordships recollected
Reasons in my answering to them. 1659 T. PHILIPOTT fill.
Cant. A, The Roman Eagles . . breaking in again with a
recolected and multiplied Strength . 1735 H. BROOKE Univ.
Beauty iv. 136 Here rallies last the recollected blood. 1784
COWPER Task iv. 305 Till at length the freezing blast . .
summons home The recollected powers.
3. Restored to composure or confidence.
1799 MRS. J. WEST Tale of Times III. 238 Whence this
cruel distrust of your adopted brother ? returned the re-
collected dissembler.
Recollected (rek^le-kted), ///. a."- [f. RE-
COLLECT Z'.1 (sense 6) and z».2]
1. Collected, composed, calm ; also, in religious
use, given up to, or absorbed in, contemplation.
a. In attributive use.
1617 E. F. Hisl. Edu<. II (t68o) 129 To see such a Mon-
ster so monstrously used, no question pleased the giddy
Multitude .. : the recollected Judgment that beheld it,—
censur'd it was at best too great and deep a blemish to suit
a Queen. 1650 JER. TAYLOR Holy Living (1727) 239 A
sober fixed and recollected spirit. 1707 NORRIS Treat.
Humility viii. 333 A waking and recollected state of the
soul. 1860 T. T. CARTER I mil. Christ vi. 79 One such
essential point is a recollected spirit, the constant remem-
brance of the awful Presence that dwells within us. 1889
Tablet 14 Dec. 954, 5,000 men of alj classes, who formed a
recollected procession to Our Lord in the Eucharist.
b. In predicative use.
1633 EARL MANCH. Al Mondo (1636) 45 That death was
best, which was well recollected, quietly suffering what it
could not possibly prevent. 1671 WOODHEAD St. Teresa i.
xxxiv. 241 Though .. I was sufficiently recollected. 1737
WATERLAND Eucharist 591 Some particular chosen Days,
when a Man might be most recollected, and best prepared.
1791 COWPER Lit. to Mrs. Cffurtenay 12 Aug., I am not
sufficiently recollected to compose even a bagatelle at
present. 1854 FABER Growth in Holiness iii. (1872) 44 We
were recollected without feeling it.
2. Recalled to memory.
1742 RICHARDSON Pamela III. 301, I would have stood
up ; but quite abashed at my recollected Behaviour before
so many Witnesses, . . my Feet were unwilling to support
me. 1805 WORDSW. Preludt i. 631 If the song l« loth to
quit Those recollected hours. 1859 MASSON Brit. Novelists [
iii. 182 As far as my recollected acquaintance.. entitles me
to judge. 1873 Miss BROUGHTON Nancy II. 25 Looking
down at me with a smile of recollected entertainment.
Hence Recolle'ctedly adv., in a composed
manner, with self-control.
1789 P. SMYTH tr. Aldrich's Archil. (1818) 74 Unable to
speak, recollectedly, of their intercourse with him. 1860
S. WILBERFORCE Addr. Caitd. Ordination 32 To do all our
acts sensibly and recollectedly, as in the sight of our Lord.
Recollectedness (rek^le-ktednes). [-NESS.]
1. The state of being concentrated or absorbed in
religions meditation.
a 1699 BONNELL in W. Hamilton Life n. (1703) in In such
intentness and recollectedness of Thought, that we are
hardly sensible ourselves, that we are at pur Devotions.
1862 GOULBURN Pers. Relig. 130 That the mind should ever
and anon . . be called home for a second or two to the Presence
of God . . : this is the meaning of recollectedness of spirit.
1891 Month LXXIII. 36 During the Adorable Sacrifice.. a
most profound recollectedness was observed.
2. Collectedness or clearness of thought.
1857 S. WILBERFORCE in Life (i88t) II. x. 339,' I spoke
with recollectedness and power. 1876 Miss YONGE Woman-
kind xxviii. 245 How many negligences have not also been
committed in the flurry which prevents all recollectedness.
3. The quality of having been recalled to memory.
i8oi-iz BENTHAM Ration. Judic. Evid. (1827) I. 295 In
every instance there exists a point of time down to which
recollectedness and suggestedness are qualities of which no
man's testimony can be deprived.
Recollection l (r fk^le-kjan). [a. F. ricollec-
tion, or ad. med.L. recollection-em, n. of action f.
recolligSre RECOLLECT v.1 Now taken as f. RE- 5 a
+ COLLECTION.]
1. A gathering together again.
1598 MANWOOD forest Laws To Rdr., The residue of
hi? paines bestowed on his said first collection, and not set
forth in his said recollection. i633EARLMANCH.^/^/oarfo
(1636) 93 The incineration and dissipation of this dust shall
haue a recollection in the day of Resurrection. 1673
MAKVEU. Kelt. Transf. II. 37 He has diffused his poyson
so publickly. .that it might be beyond his own recollection.
1718 EARBERY tr. Burnet's St. Dead I. 230 We may ask in
what Manner this Recollection of Parts . . from indefinite
distances is made. 1868 KINGSLEY Hermits 127 Without
habitual collection and re-collection of our own selves from
time to time no great purpose is carried out.
•j1 2. A recapitulation. Obs.
1649 ROBERTS Clavis Bibl. Introd. iii. 43 Hereby also
you shall have a summary Recapitulation, or Recollection
of the . . subject-matter of every book. 1659 PEARSON Creed
To Rdr., Lastly, by a recollection of all, briefly to deliver
the sum of every particular truth.
256
Recollection 2 (rekjfle-kjan). [The same word
as prec. in special senses : cf. RECOLLECT ».2 In
sense I after K. re'rollection]
1. Religious or serious concentration of thought ;
t conduct regulated by such concentration.
1641 R. CARPENTER Experience i. viii. 26 An excellent
Sanctity, and a spotlesse Recollection oflife, in their Orders
of Religion. 1*69 WOODHF.AD St. Teresa i. Relat. v. 308 An
Internal Recollection, which is perceived in the Soul. 1764
FLETCHER Let. Wks. 1795 VI I. 127 Recollection is a
dwelling within ourselves ; a being abstracted frorn the
creature and turned towards God. a 1773 A. BUTLER jrav.
France t Italy (1803) 231 He . . performs the sacred office
with great recollection and devotion. 1869 F. B. A. WIL-
BERFORCE Lives Domin. Mission. Japan 158 The modesty
of his exterior was the sign of his interior recollection.
2. Composure, calmness of mind, self-possession.
1757 BORLASF. in Phil. Trans. L. 505, 1 do not hear of any
person in those parts, who .. had recollection enough to
attend to the motion of the waters. 1788 Disinterested
Lo-.'C II. no He was nearly as much agitated as myself,
but sooner came to his recollection.
3. The act of recalling to the memory ; the mental
operation by which objects or ideas are revived in
the mind ; also, an instance of this.
Sometimes contrasted with rtmemorance : see quot. 1690.
1683 MOXON Meek. E.rerc., Printing xiii. T i Upon every
one of these Wooden Patterns I use to write .. the number
of Punches to be Forged of that Size, lest afterwards
I might be troubled with Recollections. 1690 LOCKE Hum.
Una. n. xix. § i The same Idea, when it again recurs with,
out the Operation of the like Object on the external Sensory,
is Remembrance; if it be sought after by the Mind, and
with Pain and Endeavour found, and brought again in
view, it is Recollection. 1784 COWPER Tine. 311 The
pleasing spectacle at once excites Such recollection of our
own delights. 1875 JOWETT Plato (ed. 2) IV. 275 The power
of recollection seems lo depend on the intensity or largeness
of the perception.
tittrio. 1802-12 BENTHAM Ration. Jiidic, Evid. (1827) II.
247 The principal circumstances on which the demand for
recollection-lime is apt to depend.
b. The power of recalling to the mind ; the
sphere or period over which such power extends ;
the memory,
1733 POPE Ef. CoHiam 47 As the last image . . (Tho' past
the recollection of the thought,) Becomes the stuff of which
our dream is wrought. 1776 Trial of Nnndocolnar 66/2
Did you ever, to the best of your recollection, see Meer
Hussud Alii before yesterday I i8«8 SCOTT F. M. Perth
.vix, The scene of the preceding night ran in his recollection.
1860 TVXDALL Glac. ii. xx. 336 The extraordinary coldness
of the weather . . is in the recollection of everybody. 1878
GLADSTONE Prim. Homer 41 It i< likely that modem recol-
lection has been weakened by habitual reliance upon . .
manuscript and print.
4. A thing or fact recalled to the mind; the
memory (/something.
1781 Cow PER Con-.'ersat. 515 The recollection, like a vein
of ore, The farther traced, enrich 'd them still the more. 1815
SCOTT GuyM. I, I have an indistinct remembrance. . ; but it
is an imperfect and confused recollection. 1856 STANLEY
Sinai H Pal. xiv. (1858) 473 Nor can the Church of the
Holy Sepulchre ever cease to be bound up with the recol-
lections of the Crusades. 1883 MAINE Early Lam f, Custom
ix. 292 A recollection or a fresh tradition.
5. //. A message expressing recollection of, or
a desire to be recollected by, another.
1816 LADY MORGAN A utobiog. (1859) 109 Our compliments
to Sir Arthur and Clarke ; most particular remembrances to
Mrs. Fletcher .. . Recollections to the Doyles.
Recollective (rek<51e-ktiv) , a. [f. RECOLLECT v.-
+ -WE. Cf. collective.]
L Relating to, characterized by, concerned with,
recollection.
1789 MME. D'ARBLAY Let. 27 Oct., A sort of recollective
melancholy. i8o» MRS. E. PARSONS Myst. Visit III. 86
After a recollective silence of some minutes. 185* LYNCH
Lett, to Scattered, etc. (1872) 255 For this purpose, we must
often cast a recollective glance over our history.
2. Given to, distinguished by (the power of),
occupied with, recollection.
1813 MAR. EDGEWORTH Patronage (1833) II. xxii. 23 He
possessed, .an uncommonly recollective memory. 18*4 Miss
MITFORD Village Ser. i. (1863) 151 Then she was fanciful,
recollective, new. 1838 WHEWELL in Todhunter Ace. Writ.
(1876) II. 271 Live recollective of us.
Hence Becolle ctively adv., Becolle-ctiveness.
1810 Examiner No. 658. 744/1 The sullen din of the
recent storm still murmurs recollectively in our ears. 1824
Ibid. 323/2 The pensive recollectiveness of the daughter.
II Recollet (rekoU). Also 8 reoolet. [F.
recollet = Sp., Pg. rccoltto, It. recolletto, ad. L. re-
collect-us : see RECOLLECT ».2 4 and cf. RECOLLEC-
TION 2 i.] = RECOLLECT si.
1760 Ann. Keg. i. 227 If., the Jesuits and the recolets
[in Canada] chuse to g_o to France, passage shall be granted
them in his Britannic majesty's ships. 1766 SMOLLETT
Trav. 115 Here I found a young Irish recollet, on his way
from Rome to his own country. 1801 CHARLOTTE SMITH
Lett.Solit. Wand. II. 283 He.. knocked softly at a door. .
which was opened by an old recollet. 1889 J. G. ALGER
Englishm. Fr. KfV. 350 One of the Irish recollets at Boulay.
b. attrib. and appos. Cf. RECOLLECT sb. b.
1695 MOTTEUX St. Olon's Morocco 13 Towards the main-
taining of a little Hospital, and two Spanish Recollet
Monks. 1748 Earthquake Pert, i. 75 That they call del
Prado .was for the Recolet Augustines. 1876 Encycl. Brit.
IV. 765/1 A cathedral was erected ..at Quebec, on the site
of the old Recollet church.
Beco-llocate, v. rare-1. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To
put in place again. (In quot. app. refl.)
RECOMFORT.
1597 A'. M. tr. Guilltmeau's Fr. Chirurg. 14 b/a The
Crochet or hoocke, which descendinge, elevateth it selfe,
and recollocateth as much as is needfulle.
Reco'lonize, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To colonize
(a place) anew. Hence Reeo'lonizing ///. a.
1598 SYLVESTER Dn Bartas u. ii. I. Ark 60 Now while
the World's re-colonizing Boat Doth on the waters over
Mountains float. 1797 W. TAYLOR in Monthly Mag.\\. 335
After this devastation, the Persian court . .were desirous of
recolonizing the town. 1849 GROTE Greece 11. xlii. V. 284 He
planted in it new inhabitants, of Dorian and Messenian
race, recolonizing it under the name of Messene.
So Recolouiza'tion.
1821 W. TAYLOR in Monthly Mag. LIII. 401 The pro-
tection shown by him to the re-colonization of Jerusalem
under Nehemiah. 1884 J. T. BENT in Macm. Mag. Oct.
430/1 There were many projects afloat for the re-colonisation
of different parts of Hellas.
Recolour (rflwlaa), v. [Rs- 5 a.]
1. intr. Of a thing : To resume its colour, rare.
1814 BYRON Lara I. xiii, The swarthy blush recolours in
his cheeks, His lip resumes its red.
2. trans. To colour (a thing) anew.
1839 ARNOLD in Stanley Life (1844) II. ix. 162 That they
must recolour all their geological maps. 1887 D. A. Low
I Machine Draw. (1892) 3 If it is necessary to recolour any
part, let the first coating dry before beginning.
fRecolt. Obs.-1 [ad. F.recolte = lt. RACCOLTA,
j harvest.] Harvest, crop. In quot. attrib.
1788 Antiq. in Ann. Reg. HI The face.. has a calathus,
> or recolt basket, on the top of its head.
Recolta, variant of RACCOLTA. Ols.
Recomand(e, -aund(e, varr. RECOMMAND z«.i
Recombine (rfk^mbai-n), v. [RE- 5 a.]
1. trans. To combine (things 1 anew.
a 1639 T. CAREW Putins, On Marriage of T. K. tr C. C.,
Which [hands] when to-day the Priest shall recombine [etc. I
1831 BABBIGZ Econ. Mann/, xxy. 210 The idea of separating
these letters, and of recombtning them into other words.
; 1865 GROTE Plata I. i. 54 note, Ingredients might be dis-
! engaged and re-combined in countless ways.
absol. 1846 GROTE Greece i. xvi. I. 545 He left put, altered,
recombined, and supplied new connecting principles.
2. intr. To enter into a fresh combination.
1881 FLOWER in Nature XXIV. 436 They cannot recom.
bine, and so give rise to new forms.
So Becombina tion.
1850 GROTE Greece n. Ixvii. (1862) VI. 45 Was it a decom-
position and recombination of elements still continuing?
1873 SVMONDS Grk. Potts xi. 344 A complete revision and
recombination of all pre-existing anthologies.
Recomende, obs. form of RECOMMEND v.1
t Recomfort, sb. Obs. Also 5 recoum-. [ad.
V. reconfort (ijth c.) : see RE- and COMFORT rf.]
Comfort, support, consolation.
c 1410 LvriG. /fist. Thetes n. 580 He shall be relessed of
his peine, Through recomfort of some high manage. 1474
CAXTON Cliesse ill. ii. (1860) Fj, And wyth this ought the
maronners..to be of good recomforte. (-1555 ABP. PARKER
Ps. xlii. 121 When this.. came soone to hart, I yet therein
recomfort felt. 1588 N. VONGE Mus. Transa/f. xxxi. D iv,
He. .so great a fire had framed, As were enough to burne
mee, Without recomfort. 1605 CAMDEN Kent. (1637) 403,
I will . . for his [the reader's] recomfort end this part with a
few. .laughing Epitaphes.
Recomfort (rfkc-mfaat), v. Obs. exc. arch.
Forms: see COMFORT v. ]&&.¥. reconforter(iiti\c.}:
see RE- and COMFORT ».]
1. trans, fa. To strengthen or inspire with fresh
courage ; to put heart or spirit in again. Obs.
1375 HARBOUR Bruce ix. 97 He . . To perellis him abawn-
donys ay For to reconfort his men3e. 1441 T. BECKINGTON
Corr. (Rolls) II. 188 By our commyng and arriveng al your
cite was gretly recomforted. c 1477 CAXTON Jason 17 Whan
the noble Jason felte hym self so aduironned on alle sydes
by hys enemyes he was more reconforled than tofore. 1515
LD. BEXNERS .ftwu. II. xlv. 152 There myght well haue
ben sene good ordre of batayle, and people well recomforted.
1533 MORE Apol. 3b, Agaynste all thys feare this one
thynge recomforted me, that [etc.]. 1600 FAIRFAX Tease n.
i, But better hopes had them recomforted That lay besieged
in the sacred towne. Ibid. ix. xciv, At last they went and
to recomfort thought, And stay their troopes from flight.
1667 MILTON P. L. IX. 918 As one from sad dismay Re-
comforted.
b. To soothe, console, or relieve in distress or
trouble. Const, from, ^of. Now rare (common
c
--
c 1374 CHAUCER Treyltu n. 1623 (1672) Hym with al hire
wit to reconfort, As sche best coude, sche gan him disport.
c lAia LYDG. Compl. Bl. Knt. ii, Hertys hevy for to re-
comforte From dreriheed of hevy nightes sorowe. 1470-85
MALORY Arthur vil. xxxiv, Syr Gareth recomforted his
moder in suche wyse that she recouerd and made good
chere. £1530 LD. BERNERS Arth. Lyt. Bryt. (1814) 297
In especyalf Florence was ryght sorowful, for there was
none y' could recomfort her. 1597 HOOKKR Eccl. Pol. v.
Ixxv § 3 Others, . . bringing their Ancestors vnto the graue
with weeping eyes, haue notwithstanding meanes wherewith
to be recomforted. 162* G. SANDYS Ovid's Met. I. 7 Ihe
King of Gods re-comforts their despaire. 1647 H. MORE
Sang of Saul \\. i. in. iii, I grew sick of the worlds vanity
Ne ought recomfort could my sunken spnght. i8M DE
QUINCEY Confess. (1853) 67 Recomforled by this promise..,
I returned in a Windsor coach to London. 1890 S EVANS
Graal I. 150 This doth recomfort me, that the Best Knight
gat blame in like manner as I.
fc. nfl. and absol. To take courage or heart
again ; to recover one's spirits. Obs.
c 1386 CHAUCER Ktit.'s T. 1994 Ful wisely to enhorte The
peplc that they sholde hem reconforte. 1475 Bk. Noblesse
(Roxb.) 64 The Romayns .. recomforting hem foughtcn so
BECOMFORTABLE.
vigoroiislie ayenst theire adversaries that they had tie the
victorie. 1515 Ln. HKRNERS J*'roiss. II. 499 Therwith they
reconforted it toke corage. 1625 K. LONG tr. Barclay's
Argcnis v. x. 362 At these words Hyanisbe recomforted
herselfe, insomuch as shee could hardly conceale her joy.
1654 GAVTON Pleas. Notes iv. vi-vii. 204 He recomforted
himselfe, calling, to mind that the artifice was all his
friends, unto which he had scarce concurr'd.
2. (Usu. of things): To strengthen or invigorate
physically ; to refresh. Also aosol. Now rare.
(•1430 LYDG. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 15 The pome-cedre
corageos to recomfort, c 1470 HENRY Wallace it. 275 The
womannys my Ik recomford him full swyth. 1481 CAXTON
Alyrr. u. vii, 79 The Emerawde .. reconforteth alle the
sight of hym that beholdeth it. 1575 TURBERV. Venerie 21
That oyntment .. recomfortes the skynne and the synewes
of dogges. 1596 BARROUCH Meth. Physick m. xxx. (1639)
152 You must be much diligent . . to give him a diet that
recomforteth and refresheth strength. 1626 BACON Sylva
§ 403 It is usuall to help the Ground with Muck ; And like-
wise to Recomfort it sometimes with Muck put to the Roots.
1814 GARY Dante) Inf. I. 27^ My weary frame After short
pause recomforted, again I journey'd.
•J* b. reft, of persons (and animals) : To refresh
or recreate (oneself). Obs.
151 x GUYLFORDE Pilgr* (Camden) 61 We rested vs and
refresshed vs. .and so recomforted our self after the greate
scarsnesse that we hadde susteyned. 1513 BRADSHAW St.
IVerburge i. 1061 This harte sore strayned ranne . . To a
well, with water. . Hym to reconforte and the more fressher
be. 1591 SPENSER M. Hubberd 758 With Loves, and Ladies
gentle sports, The ioy of youth, himselfe he recomforts.
Hence f Beco'mfortable a.t comfortable, con-
soling ; f Recomforta-tion, consolation ; f Be-
co-mforted///. a. (also absol.). Obs.
1581 J. BELL H addon" s Answ. Osor. 392 A certayn never
interrupted course of recomfortable refreshyng in Christ.
1585 HATTON in Ld. Campbell Chancellors (1857) II. xlv.
273, 1 most humbly thank your sacred Majesty for your two
late recom for tat ions, a 1586 SIDNEY Arcadia m. Wks,
1724 II. 623 The now fully recomforted Doras. 1607 SHAKS.
Cor. v. iv. 51 Ne're through an Arch so hurried the blowne
Tide, As the recomforted through th gates.
t Reco-mforting, vbl. sb. Obs. [f. prec. +
-ING l.l Encouragement, consolation.
1375 HARBOUR Bmtce xi. 409 Apon this wiss the nobill
king Gaf all his men reconforting. 1433 JAS. I Kingis Q.
clxxvi, Gif 3e goddis.. Haue schewit this for my recon-
forting. a 1550 O Lusty Flour -^i in Dunbars Poems (1893)
327, 1 sail my pen address Sangis to mak for thy reconforting.
1611 COTGR., Refocillation, a refreshing, .. recomforting.
tKeco'mfortless,^. Obsr* [f. RECOMFORT sb.
+ -LESS.] Without comfort.
1596 SPENSER F. Q. v. vi. 24 There all that night remained
Bntomart, Restless, recom for tlesse.
t Beco-niforture. Obs-1 [f. RECOMFORT v.
+ -URE.] Consolation, comfort.
1504 SHAKS. Rich. ///, iv. iv. 425 They will breed Selues
of tnemselues, to your recomforture.
t Recomma'nd, vl Obs. Forms : 4-5 reco-
ma(u}nde, 4-6 recommaunde, 5 recoma(u)nd,
reeumaunde, etc. [ad. F. recommander ( 1 2th c.),
f. re- RE- + commander to command or commend :
on the relationship to RECOMMEND w.i, see the etym.
notes to the vbs. COMMAND and COMMEND.]
1. = RECOMMEND z*.1 1.
c 1380 Sir Fentmb. 256 He lifte vp ys hond & blessed him
pan & recomandedem to god almi^te. 1490 CAXTON How
tJ Die 9, [I] recommaunde at thys tyme my spyryte in to
thy handes. a 1533 LD. BF.RNERS Huon 1. 160, I recom-
maunde thee to y* Kepinge of our lorde god. Ibid. Ixii. 218
Therfore, syr, I recommaunde you to our lord god.
b. =« RECOMMEND v\ i b.
ci374 CHAUCER Troylus it. 1021 (1070) In ful humble
wyse . . He gan hym recommaunde unto her grace. 1390
GOWER Conf. Prol. 29* So ferforth I me recomande To him
which al me may comande. c 1400 MAUNDEV. (Roxb.) ix. 33
pai take lefe at pe mounkes and recomaundes pam specially
to ber praiers.
o. ellipt. To commend to the prayers of the
people, rare*"1.
1389 Eng, GiUs 3 1 |?e comoun belleman schal . . recomandyn
al pe brethere soules and systeres of be gilde be name, and
alle crystene soules.
d. = RECOMMEND v. i c.
IMO GOWER Conf. III. 33 To youre avis, Mm holi fader,
, I recomande myn astat. £1400 Master of Game (MS.
piflby 1 82) Prol., I . . am me auntred to make this litel symple
booke, which I recommaunde and submytte to youre noble
and wyse correccioun. c icoo Melusine igt To these two
knightes Raymondyn & Melusyne had recommanded the
estate of theire two sones.
2. re/I, and absol. To commend (oneself) to the
kindly remembrance or regard of another. (Used
in letters.)
a 1413 PRINCE HENRY Let. in Nat. MSS. 1. 36, 1 recomande
me to yowr good & gracieux lordship. 1425 Paston Lett. I.
21 Right worthy and worshepeful Sir, I recomaunde to yow
preyeng yow to wite [etc.]. 1455 Rolls ofParlt. V. 280/2
we recommaunde us unto you.
b. To speak of or mention (a person) to another,
with a view to exciting kindly remembrance or
regard. Freq. used in messages.
rf 'SflCHAucER Troylus i. 1000 (1056) 'This in special1,
Quod Troilus, ' that thou me recomaunde To hir that to the
deeth me may comaunde '. c 1430 Lvnc. Min. Poems (Percy
Soc.) 163 Go litel bille . . And of hool herte recomaund me, . .
I o alle tho folk which lyst to have pile'. 1470-85 MAI.ORV
Arthur \v. viii, Accolon. .said, recommannde me vnto my
lady Quene and telle her all shal be done that I haue
promysed her. a 1533 LD. I'.KRNERB !/non cxlvi. 547 When
VOL. VIII.
257
he saw that I wold depart thence to rome into this conntre,
he humbly prayed me to recommaunde hym to you.
absol. a 1440 Sir Degrev. 877 Recumaunde, for God's
pyne To my lady and thinne.
Recomma-nd, v$ [RE- 5 a.] trans. To com-
mand again.
1509 HAWKS Pasf. Pleas, xvi. xix, She commaunded her
mynstrelles right anone to play.. She me recommaunded..
To daunce true mesures. 1621 WITHER Mistr. Philar. Wks.
(1633) 731 For as much as doubt you make To re-command
me : of mine own accord Another Strain, I freely will afford.
1653 J. HALL Paradoxes 82 So can wee no more recommand
them then call back yesterday. 1864 Reader 18 June, The
great bravura duet . . was, of course, recommanded by an
irresistible encore.
Recommence (rzk^me'ns), v. [ad. F. recom-
mencer (iithc.) : see RE- and COMMENCE z/.]
1. intr. To begin again.
1481 CAXTON Godfrey clxiv. a^aThenne recommenced and
began agayn the playnte and the clamour. 1603 HOLLAND
Plutarch? s Mor. 1140 Violence That never ends, but aie
doth recommence, c 1645 HOWELL Lett. i. xxxii. 276 If any
odd thoughts intervene and grow upon me, I check my self,
and recommence. i8za SOUTHEY Omnzatia II. 238 Shortly
afterwards that war recommenced. 1860 TVNDALL Glac. i.
xii. 87 The sound, .ceased, but it soon recommenced.
b. With complement. (See COMMENCE v. 3 b.)
1778-81 JOHNSON L. P., Swift Wks. III. 396 He seems
desirous enough of recommencing courtier. 1791 BENTHAM
Wks. (1843) X. 266, I am recommenced wild beast
2. trans. To cause to begin again ; to renew.
1494 FABYAN Chron. vir. 313 The Frenshe Kynge had
recommencyd his warre. 1585 T.WASHINGTON tr. Nickolay's
Voy. ir. xiii. 48 [He] caused to be recommenced the works
of Calcedon. a 1648 LD. HERBERT Hen. K//7 (1683) 178
Whensoeuer the said Duke shall re-commence his former
suit. 1784 KING Cook's yd Voy. yi. ii. III. 210 We . . told
him, that we purposed recommencing our voyage about the
5th of June. 1829 SOUTHEY Sir T. More I. 250 Well will it
be if the present age should not see Its ravages recom-
menced. 1875 JOWETT Plato (ed. 2) 1. 185 The two brothers
recommence their exhortation to virtue.
Hence Recomme'ncing///. a.
1830 J. DOUGLAS Truths Relig. (1832) II. 114 The fancy
of the recommencing series of existences is realised.
Recomme'ucemeut. [RE- 5 a.] A fresh
commencement.
1778-81 JOHNSON L. P., Addison Wks. III. 64 The
Spectator, from its recommencement, was published only
three times a week. 1823 LAMB Elia Ser. n. Poor Rela-
tions^ The recommencement.. of actual hostilities. 1885
Manch. Even. News 6 July 2/2 The reassembling of Par-
liament, and the recommencement of actual work.
Recomme'ncer. [f. RECOMMENCE v. + -ER *.]
One who begins again.
1803 W. TAYLOR in Ann. Rev. I. 257 The recpmmencers of
hostile practises. iBs+EMERscmLett.fySoc.Aiwsi. (1875)30
He is a true re-commencer, or Adam in the garden again.
Recommend (rek^me'nd), sb. diaL and U. S.
[f. the vb.] A recommendation.
1894 //ar/t-r'f Mag. Feb. 351/1, 1 think he would give it an
autograph recommend. 1897 R. RIFLING Capt. Cour, 227
I'm glad to have a recommend from that quarter.
Recommend (rek^me-nd), v.l Also 4-5 reco-
mende. [ad. med.L. recommenddre (1216 in Du
Cange), f. re- RK- + commenddre to COMMEND. Cf.
obs. F. recommender^ an occasional variant of re-
commander to RECOMMAND v.1 (q.v.).]
1. To commend or commit (oneself or another,
one's soul or spirit) to God, his keeping, etc. Also
(rarely) without const. (Cf. COMMEND vt i.)
ci40o MAUNDEV. (1830) xvi. 177 Seyenge his Orysounes,
recommendynge him to his God. 14x8 in E. E. Wills (1882)
30, 1 recommend my saule to almyghty god. 1572 HULOET
s.v.,Torecommende him selfetoGod. 1611 BIBLB^C^XW.
26 And thence sailed to Antioch, from whence they had been
recommended to the grace of God. 1676 RAY Corr. (1848)
124, I recommend you to the Divine protection. 1711
ADDISON SAect. No. 7 p 6 When I lay me down to Sleep, I
recommend myself to his Care. 1760-7* H. BROOKE Fool
o/Qual. (1809) IV. 106, I recommended my spirit in a short
ejaculation. 1791 MRS. RADCLIFFE Rom. Forest ix, I silently
recommended myself to God. 1883 STEVENSON Treat. Isl.
v. xxiii, I.. devoutly recommended my spirit to its Maker.
absol. t 1489 CAXTON Sonnes of Aytnon xxviii. 576 He
made the signe of the crosse vpon him and recomended to
our lorde.
b. (Chiefly reft.} To commit (oneself or an-
other) to a person (or thing), or to some one's
care, prayers, etc.
In some cases perh. with implication of sense 4 c.
c 1386 CHAUCER znd Nun's T. 544, I axed this at hevene
king, To han respyt . . To recomende to yow er that I go
Thise soules. c 1400 MAUNDEV. (1839) vi. 63 Than wit thei
take leve of the Monkes and recommenden hem to here
Preyeres. a 1533 LD. RERNERS Gold. Bk. M. Aurel. xlvii.
91 b, My sonne irecommend to the Heli.i thy stepmother.
a 1649 DRUMM. OF HAWTH. Hist. Jos. V Wks. (1711) 92 He
. . recommended himself to the sea in the spring time. 1713
STEELE Guard. No. 17 P 8 He led her to a relation's house,
to whose care he recommended her for that night. 1844
LINGARD Anglo^ax. Ck. (1858) I. vii. 310 [They] recom-
mended themselves to the prayers of tho-e wVo were dis-
tinguished by the austerity and sanctity of their lives.
tc. To give in charge, consign, commit, submit
(a thing) to a person or thing. Obs.
c 1586 C'TESS PEMBROKE Ps. LXVI. viii, What I to praiers
recommended, Was gratiously by him attended. 1590 Art.
agst. Cartivright § 25 in Fuller Ch. Hist. ix. vii. § 27 After
it was perused by others, .he recommended the same to the
censures, and judgements Of moe brethien. t6oi SHAKS.
Twcl. N. v. i. 94 [He] deuide me mine owne purse, Which
I li.-ui recommended to his vsc, Not halfe an houre before.
RECOMMEND.
fd. To communicate or report (a thing) to a
person. Also without const., to mention. Obs.
^1586 C'TESS PEMBROKE Ps. LXXVIII. ii, The thinges our
fathers did to us commend, The same are they 1 recommend
to you. 1599 Warn, f'aire Worn. it. 77 I'll leave you, sir,
to recommend my thanks Unto your kind respective wife.
1600 HOLLAND Livy xxxix. 1. 1055 Some of them have
recommended to posteritie..that in this one yeere there
dyed three renowned captaines. ^1641 Rp. MOUNTAGU
Acts # Mon. (16*42) 1 19 Concerning him so to come, and to be
incarnate, two things are recommended in this Prophecie.
fe. To inform (a person). Obs. rare"-1.
1604 SHAKS. Oth. i, iii. 41 Signior Montano.. recommends
you thus, And prayes you to beleeue him.
f2. = RECOMMAND z/.1 a. Obs.
1444 Paston Lett. I. 55 Your sonys and.. your brother arn
heyle and mery, and recommend hem to yow. 1449 Ibid. 78,
I recomend me hertily, thankyng yow for the tydings. 1519
MORE Dyaloge i. Wks. 107/1 As hartelye as I possible can,
I recommende me to you. 1573 HULOET s.v., He recom.
mendes him hartely to thee.
fb. = RECOMMAND z/.l 2 b. Obs.
IS39 CROMWELL in Merriman Life * Lett. (1902) II. 201
The same Rernard .. desired the said Christophor to aduer-
tise your grace thereof and have hym recommended most
humbly. 1773 JOHNSON Let. to Mrs. Thrale 24 May, Re-
commend me to the poor dear lady.
1 3. To praise, commend : a. a person. Obs.
I377LANGL. P. PI. R, xv. 228 Riche men he recomendeth
. .That with-outen wyles leden her lyues. c 1400 Sowdone
Bab, 919 He recomendide the olde Knightes That bat daye
hade the victorye, ^1477 CAXTON Jason 6 Seeyng that
Jason was somoche recommended of euery man. 1523 LD.
BERNERS Froiss. \. xi. 6 b/2 The fyrste. was a good knyght,
& greatly recommended. a 1703 RURKITT On N. T.t
Matt, xxiii. 33 They continued in their own wickedness,
and yet recommended the saints departed.
t b. a thing. (Cf. 5 b.) Obs.,
1705 STANHOPE Paraph. II. 278 This glorious Testimony
when Jesus had recommended as a Truth inspired from
Heaven [etc.]. 1738 Pref. J. KeilPs A nint. Oecon. 43 [They]
have generally recommended and extolled those Parts which
they best understood themselves.
4. fa. To commend to favour. Obs. rare~l.
a 160* NORTH Plutarch (1610) 1177 Nonius Asprenas, one
of his greatest friends, was accused by Cassius Severus. . .
Augustus did not recommend him, but let the Senatours
alone, who banished Cassius.
b. To name or speak of (one) as fit or worthy to
hold some position or employment.
1641 Nicholas Papers (Camden) 48 The King did many
dayes since intimate who they were he would recommend,
but none were declared until! this morning, 1784 COWPER
Tiroc. 417 Akin?, that would, might recommend his horse.
1802 JAMES Miht. Diet, s.v., It is a regulation, that none
under the rank of field officer in the regulars, can recom-
mend a person so circumstanced.
C. To present or bring forward (a person) as
worthy of notice, favour, care, etc. Const, to (a
person, etc.),^v (the thing desired).
1687 A. LOVELL tr. Thevenofs Trav. i. 39 They [Turks] . .
invocate their Saints, as being able to recommend them to
God. 1703 STEELE Tender Husb. HI. ii, Madam, may I..
recommend Mr. Gubbin . . to your Ladyships Notice ? 1734
SWIFT Lett. (1766) II. 271 The trouble I gave in recom-
mending a gentleman to your protection. 1830 D'!SRAELI
Chas. /, III. viii. 162 [HeJ had been earnestly recommended
by the Earl of Stratford to Charles. 1850 MRS. JAMESON
Leg. Monast. Ord. 65 Whom the abbess thought qualified
for orders, she recommended to the bishop who ordained
them. 1853 DEARSLY Crirtt. Process 73 If. . the offender is a
fit subject to be recommended for the royal mercy.
5. To mention or introduce (a thing) with appro-
bation or commendation to a person, in order to
induce acceptance or trial.
1581 MULCASTER Positions xxxix. (1887) 196, I must re-
commend vnto them exercise of the bodie. 1647 CLARENDON
Hist, Reb. n. § i He would both recommend and enjoin
the practice and use of both to that of his native kingdom.
1687 A. LOVELL tr. Thevenofs Trav. i. 96 [Biscuits] which
l_j ._ ii__» ii_; ._ j _• i
iy much in order to recommend my
book., to such as are in the very gall of bitterness. 1781
COWPER Retirem. 541 O grant a poet leave to recommend. .
Her slighted works to your admiring view. 1826 DISRAELI
Vii>. Grey v. xv, Let me recommend you a little of this
pike ! 1863 Sat. Rev. 16 May 640 We will conclude by
recommending his work to our readers.
b. Without personal const. (Cf. 3 b.)
1714 POPE Epil. Jane Shore 34 He'd recommend her as a
special breeder. 1715 DE FOE Voy. round World (1840) 355,
I take the liberty to recommend that part of America as the
best and most advantageous part of the globe. 1781 COWPFR
Retirem. 388 For once I can approve the patriot's voice.
And make the course he recommends my choice. 1820
SHELLEY CEd. Tyr. n. ii. 22 Allow me now to recommend
this dish. 1876 MOZLEY Univ. Serrn. x. 231 Christianity and
worldly wisdom, .both recommending the same course.
6. To make (a person or thing) acceptable.
Also const, to. (Chiefly of qualities, circumstances,
or things.)
1665 BOYLE Occas. Rejt. vi. vi. (1848) 360 Roses, .retain. .
divers useful Qualities, and Virtues, that . . recommend them
all the Year. 1711 ADPISON Spect. No. 418 FsThere is yet
another Circumstance which recommends a Description
more than all the rest. i78a PRIFSTLEY Corrupt. Chr. I. i.
101 It was chiefly a wish to recommend their religion to
others. 183* LEWIS Use ty Ab. Pol. Terms iii. 21 A claim
recommended by the practice.. of the constitution. 1863
COWDFM CLARKE Shaks. Char. x. 268 That man has little
enough to recommend him whom women dislike.
re/f. 1605 SHAKS. Macb. i. vi. 2 The ayre nimbly and
sweetly recommends it selfe Vnto our gentle sences. 1651
HOBBES Leriafh. 11. xxx. 185 To recommend themselves to
33
RECOMMEND.
his favour. 1758 S. HAYWARD Serin, xvii. 535 A person of
eminent rank greatly recommends himself to the esteem of
his fellow-creatures when he appears affable and friendly.
1859 MILL Liberty i. 12 This view of things, recommending
itself equally to the intelligence of thinkers [etc.].
7. To counsel, advise, a. Const, to a person,
usually with it as obj. (cf. 5) and appositive infin.
1746 Col. Rec. Pennsylv. V. 38 His Majesty has order'd
me to recommend it to you.. to proceed immediately [etc.J.
1749 FIELDING Tom Jones xvi. viii, He.. recommended to
her ladyship to do him the honour. 1818 CRUISE Digest
(ed. 2) VI. 203 She recommended it to him to do justice to
B. and her children.
b. Without personal const. (Cf. 5 b.)
1733 POPE Hor. Sat. n. ii. 43 Let me extol a Cat, on oysters
fed, . . Or ev'n to crack live Crawfish recommend. 1818
JAS. MILL Brit. India I. in. iv. 606 [He] recommended,
what was probably wise, to gain Nizam al Mulk by resign-
ing to him Deccan. 1819 W. IRVING Granada 1. x. 85 He re-
commended, that the whole disposition of the camp should
be changed.
o. With personal obj., and infin.
1856 W. COLLINS After Dark, Yellow McakM. 247, I re-
commend you to control your temper, and to treat me with
common courtesy. 1877 FROUDE Short Stud. (1883) IV. I. ix.
103 He recommended the guardians to consult the king.
Recommend, v.z rare-1. [RE- 5 a.] trans.
To commend again.
1576 FLEMING />««<;//.£>!*<. 140, 1 am constrained ofcour-
tesie, to commend, and recommend the same L. Oppius..to
your patronage and defence.
Recommendable (rek/me-ndab'I), tf. [f.
RECOMMEND v.1 + -ABLE.] That may be recom-
mended, worthy of praise. Also const, to.
1477 EARL RIVERS (Caxton) Dictes 19 A Right recom-
mendable thing in heuen and inerthe is a true tunge. x6oa
T. FITZHERBERT AfoL 6 The honorable cours of lyf he hath
led. .doth make him no lesse recomendable for true Chris-
tian pietie and vertue then for wisdome and valour. 1652
J. WRIGHT tr. Camus' Nat. Paradox i. 12 All the recom-
mendable qualities and exercise requisite for a Gentlewoman
of such Extraction. 4x734 NORTH Lives (1826) H. 217 The
matchless pattern of his most recommendable character and
successes. 1768-74 TUCKER Lt. Nat. (1834) II. 662 There
is a work.. recommendable as wel! to those who have, as
those who have not done any good work before. 1831
CAHLVLE in Fraser's Mag. V. 407 The Wise had found such
Loyalty still practicable, and recommendable. 1888 H. S.
MERRIMAN /*/&««*<?;« /W. II. x. 146 This method is scarcely
recommendable to young men of impressionable hearts.
Hence Recommendabi-lity, Recomme *ndable-
neSB, Recomme'ndably adv.
1611 COTGR., Recommendablement^ recommendably, . .
praise- worthily. 1660 H. MORE Myst. Godl. x. iii. § 4 The
fourth and last Rule or Measure of opinions is, The Recom-
mendabieness of our Religion to those which are without.
1796 LD. ST. HELENS in Bentham's Wks. (1843) X- 3r9
Whether your quality of French citizen, instead of adding
to your recommendability [etc.].
Recommendation (re'k^mend^-Jan). [a.
OF. recommendation (F. recommand-)) or med.L.
recommendation-em (1270 in Du Cange), n. of
action f. recommendare to RECOMMEND.]
f 1. The action of recommending oneself to an-
other's remembrance; a message of this nature. Obs.
1450 Paston Lett. I. 135 After al due recomendacion, I re-
comaund me toyow. 1478 in Surtees Misc. (1888) 37 We.,
sendes gretyng. .& recom mendaccin unto whome it seruys.
c 1531 Du WES Introd. Fr. in Palsgr. 1025, I you pray to do
my most humble recommendations to the good grace of the
Kyng. 1631 Malory's^ Arthur \\. cxlv, The letter .. said
thus. . I send to all Knights arraunt recommendation.
attrfb. 155* HULOET s. v., Recommendation brynger,
salutifer.
1 2. The action of recommending or committing
to another's care ; hence, care, protection. Obs.
1483 CAXTON Gold, Leg". 100/2 The fourth [privilege] is the
recomendacion of the moder of god. a 1533 LD. BERNERS
Gold. Bk. M. Aurel. 91 b, Remembre she is .. thy mother
adoptife . . wherfore I leue her vnder thy recommendation.
1557 MRS. BASSET tr. More's Treat. Passion M.'s Wks. 1400/1
At hys recommendacion [he] tooke hir from thencefoorth as
hys owne [mother].
t 3. Commendation, favour, repute, esteem. Obs.
1474 CAXTON Chesse (ed. 2) A ij, It b a werke of ryght
special recomendacion. 1481 — Myrr. in. xiii. 164 They
that gladly myssaye of peple of recommendacion. 15*3
LD. BERNERS Froiss. I. ccxxxi. 314 They.. were, .well re-
ceyued,. .bycause they were lordes and knightes of great
recommendacion. 1585 T. WASHINGTON tr. Nickolay's ^oy.
in. xvii. 102 b, The Turkes haue aboue all thinges charitie
in greate recommendation.
4. The action of recommending a person or thing
as worthy or desirable.
1578 Reg. Privy Council Scot. III. 25 [He must proceed by
himself] uncareing langer for thair recommendatioun of ony
[person]. 1585 T. WASHINGTON tr. Nic ho lay '^ Voy. in. iii. 74
It is not.. that either fauour or recommendation shal stand
them in steed for the aduancing of them to any higher degree.
1651 HOBBES Leviatk. in. xliL 206 Kings . . may receive
Schoolmasters for their Subjects from the recommendation
of a stranger. 1709 STEELE Tatler No. 94 P 5 Buying at his
Shop upon my Recommendation. 1778 FOOTE Trip Calais
ir. Wks. 1799 II, 354 You have a notion that I should bring
a. -fortune to this spouse of your recommendation? 1841
ELPHINSTONE Hist. Ind. II. ix. iii. 323 He had no .. re-
strictions about food, except a recommendation of abstinence,
as tending to exalt the mind.
b. Letter of recommendation , a letter recom-
mending a person ; in later use, a letter of intro-
duction. Cf. RECOMMENDATORY a. i b. Alsoy^f.
1494 FABYAN Ckron. v. cxv. 89 He.. sent to hym a great
summe ofgolde, with letters of recommendacion, exortynge
258
hym (etc.]. 1548 ELYOT, Commendatitix literx, letters of re-
commendacion. c 1645 HOWELL Lett. (1650) II. 48 An honest,
ingenious look is a good letter of recommendation, of itself.
i66a J. DAVIES tr. OUaritts' Voy. Ambass. 130 The Duke of
Holstein . . gave him Letters of Recommendation to the Great
Duke of Muscovy. 17*5 DE FOE Voy. round World d%4f>}
31 The Dutch captain would.. give us a letter of recom-
mendation to the governor. 1810 J. ADAMS Wks. (1854) IX.
626 His conduct to our President . . is not, however, a letter
of recommendation of his temper, policy, or discretion. 1870
BURTON Hist. Scot. VI. Ix. 55 note, They complained that
the ambassador had only a letter of recommendation in place
of a letter of credit.
C. A letter or certificate of recommendation,
1645 EVELYN Diary May (Bologna), I enquired out a priest
and Dr. Montalbano, to whom I brought recom'endations
from Rome. 1801 JAMES Mih't. Diet., Recommendation, in
a military sense, a certificate, stating an individual to be
properly qualified for a situation in the army.
6. That which procures a favourable reception or
acceptance.
1647 CLARENDON Hist. Reb. i. § 14 Upon no other advan-
tage or recommendation, than of the Beauty, -of his Person.
1794 MRS. RADCLIFFE Myst. Udolpho xii, 'That is no re-
commendation at all ', replied her aunt 1858 FROUDE Hist.
Eng. IV. xviit 101 His recommendation had been his con-
nexion with a powerful native family.
6. Exhortation, advice.
1585 EARL LEICESTER in Motley Netherl. (1860) I. v. 280,
1 would he were in Fort Rammekyns. .with a recommenda-
tion from me to Russell to look well to him.
Recomme ndative, a. and sb. rare. ? Obs.
[f. RECOMMEND v.1 + -ATJVE. Cf. OF. recommatida-
tif(i$ii hi Godef.).] a. adj. That recommends.
b. sb. That which recommends.
xfiix COTGR., Recommandatif, recommendatiue, recom-
mending. 17*7 Art Steaking in Public Introd. (ed. 2) 15
The Rules and Laws of Speaking and Action, the Ornament
and Recommendative of all Discourse.
Recommendator. rare — l. [f. RECOMMEND
v.1 ; cf. COMMENDATOR.] One who recommends.
1818 Qtiarlfs' Embl. 4 Notwithstanding that some of his
evangelical recommendators, ' leave to better judges ' to
pronounce ' what share of merit is due to the poet '.
Recommendatory (rek^me'ndatari), a. [f.
RECOMMEND vl after COMMENDATOBY a. Cf. OF.
recommandatoire (1533 in Godef.).]
L Having the attribute of recommending ; ex-
pressing or conveying a recommendation.
1611 COTGR., Recomniandatoire, commendatorie, recom-
mendatorie. 1705 HEARNE Collect. 28 July (O. H.S.) I. 18
There are several Recommendatory Verses before it. 1711
ADDISON Spect. No. 458 p 3 How many Men. .give Recom-
mendatory Characters of Men whom they are not acquainted
with . . ? 1796 WASHINGTON Let. Writ. 1892 XI 1 1. 269 Let me
pray you therefore to introduce a section in. .the address.,
recommendatory of the measure. 1850 SALA Tiv. ronnd
Clock (i86z) 290 At which confession the chaplain .. puts
him down in the front rank for his next recommendatory
report to the visiting magistrates.
b. Recommendatory letter : (see COMMENDA-
TORY a. i b, and cf. RECOMMENDATION 4 b).
1618 Demeanour of Sir W. Raleigh 59 His Letters recom-
mendatory for his safe conduct and reception. 1683 CAVE
Ecclesiastic*, Athanasius 153 Having procur'd the Recom-
mendatory Letters of George Bishop of Laodicea, 1766
GOLDSM. yic, W, xx, My first care was to carry his recom-
mendatory letter to his uncle. xSia D1 ISRAELI Calatn. A ttth.
(1867) 61 He. .came to the metropolis with thirty recom-
mendatory letters. 1885 Manch. Exatn. 5 Nov. 5/3 Mr.
Spencely has the advantage of a letter recommendatory
from Mr. Chamberlain.
o. Recommendatory prayer : (see COMMENDATORY
a. i c and RECOMMEND v.1 i).
17x8 Freethinker No. 6 P 12 He has left us the best Re-
commendatory Prayer in the Hour of Death.
2. Of a quality, feature, etc. : That recommends
its possessor.
1709 STEELE Tatler No. 50 p i To none of these Recom*
mendatory Advantages was his Title so undoubted as that
of his Beauty. 1741 RICHARDSON Pamela (1824) I. Ixxxiv.
446 The only recommendatory point in Mr. H — is, that
he dresses exceedingly smart. 1818 BYRON Ch. Har. rv.
clxxiv. notet The gentlemanly spirit, so recommendatory
either in an author or his productions. 1868 Morn. Star
2 June, Park horses, ladies' horses, and ponies were trotted
out to display their respective recommendatory points.
3. Of a resolution, appointment, etc. : In the
form of a recommendation, without binding force.
1690 Col. Rec. Pennsylv. I. 329 This following Recom-
menditary order was ordered by y* board. 1798 in Dallas
Amer. Law Rep. II. 165 If the resolve of Congress had
been absolute and imperative, instead of being barely recom-
mendatory. 1853 GROTE Greece 11. Ixxxix. XL 538 The
resolution of the synod (noway binding upon the Athenian
people, but merely recommendatory).
fb. Applied to a person recommended for
appointment to a position. Obs.—1
1691 LuTTRELL#r*V"J?r/. (1857) II. 250 The lord mayor. .
drunk to sir Wm. Asnurst, as a recommendatory shenf for
the ensuing year, if approv'd by the common hall.
Reconime nded, ppi. a. [f. RECOMMEND v .!
+ -ED!.] Praised, commended.
1481 CAXTON Myrr. HI. xv. 168 Plato whiche was a puis-
saunt and a recommended maistre of Athenes. c 1531
Du WES Introd. Fr. in Palsgr. 896 Decessed of noble and re-
comended memory the prince Arthur. 1663 BOYLE Use/.
E.rp. Nat. Philos. n. v. xvi. 267 What if a recommended
Specifick. .seem unable to produce the promised Effect ?
Recommender (rek^me'ndai). Also 7 -OP.
[f. as prec. + -ER *.] One who recommends.
1579 J. STUBBES Gaping Gulf D vij, Some., do sclaunder
RECOMMIXTTTRE.
those religious princes as recommenders to vs of thys
manage. 1611 COTGR., Recommandeuy, a recommendor,
commendor, praiser. 1663 BOYI.E Use/. Exf. Nat. Philos. i.
i. 7 That severe Teacher, and perswasiveRecommenderofthe
strictest Virtue, Seneca. 1748 RICHARDSON Clarissa (1811)
I. xxvii. too Is not this a plain indication that even his own
recommenders think him a mean creature? 1836 KEBLE
Serm. viii. Postscr. (4848) 349 This is the very chiefest ad-
vantage which the warmest recommenders of Tradition in
our Church expect from it. 1873 M. ARNOLD Lit. ff Dogma
(1876) 240 It is obvious how well this notion of faith suits
the recommenders of such doctrine.
Recommending (rek^me'ndin),///. a. [f.
as prec. + -ING 2.] That recommends.
1611 COTGR., Recommendatif, recommendatiue, recom-
mending. 1693 DKYDEN Juvenal xvi. (1697) 383 One happy
Hour is to a Souldier better, Than Mother Juno's Recom-
mending Letter. 1769 Junius Lett. xv. 67 The. .purity of
your manners, .and a thousand other recommending circum-
stances. 1871 GEO. ELIOT in Cross Life (1885) III. 172 The
outside b not, I think, quite equally recommendable and
recommending.
So Recomme nding vll. sb., recommendation.
1470-85 MALORY Arthur x, lix, I send vnto alle knyghtes
trraunt recommaundynge. 1591 PERCIVALL Sp. Diet., En-
comienda, recommending, commendations.
t Recommends. Obs. rare. [f. the vb. For
the form cf. COMMEND sb. 2 b.] A recommendation.
i6aj WEBSTER Devits Law-Case n. i, That I might take
my leave, sir. and withal Entreat from you a private
recommends To a friend in Malta. 1665 J. SERGEANT Sure
fooling 90 The greater the Recommends of any Truth is,
the greater is the obligation not to bely our selves and it.
t Recomme •ndum. Oh.~l [irreg. f. RECOM-
MEND i/.1] 1 Praise, commendation.
1599 NASHE Lenten Stuffe 74 Euen those that attend
vppon the pitch-kettle, will bee druncke to my good fortunes,
and recommendums.
t Becommiss, -mise, v. Obs. rare. [f.
med.L. recommiss-us (1278 in Dn Cange), pa. pple.
of rectmmittfre to RECOMMIT; or f. RE- 5 a +
COMMISE v."\ trans, (in pa. pple. only) To re-
commend.
1417 Rolls o/Parlt. IV. 322/2 We beseeche youre Hiegh-
nesse . .to. .yeve in special commandement to youre Ambas-
satours . . to have ye snide Archebisshop, and oure Moder
his Cherche of Canterbury special! recommissed. 1454-5
ItieL V. 450/2 The Bisshop of Ely. .shold be recommised to
. .the Pope, for to be promoted to th' archiebisshopricke.
Recommrssion, v. [RE- 53.] trans. To
commission (a person, ship, etc.) anew.
1858 Times 24 Nov. 9/5 Paying off a fleet in 1857 and re-
commissioning the same fleet in 1858. 1888 Ibiit. 22 Nov.
5/1 They will be recommissioned with the grades which
they held in the Russian army.
f Recommit, vl Obs. rare. [ad. med.L. re-
committfre to recommend : cf. RECOMMISS.] trans.
To commit or cammend to a person, etc.
1521 FISHER Serin, agst. Luther iv. Wks. (1876) 344 All
the soules that by his false doctryne he sleeth and murdereth,
he recommytteth them vnto almyghtygod. 1570 FoxEX. ff
tl. (ed. 2) 618/1 Beseching the court aforesayd, that they
wyll receaue fauorably the sayd Wylliam vnto them thus
recommitted. 1658 EARL MONM. tr. Manila's Wars Cyprus
199 We ought not to recommit the total of our Fortune . . to
the uncertain event of Battel.
Recommit (rjkftoi-t), v? [RE- 5 a.]
1. trans. To send or refer (a bill, etc.) back to
a committee.
1621 ELSING Debates Ho. Lds. (Camden) 85 The House to
debate the double, ..and if the major part doubt, yt may
be recommitted. 17*9 Votes * Prof. Pennsylv. Ho. Repr.
(1754) III. 72 Ordered, That the said Act be re-committed
for several Amendments. 1790 BEATSON Nav. tr Mil. Mem.
I. 37 The House . agreed to the address ; but when a motion
was made for its being recommitted [etc.]. 1863 H. Cox
Instil. I. ix. 168 A bill may be re-committed generally, or on
amendments proposed on the consideration of the report.
b. To entrust (a person or thing) again to a
person.
1783 BURKE Sp. E. Ind. BillWa. i826IV.m It is to re-
commit the government of India to the court of directors.
1870 ANDERSON Missions Amer. Bd. II. xyii. 136 The code
was then recommitted to the graduate, with instructions '"
supply certain deficiencies.
2. To commit (a person) again to (a cou
prison, etc.). Also without const.
1647 CLARENDON Hist. Reb. iv. S 312 The House of <
mons .. caused them immediately again to be recommitt
to the Tower. 1863 Times n Feb., Criminals, who are i
committed, after having been convicted of former offeno
3. To commit or do (an action) again.
1647 HERRICK Noble Numb., To God, God.. Will
power to keep me innocent ; That I shall ne're that tre! .
recommit. 1677 GILPIN Demonol. (1867) 84 The inclinatio
that are begot in us by any act of sin to recommit it. 17
tr. Mercier's Fragm. Pol. $ Hist. II. 467 When you wl
to recommit a sin, you must there pay double.
Recommitment. [RE- 5 a.] A renewed
commitment or committal.
1779 Hansard Par!. Hist. (1814! XX. 1003 The question
of recommitment, which the House has rejected. 1817
COLERIDGE Biog. Lit. xxi, No re-commitment (for new trial)
of juvenile performances. 1861 MAY Const. Hist. (1863)
iii. 146 Lord Halifax . . moved the recommitment of the b
Recommittal. [RE- 5 a.] Recommitment.
1863 H. Cox Instil. I. ix. 168 There may be several recom-
mittals of the same bill. 1884 Contemp. Rev. July 86 In th<
local jails. .75 per cent, of the inmates are constantly enter-
ing on very short re-committals.
t Recommi'xture. Oh.-' [Re- 5 a.] A re-
newed commixture.
RECOMMUNICATE
165* News fr. LowC'Coimtr. i To those four segregated
forms Whose recommixture now informs.
Recommu'nicate, »- [RE- 5 a.] To com-
municate anew. Hence Recomrruruicated ///. a.
1611 FLORIO, Raccomiinicare, to recommunicate. 1751
JOHNSON Rambler No. 97 F 9 \Vhat additional charms has
devotion given to her recommunicated features !
t Recompa-ck, v. Obs.-1 = RECOMPACT v.
1602 WARNER Alb. Eng. xin. Ixxviii. (1612) 321 Beginner
of beginnings.. Who, were not aught of all, his word the
world could recompack.
Recompa-ct, pa. pple. [See next and COM-
PACT///. a.1] Recompacted, put together again.
1868 LYNCH Rivulet CLXVII. iv, Then, like a broken city
recompact, My heart shall fortress be and home desired.
Recompact (nk^mp^-kt), v. [RE- 5 a.]
trans. To join or fit together again.
i6z6 DONNE Serin, xxi. 206 God shall re-compact and re-
compile those atomes and graines of dust into that Body
which was before. 1813 COLERIDGE Remorse v. i. 170 Curse
on remorse ! Can it give up the dead, or recompact A
mangled body? 1860 TYNDALL Glac. i. ii. 12 The crushed
ice being recompacted into a solid mass.
Hence Recompa'cting1 vbl. sb.
1630 DONNE Serin, xiii. 129 His dissections are so many
re-compactings, so many resurrections.
Recompanse, obs. Sc. f. RECOMPENSE v.
Recompa're, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To com-
pare again. So Kecompa'rison.
1814 W. TAYLOR in Monthly Rev. LXXIII. 496 He has
re-compared the texts with the manuscripts whence it was
derived. 1875 Chamb. Jml. Jan. 7^1 These instruments are
returned to the office, .for recomparison with standards.
Reco'mpass, v. rare. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To
compass (ootain, go round) again.
? c 1600 Distracted Emp. v. iv. in Bullen 0. PI. III. 260
At her deathe had I recompast it, I had beene kynge of
Fraunce. 1654 COKAINE Diane a i. 33 Having compassed
and recompassed much ground to no purpose, . . I laid me
downe to rest me.
Recompe*!, v. [RE-.] trans. To force back.
1624 QUARLES Job sec. xi, You'l say, perchance, Wee'l
recompell your word.
Recompence, var. RECOMPENSE sb. and z/.
Re COllipe usable, a. rare. Also 5 -pensi-
ble, 6-7 -penceable. [f. RECOMPENSED. + -ABLK;
cf. obs. F. recompensable (Godef.).] fa. That
may serve as a recompense, t b. Willing to make
a return. Obs. C. That may be recompensed.
1454 in E. E. Wills (1882) 133 Y can not assigne no thyng
of my good recompensible to his good brotherhede. 1576
FLEMING Panopl. Epist. 329 Hee promisseth to shewe him-
selfe recompenceable to his power, though not with like
recourse of benefits, yet with giuing thankes. 1648 HEX-
HAM, Loonbaer^ rewardable, or recompenceable. 1875 H.
JAMES R. Hudson xii. 437 Rowland's fancy hovered about
the idea that it was recompensable.
Recompensation(r*V:™pens^-J;?n). [a. OF.
recompensacion (i3th c.) :— late L. recompensation-
em (6-7 th c.), n. of action f. recompensare to RE-
COMPENSE. Cf. COMPENSATION.]
*f-l. = RECOMPENSE sb. in various senses. Obs.
(Common in i$th c.)
c 1374 CHAUCER Boeth. iv. pr. iv. 101 (Camb. MS.) For the
recompensacyon [L. compensatid\ for to geten hem bownte
and prowesse which hat they han lost. ? 1450-4 Lett. Marg.
Anj'ou <$• Bp. Beckington (Camden) 119 Ye will ordeine and
see unto the recompensacion of the same oure cousyn. 1494
FABYAN Chron. vn. ccxxxvi. 274 He . . dyd to the sayd Henry
recompensacion, m yeldynge vnto hym y« cytie of Carlell.
1581 MARBECK Bk. of Notes 353 It is not that reward,, .but
is all one, as if it shuld be called a recotnpensation. 1651
RaleigKs GJtost 300 The which remunerations and recom-
pensations, seeing they are not ever payed in this life,, .are
to be reserved for the life to come. 1715 M. DAVIES A then.
Brit. I. Pref. 61 The Court.. order'd old Mugnoz to be kept
close Prisoner., till he made full Restitution or Recoin-
pensation to his. .Son.
f b. In phr. In (some, etc.) recotnpensation of.
c 1384 CHAUCER H. Fame u. 157 In somme recompensacion
Of labour and deuocion That thou hast had. 1426 LYDG,
De Guil. Pilgr. 16901 In Recompensacion off the grete
benefetys which thow hast Receyved ffor Synnerys. 1533
BELLENDEN Lay i. xxii. (S. T. S.) I. 128 He was slane m
recompensacion of (« grete murdir and slauchter made be
him afore. 1562 Wills $ Inv. N. C. (Surtees 1835) 200
To my doughter . . xxx1 in full recompensacion off her
childes porcion. a 1578 LINDESAY (Pitscottie) Chron. Scot.
(S.T.S.) I. 114 His son.. in recompensatioun thairof was
maid Earle of Caitnes.
2. Sc. Law. In actions for debt, a counter-plea
of compensation raised by a pursuer to meet the
defender's plea of compensation.
1681 STAIH Institutes i. xviii, § 6 Compensation is some-
times elided by recompensation, which doth but seldom
occur, and hath not been distinctly determined as to the
several cases in which it may occur, a 1768 ERSKINE Inst.
Law Scot. in. iv. § 19 A pursuer . . may if the defender
should plead any ground of compensation, elide his defence
by pleading recompensation upon that separate debt. 1838
W. BELL Diet. Law Scot. i8« Scots Law Rep. XVII. 1 >.
739_ Ihe judicial factor in obtaining authority from the sur-
viving partner was entitled to plead recompensation against
the counter claims of the defenders.
Recompense (re'k^mpens), sb. Also -pence.
[a. OF. recompense (i 3-14111 c. in Hatz.-Darm.),
f. recompenser to RECOMPENSE. The spelling -ence
is more frequent than the etymological -ense (cf.
the vb.) until the igth c.]
1. Reparation or restitution made to another for
259
some wrong done to him ; atonement or satisfac-
tion for some misdeed or offence.
c 1420 LYDG. Assembly of Gods 97 Tyll he haue made full
seethe and recompence For hurt of my name thorough thys
gret offence. 1494 FABVAN Chron. 11. cxcv. 200 Fall nat to
lyke offence, Leste for thy faute thou make lyke recompence.
1535 COVERDALE Prov. vi. 31 A thefe . . maketh recompence
with all ihe good of his house. ig68GRAFTON Chron. II. 36
And also make recompence and restitution unto him for
the hurtes and harmes that his Normanes had done. 1651
HOBBES Leriath. in. xxxviii. 248 Sin cannot he taken away
by recompence. 1697 POTTER Antiq. Greece n. xx. (1715)
371 This Festival is said to have been first instituted by
Theseus, as a recompence of his Ingratitude to her.
2. Compensation (received or desired) for some
loss or injury sustained.
1508 DUNBAR TV a Mariit Weinen 136 Thoght his pen
purly me payis . . His purse pays richely in recompense efter.
1600 J. PORY tr. Leo's Africa n. 51 There is some recom-
pence due unto me, sithens ten of my people haue beene
slaine, and but eight of this my neighbours. 1667 MILTON
P. L. n. 981 No mean recompence it brings To your behoof,
if I that Region lost. 1770 jfnntus Lett, xxxvi. 171 Have
you secured no recompense for such a waste of honour?
1841 ELPHINSTONE Hist. Ind. II. xi. ii. 475 He may, perhaps,
have looked to some recompence for the temporary sacrifice
of his pride.
b. Compensation for some defect or imper-
fection. rare~l,
1690 LOCKE Hum. Und. HI. xi. § 15 The signification of
their Names cannot be made known . . by any shewing ; but
in recompence thereof, may be . . exactly defin'd.
3. Return or repayment for something given or
received.
1473 Rolls of Parlt. VI. 73/1 So that the thyng soo
graunted, restored, [etc.] passed not from the Kyng undre
any of his Scales, afore the seid eschaunge, sale or recom-
pense. 15*6 TINDALE Luke xiv. 12 When thou makest a
diner or a supper : call not thy frendes. .lest they bidde the
agayne, and make the recompence. 1601 SHAKS. Twel.
N. v. i. 7 This is to giue a dogge, and in recompence desire
my dogge againe. 1667 MILTON P. L. y. 424 The Sun that
light imparts to all, receives From all his alimental recom-
pence In humid exhalations. 1783 CRUISE Common Re-
coveries 116 In the preceding modes of barring estates tail
..the recompense in value, .was a real and bona fide re-
compence. 1818 — Digest {$&. 2) V. 432 Seven of the peti-
tions were by fathers upon the marriage of their sons, and
an equal recompence given.
t D. In phr. in recompense of, in payment of, as
an equivalent for, Obs.
1463 Bury Wills (Camden) 15, I beqwethe vnto the high
awter of the seid chyrche, in recompense of my dewtees
to holy chirche not payed dewly, xxs. 1542 Test. Ebor.
(Surtees) VI. 157 In full recompence of certen landes in
Methley, 1581 Knaresbor. Wills (Surtees) I. 142 To my
doghter. . vj, in recompence of her childes porcion.
4. Compensation or return for trouble, exertion,
services or merit.
1500-20 DUNBAR Poems xliii. 42 AlhaiU almoist, Thay male
the coist, With sobir recompens. 1590 SPENSER F. Q. \. iii.
30 His lovely words her seem'd due recompense Of all her
passed paines. 1638 R. BAKER tr. Balzac's Lett. (vol. II) 45
This long continued state of youth is no doubt the re-
compence of her extraordinary vertue. 1730 FRANKLIN Ess.
Wks. 1840 II. 62 Renown and applause have always been
the recompense of true merit. 1777 ROBERTSON Hist. Amer.
I. i. 55 In recompence of his labours and perseverance, he
at last descried that lofty promontory. 1853 J. H. NEWMAN
Hist. Sk. (1873) I. i. ii. 81 The riches which he amassed..
were a recompense amply sufficient.
5. Retribution for some injury or offence.
1538 ELYOT, Talio, an equall peyrre in recompence of a
hurte. 1585 T. WASHINGTON tr. Nicholay1* Voy. i.xix. 23 b,
If they_ would not.. consent .., for theyr recompence, alt
they within the Castle should continue slaues. 1611 BIBLE
Ecclus. xvii. 23 Afterward he will rise vp and reward them,
and render their recompence ypon 'neir heads. 1653 H.
COGAN tr. Pinto' s Trav. v. 13 To dissemble what she had
executed against him, for which he would one day return
her a recompence according to her merit. i8ai SHELLEY
Prometh. Uno. i. 388 Such is the tyrant's recompense : 'tis
just : He who is evil can receive no good.
Recompense (re*k^mpens), v. Also -pence,
6 Sc. -panse. [ad. OF. recompenser (1322 in
Godef.), ad. late L. recompensare (6-7th c.), f. L. re-
RE- + compensare to COMPENSATE.]
1. trans. To reward, requite, repay (a person)
for something done or given. Const, for, ^of
(the thing done) and by, with, (the return made).
1422 T. HOSTEL in Ellis Orig.Lett. Ser. ii. I. 96 Being for
his said service never yit recompensed ne rewarded. 1484
CAXTON Fables of sEso$ in. i, He wold tbenne haue recom-
pensed hym of the good whiche he had done to hym. 1555
EDEN Decades 160 They recompensed owre men with many
rewardes. 1602 MARSTON Ant. # Mel. in. Wks. 1856 I. 31
Wee vowe..to recompence any man that bringeth his head.
1666 DRYDEN Ann. Mirab. cclxiv, Thou who hast taught
me to forgive the ill, And recompense as friends the good
misled. 1718 Freethinker^ No. 87 r 2 Will the Student's
Labour recompence him with large Possessions? 1719 DE
i FOE Critsoe i. xix. The first Thing I did, was to recompense
I my original Benefactor. 1841 LANE Arab. Nts. I. 82 Thus
he who acted kindly to the undeserving is recompensed in
the same manner as the aider of Umm A'mir.
absol. 1814 CARY Dante, Purg. iv. 118 Be his To recom-
pense, who sees and can reward thee.
b. To compensate, give compensation to (a per-
I son)y<?r some loss or injury sustained. Also refl.,
\ and f const, 0/" (expense).
1477 EARL RIVERS (Caxton) Dictes 10 A man .. ought to
. holde him self recompensed whan hisaduersepartk- required
of him pardon. 1560 VAVSlr.Sttirfatie'sCo/tiw. 22-1 b, [HeJ
| sendeth worcle to the Cities, .that they shoulde recompence
RECOMPILE.
hym for the injuryes done, a 1578 LINDESAY (Pitscottie)
Chron. Scot. (S.T.S.) II. 18 To recompense him of his ex-
penssts. .in comming to Scotland. 1653 HOLCROPT Procopius
i. 4 If I be devoured be it your part, Sir, to recompence my
children for their fathers death. 1709 LADY M.W. MONTAGU
Let. to Aune Wortley 5 Sept., The kindness of your last
recompenses me for the injustice of your former letter. 1726
SWIFT Gulliver i. vi, Out of his Goods or Lands the innocent
Person is quadruply recompensed for the Loss of his Time.
1803 J. BRISTED Pudestr. Tour \\. 328 We, therefore, now
recompensed ourselves for the four banyan, or fasting, days
which we had undergone.
2. a. To make up for, to make or give compen-
sation for (some loss, injury, defect, etc.) ; y to
take the place of.
1430-40 LYDG. Bochas vn. v. (1554) 169 Nero..Lete bylde
an house . . To recompence that other that was olde. 1456
SIR G. HAVE Law Arms (S.T.S.) 135 Quhethir harnes lent,
and tynt in wens, suld be restorit, and recompensit agayne
to the lennaris of it. 1558 GOODMAN How to Obey-z-z-z What-
soeuer you lose in this world, .it shall be here recompenced
with double. 1639 FULLER Holy War \\. iv. (1840) 181 The
length of the journey will be recompensed by the goodness
of the way. 1684 Contempt. St. Man i. vii. (1699) 79 Another
[ship] may arrive loaden with such Riches as may recom-
pence the loss of the former. 177* JOHNSON Let. to Mrs.
Thrale 3 Dec., I found two letters here, to recompense my
disappointment at Ashbourne. 1871 MORLEY Voltaire (1886)
2 A gracious, benevolent, and all-powerful being, who would
one day redress all wrongs and recompense all pain.
b. To make compensation or atonement for (a
misdeed, wrong, etc.).
1450-1530 Myrr. our Ladye ii To recompense suche
neglygence ; seuen tymes on the day we do seruice to God.
1588 A. KING tr. Canisius* Catech. 95 b. Worthy fruicts of
penance, quhairbe we recompense, .the faults and sinnes of
our former lyf. 1611 BIBLE Num. v. 8 If the man haue no
kinsman to recompense the trespasse vnto, let the trespasse
be recompensed vnto the Lord. 1671 MILTON Samson 746
In some part to recompense My rash but more unfortunate
misdeed. 1837 BROWNING Straffordw. iii, We have done
Less gallantly by Strafford : well ! the future Must recom-
pense the past.
c. To make a return or requital for (something
done or given).
1530 PALSGR. 681/1, I recompence ones servyce or a good
tourne doone to me. c 1586 C'TESS PEMBROKE Ps. cm. v,
He doth not . . recompence Unto us each offence With due
revenge. 1605 VERSTEGAN Dec. Intell. v. (1628) 129 His
death was recompensed with the slaughter of Categerne.
1754 EDWARDS Freed. Will in. i. (1762) 139 It is our Duty
to recompense God's Goodness, and render again according
to Benefits received. 1816 SHELLEY Alastor 4 Natural piety
to feel Your love, and recompense the boon with mine.
f 3. To give as a recompense or return ; to mete
out in requital. Obs.
1473 Rolls of Parlt. VI . 73/1 Grauntes made by the Kyng,
of any of the premisses eschaunged, sold or recompensed by
the Kyng. 1526 TINDALE Rom. xii. 17 Recompence to no
man evyll for evyll. — 2 Thess. i. 6 It is verely a rightewes
thynge with god to recompence tribulacion to them thet
trouble you.
4. intr. To make repayment, return, or amends.
1432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) VIII. 201 [The archbishop]
srjende so grete goodes in that solennite that unnethe the
uijtk* successoure to hym recom pen [se]de for the dettes.
1535 COVERDALE 2 Chron. xxxii. 25 But Ezechias recom-
pensed not accordinge as was §euen vnto him. 1555 W.
WATREMAN Fardle Facions ii. xi. 256 He that endamageth
any manne : as the losse or hinderaunce shalbe valewed, so
muste he of force recompence. 1668 HALE Pref. Rollers
Abridgem. aij, This, though it.. takes up longer time for
their study, yet it recompenceth with great advantages.
1838 W. BELL Diet. Law Scot. 822 The Court found gener-
ally, that he might re-compense on any other debts.
t Xtecompensement. Obs. rare -l. [a. OF.
recompensement (1358 in Godef.), f. recompenser
to RECOMPENSE.] Recompense, return.
1494 FABYAN Chron. v. cxxxv. 121 Edfryde had great
summes of money in recom pen cement of his brothers deth.
Re'compenser. rare. [f. RECOMPENSE v. +
-ER1.] One who or that which recompenses ; f also
spec, (see quot. 1589).
1563 FOXE A. <$• M. 56/1 A thankful recompenser of the
benefits receiued at hys hande. 1589 PUTTENHAM Eng.
Poesie in. xix. (Arb.) 224 marg., Antenagoge, or the Recom-
pencer. Ibid.> We have another manner of speech much
like to the repentant. ,. It is called by the originall name
in both languages, the Recompencer. 1611 COTGK., Recom-
penseur, a recompencer.
Recompensing (re'k^mpensirj), vbl. sh. [f. as
prec. + -ING ] .] The action of the vb. RECOMPENSE.
\4& Rolls of Parlt. V. 188/2 Whom we have in recom-
pensyng therof made Squier. 1535 COVERDALE Hos, ix. 7
The tyme of visitacion is come, the dayes of recompencinge
are at honde. 1561 T. NORTON Calvin's Inst. m. 210 I hey
that go about to appease God with their owne recom-
pencinges. 1625 tr. GomMf* Sp. Inquis. 144 His reward
for his paines, if we respect mans recompencmg, was [etc.].
So Be-compensing- ppl. a., That recompenses.
1676 DRYDEN Aurengz. \\. i. 729 A kind of recompensing
ease. 1851 TRENCH Poems 150 Vengeance, and the recom-
pensing years.
t Becompensive, a. Obs. rare-1, [f. as
prec. -f -IVE; cf. med.L. recompenslvus (1327 in
Du Cange).] That recompenses.
1643 SIR T. BROWNE Rclig. Mcd. i. § 47 This is the day
that must, .reduce those seeming inequalities, .in this world,
to an equality and recompensive Justice in the next.
Recompile (rlUtapaH), v. [RE- 5 a. Cf. It.
recompilare (Florio), Sp. recopilar.] tram. To
compile ngain. Hence Reeomprling vbl. sb.
1611 FLORIO, Recompilationc^ a recompiling. 1616 BACON
33-2
RECOMPILE MENT.
Compil. $ Antendm. Laws Wks. 1730 IV. i The reducing
and recompiling of the laws of England. c 16x7 — Digest
of Laws Wks. 1826 V. 357 There was such a race of wit
and authority, between the commentaries and decisions of
the lawyers, and the edicts of the emperors. . . Whereupon
Justinian, .recompiled both. 1626 [see RECOMPACT v.\
So Recompi lement, a new compilation.
1639 BACON A dvt. touching Holy War Ep. Ded., Although
..I had a purpose to make a particular digest or recompile-
ment of the laws . . ; yet . . I have laid it aside.
Reconxplai'U, v. [RE- 5 a.] intr. To com-
plain again.
x6i6 J. LANE Contn, Sar^s T. vii. 68 Of his litle virtue
whiche remaines Hee to his inmost reason recomplaines.
Recomple'te, v, [RE- 5 a.] trans. To com-
plete again. So Hecomple'tion.
1655 tr. Cont. Hist. Frauds* in. 55, I had no sooner put
them in their places, but the Head and the Arms came of
their own accords, to recompleat the whole. 1865 CAHLYLIC
Fredk. Gt. XXL ii. (1872) IX. 260 Regiment Schenkendorf
got, every year, for recompletion, what recruits were wanted.
1874 DANA Text-bk, Geol. (ed. 3) 33 By successive destruc-
tions and re-completions.
Reco mplicate, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To
complicate again. So Recomplica tion.
1874 [see RE- 5 a], x88a H. SPENCER Princ. Social.^ Pol.
Inst. 242 The complicated processes of developement are
frequently re-complicated by changes in the sets of factors.
1889 MIVART in Nature 14 Nov. 40 Simplification, and pos-
sible recomplication, of the germ-plasm itself.
Recompose (nk^mpju-z), v. [RE- 5 a. C£
F. rceontposer (1549), L. recomponere^\
1. trans. To put together again ; to recombine ;
to form again by composition. Chiefly in anti-
thesis to decompose.
x6xx COTCR., Recomposer^ to recotnpose, to frame anew.
1649 J. H. Motion to Parl. Adv. Learn, 6 These, .industries
that endeavour to gather them up, and . . recompose them.
Man i. iii. 337 To take to Pieces, recompose, and ascertain
our Evidences. 1777 PRIESTLEY Matt. 4- Spir. (1782) I.
xvii, aoo Whatever is decomposed may be recomposed by
the being who first composed it. 1836-7 SIR W. HAMILTON
Mejaph, vi. (1859) I. 97 The far greater number of the
objects presented to our observation can only be decom-
posed, but not actually recomposed.
absol. x86x BUCKLE Civiliz. (1869) III. v. 389 Fire and
water, .can really destroy nothing, but can only decompose
and recompose.
b. To compose again in writing. rare~l.
1656 EARL MONM. tr. Boccalinfs Advts.fr. Parnass. i.
Ixxxlv. (1674) m [They] desire. .that Tacitus may re-com-
pose those Books of his. .which are lost.
2. To put together again in a new form or manner ;
to rearrange.
1816 ind Rep. Comm. Public Rec. App. p 5 The old Titles
have in most Cases been re-composed. 1849 MACAULAY Hist.
Eng. vi. II. 144 The change was not confined to the officers
alone. The ranks were completely broken up and recom.
posed. x86i J. PYCROFT Ways <$• Words 21 He [Simeon]
once told Mr. Cams that he had recomposed the plan of one
discourse nearly thirty times.
b. absol. To make new (artistic) compositions.
1861 THORNBURY Turner (1862) II. 326 Turner never
imitated Salvator Rosa— because he had rocks and torrents
of his own to go and copy and recompose from.
3. To restore to composure. Also refl.
1649 JER. TAYLOR Gt. Exemp. \. iv. 124 He called for a
minstrell, who by his harmony might recompose his dis-
united and troubled spirit. 1655 Theophania 92 * When we
had recomposed our selves . . we sate in the Cabin descanting
thereon. 1700 CONGREVE Way of World in. v, I shall
never recompose my features to receive Sir Rowland with
any (Economy of face. 1749 FIELDING Tont Jones Wks.
1775 III. 86 Our spirits, when disordered, are not to be re*
composed in a moment.
4. To restore to harmony.
1856 FROUDE Hist. Eng. II. 332 A man who.. was the
most likely to recompose the quarrels in the church.
Hence Becompo'sed ppl. a.t Eecompo'sing
vbl. sb. and ///. a.
1659 GAUDEN Tears Ch. iv. xviii. 527 The recomposing of
this Church to any Ecclesiastical! Uniformity. 1700 CON-
GREVE Way of World \v. \t It. . furnishes with blushes, and re-
composing airs beyond comparison. 1753 CHAMBERS Cycl.
Supp. s. v. decomposition, The recomposed body shall not
be distinguishable by the senses from that which never had
been separated by the fire. x86a ANSTED Channel Isl. it.
xi. (ed. 2) 293 Boulders formed out of a recomposed rock.
Recompo'ser. rare-1, [f. prec. + -EB.] One
who or that which recomposes.
1653 H. MORE Conject, Cabbal. 33 It meets with a proper
corrector and recomposer of its motions.
decomposition (r/kpmp&i-Jan). [RE- 53.]
The action or process of recomposing, in senses of
the vb.
1690 LEYBOURN Curs. Math. 340 Which is the Root of the
Cube . . ; which may be proved by re-composition. 1753
CHAMBERS Cycl. Supp., Decomposition, in Chemistry, the
compounding of bodies from their separated parts, or
principles, so as to compose the original whole again. 1788
PRIESTLEY in Phil. Trans. LXXIX. 17 The formation, the
decomposition, and recomposition of water, 1871 Daily
News a Feb., He gives us, instead of a mere translation, an
English recomposition. 1897 Ibid. 2 Feb. 2/1 To omit or
insert even a comma . . requires the re-composition and re-
casting of the entire line.
So t Recompo'sure. Obs. rare—1.
1651 CHARLETON F.phes. $ Cimm. Matrons ii668j 19 The
re-composure of her disordered mind.
260
Kecompound (rdcpmpau-nd), v. [RE- 5 a.]
trans. To compound again. Hence Hecom-
poirnded ppl. a., Recompoirnding vbl. sb.
1683 TRYON Way to Health 536 All their Regiments of
Compounded, Recompounded, Decompounded and Surre-
compoundcd Medicines. 1816 BENTHAM Ckrestom. 122
Methods of compounding, decompounding, and recom-
pounding the matter. 1815-34 B. MONTAGU tr. Bacon's
Wisd. Anc. B.'s Mor. & Hist. Wks. (Bohn) 249 Of all
things in the universe, man is the most compounded and
recompounded body. 1843 MILL Logic ill. x. i 4 Many
substances, though they can be analysed, cannot by any
known artificial means be recompounded. 187* H. SPENCER
in Contemf. Rev. June 143 The compounding and re-com-
pounding of ultimate homogeneous units.
Keoompt, obs. variant of RECOUNT n.l
Recompute («k^mpi«-t), ». [RE- 53.]
trans. To compute again, recalculate.
1767 HORSLEY in Phil. Trans. LV1I. 184 To satisfy my-
self more fully of the accuracy of my work, I this day re-
computed the whole. 1806 HUTTON Course Math, (ed. 2) I.
p. iv, Re-computing the examples, and rendering them more
correct in the numbers. 1880 HAUGHTON Phys. Ceof. iv.
108 note, I have recomputed the areas of the rain-basins of
the Ganges . . and of the Brahmaputra.
So Recompute 'tion.
1867 CHAMBERS Astron. \. \. 4 The recomputation of all
numerical quantities involving the Sun's distance as a unit.
Reccvn, v. [RE- 5 aj trans. To con again.
Hence Reco'nning vii. sb.
1651 HOBBES Leviath. l. iii. 10 As he that foresees what
wit become of a Criminal, re-cons what he has seen follow
on the like Crime before. Ibid. , This we call Remembrance,
or calling to mind : the Latines call it Retniniscentia, as it
were a Re-conning of our former actions.
Reconoeal, obs. Sc. form of RECONCILE v.
t Re-conceit. Obs.-1 [RE- 5 a.] (See quot.)
1603 BRETON Packet Mad Lett. i. xxviii, Re-conceit is a
kinde of dizzinesse which worse tormented then with idlenes
is troubled with too strong a madness.
Heconcei've, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To con-
ceive again or in a new way.
1865 MASSON Rec. Brit. Philos. 113 Reconceive if you can
my cosmological conception. 1889 Literary World (Boston)
a Feb. 39/1 Both [books] attempt to reconceive Jesus.
Reconcele, variant of KECOUNSEL v., Ots.
Beconcentrate (r/ty-nsentrek), v. [f. RE-
+ CONCENTRATE, partly (sense a) after Sp. recon-
centrar.] a. trans. To bring together, concen-
trate, now spec, for military reasons, b. trans.
and intr. To concentrate again. Also reft.
x6a* M ABBE tr. Alcnian's Guzman tfAlf. u. 284 The yisiue
beatnes in both, reconcentrating themselues, in this en-
counter, .strucke home vpon our soules. 1877 RAYMOND
Statist. Mines ej- Mining 432 The concentrated ore, with
some gangue with it, flows to the concentrators on the base-
ment-floor, where it is reconcentrated to remove all the
gangue. Ibid., This system of reconcentrating renders
good concentration easy. 1884 A. FORBES Chinese Gordon
u. 103 He abandoned further attempts on Kintang, and on
the 24th had reconcentrated at Liyang.
So Beconoentra'tlon.
1898 n'fstiii. Cos. 6 Apr. 7/1 Starvation of thousands of
non-combatants [in Cuba] through reconcentration.
t Reconce-ntre. Obs. rare—'. [Cf. prec.]
trans. To concentrate on the same point.
1634 SIR T. HAWKINS Pol. Observ. 9 His eyes reconccntred
with his imaginations, manifested in their wannesse what
anxieties tormented him.
Recouce-ption. [RE- 5 a.] A renewed or
new conception ; something reconceived.
1760-7* H. BROOKE Fool of Qual. (1809) III. 31 A small
embryon or reconception of that lately forfeited image, which
. . had borne the perfect likeness of the Creator. 1779 J.
DUCH£ Disc. (1790) I. xi. 207 Thou hast within thee a Seed
of Eternal Life, a Birth of the Triune God, . .a reconception
of the Light and Love of God.
Reconce-ssion. [!<E- 5 a.] The action of con-
ceding again.
1777 BURKE Corr. (1844) II. 149 The minister gave, he re-
tracted, and he gave again, with a sure majority to vote for
his concession, retraction, or reconcession.
Re'concilabi'lity. Also -cilea-. [f. next +
-ITY.] The fact or quality of being reconcilable.
1865 MASSON Rec. Brit. Philos. 367 The reconcileability of
Mr. Mill's Cogitatipnism with the mind's knowledge of a
world pre-existing itself. 1894 Literal 17 Nov. 10/1 His . .
attitude of reconcilability to the present order of things.
Reconcilable (ie-k/nsailab'1), a. Also -oile-
able. [f. RECONCILE v. + -ABLE.]
1. Of statements, opinions, facts, etc. : Capable
of being mutually reconciled, or brought into
agreement or coexistence with each other.
1611 SELDEN llluslr, Drayton's Poly-olt, ix. 206 But how-
soever these things might be reconcileable, I think clearly
(etc.). 1705 AKBUTHNOT Coins, etc. (1727) 259 The different
accounts that are given of the Numbers of Ships on both
Sides by several Authors are reconcileable, by supposing
that [etc]. 1781 GIBBON Decl. $ f. xyiiL II. 77 The op.
posite yet reconcileable vices of rapaciousness and prodi-
gality. 1818 JAS. MILL Brit. India 1. 11. iv. 147 note, When
there are two sacred texts, apparently inconsistent, both are
held to be law, for both are pronounced by the wise to be
valid and reconcileable. a 1873 MACREADV Remin. (1875) I.
xiv. 227 To render his [Hamlet's] seeming inconsistencies
reconcilable and intelligible, is the artist's study.
b. Math. (See quot. and IBKECONCILABLK 3.)
1873 MAXWELL Electr. # MagH. I. 19 If two curves are
such that one of them may be transformed into the other by
continuous motion without at any time passing through any
part of space for which the condition of having a potential
RECONCILE.
is not fulfilled, these two curves are called Reconcileable
curves.
2. Capable of being reconciled with something.
1640 HAMMOND Sernt. xii. Wks. 1684 IV. 549 Before we
could scarce allow it reconcileable with his infinite justice.
1698 FRYER Ace, E. India $ P. HI. i. 92 The Habits and
Customs of this Place are reconcileable with them in the
Kingdom of Gulconda 1736 BUTLER Anal, \. i. Wks. 1874
I. 33 That we are to live hereafter, is just as reconcileable
with the scheme of atheism. 18x8 BYRON Ch. Har. iv. Ixiii.
note, The account in Polybius is not so easily reconcileable
with present appearances as that in Livy. 1882 A. W. WARD
Dickens vii. 199 The irony of Smollett is drier than was
reconcileable with Dickens' nature.
b. Const, to. Now rare.
1691 HARTCLIFFE Virtues 200 Thus to represent Religion,
as a thing reconcileable to Evil, is the greatest Scandal to it.
1748 HARTLEY Observ. Man i. ii. 158 The Action of acrid
Poisons is very reconcileable to the Doctrine. x8i8 BENTHAM
Ch. Eng, Cateck. Exam, 56 The language is here reconcile*
able to the rules of common sense.
t C. ellipt. without const. Obs. rare.
1646 SIR T. BROWNE Pseud. Ef. 108 But with more tlifti-
culty, or hardly at all is that reconcilable which is delivered
by our Count reyiuaii. 1719 WATERLAND yind. Christ's Div.
375 Are you well assured that you understand whatever is
intelligible or reconcilable ?
3. Of persons, their natures, etc. : Easily con-
ciliated or reconciled. Now rare.
16*1 T. WILLIAMSON tr. Goulart's Wise Vieillard 78 When
we see the minde of man . . to abandon hatred, and to be of
a peaceable and reconcilable inclination, it is a signe that it
is in an excellent state of rest and tranquilitie. 1641 J.
JACKSON True Evang. T. in. 172 It is a disposition and
temper truly EuangeTicall, and savouring of Christ, to be
peaceable, and reconcileable. 0x711 KEN Div. Love Wks.
(1838) 291 Let thy love, thou God of love, make me peaceful
and reconcileable, always ready to return good for evil, to
repay injuries with kindness.
4. a. Admitting of reconciliation. rare~l.
1643 MILTON Divorce u. xvii. Wks. (1851) 107 Christ . . de-
clares that no accidental, temporary, or reconcileable offence
except fornication, can justifie a divorce.
•fr b. Capable of being made acceptable or
agreeable. Const, to (a person). Obs. rare.
X790 HAN. MORE Relig. Fash. World (1791) 252 The dark
veil. .is reconcileable to him who.. trusts confidently that
the catastrophe will set all to rights. 1799 WASHINGTON
Lett. Writ. 1893 XIV. 165, I do not think it will be a very
reconcilable matter to Gentlemen of more respectable ages
. . to have a young man . . placed over their heads.
Hence Re'concilably adv.
1688 COLLIER Several Disc. (1725) 197 Except we are
kindly and reconcileably disposed towards our Neighbour.
Re'COncilableness. Now rare. [f. prec.
+ -NESS.] Reconcilability.
16^4 HAMMOND Fundam. xvi. § 33 Thirdly, that this
[cylinder] cannot be a fit resemblance to shew the reconcile-
ableness of fate with choice. 1685 BOYLE (title) Of the
Reconcileableness of Specifick Medicines to the Corpuscular
Philosophy. 1757 EDWARDS Orig, Sin iv. iv. (1837) 278
Which the apostle signifies are testimonies to Gods reconcil-
ableness to sinful men. 1882 Blackw. Mag. July 90 There
never lived a man that had less malice and revenge nor
more reconcilableness and kindness and generosity in his
nature than he.
Reconcile (re'k^nsail), v. Forms : 4-6 recon-
fiile> (5 -syte> 6 -cyle), 4- reconcile (also 4-5
recounsile, -syle, -cile, 7 Sc. -ceal). [ad. F. re*-
cotuilitr (i2th c.) or L. reconcili-dret f. re- RE- +
condliare to CONCILIATE. See also KECOUNSEL v.}
I. 1. trans. To bring (a person) again into
friendly relations to or with (oneself or another)
after an estrangement.
13. . Propr. Sanct. (Vernon MS.) in Archiv Stud, neu. Spr.
LXXXI. 315/133 JHs ilke holi chirche .. bat god in his sone
. . To him-self Reconciled, hit was clene vndefuiled. 138*
WYCLIF 2 Cor. v. 19 God was in Crist, reconcilynge to him
the world. 1450-1530 Myrr. our Ladye 191 Oure lady de-
lyuer vs from all our wyckednesses, reconsylynge vs to thy
moste pyteous sonne. x$6o DAUS tr. Steidane's Cotnm.
426 b, They. . reconcile hym to Marques Albert. 1593 SHAKS.
2 Hen. VIt iv. viii. 72 Follow me souldiers, wee'l deuise a
meane, To reconcile you all vnto the King. 1879 DIXON
Windsor II. x. 105 The king's desire to reconcile his cousin
with his friend.
transf. 1849 DE QUINCEY Mail*Coach Wks. 1897 XIII.
324 Battle-fields that; long since, nature had healed and re-
conciled to herself with the sweet oblivion of flowers.
b. refl.
1535 COVERDALE Tobit viii. 4 These thre nightes wil we
reconcyle cure selues with God. 1581 N. LICHEFIELD tr.
Caitanlieda's Cony. E. [nd. I. Ixviii. 139 They returned to
the king of Coching, with whom they reconcyled themselues.
1675 H. NEVILE tr. Machitaiellfs Prince Wks. 207 The
Ursmi reconciled themselves to him, by the mediation of
Seignor Paulo. 1819 SHELLEY Cenci I. i. 36 Thou mightst. .
reconcile thyself with thine own heart And with thy God,
and with the offended world.
c. In pass., without specified agent.
c 1380 WYCLIF Serin. Sel. Wks. I. 17 It sufBseth bat fwu
go out of ire and be recounsilid in herte wi)> him. 1460
CAPGRAVE Chron. (Rolls) 247 Dreding that if the duke were
reconciled onto the Kyng, it wold bring him onto grete
schame. 1550 COVERDALE Sfir. Perle iv. (1560) 31 God
is reconciled, and at one wilh al Christian men, through
his sonne. liii BIBLE i Esdras iv. 31 If she tooke any
displeasure at him, the King was faine to flatter, that she
might be reconciled to him againe. 1715 Da FOE Fain.
Instruct, i. i. (1841) I. 20 [He) is reconciled to them, as
though they had not sinned against him. 1876 Miss BRAD-
DON J. Haggard's Dan. I. 8 When his father died, recon-
ciled to his only son at the last [etc.].
trans/, a its* J. SMITH Stl. Disc. (18^1) 492 Light and
RECONCILE.
darkness, .can never.. be reconciled one to the other. 1671
MILTON P.R. iv. 413 Fierce rain with lightning mixt, water
with fire In ruine reconcil'd. 1688 MIKGE Gt, Fr. Diet. n.
S.V., He cannot be reconciled with Tobacco (he cannot
endure it).
fd. To recommend, make agreeable. Obs. rare.
1647 CLARENDON Hist. Reb. \. § 98 His courtesy and affa-
bility. . marvellously reconciled [him] to all men. Ibid. § 105
The Treasurer's talent in removing prejudice and reconciling
himself to wavering and doubtful affections.
2. To win over (a person) again to friendship with
oneself or another.
1387 TRE VISA ///£•<&« (Rolls) 11.405 lason reconsilede and
took a}en his wif Medea wij> his stepsone Medus. 1494
FABVAN Chron. v. cxxvii. 108 Wherfore by fayre and easy
meanes he called home his sone and recouncilid hym, and
forgaue all trespace. a 1547 SURREY in Tottcfs Misc. (Arb.)
29 An eye . . Frendes to allure, and foes to reconcile. 1592
SHAKS. R out. fy Jul. HI. iii. 151 Till we can finde a time To
. . reconcile your Friends, Beg pardon of thy Prince, and
call thee backe. 1x1700 DRYDEN Iliad \. 430 To reconcile
the shooter God, Within her hollow Sides the sacrifice he
stow'd. 1712 LADY M. W. MONTAGU Let. to W. Montagu
9-11 Dec., Lord Halifax . . says . . he . . will take pains to
reconcile my FfatherJ. 1813 SCOTT Rokeby iv. xxi, He
came in secret to inquire Her state and reconcile her sire.
1833 TENNYSON Lotos Eaters 126 Let what is broken so
remain. The Gods are hard to reconcile.
b. In p ass., without specified agent.
c 1386 CHAUCER ,l/e/#. F 216 Thou shall eschue the conseil-
lyng of thyne olde enemys that been reconsiled. 1494 FABYAN
Chron. vi. cxcvii. 203 Elfricus. .fled as a false traytour, and
after that reconsyled, fled the seconde tyme to the Danys.
1667 MILTON P. L.xi. 39 Let him live Before thee reconcil'd.
1847 TENNYSON Princ. vii. 73 Nor did her father cease to
press my claim, Nor did mine own now reconciled,
3. To set (estranged persons or parties) at one
again ; to bring back into concord, to reunite (per-
sons or things) in harmony.
1429 Pol. Poems (Rolls) II. 145 Eschew flatery. ., Folkes
reconsile that stonde desolate. 1495 Trevisa's Barth. De
P. R. x. iii. (W. de W.) 373 Though the elementes ben neuer
so contrary eueryche to other yet by influence of heuen and
vertue of planetes they ben reconsyled in theyr dooynges
and broughte to acorde. 1588 SHAKS. Tit. A. i. i. 467 Let
it be mine honour. -That I haue reconcil'd your friends and
you. 1681 T. JOKDAN London's Joy 8 Till an Invasion make
them Friends too late, And Reconcile in Ruine. a 1727
NEWTON Chronol. Amended ii. (1728) 227 An embassador
who reconciled two contending nations. 1782 COWPER Lily
ff Rose 2* Thus sooth'd and reconciled, each seeks The
fairest British fair. 1877 FROUDR Short Stud. (1883) IV. i.
vii. 80 Lewis and Henry were reconciled amidst general satis-
faction and enthusiasm.
f4. To bring (a person) back to, into peace,
favour, etc. Also rejl* Obs.
1381 WYCLIF i Esdras iv. 31 If she were wroth to hym, he
glosith, to the time that he be recounsilid in to grace, c 1386
CHAUCER Melib. r 39 Somme of hise olde enemys reconsiled
. . to his loue and in to his grace. 1536 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W.
1531) 261 For them..whiche. .be at discorde & debate, to
reconsyle them topeace & concorde. 1577-87 HOLINSHED
Chron. III. 7/1 Earle Walteof, who had . . slaine manic
Normans with his owne hands, was reconciled into the
kings fauour. 1594 SHAKS. Rich. ///, u. i. 59, I desire To
reconcile me to his Friendly peace.
T 5. To bring back, restore, or readmit to the
Church, spec, the Church of Rome. (In later use
also with const, front}. Obs.
1387 TREVISA Higden (Rolls) V. 317 pe pope lustinus re-
concilede be bisshoppes £>at Anastacius hadde excited, c 1400
A pot. Loll. 93 If bei mend by J>e penaunce of be kirk [they
may] be recounsilid. 1494 FABYAN CAr^«. vii. (1533) II. 47b/i
The albygensis .. had ben effected with dyuers poyntes of
herysy, and many tymes reconcyled by the fcynges of
Fraunce. ? 1567 NORTON Bull granted to Harding'&h The
Pope . . hath graunted to Doctor Harding . . a certain
authoritie . . to reconcile Englishmen to the bosome of the
Romane Chirch. 1607 Drewrifs A rraignm. in Harl. Misc.
(1745) III. 39/1 Being made Priest by Authority deriued from
the Pope, .to reconcile, seduce, and alienate loyall Subjects
Harts from Loue . . and Dutie to their Soueraigne. a. 1625
SIR H. FINCH Law (1636) 223 To put in vre any bull, or
instrument of absolution, or reconciliation from Rome, or to
take vpon one.. to absolue or reconcile any person.
fb. pass, and reft. To become united to a
church. Obs.
Perh. sometimes associated with sense i or 8.
1639 DHL MM. of HAWTH. Conv. iv. B. Jonson Wks. (1711)
324 Ben Johnson . . was 12 years a papist ; but after this he
was reconciled to the church of England. 1689 LUTTRELL
Brief Rel. (1857) I. 507 The house of commons have thought
fitt to commit* Sir Edward Hales and Obadiah Walker for
high treason in reconcileing themselves to the church of
Rome. 1700 Ibid. IV. 662 The countesse of Jersey, who
was a Roman catholick, is said to be reconciled to the
church of England. 1769 BLACKSTONE Comm. IV. 555 Where
a person is reconciled to the see of Rome, or procures others
to be reconciled, the offence amounts to high Treason.
c. refl. [After It. riconciliarsi.\ To confess
(oneself), rare"1.
1869 BROWNING RingfyBk. xn. 181 He turned to the con-
fessor, crossed And reconciled himself, with decency.
6. Ecd. To purify (a church, etc.) by a special
service after profanation.
c 1386 CHAUCER Pars. T. p 891 (Ch. Ch. MS.) If the chirche
be halewed..the chirche is entredited til it be reconsiled by
the bysshope. c 1440 Jacob's Well 130 Whanne (K>U dost
violent m halwyd place., banne J>ou diffoulyst be place, bat
it nedyth to be reconsyled a}en. 1535 COVERDALE Lev.
xvi. 20 Whan he hath made an ende of reconcylinge the
Sanctuary, a 1656 Bi>. HALL Rein. Wks. (1660) 257 Upon
the burial of an heretick within the precincts the Church
must be reconciled. 1717-41 CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v. Reeonci-
liarii A church is said reconciliari, to be reconciled^ when
261
it is consecrated afresh, after having been polluted or pro-
fancd ; as by the possession of pagans, heretics, etc. 1884
Catholic Diet, s.v. Desecration^ If any of the cases cited
above_have occurred, . . the church or cemetery cannot be
used till it has been purified or reconciled by the bishop.
fb. To restore to purity, to absolve or cleanse.
c 1430 LYDG. A/in. Poems (Percy Soc.) 102 The sacrament
:_ • -T.1-. _- T> M*_- _ __.i
than snow.
•f* C. To expiate, atone for. Obs.
X5?5 COVERDALE i Sam. iii. 14 This wickednes of y° house
of Lli shall not be reconcyled..with sacrifice. — Ecclus.
xxvti. 21 As for woundes they maye be bounde vp agayne,
and an euell worde maye be reconcyled. 1575 Brieff Disc.
Troub. Franckford 180 As water quencheth burninge fire,
so dothe mercie reconcile synnes.
yd. absol. To make atonement. Obs. rare—1.
1539 BIBLE (Great) Lev. vi. 30 And no synne offrynge ..
brought into the tabernacle of witnesse to reconcyle with all
in the holy place, shal be eaten.
f 7. To conciliate, recover (a person's favour, etc.) ;
to gain (credit). 06s.
1390 GOWER Can/, v. 17423, His Sone .. haj> his grace re-
conciled ffro which be man was ferst exiled. 1590 SPENSER
F. Q. ii. it. 33 To rest themselves, and grace to reconcile.
1609 HUME Admonit. in Wodrow Soc. Misc. (1844) 585 That
. . the Prince's . . unfainzed favour [might be] reconcealed.
1665 GLANVILL De/. Van* Dogm. 80 That they might recon-
cile credit to their writings upon him.
8. To bring into a state of acquiescence (t witK]
or submission to a thing. Also refl. and with inf.
1606 SHAKS. Ant. <fr Cl. u. vii, 8 Hee cries out, no more ;
reconciles them to his entreatie, and himselfe to th' drinke.
1677 MI£GK Fr. Diet. ir. s.v., He could not reconcile him-
self to do it. 1694 LOCKE Hunt. Und. u. xxi. (ed. 2) § 69
Trials often reconcile us to that, which at a distance we
looked on with aversion. 1722 DE FOE Hist. Plague (1756)
202 People who had been used to join with the Church,
were reconcil'd at this Time with the admitting the Dis-
senters to preach to them. 1753 HOGARTH Anal. Beauty 7
How gradually does the eye grow reconciled even to a
disagreeable dress. 1838 LYTTON Alice i.x, He contrived to
reconcile himself to the intended visit. 1879 FROUDE Caesar
xx. 335 Not subdued only, but reconciled to subjugation.
absol. 1795 Montford Castle II. 155 Launcelot. .felt quite
reconciled at not following our hero.
b. refl. To settle into position.
ci857 ADM. MENDS in Life xxii. (1899)310 A cheer on deck
announced the ship afloat, and by the time I reached the
deck she was just reconciling herself between the bowers.
II. 9. To adjust, settle, bring to agreement
(a controversy, quarrel, etc.).
1390 GOWER Con/. III. 138 The word this worldes cause
entriketh And reconsileth whan him liketh. 1560 DAUS tr.
Sleidaiie^s Comm. 37 He wil have such continual warre with
the, as^shall never be reconciled. 1617 MORYSON I tin. i. 161
There is no more hope that wee should meete to reconcile
this quarrel). 1699 LUTTRELL Brief Rel. (1857) IV. 481 The
lords .. reconciled a difference between the earls of Peter-
borough and Orford about the army^. 1749 FIELDING Tom
Jones v. ix, The quarrel was .. reconciled. 1863 E. V. NEALE
Anal. Th. ff Nat. 117 Some independent principle, through
which to reconcile the opposition of subject and object in
the individual.
t b. To smooth over (an inequality). Obsr^-
X7X» J- JAMES tr. Le Blond's Gardening f>\ Grass-plots.,
that serve to reconcile the Inequality of two Pieces of
Ground.
10. To make (discordant facts, statements, etc.)
consistent, accordant, or compatible with each other.
15^0 DAUS tr. Steidane's Comm. i8ob, They, .have recon-
cyled dyverse and weyghty articles of doctryne. 1605 SHAKS.
Macb. iv. iii. 139 Such welcome, and vnwelcom things at
once, 'Tis hard to reconcile. 1697 COLLIER Ess. Mor. Subj.
u. (1703) 145 Conscience and covetousness are never to be
reconciled : like fire and water, they always destroy each
other. 1759 STERNE Tr. Shandy I. xxii, Two contrary
motions are introduced, and reconciled which were thought
to be at variance with each other. 1835 THIRLWALL Greece
I. 57 In this respect, as in others, they present two aspects,
which it is not easy to reconcile, and neither of which can
be shown to be absolutely false. 1868 FREEMAN Norm.
Conq. (1876) II. App. 530 The only means of reconciling the
different accounts.
absol. 1675 BAXTER Cath. Theol. n. i. 88 Let me hear
what your own conceptions are of the matter, if they tend to
elucidate or reconcile.
11. To make (an action, condition, quality, etc.)
compatible or consistent in fact or in one's mind
with another ; to regard as consistent with. Also
const, to.
1614 BP. H. KING Epit. Ld. Dorset, AsouL.That reconciled
the sword unto the pen, Using both well. 1649 JER. TAYLOR
Gt. Exemp. i. iv. § 4. 46 But God hath pleased to reconcile
his glory with our eternal benefit. 1769 Junius Lett. ix. 40
It was hardly possible for you to reconcile your political
interest with your duty. 1809 MALKIN Gil Bias vm. i. F 2
There was no reconciling such a frosty reception with the
glowing portrait ascribed to this paragon. 1874 GREEN
Short Hist. vii. § 6 Every day made it harder for a Catholic
to reconcile Catholicism with loyalty to his Queen.
b. To make (a theory, statement, author, etc.)
agree with another or with a fact ; to show to be
in agreement with* Also const, to.
1613 PURCHAS Pilgrimage i. xiii. 60 It breedes much diffi-
cultie, to reconcile the ancient historic of the Babylonian. .
Empire, with the kingdomes and Kings in that Chapter.
i66z STILLINGKL. Orig. Sacr. i. v. § a Thus we see.. that it
is possible to reconcile some of the Egyptian extravagant
accounts to some probability and consistency with truth.
1719 BUTLER Serm, Compassion Wks. 1874 II. 54 note%
A plain matter of fact, which men cannot reconcile with
the general account they think fit to give of things. 1748
RECONCILEMENT.
RICHARDSON Clarissa (1811) VII. 260 It is impossible .. to
reconcile those contents to the facts I have to communicate.
1884 tr. Lotze's Metaph. 201 To show by what general line
of thought my view of space might be reconciled with the
particular facts of Nature.
C. ellipt. without const.
1656 BRAMHALL Replic. i. i Yet there is one thing which
I cannot reconcile [etc.], a 1658 CLEVELAND Wks. (1687) 182
Who reconcil'd the Covenant's doubtful sence. 1761 FOOTE
Liar u. Wks. 1700 I. 302 But suppose, Sir. there should be
an unsurmountable objection? O. Wild. Oh, leave the
reconciling that to me ; I am an excellent casuist.
d. To bring (a thing) to form, etc. rare.
1709 POPE Ess. Crit. i. 174" Some figures monstrous and
mis-shap'd appear, Consider d singly, or beheld too near,
Which. -Due distance reconciles to form and grace.
12. To make even or smooth, or fit together so
as to present a uniform surface.
a 1687 [see RECONCILED///. a.b]. 1793 [see RECONCILING
ppl. a. b]. c 1850 Rudim. Navig. (Weale) 140 To reconcile^
to make one piece of work answer fair with the moulding or
shape of the adjoining piece ; and, more particularly, in the
reversion of curves. 1875 [see RECONCILING vbl. sb. b].
t TTT. 13. intr. To become reconciled. Obs.
1666 ABP. SANCROFT Occas. Serm. 104 Your Thoughts
though much startled at first, by degrees reconcile to it. 1683
CROWNE City Politiques iv. i, For shame, reconcile, pray
reconcile. 1756 H. WALPOLE Let. to Mann 19 Sept., He..
abuses Count Bruhl with so much contempt, that one
reconciles to him very fast.
Hence Re^concilee*, one who is reconciled ; Re**
conci leless a., that cannot be reconciled.
agst. Conunw. 67
provisions that the 'reconciles ' should not engage in busi-
ness elsewhere, extended a system of espionage over them.
Reconciled (re-k^nsaild), ppl. a. [f. prec. +
-ED 1. j Restored to friendship, harmony, etc.
1c 1470 G. ASHBV Active Policy 755 He endith not wele
that vngodly ment, Withoute a reconsiled amendment.
a 1548 HALL Chron.. Hen. VII I 170 The Frenche kyng,
his newe reconsiled frende. 1598 DALLINGTON Meth. Trav.
F iij b, A man must neuer trust a reconciled enemy, especially
his King. 1677 W. HUBBARD Narrative 102 Capt. Church
. . with but thirty English-men, and twenty reconciled
Indians, took twenty three of the Enemy. 1732 POPE Ep.
Bathurst 166 Thro' reconcil'd extremes of drought and rain.
x8ao SCOTT Monast. v, The look of a confessor who resigns
a reconciled penitent, not to earth, but to heaven. 1860
MOTLEY Netherl. viii. I. 504 No language could describe
the misery of the reconciled Provinces.
absol. 1628 T. SPENCER Logick 115 If Christs death re-
conciled an enemie, then his life will saue the reconciled.
•f* b. Made to run evenly with each other. Obs.
a 1687 PETTY Nav.Phitos. in T. H[aleJ Ace. New Invent.
(1691) i24Theforementioned Incurvations are to be trimmed
and repaired by reconciled lines.
Reconcilement (re-k^nsailment). [-MENT.]
1. The fact of reconciling or being reconciled to
another or to each other. Cf. RECONCILIATION I.
1549 Form Consecr. Bps. in Lindsay Vind. Ch. Eng. (1734)
p. xxvt Grant . .suche grace that He male euermore be ready
to sprede abrod thy Gospell, and glad tidynges of reconcile-
ment to God. 1611 SPEED Hist. Gt. Brit. ix. viii. (1623) 551
The General!.. seriously perswaded his Lord to reconcile-
ment with his vncle. 1667 MILTON P. L. iv. 98 Never can
true reconcilement grow Where wounds of deadly hale
have peirc'd so deep. 1760-7* H. BROOKE Fool ofQital.
(1809) I. 157 [He] was fain to plead and sue for reconcile-
ment. 1847 TENNYSON Princ. vi. 268 Make reconcilement
sure With one that cannot keep her mind an hour.
b. With a and//. An instance of this.
1560 DAUS tr. Sleidane's Comm. 263 He ought . . to forget
al displeasure, though no reconcilement had bene made.
'595 DANIEL Civ. Wars i. xxxiv, A reconcilement made,
although not meant. 169* SOUTH iz Serm, (1697) I. 418
Hector and Ajax.. ended that combat in a reconcilement.
1761 HUMK Hist. Eng. I. iv. 123 The interposition of the
queen, and other common friends, brought about a recon-
cilement. 1831 SCOTT Cf. Robt. ix, Four weeks .. marked
by quarrels and reconcilements between the crusaders and
the Grecians of the empire.
t2. The fact of restoring or reuniting to the
Church, spec, to the Church of Rome. Obs. = RE-
CONCILIATION 2.
71567 NORTON (title) A Bull graunted by the Pope to
Doctor Harding . . , by reconcilement and assoyling of
English Papistes, to vndermyne faith and allegeance
to the Quene. 1600 W. WATSON Decacordon (1602) 266
Such straite lawes .. for comnung into England of Semi-
narie priests,, .reconcilement, perswasions to the catholike
faith, and the like.
3. The act of settling or bringing to an agree-
ment ; a harmonizing or bringing into concord.
1560 DAUS tr. Sleidane's Comm. 92 George Truckesse,
and Vehus . . had deuysed a reconcilement touchyng the
Masse and Vowes. 1614 WOTTON Archit. in Relta. (1651)
218 Two opposite affectations, Uniformity and Variety,
which yet will very well suffer a good reconcilement. 1649
ROBERTS Clavis Bibl. 105 The reconcilement of this seem-
ing discord. 1817 MOORE Lalla R. 293 The reconcilement
of a sort of lover's quarrel. 1877 MRS. OLIPHANF Makers
Flor. iii. 74 The arbitrary settlement of her affairs and
reconcilement of her difficulties.
f4. The act of appeasing. Obs. rare~l.
1581 J. BELL H addons Answ. Osor. 453 b, The Sacrifice
of the body and blond of Christ offred for the reconcilement
of Gods wrath and displeasure.
5. The fact or condition of being (or becoming)
reconciled to or with a thing.
1805 WORDS w. Prelude v. 517 The time of trial, ere we
learn to live In reconcilement with our stinted powers. 1831
Hr. MARTINEAU Homes Abroad i. 17 This assisted his
BECONCILEB.
reconcilement to the emigration plan. 1876 BANCROFT Hist.
U. S. V. i. 335 The illusion of a reconcilement to the dominion
of Britain.
Reconciler (re*k#is»ilw). Also 6 -or, -our.
[f. as prec. + -ER1.]
1. One who reconciles. Cf. RECONCILIATOB.
1586 T. B. La Primand. Fr. A cad. i. (1594) 102 Sent
from heaven to be a common reformer, governor, and recon-
cilour of the whole world. x66<> MANLEY Grotius' Low C,
Warres 457 He accepted of him to be a Moderator and
Reconciler of Differences in Religion. 1768-74 TUCKER
Lt. Nat. (1834) II. 381 In order to maintain the character
I have assumed in this volume of a reconciler between
religion and reason. 1836 HOR. SMITH Tin Trump. (1876)
265 The reconciler of all misgivings. 1884 COURTHOPE
Addison ix. 163 He is to be regarded as the reconciler of
parties, and founder of public opinion.
b. spec, applied to Christ.
1563 FOXE A. <$• M. 1035/1 Christ, our only and sufficient
mediatour, reconcitor, priest and sacrifice. 16x6 HAYWARU
Sanct. Troub. Soul \. vi. (1620)99 O Reconciler ! whom wilt
thou reconcile to thy Father . . ? 1690 NORRIS Beatitudes
(1692) 3 Blessing became the mouth of him, who was the
Reconciler of God and Man. 1875 LIGHTFOOT Cotnm. CoL
(ed. 2) 180 The conception of the person of Christ as . . the
true and only reconciler of heaven and earth.
2. That which reconciles; -\spec. a reconciling
argument or statement.
1588 FRAUNCE Lawiers Log. i. ii. 7 That which they call
Medium, a third argument, is, as it were, an Arbiter
honorarius, a determiner, a reconciler. 1615 CROOKE Body
of Man 921 If it be obiected out of Galen.. We answere
with the Reconciler ; that Galen then speaketh of mem-
branous and broade ligaments which issue from the bones.
1654 FULLER (title) A Triple Reconciler, stating the Con-
troversies [etc.]. 1830 LYTTON P. Clifford xxvi, The uni-
versal reconciler — custom. 1860 WARTER Sea-board II. 453
Many a hard grip of the hand . . was a sure Reconciler.
attrib. a 1700 DRYDEN Iliad i. 613 The Reconciler
Bowl, went round the Board,
b. Shipbuilding. (See quots.)
1849 [see RECONCILING ppl. a. b]. c*B$o Rtiditn. Nawig,
(Weale) 140 Reconciler or reconciling sweep. A curve which
reconciles the floor and lower breadth sweeps together, and
thus the shape of the body is formed below the breadth.
So Re'conciless, a female reconciler.
1865 PUSEY Truth Eng. Ch. 179 Being., the most powerful
mediatress and reconciless (conciliatrix) of the whole world
with her only-begotten Son.
Reconci'liable, ' rare—1. [i.'L.reconcili-dre',
cf. CONCILIABLE a. and obs. F. reconci liable.] Re-
concilable. Hence Be conciliabrlity.
1856 OLMSTED Slave States 500 This ruling intellect tries
to make practicably reconciliable the social system of the
State with the Constitution of the Confederacy, a 1861
CUNNINGHAM Hist. Theol. (1864) II. xxiv. 322 Not properly
reconciliation, but rather what has been called reconcilia-
bility, or a capacity of being reconciled.
t Reconciliage. Obs. rare-1, [f. as prec.
•f -AGE.] Reconciliation, reconciling.
1626 LD. HERBERT Let. in Lz/e(iS86) 258 After the recon-
ciliage of the distracted affections of this, .people.
t Reconciliate, sb. Obs. rare-1. In 7 -at.
[ad. L. reconciliatus, pa. pple. of reconcilidre to
RECONCILE.] One who is reconciled.
16x1 SPEED Hist. Gt. Brit. ix. viii. § 7. 485 But Heauens
were not so propitious to these Reconciliats, as so to hold
them long.
ReCOncHiate, v. 10bs. rare. [See prec.]
trans. To conciliate again, reconcile. Hence Re-
conci'liating///. a,
1713 Briton No. n (1724) 51 One .. who possesses such
calm reconciliating Principles. 1748 LD. CRAWFURDin Lett.
Lady Jane Stewart 16, 1 have also engaged my Lord Home,
who is gone down to Lord Mark Kerr's to reconciliate him.
1791 E. CLARKE Sword I. 132 Let me request that you will
..repair to your Father's Tent, where the Princess now is,
and .. endeavour to reconciliate her Affections.
Reconciliation (re'k^nsili^-Jan). [a. F. re-
conciliation (i4th c. in Littre), or ad. L. reconcilia-
tidn-em, n. of action f. reconcilidre to RECONCILE.]
1. The action of reconciling persons, or the result
of this ; the fact of being reconciled.
£1386 CHAUCER Melib. r 724 If I hadde seyd that ye
sholde han purchaced the pees and the reconsihacion I ne
hadde nat muchel mystaken me. 1473 Rolls ofPaHt. VI.
66/1 By the reconsihation of the merchauntes of the said
Hanze. 1494 FABYAN Chron. i. xvii. 16 And after certayne
message sent to hym of reconcilyacion. 1569 Reg. Privy
Council Scot. Ser. i. II. 10 [They) sail entir in reconsilia-
tioun freindschip and amytie ilkane with utheris. 1603
HOLLAND Plutarch's Mor. 38 Nestor, contrariwise, intend-
ing to make a motion as touching the reconciliation and
pacifying of Achilles. 1693 CONGREVE Old Bach. HI. ii,
I.. hav« fram'd a Letter, that makes her sue for Reconcilia-
tion first. 1741 RICHARDSON Pamela (1824) 1. 67 Well, come,
I will forgive you for this time ; and so kissed me as a mark
ofreconciliation. 1841 ELPHINSTONE ffist. Ind. II. x. i. 371
Messages passed between Shah JehSn and the emperor, but
with.. Tittle effect in producing a reconciliation. *&74 MA-
HAFFY StK. Life Greece viii, 254 To live in reconciliation
with political foes.
b. spec, in religious use, of God and man.
13.. Propr. Sonet. (Vernon MS.) in Archiv tteu, Spr.
LXXXI. 315/148 pe goode world, .pat holi chirche we calle
moun, Is falle to Reconsiliacioun. c 14*0 LYDG. Assembly
of Gods 1753 For then came the Tyme of Reconsylyacion of
man to God. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 244 b, One
act of adoracyon of hym Lad ben sufficyent for our recon-
siliacyon to his eternall father. 158* N. T. (Rhem.) 2 Cor.
v. 18. 1641 HINDE y. Bruen xxvii. 83 Ambassadors of
peace, preaching unto the the glad tydings of the Gospell,
by the word of reconciliation. 1884 J. TAIT Mind in
262
Matter (1892) 330 He presents Himself as at once the
Reconciliation and the Reconciler.
to. Restoration to favour. Obs. rare~l.
1336 CROMWELL in Merriman Life fy Lett. (1902) II. 41 Two
letteres writen . . for their restitucion and reconsiliacion to
the king of Scottes fauour.
2. Rennion of a person to a church.
i6j$ tr. Gottsalvicfs Sp. Inquis. no Another sort of sen.
tences there are that haue a shew of more mercie, which
they call reconciliations. 1639 DRUMM. OF HAWTH. Corn.',
w. />. Jotison Wks. (1711) 224 At his first communion, in
token of his tnie reconciliation, lie drunk out the full cup of
wine. 1753 CHAMBERS Cycl. Sufp., Reconciliation of peni-
tents, in church history. 1884 in Catholic Diet.
3. The purification, or restoration to sacred uses,
of a church, etc., after desecration or pollution.
1533 BELLENDEN Lay v. (1822) 476 Eftir the reconsilia-
cioun of the templis, confederacioun and alliance of amite
wes made betwix the Romanis and pepil, namit Ceretes.
»554 Chan k-ai. Ace. St. Margaret's, Westminster (Nichols
1797) 14 Paid for iii Capons for the Bishop's dinner at the
reconciliacion of the Church. 1846 MASKELL Mon. Rit. I.
p. cclvi, At the laying of the first stone of a church : at its
consecration and reconciliation. 1889 Ck. Times 23 Aug.
759 Reconciliation of a Font.
4. The action of bringing to agreement, concoid,
or harmony.
1560 DAUS tr. Slcitiane's Comm. 89 b, If they went about
the reconsiliation of Religion, a iftcj }. ROGERS 19 Serin.
('735) i: 8 These Distinctions . . give us a clear and easy
Reconciliation of those seeming Inconsistencies of Scripture,
with Respect to this Affection. 1758 JOHNSON Idler No. 4
r 13 The spirit of charity can only De continued by a recon-
ciliation of these ridiculous feuds. 1847 EMEKSON Refr.
Mex, Montaigne Wks. (Bohn) I. 348 The absence of any
appearance ofreconciliation between the theory and practice
of life. 1875 JOWEIT Plato (ed. 2) IV. n Without any re-
conciliation . . he speaks at one time of God or Gods, and at
another time of the good.
Reconciliative(rek(7nsi'li|ativ),a. rare. [ad.
L. type *reconciliattv-us, f. ppl. stem of reconcilidre
to RECONCILE : see -ATIVE.] Reconciliatory.
'773 }• Ross Fratricide v. 101 (MS.) Eve's sweet maternity
And earnest reconciliative will 1855 LYNCH Lett, to Scat-
tered \l. 89 On those who believe, his [God's] reconciliative
Love exerts Power to produce moral union with Him.
Keconciliator (relc^si-li^'tai). [a. L. rccon-
cUHter, agent-n. f. reconcili&re to RECONCILE. Cf.
F. recomiliateur (:6th c. in Littre').] A reconciler.
'577 tr- Bullingrr's Decades (1502) 662 He that is an
intercessour, must also be a reconcihatour or an attonement
maker. 18*0 Blackw. Mag. VII. 667 A good dinner is the
Jacillimc frincefs of reconciliators. 1881-3 SCHAFF Excycl.
Relig. Kiuriyl. I. 73 Ammonius Saccas, the pagan eclectic,
the reconciliator of Plato and Aristotle.
So Reconciliatrlx. rare ~°.
1611 COTCR., Conciliatrice, a conciUatrix, reconciliatrix.
Reconciliatory (rekjJnsHiiatari), a. [ad. L.
type *recoiiciliatoriiis : see prec. and -OBT. Cf. F.
rtamtiliatabri ( 1 6th c. in Littre ).] Of words, actions,
etc. : Tending to reconciliation.
1586 A. DAY Eng. Secretary I. (1625) 87 An example Re-
conciliatorie, from one friend to another. 1613-18 DANIEL
Coll. Hist. Eitf. (1626) 105 Deceiuing both the world, and
themselues with shewe of couenants reconciliatory. 1657
HEYLIN Ecclesia Vind. 345 After the said Comminalion
there are some certain reconciliatorie Psalms, or Prayers,
that follow after. 1748 RICHARDSON Clarissa (1811) V. 226
All blessed the reconciliatory scheme. 1784 J. BROWN Hist.
Brit. Ck. (1820) I. vi. 144 Reconciliatory letters passed
between them. 1865 tr. Strauss' Life Jesus I. n. x. 74 His
statements are sometimes reconciliatory.
Reconciling (re-kjfassilirj), vbl. sb. [f. RE-
CONCILE v. + -ING 1.] The action of the vb. RECON-
CILE; reconciliation.
138* WYCLIF Isa. Ix. jo In my recounsiling I hadde
reuthe of thee. c 1386 CHAUCER Melib. p 725 The dissension
bigynneth by another man, and the reconsilyng by-gynneth
by thy self. 1535 COVERDALE 2 Mace. xii. 46 He thought it
to be good & honorable for a reconcylmge, to do the
same for those which were slayne. 1667 W. MOUNTAGU in
Bnccleuck MSS. (Hist. MSS. Comm.) I. 316 His business
was_to desire the completing of your Lordship's reconciling
to him, . . he desiring so much your reconciling.
to. The action of smoothing or planing ; removal
of roughnesses (see RECONCILE i>. 12).
1875 LASLETT Timber 297 Kauri Pine is also employed for
the decks of yachts., and does not require the reconciling or
planing over, which is frequently found necessary if other
woods are worked.
Reconciling (re-kpnssilirj), ///. a. [f. as prec.
+ -ING 2.] That reconciles.
1S94 ?GREENE Seliuws 1545 Friend, let me see thy letter
once again, That I may read these reconciling lines. 1658-9
Burton's Diary (1828) IV. 204 That is agreed to be a very
reconciling motion, and may heal all the heats and differ-
ences about it. 17x7 POPE Elolsa 145 Thy eyes diffused
a reconciling ray. 1801 SOUTHEY in Robberds Mem. W.
Taylor(i&4$ I. 378 A man of gentle and reconciling manners.
1878 SEELEY Stein II. 475 The peaceful and reconciling
revolution to which Stein had shown the way.
b. spec. Applied to curves or moulds which ac-
commodate lines or surfaces to each other.
1793 SMEATON Edystone L. § 81 By reconciling Curves,
I could adapt every part of the base upon the rock to the
regularly turned tapering body. 1849 WEALE Diet. Terms,
Reconciler, a mould sometimes used to form the hollow in
the topside, which is called the reconciling mould.
Ke-concilist, a. rare. [f. as prec. + -IST.] That
inclines to reconciliation.
1898 Speaker 10 Dec. 695/2 In his early works, .he posed
as orthodox and reconcihst.
RECONDITE.
t Reconcinnate, v. Obs. rare—0, [f. ppl. stem
of L. reconcinnare : see RE- and CONCINNATE z/.]
' To mend or make fit ' (Cockeram 1623).
Reconco-ct, v. [RE- 5 a.] To concoct again.
1630 LENNARD tr. Charron's Wisd. \. xiv. (1670) 51 The
repetition and action of ruminating, reconcocting, trying by
the whetstone of reaspn.
Reconcyle, obs. form of RECONCILE v.
tRecond, v. Obs. rare. [ad. L. rccondere\
see RECONDITE a.]
1. trans. ? To put off, dispense with.
1464 Paston Lett. II. 145 As touchyng Rysyng, he hath
his day Utas Purificatioms, but I have that weye that his
presence is recondet for al this terme.
2. To put away, to set apart.
^658 tr. Porta's Nat. Magic iv. xiii. 139 Figs .. put in an
Oven, and whil'st hot imposed in their own leaves and
reconded in apot. *fy$PhiL Trans. XVII. 657 A Ferment
..somewhere reconded out of the Road of the circulating
Blood, and there gradually maturated.
Recondensa'tion. [RE- 5 a.] A fresh con-
densation.
1860 MAURY Phys. Geog. (Low) iv. 100 During the con-
version.^ liquids into vapours, heat is absorbed, which is
again given out on their recondensation.
Reconde-nse, v. [RE- 5 a. Cf. F. rccondenser
(Godef.).] trans, and intr. To condense again.
trans. 1660 BOYLE New Exp.Phys.Mech. xxii. 176 Such
vapors are even by a very little cold recondensed into Water.
1664 POWER Exp. Philos. n. 117 The Ayr is recondensed
again into its natural and ordinary Consistence. 1871 TYN-
DALL(/>Af«r. Set. 0879) II. xiv. 343 Vapour, which rises in
the air and is recondensed on mountain heights.
iHir. 1658 R. WHITE tr. Digtys Powd. Sytnj>. (1660) 77
As it cools, it recondenseth there into water. 1879 Chambers'
Encycl. (U.S. repr.) VI. 269 Removing the vapor which
would otherwise recondense on the descent of the piston.
Recondesce-nsion. [RE-.] Condescension
(sense 3) shown in returner something.
1679 PULLER Moder. Ch. Eng. (1843) 240 What re-con-
descension hath been made by them for all the indulgences
of his Majesty from first to last?
Recondite (re-k^ndoit), a. Also 7 -dit. [ad.
L. recondit-uSj pa. pple. of recondere to put away,
hide, f. re- RE- + cond^re : see CONDITE a.'2 Cf. It.,
Sp., Pg. reconditOt obs. F. recondit (Cotgr.).
The pronunciations (r/k^*ndait( r/kf iidit) are also recog-
nized by some recent Diets. By Bailey (1731) and Sheridan
(1780) the stressing b given as recondite^ by Johnson as
recondite. See also Walker's note, s.v.]
1. Of things : Removed or hidden from view ;
kept out of sight. Now rare.
1649 BULWER Fathomyot. \\. ii. 108 The Eye is somewhat
recondit betweene its Orbite. 1684 tr. Botut's Merc. Comfit.
xix. 848 The more recondite Seeds of Diseases, are seldom
extirpated without Vomitories. 1796 COLERIDGE Lett. I. 209
My recondite eye sits distent quaintly behind the flesh-hill,
and looks as little as a tomtit's. 18x8 T. L. PEACOCK Maid
Marian xiv, The husband produced some recondite flasks
of wine. xSai LAMB Elia Ser. i. Old Benchers Inner
Temple^ The young urchins, .. not being able to guess at
its recondite machinery, were almost tempted to hail the
wondrous work as magic.
b. spec, in Bot. and Entom.
i8a6 KIRBY & SP. Entomol. IV. 306 Recondite* . . when the
head is wholly covered and sheltered by the shield of the
thorax. 1866 Treat. Bot. 962/1.
C. Retired, avoiding notice.
1881 Casseirs Nat. Hist. V. 316 The Pselaphid* . . bear
a certain analogy to the Paussidse, being, like them of
recondite habits.
2. Removed from ordinary apprehension, under-
standing, or knowledge; deep, profound, abstruse.
a 1652 J. SMITH Stl. Disc. vi. 200 That so his sublime and
recondite doctrine might be the better hid up therein. 1671
Mede's Wks. Pref., In the more abstruse and recondite
parts of Knowledge. 1706 PHILLIPS (ed. Kersey), Recondite,
secret, hidden; as Recondite Mysteries. 177* MACKENZIE
Man World n. ii, The recondite principles of philosophy.
1796 BP. WATSON Apol. Bible (ed. 2) 376 The origin of arts,
or the recondite depths of science. 1850 M'CosH Div. Govt.
n. ii. (1874) 191 In some cases the cause is obvious, and in
others more recondite. 1875 HELPS Soc. Press, xxv. 392
This U all too recondite for me and the examples given are
almost impossible ones for me to imagine.
b. Of learning, investigation, discussion, etc. :
Consisting in, relating to, uncommon or profound
knowledge.
165$ H. L'EsTRANGE Chas. I (1655) 4 A king, (for recondite
learning, and abstruse knowledge) so near a match to Solo-
mon. 1665 GLANVILL Dcf. Van. Dogtn. 40 A close and
recondite Search into the Seminalities of Plants. 1711
FELTON Dissert. Classics (1718) 65 Men of more recondite
Studies and what they call deep learning. iSaa HAZLITT
Table-t. Ser. n. L (1869) 7 A dispute, the most learned and
recondite that ever took place. i86a H. SPENCER First
Princ. i. i. § 5 The office of the most recondite and abstract
inquiries of Science.
C. Of writers, sources, etc. : Obscure, little known.
1817 COLERIDGE Biog. Lit. I. iii. 65, 1 look in vain for any
writer who has conveyed so much information [as Southey],
from so many and such recondite sources. 1841 D'!SRAELI
Amen. Lit. (1867) 662 His knowledge .. in the recondite
literature of the middle ages. 1865 Sat. Rev. 15 July 76/1
The traditional edition of a recondite classical author.
3. Of persons : Writing in an obscure fashion.
1788 V. KNOX Winter Even. II. v. i. 109 They afford a
lesson to the modern metaphysical and recondite writers not
to overvalue their works. 1817 COLERIDGE Biog. Lit. xxii.
II. 172 In the play of fancy, Wordsworth, to my feeling^
U not always graceful, and sometimes recondite.
RECONDITELY.
Hence Be-conditely adv.
1854 GILFILLAN Life Blair in B.'s Wks. 127 We could
have conceived of him treating the subject more reconditely.
t Recondite, v. Obs. rare~~}. [f. as prec. Cf.
RECOND v.] trans. To hide, cover up.
1578 BANISTER Hist. Man i. 32 Tendons recondited, and
hidde in their Muscle, as if they were in a purse imposed.
Reconditeness (re-k^ndaitnes). [f. RECON-
DITE a. + -NESS,] The quality of being recondite.
1835 CHALMERS Nat. Thecl. I. HI. i. 300 The sense we have
of the reconditeness of his wisdom. 1876 LOWKLI, Among
my Bks. Ser. n. 45 In spite of the reconditeness and com-
plexity of allusion,
t RecO'nditory. Obs. [ad. late L. recondite-
rium a repository for documents, relics, etc. (816
in Du Cange) : see RECONDITE a. and -ORY 1.] A
store-house, repository, treasury.
1633 T. ADAMS Exp. 2 Peter iii. 10 Good workes are such
a Treasure, fit for the reconditory of Heaven. 1639 LD.
DIGBY Lett. cone. Relig. (1651) 47 In Scripture, .the perfect
reconditory of all necessary Doctrines. 1685 Phil. Trans.
XV. 924 The manifold Variety of exhalations prepared in. .
the vast Magazines, and severall reconditories below.
t Reco-nditure. Obs. rare"1. [RE- 5 a.] A
renewed process of conserving.
1657 TOMLINSON Renous Disp. \\. xxix. 87 Fruits.. after
conditure and Reconditure may be preserved with a sirup.
Reco-ndity. rare, [irreg. f. RECOND(ITE) + -ITY.]
Reconditeness.
1856 Titan Mag. pec. 496 A fruitful butt for the shafts of
the university wits is the Examination papers . . their ridi-
culous recondity contrasted with the often slender attain-
ments of the students.
Re-condo*le, v. [RE-.] intr. To condole in
return. Hence Re-eondo'ling///. a.
«i7ii KEN Hymns E-vang. Poet. Wks. 1721 I. 159 With
re-condoling Love and melting Eyes.
Reconduct (r/k^nd»-kt), v. [f. L. reconduct-)
ppl. stem of rtcond&cir*) to hire anew, also to lead
back : see RE- 2 and CONDUCT v. Cf. F. reconduire
(I4th c. in Littre" Suppl.).] trans. To lead back.
1611 COTGR., Reconduire^ to reconduct, bring backe. 1653
H. COGAN tr. Pinto's Trav. x. 31 Wei!, replied the Maho-
medan, I am contented to redeem, and reconduct thee to
Malaca. 1760-78 H. BROOKE FoolofQnal. (1809) IV. 97, I
suffered myself to be reconducted to the.. palace. 1825 J.
NICHOLSON Operat. Mechanic 106 The canal, which re-
conducts the water from the course of discharge to the river.
1868 BROWNING Ring fy Bk. n. 877 Three successive times,
Had he to reconduct her by main-force . . Back to the husband
and the house she fled.
So Recondtrctor. rare~l.
1611 COTGR., Recondniseur^ a reconductor ; a leader.
Re conduction, [a. F. rfcondtKtion^ a. L. type
^reconduction-em, f. reconduc^re : see prec.] Civil
Law. The renewal of a lease.
1876 in WILL Whartoris Law Lex,
Recoiife'r, v. [RE- 5 a. Cf. obs. F. reconferer
(Cotgr.).] trans, and intr. To confer again.
x6n COTGR., Reconferer^ to reconferre, or talke of the
matter againe. <zx66x FULLER Worthies, Kent ii. (1662) 67
The Lord waited StafHesse almost a day. .before the same
was reconferred upon him. 1871 ALABASTER Wheel of Law
180 The new king, .re-conferred all upon him.
Reconirne, v. [RE- 5 a. Cf. F. reconfiner
(Cotgr.).] trans. To confine again; fto define
or limit the sense of (a word).
1611 COTGR., Reconfiner, to reconfine, or banish anew.
a 1661 Fu LLER Worthies^ Shropshire HI. (i 662) 3 Confessors : —
This County afforded none, as the word is reconfined in our
Preface. But if it be a little enlarged [etc.]. 11711 KEN
Anodynes Poet. Wks. 1721 III. 446 My Conscience with thy
Voice conspires, To reconfine my loose Desires.
Reconfirm (rik^nfaum), v. [RE- 5 a. Cf. late
L. recoufirmdre (6th c.), F. reconfirmer (i$th c.).]
1. trans. To confirm, ratify, or establish anew.
1611 COTGR., Reconfermer, to reconfirme, reinforce, re-
assure. 1644 QUARLES Sheph. Orac. iv. 47 Flowing cups
of wine Shall reconfirme thy brotherhood and mine. 1679
GATES Myst. Iniq. 26 They would re-confirm the same
Priviledge for Five Years more. 1821 LAMB Elia Ser. i.
Mockery End, The scene soon re-confirmed itself in her
affections. 1861 WILSON & GEIKIB Mem. E. Forbes \. 17
He was reconfirmed in his rights and privileges.
f 2. To confirm again in courage, or in an opinion.
1653 H. COGAN tr. Pinto's Trav. xxiv. 89 Being thus
reconfirmed by Similaus speeches, and certified of this new
course we were to take, a 1674 CLARENDON Life (if ^Q) III.
835 And so being reconfirmed. .He sent Secretary Morrice
. . to require and receive the Great Seal.
Hence ReconfVrming vbl. sb.
1611 COTGR., Restablissement> a. .reconfirming.
So Beconfirma-tion. [Also in Fr. (i6th c.).]
1611 FLORIO, Raccoitfermatione, a reconfirmation. 1647
JEB. TAYLOR Lib. Proph. v. 89 Why should not Divines doe
in the Question of reconfirmation as in that of rebaptization ?
1897 Daily AVwj 6 Sept. 5/2 A reconfirmation of the vitality
of the Triple Alliance.
Reco-nfiscate, v. rare-*. [RE- 5 a. Cf. F.
reconfisquer (.Cotgr.).] trans. To confiscate again.
So Beconfisca-tion.
i6iz GOTGR., Reconfisquer, to reconfiscate, or make a new
seisure vnto the Princes, or publlke, vse. 1839 Times 5 Jan.,
Longing desires for a reconfiscation of lands transferred
from defeated rebels,
Recongeal, ». [RE- 5 a.] trans. To congeal
again. Hence Hecongea-le
1832 Hand-bk. Nat. Philos. II. Theniiotii. .V Pyrom. i. § i.
4 (U. K. S.), Thawed and recongealed oil of aniseeds. 1860
263
TYNDALL Glac, \. xx, 138 They shone ..as if their surfaces
had been mtlted and recongealed to frosted minors.
So Beconffela-tion.
1860 MAURV Phys. Ceog. (Low) xv. 354 The melting of the
polar ices, .and their recongelation.
Recoiljoill (rfk^ndgoi-n), w. [RE- 5 a. Cf. It.
ricongiimgere (Klorio).] To join together again.
1603 FLOHIO Montaigne \\. xii. (1632) 307 Alwayes recon-
joyning and entermingling themselves unto that Universall
matter. 1694 SALMON Bate's Dis^ens. (1713)412/2 And being
thus divided in its essential Parts it may be reconjoyned
with new and perfect Sulphur.
Hence Reconjorning vbl. sb.
1598 FLORIO, Ricongiungimento, a reconioymng together.
Reconju'nction. [RE- 5 a.] The action of
reconjoining ; a fresh conjunction.
1598 FLORIO, Ricongiitntionet a reconiunction. 1669 GALE
Crt.Gentiles i, in. vii. (ed. 2) 82 Among many [nations] there
were reliques of its [the soul's] reconjunction with the bodie,
which we cal the Resurrection. 1673 NEWTON in Rigaud
Corr. Sci. Men (1841) II. 349 By trying the effects of recon-
joining two or more, or all of those, and lastly, by separating
them again to examine what changes reconjunction had
wrought in them.
Reconnaissance (rfk^n&ans). [Fr., f. recon-
naiss-, stem of reconnaUre to RECONNOITRE. See
also RECONNOISSANCE.]
1. Mil. An examination or survey of a tract of
country, made with a view to ascertain the position
or strength of an enemy, or to discover the nature
of the ground or resources of the district before
making an advance. Also JVavatj a survey of a
coast, etc. made for similar purposes.
Reconnaissance inforcet an advance made with a consider-
able body of troops to discover the position of the enemy.
1810 WELLINGTON in Gurw. Desp. VI. 93 When I went to
Setuval, it was a dark and foggy day, and the reconnaissance
which I was able to make of the place was very imperfect.
1860 GEN. P.THOMPSON Audi Alt. III. cxxxviii. 112 The
force . . is to be sent to make a reconnaissance on the road to
Paris. 1875 CLERY Minor Tactics iii. (1877) 44 With what
are usually termed reconnaissances in force we are not here
concerned.
attrib. 1898 Daily News 25 June 5/4 A small reconnais-
sance party of about forty men. 1899 U. Serv. Mag. XIX.
668 The Zeiss range-finder is a good reconnaissance -glass.
b. A body of troops sent to reconnoitre.
1811 WELLINGTON in Gurw. Desp. VIII. 304 The enemy
sent a reconnaissance of cavalry, .consisting of about fourteen
squadrons., of the Imperial Guard.
2. transf, A survey of a district made for prac-
tical or scientific purposes.
1838 Civil Eng, <$• A rch. Jrnl. I. 94/2 A reconnaissance,
or examination of the country between the two points to be
connected by the line [of road, canal, etc.}. 1877 RAYMOND
Statist. Mines ff Mining 109 Some rapid reconnaissances
were made by Professor Whitney and his assistants.. of the
most prominent points of Flumas County.
b. A survey, inspection, etc., made in order to
gain information of any kind.
1824 DIBDIN Libr. Comp. 504 After completing his recon-
naissances, Mr. Harding dispatched artists in all directions.
1885 R. BUCHANAN Annan Water xiv, In your absence I
took the liberty of making a reconnaissance.
3. Without article : Reconnoitring, surveying.
1887 Encycl. Brit. XXII. 712 If hills are numerous .. a
large area may be covered, .by reconnaissance.
t Recoiinaitre, v. Obs, rare. [a. F. recon-
naitre : cf. prec.] = RECONNOITRE v.
1800 WELLINGTON in Gurw. Desp. I. 142 Yesterday I sent
a patrol to Arnee to reconnaitre the place, meaning to attack
it this day, 1813 Ibid. X. 512 It was necessary to reconnaitre
each of them very closely before they were attacked.
Reconne'ct, v. [RE- 5 a.] To connect again.
1825 LYTTON Falkland i. ii, To reconnect it with the
present. 1858 FROUDE Hist. Eng. III. 273 The alliance . .
would be a link reconnecting England with the Empire.
Recoiinoissance (tfkfrmsans). [Fr., older
spelling of RECONNAISSANCE. In sense I by sub-
stitution for recognizance.
This form, in the military sense, though less usual than
reconnaissance^ appears earlier than it in Dictionaries, being
given by Webster in 1847 with a reference to the Penny
Cycl. (1841, article on reconnaissance in vol. XIX. 329).]
fl. = RECOGNIZANCE i. Obs. rare~l.
1672 MARVELL Reh. Trans/t. i. 199 By dying at the time
prefixed, they have saved their Reconnoissances.
t 2. = RECOGNITION. Obs. rare.
a 1734 NORTH Exam. i. iii. § 58 (1740) 159, 1 must confess it
is very hard to give a due Character of, and I think nothing,
less than its pure self, will be its just Reconnoisance. 1779
in Jesse Sehvyn ff Contemp. (1844) IV. 15 In a note of great
respect and reconnaissance, [I], .wrote as follows.
3. = RECONNAISSANCE i.
1813 WELLINGTON in Gurw. Desp. X. 512 My time so much
occupied by reconnoissances. 1833 MARRY AT P. Simple
('863) 329 It was agreed that if the boats did go away, it
should be for a reconnoissance. 1834 J. S. MACAULAY Field
Fortif. 228 (keatiing) Military Reconnoissance. Ibid. ^235
The reconnoissance of the road from Truxilla to Merida,
made on the ist May, 1809. 1884 Times (weekly ed.) 7 Mar.
5/i, I have just returned from a reconnoissance ,, under
Colonel Stewart.
b. —RECONNAISSANCE i b.
1884 Times (weekly ed.) 7 Mar. 5/1 Another reconnoissanc*
which leaves here to morrow, will have the best effect.
4. = RECONNAISSANCE 2.
1833 Edin. Rev. Oct. 172 The first chapter is devoted. .To
a sort of reconnoissance of the outworks of the science. 1856
KANE Arct. Expl. I. ix. 101. I determined to seek some
high headland beyond the cape, and make it my final point
RECONQUER.
of reconnoissance. 1877 E. O. SQUIER Peru 258 Should the
reconnoissance prove satisfactory, it will resume an erect
position.
Reconnoi'tre, sbt [f. next.] An act of recon-
noitring ; a reconnaissance,
1799 WASHINGTON Lett. Writ. 1893 XIV. 167 Your Recon-
noitre of the seaboard to St. Mary's.. will be made to the
Department of War. 1863 LD. LYTTON Ring Amasis II.
232 AH his senses were sentinels. ..He was making his great
reconnoitre. 1891 T. HARDY Tess Iii, As she returned from
a. reconnoitre of the church and graveyard.
Reconnoitre (rek^noi-tai), v. [a. F. recon-
noitre (now reconnaitre)) OF. reconnoistre :— L. re-
cogndsce're to look over, inspect : cf. RECOGNIZE.]
1. trans. Mil. (and Naval}. To make an in-
spection or take observations of (an enemy, his
strength, position, etc.).
1707 SIR C. SHOVEL in Tindal Contin. Rapin (1745) IV. n.
27/1 note. Colonel Pheffercorn . . having been killed the day
before, as he went to reconnoitre the enemy. 1711 ADDISON
Spect. No, 165. 1765 R. ROGERS Jrnls. (1769) i, I embarked
. . to reconnoitre the strength of the enemy. 1828 D'!SRAELI
Chas. /, II. ii. 67 The veteran officer .. was unfortunately
shot in reconnoitring the enemy. 1867 LADY HERBERT
Cradle L. v. 153 The guides advised a halt, while they
reconnoitred the force and dispositions of the enemy.
b. transf. To make an inspection, examination
or survey of (persons).
174* YOUNG Nt. Th. n. 265 She reconnoitres Fancy's airy
band. 1755 SMOLLETT Quix. (1803) IV. 201 One of the
gang, who was placed centinel on the road to reconnoitre
travellers and bring intelligence. 1824 W. IRVING T. Trav.
II. 27 Amusing ourselves with reconnoitring this group.
1845 DARWIN Voy. Nat. iii. (1879) 48 The deer frequently,
out of curiosity, approach to reconnoitre him,
2. Mil. To inspect, examine, or survey (a district
or tract of ground) in order to discover the presence
or position of an enemy, or to find out the resources
or military features of the country.
1726 CA VALUER Mem. iv. 317 For fear of Accidents I went
to Reconnoitre [the] Wood, with a Peasant of the Place.
1781 SIMES Milit. Guide (ed. 3) n.The Quarter- master-
general, ..with an able engineer, should sufficiently recon-
noitre the country. 1876 VOYLE & STEVENSON Milit. Diet.
332/1 Making a rapid examination of the country or object
he is ordered to reconnoitre. Ibid. 333/2 In reconnoitring
a fortified post or village [etc.].
b. transf. To survey or explore (a district, etc.)
in order to learn its character, geography, etc.
1754 RICHARDSON Grandison (1781) VII. viii. 40 The
gentlemen are all rid out . . to reconnoitre the country, as my
Uncle calls it. 1791 W. BARTRAM Carolina 107 Whilst my
fellow travellers were .. fixing our camp, I improved the
opportunity, in reconnoitering our ground. 1820 W. IRVING
Sketch Bk. I. 19 As we sailed up the Mersey, I recon-
noitred the shores with a telescope. 1860 MAURY Phys.
Geog. (Low) xx. § 8n Some one . . of the fleets that are out
reconnoitring the seas for us, returns with additional facts
for our storehouse of knowledge.
C. transf. To examine, inspect, look into (a thing
or matter).
1753 HOGARTH Anal. Beauty 8 The least motion we make
to reconnoitre any other side of the object. 1825 JEFFERSON
Antobiog. Wks. 1859 I. 76 The Duke of Brunswick . . sent
some of his officers to Givet, to reconnoitre the state of
things there, and report them to* him. 1850 L. HUNT
Autobiog. II. x. 29 Matthew .. proceeded towards the
window, to reconnoitre the state of the weather.
3. absol. or intr. To make a reconnaissance.
1712 STEELE Spect. No. 326 p e, I shall every now and
then have a saucy Rascal ride by reconnoitring (as I think
you call it) under my windows. 1777 WATSON Philip //
(1839) 213 They perceived a hundred of the enemy's horse
that had been sent before to reconnoitre. 1784 BELKNAP
Tour to White Mts. (1876) 12 Here we sat down and dined,
while our pilot went back to reconnoitre. 1856 KANE Arct.
Expl. I. xvli. 211 Reconnoitring stealthily beyond Sylvia
Head, we discovered a train of sledges.
•{•4. trans. To recollect, remember, recognize.
1748 HARTLEY Obsew. Alan I. i. 58 The Readiness with
which we reconnoitre Sensations of Feeling, Taste, and
Smell, that have been often impressed. 1768 H. WALPOLE
Hist. Doubts Pref. 3 Whether, if the dead of past ages
could revive, they would be able to reconnoitre the events
of their own times, as transmitted to us. 1787 Minor n. xi.
103 Sir Cadwallader's son with difficulty reconnoitred
[^*r*'«terfreconontred] me.
Hence Reconnoi'trer, one who reconnoitres.
1865 J. SHAW Country Schoolm. ii. (1899) 122 Some nooks
and corners, .which had not been profaned by the recon-
noiterer or the opera-glass. 1875 CLERY Minor Tactics iii.
(1877) 45 Before entering a village, defile, or wood, it should
be carefully examined by the reconnoitrers in front.
Reconnoi'tring, vbl. so. [f. prec. + -ING *.]
The action of the vb. RECONNOITRE.
1778 M. CUTLER in Life, etc. (1888) I. 68 The Light-horse
advanced on the right for reconnoitering. 1851 GALLENGA
Italy 247 His attempts against Peschiera and Mantua, which
had no other object than mere reconnoitering.
attrib. 1840 W. B. LF.IGH (title) Reconnoitering Voyages
and Travels, with Adventures in the New Colonies of South
Australia, etc. 1870 Daily Nfivs i Dec, The various skir-
mishes had only a reconnoitring end.
Reconnoi'tring, ///. a. [f, as prec. + -ING 2.]
That reconnoitres.
1799 WELLINGTON in Gurw. Desp. I. 27 They keep clear
of our picquets, and are most probably a reconnoitring
party. 1834-47 J. S. MACAULAY Field Fortif. (1851) 251
The reconnoitring officer. 1877 Field Exerc. Infantry 324
Reconnoitring and visiting patrols must avoid firing.
Reconquer («V)k3-Oi v. [RE- 53; cf. F.
reconquenr, OF. reconquerre (i2th c. in Godef.).]
trans. To conquer again ; to recover by conquest.
RECONQUERING-.
1584 HF.RLE Let. in Motley Netherl. (1860) I. iii. 76 To
expulse the enemy and to reconquer their towns and country
lost. 1601 WARNER Alb. Eng. Epit. (1612)386 France by de-
grees, .reconquered there more than our former conquests.
1611 COTGR., Recongiterirl to resubdue, reconquer. 1755 in
JOHNSON [quoting DAVIES]. 1809 PINKNEY Trav. France 8
Can the Continent be reconquered at sea? 1830 LYTTON
P. Clifford iv, This idea, though conquered and recon-
quered, gradually swelled and increased at his heart. 1880
PARKMAN France <y Eng. N. Amer. p. viii, Rome, ranging
the earth to reconquer abroad what she had lost at home.
Hence Reco -nquer ing vbl. sb. ; Keco'nqneror.
1654 COKAINE Dianea i. 30, I resolved to intreat the aide
of his Maiesty for the reconquering of my kingdome. 1864
KINGSLEV Rom. fy Tent. 53 Our own conquerors and re-
conquerors of Hindostan have shewn enough that [etc.].
Reco-nquest (n-), sb. [RE- 5 a; perh. after
obs. F. reconqueste (i6th c. in Godef.).] The (or an)
act of conquering again ; recovery by conquest.
a 1548 HALL Chron.t Hen. VI 164 There was no double of
the regayningorreconquest. 1598 BACON Lett, to Essex cone.
Tyrone Wks. 1879 II. 17/1 A full re-conquest of those parts
of the country. 1668 DRYDEN Even. Love i. i, Look on
those grave plodding fellows, that pass by us, as though
they were meditating the re-conquest of Flanders. 1746
H. WALPOLE Lett. (1846) II. 172 All the letters by last post
make it a re-conquest. 1828-40 TYTLER Hist. Scot. (1864)
I. 48 In the reconquest of his native country.
Exam. 6 Oct. 4/7 The present expedition was not for the
reconquest of the Soudan.
t Reconqnest, v. Obs. rare. [i. RE- + CON-
QUEST v. : cf. obs. F. reconquester (1582 in Godef.).]
trans. = RECONQUER. Also const, to.
1456 SIR G. HAVE Law Arms (S.T. S.) 106 Sum gracious
persone that may have grace and poware, to reconquest it
and bring it to the kynde airis. 1560 DAUS tr. Sleidane's
Comm. 417 b, Many excellente parsonages are condemned
in Englande, beinge wholy reconquested to the Pope.
Reconsaille, -sale, varr. RECOUNSEL v. Obs.
Reco-iisecrate («-), v. [RE- 53. Cf. F.
reconsacrcr (i6th c. in Littre* Snppl.).] trans. To
consecrate again or anew.
x6xx COTCR., Resacrier, to reconsecrate, a 1711 KEN Sion
Poet. Wks. 1721 IV. 326 Should we to God re-consecrate
the mind [etc.]. 1733 NEAL Hist. Pur it. II. 221 He inter-
dicted the church and shut up the doors, till it should be
reconsecrated. 1795-1814 WORDSW. Excurs. iv. 909 This
scheme, .would re-consecrate our wells To good Saint Fillan
and to fair Saint Anne. 1864 J. H. NEWMAN Apologia 386
Your passions, and your affections,.. must all be bathed in
a new element, and reconsecrated to your Maker.
So Becousecra'tion.
1763 BURN Eccl. Law I. 257 A church, once consecrated,
may not be consecrated again, .unless they be polluted by
the shedding of blood ; and in that case the canon supposes
a reconsecration. 1847 MASKELL Man. Rit. III. p. cxlviii,
There were some difficulties in deciding whether, if the
altar was destroyed or removed, a reconsecration of the
church would be required.
Reconsele, -seyl, varr. RECOUNSEL v. Obs.
Reconsider (r/k^nsi-daj), v. [RE- 5 a. Cf.
F. rtconsidtrer (i6th c.).]
1. trans. To consider (a matter or thing) again.
1571 GOLDING Calvin on Ps. iv. 5 Then doo they consider
and reconsider, whither they have cast themselves, a 1711
KEN Edmund Poet. Wks. 1721 II. 80 Even Priests too oft,
who to consider teach, Themselves scarce re-consider what
they preach. 1781 Miss BURNEY Cecilia v. vii, She would
fain have been left quietly to re-consider her plans. 1849
MACAULAY Hist. Eng. ix. II. 467 If his majesty would re-
consider the points in dispute between the Churches of
Rome and England. 1876 GEO. ELIOT Dan. Der. HI. xxiv,
He had set himself., to reconsider his worn suits of clothes.
b. To consider (a decision, etc.) a second time,
with a view to changing or amending it if now
disapproved of; to rescind, alter.
1849 MACAULAY Hist, Eng. vi. II. 43 If James could even
now be induced to reconsider his course, to let the Houses
reassemble, and to comply with their wishes, all might yet
be well x88x JOWETT Thucyd. I. 189 The majority of the
citizens were anxious to have an opportunity given them of
reconsidering their decision.
absol. a 1856 CUSHING Man. Parl. Pract. § 1270 The
motion to reconsider, though relating to the same subject
already considered, is, in a parliamentary sense, a new one,
distinct both from a motion to rescind the former vote, and
from the subject of it 1865 in Hart A mer. Hist. (1901) IV.
466 The House vote to reconsider.
2. refl. To reflect on one's conduct, with a view
to repentance or amendment, rare.
1855 KINGSLKY Westw. Hot v, To bring him home again,
and make him at least to reconsider himself. 1863 —
Water- Bab. vi, Did she .. set him on a cold stone to re-
consider himself, and so forth ?
So Reconsideration.
1783 JOHNSON Let. to Barry 12 Apr. in Boswtll^ I repeat
my request that you will propose the re-consideration of
Mr, Lowe's case. 1800 Asiat. Ann. Rtg., Proc. E. Ind.
Ho. 82^1 He would, .finally make up his mind after con-
sideration and reconsideration of the subject, a 1856 CUSHING
Elein. Law $ Pract. Legis. Assemblies U. S. § 1264 The
inconvenience .. has led to the introduction into the parlia-
mentary practice., of the motion for reconsideration.
Reconsi'gu, v. [RE- 5 a. Cf. F. reconsigntr
(Cotgr.).] trans. To consign again.
x6xt COTGR., Reconsfgier, to reconsigne, reassigne. 1798
fnvasion II. xxv. 243 From the moment when I was recon-
signed to captivity [etc.]. x88x Daily News 8 Feb. 5/1 He
spoke with . .considerate regard for the circumstances under
which Davitt has been reconsigned to prison.
So Reconsi'gnment.
1852 DICKENS Bleak Ho* xix, On pain of instant reconsign-
ment to her patron saint.
264
Reconsile, obs. f. RECONCILE v.
t BeCOUSOlate, v. Obs. rare-1. [RE- 5 a.]
trans. = RECONSOLE.
16*6 WOTTON in Reliq. (1672) 439 It is that only God who
can rccunsolate us both.
So Beconsola-tion. [Cf. F. rtconsolation ( 1 6th c. ) .]
1516 Pilgr. Per/. (W. de W. 1531) 299 b, O moost meke
lambe of god, offred in sacrifyce for our reconsolacyon.
Beconso'le, v. [RE- 5 a.] To console nnew.
In quot., by readmission to the sect of the Cathari. Cf.
Du Cange K.W. Consolamentuntj Consolare, Cttnsolatio.
iSjj S. R. MAITLAND Facts If Docvm. 384 It is the faith
of all the heretics, that no one who after receiving the con.
solaincntum eats meat .. can be saved, unless he receives
penance from them and is re-consoled.
Reconsolidate (rfk/nsp-lid^t), v. [RE- 5 a.
Cf. F. reconsolidcr (1417 in Godef.).] trans, and
intr. To consolidate anew.
a. trims. 1541 R. COPLAND Guyiion's Quest. Chirurg. C j,
To regenerate the substaunce of the sanguyne membre lost,
and for to reconsolidate and knyt it agayne. 16x1 COTGR.,
KecvnsoliilS, reconsolidated, closed vp againe. 1654 H.
L'EsTRANGE Chas. I (1655) 74 Such obliging, .compliance,
as might re-consolidate them by continuity of affection.
1794 SULLIVAN I'inv Nat. I. 485 A petrifying fluid, with
which a broken stone will be reconsolidated like a broken
limb. 1876 DOUSE Grimm's /,. 78 Various causes of social
and political compression, which reconsolidate the diverging
sections of people.
b. intr. 1541 [see RECONSOLIDATION). 1659 H. L'ESTRANGE
Alliance Drv. Off. 317 The whole structure . . requireth no
few daies to knit and reconsolidate.
Recoiisolida tion. [RE- 5 a.] A renewed
consolidation.
1541 R. COPLAND Gvydotfs Quest. Chirurg. C j, For these
causes and reasons they do nat reconsolydate with trewe
reconsolydacyon after the desolucion of their seperatyng.
16*8 DONNE Serm, Ixxv. 762 The re-consolidation of a
scattered conscience. 1802 PLAVFAIR lllnstr. Hutton. Th.
503 At the same time subject to waste above the surface of
the sea, and re-consolidation under it. 1864 BURTON Scot
Abr. I. i. 44 The late reconsolidation of Italy.
Reconsti'tnent, a. and sl>. [See RE- and
CONSTITUENT a. and sb. Cf. F. reconsliluant
(Littre).] a. adj. That builds up anew ; spec, in
Med. of a remedy, b. sb. Med. A remedy that
builds up the body after wasting by disease.
1876 BARTHOLOW Mat. Med. (1879) 121 In the same group,
however, are remedies which, while they are tonic and
reconstituent, do not enter into the composition of the body.
Ibid. 94 As a reconstituent, cod-liver oil Is a very useful
remedy in certain chronic affections of the brain.
Reconstitute (r»Vnstiti«t), V. [RE- 5 a.
Cf. F. reconstituer (Littre).] To constitute anew.
xSxx SIR H. DAVY Chem. Pkilos. 232 A quantity of oxy-
gene, that, added to the residual elastic substance, will
reconstitute common air. 1868 M. PATTISON Academ. Org.
v. 183 Sir W. Hamilton lived to see the history of Rome
reconstituted by a German professor.
Keconstittrtion. [RE- 5 a. Ci. F. ream-
stitution (Littr£).] A fresh constitution.
1853 MILL Dia. 4- Disc., Grate's Greece (1859) ll. 542
Demanding a reconstitutjon of society from its foundations
and a complete renovation of the human mind. 1884 in
Littelts Living Age CLXI. 62 On the re-constitution of
the Abbey as a collegiate church.
b. In French criminal procedure, the action of
going over the supposed details of a crime at the
place where it was committed.
1897 Daily News 13 Dec. 5/6 The two prisoners .. were
taken to the scene of the murder for the * reconstitution ' of
the crime.
Reconstruct (rfkpnstrtrkt), v. [RE- 5 a.
Cf. F. reconstruire (1549).]
1. trans. To construct anew.
1768 TUCKER Lt. Nat. II. in. xxxi. 492 It seemed no
blameable attempt to reconstruct the whole afresh from the
very ground. 1849 MACAULAY Hist. Eng. L I. 117 He saw
that it was necessary to reconstruct the army of the Parlia-
ment. 1861 SMILES Engineers II. 31 Having made up his
mind that the lighthouse could only be reconstructed of
wood. 1881 FROUDE Short Stud. (1883) IV. 11. i. 173 Each
[party] in its way supposed that it had a mission to re-
construct society.
2. To construct anew in the mind; to restore
(something past) mentally.
i86j MERIVALE Rom. Emp. (1865) VII. Iv. i It may not
be impossible, .to reconstruct the true character ofTiberius.
1861 TYNDALL Mountaineer, ii. n He must regard the facts,
discern their connection, and out of them reconstruct the
world gone by.
Hence Heconstruo-ted^/. a.
1865-6 H. PHILLIPS Amer. Pafer Curr. II. 97 Choice was
made of persons to fill the offices of the reconstructed
treasury department, 1888 Encycl. Brit. XXIII. 781/1 The
legislatures of the reconstructed States.
Reconstruction (rfk^nstnrkfsn). [RE. 5 a.
Cf. F. reconstruction (Littre').]
1. The action or process of reconstructing.
1751 MACKINTOSH Vindic. Gall. Wks. 1846 III. 30 It was
theirs to decide, .whether, from its ruins, fragments were to
be collected for the re-construction of the political edifice.
1848 GALLENGA Italy II. iii. 7 It was mainly with these
views that Manzoni laboured at the reconstruction of his
country's creed. 1878 HUXLEY Physhgr. xvi. 268 The pro-
cess of reconstruction of solids is not permanent.
b. U. S. Hist. The process by which after the
Civil War the States which had seceded were
restored to the rights and privileges of the Union.
1865 SCHURZ in Hart Amer. Hist. (1901) IV. 454 As to
what is commonly termed ' reconstruction ', it is . . the whole
RECONTRACT.
organism of southern society that must be reconstructed.
1880 ' I1'.. KIKKE ' Garfield 34 After the war was over, and
reconstruction completed, this same Southern political hier-
archy came back into power in Washington.
attrib. 1888 Encycl. Brit. XXIII. 781/1 The Recon.
struction Acts divided the seceding States into military
districts.
2. An instance Or example of this ; a thing re-
constructed.
1795 BF.I.SHAM Reign Geo. If I, II. 247 A few of the
largest [vessels] were re-constructions, having been first
framed and sent over from Great Britain. 1798 W. TAYLOR
in Monthly Rev. XXVI. 345 The cloaca maxima is sus-
pected to be a reconstruction of the original common sewer
of Rome.
Hence Reconstm ctionary a. ( I '. .v.' , of or
| relating to reconstruction ; Reconstru'ctionist
(U* S.), one who favours reconstruction.
1870 TOURGEE Fool's Err. xxiv. 148 The interest of the
Southern leading classes will compel them to accept and
carry out in good faith your reconstructionary idea. 1888
J. C. HARRIS in Harper's Mag. Apr. 703/2 The Republican
' reconstructionists ' . .barred the way.
Reconstructive, a. and sb. [RE- 5 a.]
A. adj. Relating to, concerned or occupied with,
reconstruction.
1863 MERIVALE Rom. Emp. (1865) III. xxx. 413 The anti-
quated forms of the republic were incapable of any recon-
structive effort. 1880 EARLE P Intel. Eng. Tongue (ed. 3)
§ 286 The. .reconstructive eye of modern Philology.
B. sb. That which reconstructs, a reconstituent.
1890 Science XV. 219/2 Oysters, on the other hand, are
extremely useful as nerve reconstruct ives.
Hence Beconstru-ctiveness.
1843 I. CAIRNS in Life (189$) 140 Tholuck. .has. .more
original reconstruct! veness in his Commentary than Stuart.
Reconstnrctor. [RE- 5 a.] One who re-
constructs.
1871 Daily Nfivs 25 Sept, Perhaps the reconstructors of
the statue in 1821 were led away by these signs of por-
traiture. x88i G. MATHESON in Expositor Aug 137 He was
no innovator on the national faith ; he was rather the
reconstructor and restorer of that faith.
Reconsu'lt, v. [RE- 5 a. Cf. F. reeonsulter
(1595)-] trans, and intr* To consult anew.
1611 COTGR., Reconsulter, to reconsult of, take new aduise
on. x6*7 in Rushw. Hist. Coll. (1659) I. 481 That by your
gracious Command the House may reconsult, and settle
their better thoughts on some more worthy their Election,
i6$a J. WRIGHT tr. Camus' Nat. Paradox xi. 279 This long
reply having given Iphigenes some leisure to. .re-consult his
Judgement, 1806 W. TAYLOR In Ann. Rev. IV. 219 His
sources must all be reconsulted.
So Reconsulta'tion.
1624 DONNE Devotions (ed. 2) 214 Take me then, O blessed,
and glorious Trinity, into a Reconsultation, and prescribe
me any phisicke.
Reconsyle, obs. form of RECONCILE v.
t Reco 'liter, v. Sc. Obs. [var. RECOUNTEB v.t
with vowel as in F. rencontrer : cf. RECONTRE.]
trans. To encounter.
15x3 DOUGLAS JEncis ix. vii. heading^ Quhow capitane
Volscens . . Recontrit Nysusandhys fallow. 1536 BELLENDEN
Cron. Scot. (1821) I. 46 [He] gatherit haistely ane army to
reconter his ennimes. 1549 Compl. Scot. xiv. 114 The nors
men of the romans. .met and recontrit the cartagiens.
t Recontimial, a. Obs. rare-1. [RE- 5 a.]
That continues again.
1735 H. BROOKE Univ. Beauty iv. 143 The .. Stream,
Which salient, thro' the Heart's contractile Force, Expulsive
springs its recontinual Course.
t Recon tinuance. Obs. [RE-sa: cf.next.]
The act of recontinning; resumption.
1540 Act 32 Hen. Vfll^ c. 31 Those persons.. haue.. ben
dnuen to their actions for the recontinuance and obteynyng
of the sayd landes. 1589 PUTTENHAM Eng. Poesie i. xxvi.
(Arb.)66 Encoraging them to the recontinuance of the same
entertainments. « 1631 DONNE Lett. (1651) 25 By the con.
tinuance of my acquaintance with you, by Letters, you may
perceive how much I desire . . the recontinuance of our
acquaintance, by conversation.
Reconti'nue, v. ? Obs. [ad. obs. F. recon-
tinucr (i3th c. in Littre) : see RE- and CONTINUE
v. In common use c 1570-1640.] trans. To go
on again with (an action, occupation, state, etc.,
which has been discontinued).
c 1420 LVDG. Assembly of Gods 1112 Rescu yondyr knyghtes
& recontynu fyght. 1536 ELYOT Let. to Cromwell in Gov.
(1883) I. p. cxxxi, As for my first sute, I shall at your lord-
shippes better laysour recontynue it, trusting allso in your
lordshippes favor therein. 1570-6 LAMBARDE Peramb. Kent
(1826) 423 He was .. annotated king, and so re-continued
the right of the house of Yorke. 1647 N. BACON Disc.
Goz't. Eng. i. xlvii. (1739) 79 He re-continued the Liberty
of publick Consultations. i8oa MARY CHARLTON tr. La
Fontaines Reprobate I. 106 He had resumed the care of
his flowers, and my father had recontinued his journal.
Hence Recontrnued ///. a. ; Recontrnuing
vbl. sb.
1535-6 Act 27 Hen. VfIL, c. 24 (title) An Acte for re-
contynuyng of certayn liberties. 1587 T. HUGHES Misfort.
Arthur in. i, Where men with reconciled mindes Renew
their loue with recontinued grace.
Recontract, sb. rare-1. [RE- 5 a.] Afresh
contract.
ax6xo PARSONS Leicester's Ghost (1641) 18 It was pure
love which made mee undertake This haplesse recontract
with thee to make.
Recontra'ct, v. [RE- 5 a. Cf. F. recon-
trafter (Cotgr.).] To contract again, in senses of
that vb.
RECONTRACTION.
'597 BEARD Theatre Coifs Jndgent. (1612) 415 [He] sent
him.. a dispensation to put away his wife.. and to recon-
tract Anne of Bretaigne, the widow of Charles the eight
l.itx-ly deceased. 1622 J. REYNOLDS Gaffs Revenge n. ix.
160 My soule hath made my peace with God, and my heart
desires to recon tract it both with thyselfe and her. 1647 N.
BACON Disc. Govf. Eng. \. Sum. Concl. (1739) 201 For the
sense of State once contracted into a Privy Council, is soon
recontracted into a Cabinet-Council, and last of all into
a Favourite or two.
So Becontra'ction.
1861 BUMSTEAD Ven. Dis. (1879) 297 Continuous dilatation
is likely to be attended with untoward symptoms and is
always followed by a strong tendency to recontraction.
Recontr- : see RECONTER v.
f Reco-ntre. Sc. Obs. rare"1, [var. of RE-
COUNTER sb. Cf. RENCONTRE.] An encounter.
1570 BLXHANAN Chameleon \Vks. (S.T.S.) 50 [The Queen
had] to wryte to hir lieutenentis to mak ye regent be put
sauf in Scotland, and so he wes without any recontre.
Recoiivale'sce, v. [Rs- 5 a. Cf. late L.
reconvalere (Du Cange).] intr. To become con-
valescent again. So Recouvale scence[d. med.L.
reconvalescentia (1341)] ; Recon vale 'scent a.
1767 Douglas Trial 57 The proof brought of Lady Jane's
reconvalescence. 1790 BEATSON Nov. fy Mil, Mem. II. 261
They once more got to sea, where the troops were joined by
their reconvalesced men from the isle of Wight. 1824 SCOTT
St. RonaJt's xvi, His reconvalescence was attended with. .
debility, it seemed both of mind and body. 1871 Standard
14 Jan., The glowing patriotism of the reconvalescent sol-
diers has perhaps not abated.
t Reconvalidation. Obs. rare—1. [RE- 5 a.]
A renewed confirmation.
1525 BP. J. CLERK Let. to Wolsey (MS. Cott. Vit. B. vii.
If. 126), The Venetians, who hathe made stykyng hetherto
to agre withe the Emperor . . for the reconvalidation off the
ligge by them brokyn.
Reconvene, v. [RE- 53. Cf. med.L. re-
convenire (13th c.), F. reeonvenir (\$tf in Godef.).]
trans, and intr. To convene again.
1647 CLARENDON Hist. Rcb. iv. § 24 There was a worse
accident than all these which fell out.. about the time of
the two Houses reconvening. 1676 HALE Contempt. \. 101
He is.. then sent into the high Priest's Hall; then re-con-
vened before the Council.
t Reconvent, v. Obs. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To
reassemble. Hence Beconventing vbl. sb.
1589 WARNER Alb. Eng. v. 571 He reconuenting armes
therefore, ..Died to his countrie's friends a friend. 1611
FLORIO, Keconuentione, a reconuenting.
Reconvention (rfk^nve'njan). [a. F. reeon-
vention (i3th c. in Littre). Cf. med.L. recon-
ventio (i4th c.). See RE- and CONVENTION.]
1 1. An agreement made in return. Obs.
c 1449 PECOCK Refr. in. xviii. 397 As bi boond and with-
oute eny reconvencioun or couenant of bond expressid or
priueli understonde forto 3eue ajen.
2. Law. A counter- charge ; a counter- act ion
brought against the plaintiff by the defendant in
a suit, -f* Also transf. in general use.
\S$Extr. Aberd. Burgh Rec. (1844) 158 My lord prowest
..humelymenis, schawis, and.be the way ofreconuentioune,
complems [etc.]. 1629 MABBE tr. FonseceCs Dev. Contempl.
423 Hee vnderstood by sinne in that place, the sinne of adul-
terie, for otherwise ..the reconuention had not beene so
strong and forcible. 1633 AMES Agst. Cerem. 11. 303 In vie of
those grounds, laid by the Repl. against humane significant
Ceremonies, out of the second Commandement, the Rej. by
way of Reconvention faineth two grounds to the contrary.
1736 AVLIFFE Parergon 83 An Appeal in a cause of Con-
vention does not impeach and hinder the Execution of a
Sentence in a Cause of Re-convention. 1760-5 BURN Eccl.
Law (1797) II. 137 But in these cases of re-convention, the
parties must proceed together in the contesting of suit.
1838 W. BELL Diet. Law Scot. 823 Where an action is
brought in Scotland by a foreigner,, .his adversary in the
suit is entitled, by reconvention, to sue the foreigner on a
counter-claim. 1884 Law Rep. q App. Cases 582 A claim in
reconvention is in substance nothing else than a cross action
brought by the defendant against the plaintiff.
f3. The reassembling (of Parliament, etc.). Obs.
1641 SIR E. BERING in Rushw. Hist. Coll. lit. (1692) I. 393
My humble motion therefore is this, I beseech you to de-
clare, That upon this our Reconvention, your Order of the
8th. of September is out of date. 1664 EVELYN Diary 24
Nov., The heads of the speech he made at the re-convention
of the Parliament, which now began to meet.
Reconve'rge, v. rare. [RE- 5 a.] intr. To
converge again.
1847 DE QUINCEY Secret Societies Wks. 1857 VII. 289
Armies of brave men, . . by the clapping of hands, in a moment
have reconverged in battle array.
Reconversion (r/VnvS'jfan). [RE- 5 a.]
Conversion back to a previous state, a. Of per-
sons, spec, in religious sense.
1599 SANDYS Enropx Spec. (1632) 181 The Popes refusall
to reblesse the King upon his sodaine reconversion, a 1628
• XREV'L S?*|V (l652) 237 Those cob-webs of re-conversion
in yueen Maryes dayes, I had no intent to meddle with.
1655 FULLER Ch. Hist. m. Ded., He could recount his Re-
conversion, after his foul Offences of Adulterie and Murder.
1778 JOHNSON in Boswell 30 Mar., How often are the
primary motives of our greatest actions as small as Sibbald's,
for his re-conversion. 1817 COLERIDGE Biog. Lit. (Bohn) 97, 1
cannot doubt, that the difference of my metaphysical notions
from those of Unitarians in general contributed to my final
re-conversion to the whole truth in Christ. 1867 FREEMAN
Norm. Cong. (1876) I. App. 680 The Danish Chroniclers
assert a repentance and reconversion.
b. Of things.
1783 PRIESTLEY in Phil. Trans. l.XXIII. 426 The re-
VOL, VIII.
265
conversion of air into water, by decomposing it in conjunc-
tion with inflammable air. 1830 LYELL Princ. Geol. I. 83
The reconversion of the sedimentary into the crystalline by
subterranean lire. 1881 ARMSTRONG in Nature XXIV.
-149/1 Internal as well as external work may be reconverted
into heat, but until the reconversion takes place, the heat
which did the work does not exist as heat.
Reconvert, sb. [RE- 5 a.] One converted
a second time.
1843 GLADSTONE Glean. (1879) V. 34 She has made (we re-
fer to the latter part of the sixteenth century) converts and
reconverts by thousands— nay, even by millions.
Reconvert (r/k#w§Mt), v. [RE- 5 a. Cf.
med.L. reconvert^ (Du Cange), F. reconvertir
(1591 in Godef.), It. reconvertire (Florio).]
1. trans. To convert back to a previous state :
a. persons, spec, in religious sense.
1611 COTGR., Kcconvertir, to reconuert. 1649 Alcoran 278
We. .sent him to preach to more then an hundred thousand
persons, that we reconverted. 1670 MILTON Hist. Eng. iv.
Wks. (1847) 520/2 About this time the East Saxons, who . .
had . . renounc'd the Faith, were by the means of Oswi thus
reconverted. 1737 WESLEY Wks. (1872)!. 50, 1 myself having
known many Papists, .reconverted. 1840 MACAULAY Hist.
Eng. x. II. 647 In December ambition had converted him
into a rebel. In January disappointment reconverted him
into a royalist. 1882 SAINTSBURY Short Hist. Fr. Lit. HI.
vii, He soon distinguished himself by reconverting a con-
siderable number of persons to the Roman form of faith.
b. things.
1662 PETTY Taxes 17 Money J which being paid to the
King, is again reconverted into corn. 1762 MILLS System
Pract. H-usb. I. 160 There will be no danger of it's re-con-
verting the soil into a bog. 1783 PRIESTLEY in Phil, Trans.
LXXfll. 427 The result was such as to afford a strong pre-
sumption that the air was re-converted into water. 1862
ANSTED Channel Isl. iv. xx. (ed. 2) 474 The islanders in
Jersey replaced much of their arable land by orchards.
These have since.. been re-converted.
2. Logic. To transpose again the subject and
predicate of (a proposition). Cf. CONVEBT v. 4 b.
1864 BOWEN Logic\\. 161 It is evident that, by reconverting
the^ Converse, we ought to regain the Convertend. Ibid.,
This is reconverted simply into ' Some men are mortals '.
3. Law. To change back again into something
of equivalent value. Cf. CONVERT v. 15.
1884 SIR E. E. KAY in Law Times Rep. L. 56/2 It does
not decide that if the court or a trustee sell more than is
necessary there is any equity to reconvert the surplus for the
benefit of the heir-at-law.
Hence Becomre rted ///. a. ; Beconve-rtible
a.y capable of being reconverted.
1738 WESLEY Ps. LXXX. xxiii, King of a re-converted Land.
1X86 American XII. 251 That these waves are reconvertible
into heat.
Reoonvey (r/~k/nv^-), v. [RE- 5 a.]
1. trans. To convey (•(• or escort) back to a pre-
vious place or position ; to convey in a reverse
direction. Now rare.
1506 in Mem. Hen. VII (Rolls) 286 After the King had
showed him his chamber and would he should take no
further pains the King would have somewhat reconveyed
him. 1636 Destr. Troy 10 Then, that we should 6ur Sacri-
ledge restore And reconveigh their gods from Argos shore,
Chalcas perswades. 1707 Curios, in Hnsh. <V Card. 77
There are Vehicles in Plants, to reconvey towards the Roots,
the Juices that were mounted up into the Stem. 1766
Phil. Trans. LVII. 125 The nerves may. .become incapable
of conveying the commands of the will, and yet remain
sufficiently capable of re-conveying sensible perceptions.
1846 M«CULLOCH Ace. Brit. Empire (1854) I. 25 The water
that thus overspread the country would be reconveyed to
the sea at ebb tide.
2. Law. To make over again or restore to a
former owner.
1665 BRATHWAIT Comment Two Tales 64 She repents her
of her Gift. Gladly would she have him re-convey it to her.
1682 DRYDEN Satyr 78 He buys the Purchase, with design
t'improve ; And like some prudent Kinsman reconvey What
the wild Heir hath vainly thrown away. 1734 Act 7
Geo. //, c. 16 § 2 For redisponing or reconveying the said
Lands and Estate in any Manner of Way. 1818 CRUISE
Digest (ed. 2) II. 91 If the mortgagor pays the money bor-
rowed on a certain day, the mortgagee will reconvey the
lands. 1881 Act 44 ^ 45 Viet. c. 41 (Conveyancing Act),
Then B. and C. ..will at the request and cost of A... re-
convey the premises to A.
absol. 1858 LD. ST. LEONARDS Handy Bk. Prop. Law
xiv. 94. If a mortgagee will not re-convey upon payment of
the principal and interest, and costs, and the right to redeem
is still open, the mortgagor may . . compel a redemption.
Reconveyance. [RE- 5 a.] The act of
reconveying ; spec* in Law, restoration to a pre-
vious owner.
1767 S. PATERSON Another Trav. I. 84 The conveyance
was almost as astonishing as the re-conveyance. 1768
BuatnxttaCdMM, III. xxvii. 439 As by setting aside fraudu-
lent deeds, decreeing re -conveyances, or directing an absolute
conveyance merely to stand as a security. 1804 EUGENIA
DE ACTON Tale without Title I. 154 Soon after its recon-
veyance to its owners, Lady Laura was again very ill. 1858
LD. ST. LEONARDS Handy Bk. Prop. Law xiv. 89 His
prior disposition will.. still remain good, nor will a re-con-
veyance to him upon paying off the money affect the validity
of the will.
Reconvi'Ct, ^. [RE- 53.] trans. To con-
vict again. Hence Reconvi'cted///. a.
1884 Contanp. Rev. July 73 note, An old offender was
re-convicted for a violent assault upon a woman. 1891 H.
MATTHEWS in Law Times XCII. 96/2 The earning^ of
marks.. will extend to reconvicted licence-holders serving
the remanets of former sentences.
So Recon vi'ction.
RECORD.
1892 Daily A«cj 2 Dec. 6/6 Were it the rule . . that a
longer sentence was to be expected at each reconviction
crime would at once largely diminish.
Reconvo ke, v. [RE- 5 a. Cf. F. rtcomoqucr
(Cotgr.).] trans. To convoke again.
1837 CARLVLE Fr. Rev. I. vn. viii, To reconvoke his
Atttmbly Members by sound of drum. 1872 Eclio 23 Aug.
5 The French Cardinals have requested his Holiness to re-
convoke the Council to some French city.
Recool-, obs. Sc. var. recule RECOIL v.
IRecoO'per. 06s. rare. [app. irreg. f. L.
recuper-are to RECUPERATE.] Recovery.
1652-60 in Gilbert Contemf. Hist. Irel. (1879) I. i. i All
men desirous of honor, must trie theire fortune, in the re-
cooper therof, but none escaped. Ibid. 1 1 1. 1. 49 Either the
destruction of a whole nation or the recooper of a kingdome.
t Recope. Obs.-1 [app. a. OF. recope (not
recorded in this sense), f. recoper (-coufer) to sound
(a bell).] A hunting-note on the horn.
c 1400 Master of Game (MS. Digby 182) xxxiii, And after
he iiij mote euen forthwith pei shuttle blowe ij recopes, as
pus : trut, trut, trororororowte.
1 Recopilation. Obs. rare. [aA.Sy.recopila-
cion, {. re- RE- + copilacion, n. of action f. copilar :—
L. compilare to COMPILE.] = RECOMPILATION.
1622 MABBE tr./l leman'sGuzman dAlf. 1. 111.197 Besides
these Ordinances, they had many other. . . So that it might be
said of them, that they were another new Recopilation, or
gathering together of those of Castile. 1636 in BLOUNT
Glossogr. (citing SELDEN).
Re-CO'pper, v. [RE- 5 c.] trans. To sheathe
(a vessel) again with copper.
1857 Mm. Marine Mag. (1858) V. 12 The ship has to
be hove down and re-coppered. 1897^ Mission. Herald
(Boston) June 219 These repairs, including the recoppering
of the vessel.
>pying. a 1779 TWEDDELL Kent, xxxix. (1798) 200 If I
have time to recopy, also, my remarks upon the Crimea,..
1 will send one copy home. 1895 Forum (N. Y.) Nov. 354
Paul Verlaine recopied here his Saturnian poems on the
paper of the administration.
Record (re-kjlid), sb. Also 4-6 reeorde, 5 Sc.
racord. [a. OF. record (recort, recor-s, etc.), f.
recorder to RECORD. Cf. Sp. recuerdo, It. ricordo.
The original stressing (reco'rd) is found in verse
as late as the igth c.]
I. 1. Law. The fact or attribute of being, or
of having been, committed to writing as authentic
evidence of a matter having legal importance, spec.
as evidence of the proceedings or verdict of a court
of justice ; evidence which is thus preserved, and
may be appealed to in case of dispute. Chiefly
in phrases ^of (common in I5~i6th c.), t»», *X>
on or upon record.
a 1300 Cursor M. 9711 Ne dom agh haf right na record,
Ar we ben all at an a-cord. 1423 Kails ofParlt. IV. 201/3
pair namys also, to be entred of record, what and how thei
determyne. 1455 Paston Lett. I. 364 As it apperith pleyn-
lye by accompt made of the sayd office of Constabulrye, re-
maynyng in the Kyngs Cheker at Westminster of record.
1533 FITZHERB. Sitni. 20 Whan a mater. .is past by verdyt
..and entred in the kynges recordes there it resteth of re-
corde, and also yf a dede or a patent be inrolled there it
remeyneth of reeorde in lyke maner. 1596 BACON Max. .v
Uses Com. Law (1630) 50 These Estates are created by
word, by
that he
word, by writing, or by record. Ibid. 81 So that he for-see
that he pay Debts vpon Record, first debts to the King,
then vpon Judgements. 1603 SHAKS. Me as. for M. II. ii. 40
To fine the faults, whose fine stands in record, And let goe
by the Actor, a 1677 HALE Prim, Orig. Man. 11. x. 235
Which was accordingly done, and remains of Record in the
Exchequer. 1700 TYRRELL Hist. Eng. II. 837 These
Letters, .remain upon Record in the Tower on the Clause
Roll of this Year. 1766 BLACKSTONE Comm. II. 119 All
estates-tail are rendered liable to be charged for payment of
debts due to the king by record of special contract. 1818
CRUISE Digest Xed. 2) V. 55 The manor, .was let at a greater
rent, or appeared upon record to be of a greater value.
fig. 1709 HEARNE Collect. 12 Jan. (O. H.S.) II. 163 An
Ass upon Record cried up for a man of . .learning.
b. In phr. Matter (thing, debt, etc.) of record.
Also debt by record.
1433 Rolls of Parlt, IV. 424/1 Thay to abide enacted as
binges of reeorde. 1472-3 Ibid. VI. 52/2 Any relesse, arbe-
trament, or any other plee, not matier of Reeorde. 1596
BACON Max. <y Uses Com. Law (1630) 62 This Fine is called
a Feofment of Record, because that it includeth all that the
Feofment doth. 1642 tr. Perkins' Prof. Bk. x. § 655. 283 If
it were by Matter of Record it should be good without
attornment. 1766 BLACKSTONE Cotnm. II. xxx. 464 A debt
of record is a sum of money, which appears to be due by
the evidence of a court of record. 1827 HALLAM Const. Hist.
(1876) I. i. 15 It then became a matter of record, and could
not be impeached. 1842 STEPHEN Comm. Laws Eng. II. n.
n. v. 187 Another species of debt by record is that upon ad-
judgment ; which is, where any sum is adjudged to be due
from one party to the other, in an action in a court of record.
c. Court of record : a court whose proceedings
are formally enrolled and valid as evidence of fact,
being also a court of the sovereign, and having
authority to fine or imprison. So \Jtidge of record.
[1419 Liber Albus in Riley Munim. CiUh. (Rolls) I. in. I.
217 Si issint soil qe mesme le defendaunt veigne en court de
reeorde, etc.] 1451 Rolls of Parlt. V. 219/1 Your Officers
in youre Courtes of Record. 1581 LAMBARDE Eiren. i. xiii.
(1602) 59 It maketh not a little., for the credit of the lustices
[of the Peace] . . , that they are numbred amongst the ludges
of Record. 1607 COWRI.L Intcrpr. s.v., Queene Elizabeth
34
RECORD.
266
RECORD.
.. made the Consistory Court of the University of Cam-
bridge a Court of Record. 1641, 1765 [see COURT s&.1 11].
1768 BLACKSTONE Comm. III. iii, 25 That the very erection
of a new jurisdiction with power of fine and imprisonment
makes it instantly a court of record. 1844 STEPHEN Comm,
Laws En*. III. v. vL 442 The Commissioners [of Sewers]
are a court of record and may fine and imprison for con-
tempts. i85s F. M. NICHOLS Britton I. 136 notet It was
decided in later times, that the county court, though sitting
by virtue of the King's writ.., had not the powers of a
court of record. 1888 [see COURT sb.1 n].
fd. To have record: to be entitled to have
one's judicial acts and decisions enrolled. Obs.
1581 LAMBARDK Eiren. I. xiii. (1602) 60 Bracton.. writing
of a speciall case, where the Sherife in his Countie hath
Record. [1865 F. M. NICHOLS Britton I. 136 note, The
sheriff. . is treated by our Author as the King s Justiciary,
and as having the power of record incident to that office.]
2. The fact or condition of being preserved as
knowledge, esp. by being put into writing; know-
ledge or information preserved or handed down in
this way. Freq. in phrases (f <?/",) on or upon record.
c 1386 CHAUCER Sontpn. T. 409 Syn Ennok was or Elise
Han freres been, that fynde I of record. 1300 GOWER Con/.
III. 166 For this I finde ek of record, Which the Cronique
hath auctorized. 1470-85 MALORY A rthnr \. ii, By all record
he was dede or euer kynge Vther came. 1570-6 LAMBARDE
Peramb. Kent (1826) 177, I finde on Recorde that the
Priory at Bylsington was first advaunced by John Maunsell.
1588 J. MELLIS Briefe Instr. F vij b, Yee must haue a
seuerall booke of record, wherein you shall record the copy
of letters of charge. 1606 SHAKS. Tr. $ Cr. i. iii. 14 Euery
action that hath gone before, Whereof we haue Record.
1628 WITHER Brit. Rememb. 7 The glorioust things, That
stand upon record of mortall Kings, a 17*0 SEWEL Hist.
Quakers (1722) I. Let. to King, Remarkable Cases, which I
thought worthy to be kept upon Record, and not buried in
Oblivion. 1815 SHELLEY Alastor 25 In charnels and on
coffins, where black death Keeps record of the trophies won
from thee. 1884 Times 2 Dec. 10 Having beaten the
highest break on record.
f3. Attestation or testimony of a fact; witness,
evidence, proof. In early use chiefly in phrases by
record of, to take record (at). Obs.
13. . E. E. A Hit. P. A. 830 Lombe was taken Jwre, By trw
recorde of ayber prophete. 1377 LANGL. P. PI. B. xv. 85
?e. .louten to bis lordes . . A^eine ?owre reule and Religion,
I take record at Ihesus. 1417 in E. E. Wills (1882) 39 3i'f
her be eny man or woman J>at wil say bat I howght hem eny
goud, and swere vppon a boke by record of goud men, y
wyl bat dey be payd. t$6$Paston Lett. II. 223 The qwych
peticion I made diverse tyme to fore moche recorde. 1533
MORE Debelt. Salem Wks. ioii/i Where one is openly and
notably suspected of heresye, and sufficient recorde and
witnesse agaynste hym. 1547 HANCOCK in Strype Eccl.
Metn, (1721) II. i. ix. 115, 1 awnswered that he spake those
words betwyxt him and me, but yf I had record of them he
would not speak them. 1646 H. LAWRENCE Comm.Angells
90 Of which I could give you account enough upon as good
record as story can give us of any thing.
f b. To bear record ': to bear witness. Obs.
Tr. AF. porter record (Britton) : cf. BEAR v. 2 c.
13. . Coer de L. 4591 With Kyng Richardes armes pour-
trayed In sygne to here record That Kyng Richard was her
ovyr-Iord. 1390 GOWER Conf. I. 70 Forto bere hierof record
He sende ous hider bothe tuo. 1413 Pilgr. Sowte (Caxton)
i. xii. (1859) 9 Of this wyl I bere hym good record, that he
has clerely kepte hys byleue in to this last ende. 1526 TIN-
DALE John i. 34 And I sawe yt, and have borne recorde,
that thys ys the sonneofTGod. 1542-5 BRINKLOW Lament,
(1874) 107 All that reade their workes maye beare recorde
with them agaynst your lyes. 1611 BIBLE [in a number of
passages, after earlier versions],
T" C. To take or call to record : to call to witness.
Obs. (Cf. CALL v. 20 c.)
1390 GOWER Conf, I. 7 That I take to record . . The comun
vois, which mai noght lie. 1494 FABYAN Chron. i. xiv. 14
Gonorilla. .callynge her goddes to recorde, sayd, she loued
hym more than her owne soule. 15*6 TINDALE Acts xx. 26,
I take you to recorde this same daye that I am pure from
the bloud of all men. 1535 COVERDALE Deut. xxx. 19, 1 take
[1611 call] heauen and earth this daye to recorde ouer you.
1591 SYLVESTER Du Bartas i. vi. 344, I call to record that
same Roman Thrall Who. . Fled through the desart.
td. A witness. Obs, (In later use only in
Biblical language.)
1526 TINDALE Acts v. 32 We are his recordes as concern-
ynge these thynges. 1568 Wills $ Inv. N. C. (Surtees 1835)
291 Recordes hereof thomas Barker . . and Thomas Slogen
wtb others. 1593 SHAKS. Riclt. //, i. i. 30 Heauen be the
record to my speech. 1768 STERNE Sent, Journ. I. 33 (/«
the Desobligeant} God is my record,, .that I do not speak it
vaumingly.
II. 4. Law. An authentic or official report of
the proceedings in any cause coming before a court
of record, together with the judgement given there-
on, entered upon the rolls of court and affording in-
disputable evidence of the matter in question.
The reference in Cowell (quot. 1607) is to Sir R. Brooke
La Graunde Abridgement (1573\ "• 192-
1455 Rolls of Parlt. V. 341/1 F ynes, obligacions, reconys-
aunces, and othir recordes upon the same. 147* Ibid. VI.
63/1 And therupon Judgement ayenst him yeven : as in the
Record therof, wherof the Copie hereto is annexed, more
playnly it is conteyned. 1568 GRAFTON Chron. II. 856 All
attaynders..were adnichilated, and the recorde of the same
adiudged to be defaced. 1597 SKENE De I'erb. Sign. s.v.
Recordum, Ilk lauchfull court.. hes thair awin recordes in
all sik actiones as are.. decided before them. 1607 COWELL
Intergr. s.v., That caveat of Brooke, .that an act committed
to writing in any of the King's Courts during the terme
wherein it is written is alterable & no record ; but that
terme once ended and the said Act duly enrolled, it is a
record. 1628 COKE On Litt. 260 The Rolles being the
Records or memorials of the Judges of the Courts of Record
. -admit no auerment, plea, or proofe to the contrarie. And
if such a Record be alleaged, and it be pleaded, That there
is no such Record, it shall be tried only by it selfe. 1765
BLACKSTONE Comm. I. Introd. 69 The judgment itself, and
all the proceedings previous thereto, are carefully registered
and preserved, under the name of records, in public reposi-
tories set apart for that particular purpose. 1825 Act 6
Gee. IV, c. 86 § ii All the said Judgments and Verdicts
shall be deemed to be and shall become Records of the said
Sheriff to all Intents and Purposes whatsoever. 1838 W.
BELL Diet. Law Scot. 1025 It is then transferred to the
record and read aloud to the jury, who are asked, * Is this
your verdict ? '
b. A copy of the material points, pleadings,
and issue between defendant and plaintiffon a matter
of law, constituting the case to be decided by the
court ; hence, a case so constituted or presented.
1627 POWELL Attornies Almanacke Title-p., Such as shall
have occasion to remoue any Person, Cause, or Record from
any inferiour Court to any the higher Courts at Westminster.
1768 BLACKSTONE Comm, III. 317 The record is a history
of the most material proceedings in the cause, entered on a
parchment roll, . . in which must be stated the original writ
and summons, all the pleadings [etc.]. 1817 W. SELWYN La;-'
Nisi Prius (ed. 4) II. 1087 A person having a bare authority,
and not being a party to the record, is not prevented from
being a witness. 1824 J. MARSHALL Const, Opin. (1839)
329 In cases where a state is a party on the record the
question of jurisdiction is decided by inspection. 1827
HALLAM Const, Hist. (1876) III. xiii. 19 No record was
ever removed thither [to the Star chamber] upon assignment
of errors in an inferior court. \Hto$Encycl. Brit. XIX. 219/1
Since the Judicature Acts (1873) there has been no record
properly so called, in civil cases, though it has not been ex-
pressly abolished.
c. Phr. To travel out of the record (see quot.
1770). Also transf. , (b go off the subject. So to
keep to the record.
1770 CHATHAM Sp. ii Dec. 'mjnnius Lett. (1772) I. Pref.
18 note, The court, .are so far confined to the record, that
they cannot take notice of any thing that does not appear
on the face of it ; in the legal phrase, they cannot travel out
of the record. 1771 Jnnius Lett. I. Pref. 18 If I stated
the merits of my letter to the King, I should imitate Lord
Mansfield, and travel out of the record. 1840 W. L> GARRI-
SON in Life II. 430 [He] will speak to a point that is
pertinent, and not travel out of the record. 1861 DICKENS
Gt. Expect, xviii, Never mind what you longed for. Keep
to the record.
d. St. Law. A minute, subscribed by the
counsel on both sides and by the judge (in the
Court of Session by the Lord Ordinary), by which
the parties to a suit mutually agree to hold certain
pleadings as a full and final statement of the facts
and pleas on which their case rests.
The record when finally adjusted and authenticated by
the Lord Ordinary or the inferior judge is said to be closed.
For details of the practice, which dates from the Act of 1825,
see Bell's Diet. Law Scot. s.v.
i8*$-6Act 6 Geo. /^, c. 120 § 10 The Record so made up
and authenticated shall be held as foreclosing the parties
from the statement of any new averments in point of fact.
i&$oAct 13 «$• 14 Viet. c. 36 § 2 Where Defences are lodged,
and unless the Record shall be closed upon the Summons
and Defences, the Record shall be made by RevisaL
5. An account of some fact or event preserved in
writing or other permanent form; a document,
monument, etc., on which such an account is in-
scribed ; also, transf. any thing or person serving
to indicate or give evidence of, or preserve the
memory of, a fact or event ; a memorial. Freq. in
//., a collection of such accounts, documents, etc.
Also, in recent use, a tracing or series of marks,
made by a recording instrument.
x6ix BIBLE Ezra. vi. 2 There was found .. a rolle, and
therein was a record thus written. 1655 H. VAUGHAN Silex
Scint.t Agreement^ I wrote it down. But one that saw And
envyed that Record [etc.). 1790 COWPER In Mem. Thornton
48 Thy bounties all were Christian, and I make This record
of thee for the Gospel's sake. 1822 SHELLEY tr. Calderon
ii. 163 In my wisdom are the orbs of Heaven Written as in
a record. 1841 Penny Cycl. XIX. 332/2 The journal stamp
on a letter is a record that it has passed through the post-
office. 1876 Nature XV. 101/2 Thus a permanent record is
made of every signal that is sent. 1881 I. TAYLOR Alphal>ct
1. 16 The very earliest record which we possess of any actual
event is the scene depicted on a fragment of an antler [etc.].
transf. 1594 SHAKS. Rich. Ill, iv. iv. 28 [Thou] breefe ab-
stract and record of tedious dayes. c 1600 — Sonn. Iv, The
living record of your memory. 1790 COWPER Receipt Mothers
Pict. 54 The record fair That memory keeps, of all thy
kindness there. 1797 WORDSW. Old Cumbld. Beggar 89
The villagers in him Behold a record. 1842 TENNYSON
Gardener's Dan. 173 Shaping faithful record of the glance
That graced the giving.
//. 1581 SAVILE Tacitus, Hist. iv. xl. (1591) 199 To com-
municate a copie to the Senate of the Princes recordes and
papers. 1615 BEDWELL Arab. Tntdg. Talby, This I trans-
lated for the office of the Records in the Towre well neare
thirtie yeares since. 1697 DRYDEN Virg. Past. ix. 63 Why,
Daphnis, dost thou search in old Records, To know the
Seasons when the Stars arise ? 1751 JOHNSON Rambler
No. 143 F 8 That no records were so durable as poems. 1781
COWPER Conversat. 615 Who. .Could fetch from records of
an earlier age,. .His rich materials. 1819 SHELLEY Cenci iv.
i. 58 My parchments and all records of my wealth. 1841
Penny Cycl. XIX. 336/2 The Victoria Tower.. has been
named as a likely repository for the public records. 1875
HELPS Soc. Press, iii. 50 No historical records remain of this
great transaction.
transf. a 1610 PARSONS Leicester s Ghost (164 1) 28 Can this
injurious World so quickly blot A name so great out of
records of fame. 1662 BP. HOPKINS Funeral Serm. (1685) 13
The records of the grave, 1759 MASON Caractacns Wks.
1811 II. 97 That black hour, (May Memory ever raze it from
her records). 1843 MILL Logic \. i. § 5 Either in the records
of our own experience or in the discourse of others.
b. An account or reckoning of past time. rare.
1611 BIBLE Transl. Pref. F 3 For conseruing the record of
time in true supputation. 1711 POPE Temp. Fame 112 Who
measured earth . . And traced the long records of lunar years.
C. The leading facts in the life or career of a
person, esp. of a public man ; the sum of what one
has done or achieved.
App. of American origin, but now in common Eng. use.
1856 H. GREELEY .$>., on Lincoln 20 Mar. 133 A candidate
must have a slim record in these times. 1879 TOURCEE
fool's Err. xi. 49 Contending so hotly over each other's
records during and before the war. 1888 Century Mag.
May 3 My literary record— so far as I had made a record.
o. A performance or occurrence remarkable
among, or going beyond, others of the same kind;
spec, the best recorded achievement in any com-
petitive sport, Freq. in phr. to beat or break the
record: to surpass all previous performances.
1883 W. WILSON Swim. Instructor 137 The following re-
cords are given. 1884 Longm. Mag. Feb. 483 This per-
formance, which beat all previous records was considered a
very fine one.
HI. T 6. Reputation, repute, account. Obs.
c 1386 CHAUCER Sompn. T. 341 Dronkenesse is eek a foul
record Of any man and namely in a lord. 1390 GOWER
Conf. II. 230 Protheus of his record Which was an Astrono-
mien. Ibid. III. 326 Sche was a womman of record And al
is lieyed that sche seith. £1470 HENRY Wallace ix. 1133
Off him he maid hot lycht record.
•^7. Memory, remembrance, recollection. Obs.
13.. Minor Poems fr. VemonMS. xlix. 61 Long record
of "bat malice, c 1400 tr. Secreta Secret. , GOT.'. Lordsh. 106
It fallys bat bou chese of wyse men & of Skreueyns . . of
sotyll record. xj>77-8a BRETON Flourish upon Fancy (1879)
55/1 When that in minde I feede upon the freshe recorde of
thee. 1601 SHAKS. Twel. N. v. i. 253 O that record is liuely
in my soule.
f 8. Sc. Reply ; tale, statement. Obs.
c 1470 H ENRY Wallace vn. 1260 Schir Jhon Menteth , . Till
Wallace come, and maid a playne record. Ibid. x. 1145 To
that langage Cumyn maid na record, c 1475 RaufCoilyar
729 The king fell in carping, and tauld his Intent To mony
gracious Grome he maid his record.
•fO. Accord, reconcilement. Obs. rare~~\
c 1400 Rule St. Benet 65/654 For our enmes sal we pray,
Til a recorde be redy ay.
flO. A musical note. Obs. rare—1.
1583 T. WATSON Centxrie of Love xi, O Goulden bird..
Whose sweete records and more then earthly voice. .did
then my griefe asswage.
til. « RECORDER 2. Obs. rare.
?ci47J Sqr. Imve Degre 1075 With sytolphe and with
sautry songe With fydle, recorde, and dowcemere. 1589
PUTTENHAM Eng. Pcesie ii. i. (Arb.) 79 Melodious instru-
ments, as Lutes, Harpes, Regals, Records, and such like.
1 12. = RECORDER i. Obs. rare.
rtiSSo Vox populi 702 in Hazl. E. P. P. III. 292 The
laweare and the landelorde.The grcate reave and the recorde,
The recorde I mean is he That hath office or els flee.
IV. 13. attrib. and Comb. a. objective and ob-
jective genitive, as record bearer ) bearing^ -breaking^
keeper, -maker t -making.
1540 COVERDALE, etc. Erasm. Par. 2 Thess, \. 9 h, You,
which trusted in Christ at our *recorde bearing. — Erasm.
Par. 2 John 54 Thys is the true doctrine, whiche you haue
receaued of true *recorde bearours from the begynnyng.
1581 MARBECK Bk. of Noies 216 Those faithfull christen
men, that heard and sawe Christ, and were his record
bearers. 1886 Pall Mall G. 10 July 6/1 This Henley
Regatta has been a *record -breaking one. 1715 WILLIS
_.__ig in familiar style of ' records' and * *record-making ',
b. attrib. in senses 4 and 5, as record- bottle ; com-
mission, committee^ -cross, -office t -room, -stone.
1853 KANE Grinnell Exp. xxv. (1856) 203 Planting a flag-
staff, with., a "record- bottle below it. z8n First Ann.
Rep. Rec. Ireland App., The Statutes.. which have been
published under the English *Record Commission. 1841
Penny Cycl. XIX. 336/1 The Record Commission was
renewed six several times between the years 1800 and 1831.
1801 Ann. Rep. Comm. Public Rec. § 2 The *Record Com-
mittee of the House of Commons. 1838 MJSS PARDOE
River $ Desert II. 17 The hand.. which had planted the
people's record-offices beheld. 1800 First Rep. Public
Rec. App. PI. i, *Record Room for Principal Clerks of
Session. x8ia Sporting Mag. XXXIX. 152 Convicted by
the magistrates at the record-room, Northampton. 1836
J. H. NEWMAN in Lyra Apost. (1849) 53 So, let the cliffs
and seas of this fair place Be named man's tomb and
splendid *record-stone.
C. attrib. in sense 5 d, passing into adj.
1893 LYDEKKER Horns $ Hoofs 135 The 'record ' dimen-
sions are.. a length of 13* in., with a girth.. of 6J in. 1895
Times 2 Jan. 13/1 Record prices have been made.
Record (r/k£ud), v. Also 5 Sc. racord, 6 rec-
cord. [ad. OF. recorder (in most senses of the Eng.
word) = Sp. recordar. It. ricordare :— L. recordare
(classical recordari}, f. re- RE- + cord-, cor heart :
cf, accord, discord^ etc.]
I. fl. trans, a. To get by heart, to commit to
memory, to go over in one's mind. b. To repeat
or say over as a lesson, to recite. Obs.
a 1225 Ancr. R, 256, & makie so beo bet bercS J»et word
recorden hit oftebiuoren hire, erheo gout. ri33oR. PRUNNE
RECORD.
Chrw. (1810) 172 Better him wer..J>e seruise of his song
recorded & lered. c 1374 CHAUCER Troylus in. 2 (51) Lay al
this menu while Troilus Recordyng his le:>son in this
manere. c 1477 CA.XTON Jason 37 If ye will recorde the
lessons and epistles of lone by the space of ten yere. 1542
UUAU. Erawt. Apof>h. 250 b, Anon the crowe recorded also
the other woordes whiche she had so often heard. 1579
SPENSER Sheph. Kal. Apr. 30 If hys ditties bene so trimly
dight, I pray thue, Hobbinoll, recorde some one. a 1656
HALES Gold. Rent. I. (1673) 142 The Gardiner whilst he
prunes his Vines and Arbours, may record some one of
David's sonnets.
t c. To take to heart, give heed to. Qbs.~*
1390 GOWER Con/. II. 250 He tolde him many a dredful
sawe Dot Jason wolde it noght recorde.
2. To practise (a song, tune, etc.). In later use
only of birds (cf. 3) ; f freq. (c 1580-1620) = to sing
or warble (a tune, etc.).
1413 Pi/gr. Sowle (Caxton 1483) v. viii. 99 When they
haade these instrumentes they recorded songes besyly tylle
that they were..parfyte ynowe in al maner musike. 1580
LYLV Eitpknes (Arb.) 278 Where vnder a sweete Arbour of
Eglentine, be byrdes recording theyr sweete notes [etc.J.
1601 DOLMAN La Primattd. Fr. Acad. (1618) III. 760
The young little nightingales harken to the old, and do
record by themselues apart, the songs which they heard.
a 1654 SELDEN Table-t. (Arb.) 95 You see a Bird by often
whistling to learn a tune, and a Month after record it to
her self. 1834 E. JESSE Glean. Nat. Hist. Ser. n. 84 This
tune. .1 could distinctly hear it inwardly whistle, or, in the
language of bird-fanciers, record it.
t b. To sing of or about (something) ; to render
in song. Obs.
1576 GASCOIGNE Pkilomene (Arb.) no Then Phylomene
records the rewth Which craueth iust remorse. 1597 LYLY
Worn, in Moon in. i. 79 Let vs go walke the woods, Where
warbling birds recorde our happines. 1591 SHAKS. Two
Gent. v. iv. 6 Here can I. .to the Nightingales complaining
Notes Tune my distresses, and record my woes.
3. intr. Of birds (rarely of persons) : To practise
or sing a tune in an undertone ; to go over it
quietly or silently. Now only ttchn,
c 1510 BARCLAY Mirr. Gd. Manners (1570) E vj, Therfore
first recorde thou, as birde within a cage, ..thy tune;.
tempring longe, And then, -forth with thy pleasaunt songe.
1530 PALSGR. 681/2 This byrde recordeth all redy, she wyll
synge within a whyle. a 1592 H. SMITH Serm, (1637)429
Like a bird that is taught to record, when he had sung it
he sang it again. 1619 FLETCHER M. Tkontas in. iii, Ye
may record a little, or ye may whistle, As time shall
minister ; but, for main singing, Pray ye satisfy yourselves.
1727-41 CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v., The cock thrush is distin-
guished from the hen in recording, the first being more loud
and frequent in it than the second. 1773 HARRINGTON in
Phil. Trans. LXIII. 250, I have known instances of birds
beginning to record when they were not a month old. 1871
DARWIN Desc. Man 1. 1. ii. 55 The young males [birds] con-
tinue practising, or, as the bird-catchers say, recording, for
ten or eleven months.
f b. To sing or warble. Obs.
1590 LODGE Rosalind (Hunter. Cl.) 27 Partlie to heare
the melodic of the sweete birdes which recorded. 1593 KYD
Sp, Trag. ii. iv. 28 Harke, Madame, how the birds record
by night. 1613-6 W. BROWNE Brit. Past. n. iv, While the
nymph did earnestly contest Whether the birds or she
recorded best.
II. t4. fraris. To call to mind, to recall, re-
collect, remember. Obs.
1303 R. BKUNNE ffandl. Synne 4191 Treytur ! recorde
what bou hast herde Seyde and sunge yn al be werlde.
1340 Ayenb. 142 Huanne he recorded bet lif of iesu crist
and his holy passioun. c 1400 Rule St. Benet 11 pat ye be
noght for-getil, .. And tat ye recorde wel be cumantemens
of god. 1480 CAXTON Ckron. Eng. Ixxxv, Do we so . . that
men mowe recorde the worthynesse of knyght hode. 1530
were of late Dare not yet mount aboue their former state.
a 1656 HALES Gold. Rem. HI. (1673) 4 Do you already know
your duty? it serves to commemorate, and to make you
record it. 1780 COWPER Annus Mem. 34 An era .. Which
joyful I will oft record, And thankful, at my frugal board.
absol. c 1440 Jacob's Well 181, I haue seyd my synne in
herte recordynge. c 1460 Lannfal 831 The Kyng recordede
tho, And bad hym bryng hys lef yn syght.
t5. To meditate, ponder (something) with one-
self. Obs.
are giuen to the prisoner to record with himselfe, who or
what his enemies be. 1586 A. DAY Eng. Secretary i. (1625)
86 We shall record with our selues, in what league, amity or
duty, we haue before-time stood charged.
t (J. intr. a. To have mind or recollection of a
person or thing. Obs*
1382 WYCLIF Gen. viii. i The Lord forsothe recordide of
Noe. — ha. Ixiii. n He recordide of the dajes of the
world. 1509 HAWKS Past. Pleas, i. (Percy Soc.) 9 Recorde
of Saturn* the first kyng of Crete. 1567 Triall Treas.
(1850) 28 Recurde of Dionisius, a king of much fame.
f b. To think or meditate on a thing or person.
Also with in. Obs.
c 1374 CHAUCER Troylus in. 1130 (1179) Evermore on this
night ye recorde, And beth wel ware ye do no more amys.
c 1430 LVDG. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 125 Recorde on
Frauuce and Parys the fayre citee. 1430-40 — Bochas
viii. i. (1558) 3 Recorde on Cyrus, and many other mo. 1532
TINDALE Expos. Matt. vi. 34 (ci55o) Sab, To kepe the
couenaunt of the Lorde thy God, and to recorde therin daye
and night. 1560 BECON fferu Catech, Wks. I. 488 Let not
the boke of this lawe dcparte out of thy mouth, but recorde
therein daye and nyght. a 1604 R. HALL Life Bf. Fisher
xxn. (ccl. Baily, 16551 206 Himselfe praying all the way, and
recording upuii the words which he before had read.
267
1 7. a. To remind (one) of (a thing). Obs. rare —'.
c 1386 CHAUCER Pro!. 829 Ye wool youre foreward and I it
yow recorde.
t b. refl. To remember. Also const, of, Obs.
1413 Pilgr. Sowle (Caxton 1483) r. xv. 9 Ful wel I me
record, or this mater ne touchyd I no word. 1429 tr.
Secreta Secrct.t Priv. Priv. 150 A man sholde hym recorde
of thynges that afore hath bene.
III. f 8. trans. To relate in words ; to tell or
narrate orally. Also intr. in to hear record, to hear
tell (of a person). Obs. (in later use only as transf.
from 9).
13.. Cursor M. 19112 (GOtt.) Bi his fadir silt he sail, Till
he record haf ys all, bat he spac feirst wid prophecis. 1340
Aytnb. 59 pet is be zenne of pan bet zuo bli>eliche recordeji
hare dedes and hare prowesses. 1390 GOWER Conf. \. 36
In this wise, as I recorde, The man is cause of alle wo.
01450 Knt. tie la Tour (1868) 52 Beting hem self [and]
recordyng her synne tofore the pepille. 1500-20 DUNBAR
foetus lix. 13 Quhois crewall sclander seruis deid, And in
my name all leis recordis. 1550 LYNDESAY Sqr. Meldrum
tf
record thy Praise.
t b. Const, to or unto (a person). Obs.
1375 BAHBOUR Brtice I. 72 Thai all concordyt, That all
thar spek suld be recordyt Till Schyr Eduuard. 1390
GOWER Conf. III. 49 Somwhat of his aventures. To thee,
mi Sone, I wol recorde. c 1470 HENRY Wallace x. 542 The
Bruce than in his mynd remordyt Thai wordis suth that
Wallace had him recordyt. c 1500 Melusine 102 The erle . .
demanded of Raymondin where he had be so long, and he
recorded to hym alle his auenture.
t C. To declare as one's verdict. Obs.
1377 LANGL. P. PI. B. xvm. 197, 1, Rijtwisnesse, recorde
thus with treuth, That her peyne be perpetuel. 1393 Ibid,
C. iv. 474 After the dede that ys ydo, the dome shal recorde,
Mercy other no mercy, a 1400 Pist ill of Susan 60 Rijtwys
Jugement recordet bei none.
9. To relate in writing ; to narrate or mention in
a written account ; to put or set down in writing ;
to put on record. Also, in recent use, of telegraphic
and other instruments : To set down (a message,
etc.) in some permanent form.
In later use the sense of setting down in a written or
permanent form becomes the prominent one ; early ex-
amples are more closely connected with sense 8.
13.. E. E.Allit. P. B. 25 Me mynez on one amonge ober,
as Mabew > ecordez. c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints xxxi. (Eugenia)
239^ It nedis nocht to recorde here be dole, c 1430 LYDG.
Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 47 Clerkys recorde, by gret
auctoryte, Homes wer yove to bestys for dyffence. 1554-9
in Songs S/ Ball. (1860) 2 Yet God made hyme promys, as
Scrypture dothe reccord. 1579 E. K. Gloss. Spenser's
Sheph. Col. May 54 Which story is first recorded of Plu-
tarch, in his booke of the ceasing of oracles. 1601 DOLMAN
La Primaud. Fr. Acad. (1618) III. 828 Plinie recordeth
many other wonders concerning these beasts. 1662 STIL-
LINGFL. Orig. Sacr. n. iii. § i After he hath recorded those
faults, he seeks not to extenuate them. 1696 WHISTON Tk.
Earth in. (1722) 253 Their Numbers were exactly taken,
and are as exactly Recorded. 1771 Junius Lett. 1. 259 The
services you have done the nation.. have been faithfully
recorded. 1820 W. IRVING Sketch Bk. II. 265 The last
words of his that are recorded, are worthy the greatness of
his soul. 1860 TYNOALL Glac. n. xxi. 343, I have recorded
certain winter measurements made on the Mer de Glace.
'873 F. JENKIN Electr. fy Magn. xxii. § 5 Sometimes the
Morse signals are indicated to the ear or eye without being
recorded. 1805 [see RECORDER 1 4],
fig. 1601 DANIEL To C'tess Cutnbld. xvi, This note
(Madam) of your Worthiness Remaines recorded in so
many Hearts. 1647 H. MORE Song of Soul i. i. i, What so
under eye Doth fall, or is record m memorie. 1736 POPE
Odyss. xvn. 580 Just and unjust recording in their mind.
1781 COWPER Truth »6i In faithful memory she records the
crimes. Or real or fictitious, of the times.
aosoi. c 1425 WYNTOUN Cron. H. Prol. 30 Wibe Orosius
we wil discorde In til our dat qwhen we racorde Befor or
fra be byrtht of God.
refl. 1818 SCOTT Ivanhoe ix, By this name the stranger
had recorded himself in the books of the tourney.
b. To have (a gift, etc.) properly recorded ; to
give (a verdict or vote).
1596 SHAKS. Merch. V. iv. i. 388 That he doe record a gift
Heere in the Court of all he dies possest Vnto his sonne
[etc.], a 1856 CUSHING Law % Pract. Legist. Assemblies
If. S. vi. iii. 708 If they do not apply until afterwards,
they can only be permitted to record their votes by leave of
the house. 1884 JManch. Exam. 10 May 5/4 There is only
one verdict which those who disapprove of it can record.
1 1O. To bear witness to (a fact, etc.) ; to attest,
confirm. Also absol., to testify. Obs.
1377 LANGLAND P. PI. B. iv. 157 Alle rijtful recorded bat
resoun treuthe tolde. 1387 TREVISA Higdtn (Rolls) VIII.
348 pese were i-sent to the popes court for to have Jxese cove-
nauntes recorded by be popes billes. c 1440 Promp. Part'.
426/1 Recordyn', or here wytnesse, testificor. 1476 in
Surtccs Misc. (1888) 35 Thys wyll we recorde and bere witte-
nesse be thys lettre of record sealed with our scales. 1514
BARCLAY Cyt. * Uplondysluii. (Percy Soc.) p. xlvi, That can
Amintas record artd testify. 1570 LEVINS manip. 171/21 To
Recorde, contestari. 1607 SHAKS. Timon IV. ii. 4 Let me be
recorded by the righteous Gods, I am as poore as you.
absol. 1393 LANUL. P. PI. C. v. 29 To take red at Reson,
that recorde shoide By-fore the kyng and Conscience, r 1460
Toivneley Myst. xii. 327 It was a merygle, sich hard I never
none, 1 recorde.
f b. To call to witness. Obs. rare—'.
1586 MARLOWE is/ PI. Tamhirl. v. ii, For all blot of foul
inchastity, I record Heaven, her heavenly self is clear,
f IV. 11. To pertain or belong to (one). Obs.-1
cijoo Lancelot 606 Hyme lakid nocht that to a lord re-
covdith.
RECORDED.
Re-cord (r<"kpud), v. [f. RE- 53 + COED z/.i]
traus. To cord again, in senses of that vb.
1797 Term Rep. VII. 182 All that they had done was to
measure the wood and re-cord a very small part of it. 1869
ist Rep. Dep. Kf>r. Irel. 14 The document sought is usually
found in a few minutes, and the piece re-corded and re-
turned to its place.
Recordable (rrk^udab'l), a. [f. RECORD v.
+ -ABLE.] Capable of being recorded, admitting
of record.
1483 CAXTON Gold. Leg. 258/2 Thou that arte called to the
lyf perdurable . . to refection not recordable. 1815 JANE
AUSTEN Emma xxxviii, Of very important, very recordable
events. 1858 CARLYLE Fredk. Gt. ix. xi. II. 541 Prince
Lichtenstein . . does nothing else recordable in Berlin.
Reco-rdal. rare—1. [-AL.] = RECORD sb.
1859 T. S. HENDERSON Mem. E. Henderson i. 13 Boyish
escapades which are not worth recordal.
t Reco rdance. Obs. rare. [a. OF. recordancc
(i3th c.) = It, ricorJama : or f. RECORD v. and
-ANCE.] Remembrance.
1490 CAXTON Eneydos xvi. 61 Hauynge noo myndc ne
recordaunce for to goo conquere the cytees. Ibid. xxv. 90
For often commeth in mynde, to theym of good recordaunce
[etc.]. 1592 WYRLEY Annorie 145 Recordaunce make with
griefe and dolefulnes. 1630 J. TAYLOR (Water P.) Verbum
Sempiternnm Wks. in. 131/2 This Booke againe, againe,
Recordance brings.
So t KscoTdancy. Obs. rare ~'.
1654 COKAINE Dianea iv. 364, I know the Recordancie of
thy venues have no need of Commiserations.
Reccvrdant, a. rare~l. [f. as prec. + -ANT.]
Containing a record, reminiscent.
1813 in Parr's Wks. (1828) VIII. 656 Monument or
memorial recordant of the virtues .. of man.
Recordar, obs. Sc. form of RECORDER 2.
Reco-rdate, v. rare-1, [f. ppl. stem of L. re-
cordarito RECORD.] trans. To remember, recollect.
1830-2 CARLETON Trails (1843) I- '3' When Rose re-
covered, she seemed as if trying to recordate what had
happened.
ReCOrdation (rek^id^-Jan). [a. OF. recorda-
tion (14-16111 c.), or ad. L. recordatioii-em (hence
also Sp. recordacion. It. ricordazione"), n. of action
f. recordari to RECORD.]
1 1. The faculty of remembering or recollecting.
1398 TREVISA Earth. De P. R. v. iii. (Bodl. MS.), In the
both recordation and remembrance. 1666 J. SMITH Old
Age (ed. 2) 46 Another receptacle for the intelligible species,
which they call Reminiscency or Recordation.
f2. Remembrance or recollection of something.
c 1450 tr. De Imilatione in. xxiv. 94 Of be recordacion of
be manyfolde benefetes of god. 147^5 Bk. Noblesse (Roxb.)
3 The recordacion of actis and dedis in armes of so many
famous.. Kingis. a 1540 BARNES Wks. (1573)351/2 They
doe.. pray vnto them in remembraunce and recordation of
the first fruits. 1579 FENTON Guicciard. (1618) 147 loyning
to that new offence a recordation of old iniuries done
against him. 1609 [Bp. W. BARLOW] Ansiv. Nameless Cath.
159 It strooke a . . recordation of their former disloyaltie into
our first parents. 1657 W. MORICE Coena quasi KOUTJ
Dial. v. 244 The recordation thereof, and external acknow-
ledgment of Christ to be the Redeemer [etc.].
attrib. 1748 RICHARDSON Clarissa (1811) III. x. 71 Let
me call myself back to my recordation-subject. Thou
needest not remind me of my Rosebud.
1 3. An act of commemorating or making men-
tion ; a commemorative account. Obs.
1598 YONG Diana Pref., Discurring most of those townes
and places in it with a pleasant recordation of my pen. 1609
[Bp. W. BARLOW] Answ. Nameless Cath. 69 A short, but
pithy and worthy recordation of Her Clement gouernment.
1670 WALTON Life Donne 63 Methinks they be persons that
seem to challenge a recordation in this place.
4. The action or process of recording or com-
mitting to writing.
1802-12 BENTHAM Ration. Judic. Evid. (1827) I. 279
Notation : or say recordation, registration, scription, note
taking. 1831 Examiner 723/2 An accurate recordation or
representation of the transactions of an individual. 1877
BURROUGHS Taxation 326 It is difficult to perceive upon
what principle recordation is necessary.
attrib. 1802-12 BENTHAM Ration. Judic. Evid. (1827)
II. 94 Every cause is recordation-worthy, unless in so far as
some special reason can be shewn to the contrary.
Recprdative (rfk/Mdativ), a., [a. obs. F. re-
cordatif '(i6thc.) or ad. lateL. recorifaiiv-us (once) :
see RECORDATE v. and -IVE.] Commemorative.
1551 GARDINER in Foxe A. *r M. (1563) 795/1 A sacrifice
recordatiue of that only sacrifice of the crosse. 1607 Sckol.
Disc. agst. Antichr: l. i. 32 There be Papists that tollerate
Images only for their signification and as they are recorda-
tiue. 1811-31 BENTHAM £st. Lang. Wks. 1843 VIII. 297
Recordative of the matter of thought. 1898 tfmA June
646 In the few sentences recordative of his teaching.
Hence Reco rdatively adv.
1633 AMES Agst. Ccrtm. n. 291 If we admitte of signifi-
cantlmages, as religious Ceremonies, I would fain know how
we in England can condemne, those that worship .. them
commemoratively or recordatively.
t Recordator. Obs.—'1 [a. med.L. recordator,
i. recordari to RECORD.] = RECORDER 1.
1691 WooD^-lM. Oxon. I, 246 Dav. Middleton of Gwenock,
Recordator of North- Wales.
Recorded Wk^jdW), ///. a. [f. RECORD v.
+ -ED 1.] f a. Tuned or musically rendered. Obs.
b. Put on record, preserved in writing.
1568 T. How ELL Arh Amitie (1879) 83 With ioyet the
RECORDEDLY.
Nightingal gan rayse, hir right recorded song. 1603 SHAKS.
Meas. for M. n. iv. 61, I (now the voyce of the recorded
Law) Pronounce a sentence. 1606 — Macb. v. v. 21 To the
last Syllable of Recorded time. 1871 FREEMAN Hist. Ess.
Ser. i. L 27 An age of recorded history for one nation, is an
age before recorded history for another. 1877 Nature
XVI. 446/2 The recorded ascents to the height of 21,000
feet are extremely few.
Hence Reco-rdedly adv.
1893 Temple Bar Apr. 511 Mrs. Charles Kemble, an
actress, recordedly, and a character.
Recorder l (r^kp-adai). Also 4-5 recordour.
[Orig. a. AF. recordour^ OF. recordeour, -eur
(i4th c.) ; in later use partly f. RECORD v. + -ER 1.]
1. A certain magistrate or judge having criminal
and civil jurisdiction in a city or borough.
The Recorder was originally a person with legal knowledge
appointed by the mayor and aldermen to ' record ' or keep in
mind the proceedings of their courts and the customs of the
city, his oral statement of these being taken as the highest
evidence of fact. (See RHey Mitnimenta Gildhallz I. 42-3.)
The recorder of London, to whom most of the early evidence
refers, is still appointed by the court of aldermen ; in other
cities and boroughs the appointment is made by the crown,
the duties of the office being regulated by the Municipal
Corporations Act of 5 and 6 William IV and subsequent
enactments. The court of Quarter-Sessions is held by th£
recorder on dates fixed by himself.
[^1325 in Riley Munim. Gildli. (Rolls) II. i. 151 Solonc
le record des Recordours de la Gilhale. 1347 Rolls o/Parlt.
II. 186/1 Au Mair & au Recordour & as Aldermannes de
mesme la Citee. \qt<)Liber Albus in Riley Munim. Gildh.
(Rolls) I. in. i. 182 Et si les parties pleident a jugement, le
jugement serra done par bouche de loure Recordoure. Ibid.
I. 308 Sacramentum Recordatoris. Vous jurrez, qe vous
serrez foialx et loialx . . a la citee de Loundres, en loffice du
Recordour.]
1436 in Surtees Misc. (1888) 8 [At York] Richard Russell,
Thomas Bracebryg, aldermen, Gui Rouclyff, recordour.
1463-4 Rolls of Parlt. V. 504/2 Aldermen or Recorders of
the same Cite [London], a 1548 HALL Chron.t Hen, VIII
142 b, Whatsoeuer was saied by the Recorder, in his excuse,
was taken as.. a dissimulacion or a mocke. 1594 SHAKS.
Rich, flf, in. vii. 30 His answer was, the people were not
vsed To be spoke to, but by the Recorder. 1607 COWELL
Interpr. 1630 Gal-way Arch, in lot/t Rep. Hist. AfSS.
Comnt. App. V. 476 The Recorder of this towne.. shall have
per annum tenn poundes sterling. 164* CALTHROP Liberties
London 23 That the Recorder shall or may ore-tewts,..
record and certifie the Customs being traversed. And his
certificate shall be as strong in the Law as the verdict of 22
men. 1709 STEELE Tatler No. 39 P 4 [He] has, by Advice
of the Recorder of Oxford, brought this Action. 1765
BLACKSTONE Comnt. I. 76 The customs of London differ
from all others in point of trial : for, if the existence^of the
custom be brought in question, it shall not be tried by
a jury, but by certificate from, the lord mayor and aldermen
by the mouth of their recorder. 1850 HT. MARTIN EAU Hist.
Peace v. iii. II. 244 Boroughs having a Recorder have sepa-
rate Courts of Quarter- Sessions of the peace. 1886 Encycl.
Brit. XX. 160/1 The recorders of Dublin and Cork are
judges of the civil bill courts in those cities.
transf. 1593 DONNE To Otess Huntingdon xvii, I but
your Recorder am in this. .A ministerial notary.
fb. The chief justice of an East Indian settle-
ment. Obs.
1800 Asiatic Ann. Reg., St. Papers 5/2 So much of the
charter. . for erecting the Courts of Recorder at Madras and
Bombay, as relates to the appointment of Recorder,
f 2. A witness. Obs.
c 1440 Promp. Parv. 426/1 Recprdowre, wytnesse berer,
test is. 1522 Knaresborough Wills (Surtees) I. 14 Also
I wyll John Wylkes . . and Richard Roundell to be recorders
with other moo. IS5® Richmond IVills (Surtees) 87 Re-
corders hereof, Lawranse Robinson, .withe other mo. 1607
COWELL Interpr. s.v., I find not that wee in our Courts
(especially in the Kings Courts) stand much upon the
number of recorders or witnesses for the strength of the
testimonie which the record maketh.
3. One who records or sets down in writing.
Recorder of the Great Roll, a former officer of the Scottish
Court of Exchequer, also called Clerk of the Pipe.
1537 BIBLE (Matthew) i Kings iv. 3 Jeosaphath the sonne
of Anilud the recorder. 1640 Bp. HALL Episc. n. xix. 108
Faithfull recorders of all occurrences that befell the Church.
1771 LUCKOMBE Hist. Print. 10 He had got Corsellis into
his hands, as the recorder imports, so many_ years before.
1830 DISRAELI Chas. /, III. xvii. 370 The faithful recorder
of our once country-customs. 1834 Act 4^5 Will. /K, c. 16
(title) An Act to abolish the Office of Recorder of the Great
Roll or Clerk of the Pipe in the Exchequer in Scotland.
1871 BLACKIE Four Phases i. 3 A faithful .. recorder of
what he heard and saw.
4. A recording apparatus ; esp. a device in a
telegraphic instrument for recording the signals
received. (See also siphon, recorder.}
1873 F. JENKIN Electr. $ Magn. xxiii. § 6 Keeping . . the
glass tube end of the recorder within a very narrow strip
of paper. 1876 Nature XV. 102/1 The Recorder consists
of a powerful electro-magnet [etc.]. 1895 Daily News 29
Jan. 6/5 The Thompson and Marsden Patent Recorder, .is
a machine to be attached to the indicator posts of steam
vessels for recording, .every order as it is given by the
master from the bridge to the engineer below.
RecO'rder -. Obs. exc. Hist. Forms: 5-6
recordre, 5 Sc. -our, 6 Sc. -sac, (5 reeourder),
5- recorder, [app. f. RECORD v. (senses 2 and
3) + -ER !.] A wind instrument of the flute or
flageolet kind (see quot. 1626).
1430-40 LYDG. Bochasn. xv. (1554) 54 b, Pan. .Of recorders
fond fyrst the melodies, c 1450 HOLLAND Hoivlat 759 The
rote, and the recordour, . . The trumpe, and the talburn.
1542 UDALL Erasnt. Apoph. 5 b, Yf a manne would fayn
bee reputed a good player on the recordres. 1598 YONG
Diana 475 One of them plaied on a Lute ; another on
268
a Harpe ; another made a maruellous sweet countertenour
vpon a Recorder. 1626 BACON Syh'et § 221 The Figure of
Recorders, and Flutes, nnd Pipes are straight ; But the
Recorder hath a less Bore and a greater ; Above, and below.
1683 TRVON Way to Health 655 Flutes or Recorders are
a brave noble Instrument, being skilfully handled. 1719
D'UnFEY Pills (1872) IV. 94 All maids that make trial of a
Lute or a Viol, ..If you like not this Order, come try my
Recorder. 1773 BAKRINGTON in Phil. Trans. LXIII. 250
A musical instrument, formerly used in England, called
a recorder. 1791 COWPER Iliad x. 14 Pipes, and recorders,
and the hum of war.
fb. One of the pipes of an organ. Also transf.
1613 Organ Specif. Worcester Cathedral, The particulars
of the great organ . . I recorder of mettal, a stopt pipe. 1650
BULWER A ntliropotnet. 92 In the curious Machin of speecn,
the Nose is added as a Recorder, to advance the melodious
eccho of the sound.
•(• o. transf. One who plays a recorder. 06s.— '
1630 J. TAYLOR (Water P.) Gt. Eater Kent 5 Such are
poets, trumpetters, cornets, recorders, pipers, bag-pipers.
Recorder ship (r/kpudajjip). [f. RECORDER!
+ -SHIP]. The office, or term of office, of a recorder.
1553 Shrewsbury MSS. in \$th frep. Hist. MSS. Comnt.
App. X. 13 It ys supposed to be incident to his office of
recordarshipp. 1678 LADY CHAWORTH in itth Rep. Hist.
MSS. Cainm. App. V. 45 To confirme your Lordship's elec-
tion to the Recordership of Grantham. 1689 J. BENT
Bloody Assizes 13 To whose influence. .he attributed his
dismission from the Recordership. 1835 Frasers Mag,
XII. 64 The fees of registration and recordership. 1884
Law Times LXXVII. 248/1 County Court judges could
retain their recorderships after their appointment.
Recording (r/k/udirj), vbl. sb. [-JNG '.] The
action of the vb. RECORD in various senses.
•)• 1. Remembrance, recollection ; meditation. Obs.
1340 Ayenb. 55 |>e blisse bet hi habbeb ine be recordinge.
1382 WYCLIF 2 Tim. \. 5 Takinge recordinge [gloss or
mynde] of that feith, that is in thee. 1483 CAXTON G. de la
Tour N iv b, They whiche kepe them self fro recordynge of
ony wordes. 1519 HORMAN Vnlg. 277 Huntyng is a playn
recordyng of warre. 1559 Homilies \. Exhort. Holy Script.
Bj, Continual readyng and recordyng of Gods worde.
2. The practising or singing of birds.
1530 PALSGR. 261/1 Recordyng of byrdes, patois. 1611
COTGR-, Resonnance,..* recording, as of birds. 1681 W.
ROBERTSON rhraseol. Gen. (1693) 1053 The recording of
birds, tnodulatio avinm alterna. 1773 HARRINGTON in Phil.
Trans. LXIII. 250 The next stage in the notes of a bird is
termed, by the bird-catchers, recording. 1852 Miss PRATT
Nat. Songst. 49 This practising is by bird fanciers called
recording.
3. The action of setting down or putting on
record. Also attrib.
1661 STILLINGFL. Orig. Sacr. iv. i. § i So certain a record-
ing of them, as may be least liable to any suspicion of im-
posture or deceit. 1684 I. MATHER (title) An Essay for the
recording of Illustrious Providences. 1838 W. BELL Diet.
Law Scot. 827 This recording is necessary, in order that the
deed may have the benefit of the statute. 1898 Daily Neil's
15 Aug. 7/1 Recording fees are regulated solely by the
miners themselves.
Recording (rit<r.idirj), ///. a. [-ING 2.] That
records, now esp. in phr. recording angel.
1761 STERNE Tr. Shandy V. viii, The recording angel,
as he wrote it down, dropp'd a tear upon the word.
1781 COWPER Conversat. 551 Marble and recording brass
decay. 1781 — Tablc-t. 21 When recording History displays
Feats of renown. 1841 LANE Arab. Nts. I. 30 Every be-
liever is attended by two guardian and recording angels. 1870
BURTON Hist. Scot. Ixv. (1873) VI. 2 Had the Romans been
a recording people like the Normans [etc.]. 1873 F. JENKIN
Electr, ff Magn. xxii. § 7 The electro-magnet of the
recording instrument.
He-cordless, a. [f. RECORD sb. + -LESS.] Hav-
ing no record or records ; unrecorded.
1892 A. E. LEE Hist. Columb. (Ohio) I. 62 The line which
separates the extinct and recordless races from the races
known to history.
Recordour, -dre, obs. ff. RECORDER 2.
Re-cork (rzlcpuk), v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To
cork again ; to provide with new corks.
1843 Penny Cycl. XXVII. 464/1 Such also are most liable
to the aggressions of insects, and must frequently be re-
corked. 1884 Graphic 23 Aug. 207/2, 1 ordered the. .bottles
to be refilled, recorked, and served a second time.
t Recorporification. Obs.-1 [RE- 5 a.]
A making or becoming corporeal again.
1666 BOYLE Orig. Formes !f Qual. 216 This Factitious
Vitriol may not be barely a new Production, but partly a
Recorporification.
So -f Becorporify v. ; Becorporize v.
1694 SALMON Bate's Dispens. (1713) 400/2 The recorporified
Spirits have a greater Sphere of Activity . . than the Sub-
stances purely natural. 1781 Westnu Mag. IX. 74 Spirits
re-corporised render the water colder than the salts do, out
of which they were drawn.
i Recotising, vbl. sb. Her. Obs.-1 [RE-
5 a.] A second cotising.
1586 FERNE Blaz. Centric ii. 69 The Fret is as it were a
recotizing of the feeld : but in Armes bended or cotized, the
cullors conteined be equally deuided with the feeld.
RecoU'Ch, v. rare—1. [RE- 5 a.] intr. To
couch again, to retire again to rest.
a 1630 WOTTON Poems, civ Psalm vii, Then savage Beasts
creep from the silent Wood, . . Who when at Morn they All
recouch again, [etc.].
Recouer(e, -ir, obs. ff. RECOVER sb. and v.
Recouncile, obs. form of RECONCILE v.
t ReCOU'nsel, v. Obs. Forms : a. 4 reeon-
seyle, 4 (6 Sc.) -sale, 5 -saille; 4 recoucele,
-sele, 6 Sc. -sel(l. )3. 4 recouuseil, 5 -seille, 5-6
RECOUNT.
-seyll, 4-5 -sail, 6 Sc. -saill, -sale ; 4-5 (6 Sc.)
recounsel, 5 -selle, 6 Sc. -sell, -cel(l. [a. OF.
recotiseiller, ad. L. rtconctii&re after conseiller to
COUNSEL. The forms in Eng. follow those of the
simple vb.]
1. trans. = RECONCILE v. i and 2.
13.. Propr. Sanct. (Vernon MS.) in Archiv lieu. Spr.
LXXXI. 308/55 Crist forsobe was in heuene pe goode worlde
Reconseyllnge To him-self. 1382 WYCLIF Matt. v. 24 Go
first for to be recounseilid to thi brother, c 1450 Mirottr
SalitacioHH 2370 And with his blode vs to godde his fadere
to reconsaille. 1482 CAXTON Trevisa's Higden 11. xxiii.
98 b, Jason recounseylled and toke ayene his wyfe media.
1533 GAU R icht Vay (S. T. S.) 42 We war inimis with god
bot now we ar reconsalit be the deid of his sone.
2. Sc. = RECONCILE v. 4.
sL
counsell him agane to the favoure of his pepill. 1563
WINJET Wks. (S.T. S.) II. 4 He apperis weil to hef bene
recouncelit vnto his fauour.
8. = RECONCILE v. 5 and 5 b. Also, to bring
back, or admit again, to allegiance.
1375 BARBOUR Bruce ix. 740 Thou has a quhill renyit thi
fay ; Bot thou reconsalit now mon be. 1496 Dines If Paup,
(W. de W.) vit. xviii. 305/2 Yf ony curate.. recounseyll hym
that wyll not amende hym . . he doth symonye. 1572 Sc.
Acts Jos. VI (1814) III. 72/1 .Quhill thay haue recounsallit
tbam selfis to the trew Kirk submittand bame selfis to the
Discipline thairof. a 1578 LINDESAY (Pitscottie) Chron. Scot.
(S.T.S.) II. 76 Mr. George [Wishart] ansuerit .. he wald ..
be recounsellit in ony thing his conscience movet him.
4. = RECONCILE v. 6.
£1450 St. Cuthbert (Surtees) 7147 pe new kirke was re-
counsailde Solemply, and reparailde. 1496 Dives ff Paitp.
(W. de W.) i. Ixiv. 108/2 Yf it [pollution] myght be preued,
ther sholde noo preeste synge ne saye noo masse therin, ne
bodye be buryed tyll it [the churchyard] were recounseylled
6. To recover, regain, rare
c 1400 MAUNDEV. (Roxb.) Pref. 2, I trowe wele bat within
a lytill tyme oure rigt heritage., scnuld be recounsajled and
putte in to be handes of be right heyers of Ihesu Criste.
Hence fBecon-naeller; Recotrnselling vbl. sb.
a 1340 HAMPOLE Psalter xliv. 3 J>e warld resayued grace
of recouncelynge. 1388 WYCLIF Dettt. v. 5 Y was recoun-
celere and mediatour bitwixe God and 3ou in that tyme.
— fsa. Ix. 10 In my recounselyng Y had merci on thee. 1483
Cath. Angl. 301/2 A Recounsillynge, reconsiliacio.
Recounsile, -syle, obs. ff. RECONCILE v.
t Recou'nt, sbl Obs. [f. RECOUNT z/.1, in
early use perh. after OF. raconte (Godef.).]
Account, narrative, narration.
c 1489 CAXTON Blanchardyn Hii. 204 And for the recounte
of their aduenture, they chased Subyon [etc.]. 1582 T.
WATSON Centurie of Love Ix, No Night with sleepe shall
close mine eyes at all, Before I make recount of such a debt.
a 1635 NAUNTON Fragm. Reg. (Arb.) 34 In recount of whom
I proceed with Sir Philip Sidney.
Recount (rfkau-nt), sb.z [RE- 5 a ; cf. RE-
COUNT w.2] A new count ; a second or subsequent
enumeration (esp. of votes in an election).
1884 Pall MallG. 22 Nov. 7/2 In reply to the Conservative
application for a re-count. 1890 Times 21 Oct. 5/4 The
Government Census Bureau has refused to make a recount
of the population of New York.
Recount (rilcau-nt), v.1 Also /3. 5-6 re-
compte, 6 -coumpte. [a. ONF. and AF. recon-
ler, ra-««fe>-(i2thc.) f. re- RE- + con/er to COUNT.
Cf. also F. raconter.]
1. trans. To relate or narrate ; to tell in detail ;
to give a full or detailed account of (some fact,
event, etc.). Also const, to (a person).
n. 1456 SIR G. HAVE Law Arms (S. T. S.) 7 As is re-
countit be Sanct Gregore the haly doctour. 1483 CAXTON
G. de la Tour K iij b, Gladde to here telle and recounte the
goodness of them. a. 1333 LD. BERNERS Huon Ixxxiii. 262,
I am ashamyd to recounte it. 1599 NASHE Lenten Stuff
41 To recount ab ouo. .howe the Herring first came to be a
fish. 1617 MORYSON /tin. i. 186 He ceased not to bewaile my
misery, and to recount my Tragedy. 1653 H. COGAN tr.
Pinto's Trav. ix. 28 He recounted unto me, that he had in
all but six thousand men. 1782 Miss BURNEY Cecilia ix. v,
Mrs. Hill wept for joy in recounting how well she succeeded.
1809 MALKIN Gil Bias vii. ii. P 2, 1 recounted, .all that had
passed . .without garbling the facts in any particular. 1858
DORAN Crt. Fools 269 The two . . fell to recounting to each
other many a good story.
/3. c 1477 CAXTON Jason 45 b, I shal recompte to yow my
lyf and all myn astate. 1568 GRAFTON Chron. II. 803 With
y8 which aunswere John Greene returned, recompting the
same to king Richarde. 1575 TURBERV. Venerie i. 3, I have
thought good to recoumpte this historic.
b. (With plural object.) To relate in order ; to
ennmerate by particulars.
a. 1483 CAXTON Gold. Leg. 428 b/i Who that coude re-
counte alle the myracles doon by hym. a 1533 LD. BERNERS
Huon xxi. 60 Yf I sholde recounte all the aduentures, . . it
sholde be to longe a processe to show it. 1584 R. SCOT
Discov. Witchcr. x. ii. (1886) 143 Macrobius recounted! five
differences of images. 1667 MILTON P. L. vn. 112 To re-
count Almightie works What words or tongue of Seraph can
suffice? 1743 FIELDING True Patriot Wks. 1775 IX. 304
To enumerate all those vices which I have already declined
recounting. 1816 J. SCOTT Vis. Paris (ed. 5) 267 These are
advantages and gratifications which it makes one almost
feverish to recount. 1870 M. D. CONWAY Earthly. PHgr.
viii. 1 13 Rites and prayers, recounting to God the items of
his magnificence.
ft. 1561 DAUS tr. Hullingcr on Apoc. Pref. (1573) 3 He
RECOUNT.
recompteth most plentifully, .all the dolefull destinies of the
Church. 1601 BP. W. BARLOW Defence 171 In the articles
which the auncient fathers doe recompt
f 2. To consider or reflect on ; to debate or
weigh (with or within oneself). Obs.
1526 Pitjrr. Per/. (W. de W. 1531) 34 They begyn to re-
count with them selfe what they haue done. 1582 STANV-
HUBST /£«m i. (Arb.) 18 This luno fearing, and old broyls
hluddye recounting, a 1619 FOTHERBY Atheoni. Pref. (1622)
1 8 To perpend and to recompte within it selfe, that God
hath made all his seuerall Creatures, a 1656 USSIIER Ann.
(1658) 106 Cambyses in a rage .. nor re-counting with him-
self, that [etc.].
•f b. To go over, examine. 06s."1
1526 Pilgr. Per/ (W. de W. 1531) 214 Saynt Crisostom
counseyleth the ofte to recount thy conscyence, and to re-
member . . thy . . synnes.
t3. To regard, consider, or account (a person or
thing) as possessing a certain character or quality.
Const . as, for, to be, or with simple complement. Obs,
1516 Pilgr. Per/. (W. de W. 1531) 61 b, Than raoost of all
recount thy selfe but a wretche and a synner. ^1550 R.
BIESTON Bayte Fortune A iv b, Thy wordes as lapes ought
wel to be recompted. 1577 HANMER^«C. Eccl. Hist. (1619)
145 There were some .. recounted for sacrificers. 1581 J.
BELL Hadrian's A nsw. Osor. 330 Recomptyng murther to
be a more tollerable offence. 1609 BIBLE (Douay) Dan.
Comm., Recounting him also the most renowmed of his time
for wisdom. ai66i FULLER Worthies (1840) II. 467 Sir
William Paston. .is justly recounted a public benefactor.
tb. To reckon or mention among or in (a
class). Obs.
1560 BECON New Catech, v. Wks. I. 433 b, So many as..
desired to be recompted among the Christians. 1577 B.
GOOCE HeresbacK's Httsb. ii. 94 b, Among Nuttes, is also
to be recounted the Hasel Nuttes. (11648 LD. HERBERT
Hen. VIII (1683) 450 Learned men, in which number Hugh
Latimer..and Nicholas Saxton..are recounted.
t 4. intr. and trans. To reckon, count up. Obs,
1547 BOORDE Introd, Knowl. i. (1870) 124 Whan they haue
recou nted to a hondred, they saye Kans. And if they nomber
to a thousand, than they saye Myle. a 1641 BP. MOUNTAGU
Actsfy Man. (1642) 256Iosephus, recounting up his [Herod's]
many wives . . hath this excuse for it. 1647 TRAPP Comm.
i Pet. v.q He will recount from the bloud of righteous Abel
..to the bloud of mean Ignatius.
Hence Recou 'nting vbl. sbl
« 1529 SKELTON Col. Cloute 1104 But my recountyng is of
them that do amys. 1581 MULCASTER Positions iii. (1887) 13
If controversie arise, and be worth the recounting, the matter
shall not sleepe. a 1610 HEALEY Epictetus (1636) 73 The re-
counting of thy fortunes is nothing so pleasing unto others.
Recount (rJkau'nt), v* [RE- 5 a.] trans.
To count or reckon over again.
1764 GOLDSM. Trav. 52 As some lone miser. .Bends at his
treasure, counts, recounts it o'er. 1838 DICKENS O. Twist
xxvii, Mr. Bumble had re-counted the tea-spoons, re-weighed
the sugar-tongs, [etc.]. 1877 LOWELL Night-Watches 2 While
the slow clock, as they were miser's gold, Counts and re-
counts the mornward steps of Time.
Hence Recoivnting vbl. sb.%
1893 Daily N&vs 23 Mar. 2/1 The vote being taken first
by snow of hands and afterwards by a recounting of members
standing up.
f Recount, z».3 Freq. in Caxton for RECOUNTER.
c 1489 CAXTON Sonnes of Aymon i. 52 There they recounted
the duke Beues. Ibid. 344 etc. 1490 — Eneydos 29 b, Thus
rennynge aboute she recounted Eneas.
Recou'ntable, a. rare. [f. RECOUNT v\ +
-ABLE.] That may be recounted; that admits of
being related.
1483 CAXTON Gold. Leg. 256/2 Laudes and praysynges of
the cherubyns and . . not recountable Songes of the Seraphyns.
1853 BACEHOT Lit. Stud. (1895) I. 123 The dinner, .only re-
countable in blank verse.
Becountal (rrkau-ntal). [f. as prec. + -AL.]
The act of recounting, recital. (Freq. in recent
journalistic use.)
1861 J. PYCROFT Ways $ Words 270 Hear the poor author's
pathetic recountal. 1874 J. CAIRO in Gd. Words Nov. 792
The great deeds of history at the recountal of which our
hearts thrill with involuntary admiration.
Reconnter, sb.l rare. [f. as prec. + -ER *.]
One who relates or recounts.
1576 FLEMING Panopl. Epist. 158 Wise counselers and re-
counters of honestie and vertue. 1591 PERCIVALL^. Diet.,
Relator, a recounter, a teller. 1398 FLORID, Raccontatore*
a reporter, a recounter.
t Recounter, sb* Obs. Also 5-6 -tre, 6 Sc.
reacuutar. [f. the vb. Cf. RENCOUNTER sb.~\
1. A meeting, esp. a hostile one ; an encounter.
1471 Paston Lett. II. 422 Entendyng fro thence to goo
foorth..to the recountr of the said enemyes. 1494 FABYAN
Chron. vii. 372 Many a Cristen man was slayne at that re-
counter. 1545 RAYNOLD Byrth Mankynde 41 In there re-
countre and metyng, they produce always bygger and
bygger vaines and artires. 1^99 HAKLUYT Voy. II. i. 68 He
departed towards London, with a good conduct . . for feare
of any recounters.
b. A blow, stroke, rare—1.
a 1533 LD. BERNERS Huon cxx. 431 The GryfTon resyd vp
his fete and spredde..his wyngis, and gaue Huon suche a
recountre that the noble knyghte was stryken to the erthe.
2. Sc. Law. A counter-pledge or security.
1499 Sc. Acts Jas. /, c. 7 (1814) 18 [He] sal remayn in ane
vnlaw of the courte ande tyne the accioun of the quhilk be
borgh & be recounter was fundyn. 1471 Sc. Acts Jas. ///
(1814) 101 And bar be excepciouns ane or ma proponit &
baruppone borowu & Recounteris fundin (etc.].
t Recotrnter, v. Obs. [f. RE- + COUNTER v.1
prob. after F. rcncontrer : cf. RENCOUNTUI ^.]
269
1. trans. To encounter in battle or combat.
Also absol., to encounter each other.
c 14*5 WVNTOUN Cron. ix. xxvii. 3224 The awaward . . To
recountir the first perile, First than entrit in the pres. 1455
Rolls of Parlt. V. 279^1 It must hastely be purveid, that
they [the king's enemies] mo we . . be recountred and re-
sisted. 1485 CAXTON Paris $ V. (1868) 9 [They] recountred
eche other so vygorously bat they breke bothe there speres.
*$°3 Rolls of Par It. VI. 544/2 'ihey were recountred, van-
quesshed, . . overcome and dyvers put to deth. 1533 BEL-
LKNDF.N Livy ii. ix. (S.T.S.) I. 162 The romanis . . with new
curage recounterit fare Inemyis. (21578 LINDESAY (Pits-
cottie) Chron. Scot. (S. T. S.) I. 234 Quhilk efterwart gat
new speiris and recounterit freischelie againe.
b. To encounter, withstand, resist (a feeling or
action).
1470 Reb. Line. (Camden) 17 If they wold have biden, to
have recountred theire malice, a 1598 RoLLQCKLect, Pass ion
ii. (1616) 24^ This taking recounters and meetes our taking
by the detail, and death. 1702 MRS. BEHN Forc'd Marriage
ii. ii, I must either resolve never to provoke His jealousie,
or be able to re-counter [1671 re'ncounter] his. .valour.
2. To encounter or meet by chance ; to come
upon or fall in with.
1456 SIR G. HAVE Law Anns (S. T. S.) 227 He passis fra
his company.. and sa is recounterit be a knycht of Fraunce.
1490 CAXTON Eneydos xvi. 62 With this rodde fleeynge he. .
departed the troublouse clowdes that he recountred in hys
waye. 1549 Compl. Scot. Ded. 7 Ane pure man of perse,
quha be chance recountrit kyng darius. 1600 Go^vrie Con-
spir. A 2 b, There by accident [he] affirmed to haue re-
countred a baselike fellow, vnknowne to him.
b. intr. To meet or fall in with one. rare ~!.
1583 FOXE A. ff M. (ed. 4) 756/1 Making toward the
Turkes, and recountring with the Tartarians.
3. To meet (a person) on arrival, rare^1.
c 1500 Melusine 348 Thus they rode thrugh the toun into
the Castel. . . There were the six bretheren recountred of
two noble ladyes.
4. Sc. Law. To oppose (the giving of a pledge).
1429 Sc. Acts Jas. /, c. 7 (1814) 18 Quhare twa parttis
apperis at be bar and be tane strek a borgh apone a weir of
law be tober party sal haf leif to be avisit. .quhebir he wil
recounter it or nocht. . . Ande gif he recountens be borgh, &
strenthis it with resoums [etc.].
6. Sc. ' To turn the contrary way, to reverse, to
invert ; a technical term among tradesmen ' (Jamie-
son 1825).
Hence f Recou -ntering vbl. sb. Obs.
c 1477 CAXTON Jason 6 They mette wyth no knighles in
recountring . . but that they bare hem out of their arsonnes.
c 1500 Melusinc 132 [In] that recountryng were many one
slayn & wounded. 1553 BELLENDEN Livy \\. x. (S. T. S.) I.
165 But ony recountermg or debate, bai gaif .. plegeis for
peace. 1536 — Cron. Scot. (1821) 1. 14 Ilkaneof thame slew
othir at thair recountering.
t Recoiviiteriuaml. Obs.-1 [RE-.] A re-
calling or revocation of a decree.
1570 FOXE A. <$• I\f. (ed. 2) 121/2 The generall recounter-
maunde sent forth by hym, for the persecution againe of
the Christians.
Reconntless (rrkau-ntles), a. [f. RECOUNT
sbl + -LESS.] Incapable of being recounted.
1601 Song of Mary in Fair S. P. Eliz. (Parker Soc.) II. 424
Sinne with recountlesse shapes afflicts him. c 1650 Don
Bellianis 68 To whom I render recountless thanks. 1837
R. WILSON Pleas. Piety \\, 27 Spring, .evolving in recount-
less forms The leaves of many-tinted green.
t Kecou'iitnieut. Obs.—1 [f. RECOUNT v.1 +
-MENT.] Relation, recital.
1600 SHAKS. A. Y. L. iv. iii. 141 When . . betwixt vs two,
Teares our recountments had most kindely bath'd.
Recoup (r/kw'p), sb. Law. [f. next.] (See
quots. and cf. RECOUPE b.)
1860 Wharton's Law Lex., Recoup^ the keeping back or
stopping something which is due ; discount ; recompense.
1869 [see RECOUPMENT],
Recoup (r/k/7-p), v. Also 5, 7 recoupe. [ad.
F. rWMg9w(iath c.), to cut back, etc., f. re- RE- +
couper to cut : see COUP v.'* and J<M]
fl. trans. To cut short, interrupt. Obs. rare—1.
Cf. Cotgrave's rendering of F. recouper.
c 14^30 Pilgr. Lyf Afanlwde ii. cxvi. (1869) 118 Swich a fool
. , seith bat he wot wel and vnderstant what folk wolden
seye, and recoupeth here woordes, and holt hem as fooles.
2. Law. To deduct; to take off or keep back.
Also absol; to make a deduction.
1628 COKE On Litt. 39 The demandant., shall recoupe the
third part of the profits. 1642 tr. Perkins' Prof. Bk. xi.
§ 809. 363 This land s>hall be extended, and the common
shall be recouped and deducted. 1672 MANLEY Cornell's
fnterflr., Recoupe, .. to defalke or discount. As if a man
hath ten pounds issuing out of certain Lands, and he dis-
seises the Tenant of the Land in an Assise brought by the
Disseisee, the Disseisor shall Recoupe the Rent in the
Damages. 1869 WATERMAN Law of Set-off ft Recoupment
152 note, The defendant might recoup for the damages
resulting from the plaintiffs want of skill. Ibid., The
defendant might recoup damages for a breach of warranty
for the thini* sold.
3. (With double object.) To recompense (a personal
for (some loss or outlay) ; to make up or make
good (loss, etc.) to (a person).
1664 in New England Co. (1896) 6 A man who hath as
little estate to recoupe us the wrongs done us, as he made
scruple to doe the same. 1860 RKADE 8tb Cotnntandm. 107
So my partner., had run us into fresh expenses, which he
was entitled to be recouped. 1870 Observer 13 Nov., The
amounts returned in sale of land., will tend to recoup ilic
'itan Hoard a considerable amount of their outlay.
b. To recompense, repay (a person). Also const.
RECOURSE.
for (the loss or expence). Freq. refl.^ to recover
what one has expended or lost.
1862 M. HOPKINS Hawaii 94 They made reprisals, in the
way of pilfering, to recoup themselves for their forced
gratuities. 1863 FAWCETT Pot. Econ, x. vii. (1876) 627 The
113 J- AWCKTT Pol. Econ. x. vii. (1876) 627 The
ome trader, when rates increase, will only be able partly
to recoup himself by a rise in prices.
4. To make up for, compensate for, make good.
1860 READB 8M Commandtu. 107, I offered in Court to
recoup these expenses incurred. 1880 Standard n Dec,
How to recoup the loss occasioned to the State revenue by
the abolition of the salt tax.
b. To yield in return, make up (an amount).
1868 Sat. Rev. i Aug. 151/1 Securing to the shareholders
dividends that in three or four years would recoup their
whole capital. 1870 Echo 7 Nov., It is estimated that the
aggregate cost of the whole.. will be £150,000, and that the
amount realised by the sale of land, &c.,.. will recoup about
,£50,000 or j£ 60,000.
Hence Becou'pable, deductible; Reccorper,
one who recoups or keeps back. (In recent Diets.)
1885 Law Rep. 14 Q. B. D. 491 The dead rent to be re-
coupable out of royalties during the first sixteen years.
Recoirpe, sb. rare^°. [f. RECOUP v. ; cf, F.
recoupe cuttings, waste.] (See quots.)
The first sense is a mistake based on Manley (1672).
"ft. 1704 T. HARRIS Lex. Techn. I, Recoupe, in Law, is
a quick and sharp reply to a peremptory Demand. [Hence
in BAILEY (1721) and later Diets.]
b. 1835 TOMLINS Law Diet., Rec&upe, the keeping back
or stopping something which is due.
Recouped, a. Her. rare—*, [f. RECOUP v.t or
ad. F. recoup^. ~\ -CouPEix
c 1828 BERRY Encycl. Her., Recopyd or Recouped, old
English terms for Couped.
Recoil-pie, v. rare-1. [RE- 5 a ] trans. To
couple again, reunite.
1607 HIERON Wks. I. 306 In the last day their bodies be
raised out of the dust and recoupled to their soules.
Recoupment, [f. RECOUP v. + -MENT.] The
act of recouping or recompensing ; the fact of
being recouped for loss or expense.
Common in recent use, esp. with ref. to schemes of muni-
cipal improvement, which aim at recouping the community
for part of the expense incurred.
1869 WATERMAN Law of Set-off fy Recoupment 468 It is
evident that recoup or recoupment, in its original sense, was
a mere right of reduction from the amount of the plaintiff's
recovery. 1880 Edin. Rev. Apr. 357 A claim for the re-
coupment of a fee of which he had not executed the con-
ditions. 1888 Act 51 fy 52 Viet, c. 20 § 5 The amount paid
towards such recoupment shall be dealt with as purchase
money of the land under this Act.
t Recou'r, sb. Obs. Also 5 -owre. [var. of
RECOVER sb. Cf. RECUREJ&] Recovery, support,
help, resource.
c 1330 Arth. ff Merl. 4452 (Kulbing) Of bat castel hadde
socour pe Sarrazins & gret recour. 1375 BARBOUR Britce it.
543 [Tnai] entryt and destroyit the tour, And slew the
pupill but recour. 1387-8 T. USK Test. Love i. iv. (Skeat)
1. 14 By no maner of semblaunt. .thou lyste not to haue any
recour. c 1450 LONEUCH Merlin 204 Thanne was he ryht
a sorweful man, For that non recowre ne knew he than.
So f Becon-r v. trans., to recover. Obs. rare.
(The form recoitred, occas. found early in the 1710 c, is
probably to be taken as = recovered?)
1596 SPENSER F, Q. iv. ix. 25 For sometimes Paridell and
Blandamour The better had, and bet the others backe ;
Eftsoones the others did the field recoure [etc.].
t Recou'rage. Obsr1 [RE- 5 a.] Renewal of
courage.
*556 J* HEYWOOD Spider fy F. Ixi. ii The spiders tale he
didtreate, And what recoorage that did the spiders win.
Recouraie, obs. Sc. form of RECOVERY.
t Recotrrbled, ///. a. Obs. rare -1. [ad. OF.
recourbetij recorbel^ pa. pple. of recorbeler, f. re~
RE- + courber to curve.] Bent back, recurved.
1491 CAXTON Vitas Pair. (W. de W. 1495) i. Ixii. nsb/i
Our lorde hadde in his feet and his hondes holes percyd by
force of grete naylles recourbled and blont.
Recourcy, Her. \ see RACCOUUCT.
Recourder, obs. form of RECORDER a.
Recourere, variant of RECOVEKEB Obs.
t Recoirrsary, a. Obs.-1 [f. next + -ART i.]
Of the nature of a recourse or return.
i66a J. CHANDLER Van Helmonfs Oriat. 334 Therefore
the thought or cogitation reacheth the Young . . onely by
a reciprocal or recoursary action of government.
Recourse (i/koaus), sb.1 Also 4-6 recours.
[a. F. recours (isth c.) :— L. recur$-umt f. re- RE-
+ currert to run : see COURSE sb.]
fl. A running, coming, or flowing back, a
return (in lit. or_/fe; uses), refluence; also, oppor-
tunity or passage to return. Obs.
^1386 CHAUCER Syr.'s T. 67, I wol nat taryen yow, for it
is pryme, ..Vn to my firste I wol haue my recours. 1413
Pilgr. Sowle (Caxton 1483) v. xiit. 104 These ben thre
glorious recours of the sonne. ^1483 SKKLTON Deatk
Edu>. IV 16 What ordeyned God to be terestryall. Without
recours to the erth of nature? 1555 BONNER Necess. Doctr.
C, The Excourse of hym is even unto the helles, and the
recourse of him is unto the seate of God. 1591 R. WII.MOT
Tancred $ Gisnt. 11. i, How time once past, may neuer haue
recourse. 1644 BULWF.R Chiron. 31 The Hand directed to-
wards the Auditours.. maintaining its gravity with a swift
recourse. 1668 CULPEPPER & COLE Bart hoi. A nat. Man. I.
i. 302 The recourse of the Blood into the Heart is hindred.
f b. Freq. in phr. course and recourse. Obs.
1461 Petit. Citizens A'.tv.Y* in \l\st. .!/«';•«. .Vrttw fi884)
15 Aug. 8/4 To have course and recourse with their boatcs.
BECOURSE.
270
RECOVER.
1547 BOORDE Brev. Health cclxxi. gob, Opilacion or stop-
pynge of the bloude which hath not his true course nor
recourse. x6xo HOLLAND Camden s Brit. L 71 In their
courses and recourses [they] observe a warlike kind of
motion round. 1653 GATAKER Vind. Annot. Jer. 169 [He]
delivered the set time of the Suns course and recourse from
tropik to tropik.
t C. A coming back or round in due season ;
a periodical recurrence. Obs.
1584 R. SCOT Discov. Witchcr, \\\\. i. (1886) 125 Some
Siloan..whereinto at certeine ordinarie recourses of times
sicke folke maie plunge themselves. 1653 MILTON Hire-
lings 61 The seaventh day is., a convenient recourse of
worship in fit season. « 1677 BARROW Serin, vii. Wks. 1687
I. 92 The constant rising 01 the Sun upon us,. .the recourse
of temperate seasons.
•j" 2. Course, movement, or flow in some direc-
tion ; a course, passage, or path to or into some-
thing. Obst
CX374 CHAUCER Boeth. i. met. ii. 4 (Camb. MS.) Which
sterre in heuene vseth wandrynge recourses [L. vagos re-
citrsus\. c 1540 BOORDE Bokefor to Lerne A iv b, That some
freshe spryng haue a recourse to noryshe and to refreshe
the sayd standynge waters. 1555 EDEN Decades 83, I doo
not vnderstande howe soo many and soo great ryuers may
haue recourse into this north sea. i6zo MARKHAM Farew.
Husb, ii. xviii. (1668) 92 The second dryed up by the air
which hath free recourse into It. 1653 HARVEY Anat,
Exerc. (1673) 61 You shall quickly see the distance betwixt
the heart and the ligature emptied, so that you must needs
affirm the recourse of blood.
transf, 1566 DRANT Horace^Sat. n. vi. H vij b. Thus I
spende my dayes, in muche recourse of care. 1576 FLEMING
Panopl. Epist. 41 All times are .. replenished with recourse
of fresh calamities.
t b. The ebb and flow of the tide. Obs.
1592 BRETON C^tess Pembrokes Lone (1879) 24/1 Thou
makes t the tides to take their due recourse. 1622 CALLIS
S tat. Sewers (1647) 27 Not accounted grounds left or gained
from the sea, because the sea hath daily her recourse thereon.
fc. A gathering or collection (of matter). Obs.*~l
1559 MORWYNG Evonym. 83 Aqua vitae simple and alone. .
breaketh an impostume or recours of matter.
3. Resort or application to some person or
thing for assistance, help, or safety.
c 1374 CHAUCER Troylusu. 1303 (1352) To pandarus was
alwey his recours, And pitousli gan ay to him pleyne. 1529
MORE Dyaloge iv. Wks. 270/1 It minished the necessitie of
mannes recourse vnto god, for calling helpe of his grace.
1568 GRAFTON Citron. II. 761 Being farre of from the lawe
and recourse to justice, a 1639 WOTTON Life Dk. Buck/an.
in Reliq, (1651) 118 Thus died this great Peer. .in a time of
great recourse unto him and dependance upon him. 1734
tr. Rollins Anc. Hist. (1827) I. Pref. 23 This perpetual re-
course to the Deity is one of the principal foundations of
religion. 1775 FLETCHER Last Check § 3 Wks. 1795 VI. 38
A heart-felt ceaseless recourse to the righteousness of Christ.
1871 NAPHEYS Prev. fy Cure Dis. i. v. 151 Our first recourse
is to the windows.
b. Freq. in phr. to have (f one's or a) recourse
to : to apply or betake oneself to (a person, etc.)
for help, advice, or information.
£1386 CHAUCER Melib. p 476 If ye wol thanne take venge-
ance of youre enemys, ye shut retourne or haue you re re-
cours to the luge that hath the lurisdiccion vp-on hem.
1484 CAXTON Chivalry 31 The feble and lasse haue recours
to the grete. 1502 ATKYNSON tr. De Imitatione m. xliii. 232
Moyses euer had a recours to the tabernacle of god for
doubtis & questyons. 1611 BIBLE Transl. Pref. p 1 1 They had
recourse at the last, to this shift. 1650 FULLER Pisgah n.
xi. 229 In this straight he hath his recourse by prayer to
God. 1707 Curios, in. Husb. $ Card. 22 They who have a
liking to that sort of Compositions, may have recourse to
Dornavius in his Amphitheatrnm Sapiential. 1776 GIBBON
Decl. <$•_ F. xvi. (1869) I. 400 If threats and persuasions
proved ineffectual, he had often recourse to violence. 1865
TYLOR Early Hist. Man. ii. 18 Those who cannot speak,
and must therefore have recourse to other means of com-
munication.
f c. Similarly, to take or make recourse to. Obs.
1432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) VI. 265 If eny man desire to
see moore of the story of kynge Charls, y cownsayle that he
take recourse to the wrytenges of Alcuinus his maister.
1623 tr. Favine's T/teat. Hon. vi. ix. 151 Pedro the Cruell,
made recourse with his Treasures to the English. 1637 R.
ASHLEY tr. Malvezzfs David Persecuted 218 When hee
could have no answer, [he] makes recourse to the Devill.
4. The thing, means, or person applied or resorted
to for help, etc. ; fa supply, relay.
c 1440 York Myst. xxvii. 141 Ye nedis non othir recours to
craue. i^^Exhort.'vnto Praier Aij, Forasmoche as Prayer
is the verye true mean. .wherby..we may.. haue a recourse
and a refuge for helpe. 1612 DRAYTON Poly-olb. x. 47 Cluyd
doth quickly call Her great recourse, to come and gard her.
1654-66 EARL ORRERY Part/ten. (1676) 533, I have so many
fresh recourses of Men, that [etc.]. 1700 DRYDEN Sigtsm.
<fr Guise. 415 Thy little care to mend my widow'd nights
Has forc'd me to recourse of marriage rites. 1774 J. BRYANT
Mythol. II. 142 This is their usual recourse, when they are
hard pressed by inconsistencies. 1855 MILMAN Lat. Chr.
vi. ii. (1864) III. 403 The Greeks in despair of maintaining
their ground.. had vainly sought recourse in craft.
b. Law (chiefly .5V.). The right to demand
pecuniary compensation from some one ; esp. the
right which the holder of a bill of exchange has to
come back upon the drawer and indorsers if the
acceptor fails to meet it.
1747 Sc. Acts Sedernnt 401 The question . . whether a bill
of Exchange .. must be protested upon the . . last day of
grace, .in order to afford recourse against the drawer. 1751
M°DOUALL Laws Scot. i. xiii. I. 360 They [bills] must be pro-
tested . . otherwise recourse against the drawer will be denied.
Ibid. 368 The correspondent who furnishes the goods loses
his action of recourse against the writer (of a letter of
credit]. « 1768 ERSKiNii hist. LJM Scot, in. ii. § 34 The
possessor of a bill who has not used exact diligence, should
lose his recourse against the drawer. 1838 W. BELL Diet.
Law Scot. 827 Recourse is the right competent to an as-
signee or disponee, under the warrandice of the transaction,
to recur on the vender or cedent for relief, in case of evic-
tion or of defects inferring warrandice. 187$ Times 12 Dec.,
Holders of 'agency' bills would have no recourse. 1885
SIR E. FRY in Law Rep. 20 Chanc. Div. 264 A property or
fund against which Russell had a right of recourse.
f5. Usual or habitual going or resorting to a
particular place. Obs.
1523 LD. BERNERS Froiss. I, ccxxix. 306 AH their chefe re-
cours was in France, for they called the realme of Fraunce
their chambre. 1553 EDEN Treat. Newe hid. (Arb.) 25
Whether the marchauntes and straungers haue their con-
tinual recourse as to ye burse or strete. 1603 KNOLLES
Hist, Turks (1621) 212 It yeelded them a great profit by
the recourse of devout Christians travelling thither. 1623
GOUGE Serin. Extent God^s Provid. § 15 This withdraw-
ing chamber was next to his bed-chamber. He had oft
recourse thither. 1658 W. BURTON I tin. Anton. 70 They
had their place of recourse or rendevouz. 1705 m W. S.
Perry Hist. Coll. Atner. Col. Ck. (1870) I. 165 There is such
a recourse of the Clergy to GoV Nicholson's Lodgings.
t b. Gathering or concourse (of people) at a
particular time. Obs.
1516 Life Bridget in Myrr. our Ladye p. Ivii, In suche
grete recourse of the people the Body was caryed to the
monastery of Seynt Laurence. 1544 BALK Chron. Sir J.
Oldcastell 30 b, That ye cause this condemnation . . to be
publyshed . . by youre curates and paryshe Pnestes, soche
tyme as they snail haue most recourse of people. 1599
Warn. Faire Worn. i. 448 Beside, Recourse of servants and
of passengers Might have been jealous of our conference.
1656 DUCHESS NEWCASTLE True Relat. Life (1886) 285 Their
customs were, .to ride in their coaches about the streets to
see the concourse and recourse of people.
fc. The act of retiring (to rest). Obs. rarc~l.
1590 SPENSER F. Q. m. ix. 26 Her erased helth, her late
recourse to rest.
jd. An occasion of going, a visit. Obs. rare"1.
1632 LITHGOW Trav. vm. 369 The chiefe Mosque too in
which.. [he] and I had three sundry recourses accompanied
with our Moorish hoste.
t 6. Opportunity of resorting to a person ; access,
admission. Obs.
1540-1 ELYOT Image Gov. (1556) 40 This familiar and se-
crete recourse, that ne had to the emperour. 1591 SHAKS,
Tu'o Gent. HI. i. 112, I, but the doores be lockt,..That no
man hath recourse to her by night. 1594 — Rich. ///, in.
v. 109 To giue order, that no manner person Haue any time
recourse vnto the Princes.
t b. A going backwards and forwards between
persons ; intercourse of this nature. Obs.
1677 W. HUBBARD Narrative 125 We feared we should be
discovered by reason of the frequent recourse between them
by certain Squaws (who have mutual recourse). 17x9 Col.
Rec. Pennsyh', III. 86 That they expected to have free re-
course for the peple amongst the English Plantations.
t Recou'rse, sb£ Sc. Obs. [var. RESCOUKSE
sb. ; cf. F. recwtsse, var. rescousse*\ Rescue.
1533 BELLENDEX Livy MI. xx. (S. T. S.) II. 29 To bring
agane the residew of J»are armye to J»are recours. 16x6
Barboitrs Bruce (ed. Hart) 40 [iii. 76] When the King
theim made recourse, Duke Betyse tooke on hym the flight.
Recourse (r/ko»us), z>.i [f. RECOURSE sbl]
f 1. intr. To run back, return (to a place). Obs.
£1500 Lancelot 1798 Out of this world when J>ow sal pas
the cours, Fair well, I-wys! f«w neuer shall Recours. 1313
BRADSHAW St. Werburge \. 1127 The harte to the forest re-
coursed certayne. 1570 FOXE A. <$• M. (ed. 2) 1152/1 The
flame departyng and recoursing thrise ere the woode tooke
strength, .to consume him. 1632 LITHGOW Trav. ix. 422, I
recoursed backe in a Flemish Pink to Stock hoi lem.
t b. transf. To recur to the mind ; to go back
to an earlier point. Obs.
1561 ABP. PARKER Corr. (Parker Soc.) 158 St Hierome's
rhetoric recourseth to my mind. 1590 SPENSER F. Q. Anth.
Let., A Poet thrusteth into the middest..and there recours-
ing to the thinges forepaste [etc.].
t 2, To resort or flow into. Obs. rare ~l.
1576 NEWTON Lemnies Complex. (1633) 34 [Man) hath also
. . externall spirits recoursing into his body and minde.
3. Const, to. To have recourse to, to fall back
on. Now rare or Obs.
. 1586 J. HOOKER Hist. I ret. in Hotinshed II. 51/1 Recours-
ing deuoutlie to the onlie refuge of humane saluation. 1605
SYLVESTER Du Bartas n. iii. in. La-we 431 The Court re.
courst to Lakes, to Springs, and Brooks. 1668 HALE Pref.
Rotors Abridgm. 9 He wilt be able upon any occasion
suddenly to find anything he hath read, without recoursing
to Tables, or other Repertories. (11670 HACKET Abp.
Williams ii. (1692) 201 These dogmatists dare not recourse
to Scripture. 1804 Something Odd II. 209 One or other of
your personages are for ever recoursing to tears.
Hence Recotrrsingf///. «., returning.
1633 LITHGOW Trav. ii. 49 The wandring night was chased
. .by the recoursing day.
IRecotrrse, z>.2 Sc. Obs. [var. of RES-
COUKSE v.] trans. To rescue.
1533 BELLENDEN Livy n. ix. (S. T. S.) I. 161 Manilius was
haistelie recoursit be ane weyng of latynis. Ibid. xxii. 221
He was nocht fer distant.., and mycht haue recoursit be
samyn [garrison] gif he had plesit.
t Recotrrsefol, a. Obs.-1 [f. RECOURSE sb.+
FUL.] Flowing back ; ebbing and flowing.
1612 DRAYTON Poly-olb. \. 279 Where Thetis handmaids
still in that recoursefull deepe With those rough Gods of
Sea, continual! reuells keepe.
RecOU'rt, v. [RE- 5 a.] To court again.
1675 COCKER florals 45 Philosophy Divine, court and re-
court ; She can. .mount man above a Man.
Recover (rtlorvai), sb. Also 4-6 recouer(e,
recovere, 5 rekouere. See also RECOUB sb.
[Orig. (senses 1-3) a. OF. recovre (recou-vre, etc.),
f. recovrer RECOVER v.^ ; cf. Sp. recobro^ It. ri-
covero. In later use directly from the vb.]
fl. Recovery, or means of recovery, from mis-
fortune, trouble, illness, error, etc. Obs.
1303 R. BRUNNE Hdndt. Synne 7107 What ys loue vnto
men pore [read povere], Almes to hem ys recouere. c 1330
— Chron. (1810) 282 After fat day Scotlond may haf gode
recouere. 1387-8 T. USK Test. Love i. i. (Skeat) 1.45 With-
out recouer endelesse here to endure, c 1450 Merlin 332
The grete knowinge and witte of Merlin, in whom was all
the recouer. 1555 CARD. POLE Let. to Cranmer in Strype
Mem. Cranwer (1694) App. 212 If I now, that desire your
recover, should go about, .to bryng yow from your errour to
the truth. 1631 CHETTLE Hoffman H 3 b, The Princes
head being split against a Rocke Past all recouer.
t 2. a. Recovery (of something lost). Obs.
1471 Arriv. Edw. IV (Camden) 39 The reentrie and perfect
recover of the iuste title and right of owr sayd soueraygne
Lord. js°3 HAWES Exam}. Virtue v. 17 A thynge lost
without recouer. 1533 BELLENDEN Livy n. xxiii. (S. T. S.)
I. 226 J>e small pepU rais in grete Ire.., & said thare
hberte was endit but recovir.
t b. Recovery (of a debt or sum due). Obs.
1488 in Somerset Medieval Wills (1901) 274 To my lord
Dawbeney io/z'. of the money due unto me . . if he help to the
rekouere of the same. 150* in Arnolde Chron. (1811) 104 Any
other thinge .. that may lette .. the said aturnais or ani of
them of the recouer or recait of the said C, II.
f3. Law. •= RECOVERY 4. Obs.
1447 Rolls of Par It. V. 130/2 Atte the tyme of thepursuyt
of the Writte, wheruppon the recovere especified in the saide
Petition was hadde. 1504-5 in Plitmpton Corr. (Camden)
195 That all former recovers and other tytles, which your
adversaryes hath against you and your heires, may be voyded.
15*3 FITZHERB. Sitrv. xviii. 33 The tenant . . cometh nat in
by the lorde, but by force of the recouere.
4. The act of bringing or coming back to a
former position :
fa. Mil. (chiefly in phr. att on, or to the re-
cover}. A position of the fire-arm forming part of
the manual exercise : see RECOVER v. 1 2 a. Obs.
1705 fnstr. 4- Reg. Cavalry (1813) 270 The advanced line
of skirmishers are to have their pistols or carbines at the
recover. 1809 WELLINGTON in Gurw. pesp. (1837) IV. 446
Private O— J— having loaded his piece, had it on the
recover, when he turned round and saw him. 1847 Infantry
Man. (1854) 112 Bring the firelock to the recover.
b. In general use, in various contexts. Also fig.
1819 Metropolis II. 45 ' Oh ! I know their tricks ' (making
a recover) — that is to say, I have heard of them'. 1853
THACKERAY Esmond m. ii, She.. swept a low curtsey,
coming up to the recover' with the prettiest little foot in
the world pointed out, 1888 Century Mag: Jan. 449/1 All
being done with a quick thrust and recover that does not
burn one's finger.
Recover (rto'vaj), z;.i Forms : a. 4-5 recou-,
recoveren, 4-7 recouere, (4 -coure, -coeure,
-covri, 5 -couyre), 4-7 recouer, (4 -cuuer, 5
-kouer, 6 -couir, -couuer), 4- recover. (See
also RECOUB v.) ft. 4 rekever, (reck-), -ere, 4-5
-keuere, 5 -keuer ; 4 -keouer, -kyuer, 5 -kiver.
[ad. AF. recoverer (Britton), rekeverer (1292-3),
OF. recov(e}rer^ -couvrer, -coevrer, etc. = Sp. re-
cobrar, It. ricovcrare :— L. recuperare to RECUPE-
KATE. Cf. COVEB Z/.2]
I. trans.
1. To get (f occasionally, to take) back again into
one's hands or possession ; to regain possession of
(something lost or taken away).
1377 LANGL. P. PI. B. xix. 239 He taujte . . some to ryde
and ttf recoeure [v.r. rekeuere], that vnrijtfully was wonne.
c 1400 Destr. Troy 10360 The troiens with tene trauailed
full sore.. The corse to Recouer, & kary to toune. 1484
CAXTON Fables of Alfonce ii, I shalle counceylle the how
thou shall recouere thy syluer. 1530 PALSCR. 681/2 This
thing is recovred by strength of hande, but it was almost
gone. 1560 BIBLE (Genev.) Has. ii. 9, I..wil recouer my
woll and my flaxe lent, to couer her shame. 1647 EVELYN
Diary 22 May, My valet, .robb'd me of cloths and plate to
the value of threescore pounds, but . . I recover'd most of
them. 1770 FOOTE Lame Lover HI. Wks. 1799 II. 93 The
recovering my paternal possessions makes me anxious
inded. 1857 MAURICE Ep. St. John ix. 141 They would
stir up endless rebellions, in the hope of recovering what
they had lost. 1871 MOKLEV Voltaire (1886) 5 Humanity
had lost its title-deeds, and he had recovered them.
b. To regain (country, territory, etc.) by con-
quest or main force ; to win back (ground lost in
fighting).
CI37S Sc< Leg, Saints x.x.xiii. (George) 904 Quhen cristine
men tuk on hande to recouer t?e haly lande. 1383 WVCLIF
2 Mace, it 23 Thei vengeden al the cuntree . .and rekyuerden
the most famous temple in al the world, c 1450 Merlin
654 Than com all the bretouns oute of the wode, and haue
recouered the felde. 1513-4 /Jtl 5 Hen. y/If, c. i Preamble^
The Kyng . . desiring to recover the Royalme of Fraunce his
very true patrimonye. 1560 DAUS tr. Sleidanes Comm.
34 b, They recovered of the frenchmen Parmaand Placence.
1678 WAN LEV Wond. Lit. Worldv. ii. § 15. 469/2 Justinian,
recovered Africk from the Vandals by Behsanus. 1769
ROBERTSON Chas. I7t vn. III. 8 He .. gave the enemy an
opportunity of recovering .. all the conquests which he
Iiad gained. 1841 LAKE /I rat. Nfs. I. 117 Having by this
means recovered the kingdom. 1861 M. PATTISON £ss.
1889) I. 35 To annex to them those districts.. which he
could recover for the empire.
o. To get back, regain (some non-material
thing which may be spoken of as lost or taken
away].
RECOVER.
f 1384 CHAI'CER //. Fame in. 168 For tyme y-lost. .Be no
uay may recoverd be. 1390 GOWER Conf. III. 155 He
wiste wel his pours was povere, Bot yit he thoght his riht
recovere. c 1420 LYDG. Assembly of Gods 1212 Furst..
Baptym go ye to. For by hym sonnest shull ye recouer
frace. 1532 SIR I. RUSSEL in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. n.
. 302 To do your Highnes service, and to nelpe you to re-
couver your right, a 1656 Bp. HALL Rent. Wks. (1660) 106
How unquiet are we . . till we have recovered his lost favour.
1769 Junius Lett. xxxv. 167 The affections of your subjects
may still be recovered. 1791 COWPER Yardley Oak 48 Un.
recorded facts Recovering, and misstated setting right.
1847 JAMES Convict i, I must study hard to recover lost
time. 1875 JOWF.TT Plato (ed. 2} III. 694 He recovered the
meaning of the several names and re-translated them.
d. To find again, come upon a second time.
1611 COTGR., Relancer vn lievre, to recouer her, or put
her off the squat. 1856 ' STONEHENGE ' Brit. Sports i4i/r
In that direction [he] will generally succeed in recovering
the scent. Most hares. . will generally be easily recovered
by a cast in the direction of their home. 1888 Times 10 Oct.
5/5 When they are at fault, .. they will make their own
casts and recover the track.
e. To reclaim (land) from the sea.
a 1793 ELSTOBB Bedford Lmel (1793) 274 The Romans . .
being at the pains of recovering them [marshes] from the
sea. 1846 M'CuLLOCH Ace. Brit. Empire (1854) I. 20 On
the south it is low, Sunk Island and some other considerable
tracts having been recovered from the sea,
2. To regain, acquire again, resume, return to :
a. a quality, state, or condition.
? a 1366 CHAUCER Rom. Rose 57 These wodes eek recoveren
grene, That drie in wynter ben to Rene. 1390 GOWER Conf.
II. 137 He schal Recovere his ferste astat ayein. 1526
Pilgr. Per/. (W. de W. 1531) lob, He wolde haue fedde
therof : and so a recouered his immortalite that he had lost.
1661 BOYLE Orig. Formes fy Qual. 172 The Lead . . will not of
it self recover its Sphaericity. 1706 LONDON & WISE Retir'd
Card. I. xiv. 182 By putting them to the Roots [I] have found
that the Leaves have recover'd their Greenness. 1784
COWPER Task I. 441 His cheek recovers soon its healthful
hue. 1820 SHELLEY CEd. Tyr. n. ii. 30 Perhaps I may re-
cover my lost appetite. 1858 FROUDE Hist. Eng. xviii. IV.
33 With the assistance of the bishops .. they recovered an
absolute superiority.
b. esp. health or strength.
(•1330 R, BRUNNE Chron. Wace (Rolls) 1837 J>en was
Coryneus aschamed . . He recouered his strengbe for tene.
1390 GOWER Conf. 111.150 Hou that hir lord of his seknesse . .
Recovere myhte his hele ayein. 1477 EARL RIVERS (Caxton)
Dictes 126 A seke man desireth not to departe from his
phisicien till he hath recouerid his helth. 1555 EDEN De.
cades 53 They . . sumewhat recouered theyr strengthes muche
weakened for lacke of meate. 1594 SHAKS. Rich. II f, i. iii. 2
Ther's no doubt his Maiesty will soone recouer his accus-
tom'd health, a 1691 BOYLE Hist. Air (1692) 242 Sick and
valetudinary persons used to be sent thither to recover their
health. 1841 LANE Arab. Kts. I. 112 Had it not been for
this, I had recovered my strength. 1849 HELPS Friends
in C. (1851) II. 3, I had by this time recovered my usual
health.
c. a faculty of body or mind, or the use of this ;
also, to recover one's feet or legs (cf. LEG 2 f).
14.. in Tundale's Vis. (1843) 89 Thys Paynym knyght
Only of grace hath recoverd his syght. 1593 SHAKS. Rich.! I,
v. iii. 47 What is the matter . . speak, recouer breath. 1596
SPENSER F. Q. vi. viii. 17 The Prince to him full nimbly
slept And least he should recover foote againe [etc.], 1617
HIERON Wks. (1634) 1 1. 243 1 1 was in his sleepe ; but, when he
awoke, he recouered his thoughts. 1667 MILTON P. L. iv. 357
Satan.. at length faild speech recoverd sad. Ibid. x, 966 To
whom thus Eve, recovering heart, repli'd. 1725 DE FOE Voy.
round World (1840) 287 He could hardly speak ; but, re-
covering his breath, said [etc.]. 1749 FIELDING Tom Jones
xu. xi, Partridge had no sooner recovered his Legs, than
tuc.]. 1833 HT. MARTINEAU Vanderpiit $ S. i. 19 When
e recovered his voice, the pastor turned his attention [etc.].
1847 MARRYAT Childr. N. Forest xiv, They worked another
half-hour, when they stopped to recover their wind.
8. a. To get back, or find again (one who has
been lost or absent), rare—1.
c 1381 CHAUCER Parl. Ponies 688 Wele ban they cause
forto gladen ofte Sethe ech of hem recouerede hathe hys
make.
b. To bring, draw, or win back (a person) to
friendship or willing obedience ; to reconcile.
1576 FLEMING Panopl. Epist. 234 Trie not to recouer them,
whome you would haue come vnto you in haste, with
threatning. 1581 N. LICHEFIELD tr. Castanheda'sCoiu;. E.
Ind. i. Ixiv. 131 Although thou doest loose them, and all the
rest of thy subiectes, yet thou doest recouer me. 1604 SHAKS.
Oth. n. iii. 273 What man, there are more wayes to recouer
the Generall againe. a 1674 CLARENDON Hist. Ret. xvi.
t ij2 They were not willing to despair of recovering their
general again to them ; and . . sent a committee to treat with
him. 1797 BURKE Regie. Peace iii. Wks. VIII. 293 It was
expected, that he would have, .endeavoured to recover those
whom their fears had led astray. 1869 FREEMAN Norm.
Conf. (1876) III. xi. 59 Harold's way of recovering rebels
differed widely from William's.
a To recapture, get hold of (an escaped per-
son) again, rare.
1583 T. WASHINGTON tr. Nicholay's Voy. I. vii, [There]
came running diuers other Turkes to recouer him. 1606
G. W[OODCOCKE] Lives in His t. Ivstine K k iij, The people
. .rccouering Michaell in his flight, put out his eyes.
1 4. To get in place of, or in return for, some-
thing else. Obs.
ci374 CHAI-CEB Troyliis ill. 132 (181) For every wo ye
shall recover a blisse. IHd. IV. 378 (406) If she be lost, we
ihul recovere another. 1523 Ln. BERNERS Froiss. I. 687
If ye do [refuse it], I thynk it wyll be longe or ye recover
agayne suche another offre. 1525 Ibid. II. 416 If ye have
fayled of the duke of Lancasters doughter, ye maye recover
another, as great and as good as she is.
5. Law. To get back or gain by judgement in
271
a court of law ; to obtain possession of, or a right
to, by legal process.
c 1380 WYCLIF Set. Wks. III. 320 5if bei kittide pus openly
here purses, bei schulden reckevere it bi comyn lawe. 1444
Rolls of Parlt. V. 115/2 He that wil sue. .shall have the
suyte to recovere to hym self the oon half therof, and the
Kyng that other half. 1447 lti,l. 130/1 Divers Landes and
Tenement/, late were recovered, evict and hadde, fro the
possession of the Housof the holy Trinite. 1516 Test. E/ior.
(Surtees) VI. 2 Whereas the Lorde Willuthby [etc.].. re-
covered all my manors, landes and tenements agaynst me
[etc.]. 1542 UDALL Erasm. Apoph. 100 He was assured to
recouer of Midias so much money for a forfaicte. 1607
COWF.LL Interpr. s.v. Recovery^ The third man commeth
not : whereupon the land is recouered by him that brought
the writ. 1710 PRIDEAUX Orig. Tithes ir. 167 This Law. .
enabled the Clergy to gather and recover Tithes. 1768
BLACKSTONE Comtn. III. 59 All trivial debts .. were to be
recovered . . in every man's own county. 1817 W. SELWV:
Law Nisi 1'rius (ed. 4) II. 737 It was holden, that th_
plaintiflf. . was entitled to recover the value of the goods.
1891 Law Times Rep. LXIII. 690/2 This was an action to
recover damages for false imprisonment.
b. To have (a judgement or verdict) given in
one's favour.
1768 BLACK-STONE Comm. III. 404 A defendant, against
whom judgment is recovered. 1798 BAY Amer. Law Rep.
(1809) I. 49 Plaintiffhad recovered a verdict for^23o.
f 6. To get or obtain ; to get hold of. Obs.
1398 TREVISA Earth. De P. R. xvm. liii, The amptes
gadre grete burthens whych ben more greter than ther owne
bodyes : And so they recouer rewarde of lytylnesse of body
in y° gretnesse of vertue. c 1477 CAXTON Jason 70 Con-
sidering . . the right hye gladnesse that they hadde re-
couured. a 1533 LD. BERNERS Gold. Bis. M. A urel. (1546)
P iij b, The more a man recouereth here renoume among
straungers, the more he is persecuted with enuye. 1583
T. WASHINGTON tr. Nicholay's Voy. i. xx. 25 b, He found
meanes to recouer a barke, intoo the which he and his men
got. 1614 RALEIGH Hist. World 11. (1634) 306 Having
beheld the most beautifull and lively among them that
he might recover them for his owne use and delights.
aitei FULLER Worthies (1840) III. 542 At the ebb thereof
you may easily recover a pail or bucket full.
t b. To get opportunity for, to give or succeed
in giving (another stroke or blow). Obs. rare.
c 1450 Merlin 342 Arthur hym smote so harde . , that he
bowed on his horse nekke, and }ef he myght haue recovered
a-nother stroke he hadde fallen of his horse to the erthe.
Ibid. 301 Whan Pounce wolde have recovered a-nother
stroke [etc.]. 1677 MOXON Mech. Exerc. No. i. 16 When
you draw your file back, to recover an other thrust. 1678
Ibid. No. 6. 99 The Saw having run its length, is lifted
gently over the Stuff to recover another stroak of the Saw.
to. To reach or attain to (a state). Obs. rare.
1575 TURBERV. Faulconrie 130 When she is cast off, and
begmneth to recouer her gate. 1576 FLEMING Paiwpl.
F.pist. A ij, All things when they haue recouered perfection
..cannot but then be most acceptable.
d. To get (the wind of one). Obs. exc. arch.
1602 SHAKS. Ham. in. ii. 371 Why do you go about to
recouer the winde of mee? <zi6i8 RALEIGH lni>. Shipping
30 These hoyes, who will easily recover the wind of any
other ships. 1855 KINGSLEY Westw. Ho I xx, She is a race
ship, and if we can but recover the wind of her [etc.].
7. To get to, reach, arrive at, gain (some place
or point). Now rare. (Common in i6-i7th c.)
c 1350 Will.Paleme 2801 Go we on oure gate, .to recuuer
sum resset here we vs rest miw. 1512 W. KNIGHT in Ellis
O rig. Lett. Ser. li. I. 195 With . . long tribulacion we re-
covred the saide Porte of Saincte Sebastian. 1583 T.
WASHJNGTON tr. Nicholay's Voy. n. i. 31 b, The sea which
so furiously casteth against Malee, is such that without
great labour., she is not to be recouered or surmounted.
1603 KNOLLES Hist. Turks (1621) 39 At length having re-
covered the top of an hill,., they there stated, and presently
encamped themselves. 1677 W. HUBBARD Narrative I.
(1865) 121 He kept his Horse till he recovered the next
garrison House. 1793 SMEATON Edystone L. § 226 After
labouring at our oars for an hour and an half more, we
recovered the buss. 1821 SCOTT Pirate xxxi, Without
a pocket-compass. .1 should never have recovered the Fair
Isle, for which we run.
transf. 1614 RALEIGH Hist. World Pref. 3 Pharaoh slew
the Infants of Israel, ere they had recovered their Cradles.
•)• b. To make for, betake oneself to (a place of
defence). Obs.
c 1500 Melusine 252 Philibert was thenne descended from
his hors, . . and recouered the montayne aboue the pathe.
1600 HOLLAND Lhy iv. xxxix. 164 Both armies as taking
themselves loosers, recovered the mountaines that were next
unto them. 1604 E. GRIMSTONE Hist. Siege Ostend 14 The
Souldiers were forced to recouer the..sande downes.
t O. To get back to or into, to return to. Obs.
In some cases perh. only a contextual use of 7.
c 1430 Syr Gener. (Roxb.) 3824 Abel ashamed began to be,
And recouered his sadil hastilie. 1513 DOUGLAS sEneis vi.
ii. 107^ Tharfra to return agane on hycht, And heir abufe
recovir this airis lycht, That is dimcill werk, 1549 in Strype
Eccl. Mem. (1721) II. App. DD. 104 They turned their
backs and recovered the town which they before had forti-
fied for al events, 1618 BOLTON Florus iv. x. (1636) 310
That . . they should march back, and recover the mountaines.
1675 NEVILF. tr. Mac/iiavelirsLi/eCastr. CastracaniVtks.
248 The Florentines . . recovered the bank, and .. searched
for a better place.
f d. To journey, travel, cover. Obs. — '
a i62< FLETCHER Noble Gent. i. i, I shall recover twenty
miles this night.
t e. To remove, transfer. Of>s.~l
1719 LONDON & WISE Cotnpl. Garti. 103 We must there-
fore disburthen its Head, proportionable to the strength
and activity we take from it by recovering it to a new place,
and retrenching some of its Roots.
8 To j;et hack for another; to bring back, re-
RECOVEB.
store. Const, to (or unto, trnrely into) a person,
country, etc.
1484 CAXTON Fables of A If once i, [His friend] sente for
phisycyens or leches . . for to recouerc his helthe. 1550
VERON Godly Sayings (1846) 16 The body and bloud of our
Lorde . . have recovered unto mankynde, the love and favour
of God. 1647 CLARENDON Hist. Ret. vi. I 98 This little rest
had recovered a strange cheerfulness into all men. 1671
MILTON Sntusett 1098 So had the glory of Prowess been
recover'd To Palestine. 1731 LAW Serious C. xviii. (ed. a)
326 Education should be consider'd . . as the art of recovering
to man the use of his reason. 1774 CULLEN Lett, to La.
Catlicart (1776) 12 For recovering the heat of the body, it
has been proposed, to cover it all over with warm grains.
1851 HUSSEY Papal Power iii. 115 The Council thus pro-
posed to restore the Pope to his former condition, by re-
covering to him all the patrimony [etc.].
t b. To bring back, recall (to memory). Obs.
1673 MARVELL Reh. Transf. II. 320 If he saw what you
write, it would recover to his memory his fighting with
beasts at Ephesus. 1677 MIEGE Ft: Diet. n. s.v.
9. To restore or bring back (usti. a person) to
life or consciousness.
c 1400 Cursor M. 28848 (Colt. Galba) It recouers thurgh
a counterfeit swoone, whom the Gentleman soone recouered.
1675 EVELYN Diary 22 Mar., Sir William .. was grown
famous . . for his recovering a poor wench that had ben
hanged for felony. 1706 h. WARD Wooden World Diss.
(1708) 101 This effectually recovers him, and makes him as
sober as a Bishop. 1798 Invasion I. xxiv. 179 Raising her
up, he tried by gentler words to recover her. 1841 J. T.
HEWLETT Parish Clerk 1. 153 The squire suddenly recovered
her by calling for. .a bucket of water.
b. To restore (a person or animal) to health or
strength ; to cure, heal.
1601 SHAKS. Alts Well in. ii. 22 Shee hath recouered the
King, and vndone me. a 1614 DONNE Biatfararo? (1644) 117
He that is as sure that this Medicine will recover him, as
that this Poyson will destroy him [etc.]. 1681 tr. Belongs
Myst. Physick 43 Some Persons . . have had occasion to use
longer than ordinarily this Remedy before they could be
perfectly recovered. 1799 J. ROBERTSON Agric. Perth 555
When this happens to be the case, there is little hope of
recovering the horse.
c. Const. •(• of of from (the disease or disorder).
1389 in Eng. Gilds (1870) 5 He schal haue, of be comune
box, xiiij*/, terme of his lyf, but he be recouered of hys
mischief. 1606 G. W[OODCOCKE] Lives Emperors in Hist.
Ivstint G g iij, Hee fell madde, of which he was aftirward
recoured. 1665 EVELYN Diary 5 July, I tooke order for 150
men, who had ben recovered of their wounds [etc.], 1707
FREISD Peterborovfs Conct. Sp. 198 A few days rest, good
Diet, and Encouragement, soon recover the Souldier of any
fatigue. 1808 ELEANOR SLEATH Bristol Heiress II. 93
A person., who had already recovered Veney from a similar
accident. 1836 MARRYAT Japhet Ixi, He . . recovered her
from an imminent and painful disease.
d. Const, to or into (health, life, etc.).
1594 DRAYTON Idea 853 From Death to Life, thou mights't
him yet recover. 1654 R. CODRINGTON tr. Justine xx. 289
The Crotpnians being recovered to their health, were no
longer quiet. 1724 SWIFT Drapier's Lett. Wks. 1755 V. n.
73 Any more than a dead carcase can be recovered to life
by a cordial. 1747 W. HORSLEY Fool (1748) II. 271 It is
what I always first prescribe to recover great Wits into
their right Senses. 1793 Minstrel I. 210 She hurried back
to the cottage, where she found that Philip had been re-
covered to sensation.
e. In passive, To be recovered: to have got
better, to be well again. (Cf. 18.)
13.. Sir Beucs (MS. A.) 2854 Whan ouer-gon was his
smerte And [he] rekeured was of is herte Sir Beues set him
vp. 1423 HEN. VI in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. II. I. 100 And as
towardes oure bel Uncle of Excestre, whom oure Lord now
late visitid with seknesse, . . he is rekiveryd. a 1440 Sir
Eglaw. 953 Syr Egyllamowre was hole and sounde, And wele
recovryd on hys wounde. 1560 DAUS tr. Sleidane's Comm.
280 He commeth there fore to Ulme, whan he was not yet
recovered. 1648 Hamilton Papers (Camden) 239 Mr. Murray
. . fell sick ; whether he be recovered and gone or not your Lf
knowes best. 1733 SWIFT Let. 8 Jan., Wks. 1841 II. 694/1
The friend I named, who I was afraid would die, is re-
covered. 1765 REID Wks. \. 43/1, 1 hope your papa is quite
recovered of his cold. 1829 J. JEKYLL Corr. (1894) 200 Lady
Conyngham has had a bad illness, but is recovered.
1 1O. To restore (a person or thing) to a good or
proper estate or condition ; to set or make right
again. Obs.
In quot. c 1460 due to a misreading of the Fr. original.
c 1374 CHAUCER Troylns \. 327 (383) To hide his desir yn
muwe From euery wyght. .But he myght ought recouered
be })erby. 1388 WYCLIF Ecclus. ii. 6 Bileue thou to God and
he schal rekeuere thee. c 1460 SIR R. Ros La Belle Dame
6r4 There is no luge y-sette of suche trespace by which of
right one may recouered be. 1523 LD. BERNERS Froiss. I.
xc. 112 He wolde neuer rest tyll he had so arayed the
realme of Scotlande, that it shulde neuer be recouered. 1586
LEICESTER Corr. (Camden) 217 God doth knowe what.. a
ioyfull countreie here was within this month ; God send her
majestic to recover it soe againe. 1660 BOYLE Nftv Exp.
Phys. Mech. xiii. 86 The Fire was got out for good and
all, and past the possibility of being recover'd by the re-
admitted Air. 1706 LONDON & WISE Relir'd Card. I. n.
no To recover Trees so damnify'd, we perform the
.lowing Operation. 1731 P. SHAW Ess. Artif. Philos. 126
The Still-Bottoms of Melasses are successfully used to scald
and recover musty Casks.
f 11. To rescue or deliver (a person). Obs.
c 1430 Agincourt 186 in Hazl. E. P. P. II. 101 Of truse we
wyll beseche the, Vntyll that it be Sunday noone, And yf we
may not recouered be We will ilelyuer the towne. 1637
WINTHROP Nc-.v Eng. (1824) I. 244 He fell into the water,
near the shore, where it was not six feet deep, and could not
RECOVER.
be recovered. 1653 H. COGAN tr. Pinto\s Trav. xxii. 78,
1 promised . . never to part from hence, till by some means
or other I have recovered these poor soldiers my com-
panions. 1686 tr. Chardin's Trav, Persia 152 Having
agreed with my comrade what ways I would take to recover
him out of Mingrelia.
b. To bring back, rescue, reclaim from or out
of a. state, etc.
Superstition and Barbarism which hath hitherto been the
reproach almost of the English. i6oa LOCKE Toleration ill.
i. Wks. 1727 II. 311 So men will be well guarded, or re-
covered from fake Religions. 1711 ADDISON Spect. No. 10
p i Till I have recovered them out of that desperate State
of Vice and Folly, into which the Age is fallen. 1797 Encycl.
Brit. (ed. 3) XIII. 732/2 The fathers.. say that the Indians
are but just recovered from a barbarous and dissolute way
of life. 1860 WARTER Sea-board II. 436, I must recover all
from their evil courses by every means in my power,
fc. Const, into or to (a state, etc.). Obs.
1647 CLARENDON Hist. Reh. vii. § 172 They sent a formal
commission of both Houses to him.. to recover him to his
former vigour and zeal in their cause. «66a H. MORK
I'/iitos. Writ. Pref. Gen. (1712) 17 That which now deserves
to be called Cartesianism for Des-Cartes hi.s so happily re-
covering it again into view. 1737 WHISTON Joscphits, Hist.
vi. iii. f 5 Nor could he expect that such men could be
recovered to sobriety.
12. a. To bring back (a weapon) to a certain
position. To recover arms : (see quot. 1802).
1594 I.G, Di Grasses Art Defence I ij, He must, .recouer
his owne sworde nimbly, and then deliuer a thrust. 1685
J. S. Art of War 27 Recover your Armes. 1796 Instr, fy
Reg. Cavalry (1819) 240 When the rear rank has passed the
general ten yards, officers recover their swords with the
commanding officer. xSoa JAMES Milit. Diet., To Recover
arms, a position of the firelock when the piece is held with
the lock equal to the left shoulder, and the sling to the
front. 1851 MAYHEW Land. Labour\\\. 167 [Recover arms].
1859 F. A. GRIFFITHS Artil. Man. (1862) 153 The. .officers
recover and carry their swords.
absol, 1837 DICKENS Picfau. iv, The dogs barked, the mob
screamed, the troops recovered,
transf. 1711 ADDISON Sfiect. No. 102 F 2 [The ladies]
are exercised by the following Words of Command, ..
Ground your Fans, Recover your Fans.
b. To pull back (a horse) on its feet again.
1646 EVELYN Diary (Milan), Recovering the jade on all
foure againe, hedesir'd to be taken down. 1857 LAWRENCE
Guy Liv. xv. 132 [The mare] was down on her head ; but
Guy recovered her cleverly.
13. To get over, get better from (a sickness,
misfortune, or affliction).
1340 Ayenb. 32 panne comj* be dyeuel and him zayb ( bou
hit sselt wel recouri bou art yong and strang bou sselt Hbbe
long '. 14. . Ismnbras 336 in Utterson Sel, Pieces I. 91 Ye
shall be kynge with crowne, . . And recover all your wo. 1550
COVERDALE Spir. Perle xii. (1560) 130 After the sicke man
had recouered his sore, He Hued worse then euer he did be-
fore. 1597 J. KING On "Jonas (1618) 73 Hee should recouer
his sicknesse. 1613 W. LAWSON Country Housew. Card.
(1626) 15 He will safely recouer his wound within seuen
yeeres. 1699 R. L'ESTRANGE Erasm. Colloq. (1725) 152 One
man has a fancy that he shall never recover a fit of sickness.
1764 GOLDSM. Hist. Eng. in Lett. (1772) II. 34 This fatal
blowthe King could never after recover. xSoz JANE AUSTEN
Lett. (1884) I. 269 The neighbourhood have quite recovered
the death of Mrs. Rider. 1875 BRYCE Holy Rom. Em6.
xix. (ed. 5) 350 The Free Cities had never recovered the
famines and sieges of the Thirty Years' War.
b. To annul the effect of (a slip, stumble, etc.).
Also in _/5g-. context.
1748 RICHARDSON Corr. (1804) IV. 227 The accident of a
broken thigh, snapped by a sudden jirk, endeavouring to
recover a slip. 1768 Woman of Honor I. 198 The point
with him now was to recover so terrible a stumble. 1886
Manch. Exam, 10 Mar. 5/7 Lord C. H. cleverly recovered
his faux POS by offering a handsome apology.
14. To retrieve, make good, make up for (loss,
damage, etc., to oneself).
c 1386 CHAUCER Man of Law's Prol. 27 For losse of catel
may recouered be, But losse of tyme shendeth vs, quod he.
1481 CAXTON Myrr. i. xiv. 43 Yf sbe lacke on one syde she
recouerith it on that other. 15*3 LD. BERNERS Froiss. I.
506 They determyned to go thyder. .to assay if they coude
recover any parte of their domage. Ibid. 553 To thentent
that he shulde recover agayne his losse. 1619 in Eng. fy
Gtrtn. (Camden) 207 Sir Albertus Morton (who hath used
more diligence in his journey to recover his detention in
England then I feare may be for his health). i68a G.
PO!
late to prevent.
15. To put right, remedy, make good again
(something wrong, a fault, etc.). Now rare,
c 1384 CHAUCER H. Fame i. 354 Eke though I myght dure
ever That I have do rekever I never. 1442 T. BECKINGTON
Corr. (Rolls) II. 214 This grete hurt, which xx'ti. Ii. wol not
nowe by many dayes lightly recovere. 1536 Exhort, to
North in Furniv. Ballads from MSS. I. 306 Thes en-
normyties to Recoyor \sic\ now lette vs tayke payne ! thynges
amysse to Redresse, we cure selff must enforce. 1635 R.
JOHNSON Tom a Lincolne in Thorns Prose Rom. (1828) 1 1. 75
Thou . .hast broken thy oath of knighthood, which no excuse
can recover. i«i PERRY Daggenh. Breach 106 A Breach . .
in two Places between Grays and Gravesend, (which, by
timely Application, have been recovered). 1811 G. COLMAN
Pref. to J. Palmer's Like Master I. 21 He had the mis-
fortune to begin wrong in the game of life :— it is difficult to
recover blots. 1869 F. W. NEWMAN Misc. 286 He was quickly
overpowered ; yet to recover the mischief he had done . . was
difficult.
f b. To cure, heal (a wound, disease, etc.). Obs.
272
1548 UDALL, etc. Erasm. Par. Matt. 1 1 b, A deadly wounde
that can not be recouered. 1576 BAKER Jewell of Health
47 b, It doth marvelously recover and helpe . . the byte of a
mad Dog. 1626 MASSINGER Rom. Actor \\. i, But grant
that I by art could yet recover Your desperate sickness.
1655 MOIIFET & HENNET Health's Iniprov. (1746) 199 Many
are of opinion, that Caudles, .recover the Weakness of Loins,
1748 Ansan's Voy. u. i. 113 The land, and the refreshments
it produces, very soon recover most stages of the sea-scurvy.
II. refl. 16. a. To regain one's natural position
or balance. Also transf. nn&Jig.
1390 GOWER Conf, III. 346 Er that thou falle in such a
wise That thou ne myht thiself rekevere. 1638 JUNIUS
Paint. Ancients 41 We daily see . . rppe-dauncers . . hand-
somly recover themselves after a perilious staggering and
reeling. 1706 PHILLIPS (ed. Kersey) s.v. Canceller, When
a light-flown Hawk in her Stooping, turns two or three
times upon the Wing, to recover her self before she seizes the
Prey, a 1715 BURNET Own Time in. (1724) 1. 582 Seeing that
he was losing ground at Court, he intended to recover him-
self a little with the people. 1856 'STONEHENGE' Brit.
Rural Sports 533/1 Many careless and low goers are con-
stantly striking their feet against stones, but. .easily recover
themselves. 1895 Daily A 'ems 27 Sept. 5/4 There will be
ample width for a vessel to ' recover ' herself when entering
in severe weather.
b. To return to life or consciousness.
IJ97 GERARDE Herbal i. vii. § i. 8 At the approch of winlrr
it dieth, and recouereth it selfe the next yeere. i66a J.
DAVIES tr. Oltarins' I'oy. Ambass.it Being stunn'd, it was
half an hour ere I recover'd my self.
o. To get over a loss or misfortune ; to recoup
oneself, rare.
c 164$ HOWELL Lett. I. v. xxvi, I shall pay the wager in
the place appointed, and try whether I can recover myself
at gioco d' amore. 1797 Kncycl. Brit. (ed. 3) X. 238/1 From
this calamity, great as it was, London soon recovered itself.
d. To get over fatigue or illness, f Also const, of.
1745 Fortunate Orphan 22 Where we remain'd ten Days . .
to recover ourselves of the Fatigues of the Journey. 1856
'SroNEHENGE* Brit. Rural Sports Introd. 13 The over-
worked lawyer . . has only to bestow an occasional day upon
any one of the various sports within his reach, and he
speedily recovers himself.
17. t a. To retreat, retire into a place ; to fall
back on one as an authority. Obs.
1606 G. W[OODCOCKE) Hist. Inline n. n Had they not so
sodainly recoured themselues againe into their Cittye, he
had also bin Lord and conqueror thereof. 1650 HOWELL
Girafffs Rev. Naples i. 68 He recover'd himself with four
of his confidents . . into the next house. 1655 FULLER Ch.
Hist. vl. i. 268 S. Augustine of Hippo, (on whom these
Monks would willingly recover themselves) was S. Benet's
Senior by sixty years.
b. To withdraw or escape from or out of, to
return to, a position, state, or condition. Now rare.
1611 BIBLE 2 Tint. ii. 26 That they may recouer themselues
out of the snare of the deuill. 1*13 PURCHAS Pilgrimage
w. xii. (i6r4> 407 The adioyning Princes recouering them-
selues from Tartarian sermtude, a 1660 HAMMOND Serin.
xxvii. Wks. 1683 IV. 677 He seldom ever recovers himself
to a sober countenance. 1710 OZF.LL Vertot's Rom. Rep.
II. VHI. 20 Hannibal . . was as skilful in recovering himself
mere childishness. i88j J. H. BLUNT Re/. Ch. Enf. II. 297
Ridley's hasty endeavour to recover himself from the pitfall
into which he had been precipitated.
III. intr. or absol.
18. To regain health after a wound or sickness ;
to get well, or become healthy, again.
£1350 Will. Palerne 3874 No rink bei mijt of-reche re-
cuuered neuer after. ? a 1400 Morte Arth. 1572 Thare salle
no silver hym save, bot Ewayne recovere. £1470 HENRY
Wallace x. 785 Byschop Syncfar was wesyd with seknas. . ;
and syn throu Goddis grace He recoueryt. a 1547 SURREY
in Tottel's Misc. (Arb.) 3 The winters hurt recouers with
the warm. 1596 SHAKS. 2 Hen. /F, ly. v. 14 If hee be sicke
with loy, Hee'fe recouer without Physicke. 1647 CLARENDON
Hist. Rft. vi. § 97 Whom . . he carried .. to Oxford, where he
wonderfully recovered. 1714 DE FOE Mem. Cavalier (1840)
26 My poor captain fell sick . . but recovered. 1797 Encyd.
Brit. (ed. 3) V. 12/2 Most of the young trees that are barked
recover and continue healthy. 1845 DARWIN Voy, AW. xii.
(1879) 268, I felt very unwell, and from that time till the end
of October did not recover. 1891 E. PEACOCK^. Brendan I.
254 He recovered slowly, but suffered little pain.
b. Const, of , from (the malady or disease, or
that which causes indisposition).
1388 WYCLIF fsa. xxxviii. 9 Whanne he hadde be sijk, and
hadde rekyuered of his sikenesse. 1535 COVERDALE 2 Kiiift
viii. 8 Axe councell at v* Lorde by him, and saye : Maye I
recouer from this sicknesse. 1597 I. KING On Jonas (1618)
73 If it be thy destiny to recouer of such a sicknesse . . thou
shalt recouer. 1667 MILTON P. L. xi. 294 Adam by this
from the cold sudden damp Recovering [etc.], 1766 GOLDSM.
Vic. W. xvii. The man recovered of the bile, The dog it was
that died. 1802 MAR. EDGEWORTH Moral T. (1816) I. iv. 18
The dancing-master gradually recovered from his sprain.
1841 BORROW Zincali II. ii. ill. 60 Having partially
recovered from his malady. 1860 MOTLEY Netherl. x. II. 80
Hohenlo recovered of his wound before Zutphen.
transf. 1649 JER. TAYLOR Gt. Exemp. i. ad § 9 (1667) 144
To recover from a sin is none of the easiest labours that
concern the sons of men. 1871 FREEMAN Norm. Conq. (1876)
IV. xvii. 48 The land had not yet recovered from the mere
carnage of the battle.
19. To regain life, consciousness, or composure.
Also const, of, from, out of.
13. . Coer tie L. 425 Tho he recouered of hys swowe, To
hys paleys he hym drowe. 1377 LANCL. P. I'l. B. xix. 156
Thus cam it out that Cryst ouL-r-cam, rekeuered and lyued.
1538 ELVOT Sit/>eminot to recouer . . whan a man semeth to
be deade. 1600 SHAKS. A. Y. L. iv. iii. 161 Many will
swoon when they do look on blond . . Looke, he recnui-rs.
RECOVERABLE.
1648 HKYI.IN Relat. !, Otserv. i. 47 Before any man that
was not privy to the designe, could recover out of his amaze-
ment. 1691 tr. Eniilianne's Jonm. Naples 195 We soon
recover'd of our Fears, when . . we saw them Kneel down.
1781 COWPER Hope 375, I soon recover from these needless
frights. 1810 CRABBE Horoygk xix. 251 He fell, he fainted.
. . As he recover'd, to his mind it came [etc.]. 1877 FROUDR
Short Stud. (1883) IV»i. x. 120 The archbishop had seated
himself to recover from the agitation of the preceding scene.
t 20. To rally, to return ; to make one's way,
to succeed in coming or passing (again). Const, to,
unto, over, etc. Also with up. Ots.
£•1330 R. BRUNNE Chron. Wacc (Rolls) 13958 Syn had bey
no grace to stande, Ne myghte relye \Petyt MS. recouer],
but euere fleande. c \yjpArth. ,$• Merl. 1650 (Kolbing) pat
he flei^e in to be valaye & recouerd [etc.], c 1450 LONELICH
Grail xiii. 179 ?if Euere I Mowe rekeuere to sarras, I schal
Jow hyghly qwyten Er that 56 pas. 1583 GOLDING Calvin
on Devi. v. 28 Let vs fight against oursemes and daily in-
deuor to recouer vnto God. 1596 RALEIGH Discov. Gviana
97 We found it a wearisome way backe . . to recouer vp
againe to the head of the riuer. 1639 FULLER Holy War
iv. vii, With much ado the Christians recovered to Antioch,
having scarce a third part of them left. 1668 H. MORE Div.
Dial. in. xxxiv. I. 535 Lapsed Souls . . that recover into
Sincerity are saved as we are saved. 1680 — Apocal. Apoc.
184 If. .she ever recover unto that plight again.
•fr b. To gain ground again of one. Oiis.~l
1654 in Burton's Diary (1828) 1. 165 A recoiling man may,
haply, recover of his enemy ; but the courage of an enemy,
surely, will be in the keeping of his ground.
21. To regain one's footing, position, or balance ;
t to get up again ; also, to make a return from,
t to get the better of, a slip, etc.
1494 FABVAN Chron. VI. ccxii. 228 It happed one of the
Kynges cuppe berers to stumble and to recouer agayne.
1513 LD. BERNERS Froiss. I. ccviii. 249 The lorde of Com-
megines was ouerthrowen, and coude nat recouer vp agayne.
1745 Fortunate Orphan 9 He did not believe it was possible
to recover of this Fall. 1796 MORSE Amcr. Geof. I. 667 A
horse's foot having apparently slipped several inches and
recovered again. 1856 ' STONEHENGE ' Brit. Rural Sports
533/1 The ground is not cleared by the toe, and when it is
struck there is not power to recover from the mistake.
b. fencing. To return to a position of guard
after a thrust.
170$ H. BLACKWELL Eng. Fencing Master 22 Advance
half a Foot, and make home your Thrust, and as you re-
cover beat on his Foije in Carte. 1809 ROLAND Fencing 26
After a thrust is delivered, .it is necessary to resume your
former position of the guard, which is termed recovering on
guard. 1861 Chambers' Encycl. s.v. Fencing, A thrust can
be returned when the adversary thrusts, or when, baffled in
his attack, he is recovering to his guard.
c. To rise again after bowing or curtseying.
1711 STEELE Spec/. No. 240 f 2 This Person, .made a pro-
found Bow and fell back, then recovered with a soft Air, and
made a Bow to the next. 1896 A. E. HOUSMAN Skrapskin
Ladxvi, It nods and curtseys and recovers When the wind
blows above.
22. Law. To obtain, by legal process, possession
or restoration ot the thing claimed ; to succeed in
a claim or suit of recovery.
1411-61 in Cal. Proc. Chanc. Q. Eliz. (1827) I. Introd. 22
Yef that he wolde holde with hym . . wherlhurgh he myjt
recovere ayenst me, that he sholde have the Ihridde peny
of his recovering. 1515 Act 7 Hen. VIII, c. 4 Every
Advowaunt . . shall recover their damages and costes . . as
the playntyf shuld have doo yf they had recoveryd in the
said Replevyne. 1607 COWELL Intcrpr. s.v. Recovery, A
third person afterward by suite of lawe recouereth against
me, I have my remedy.. to recover in value, that is, to re-
cover so much in monyas the land is worth, a 1610 HEALEY
Theophrastus To Rdr., If the thing bought bee evicted from
the buyer, .hee may sue the Broker, and recover, as of the
owner. 1798 BwAmer. Law Kef. (1809) 1.66 Plaintiff had
a right to recover, according to the law and custom of mer-
chants. 1817 W. SELWYN Law Nisi Prins (ed. 4) II. 1214
The plaintiff shall recover according to the verdict. 1866
CRUMP Banking v. 118 The holder must neither protest nor
give notice of dishonour, as he thereby precludes himself
from recovering against the acceptor.
b. To make up a loss again.
1870 L. OLIPHANT Piccadilly 95 If I can carry on for an.
other fortnight, I have got information which makes it
certain I shall recover on them.
Recover (rfkc-vaa), z».2 Also re-cover. [RE-
c, a.] trans. To cover again.
c 1400 Master of Game ii. (MS. Digby 182) pen be bei re-
couerede of her newe here, bat men call polifed, And hir
homes ben keuered with a softe heer. 1579 TOMSON Calvin s
Strm. Tim. 504/2 It would cost me too much money to set
the carpenters a worke to recouer mine house, it would cost
me to much in Slate. 1611 Proc. Virginia xi. in Capt. Smith s
Wks. (Arb.) 154 In 3 monthes, we.. built some 20 houses;
re-couered our Church [etc.]. 1645 FULLER Good Th. in
Bad T. (1841) 68 Thus in the sight of our soul heaven is
covered, discovered, and recovered. 1778 [W. MARSHALL]
Minutes Agric. rs May 1775 By plowing in the common
way. . the majority of the root-weeds are re-covered in a lev
minutes. 1896 Westm. Gaz. 4 Nov. 8/3 The prisoner brought
her the umbrella in question to recover.
Becoverabi-lity. = RECOVEBABLENESS.
1855 BAIN Senses <r Int. n. i. § 12 Our sense of their agree,
ment, and their persistence and recoverabihty in idea.
Recoverable (rflc»-verab'l), a. [f. RECOVER
Z».l + -ABLE.]
1. Capable of being recovered or regained.
ci47oG. \SHBvActivePolicy6S4, 1 mene . . of wilfulnesse
people to supprise, That micht otherwise be recouerable
1483 G«/i. . 4 ngl. 301/1 Recouerabille, recufierat-ilis. I
PERCIVALI. Sp. Diet., Recuperatlc, recouerable. rooB
H. MORE Div. Dial. Iv. xxxvii. (1713) 393 They in a short
time may be recoverable to the obedience of the b><
Rome. 1685 I.omi. (7«=. No. 5044/2 The Cannon, some
BECOVERABLENESS.
whereof are mounted, and others sunk, though easily re-
coverable. 1753 RICHARDSON Grandison (1781) III. xxi.
195 As giving it up for recoverable, I became for a few
moments motionless. 1805 W. SAUNUERS Min. Waters 428
When again cooled, the smell is no longer recoverable.
1885 Manch. Exam. 26 Aug. 3/2 The publication of every
recoverable sentence that fell from his lips or his pen.
b. Capable of being legally recovered or obtained.
1500 SWINBURNE Treat. Testaments 15 Legacies, .are all
at this present recouerablc by like actions, a 1674 C LA REN*
DON ( J. f, They promised the good people ease in the matter
of protections, by which the debts from parliament men and
their followers were not recoverable. 1736 NEAL Hist,
Pitrit. III. 494 That there may be a fixed maintenance
in every parish recoverable by the incumbent. 1846
MCCULLOCH Ace. Brit. Empire (1854) II. 471 A pecuniary
penalty, recoverable on summary conviction by a justice of
the peace. 1875 JOWETT Plato (ed. 2} III. 112 That mere
debts should not be recoverable by law.
2. Capable of being restored to a sound, healthy,
or normal condition.
1596 SPENSER State fret. Wks. (Globe) 646/2 Having nowe
both sowle and bodye greatly diseased, yet both recoverable.
1663 BOVLE Use/. Exp. Nat, P kilos. 11. iii. 70 'Tis one thing
to dispute, Whether all Diseases be curable; and another,
Whether all Persons be recoverable. 1676 Phil. Trans. XI.
652 That it is peculiar to the Thames-water alone, upon
Stinking to be recoverable or potable again. 1707-1*
MORTIMER Hnsb. (1721) 11.241 The Earth is to be opened to
the bottom to find its Distemper ; and if the Root be. .hard,
'tis recoverable by applying dry Sand and Soot to it. 1774
CULLEN Lett, to Ld. Cathcart (1776) 4 Drowned persons
are more generally in a recoverable state than has been
imagined. 1876 Geo. ELIOT Dan. Der. Ivi, Her remorse
was theprecious sign of a recoverable nature.
b. That may be amended ; curable.
»6t6 CHAMPNEY Voc. Bps. i By how much more the error
or deceit in them, is more hurtfull and lesse recouerable.
165* GAULE Magastront. 240 If you would know, .whether
the sicknesse or disease be curable and recoverable. 1899
J. HUTCHINSON in Arch. Sitrg. X. 136 It is not more easily
recoverable without treatment than is syphilis.
c. Capable of being retrieved or made good.
1797 MRS. A. M. BENNETT Beggar Girt (1X13) V. 158 Like
vice also, the first lapse was seldom, .recoverable. 1833
LANDOR I mag. Conv.t Sciplo^ Polybiiis, $ Panaetius Wks.
1876 II. 327 Has the name escaped me ! no matter, ..he
would smile at a recoverable lapse. 1848 J. SPEDDING
Even, tv, Reviewer (1881) II. 36 Considering that .. a
stumble at the threshold [is] scarcely recoverable.
T" 3. Capable of being retraced. 0fo."~l
1607 SHAKS. Timon in. iv. 13 A Prodigall course Is like
the Sunnes, but not like his recouerable,
Hence Keco'verableness, the possibility of re-
covering or of being recovered.
1609 W. SCLATER Threefold Preserv. (1610) Bj, Re-
couerablenesse in the elect, instability of reprobates. 1663
BOYLE Usef. Exp. Nut. Philos. ii. v. xviii. 275 As may
appear by the recoverable nesse of the metal out of it. 1893
H. DRUMMOND Programme Chr. 43 The recoverable ness of
a man at his worst.
Recoverance (rflc^-verans). [a. OK. recover-
ance^ reco(u}vrance : see RECOVER v.1 and -ANCE.]
1. Recovery from trouble, misfortune, adversity,
etc. ; remedy, succour, help. Now only arch.
"375 Cursor M. 25869 (Fairf.) pi saule . . sulde drey
endeles penaunce & neuer sulde come to recoueraunce.
1423 JAS. I Kingis Q. Ixxxvii, [They] diuersely happinnit for
to deye;..Sum for dispaire, without recouerance. r 1440
York Myst. xxvi. 101 He coueres all J>at comes Recouer-
aunce to craue. 15*5 LD. BERNERS Froiss. II. xxxiii. 96 He
was a true knyght, by whome in his tyme we had many re-
coueranses, and good Journeys, a 1578 LINDESAY (Pitscottie)
Chron. Scot. (S.'L*. S.) I. 121 He persuadit the Earle of
Douglas . . to interpryse his recoverence in sett bat tell. 1886
J. PAYNE tr. Boccaccio's Decameron n. viit. I. 210 Inasmuch
as some means was found for his recoverance.
f 2. The regaining or recovery of some thing or
state. Obs.
1440 in Wars Eng. in Frame (Rolls) II. 500 The re-
couverance of the kingis inheriiaunce. c 1477 CAXTON Jason
95 b, For the recouurance of her helth she wolde goo thanke
the goddes diane. a 1533 LD. BERNERS Gold. Bk. M.
Anrcl. (1546) C vj, The recouerance therof ought to be
feared, if a fole haue the guydyng therof.
Recovered (rfku-vaid), ///. a. [f. RECOVER
z/.1 + -ED i.] Restored, regained.
1477 EARL RIVERS (Caxton) Dictes i To dispose my re-
couerd lyf to his seruyce. 1483 Cath. Angl. 301/1 Re-
couerde, reciiperatus. 1667 MILTON P. L. i. 240 By their
own recover 'd strength. 1681 FLAVEL Meih. Grace xvnr.
1331 And shall not the recovered soul.. greatly rejoice?
1870 DICKENS Let, to W. Collins in Harper's Mag. (1891)
Nov. 906/2 That it will leave you in a really recovered state
of good health.
Kecoveree (rrk^varr). Now rare or Obs.
[f. as prec. + -EE ».] Law. The person from
whom some property is recovered ; spec, the de-
fendant in an action of common recovery.
1531-* Act 23 Hen. VIIl> c. 10 § 3 Euerie persons..
haunige feoffees recoverees or conUees to his vse. 1594
WEST Mtf Pt. Symbol. § 136 The Tenant is he, against
whom the writ is brought, and may be termed the Re-
coueree. 1607 COWELL inttrpr. 1766 BLACKSTONE Comm.
II. 360 If the recoveree should ever obtain a recompense
in lands from the common vouchee [etc.]. 1785 Vermont
State Papers (1823) 501 The recoveree or recoverees in such
action, .shall, .file a declaration, .against the recoveror or
recoverors, for so much money as the estate is made better.
Recoveree, obs. form of RECOVERY.
Recoverer1 (rrkc-varsj). Also 4 rekyuerer.
[f. as prec. + -ER1.]
1. One who recovers, regains, restores, etc.
1388 WVCI.IF Rcclns. xiii. 26 Many rekyuereris IL. re-
VOL. VIII.
273
cuperatores\ ben to a riche man disseyued. 1591 PERCWALL
Sp. Diet.) Recobrador, a recouerer. 1638 MAYNE Lttctan
(1664) 117 Will you permit him.. to take Revenge of his
Recoverer ? 1651 DAVENANT Gondibert n. v. ix, Here all
Men seem Recov'rers of time past. 1789 J. BROWN Set.
Kent. (18071 244 A regainer of paradise and a recoverer of
the tree of life,
f2. Law. =» RECOVEROR. Obs.
1515 Act 7 Hen. F///, c. 4 The recoverers in all suche
recoveries .. may from hensforth dystreyn for the forseid
rentes. 1594 WEST 2nd Pt. Symbol. § 136 The demaundant
is he that bringeth the Writ of Entre, and may be termed
the Recouerer. a 1625 SIR H. FINCH Law (1636) 475 The
recouerer and the Recognisee shall haue a Scire facias.
1766 BLACKSTONE Comm. II. 359 Which lands are now
absolutely vested in the said recoverer by judgment of law.
t Recoverer2. Obs. Forms: 4-5 recouerer,
-co(u)verei\e, -cuuerer(e, -courere ; recove-
rir(e. [a. AF. recoverer and recoverir (OF. re-
covrerj-eouvrier, etc.): see RECOVER z^and-ER*.]
1. Recovery, remedy, etc. (Cf. RECOVERANCE.)
Common in i4th c. ; in Hampole the ending is shown
by rimes to be -ere, in Gower always -ir(e.
1340 HAMPOLE Pr. Consc. 6095 pai sal J?at day for ever
be tynt Fra God, with-outen any recoverere. c 1380 Sir
Feritmb. 2471 Ac wan bai seje bat of bat J>yng recuuerer
non bar nas, bay lefte panne hure mornyng. 1390 GOWER
Conf. II. 335 Pallas schop recoverir After the will and the
desir Of hire, c 1450 Me rlin 185 By thatCastell. .hadde the
saisnes all her recouerer and all her socour of the contrey.
2. Law. = RECOVERY 4.
1436 Rolls of Par It. IV. 501/2 Plee personell, wherof ye
Jugement of recoverer extendeth to the somme of xl li.
1477 Ibid. VI. 181/2 The same Recorde of the same Re-
coverer. .thenne and their toke. .and hadde aweye.
Recovering (rflwrvarirj), vbl. sb. [f. RE-
COVER v.i + -ING 1.] The action of the vb. in
various senses.
1375 BARBOUR Bruce in, 16 And weill ost, at thar fryst
metyng, War layd at erd, but recoveryng. c 1400 Destr.
Troy vin. heading, Of the Counsell of the Grekys for Re-
coueryng of Elayne. 1483 CAXTON Gold. Leg. 339/1, 1 haue
herd of the and of the helthes and recouerynges that tliou
makyst. 1543-4 ^rtf 35 Hen. VIII, c. 9 The recoueringe
inclosinge and inninge of..Wappinge marshe. 1593 DAL-
LINGTON Meth. Trav. N, So dear was the recouering of
Amiens, a 1660 HAMMOND Serin, xxv. Wks. 1684 IV. 650
The recovering of the Soul to the pure knowledge of God.
1709-10 STEELE Tatler No. 145 p 2 He .. made her the
most obsequious Bow in the Presence of the whole Theatre
..She made him the Recovering or Second Courtesy.
Recovering (rto-varin ),///. a. [f. as prec.
+ -ING 2.] That recovers, in senses of the vb.
1650 BAXTER Saints' R. (1836) 56 The Son of God comes
with recovering grace. 1693 DRYDEN Persists iii. (1697) 446
He. .began To mend, and look like a recov'ring Man. 1722
DE FOE Plague (1884) 314 These poor recovering Creatures.
1810 LADY GRANVILLE Lett. (1894) I. 8 It will be good for
him in his recovering state. 1863 I. WILLIAMS Baptistery
i. i. (1874) ii The bright recovering year.
Hence Beco'veriugly adv.
1894 R. BRIDGES Shorter Poems 101 From waves of
rustling wheat. .Recoveringly that pass.
Reco- verless, a. [f. RECOVER sb. or v.l +
-LESS.] That cannot be recovered or repaired.
1607 COKE Charge at Norwich Assizes 25 This so famous
. . monarchic had at one blowe endured a recouerlesse ruine.
1796 Mod. Gulliver 159 The Goodwin law his bane, Re-
coverless he sinks, and joins its ooz-sunk train.
t Reco'verment. Obs. rare-1, [ad. F. re-
couvrement (nth c.) : see RECOVER v.i and -MENT.]
Recovery.
1591 SPARRY tr. Caftan's Geomancte m. ii. 159 Coniunctio..
signifyeth alwayes a recouerment and restitution of thinges
scattered or lost.
Reco'veror. Law. ? Obs. [f. RECOVER z*.1 +
-OR : cf. RECOVERER 1 % and OF. recavreor^\ The
demandant who recovers a judgement, esp. in an
action of common recovery.
1628 COKE On Lift. 104 b, The recoueror should not
distreyne, &c. because the conusee against whom the re-
couerie was had, could not. 1766 BLACKSTONE Comm. II.
360 Though the estate-tail is gone from the recoveree, yet it
. . will ever continue to subsist (by construction of the law)
in the recoveror, his heirs, and assigns. 1818 CRUISE Digest
(ed. 2) V. 392 In all adversary suits, every recoveror re-
covered a fee simple. 1841 Penny Cycl. XIX. 339/1 On his
default the court gave judgment . . that the demandant or
recoveror should recover the lands against the tenant.
Recovery (rJkzrvari). Also 5 reoov(e)ree,
Sc. recouraie. [a. AF. recoverie, -ery (1302-5)
or OF. recovree^ -couvree, i. pa. pple. of recoverir or
recov(e}rer : see RECOVER v.1 and -Y.]
I. f 1. Possibility or means of recovering, or of
being restored to, a normal state ; remedy. Obs.
1387-8 T. USK Test. Lwe n. xi. (Skeat) 1. 127 Now I
praie [thee] to enforme me in this, or els I hold me without
recouerie. 15*3 LD. BERNERS Froiss. I. clxx. 208 The
frenche kynges thre sonnes. .were right yong of age and of
counsel! ; in them was but small recouery. Jbid, 743 This
domage toucheth us so nyghe that we have no recovery.
1573 TUSSER Hnsb. (1878) 17 To ease thy sicknes speedilie,
er helpe be past recouerie. 1686 tr. Chardins Trav. Persia
200 On purpose to ruine past recovery a country that chiefly
subsists by making of silk.
2. The act of recovering oneself from a mishap,
mistake, fall, etc.
1515 LD. BERNERS Froiss. II. xlv. 154 What became of the
kynge,. after this discomfyture, made he ony recouery, or
dyd he close hymselfe in ony of his townes? 1662 STIL-
^-iff. Sacrx ii. i. § i The conditions on which fallen
man may expect a recovery. 1734 WATERI.AND Doctr. Holy
RECOVERY.
Trin. vj. Wks. 1823 V. 233 His mistake had shown some weak-
ness of judgment, but his recovery manifested great strength
of mind. 1781 COWPER Retirem. 138 To., search the
themes, important above all, Ourselves, and our recovery
from our fall. 1860 TYNDALL Glac. i. xviii. 133 The effort
at recovery is instantaneous.
b. The act of regaining the natural position after
curtseying. (Cf. RECOVER v. 21 c.)
1711 BUDGELL Sped. No. 277 F 17 The Curtesy and Re-
covery, the genteel Trip, and the agreeaUe Jet, as they
are now practised in the Court of France. 1867 OUIDA
C. Castlemaine (1879) 3 And practise their curtsey and
recovery before their pier-glass.
c. Ktntiiltg* The act of returning to the proper
position for making a fresh stroke. (Cf. 8.)
1856 'STONEHENGE' Brit. Rural Sports 480/1 It is clear..
that swing is not necessarily bad, but that it requires great
skill to combine it with the proper recovery. 1884 Pall
MallG. 5 Apr. 3/2 They now row much longer than they
did, their recovery is better.
3. Restoration or return to health from sickness.
1606 SHAKS. Tr. fy Cf. ii. iii. 188 He is so plaguy proud,
that the death tokens of it, Cry no recouery. 1647 CLAREN-
DON Hist. Rcb. i. § 60 Grievously Wounded, but not without
hope of Recovery. 1713 STEEL E Engliskm. No. $$. 352 The
Joy of her Majesty's Recovery very much Contributed to
the Diversion. 1781 COWPER Table-t. 393 He thought the
dying hour already come, And a complete recovery struck
him dumb. 1820 SYD. SMITH in Lady Holland Mem. (1855)
II. 219 Pray tell me how you are, and if you are making
a good recovery. 1876 BRISTOWE Th. fy Pract. Med. (1878)
609 Recovery is generally rapid under suitable treatment.
b. In phr. in, on the, upon (the) recovery : re-
covering, convalescent. ? Obs.
1599 H. BUTTES Dyets drie Dinner L b, Good in hecticke
feuers : restoreth their strength that are in recouery. 1618
Demeanor of Sir W. Raleigh. 33 When hee was vpon re-
couerie, he dispatched the Land-forces. 1760-7* H. BROOKE
Fool cfQnctl. ^1809) I. 83 The strangers.. had been treated
with great humanity, and were now on the recovery. 1789
COWPER Let, to Lady Hesketh 4 Feb., Mrs. Unwin is cer-
tainly on the recovery.
II. 4. Law. The fact or procedure of gaining
possession of some property or right by a verdict
or judgement of court ; spec, the process, based on
a legal fiction, by which entailed estate was com-
monly transferred from one party to another (also
called common recovery : see b).
For accounts of the nature of (common) recovery, and of
the legal process by which it was effected, see West Syrn-
bclxography{\$<)iL) n. § 136, Bacon Max. $ Uses ofCom.Laiu
(1596)62-64, Blackstone Comm. (1766) II. n., Cruise Common
Recoveries (1783) and Digest (1818) V.4i6. The legal validity
of this method of breaking entails rested mainly on the
decision of the judges in Taltarum's case in 1472 : see Year*
bks, Ediu. IV (1566) an. 12, Mich. pi. 25 fol. 19. Among the
enactments regulating its use, the most important are those
of 7 Hen. VIII, c. 4, 14 Geo. //, c. 20, and 3-4 Will. IV,
c. 74 (see quot. 1833). The party nominally deprived of an
estate by such a suit was said to suffer a recovery.
1471-3 Rolls of Parlt. VI. 4/2 Londes and Tenementes..
by any manere execution by any Statute or Recovery ex-
tended. 1515 Act 7 Hen. VIII, c. 4 Where as dyverse as
well noble men as other the Kynges Subjectes have sufferid
Recoveries ayenst them of dyvers their Maners Lordshippes
Landes & Tenementes. 1594 WEST ind Pt. Symbol. § 136
The end and effect of such recoueries, is to discontinue and
distroy estates tailes, remainders, and reuersions and barre
the former owners thereof. 1602 SHAKS. Ham. v. i. 114
A great buyer of Land, with his Statutes, his Recognizances,
his Fines, his double Vouchers, his Recoueries. 1668 PEPVS
Diary 7 Feb., Mr. Jackson . . hath this day suffered a re-
covery on his estate, in order to the making her a settle-
ment. 1741 Act 14 Geo. //, c. 20 § 6 And be it further
enacted by the Authority aforesaid, That from and after the
Commencement of this Act, every Recovery already suffered,
or hereafter to be suffered, shall be deemed good and valid
to all Intents and Purposes. 1766 BLACKSTONE Comm. II.
xxi. 362 In all recoveries it is necessary that the recoveree,
or tenant to the praecipe, as he is usually called, be actually
seised of the freehold, else the recovery is void. 1833 Act
3 ff 4 Will. IV, c. 74 (title) An Act for the Abolition of Fines
and Recoveries and for the Substitution of more simple
Modes ol Assurance. 1861 MAINE A nc. Law vii. (1876) 289
Those famous Fines and Recoveries which did so much to
undo the harshest trammels of the feudal land-law.
attrib. 1766 BLACKSTONE Comm. II. 358 The subsequent
proceedings are made up into a record or recovery roll.
transf. and Jig. 1598 SHAKS. Merry W, iv. ii. 225 If the
diuell haue him not in fee-simple, with fine and recouery
[etc.]. 1633 Bp. HALL Hard Texts, O. T. 30 A pledge.. of
this covenant of peace, made between us ; and an ernest
of the recovery, and free grant of this Well. 1635 QUARLES
Kmbl. in. xv. 182 My Griefs entayld upon my wastfull
breath, Which no Recov'ry can cut off, but death.
b. Common (t or feigned} recovery (see above).
Single recovery ', a suit of recovery in which a single
vouchee was called (so double, treble recovery}.
f True recovery (see quot. 1607).
1396 BACON Max. ff Uses Com. Law (1630) 64 If they
make a writing, that one of them shall.. suffer a common
Recouerie to the other [etc.]. 1607 COWELL Interpr. s.v.,
A true Recouerie is an actual!, or reall recouerie of any-
thing, or the value thereof by Judgement. Ibid., A feigned
recouerie is (as the Ciuilians call it) gitxdam fictio iuris,
a certaine forme, or course, set downe by lawe, to be
obserued for the better assuring of lands or tenements vnto
us. 1670 BLOUNT Law Diet. s.v.,This feigned Tenant, if it
be a single Recovery, is made to appear and vouch the Bag-
bearer of Writs, for the Cnstos Brevium, in the Court of
Common Pleas. 1741 Actf 14 Geo. If, c. 20 (title) An Act to
amend the Law concerning Common Recoveries. 1818
CRUISE Digest (ed. 2) V. 416 A common recovery can in
Kvneral only be suffered in the Court of Common Pleas at
Westminster, because a real action cannot be commenced in
any other court.
85
RECRAY.
fc. A fine, etc., recovered at law. Obs. rare"1.
1479 in Eng. Gilds (1870) 419 [To pay fines, etc.] recovered
in the seide Maires Court, vnto the seide Malre and to such
personez as the seide recovrees belongeth to of right.
6. The recovering of something lost or taken
away ; the possibility of recovering such a thing.
1538 STARKEV England i. i. 24 Suflfur not your tyme vaynly
to pas, wych, wythout recouery, fleth away. 1555 EDEN
Decades 168 Th[e]. .recouerie of the kyngedome of Granata.
1613 G. SANDYS Trav. 26 So farre from endeuouring a re-
couety.. they jested at the losse. 1686 tr. Chardin's Trav.
Persia 130 The Recovery of Six Thousand Pounds, which
I thought I had lost 1788 GIBBON Decl. $ F, xlix. V. 120
After the recovery of Italy and Africa by the arms of
Justinian. 1863 Sat. Re^>. 23 May 675 A very interesting
recovery of the whole plan of a Norman conventual church.
b. 0/" one's health, or other state.
1568 GRAFTON Chron. II. 319 That for the better recovery
of my health, I should returne into England. 1678 WANLEY
Wond. Lit. World v. ii. § 82. 472/2 He retired for recovery
of his health. 1877 WINCHELL Set. <$• Relig. v. 103^ The re-
covery of that state of equilibrium which had been disturbed.
c. o/a. debt.
1745 Col. Rec. Pennsylv. V. 29 An act for the more easy
and speedy Recovery of small Debts.
d. Something regained or recovered. rare~\
1771 GOLDSM. Hist. Eng. I. Pref. 5 All these minute
recoveries could be inserted only to the exclusion of more
material facts.
6. The restoration or bringing back of a person
(or thing) to a healthy or normal condition or to
consciousness.
1590 SHAKS. Com. Err. v. i. 41 To fetch my poore dis-
tracted husband hence, .. And beare him home for his
recouerie. 1593 — 3 Hen. VIt v. v. 45 What? doth shee
swowne? vse meanes for her recouerie. 1669 N. MORTON
New Eng. Mem. 180 This year much of the Wheat is
destroyed with Blasting and Mildew,.. but the Lord hath
sent much Rain for the recovery of the remainder. 1774
CULLEN Lett, to Ld. Cathcart (1776) 6 Although the drowned
persons have lain for several hours in the water, attempts
ought to be made for their recovery.
fb. The cure ofsm illness, wound, etc. Obs.
i6ao E. BLOUNT Horae Subs. 392 In the recouery of some
desperate sicknes, wound, or the like. 1761 MRS. F. SHERI-
DAN Sidney Bidulph 1. 14 Ordered by the physicians to Spa
for the recovery of a lingering disorder.
7. Restoration or return to a higher or better
state; reclamation (of persons).
1593 G. HARVEY New Lett. Wks (Grosart) I. 289 Were I
not content, in some little hope of his finall recouery,. .to do
him a meritorious fauour by concealing his vtter discredit
[etc.]. 1674 (title) Captives bound in Chains, . .the mUery of
graceless Sinners; and their recovery by Christ. 1736 BUTLER
Anal. n. Concl. 295 Indeed neither Reason nor Analogy
would lead us to think. .that the Interposition of Christ.,
would be of that Efficacy for Recovery of the World, which
Scripture leaches us it was. 1836 J. GILBERT Chr. Atonein.
i. 24 A modified system, which shall include the provision of
means for recovery from a lapsed state. 1853 J. MARTINEAU
Ess. (1890) II. 310 He is fitted to be among the prophets of
recovery, who may prepare for us a more wholesome future.
b. Reclamation (of land), rare.
1853 J. H. NEWMAN Hist. Sk. (1873) II. i. iii. 121 The
special work of his reign was the recovery of the soil.
8. The action of bringing back (an oar) to the
original position. (Cf. 2 c.)
1856 'STONEHENGE* Brit. Rural Sports 481/1 Keeping
Time, is the feathering of the oars, and their recovery.
f 9. The act or opportunity of reaching. Obs.
c 1540 tr. Pol. Verg. Eng. Hist. (Camden No. 29) 213 To
thintent that his adversaryes showld not have ready re-
covery of the shore and coome a land. 1653 H. COGAN tr.
Pinto's Trav. 318 We were already past threescore leagues
beyond the Port. .; by reason whereof, we were fain to tack
about for the recovery of it fifteen days.
Recoyle, obs. form of RECOIL.
Recraiand, obs. form of RECREANT.
t Itecray, v. Obs. Forms : 4 recreye. Pa.
pple. recreyd, 5 recreiet (see also next), [a.
ONF. recreire^ recraire = OF. recroire to yield in
a trial by combat =OSp. recreer^ med.L. recredfre
to surrender (oneself), f. re- RE- + credere to entrust.
See Du Cange, s.v. recredere, and cf. RECREANT.]
1. intr. To yield in a cowardly manner. rare~~l.
c 1330 R. BRUNNE Chron. Wace (Rolls) 13873 Loke ^at non
of 3ow recreye, Ne at bys iourne feynte ne feye !
2. In pa. pple. Tired, worn out.
1340 Ayenb. 33 Efterward com|> werihede bet makeb £ane
man wen and worsi uram daye to daye al-huet he is al
recreyd and defayled. 1422 tr. Secreta Secret.^ Priv. Pri-v.
165 A man a-foote hungry, thursti, and for trauaille recreiet.
tRecrayed,///.^. Obs. Also 4 recrei(3)ede,
5 -crayed. [f. prec.]
1. Craven, cowardly; apostate; recreant.
« 1330 Otuel 929 Recreiede kmjtes, whi nele ye fi}te ? 1362
LANGL. P. PL A. IIL 244 Raddest thou neuer Regum thou.
recreijede [v.r. recrayed] meede. (71440 York Myst. xxxviii.
364 Fals recrayed knyght ! Combered cowardis I you call.
a 1529 SKELTON Replyc. 45 Ye heretykes recrayed. a 1529
— Agst, Scottes 26 He was a recrayed knyght.
2. Slothful, lazy. rare-1.
1340 Ayenb. 195 Ase be hewe recreyd bet late comb horn
zuo bet (?e Ihord is oberhuil euele y-herber^ed.
Recrayhande, obs. form of RECREANT.
Recreance1 (re'krr,ans). [ad. L. type *re-
creantia, f. recreare : see RECREATE v.l~\ Recrea-
tion, refreshment.
c 1475 Lament. Mary Magd. Ixi, I shuld anone deuoid al
mygreuaunce, For he is the blisse of very recreaunce. 1581
N. WOODES Confl. Consc. Prol. iv, Our Author Bethought
274
himselfe, to ease his heart, some recreance to fynde. 1841
TUPPER Prov. Philos. Ser. n. 207 Sleep is a recreance to
body. 1876 RUSKIN Fort Clav. Ixiii. 92 Such recreance as
that in Mr. Ryman s shop.
Re-creance -'. [f. RECREANT a.] = next.
1879 HOWELLS L. Aroostook xxvi. 314 Grieving at this
recreance of her memory to her conscience.
Recreancy (re-krf,ansi). [t. KECKEANT a. : see
-ANCV.] The quality of being recreant; mean-
spiritedness, apostasy, treachery.
1602 WARNER Alb. Eng. Epit. (1612) 377 For his Re-
creancie in a marriage contracted betwixt him and Williams
daughter. 1618 COKE On Lift. 391 If a Felon be contacted
by Uerdict, Confession, or Recreancie, he doth forfeit his
goods and Chattels. 1851 SIR F. PALCRAVE Norm. «r Eng.
I. 577 Whenever they could, [they] displayed their incor-
rigible recreancy. 1850 National Rev. Apr. 500 France, on
pain of recreancy and dishonour, must come to the rescue.
t Recreandise. Obs. [a. OF. recreandise, var.
recreantise (see Godef.), f. recreant RECREANT a. :
see -ISE.] Recreancy, apostasy.
c 1400 Rom. Rose 2107, I seye nought for recreaundyse.
For I nought doute of your servise. 1480 CAXTON Ovid's
Met. xiti. viii, Bewaire, that ye doo no such recreandyse.
Recreant (re-kr/,ant), a. and sl>. Now poet.
and rhet. Forms : 4 recreant, 4-6 -aunt, (4-5 -e),
4- recreant ; 4 recrayh-, reereyande, 4, 6 Sc.
recryand, 5 recraiand. [a. OF. recreant adj.
and sb., (one) who yields or gives up his cause,
pres. pple. of recroirt : see RECRAY v. and cf. OSp.
recreente. On the northern forms with -and, see
-ANT 2. The form CREANT (a.1) was also current
in ME. in the same sense.
The epithet is alluded to by Glanville, and mentioned by
I'.racton, as a term of the greatest opprobrium. 01190
GLANVILLE n. vii, Perennis infamiae opprobrium, illius
infest! et inverecundi verbi quod in ore yicti turpiter sonat
consectivum. a 1260 BRACTON in. n. xxxiv. § 2 Non^surncit
. .nisi dicat illud verbum odiosum, quod recreantus sit.]
A. adj.
1. Confessing oneself to be overcome or van-
quished ; surrendering, or giving way, to an oppo-
nent ; hence, cowardly, faint-hearted, craven, afraid.
a. In predicative use, after to be or become, to
yield (oneself), to make, etc. f Also const, with inf.
13. . Sir Benes (MS. A.) 1042 Ich me ^elde, Recreaunt, to
be, in bis felde. £1330 R. BRUNNE Citron. (1810) 9 With
dynt of suerde & drede he mad bam recreant. 1375 BAR-
BOUR Bnice vi. 258 He..sua stonait the remanand, That
thai war weill neir recryand. 1470-85 MALORY Arthur i.
xxiii, To yelde me vnto the as recreaunt I had leuer dye
than to be soo shamed. 1525 Lu. BERNERS Froiss. II. Ixxxi.
[Ixxvii.] 242 That it sholde not be sayd that the Frensshemen
were recreaunt to have made that voyage. 1579 FENTON
Guicciard. HI. (1599) 122 Other peeces of good ability to
defend them selues, became recreant, and yeelded. 1634
HEYWOOD Maidenhead Lost v. Ij b, Yeeld thy selfe recreant,
villaine, or thou dy'st. 1700 DKYDEN Pal. ft Arc. II. 415
I From out the bars to force his opposite, Or kill or make him
recreant on the plain. 1781 COWPER Anti-Thelyphth. 122
He that does not. .Is recreant, and unworthy oi his spurs.
b. In attrib. use. (f Occas. placed after the Sb.)
c I386CHAUCER Pars. T. F624 Like the Coward Champion
recreant bat seith creaunt withouten nede. c 1400 Rowland
fir O. 342 Send vnto Rowlande-.I calle hym reereyande
knyghte. c 1477 CAXTON Jason 90 b, Tliat I be poynted
with the finger a reproche and cowardise and as a right
recreant knighte. 1513 DOUGLAS &neis XL Prol. 119
Becum thow cowart, craudoun recryand. 1593 SHAKS.
John in. i. 129 Hang a Calues-skin on those recreant limbs.
1615 BRATHWAIT Strappado (1878) 139 When those that
Marshall'd them, Could not with-hold from flight their
recreant men. 1725 POPE Odyss. vi. u Then great Nau-
sithous . . retreating from the sound of war The recreant
nation to fair Scheria led. 1753 RICHARDSON Grandison I.
xxvii. 198 What a recreant figure must he make even to
himself. 1813 BYRON Corsair 11. x, The loud recreant
wretch who boasts and flies. 1878 Bosw. SMITH Carthage
317 It was his resolute bearing which had shamed .. the
recreant nobles of Rome from deserting the fast sinking
ship of the State.
2. Unfaithful to duty ; false, apostate.
a. In predicative use. Const, to, \from.
1643 MILTON Divorce ii. iii. Wks. 1738 1. 186 If the Law.,
shall give out Licence, it foils it self, and turns recreant
from us own end. 1671 — P. R. in. 138 Who..Turn'd
recreant to God, ingrate and false. 1688 LUTTRELL BrifJ
Rel. (1857) !• 453 He writt very severely against the papists
and popery, but here of late turn'd recreant, and writt as
much for them against the church of England. 1792 BURKE
Let. to Sir H. Langriske Wks. 1842 I. 549 Any man, who
has not become recreant and apostate from his baptism.
1852 D. G. MITCHELL Dream Life 231 You know the care-
less and the vain purposes which have made me recreant to
the better nature.
to. In attributive use. (Also of an action or
condition.)
1791-1823 D'IsRAELl Cur. Lit. (1866) 286/2 Compelling
the unfortunate Bacchanalian to drain the last drop, or
expose his recreant sobriety. 1838 LVTTON Leila IV. v,
That recreant Israelite is he who hath stirred up the Jews
of Cordova and Guadix. 1863 W. PHILLIPS Speeches i. 3
To rebuke the recreant American.
1 3. Worn out, exhausted. Obs. rare ~'.
c 1489 CAXTON Sonnes of Aymon iii. 109 Now ben the
foure sones of Aymon recreaunte & almost wery.
B. sb. 1. One who yields in combat ; a cowardly
or faint-hearted person.
a 1400 Sir Perc. 610 With his craftez ganne he calle, And
callede thame recrayhandes alle. 1576 GASCOIGNE Steele
Gl. Ep. Ded.(Arb.) 44, I should, .cast downe mine armoure
and hide myselfe like a recreant. 1593 SHAKS. 2 Hen. VI,
RECREATE.
iv. viii, 28 You are all Recreants and Dastards, and delight
to Hue in slauerie to the Nobility. 1799 SHERIDAN Pizarro
n. iv, Hold ! recreants ! cowards ! What, fear ye death,
and fear not shame? 1814 D'IsRAELl Quarrels Auth. (1867)
402 The recreant, in silence, was composing the libel, which
his cowardice dared not publish. 1894 S. J WEYMAN Under
the Red Rol'e xiv. (1897) 337 Like the recreant.. who. lyinj
in the ditch while tlie battle raged came out afterwards and
boasted of his courage.
2. One who breaks allegiance or faith ; an apos-
tate, deserter, villain.
1570 LEVINS Manip. 25/17 A recreant, perfidus. 1589
GREENE Menaphon (Arb.) 68, I tell thee, recreant, I scorne
thy clownish Arcady with his inferior comparisons. 1607
SHAKS. Cor. v. iii. 114 Thou Must as a Forraine Recreant
be led With Manacles through our streets. 1688 SHADWELL
Sqr. Alsatia v, Oh this most wicked Recieant. 1836 J.
GILBERT Chr. A tonem. ix. 409 Vain will then be the appeals
of the recreant. 1869 BROWNING Ring fy Bk. viii. 674 We
find Saint Paul No recreant to this faith delivered once.
b. trans/. A runaway (animal).
1856 KANE Arci. Expl. I. vi. 65 It cost a pull through ice
and water of about eight miles before they found the
recreants.
Hence Be'creantly adv., Be-creantness.
c 1475 Partenay 4436 A gret oth [he] made. .That he wold
be dede ful recreantly Ordiscomfite wold this cruell Geant.
1523 LD. BERNERS Froiss. I. cccxcix. 693, I trowe there was
neuer so vnhappy people, nor more recreantly maynteyned
themselfe. 1611 FLORID, Recredenza, a belief changed
from that it was, recreantnesse. 1895 Chicago Advance
28 Feb. 764/3 Recreantly turning their backs on the sacred
doctrine of the rights of man.
t Recrease, v. Obs. rare. [ad. L. recrescl'rc
(or OF. recroistre), after decrease, increase."] intr.
To grow or increase again.
1521 STILE Let. to Wolsey in St. Papers Hen. VIII (1834)
II. 85 Sithe the writeyng of my laste letters sent un to your
Grace, here be no newis recresid. 1522 Ibid. 97. 154" Lam.
ft Piteous Treat, in Harl. Misc. (Malh.) I. 232 Which
[wounds] by the dyffyculte and length of the way recreased
and waxed worsse dayly.
Recreate (re-krf,«'t), v.l [ad. L, recreat-, ppl.
stem of recreare to restore, refresh, f. re- RE- +
credre to CREATE. Cf. F. ricrier (i4th c. inLittre^.]
1. To restore to a good or normal physical con-
dition from a state of weakness or exhaustion ; to
invest with fresh vigour or strength ; to refresh,
reinvigorate (nature, strength, a person or thing).
In later use only refl. (cf. 4 b).
1535 STEWART Cron. Scot. II. 444 Onto the tyme reformit
war sic thing . . And recreat agane als war thair strenth.
'555 EDEN Decades 106 Sweete sauers greatly recreatynge
and comfortynge nature. 1601 HOLLAND Pliny II. 152
Wine recreateth and refresheth the stomack. 1624 CAPT.
SMITH Virginia iv. 112 After hee had recreated and re-
freshed his Companie, he was sent to the Riuer Pata-
womeake. 1664 EVELYN Kal. Hart. (1729) 199 Stirring the
Mould with the Spade, and (as need is) recreating it with
Composts.
refl. 1542 ELDER Let. to K. Hen. VIII in Bannatyne Misc.
(1827) I. u A certane lady, namede Scota, which, .come out
of Egipte..to recreatt hir self.. in the colde ayre of Scot-
land. 1555 EDEN Decades 279 When Demetrius had.,
rested and recreate him selfe. 1797 HOLCROFT Stolberg's
Trav. (ed. a) III. Ixxxix. 494 We recreated ourselves at
two.. springs. 1861 HUGHES Tom Brtmin at Ox/, ii, He
stopped at the island, and recreated himself with a glass of
beer. 1862 HELPS Ess., Organ. Daily Life (1875) 159 That
each living being requires a certain portion of air to recreate
itself with.
fb. To restore to life, revive. Obs. rare~l.
1631 WEEVER Anc. Funeral Mon. 122 They had power to
calme stormes and tempests,, .to recreate euen the dead.
1 2. To refresh (a sense or its organ) by means of
some agreeable object or impression. Obs.
1514 BARCLAY Cyt. <j- Uplondyshm. (Percy Soc.) p. xxxi,
What joye haue courtiers in tasting or in smell ; For these
two wittes in court be recreate. 1578 BANISTER Hist. Max
viii. 104 By the which varietie of colours the weryed eyes
are recreated. 1621 BURTON Anat. Mel. ii. iii. i. i, You
haue many pleasant obiects, sweet smells, delightsome
lasts . . &C. to recreat your senses. 1684 Content f I. St. Man
n. v. (1699) 172 The eyes shall ever be recreated with the
Light of the.. Bodies of the Saints. 1693 EVELYN De la
Quint. Compl. Card. I. 144 Speckled with little red spots
that recreate the Sight. 1710 STEELE Taller No. 179 F 10
Those Delicacies of Nature recreate two Senses at once.
t b. To refresh or enliven (the spirits, mind, a
person) by some sensuous or purely physical influ-
ence ; to affect agreeably in this way. Obs.
ci56o A. SCOTT Poems (S.T.S) v. 3 May is the moneth
maist amene..To recreat thair havy hartis. 1578 LYTE
Dodoens n. Ixxi. 241 The later writers say that it [Basill]
. . recreateth the spirites. 1580 LYLY Euphues (Arb. ) 395 He
that commeth into fine gardens, is as much recreated to
smell the flower, as to gather it. 1622 J. HAGTHORPE Div.
Medit. xix. (1817) 15 Ten thousand flowers to recreate the
mind. 1651 tr. De-las-Coveras' Don Fenise i The various
beauties of the Plants and Streames could but very little
recreate him. 1712 BLACKMORE Creation II. 59 Whose
odoriferous exhalations fan The flame of life, and recreate
beast and man. 1750 JOHNSON Rambler No. 80 f 3 We
are very agreeably recreated, when the body, chilled with
the weather, is gradually recovering its natural tepidity.
absol. 1778 SIR J. REYNOLDS Disc. viii. (1876) 440 Variety
. .must be employed to recreate and relieve.
3. To refresh or cheer (a person) by giving com-
fort, consolation or encouragement. Now rare.
c 1470 HENRYSON Mor. Fab. ii. (Town f, C. Mouse) xi,
Ane gentill hart is better recreate With blith curage {Bann.
MS. usage] than seith to him ane kow. 1502 ATKYNSON
tr. De Imitatione n. xii. 194 Thou shuldest rather chose
aduersy te than desyre to be recreate with many consolacions.
RECREATE.
1577 tr- f>uttw£er's Decades (1592) 740 Hagar the hand-
maid of Sara beeing in extreme daunger, is recreated by the
consolation of an Angell. 1638 Ftnit. Conf.\\\\. (1657) =35
The holy Spirit recreates and comforts him with the sweet
voice. 1749 LAVINGTON Enthns. Melk. fy Papists (1752) 54
St. Anthony had often familiar Conversations with God,
recreating him with extraordinary comforts. 1834 Oxf.
Univ. Mag. 1. 46 The habit.. of being recreated with the
cheers of an exhilarated multitude.
4. To refresh or enliven (the mind, the spirits,
a person) by some pastime, amusement, occupa-
tion, agreeable news, etc.
1531 ELYOT Gov. i. vii, The mooste noble and valiant
princis. . , to recreate their spirites, . .enbraced instrumentes
musicall. 1584 COGAN Haven Health ii. (1636) 19 That
learned Lawyer . . was wont to recreat his minde with
Tenis-play. 1600 Hasp. Inc. Fooles 95 lesting Fooles,
whose intent is no other, but to recreat and make merrie
the world. 1629 MAXWELL tr. Hcrodian (1635)^301 Re-
creating the people (as he thought) with Chariot-races,
stage plaies, feasts and night-shewes. 1712 POPE Let, Jo
Gay 23 Aug., I am very much recreated and refreshed with
the news of the advancement. 1784 SIK J. REYNOLDS Disc.
xii. (1884)209 It is., necessary to intellectual health, that the
mind should be recreated and refreshed with a variety in
our studies. 1825 LAMB FMa Ser. n. Snperann. Man, No
busy faces to recreate the idle man who contemplates them
ever passing by. 1838 PRESCOTT Ferd. <$• Is. (1846) I. viii.
361 Some of their sovereigns . . were wont to recreate their
spirits with elegant poetry. 1890 Spectator 6 Dec., It re-
creates him to indulge in sayings which leave an impression
of rashness and scorn.
absol. 1868 SALA Lamb's Wks. I. p. vi, Although he
rarely recreated, he never failed to instruct.
b. rcfl. To refresh (oneself) with some agreeable
occupation or pastime.
1530 PALSGR. 681/2, I recreate my selfe with some
pastyme or sporte. 1600 J. PORY tr. Leo's Africa in.
165 Sometimes he recreateth himselfe with hunting, and
sometime with playing at chesse. 1669 GALE Crt. Gentiles
i. ill. iii. 45 God contemplating this new framed Image.. re-
joiced and recreated himself therein. 17x2 STEELE Sfect.
No. 498 F i There are many Illustrious Youths, .who fre-
quently recreate themselves by driving of a Hackney-Coach.
1849-50 HT. MARTINEAU Hist. Peace iv. xii. III. 158 The
Lord Chancellor was recreating himself, after a long stretch
of arduous business, with a journey in Scotland.
fc. To enliven or gratify (a feeling). Obs.
1643 SIR T. BROWNE Relig. Med. i. § 13 The other At-
tribute wherewith I recreate my devotion, is His Wisdom.
1681-6 J. SCOTT Chr. Life (1747) III. 9 With a Design to
mock and ridicule him, and recreate his own inexorable
Spleen with the spiteful Pleasure of.. repulsing him.
O. intr. To take recreation.
1587 J. RIDER Bibl. Schol. s.v., To recreat, neut. or be
delighted with, oblector, acguiesco. 1606 G. W[OODCOCKK]
Hist. Ivstine xxxvi. 115 There is in that seate. .a continual
shadow to walk and recreat in. 1676 L. ADDISON State of
Jews 117 They suppose the Souls in Purgatory have liberty
to recreate, 1874 HELPS Soc. Press, xix. (1875) 282 Let us. .
now recreate, lest we should eat and drink too much at
dinner.
traits/. 16x8 BOLTON Florns i. XVL (1636) 46 Here are the
lakes Lucrinus and Avernus, bowers of delight for the sea
to recreate in.
•f* 6. trans. To relieve (an occupation, state, etc.)
by means of something of a contrary nature. Obs.
1545 ASCHAM Toxoph. i. ^Arb.) 45 Ernest studie must be
recreated with honest pastime. 1597 ist Pi. Return fr.
Parnass. in. i. 974, I nave not onfie recreated thy could
state with the warmth of my bountie, but also [etc.]. 1621
G. SANDYS Oviifs Met. xv. (1626) 304 loues sonne. .entered
Heroick Croton's roofe ; a welcome Guest : And his long
trauell recreates with rest. 1651-3 JER. TAYLOR Serin, for
Year (1678) 335 A perpetual full table, not recreated with
fasting, not made pleasant with intervening scarcity.
Hence Re'created///. a.l
183* HT. MARTINEAU Each <$• All iv. 47 The recreated
statesman finds in either case equal pleasure and repose.
1897 Allbutfs Syst. Med. III. 484 In order to enable the
recreated system to throw off the burden.
Recreate (nkw'^'t), v* Also re-create, [f.
RE- 5 a + CREATE v.] trans. To create anew.
1587 GOLDING De Mornay Ep. Ded. **ij, Gods wisedome in
creating thinges . .nor his goodnesse in recreating or renewing
them. 1609 J. DAVIES Holy Roods C iv, Nor was't alone for
his owne glorie meer That he did man create, or re-create.
1679 PENN Addr. Prot. n. v. (1692) 190 They had almost
need to be Re-Created in order to be Converted. 1768-74
TUCKER Lt. Nat. (1834) I. 300 Could Mr. Locke himself
imagine that his person was annihilated every night when
he went to sleep, and re-created again when he awoke
in the morning? 1813 SHELLEY Q. Mad viii, 107 Ail
things are recreated. 1868 J. H. BLUNT Ref.Ch. Eng. I.
63 Four out of the number were recreated, under the name
of Regius professorships.
absol. 1860 PUSEY Min. Propk. 166 Man . .can destroy ; he
cannot recreate.
b. To create anew in imagination.
1837 HAWTHORNE Twice-told T. (1851) II. xix. 267 While
gazing at a figure of melancholy age, to re-create its youth.
1895 W. M. RAMSAY Paul the Tra-u. i. § 3. 17 It is always
hard to recreate the remote past.
Hence Hecrea'ted ///. a* Becrea'ting vbl. sb?
and ///. a.2
1587 GOLDING De Mornay xxviii. 524 What counsell
wouldest thou giue him for the recreating of thee. 1631 R,
BYFIELU Doctr. Sabb. 207 Our re-creating or Redemption.
1659 PEARSON Creed ii. (1839) 165 Where are the recreated
'principalities and powers'? 1813 SHELLEY Q. Mab vi. 56
The blood-stained charter.., Which Nature soon, with re-
creating hand Will blot in mercy from the book of earth.
Recreate (rrkw^t), ///. a. [Cf. prec. and
CREATE///. a.\ Re-created.
1855 BAILKY Mystic, Spir. Leg. 134 They.., Through con-
duct, aspiration and intent Thrice recreate, shall rise. 1877
275
RUSKIN Fors Clav. Ixxxiv. 412 The recreate and never to be
dissolved order of the perfect earth.
Re 'Creating, vbl. sb.^ [f. RECREATE z>.i +
-ING 1 .] The action of refreshing, rein vigorating, etc.
1580 LYLY Euphucs (Arb.) 303 After long recreating of hir
selfe in the country. 1663 BUTLER Hud. \. \. 677 'Twas an
old way of recreating, Which learned butchers call Bear-
baiting. 1854 FABEK Growth in Holiness xiv. (1872) 245
Recreating and idling are very different things.
So Ra creating1///. a.1, that recreates.
1641 MILTON Ch. Govt. ir. Introd., Wks. (1851) 147 Some
recreating intermission of labour, and serious things. 1695
J. EDWARDS Perfect. Script. 223 Other recreating and
pleasurable entertainments. 1783 BURKE sp. Fox's E.
India Bill Wks. 1842 I. 282 Poverty, sterility, and desola-
tion, are not a recreating prospect. 1849 C. BRONTE Shirley
xx, Every night yielded her recreating rest.
Recreation1 (rekr/i^i'Jsn). Also 4-6 -acioun,
-acyon, etc. [a. F. recreation (i3th c. in Littre"),
or ad. L. recreation-em (Pliny), n. of action f. re-
treare to RECREATE z/.1]
f 1. Refreshment by partaking of food ; a refec-
tion ; nourishment. Obs.
1390 GOWER Conf. III. 100 To sustienen hem and fede
In time of recreacion. c 1489 CAXTON Blanchardyn 145
Blanchardyn, Sadoyne, and his wyff. .were sittyng at the
bord takynge their recieacyon. 1538 in Strype Eccl. Mem.
(1721) I. 11. App. xc. 251, 1 bequest to the Maister, Wardens
and Felyshyp of the Drapers, v. pounde, for a recreation or
a dyner. 1600 SURFLET Countrie Farme in. xlvi. 516 The
tree must haue some recreation giuen it in winter, after his
great trauell in bringing foorth of his fruite.
f2. Refreshment or comfort produced by some-
thing affecting the senses or body. Obs.
1390 GOWER Conf. III. 114 [Of the sun] alle erthly
creatures, .taken after the natures Here ese and recreacion.
c 1430 LYDG. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) i^ Wyne is a Ivcor of
grete recreacioun. c 1440 Gesta Rom. ii. 6 (Harl. MS.) Ofte
tyme he vsid to ligge ny the fire, for to haue comfort and
recreacion of J>e fire.
•f*b. Comfort or consolation of the mind; that
which comforts or consoles. Obs. rare.
c 1410 HOCCLEVE Mother of God 138 The habitacion Of the
holy goost our recreacion Be in myn herte. c 1440 York
Myst. xlvi. 20 Vnkyndely J>ei kidde bem J>er kyng for to
kenne, With careful! comforth and cold recreacioun. c 1473
Lament. Mary Magd. cxcvii, My comforte, and al my re-
creacioun, Fare wel my parpetual saluacioun.
3. The action of recreating (oneself or another),
or fact of being recreated, by some pleasant occu-
pation, pastime or amusement.
£1400 MAUNDEV. (Roxb.) xxxlv. 155 New thinges .. to tell
off for solace and recreacioun of J>aim J>at lykez to here J>am.
1484 CAXTON Fables of A If once vi,To take his recreacion he
entryd in to his gardyn. 1533 MORE Confut. Tindale Wks.
558/1 Tindall is as it semeth . . set vpon reading of rydles for
his recreacion. 1584 COGAN Haven Health ii. (1636) 20
Socrates .. for recreation, .blushed not to ride upon a Reed
among his little children. 1651 HOBBRS Leviath. ii. xxiv.
129 Forrests, and Chases, either for his recreation, or for
reservation of Woods. 1755 YOUNG Centaur ii. Wks. 1757
V. 140 Too much recreation tires as much, as too much
business. 1791 COWPER Iliad xxi. 56 Eleven days, at his
return, he gave To recreation joyous with his friends. 1860
HOOK Lives AbJ>s. I. i. 2 He sought his recreation in the
study of Ecclesiastical History.
attrib. 1853 D. F. M'CARTHY Dramas of Catderott I.
p. viii, Recreation-rambles into the enchanted regions of
foreign song. 1859 Act** Vict.^vj § 8 This Act. .may be
cited, .[as] 'The Recreation Grounds Act, 1859'.
b. An instance of this; a means of recreating
oneself; a pleasurable exercise or employment.
c 1430 LYDG. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 82 Travaile requyr-
ithe a recreacjoune. 1477 EAKL RIVERS (Caxton) Dictes i
For a recreacion and a passyng of tyme I had delyte and
axed to rede somtne good historye. 1585 T. WASHINGTON
tr. Nicholas's Voy. in. x. 86 The Turke hath observed the
Palester of the Athletes, .for one of his accustomed recrea-
tions. 1631 GOUGE God's Arrows in. § ii. 206 Such kind
of recreations as make men fitter for warre. 1749 LAVING-
TON Enthus. Math. <$• Papists 23 Our love of Recreations
and Diversions has indeed confessedly exceeded all bounds.
1849 MACAULAY Hist. Eng. vii. II. 169 The chase was his
favourite recreation.
C. One who or that which supplies recreation.
1601 SHAKS. Tu>el. N. \\. iii. 146 If I do not gull him into
an ayword, and make him a common recreation [etc.], 1863
Sat. Rev. 15 Aug. 224 These Tragedies and other Plays
will live, .not as the recreation of an idle hour [etc.].
•^4. A place of refreshment or recreation. Obs.
£1440 Protnp. Parv. 426/1 Recreacyon', or howse of re-
freschynge, recreatorium. 1618 BOLTON Flows (1636) 29
Tiber which is now but a Suburbe, and PrBeneste but our
Summer-recreation.
Recreation2 (uknV^-Jan). Also re-creation,
[f. RE- 5a + CREATiON.] The action of creating
again ; a new creation.
i5>a World Sf Child C iiij b, Christ, . . That craftly made
euery creature by good recreacyon. 158* R. SCOT Distin'.
Witchcr, v. ii. (1886) 74 But to what end snould one dispute
against these creations and recreations? 1611 BP. HALL
Semi. v. 52 As in the Creation he could have made all at
once, but he would take days for it : so in our recreation by
grace. 1664 J. WEBB Stonc-Hcug (1725) a Not long after
the Re-creation of Mankind we find recorded . . the Tower of
Babylon. 1850 R. 1. WILBERFOKCE Holy Baptism 42 Re-
generation is a re-creation of man's nature. 1873 G. HCMKOW
Evolution xiii. 204 The cataclysms and recreations of the
early geological theorists.
Recreational (rekr/V1 >nal), a. [f. RECKE.V-
TION 1 \ -AL.] Of or pertaining to recreation.
1656 E. REVNER RultsGmt. Tongue 226 We may use Re-
creational speeches sometimes, to instruct, reprove or com-
RECREMENT.
fort others, in a pleasant way. 1882 JEVONS Mcth. Sot.
Ref. 69 The educational and recreational value of admission
to such establishments.
Recreative (re-kr/^tiv), a.l and sb. [f. RE-
CREATE v.l and -IVE, perh. after F. recr^atif ( 1 6th c.
in Littrc).]
A. adj. Tending to recreate or refresh iu aplea-
sureable manner ; amusing, diverting.
1549 Cotnpl. Scot. Table, The sext cheptor rehersis ane
monolog recreatyue of the actor. 1579 E. K. Spenser's Shef>h.
Cat. Gen. Argt. § 3 Recreative, such as al thusc be, which
containe matter of love. 1629 Shcrtogenbosh i This Bos-
cage was an euen and recreatiue place, fruitfull of wild
Deere. 1695 J. EDWARDS Perfect. Script. 222 Washing or
bathing, .was a recreative exercise of the female sex. 17*9
SHELVOCKE Artillery iv. 207 The form then of the recreative
Sort [of crackers] may be much varied. 1814 MMK. D'AHBI.AY
Wanderer III. 293 They were only recreative little sylphs
amusing themselves with whipping and spurring me on to
my own good. 1887 Spectator 9 Apr. 492 His contributions
to the recreative literature of the day.
f B. absol. as sb. A recreative thing or pursuit.
1615 DANIEL Hymerfs Tri. Wks. (1717) 90 For these are
only Cynthia's Recreatives Made unto Phoebus. 1620
E. BLOUNT florae Snbs. 382, 1 know few recreatiues that
possesse vs more, then the humour of building.
Hence Be-creatively tu/v., Be'creativeness '.
i6TiCoJGR.tfiecreatfv£Mentt recreatiuely, with recreation.
1727 BAILEY vol. II, Recreaiiveitess, recreating quality.
Recreative (rfkriy-tiv), a? [f. RE- sa +
CREATIVE #.] That creates anew.
1861 J. G. SHEPPARD Fall Rome viii. 420 In respect of re-
creative energy, there was a boundless difference between
Asia and Europe. 1889 Lnx Mnndi xii. {1890} 505 The
mysterious facts which lie at the root of the recreative process,
Hence Becrea'tiveiiess -.
1820 L. HUNT Indicator No. 42 P 6 All the living grace. .
which the re-creativeness of poetry can give her.
Recreator1 (re'kr/i^'t^a). [i. RECREATE z^1]
One who, or that which, recreates.
1884 H. R. HAWEIS Musical Mem. xi. 70 Music's future
destiny as a vast civilizer, recreator, health-giver [etc.].
Recreator * (r/kn'^'-t/i). [RE- 5 a. Cf. RE-
CREATE v.'£] One who creates again.
1587 GOLDING De Mornay Ep. Ded. **ij, We consider
not the incomparable worke of our Creator and Recreator,
but by piecemeale. 1852 BAILEY Festiis xv. (ed. 4) 177 Vea
even here as everywhere, let man Worship his Recreaior.
i Recreatory. Obs. rare—1, [ad. med.L. re-
creatorium, f. rccreare : see RECREATE z/.1 and -ORY.J
A source of comfort or recreation.
^1450 Mankind (Urandl) 858 O mercy, my .. solas and
synguler recreatory, My predilecte specyalL
Recreaunt(e, obs. forms of RECREANT.
t Recrede'ntial, a. and sb. Obs. [RE-.]
A. adj. Of letters: Serving as credentials to an
ambassador returning from a foreign court.
1710 Land. Gaz. No. 4698/1 Count Velo.. has insisted upon
his having an Audience of Leave, and Recredential Letters
from the Emperor. 1725 Ibid. No. 6367/1 Prince Gallicsin
. .having been recalled and received his Recredential Letters,
is to have, .his Audience of Leave of his. .Majesty.
B. sb. pi. Recredential letters.
1654 WHITELOCKE Jrnl. S-wed. Emb. (1772) II. 119 To see
that, .the re-credentialls to Whitelocke, should be perfected
and brought to him. 1760 Francis Lett. (1901) I. 57, 1
earnestly hope the next paquet may bring our Recredemials.
Recreent, obs. form of RECREANT.
Recrei-, Recrei}-, variants of RECRAY v. Obs.
Recrement (re-kr/ment). [a. F. recrement
(1553 in Hatz.-Darm.), or ad. L. recrement-urn
refuse, dross, etc., f. re- RE- 2 + cernfre to separate.
Cf. EXCREMENT *.]
1. The superfluous or useless portion of any sub-
stance; refuse, dross, scum, off-scouring.
"599 T. M[OUFET] Silkwormes 26 Now what are seedes
and egges of wormes or foule But recrements of preexisting
things. 1640 BP. HALL*SV>V«. Rem.Wks. (1660) 41 Light..
discovers all the foulnesse of the most earthly recrements, it
mixeth with none of them. 1707 SLOANE Jamaica I. 57 It
was thrown up by the waves with other recrements of the
sea. 1774 PENNANT Tour Scotl. in 1772, 165 [The rocks]
did not appear to me a lava, or under any suspicion of
having been the recrement of a Vulcano.
fig. 1622 BP. HALL Serm. 15 Sept. Wks. (1627) 493 Those
other sullen, mopish creatures are the. .off-scouring and re-
crements of the world. 1698 [R. FERGUSON] View Eccles. 72
The greatliest offensive Recrements of the Mountebank s
Stage. 1819 H. BUSK Vestriad i. 748 Some coarse drab,
the recrement of earth ! 1882 J. B. STALLO Concepts Mott.
Physics 292 A recrement of ancient tradition.
2. spec. a. A waste product or excretion of an
animal or vegetable body ; also Phys., a fluid which
is separated from the blood and again absorbed
into it, as the saliva or bile (ppp. to excrement}.
16x5 CROOKE Body of Man \\. ii. (1631) 65 That it [the
venter] might better rcceiue the recrements or excrements of
both concoctions. 1660 BOYLE New F.xp. Pkys. Aleck.
Digress 351 The superfluous Serosities and other Recre-
ments of the Blood. 1733 TULL Horse-hoeing Husb. L. (Dubt)
7 Plants, .have only fine Recrements, which are thrown off
by the Leaves. 1802 PALEY Nat. Theol. v. § 3 (1819) 55
The vestiges of animal or vegetable recrements. 1822-34
Good's Study Med. (ed. 4) I. 160 Whatever recrement or
other materials are co-acervated in any pnrt of the intestines,
f b. The dross or scoria of metallic substances.
1611 COTGR., Ckalcite^ the recrement of brasse, cleauing to
the sides of the furnaces wherein tis purified. 1678 Phil.
Trans. XII. 1051 Slag .. is the Recrement of Iron 1758
J.S. \-s.LeDransObserv. Surf. (1771) Diet, Lithargyrnmt
. . a Recrement of Lead thrown off from Silver refined.
35-a
RECREMENTAL.
276
RECRUIT.
Recremental (rekrftne-ntal), a. lOts. [f.
prec. -t- -AL.] Of or belonging to recrements.
1578 BANISTER Hist. Man i. 7 As the braync had oft occa-
sion, so it should neuer want, the meane of recrementall
purging. 1669 W. SIMPSON Hydrel. Chym. 121 Carrying
away the recremental sordes of those parts. 1744 ARMSTRONG
Present. Health in. 254 'Tis not for those to cultivate a skin
Too soft ; or teach the recremental fume Too fast to crowd
through such precarious ways.
Recrementitious (rekr/menti-Jas), a. [f. as
prec. + -ITIOUS.] Of the nature of recrement; drossy,
superfluous, separable, unessential.
1650 BULWER Anthropomet. ii. 53 That superfluous and
recrementitious offspring of haire. 1675-6 BOYLE Exp.
Disc. Quicksilver Wks. 1772 IV. 226 Common mercury
skilfully freed from its recrementitious and heterogeneous
parts. 1757 A. COOPER Distiller I. xx. (1760) 83 These re-
crementitious or drossy Parts of the Sugar. 1817 ROBERTS
ISoy. Ccntr. Anier. 302 The recremenutious earth is thus
easily separated. 1857 BRINTON in Todd Cycl, Anat. V.
4cx>/2 The importance of these ' recrementitious ' secretions.
Recreme'ntory, a. rare. [-OBY.] = prec.
1822-34 Good's Study Med. (ed. 4) 1 . 141 The recremenlory
part, which descends on to the large intestines. Ibid. 381
A gas recrementory and deleterious to life.
Recrescence (rfkre-sens). [f. L. recresc-ere
to grow anew : cf. EXCRESCENCE.] The act of
growing again ; reproduction of a part or member.
1891 New Rev. June 533 In lower animals or plants . . the
fact of recrcscence is far more obvious.
t Recrew, sb. 06s. In 7 recrewe, recrue.
Ei. F. recrue, ^recreue, reinforcement (i6th c. in
ittre'), sb. fern. f. recru pa. pple. of recrottre : see
RECRUIT sb. and CHEW i.J A body of soldiers in-
tended to reinforce an army. = RECRUIT sb. \.
16x9 in Eng. fy Gernt. (Camden) 141 The reinforcing of his
broken regiment with newe recrewes. 1641 Sc. Acts Chas. f
(1814) V. 390 To enact that no leavies, .. companies, or re-
crues of souldiouris, be .. sent out of this Kingdome.
t Recrew, v. Obs. In 7 St. reoreu. [f. prec.
sb.] traits. To reinforce.
1637 MONRO Expedition n. 137 Having recreued his Armie
againe out of Westfalia, he then marched on Stoade. 1644
Sc. Acts Chas. I (1814) VI. 62/1 That bis kingdome may be
enabled to. .recreu the armie sent forth if neid beis.
Recrewte, obs. form of RECROIT v.
Recreyande, obs. form of RSCREANT.
Recreye, variant of RECKAY v. Obs.
t Reeribrate, v. Obs. rare-1. [RE- 5 a. Cf.
med.L. recrlbrare (1364 in Du Cange).] trans.
To sift again.
e 1614 DONNE Lett. (1651) 308, I have cribrated, and re-
cribrated, and post-cribrated the Sermon.
Recriminate (rfkri-min<:'t),z<. [f.recriminal-,
ppl. stem of med.L. recriminari : see RE- 2 and
CRIMINATE v. Cf. F. r&riminer (i6th c. in Littre').]
1. intr. To retort an accusation ; to bring a charge
or charges in turn against one's accuser.
i6n COTCR., Kecriminer, to recriminate, retort a crime
[etc.). l6ai E LSI NO Debates Ho. Lords (Camden) 82 Sir H.
YJelverton] came as a delinquent, and dyd recriminate. 1651
TOMBES in Baxter Inf. Bapt. 202, I love not to recriminate,
for that were to scold. 1777 BURKE Let. to Sheriffs Bristol
Wks. III. 161 To criminate and recriminate never yet was
the road to reconciliation, in any difference amongst men.
i8u D'ISRAELI Calam. Auth. (1882) 485 Such are some of
the personalities with which Decker recriminated. 1884
CHURCH Bacon i. 26 Bacon is able to recriminate with effect,
and to show gross credulity and looseness of assertion on
the part of the Roman Catholic advocate.
b. Const, on, upon (a person, etc.). ? Obs.
1693 TATE in Dry/ten's Juvenal i. (1607) 28 How shall
such Hypocrites Reform the State, On whom the Brothels
can Recriminate 1 1751 LADY M. W. MONTAGU Let. to Ctess.
Bute 20 Oct., I never recriminate on the lives of their Popes
and Cardinals, when they urge the character of Henry the
Eighth. 1786 Francis the Philanthropist II. 72 This cir-
cumstance inspired me . . to re-criminate on my base accuser.
2. trans, a. To accuse (a person) in return ; to
make a counter-charge against (the accuser). Also
const, of. Now rare.
i6ai ELSING Debates Ho. Lords (Camden) 82 [It] is punish-
able in the Starr Chamber, yf the defendant dothe recri-
minate the plaintiff in his aunswere, but to recriminate a
third person worse. 1683 Case of Mixt Communion 41, I
speak not this to excuse our selves, or to recriminate them.
1701 WHITEHEAD Truth Prevalent 177 Bitterly Aspersing,
and odiously Recriminating us in many things of a publick
Nature. 1819 Metropolis II. 151 She too recriminated
certain characters in turn.
t b. To return or retort (a charge or accusation)
against, upon a person. Obs.
1603 FLORIO Montaigne in. xii. (1632) 594, 1 would suspect
recriminate, or retorte the fault upon you. 1626 in Ellis
Orig. Lett. Ser. i. III. 224 While he was in his declaration,
the Kings Attorney comes in and recriminates a grievous
accusation of High Treason against him. 1653 ASHWELL
fides Af>ost. 266 Athanasius. .had the charge of Heresy re-
criminated also upon him.
Recrimination (rJkrimin^-Jan). [a. F. re-
crimination (1611 Cotgr.), or ad. med.L. recrimi-
nation-em : cf. CRIMINATION.]
1. The action of bringing a counter-accusation
against a person.
1611 COTGR. s.v., A recrimination, an accusation of an
accuser. 1631 Star Cliamb. Cases (Camden) 147 The
Defendants answere that this Bill is a bill of recrimination.
1662 STILLINGFL. Orig. Sacrx i. iv. | 10 His Compurgators
..have sought to make good his credit by recrimination.
1771 BURKE Lett,, to Bp. Chester (1844) I- 295 Avoiding all
offensive terms, or any kind of recrimination on their
accusers. 1860 MOTLEY Netherl. iv. I. 117 When, after
so much talking and tampering, there began to be recrimi-
nation among the leaguers. 1874 L. STEPHEN Hours in
Library (1892) 1. ix. 313 The dispute lasted for some years,
with much mutual recrimination.
2. A counter-accusation ; an accusation brought
in turn by the accused against the accuser.
i6ai ELSING Debates Ho. Lords (Camden) 84 Conclusion,
denying his recriminacion. 1650 Row }!ist. Kirk (1842)
502 It contained many recriminations and fowll aspersions.
a 1721 SHEFFIELD (Dk. Buckhm.) Wks. (1753) II. 101 Neither
will I take up your Lordships time with recriminations.
1791-1823 D'ISRAELI Cur. Lit. (1859) II. 350 The recrimina-
tions of politicians are the confessions of great sinners. 1850
GROTE (Greece 11. Ixiv. (1862) V. 535 When they heard the
criminations and recriminations between the generals on
one side and Theramencs ou the other.
Recriminative (r/'krrminiftiv), a. [f. as RE-
CRIMINATE v. + -IVE.] = RECBIMIN ATORY.
i8a8 SOUTHEY in Q. Rev. XXXVIII. 234 That (defence)
which rests upon recriminative accusation. 1858 CARLYLK
Fredk. Gt. l. iii. (1872) I. 24 Harsh words, mutually re-
criminative, rising ever higher.
Recri jninator. rare. [f. as prec. + -OB.] One
who recriminates.
1709 MRS. MANLEY Secret Mem. (1720) III. 27 Weak,
short-sighted Recriminalors 1 1717 in BAILEY, vol. II.
Recriminatory (rfkri-minatsri), a. [f. as
prec. -h-ORY1*. Cf. mod.F. rtcriminatoire.] In-
volving, of the nature of, recrimination.
1778 State Papers in Ann. Reg. 303/2 All recriminatory
accusations of subordinate officers against their commanders.
1785 BURKE Sp. Nabob Arcot Wks. IV. 195 Returning the
prosecution in a recriminatory bill of pains and penalties.
1844 H. H. \VlLSON Brit, huiia 1. 1. v. 271 The Government
precipitated itself into a career of recriminatory and vindic-
tive acts.
t Recri'Sple, v. Obs. rare-1. la 6 recrispel.
[RE- 5 a.] trans. To crisp or curl again minutely.
J594 CAREW Tasso (i88r) So The winde new crisples makes
in her loose haire, Which nature selfe to waues recrispelled.
Recross (r/kr^-s), v. [RE- 5 a.]
1. intr. and trans. To pass over again.
intr. c 1470 in Hors Shepe & G. (Caxton 1479, Roxb.
repr.) 29 A herte . . yf he take ouer the ryuer he crossith ; Yf
he retorne, he recrosseth. i8aa J. FLINT Lett. Amer. n
There is a rudder at each end, so that she can cross and re-
cross, without putting about. 1847 Lp. LINDSAY C/ir. Art
I. p. cxlvii, Helenus recrossed by himself, many monks
looking on.
trans. 1631 LITHGOW Trav. l. 41 My purpose reaching for
. .Asia, as his was to recrosse the snowy Alpes. 1710 DE
FOE Crusoe i. vi, By crossing and recrossing the Line.
1795-^ WORDSW. Borderers i. 3 Let us . . strip the Scottish
1* oray Of their rich spoil, ere they recross the Border. 1830
J. F. COOPER Water Witch xiv, His boat was necessary to
enable the party to re-cross the inlet. 1891 T. HARDY Tess
xlv, Thus aosorbed she recrossed the northern part of Long-
Ash Lane at right angles.
b. trans. To pass by (another).
1862 MERIVALE Ram. Emp. xli. (1871) V. 62 The operations
of industry, which cross and recross each other in the streets.
2. To hinder or thwart again, rare.
1611 J. DAVIES Muse's Sacr. (Grosart) 53 For, when we
first, to Hue well, goe about, w'are crost and recrost by the
Reprobate.
3. a. To overlay, mark, etc. (a surface) with re-
peated crossings.
1598 MARSTON Pygmal. in. 148 How his clothes appeare
Crost and recrost with lace. 1886 Pall Mall G. 18 May 2/1
His back was. .crossed and recrossed with bleeding wales.
b. To lay across again.
1893 Columbus (Ohio) Disp. 24 Aug., With bright ribbons
crossed and recrossed about his nimble legs.
Hence Becro'ssing vbl. sb. and ppl. a.
1846 E. FITZGERALD Lett. (1894) I. 208 Looking at the sea
with its crossing and recrossing ships. 1897 Daily News
14 Dec. 8/4 An actor was never allowed to turn his back on
the audience. Certain ' crossings ' and ' re-crossings ' had to
be rigidly attended to.
Recrown, v. [RE- 5 a.] To crown again.
1845 LD. CAMPBELL Chancellors (1857) I. XXL 313 Waynflete
assisted in re-crowning him. 1884 F. D. HUNTINGTON in
J. G. Butler Bible Work N. T. (1884) I. 198 To recrown the
soul and make it master of the flesh.
RecrU'Clfy, v. [RE- 5 a.] To crucify again.
1618 T. ADAMS Bad Leaven Wks. 1862 II. 349 [Our sins
were] the hand of Jews recrucifying Christ. 1667 Decay
Chr. Piety viii. r 39 The crucified body of our Saviour,
which we have.. so often recrucified. a 1711 KEN Psyche
Poet Wks. 1721 IV. 183 My sins, which made incarnate
Godhead die, God-man re-crucify.
Hence Recru cifier, one who recrucifies.
a 1711 KEN Hymnotheo Poet. Wks. 1721 III. 69 Whose
Love would his Re-crucifyer spare.
t Recru'dency. Obs. rare-1, \l.'L.recrud-
escere + -ENOY.] =RECRUDESCENCY.
1603 BACON Let. to Cecil cone. Irel. Wks. 1879 II. 22 If the
wound be not ripped up again, and come to a recrudency
by new foreign succours.
Recrudesce (rzkrade-s), v. [ad. L. recrud-
escfre to break out again (of wounds, aXsofig.), {.
re- RE- + crudescZre to become raw, I. crudus raw :
see CRUDE a.] To break out again, lit. andyiff.
1884 E. GURNEY in Mind Jan. 118 Particular ideas which
have made no part of the waking life, are apt to recrudesce
in the sleep-waking state. 1897 Allbutt's Syst. Med. III.
12 The acute symptoms. .subsiding and recrudescing again
and again. Ibid. 251 These [boils] slowly develope and fre-
quently recrudesce.
Hence Recrude'scing ppl. a.
1896 Allbutt's Syst. Med. I. 713 Recrudescing attacks of
diphtheria.
Recrudescence (r/krade'sens). [ad. L. type
*recrudiscentia, f. recrudescere : see prec. and -ENCE.
Cf. F. recrudescence (Littre).] The state or fact of
breaking out afresh, a. fig. Of a quality or state
of things (usually one regarded as bad), a disease,
epidemic, etc.
17*1 in BAILEY, a 1734 NORTH Exam. in. viii. § 64 (1740)
632 The King required some Regulations should be made
for obviating the Recrudescence of those Ignoramus Abuses,
for the future. 1863 Sat. Rev. i Aug. 138/1 The recent
victories have occasioned, as might have been expected, a
recrudescence of calumny and malignity. 1865 MILL Comte
24 The recrudescence .. of a metaphysical Paganism in the
Alexandrian, .schools. 1884 Standard i Aug., The fears of
a recrudescence of the epidemic are now subsiding.
b. Of a wound or sore. Also in fig. context.
1865 Pall Mall G. 14 Oct. 7/7 We must not forget what a
spirit this has been, or how old and deep was the wound of
which this is probably the last recrudescence. 1877 Daily
News 25 Jan. 6/5 The recrudescence of a varicose ulcer in
the leg keeps him in bed most of the day.
Recrudescency (r«~krade-sensi). Now ran:
[f. as prec. : see -ENCY.] = prec.
1651 Life Father Sarpi (1676) 61 The Disease, which was
very long, with divers recrudescencies and prognosticks both
of life and death. 1716 M. DAVIES Athen. Brit. II. 333
Distempers .. beighten'd by a Recrudescency of a Fistula.
1868 BROWNING Ring t, Bk. i. 578 These I saw, In recru-
dcscency of baffled nate, Prepared to wring the uttermost
revenge From body and soul.
Recrudescent (r/krade-sent), a. [See RE-
CRUDESCE and -ENT.] Breaking out again.
1727 in BAILEY vol. II. 189* R. WALLACE in Scott. Leader
12 July 7 The recrudescent protectionist. 1897 Allbutt's
Syst. Med. II. 898 These recrudescent pains gradually dis-
appear again.
Recrue, variant of RKCEEW sb. Obs.
Recruit (r/kra-t), sb. Also 7 recrute, -eruite.
[a. obs. F. (of Hainault) recrute (1592 in Godef.
t'ow//.) = F. recrue (i6thc.) sb., f. recrti pa. pple.
of recrottre to increase again: see RECREW sb.
Hence also Du. recruut, G. rekrut (t rekroul,
-krute), Da. rekrut (t recryf), Sw. rekryt, and Pg.
recruta, It., Sp. reclula. Cf. RECRUIT v.]
I. t !• Mil. A fresh or auxiliary body of troops,
added as a reinforcement to an army, regiment,
garrison, etc., either to increase or to maintain its
strength. Ois.
1647 CLARENDON Hist. Reb. vi. g 87 All the advantage this
seasonable Recruit brought them, was to give their old Men
so much Courage as to keep the field. 1680 LUTTRKLL Brief
Kel. (1857) I. 46 His majestie hath ordered a recruit of 1200
foot and 300 horse to be sent to reinforce the garrison of
Tangier. 1728 MORGAN Algiers II. iv. 259 His Deputy re-
turned . . with a Recruit of 2000 Janizaries.
transf. 1705 ARBUTHNOT Coins (1727) 244 The Rhpdians
attacked a recruit of vessels, which Antiochus was bringing
from Sicily.
b. //. t Fresh or auxiliary troops ; reinforce-
ments (fts.) ; the men composing such forces.
Hence (in later use) also in sing: : One of a newly-
raised body of troops ; one newly or recently en-
listed for service in the army.
1653 URQUHART Rabelais I. xlvii, Great supplies and
recruits come daily in to your enemies. 1677 G. HICKES in
Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. n. IV. 43 My Lord hath taken care to
hinder the French officers from levying recruits in this
Kingdom. 1707 ADDISON Pres. St. War Wks. (Bohn) IV.
351 The grand alliance have innumerable sources of recruits
. .in Britain and Ireland. 1722 DE FOE Col. Jack (1840)
in Advanced to the dignity of a footsoldier in a body of
recruits raised in the north. 1810 WELLINGTON in Gurw.
Desp. VI. 22, 1 sent you a warrant for ^150, for bounty, for
your recruits. 1844 Regul. i, Ord. A rmy 390 No Officer
under the degree of Field Officer is competent to approve of
a Recruit finally without a special authority. 1876 VOVLE
& STEVENSON Milit. Diet. 334/1 A recruit remains a recruit
from the date of his enlistment until he has passed his drill,
which extends generally to 16 weeks.
transf. undjif. 1656 HOBBES Liberty, Necess. fy Chance
(1841) 21 Those large recruits of reasons and authorities
which offer themselves to serve in this cause. 1791 BURKE
Th. French Affairs Wks. VII. 53 This supply of recruits
to the corps of the highest civil ambition, goes on with a
regular progression. 1816 KIRBY & Sp. Entomol. (1818) II.
xvii. 94 The little turf-ants .. carry their recruits uncoiled.
1848 DICKENS Dotnbey xxiv, If Sir Barnet had the good for-
tune to get hold of a raw recruit, . . and ensnared him to
his hospitable villa [etc.]. 1885 Daily Tel. ^ Sept. 3/6 The
gap will be filled up by recruits from our schools of art.
f2. A fresh supply or number of persons (or
animals), either as additional to the previous num-
ber, or to make up for a decrease. Obs.
1:1645 HOWELL Lett. (1650) II. 48 It may be, with this
enlargment of dwelling, your Lordship may need a recruit
of servants. 1670 R. MONTAGU in Buccleuch MSS. (Hist.
MSS. Comm.) I. 477 It is believed this business will end
with a recruit for the galleys. 1735 SOMERVILLE Chase iv.
24 The prudent Huntsman., will supply With annual large
Recruits, his broken Pack. 1769 PRICE in Phil. Trans.
LIX. 106 Supposing the annual recruit from the country
to be 7000, the number of inhabitants will be. .630,000.
3. A fresh or additional supply of something : a.
of a material thing or things. Now rare or Obs.
1650 FULLER Pisgali III. xii. § 7 Besides the original Utensils
of the Temple,, .there wereseverall recruits .. which succeed-
ing Kings made in stead of those instruments, which con-
stant use and age had empaired. 1686 PLOT Staffnrdsh. 67
A constant large flux of water for ten or eleven months
RECRUIT.
together without recruits from rains. 17x2 E. COOKE Voy. S,
Sea 360 Guam, one of the Marian Islands, where we nope
to get a Recruit of Provisions. x8oz ELIZ. HELME St.
Marff. Cave III. 87 Austin carried a lamp with a recruit
of oil. 1822-34 Goofs Study Med. (ed. 4) IV. 174 Till it
has lost its own proper supply [of blood] and begins to draw
upon the corporeal vessels for a recruit.
b. of money. Now rare or 06s.
1662 GURNALL Chr. in Ann. verse 17. u. xxx. § i (1669)
334/2 Let us endeavour our recruits be suitable to our
expence. 1729 GAY Polly II. (1772) 171, I was now. .forc'd to
have recourse to the highway for a recruit to set me up.
1785 G. A. BELLAMY Apology II. 77 He was however to
return soon, when he was to bring me a recruit of cash.
1818 SCOTT Rob^ Roy xv, This recruit to my finances was
not a matter of indifference to me.
t c. of health, strength, etc. Obs.
1675 TEMPLE Let. to Ld. Chamberlain Wks. 1731 II. 339,
I hope You find good Recruits of Health in the Country.
1756 H. WALPOLE Mem. Geo. II, II. 210 To sacrifice to the
moon in order to obtain a recruit of vigour. 1771 MRS.
GRIFFITH Hist. Lady Barton II. 36 My appearing., seemed
to furnish her with such a recruit of strength and spirits.
t d. of qualities, etc. Obs.
1709 POPE Ess. Crit. \. 206 Whatever nature has in worth
denied, She gives in large recruits of needful pride.
II. 1 4. Mil. Increase or reinforcement (of an
army) by the addition or accession of fresh men.
1647 CLARENDON Hist. Rib. l. § 87 The endeavour to raise
new men for the recruit of the Army, by Pressing. 1670
COTTON Espernon \. in. 124 The Duke . . would now sit no
longer idle, but gave immediate order for the recruit of his
Troops. 1724 DE FOE Mem. Cavalier (1840) 196 Upon
this recruit the Earl of Newcastle, being above a thousand
strong, made Sir Thomas Fairfax give ground.
b. With reference to population, rare.
1652 HOWELL Londinop. 346 By insensible coalition, and
recruit of people, they came at last to be united. 1798
MALTHUS Popul. (1817) I. 353 The checks to population.,
which render a constant recruit of numbers necessary.
5. f a. Renewal of stores or supplies. Obs.
1650 T. B[AYLEY] Worcester's Apoph. 6 To take what
Provisions the Countrey would afford, for his present
maintenance and recruit. 1673 R. HADDOCK Jrnl. 4 June
in Camden Misc. (1881) 29 Haveing no shot in the fleet for
recrute, twas resolved . . to saile for the buoy of the Nore.
b. Renewal or repair of something worn out.
1691 T. H[ALE] Ace. Nnu Invent. 15 Without .. her
haying any Recruits of her Rudder-Irons in all that time.
Ibid. 31 [It] appears not to have shifted so much as one
Bolt, or received any considerable Recruit of other Iron-
work. 1845 Encycl. Metrop. (ed. 2) VIII. 749/2 Some hands
will wtar down a [stocking-] frame in three years ; others,
however, will work them twelve or even twenty years with-
out serious repairs, or, as it is technically called, a recruit.
6. Renewal of strength or vigour ; restoration to
a normal state or condition ; recovery.
a 1643 W. CARTWKIGHT On Fletcher's Gram. Poems,
Such pursutes After despair, such amorous recruits. 1650
NEEDHAM Case Commw. 85 Though a Nation may have
some respit and recruit now and then, by the Vertue and
Valour of a Prince, yet this is very rare. 1705 STANHOPE
Paraphr. I. 16 Necessary indeed this is for the Recruit of
these frail and feeble bodies of ours. 1789 MME. D'ARBLAY
Diary 2 Feb., I was wholly insensible to the effects of a race
which, at any other time, would have required an hour's re-
cruit. 1822-34 Good's Study Med. (ed. 4) I. 620 The nervous
energy, .experiences nothing of the decomposition or recruit
of every other part of the living frame around it
7. A means of recruital. Now rare.
1655 H. VAUGHAN Silt* Scittt. u. Resurr. >, Immort. 9
Unbowel'd nature shew'd thee her recruits, And change of
suits. 1678 BUTLER Hud. in. i. 906 Little quarrels often
prove To be but new recruits of love. 1729 BUTLER Set-fit.
Compassion Wks. 1874 II. 62 The recruits of food and sleep
are the necessary means of our preservation. 1748 HARTLEY
Observ, Man IL iii. 219 The same active Particles in Foods
are probably the Sources and Recruits of that nervous Power.
1835 LYTTON Rienzi x. ii, A treasury which did not require
the odious recruit of taxes.
8. attrib.&nd.Co»ib.,as recruit acquittance, decoy,
horse, officer.
1697 LUTTRELL Brief. Rel. (.857) IV. 197 A great many
recruit horses went on board thereof yesterday for Flanders.
1753 CHAMBERS Cycl. Supp. s.v., Recruit horses are the
horses brought up for compleating the regiments of horse or
dragoons every year. 1844 THACKEUAY B. Lyndon v, He
Dund his calling as a recruit-decoy far more profitable.
1898 Atlantic Monthly LXXXII. 481/2 He sent him to the
ecruiting board and took a recruit acquittance.
Recruit (rfkrfi-t), v. Also 7 reorute, -crewte,
-oruite. [ad. F. recruter (i7th c.), f. recrute KE-
CUUIT sb. Hence also Du. recruteeren, G. rekru-
liereii, Da. rekrutere, Sw. rekrytera, and Pg. re-
fr.!.'{ar' Sp' reclutar, It. reclutare. Cf. RECBEW v.
he French word first appeared in literary use in gazettes
"H!!ih:!d.,ln,Iiolland'and.was disapproved of by French
!'l,!. fi 1 i'° v,e""e seve,ra" hom« to reclute, himself still in
tlie ! held . . wheare we leave him reclutinge his men.]
J.. trans. 1. Mil. To strengthen or reinforce (an
army, etc.) with fresh men or troops.
Lett? MRVNNE Sm- Pmwr ?"•<• I* 33 If they might not
Levy Moneys, to recrute and maintain their Army 1655
N, Mas Papers (Camden) II. 353 Wee are sending 20 sayl?
of shippes to recrewte them with 2000 land men. a 1727
mentary papers of 1877, the system of recruiting our native
Wltalloni receives considerable attention.
277
fig- f «735 GRANVILLE Progr. Beauty, See in bright array
fhat hosts of heavenly lights recruit the day.
b. To reinforce, to add to or keep up the number
\ of (a class or body of persons or things).
1770 Junius Lett, xxxvi. 176 You may find it a very diffi-
cult matter to recruit the black catalogue of your friends.
1790 BURKE Fr. Rev. 53 You would have had a liberal order
of commons, to emulate and to recruit that nobility. 1871
EARLE Philol. Eng. Tongue (1880) § 266 They drop out of
use and are not recruited by fresh members.
t C. transf. To support, back up, add to. Obs.
1648 BOYLE Seraph. Love vi. (1700) 42, 1 could recruit that
Question with pretty store of others of the like nature
1665 — Occas. Reft, iv. x. (1848) 213 Having both applauded
and recruited these Commendations.
2. To furnish with a fresh supply of something ;
to replenish. Now rare.
11 i66r FULLER Worthies (1840) III. 208 He used to ex-
amine the pockets of such Oxford scholars as repaired unto
him, and always recruited them with necessaries. 1697
DRYDEN Virg. Georg. iv. 364 With Greens and Flow'rs re-
cruit their empty Hives. 1763 MILLS System Pract. Husb.
IV. 341 If the neighbouring vines cannot furnish layers, a
rooted vine must be brought from the nursery ; for it is too
late to recruit a vineyard, when we should be gathering it's
fruit. 1874 GREEN Short Hist. viii. § 5. 516 The contribu-
tions offered by the English Catholics did little to recruit
the Exchequer.
t b. To repair (a ship). Obs. rare.
1691 T. H[ALE] Ace. New Invent, n The Plymouth's
Rudder-Irons began to be much eaten, doubting his being
forced thereby to send her home that Winter, from the in-
capacity he was in, of getting her recruited abroad.
3. To replenish the substance of (a thing) by
addition of fresh material.
<il66i FULLER Worthies, Essex I, (1662) 318 Poulterers
take them then, and feed them with Gravel and Curds,.,
and their flesh thus recruted is most delicious. 1693 J.
EDWARDS A uthor. O. fy N. Test. 172 They continually., re-
paired and recruited it [the vestal fire]. 1733 CHEYNE Eng.
Malady n. viii. § 7 (1734) 202 There remains nothing but to
recruit the Solids weakened in the Struggle. 1822-34 Good's
Study Med. (ed. 4) III. 61 He represents it [the nervous
fluid] as never either recruited or exhausted. 1878 STEWART
& TAIT Unseen Univ. iv. § 120. 132 Nature can beget
nothing till she is recruited by the death of something else.
b. To increase or maintain (a quality) by fresh
influence or operation.
1678 H. VAUGHAN Thalia Rediv., Daphnis, Active fires
their sluggish heat recruit. 1719 LONDON & WISE Compl.
Card. 252 Both to recruit the heat, and to maintain it after-
wards. 1788 BURKE St. agst. W. Hastings Wks. XIII.
320 Fury, rage and malice.. recruiting and reinforcing their
avarice, their vices are no longer human. 1870 Standard
16 Nov., Since the Crimean war. . Russia has been carefully
engaged in recruiting her strength. 1871 B. STEWART Heat
it. i. § 13 If the temperature of the liquid be kept constantly
recruited by some natural process.
t c. To regain, re-establish (one's credit). Obs.
1656 Artif. Handsom. 151 If a woman once dash upon
this rock of reproach, she hardly ever recrutes her credit,
t d. To put right, to make up for. Obs.
1673 WOOD Life 14 July (O.H.S.) II. 266 What he had
uttered to my great disgrace, the vicechancellor in his con-
cluding speech recruited all againe.
4. To increase or restore the vigour or health of
(a person or animal) ; to refresh, re-invigorate (one's
spirits, etc.). Also occas. with inanimate object.
1676 WISEMAN Chirurg. Treat. 285 He was. .removed.. to
Knights-bridge, and there he daily recruited his spirits.
1697 DRYDEN Virg. Georg. in. 766 Recruited into Rage, he
grinds his Teeth In his own flesh. 1738 WESLEY Ps. civ. iv,
Thy Rains from Heav'n parch'd Hills recruit. 1752 HUME
Ess.ffTreat. (1777) 1.287 Indolence, .never is agreeable but
when it succeeds to labour, and recruits the spirits. 1842
BARHAM Ingot. Leg., St. Atedard xivf When,alittle recruited,
he rose to go. 1878 Bosvv. SMITH Carthage 238 When his
troops had been sufficiently recruited, and were again eager
to advance.
b. refl. To refresh or re-invigorate (oneself).
1687 A. LOVELL tr. Thevenot's Trav. i. 219 Being asth-
latick. .he was forced to go to Acre, there to recruit him-
self for some days. 1726-31 WALDRON Descr, Isle Man
(1865) 56 As soon as he had recruited himself with a hearty
swill of brandy, he began to relate in this manner. 1856
B. TAYLOR North. Trav. xxxv. 374, I sat down . . while our
guide recruited himself with a large dish of thick sour milk.
5. a. To fill the place of (a thing). rare~l.
1707-12 MORTIMER Husb. (1721) II. 191 This is the time to
carry on your new Poles, to recruit those that are decay'd,
and cast out every Year.
b. To renew, or add to, one's supply of (a thing).
1748 Anson's Voy. i. vi. 58 As soon as they had there
recruited their wood and water, they were to continue
cruizing. 1800 Asiatic Ann. Reg., Misc. Tr. 244/1 At
Anoopsheher I recruited the necessary supplies for the
prosecution of my journey.
6. Mil. (and Naval). To raise (men) as recruits ;
to enlist as soldiers (or sailors); to raise (a regiment,
etc.) in this way.
1814 SCOTT Wav. xxxi, Such of your troop as were re-
cruited upon Waverley-Honour. 1876 VOYLE & STEVENSON
Milit. Diet. 334/1 Officers specially appointed . . to recruit
men for the several regiments and departments of the army.
1891 PATTERSON lllust. Nant. Diet. v. 376 Receiving Ship,
a man o' war, unfit for sea duty, stationed at a navy yard
for recruiting senmen.
transf. 1816 KIRBY & SP. Entoinol. (1818) II. xvii. 1,5
The ants that are not yet recruited pursue their ordinary
occupations.
II. intr. 7. a,. Mil. To enlist new soldiers; to
get or seek for fresh supplies of men for the army.
»*55 Clarke Papers (Camden) III. 28 Collonel Heane..
hath a commission to raise a regiement of horse in Kent, and
RECRUITING.
every troope in England to recruite up to a 100. 1707 ADDISON
Pres. XI. War Wks. (Bohn) IV. 35, The FrencUave only
Switzerland, besides their own country, to recruit in 1772
Ann. Reg. i. 71 «/2 That the Company's officers should have
I should recruit among the stables.
t b. To take fresh stores on board ship. Obs.
1725 DE FOE Voy. round World (1840) 108 Put in there to
recruit and furnish for so long a run. Ibid. 109 At the
Ladrones, we recruited, and particularly took on board.,
near two hundred hogs.
t 8. To return to a previous number or condition ;
to recover from diminution. Obs.
1646 J. GREGORY Notes If Obs. (1650) 125 All the dry Bones
shall be reunited.. and the whole Generation of Mankinde
recruite againe. 1658 J. JONES Ovid's Ibis 194 His heart
shall feed the bird and still recruit.
9. To recover vigour or health ; to employ means
for recovering from exhaustion, etc.
1635-56 COWLEY Davideis iv. 1025 With timely Food his
decay'd Spirits recruit. 1697 DRYDEN Virg. Georg. i. 404
In Genial Winter, Swains enjoy their Store, Forget their
Hardships, and recruit for more. 1800 Med. Jrtil. III.
453 Where the powers of the constitution had been pre-
viously much exhausted.. and where they appeared to be
gradually recruiting. 1814 MME. D'ARBLAY Wanderer u.
u, I was so confoundedly numbed, .that 1 don't think I could
j have remembered my father .. before I had recruited. 1856
I KANE Arct. Expl. I. ix. 99 Leaving four of my party to
recruit at this station. Ibid. xxi. 266 The dogs having now
recruited, he started light.
1 10. To recover what one has expended in
trade. Obs.
1698 FRYER Acc._ E. India t, P. 121 By the quickness of
Merchandise passing thorough this City, they recruit on a
suddain. 1727 DE FOE Eng. Tradesman vi. (1732) I. 61
They. . may buy sparingly, and recruit again as they sell off.
Hence Becrni'table a., capable of being recruited.
1890 Pall Mall G. 5 Sept. 3/3 A large highly-trained
naval reserve, alone chiefly recruitable from our fisherfolks.
Recrui-tage. rare. \l. RECKUIT sb. + -AGE.]
; The state of being a recruit.
1890 I9//I Cent. Nov. 843 In the days of his recruitage.
Recruital (rntr«-ial). [f. RECRUIT v. +-AL.]
1 1. A new or fresh supply. Obs.
1648 in Aikman Hist. Scot. (1827) IV. x. 319 note, Implor-
ing them for a recruital both of men and money.
2. Restoration to health, etc.
1851 W. Kantf.Life Chalmers II. 55 Mr. Chalmers sought
relief and recruital in an excursion to Fifeshire. 1884 J.
PARKER Agost. Life III. 107 A time of recruital and renewal.
Recruite, obs. form of KECKUIT.
Recruited (r/kr«-ted), ///. a. [f. as prec. +
-ED1.] Strengthened, restored, enlisted, etc.
1791 COWPER Iliad xix. 278 That we may bear The
lengthen'd conflict, with recruited might. 1855 LYNCH
Rivulet XLVHI. i, That we may ask Recruited vigour for the
task Of living as we would.
absol. 1882 Athenaeum 14 Jan. 56/2 The tricks played
by recruiters and recruited are exposed.
Recruiter (r/kr«'taa). [£• as prec. + -EB !.]
tl. An additional member of Parliament, ap-
pointed or elected to bring up the number. Obs.
1648 HEYLIN Relat. q Obsen: \. 166 A List of the Names
of the Members of the House of Commons. . . Note, Reader,
that such as have this mark [*]..are Recruiters; illegally
elected, a 1695 WOOD Life (O. H. S.) I. 477 He was chosen
a recruiter for mat long parliament which began 8 May 1661.
[1893 S. R. GARDINER Hist. Civil War III. xl. 77 Not far
short of 150 new members had been chosen, and these Re-
cruiters, as they were called, counted amongst them men
like Ireton and Fleetwood.]
2. One who or that which recruits ; esp. one who
seeks or enlists recruits.
1760 R. ROGERS Jriils. (1883) 153 These three recruiters
I do not doubt will bring good men enough to complete us
here. 1799 Ann. Reg. 118 Tried and punished .. as spies
and recruiters for hostile powers. 1816 KIKBY & SP. Etito.
mol. (1818) II. xvii. 95 You may stop the emigration.., if
you can arrest the first recruiter. 1878 SEELEY Stein III.
393 Many innocent lads too are seduced by those recruiters.
z8op World 13 Aug. 36/2 Recruiters of flagging energies.
Recrurthood. rare. [f. RECKUIT sb. + -HOOD.]
The slate of being a recruit.
1884 Century Mag. Nov. 108/2 Old soldiers who read
this will remember their green recruithood.
Recruiting (r/kr«-tirj), vbl. sb. [f. RECBUIT v.
+ -ING !.] The action of the vb. RECRUIT.
1646 SIR R. MURRAY in Hatnilton Papers (Camden) 136
A motion . . concerning the recruiting of the Scots' Regi-
ments in France. 1670 LD. NORTH Narr. Long Parl. 60
Before this recruiting of the House of Commons (as it was
then called). ij&Anson's I'oy.n. vii. 211 A business which
..would occasion some delay.. was the recruiting of our
water. l8t« KIRBY & SP. Entomol. (1818) II. xvii. 94 When
all the neuters are acquainted with the road to the new city,
(1884) ri8 The recruiting of a thunder-storm is often very
marked.
b. attrib., as recruiting agent, corps, district,
officer, party, sergeant, sergean/ry, service.
In some cases coinciding with the ppl. adj.
1858 FROUDE Hist. Eng. III. 423 Confederates who had
acted under them as "recruiting agents for Lord Exeter.
x8o2 JAMES Milit. Diet. s.v. Recruits, The "recruiting
So. 4648/3 This Day arrived the Queen Packet. Boat, . . with
RECRUITING.
several Recruiting Officers. 1839 MAX MULLER C/jyti (1880)
III. iv. 82 A place on the. frontier, where he had to act as
recruiting officer. 1790 A'«r7f Ntnvgaie Col. V. 149 While
he was in the army, and on a *recruiting party in York-
shire. i849MACAULAY///i/. Eng. vi. II. 144 The recruiting
parties, instead of beating their drums for volunteers at
fairs and markets [etc.]. 1770 BICKKKSTAFF (title) The
* Recruiting Serjeant ; a musical Entertainment. 1814 SCOTT
Wav. Ixi, Introducing Waverley to a recruiting-sergeant
of his own regiment. 1832 GEN. P. THOMPSON Exerc. (1842)
II. 50 Let us have no *recruiting-serjeantry. 1772 Ann.
Rc%. i. 7i*/2 It would be utterly destructive of the "re-
cruiting service for the army. 1822 Regul. Sf Orders Army
74 Officers on the Recruiting Service.
So Becrui-tiiig ///. a., that recniits.
1678 BUTLER llmi. in. i. 766 Man. .had his better half.. <
T'amend his natural defects And perfect his recruiting sex. |
Recruitment (tfkrtt'tment). [f. as prec. + !
-MENT, or ad. F. recrutemtnt (Littre).]
1. A reinforcement.
1824 Blackw. Mag. XVI. 495 A recruitment to the mob I
that was inside broke in from the streets. 1864 CARLVI.K j
f'redk. Gt. xv. vii. (1872) VI. 30 The sicknesses are ceasing ;
the recruitments are coming in.
2. The act or process of recruiting: a. of a
military force or a class of persons.
1843 CARLYLE Past tf Pr. \. v, Do you expect . . that your
indispensable Aristocracy of Talent is to be enlisted straight-
way, by some sort of recruitment aforethought, put of the
general population? 1862 MERIVALE Rom. Etiif>. xxii.
(1865) III. 44 The rapid decrease of the middle class of
citizens . . rendered the recruitment of the legions constantly
more difficult. 1878 N. Amer. Rev. CXXVI. 216 The
officer in charge of the recruitment of the army.
b. of the body or health.
1862 Macm. Mag. Apr. 518 Sleep .. is necessary for the
recruitment of the little weary frame. 1896 J. B. THOMSON
Life^ Jos. Thompson 116 It required only a week or two.,
to give him perfect recruitment and re-invigoration.
Recruity (rfkr«'li). [f. RECKL-IT sb. + -Y.] A
humorous diminutive of RECRUIT si>. I b.
1892 R. KIPLING Barrack-r. Ballads, Troopiri iv, Ho,
you poor recruities, but you've got to earn your pay.
Recrute, obs. form of RECRUIT.
tRecry, sb. Sc. Obs. rare— '. [f. RE- + CBY s b. ;
cf. recall.' Recall, revocation.
'53S STEWART Cron. Scot. III. 36$ The band Betuix thair
faderis . . maid till stand For euirmoir without ony recry.
Beery, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To cry again.
1630 tr. Camden's Hist. Eliz. 12 Scarce had he spoken the
word, when all from all sides cryed, and recryed, God saue
Queene Elizabeth.
Recryand, obs. Sc. form of RECBEANT.
tRecryat, v. Sc. Ots. rare-1. (Of doubtful
origin and meaning, perh. for recryant, ad. obs.
F. recreantir : see RECREANT.)
1508 DUNBAR Flyting 88 Suppois thy heid war armit
tymis ten, Thow sail recryat, or thy crown sail cleif.
Recrystallization (r^kristalsiz/'-Jan). [RE-
5 a.] The process of crystallizing again.
1836-41 BRANDEC/**///. (ed. 5)911 The crystals of chromate |
are. .purified by recrystallization. 1881 Daily News 7 Dec.
5/i A breaking up and recrystallisation of. .parties.
Recrystallize (nkrrstalsiz), v. [RE- 5 a.]
trans. To crystallize again.
1797 WOLLASTON mPhil. Trans. LXXXVII. 397 In marine I
acid they would re-dissolve, and might be re-crystallized.
1849 D. CAMPBELL Inorg. Cltfin. 118 It may be obtained by
dissolving and recrystallizing the impure salt imported.
fg. 1882 FROUDE Life Carlyle I. 383 What he took into
his mind was dissolved and recrystalhsed into original com-
binations of his own.
Hence Becryatallized///. a.
1878 ABNEY Photogr. (1881) 61 Recrystallised silver nitrate.
t Rect, a. 06s. rare. [ad. L. rect-us straight.]
a. Direct, b. Erect, straight. C. Right (angle).
a. 1393 LANCL. P. PI. C. iv. 336 Thus ys mede and mer-
cede as two manere relacions, Rect and indyrect. Ibid. 357
Man ys relatif rect yf he be ryht trewe.
b. 1557 Tottdl's Misc. (Arb.) 156 Running my race as
rect vpright : Till teares of truth appease my plight.
c. 1598 SYLVESTER Du Bartas n. ii. iv. Columnes 200
Th' acute, and the rect Angles too, Stride not so wide as
obtuse Angles doe.
t Beet, v . Obs. rare. Aphetic f. ERECT v.
1432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) V. 153 The sepulcre, whiche
was lefte in the see, recte [L. erexit] hit selfe with the erthe,
and was made an yle. 1638 HEYWOOD Wise Woman^ n. i.
Wks. 1874 V. 292 Mistris Mary on the Banke-side, b for
reeling a Figure.
Rectal (re-ktal), a. Anal, and Med. [f. RECT-DII
+ -AL.] Of or belonging to the rectum. (Common
in recent use.)
1872 F. G. THOMAS Dii. Women (ed. 3) 67 The rectal
touch, uterine probe, . .and other means, should be resorted
to. 1875 H. C. WOOD Therap. (1879) 2O Tlle dissolving
power of the rectal fluids is very slight.
Rectangle (re-ktserjg'l), sb. [ad. late L. recti-
angulum a right-angled triangle (,7th c.), neut. of
rectiangulus adj. : see next. Cf. F. rectangle sb.]
1. Geom. A plane rectilinear four-sided figure
having all its angles right angles, and therefore its
opposite sides equal and parallel.
Usually limited to figures whose adjacent sides are
unequal, and so contrasted with square.
1571 DIGGES Pantom. I. Elem. B iij b, If one side con-
taining the right Angle, be longer than the other containing
side, then is that figure called a Rectangle. 1690 LOCKE
Hum. Und. iv. iv. § 6 The Mathematician considers the
Truth and Properties belonging to a Rectangle, or Circle,
only as they are in Idea in his own Mind. 1726 tr. Gregory's
278
Astron. \. 441 The Rectangle NQK is given, since its sides
NQ and KQ are given. 1825 J. NICHOLSON Oterat.
Mechanic 689 To find the area of a rectangle, whose length
is 9, and breadth 4 inches, or feet. 1871 TYNDALL Fragm.
Set. (1879) 1. ii. 43 Its face is a rectangle, which .. can be
rendered as narrow as desired. 1885 LEUDESUORF Cremona s
Proj. Geom. 223 Any parallelogram inscribed in a circle
must be a rectangle.
trans/. 1671 HOBBES Three papers Wks. 1845 VII. 438
A square root (speaking of quantity) is not a line, such as
Euclid defines, without latitude, but a rectangle.
T b. The product of two quantities. Obs.
Used on analogy of square : cf. preceding quot.
1674 IEAKE Arith. (1696) 616 The Rectangle of the
Means is equal to that of the Extreams. 17x7-41 CHAMBERS
Cycl. s.v. Product^ In lines it is always (and sometimes in
numbers) called the rectangle between the two lines, multi-
plied by one another. 1763 EMERSON Meth. Increments 9
The increment of a rectangle or product.
f 2. A right angle. Obs. (Cf. RECT a. c.)
1656 in BLOUNT Glossogr. 1703 MOXON Meek. Exerc. 247
A Large Square, to set their Walls at rectangles, which may
also be done . . by setting 6 foot from the angle one way, and
8 foot the other way, then if the Diagonal . . be exactly 10
feet, the an-jle is a rectangle. 1795 HERSCHKL in /'////.
Trans. LXXXV. 388 This machine consists of a bottom
frame, and a bar. .at rectangles to it.
f3. A right-angled triangle. Obs. rare~l.
1798 CANNING, etc. Loves Triangles 76 in Anti-Jacobin^
The sly Rectangle's too licentious love.
t Rectangle, a. Obs. [ad. late L. rectianguhis
right-angled (itoethins), f. rectus straight + angulus
ANGLE. Cf. F. rectangle adj. (1556).] •= next
(Used only with triangle.}
1570 BILLINGSLEY Eitclid i. xlvii. 58 In rectangle triangles,
the square whiche is made of the side that subtendeth the
right angle [etc.]. 16*5 N. CARPENTER Geog* Del. I. xii.
(1635) 262 The square of the Hypotenuse of a Rectangle
Triangle. 1708 Brit. Apollo No. 34.
Rectangled (re-kt?erjg'ld), a. Now rare. [i.
RECTANGLE sb. + -ED 2.] Right-angled.
1570 BILLINGSLEY Euclid n. def. i. 60 Euery rectangled
parallelogramme, is sayde to be contayned vnder two right
lines comprehending a right angle. 1715 A. DE MOIVRE in
Phil. Trans. XXIX. 339 A rectangled Cone whose Altitude
is equal to AR. i798GREviLLE7'£/"</. LXXXVIII. 416 Gems
derived from the rectangled octoedra. 1836-7^ SIR W. HAMIL-
TON MetaJ>h. xxxvi. (1870) II. 316 The one is a rectangled,
and the other an equilateral, triangle.
Rectangular (rektarrjgirflau), a. [ad. L. type
*rectangular-is : see RECTANGLE sb. and -AB. Cf.
F. rectangulaire (1571).]
1. Shaped like a rectangle; having four sides
and four right angles.
1624 WOTTON Archit. 19 To resolue vpon Recfcmgular
Squares, as a mean betweene too few, and too many Angles.
1718 QUINCY Compl. Disp, 33 In Sugar, the same Pyramids,
with oblong and rectangular Bases. 1717-41 CHAMBERS
Cycl. s.v. Windmill, A common windmill, whose sails are
rectangular, and their length about five times their breadth.
1831 BREWSTER Optics xi. 08 When the termination is
rectangular, what are called the crested fringes of Grimaldi
are produced. 1861 LEWIN Jerusalem 197 The platform.,
was a rectangular space surrounded by a wall of us own.
Comb. 1898 F. DAVIS Silchester 23 Their practice of
building city walls rectangularwise.
b. Of a solid body : Having the sides, base, or
section in the form of a rectangle, or with right-
angled corners.
1624 WOTTON Archit. 47 Bricks moulded in their ordinary
Rectangular forme. 1805-17 R. JAMESON Charac, Min.
(ed. 3) 116 The rectangular hexahedron is named cube.
18x2-16 PLAYFAIR Nat. Phil. (1819) 1. 161 When a rectangular
beam is supported at both ends [etc.]. 187* ROSCOE EUnt.
CJum.-z-jd Mercuric Chloride.. b soluble in water, crystal-
lizing in rectangular octahedra.
C. fig. Formal, stiff, rigid.
1842 POE Marie Roget Wks. 1864 I. 336 Lawyers, who,
for the most part, content themselves with echoing the
rectangular precepts of the courts.
t 2. Of a triangle : Right-angled. Obs.
1678 CUDWORTH Intell. Syst. i. v. 653 Nor doth every one,
who hath an idea of a rectangular triangle, presently under*
stand that the square of the subtense is equal to the squares
of both the sides.
3. Placed or lying at right angles. (Said also of
the relative position of two things.)
1646 SIR T. BROWNE Pseud. Ep. 179 The thighes of other
animals doe stand at angles with their spine, and have
rectangular positions in birds. 1675 OGILBY Brit. Introd.
I. Pi] o> The acute Way on the Left leads to Hogsdon, and
the Rectangular Way .. over the Fields to Old-Street.
i8xa-x6 PLAYFAIR Nat. Phil. (1819) II. 267 The Sun .. and
..two planets referred to the plane of the ecliptic, each by
three rectangular co-ordinates . . parallel to the three axes.
1869 TYNDALL Notes Lect. Light § 465 The elasticity of the
ether is different in these two rectangular directions. Ibid.
§ 479 The function of the analyzer is to reduce the two
rectangular wave-systems to a single plane.
b. Math. (See quot.) ? Obs.
1727-41 CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v., If a cone, cylinder, etc., be
perpendicular to the plane of the horizon, it is called a
rectangular or right cone, cylinder, etc.
4. Having parts, lines, etc. at right angles to each
other ; characterized or distinguished by some
arrangement of this kind.
Rectangular hyperbola, a hyperbola having its asymp-
totes perpendicular to one another. Rectangular staff,
a lithotomic staff bent at right angles.
1727-41 CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v. Barometer, Horizontal or
rectangular Barometer, .. the tube whereof is bent, in form
of a square. 187* T. BRYANT Pract. Surg. Hi. 558 Bu-
chanan's operation with the rectangular staffi bent three
RECTIFICATION.
inches from the point. 1881 MINCHIN Unipl. Kinemat. 173
The curve denoted by this last equation is a rectangular
hyperbola. 1887 W C. YouoAmer. Cit. Man. n. 55 The
surveys are conducted on a uniform plan, known as the
rectangular system.
t b. Of a windmill : Having rectangular sails.
1727-41 CHAMBERS.O'C/. s.v. Windmill, Best form and
proportion of rectangular Wind-Mills,
Rectangularity (rektrajgirflse-riti). [f. prec.
•f -ITY.] The quality or state of being rectangular,
or having right angles. Also Jig. stiffness.
beaten track without a sense of oddity and rectangularily
perplexing and harassing her.
Rectangularly (rektse'qgirflaili), adv. [f. as
prec. + -LY ?] In a rectangular manner or direction.
1646 SIR T. BROWNE Pseud. Ep. ll. ii. 62 At the Equator
thereof the needle will stand rectangularly. 1658 — Card.
Cyrjts i, The..Ensigne carried this figure, not .. rectangu-
larly entersected, hut in a decussation. 1831 G. DOWNES
Lett. Cont. Countries I. 509 The city is exceedingly hand-
some, and the streets intersect each other rectangularly.
1880 C. & F. DARWIN Moi'cm. PI. 423 The hypocotyl bends
in a few hours rectangularly towards a bright lateral light.
So Recta ng-ularness (Bailey vol. II, 1727).
Recta ngulate, a. [f. as RECTANGUL-AR +
-ATE.] Rectangular, right-angled. So Becta'nfru-
late v. intr., to diverge in a rectangular system.
1851 DANA Crust, i. 93 Posterior part of orbital margin
salient, not acute, rectangulate. 1893 F. ADAMS New
Egypt ii From here radiate, or rather rectangulate, all the
new rectilineal thoroughfares.
t Rectanguled, a. 06s.-° = RECTANGLED.
1656 BLOUNT Glossogr., Rectanguled, that hath right Cor-
ners or Angles ; a term of Heraldry.
Rectangulo'meter. [f. as RECTANGUL-AR +
-(O)METEH.] An instrument for testing right angles.
1843 HOLTZAPFFEL Turning: II. 880 When the work and
trial-bar, (or rectangulometer), are both laid down, the
one side of the bar presents a truly perpendicular face.
tRecta-ngulous.o. 06s.-1 [f.asRECTANGCL-AB
+ -ous.] = RECT ANGULAR.
1680 T. LAWSON Mite into Treas. 33 A Natural man
through search may apprehend much of the Feats and
Terms of this Art, their Points, . . Perimeter, Triangle,
Rectangulous, Obliquangulous [etc.].
Rectifiable (re'ktifsiab'l), a. [f. RECTIFY v.
+ -ABLE.] Capable of being rectified ; spec, in
Math, (see RECTIFY 7 b).
1646 SIR T. BROWNE Pseud. Ep. 201 The errors of one
concoction not [being] rectifiable by another. 1816 tr.
Lacroijc's Diff. tf Int. Calculus 120 The curve D F is
rectifiable ; that is to say we can assign a right line which
is equal to it in length. 1887 R. A. ROBERTS Int. Calculus
i. 307 Charles has given some interesting results connecting
circles with arcs whose difference is rectifiable.
Rectification (rektifik<?''Jan). [a. F. rectifica-
tion (i4th c. in Littre), or ad. late L. rectification-em,
n. of action f. rectificare to RECTIFY.] The action
of rectifying.
1. The correction of error ; a setting straight or
right ; amendment, improvement, correction.
1:1460 G. ASHBY Dicta Philos. 491 The most grettest
Rectificacion Vs, from evel thinges to directe a kinge.
1621 BURTON Anat. Mel. II. i. IV. l, They haue done more
cures in this kind by rectification of Diet, then all other
Physick. 1651 C. CARTWRICHT Cert. Relig. l. 119 For
though rectification be not errour, yet it doth presuppose
Errour. 1669 WORLIDGE Syst. Agric. 48 inarg.. Rectifica-
tion of the Feeder. 1765 WAKBURTON Diy. Legal, v. App.,
If his Lordship by the present state of things, includes the
rectification of them in a future state [etc.]. 1808 SVD. SMITH
Wks. (1859) I. 98/1 That they must bear this patiently, and
look to another world for its rectification. 1882 LECKY Eng.
in i&tA Cent. (1892) IV. xvi. 355 A few slight rectifications
of territory were at the same time made. 1891 Law Rep.
Weekly Notes 58/2 Such mistake is not capable of rectifica-
tion as between ordinary adverse litigants,
f b. Astron. and Astral. Obs.
(i 1646 J. GREGORY Terrestrial Globe in Postuma (1650) 286
This is called Rectification, or right setting of the Globe.
1668 DRVDEN Even. Love II. i, What think you. .of the best
way of rectification for a nativity ?
2. Chem. The purification or refinement of any
substance by renewed distillation or other means.
1605 TIMME Quersit. in. 184 Rectification is a reiterated
distillation to perfection. 1666 BOYLE Orig. Formes
LXXVII. 267 The acid obtained from vitriol,, .deprived by
rectification of its smoking quality. 1876 HARLEY Mat.
Med. (ed. 6) 354 The oily liquid separates, which is purified
by rectification.
trans/. 1621 BURTON Auat. Mel. n. IL in. 331 To this
cure of melancholy., the Rectification of Aire is necessarily
required, a. 1677 HALE Prim. Orig. Man. iv. ii. 298 This
portion of the lower World seems to be the whole residue
of the visible Chaotical Mass, which by the former Rectifi-
cation was reduced to a small portion, like the Caput Mor.
tuuiti after Distillation.
3. Geom. The finding of a straight line equal in
length to a given curve.
1685 WAI.LIS Algeora 293 The Year following (1659),
Mr. Heurat, lights on the Rectification of the same Curve,
which Mr. Neil had done before. 1727-41 CHAMBERS (fa.
RECTIFICATIVE.
s.v., AH we need to find the quadrature of the circle is the
rectification of its circumference. Ibid., The rectification
of curves is a branch of the higher geometry. 1823 J.
MITCHELL Diet. Math, ft Phys. Sci. 413/2 It is.. to the
doctrine of fluxions that we owe the complete rectification
of curve lines, in finite terms. 1892 tr. H. Schubert's
M.itlt. Ess. 119 The quadrature of the circle stands and
falls with the problem of rectification.
Re'ctificative. rare. [ad. F. rectifuatif
(nitre1) : see KLXTIFY and -IVE.] That rectifies.
1869 Daily News 14 Dec., The total and final amounts of
the ordinary, extraordinary, and ' rectificative ' Budgets.
t Rectificatory, sl>. Ol>s. [See next and -OBY.]
A mathematical instrument used in the construction
of dials.
The description given by Sebastian Miinster in his
h ' orologiographia (1533)9815; ' Vocoautem rectificatorium,
instrumentum triangulare orthogonium, formam habens
scaleni, cuius latus breuius basis, medium cathetus, longius
vero hypotenusa dicitur*. A figure of the instrument is
given on p. loo of the same work.
1593 KALE Dialling A iij, Some teach the making of Dialls
by the helpe of the Globe. ..Munster useth a Rectificatory
with a circle, which is unfit for small plat>, and faileth in
greater, without great heede.
Re'Ctificatory, «. [ad. L. type *rectificato-
rius : see RECTIFY v. and -OBY.] That rectifies ;
corrective.
1866 Lond. Rev. 3 Feb. 133/2 Hypothetical and rectifi-
catory budgets of ordinary and extraordinary expenditure.
1886 Klaifh. Exam. 8 Feb. 5/2 The rectificatory note
which Sir H. A. has sent to the papers.
Rectified (re-ktifaid),///. a. [f. RECTIFY v.]
1. Made right, corrected. Also (in some cases
perh. directly traits/, from 2), cleared from defects
or imperfections, refined.
Common in lyth c., esp. of conscience, reason, will, etc.
'555 PHILPOT in Coverdale Lett. Mart. (1564) 221 That
wyth a cleane spirite and rectifyed body, we myght serue
god iustly. 1612 DONNE Lett. (1651) 233 Our . . Saviour
blesse you with the testimony of a rectified conscience.
16467. HALL llorz Vac. 5 Those of more rectified Reasons,
can sustaine bright and glistring discoveries to beat in upon
them. 1707 NORRIS Treat. Humility iv. 176 A juster and
more rectifyed sense of things. 1771 FLETCHER Checks
Wks. 1795 II. 289 A talent of living light and rectified free
agency. 1884 H. SPENCER in Contemg. Rev. Feb. 158 In
the_ minds of most, a rectified evil is equivalent to an
achieved good.
2. Chem. Purified or refined by renewed distilla-
tion ; redistilled. Chiefly used of spirit.
1605 TIM.ME Qucrsit. i. xv. 74 This humour . . doth re-
semble the rectified animal aquavita. 1667 BOYLE in Phil.
Trans. II. 608, I made the like Tryal with rectified Oyl of
Turpentine. 1747 WESLEY Prim. Physic (1762) 90 Three
Ounces of rectified Spirits of Wine. 1807 T. THOMSON Chem.
(ed. 3) II. 376 A fine light transparent liquid, known in
commerce by the name of rectified spirits. 1876 HARLEY
Mat. Med. (ed. 6) 326 Rectified Spirit is alcohol containing
16 per cent, by weight, or 1 1 per cent, by volume of water,
obtained by the distillation of fermented saccharine fluids.
3. t a. Straightened, straight. Obs. rare.
1597 A. M. tr. Guillemeaus Fr. Chirurg. bij b/i The
rectifyede Lancette, wherewith we open an Apostemation.
Ibid. 16 b/2 The rectifyede or extendede can or pipe.
b. Of an electric current : (see RECTIFY 7 c).
1893 SLOANE Stand. Electr. Diet. 164.
Rectifier (re-ktifsisa). [f. as prec. -f -EK l.]
1. One who, or that which, rectifies.
1611 COTGR., Rectificaleur, a Rectifier. 1617 COLLINS
Def. h 'p. Ely i. i. 97 Chrysostome . . attributes as much to
him, to be rector or rectifyer, as he there speakes, of the
whole world. 1663 BUTLER Hud. I. ii. 431 He was. .Rectifier
of Wry Law, And would make three to cure one Flaw. 1741
WARBURTON Div. Legal. II. 639, I shall examine this bold
Rectifier of prejudices. z88a SPURGEON Treas. Dav. Ps.
cxix. i They do not consult it now and then as a sort of
rectifier of their wanderings, but they use it as a chart for
their daily sailing.
2. t a. An instrument for ascertaining the varia-
tion of the compass (see qnot. 1 704). Obs.
1669 STORMY Mariners Mag. it. vi. 68 To know the
Variation by the Quadrant .., without the help of the
Rectifier before spoken of. 1704 J. HARRIS Lex. Techn. I,
Rectifier (in Navigation,) is an instrument consisting of two
Parts, which are two Circles, either laid upon, or let into
the other, and so fastned together in their Centres, that they
represent two Compasses [etc.].
b. A device for converting an alternating electric
current into a direct or continuous one.
1898 SLOANE Stand. Elect. Diet. (ed. 2) App 616 1901
Electrician 8 Nov. 107/2 The working rectifier is not a
mere physical, but also an electro-chemical problem.
3. a. One who rectifies spirit.
I7»7 DB FOE Eng. Tradesman vi. (1732) I. 58, I would
warn . .adistlller or rectifier of spirits to moderate his furnace.
173' P. SHAW /;„. Arlif. Philos. 115 When the Rectifier
..performs his part masterly, the Spirit receives consider,
able improvement. 1843 Penny Cycl. XXVII. 467/1 In
Lngland in 1835 there were 108 rectifiers. 1880 Act 43 * 44
Viet. c. 24 § 86 Entry must be made by a rectifier before he
begins to receive, rectify, or compound any spirit.
D. An apparatus for rectifying spirit.
'854 RONALDS & RICHARDSON Chem. Teclmol. (ed. 2) I. 287
he upper part forming a heater for the wash, while the
>wer compartment acts as a rectifier.
Rectify (re-ktifai), v. [ad. F. rectifier (14111 c.
m Littre), ad. late L. rectificare (3rd c.), f. rectus
right + -ficare : see -FY.]
I. trans. To put or set right, to remedy (a bad
or faulty condition or state of things).
CI400 Lan/ratic'sCirtirg. 51 Wijjpropre eir \v.r. cure] to
279
rectifien be corrupcioun of bilke lyme. 1526 Pilgr. Per/.
(W._deW. 15311 I36b, Thus we mayse y' payne is tjood, for
by it god rectifyeth synne 1615 BRATHWAIT Strappado
(1878) 176 For rectifying such abuse as grow, liy this foule
vice. 1651 HoBBts Leviat'i. 11. xxvii. 158 He ought by
meditation of the Law, to rectifie the irregularity of his
Passions. 1748 HARTLEY Obscrv. Man it. i. 17 It produces
Consequences, which in the End rectify the original Dis-
order. 1829 FARADAY Kxp. Res. xliii. 255 The bottom gave
way. .and endeavouring to rectify this. .by means of sand
[etc.]. 1845 M^CULLOCH Taxation n. vi. (1852) 285 Though
there still remain some anomalies to be rectified, this statute
has effected some material improvements.
b. To put right, correct, amend, make good
(a mistake, error, omission, etc.).
1659 HEYLIN Exatnen Hist. I. 173, I must make a start to
fol, 91 for rectifying a mistake of our Authors. 1699 BENT-
LEY Phal. 250 He discovers his own Omissions, and pre-
sently rectifies them. 1718 LADY M. W. MONTAGU Let. to
Abbe Conti 10 May, An error of his guide, which his short
stay hindered him from rectifying. 1837 DICKENS Pickw.
vti, The slight omission was rectified. 1858 MILL Liberty
ii. (1865) i2/i Man .. is capable of rectifying his mistakes, by
discussion and experience.
2. t a. To restore (a diseased or disordered organ)
to a sound or healthy condition. Obs.
£1400 Lanfranc's Ciritrg. 80 If he lyuere eibir be splene
ben I-greued, . . bou muste reclifien hem. 1620 VENN ER Via
Recta ii. 25 It notably rectifieth the stomacke. 1660 tr.
Amyraldits' Treat, cone. Relig. III. ix. 498 To reinfuse
decayed strength in a moment, and rectifie cripled members
after long impotence. 1694 SALMON Bate's Dispens. (1713)
580/2 It rectifies a weak and disorderly Stomach.
b. To put or set (a person or thing) right, in
various applications of the adj. ; to bring or restore
to a good or normal condition ; •)• to establish in
a proper manner.
a 1529 SKELTON Col. Chute 1265 To rectyfye and amende
Thynges that are amys. 1549 LATIMER ist Serm. be/.
Edw. VI (Arb.) 31 He doth vs rectify in the libertie of the
gospel, in that therefore let ys stand. 1599 B. JONSON
Cynthia's Rev. I, Your trauaile is your only thing that
rectifies, or.. makes you fit for action. 1640 SIR B. RUD-
YARD in Rushw. Hist. Coll. (1680) II. 11. 1358, I have often
thought and said, that it must be some great extremity,
that would recover and rectifie this State. 1678 Trans. Crt.
Spain n. 100 The question was only Then of banishing a
stranger; but Now the business is to rectify Spain itself.
1796 C. MARSHALL Gat-den, xx. (1798) 376 Espaliers, garden
frames, and such things, rectify. 1882 LECKY Eng. in
i8M C. (1892) IV. xvi. 366 The simplest and most natural
way of rectifying his position.
rcjl. 1809 Mcd. yrnl, XXI. 294 In this way we may ac-
count., for the manner in which nature tends to rectify
herself.
absol. 1830 HOOD Haunted House i. xxviii, No hand
or foot within the precinct came To rectify or ravage.
•)• c. To restore in right condition to something.
1655 FULLER Ch. Hist. I. ii. § u Beholding their Temples
..solemnly continued to a pious end, and rectified to the
Service of the true God.
3. Cheni, To purify or refine (any substance) by
a renewed or repeated distillation, or by some
chemical process; to raise to a required strength
in this way ; also, to flavour (a liquor) with some
substance during rectification. Also absol.
c 1450 LYDG. Secrees 565 Ffirst departyng of the foure
Eilementys, And afftirward .. Euerych of hem for to
Recteffye. _ 1460-70 Bk.Qitintessence 13 Brynge a^en euerych
[element] into 5 beynge [ = quintessence] .. as tofore, or
ellis rectifie. 1594 PLAT Jfaielt-no., Cltem. Coticl. 5 When
you have divided the oyles from the waters, then you may
rectifie or purify them in this manner. 1662 R. MATHEW
Unl. Alch. 155 Its clearness must not come with gentle fire,
but with oft rectifying. 1681 tr. Belan's Myst. Physick
Introd. 35 Pour over it of the best Spirit of Wine, rectified
with Pot-ashes. 1731 P. SHAW Ess. Artif. Philos. 126
These, .refuse parts of Sugar are fermented with Water.. ;
then distill'd into a Spirit, and rectified per se to vulgar
proof. iSootr. Lagrange's Chem. II. 248 If you rectify the
product found in the receiver, you will obtain prussic acid.
1883 Hardwich's Photogr. Chem. (ed. Taylor) 268 To
rectify the solution, pour it into the glass bath.. and.,
thoroughly stir up with it four drops of dilute Nitric acid.
trans/. 1603 DRAYTON Bar. It'ars i. xxii, The temper
of that nobler mouing part, With such rare purenesse
rectifie'd his blood. 1620 VENNER fia Rectalntrod. 5 The
Sunne, which rectifieth the aire. a i6« HALE Prim. Orig.
Man. i. ii. 45 The assimilation thereof m Animals rectifies
this alimental juice into Chyle, and then into Blood. 1727
POPE & GAY Further Ace. E. Curll, An Affluence of
Animal Spirits rectified and refined to a degree of Purity.
4. To correct or reform (a person, one's nature,
mind, etc.) from vice or moral defect.
a 1450 Mankind CQrs.nc\\} 13 O souerence, I be-seche you,
yowur condycyons to rectyfye. ^1460 G. ASHBY Dicta
Phi/os. 792 Rectifie a nober if that ye may,.. And rectifie
youre selfe first euery day. 1548 UDALL, etc. Erasm. Par.
John xx. 113 b, Let them therfore put awaye earthly affec-
cions and rectifie theyr myndes, applying the same to
spirituall and heauenly thynges. 1643 SIR T. BROWNE
Relig. Med. i. § 42 But age doth not rectifie, but incurvate I
our natures, turning bad dispositions into worse habits.
1667 FLAVF.L Saint Indeed Wks. 1716 II. 5/2 Grace hath in
great measure rectifyed the Soul, and given it an . . heavenly
temper. 1714 ADDISON Spect. No. 571 F 9 As a Soul within
the Soul, to.. rectifie its Will, purifie its Passions [etc.].
1781 CKABBK Library 141 Whatever good ye boast, that
gx>d impart, Inform the head, and rectify the heart. 1859
EO. ELIOT A. Bede n. xvii, You can neither straighten their
noses, nor brighten their wit, nor rectify their dispositions,
fb. To correct (one who is mistaken or in error) ;
to set right. Obs.
1586 Exam. Henry Barrtrwe A iij b, linrrtr.t'e. Vow shal
not touch one haire of my head, without the wil of my
heauenly father. Arclt. Nay I will doe this to rectifie
RECTIFYING.
yow. 1616 B. JONSON Devil an Ass n. i, He do's not know
me indeed. I thank you, Ingitie, For rectifying him 1688
PKHTON Guard. Instr. (1897) i Pray, Sir, rectifie me if 1 am
mistaken. 1711 ADDISON Sfetcf. No. 93 F 4 A Man has fre-
quent Opportunities of. .rectifying the Prejudiced.
absol. 1605 BACON Adv. I.enrtt, i. ii. § 4 In all these it
[learning] doth rectify more effectually than it can pervert.
5. To correct by removal of errors or mistakes;
to amend or improve in this way.
1494 FABYAN Chron. 2, I wyll presume. .To ioyne suche a
werke or it to rectyfye. 1610 SIIAKS. Temp. v. i. 245 Some
Oracle Must rectifie our knowledge. 1674 MARVELL Corr.
Wks. 1872-5 II. 422 In order to the retracting or rectifying
. . the reasons formerly given by your House, a 1717
NEWTON Chronol. Amended \. (1728) 57 That Chronology is
to be rectified, by shortening the times which precede the
death of Cyrus. 1777 WATSON Philip II (1839) 219 He
found means, however, ..in some measure to rectify their
opinion of his conduct. 1830 SETON Forms Decrets in
Equity 396 It was prayed that the said minutes may be
rectified. 1864 BOWEN Logic \, 12 And of subsequently
rectifying and enlarging our Concepts.
b. To correct or emend (a text), rare.
1730 Hist. Litteraria I. 450 In order therefore to rectify
the Text, he collated anew the several Editions. 1778
BP. LOWTH Transl. Isaiah Prelim. Diss. (ed. 12)46 Useful
in rectifying as in explaining the Hebrew text.
f c. To make (an action) morally right. Obs.
1700 S. SEWALL Mem. in Diary (1879) II. ignote, The
extraordinary and comprehensive Benefit accruing to the
Church of God, and to Joseph personally, did not rectify his
brethrens Sale of him.
6. To put right by calculation or adjustment.
1559 W' CUNNINGHAM Cosmogr. Glasse 166 This [figure)
semeth to haue a singuler vse in rectifying the longitudes of
places. 1669 STURMY Mariner's Mag. i. ii. 6 This is too
hard for Practitioners at first to know how to use this
Instrument, to rectifie the variation of the Compass. 1679
MOXON Math. Diet., To Rectify at Nativity, is to bring the
Estimate and supposed time to the true and real time of a
persons Birth. 1704 J. HARRIS Lex. Techn. I. s.v., Its Use
is to find the Variation of the Compass, to Rectifie the
Course at Sea. 1707-11 MORTIMER //«.i£. (1721) II. 253 If
the Stock be all knotty or crooked . . rectifie it with the
fittest posture of the Graft you can. 1877 OWEN Mrq.
Wellesley's Desp. Introd. 32 He rectified frontiers, in a
military sense, with minute care, so as to make both us and
our staunch dependents as defensible as possible.
b. To set right, adjust (an instrument or appa-
ratus). Also in fig. context.
1669 STUKMV Mariner's Mag. n. vi. 67 A most necessary
Instrument to rectifie the Compass. 1669 WORLIDGE Syst.
Agric. 48 Observe whether it will hold out or super-abound
at the end of one or two Furrows, and accordingly pro-
ceed and rectifie the Feeder [of the sowing-drill], a 1708
BEVEKIDGE Priv. Th, \. (1730) 108 Having rectified the
Balance of my Judgment according to the Scripture. 1833
HT. MARTINEAU Loom $• Lugger i. iv. 45 She . . employee!
herself next in rectifying the lime-piece by her own watch.
c. spec. To adjust (a globe) for the solution of
a problem. Also absol.
a 1646 J. GREGORY Terrestrial Globe in Postuma (1650) 286
Lift up the North-Pole aboue the Horizon so manie Degrees
as will answer to the Latitude of the Place unto which you
mean to rectifie. 1674 MOXON Tutor Astron. n. (ed. 3) 84
Rectifie the Globe, Quadrant, Hour-Index, and Horizon.
1704 J. HARRIS Lex. Techn. I, To Rectifie the Globe...
Bring the Sun'sPlace. .to the Meridian, and the Hour-Index
to 12 at Noon. 1868 LOCKYER Elem. Astron, 158 When
the globe has been rectified, as it is called, in this manner,
we have the constellations which are rising on the eastern
horizon, just appearing above the eastern part of the
wooden horizon.
f7. To make straight, straighten out (anything
crooked, etc.) ; to bring into line. Obs.
1597 A. M. tr. Gnillemeaiis Fr. Chimrg. 39/2 Havinge
therfor now rectified this finger by this meanes. 1600
[see RANK z/.1 i b]. 1618 WITHER Bnt. Rememb. Premonit.
2 Rectifying a crooked staffe. «i7i« KEN Christophil
Poet. Wks. 1721 I. 497 O Conscience, .. Check me, and
rectify my devious Lines. 1793 SMEATON Edystone L. § 252
The masons proceeded to rectify the face of the work,
where it was in any degree wanting thereof.
b. Geom. To equate (a curve) with a straight
line. (Cf. RECTIFICATION 3.)
1673 Vise. BROUNCKER in Phil. Trans. VIII. 6150 It was
easie . . to infer, That, if we can Rectifie the one, we may
square the other. 1685 WAI.LIS A Igebra 293 The same Curve,
which Mr. Neil (and so many after him,) had Rectified
before. 1727-41 CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v. Rectificationt To
rectify the circle, therefore, is to square it. /£/</., To rectify
the parabola. 1866 BHANDE & Cox Diet. Sci., etc. II. 799/1.
C. To transform (an electric current) from an
alternating to a continuous.
1893 SLOANE Stand. Electr. Diet. 164. 1901 Brit. Med.
yrnl. 9 Mar. 573/2 The current to be ' rectified ' is taken
direct from alternator to commutator.
t 8. To guide or direct aright. Obs. rare.
1603 DANIEL Panegyric to King\y\\\, Thy Judgement now
must only rectifie This frame of pow're thy glory stands
vpon. 1618 BP. HALL Right. Mammon \Vks. (1625) 693
Ihere is nothing more necessarie . . for a Christian heart,
then to be rectified in the menaging of a prosperous estate.
f9. To declare right, approve of (a thing). Obs.
1567 DRANT Horace, De Arte Pott. A viij, What Tom,
and Tib do rectefie What lykes the carter clowne,The wyse
men take not in good parte.
1 10. intr. To become straight. Obs. rare—1.
1597 A. M. tr. Gnillemcaifs Fr. Chintrg. 39/2 If the
finger groweth croocked, we must then cause tbe finger to
rectifye and growe straight.
Rectifying, vbl. sb. [f. prec. + -ING 1.] The
action of the vb. RECTIFY.
1597 A. M. tr. Gnillcmean's Fr. Chintrg. 39/2 The
stretching out or rectifying of the same [finger]. 1634
RECTIFYING.
SANDERSON Strm. II. 292 There it behoveth the magistrate
to set in . . for the rectifying and redressing thereof. 1699
BURNET 39 Art. i. (1700) 21 Matter, after it has pass'd
through the highest Refinings and Rectifyings possible.
01708 BEVERIDGE fria. Th. i. (1730) 52 It is not the recti-
fying of one Faculty, which can make the Whole streight.
So Be-ctifyinff ///. a., that rectifies.
1667 FLAVEL Saint Indeed (1754) 8 Earnest Supplications
and instant Prayer for heart purifying and rectifying Grace.
1863 GLADSTONE Financ. Statcm. 292 In London a very large
rectifying house .. sent out in 1861 853,000 gajlons. loot
Electrician 8 Nov. 107/2 The patents granted in regard to
the application of the rectifying cell.
Rectigrade (re-ktigre'd), a. Zool. [ad. L. type
*rectigractus, i. rectus RECT a. + gradus GKADE.]
Walking in a straight line ; applied to those larvae
which walk with a rectilinear body (Say Gloss.
Entom. 1825), and to the class of spiders (Recti-
gradie) which run straight forward (Mayne Expos.
Lex. 1858). Cf. laterigrade.
Re'Ctigraph. Photogr. [f. as prec. + -GRAPH.]
A form ofcorrected lens.
1890 WOODBURV Encycl. Phologr. 1891 Photogr. A nn. 382
The Combination ' Rectigraph . Ibid. 383 T he Narrow,
angle ' Rectigraph '.
t Rectiline, a. Obs. [ad. late L. rectilineits
(Boeth.), f. rectus straight + linea. line : see RECT a.
and LINE sb? Cf. F. rectiligne (14* c. in Littre).]
= RECTILINEAR.
1570 BILLINGSLEY Euclid I. ix. 19 To deuide a rectiline
angle geuen, into two equall partes. Ibid. VI. def. i. 153 Like
rectiline figures are such, whose angles are equall [etc.].
1660 STANLEY Hist. P/iilos. ix. (1701) 382/1 The most simple
of all rectiline figures.
Rectilineal (rektili'n/'ial), a. [f. as next: see
-AL, and cf. LINEAL.] = RECTILINEAR.
1646 Sm T. BROWNE Pseud. Ef. 203 Fishes . . whose ribs
are rectilineal!, a 1696 SCARBURGH Euclid (1705) 103 The
like transmutation of all Rectilineal spaces into equal Paral-
lelograms, a 1774 GOLDSM. SHI-J. Exp. Phifos. (1776) II.
350 The red ray. .is therefore least.. bent out of its recti-
lineal course. 1863 E. V. NEALE Anal. Th. «, Nat. 43
A rectilineal triangle, that is, . . the figure produced by three
straight lines mutually intercepting each other.
Hence Bectiltnealiza-tion, the fact of being
arranged in a rectilineal fashion.
1893 F. ADAMS Nmi Egypt 47 The rectilineali~ation of
the streets is not excessive.
Rectilinear (rektiH-n/iai), a. and sb. [f. as
RECTILINE + -AR. Cf. LINEAR a.]
A. adj. 1. Of motion, course, or direction :
Taking or having the course of a straight line;
tending always to the same point.
1659 H. MORE Imnwrt. Soul m. xiii. § 6 A Bullet . . cast
up into the Air, would never descend again, but would
persist in a rectilinear motion. 1696 WHISTON Th. Earth
i. (1722) i All Motion is of it self rectilinear, a 1774 GOLDSM.
Surv. Exp. Phihs. (1776) II. 350 In proportion as each
succeeding ray has less force, it is driven more out of its
rectilinear direction. 1830 KATER & LARDNF.R Mccfi. xviii.
247 Continued rectilinear motion is observed in the flowing
of a river. 1889 Nature 21 Feb. 402/2 The play of forces
concerned in rectilinear oscillations.
trans/. 1827 HARE Guesses Ser. it. (1866) 340 The course
of time is markt, not by the rectilinear flight, but by the
oscillations and pulsations of life.
2. Lying in, or forming, a straight line.
1704^ NEWTON Optics (1721) 109 When I had caused the
rectilinear sides . . of the Spectrum of Colours made by the
Prism to be distinctly defined. 1811 PINKERTON Pctral. II.
24 The granite which forms this vein has shrunk . . with
some rectilinear fissures. 1837 WHEWELL Hist. Induct.
Sc. (1857) I. 78 The rays of light are rectilinear. 1875
BI.AKE Zool. 252 In the Conidse the aperture is narrow and
rectilinear, or nearly so.
transf. 1858 J. MARTINEAU Stitd, Chr. 69 It is by no
means a rectilinear regiment of incessant priests ; but a
broken, scattered, yet glorious race of prophets.
3. Of a figure or angle : Bounded or formed by
straight lines.
1728 PEMBERTON Newton's Philos. 137 What has here
been said upon this rectilinear figure [etc.]. 1840 LARDNER
Gtom. 223 If one side of a plane rectilinear angle revolve
round its other side as an axis, it will produce the surface of
a right circular cone. 1863 E. V. NEALE Anal. Th.f, Nat.
255 A triangle is that plane rectilinear figure which has
three sides.
4. Characterized by straight lines.
1727-41 CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v. Map, Rectilinear Maps are
those wherein both the meridians and parallels are repre-
sented by right lines. 1827 STEUART Planter 's G. (1828) 410
The rectilinear Gardens, and elaborate Topiary works
handed down from antiquity. 1850 PARKER Gloss. Archit.
(ed. 5) 239 The same rectilinear arrangement also pervaded
many of the details. 1861 Gd. Words Aug. 433/1 The
modem city, .has a trim, rectilinear.. air about it.
b. Arch. Suggested as a substitute for PERPEN-
DICULAR.
18x6 Brit. Critic II. 376 It is not merely the vertical
mullions that run in straight lines, but the horizontal
transoms also. . . Hence we would call this the ' Rectilinear
style'. 1835 WHEWELL Arch. Notes Germ. Churches Pref.
(1842) 21 The term Rectilinear, which has been suggested,
would not apparently be an advantageous substitute for
Perpendicular ; for the mullions, the only members to which
the description applies distinctively, are rectilinear only so
far as they are perpendicular. 1849 E. SHARI'E Treat.
Decor. Wind. Tracery 8, I propose, then, to name these
three styles of window tracery, Geometrical, Curvilinear,
and Rectilinear.
c. Of a sawing-machine : Having a straight (in
place of a circular) saw.
280
1843 HOLTZAPFFF.L Turning II. 730 Rectilinear sawing
machines are for the most part derived from saws used by
hand for similar purposes.
d. Of a spectroscope or lens : (see quots.).
1874 tr. L&mmtfs Light 149 The direct vision or recti-
linear spectroscope which instead of a single prism contains
a combination of prisms, so that there is no deflection. 1890
WOODBURV Encycl, Photogr.) Rectilinear^ a term applied to
lenses which hcve been corrected for aberration as much as
possible, so that in photographing architectural subjects the
lines appear perfectly straight in the image.
B. sb. 1. A rectilinear figure. rare~l,
1766 Compute Farmer s.v. Surveying 7 G 4/2 To return
to triangles, the most simple and primitive of all rectilinears.
2. Photogr. A rectilinear lens. (Cf. 4 d.)
1890 WOODBURV Encycl. Photogr. 405 The rapid recti-
linear will . . be found very useful for copying purposes. 1892
rhotogr. Ann. II. 39 With rapid rectilinears and the lenses
on the same principle distortion is rarely found.
Hence Bectili-nearlsm, tendency to straight lines.
1854 Rlackw. Mag. LXXVI. 539 Brooks and nvers leap
and run in courses which please all the more because dis-
similar from the rectillneansm of utility.
RectilineaTity. [f. prec. + -ITY.] The
quality of being rectilinear.
i8i3-at BENTHAM OntologyVtVs, .'843 VIII. 197 Qualities
that are qualities of the above-mentioned fictitious entities of
the first remove. For example, of motion, red! linearity,
curvi linearity. 1863 LYELL Antig. Man xiii. {ed. 3) 233 The
uniformity, parallelism, . . and . . rectilinearity of the so-called
glacial furrows.
fig, 1840 GEN. P. THOMPSON Exen. (1842) V. 67 The
rectilinearity of the law.
Rectili nearly , adv' [f. as prec. + -LY 2.]
In a straight line, or straight lines.
1801 YOUNG in Phil. Trans. XCII. 2^ It is easy to show
that such a general undulation would in alt cases proceed
rectilinearly. 1874 W. FROUDE in Encycl. Brit. (1886) XXI.
811/2 The particles .. are capable of gliding rectilinearly
along a perfectly smooth surface,
t Rectilined, a. Obs. rare. =RECTILTNE.
1570 BILLINCSLEV Euclid i. 3 vtarg., Definition of a recti-
Hned angle. Ibid. i. 8 A triangle or any other rectilmed
figure is then said to be set, ., when [etc.].
Rectili'neous, #. rare. = RECTILINEAR.
16511 RAY Creation i. (1692) 123 There are only three
rcctilineous and ordinate figures which can serve to this
purpose. 1858 MAYNE Expos. Lex.
Rectinerved, a. Bot. [f. recti-, comb, form
of L. rect-us + NERVED ] (See quot.)
1880 GRAY Struct. Bat. iii. § 4 (ed. 6) 92 [Leaves] may be
Rectjnerved, the nerves running straight from origin to
apex or margin of the leaf, as the case may be.
Kection ;re-kjan). Gram. rare. [ad. L. rec~
tion-em government, f. regfre to rule : see RECTOK.]
Syntactical government ; regimen.
a 1637 B. JONSON Eng. Gram. u. vii, Now as before m two
articles a and thet the whole construction of the Latins was
contained ; so their whole rection is by prepositions near-
hand declared. 1673 O. WALKER Etiuc. 131 Which is easily
known by the rection of the parts of his Sentence. 1871
EARLE Philol. Eng. Tongue xi. 513 Rection, though not
necessarily connected with flexion, has ever been found as
its close companion and ally.
Ifcectis6rial(rektisi9'rial), a. Bot. [f. L. recti-%
rectus straight + SERIAL.] (See qoots.)
1861 BENTLEY Bot. 141 All the above varieties of Phyllo-
taxis in which.. the leaves completing the cycles must be
necessarily directly over those commencing them, are called
rectiseriaL 1880 GRAY Struct. Bot. iv. § i (ed. 6) 126 The
leaves should be in strict vertical ranks, or, to use the term
proposed by Bravais, rectiserial.
Rectitude (re-ktitiwd). [a. F. rectitude
(Oresme, I4th c.), ad. late L. rectitudo, f. rect-u$\
see RECT a. and -TDDE.]
1. The quality or fact of being straight ; straight-
ness. Now rare or Obs.
>43*~5o tr. Higden (Rolls) II. 213 Equalite of complexion
was in hit,.. rectitude of stature, and pulcritude of figure.
1578 BANISTER Hist. Man. iv. 47 Perfect sight is had of
nothing.. but the rectitude of the apple of the eye. 1641 J.
JACKSON Trite Evang. T. n. 153 That which is straight
shews at once both its owne rectitude, and the crookedness of
the contrary. 1685 BOYLE Enq. Notion Nat. yL 203 If with
your Hand you force it a little from its Rectitude, as soon
as you remove your Hand, it will endeavour to regain its
former straightness. 1729 SHELVOCKE Artillery iv. 199
These Slips.. will by their own natural Spring and Energy
recover their Rectitude when left at liberty.
Jig. a 1687 PETTY Pol. Arith. v. (1691) 94 And perhaps
[these impediments] are but the warpings of time, from the
rectitude of the first Institution.
b. Straight line ; direction in a straight line.
1578 BANISTER Hist. Man i. 36 The first part of the heele
. .departyng wholly from the straight lyne, or rectitude of
Tibia. 1597 A. M. tr. Guillemeaifs Fr. Chirurg. 7/2 The
Chirurgiane ..searchinge for him [the bullet] accord Inge to
the rectitude of the wounde. 1646 SIR T. BROWNE Pseud.
Ep. 179 When the spine is in rectitude with the thigh. 1758
J. S. Le Draris Observ.Surg. (1771) 49, I resolved to make
another Aperture, . . following the Rectitude of the Fibres.
1867 HOWELLS Ital, Joiirn. iii. 23 One may walk long
through the longitude and rectitude of many of her streets.
2. Moral straightness or uprightness ; goodness,
integrity ; virtue, righteousness.
a 1533 LD. BERNERS Gold. Bk. M. Aurel. (1559) H h ij b, By
the rectitude of his Justice. 1633 PRYNNE ist Ft. Histrio-m.
vn. iii. 593/2 The obscene jests of Stage-players and other
vanities, which are wont to soften a Christian soule from
the rigour of its rectitude and uprightnesse. 1662 STILLINGFL.
Orig. Sacrx HI. ii. § 7 Goodness .. imports the necessary
rectitude of the Divine Nature. 1711 SHAFT HSB. Charac.
(1737) II. i. in. Hi. 55 There is no. -Rectitude.Piety or Sanctity
RECTOR
in a Creature thus reform'd. 1771 BURKE Lett., to R.
Sliackletou (1844) I. 254 A man of singular piety, rectitude,
and virtue. iSsfi FROUDE Hist. Eng. v. (1858) I. 459 The
king was assured of the rectitude of the motives on which
he had himself acted. 1879 FARKAR St. Paid I. 269 In the
decision of momentous questions rectitude of heart is a far
surer guarantee of wisdom than power of intellect.
3. Correctness of the (intellectual or artistic) judge-
ment, or of its conclusions.
1651 HOBBES Leviath. n. xxvii. 158 Private ludgement ..
according to the rectitude, or errour thereof [etc.]. 1756
BURKE Subl. $ B. Inlrod., A rectitude of judgment in the
arts, which may be called a good taste. 1809 SYD. SMITH
Wks. (1867)!. 182 There is something extremely contagious
in greatness and rectitude of thinking, a 1871 GROTE Elk.
fragTH. i. (1876) 22 Without the possibility of any standard
for distinguishing fallacy from rectitude.
4. Correctness of nature, procedure, or applica-
tion. Also with//., an instance of this.
1656 STANLEY Hist. Philos. v. (1701) 183/1 The rectitude
of names is by a certain imposition not temerarious or
casual, but seemingly to follow the nature of the things
themselves. 1601 HARTCLIFFK Virtues 291 That universal
Rectitude of all the faculties of the Soul, by which they
stand apt and disposed to their receptive Offices and Opera-
tions. 1802 PALEY Nat. Theol. ix. § 6 (1819) 117 They per-
ceive a result, but they think little of the multitude of con-
currences and rectitudes which go to form it.
f5. Aright. Obs. rare—1.
1660 R. COKE Poiver If Sntj. 190 If any man by force
holds the Rectitudes of God [etc.].
Hence Bectitndina rian, one who practises recti-
tude in conduct. Kectitirdinous a., characterized
by rectitude or self-righteousness.
1671 True Nonconf. 308, I heartily pray the Lord, to make
all of you, indeed, rectitudinarians. 1897 Westm. Gaz. 26
Jan. 2/1 Notoriously and unctuously rectitudinous.
fRectline.a. Obs. rare—1. —RECTILINE.
1651 T. RUDD Euclid 155 This Book treateth of the In-
scription . . of rectline Figures, how one right lined Figure
may be inscribed within another.
Recto (re'ktc), s6. and adv. (Abbrev. r°.) [a.
L. recto (sc./o/io), abl. of rectus right.]
A. sb. In Printing, the right-hand page of an
open book ; hence, the front of a leaf, as opposed
to the back or VERSO.
1824 J. JOHNSON Typogr. I. 217 This. .volume commences
on the recto of the first leaf. 1889 H. B. WHEATLEY ffim
to catalogue iii. 60 The recto of the additional leaf will
range with the verso of the old leaf.
Jig. 1873 HENRY jEneidea I. Pref. 77 The verso of this
agreeable recto of one leaf of my library life.
B. adv. On or to the right-hand side.
1888 Academy 16 June 405/1 The map is placed . . at the
end of the volume opening rectu, and not, as too often, made
to turn its back upon the reader.
Recto-, used as comb, form of RECTUM in various
terms of Anat. and Path., with the sense ' relating
to the rectum in conjunction with some other part
of the body ', as recto-coccygeal,-colo'nic, -urc-lkral,
•u'terine, -vagi'nal, -ve-sical, etc.
1836 TODD Cycl. Anat. I. 176/1 A tense fibrous . . tissue,
called the "recto-coccygeal ligament. 1884 KNIGHT Diet.
Meek. Suppl. 746/2 *Recto^olonic Apparatus, instruments
which reach the rectum and colon. 1879 St. George's
Hasp. Rep. I X. 273 Two patients were admitted with *recto-
uretnral fistula. 1857 BULLOCK Cazeaux* Midwif. 60
Those formed by it, between the rectum and uterus, are
called the posterior, or the "recto-uterine ligaments. 1855
RAMSBOTHAM Obstetr. Med. 37 The commissure connecting
these two organs is called the "recto-vaginal septum. 18 "
TODDCJV/. Anat. I. 400/1 The..*recto-vesical operation f
5 Rectocele (re-kt&n). Med. [f. RECTO- + Gr.
KTi\ri a tumour, rupture.] Prolapse of the recto-
vaginal wall ; vaginal proctocele.
1859 TODD Cycl. Anat. V. 708/1 Vaginal cystocele and
rectocele occur in a similar manner. 1872 T. G. THOMAS
Dit. Women (ed. 3) 165 Rectocele, or recto-vaginal hernia,
occurs in a manner similar to that by which the bladder
descends.
Rector (re'ktoi). Also 4, 6-8 reetour. [a. L.
rector, agent-n. f. regere to guide, lead straight, rule,
govern.]
1 1. The ruler or governor of a country, city, state
or people. Obs.
1387 TREVISA Higden (Rolls) III. 55 From Eneas to bis
Romulus Italy was vnder fiftene rectoures. 1398 — Barth.
DC P. R. XV. Iv. (Bodl. MS.), Eolas..was rector of be
ylondes bat hatte Eole. i43»-So tr- Higden (Rolls) V. 363
peke yle was wonte to have a rector, .to whom alle the pro-
vince were subiecte. 1582 STANYHURST jKneis in. (Arb.) 72
Priamus, thee Troian rector vnhappye. ci6n CHAPMAN
Iliad n. 70 The other sceptre-bearing States arose too, and
obey'd The people's Rector. 1632 LITHGOW Trav. ill. 89 It
was told me by the Rector of Candy. 1685 H. MORE
Paralip. Proph. in Quirinius made Cams his Reetour till
his Recuperation of Armenia. [1832 tr. Sismontii's Ital.
Repub. xi. 245 The judicial power was still exercised by
two or three rectors, aliens to the state.]
tb. transf. The queen-bee of a hive. (Cf. KING
8 a.) Obs. rare.
1398 TREVISA Barth. De P. R. xn. v. (Bodl. MS.), If be
rectoure is on lyue be males beb in one partie and be females
in anober partye.
t c. Applied to God as the ruler of the world,
of mankind, etc. 'Obs. (Common in I7th c.)
1582 STANYHURST Ps. iv. in /Kneis, etc. (Arb.) 132 Our
heunlye rectoure His sacred darling specialye choosed. 1627
DRAYTON Agincourt civ, This Herault from the Rector of
the skies In Vision warnes them not to vse delayes. 1676
RECTOR
HALE Contempt, i. 229 The great dispenser or permitter and
rector of all the events in the world. 1741 WAK BURTON Div.
Legat. iv. vi. § 3 The supreme Rector of the Universe,
2. One who, or that which, has or exercises supreme
or directive control in any sphere. Now rare.
1482 Monk of Evesham (Arb.) 90 Suche persons kyngys
and bysshoppys and other grete men . . not beyng rectors
and faders, but peruersours and destroyers of her sowlys.
1579-80 NORTH Plutarch, Flaminms (1612) 387 Titus was
chosen iudge and rector of the games that were plaid there
[at Argos]. 1601 B. JONSON Poetaster v. ii, Reason (which
in right should be The special Rector of all harmony). 1631
BROME Novella in. i. Wks, 1873 I. 137 We seeke to Art,
(Nature's Rector) to restore Us, the strength we had before.
1644 MILTON Areop. (Arb.) 51 Who shall be the rectors of
our daily rioting? 1835 I. TAYLOR Spir. Despot, vi. 264
The imperial regenerator and rector of the Church.
tb. The leader (of a choir). Obs.
1546 York*. Chantry Surv. (Surtees) II. 433 To do suche
thinges as they shalbe commaunded to do by the rector of
the quere. 1691 WOOD Ath. Oxon* (1813) I. 106 He was
buried in the choir . . under that very place where the
rectors of the choir sing the psalm . .' Venite exultemus '.
3. A parson or incumbent of a parish whose tithes
are not impropriate. (Cf. VICAR.)
In recent use also sometimes applied to the holders of
ancient chapelries and perpetual curacies, and in Scotland
and the United States to Episcopal clergymen having charge
of a congregation. Lay rector, a layman receiving the
rectorial tithes, or in whom the rectory is vested.
(For continental examples of rector in eccl. use see Du
Cange. In Brittany the parish priest is styled recteur in
place of the usual citr£t the latter term being used in the
sense of vicaire or curate.)
[i«5 in Wilkins Condi. (1737) I. 617/1 Quod rectores
prdinentur et serviant ecclesiis. 1237 /Ma., De residentia..
in ecclesiis a rectoribus facienda. 1306 Rolls of Parlt. I.
189/2 Henr' de Pynkence, Rectorem Ecclesie de Honyton.]
1393 LANGL. /'. PI. C. in. 184 And ich my-self cyuyle and
symonye my felawe Wollen ryden vp-on rectours and rich
men deuoutours. 1556 [see RECTOR AGE), a 1600 HOOKF.R
Eccl. Pol. vn. xiii. § 2 The bishops.. in the time of the
primitive Church, all such as parsons or rectors of parishes
are with us? 1620 BRENT tr. Sarpts Counc. Trent n. (1676)
934 The superiour did recommend the vacant Church, to
some honest and worthy man, to gouern it .. until a Rector
were provided. 1684 EVELYN Diary n May, His grand-
father and father. ., with himselfe, had now ben Rectors of
this parish roi yeares. 1778 [W. MARSHALL] Minutes Agric.^
Digest 6 The Landed Gentlemen, the Clergy, and the Lay
Rectors, have industriously propagated this false spirit of
farming. 1818 CRUISE Digest (ed. 2) III. 58 Payment of
tithes to the rector is a sufficient discharge against the vicar,
because all tithes of common right belong to the rector.
1866 GFO. ELIOT F. Holt (1868) 29 The Rector was helped
to this chain of reasoning by Harold's remarks.
fb. (See quot) Obs. rare~l.
1670 G. H. Hist. Cardinals \. in. 90 Amongst these Fathers,
there are some that confess people in divers Languages, and
one of them in each Church has the Title of Rector.
C. Missionary -rector : see MISSIONARY,
4. In scholastic use :
a. The permanent head or master of a university,
college, school, or religious institution (esp. a Jesuit
college or seminary).
In Eng. use now applied only to the heads of Exeter and
Lincoln Colleges, Oxford. In Scotland common as the
designation of the headmasters of secondary schools or
academies.
1464 Rolls of Parlt. V. 518/1 Provost, Felawes and Scolers,
Maister and Felawes, Rector, Felawes and Scolers, Presi-
dent and Felawes of any College, Halle, Hospitall, Hous
incorporate, or any other place. 1536 Act 27 Hen. VIII.
c. 42 § i That the said acte..be not hurtfulL.unto the said
Maisters Presidentes Rectours Prmcipalles .. within the
said Universities. £1570 SIR H. GILBERT in Q. Eliz. Acad.
(1869) 8 There shalbe one Rector of the said Achademy.
1601 Imp. Consid. Sec. Pi zests (1675) 83 He is Rector of the
English Seminary in Rome. 1686 in B. Peirce Hist.
Harvard Univ. (1833) App. 67 There shall be allowed to
the present Rector of the College, .the remainder of the in-
come not disposed underneath. 1691 Case of Exeter Coll. 5
The Rector and Fellows were convinced in their Consciences
of Mr. Colmer's guilt. 1766 T. CLAP Hist. Yale Coll. n
The Trustees chose the Rev. Mr. Abraham Pierson. .to take
the Care of Instructing and Governing the Collegiate
School ; under the Title and Character of Rector. 1797
Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) VI. 315/2 (High School, Edinburgh)
The rector's place is supposed to be worth not less than
4oo/. per annum. 1837 Penny Cycl. IX. 278/1 The Edin-
burgh Academy .. was founded in 1824, and consists of
a rector and four other classical masters.
transf. 1607 TOPSKLL Four-/. Beasts Pref., The great
Rector and Chancellor of all the Academies in the World
Jesus Christ... the Master of that Colledge wherein he
[Moses) was but a Servant or Steward.
b. In the Scottish universities : The holder of
one of the higher offices, the precise character and
importance of which have undergone considerable
changes, esp. in recent times.
At the present time, under the Scottish Universities Acts
of 1858 and 1889, the rector (frequently styled Lord Rector)
is elected by the matriculated students for a period of three
years, and is president of the University Court. It is the
practice for him to deliver a 'rectorial address' to the
students at some time during his tenure of the office. For
the older history of the rectorship (which varied consider-
ably in the four universities) see especially the Report of
the Universities Commission in Part. Papers (1831) XII.
[1411-12 Foundation Charter St. Andrews Univ., Quod
hujusmodidelinquentes.. per rectorem universitatis vestne
mtimentur. 1422-3 Statute St. Andrews Univ. 24 Mar.,
Ut dominus Rector antecederet. .ita nempe ut.. Rector sit
episcopo proximus, Rectorem prior sequatur.) 1522 JAS. V
in R,-/>. .SV. Andrews Univ. Comm. (1837) III. 180 The
Universitie of Sanctanilrois, the rector, doctouris, regentes,
maisteris, scolaris, .. makand residence therein. 1563-7
VOL. VIII.
281
BUCHANAN Ref. St. Andrews Vernac. Wks. (S.T.S.) 15 The
rectour most be . . doctor or bachelar in the hyear faculteis,
or principal of ane college, ,. and salbe chosin be the hayl
graduattis of the vniuersite. . .The rectouris tyme to be ane
^eir. 1640 in Rep. Comm. Univ. Scot. (1830) 114 (Edinb.) The
Counsall.-have resolved and ordaynit.., that yeirlie upon
the first Wednesday of December, thair sail be chosen ane
Rector. 1666-88 DALLAS Syst. Stiles 126 To the Rector
and Principal of the University of Glasgow. 1830 Rep.
Comm. Univ. Scot. App. 317 (Aberdeen) The Rector and
his Assessors . . constitute a Court, and have frequently exer-
cised control over the University. 1839 J. B. HAY (title)
Inaugural Addresses by Lord Rectors of the University of
Glasgow. 1884 GRANT Edinb. Univ. II. 106 Mr. Glad-
stone thus became (in 1859] the first elected Lord Rector
of the University of Edinburgh.
C. The acting head, and president of the ad-
ministrative body, in most of the continental uni-
versities.
In most cases the Rector is one of the professors and is
elected annually. In France the title of Rectenr is now
given to the head of an Acadfmie.
a 1548 HALL Chron., Hen. VIII 199 The Rector of the
Vniuersitie called to counsell all the doctors regentes that
were that lyme at Tholose. 1611 COTGR., Recteur de rVni-
versitt, the Rector, the Vicechancelor. 1818 Antnmn
near Rhine 332 The Grand Duke of Baden, in whose terri-
tory Heidelberg is comprised, Js the nominal head under
the title of Rector. 1885 HUTCHISON tr. Conrad's Germ.
Univ. Transl, Note, An address delivered .. by .. Dr. Dol-
Hnger, Professor of Ecclesiastical History in the University
of Munich, in his capacity of rector for the year.
td. = REGENT. Obs. rare—1.
1535 STEWART Cron. Scot. I. 3 Maister in art, rector in
theologie, In all science ane profound clerk is he.
"t*e. A proctor or pro-proctor. Obs.
1665 J. BUCK in Peacock Stat. Cambr. (1841) App. B. p.
Ixxxiii, The Rector, or Proproctor, who moderates at these
two acts hath his cap garnished with Gold Lace. [1895
RASHDALC Universities II. xii. § 2. 370 At Oxford the
Proctors on one of their earliest appearances in history are
styled * Rectors ' instead of Proctors. At Oxford the title
Rector is rarely used afterwards. At Cambridge both titles
continued in use throughout the medieval period.]
5. Comb., as Rector-like: (see RECTORIAL a. i).
t Re'ctorage. Obs-* [f. prec. + -AGE. Cf.
obs. F. rectorage (Godef.).] = RECTORY 2.
1556 LAUDER Tractate 326 Fer les rent, Nor hes sum Vicare
for his waige, Or Rector for his Rectoraige.
Rectoral (re-ktoral). [f. RECTOR + -AL. Cf.
F. rectoral (i6th c.).] Of or pertaining to a rector
or ruler. (Said only of God.) Cf. RECTORIAL.
1658 R. FRANCK North. Mem. (1821) 3 Things thus posited,
under such a rectoral governance [etc.]. 1691 W. JANE
Sertn. Westminster -26 Nov. 5 Besides this despotical right
of absolute Dominion, there is a Rectoral right in God.
1763 WHEELOCK Sei-m. 30 June (1767) 12 His rectoral holi-
ness, and the vindication of the honour of his laws., will re-
quire it. 1865 BUSHNELL Vicar. Sacr. in. ii. 213 When God
forgives sin, without some penal satisfaction, His rectoral
honour and character are made equivocal.
Rectorate (re'ktor^t). [f. RECTOR + -ATE1;
cf. med.L. rectoratus (1382 in Du Cange), F. rec-
torat (1642).] The office or position of a rector;
the period during which the office is held.
1725 tr. Dnpin's Eccl. Hist, vjth C. I. v. 198 The second
was made under his own Rectorate, the last of August^ 1652.
1831 E. BALDWIN Ann. Yale Coll. 85 He .. settled in the
ministry, at Windham,. .from whence he was removed, four-
teen years after, to the Rectorate of the College. 1895
Westm. Gaz. 4 Nov. 3/1 The Rectorate of the University
[of Berlin] is an annual tenancy.
aitrib. 1878 Pop. Set. Monthly XIII. 263 In his very in-
structive rectorate address . . Herr von Littzow deduces [etc.].
Rectoress (re-ktores). [f. RECTOR + -ESS.]
fl. A female ruler. =RECTRES3 i. Obs.
1599 NASHE Lenten Stiiffc 13 Our virgin rectoresse most
of al, hath shoured downe her bounty vpon them. 1603
DRAYTON Bar. Wars \. xxxv, A most perfect Rectoress
[1619 Rect'resse] of her will, About- the vsual weakenes of
her kind.
2. colloq. The wife of the rector of a parish.
1729 W. STUKELEY in Mem. (Surtees) I. 225, I think now,
my dearest love, I can wish you joy of being rectoress of All
Hallows, Stanford. 1844 J. T. HEWLETT Parsons fy W. xi,
Raised by wedlock to the dignity of rectoress. 1880 BLACK-
MORE Mary Anerley III. xii. 181 Those four were .. Robin
Cockscroft, and Joan his wife, the rector, and the rectoress.
Rectorial (rektoe-rial), a. [f. RECTOR + -IAL.]
1. Of or pertaining to a university rector; con-
nected with the office or election of a rector.
1611 COTGR., Rectorial^ Rectorial!, Rector-like; belonging
to a Rector, or Vicechancelor. 1749 St. Andrews Univ.
Minutes 8 Apr. (MS.), Principal Munsin caused put the
Rectorial robes on Principal Tullideph, . . and delivered to
him the Rectorial books. 1830 Rep. Comm. Univ. Scot.
App. 317 A resolution of the Rectorial Court. 1843 Memorial
in Rep. St. Andrews Univ. Comm. (1845) App. xi. 2 At the
late Rectorial election. 1884 Congregationalist Nov. 951
Many years have passed away since we listened to a rectorial
address in the old college hall.
2. Of or belonging to the rector of a parish (esp.
rectorial tithes} ; held by .1 rector.
1769 BLACKSTONE Comm. IV. Index, Rectorial Tithes.
1794 HUTCHINSON Hist. Cnmbld. I. 79 The church of Bew-
castle, dedicated to St. Mary, is rectorial. 1818 BKNTHAM
Ch. of Eng. p. xlvi, In his stall at Canterbury,, .but still
more impressively in his Rectorial mansion. 1884 JESSOPP in
ig/A Cent. Jan. 119 Every vicarage in England represents
a spoliation of the church, whose rectorial tithes had been
appropriated by a religious house.
3. Of or pertaining to a rnlcr or governor. Cf.
RECTUAL
e popes]. 1853 \Vitr.wr.LL (7 rotius I. 4
i respectively Tlquatorial Rights and
bid. 1 1. 425 Justice, also, that is, rectorial
.
1835 I. TAYLOR Spir. Despol. vn. 293 The perpetual recto-
rial authority [of the popes].
We may call them res
Rectorial Rights, Ibid. '.
justice.
Kecto'riate. [f. RECTOR + -ATE; cf. vieariate.]
» RECTORATE.
1881 T. S. FRAMPTON Hitnd. Wrotham 64 The long and
blighting rectoriate of Peter Alby, the Savoyard.
Rectorship (re-ktaifip). [f. RECTOR + -SHIP]
1. The office of ruler or governor; government,
rule. Now rare.
1607 SHAKS. Cor. 11. iii. 213 Or had you Tongues, to cry
Against the Rectorship of ludgement? 1695 HUMFREY
Mediocria 54 Let us take heed, .that we set not God aside
as Rector or Lord, in it. We must not advance andjusiine
his Rectorship so as to exclude his Lordship. 1835 I TAYLOR
Spir. Despot, vn. 393 Placed under the control of . . the
church, and under a rectorship — that of its head.
2. The office of rector (of a parish, university, etc.).
1600 W. WATSON Decacordon (1602) 109 A good caueat to
him to looke to his orders, lest otherwise he lose his Rector-
ship. 1679 PRANCE Addit. Narr. Pop. Plot 43 Dispossess-
ing him of his Rectorship, he appointed his Nephew to be
President in Ins stead. 1753 Scots Mag. XV. 64 2 Prebends,
rectorships, chapels. 1821-30 LD. COCKBURN Mem. 249 His
friend and schoolfellow . . advised him to stand for the
Rectorship [of the High School, Edinburgh]. 1884 GRANT
Edinb. Univ. I. an This terminates the history of the Rector-
ship of the College of Edinburgh, as distinguished from the
Rectorship of the University.
Rectory (re-ktori). [a. obs. F. rectorie ;i3<H
in Du Cange), or ad. med.L. rectoria (i 263 ibid.) :
see RECTOR and -Y 3.]
f 1. An educational establishment under the con-
trol of a rector. Obs. rare~l.
1536 Act 27 Hen. V/II, c. 42 § i Emolumentes . . apper-
teynyng . . unto the said Houses, Howses Collegiate, Rec-
tories, Halles, Hostelles etc. within the said Universities of
Oxford and Cambridge.
2. A benefice held by a rector.
1594 WEST ind Pt. Symbol., Chancerie § no One tene-
ment . . within the parish of C. . . and in the rectorie and
personage of C. 1613 SPF.LMAN Rights Ch. Eng. Wks.
(1723) i. i A Rectory, or Parsonage, is a Spiritual Living,
composed of Land, Tythe, and other Oblations of the
People [etc.]. 1677 Act 29 Chas. //, c. 8 § 2 The said
Vicars and Curates shall have remedy for the same either
by Distress upon the Rectories Impropriate or Portions of
Tythes charged therewith. 1765 BLACKSTONE Comm. I. xi.
374 When the clerk so presented is distinct from the vicar,
the rectory thus vested in him becomes what is called a
sine-cure. 1818 CRUISE Digest (ed. 2) IV. 205 The tei ant
for life demised the rectory, which consisted of tithes only,
reserving a rent. 1886 Law Times Rep. LIU. 702/2 The
sums payable to Dr. Cox out of the income of the united
rectory.
b. The residence appertaining to a rector.
1849 MACAULAY Hist. Eng. ii. I. 158 The presentees.,
took possession of the rectories, cultivated the glebe lands,
collected the tithes [etc.]. 1864 TENNYSON Aylmer's F, 38
So that Rectory and Hall, Bound in an immemorial in-
timacy. Were open to each other.
attrib. 1859 GEO. ELIOT A. Bede xvi, Arthur gave his
horse to the groom at the Rectory gate.
f 3. Rectorship ; administration. Obs.
1640 in Rep. Comm. Unw. Scot. (1830) 114 (Edinb.) The.,
office of Rectorie sail consist in the free and ample exerceis of
the articlis underwriter!. 1660 BURNEY K.tpS. Awpoi- (1661)
131 Princes receive a singular Spirit of God for the Rectory
of lustice. 1675 R. BURTHOGGE Causa Dei 144 The day of
Judgement.. : when all Administration, Government, and
Rectory shall cease.
Kectress (re-ktres). Also 7 rect'ress. [See
RECTOR, RECTRIX, and -ESS.]
T 1. A female ruler or governor. Obs.
1603 B. JONSON Sejanus v. vi, Great mother Fortvne, ..
Queene of humane state, Rectresse of Aciion. 1605 DRAYTON
Mart in Moone 301 The mighty rectres of this globe below.
1656 S. HOLLAND Zara (1719) 59 Great Heccat, Rectress
of Shades, Plashey Grots, and gloomy Glades.
fiS- **34 T. JOHNSON J'arey's Chintrg. xxiv. x. (1678) 541
For there [in the head] the soul of life, which is the rectress
or governess, is situated.
2. The female head of a school or institution.
a 1843 SOUTHEY Comm.-pl. Bk. Ser. IL (1840) 30 Their
superior was called the Prepostress, and they had Visitor-
esses, Rectresses, and other dignitaries, all in the feminine
gender. 1893 J. FAHEY Hist. Kilmacdttagk 419 Rectress
of the convent at Clarinbridge.
Rectrix (re'ktriks). [a. L. rectrix fern, agent-n.
f. regere : cf. DIRECTRIX.]
1. = RECTRESS i. rare. Also Queen Kectrix
(see QUEEN 2 c).
«6ii SPEED Hist. Gt. Brit. ix. ix. (1623)629 La<ry Blanch,
Queene Dowager, and Rectrix of France. 1634 SIR T.
HERBERT Trav. 195 Which filthy sinne was since corrected
by a Queene Rectrix. 1716 Loyal Mourner 65 Anna sate
A pious Rectrix at the Helm of State. 1823 LINCARD Hist.
Eng. VI. 22 The king, .before his departure appointed 'his
most dear consort queen Catharine, rectrix and governor of
the realm '.
2. Orttitk. in //. rectricea frektr»rs/z). The
strong feathers of the tail in birds, by which their
flight is directed.
1768 PENNANT Brit. Zool. (1776) I. »39 Fig. 14 The tail.
Rectrices. 1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) XIII. 506/1 The tail
consists of strong feathers (rectrices). 1835 KIRBY Hab. 4-
Inst. Anim. II. xvii. 163 The tail feathers of birds, called
by ornithologists, rectrices or governing feathers. 1893
NEWTON Diet. Birds 247 Those papillae which give rise
to the larger feathers, such as the rectrices.
fRectual ^re'ktiwal). Obs."1 [f. RHCT-UM +
-AL, on anal, of actual, etc.] = RECTAL.
36
RECTUM.
1727 ARBUTHNOT Petit. Colliers, The Sun-beams taken
inwardly render the humours too hot and adust, occasion
great sweatings, and dry up the rectual moisture,
II Rectum (re'ktwm\ Anat. and Med. [a. L.
rectum (sc. intestinum), neut. of reetus straight.]
The final section of the large intestine (so called
from its form in some animals), extending in man
from the sigmoid flexure of the colon to the anus.
1541 R. COPLAND Gny don's Quest. Chirttrg. H iij b, Fyrste it
bebouelh to begyn at the ars gut that is called longaum or
rectum. 1548-77 VICARY Anat. viii. (1888) 66 The syxte
and last [gut] is called Rectum or Longaon. 1676 WISK-
MAN Chirnrg. Treat. HI. v. 238 We found a stop about an
inch.. within the Rectum. 1727-41 CHAMBERS CycL s.v.,
The levatores ani, which serve to raise or pull back the
rectum. 1794-6 E. DARWIN Zoon. (1801) II. 466 Aloe given
internally seems to act chiefly on the rectum. 1873 MIVART
Elem. Anat. xi. 446 The colon ascends in the abdominal
cavity, passes transversely, and then descends to terminate
in the rectum.
attrib. and Comb. 1863-76 CURLING Dis. Rectum ^ed. 4)
77 A proper rectum supporter will help to lessen the incon-
venience. 1879 St. George's Hosfi. Rep. IX. 781 If. .there
are any remnants of rectum trouble.
II Rectus (re-ktps). Anal. PI. recti (re'ktai).
[a. L. rectus (sc. muscttlus},] The name of various
muscles, esp. of the abdomen, thigh, neck, and eye,
so called from the straightness of their 6bres.
1704 J. HARRIS Lex Tec/in. I, Recttts Femoris is a Muscel
of the Leg, so named from its streight Progress and Situa-
tion. 17336. DOUGLAS tr. Winslow's Anat. (1756) I. 168
The lower extremity of this Muscle, .ends in a thin Tendon,
..and there it touches the Tendon of the other Rectus.
1831 R. KNOX CloqneCs Anat. 274 It arises posteriorly
from a tendon common to it with the internal and external
recti, and proceeds horizontally towards the ball of the eye.
1840 E. WILSON Anat. Vade M. (1851) 258 The rectus must
now be divided through its middle, and the two ends turned
aside, to bring clearly into view the next muscles.
attrib. 1899 Allbutfs Syst. Med. VII. 62 Excessive arm-
jerks and knee-jerks,, .rectus clonus and ankle-clonus.
b. So rectus muscle.
1801 Med. Jrnl. V, 326 Dr. Hosack.. maintains, that the
recti muscles of the eye contribute much in lengthening or
shortening the axis of vision. 1840 E. WILSON Anat. Vade
M. (1851) 218 To dissect the rectus muscle, its sheath should
be opened by a vertical incision extending, .to the front of
the os pubis.
Re'Cubate, a. rare-1, [ad. L. recu?>at-us, pa.
pple. of recubare\ see next.] Laid backwards.
1790 J. WILLIAMS Shrove Tuesday (1794) 6 A puzzling
archipelago of fat, Where by a recubate and oblique duct
They rumbling sunk.
t Recuba'tion. Obs. rare-1, [f. L. recubdre
to recline, f. re- RE- + cubare to recline, sleep :
see -ATION.] The action of reclining, recumbency.
1646 SIR T. BROWNE Pseud. Ep. v. v. 244 The French and
Italian translations expressing neither position of session or
recubation, do onely say that he placed himselfe at the table.
Recueil (rsk^'y), sb. Forms: srecuel, recuyle,
recuyel(l, 5~6recule, 6recueill,-cuoil, -cewle,
Sc. recoil, 6-7 (9) recueil. [a. F. recueil (I4th c.),
f. recueillir : see next.]
1. A literary compilation or collection. (Now
only as a Fr. word.)
1474 CAXTON (title) Here begynneth the volume intituled
. .the recuyell of the historyes of Troye . . by . . Raoul le ffeure.
1494 FABVAN Chron. vn. ccxli. 282 Peter Dysroye, whiche
made a recule, or lytle boke of the wynnynge & losynge
of lerusalem. a 1529 SKELTON Sp. Parrot 232 Thus Parrot
dothe pray you. .To rekyn with this recule now, And it to
remember. 1567 FENTON Trag. Disc. 4 In the recewles or
commeutories of Tuskan. 1656 Annot. Browne's Relig.
^ff/.^Annotator to Rdr. M 4, I made this recueil meerly
for mine own entertainment. 1887 Athenaeum i Jan. 10/3
M. Paul Verlaine has signed his name to one of the most
pleasing poetical recneils of the day.
f2. Reception, welcome ; reset. Obs.
1490 CAXTON Eneydos xviii. 66 The grete recuel that I
haue doon to the,, .the worshyp that thou hast had of me
[etc.]. 1538 St. Papers Hen. VIII, \. 583 The high honnour
and recueill she had resceyued of the Kinges Majestie, and
his subjectes. 1588 A. KING tr. Canisins" Catech. 140 Sic
as presume to giwe lodging or recueil to murtherars.
t Recueil, f. Obs. Forms: 5recuyel,recuylle,
5-6 recule, 6 recuel. [a. F. recueillir ', recuillir
(uthc.):— L. recottigh-e to collect, gather up, f.
re- RE- + colligere : see CUTL, CULL z/J]
1. trans. To gather together.
1474 CAXTON Chesse 67 To recuyel and gadre to-gydre the
fruyt of his laboure. 1494 FABYAN Chron. \\. xxix. 21
Brenne had reculid and gaderyd togyder y° more parte of
his Nauy. 1566 PAINTER Pal. Pleas. I. Ded. 2 All which
I have recueled and bound together in this volume vnder
the title of the Palace of Pleasure.
2. To receive hospitably, entertain.
c 1477 CAXTON Jason 63 Ye and all your companye had
ben cede for honger..yf I had not recuyellid you in this
cyte. 1490 — Eneydos x. 40 In descendynge..in to that
countrey [Eneas] was reculed and icceyued by dydo.
3. To receive, catch. rare~i.
1490 CAXTON Eneydos x. 39 Alle the nauye descended
nygne to the bottom of the see whiche were anone recuyelled
by other wawes & remysed in a momente vp on highe.
Hence fRecueiling vbl. sb. 0/'s~°
1553 HULOF.T, Reculynge, rcceptio.
II Recueillement (wk^yman). rare. [F., f.
recueillir: see prec.] = RECOLLECTION - i.
2845 THACKERAY Picture Gossip Misc. Ess. (1885) 278
Sabbath repose and recueillewent. 1886 GURNEY, etc.
Phantasms of Living II. 224 The majority of hallucina-
282
tions.. occur to persons who are alone—silence and rcciieille-
}u,-iit being apparently favourable conditions.
Recuer, -cuire, variants of RECURE v.
Recuile, -cuilment, obs. ff. RECOIL z*., -MENT.
II Reculade (nktflad). [F., f. rentier to RE-
COIL.] Retreat, retirement, j;oin£ back.
[1658 PHILLIPS (copying Cotgr.), Reculade (French), a re-
coiling, or going back, also a secret corner.] 1883 Standard
14 Sept. 5/6 The French Cabinet., are, perhaps, too sensitive
as to what the papers may say about their recnlade. 1891
Catholic News 24 Jan. 3/2 Nothing can show better the
1 reculade ' of neo-ritualism towards Protestantism.
Recule, obs. f. RECOIL z>., var. RECUEIL sb. and
v. Obs. Reculement, obs. f. RECOILMENT. Re-
cull, obs. f. RECOIL v.
t Recullisance, corrupt form of RECOGNIZANCE.
1607 MIDDLETON Michaelmas Term in. iv, Come then, and
be a witnesse to a Recullisance.
Re-CU'ltivate, v, [RE- 5 a. Cf. F. recultiver
(Cotgr.).] trans. To cultivate anew. Ahojfc.
^1645 HOWEI.L Lett. I. v. ii, A Field that remains fallow
fora time.. yields a better Crop, being recultivated. 1833
S. AUSTIN Charact. Goethe II. 331 Desolate scenes which
the liveliest imagination were unable to recultivate and
repeople. 1857 TROLLOPE Batchester T. III. iv. 61 He had
meant, if possible, to recultivate his friendship with Eleanor.
So Be- cultivation.
1857 TROLLOPE Barchestcr T. III. iv. 61 In his present
state of mind any such re -cultivation must have ended in
a declaration of love. 1887 MOLONEY Forestry IV. A/r. 237
The balance of time to re -cultivation and fresh harvest.
Recumaunde, obs. form of RECOMMAND v.l
t Recu*mb, v. Obs. [ad. L. fwwwMvi see
RBCUMBENT a.\ intr. To lean, recline, rest. In
quots.y?^. Const, on, upon.
a 1677 BARROW Serin. Wks. 1686 II. 69 The King makes
an overture of pardon and favour unto you upon condition,
that any one of you will recumbe, rest, lean upon, or roll
himself upon the person of his Son. 41711 KI-:N //>'///«« >v"ww
Poet. Wks. 1721 II. 44 Saints, in the most afflictive Hour,
Recumb on thy propitious Power. 1761 ALLEN No Accept,
ivitk God by Faith only 23 What shall we think of the loud
and repeated cries.. of a faith, which consists in lolling,
rolling, and recumbing on Christ 1
Recumbence (r/k»'mbens). Now rare. [f.
as next + -ENCE.] = RECUMBENCY.
1676 HALE Contewpl. i. 378 The next Expedient is Faith
and Recumbence upon those Promises of his. 1681 H.
MORE Exp. Dan. Pref. 100 Breaking off our comfortable
recumbence and dependence upon the lovely person of our
Lord Jesus, a 1711 KEN Hymnarium Poet. Wks. 1721 II,
87 The soft, yet firm Recumbence of a Child. — Urania
ibid. IV. 447 Our Dependance on his gracious Care, Should
to depending Souls Recumbence teach and Pray'r. 18*7
G. S. FABER Orig. E.vpiat. Sacr. 129 The word, which
inadequately has been rendered lieth, properly describes the
couching or recumbence of an animal.
Recumbency (rflcr-mbensi). [ad. L. type
* recumbent ia^ f. recitmbtre : see RECUMBENT a.]
1. The state of lying or reclining ; a recumbent
posture.
1646 SIR T. BROWNE Pseud. Ep. in. i. 106 The Tricliniums,
or places of festivall Recumbency. 1695 J. EDWARDS
Per/at, Script. 138 The head or upper end of this bed..
was. .the chief place of recumbency. 1784 COWPER Task \,
82 Relaxation of the languid frame, By soft recumbency of
outstretch'd limbs. 1836 E. HOWARD R. Reefer\\\v, There
was not much room for recumbency. 1866 A. FLINT Princ.
Med. (1880) 193 If the patient be feeble, constant recum-
bency on the back is to be avoided.
b. fig. Repose.
1653 GAUDEN Hierasp. 451 To invite all errours. .to a re-
cumbency or rest in their bosome. a 1704 LOCKE (J.), When
the mind has been once habituated to this lazy recumbency
and satisfaction on the obvious surface of things, it is in
danger to rest satisfied there.
2. fig. Reliance on or upon a person or thing.
Chiefly in religious use. Now rare.
1646 FULLER Wounded Conic. (1841) 309 The life and |
formality of faith, which consists only in a recumbency on |
God in Christ. 1653 GAUDEN Hierasp. 178 In some there
ought to be an eminency . . , upon whom the greatest recum-
bency of Churches may be laid. 1706 PHILLIPS (ed. Kersey)
s.v., He had a great Recumbency upon his Promise. 1738
WESLEY Serm. (18381 I. 7 A recumbency upon him as our
atonement and our life. 1814 T. BELL View Cov. Wks.
$ Grace 360 He believed this truth not at all as the devils !
do, but with a recumbency of heart on the Son of God.
b. Without const. Also //.
164* T. GOODWIN Christ set forth v. x. 197 A Faith of '
Recumbency, or, of Comming unto Christ. 1667 WATER-
HOUSE Fire Loud. 65 His great arrows are . . fixed in the
very hearts of mens delights and recumbencies. 1675
BAXTER Cath. Theol. 11. XL 250 So also all the Affiance or
Fiducial Acts are excluded, . . even that which they call '.
Recumbency being distinct from Consent. 1826 R. HALL
Wks. (1832) 394 It produces recumbency, a slothful de-
pendence upon God and neglect of the precautions of
religion and the rules of duty.
Recumbent (r/ktrmbent), a. (and st>.) [ad.
L. recumbent -em ^ pres. pple. of recumbZre to He
down, recline, f. re- RE- + -cumbere to lie.]
A. adj. 1. Of persons or animals : Lying down,
reclining, reposing.
1774 PENNANT Tour Scotl. in 1772, 16 He lies in alabaster,
recumbent in his gown. 1794 COWPER Needless Alarm 47
The sheen recumbent and the sheep that grazed, All
huddling into phalanx, stood and ga/ed, 1856 EMERSON
Eng. Traits, Stonehcnge Wks. (Bohn) II. 129 C. took hold
of the recumbent statue's marble hands. 1876 BLACK IK
Songs Relig. $ Life 180 Happy the bard who weaves his '
rhyme Recumbent on the purple thyme. j
RECUPERATION.
b. transf. of things. Now chiefly in scientific use.
1744 AKKNSIDE Picas. I mag. 11. 277 Aloft recumbent o'er
the hanging ridge, The brown woods wav'd. 1826 KIRBV
& SP. Entomol. IV. 298. 1867 LAVARD Birds S. Africa
223 The nostrils .. more or less covered by the recumbent
plumes. 1871 NICHOLSON Paiacont. 133 In..Pseudocrinus
the arms are recumbent and soldered to the calyx.
C. fig. of qualities personified.
174* YOUNG AV. Th. iv. 645 What smooth emollients in
theology Recumbent Virtue's downy doctors preach. 1842
J. WILSON Chr. North (1857) I. 259 The spirit of beauty
that lies recumbent there.
2. Of posture : Reclining, leaning or lying.
1705 ARRUTHNOT Coins (1727) 134 The Roman recumbent or
(more properly) accumbent posture in eating was introduc'd
after the first Punic War. 1799 SICKF.LMORE Agnes $
Leonora. II. 131 A sudden rustling among the trees, against
one of which I stood in a recumbent posture. 1848 LYTTON
Harold \\. iv, Rising proudly from her recumbent position.
fB. sb. One who has recumbency or reliance
on another. Obs. rare.
1649 T. GOODWIN Christ set forth v. x. 196 It is more pecu-
liarly fitted unto a Recumbents Faith. 1661 FLAVKL Met A.
Grace ix. 210 'Tis a blessed life to live as a poor recumbent,
by acts of trust and affiance.
Hence Recu-mbently aifo.t in a recumbent or
reclining posture.
1839 New Monthly Mag. LVII. 407 Whom I had passed
recumbently sipping his madeira. iS^gSYNGE Tout Singleton
III. x. 189 Dr. Blandy's sympathetic drops. .must be taken
recumbently.
t Recumbentibus. Obs. Also 7 -bend-.
[A humorous use of L. recumbent 'itius, abl. pi. of
recumbens : see RECUMBENT. With the later form
cf. CIRCUMBENDIBUS.] A knock-down blow.
c 1400 Land" Troy Bk. 7490 He jaff the kyng Episcropus
Suche a recumbentibus, He smot In-two bothe helme &
mayle. 1546 J. HEVWOOD Prov. (1867) 70 Had you some
husbande, and snapt at him thus, I wys he would geue you
a recumbentibus. 1593 HARVEV Pierces Snfererog. Wks,
II. 302 Like the dowty fencer of Barnewell, that played his
taking-vp with a Recumbentibus. 1675 C. COTTON Scoffer
Sco/i Wks. (1715) 251 A good whirret Bebrix gave him,..
Which Recumbendibus he got By being of an Argonaut.
Recuoil, variant of RECUEIL sb. Obs.
Recuperabi'lity. [f. as next + -ITY.] Ability
to recuperate.
1886 C. H. HUGHES in Alienist $ Neurologist VII. 463
Impairment so slight as to leave the nervous system in a
state of almost physiological recuperability. 1899 Allbutfs
Syst. Med. VI. 864 A lesion.. greatly affecting the viability
and recuperability of the central mass of the spinal cord.
t Rectrperable, a. Obs. [a. OK. rtcuperabh
(Godef.), or ad. L. type *recuperabilis \ see RE-
CUPERATE and -ABLE.] Recoverable.
14.. Woman's Chastity 51 in Chalmers Eng. Poets I. 566
And hard it is to rauish a treasour, Which of nature is not
recuparable. 1531 ELYOTtTw. I. xiii, If thou. .by counsaile
arte recuperable, Flee thou from idlenesse. 155* in Strype
Eccl. Mem. (1721) III. u. xviii. 392 The hoped for and
recuperable debts. 1570 LEVINS Manip. 4/10 Recuperable,
recuperabilis.
Recu-perance. rare. [ad. L. type *recupe-
rantia : see next and -ANCE.] Recuperation.
1887 lllnstr. Loud. News 22 Oct. 488 To the brain-worker
and the hand-worker alike how desirable is this rest and
recuperance of mind and body !
Recuperate (r/ki/>-peVt),z>. [f.L. recuperat->
ppl. stem of recuperare : see RECOVER v. Cf. It.
recuperare^ Sp., Pg. recuperar^ F. recup£rer^\
1 1. trans. To recover (a thing, material or im-
material). Obs.
1542 BOORDE Dyetary Pref., Your grace recuperatyng
your helth. 1603 DKKKER & CHETTLE Grissil (Shaks. Soc.)
42 My opinion is, I shall never recuperate the legitimate
office of this member, my arm. 1661 BLOUNT Glossogr.
(ed. 2>, Recuperate t to recover, rescue or get again.
b. To recover (a loss), rare.
1891 M. COLE Cy Ross 101 He had recuperated his losses.
t 2. To restore (a thing) to its original condition.
1694 SALMON Bate's Disfiens. (1713) 309/2 The white Sub-
stance of Gold,. -which is wont to be called fixed Silver,
recovers its pristine Colour, if recuperated with Antimony.
b. To restore (a person) to health or vigour.
1864 T. NICHOLS 40 Yrs. Amer. Life II. 117 Why. .arc
these sisters not. .sent to recuperate themselves in healthier
conditions? 1872 M. COLLINS Two Plunges III. v. 123 The
sparkling wine soon recuperated Ian the.
3. refl. To recoup (oneself), rare.
1882 LECKV Eng. in i8M C. IV. xvi. 323 More commonly
he paid a fixed sum to the clergyman, and recuperated him-
self by a grinding tyranny of the tenants.
4. intr. To recover from exhaustion, ill-health,
pecuniary loss, etc.
1864 SALA in Daily Tel. 9 Feb., Go into business; smash;
recuperate. 1865 — Diary Amer. I. 168 Renowned. .for
their urbane hospitality to pilgrims. There we recuperated.
1897 Century Mag. May 112 In the hope that he might
soon recuperate and return to duty.
Recuperation (rrki/7per^-Jan). [ad. L. re-
cuperatiim-em, n. of action f. recuperare : see prec.
Cf. F. recuperation (i6th c,).]
1 1. The recovery or regaining of a. thing. Obs,
1481 CAXTON Godefroy Prol. 4 For the recuperacion of
the holy londe & holy Cyteof Iherusalem. 16*0 E. BLOUNT
Horae Subs. 250 After them no man euer bore Armes for
Recuperation of that gouernment. 1651 BIGGS New Dis/>.
? 270 The conservation or recuperation of health. 1685 H.
MQW.Paralip.Proph. in Quiriniiis mndeCaiushisRectour
till his Recuperation of Armenia.
b. Rom. Law. Legal recovery.
RECUPERATIVE.
1880 MUIHHEAD Gains iv. 105 note, Provisions for recupera-
tion in the treaties between Rome and friendly states.
2. Restoration to health, vigour, etc.
1865 Standard 4 Feb., The season which has heretofore
brought to them rest and recuperation finds them in the
trenches. 1889 Spectator 10 Oct., That waking rest which
is ihe recuperation of the mind.
Recuperative (rrki/?perativ), a. (and sb.}.
[ad. late L. recupcr&tivits recoverable : see RE-
CUPERATE and -IVE.] A. adj.
fl. Recoverable i^Cockeram 1623). Obs, rare~°.
2. Belonging to, concerned with, the recovery of
something lost. ? Obs.
1650 R. HOLLINGWORTH Exefc. Usurped Powers 14 The
known law and practise of all nations, .with one vote allow
defensive and recuperative arms, c 1690 in Lathbury Non-
jurors (1845) 119 If ever he should recover the throne in
a recuperative war. 1858 DE QUINCEY Wks. XI. Pref. 10
Lost and hid away in secret chambers of moonshine beyond
the ' recuperative ' powers (Johnsonicaily speaking) of Apol-
tonius himself.
3. Having the power of restoring (a person or
thing) to a proper state.
1861 GLADSTONE Sp. Ho. Comm. -2 May, The abolition of
these duties is not what is called recuperative. 1871 M.
COLLISS Pr. Clarice I. vi. 92 Claret-cup, properly adminis-
tered, is almost as recuperative as salts and senna.
b. Of or belonging to recuperation or recovery
of health, vigour, etc.
1860 EMERSON Cottd. Life, Power Wks. (Bohn) II. 333 We
watch in children with pathetic interest the degree in which
they possess recuperative force. 1890 G. M. HUMPHRY Old
Age 154 High breeding in most animals conduces to a
marked diminution in the bodily recuperative capacity.
4. Having the power of recuperating.
1862 TROLLOPE N. Atner. II. 103 'We are a recuperative
people ', a west-country gentleman once said to me.
B. s6. A substance which restores land to fertility.
1883 J. C. BLOOMFIELD Fisheries Ireland 7 (Fish. Exh.
PubL). Such refuse of the cod as its head and backbone
turned into a valuable agricultural recuperative.
Hence Recu'perativeness.
a 1901 F. MYERS Hum. Personality (1903) I. 194 Can it
be some kind of self-suggestion which prevents the mammal
from crediting himself with crustacean recuperativeness ?
Recuperator (rfldw-per^toi). [a. L. recu-
perator : see RECUPERATE and -OR.]
1. Rom. Law. A member of a commission for
trying certain cases.
1706 PHILLIPS fed. Kersey), Recuperator^ (among the
Romans) a Commissioner or Judge appointed by the Praetor
to examine private Matters ; a Judge Delegate. [1753 in
CHAMBERS Cycl. Supp.\ 1875 POSTE Gains i. (ed. 2) 53*Ke-
cuperators are judges not taken from the panel. 1880
MuiKHEAD(7«/;w I. § 20 The council consists in Rome of five
senators and five Roman knights of the age of puberty; in
the provinces of twenty recuperators, Roman citizens.
2. Meek, The regenerator of a Ponsard or Siemens
furnace.
1884 W. H. GREENWOOD Steel $ Iron § 638 The Ponsard
furnace and recuperator, employed for reheating purposes
in the rolling mill, has a gas producer below the floor level
1884 KNIGHT Diet. Mech. Suppl. 746/2.
ReCTTperatory, a. rare. [ad. L. recupera-
torius: see RECUPERATE and -OEY.] Of or be-
longing to recovery or to recuperators.
1656 BLOUNT Glossogr.^ Recuperator?, belonging to re-
covering, or to Judges delegate. [Hence in Bauey and
later Diets.] 1875 POSTE Gains iv. (ed. 2) 630 Utrubi was
clearly a recuperatory interdict in its original form.
Recur (r^k»-i), v. Also 7 recurr(e. [ad. L.
recurr-fre to run back, return, have recourse, f.
re- RE- + currere to run.]
tl. intr. To run or move back, recede. Obs. rare.
1616 BULLOKAR Eng. Expos., Recurre, to run backe. 1788
Trifler No. 19. 254 There is a point of depression as well
as of exaltation, from which human affairs when once arrived,
naturally recur in a contrary progress.
b. To return into or to a place, rare.
With first quot cf. med.L. recurrirc to appeal at law
(1369 in Du Cange, s.v. Recursus 6).
1468 Paston Lett, II. 326 [To remind him] how he pro-
misid bi his feith to my Lord t'obey hisrewle and brak it,. .
and if ye recur in the courte he shall be undo. 1659 WOOD
Life 24 Oct. (O.H.S.) I. 286 To which lodgings A. W. did
recurr dayly, till he had satisfied himself with them [manu-
scripts]. 1719 WATERLAND I'ind. Christ s Div. xxvii, Nova-
tian. .was intent upon, .showing how all recurs to one head
and fountain. 1833 [see RHCURRINC///. «. x b].
t C. To resort to a place. Obs. rare.
1655 STANLEY ///*/. /V//&J. i. (1701)^22/1 All the City grew
very populous, many recurring thither from all parts of
Attica, for liberty and security.
2. To return, go back, in thought, memory, or
discourse. Usu. const, to (a subject, time, etc.).
i6w»T. GRANGER DI'T. Logike 291 But [the mind] recur-
reth, and discourseth through the axiomes already inuented,
und iudged. 1653 H. MORE Antid. Atk. \\. ii. § 7 Hut fust
I shall recur and give a touch upon the nature of Gravity.
1780 JEFFERSON Corr. Wks. 1859 I. 260, I retain in mind,
and recur, almost daily, to your requisitions of August.
1833 Hi. MARTINKAU Berkeley ike Banker i. viii. 163, I
know it is painful to her to recur to that terrible time. 1841
CATLIN N. Amc>; I mi. xxxii.(i844) II. i Before I give further
account of this downward voyage, however, I must n-. m
back for a few moments, to the Teton River, from whence I
started. 1855 MOTLEY Dutch Rep. v. in. (1866) 703 It is
necessary to recur for a moment to the Prince of Orange.
3. To go back, resort, have recourse to a thing
(rarely a person), for assistance or argument.
1529 WuLstv in Burnet Hist. AY/ (1679) I. Rec. u. xxii. 51
283
For If his Grace were minded, . . there were no need to recurr
unto the Pope's Holiness for doing thereof. 1646 SIR T.
BROWNE Pseud. Ep. 195 Scaliger declining this reuMjn hath
recurred unto another from the difference of parts in both
sexes. 1690 LOCKE Hum. Und. n. xvii. § 16 If to avoid
Succession in eternal Existence, they recur to the Punctitm
Stans of the Schools. 1785 JEFFERSON Writ. (1859) *• 4^5
They have no occasion to recur from his clemency to his
justice. 1807 G. CHALMERS Caledonia I. i. ii, 99 The sad
expedients, to which a rude people were obliged to recur
for safety. 1855 MILMAN Lot. Chr. vn. iii. (1864) IV. 117 He
will recur to the Blessed Virgin to enlighten him.
b. To come back on a person.
1838 W. BBLL Diet. Law Scot. 827 Recourse is the right
competent to an assignee or disponee.. to recur on the
vender or cedent for relief.
4. Of something known, an idea, thought, etc. :
To come back or return (f»//0, in or) to one's
thoughts, mind or memory.
a 1704 LOCKE (J.), The idea, I have once had, will be un-
changeably the same, as long as It recurs the same in my
memory. 1751 JOHNSON Rambler No. 175 F 3 Sentences,
that may be easily impressed on the memory, and taught
by frequent recollection to recur habitually to the mind.
1780 BECKFOHD Mem. Painters 54 The delicacy of her
sensations recurred to his memory.
b. Without const. : To return to the mind.
1711 SHAFTESB. Charac. III. 197 The Thought it-self will
of necessity, .the oftner recur. 1719 YOUNG A* ewnge v. ii,
Heav'ns ! And yet a thousand things recur that swear it.
1784 COWPER Task vi. 13 Wherever I have heard A kindred
melody, the scene recurs, And with it all its pleasures and
its pains. 1806 BYRON Childish Recoil. 28 Oft does my
heart indulge the rising thought, Which still recurs. 1855
TENNYSON Will 14 Acted crime, Or seeming-genial venial
fault, Recurring and suggesting still !
c. Of questions, difficulties, etc. : To come up
again for consideration ; to present themselves, or
confront one, again.
1651 W. LYFORD Serm. (1654) 4 The question will still re-
curre, who shall judge of the right? 173* BERKELEY Alciphr,
vn. § 22 But still, the question recurs, whether man be free ?
1828 D'ISRAELI Chas. /, I. vi. 202 These critical difficulties
were perpetually recurring. 1841 MYERS Catk. Th. HI. § 36.
129 The constant.. question will from time to time recur.
d. Of thoughts, statements, etc.: To occur again
in the course of a book, etc.
1697 J. SERGEANT Solid Philos. 128 Some few Reflexions,
which I shall touch on slightly, or omit, because they recurr
hereafter. 1863 Sat. Rev. 4 July 24/2 In every part of the
book two thoughts are continually recurring.
5. Of events, facts, states, etc. : To occur, happen,
take place, appear, again. (Common in I9th c.)
The context usually indicates repeated re-occurrence.
1673 O. WALKER Ednc. 44 When the like occasion recurs.
1692 — Grk. ff Rom. Hist. 166 Ordinarily the Solemnity
recurred only every iioth year. 1771 T. PERCJVAL Ess.
" 1. 157 The vomiting recurs at short intervals. 1804-6
SYD. SMITH Mor. Philos. (1850) 395 One regular set of voli-
tions, constantly recurring at fixt periods. 1851 J. FACET
Lect. Tumours ii. 18/1 In some.. the disease has appeared
to recur. 1878 JEVONS Prim. Pol. Econ. 120 Good vintage
years on the continent of Europe, .recur every ten or eleven
years.
•f* b. Of a malady : To return upon one. Obs."1
17*6 Wodrmv Corr. (1843) III. 248 He was disabled, and
for some days since his trouble was recurred upon him.
C. Math. Of a figure or figures in a decimal
fraction : To return or come again (in the same
order), to repeat.
1801 [see RECURRING ppl. a. a a]. 18*3 J. MITCHELL Diet.
Math, fy Phys. Sci. 103/1 A circulating decimal, or.. such,
that if continued far enough the same figures will again
recur. 1875 Encycl. Brit. II. 532/1 Subtract the decimal
figures that do not recur from the whole decimal.
t Recure, sb. Obs. Forms : 5 recur, -cuer,
-cuire, -keur, 5-7 recure. [f. next, perh. on
analogy of RECOVER sb. ; very common in the 15-
1 6th c.] Recovery; remedy, succour ; cure.
1414 BRAMPTON Penit. Ps. (Percy Soc.) 28 Whan I do ony
forfeture, . . Accepte this, Lord, for ry}t rekure. c 1480
HENRYSON Test. Cres.y$$ To thy seiknes sal be na recure.
1545 SURREY Epit. T. Clere in Camden Rcm. (1605) Epit. 50
Hopeles of all recure. Thine Earle halfe dead gaue m thy
hand his will. 1591 LYLY Endyni. HI. i, I haue scene him
to my griefe, and sought recure with despaire. 1626 T. H.
tr. Cattssiifs Holy Crt. 166 It is a lamentable thing, to put
purposely the disease into despayre, for feare of recure.
b. In phr. but) past, or without recure : past or
without hope or possibility of recovery.
1413 JAS. I Kingis Q. xcv, The thrid [arrow], of stele, is
schot without recure, c 1470 Golagros $ Gaiv. 1203 It war
syn, but recure, The kmghtis honour suld smure. a 1542
WYATT in Tottefs Misc. (Arb.) 80 Fierce Tigre, fell, hard
rock without recure. 1587 CHURCHYARD Worth. Waits (\tyfy
96 An eating worme, a Cancker past recure. 1603 KNOLLES
Hist. Turks (1621) 6to Whatsoever fell into the enemies
hand, was lost without recure.
t Recure, v. Obs. Also 5 Sc. recuir. [ad. L.
reciirdre, f. rt- RE- + curare to CURE v.l, but also
in part repr. RECOVER vl
The contracted form of recover is properly RECOUR v. \
the use of recure for * recover ' in sense 4 is prob. due to the
fact that senses 1-3 are common to both verbs.]
1. trans. To cure (one) of or from a disease,
wound, trouble, etc. ; to restore to health.
1389 in Eng, Gilds (1870) 41 He shal han . . eueri woke nj
pens til |?at he be recured. 1430-40 LVIJG. ttwhas viii. xiii.
1*558) 7 Howe Constantine. .was recured of his lepre. 1.1540
HEYWOOD Four P. P. 716 Wherefore this woman to recurs
It was more hatde ye may be sure. 1566 DHANT //<?rat.v,
Sat. i. i. A vb, Theyle treate the fyne phynition , .thy corps
for to recure. 1594 KYD Cornelia iv. ii. 143 Nor luith Chyron
RECURER.
powre or skill To recure them of their ill. i6ai QUAHLES
Argalus fy P. (1678) 33 Drink as thou lov'st me, and it sliall
secure thee From future dangers, or from past, recure thee.
1628 FBLTOAMJfilMAwn. lix. 170 It [opinion] can cast a man
into speedy diseases, and can as soon recure him. 1647 H.
MORE Song of Soul \\. i. in. xx, This bow .. Of CBMM6
grief, I hope, shall thee recure.
absol. 1557 Totters Misc. lArb.) 183 As she hath beauty
to allure, So hath she a hart that will recure. 1590 GREENE
Never too late (1600) Q 2 b, Thou hast tent youth.. Achilles
sword to cut and recure.
rejl. 1634 SIR T. HERBERT Treat. 193 He has free Icaue
to recure nimselfe.
b. To bring back to a normal state or condition ;
to restore after loss, damage, exhaustion, etc. Also
const, to (a better state).
138* WYCLIF Ecclns. ii. 6 ?if feith to God and he shal re-
kure thee ; and dresse thi weyeand hope in to hym. <• 14x0
Pallad. on Husb. \. 313 So that, if mysauenture ffordo thyn
hpus, a yeer or too [may] recure H it atte mest. c 1430 LYDC.
Kcas. 4" Sens. 170 Her lignes to sustene, And to Recure ..
Ageyn the harmys and gret damage, That wynter wrought.
1590 SPENSER F. Q. i. ix. 2 When their powres, empayrd
through labor long, With dew repast they had recured well
[etc.]. Ibid. n. i. 54 Through wise handling and faire govern-
aunce, I him recured to a better will. 1606 J. CARPENTER
Solomons Solace viii. 33 They were so ready to inuestigate
that, whereof being once certified they did much maruaile
at . . and could scarsely ease or mitigate, much lesse salue and
recure. a 1667 COWLEY Constantia $ Philetus Wks. 1711
III. it No Physick can recure my weaken'd State.
2. To cure (a disease, sickness, etc.) ; to heal,
make whole (a wound or sore).
€ 1430 LYDG. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 50 My lord may al
my sorowe recure. 1430-40 — Bochas vm. xxv. (1558) 17 b,
To staunche his woundes & hurtes to recure. 1509 HAWES
Conv. Swearers viii, Grace . . recured my sekenes. 1545
RAYNOI.D Byrtk Mankynde 79 The cause knowen, the
dysease maye the more readely be recured. 1596 LODGE
Marg. Awer. 60 Thou hast rubbed the gall, but not recured
the wound. 1613 HEYWOOD Silver Age HI. i, Their teares
my griefes recure. 1667 MILTON P. L. xir. 393 Thy deaths
wound Which hee, who comes thy Saviour, shal! recure.
b. To remedy, redress, repair, retrieve (a wrong,
defect, etc.).
1536 Exhort, to North 138 in Furniv. Ballads fr. MSS.
I. 308 The englysch commontie . . your purposse will aide,
thes wronges to Rekure. 1579 E. K. Ded. to Spenser s
Sheph. Cal.f i Which default when as some endeuoured to
salue and recure, they patched vp the holes with peces &
rags of other languages. 1590 SPENSER F. CJ. n. x. 23 Which
blott his sonne succeeding m his seat, ..Right well recur'd,
and did away that blame. 1631 QUARLES Samson Medit.
viii. 48 Faire language may recure A fault of youth, whibt
rougher words obdure.
3. intr. Of persons: To become whole ; to regain
health or a former state.
£14*0-30 Contpl. 93 in Lydg. Temple ofGlas (E.E.T.S.)
App. i. 60 That I ne schulde..To helthe neuere a-geyn
recure, But euere in maledy endure, c 1440 Jacob's well
293 Thru} schryfte he may rekure asen. a 1510 DOUGLAS
K. Hart i. 254 King Hart sair woundit was, bot. .weill he
traistit that he suld recure. a 1547 SURREY in TotteCs Misc.
{Arb.) 32 Yet Salomon sayd, the wronged shall recure.
b. Of a wound : To heal.
1616 J. LANE Cont. Sqr?s T. xi. 100 His woundes. .closd
all vp, and instantlie recurd.
4. trans. To recover (something lost).
c 1400 Rom. Rose 5124 For tyme lost, as men may see, For
no-thyng may recured be. 1432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) II.
263 Artaxerses, . . expellenge Nectanabus, . . recurede that
realme ageyne. c 1470 HENRYSON Mor. Fab. vi. (Sheep -V
Dog) i, Ane certane breid fra him for torecuir. 1530 PALSGR.
681/2, I recure, I get agayne. . . I have recured it, but it
was with moche a do. 1590 SPENSER F. Q. in. v. 34 By
this he had sweet life recur'd agayne. 1633 P. FLETCHER
Purple Isl, i. Ivii, So hard was this lost Isle, so hard to be
recur'd. [1746 W. THOMPSON Hyttin to May xliii, Full
suddenly the Seeds of joy recure Elastic spring, and force
within empight.]
b. To get, obtain, win.
c 1403 LYDG. Temple ofGlas 1226 In signe bat 30 haue re-
cured Joure hole desire, c 1430 — Min. Poems (Percy Soc.)
174 With cormerawntys make thy nekke long, In pondys
deepe thy prayes to recure. c 1450 Cov. Afyst. x. (Shaks.
Soc.) 93 Be prayour grett knowleche men recure. 1509
HAWES Conv. Swearers vii, Hope at taste to recure this
scyence Exorteth me ryght hardely to wryte.
c. To preserve, save. rare—1.
c 1430 LYDG. Hors, Shefe <$• G. 248 Thus, bi a Gandre re-
cured was the toun.
Hence t Recirrable a., that may be cured. Obs.
1608 DOD & CLEAVER Expos. Prov. jfi~.ru 15 Neither is it
an ordinary euill that is recurable, but % desperate ruine
that is remedilesse.
tRecirreful, a. 06s.-1 [Cf.next.] Helpful.
1606 CHAPMAN Gent. Uslttr v. Plays 1873 I. 333 Let me for
euer hide this staine of Beauty, With this recureful Maske.
t Rectrreless, a. Obs. [f. KKCUBE sb. + -LESS.]
That cannot be cured ; incurable. (Freq. c 1600.)
1559 FERRARS in Mirr. Afag., Cobham xxv, The best salue
for my recureles sore Was to despaire of cure for euermore.
a 1593 GREENE Jos. /fr', n. ii, Tis foolish to bewail recure-
less things. £Ti6ii CHAPMAN Iliad x\\. 302 His speare. .on
the breast did light.. Impressing a recurelesse wound.
Hence f RecuTelessly adv.
1592 GREENE Groat's W. Wit (1617) 24 Vntill he perish,
recurelessly wounded by his own weapons.
t Recu'rement. Obs. rare—1, [f. RECTKE ?-.
+ -MENT.] = RECURE sb.
1639 G. DANIEL Ecclns. xi. 34 And they that Magnifie
their follies done Wax Gray in Sin, past all recurement gone.
t Recu'rer. Obs. we-1, [f. RECURE v. +
•en1.] One who helps or aids.
36-a
RECURRED.
1382 WVCLIK /it i lus. x\ii. 26 To the riche desceyued nianye
ben rekureres [~>.r. rekuuerers ; L. recuperatores\ j he spac
proudli and thet iustefieden hyin.
Recurred (r/kwud), ///. a. [f. RECUR z>. +
-ED !.] /feM. That has reappeared.
1897 J. HUTCHINSON inArck.Surg. VIII. No. 31. 217 The
recurred induration in the site of a primary sore. 1898 Ibid.
IX. No. 36. 365 The theory of recurred chancres.
Recurrence (rflorrens). [See RECURRENT
and -KNCB.]
1. Return (of a thing, state, event, etc.); renewed,
frequent, or periodical occurrence.
1646 SIR T. BROWNE Pseud. Ep. HI. i. 106 Although the
opinion at present be reasonable well suppressed, yet from
the. .faithfull recurrence of error, it is not improbable, it may
revive., againe. i79oPALEY Horae Paul. i. 12 The perpetual
recurrence of names of persons and places. 1861 TRENCH
Ep. 7 Churches Asia 16 The constant recurrence of this lan-
guage in all descriptions of our Lord's second advent is very
remarkable. 1877 MRS, OLIPHANT Makers Flor. vi. 172 So
little can the world guard itself as it grows older from the
recurrence of the same follies.
b. With a and//., an instance of this.
"759 JOHNSON Idler No. 72 p 4 Every recurrence [of parts
of knowledge] would reinstate them in their former place.
1836 Miss MITFOBD in L'Estrange Life (1870) III. iv. 62 He
brought on a recurrence of an old injury to the tendon under
the left knee. 1863 GEO. ELIOT Romola lix, An indistinct
recurrence of impressions which blended themselves with her
agitating fears.
c. Reappearance (of some feature).
1864 H. SPENCER Princ. Biol. § 83 Atavism, which is the
name given to the recurrence of ancestral trails, is proved
by many and varied facts.
2. Resort, recourse, reference to something. Also
without const.
a 1667 JER. TAYLOR (Ogilvie), In the use of this, as of every
kind of alleviation, I shall insensibly go on from a rare to a
frequent recurrence to the dangerous preparations. 1804
CASTLEREAGH in Owen Mrq. Wellesley*s Desp. (1877) 262
Such an alliance will occasion frequent recurrence to arms.
1825 JEFFERSON Autobiog. Wks. 1859 I. 61 These memo-
randa were on loose papers, bundled up without order, and
difficult of recurrence. 1845 S. AUSTIN Ranke"s Hist. Ref.
I. 153 A permanent imperial council, which might relieve
him and the States from incessant recurrence to the diets.
3. The action of going back mentally or in dis-
course to something. Also with a and //., an
instance of this.
I75I JOHNSON Rambler No. 173 F 6 By the natural recur-
rence of the mind to its common employment. 1815 JANE
AUSTEN Emma xxii, To allow no time for insidious appli-
cations or dangerous recurrences to the past. 1834 HT.
MARTINEAO The Farrers vii. 120 How many recurrences of
mind had she to these articles ! 1862 C. STRETTON Chequered
Life I. 115 The announcement of dinner being served,
effectually put a stop to any recurrence to the subject.
4. Return or reversion to a state, occupation, etc.
1812 G. CHALMERS Dont. Econ. Gt. Brit. 477 Nothing
more is wanting, than recurrence to old habits of diligence.
1855 BROWNING Ep. Karshish 197 In sedulous recurrence to
his trade Whereby he earneth him the daily bread. i86a
S. LUCAS Secularia 68 There is an obvious.. difference in
the result of a recurrence to this or that particular status.
b. spec, in Biol. (See quot.)
1862 HUXLEY Lect. Working Men 113 A word must be
said about what is called Recurrence— the tendency of races
which have been developed by selective breeding from
varieties to return to their primitive type.
5. U. S, Refluence (of sea-water) to a place.
1893 PARKHURST in J. Strong New Era 219 The recurrence
of the cold polar waters, which return to the Gulf.
Recurrency (r/kzrre'nsi). [f. as prec. + -ENCY.]
1. fa. (See quot.) Obs. rare-13, b. U.S. = RE-
CURRENCE 5. rare.
1611 FLORIO, Recorrenza, a recurrency or running to and
fro. 1858 MACRY Phys. Geog. Sea vii. § 424 A recurrency in
the deep water in the middle of the Gut that sets outward
to the grand ocean.
f 2. = RECURRENCE i. Obs.
ai66i FULLEU Worthies (1840) II. 553 The same is reported
by Herodotus, . . and may be an instance of the recurrency
of remarkable accidents. 1749 HARTLEY Observ. Matt 1. 1. 1.
73 This will be over-ruled by the Recurrency of the Asso-
ciations. Ibid, II. ii. iii. 344 The frequent Recurrency of
these Fears and Anxieties must embitter all guilty Pleasures.
Re-CUrrent (rfkzrrent), sb. rare. [RE-.] A
current flowing in the opposite direction to another.
1873 A. W. WARD tr. Curtins1 Hist. Greece I. 11. iii. 439
They found the same phenomena of currents and re-currents
as in their native sound.
Recurrent (r/kirrent), a. and sb. [ad. L. re~
current-em, pres. pple. of recurre're to RECUB. Cf.
F. recurrent (i6th c.).] A. adj.
1. Anat. 2&& Bot. Of a nerve, vein, artery, branch,
etc. : Turned back so as to run or lie in a direction
opposite to its former one. Recurrent nerves, the
laryngeal and meningeal branches of the pneumo-
gastric nerve.
1611 FLORIO, Recorrenti v?ne, the veines called the re-
currant veines. 1664 POWER E.rp. Philos. i. 68 That plea-
sant Experiment by tying the recurrent Nerves in a living
Dogg. 1712 SLOANE in Phil. Trans. XXVII. 499 Two
Dogs, which had their Recurrent Nerves cut, lost their
Barking and Voice. 1775 J. jENKiNsoN-5r*V. Plants Gloss.,
Recurrent^ running backwards. 1830 LINDLEY Nat. Syst.
Bot. 1 90 The corolla, whose tube has five nerves, .dividing at
top into recurrent branches. 184* E. WILSON Anat. Vade
M. (eel. 2) 299 The two recurrent arteries frequently arise
by a common trunk. 1877 JORDAN N. Amer. Ichthyog. u* 71
Its numerous rudimentary rays recurrent above and below
the caudal peduncle.
284
root through the periphery. 1877 M. FOSTER Pkysiol. in.
i. 343 The phenomena are probably due to the fact, that
bundles of sensory fibres of the posterior root after running
a short distance down the mixed trunk turn back and run
upwards in the anterior root, and by this recurrent course
give rise to the recurrent sensibility.
f2. a. (See quot.) Obs. rare-0.
1656 BI.OUNT Glossogr., Recurrent, returning hastily,
running again or back quickly, having recourse to.
f b. Of verses : (See quot. and cf. B. 2). Obs.-0
After L. recurrences versus (SidoniusX
1706 PHILLIPS (ed. Kersey), Recurrents, or Recurrent
Verses, such Verses as are read the same backward and
forward.
3. Occurring or coming again (esp. frequently or
periodically) ; reappearing.
1666 HARVEY Morb.Angl. xiv. (1672) 33 Short intermittent,
or swift recurrent pains do precipitate Patients into Con-
sumptions. 1850 BLACKIE sEschylus I. 47 From time to
time In children's children recurrent appears The ancestral
crime. 1860 TYNDALL Glac. n. xxvi. 368 The bands must
be due to some regularly recurrent cause. 1893 A. S.
ECCLES Sciatica 82 Six patients have suffered from recurrent
sciatica after periods varying from six months to four years.
tb. Math. (See RECURRING ///. a. 2 a.) Obs.
1763 EMERSON Meth. Increments 144 To find the sum of
50 terms of the recurrent series ..i + ^x+Bxt+zi j?, etc.
C. Of a crystal : (see quot.)
1816 R. JAMESON Char. Min. 203 Recurrent tinstone.,
may be described as a rectangular four-sided prism,
acuminated on the extremities with four planes, which are
set on the lateral edges, and the eight edges formed by the
acuminating and lateral planes truncated.
B. sb. 1. A recurrent artery or nerve ; esp. the
right or left recurrent laryngeal nerve.
1597 A. M. tr. Guilltmeau's Fr. Chirurg. 19/2 The
muscles which are serviceable to the speach or voyce, as are
the recurrentes, or retrogradinge muscles. 1615 CROOKE
Body of Man 365 When it commeth to the Axillary artery. .
it transmitted . . three braunches from the inner side . . which
being reflected toward the head and vnited do make the
right Recurrent. 1741 A. MoNRoAnat. Nerves (ed. 3) 53 The
Muscles of the Larynx being in a good measure supplied
with Nerves from the Recurrents. 1808 BARCLAY Muscular
Motions 254 The course of the nervous branches that are
called recurrents. 1876 BBISTOWE 'J 'h. fy Pract. Med. (1878)
558 Pressure on the right recurrent, which may be produced
by innominate or subclavian aneurysm, will nave a corre-
sponding effect on the right vocal cord.
1 2. A recurrent verse. Obs. rare.
1605 CAMDEN Rent., Rhythmes 26 Beside these [metres],
our Poets hath their knacks as young Schollers call them,
as Ecchos-., Serpentine verses, Recurrents, Numeral Is, &c.
1656 BLOUNT Glossogr. s.v., A kind of verses called Recut-
rents. 1706 [see A. 2 b]. 1727-41 [see RECIPROCAL a. i cj.
Hence Recivrreutly adv.
1868 BAIN Ment. $ Mor. Sc. 720 Only what is instru-
mental in its production and in most cases customarily or
recurrently instrumental. 1877 ' H. A. PAGE ' De Quincey
II. xix. 183 This tendency to real life .. declaring itself
recurrently and with great strength.
Recurrer (rtkvni). rare. [f. RECUR v. +
-EB1.] Math. A recurring decimal.
189* Black ff White 14 May 623/2 It was a decimal that
did me in the Little-Go. .a recurrer with complications.
Recurring (rfkc-rirj), ///. a. [-ING2.]
1. That recurs, in senses of the vb.
a J7ii KEN Hymnarinm Poet. Wks. 1721 II. 32 Through-
out his annual and re-curring Race, He never stops, but
always changes Place. 1804-6 SYD. SMITH Mor. Philos.
(1850) 168 Every recurring year contributes its remedy to
these infringements on justice and good sense. 1851 J. FACET
Lect. Tumours v. 55/2 For one group, the name of ' Recur-
ring Fibroid Tumours ' may, for the present, suffice. 1875
JOWETT Plato (ed. 2) III. 277 The various letters in all their
recurring sizes and combinations.
b. With prefixed advbs., as ever-, oft-, still-r.
1832 TENNYSON Sonn., Caress' d or chidden. Fancy came. .
And chased away the still-recurring gnat. 1850 R. G.
GUMMING Hunter's Life S. Africa (1902) 98/3 The greater
part of the forest consisting of the ever-recurring wait-a-bits.
1861 M. PATTISON Ess. (1889) I. 45 The Great Hall, serving
. .as a banqueting-room for the oft-recurring festivities.
2. spec. a. Math. A' ecurring curve, a. curve which
returns upon itself. Recurring decimal : see DECI-
MAL sb. 2. Recurring series (see quot. 1797).
1715 tr. Gregory's Astron. \. L Prop. 2 II. 698 Kepler did
not like Circles or other recurring Curves for the Motion ,
of Comets. 1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) XVII. 297/1 Recurring i
series, a series of which any term is formed by the addition !
of a certain number of preceding terms, multiplied or divided '
by any determinate numbers whether positive or negative.
1801 Ibid. Suppl. I. 483/2 Circulating Decimals, called also j
recurring or repeating decimals. 1841 Penny Cycl. XIX.
342/1 Some use may thus be made of recurring series in •
various questions of the theory of probabilities. 1886
PENDLEBURY Arith. §_:8i Such a decimal as -142857, in
which all digits recur, is called a pure recurring decimal.
b. Path. Recurring ittlerances, a form of aphasia,
marked by the repetition of certain words or phrases.
1892 TUKE Diet. Psych. Med. II. 1074/1. 1899 Alllrutt's
Syst. Med. VIII. 411 The articulation of such words or
' recurring utterances ', as they are now commonly termed.
So Recirrriiig vbl. sb., a returning.
1748 RICHARDSON Clarissa (1811) VI. 347 Recurrings
there will be ; hankerings, that will, on every, but remotely-
favourable incident.. pop up.
Recursant (r^kp-asant), a. Her. [ad. L. re- I
cursant-em, pres. pple. of recursare to hasten back, '
return, f. recurs-, ppl. stem of recurrere to RE- I
RECURVE.
CUB.] Of an eagle : Having the back towards the
spectator.
c 1828 BERRY EncycL Her. s.v., Recursant overture* or in-
verted and displayed,, .is said of an eagle, displayed with
the back towards your face. Recursant volant, in Pale, is
said of an eagle as it were flying upwards, showing the back.
t Recurse, v. Obs. rare—1, [ad. L. recurs-are\
see prec.] ««//•.* To recur.
1638 COWLEY Love's Riddle n. i, My father, mother, and
my brother kecurse unto my thoughts, and straight plucke
downe The resolution I had built before.
Recursion (rfltfl-jjan). Now rare or Obs.
[ad. L. recursion-em, n. of action f. recurre're to
RECUR.] A backward movement, return.
1616 BULLOKAR Eng. Expos., Recursion, a running backe.
1660 BOYLE AVro Kxp. Phys. Mech. xxvi. 203 The Recur-
sions of that Pendulum which was swinging within the
Receiver. 1677 GILPIN Detnonol. (1867) 237 Our passions
in their workings do depend upon the fluctuations, excur-
sions, and recursions of the blood and animal spirits. 1720-1
Lett. Jr. Klisfs Jrnl. (1722) II. 33 The present melancholy
Prospect of the Recursion of the South-Sea Tide. 1830 T.
TAYLOR A rgts. Celsus 23 The doctrine . . that in long periods
of time, recursions and concursions of the stars, conflagra-
tions and deluges take place.
Recurvant (r/kzrivant), a. Her. [ad. L. re-
curvant-em, pres. pple. of recurvare to RECURVE.]
Bowed, embowed, recurved. Also of a serpent ;
Coiled up, with the head raised to strike.
c 1828 BERRY Encycl. Her.
Recurvate (rflc»uv/t), a. [ad. L. recurvdt-us,
pa. pple. of recurvare to RECURVE.] Recurved.
1776 J. \&e.Introd. Bot. Ex plan. Terms 382 Recurvatum,
recurvate, bent backwards in the Form of an Arch, the
convex Side upwards. 1866 Treat. Bot. 962/1 Recurvatc,
bent, but not rolled backwards. 1869 GILLMORE tr. Figuier^s
Rept. <$• Birds Introd. 185 By the anterior series of one
barb over-lapping and hooking into the recurvate formation
of the barb next to it.
Recurvate (r/k»uw't), v. Now rare. [See
prec. and RECURVE z/.]
1. trans. To bend (a thing) back. rare.
1597 A. M. tr. Guillemeaifs Fr. Chirurg. 34 b/2 We must
then, with one finger, recurvate the end of the needle. 1656
in BLOUNT Glossogr,
b. In pa. pple. Bent backwards.
1597 A.M. to •Guillemeau'sFr. Chirurg. If. xiij b/2 Another
bullet-drawer is hoocklshe and recurvated. 1666 HARVEY
Morb. Angl. viii. 74 The Nails of those whose Lungs are
Ulcerated, are recurvated or turn'd back like the claws of
wild beasts. 1683-4 ROBINSON in Phil. 7V.0fu.XXlX. 482,
I had a View of the Ibex . . whose large Horns are recurvated
almost as far back as the Tail. 1822-34 Good's Study Met/.
(ed. 4) III. 266 The spine is more strongly recurvated than
ever, and forms an arch over the bed.
2. intr. Of a thing : To bend back ; to recurve.
1822-34 [see///, a. below]. 1860 MAURY Phys. Geog. Sea
(Low) ni. § 174 These gales . . march to the N. West until
they join it [the Gulf Stream], when they ' recurvate ', as the
phrase is, and take up their line of inarch to the N. East.
Hence Hecurvating ppl. a.
1822-34 Good's Study Med. (ed. 4) IV. 466 Wherever the
skin was scratched, a calcareous fluid oozed from it, that
soon hardened and put forth corneous, recurvating ex-
crescences, frequently divaricating.
Recurvation (rfkvivei'fon). Now rare. [ad.
L. type *recurvatidn-em, n. of action f. recurvare
to RECURVE.] The fact of being bent or curved
back ; a backward bend or curve.
1597 A. M. tr. Guillemeau's Fr. Chirurg. 440/1 In Frac-
tures, dislocations, recurvatione of loynctes. 1599 — tr.
Gabelhouer's Bk. Physicke 114/1 Rubbe therwith the recur-
vatione of the backe. 1646 SIR T. BROWNE Pseud. Ep. 172 By
a Serpentine and Trumpet recurvation it ascendeth againe
into the neck. 1822 Goon Study Med. IV. 326 The term
Cyrtosis .. among the ancients particularly imported recur-
vation of the spine, or posterior crookedness.
Recivrvature. [See RECUBVATE a. and -URE.]
A backward curvature ; lecurving.
1729 SHELVOCKE Artillery iv. 199 Whalebone .. naturally
permitting itself to be bent.. and inclining to a voluntary
Recurvature. i8«i3 BIRT llandbk. Storms (1879) 58 It is
very usual to consider that the points of recurvature are, to
a certain extent, stable in each hemisphere.
t Recurve, a- Obs. rare. [ad. L. recurv-us,
f. re- RE- + curvus CURVE «.] Recurved.
1702 DRAKE in Phil. Trans. XXIII. 1225 In which it very
much resembles Water inclos'd in a recurve Tube.
Recurve (r/kzriv), v. [ad. L. recurvare to
bend (a thing) backwards, f. re- Rs- + curvdrt
to CURVE.]
1. trans. To bend (a thing) back or backwards.
a. In active use. rare. Also refl.
1623 COCKERAM, Recur ue, to bow backe againe. 1650
BULWER Anthropomet. 118 Unlesse the Larynx at the
instant of deglutition should recurve itself upward. 1839-47
TODD Cycl. Anat. III. 202^1 Most of the glow-worms. ^re-
curve their tails upon their backs. 1890 Mature 20 Feb.
367/2 They have muscles by uhich they may be recurved,
so that these points may be directed towards the throat.
b. In /a. pple. Bent backwards.
1597 A. M. tr. Guillemeau's Fr. Chirurg. 32 b/i The
muscles may lye in ther right places, and not be recurved
this way or that waye. 1607 TOPSELL Four-/. Beasts (1658)
256 From the bottom to the middle they grow straight, but
from thence they are a little recurved. 1748 Phil. Trans.
XLV. 164 On the Crown of the Head stands a shining
black Horn, recurved backward. 1835 KIRBY Mali, fy Inst.
Anim. I. ii. 66 Others, as the Friesland-hen, have the
feathers on their body recurved. 1870 HOOKER Stud. Floia
241 Stigmas.. persistent, recurved.
BECUBVED.
2. intr. (Chiefly of a wind or current) : To turn
back in a curve upon its previous direction.
(1850 Ritiiim. Navig. (\Veale) 87 In recurving.., whirl-
wind storms will haveapolar direction. i853BlkT//rt«<rV>X-.
Storms (1879) 80 The direction of the cyclone of April 1847
would lead to the idea of its having recurved. i87SliEDFOnD
Sailor's Pocket-bit, iv. (ed. 2) in A large part recurves to
the Eastward, thus flowing into the Indian Ocean.
Hence KecuTving vbl. sb. and///, a.
1853 BIRT Handbk. Storms (1879) 84 The great liability of
a commander meeting a recurving cyclone. 1875 BEDFORD
Sailor's Pocket-oli. iv. (ed. 2) in The remarkable recurving
of the main body of the current is due to the action of a
polar or cold water current flowing from the S.W. 1882
Garden 18 Mar. 189/3 ^ beautiful Orchid.. furnished with
narrow recurving foliage.
Recurved (r/kp-ivd), ppl. a. [f. prec. + -ED 1.]
Bent back ; having a backward curve. (Common
in igih c., esp. in scientific use.)
1597 A. M. tr. Gnilleiiteaii's fr. Chintrg. If. xvj b/2 The
recurvede Needle for the sutures of the face. 1607 TOPSELL
Four-/. Beasts (165%) 127 Having a short recurved body, .and
a short tail. 1715 DESAGULIERS Fires Impr. 107 A recurv'd
Canal with several turnings. 1785 MARTVN Rousseau's Bot.
xxi. (1794) 297 Aconite has two recurved pedunculate
nectaries. 1839 URE Diet, Arts 548 The recurved tube
must be dipped . . under the surface of the tarry liquid. 1870
YEATS Nat. Hist. Coinm. 265 The common dog is dis-
tinguished from the wolf and jackal by its recurved tail.
b. In plant-names : (See quots.)
i8ao T. GREEN Universal Herbal\\. 860/1 Rites recur.
-,'alnm. Recurved Black Currant. 1877 S. C. Ferns Brit.
Isles 27 Lastrea Fcenisecii (The Recurved Fern).
t Recirrvity. 06s. rare. [See RECCBVE a.
and -ITY.] The fact of being recurved.
1668-0 SIR T. BROWNE Let. Wks. (Bohn) III. 512 Whereby
the little incurvitie at the upper end of the upper bill, and
small recurvitie of the lower is not discerned.
Becurvo-, used in Bot. as comb, form of L.
recurvus, as recu rvo-pa'tent, bent back and
spreading ; reou rvo-te'rnate, bent back and di-
vided into three parts.
1819 LOUDON Eiicycl. Plaiils Gloss. 1104 Recurvo-patent.
1867 J. HOGG Microsc. 11. ii. 390 Recurvo-ternate defensive
and aggressive spicula.
Recurvous (rflcp-jvas), a. rare. [f.L. recurv-us
RECURVE a. + -ous.] Recurved, bent back.
1713 DERHAM Phys.-Theol. viu. vi. 401 note, In others I
have observed long recurvous tails, longer than their whole
bodies. 1831 G. DOWNES Lett. Cant. Countries I. 362 These
buffaloes were black, with recurvous horns.
Recus, obs. Sc. form of RECUSE.
Recusance (re-ki«zans, r/"ki/rzans). [f. as
next : see -ANCE.] = next.
1597 in Antiquary (1881) Oct. 176/1 Being all most willing
and ready without any recusance . . still to be partakers of
the Lorde's Supper at their own Parish Church. 1700
ASTRY tr. Saavedra-Faxardo II. 28 By which generous
Recusance of that Crown on Earth he merited many more
in Heaven. 1863 BARING-GOULD Iceland 230 Jon began to
show signs of recusance. 1886 ' W. S. GREGG ' Irish Hist,
for _Eng. Readers 54 The parliament now passed laws pro-
hibiting Catholic worship, and imposing a line of one shilling,
payable each Sunday for recusance.
Recusancy (re-ki»zansi, rfldtt-zansi). [ad. L.
type *recusantta : see RECUSANT and -ANCY.] The
action or practice characteristic of a recusant.
1. Hist. Refusal, especially on the part of Roman
Catholics, to attend the services of the Church of
England ; from c 1570 to 1791 this was punishable
by a line, and involved many disabilities.
c 1600 NOKDEN Spec. Brit., Cormit. (1728) 55 It is the
howse of one Tregean, who for his and his wives recusancie
; . bis lande was suspended and himselfe nere 20 yeares
imprisoned. 1618 DALTON Countr. Just. 82 Any popish
Recusant . . which is conuicted or indicted for recusancie
or which hath not receiued the Communion twice the
yeare past. 1679 EVELYN Diary 24 Apr., The Duke of
York, voted against by the Commons for his recusancy,
went over to Flanders. 1732 NEAL Hist. Purit. I. 588
He was for extending the Statute of Recusancy to them
that went at any time to hear sermons from their own
parish church. 1817 HALLAM Const. Hist. (1876) I. iii. 145
These grievous penalties on recusancy, as the wilful absence
of catholics from church came now to be denominated.
1874 GREEN S/wrt Hist. vii. § 3. 37I Heavy 'fines for
recusancy' .. became a constant source of supply to the
Royal exchequer,
t b. With a, an instance of this. Obs.
1614 DONNE Dcvot. in. Expost,, I cannot say, I will come
into thy house. .. It is not a Recusancy, for I would come,
but it is an Excommunication, I must not. 1641 SMECTYM-
NL-US Vind. Answ. ii. 34 The Jesuitish Casuists begun to
draw on the Papists to a Kecusancie.
2. Refusal to obey some authority or command.
'597 J- KING On Jonas (1618) 37 The commission giuen
to lonas, we haue already weighed: it followeth that wee
handle his recusancy and disobedience therein committed.
1655 FULLER Ch. Hist. vin. ii. § 46 Charging recusancy
herein, as a sin on the soul of the refusers. 1816 SCOTT Old
ort.xi, I here was one of my able-bodied men the other
day who plainly refused to attend the wappen-schaw at my
bidding. Is there no law for such recusancy, Colonel Gra-
harne? 1868 KINULAKE Crimea (iS77) III. iii. 34, This
sudden recusancy at the French Headquarters.
T b. Const, of \ also with inf. Obs. rare.
1563 FOXE A. !, M. 1408 He hath .. iustly certified Hugh
Kauhns, person of Tynby, for his wilful recusancy of two
other personages. 1655 FULLER Ch. Hist. VI. v. False
Mincla § 1 3 It happened that Abbot Whiting (the last of
Glaawnbury) was handed thcrcuu for his Recusancy to
Surrender the Abbey.
285
Recusant (re-kiwzant, rfld«-zant), sb. and a.
[ad. L. recilsant-em, pres. pple. of rccnsare to RE-
CUSE. Cf. F. rtcusant (Littrc).]
A. sb. 1. Hist. One, especially a Roman Catholic
(Popish recusant), who refused to attend the services
of the Church of England.
"5S»-3 Act 7 Edw. YI, c. 4 § 2 The Certificate of Recu-
sauntes made by any of the said Archebyshoppes. 1583
BAuiNGTONC0w"««W/«. iv. (1637) 34 In my opinion our recu-
santes, as wee call them, that is, our refusing papists to come
to church,_ doo greatly oflfende. 1598 HAKLUYT Voy. I. 595
The principal! cathohque recusants .. were sent to remaine
at certaine conuenient places. 1630 R. Johnson's Kingd. ff
Comunu. 32 Though all our Recusants be the King of Eng-
lands subjects, yet too many of them be the King of Spaines
servants. 1687 EVELVN Diary 10 Mar., They would not
promise his Majesty their consent to the repeal of the Test
and penal Statutes against Popish Recusants. 11734
NORTH Exam. 11. v. § 78 (1740) 363 To present all Recu-
sants, whereof the legal Definition was the not coming to
Church for a Month. 1830 SCOTT Demonol. viii. 248 It
appears that this remote county was full of Popish recu-
sants. 1881 SHOKTHOUSE J. Inglesant (1882) I. ii. 46 Many
Papists who had conformed to the authority of the English
Church, .fell away, and became recusants.
transf. a 1635 CORBET Poems (1807) 73 Imagine now the
sceane lyes in the hall; (For at high noone we are recu-
sants all). 1640 SIR J. MENNES & SMITH Wit's Recreat.
§ 174 Sith our Church him disciplin'd so sore He (rank
Recusant) comes to Cuurcb. no more.
b. Applied to other religious dissentients.
1777 WATSON Philip 11 (1793) II. xvm. 370 By which the
recusants were banished from the Netherlands. 1861 STAN-
LEY_£OJ/. Ch. iv. (1869) 143 It is impossible at this distance
of time, -to judge how far the recusants were influenced by
an attachment to the positive doctrine of Arius. 1891 S.
MOSTYN Curatica 121 Five of the recusants took away
their hassocks, .and worshipped with us no more.
2. One who refuses to submit to some authority,
comply with some regulation or request, etc.
1616 BULLOKAR Eng. Expos., Recusant, he that refuseth
to doe any thing. 1621 FLETCHER Wild Goose Chase \i. i,
Since ye are so angry, And hold your Sister such a strong
Recusant [etc.]. 1635 FULLER Ch. Hist. n. iv. § r4 This
Law did not presently find an universall Obedience in all
the Land. And the Wonder is not great, if at the first
making thereof it met with many Recusants. 1805 WORDSW,
Prelude in. 67 All studded round . . With loyal students
faithful to their books, Half and half idlers, hardy recu-
sants, And honest dunces. 1848 W. H. KELLY tr. L. Blanc's
Hist. Ten Y. I. 521 Some refused compliance with the
tariff. The recusants were adjudged to be in the wrong.
1867 FREEMAN Norm. Conq. (1876) I. App. 762 Dealing
with the dominions of the recusant as being a forfeited fief.
b. Const, against, of, \to.
1599 H. BUTTES Dyets Drie Dinner To Country-men
Rdrs., They are true Catholiques in matter of Dyet : no
Recusants of any thing that is mans meate. 1638 FEATLY
Transutst. 7 They are no lesse Recusants to your authority,
then to our lawes. a x66x HOLYDAY (J.), All that are recu-
sants of holy rites. 1850 GROTE Greece n. Iv. (1862) V. 23
All being recusants _of the recent peace. 1879 Contemp.
Rev. Oct. 293 All ill-conditioned recusants against the
decrees of the local senate should be mulcted in heavy
damages.
B. adj. 1. Refusing to attend the parish church ;
dissenting.
1611 SPEED Hisl. Gt. Brit. x. i. § 54. 892 Catesby like-
wise tooke in Ambrose Rookewood and lohn Grant two
Recusant Gentlemen. 1647 CLARENDON Hisl. Ret. iv. § 254
The Major part, alljeit the Bishops and all the Recusant
Lords were driven from thence, still opposed them. 1852
THACKERAY Esmond n. xiii, Do you know that your recu-
sant Bishops wanted to consecrate him Bishop of South-
ampton? 1870 BURTON Hist. Scot. Ixvi. (1873) VI. 56 In
one instance, where they had failed to bring a recusant
clergyman to reason, he rates them in this petulant manner.
2. Refusing to acknowledge authority or to do
something commanded or desired.
1659 MILTON Civ. Power Wks. 1738 I. 554 The earnest
expression of God's Displeasure on those Recusant Jews.
l8»8 Miss MITFORD Village Ser. III. (1863) 47 Mxster Sims
tried his best coaxing and his best double X on the
recusant players. 1847 GROTE Greece n. xxxiii. (1862) III.
195 The subjugation of the recusant Medes.
b. In predicative use. rare.
1820 SCOTT Abbot xix, Frieze-jacket wants to dance with
stammel-waistcoat, but she is coy and recusant. 1850
GKOTE Greece n. Iv. (1862) V. 2 Though the peace was
sworn, .. the most powerful members of the Spartan con-
federacy remained all recusant.
3. Making a recusation.
1716 AYLIFFE Parergon 453 If the Party Recusant has any
Cause himself depending with the Judge, in the Judges
private Capacity.
Recusation (reki«z^i-Jan). Now rare. [a. F.
recusation ( 1 332 in Godef. Comp.}, or ad. L. recilsa-
tion-em, n. of action f. recusare to RECUSE.] Civil
and Canon Law. The interposition of an objection
or appeal ; esp. an appeal grounded on the judge's
relationship or personal enmity to one of the parties.
c 1519 in Fiddes Wolscy n. (1726) 172 Yf this exception
shuld be admytted as suffycyent cawse of recusation. c 1555
HAKISI ii:u> Divorce Hen. VI II (Camden) 181 The legates
declared, .that no such recusation.. could or might by them
be admitted. 11648 LD. HERBERT I tin. VIII (1683) 488
After the Protestants had sent him the_ir Recusation of the
Council, He made a publick Protestation against it. 1726
AYLIFFE Parergon 451 Now this Recusation obtains when
a Judge has either before the Suit commenc'd, or on the
Cause itself render'd himself suspected to the Parties in
Judgment on some Account or other. 1752 CARTE Hist.
Eng. III. 88 That this might be clone without any recusa-
tion ui appeal, the Pope delegated all his authority to
BED.
Wolsey. 1853 LADY DUFF GOHDON tr. Xante's J-'erd. 4
Maxim, ix. 82 He opposed a formal recusation to the recess
of Frankfurt.
t ReCTTSative, a. Obs. rare-1, [ad. late L.
reciisativ-us prohibitory : see RECUSE and -IVE.]
That tends to refuse or prohibit.
1660 JF.R. TAYLOR pud. Dubit. iv. i. Rule i 8 8 The act
of the will, .is acquisitive and effective, or recusative and
destructive, otherwise than it is in any other faculties.
t Recvvsator, a. and sb. Sc. Law. Obs. rare.
[f. as next: cf. declarator, interlocutor, etc.] a.
adj. = next. b. sb. An exception taken to a judge
as incompetent to try a case.
1561 Reg. Privy Council^ Scot. I. 172 Adherand to my
recusatouris or declinatouris. 1609 SKENE Reg. Maj. 113
He sould not be hard afterward, to propone any exception
declinatour, or recusatour against the Judge.
t BecU'Satory, a. Obs. rare. [ad. L. type
*recusatori-us : see next and -OKY.] Of or be-
longing to recusing ; containing a recusation.
iS»j HEN. VIII in Burnet Hisl. Ref. I. (1679) Rec. n.
xxviiL 78 The Queen.. did protest at the said day, putting
in Libels Recusatories of the Judges. 1716 AvuFPEParer-
gon 352 A recusatory Libel or Allegation ought to be offer 'd
before the Judge recus'd, if be be present in Court.
Becuse (rjTki«-z), v. Now rare. Also 5 Sc.
i ecus. [ad. F. ricuser (131(1 c. in Littri), ad. L.
recusdrt to refuse, make an objection, f. re- RE- +
causa CAUSE.]
fl. To refuse (a thing offered). Obs. rare—1.
1387 TREVISA Higden (Rolls) VIII. 165 Wydomarus ..
sente a greet deel of the tresour to kyng Richard. And
he recused it [z*. r. refusede ; L. reciisavit], and seide bat
he schulde haue al by be ri$t of his lordschippe.
2. To reject, renounce (a person, his authority,
etc.) ; to object to (a judge) as prejudiced.
1387 TREVISA Higden (Rolls) VIII. 189 Kyng lohn re-
cusede [v. r. refused] and wolde in no wise fonge Stevene
of Langtoun archebisshop of Caunterbury, pat was con-
fermed by be pope, c 1421 Lett. Marg. Anjou ff Bp.
Beckington (Camden) 28 He therfor hem utterly recuseth,
and herto he fully him submitteth. 1563 FOXE A. <$• M.
721/2 And [I] also doo.. refuse, recuse, and declyne you my
sayde Lorde, and your said Colleages, and your Jurisdiction
vpon causes aforesayde. 1598 FLORIO, Ricitsarn, to refuse,
to renounce, to recuse. 1638 LD. DIGBY, etc. Lett. cone.
Relig. ii. (1651) 8 Their humility, .will not let them be
troubled when they are recused as judges. 1716 AYLIFFE
Parergon 74 Unless he recus'd him as a suspected Judge,
he ought to remain under his Jurisdiction. iSxaC. BUTLER
in Alban Butler's Lives Saints (1836) I. p. xxviii, According
to Thomas of Kempis (and what Catholic recuses his
authority?). 1897 Eng. Hist. Riv. Oct 634 The defendant
would be able to 'recuse' judges against whom a specific
charge of presumable partiality could be made,
f D. To reject (an appeal). Obs. rare.
1525 HEN. VIII in Burnet Hist. Ref. I. (1679) Rec u.
xxviiL 78 Yet she. .[laid] in her Appeal, which also by the
said judges was likewise recused.
t c. To refuse to submit to (a decree). Obs.
17*1 STRYPE Eccl. Mem. I. i. xiii. 107 The Queen might at
any time recuse and appeal from whatsoever decree or
sentence she will.
1 3. To refuse to do something. Obs.
1439-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) III. 273 The qwene. .Vasthi
recusenge to comme to hym was despisede. 1438 Sc. Acts
Jos. II (1814) 32 Geyff be schirra recus to do his offyce, or
be neclygent. ijai St. Papers Hen. VIII (1830) I. 24
ThEmperours Ambassadors .. do nowe recuse to treate
junctly wyth the French Ambassadors. 1541 [bid. (1849)
IX. 154 The Turke .. hath recusid to inprest soche monye
as he promissid to the French King.
Recnssion (r/ka-Jan). rare. [ad. L. type *re-
cussion-em, n. of action f. recutere to strike back.]
The action of striking by return or recoil.
1854 Tail's Mag. XXI. 674 Wearied by an incessant
strain of anxiety and labour for more than a month, and
shocked by the recussion of peace.
Recut (nk0-t), v. [RE- 5 a.] To cut again.
1664 EVELYN Sylva. (1776) 46 Some repeat the cutting.,
the second year, and. .recut them at half a foot from the
surface. x86a Proc. Oxf. Archit. Soc. 143 The inscription
. . not having been altered and recut, as had been suggested.
1897 S. L. HINDE Congo Arabs 51 They cut and re-cut the
skin from the root of the nose upwards to the hair.
Eecuyel(le), Beouylle, obs. ff. RECOIL v. ;
varr. RECUEIL it. and v. Becydivation, obs. f.
RECIDIVATION. Becyt(e, obs. ff. RtcEirr si.,
RECITE v. Becy ve, obs. f. RECEIVE v.
Red (red}, a. and sb. Forms: r rfjad, a-6
readme, 3 r8ed(en, 3-6 rede, reed(e, 4-6
redd(e, (camp. 4 raddore, 5 -ur), 4-8 Sc. reid,
(6 rid), 2- red. [Comm. Teut. : OE. rilad =
OFris. rad, OS. (M.Du., MLG.) r6d (Du., LG.
rood), OHG., MHG. rat (mod.G. roth, rot), ON.
rauSr (Sw., Da. rod), Goth, raufs :— OTent.
*rauSo-z :— pre-Teut. *roudho-s, from the o grade
of the ablaut series *rcudh-, roudh-, nidk-, widely
represented in the cognate languages. Of the
same grade as the Teut. forms are L. riifus, Olr.
ruad(h), Lith. raiiJa-s; the other grades are
represented by Gr. iptvOav to redden, OE. riod,
ON. rjoSr red, ruddy, and L. rubcr, Gr. ipv$p6s,
OS1. riidrit, Skr. rudhird- red.
The original long vowel is retained in the surname variously
written J\cad(e. Rede. Reed and Reid. The shortening in
the aOj, is parallel to the gases of £nW, ttcat/, lead sb.j
BED.
286
RED.
A. adj. I.
1. Having, or characterized by, the colour which
appears at the lower or least refracted end of the
visible spectrum, and is familiar in nature as that
of blood, fire, various flowers (as the poppy and
rose) and ripe fruits (whence the frequent similes
red as blood^jlre^ a rose, cherry, etc.).
The precise shades of colour to which the name of red is
applied vary from bright scarlet or crimson to reddish yellow
or brown (the latter esp. of the hair of certain animals).
The numerous varieties are distinguished, when necessary,
by prefixed nouns or adjectives, as bloody brick; cherry-^
.fire-, flame-, flesh*, robin-, rose-red} dark, dull, light,
lively red; fiery, foxy red; brown-, orange-, yellinv-red '>
brownish, yellowish red, etc. For examples of these, see
the first element.
11700 E final Gloss. 404 flavum i>el fnlfum, read. £725
Corpus Gloss. 1758 Rnber, read. c888 K. ALFRED Boeth.
xxxii. § 3 jfCsfter ge hwite gimmas ge reade. ^897 — Gre-
gory s Past, C. xv. 94 On jemong Ssem bellum [sceoldon
nangian] reade apla. aiooo Riddles xxvii. 15 (Gr.) Se
reada telg. c 1175 Lamb. Horn. 83 Alse be sunne scine5
burli be glesne ehfmrl. . . Jif bet gles is red ho schineS red.
c 1205 LAY. 15940 pe oder is milcwhit .. be o5er raed alse
blod. 1297 R. GLOUC. (Rolls) 2786 Tueye grete dragons out
of pis stones come, f e on was red, be ober wyt. 1377 LANGL.
P. PI, B. n. 12 Hir fyngres were fretted with golde wyre
And there-on red [v.r. rede] rubyes as red as any glede.
c 1400 MAUNDEV. (1839) v. 57 In some place thereof is the
Gravelle reede : and therefore Men clepen it the Rede
See. 1432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) I. 129 We wryte vn to
this tyme the capitalle letters with a redde color, a 1500
Flower $ Leaf 35 Leves new. .Some very rede, and some a
glad light grene. 1513 FITZHERB. Hvsb. f 49 The pockes
appere vppon the skyn, and are lyke reed pymples. a 1585
MONTGOMERIE CherrU # Sloe 229 The starnis . . flew sa
thick befoir my em. Sum reid, sum yellow, blew, and grein.
1631 CHETTLE Hoffmann H ij b. The red lines Mixt with a
deadly blacke will tell the world She died by violence. 1683
RAY Corr. (1848) 172 A sort of trefoil, with . . bright purple
or red flowers. 1726-46 THOMSON Winter 1060 The red
marks Of superstition's scourge. 1794 Cow PER Needless
Alarm 19 Nor yet the hawthorn bore her berries red. 1836-
41 BRANDB Chem. (ed. 5) 257 The former [sparks] are bril-
liant, . . the latter usually of a paler or redder hue. 1882 G.
MACDONALD Castle Warlock xxviii, The red wall, mottled
and clouded with its lichens.
b. Of fire, flame, lightning, etc. (lit. and _/$£•.),
and of objects lit up by these.
In early use chiefly as a conventional epithet.
a 900 CYNEWULF Crist 809 Blac rasetteS recen reada leg.
a 1000 CxdmotCs Gen. 44 (Gr.) jeondfolen fyre & faercyle,
rece & reade lege. a 1225 Ancr. R. 356 Fur is hot & read.
c 1320 Cast. Love 719 J>e caste! Hhtej> al abouten, And is
raddore ben euere eny rose schal ; pat bunche^ as hit barnde
al. c 1374 CHAUCER Troylus HI. 1633 Also seur as red is
euery fir. a 1400-50 Alexander 4176 pan fell bar fra be
firmament as it ware fell sparkis Ropand doun o rede fire.
c 1470 HENRY Wallace vn. 428 Quhat euir he be, reskewis
off that kyn Fra the rede fyr, him sellf sail pa<a tharin.
1533 BELLENDEN Livy I. xvL (S.T.S.) 1. 88 His hede apperit
(as It war blesand) in ane rede low. 1593 SHAKS. Lucr.
'353 Two red fires in both their faces blazed. 1667 MILTON
P. L. i. 175 The Thunder, Wing'd with red Lightning.
1737-46 THOMSON Summer 1148 The inconquerable light-
ning ., Ragged and fierce or m red whirling balls. 1819
SHELLEY Cyclops 378 He strewed Upon the ground beside
the red firelight His couch. 1835 KINGSLEY Westw. Ho t
xxvui, The hills were red with bonfires in every village.
fig. 1655 tr- Com, Hist. Francion iv. 25 My rage doth
kindle as red against him as ever.
c. Of the sky or sun, esp. at dawn or sunset;
hence of dawn, the east, etc.
£•950 Lindisf. Gasp, Matt, xvi, 2 Smalt bi<5; read is ..
heofon. c 1112 O. E. Chron. (Laud MS.) an. 1117 On baere
nihte . . waes seo heofon swySe read gesewen. a 1400-50
Alexander 20 He recouerd .. be regions all clene And all
rialme & be riches into be rede est. c 1440 York JMyst. xvi.
7 The rakke of the rede sky. 1565 COOPER Thesaurus s. v.
Rubesco, Aurora rubescebat, the morning waxed redde.
1593 SHAKS. Ven. fy Ad. 453 Like a red morne that euer yet
betokend Wracke to the sea man, tempest to the field. 1 726-
46 THOMSON Winter 1*1. Hence at eve, Steamd eager from the
red horison round [etc.]. 1808 SCOTT Marm. iv. Introd. 55
When red hath set the beamless sun. 1813 SHELLEY A lastor
137 When red morn Made paler the pale moon. 1844 H.
STEPHENS Bk. Farm I. 292 When the sun rises red, wind
and rain may be expected during the day.
d. Of the cheeks (or complexion) and lips (as a
natural healthy colour) ; hence also of persons.
a 1225 Leg, Kath. 1432 Mil se swi<5e lufsume leores .. se
rudie & se reade. 13.. Gaw. $ Gr. Knt. 1205 Wythchynne
& cheke ful swete, Bobe quit & red in-blande. c 1386 CHAUCER
Prol. 153 Hir mouth [was] ful smal and ther to softe and
reed. — Sir Thopas 15 Hise Hppes rede as rose, c 1420
Anturs of Arth. 161, I was reddere in rode ban rose in
be rayne. 1530 PALSGR. 322/1 Redde as ones lyppes or their
chekes, . . vermeil. 1601 SHAKS. Tivel. N. \. v. 266 Two
lippes indifferent red. 1687 A. LovELLtr. Thevcnofs Trav.
i. 39 Women with big black Eyes, and red Cheeks, a 1720
SWIFT Phyllis 14 She . . practised how to place her Head
And bit her Lips to make them red. 1798 COLERIDGE Anc.
Mar. i. ix, The bride hath paced into the hall, Red as a
rose as is she. 1824 BYRON Juan xvi. cxxi, A red lip with
two rows of pearls beneath. 1894 G. MEREDITH Lord Or-
mont iii, His cheeks are as red as yours now you're blushing.
trans/, 1862 BAGEHOT Lit. Stud. (1879) I. 246 Pope, .had
not the large red health that uncivilised women admire.
e. Of the hair (of men and animals) or beard.
1500-20 [implied in RED-HAIRED]. 1538 ELYOT Addit.,
Aenobarbus^.a. Roman, so callyd bycause he had a berde
as red as brasse. 1593 NASHK Four Lett. Cotifut. Wits.
(Grosart) II. 220 [He had] a iolly long red peake, ..[which]
he cherisht continually without cutting, a 1625 FLETCHER
Love's Cure n. i, Thou art a proper man, if thy beard were
redder. 1727 BRADLEY Fain. Diet. s. v. Hart, The Coats
and Colours of this noble Beast . . are usually of three several
! sorts, viz. Brown, Red and Fallow. 1797 PINCKARD Notes
j W~ f**?' xxix- (1816) II. 241 The hair,, .from being slightly
; tinged with yellow, assumes.. that particular hue, which is,
! more commonly than correctly, termed red. 1808 SCOTT
Marm. vi. Introd. 19 While wildly loose their red locks fly.
1819 WARDEN UnitedStates I. 245 A tail about a foot long,
and covered with red hair. 1855 KINCSLEY Westw. Ho! n,
A boat rowed by one with a red beard.
f. Of soil, earth, etc. Cf. RED LAND.
1623 CAPT. SMITH Wks. (Arb.) 626 The mold is of diuers
colours.. ; the red which resembleth clay is the worst. Ibid.,
The hardest kinde of it lies vnder the red ground. 1657 W.
RAND tr. Gassendfs Life Peiresc n. 124 Vapours drawn
up out of red earth aloft into the Air. 1706 LONDON
i & WISE RetirdGard. I. 371 Above a quarter of Kitchin-
Garden Earth well sifted, more than of Red Mould. 1762
, MILLS Pract. Hnsb. 1. 53 The common opinion, that all not
I grounds are red or brown . . is. .exploded by Columella. 1834
! SCHOOLCRAFT Exfad. 299 Little mounds of red earth fre-
\ quently appeared above the grass. 1891 Q. Noughts <J-
' Crosses 217 The thin red soil of the ridge.
g. Combined with other colours in the same
| object, sometimes forming compound adjectives,
i as red-and-blue, red-and-white> etc. (Cf. 17 f.)
c 1320 Sir Tristr. 2404 pe king a welp he broujt . . He was
1470 HENRY Wallace vu. 93 .
greyne. 1596 SHAKS. Tain. Shr. in. ii. 69 A kersey boot-
nose .. gartred with a red and blew list. 1857 LAWRENCE
Guy Ltv. xii. up Strong red and white spaniels. 1891 T.
; HARDY Tess, xxxix, He observed, .a red-and-blue placard.
2. As an epithet (chiefly poet.} of blood.
c 1205 LAY. 30412 Urnen ba brock es of reden blodes. 1297
! R. GLOUC. (Rolls) 1124 Al pe erbe aboute stod as in Mode . .
al of rede blode. c 1386 CHAUCER Sqr.'s T. 415 The rede
blood Ran endelong the tree ther she stood, c 1470 Golagros
-V Gaiu. 306 Thai brochit blonkis to thair sidis brist of rede
I blude. 1562 J. HKYWOOD Prw. $ Epigr. (1867) 135 The
! red bloud may run downe in thy necke. 1593 SHAKS. Lucr.
I 1437 To Simois reedie bankes the red bloud ran. 121755
Edoino* Gordon xix. in Child Ballads III. 434/1 Clear, clear
! was Mr yellow hair, Whereon the reid bin id dreips ! 1805
SCOTT Last Minsir. v. xxi, 1 have. .Seen through red blood
the war-horse dashing.
b. In pregnant uses, implying superior quality
I or value.
1596 SHAKS. Merck. V. n. L 7 Let vs make incision for your
loue, To proue whose blood is reddest, his or mine. 1824
. SCOTT Redgauntlet ch. xi, His blood was too red to be spared
when that sort of paint was in request. 1852 DICKENS
Bleak Ho. xxviii, Inasmuch as very red blood of the su-
perior quality, like inferior blood unlawfully shed, will cry
j aloud.
3. As a conventional (chiefly poet.) epithet of
gold. Now only arch.
This use is also found in other Teut. languages. For red
! gold in mod. technical use see 19 and GOLD so. 5.
a 1000 Cxdmott's Gen. 2404 (Gr.) Hi-.^esawon ofer since
salo hlifian, reced ofer readum golde. £ JOOO/KLI-KIC Horn.
1. 64 He ..'da grenan gyrda £ebletsode and hi wurdon to
readum golde awende. c 1122 O. E. Chron. (Laud MS.)
an. 1070 pet fotspure . . waes call of read golde. c 1205 LAY.
23309 He sende . . swiSe gode horsses seoluer and red gold.
a 1300 Cursor M. 4763 pof bai had siluer and gold red f>ai
moght noght find to bi bam bred, c 1400 Destr. Troy 1742
We haue riches full rife, red gold fyn. 1535 STEWART Cron.
Scot. II. 98 Sex thousand ^eirlie .. Into tribute of fyn est
I gold so reid. 1818 SCOTT Br. Lamm, ii, From the red gold
! keep thy finger.
b. Golden, made of gold. Now only thieves'
| slang. T" R*d ones, gold coins.
1375 HARBOUR Bruce xni. 463 Sevin hundreth paris of
spuns rede War tane of knychtis that war dede. 1377
LANGL. P. PL B. xv. 501 Now is routhe to rede how be red
noble Is reuerenced or be Rode, [a 1400 Isumbras 295, I
salle the gyffe tene thowsand pownde of florence that bene
rede and rownde.] 1568 T. HOWELL foetus (Grosart) L 91
Besides all this, ich shall not mis of red ones to haue store.
a 1625 FLETCHER Mad Lover v. iv, There's a red rogue to
buy thee handkerchiefs. 1879 Macm. Mag. Oct. 502/2, I
i touched for a red toy (gold watch) and red tackle (gold
| chain). 1896 A. MORRISON Child of the Jago 61 Sich a nice
j watch,— a red 'un an' all.
o. (7. S. As an epithet of the cent (formerly
made of copper), usually in negative expressions.
1852 BRISTED Upper Ten Thou. vi. 144 It was a great
catch for Miss Lewispn, without a red cent of her own. 1889
j SirCh. Danvers xxix, I don't care a red cent what you say.
4. Of cloth, clothing, etc. : Dyed with red.
Red hat (of cardinals) : see HAT sb. 3, and 18 a below.
c xooo ^ELI-RIC Horn, II. 252 Hi . . hme unscryddon bam
readan waefelse. c 1290 S. En$. Leg. I. 302/92 With rede
palles buy weren i-heoled be faireste bat mijten beo. 13. .
, Gaw. ff Gr. Knt. 2036 Vpon bat ryol red elope J>at riche was
1 to schewe. 1382 WYCLIK Isa. Ixiii. 2 Why thanne red is thi
• clothing? 1411 E. E. Wills 19 A pallette couerte with
reede velwette. lbid.t A reed bedde of worsteyd. 1470-85
; MALORY Arthur x. lix, Thenne. .came a ryche vessel hylled
. ouer with reed sylke. 1568 GRAFTON C/tron. II. 633 The
Erie of Warwike, whose seruitures were apparailed in red
Cotes. 1617 MORYSON Itin. \\. 177 A valiant Gentleman,
marked by a red cap he wore, a 1654 SELDEN Table-t.
| (Arb.) 77 AH that wear Red Ribbons in their Hats, a 1729
| SWIFT Macer 4 Twas all th' Ambition his great Soul could
j feel To wear red Stockings. 1782 COWPER Gilpin 75 Then
| over all . . His long red cloak . . He manfully did throw. 1868
I MARRIOTT Vest. Chr. p. xviii, The red shirt of Garibaldi's
j troops. 1895 F. ANSTEY Lyre fy Lancet i. 7 A . . revolutionary
poet, .in a flannel shirt and no tie — or else a red one.
b. Red flag) as a sign of battle, etc.
1602 DF.KKER Satirotn. Wks. 1873 I. 233 What, dost sum-
mon a par lie, my little Drumsticke ? tis too late : thuu seest
my red flag is hung out. 1666 Land. Gaz. No. 91/4 That the
Red Flag was out, both Fleets in sight of each other, expect-
ing every hour lit weather to Engage. i7»7-4x CHAMBKKS
' CycL s.v. Flag, The rtd flag is a signal of defiance and
1 battle. 1891 HULME Heral.iry (1897) 271 Others were deck-
ing their houses with red flags, the symbols of revolution and
bloodshed, a 1895 LD. C. E. PAGET Aittobiog. (i$96j iv. 98
[He came] to tell me that the [Russian] forts were in sight,
i and a red flag flying. ' Odds bones ! ' said I, * don't they
mean to give any quarter, then?'
5. Of persons; reaving red hair; fof a red or
ruddy complexion.
triooo &LFRIC Gen. xxv. 25 Se be aeror com se waes read
and call ruh and his nama wses senemned Esau, c 1290 S.
Eng. Leg. I. 76/206 Willam be rede king bat after willam
bastard cam. Ibid. 319/686 Ho-so hath of fuyre mest he is
smal and red Obur he is blac with cripse here. 1422 tr.
Secreta Secret,, Priv. Priv. 229 Tho that bene rede men,
bene. .trechurus, and full of queyntise, i-likenyd to Fox is.
1460 CAKBAVK Chron. (Rolls) 130 William the Rede was
crouned in the $ere of oure Lord m.lxxxvi. 1565 COOPER
Thesaurus, Ritfus, somewhat redde ; one that hath a redde
head. 1598 FLORIO, Rossa, red, a red-woman. 1612 DA VIES
Why Ireland, etc. (1747) 188 Kichard Bourk Earl of Ulster
(commonly called the Redde-earl). 1774 GOLDSM. Nat.
Hist. (1776) II. 233 In all regions, the children are born fair
or at least red. 1808 SCOTT Marm. \\. iv, From Red De
Clare, stout Gloster's Earl. 1849 Frasers Mag. XXXIX.
490 Laudations of such persons as Hugh O'Neill and the
Red O'Donnell and others.
b. Of animals: Having red or reddish hair;
tawny, chestnut, or bay.
1582 WYCLIF Num. xix. 2 A reede kowe of hool age in the
which no spot be. — Zech, i. 8 Loo ! a man styinge vp a
rede hors ; . . and after hym horsis dyuerse, rede, and white.
c 1420 Pallad. on Husb. iv. 913 A staloun asse . .al blank Or
moushered or reed. 1432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) I. 359 Some
of theim causenge redde swyne thro wycchecrafte [etc.]-
c 1450 M. E. Med. Bk. (Heinrich) 203 Tak bony . . & grece
of a red barow. Ibid. 207 Tempre wyj> m vlk of a red cow.
1535 COVERDALE Zcch. vi. 2 In the first charet were reade
horse, in the seconde charet were blacke horse. 1651 BAR*
KEK Art of Angling (1820) 7 The wool! of a red Heyfer
makes a good body. 1855 KINGSLEY Westw. Hoi vii, The
red cattle lowed to each other. 1882 Miss BR ADDON Mt.
Royal III. i. 16 Master had the red setter with him this
morning, when he went for his stroll. 1892 R. KIPLING
Barrack-r. Ballads, East <$• West 78 The red mare played
with the snaffle-bars.
c. Of certain peoples, esp. the North American
Indians : Having (or regarded as having) a reddish
skin. See also RED MAN, RED SKIN.
The correctness of the epithet as applied to the North
American Indians has been denied by some writers.
1587 GOLDING De Mornay ii. 21 Hee maketh some folkes
whyte, some blacke, some read, and some Tawny ; and
yet is hee but one selfesame Sunne. 1765 in S.P. Hildreth
Pioneer History (1848) 79 We, red people, are a very jealous
people. 1808 PIKE Sources Mississ. n. (1810) 122, I was
obliged to convince my red brethren that, if I protected
them, I would not suffer them to plunder my men with im-
punity. 1836 W. IRVING Astoria I*. 8 In the evening the red
warriors entertained their white friends with dances and
songs. 1889 I. TAYLOR Orig. Aryans iv. 198 The half-
castes between Europeans and Maoris are unmistakeably
red without any tendency to yellow.
6. Wearing red clothing (uniform, livery) or
armour. Now rare.
a 1400 Sir Perc. 50 Wolde he none forsake, The rede
knyghte ne the blake. £1470 HENRY Wallace ix. 87 The
Rede Reflayr thai call him [cf. 106 His cot armour is.. ay
off reide]. 1470-85 MALORY Arthur vii. xvi, The reed
kny§hte of the reed laundes. 1841 THACKERAY Chron. Drittn
ii. xii, He had fought the red English, he said, In many a
battle of Spain. 1886 [see red soldier in 19].
7. Of the face, or of persons in respect of it :
Temporarily suffused with blood, esp. as the
result of some sudden feeling or emotion ; flushed
or blushing with (anger, shame, etc.).
c 1205 LAY. 29597 F°r I*311 *lke dede heo habbeS neb rede.
c 1374 CHAUCER Troylus i. 811 (867) He was hit, and wax al
red for shame, c 1386 — Can. Yeom. Prol. fy T. 542 For
shame of hym my chekes wexen rede, c 1450 HOLLAND
Hmvlat 816 The dene rurale worthit reid, Stawe for schame
of the steid. 1450-80 tr. Secreta Secret. 38 His visage
wexith reed. ., and the teeres fallen in his eyene whan thou
blamyst him. 1592 SHAKS. yen. $ Ad. 35 She red, and hot,
as coles of glowing fier, He red for shame. 1611 — Wint.
' T. iv. iv. 54 Addresse your selfe to entertaine them sprightly,
And let's be red with mirth. 1653 MILTON Ps. vi. 22 Mine
! enemies shall, .then grow red with shame. 1855 KINGSLEY
Westw. Ho ! ii, The churchwardens . . bustled themselves hot,
and red, and frantic. 1866 G. MACDONALD Ann. Q. Neighb.
j xiv. (1878) 295 Tom's face was as red with delight, as his
• sister's had been with anger.
trans/. iSao L. HUNT Indicator No. 14 (1822) I. 112
i Millions of times did the sense of the impotence of his wish
; run up in red hurry to his cheeks.
b. Exceptionally high in colour.
1432 tr. Secreta Secret., Priv. Priv. 229 Tho that haue
j the face somewhate ruddy.. Tho that have the chekys al
| reede as thay were dronken. 1483 CAXTON G. de la Tour
L ij b, He.. was reed as a cok and had a good lyuynge
colour. 1577 HARRISON England in Holinshed I. 85/2
! Tyll they be read as cockes, and litle wyser then their
combes. 1689 HICKERINGILL Ceremony-Monger Concl. iii.
' Wks. 1716 II. 472 The Lazy Fat Prebend and Ceremony-
Monger.. Ls as Red in the Gills as a Turkey-cock, or his
Scarlet-hood.
8. Stained or covered with blood. Used absol.,
i and const, with (for of) blood, gore, etc.
[a. 1225 Ancr. R. 402 }e hit schulen makien of reades
monnes blode; bet iii Jesu Crist i-readed mid his pwune
blode ooe rode.] a 1300 Cursor M. 20075 Mi fete, mi hend,
o blod er red. 1375 BARBOUR lirucc n. 361 The gres woux
off the blud all rede, c 1450 Mir our Saluacioitn 1616 Y"
stretes of Jerusalem with thaire blode made he rede. t. i§oo
: Melusine 352 The grounde was tliere s,oone dyed rede with
grete effusyon of blood. 1601 SIIAKS. Jul, C. III. i. 109
RED.
Waning our red Weapons o're our heads, Let's nil cry
Pence, Freedome, and Liberty. 1738 GRAY Properiins in.
46 Sad Philippi, red with Roman Gore. 1796 SCOTT Will.
•y Helen 211 The scourge is red, the spur drops blood,
,808 — Mafin. vi. x\\iv, To tell red Flodden's dismal tale.
1855 KINGSI.KV ll'fstw. /iff! ix, The Fort del Oro was a red
shamble. 1893 F. ADAMS New J'-gypt 17 The Ptolemies
quenched more than one savage insurrection with red hands.
Jig. 1813 COLERIDGE Sibyl. Leaves, Night Scene 65,
1 swore to her that were she red with guilt, I would ex-
change my unbleached state with hers. ^
trans/. 1816 BVROM Ch. Hat: in. xxviii, Rider and horse
friend, foe— in one red burial lilent. 1894 G. MEREDITH
Lord Orntont xxv, The dull red facts [of the duel] had to
be disengaged from his manner of speech.
b. Shedding blood.
1806 G. GALLOWAY Poems 23 Adieu to New Year's din
and quarrel, Base chat, red blows. 1882 G. MACDONALD
Castle Warfoc&Kxix, It cam o' bluid-guiltiness— for 'at he
had liftit the reid han' again' his neibour.
C. Of meat: Full of, coloured with, blood.
1837 M. DONOVAN Dom. Econ. II. 109 The cow-calf is
whiter veal: but the bull-calf, although redder, is better
meat. 1898 P. MANSON Trop. Diseases xxi. 337 Avoid alto-
gether red meat.
d. Consisting of blood.
1816 BYRON Ch. Har. in. xvii, How that red rain hath
made the harvest grow.
9. Marked or characterized by blood or fire, or
by violence suggestive of these. (In later quots.
with implication of b.)
Hoffman I. Civ, Till red reuenge in robes of fire, and
madding mischiefs runne and raue. Ibid. H iij, The heate
Of our sad torment, and red sufferings. 1667 MILTON/*. L.
ii. 174 What if.. from above Should intermitted vengeance
Arme again His red right hand to plague us ? 17*9 SAVAGE
Wanderer™, Red Massacres thro' their Republic fly. 1781
COWPER Truth 278 Justice. .Drops the red vengeance from
his willing hand. 1812 BYRON Ch. Har. i, xxxviii, Red Battle
stamps his foot and nations feel the shock. 1850 TENNYSON
In Mem. cxxvii, Tho' thrice again The red fool-fury of the
Seine Should pile her barricades with dead.
transf, 1851 MAYNE REID Scalp Hunt. xvii. 115 You
have heard the stories of the mountain men in all their red
exaggeration. 1859 JEFHSON Brittany \\\. 265 Happy news
to the Bretons ! and red maledictions to the French !
b. Anarchistic, revolutionary.
Referring originally to the colour of trre party badge, but
now frequently associated with prec.
[1849 TaiCs Mag. XVI. 402/2 Germany itself is red with
Socialism and a desire for Republicanism.] 1864 Spectator
16 Apr. 443/2 England is not Red.. but she does sympathise
heartily with Garibaldi's immediate ends. 1883 Pall Mall
G. a Feb. i/a The Dynamitards have not secured the return
of a single deputy even for the 'reddest' constituency in
France.
10. Heated to redness ; red-hot, glowing.
at*a$,Ancr. R. 356 Ne kumeSnon into Parais bute |mruh
(>isse leitinde sweorde, J»et was hot & read, c 1375 Sc. Leg.
Saints xix. (Chris (of her) 550 t>ane gert be kinge ane helme
tak & in be fyre It red al mak. c 1385 CHAUCER L. G. }V.
Prol. 235 Twoo firy dartes as the gledes rede. 1430-40
LYDG. Bpchas ix. xxxii. (1558) 33 b, As I haue tplde, in coles
rede His handy he brent for loue of his cite. 1500 20
DUNBAR Poems xxvi. 87 They wer full strenge of counte-
nance, Lyk turkass birnand reid. 1605 SHAKS. Lear in. vi.
16 To haue a thousand with red burning spits Come hizztng
in vpon 'em. 1684 J. PETER Siege Vienna 108 Bellows for
Red Bullets. 1741 tr. Cramers Assaying 20 Filings of
Iron .. being presently made red in the Crucible. 1784
Cow PER Task iv. 289 A waking dream of houses, towers. . .
expressed In the red cinders. 1868 JOYNSON Metals 117
Scales that fall from the red iron hammered at the black-
smith's anvil.
11. Of the eyes : (a} Naturally of a red colour.
(/>) Bloodshot, (c) Inflamed, esp. with weeping.
13. . Caw. fy Gr. Knt. 304 Runischly his rede yien he reled
aboute. ^1550 LLOYD Treas. Health H v b, To haue his
mouth open with reed eyes. 1601 SHAKS. Jul. C. in. ii. 120
Poore soule, his eyes are red as fire with weeping. 1607
TOPSELL /•Vjw>-:^.Zfr<M&(i658>46oTheeiesofa Lyonarered,
fiery, and hollow. 1676 WISEMAN Chirnrg. Treat. 313 In
the beginning the Eyes look red. 1729 SAVAGE ll'anderer
11, Death in her Hand, and Frenzy in her Eye ! Her Eye
all red, and sunk! 1788 COWPER Death Bull/Inch i, Ye
Nymphs if e'er your eyes were red With tears. 1813 SCOTT
Rokeby in. vi, The snake ..Watches with red and glistening
eye. 18*3 BYRON Juan vm. cxix, Their bloodshot eyes all
red with strife. 1855 KINGSLEY tt'estiu. Hoi xx, Amy as
waspacing the deck,, .his eyes red with rage and weeping.
H. In combinations.
12. With substantives, forming attributive com-
pounds as red-brick (floor), red-leather (trunk), etc.
1835 WILLIS Pencilling* I. xi. 83 We obeyed the call of
our "red-bonnet guide. 1841 LEVER C. O'Malley Hi. 19 It's
a "red-breeches day, Master Charles, a 1847 ELIZA COOK
Rhymes by Roadside iv, The child upon the "red-brick
floor. 1888 Lockwood's Diet. Terms 280 Red Brick Dust,
used for parting Sand. 13. . Gaw. $ Gr. Knt. 1817 Ho rajt
hym a nche rynk of "red golde werkex. 1550 LYNDESAY Syr.
Mcldrnm 8 Hir hair was like the reid gold wyre. 1767
COWPER Let. to J. Hill 14 May, I was once the happy-
owner of a "red-leather trunk. xspSiiAKS. Veit.ffAd. 110
Leading him prisoner in a 'red-rose chaine. c 1610 Women
Saints 151 Being rinsed in her pwne red rose bloud. 1837
IIIACKKRAY RavcHsivinfi, The little "red-silk cottage piano.
1870 MORRIS Earthly Par. iv. 52 The "red-throat jay
screamed not for nought. 1754 BARTLKT Gentl. Farriery
(ed. 2) 243 Apply . . a poultice with "red wine lees.
b. In specific names or designations, chiefly of
animals, birds, and trees, as red-bar parrot^ red-
bead snake, etc. (see quots.) ; red-bead tree, a
leguminous timber-tree, Ormosia dasycarpn (also
287
called bead'tree and necklace-tree}, having red bead-
like seeds ; red-bead vine, the coral-bead plant,
Ahrws precatorius (see CORAL sbj- 9) ; red-bean
tree, a species of Erythrina (cf. coral-bean} ; red-
ink plant, the Virginian pokeweed, Phytolacca
dccandra. See also RED-COAT, -TOP, -WING.
1811 SHAW Gen. Zool. VIII. n. 510 "Red-Bar Parrot.
Psittacns sifffiatits. ..It is said to be a native of Brazil.
1802 Ibid. I II. ii. 502 "Red Bead Snake. Coluber Guttatns.
. .A native of Carolina. 1756 P. BROWNE Jamaicaiffi The
"Red-Bead Tree. The seeds are pretty large, and well
marked with a proportioned black spot. Ibid. 297 * Red-
Bead Vine. The seeds are of a very beautiful scarlet colour
with a black spot on one side. Ibid. 288 The Coral or "Red
Bean Tree. The seeds of this tree are of a beautiful red
colour. 1820 RAFINESQUE in Smithson. Coll, XIII. (1877)
ix. i. 28 "Red-belly Shiner, Litjciius Erythrogaster. 18197
Weslm. Gaz. 12 May 10/1 Chang is a "red-button mandarin.
1840 HEREMAN Gardener's Lib. II. i^GraphiphoraFestiiia^
Primrose Moth. .. "Red Clay Moth. 1848 BARTLETT Diet.
Amer. 357 *Red Doff Money, a term applied, in the State
of New York, to certain bank-notes which have on their
back a large red stamp. XTOIDAMPIER Vo%* (1729) III. 430
"Red-dye Bark. Because Us used in dying that Colour.
1764 EDWARDS Gleanings II. in. 346 Index, The "Red-heart
Cherry. 1866 Treas. Bot. 885/2 Its dark purplish berries.,
contain a purplish-red juice somewhat resembling red ink,
and hence it is sometimes called the "Red-ink Plant. 1880
0. S. WILSON Larva Brit. Lepidopt. 266 Orthosia lota,
Linn. The *Red Line Quaker. 1840 HEREMAN Gardener's
Lib. II. 165 Orgya Antiqita^ Common Vapourer Moth. ..
*Red Spot Tussock, c 1830 Clone. Farm Rep. n in Lib.
tfsef. Knowl.t Husb. Ill, The "red-straw-lam mas is the
kind [of wheat] that is always sown upon this farm. 1802
SHAW Gen. Zool. III. i. 242 "Red-Throat Lizard. Lacerta
Bullaris.
13. Prefixed to the names of other colours, form-
ing compound adjs. or sbs., as red-brown, ~fall<nvt
-gold, -orange, etc.
1824 SHAW Gen, Zool. XII. i. 174 Edged with red.. and
tipped with a small border of "red-ash. 1676 COTTON
Angler \\. vii, The hair., turns to a "red brown. 1785
BURNS Ep, Simpson x, Her moors red-brown wi' heather
bells. 1884 Chamb. Jrnl. 3 May 273/1 The rich red-brown
canvas of a gliding wherry, c 1400 Master of Game (MS.
Digby 182) xiv, f>e best hewe is *red falewe with a blacke
moset. 1896 MARY BEAUMONT JoanSeton 112 The diadem
of her hair shining "red-gold in the light. 1879 ROOD
Chromatics 45 All the "red-orange hues are represented.
1828 DUNLOP in Mem. R. Astron, Sac. nl. 267 A very
singular star . . of an uncommon *red purple colour. 1675
Lond. Gaz. No. ggo/4 One *Red Roan'd Horse, having
Pitch-brands on both sides of his Shoulders. Ibid. No. 1020/4
A light Red-roan Gelding. 1850 MRS. BROWNING Swan's
Nest v, The steed shall be red-roan. 1585 T. WASHINGTON
tr. Nicholay's Voy. in. xii. 93 b, A high topped cappe, died
of *redde scarlet, c 1350 Ipomadon 2398 Efte come another
stede. .that was "rede-sore, a 1618 SYLVESTER Wood-Mans
Bear xlv, "Red-white hils, and white-red plaines. 11578
LINDESAY (Pitscottie) Hist. .Scot. (S. T. S.) I. 258 He had
nothing on his held hot syde "reid fallow hair. 1608 SYL-
VESTER Du Bartas n. iv. iv. Decay 101 As the fresh red-
yellow Apple dangles (In Autumn) on the Tree.
14. Forming parasynthetic adjectives, as red-
armed t -blooded, -cloaked^ etc.
a. In general use. (.See also RED-BEARDED,
-CHEEKED, -COATED, -EYED, -HANDED, -HEADED,
-HEELED, -NOSED, etc.)
1776 MICKLE tr. Camoens'' Lnsiad 139 The awful blade
Of *red-arm'd Justice. 1802 Med. Jrnl. VIII. 370 These
organs are the same in the white as in the "red-blooded
animals. 1840 Cttvier's Anini. Kingd. 388 The Annelides,
..or Red-blooded Worms, constitute the first [class]. 1852
M. ARNOLD Lines Kensington Gard.t Those black-crowned,
*red-boled pine-trees. 1847 EMERSON Poems (1857) 12 Little
thinks in the field yon *red-cloaked clown Of thee. 1763
Brit. Mag. IV. 547 The "red-clock'd stocking trims the
brawny leg. 1561 HOLLYBUSH Horn. Apoth. 6 Then waxeth
hys skin "rede colored also. 1719 LONDON & WISE Compl.
Gardener 67 It's pretty red colour'd. 1800 HERSCHEL in
Phil. 7Ya«j.XC. 513 Red-coloured or red-making rays. 1570
T. PHILLIP Friendly Larttm in Fair S. P. Eliz. (Parker Soc.)
II. 526 Some wish the "redcombde bird might crow. 1833
TENNYSON Poems 104 Lest the redcombed dragon slumber.
1865 DICKENS Mut. Fr. \. iii, He turned into a "red-curtained
tavern. 1657 W. RAND tr. Gassendi's Life Peiresc II. 152
My name I nave from my "red-feathered coat. 1890 HARRI-
SON & VERRALL A ncient A thens p. Ixxv, The rape . . appears
on upwards of twenty-five "red-figured vases. 1870 MORRIS
Earthly Par. I. i. 313 Seeing.. The *red-finned fishes o'er
the gravel play. 1697 CONGRRVE Mourn. Bride iv. vii,
What mean those swollen and "red-fleck 'd eyes? 1838
MARY HOWITT Birds ty F lower s* Ivy-bush iv, The "red-
gemmed holly. 1594 MARLOWE & NASHE Dido iv. v,
A silver stream, Where thou shalt see the "red-gill'd fishes
leap. 1803 SOUTHEY Eclogues^ Alderman* s Fnneral 15
One of the "red-gown'd worthies of the city. 1894 FROUDE
Erasmus 86 A "red-hatted lackey of the Holy See. 1603
HKYWOOD Worn, killed \\. iii, The "red-leaved table of my
heart. 1882 G. MACDONALD Castle Warlock xxix, The eye-
brows over his *red-Hdded blue eyes. 1819 KEATS Fancy 13
Autumn's "red-lipped fruitage too. 1611 SHAKS. Wint. 'J\
II. ii. 34 Let my tongue, .neuer to my "red-look'd Anger bee
The Trumpet any more. 1849 ALISON Hist. Europe
(ed. 2) VIII. xlix. § 23. 26 The "red-plumed dragoons of
Floyd. 1653 H- MORE Antid. Ath, (1662) 73 The *red-
puggered attire of the Turkey. 1855 TENNYSON Maud i. i.
1, The "red-ribbed ledges drip with a silent horror of blood.
1857 THORNBURY Songs Cav. fy Ronndh. 184 Through the
silent, "red-roofed town. 1790 BURNS Tarn o' Shanti-r 135
Five tomahawks wi' blude *red-rusted. 1611 COTGR., Kasont
a delicate *red-skaled fish. 1647 H. MORE Song tfSff*il\l.
HI. xliii, Red-scaled Dragons with deep burning light In
their hollow eye-pits. 1535 In Weaver Wttls Will* (1890)
208 A "red scoryd cow. 1848 THOREAU Maine W. (1894) 90
A "red-shirted or green-jacketed mountaineer. 1852 M.
AKN.M.I. Empcdofli-s n, The *red-snooded Phrygian girls.
RED.
r88o G. MEREDITH Tragic Com. (1881) 299 An immediate
dcuth- dealer who stood against "red-streaked heaven-;, r 1611
W. STRACHEY Hist. Traraile (1849) 63 A kind of arsenick
stone, like .. "red tempered oyntments of earth. 1844
THACKKRAY Little Trar. iii, Little old-fashioned, dumpy,
whitewashed, "red-tiled houses. 1721 AMUERST Terrx /•//.
No. 46 (1754) 246 A kick . . from a "red-topt shoe. 1859
HAWTHORNE Marb.Faitn (1878) I. xii. 128 The "red-trousered
French soldiers. 1859 CORNWAI.LIS New H'orltt I. 165 The
clarion note was sounded from some "red-wattled throat.
b. In the distinctive names of species or varie-
ties of birds, fishes, moths, etc. (See also RED-
BACKED, -BELLIED, -BILLED, -BREASTED, CtC.)
1781 LATHAM Gen. Synopsis Birds I. i. 300 "Red-banded
Parrot. .. On the forehead, from one eye to the other, is a
band of red. . . Inhabits St. Domingo. 1758 G. EDWARDS
Glean. Nat. Hist. I. 58 The *Red-beaked Toucan. 1857
LIVINGSTONE Trav. 613 He put his arm into the hole, and
brought out a Tockus or red-beaked hornbill [ Toccns ery-
ihrorkyticus}. 1705 PETIVER in Phil. Trans. XXIV. 1953
j The *red Beam'd Jamaica Muscle. .. The dead shells are
] white and shining, the others have red beams, which shoot
• from the hinge and are broader at the edges. 1880 O. S.
! WILSON Larvx Brit. Lepidopt. y^Sesia myopiformis^ Bork.
j The "Red-belted Clearwing. Sesia-culiciformis^vcin. The
! Large Red-belted Clearwing. 1705 PETIVER in Phil. Trans.
XXIV. 1952 The "red-blotted Carolina Crab. 1752 J. HII.I.
Hist. Anim. 27 The great* red-bodied Spider, with the white
cross. 1840 HEREMAN Gardener's Lib. II. 168 Megachile
Ligniseca. Carpenter Bee. .. Red-bodied Bee. — Red Car-
penter Bee. 1837 GOULD Birds Europe IV. PI. 299 "Red-
chested Dotterel. .. Charadrnts pyrrhothorax. 1810 WIL-
SON Amer. Ornith* II. 103 "Red-Cockaded Woodpecker,
Picus Querulus, 1837 GOULD Birds Europe II. PI. 52
"Red-Collared Goatsucker.. .Caprimulgiis ni/icollis. 1785
LATHAM Gen. Synopsis Birds III. ii. 544 "Red-Crested
Duck. 1824 SHAW Gen. Zool. XII. n. 188 Red-crested
Pochard (Fidigula rufina}. 1894 NEWTON Diet. Birds 736
The White-eyed or Castaneous Duck, . . and the Red-crested
Duck, Nyroca rnfina. 1776 P. BROWNE Iltiistr. Zool. 30
"Red-Crowned Barbel. 1812 SHAW£M. Zool. VIII. n. 523
Red-crowned Parrot, Psittacns galeatus. Ibid. IX. 11. 446
Red-Crowned Finch {Fringilla rnticapilla}. 1781 LATHAM
Gen. Synopsis Birds I. i. 123 "Red-eared owl, Strix Asio
(Linn.). -A^oCwicrs Anim. Kingd. 57 Red-eared Monkey
(C". erythrotis). . . From Fernando Po. 1848 GOULD Birds
Australia III. PL 79 Estrelda ocvlea . . Red-eared Finch.
1803 SHAW Gen. Zool. IV. n.4i3*Red-FinnedSparus. Slants
Erythropterns. . . Native of Japan. 1882 DAY Fishes Gt.
Brit. II. 210 Red-finned herrings are known as wine-drinkers
in Scotland. 1781 LATHAM Gen. Synopsis Birds I. i. 308
"Red-fronted Parrot. .. Inhabits Brasil. 1815 SHAW Cen.
Zcol. IX. i. 31 Red-fronted Barbel (Biicco nt/i/rotis). 1817
Ibid. X. I. 91 Red-Fronted Swallow. Hirundo rnjifrotis.
1590 SHAKS. Mids. N. iv. i. 12 Kill me a "red hipt humble-
Bee. i8xs SHAW Gen. Zool. VIII. n. 466 "Red-Hooded
Parrakeet. Psittacns capitaius. 1809 Ibid. VII. i. 229
*Red-Horned Owl, Strix Asio. 1713 PETIVER Aqnat.
Anim. Amb. 3/1 *Red Knobbed Trumpet [shell]. 1729 in
Dampier's Voy. (ed. 3) III. 415 The "Red-listed Pearch ..
has large silver Scales with a scarlet Gloss. 1752 J. HILL Hist.
Anim. 133 The "red-mouthed Buccinum, with the clavicle
erect. 1787 LATHAM Gen. Synopsis Birds Suppl. 66 "Red-
naped Parrakeel. 181* SHAW&M. Zool. VIII. n. 543 Red-
Naped Parrot, Psittacns nnchalis. 1831 WILSON, etc.
Amer. Ornith. IV. 245 "Red-Shafted Woodpecker. Colaptes
Mexicanus. 1888 [see FLICKER $&4]. iSiaSHAW Gen. Zool.
VIII. n. 40o*Red-Sided Parrot. Psittacns lateraiis. 1860
GOSSE Brit, Sea-Anemones 198 The "Red-specked Pimplet,
B anodes Ballii. 1752 J. HILL Hist. Anim. 127 The black,
"red-streaked, and spotted Nerite. 1898 MORRIS A ustral
EngL 385/1 Red-streaked Spider, or Black-and-red Spider,
an Australasian spider (Latrodectns scelio). 1884-5 River-
aide Nat. //if/. (1888) II. \mCaloptenns femur-rnhrnm^ the
'Red-thighed Locusl, is found ihroughout North America.
_.
Vertical!*. 1776 P. BROWNE lllnstr. Zool. 10 "Red-Vented
Cockatoo. Ibid. 78 Red-vented Warbler. iSia SHAW Gen.
Zool. VIII. n. 481 Red-vented Cockatoo, Psittacus Philip,
fiiiarum. 1877 Nature XVI. 218/1 Three Red-vented
Terrapins (Clcmmys ruMvciitris). 1 1711 PETIVER Catal.
Gasopltyll. Dec. x. n/i "Red-Waved, thread-girdled Heart
Cockle.
O. In names of plants.
See also Cooke Handbk. Fungi (1871) for red-cracked,
-Juiced, etc., in names of fungi.
1634 JOHNSON Merc. Botan. 55 Spurre-flowred Orchis, or
•Red-banded Orchis. 1611 COTGR., Rosmarin samage,
(the *red-branched) wild Rosemarie. 1707 MORTIMER Hnsb.
(1721) I. 127 They have also a *red-ear'd bearded Wheat.
1761 MILLS Pract. Husb. I. 362 Their white kind of red
ear'd wheat has a white ear and a red grain. 1703 DAMPIER
Voy. (1729) III. 446 *Red-edg'd flouring Cane. 1868 DARWIN
Anim. I, /'/. I. x. 335 The 'red-fleshed orange. .fails to re-
produce itself. 1777 LIGIITFOOT Flora Scot. I. 262 Briar-
Rose, 'red-flower d Dogs-Rose, or Hep-Tree. 1831 Plant-
iufgiln Lib. Use/. Ktunal., Htiso. Ill, Red-flowered Bucks-
eye-tree, Pavia rnbra. 186* Treas. Bot. 853 '2 F\avia\
rubra, often called Red-flowered Horse-chestnut. 1846
MRS LOUDON Brit. Wild Flmvcrs 135 The 'Red-Fruited
Bramble. Ibid. 143 The Red-Fruited Dwarf Rose. 1815
J. NEAL Bra. Jonat/ianlll.+io The "red-hearted, or upland
beech. 1597 GERARDE Herbal 84 'Red leafed Cow Wheate.
The red rooted turnip was formerly more cultivated m
F.ngland than at present. 1753 CHAMBERS Cycl. Stiff. s.v.
H'all-Mess, The 'red-stalked, transparent, grassy-leaved
liryum. 1764 Museum Rust. III. 321 Five coomb of seed
red-stalked wheat. 1866 SOWERBV Eng. Hot. V. 69 Filago
Aficulata. .. "Red-tipped Cudweed. 1763 MILLS Pract.
Hvsb. III. 151 The *red or purple topped, and the large
green topped turnips. 1805 R. W. DICKSON Pract. Agric.
II. 640 The red-topped [turnip] . . is apt soon to become
stringy. 183* Planting^ in Lib. Usef. Knowl.,Hnsb. Ill,
*Red twigged Lime tree, Tilia Europ. coraliina. Ibid.
105 " Red-veined Ash-tree, f-'ra rimts rubicuitdit. 1878 HOCG
BED.
& JOHNSON Wild Fl. Gt. Brit. X. PI. 797 Riimex Sangui-
neits, Red-veined Dock. 1842 LOUDON Encycl. Trees f,-
Shritbs 174 Rhamwis Erytkoxylon . . The 'red-wooded
Buckthorn.
15. a. With pa. pples., ssred-clad, -dabbled, -dyed,
-lined, -lillen, -painted,-plowed, -written. Also red-
ivet (shod].
1871 J. MILLER Songs Italy (i^lt) 36 The *ied-clad fishers
row and creep Below the crags. 1857 TIIORNBL'RY Songs
Cav. *t Roiindh. 4 Remember Edge-hill and the 'red-dabbled
mire. 1631 MASSINGER & FIELD Fatal Dowry iv. iv, I, in
Bmr cnse, put on a scarlet robe Of 'red-died cruelty. 1849
. J. BROWNE Amer. Poultry Yd. (1855) 242 Opening his
'red-lined throat to its utmost extent. 1839 POP. Falll/ouse
of 'Usher Wks. 1864 I. 301 Travellers .. Through the *red-
litten windows see Vast forms. 1891 G. F. X. GRIFFITH tr.
FauareTs Christ I. 259 The red-litten peaks, a 1843 SOUTHEY
Comtn.-pt. Bk. (1849) II. 568 The *Red-painted Hatchet of
Ws
B_ _r_,
1820 Black™. Mag. July 38472 The 'hand of her kindred has
been red-wat in the heart's blude o' my name. 1871 HROWN-
ING Balaustion 1701 To read 'red-written up and djwn The
world [etc.].
b. With pres. pples. in complemental use, as
red-branching, -burning, -flowering, -gleaming,
-hissing, -ripening, -streaming, -swelling. Also
objective, as red-making.
1729 SAVAGE Wanderer i, There lies.. the ripening Dia-
mond's Ray, And thence 'red-branching Coral's rent away.
1625 B. JONSON Staple of N. iv. iv, Throw away Her boun-
ties, astney were 'red-burning coals. 1816 WARDEN Descr.
Columbia 166 Maple ('red flowering). Acerrubrmn. 1864
SOWERBY Eng. Bot. II. 129 Spergnlaria Ritbra. . . Red-
flowering Field Spurrey. 1889 MAIDEN Use/. Native
Plants 471 This rugged-barked variety (Victorian Ironbark)
must not be confused with the Red-flowering Ironbark
(E. Sideroxylon* of New South Wales. 1855 MORRIS in
Mackail Life (1899) I. 50 Under the "red-gleaming moon-
light. 1697 CONGREVE Mourn. Bride U. x, And wrench
the Bolt 'red-hissing from the Hand Of him that thunders.
1715-20 POPE Iliad xiv. 482 The bolt, red-hissing from
above. 1704 NEWTON Optics (ed. 3) 168 The homogeneal
Light and Rays which appear red, or rather make objects
appear so, I call Rubrific or 'Red-making. 1797 BROUGHAM
in Phil. Trans. LXXXVII. 359 If \VJi be changed to
a red-making beam [etc.). 1729 SAVAGE Wanderer v, The
native Strawberry 'red-ripening grows. 1823 M KS. HEMANS
Vespers of Palermo il. iv, The partial glare Of the 'red-
streaming lava. 1719 SAVAGE Wanderer v, He rolls 'red-
swelling, tearful Eyes around.
III. In special applications.
16. As a distinctive epithet of things in which
the colour forms a natural or obvious mark of
kind or class.
ciooo jELFRic Gloss, in Wr.-Wulcker 149/8 Ceraiinie,
reade winberige. a 1300 Cursor M. 4678 Depe selers . . he
fild wit wines, quite and red. 1387-8 T. USK Test. Loi'e
Prol. (Skeat) 1. 15 Some .. painten with colours riche .. as
with red inke. c 1450 M. E. Med. Bk. (Heinrich) 199 Closed
wybynne be ere wyfc> red wax. Ibid. 227 pen se^> hem wel
in red eysel. 1483 Catk. Angl. 301/2 Rede grapes, elbee.
15a3 FITZHERB. Hitsb. § 142 Parchmente, reedwax, pommes,
bokes. 1617 MORYSON /tin. I. 143 The white and red
Muskedine, one of the most famous Wines in Italy. 1764
Sitppl. Treat. Quadrille 27 A Reflection on the Difference
in playing the same Hands, in Black and in Red Suits. 1839
URE Diet. Arts 184 The finest kind of marl and red bricks,
called cutting bricks. 1849 HERSCHEL Ontl. Astron. § 851
Many of the red stars are variable. 1851 CARPENTER Man.
Phys. (ed. 2) 311 The blood of Invertebrated animals, from
which the red corpuscles are almost or altogether absent.
b. Applied to various diseases marked by evacua-
tion of blood or cutaneous eruptions.
a 1400-50 Stockh. Med. MS. 152 For be reed flyx. 1417
Durham Ace. Rolls (Surtees) 318 De quibus [agnis] in
morina Ixij, in quodam morbo voc . le redeyll. 1447 [see
FLUX sb. 4 1493 Festmall (W. de W. 1515) j 14 b, Cryst . .
beled Martha her syster of the reed fluxe. 1561 HOLLYBUSH
Horn. Apoth. 6 If y" waking come of y" rede colera, then
waxeth hys skin rede colored also. 1563 [see LEPRY]. 1606
SHAKS. Tr. 4- Cr. n. i. 20 A red Murren o' thy lades tricks.
1610 — Temp. i. ii. 364 The red-plague rid you For learning
me your language. 1664 Meth. Chem. Philos. $ Physick
242 These are the signs of the red Lepry. 1845 YOUATT
Dog (1858) 368 In red mange the whole integument is in a
state of acute inflammation. 1878 Times 26 Dec., 'Soldier
disease or red disease ' are names given to any affection _in
swine accompanied by general or patchy redness of the skin.
c. Red bogs, one of the chief classes of bogs in
Ireland (see quot. 1 846) .
1685 W. KING in Phil. Trans. XV. 955 Every red Bog
has about it a deep marshy sloughy ground, which they
call the bounds of the Bog. 1737 Dublin Soc. Weekly
Obs. No. 19 (1739) I. 122 The Crop I mean is Hops ; and
the Bogs in which I have reared them with most Success,
the worst and most useless of all others — the red Bogs.
1846 M'CULLOCH Ace. Brit. Empire (1854) I. 347 The
colour of the matter of which they are composed is, for
the most part, reddish, whence they are usually called red
bogs. Exclusive of the red or flat bogs [etc.].
d. Red squadron, one of the three squadrons
into which the Royal Navy was formerly divided.
1701 Land. Gaz. No. 3835/3 Sir John Munden, Rear-
Admiral of the Red-Squadron. 1769 FALCONER Diet.
Marine (1780) s.v. Fleet, The ships of the red squadron wear
an ensign, whose union is displayed on a red field. 1802
Naval Chron. VIII. 223 note. The English do not wear the
red flag at the main. ..The distinguishing flag of the red
squadron has ever been the Union or flag of the Lord High
Admiral. 1891 HULME Heraldry (1897) 262 Until 1864,
Great Britain had admirals, and vii J '—"
the red, white, and blue squadrons.
_ It lOU^,
Great Britain' had admirals, and vice and rear-admirals, of
he red, white, and blue squadrons.
17. Used more or less descriptively and dis-
288
tinctively with the general or generic names of
animals, birds, fishes, plants, and minerals.
a. Animals, as redbol, cat, kangaroo, lemur, mole,
rat, slug, snail (see quots.) ; red adder, U. S., the
copperhead snake ; red ant, any ant of this colour,
esp. (a) a common small British ant, Formica (or
Myrmica~) rubra ; (6) the hill- or horse-ant, F. rufa;
(c} the American house-ant, Monomorium phara-
oitis; (<0 (see quot. 1872); fed antelope, (a)
the steen-bok ; (i>) the nagor or Senegal antelope ;
rod ant-fly (see ANT-FLY); red bat, U.S., a
common American bat ; red bear-oat, the panda
or wah (Cent. Diet. 1891) ; red buck, a South
African antelope ; red bug, U.S., (a) the cotton-
=Ha\n&,Dysdercus stiturellus ; (b) one of several red
harvest-ticks ; red crab, U. S., an edible crab of
the Pacific coast ; red fox, (a) the common Euro-
pean fox, Vulpes vulgaris ; (*) the common North
American fox, V. fulvus ; (c) the kit-fox of N.
America; red hare, a variety of the common
American hare ; red louse, the harvest bug, or
harvest mite (Cent. Diet.} ; red lynx, the bay lynx,
Felts rufa ; red maggot (see MAGGOT) ; red
monkey, the patas of Western Africa; red mouse,
the harvest mouse; fed orang, the orang-
outang ; t red snake, a Virginian species of snake
(? the red adder) ; red squirrel, the chickaree ;
red tiger, the cougar (Cent. Diet.} ; red viper,
(a) a species of British viper ; (#) U . S., the red
adder or copperhead ; red wolf, (a) a South
American wolf, Canis jubattts; (£) a North
American variety of the common wolf. Also RED
DEER, RED SPIDER, RED WORM. (For red admiral,
arches, carpet, etc., see 19.)
1859 BARTLETT Diet. Amer. s.v. Copperhead, It has various
other popular names, as Copper-belly, Red Viper, "Red
adder. 1667 KING in Phil. Trans. II. 426 If you put Black
Ants into a Bank of the "Red [ants], the Black . . will not
meddle with the Red, but . . run away. 1747 GOULD Ace.
Eng. Ants n The Red Ants are to be met with under broad
Stones or other Rubbish. 1816 KIRBY & Si'. Entomol. II.
xvii. 97, I found the inhabitants of a nest of the red ant
(Myrttuca rubra) very busily employed. 1872 WOOD In-
sects at Home 340 The Red Ant (Formica sanguinea) is
worthy of some notice, because it is one of the slave-making
species. 1781 PENNANT Hist. Qiiadrup. I. 76 'Red Ante-
lope. 1790 BEWICK Hist. Quaiirtip. 80 The Steen-Bok or
Red Antelope of Mr. Pennant. 1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3)
I V. 146/2 The nagor, or red antelope, . . inhabits Senegal and
the Cape. 1812 WILSON Amer. Ornith. VI. pi. 50 'Red
Bat. 1884-5 Riverside Nat. Hist. (1888) V. 167 The
Atalapha noreboracensis, or Red Bat, is perhaps the most
common of the eastern American bats. 1836 Penny Cycl.
V. 261/1 A smaller species of bot, called from its colour the
'red-hot, is occasionally found in the stomach [of the horse).
1883 J. MACKENZIE Day-dawn in Dark Places 97, 1 beheld
the gnu and the 7ebra, the *red-buck, the spring buck, and
. . the lechwe, or water-buck. 1781 PENNANT Hist. Qnadrnp.
II. 564 Wild 'Red Cat. 1887 RATHBUN in Goode Fisheries
U.S. II. 657 The common crab (Cancer ntagister) ; the 'red
crab (Cancer productus) ; the rock crab [etc.]. 1816 WARDEN
Descr. Columbia 159 The grey and the 'red fox frequent
this region. 1875 COPE in Smithson. Coll. XIII. I. iiL 62
Our red fox (Vulpes fulvus) is nearly related to the Euro-
pean fox (V.mlfnni). 1879 GOODE Ibid. XXIII. iv. 19
Lepus Americanus, var. IYasliingtiinii.—*Red Hare.—
West of Rocky Mountains from Columbia River into British
Columbia. 1877 Nature XV. 419/1 A "Red Kangaroo
(Macnpusnifus), bornin theGardens. i848CRAics.v.tf«/,
'Red lemur, the quadrumanous animal, Lemur rubra. 1875
COPE in Smithson. Coll. XIII. i. Hi. 65 The 'red lynx and
raccoon are examples .., and several species of wood-warblers.
1781 PENNANT Hist. Quadmp. II. 487 "Red Mole .. Talpa
rubra Americana. 1840 Cuvier's A trim. Kingd. 80 The
Red Mole of America, .is more likely the Scalops cana-
densis. 1700 BEWICK Hist. Qnadrup. 403 The Patas,
or 'Red Monkey. 1848 CRAIG s.v. Red, Red or Patas
monkey, the Cercopithecus ruber of Geoflroy, and Simia
rnbra of Linnaeus, c 1475 Pict. Voc. in Wr.-Wulcker 760/12
Hie rooiiidens, a "redmowse. 1774 G. WHITE Selborne Ix,
As my neighbour was housing a rick he observed that his
dogs devoured all the little red mice that they could catch,
but rejected the common mice. 1840 Ctmer'l Anim.
Kingd. 55 The Pongo . . is known only to occur in
Borneo where the *Red Ourang has not been ascertained
to exist. 1781 PENNANT Hist. Qnadrup. II. 452 'Red
Rat, Mus Rntilits. .. Inhabits Sibiria, from the Oby
eastward to Kamtschatka. 1783 BARBUT Verities 30
Lima* Rufus. .. The 'Red Slug. 1839 Penny Cycl.
XIII. 486/2 Ariaa rnfus. Red Slug. 7*/rf.,The supposed
virtues of a decoction, .of Red Slugs in disorders of the
chest. 14.. Stochh. Mat. MS. in Anglia XVIII. 297
Late gadre an hep of *red[e] snayl[is] pat crepyn aboute in
reyn and haylys. £145° M. E. Med. Bk. (Heinrich) 200
Tak be water of be rede sneyl. 1753 J. HILL Hist. Anim.
87 Limax subrufiis. . . The naked red Snail. 1688 CLAYTON
in Phil. Trans. XVIII. 134 There is another sort of deadly
Snake, called the "Red Snake. 1819 WARDEN United States
I. 230 The 'Red Squirrel, not so large as the Grey, has its
name from a reddish stripe which runs along the back. 1847
AUDUBON & BACHMAN I7ivip. Quad. N.A. I. 120 Providence
has placed much food . . within reach of the Red-Squirrel
during winter. 1828 The Crypt III. 9 A serpent, known to
the gamekeepers of Dorsetshire under the name of the 'Red
Viper,, .considered to be more poisonous than the common
viper, but is fortunately very rare. 1859 (see red adder
above). 1840 Otvier's Anim. Kingd. 91 The *Red Wolf. .
From the marshes of South America. 1876 GOODE in
Smithson. Coll. XIII. VI. 69 Red Wolf.
b. Birds, as red butcher-bird, creeper, dunlin,
RED.
heron, humming-bird, c Hole, pheasant, sandpiper,
sheldrake, shrike, sf arrow, •wheat-ear (see quots.) ;
red-chatterer, the Surinam red-bird, Ampelix
carnifex; red cock, the grouse; fred coot-foot,
= red phalarope ; red curassow, the red Peruvian
hen, Crax rubra ; t red curlew, the scarlet ibis ;
red duck, the castineous or white-eyed duck ; red
falcon, f (a) an East Indian falcon, also called red
Indian falcon ; \ (b) the female peregrine falcon
when a year old ; (c) the merlin ; red fink, the red
grenadier grosbeak, Ploceus oryx ; red flammant,
flamingo, the common flamingo, Phcenicopterus
ruber ; red godwit, the bar-tailed or black-tailed
godwit, Limosa rufa or Kgocephala ; red goose,
U.S., the snow-goose (Cent. Diet. 1891) ; red gros-
beak, the cardinal grosbeak or Virginia nightingale ;
red grouse (see GROUSE I b) ; red hawk, (a) a
yearling hawk ; (/>) the merlin ; red hoop, the
bullfinch ; red jungle-fowl (see JUNGLE 3 b) ;
red kite, the common kite ; red knot, the sander-
lingand knot in summer plumage; red lark, ?(a)
the meadow or water pipit ; (/>) the American
tit-lark ; red linnet, (a) the common linnet ;
(/>) the lesser redpoll ; (c) the goldfinch ; red
lobefoot, the red phalarope; red macaw, the
red-and-blne macaw ; red martin, U. S., the red
godwit (Cent. Did.}; red owl, Strix asio; red
partridge, the red-legged partridge ; red phala-
rope, the grey phalarope in summer plumage ; red
ptarmigan, the grouse; red rail, the Virginia
rail (Cent. Diet.) ; red robin, (a) the redbreast ;
(b) =next; red tanager, the scarlet tanager ; red
thrush, (a) the redwing, Turdus iliacus ; (l>} the
American red-breasted thrush; red tiercel, the
male peregrine falcon when a year old. Also
RED-BIRD, RED-GAME. (For red-back, -bill, etc.,
see 1 8 b, and main words.)
1743 EDWARDS Nat. Hilt. Birds I. n. 54 The Crested "Red
or Russit Butcher-Bird. 1783 LATHAM Gen. Synopsis Hints
II. I. 97 *Red Ch[atterer). 1817 SHAW Gen Zool. X it.
425 Red Chatterer, with a band through the eyes and the
tips of the quills and tail-feathers black. 1776 PENNANT Brit,
Zool. (ed. 4) I. 229 'Red Cock. 1828 FLEMING Brit Anim.
100 Lobipes hyperboreus. 'Red Coot-foot. 1782 LATHAM Gen.
Synopsis Birds I. n. 721 'Red Creeper, Trochtltts cocdneus.
..Supposed to be found in Mexico. 1802 BmcLEY Anim
Biog. (1813) II. 142 The Red Creeper. This diminutive
inhabitant of New Spain .. I mention merely for the pur-
pose of describing its nest. 1819 SHAW Gen Zooi XI. i. ifig
The 'Red Curassow is the size of a turkey. 1754 CATESBY
Nat. Hist. Carolina I. 84 The 'Red Curlew 1769 BAN-
CROFT Guiana 172 The Curlew of Guiana is the Indian
or Red Curlew of Ray. 1785 PENNANT A ret. Zoot II 576
Lapmark, 'Red, and Garganey Duck. 1817 T. FORSTER
1 Nat. Hist. Smallovitribe led. 6) 95 Anas Nyroca, Casta-
neous duck .. Red duck. 1814 SHAW Gen Zool. XII i. c,6
"Red Dunlin (Pelidna Subarcuatat . . Dunlin with the beak
longer than the head, a 1673 WILLUGHBY Otnith. 1167')
! PI 9 Falce rvber Indicus..'\ he "Red Indian Falcon 1678
RAY Witlnehby's Ornith. 81 The Red Falcon. 1887 SMITH
Birds 69 (E.D.D.) The female when a yearling was termed
a ' Red Falcon '. 1890 WATSON Nature f, W,-odcrafc viii.
The Keeper's ' red falcon ' is the beautiful Merlin 1867
LAYARD Birds S. Africa 185 'Red Fink of Colonists. . .The
'Red Caffre Fink', though not an uncommon bird, is certainly
a very local one. 178$ PENNANT Arct. Zool. II 504 *Red
Flammant. 1785 LATHAM Gen. Synopsis Birds V. 299 PI. 93
'Red Flamingo. 1814 SHAW Gen. Zool. XII I. 186 Red
Flamingo with the quills black. 1768 PENNANT Brtl Zool.
America: in England it is found throughout the year 1883
SWAINSON Proi'. Nantes Birds 199 Black-Tailed Godwit
1 Also called Red godwit (Ireland). 1731 ALBIN Nut. Hut.
Birds 55 pi. 57 The 'Red Grosbeak, or Virginia Nightingale.
. . Some call it the Virginia Nightingale, and in Virginia, &c.
i they tall it the Red-bird, but more properly the Red Gros-
! beak. 1776 PENNANT Brit. Zool. (ed. 4) I. Index 229 "Red
Grous. 1704 HUTCHINSON Hist. Cnmbld. 1. 17/2 Moor Game
or Red Grous. 1843 YARRF.LL Brit. Birds II. 321 Some
authors have called our Red Grouse, the Red Grous Ptar-
migan, the Red Ptarmigan, and the Brown Ptarmigan.
1849 M. ARNOLD Resignation 70 The red-grouse, springing
at our sound. 1500-10 DUNBAR Poems- xxu. 7, I do lyk ane
*reid halk schout. 1828 SIR J. S. SEBRIGHT Hawking 32
The young hawks of the year are called red hawks, from the
colour of their plumage. 1890 WATSON Nature ft II- oodcraft
13 The great grouse poachers of the Moors are the beaunful
little Merlins. ..The 'red hawk' is plucky beyond its size
I Long-tail'd 'Red Humming-Bird. i84oMACGiLHVRAY///s/-
Brit. Birds III. 265 Milvus regalis; The /Red Kite.
1893 NEWTON Diet. Birds 491 In some districts this [It
black kite] is much commoner than the red kite. 1814 SHAW
of the Red Linnet. 1893 [see LINNET i). 1819 CAPT. Ross
' Voy Disiov App. II. lix. I.obipts Hyperborean ( Red Lobe
foot), commonly named Red Phalarope. 1703 * Red macaw
[see MACAW]. 1831 WILSON, etc. Amer. Ormlh. IV. 23
Were one to compare . . the red macaw with the ground
BED.
)arrot of New Holland. 1781 LATHAM Gen. Synopsis Birds
[. il. 431 "Red Oriole. . . Size of our lilack bird. 1783 PENNANT
•Int. Zool. II. 234 "Red Owl. 1812 WILSON Anter.
d Owl is eight inches and a half long
366 To these varieties lemmmcK nas auueu [netted rnuia-
rope. 1894 NEWTON Diet, Birds 712 In summer, .the whole
of the lower parts are bright bay, . . and hence it has in this
condition been called the Red Phalarope. 1752 J. HILL
Hist. Anim. 486 The *red Pheasant. 1819 SHAW Gen. Zool.
XI. u. 294 The *Red Ptarmigan is in length fifteen inches
and a half. 1843 [see red grouse above]. 1776 PENNANT
Brit. Zool. (ed. 4) II. 394 "Red Sandpiper. Tringa Icelan.
innauus Surinam. 1703 jotii. ill. 271 inis icrimson-neadea
finch] inhabits the thick woods about the Volga and Samara,
where it is called the *Red Sparrow. Ibid. 217 *Red
T[anager]. Tanagra Rubra. .. Inhabits Canada. 1827
AuDUBONm Journals (1893) 1. 245 The powers of. .the *Red
Thrush. 1843 Ibid. 516 The delightful song of the Red
Thrush. 1885 SWAINSON Prov. Names Birds 4 Red thrush
(Midlands). 1743 EDWARDS Nat. Hist. Birds I. i. 31 The
•Red or Russit-Colour'd Wheat Ear. 1817 SHAW Gen.
Zoo/. X. u. 569 Red Wheatear (Vitiflora ru/a). . . Taken at
Gibraltar and near Bologna.
C. Fishes, etc., as red dory, lamprey, mackerel,
scallop, sea-nettle ; red bandfish, the red ribband
fish or red snakefish, Cepola rubescens (cf. BAND
si.1 Ill) ; red bass, (a) U. S. the red drum or
red-fish, Scixna ocellata ; (b) an Australian fish (see
quot. 1898) ; red bream (see quot) ; red char,
the case-char before spawning (formerly regarded as
a distinct species) ; red cod, (a) the rock-cod ;
(b) a New Zealand gadoid fish, Pseudophycis
bacchus; (c) (see quot. 1836); red crab, (a) the
sea cray-fish ; (b) an American crab (see quot.
1884) ; red cusk, a Californian fish (see quot.) ;
red dace, («) the roach; (b) U.S. the red-fin;
red drum, = red bass ; red garrupa (see quot.) ;
red gilthead, the sea bream ; red grouper, a j
Mexican fish, Epinephalus morio ; red gurnard or ;
gurnet, (a) a species of gurnard, the rocket or
rochet, Trigla cuculus ; (b) — next ; red gurnet- i
perch, an Australian fish (see quot.) ; red lump,
the cock-paddle ; red mullet, a surmullet ; red
paidle, Sc. = red lump ; red perch, (a) the rose-
fish, Sebastes marinus; (b) a Tasmanian and
Australian fish (see quot. 1898); red ribband
fish, = red bandfish ; red rock-cod, (a) one of
several Australian fishes (see quot.); (i) the
orange rock-fish of N. America; red rock-
erab (see quot.) ; red rock-fish, (a) a Bermudan
fish (see quot.) ; (t) one of several fishes of the
Pacific coast of N. America belonging to the
genus Sebastodes or Sebastichthys ; red seieena,
= red bass ; red snakefish, = red bandfish ; red
snapper, a voracious fish of the Gulf of Mexico,
Lutjanus Blackfordii or vivanus ; red sole, the
little sole, Solea lutea ; red surmullet, the plain
red mullet, Mnllus barbatus; red trout, the lake
trout; red tubs, the sapphirine gurnard, Trigla,
hirundo ; red wrasse, the female wrasse, Labrus
mixtus. Also REIJ-FISB, RED-HOUSE. (For red-
belly, -fin, -mouth, -sides; red-fender, -ribbon, etc.,
see 18 b and 19.)
I8a8 FLEMING Brit. Anim. 204 *Red Band-fish. 1863
T"«v' i- fts'tes "• 2°3 'I'he Red Bandfish is common |
in the Mediterranean. ,880-84 DAY Fishes Gt. Brit. I. 214 I
Ked band-fish or red snake-fish, owing to its colour, appear-
ailce, and movements. 1884 GOODE Nat. Hist. Aquat.
••("iiii 372 In the Carolinas, Florida, and the Gulf, we meet
J"u jo nal,nes Bass ' and "s variations, ' Spotted Bass ',
Ked Bass [etc.]. 1898 MORRIS Austral Eng. 383/2 Red
t>ass,z fish of Moreton Bay, Klesofiion sitperbus, family
feradx. Ibid., *Red Bream, name given to the Schnapper
hen one year old. 1674 RAY Freshen. Fish 109 «Ked
Lharre [see CHAR it.*]. ,769 PENNANT Brit. ZtvJ.lll. 258
tie two others [specimens] were inscribed, the Red Charr,
e Sliver or Gilt Charr. 1880-84 DAY Fishes Gt. Brit. II.
100 n he case charr] when exhibiting the bright crimson belly
it assumes before spawning,, .is called the red iharr.
"1705 KAY Aynefsis rise. (1713) 165 A *Red-Cod or Rock-
rJS" » i i "";"% '}'"'• Hist- Cornwall 268 The Tamlin
Cod Red or Rock-Cod, about two feet long. 1836 YARRELL
Bni. Folu, II ,48 On the coast of Durham and North,
umberland and at the Isle of Man, the Cod acquire a dark
red or reddish brown colour; and are called Red Cod. .674
Tajl r v"1?",/.03 Lo"g °>'sler' Sta-g»r. *R«1 Crab
289
(Sebastichthys fanrinus), . .This species is known as ' Gar-
rupa ', ' Rock-fibh ', and ' Rock-cod '. 1776 PENNANT Brit.
Zool. (ed. 4) III. 212 *Red Gilt-Head. 1880-84 DAY Fishes
Gt. Brit. I. 37 l'agelliiscenlrodontusr. Common sea bream,
sharp-toothed sea bream. Red gilthead. 1884 GOODE
Nat. Hist, Aqnat. Anim. 410 The *Red Grouper is ex-
tremely abundant in the Gulf of Mexico in company with
the red snapper, a 1672 WILLUGHBY Icthyogr., "Red Gur.
nard [see GURNARD i]. 1776 PENNANT Brit. Zool. (ed. 4) 1 II.
243 The spines are longer and slenderer in those of the
red gurnard. 1884 GOODE Nat. Hist. Aauat. Anim. 256
A single specimen of the Red Gurnard of Europe, Trigla
cucnlits, is said to have once been taken at New York. 1883
Fisheries Exhib. Catal. 269 The fish that chiefly supply our
market are the "red gurnet,, .mullet,, .whiting [etc.]. 1883
TENISON-WOOD Fish N. S. W. 48 (Morris) Sebastes per.
coides, a fish of a closely allied genus of the same family. . .
In Victoria it is called the *Red Gurnet-perch. 1804 SHAW
Gen. Zool. V. u. 261 *Red Lamprey, with brownish back.
1873 F. T. BUCKLAND Fam. Hist. Brit. Fishes x. 174 Our
fishermen consider them to be different species and call them
the *Red lump and the Blue lump. 1803 SHAW Gen. Zool.
IV. 2 *Red Mackrel, silvery beneath, with small scales.
176* Ann. Reg. \. 149 Brills, pipers, dories, and *red mullet.
1809 SHAW2W/. Lect. II. 67 One of the principal species is
the red Mullet or the Surmullet. 1840 Cnvier's Ani,n.
Kingd. 294 There are two species, both of which are Euro-
pean, the Striped Red Mullet,./]/, su, utitletus, . . and the
Plain Red Mullet, M. barbatus. 1863 COUCH Brit. Fishes
I- 217 The Red Mullet appears to be most common in the
Mediterranean. 1885 \swgoat-fisli s.v. GOAT 4 b]. 1880-84
DAY Fishes Gt. Brit. 1. 181 Cock- and hen-paidle or 'red- and
Aquat. Anim. 260 The Rose-fish., is also known as 'Red
Perch'. 1898 MORRIS Austral Eng. 385/1 Ked Perch,
name given in Tasmania to the fish Anthias rasor. ..
In Australia, it is Anthias longimanns. 1863 COUCH Brit.
Fishes II. 262 'Red Ribband fish. 1883 RAMSAY Food
Fishes N. S. Wales 15 The '*Red Rock-Cod '— Sebastei
percoiifes&nd Scorpcena cardinalis, crucnta, and bynoensis —
are rock- and ground-fish, and readily take the hook. 1884
GOODE Nnt. Hist. Aqnat. Anim. 265 Orange Rock-Fish
(Sebastichthys pinniger) . . is usually called simply ' Red
Rock-Cod ' or ' Red Rock-fish '. a 1884 in Goode ibid. 778
The *Red Rock Crab — Kchidnoceros setimanus. 1876
GOODE inSmithson. Coll. XIII. v. 57 Trisotrcpis giitttitus.
..With some doubt I icfer to this species the *Red Rock-
fish of the Bermuda market. 1884 in Goode Nat. Hist.
Aquat. Anim. 265 Red Rock-fish (Sebastichthys rnber).
..This species is usually the 'Red Rock-fish' par ex-
cellence. Ibid. 266 Red Rock-fish of Alaska (Sebastichthys
pioriger). 1777 PENNANT Brit. Zool. icd. 4) IV. 86 *Red
Scallop. 1803 SHAW Gen. Zool. IV. u. 541 *Red Sciana,
with connected dorsal fins, spiny head, and a very long
spine on the anterior gill-cover, 1611 COTGR., Posterot,
the *red sea-Nettle ; an ouglie, and imperfect sea-fish.
1811 COUCH in Trans. Linn. Sac. (1823) XIV. 76 *Red
Snakefisii. Cepola rubescens. 1840 Ciivier's A nim. Kingd.
303 One species.. is occasionally found on the south coast
of England, where it is known as the.. Red Snake-fish.
1879 GOODE in Xmithson.Coll. XXI 1 1. IV. 47 "Red Snapper.
— West Indian Fauna and north to Savannah Bank. 1884 —
Nat. Hist. Aquat. Anim. 395 In the Gulf of Mexico the Red
Snapper is exceedingly abundant. 1880-84 DAY Fishes Gt.
v- .
ODE A,,/. //„/. Al,,lat, ,,„,-,„. 77IThe Red Crab
t^J^u"1- , * K found alo"S lhe entire Pacifi<:
K^'0'."16 United States. «/,<; 244 A single species is
U ,>»n ,n Cdiforma, the so-called -Red-CSsk, Brosmo-
rrf ""•'¥'?"'•«• '880-84 DAY Fisl.es Gl. IS, it. II. ,76
1 1 lie roach is] sometimes termed "red-dace from the colour
IV r .i^1 ,lsee "d-fin in '8 •>]• I8°3 SHAW Gen. Zool.
J ' ^ • Dory' Zeui Af"fr- l884 GOODE Nat. Hist.
Afffi. Am,,,. 362 The "Red Drum of our coast, Scixna.
, it /a-sS?3 "'""a- (U.S.) XXII. 94/2 About the li.st
May the larce red-drum.. commence to enter tha inlets.
i«4 GOODE A'a/. Hist. Aquat. Auirn. 264 'Red Garrupa j
the red surmullet. 1884 GOODE Nnt. Hist. Aquat. Anim.
488 The Lake Trout has other appellatives . . ' Tyrant of the
Lake ', ' Laker ', ' "Red Trout '. 1880-84 L>AY Fishes Gt. Brit.
I.6i Trigla hirundo,. -tub-fish, or tubbot: sea crows : *red
tubs : smooth sides. 1836 YARRELL Brit. Fishes I. 286 The
"Red Wrasse is a well-marked species, first described by
Ascanius. 1880-84 D*" Fishes Gt. Brit, I. 258 Labrus
JttixtHS. . Female — red wrasse.
d. Plants, as red asphodel, blite, bramble, briar,
cabbage (cole), carrot, catchfly, cinque foil, colewort,
crab-tree, cranesbill, eye-bright, feather-moss, fen-
nel, helleborine, henbane, hickory, oat, onion, fasse-
Jlower, potato, sedge, sparry, stonecrop ; red algre,
the alga- or seaweeds constituting the class tloridex.
or Rhodospennex ; rhodosptrms ; fred archangel,
= red dead-nettle ; red ash, (a) a North American
ash, I'l-axinus pubescens ; (6) a hard-wooded Aus-
tralian tree, Alphitonia excelsa ; (c) the silky oak
of Australia, Orites excelsa ; red bartsia, the
common bartsia, B. odontites ; red batata, a
species of Spanish or sweet potato ; red bay,
U.S. a lauraceous tree, Fersea carolinensis, of
the South-Eastern States ; red bear-berry, the
common bear-berry; red beech, (a) an American
species of beech, Fagus ferrnginea • (6) an Aus-
tralian tree, Tarrietia trifoliata ; red beefwood,
a Jamaica shrub, Ardisia coriacea (Cent. Diet.
1891) ; red beet, behen (see the sbs.) ; red bil-
berry, = red whortleberry ; red bind, -bine (see
BIND sb. 2 b) ; red birch, an American species of
birch, Betula nigra ; red bird's-eye, (a) Lychnis
diitrna; (b) Herb Robert (Britten & Holl. 1886);
red box, a name given lo two Australian species
of eucalyptus (see quots.), and to the myrtaceous
tree, Tristania confeit.i ; red broom-rape, a species
of broom-rape, Orobanche rubra ; red bryony,
= BHYOKY i ; red buckeye, the small buckeye,
sEscit/its pavia, of the Southern United States, with
red Mowers ; f red camomile (see CAMOMILE I b) ;
red campion (see CAUTION-) ; red cherry, a wild
cherry, /'minus pennsylvanica, of N.America; red
chickweed, U.S. => red pimpernel '; red clover
1ED.
(see CLOVER i b) ; f red corn-rose, the red poppy;
t red cow-basil, = red valerian ; red cypress, a
large coniferous timber-tree, Taxodium disticliium,
of the Atlantic States (Cent. Diet.) ; red darnel,
the common rye-grass ; red dead-nettle, Lamiitih
ptirpnreujii (see DEAD-NETTLE) ; red dock, f (a)
a species of dock, Kumex sanguinetis ; (b) the
withered stalks of the common dock ; red elder,
the guelder-rose ; red elm, the American slippery
elm ; red els, a South African tree, Cunoaia ca-
pensis ; red fir, (a) (see quot.) ; (/») a fir of the
Pacific coast of America, Abies nobilis or A. mag-
nifica ; (c) the Oregon pine, Pseudotsuga L'otiglasii
or taxifolia; fred fitch(ling), cock's-head or
hen's-bill, Onobrychis saliva ; red gooseberry,
t (a] (see GOOSEBERRY 2) ; (b) a red variety of the
common gooseberry; red goosefoot, Chenopodiuni
rubrum ; f red greening, a kind of apple ; red
guayava (see GUAVA i) ; red haw, an American
species of haw, Cratsegtts coccinea ; red heath,
the common heath or heather, Callnna vulgaris ;
red hemp-nettle, Galeopsis ladanum ; red horse-
chestnut, (a) a variety of horse-chestnut with red
flowers; (b) the red-flowered buckeye, sKsculus
pavia ; red iron-bark, anamegiven to several species
of Australian eucalyptus (see quots.) ; red jasmine
or jessamine (see JASMINE I b) ; red larch, a
variety of the American larch ; red lily, •)• (a) ? the
red gladiole ; (/>) an American lily, Lilium phila-
delphicum; (c) (see quot. 1879) ; f red loosestrife
(see LOCISISTKIFE i b); fred lysimachus, = prec. ;
red mahogany, an Australian species of euca-
lyptus (see quot); red mangrove (see MAN-
GROVE) ; red maple, a species of maple, Acer
rubrum, with crimson flowers ; f red mathes (see
MAYTHE) ; red mint (see qnots.) ; red mulberry,
an American species of mulberry, Morns rubra ; red
mulga, an Australian species of Acacia, A. cypero-
phylla ; red myrtle, an Australian myrtaceous
tree, Eugenia myrlifolia ; red nightshade, f (a)
the winter-cherry, thysalis Alkekengi; (b) poke-
weed (Mayne 1858) ; red oak, a North American
oak, Qtiercus rubra and Q.falcata ; red osier (see
quots.); fred paper-moss, a red seaweed; red
pepper, capsicum ; red pimpernel, the scarlet
pimpernel, Anagallis arvensis ; red pine, (a) a
North American pine, Finns resinosa, also called
Korviay pine ; (6) a tall evergreen tree of New
Zea\and,/)actydinm cupressinum, also called rimu
( Treas. Hot.) ; (c) an Australian tree, Frcnela End-
licheri; red plum, a wild plum of N. Ameiica (see
quots.) ; red poppy (see POPPY) ; red puocoon,
the blood-root of N. America; red raspberry,
(d) the common variety of Kubus iiiseus ; (b) a wild
American species oU\ubiis(K . slrigosus) ; t red ray,
? rye-grass ; red sallow, Salix rubra ; red eandal
tree or wood, (a) red sanciers wood ; (6} another
East Indian \.izz,Adenantherapavonina; red sand-
wort, red spurry ; f red satyrion, some species of
orchis ; red saucb, = red sallow ; f red saxifrage,
dropwort, Spirn-a filipendnla; fred seaweed or
wrack, a red alga ; red sorrel, (a) a West Indian
name for the tropical plant Hibiscus sabdarijfa, also
called Indian sorrel ; (j) sheep-sorrel ; fredspert,
= redwithy; red spruce, a North Ameiican spruce,
ricea ntbra (a variety of/", nigrd) ; f red sumach,
the Sicilian or Venetian sumach ; red valerian,
spur-valerian, Centranthus ritber; red whortle-
berry (see COW-BEBRY) ; fredwhorts, = prec.,
also Spanish red whort, the strawberry-tree, Arbu-
tus unedo ; t red willow herb, the red lysima-
chia or loosestrife; fred withy, = red sallow.
(For red berry, lac, morocco, rot, etc., see 19.)
1852 HARVEY in Smithson. Coll. V. n. i Rhodospermeae or
•Red Alga?. 1876 GOOUE IHd. XIII. v. 60 On the coast of
Maine, the bright-red variety of the Cod. -is found only on
bottoms covered with Red Algse. 1548 TURNER Names
Heroes (E. D. SO 39 Galeopsis after my iudeemente is the
herbe, which is called in englishe "red Arcnaungel. 1634
JOHNSON Merc. Bot. 46 Laminm ntbrvm. . . Red Arch-
angel), small dead Nettle. 1777 LIGHTFOOT Flora Scot. I.
309 L,tiwii4>ii pnrpitreum. Red Archangel, or Dead-Nettie.
1816 WARDEN Descr. Columbia 167 *Red Ash . . Fraxintts
toinentosa. 1846-50 A, WOOD Class-l-k. Bot. 464 The red ash
is abundant in Penn., and the southern parts of N. England.
.. Leaves of about 7 leaflets, which become reddish under-
neath. 1889 MAIDEN Use/. Natire Wants 373 Alphitonia
txceha. .. Variously called 'Mountain Ash , 'Red Ash',
Leather-jacket', and ' Coopers' Wood '. Hid. 581 Orites
excelsa. .. 'Red Ash ', ' Silky Oak.' 1597 GF.RARDE llctbal
87 'Red Asphodill. 1846 MKS. Lot OON ISrit. Wild Ft.
252 The "Red liartsia. 1857 Miss PRATT Flinvcr. I'l.
[V. 104 Red Bartsia.. is a very common plant in corn-fields,
or on dry banks. 1719 in Dampier's Voy. (ed. 3) III. 444
*Red IJaltata's. These are red throughout, and tinge the
Hands blue, and a Knife black. 1884 Health Exhib. Catal.
139/1 Farinaceous Roots and Fruits.— Red liatata, Fruits of
Chayota. 1765 in W. Stork Ace. E. Florida (1766) 79 Oak,
ash, "red bay, spice-tree, papaw-tree, and pine. 17*6 J.
37
BED.
BARTRAM yrtil, ibid. 69 That which is called hammocky
land is generally full of large evergreen and water-oaks,
mixed with red-bay and magnolia. 1838 LOUUON Arbo-
retum III. xciii. 1299 Laitrns Carolinensis. ..The Carolina
Laurel, or Red Bay. 1846 MRS. LOUDON Brit. Wild Fl, 232
The *Red Bear-Berry. 18x9 WARDEN United States 1. 183
*Red beech, Fagitsferrnginea. 1839 URE Diet. Arts 1053
White birch and red beech afford per pound .. 4 ounces of
charcoal. 1846-50 A. WOOD Class-bk. Bot. 496 The Red
Beech is now regarded only as a variety, with the wood
softer . . and perhaps a slight difference in foliage. 1889
MAIDEN Usef. Native Plants 604 Tarrietia trijoliata. ..
'Red Beech of Johnstone River (Queensland). It is not
unlike common Red Cedar in appearance, but it is harder
than that wood, 1578 LYTK Dodoens iv. v. 550 The Common
*redde lieete is muclie lyke vnto the white, in leaues, stalkes,
seede, androote. 1616 [see BKETJ^. i]. i88a Garden 9 Dec.
510/2 Red Beet is appreciated by most people. 1653 CUL-
PEPPER Eng. Phys. Enlarged (1656) 33 The *Red Bilberry,
hortle-bush. 1805 R. W. DICKSON Pract. Agric.\\.
or Who
74
bu
.
44 There is only one species of tins plant in cultivation,
ut which has several varielies, as the *red-btnd, the green-
bind, the white-bind. i8iS WARDEN Descr. Columbia 167
*Red Birch. . . Betitla rubra. 1846-50 A. WOOD Class-bk.
Bot. 498 Red Birch. ..Trunk covered with a reddish or
chocolate-coloured bark, 1578 LYTE Dodoens v. ii. 547 The
great *red Bleete is much lyke the other, sauing that his
stalkes be very red. Ibid., The smull red Blite hath stalkes
red as blood. 1653 CULPEPPER Eng. Phys. Enlarged (1656)
38 The Red blite is in all things like the White, but [etc.].
1889 MAIDEN Usef. Native Plants 273 Eucalyptus pof>tili-
folia. . . Variously called ' Poplar Box ', ( **Red Box ', ' White
Box ' [etc.]. Ibid. 505 Eucalyptus polyanthema. . . The
* Red Box ' of South Eastern Australia. Ibid. 608 Tristania
conferta. . .In Northern New South Wales it has the follow-
ing names :— ' White Box ', ' Red Box ', ' Brush Box ' [etc.].
c 1450 .!/. E. Med. Bk. (Heinrich* 203 Tak hony, may hotter
. . hemlok & *Red brembel. Ibid. 218 pe croppe of |?e Rede
bremble. Ibid. 177 Croppes of be rede cool, croppes of be
"rede brere. 1857 Miss PRATT Flower. PI. IV. 78 *Red
Broom-rape. . . This plant . . is parasitic upon the common
Thyme. 1863 HOGG & JOHNSON Wild /•'/. Gt. Brit. II.
PI. 273 Bryoniti dioica, "Red bryony. Its most common
names Red-berried Bryony and Wild Vine scarcely need
any explanation. 1860 DARLINGTON Atner. Wee is, etc. 88
M. Pavia. *Red Buckeye. 1881 Encycl. Brit. (ed. gl XII.
206/2 Darwin has observed that /£. Pavia L., the Red Buck-
eye of North America, exhibits a special tendency . . to be
double -blossomed. 1611 COTGR, Chou cabu rouge, *Red
Cabbage Cole. 1731 ARBUTHNOT Aliments iii. (1735) 63
Red Cabbage i* reckon'd a Medicine in Consumptions and
Spittings of Blood. 1805 R. W. DICKSON Pract. Agric. II.
682 This mixed kind . . possesses the hardness of the red
cabbage. i6xr COTGR. s.v. Camomille, *Red Camomill,
red Maithe,.. Adonis red flower. 1710 SALMON Eng. Herbal
I. i/i It is called.. in English Adonis flower, Red Camomil,
Red Maithes. 1578 LYTE Dodoens v. xxxviii. 601 Staphilinns
niger, *Red Carrot. . . The red Carrot is lyke to the aforesaid
[yellow carrot] in the cuttes of his leaves. 1777 LIGHTFOOT
Flora Scot. 239 Lychnis viscaria, .. *Red Catchfly. 1717
Petiveriana in. 12/1 "Red-Cherry. A large Tree in the
Woods, not much unlike the Cornel-berry. 1846-50 A. WOOD
Ct<tss-bk. Bot. 240 Wild Red Cherry. .. A small tree,
common in woods and thickets in the Northern States.
"^S-fi0 MRS. LINCOLN Lect. Bot. App. 73/1 Anagallis
amensis, *red chick-weed, scarlet pimpernel. 1578 LYTE
Dodoens i. Ivi. 82 The *redde Cinquefoyle also, is some-
what like to the others, especially like the great yellow
kinde. c 725 Erfurt Gloss. 250 Calt(h)a, *rede clabre. [See
also CLOVER i b.] i-fitMnssuiii Rust. I. no nofe, Achalky
soil, on which the common red clover will not thrive near so
well. 1844 H. STEPHESS Bk. Farm II. 556 Trifolium
fratense, field trefoil or red clover. Ibid. 557, I suspect
that the true cow-clover., has been confounded with the
perennial variety of red clover, c 1450 M. E. Med. Bk.
{Heinrich) 67 Take a *rede cowle leef, and anoynte hit wyft
fc>e whit of an eye. [See also red briar above.] 1578 LYTE
Dodoens v. vi. 554 The first kind of the red Cole is called of
. . Plinie in Latine Brassica Citmana. Ibid. 552 The De-
scription of the *redde Colewurtes. The first kinde of red
Colewurtes, hath.. red greene leaues, with reddish ribbes.
1611 COTGR., Chou rouge, the bitter red Co'e ; or the garden
red Colewort. 1527 *Red corn-rose [see CORN-ROSE]. 1562
TURNER Herbal 1 1. 77 Thys kynde [of poppy] is called in
English Cornroseorredcornrose. 1597 GERAHDE Herbal ^551
It is also called, .in English red Valerian, and *red Cowe
Basill. Ibid. 1276 Mains syluestris rubeus. The great
Wilding, or "red Crab tree. 1634 JOHNSON Merc. Bat. 38
Geranium hsematodes,..*^^ or bloody Cranes-bill. 1597
GERARDE Herbal 71 *Red Darnell is likewise an unprofit-
able corne or grasse. 1634 JOHNSON Merc. Bot. 48 Lo.
Hum rubrum. . . Red Darnell, great Darnell grasse. 1776
WITHERING Botany I. 66 Red Darnel. The Spike without
awns. 1859 Miss PRATT Brit. Grasses 127 Common Rye-
grass, Red Darnel, or Beardless Darnel. 1846 MRS. LOUDON
Brit. Wild Fl. 268 The *Red Dead Nettle. 1857 Miss
PRATT Flower. PI. IV. 186 Red Dead-nettle. . . This plant
is readily known by the reddish purple tint of its floral
leaves, c 1000 Sax. Leechd. II. 122 pa fealwan doccan, nass
ba "readan. 14.. Voc. in Wr.-Wiilcker 591/37 Lapacia [the
rededokke]. Ibid. 600/28 Paradella, the rede dukke. c 1450
M. E. Med. Bk. (Heinrich) 87 Take be rede dokke rootes.
1653 CULPEPPER Eng. Phy*. Enlarged (1656) 87 The red
Dock which is commjnly called Bloodwort. 1880 JEKFERIES
Gt. Esta'e 60 Bird-fowlers . . take two large bunches of
docks, 'red docks* they c.ill them. 1819 WARDEN United
States I. 429 *Red Elder,.. Wfonurn opnlus. Ibid.
190 *Red Elm, Ulmus rubra. 1878 Encycl. Brit. VIII.
152/1 The bark of U Imus fnlva, . .the Slippery or Red Elm
of the United States and Canada. i83o S. Africa (ed. 3)
135 *Red Els . . resembles red birch ; is used for farm and
waggon building purposes, c 1710 PETIVER Catnl. Ray's Eng.
Herb. § 4 PI. 36 *Red Eye-bright. 1766 Museum Kiist. VI,
199 Red Eye-bright . . has . . purple flowers crowing in spikes.
1860 HOGG Gardener's Year-bk. 12, July 3. .. Red Eye-
bright fl. 1764 G. EDWARDS Gleanings 1 [. HI. Index 346 The
.
*red Feather-moss, c 1430 LYDG. Thebes Prol., To ward
night eat
(Heinrich) g^ Take of rewe, verueyne, .. red fenel [etc.].
'
night eate some
ss, c 1430 LY
*Fene!l rede,
. .
f 1450 M. E. Med. Bk.
, , . .
1848 tr. HafmfitUr'i Trav. Ceylon 498 The *red fir or
Picea Morinda. 1671 SALMON Syn. Med. in. x.\ii. 414
290
'Of o£nvvi's*Red-fitcn or Cockshead. . ratifies and attenuates.
1653 CULPEPPER Eng. Phys. Enlarged (ibyh) 71 Cocks- Head,
*Red Fitchling, or Medick Fetch. 1857 Miss PKATT
Flower. PI. IV. 275 *Red Goosefoot .. is quite a frequent
plant of salt marshes. 1664 EVELYN Kal. Hort. (1723) 217
Apples . . Pear-apple, Quince-apple, *Red-greening ribb'd,
Bloody Pippin [etc.]. 1716 t'eiwtriana in. 3/1 *Red
Guayava. 1717 Ibid. 12/1 *Red Haw, Of an agreeable
Taste, and tour times as big as ours in Europe. 1851
SCHOOLCRAFT 30 }'rs. iv, Indian Tribes 374 \Ve noticed
yesterday the red haw. 1863 WISE New Forest 285 The
three heaths which grow in the New Forest, .are respectively
known as the bell, black, and "red heaths. 1869 SOWKRBY
Eng. Dot, IX. 128 Cefhalanthera rubra, 'Red Helieborine.
1846 MRS. LOUDON Brit. Wild Ft. 267 '1 he *Red Hemp
Nettle. 6-1450 AT, E. Med. Bk. (Heinrich) 231 Leues of
mandrake, croppes of be 'rede hennebane. 1717 Petiveriana
in. 11/1 *Red Hiccory, the Heart being very red, firm and
durable. 1819 WARDEN United States II. 271 note, The
land is good, and there is abundance of fine tali red hickery
trees. 1882 Garden g Sept. 228/2 The *Red Horse Ches-
nut . . is one of the most handsome flowering trees that
enliven our parks and gardens in spring. 1889 MAIDEN Usef.
Native Plants 443 Eucalyptus crebra. . . ' White ', ' "Red ', or
' Narrow-leaved Ironbark1. Ibid. 471 Eucalyptus fencoxylon.
. . Common ' Ironbark \ It is occasionally known as ' Mack
Ironbark ', and from Sydney to the Blue Mountains as* Red
Ironbark', or ' Red-flowering Ironbark'. Ibid. 500 Euca-
lyptus paniculate. . .Occasionally called ' Blood wood '. It
is the ' Red Iron' '.ark ' of the New South Wales coastal dis-
tricts. ijtQinDatnfier's I'oy. (ed. 3) I II. 452 *Red Jessamine
. . At the top grow many red t lowers somewhat cut like the
Honeysuckle. 1819 WARDEN United States I. 297 *Red
Larch. .. Larix Americana. 1833 Penny Cycl. I. 33/1
Abies microcarpa, the Red Larch Kir. 1578 LVTK Dotictns
ii. xliii. 201 There be three kindcs of redde or purple Lillies,
whereof the first is the small and common *redde Lillie, the
seco id is great. 1847 AUDUBON, etc. Qnadrup. N. America
I. 343 It. .feeds on the meadow-garlic . .and red lily (Lilium
Philaielphicum}. 1879 BARON EGGERS Flora St. Croix
100 Amaryllis equestns (Red Lily). 1578 LYTF. Dodoens
i. fi. 75 In Englislie, the first [is called] *ied Lysimachus, or
Wythie herbe, or Louse stryfe. 1889 MAIDEN Use/. Native
Plants 508 Eucalyptus resinifera. . . The ' *Red ' or ' Forest
Mahogany * of the neighbourhood of Sydney. 1816 WARDEN
Descr. Columbia 103 Scarlet-flowering, *red, or swamp-
maple. 1846-50 A. WOOD Class-i'ff. Bot. 212 The red maple
is a common tenant of low woods and swamps throughout
the Atlantic States, c 1450 M. E. Med. Bk. (HeinrichlyoTak
*rede myntes & rewe. 1548 TURNER Names Herbes (E.D.S.)
74 Many learned men contayne the red Mynt that groweth by
water sydes, and is called of some horse Mynt, vnder sisym-
brio. c 1710 PETIVER Cat. Ray's Eng. Herb. § 4 PI. 31 Red
Mint. 1846 MRS. LOUDON Brit. WildFl. 263 The Narrow-
Leaved Red Mint. 1717 Petiveriana in. 12/1 Common
*red Mulberry. Is very sweet and one of our earliest
Fruit, next the Strawberry. 1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) XII.
371/1 The rubra, or red Virginia mulberry-tree, grows
30 feet high. 1846-50 A. WOOD Class-bk. Bot. 509 Alorus
rubra. Red Mulberry. 1896 BALDWIN SPENCER Home F.xp.
Centr. Austr. i. 16 We crossed a narrow belt of country
characterized by tlie growth along the creek sides of *red
mulga. 1889 MAIDEN Usef. Native Plants 531 Eugenia
myitifolia. .. * Brush Cherry' or 'Native Myrtle'. Called
' *Red Myrtle' in Southern New South Wales. 1597
GKRARDE Herbal 271 The red winter Cherrie is called . . in
English *red Nightshade, Winter Cherries and Alkakengie.
1736 AINSWORTH Lat.-Eng. Diet., Halicacabns, . .red night-
sliade. 1717 Petiveriana Hi. 11/1 "Red Oak. Is a porous
Wood. i8zo T. GREEN Univ. Herbal II. 857/2 Qucrcus
rubra, Red Oak-tree. N. Amer. — Varieties, Champion,
Scarlec, and Mountain Red Oak. 1846-50 A. WOOD Class-
bk. Bot. 494 The red oak is the most common species in the
Northern States and in Canada, 185* MORFIT Tanning fy
Curry ing (&$$ 98 Quercus Falcata.— This oak, known, .in
the Carollnas and Georgia by that of red oak. 1686 PLOT
Staffordsh. 204 A sort of *red Oate sowne thereabout. 1762
MILLS Pract. Husb. I. 409 Red Oats are much cultivated in
Derbyshire [etc.], c 1450 M. E. Med. Bk. (Heinrich) 97 Take
*red oynenons, as many as wolle suffise to make a plasture.
c 1500 Bk. MaydEntlyn 308 in Hazl. E. P. P. IV. 93 A reed
onyon wolde she kepe, To make her eyes wepe. 1830 LOUDON
Hort. Brit. 394 Salix . . rubra, *re J Osier. 1846 50 A. WOOD
Class-bk. Bot. 2y6 Contus Sericea, Red O>ier. 1760 G.
EoWAKOaG&wuiifi II. in. Index 346 The *red Paper-Moss.
1597 GERARDE He rbal 308 Of bastard Anemones or Pasque
flowers . . 2. Pulsatilla ntbra, *Red Passe flower. 1591
PERCIVALL Sp. Diet., Axi, *red pepper. Piper rnbeu>n.
16*3 CAPT. SMITH Whs. (Arb.) 629 There is another fruit.,
of the same or better operation than the red Pepper, and
thence borroweth the name. 179* MAR. RIDDELL Voy.
Madeira 87 A variety of the capsicum or red pepper bushes
are found here. 1887 MOLONEY Forestry W. Afr. 393 Cap-
sicums, Chillies, Red Pepper, £c. (Capsicum annuum. L.).
1611 COTGR., Morgeline waste, *Red PimpernelL 1819
WARDEN UnitedStates I. 178 *Red or Norway pine, Finns
rnbra. 1824 LOUDON Encycl. Card. (ed. 2) § 7046 The pitch or
red Canadian pine., is an American tree, introduced in 1756.
1839 URE Diet. Arts 1053 Red pine yields per pound . . 3}
ounces of charcoal. 1889 MAIDEN Usef. Native Plants 227
Frencla Endlicheri. . .' Black Pine ', ' Murray Pine ', ' Red
Pine ', ' Scrub Pine ', ' Cypress Pine '. 1819 WARDEN United
Stales I. 428 *Red plum, Prunus sylvestris. 1846-50 A.
WOOD Class-bk, Bot. 241 Prunns Americana, Red Plum,
Yellow Plum. 1819 WARDEN United States \. 429 *Red
potatoe. . . Convolvulus batatas. 1821 SCHOOLCRAFT Travels
208 In clambering among the rocks along the river [S. Louis],
I found the *red raspberry ripe. 1578 LYTK Dodoens iv. xlv.
504 Phoenix. . . This herbe is called . in Englishe Wall Barley
or Way Bennet ; it may be called * Red-Ray or Darnell.
c 1000 Sax, Lffchd. III. 58 ^enirn bu saluian leaf..&
*reades scales leaf. 1798 [see red sauck below], 1876
HARLEY Mat. filed, (ed. 6) 646 * Red-Sandal tree is a native
of Ceylon and the southern parts of India. 1889 MAIDEN
Usef. Native Plants 369 Adenanthera Paiionina. .. The
' Barricarri ' (of India*. ' Red Sandal-wood \ 1845-50 MRS.
LINCOLN L-ect, Bot. App. 172/2 Spergitla rnbra, "red sand-
RED.
and elm, and brings is. 6d. or is. 8d. [per foot]. 1578 LVTK
Dodoens i. xxviii. 41 Som cal this herb in latin Saxifrage*
rubca .. in English Filipendula, L)ropwurte, and *Redoe
Saxifrage. 1760 G. EDWARDS Gleanings I. it. 211 The *ReiI
Sea-wrack or Weed,, .curiously dotted or granulated, and of
a beautiful carmine colour, c 1000 Sax. Leechd. II. 102
Nim ni^ontyne sna:de eolonan..& endiefan *reades secies.
1798 NEMSICH Polygl. Lex. v. 867 *Red Sorrel. Hibiscus
Sabdarijfa. 1578 *Red speit [see red-withy below]. 1797
Encycl. B*it. (ed. 3) XIV. 762/1 The //MM Canadcnsis
.. includes three varieties, the white .. , the *red New-
foundland spruce, and the black. 1820 T. GREEN Univ.
Herbal II. 858/2 Finns nigra, Black Spruce Fir-tree.
N. America.— Red Spruce seems not to be different from
this. 1634 JOHNSON Merc. Bot. 71 Chick-weede Spurry,
*Red Spurry. 1777 LIGHTFOOT Flora Scot. 1. 235 *Rcd
Stonecrop. 1597 GERARDE Herbal 1293 Of *red Sumach..
Cotinvs Coriarius Pliny. Ibid. 551 *Red Valerian hath
beene so called of the likenesse of the flowres and spoked
rundles with Valerian. 1865 SOWERBY Eng. Bot. IV. 234
Red Valerian, 1777 LIGHTFOOT Flora Scot. I, 202 Vacci-
mum vitis idsea,. , *Red Whortle-Berries. 1857 Miss PRATT
Flcwer. PI, III. 354 Red Whortlebeiry, Cowberry. . . This
is a low, somewhat straggling shrub. 1578 LYTE Dodoens\\.
xi. 670 I'acinia nigra, Black Whortes, V acinia rnbra, *Red
Whortes. 1653 CULPEPPER Eng. Phys. Enlarged (1656) 33
The Red whorts are more binding, and stop .. spitting of
blood. 1760 J. LEE Introd. Bot. App. 324 Red whorts,
Spanish, Arbntns. 1578 LYTE Dodoens \. li. 72 The
second [lysirnachion] is the *red willow herbe with Coddes.
Ibid. vi. Ixvii. 744 That whiche hath the reddish barke, is
called.. in Engli'sh, *Red Withy, and the Letter sort therof
is called Red sperte. 1611 COTGR , Osier, the Ozier. red
Withie.
e. Minerals^ etc., as red blende^ carne/tan, clay>
f elds par j jasper i marble, porphyry ^ sulphur ; red
antimony (ore), =KERMESITE ; red arsenic (see
ARSENIC j£.l i b) ; red bole (see BOLE 2) ; red
chalk, (a} reddle, ruddle ; (/>) Ceol. a bed of chalk
of a red colour, occuning in Norfolk and else-
where ; red cobalt (f also red cobalt-ochre and
ore], cobalt-bloom, erythrite; red copper ore,
native red oxide of copper, CUPRITE ; red coral
(see CORAL) ; red crag, Geol. a deposit of shelly
sand, the upper part of the crag of Suffolk ;
red haematite (see HEMATITE) ; red iron (ore),
a variety oi* specular iron (see quots.) ; red iron
fioth (see quot.) ; red ironstone, a specular iron
ore; red iron vitriol, native ferroso-ferric sul-
j^hate ; red lead ore, native chromate of lead,
CKOCOITE ; red manganese (ore), native carbonate
of manganese, dialogite ; red marl (see MARL) ;
•j- red mercury, V cinnabar ; f red mundic, = next ;
red orpiment, realgar, red sulphuret of arsenic ;
led phosphorus, amorphous phosphorus; red
prussiate, ferricyanide of potassium ; red schorl,
titanite, a species of titanium ore ; red silver
(see SILVER ORE) ; red tourmaline, rubellite ;
red vitriol, sulphate of cobalt, also called Bieberite
and cobalt-vitriol \ red zinc (ore), zincite, manga-
nesian oxide of zinc. See also RED LEAD, OCHRE.
(Red is also frequent as the distinctive epithet of those
muriates, oxides, precipitates, sublimates, sulphates, etc. of
metals, which are of this colour.)
1807 AIKIN Diet. Chem. <$• Min. I. 77/1 *Red antimony
lias sometimes been confounded with the red silky oxyd of
copper. 1816 R. JAME&ON Syst. Mi", (ed. 2) III. 483 Red
Antimony-Ore. '1 his species is divided into two subspecies,
viz. Common Red Antimony-ore, and Tinder-ore. 1565
COOPER Thesaurus, Sandaracha^ bright redde colour vsed
of peinters. . : some call it *redde Arsenike. 1748 J. HILL
Hist. Fossils 405 The Authors who have made the dis-
tinctions between red Arsenic, .and Sandarach. 1839 URE
Diet. Arts 54 The improper name of yellow and red
arsenic, or oipiment and realgar. 1792 Phil. Trans.
LXXXII. 30 Hoffman discovered that *red blende and
fetdspat were luminous (etc ]. 1748 I. HILL Hist. Fossils 9
The *Red Boles. IHd. 12 Heavy, triable, red Bole, call'd
SeaJ'd Earth of Livonia. Ibid. 450* The *red Camelian.
1875 Urcs Diet. Arts I. 732 The colour of red carnelian of
Cambray varies from the palest flesh-colour to the deepest
blood-red. 1538 L'LYOT Rtibrica, *red chalke, or ruddle
wherwith shepe are marked. 1648 HEXHAM, Koode aerde,
Red earth or Red chaulke. 1748 J. HILL Hist, dossils 62
Indurated Clayey Ochre, called Red Chalk. 1837 DANA
Min. 382 Under this species [specular iron] mu>t also be
included . . reddle or red chalk, the common drawing material.
1875 DAWSON Dawn of Lije viii. 222 The 'red chalk' of
Antrim and that of Speeton, contain arenaceous Foramini-
fera and silicious casts of their shells. 1387 TBEVISA HigdtH
(Rolls) II. 17 pere is also white cley and "reed [cley]. 1875
DAWSON Daivn of Life viii. 222 Red clay.. a sort of ash,
composed of silica, alumina and iron oxide. 1796 KIRWAN
Elem. Min. (ed. 2) II. 278 [Cobalt] mineralized by the
arsenical acid. *Red Cobalt ore. 1807 AIKIN Diet. Chew.
<$• Min. I. 305/2 Red Cobalt. Of this there are two varieties.
1816 R. JA.MI.SON Syst. Min. (ed. 2) 1 1 1. 510 Red _ Cobalt-Ochre.
This species contains three subspecies, viz. Earthy..,
Radiated.., and Slaggy Red Cobalt-t-chre. i794HuTcniN-
SON Hist. Cumblti. i. 51/1 'Red Copper Ore. 1836 T.
THOMSON Mineral., GcoL, etc. I. 598 This mineral [black
oxide of copper] is found in most of the Cornish mines
. . 97 The large
HUXLEY Physiogr. xv. 249 It is termed a cup coral to
distinguish it from other kinds of coral, as red coral, ifisi
RICHARDSON Geol. (1855) 358 The *red crag is a shelly sand
of a deep ferruginous colour. 1879 DANA Text-bk. Geol.
(ed. 3) 513 Older Pliocene. — Britain.— Coralline Ciag and
Red Crag of Suffolk. 1821 SCHOOLCRAFT Travels 158 This
granite is made up of "red feldspar, quartz, and a little mica.
1796 KIRWAN Elem. Mm. (ed. 2) 11. 169 'Red Haematites,
RED.
1836 T. THOMSON Mineral., Geol., etc. I. 435 Red hematite
(Rothglaskopf) is found in mas>es, stalactites and kidney-
form ualls. 1868 JOYNSOK Mttats i. 2 'Red hematite', a
' peroxide of iron ', a valuable iron, containing as much as
6oJ per cetit. of ore. 1836 T. THOMSON Mineral^ ,Gto/.tetc,
I, 435 Compact *rcd iron ore occurs massive or in pseudo-
inorphous cubic crystals. 1837 DANA Min. 382 The varieties
of a su!)-metallic or non-metallic lustre, were included under
the name of red haematite, fibrous red iron, . . and when
[con-Wing] of slightly coherent scales, scaly red iron, or
•red iron (roth. 1796 KIHWAN Eton. Min. (ed. 2) II. 171
Compact "Red Iron Sione. 1807 AIKIN Diet. C hem. <y Min.
I. 584/2 Red Iron-stone. .Of thi* there are four subspecies.
1837 DANA Min. 180 Botryogen.. Native *Red Iron Vitriol
of Kahlun. 1748 J. HILL ///?/. Fossils 58^ The *Red
Juspeis. [bid. 585 Ilrlght, red Jasper, variegated with
white. 1843 POKTI.OCK Geol. 525 The rocks are traversed
by strings and nodules of red jasper. 1877 W. JONICS
l'ingc>--ring 268 A bronze ring, .set with red jasper. 1816
JAMESON J/iw. >ed. 2) III. 4io*Red Lead-Orr,or Chromate
of Lead. 1836 T. THOMSON Mineral. tGeol.,e\.c. I. 56^ Red
lead ore. This mineral was first found in the mines of
lieresof .in Siberia. 1816 JAMESON Sj-st. Mitt. (ed. 2) III.
334 *Red Manganese-Ore. 1868 WATTS Diet. Ckem. V. 78
Red Manganese, or Diallogite. 1656 W. D. tr. Comeitins'
Gate I.at. Unl, § 87 Alabaster, the whitest marble, and the
*red maible (porpkyrites) are cut out of the quarrie. 1839
URE Diet. Arts 801 The red marble of Verona is of a red
rather inclining to yellow or hyacinth. i&b^MctJwdCkein.
Phil, ty t'hysick 245 Sublime the 'red Mercury from the
Alume. J7^8J. HILL//JJ/. l-'ossils 406, 1 have lately received
a very fine specimen of it [red orpiment] from the tin mines
of Cornwall, under ihe name of *red Mundick, everything
that is bright and sparkling being called there by that name.
Ibid. 405 *Red Orpiment has been a name usually given by
the more judicious to Sandarach,. .and by the vulgar to red
Arsenic. 1837 DANA J//«. 432 It [light red silver ore] is an
important Ore of Silver. Red Orpiment, which it sometimes
resembles, differs from it in having a yellow streak. 1865
C/ta inkers' Encycl. s. v. Phosphorus* Red phosphorus . . occurs
as a deep red amorphous powder, which is perfectly devoid of
odour. 1845 DARWIN V'oy. Nat. xv. (1890) 345, I at first
thought it was owing to dust blown from the surrounding
mountains of *red porphyry. 1853 W. GREGORY hwrg.
Client, (ed. 2)212 Ferricyanide of potassium (*red prussiate).
1862 MILLER Elem. Chem. (ed. 2) in. 685 The red prussiate
burns with scintillation when introduced into the flame of
a candle. xSoo tr. Lagtangfs Chem. \. 395 To conclude
that the "red schorl is a peculiar metal, united by nature
to the slate of oxide. 1807 AIKIN Diet. Chetn. <y Min. II.
435/1 Titanite. .RedSchorl, of the older mineralogists. Ibid.
\. 93/2 The substances by which it [realgar] is usually
accompanied are native arsenic, *red silver, and galena. 1836
1'. THOMSON Mineral.^ Geol., etc. I. 650 Dark and light red
silver were considered by Werner as two subspecies. 1748
J. HILL Hist. Fossils 402 *Red Sulphur. 1836 T. THOMSON
Mineral., Geol., etc. I. 371 The following table exhibits the
most recent and exact analyses of the green and *red tour-
malins, that have hitherto been made. i8Sz C. W. KING An/,
Gems (1866) 25 The Red Tourmaline or Rubellite which is
as electric as amber itself. 1836 T. THOMSON Mineral.,
Geol., etc. I. 536 Disulphate of Cobalt. *Red vitriol. This
mineral occurs in the rubbish of old mines at Bieber. ..
Colour flesh-red and rose-red. Ibid. 541 *Red Zinc. Man-
gancsian oxide of zinc. This mineral has hitherto been
found only in Sussex county, New Jersey. .. It was first
noticed, described, and analyzed by Dr. Bruce. 1868 WATTS
Diet. Chem. V. 79 Red Zinc-ore, or Zincite. Oxide of Zinc
containing Manganese*
f. Combined with other colours : (see quots.).
1678 RAY IVilltigkbys Ornith. 114 The red and blue
Parrot of Aldrovandus. Ibid., The red and white Parrot
of Aldrovandus. 175* J. HILL Hist. Anim. 27 The red
and yellow Spider. Ibid. 86 The large American red and
black Ant. 1760 G. EDWARD* <*taMtftfi Nat, Hist. II. 109
The Red and Black Manakin. Pipra aureola. 1781 LATHAM
Gen. Synopsis Birds I. i 201 Red and yellow Maccaw,
1812 SHAW Gen. Zool, VIII. it. 498 Red and green Amazon
[parrot]. 1893 NEWTON Diet. Birds 528 The Red-and-blue
Macaw, A. r/tacao, which is even larger and more
gorgeously clothed.
iy. Prefixed to the name of a part (or some dis-
tinctive feature) used to denote the whole:
a. of persons, as red-beard, one with a red beard,
?a constable or watchman (0&s.) ; red-breeches
(see quot.) ; red-clout, a red-coat {nonce-wit.) ;
red-cowl, = REDCAP i b ; red gown, a student of
St. Andrews University (nonce-use} ; red-hat, a
cardinal; red-jacket, an attendant wearing a red
jacket (cf. RED-COAT i b) ; red-neck (see quot.) ;
red-shirt, a revolutionary, an anarchist.
1607 DEKKER & WEBSTER Northw. Hoe m. L D.'s Wks.
1873 III. 39 White haires may fall into the company of
drabs as well as 'red beardes into the society of knaues.
1862 in Post Soldiers' Lett. \\. xxxii. 90 As soon as the rebs
saw our *red breeches (the Zouaves) coming through the
woods they skedaddled. 1895 CROCKETT Men of Moss Hags
xxv. 192 His Majesty's "red-clouts. 1816 SCOTT Anttq. ix,
If you had challenged the existence of *Redcowl in the
Castle of Glensliryni. 1828 Mota Alansie Waitch vii, Red-
cowl, redcowl, come if ye daur. 1773 FERGUSSON Wks.
(1800) 156 Say, ye 'red gowns !. .Gin e'er thir days ha'e had
their peer. 1598 HP. HALL Sat. v.iii. 74 The'red Hat that
tries the lucklesse mayne, For welthy Thames to change
his lowly Rhene. 1884 TENNYSON Becket \\. ii, The King
hath bought half the College of Redhats. 1848 THACKERAY
Bk. Snobs ix, The *red-jackets who hold gentlemen's horses
in St. Jame-i Street. Ibid, x, Shipper's long-tailed, .mare
in the custody uf a red jacket. 1900 H'estm. Gaz. 25 Apr.
3/3 "Red-neck' used to be applied to Roman Catholics in
Lancashire as a term of opprobrium. 1889 GI'NTKR 77m/
Frenchman .' xi.The 'red-shirts of Messieurs Rochefort and
r leurens are uttering their cries of rage at law and order.
b. spec., i orming the names of certain birds,
fishes, plants, etc., as red-back, (a) U.S. the
American dunlin or red-backed sandpiper, Tringa
americana\ (6) the wax-bill (? error lor red beak);
291
red-beak, the South African mouse-bird (Funk's
Stand. Diet.) ; red-belly, (a) a species of lake-
trout ; (6) the Welsh char ; (c) U. S. the red-
bellied percil or sunfish, the red grouper, the red-
fender, etc. ; red-bill, Austral, (d) the oyster-
catcher ; (b) the swamp-hen ; (c) a small bird of
the genus Estrelda; red-face, a species of love-
bird \FunRs Stand. Diet.} ; red-fin, (a) a British
fresh-water fish (lobs.); (b} U.S. the shiner and
various other American fishes ; red-foot, an Ameri-
can bird ; red-gullet, (a) the Australian red-throat ;
(6) the red-mouth or grunt (Cent. Diet.); red-
knee, the red-kneed dottrel, Erythrogonys einctus,
a species of Australian plovers ; red-knees, the
smai tweed, or water pepper; red-month, a grunt
or pig-fish (Hxmulon) ; f red-neb, Sc. a kind of
potato ; red-neck, a species of brachelytrous beetle
(see quot.) ; red-root, U. S. (a) New Jersey tea,
Ceanat/ais americanus ; (/>) the blood-ioot, San-
gitinaria canadensis (Webster 1847); W 'ne
stone-weed, Lithospermum arvense ; (d) a plant of
the blood-wort family, Lacnanthes tinctoria ; paint-
root ; red-sides, U. S. the red dace or red-fin (Cent.
Diet.) ; red throat, 'a) = retimouth ; (b} an Austra-
lian singing bird, I'yrrhoixnms brunneus ^Morris) ;
rsd- underwing, a species of moth, i a ocala nufta;
red-wame, Sc. the char.
1813 WILSON Amer. Ornith. VII. 25 This bird .. [is]
known in England by the name of the Dunlin ; and in
the United States, along the shores of New Jersey, by tlat
of the *Red back. [Cf. Newton Diet. Birds (1894) 770.]
1851 MAYHEW Land. Labour II. 72 In St. Helena birds,
known also as wax-bills and red-backs, there is a trade to
the same extent. 1798 Statist. Aic. Scott., Sutherland III.
579 Loch-Borley affords, in great abundance, a species of
trouts called "Red Bellies. 1836 YARRKLL Brit. Pishes II.
7I The Welsh Charr is the Torgoch or Red-belly of Wales.
1877 JORDAN in Stniihson. Coll. XIII. ix. 20 note, A fine
species called Red-belly, Black-ears, Black-tail Sun-fish [etc.],
1802 BARRINGTON Hist. N. S. W. ix. 345 Taking uphisgun to
fireattwo*red-bills. i8a8P. CUNNINGHAM .A/..V. ffWw(ed. 3)
II. 18 A long-legged wader, named here a red-bill. 1848
GOULD Birds Australia III. PI. 82 EstreUia temporal!*,
Red-eyebrowed Finch. . . Red-Bill of the colonists. 1794
HUTCHINSON Hist. Ciiwbld. I. 96 Fishes. Grey trout, . . the
*redfin, minnow, loach. 1831 WILSON, etc. Amer. Ornith.
IV. 271, I saw one of them secure a number of red-fins, by
wading briskly through ihe water, and striking at them with
his bill, 1884 GoonE Nat. Hist. Aquat. Anim. 617 The
4 Shiner ', ' Red-fin ' or ' Red Dace ' abounds in all streams
from New England to Kansas and Alabama. 1819 WARDEN
United States II. 528 The hatchet-bill, or "red foot. 1848
GOULD Birds Australia VI. PI. 21 Over what extent of
country the Banded "Red-knee may range is yet to be
determined. 1597 GERAIIDF. Herbal Suppl. to Table, "Red-
knees is Hydropiper. 1719 in Dampicr's I 'fly. (ed. 3) III.
415 The 'Red-Mouth. His Back and Gill-fins Scarlet, the rest
edged with white. 1884 GOODE Nat. Hist. Aquat. Anim.
398 The Grunts or Pig- Fishes .. are distinguished by the
brilliant red color of the inside of the mouth and throat, from
which they have sometimes been called Red Mouths, or
Flannel Mouths. 170 R. DOUGLAS Ag / ic. Surv. Ro.vb. 97
Various other potatoes . . of all of which, next to the common
white, the one in greatest esteem is the *red-neb. 1878
WOOD Insects at Home 81 The present species is one of the
few Brachelytra that has a popular name. It is called the
"Red- Neck, on account of the bright-red colour of the thorax.
1788 M. CUTLER in Life, etc. (1888) II. 285 Another plant,
the characters of which 1 much wish to know, is called, at
Fort Harmar, "Red Root. 1838 LOUDON Arboretum II.
xxxv. 539 The Ceanothns, or Red Root. 1860 EMERSON
Cond. Life, Wealth Wks. (Bohn) II. 357 He .. wakes up from
his idiot dream of chickweed and red-root. 1840 Cui'iers
A nim. Kingd. 206 Ilxmnlon has .. the lower jaw compressed,
opening very wide and of a bright red. Hence they are
called '* Red-throats' in the West Indian Islands. 1720
ALBIN Nat. Hist. Insecls Descr. facing PI. 80 It (the
moth] is commonly called the "red under Wing. 1831
Planting 72 in Lib. Vsef. Know!., Htisb. Ill, Noctita
linpia, red underwing. 1843 WESTWOOD Brit. Moths I.
247 Catocala inipta (the red underwing). 1797 Statist.
Ace. Scotl. VIII. 504 This lake abounds with charr com.
monly called "red wames.
19. \Vith miscellaneous sbs., as red admiral (see
quots. and ADMIKAL 6) ; red arches, a British
moth (see quots.), also called the rosy footman ;
red ash, U. S. a coal producing a red ash (also
attrib.) ; red beds, Geol. a series of W. American
strata, of the Jurassic and Triassic period ; red-
berry, (a) some American plant ; (b) (see quot.
1898) ; red body, in fishes, an aggregation of capil-
laries on the inside of the swimming-bladder ; rsd
bottle-brush, an Australian myrtaceous plant,
Callistemon lanceolatits ; red box, a box (covered
with red leather) used by ministers of state for
holding official documents ; red brass (see qnot.) ;
red carpet, a species of moth, Coremia munitata. ;
red charcoal (see quot.) ; red cock, a euphemism
for fire maliciously raised ; Bed Crescent, the
Turkish ambulance society answering to the RED
CKOSS ; red daddy (see quot.) ; read deal (see
quot. and DEAL sb.'* 2) ; red dog, U. S. (a) a bank-
note formerly in circulation (cf. 1 2 b) ; (i) a low
grade of flour ; red drops, = red lavender ; t red
earth, ruddle ; red ebony (see quot. ) ; red ensign
(see EKSICN 5) ; red eten, Sc. [see KTEN] a rnon-
RED.
ster, a surly person ; red feather, a species of
moth (see quot. ) ; red fender, U. S. the red-
bellitd terrapin ; red fire, a pyrotechnic effect, or
the mixture ignited to produce it (see quot. 1869) ;
red fly, an artificial fly used in angling (see quot.
1787) ; red fog, (a) a sea-haze due to the presence
of sand or dust in the air ; (/') J'hotog. (see FOG
rf.2 4); red friar, a Templar; 1 red fustian,
Cant, red wine ; red gold (see quot. and GOLD j/'.l
5) ; red hackle (see HACKLE sb* 4) ; red haits-
horn, = red lavender; red hay, dial, mow-burnt
hay (106s); fred hide (?) ; red judge (see
quot.) ; red lac, a species of sumach (A'/tus suc-
cedanea, also called red lac sumach), from the
fruit of which Japan wax is obtained ; red lamp,
a lamp having red glass, used as a doctor's sign ;
red lane, colloy. the throat; red lavender (see
quot.); fred leather, some kind of cosmetic;
red liquor, a mordant used in calico-printing
(see quot. 1839); red magnetism (see qnot.);
t red mason, a bricklayer ; red mass [alter F.
viesse rouge\, a mass (usually one of the Holy
Ghost) at which red vestments are worn by the
priest (see also quot. 1896 and cf. Littie s.v. Messe
2) ; red measures, Alining (see quot.) ; red
metal, a name given to various alloys of copper
having a reddish colour ; redmilk, a species of
mushroom; fred morocco, the pheasant's eye,
Adonis autumnalis; red oil, oleic acid ; red pal-
mer, an artificial fly (see quot. and PALMEU sb.l
2 b) ; t red pill (see quot.) ; t red potter, a maker
of red ware ; red precipitate, red oxide of mercury,
prepared by solution (and repeated distillation)
with nitric acid ; red ribbon, t (a) the crimson
ribbon worn by Knights of the Order of the Bath,
hence, membeiship of this Order, or the Order
itself; (ff) the band-fish (Cent. Diet. 1891); red
rise, U. S. (see quot.) ; f red roan (see quot. and
cf. red-row) ; red robin, (a) = RUST (in grain) ;
(b) the red campion ; red rod, U. S. (see quot.) ;
red rot, the sun-dew, Drosera rotnndifolia ; red
row dial, (see quot. and cf. red-roan} ; i red
ruddock (see RUDDOCK) ; red rust, = RUST (in
grain); red scale, a scale-insect, Aonidiaaiirantii,
infesting orange-trees ; f red scall (see quot.) ;
red seed, a small crustacean on which mackerel
feed ; red softening, a variety of acute softening
of the brain, marked by extravasation of blood in
the tissue ; red soldier, (a) a pig affected by
swine fever or other disease accompanied with
redness of the skin ; the disease itself; (f>) a red-
coated soldier ; red spinner, a fly used in angling
(see quot. 1858); red spirit(s (see quots.) ; fred
spot, a pimple or efflorescence of the skin ; t red
sprat, a smoked sprat ; red stock, a kind of red
brick (see STOCK) ; red-stone, a stone of a red
colour (also attrib.) ; t ruddle ; red stuff, an iron
oxide, as crocus or rouge, used in grinding or
polishing; red twig, red root (C "eanotlms) ; red
varnish (see quot.) ; red wind, f (a) a wind which
causes the leaves of trees to shrivel and turn red ;
(/') (ste quot. 18157) ; red withe, a tropical
American vine, Combretumjacquini (7'reas. Bot.
1866) ; fred wort (see quot. 1495).
1840 Cuvier's Anim. Kingd. 606 This subgenus [ I 'aneua]
comprises some of the mcst beautiful of our British Butter-
flies, such as.. the "Red Admiral. 1871 WOOD Insects at
Home 399 The splendid, and fortunately common, insect,
the Rid Admiral (1 anessa Ata/ant,i). 1843 WESTWOOD
Brit. Moths I. 93 Miltothrystn niinia a (the "red arches).
1861 MORRIS Brit. Moths I. 47 Red-arches (CaMfcnia
miniatti}. 1874 RAYMOND Statist. Mines 4- Alining 507 To
make this.. land available for the production of coal, the
upper or "red-ash veins having been woiked out. 1888
Kncycl. Brit. XXIII. 797/2 This group is succeeded by
the series of deep-red sandy gypsiferous strata, the '"Red
Beds' of Ihe Rocky Mountain geologists. 1819 WARDEN
United States III. 136 The undergrowth consists of hazel,
arrow wood, "red-berry, crab-apple, wild pea-vine, and
rushes. 1898 MORRIS A ustral Eng. 383/2 Redbcrry, [the]
name given to Australian plants of the genus Rliagodia
bearing spikes or panicles of red berries. 1836 YARRELL
Brit. J-isAcs I. 38 The air . . found in these bladders . . is
believed to be secreted by the inner lining membrane, and
in some instances by a "red body. 1896 K.IBKALDY &
POI.LARD tr. Boas' Zool. 375 The vessels, .often form close
circumscribed retia mirabilia, projecting as red bodies on
the inner side of the bladder. 1889 MAIDEN Use/, batwe
Plants 389 '*Red Bottle-brush'. (The flowers of some
species of Callistemon are like bottle-brushes in shape.)
<ri840 THACKERAY Misc. III. 154 Solemn "red-box and
tape men. 1865 CAULYLE Fredk. Gt. xxi. v. \ I 558 Lee
lodges in such and such a Houdry ; bring us his Red-
Box for a thirty hours, a 1883 K. FITZGERALD Miscellanies
(1900) 201 It is good for a Counsellor to be attended on hl<
tr.ivtls with a Red Box. Iti<l., A Red Box is as it were
a Star Chamber in small. 1839 URE Diet. Arts 165 "Red
brass, the Tombak of some, . .consists of more copper and
less zinc than go to the composition of brass, being from ai
to 8 or 10 of the former to i of the latter. 1889 GROVES &
THORP C/ietit. Tcchtiol. I. m Wood imperfectly charred,
so as to leave in the product the maximum quantity of corn-
37-2
BED.
bustible matter per volume, iscalled*red charcoal. 181.,
Guy A/, iii, We'll see if the *red cock craw not in his bonnie
barn yard ae morning before day-dawing. 1897131011 AM With
Turk. Army The&saly iii. 24 Of the two medical services
the *Red Crescent was excellent. 1869 llardivickcs Set.
Gossip i Jan. 23 The insect referred to in your last number
under the title of ' *Red Daddy',., is probably Panorpa.
commrttiis, .. commonly called the * Scorpion-fly '. 1766
Compl. Fanner s.v. Pine, The Scotch-pine, .is the tree that
affords the *red or yellow deal. 1843 HOLTZ APKFEL Turning-
I. 101 The roots of some of the red deals, .abound in turpen-
tine. 1839 BARTUETT Diet. Amer. 357 The community
stigmatized them, .as *red dogs. 1601 HOLLAND Pliny I.
545 Take ruddle or "red-earth tempered wel wiih the lees
Indies, is called *red ebony by the French cabinet-makers.
1610 J. MELviLLXw/o/'Wf. (WodrowSoc.) 1 60 The Guisians,
and the rest of these monstruus *Read-eattins in France,
quha celebrat that bludie drunken feast of Bartholomew in
Paris. 1821 Edinb. Mag. $ Lit. Misc. Apr. 351/2 Sic red-
aitens whase moolie geir is atween them an' their wits.
1872 J. G. WOOD Insects at Home 522 The *Red Feather
( 7 isckeria complanella) so called from its colour and the
feathery character of its wings. . . The name Red Feather
is almost a literal translation of Stephen's name rufi/>cn-
nella. 1884 in Goode Nat. Hist. Aquat. Anim. 154 The
' Red-belHed Terrapin', Pseudemys rugosa .is also known
under the names 'Potter', ' *Red-fender ', and 'Slider*.
1820 Q. Jrnl. Sd.t Lit. -V Arts IX. 411 The beautiful *red-
fire which is now so frequently used at the theatres, is
composed of the following ingredients. 1869 Pull Mall G*
13 Oct. ii This red-fire .. is made of nitrate of strontia,
calomel, chlorate of potash, and sulphate of copper. 1651
BARKER Art of Angling 9 A light File for darlcnesse, the
*red Flie in i/iet/io, and a dark Flie for lightiiesse. 1787
BEST Angling (ed. 2) no The Red-fly comes on about the
middle of February .. it's wings are made artificially of
a dark drake's feather, the body of the red part of squirrel's
fur, with the red hackle of a cock. 1860 MAURY P/tys.
Geog. Sea (Low) yi. § 322 Seamen tell us of '*red fogs'
which they sometimes encounter. 1879 Encycl. Brit. X.
266/1 The dust or sand . . may descend again . . in the
form of ' red-fog ', ' sea-dust ', or ' sirocco-dust '. 1609 SKENB
Reg. Ufa/., Burrow La'tves 140 b, Na templair i*Reid
Fre'ir..) sail intromel with any merchandise, .perteinin^ to
the Gilde. 1763 BP. FORBES Jrnl. (1886) 178 Dornockof old
was a Monastry of Red Friars, a, 1700 B. E. Diet. Cant.
Crr7t»,*A*f(yy;«i/rt«,ClarretorredPort-\Vine. 1834!!. A INS-
WORTH Roofavood\. viii, Famous wine this, .better than all
your red fustian. iSootr. Lagratiges C/iem. II. 141 Jewel-
lers gold, and that used for plate and coins, is allayed wiih
this metal [copper]. When this mixture is made in the
arts, the workmen call it *Red Gold. 1651 *Red hackle
[see red Calmer}. 1799 G. SMITH Laboratory II. 302 Red-
hackle. Body, red silk and gold twist [etc.J. 1845 *Red
hartshorn [see red lavender]. 1796 West Dcvonslt. Gloss.,
* 'Red hay \ mow-burnt hay ; in distinct ion to 'green bay ',or
hay which has taken a moderate heat, and to* vinny hay ', or
that which Is mouldy. 1710 WHITWORTH Ace. Russia (17 58)
83 The English export chiefly hemp . . "red-hides and caviar ;
the two last to Leghorne. 1865 Pall Mall G. 8 Aug. 10/1
The ' *Red Judges ', as the criminal class call her Majesty's
judges. 1829 LOUDON Encycl. Plants 226 Rhus succedanea,
""red Lac. 1838 DICKENS O. Tiuist xiv, I saw her look
towards his [a surgeon's] infernal "red lamp. 1894 CONAN
DOYLE (title) Round the Red Lamp. 1831 Lincoln Herald
J5 Ju'y> Delicious !— O ! — Down the *red lane it goes. 1870
Kentledge's Ei'. Boy s Ann. Mar. 165 The tarts e'er ibis have
gone down the red lane ! 1845 COOLEY Cycl. Pract. Re-
ceipts 752/1 Tincture of Lavender (Compound). Sy/i. Laven-
der Drops, . . *Red Lavender, Red Lavender Drops, Red
Hartshorn. 1650 BOWW AtUAryporttet, 156 Now they have
too little colour, then Spanish- pa per, *Red Leather or other
Cosmeticnll Rubriques must be had. 1839 URE Diet. Arts
1056 *Red Liquor^ is a crude acetate of alumina. .prepared
from pyrolignous acid. 1844 E. A. PARNELL AfpliedChem.
I, 280 Red liquor is much more extensively employed as a
mordant than any other preparation of alumina. 1893
SLOANE Electr. Diet. 345 A two-fluid theory of mag-
netism has been evolved. . . It assumes north fluid or ' *red
magnetism' and a south fluid or 'blue magnetism'. 1703
MOXON Meek. Exerc. 237 The *Red Mason, which is the
Hewer of Brick. Ibid., The Red Mason (or Bricklayer).
1889 PATER G. de Latonr (1896) 171 The daily University
*red mass, . . said to-day according to the proper course of
the season. 1896 IV'estm. Getz. 23 Oct. 1/2 The * red ' mass
..by which for some years it has been customary at the
ancient Sardinian Chapel in Lincoln's Inn Fields to mark
the opening of term at the Law Courts. 1883 GRESLEY
Gloss. Coal-Mi ni'ig-2fxt * K ed Measures. Generally refers to
the strata of Permian or Triassic age. 1882 Gttrden 2 Sept.
207/3 W6 have the *Redmilk with its flaming juice, as safe
as bread. 1777 W. CURTIS Flora Londin. I. PL 106 The
Pheasant's eye . . is one of those planls which are annually
cried about our streets under the name of *red Morocco.
1863 RICHARDSON & WATTS Chem. Technol, I. in. 688 *Red
Oil or Oleic Soap. Campbell Morfit has patented a process
for preparing Soap with red oil and Carbonate of Soda.
1651 BARKER Art of 'Angling ^1820) 6 A *red Palmer ribbed
with gold, and a red hackle mixed with orenge cruel. 1884
St. James's Gttz. 21 June 6/1 Take, for instance, the 'red
palmer '. Originally meant to represent the ' woolly bear ' la
caterpillar at least two inches long,) the fly.as now tied, rarely
exceeds three quarters of an inch. 1802 Med. Jrnl. VIII.
128 ''Red Pills (i. e. any pills rolled in bole armenic, or ver-
million\ 1756 Gentl. Mag. XXVI. 89 A fire broke out at
the kiln-house of Mr. Lemans,*red-potter, at Lambeth. 1754
BARTLET Gentl. Farriery (ed. 2) 280 Some make their
scalding mixture milder, using *red precipitate instead of
the sublimate. 1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) IV. 474/2 These
crystals .. moderately calcined, assume a sparkling red
colour ; and are used in medicine as an escharotic, under
the name of red precipitate. 1883 Ibid. (ed. 9) XVI.
33/1 The oxide is gradually formed as a red powdery
solid. This solid has long been known as 'red precipi-
taie '. 1725 J. WAINWRICHT in Portland MSS. (Hist. MSS.
Comm.) VI. i The new institution of Knights of the Bath
fills the town with an expectation of *red ribbons. 1738
LORD TYRAWLY in BnccUuch MSS. (Hist. MSS. Comm.)
292
I. 382 If any vacancies should happen in the Red Ribbon.
1800 A siat. Ann. Reg., Char. 58/2 The present vacant Red
Ribbon has been offered to him. iB8& Encycl. Brit. XXIII.
203/1 These freshets, laden with the rich red loam of the
plains, usually reach the lower inhabited sections of the
State [of Texas] in periods of drought, and are termed
* *red rises '. 176* M ILLS Pract. J/nsb. I. 429 Barley is ripe
when the *red roan, as farmers call it, meaning a reddish
colour, is gone from off the ear. 1851-63 *Red robin [see
RED RAG 2]. 1882 Drvonsh. Plant Names, Red Robin,
Lychnis diurna. 1891 Q. Noughts $ Crosses 88 My feet
trod on bluebells and red-robins. 1845-50 MRS. LINCOLN
Led. Bot. App. 94/1 Cornus sericca, red osier, *red rod.
1597 GI-RABDE Herbal m. civ. 1366 [Rot sol is] is called in
English Sunne deaw. In the North parts *Red rot, bkause
it roiteth sheepe. 1664 R. TURNER Brit. Physician 274
It is called. .Sundew, Lustwort, Moor-grass, and of some
Red-rot. 1787 W. MARSHALL Norfolk (1795) II. Gloss.,
When the grains of ripening barley are streaked with
red, the crop Is said to be in the "red-row. 1879 Cutttbld.
Gloss., Reed row. When barley approaches to ripeness
the grains are streaked with red, and are then said to
be in the reed row. 1846 J. BAXTER Libr. Pract. Agric.
(ed. 4) II. 407 In the year 1831, wheat crops were extensively
infested with a parasitical fungus, popularly termed the
*Red Rust. 1893 Daily News 23 May $'"* The **red
scale ', so harmful to orange and lemon trees. 1578 LYTK
Dodoens v. L 657 Very excellent to annoynt the head
against Alopecies, which some call the *redde scall or fall-
ing away of the heare. 1884 GOODE Aaf. Hist. Aqiiat.
Anint. 291 The various invertebrate animals preyed upon by
Mackerel are known to the fishermen by such names as
'shrimp', '"red-seed1, and 'Cayenne*. 1884-5 Riverside
A'af. Hist. (1888) III. 193 The so-called red-seed exercises
a deleterious effect on the flesh of the fish. 1854 JONES
& SIEV. Pathol, Atiat. 253 With regard to the locality of
*red or inflammatory softening. 1858 AITKEN Pract. Med.
499 More partial or local furms of this affection [cerebritis],
to which the name of 'red softening1, or 'acute ramol-
lissement', has been applied. 1878 Times 26 Dec., All
pigs not ' *red soldiers ' will be adjudged innocent of typhoid.
1886 STEVENSON Kidnapped xvii, He supposed it was
some of the red soldiers coming from Fort William into
Appin. 1799 G. SMITH Laboratory II. 306 *Red Spinner;
begins with July. 1858 KINCSLEV A/isc.% Chalk-stream
Stud. (1859) I. iSgJThe capererj may. .do duty, .for the red
spinner or perfect form of the Marchbrown ephemera. 1807
AIKIN Dict.Chem.ff Min. II. 287/2 It is occasionally used
for colouring spirits, as, for example, the *red spirit used for
thermometers. 1844 K. A. PARNELL Applud Chent. I. 287
Such solutions, which are known among dyers by the name
of red spirits or simply spirits, may be obtained by dissolving
metallic tin^ in a granulated or * feathered ' state, in one of the
following liquids. 14.. Norn, in Wr.-Wiilcker 707/28 Hec
papula, a *redspott. 1601 HOLLAND Pliny II. 125 The root
of Onochiles brought into a liniment cureih the lentils or red
spots, yea and the infection of the leprosie. a z6x8 SYLVESTER
nature of ihe clay of which they are made. 1839 URE Diet.
Arts 184 Place bricks, gray and red stocks, .. and cutting
bricks. 1598 FLOKIO, fCttortca, vermillion, red oaker, red-
leade, *red stone, or ruddl. 1712 J. MORTON Nat. Hist.
Northampt. 41 The common Kealy, or Red-stone Land.
1796 KIRWAN Elem. Min. (ed. 2) I. 328 Redstone of Rawen-
stein— Its colour, by reflected light, is rose red. 1848 RICK-
MAN Styles Archit. Eng. (ed. 5) App. p. xvii, The walls being
mostly built with rough red-stone rag. 1850 HOLTZAPFFEL
Turning III. rofiS *Red Stuff, a name applied by watch-
makers to some kinds of crocus, or the oxide of iron. 1884
F. J. BRITTEN Watch fy Clockm. 220 Red stuff is prepared
of various degrees of fineness. 1816 WARDEN Descr. Co-
lumbia 196 American *red twig, or Carolina spiraea. 1893
SLOANE Electr. Diet. 559 s.v. Varnish, *Red Varnish.
A solution of sealing wax in oo per cent, alcohol. 1575-85
ABP. SANDYS Serm. 83 As the goodliest trees in a garden
are soonest blasted with *red windes. 1706 LONDON & WISE
Retired Card. I. 23 The North-East Winds, which are red
Winds that blast the I>eaves upon your Peach-Trees. 1857
JV. <y Q. Ser. 11. IV. 114 There is no sojourner in the
Mediterranean. ., who has not seen the red wind. . . It blows
from the deserts of Africa, and derives its name frcm the
particles of red sand with which it is charged, a 1400
Stockk. Medical MS. \. 265 in Anglia XVIII. 302 pe crop uf
be *reed worte do ber-to. c 1450 M. E. Med. Bk. (Heinrich)
232 Tak of redewortes, of fette malwes (etc.]. 1495 Trn-isit's
Barth.DeP.R. xvir. Ixxiii. (W.de W.) 647 Elutropiahighte
Solsequium, also the red worte, and many calle it Cicorea.
b. With adjs. (and derived sbs.), as red-blind,
colour-blind in respect of red (so red-blindness] ;
t red fire-hot, = RED-HOT ; red-green-blindness
(cf. red-blind and GREEN-BLIND) ; red-hearted
(seequot.); red-mad, = RED-WOOD a.\ red-ripe,
fully ripe, as indicated by the red colour (alsoyf^.
as s&.). Also redward a. and adv., towards the
red end of the spectrum.
1881 LD. RAVLEIGH in Nature XXV. 66 That vision would
intelligibly be characterized as "red-blind. 1894 ABNKV
Colour Vision (1805) 63 Taking a red-blind person and
examining him with the spectrum, we find that he sees no
light at all at the extreme limit of our red. 1876 BERNSTEIN
Five Senses 115 There are. .many degrees of *red-blindness.
1694 SALMON Bate's Dispens. (1713) 424/2 Melt the Tin in
a Crucible, *red Fire-hot. Ibid. 425/1 Put it into a Crucible
Red-fire-hot. 1888 Times (weekly ed.) 14 Sept. 3/1 Colour-
blindness .. is either * red-green-blindness or blue-yellow-
blindness or total colour-blindness. 1832 Planting 91 in
Lib. Use/. Knerwl.^ Husb. Ill, * Red-hearted.— A discolora-
tion of the central point or heart-wood of a tree. 1877
Holderness Gloss. s.v., He'll be *red-mad ti buy that pony.
1893 STEVENSON Catriona 74 She's, .red-mad about.. pre-
sented names, and King James. 1822 GOOD Study Med.
III. 213 He could perceive cherries on cherry-trees, but
only distinguish them even when *red-ripe, from the sur-
rounding leaves by their size and shape. 1868 BROWN-
ING Ring <y Bk. i. 1396 Human at the red-ripe of the heart.
1889 LOCKVER in Proc. R. Soc. 10 Jan. 185 Some of the
bright lines observed are described as being to the *redward
RED.
side of dark lines. 1903 AGNES M. CLERKK Probl. Astro-
physics 224 All showed a much smaller displacement red-
ward than the dark lines.
B. j£.l 1. Red colour (dye, stain, etc.); redness.
Also, esp. in modern use, with many defining terms pre-
fixed, as Adrianoplet alizarin^ cherry ^Jlesh, indigo > Tut-
Jtcyt etc, (cf. A. i).
c 1205 LAY. 24651 Tleo wolden of ane heowen heore claSes
habben. Sum hafden whit, sum hafden raxl, sum hafdcn god
grene. c 1250 Gen. •$• Ex. 640 De rede wid-innen toknet on
wreche Sat sal get wuroen sent, a 1300 Cursor M. 3366 Wit
mantel clad o bouen o rede. 13.. Gaiv. $ Gr. A'nf. 952
Riche red on bat on [lady] rayled ay quere. c 1400 Dcstr,
Troy 3988 Hir Hppes were louely littid with rede. 1480
CAXTON Descr. Brit. 5 Men dyen ther with fyn reed, tl;e
redenes ther of is wonder fayr and stable. 1509 HAWES
Past. Picas, xxxv. (Percy Soc.) 179 In a banner square, All
of reade was wrytten Discomfort. 1571 GOLDING Call1 in on
Ps. ii. 9 He consumeth them to nothing wiih the onely red
of his Hppes. 1591 SHAKS. yen. ff Ad. ooi [The boar's)
frothie mouth bepainted all with red. 1629 MILTON Nativity
230 'Ihe Sun in bed, Curtain'd with cloudy red. a 1683
PLL-HAM Wks. (1685) 15 A deed, for which the day deserves
its red Far more than for a paltry Saint, that died, a 1711
KEN Hymnotheo Poet. Wks. 1721 III. 311 With such rare
Mixture of pure Red and White. 1798 COLERIDGE Anc.
Mar. iv. xi, The charmed water burnt alway A still and
awful red. 1808 SCOTT Martn. i. Introd. 15 No longer
Autumn's glowing red Upon our Forest hills is shed. 1813
— Rokeby v. xxxi, Distinguish'd by the paly red The lamps
in dim reflection shed. 1864 BOWKN Logic i. 8 Though the
red or the white of this object is not the identical red or
white of thai object.
b. The red colour in roulette or rouge-et-noir.
1849 THACKERAY Pendcnnis xxxvii, A confounded run on
the red had finished him. 1868 YATES Rock Ahead in. v,
I've won a little on the red and black here and there.
C. The red ball in billiards.
1866 in Roberts Billiards (1869) 346 Bennett, .in the next
stroke fluked the red, the 'run' closing for 11.
d. 7o shoot or sport the red : (see quot. 1897).
1849 D. T. BROWNE Amer. Poultry Yd. (1855) 163 A safer
rule may be fixed at the season called 'shooting the red *.
1897 K. B. B. DELA Kwss. New Poultry Guide it. 56 Turkeys
require considerable attention . . until they * sport the red ',
as it is termed, i.e., develop the red colouring to the face
and wattles.
2. a. Stuff, cloth, or the like, of a red colour
(usually as the material of a dress).
£-1380 WYCLIF Wks. (1880^ 475 He .. made hym & his
cardenais ride in reed on bye ors. ^1386 CHAUCER Prol.
294 Twenty bookes clad in blak or reed. 1523 in Turner
Se/. Rec. Oxf. (1880) 44 For ij yards of Red for Crosses,
price the yarde xij '. 1590 SPENSER F. Q. 11. ix. 27 There
sate, y-clad in red Downe to the ground, a comely personage.
b. Ruddle (now dial.} ; f rouge.
I398TREV1SA tr. Bnrt/t. De P. K. xvi. Ixxx, Offit gendreth
seemliche colour and faire, as rew Ii, reed \(.'a.vton redy], and
stibium. 1538 ELYOT, Rubricatus, coloured wiih rcdde or
ruddelyd, as shepe are. 1558 WARDE tr. Alexis* Seer. iv.
75 Another kinde of redde verye good for the face. 1700
CONGRKVE Way of World in. i, Lady. Fetch me the
Red— The Red, do you hear, Sweei-Hean? .. Peg. The
red Ratifia does your Ladyship mean.. ? Lady... Paint,
dost thou understand that? < 1720 DUCHESS OF MONTAGU
in Buccleuch. MSS. (Hist. MSS. Comm.) I. 367, I mode
myself as French as I could.., but they wear such load*
of red, and powder, that it is impossible for me to come
up to that. 1727-41 CHAMBERS Cycl^ Red in cosmetics, a
fucus or paint wherewith the ladies enliven their cheeks and
lips. 1869 Lonsdale Gloss. , Red, ruddle for marking sheep.
3. f a. Gold. Obs. rare.
c 1374 CHAUCER Troylus m. 1335(1384) They shul for-go
l>e white and eke J>e rede. 1390 GOWER Con/. II. 88 To ihe
rede and to the whyte This Ston hath pouer to profile. 1677
W. HUGHES Man of Sin \\. x. 187 The most Gracious See
(saith he)rejecteth none where White or Red (Silver or Gold)
makes Intercession.
b. Red wine.
^1386 CHAUCER Pard. T. 198 Whan man so drynketh of
the whyte and rede. 1709 Rambling Fuddle-Cups n Came
in wiih a Friend for a whet of good Red. 1721 RAMSAY To
R. H. B. iii, If ram'd wi' red, they rant and rair, Like
mirthfu' men. 1842 TENNYSON Will Waterproof "82 No pint
of white or red Had ever half the power.
4. = Red Squadron (cf. A. 16 d).
1690 Lend. Gas. No. 2541/3 A second Rate, and Rear-
Admiral of the Red. 1707 CHAMDERLAYNE State Gt. Brit.
in. 600 Rear-Admiral of the Red. 1805 Admiralty Notice
in NavalChron. XIV. 435) His Majesty having bt-en pleased
to order the rank of Admirals of the Red to be restored 10
His Majesty's Navy. 1833 Penny Cycl. I. 126/2 Admirals
of the Red bear their flag at the main-top-gallant-mast-head.
5. //. (rarely sing, with a.)
a. Shades or tints of red.
1633 BP. HALL Occas. Medit. (1851) 50, 1 do not like the^e
reds, and blues, and yellows, amongst thepe plain stalks and
ears. 1635-56 COWLEY Davideis i. 87 No dawning Morn
does her kind Reds display. 1812 Si R H. DA\ v Cketn. Philos.
243 It does not destroy even reds and yellows when fixed by
mordants. 1884 Times (weekly ed.) 19 Sept. 5/2 The bodies
and bars of the carts were., painted in blues and reds.
b. Red kinds or varieties of cloth, wine, wheat,
etc. ; red cattle, ants, herrings, etc.
1566 A. EDWARDS in Hakluyt Voy. (1500) I. 357 Vour
London reds are not to be sent miner. 1641 FRENCH Distill.
Pref. (1651) * iiij b, They ..have brought a great Odium upon
it by . . vending their whites, and reds. 1868 Chamber*
Encycl. s.v. Wine, The Italian wines are very numerous.
The best reds are Lambrusco, Barbera, etc. 1881 Daily
News 23 Aug. 3/6 There were a few parcels of new wheat
shown. ..Redsrealired 555. to 585., and fine whites uptooos.
per quarter. 1890 ' R. "BOLDREWOOD ' Col. Reformer (1891)
121 He's got a real turn for the roans and reds,
t c. The menses. Obs.
1563 HYLL Art Garden. (1593) 69 Cummine seeds .. doth
stay the much bleeding at the nose, and womens excesse ot
BED.
the Reddes. :6oi HOLLAND Pliny II. 268 Herb Robert
..and Hyoci^this. .do slay the flux of reds or whites. 1664
K. TUKNEK llril. Physician 189 [copying UerardeJ.
fd. Red cheeks, nonce-use.
1616 J. LANK Ci'iit'i. Xqr.'s T. x. 212 Canace, whose bothe
reddes paeld deadlie teene.
6. a. //. Ked men ; North American Indians.
1804 C. B. BROWN tr. Volncys View Soil U.S. 351 A
body.. capable of defending itself both against whites and
reds, the savage on the one hand, and the land jobber on
the other. 18*9 ISoston (Mass.) jrnl. ii May 1/7 A fight
occurred between Indians and cowboys near that post, and
. .three of the reds were killed.
b. A radical, republican, or anarchist.
1864 TENNYSON Aylmer"s F. 251 The next day came a
neighbour. Blues and reds They talk'd of. i8&* SJ>ectai0r
2 Dec. 1515 They fret as if they were Reds under a Csesar.
iSpj MHS. H. WARD David Grieve II. 349 My father was
a Red — an Anarchist.
f Red s/i.z, variant of RBADJ&1 Obs.
178* A. MONRO Compar. Anat. (ed. 3) 40 From this it
passes into the fourth [stomach],.. or the red, which is the
name it commonly has because of its colour.
tBed, v. Obs. [OE. riadian, f. r*!ad RED a.
Cf. OHG. rttin (MHG. rdteri), f. rdt red.]
1. intr. a. To be red. b. To become or grow
red ; to blush. = REDDEN v. 2 and 2 b.
^975 Rush™. Gosp. Matt. xvi. 3 To-djege bij> hreanis,
reada|> forbon unrotlice be heofun. c 1000 Sax. Leeclid. I.
330 Nim. .hwitne aeppel be bonne xyt ne readme. (11310
in Wright Lyric P. ix. 34 Eyther cheke [is] Whit y-noh ant
rode on eke ase rosen when hit redes. 1390 GOWKR Con/.
II. 7 For oght that is befalle Mai unman do my chekes rede.
1429 tr. Secreta Secret., Priv. Priv. 168 Muche sholdeoure
ci ystyn Prynces reede and be ashamyd.
'A. trans. To make red. = REDDEN v. i.
a 1225 Ancr. R. 356 And nes Codes rode buruh his
deorewur5e blode iruded & ireaded. Ibid. 402 jesu Crist
ireaded mid his owune blode oSe rode. 1570 FOXE A. ff M.
(ed. 2) 695/1 He did redde and dyed them with their own
bloud. 1611 COTGR., Ayntts, little rods, or twigs, wherin
herrings are threaded, and layed on hurdles to be redded.
1676 MOXON Print Lett. 12 By Redding or Blacking the
Backside of your Paper, a 1703 BURKITT On N.T.,1. jo-'itt
lit. 13 The prosecutor goes about with Cain's club in his
hand, redded with blood. 1736 AINSWOKTH Lat. Diet. s.v.
Rnbi.tus, Bread redded in the oven, and scorched.
Ked, var. RAD a.'2 ; obs. f. (pa. t., etc.) of READ v.,
var. REDD, obs. f. REDE si. and v., REED si.
-red, siiffix, representing OE. rseden condition,
which was freely used as a second element in
combs. In ME. the full form -ryden, -reJen,
-raden was by the general dropping of final -»
reduced to -ride, and this was subsequently short-
ened to -red. (In some cases the -ide was con-
fused with the synonymous -hede.) In Sc., by an
early metathesis of «, the suffix assumed the iorm
-rend (-rand), later -rent (-rant).
Of the numerous words thus formed in OE. (see
Bosw.-Toller, s. v.) only a few were retained in
ME., as brother-, fer-, folk-, frend-, love-, man-,
sibrede(n, -reif), repr. OE. bn!3or-, geftr-, folc-,
frfynti-, luf-, »;««(»)-, sibrsedett. In addition to
these, ME. had a few forms not recorded in OE.,
as felawrede, ne)eburreiie, and the surviving repre-
sentatives of the class, GOSSIPKED, HATHED and
KINDRED. (Coitsinred, used by Scott, is a hybrid
and app. an individual formation.)
fRedabSolve, v. Obs. rare~n. [ad. I., type
*redabsolvere : see RE- and ABSOLVE.] ' To dis-
charge or dispatch ' (Cockeram 1623).
t B/eda'ct, pa.pple. Obs. [ad. L. redact-us, pa.
pple. of redigfre : see next.]
1. Brought together in a written form.
1431-50 tr. Hifiiett (Rolls) III. 255 The grete Pompeius
was the firste whiche willede to haue redacte the lawes in
to bokes. lliid. VII. 309 Whiche descripcion [of England]
was redacte into oon volume.
2. Brought or reduced into (in), to a state, con-
dition, etc., or under one's power.
143* 50 tr. Higden (Rolls) VII. stYnglonde was redacte iiij.
tynies into servitute. 1501 in Arnolde Chron. (1811) 163
So thefyj be redacte vnder the pour of the Soudane. 1513
Ballad in Bradsliaiv's St. Werburge 202 Thy bretherne
were. .With diuers of thy kynne .. Redact in the catholique
papall. 1539 in Froude Hist. Eng. (1858) III. 419 Wales is
redact to that state that one thief taketh another, and one
cow keepeth another. 1560 ROLLAND Crt. Venus iv. 528 Sa
at all time I bruik my priuilage, That it be not redact
vnto thirlage.
b. Of material things : Reduced to or into
ashes, dust, etc.
1431-50 tr. lligdcn (Rolls) I. 119 Whiche apples y-taken
be redacte vn to esches. 1545 JOYE Exf. Dan. iv. D. iij,
Then was y test or potsherd, the brasse, gold & sylver re-
dacteintoduste. 1558 WARIIE tr. Altxif Seer. I. (1568) 29 b,
Take drie Camomill redact into powder.
Redact (r/dorkt), v. Also pa. t. 5 redact,
[f. L. redact-, ppl. stem of reiligZre to bring back,
collect, reduce, etc., f. re(d)- RE- + agcre to drive,
etc. : see ACT v. The form redact for the pa. t.
(cf. prec.) is frequent in the later version of Hig-
den. In its mod. use, the verb has been reintro-
duced in the igth c. (after REDACTION); Ash (1775)
and Todd (1818) mark it as ' not used '.]
1 1. trans. To bring (matter of reasoning or dis-
I A. irans.
293
course) into or to a certain form ; to put together
in writing. Obs.
1432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) III. 251 Aristotille redacte hit
[logic] in an arte. Ibid. 253 The Romanes didde redresse
and redacte these lawes of Salon [sic] in tox. tables, c 1550
LLOYD Treas. Health Y vj b, The aphorismes of Hippo-
crates redacted vnto a ceriayne order. 1597 A. M. tr.
CiuiUeineaits Fr. Ckirnrg. *iiij b, They have redacted them
together, because they might the ea.syer be vnderstoode.
1639 DRUMMOND Conv, iv, £. Jonson Wks. (1711)225 Ben
Johnson, .cursed Petrarch for redacting verses into sonnets,
tb. To bring or insert (a thing) into a scheme
or body. Obs, rare.
1570 FOXE A. <5- M. (ed. 2) 451/1 Although this law is not
redacted into ylj body of the jaw, yet. .it is not abrogated.
t c. To reduce (a subject) to a person's under-
standing. Obs. rare.
1657 TOMLINSON Renou's Disp. To Rdr. i b, Here the
whole Pharmaceutical Art is denuded, and redacted to the
clear intelligence of the meanest capacity.
f 2. To bring together into one body. Obs.
1432-50 tr. Hidden (Rolls) I. 209 After that Romulus re-
dacte alle the cites in to oon. Ibid. II, 273 Augustus.,
redacte in to oon monarchy the realmes of alle the worlde.
155° VERON Godly Sayings (1846) 50 Those thinges whiche
can be redacted into some one thynge of manye.
f 3. To reduce (a person or thing) tot into a cer-
tain state, condition, or action. Also rarely with
inf. Of>s. (Common in i7th c., esp. Se.}
1542 BECON News out of Heaven Wks. 1564 I. 13 Ye see
into how miserable a ca<e ye are redacted and fallen by the
sin of Adam. 1582-8 Hist. jfas. VI (1804) 90 In respect of
the greatt desolatioun that the commonweill was redactit
into. 1637 MONRO Exfed. \, 3 The Baron of Fowles, being
..a litle prodigall in his spending, redacted his estate to
a weeke point. 1678 Trans. Crt. Spain n. 121 They will
be ever redacted to shift for that where of they shall stand
in need. 173* Plain Reas. Presbyt. Dissent. 115 Poor
people are squeezed and redacted to most pinching straits,
thro' gentlemen's racking their rents.
tb. To reduce (a material thing) to a certain
form. Obs. rare.
1634 BP. HALL Character of Man (1635) 26 Metalls where-
by they might make use of those plants, and redact them to
any forme or instruments of work, were yet.. to seek.
4. In modern use : a. To draw up, frame (a
statement, decree, etc.).
1837 CARLYLE Fr. Rev. I. v. ii, The oath is redacted ;
pronounced aloud by President Bailly. 1845 — Cromwell
(1871) I. 101 The House of Commons .. was busy redacting
a ' Protestation \ 1860 W. G. CLARK in Vac. 'four. 46 A
council of ministers- was held in the palace.. : they were
engaged in redacting the two proclamations.
D. To put (matter) into proper literary form;
to work up, arrange, or edit.
1851 CARLYLE Sterling in. v, Sterling, .redacts it in a
Times leader. 1884 Times i Nov. 9 Their observations
are recorded, tabulated, digested, and redacted in every
possible way.
Hence Beda'cted///. a.
1676 COLES, Redacted^ forced back. 1898 G. B. GRAY in
Expositor May 347 The present redacted text of Genesis.-
11 Hedacteur (m]akt<?i). [F.] = REDACTOR.
1804 Edin, Rev. IV. 2 These materials .. left nothing to
the rettacteur, but the occasional labour of selection, arrange-
ment, and compression. 1844 J. W. CROKER Ess. Fr. Rev,
vii. (1857) 478 The careful r&iactenr. .exercised some degree
of judgment in correcting these unseemly blunders.
Hence Heda cteurship.
1820 Blackw. Mag. VI. 619 In your two or three busy
days of redacteurship.
Redaction (tfdse'kfan). [In sense i, ad. late L.
redaction-em (Boeth.), n. of action f. redigere (see
REDACT z\), or f. redact-, ppl. stem of redigfre ; in
sense 2, a. F. redaction (1690).]
fl. The action of driving back, resistance, re-
action. Obs. rare.
1621 S. WARD Life of Faith 71 [Faith] takes away all
reluctation and redaction, infuseth a plyable willingnesse.
n 1659 BP. BROWNRIG Serin. (1674) I. xxx. 385 There is a re-
daction and repercussion in resistance.
2. The action or process of preparing for publica-
tion ; reduction to literary form ; revision, re-
arrangement.
1803 \V. TAYLOR in Ann. Rev. I. 448 His redaction is
neater, his range of study more comprehensive [etc.]. 1833
ARNOLD in Stanley Life (1858) I. vii. 357 Patches put to-
gether from various quarlers without any redaction. 1883
A. ROBERTS O. T. Reris. ii. 43 The Pentateuch must have
been subjected to many redactions before receiving its final
shape.
D. The result of such a process; a new edition.
1810 Edin. Rev. XVI. 480 A sort of redaction, or new
edition, of the subsisting statutes. 1860 ADLER Fauriefs
Prov. Poetry xi. 221 The great poem of the Nibelungen is
a redaction of several detached songs and poems.. more
ancient than itself.
3. The action of bringing or putting into a defi-
nite form.
1867 Q. Rev. Oct. 441 About 200 A.D. the redaction of the
whole unwritten law into a code, .was completed.
Hence Beda-ctional a., of or belonging to re-
daction ; of the nature of redaction.
1891 DRIVER hitrod. Lit. O. T. 19 Making such slight
redactional adjustments as the unity of his work required.
Redactor tr/flarkt£i). [a. L. type *redactor,
agent-n. f. redigZre to REDACT. Cf. REDACTEUB.]
One who redacts; an editor.
1831 CARLYLE Misc. (1857) II. 209 The first German re-
dactor of this Fable. 1877 DAVIDSON Canon Bible 19 The
REDARGUE.
idea naturally arises that he was the final redactor of the
Pentateuch.
Hence Bedacto'rial a., of or belonging to a
redactor ; editorial.
cr
.
f Redamancy . Obs. rare — l. [f. L. redam&re
to love in return, f. re(d}- RE- + amare to love:
see -ANCY.] The action of loving in return.
1656 BI.OUNT Glossogr. (citing Montague Missive Consol.},
t Reclamation. Obs. rare-1. [See prec.
and -ATION.J = prec.
1658 in PHILLIPS. 1678 J. J[ONES] Brit. Ckitrck 571
Where Christ is not exemplified, in three conformities : in
his death, in his life, in his redamation.
t Reda-mbulate, v. Obs. rare—0, [f. ppl.
stem of L. redambulare : see RE- and AMBULATE.]
intr. 'To walk back* (Cockeram 1623).
Redamna'tion. rare-1. [RE- 5 a.] Renewed
damnation.
a 165* BROME Qiieen fy Cone. n. viii, Until the world be
vindicated from Theredamnation such an error threatens.
Redan (r/dse-n). Also 8 reden(t, redant (and
erron. redans, -ens), [a. F. redan (1677) for
redent l a double notching or Sagging, as in the
teeth of a saw* (Cotgr.), f. re- RE- + dent tooth.]
1. Fertif. A simple form of field-work, having
two faces which form a salient angle.
1689 [see b]. 1704 J. HARRIS Lex. Techn, I, Rcdent, in
Fortification [etc.]< 1706 PHILLIPS (ed. Kersey), Redan or
Redent. 1727-41 CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v., Redens are fre-
quently used in the fortifying of walls, where it is not
necessary to be at the expense of building bastions. 1761
STERNE Tr. Shandy VI. xxi, A number of small piquets
driven into the ground at the several angles and icdans.
1776 in Sparks Corr. Amer. Rev. (1853) I. 159 It was ,. my
intention to throw up a great number of large fleches or
redans at certain distances, one behind another. 1818 J. M.
SPEARMAN Brit. Gunner (ed. 2) 213 The distances of the
redans from each other should not exceed 120 yards, in
order that the fire from the faces of one redan may defend
the saliants of the next. 1864 BURTON Scot Abr. I. v. 294
The long ranges- of bastions and redans which covered
miles of land under. .Vauban.
transf, 1878 T. HARDY Ret. Native \. vi, Not on the level
ground, but on a salient corner or redan of earth, at the
junction of two converging bank fences.
b. attrib".
1689 Lend, Cm. No. 2478/2 Having view'd the Ground,
[he] staked out a Redent Work with Redoubts. 1834-47
J. S. MACAULAY Field Fertif. 11851) 31 To reduce the
number of points of attack in a continued redan line, the
salient of the large redan may be placed more in advance.
2. (See quot.)
1848 CRAIG, Redan t a projection in a wall on uneven
ground to render it level, [Hence in Ogilvie (1850), and
later Diets., but it is doubtful whether this sense of the Fr.
word has ever been adopted in Eng.J
Redar(e, obs. forms of READER.
tRedarguate, v. Obs. rare"0, [irreg. f. L.
rtdargttSre : see next.] ' To reprove * (Cockeram
1623). So f Redarguation, = REDAHGUTION.
f 1485 Digby Myst. n. 47 To persue all tho that do repro-
bacion A-gayns owur lawes by ony redarguacion. 1711
BAILEY, Redargiiation, a disproving or confuting.
Redargue (redaMgiw), v. Now Sc. [ad. F.
rtdargiier (i-fth c. in Littre), or L. redargue"™
to disprove, etc., f. re(d}- RE- + arguere to ARGUE.]
f 1. trans. To blame, reprove (a person or
persons, an action, etc.). Also const, of, for. Obs.
c 1400 A Pol. Loll. 6 Poule a^enstod him in pe face, &
redarguid nim, for he was reprouable. 1547 I'OORDE tircv.
Health Ixvlii. 19 b, A power of the soule the whiche doth
reluct agaynst vyces and synne, and redargueth or repre-
hendeth synne. a 1578 LINDESAY (Pitscottie) Chron. Scot.
(S.T.S.) 1. 33 Quhen he had pansit in this maner wp and
doun and ressonit [A/S. /, redarguit] himself for his slouth-
fulness. 1648 LIGHTFOOT Horse Hebr. (1684) II. 604 The
Holy Spirit, .could not but reprove and redargue the world
ofSm. ifrwGALECr/. Gentiles II. in. 136 Basil.. severely
redargues Origen's allegoric mode of Theologising.
2. To confute (a person) by argument. (In later
use only Sc. ; cf. next.)
c 1380 WVCLIF Set. Wks. I. 79 Relcke we not of argu-
ment is )>at sophist is maken, J>at we ben redargued
grantynge bat we denyen. 1632 K. JOKSON Magn. Lady
in. iv, Sir, 111 redargue you By disputation. 1671 [R.
MAC\VARD] True Nonconf. 3 It is your part, by this your
conference more solidly to redargue him. 1704 EARL OF
CROMARTY in Land. Caz. No. 4037/5 That we may redargue
one another with Kindness and Civility. 1877 BLACK IE
Wise Men 327 AH these Love's vouchers stand, beyond the
craft Of sophist to redargue.
3. To refute or disprove (an argument, state-
ment, etc. Since e 1 700 only Sc., chiefly Law.}
i6»7 HAKEWILL Apol. in. § 4 (^35) 310 Nathaniel Car-
penter thus fully redargues that forgerie. 1641 J. JACKSOM
True F.itang. T. i. 68 The error which this point is profit-
able to confute and redargue is twofold. 1679 Prot. Con-
formist 3 It has been so fully and clearly redargued, that I
need not meddle with it. 1731 MrDouALL Init. Laws Scof.
I. 359 The presumption lies. .that he has the drawer's
effects, which he must redargue by the letter of advice.
1771 SMOLLETT Humph. Cl. Introd. p. vi, The objections you
mention, I humbly conceive are such as may be redargued,
if not entirely removed. 1847 HAMILTON Let. to De
Morgan 4, I may .. redargue your claim and statements,
as the result of a mistake. 1885 Law Rt-p. ip App. Cases
383 note. This fact afforded a degree of real evidence which
no parole testimony could redargue.
REDARGUING.
fb. To argue (a case) in opposition to anotlier
person. Obs. rare.
a 1633 W. AMES Saint's Sccur. (1652) 8 When Job's three
Friends had spent much time in arguing and redarguing
the case with Job, Elihu . .speaketh after this manner.
4. absol.otintr. To reprove or refute ; to employ
argument for the purpose of refuting.
1641 J. JACKSON True Evang. T. I. 55 Men love truth
when it shines, but not when it redargues. 1644 BULWER
Chirol. 170 The bowing downe of the Fore-Finger for
a checke of silence, and to redargue, is an action often found
in the Hands of men.
Hence Keda rguiug vbl. sb.
1627-77 FELTHAM Kesoh'es it. xii. 184 It was the redargu-
ing of his misguided friends, .that moved him. 1656 STAN-
LEY Hist. P/iilos. IV. (1701) 147/1 A great lover of Contention,
and therefore called EAc'y{tro< from redarguing.
Bedargution (redaJgi« Jan). Now rare. fa.
OF. redargucion, -tion (i2th c. in Godef.), ad. L.
redargution-em, i. rtdargulre : see prec.]
1 1. Reproof, reprehension (of a person, an ac-
tion, etc.). Obs. (Common in 171)1 c.)
1483 CAXTON Gold. Leg. 435/2 He sheweth hymself worthy
of redargucion or rebuke. 1533 MORE Apol. 160 b, The
open reprofe and redargucyon therof may not . . well by-
come those thatare no more spyrytuall than I. 1593 BELL
Motives cone. Rom. Faith (1605) 129 The whole scripture..
is profitable to doctrin, to redargution, to correction, a 1650
BP. HOPKINS Serin. Lev. xix. 17 Wks. 1809 IV. 489 To ex-
pose the vice that we reprove .. keeping still within the
bounds of a sober and friendly redargution.
fb. An instance of this. Obs. rare.
1610 WILLET Hexapla Dun. 157 There is first a redargu-
tion and reprehension of the king. 1620 BRENT tr. Sarpts j
Count. Trent vill. (16761 675 To make an excuse to Lorain, j
saying that his redargutions were not meant of hts Excel-
lency . . but of the Divines of the Sorbone.
2. Confutation (of a person) ; refutation, disproof
(of a statement, etc.). Now rare.
1529 MORE Dyaloge I. Wks. 149/2 Thei coulde not endure
yt redargucion that should sometime fall to their part in '
dispysicions. 1597 J. KING On Jonas (1618) 544 Therefore
they must be vanquished, .both by written demonstrations,
and by vnwritten redargutions. 1640 Consid. Ch. Eng. 9 1 1
is a matter Volumes have beene compiled of, and therefore
cannot receive a briefe i edargution. 1697 C. LESLIE Snak?
in Grass (ed. 2) 46 Which Plea leads us Naturally and
Necessarily into this sort of Redargution. 1881 GOUGH &
COWELL Stirva^larshana-saingrahtt 66 As if then we had
thrown their best wrestler, the redargution o( the rest of
their categories may be anticipated.
t Bedargtttive, a. Obs. rare. [ad. L. type
* redargiitivus : see REDARGUE and -IVE.] =ncxt.
1609 R. BARNERD Faithf. Sheph. 60 The first [use] is
Redargutiue, when the doctrine is vsed to confute and ouer-
throw an error or heresie. 1623 in COCKERAM.
t BedaTgutory, a. Obs. rare. [ad. L. type
* redargutorius : see REDARGUE and -OKY.] Per-
taining to refutation or reproof.
1634 T. CAREW Calum Brit. Wks. (l824^ 154 My privi-
leges are an ubiquitary, . . interrogatory, redargutory im-
munity over all the privy lodgings. 1650 Let. Celts, cfr
Redargution Lieut.-Col. Lilburne i This censorious, re-
dargutory address of mine.
Beda'rt, v. [KE-] trans. To dart (a thing)
back in return. Hence KedaTtad ppl. a.
1613 PURCHAS Pilgrimage IX. iv. (1614) 842 They some-
times are said to catch an arrow with the hand, and redart
it at the shooter. 1640 [R. BRATHWAIT] Two Lancashire
Lovers 63 Let but one line redart one small beameling of
love, a 1711 KEM Ana-fynes Poet. Wks. 1721 III. 449
Soon as a bearded Dart 1 feel, Redarted Pray'r the Wound
shall heal.
Redaw 11, v. [RE- 5 a.] intr. To dawn
again. Hence Bedawning///. a.
1837 DE QUINCEY Revolt Tartars Wks. 1854 IV. 175
Peace and prosperity .. re-dawned upon the tribes. 189$
. Rn>. Oct. 334 This faint gleam of redawning freedom
ied away,
Red-back: see REDO. i8b.
Bed-backed, <*. Having a red back ; chiefly
of birds, esp. the red-backed butcher-bird or shrike
{Lanitts collurio), and the red-backed sandpiper
( Tringa anuricana).
1768 PENNANT Brit. Zool. I. 163 The Red backt Butcher
Bird [1776 Shrike].. .The upper part of the back and coverts
of the wings are of a bright ferruginous color. 1802 BINGLEY
Anim. Biog. (1813) The mode in which a Red-backed
Pelecan . . stowed its food into its pouch. 1813 WILSON
Amer. Ornith. VII. 25 Red-backed Sandpiper, Tringa
Alpina. 1819 WARDEN United States II. 411 The rattle-
snake,. .red-backed snake. 1822 LATHAM Gen. Hist. Birds
VI. 286 The Red-backed Lark. 1839 AUDUBON Ornith.
Siof. V. 335 Red-Backed Woodpecker. 1840 Penny Cycl.
XVIII. 263/2 One species . . is known by the names Varie-
gated Sole, Red-backed Flounder, etc. (.Wonfchirus lingua-
tultts). 1894 NEWTON Diet. Birds 845 Much smaller than
this is the Red-backed Shrike, ..the best-known species in
Great Britain, where it is a summer visitor.
b. Of books : Backed with, bound in, red.
1866 HOWELLS Venet. Life xvi. 246 We forestieri of the
red-backed books.
Red-banded : see RED a. 14 b, 140.
Bed bark. A variety of Cinchona-bark.
1782 W. SAUNDERS Superior Efficacy of Red Peruvian
Bark (ed. 2) 7 The diversity both in size and colour of the
Red Bark from the common Peruvian Bark. 1837 Penny
Cycl. VII. 173/2 Red bark has been known for r3o years,
hut was not much used in Europe till 1779. 1880 C. R.
MARKHAM Peruv. Bark 41 The species yielding ' red bark ',
the richest and most important of all the Chinchona%
O.
di
294
mttrit. i85i R. SPRUCE (tillt) Report on the Expedition
to procure Seeds and Plants of the Cinchona Succirubra, or
Red Bark Tree. 1880 C. R. MARKHAM Pern-!'. Hark 218
Now the ' red bark ' grounds are confined to the ravine of
the river Chasuan, and its tributaries. Hid. 305 The dry
season in the ' red bark ' region.
Red-bead snake, tree, vine: see RED a. ub.
Red-bearded, a. Having a red beard.
1576 NKWTOH Lemnie's Complex. (1633) 207 That red-
bearded men are seldome of any good disposition. 1611
L BARRY Ram A lley E ij b, Fetch me a red-bearded sargeant.
1751 H. WAI.POLE Lett. (1846) II. 403 He is . . red-bearded,
and not comely. 1843 CAKLYLE Past «, Pr. iv. iv, Thor red-
bearded, with his blue sun-eyes.
Bed-bellied, a. Having a red belly.
Frequent in the names of American birds and fishes.
1743 G. EDWARDS Nat. Hist. Bints I. 22 The Red-belly^
WARDEN United Slates 1 1. 411 The. .red-bellied land snake.
i847AuouBON & BACHMAN I'ivif. Quadrup. N. Amer. I.
292 Red-bellied Squirrel. 1876 GOODE in SmilhttH. Coll.
XIII. VI. 60 Red-bellied terrapin (Pmdmft rugosa).
Red-belly : see RED a. 18 b.
Bed-berried. ••-.
1. Bearing red berries.
"739 MILLER Card. Diet. II. s.v. Cnsia, Red-berried Shrub-
casia. 1819 WARDEN United States 1 1. 242 note, Mountain
maple, red-berried elder, and witch ha/le. 1865 SOWERBY
Eng. Hot. IV. 36 Red-berried liryony. 1891 T. HARDY
Tess (1900) 32/2 The tall red-berried hedges.
2. Resembling red berries.
1881 A/acni. Mag. XLIV. 345 The child with ripe red-
berried lips.
Red- bill : see RED a. 18 b.
Bed-billed, a- Umilh. Having a red bill.
1729 mDampier's Voy. (ed. 31 III. 408 '1 he Red-bill'd Star-
ling. 1781 LATHAM G<-n. Synopsis birds 1. 1. 355 Red billed
Hornbill. Itiil. 390 Red-billed Jay. 1814 WILSON Amer.
Ornith. Index, Red-billed Rail. 1864-5 J- G. Wooii II tines
U'ithout H. xi. (1868) 200 Our first example of the African
Weavers is the Red-billed Weaver Bird. 1884-5 Riverside
Nat. Hist. (1888) IV. 106 Of this very remarkable form only
one species, the red-billed curlew, .is known.
Be'd-bird. A name given to various small
American birds with red plumage, esp. the summer
tanager (/'traiig-a sestiva] , scarlet tanager ( P. rubra] ,
Baltimore oriole, and cardinal grosbeak.
1670 D. DFINTON Descr. AVry York (1845) 5 There is also
the red Bird, with divers sorts of singing birds. 1713
BLACKMORE Alfred vn. 224 When on Indian Plains a
Rattle-Snake Perches a Red-Bird in a shady Brake. 1783
LATHAM Gen. Synopsis Rinls II. I. 27 At Hudson's Bay it
[the red-breasted thrush] is known by the name of Red
bird. 1856 BRYANT Murdered Ti'av. ii, The red-bird
warbled, as he wrought His hanging nest o'erhead. 1885
LADY BRASSEY The Trades 423 The red-birds, or 'Cardinal
gros-beaks ' . . are a kind of Virginian nightingale.
Red-blind(neS3) : see RED a. 19 b.
Red-blooded: seeRKDo. 143.
Bed book, red-book. A book bound in red.
1. As the name of individual books of an official
character, or otherwise important.
Red Book of the Exchequer, a miscellaneous volume, con*
taining copies of charters, statutes, surveys, etc., originally
compiled in the I3th century, and recently printed (Rolls
Series, 1896); see also quot. 1820. Red Book of fferg est,
a Welsh manuscript of the 14-isth c. (now the property of
Jesus College, Oxford), containing the tales known as the
Mabinogion and other pieces in prose and verse.
1479 Bristol Rec. in Eng. Gilds (1870) 419 A 11 the chauntry
preestis whos composicions are enrolled in the rede boke.
1574 in W. H. Turner Select. Rec. Oxford (1880) 352 A
certifycatt sent downe from London to this cytye as the
same appearith in the redd booke, 1699 Bp. W. NICOLSON
Euf. Hist. Library m. iii. (1714) 213 There is also, in the
keeping of the King's Remembrancer, an antient Miscellany
of several notable Treatises; which Volume is commonly
cited, and call'd by the Name of Liber ruber Scaccarti, or
Red-Book of the Exchequer. 1700 TYRRELL Hist. Eng. II.
828 The Copy of this Charter. . is entred in the Red Book of
the Exchequer at Dublin. 1715-6 in Catal. MSS. Wales
in B.M. (roo3> 408 Since I perceived Jesus College had an
undoubted right to the Red Book of Hergest. 1800 in Rep.
on Ossian (1805) App. 278 He remembers that bis father had
a book which was called the Red Book, ..which, .contained
a good deal of the history of the Highland Clans. 1820
Trans. Royal /risk Acad. XIII. in. i8r An antient book
of record, called the Red Book of the Exchequer, which is
preserved in the office of the chief remembrancer of that
court in Ireland. 1896 H. HALL Red Bk. Exchequer (Rolls)
L Pref. i The Red Book of the Exchequer belongs to the
class of Entry Books usually termed Precedent Books, but
more correctly Registers, or Books of Remembrance.
t b. A book containing the names of all per-
sons holding office under the State or receiving
pensions from it. Obs.
1800 Asiatic Ann. Keg., Free. E. Ind. Ho. 93/1 The pro-
prietors of India Stock would soon have a Red-book of
their own, which would rise with the Red-book of England.
1820 (title) The Extraordinary Red Book : An Account of all
Places, Pensions, Sinecures, Grants, &c. The Expenditure
of the Civil List, the Finances and Debt of Great Britain.
f2. (See quot.) Obs. rare-".
1688 MIEGE Gl. Fr. Diet. n. s.v. Red, A Witche's red Book,
a Catalogue of such as have sealed to the Devil with their
own bloud, la rouge listc.
3. A popular name for the ' Royal Kalendar, or
Complete.. Annual Register' (published from 1767
to 1893) ; also, the title of a similar work of later
date (see quot. 1847).
REDCAP.
1788 Observer No. 58 T 6 He measures his devoirs with an
exactitude that bespeaks him a correct interpreter of The
Red Book. 1814 MOORE Poem!, Lpigram, We've lost the
Court-Guide, M a'am,but here's the Red Book. 1823 H AZLII T
Liber Amoris 55 Is the name on the frank : see if you can
decypher it by a Red-book. iSsoGEN. P. THOMPSON Exerc,
1 1842) I. 278 Dukes, earls, viscounts, and so on to any extent
down the ladder of honour in the Red Book. 1847 (''"<>
Webster's Royal Red Book; or Court and Fashionable
Register: comprising, .an alphabetical list of the nobility
and gentry, with their town and country residences, etc. etc.
1888 RIDER HAGGARD tlr. Meeson's U ill xiv, He.. seized
a Red Book, in which he discovered that Lord Holmhurst's
.. London house was in Hanover Square.
Redbreast.
1. The robin (see also Robin redbreast.
c 1401 LYDC. Flower Courtesy 58 The sely wrenne, the tit-
mose also, The litel redbrest. c 1440 Promf. Parv. 426/2
Redbreste, byrde, rubellus. 1530 PALSGR. 261/2 Reed
breest a byrdt rovgegorgc. 1604 DRAYTON Oiifle 87 Covering
with Mosse the deads unclosed eye, The little Red-brest
teacheth Charitie. 1647 WARD Simp. Cooler 74 Should
I heare. .a Horse whistle like a Red-breast, it would scare
me. 1708 PRIOR Turtle A- Sparrow 18 Ye pious Redbreasts,
deck his Hearse. 1750 G»AY Elegy 119 The Redbreast
loves to build and warble there. 1847 LYTTON Lucretia
(1853) 300 The spray of the willow trembles with the wing
of the redbreast. 1894 NEWTON Diet. Birds 771 Even those
Redbreasts which stay in Britain during the winter are sub-
ject to a migratory movement.
at trio, and Comb. 1576 GASCOIGNE Philomene ( Arb.) no
As the red breast byrds, Whome prettie Merlynes hold. 1596
SHAKS. i lien. I Y, in. i. 265 'Tis the next way to turne Taylor,
or be Redbrest teacher. 1783 WOLCOTT (P. Pindar) Odes to
K.A.'s\.29 May some good Christian Bard . . Turn Redbreast
kind, and with the sweetest song Bewail our hapless fate
with watry eye I 1876 T. HARDY Ethelberta (1800) 115
Bright auburn, several shades nearer to redbreast-red than
was Ethelberta's hair.
b. Applied to other red-breasted birds, esp. U.S.
to the migratory thrush (also called robin).
1775 CLAYTON in Phil. Trans. LXVI. 105 Of small birds
there are several sorts ; the red breast, speckled on the back
like a partridge [etc.]. 1828-32 in WEBSTER.
2. transf. (bee quots.)
1862 DICKENS Lett. 18 Apr. (1880) II. 178 The Bow Street
runners.. had no other uniform than a blue dress-coat, brass
buttons.. and a bright red cloth waistcoat. The waistcoat
was indispensible, and the slang name for them was ' red-
breasts ' in consequence. 1899 Lontton Letter 10 Nov. 701/2
The ' Redbreasts ', or New bouth Wales Lancers, who have
been at Aldershot for a year.
Bed-breasted, a. Having a red breast.
Chiefly Ornilh. Jn quot. 1609 jig.
Red-breasted duck, the white-eyed duck. R. finch, =
r. grosl-ean. R. godwit, the bar-tailed god»it, Limosa
ruja. R. goosander, = r. merganser. R. goose, Anser
or Bernicla ruftcollis. R. grosbeak, the rose breasted
grosbeak. R. merganser, Mergus senator. R. rau,
(a) the king-rail, Kaltns elegant; (Ot the Virginia rail. R.
sandpiper, the knot in summer plumage. R. snipe, the
dowitcher, Macrorhamphns griseus. R. thrush, the
American robin or red-breast.
1609 B. JONSON Case is Altered v. i, O [my] fair-feather d,
my red-breasted birds, Come fly with me. 1678 RAY
Willughby's Ornith. 194 The red-breasled Indian Black-
bird, perchance the Jacapu of Marggrave. 172911) Dan/pier's
Voy. (ed. 3) III. 406 The Red-bieasted Parrot. Ibid. 409
The Red-breasted Woodpecker. 1750 G. EDWARDS Nat.
Hist. Birds III. 138 Red-breasted Godwit. 1776 PKNNANT
Brit. Zool. (ed. 4) 1 1. PI. 93 Red breasted Goosander. Red
breasted Merganser. Ibid. 467 Red-breasted Shoveler.
1785 — Ant. Zool. II. 335 Red-breasted Thrush. Itid. 350
Red-breasted Grosbeak. Ibid. 372 Red-breasted Finch.
Itid. 571 Red breasted Goose. iSoa MONTAGU Ornith.
Diet. (1831) 580 The red breasted snipe is a variety of this
species [yarwhip]. 1813 WILSON Amer. Ornith. VII. 43
Red-breasted Sandpiper, Triiiga rn/a. 1817 T. FORSTER
A at. Hist. Swallowtribe (ed. 6) 95 Anas A'yroca, .. Red-
breasted duck. 1835 AUUUBON Ornith. Biog. III. 27 The
Great Red-Breasted Rail, or Fresh-Water Marsh Hen.
1886 C. TAYLOR in Ibis No. 15. 380 The Rcd-Lreasted
Goose, Bernicla rnjicollis. is not now found in Upper Egypt.
Re'd-bud. a. A tree belonging to one or other
ol the American species of Cercis, esp. Cercis cana-
densis; the Judas tree. fb. (See quot. 1798.) Obs.
1717 Petivcriana in. 11/2 Red-bud. Bears a purple
Blossom. 1732 Gentl. Mag. II. 670 No verdant leaves the
lovely Red-Bud grace. 1798 NEMNICH Lex. Polygl. v. 867/1
Redbud, A ndromeda raccmosa. Caroline Red bud, A ndro-
meda nitida. 1816 BRACKENRIUGE in Views Louisiana
(ed. 2) 202 The red-bud, the tree which blooms earliest in
our woods,, .appears in a few places. 1868 Kef. C/..V. Cow
missioners (1869) 201 European red-hud (Cercis siliquas-
trum). 1883 Century Mag. July 379/1 The pink tassels of
the redbuil lit up the dark mass of foliage.
Be'dcap, red-cap, red cap.
1. Applied to one who wears a red cap.
1550 Acts Privy Council (1891) III. 6 Captaine Redde
Cappe, one of the rebelles of the last yeie. 1602 DEKKER
Satiromastix Liv, Runne Redcap, ware homes there,
a 1687 COTTON Poet. IVks. (1765) 99 Her Grace Finds me
among a Crew of mad-caps, AIneas, at one Mother Red-
Cap's. 1795 WOLCOTT (P. Pindar) Wks. (1812) III. 118
Since Impudence, assuming Freedom's form Near Mother
Redcap brews the dangerous storm. 1841 LEVER C. O Mallcy
xxxvii. 205 Now push along old red-cap. 1883 STEVENSON
Treas. 1st. xxv, There were the two watchmen, sure enough :
red-cap on his back, as stiff as a handspike.
b. spec, as the name of a sprite or goblin.
a 1802 LEYUKN Lord Soulis Ixi. in Klinstr. Bord. I
348 But Redcap sly unseen was by, And the ropes would
neither twist nor twine. 1802 SCOTT ibid. 335 Redcap is
a popular appellation of that class of spirits which haunt old
castles. 1886 Rochdale Gloss., Redcap, that which induces
a person to run away from his work. The people say such
a one ' has seen Redcap '.
RED-CAPPED.
f 2. A red-hat, a cardinal. 06s. rare.
1539 St. 1 apfrs. For. «,• Domestic Hen. I'///, XIV. i. 68
Thac divorce should lead to the utter fall of the said Red
C'ap..aad after much misery the land should by another
Red Cap be reconciled. 1609 [!>p. W. BARLOW] Ansii1. Natiie-
tcss Catll. 236 A silly frumpe of a White-liverd Red-cap.
3. f a. Some kind of shell. Obs. rare ~'.
? 1711 PETIVER Catal. Gazop/iyll. Dec. n/2 Red-Cap, [or]
Spoon-egg. . . Each of these Valves resembles a Tea-Spoon ;
and both shut, a small Egg.
b. The goldfinch.
1785 Gcntl. Mag. }.V. It. 534/2 Many birds, .seem to have
particular names in these parts [Yorkshire]. Woodpeckers
. .[are called] pickatrees, [and] gold-finches, red-caps. [1795
COWPER Pairing Time 37 My dear Dick Redcap, what
say you ?] 1827 CLARE Sliefh. Cat. 6 The red-cap, hanging
over head, In cage of wire. 1842 TENNYSON Gardener's 1).
94 The redcap whistled ; and the nightingale Sang loud.
1864-89 in dial, glossaries (Yks., Line., Shropsh., etc.).
C. The red field-poppy.
1846 MRS. LOUDON Brit. WiU Fl. 25 The farmers call it
Red-weed, Rtd Cap, Corn Rose.
Bed-capped, a. \\earingaredcap; capped
with red. Chiefly Omith.
1848 GOULD Bints Australia VI. PI. 17 The Red-capped
Dottrel is universally dispersed over every part of the sea-
shores of Australia that i have visited. 1865 — Htindbk.
Birds Austr. I. 280 Red-capped Robin of the Colonists.
1877 Mature XV. 461/2 A Red-capped Parrot {Pionopsitta
pilcatti) from Brazil. 1880 OL'IHA Moths I. 64 Sailors in
dark blue jerseys, and red capped.
Bed Cedar, a. An American evergreen tree,
Juniperus virginianus, the wood of which is exten-
sively used for pencils, b. The toon-tree or Moul-
mein cedar, Cedrela toona. e. An Australian timber-
tree, Flindersia australis.
1717 Petiveriana in. 11/2 Red Cedar. An Evergreen,
its Wood sweet, very durable. 1832 Planting 122 in Lib.
Usef. Kiioiul., Hush. Ill, The red cedar, .attains to the
size of a timber tree in deep sandy loam soils. 1843 HOLT-
ZAPFFKL Turning I. 80 The wood of Juniperus virginiana
is called Red or Pencil Cedar. In New South Wales the
term . . red cedar [is applied] to that of Fiinticrsia australis^
as well as to the wood of the Toon-tree, or Cedrela Toona.
1889 MAIUEN Usef. Native Plants 400 Cedrela Tiona. ..
The ' Cedar ', or ' Red Cedar ' (a universal appellation in
Australia).
attrib. 1825 Field's Geog. N. S. tt'a'es App. 502 Red
cedar tree. Cedrela toona.
Bed-Cheeked, a. Having red cheeks. Also
trans/., esp. of apples.
1606 Sir G. Goosecappe \. \. in Bullen O. PI. III. 5 Here's
a red cheeckt apple to take him up with. 1611 BARKSTED
Hiren (1876) ico The red-cheek't morning opens now her
gate. 1664 EVELYN Pomona 26 Red-cheek'd and Red-
strak'd Musts of several kinds. 1725 RAMSAY Gentle Shepk.
n. iv. Song xi, Red-cheek'd ye compleatly ripe appear. 1764
G. EDWARDS Glean. Nat. Hist. in. 258 The Red-cheeked
Wood-pecker. 1786 BURNS tlalltnveen xxi, She gies the
Herd a pickle nits An' twa red cheeket apples.
Redco, vaiiant of REDCOLL Obs.
Be'dcoat, red-coat, red coat.
1. One who wears a red coat ; spec. a. A soldier
of the British army.
In the Civil War commonly applied to the Parliamentary
troops or some regiments of them, though each side had
red-coated soldiers.
1520 Song Lady Bessy (Percy Soc.) 74 Sir William Stand-
ley. .Ten thowsand read coates that had hee. 1644 VICAR
God in Mount 200 Colonell Hollis his regiment of Red-
coats..did most gallant service. 1660 Trial Regie. 192,
I do not charge you that you commanded those Hal-
beniers, hut those Red-coats ; you were all in Red. 1725
B. HIGGONS Kern. Burnet 11. Hist. Wks. 1736 II. 114 They
..violently drove the Orthodox Ministers from their Livings,
by the Help of their ruffianly Red-coats. 1773 SHERIDAN
St. Pair. Day i. ii, Egad, he'll make the redcoats keep
their distance. 1810 WELLINGTON in Gurw. Desp. VII. 69
It would be still necessary to keep your picquets, etc. upon
the river, and some red coats in Chamnsca. 1862 Sat. Rev.
8_Feb. 141/2 The police constable would immediately make
his appearance on the scene ; and if his efforts were fruit-
less, the red-coats would come too.
b. All attendant wearing a red coat.
1848 THACKERAY Bk. Snobs xxxiv, The red-coats wish to
be linareian, so as to hold all the gentlemen's horses.
2. Bot. A small Brazilian tree (Erythrochilon\
1806 Treas. Bot. 962/1.
3. attrib. in sense ' red-coated ', as redcoat bully,
guard; also red-coat mite (see quot. 1867)
1773 Gentl. Jl/af. XLIII. 572 The field with red-coat
bullies glow d, Who cut each other's throats. 1843 CARI YLE
i ast I, J'r. iv. ni, One sees. . ' United Services ' quite other
than the redcoat one. 1867 Nat. Encycl. I. joo TromH-
itn.lx, or garden mites, as T. holosericeum, or 'red-coat'
mile. 1895 Daifytfna 25 June 3/3 His Highness .. in-
spected the Redcoat guard of honour.
Bed-coated, a. a. Wearing a red coat or
red coats, b. Coated with red.
1662 Rum/, i. 298 Now we must desert thee, .. And the
Red-coated Saints domineer. 1719 D'URFEY Pills V. 86
A Ked-coated Face Frights a Searjeant at Mace. 1823
MOORE tables 49 Woe to the Monarch, who depends Too
much on his red-coated friends. 1844 THACKERAY Little
Jrav. HI, A man of peace has no right to be dazzled by
that red-coated glory.
t Bedcoll. Obs. Forms: 5 radcolle, 6redeo,
-cole, 7 -sol. [Of obscure formation, perh. based
on radik, obs. var. of RADISH.] Horse-radish.
1483 Call,. Angl. 298/1 Radcolle, rafhnnus. 1548 TL'RN'ER
Names Uerbcs (F,. J). S.) 78 Thys kynde [of thlaspi]
grcnveih in Morpeth in Northumberland and there it is
called Redco. 1562 — llertal n. (1568' 35 In Freseland,
pa
(J
295
some make a sauce of redco for sodden meat. 1597 GERARDE
1 1 erbal \\.\\\. § 2. 187 Horse Radish.. is called m the north
art of England red-cole. 1673 Wedder burn s Voc. 18
Jam.) Rafhanus rusticamts, red-col.
Red-collared, -coloured, -combed, -crest-
ed: ?ee RED a. i.(.n, 14!).
Red cross, red-cross.
1. A cross of a red colour ; esp. a. as the national
emblem of Kngland ; St. George's Cross.
c 1430 Agincourt 89 in Hazl. E. P. P. II. 96 On euery
panes a crosse rede, .. Saynt Georges stremers pprede ouer
liede. a 1578 LINDESAY (Pitscottie) Chron. Scot. (S. T. S.)
II. 29 The Scottis. .war all faine .. to tak on the reid crose
and to be sworne as natiue subiectis of the king of Ingland.
1601 J. WHEELER Treat. Comm. 30 Wearing the red Crosse
or Cognizance of England. 1652 EVELYN Diary 6 Mar.,
Heraulds carrying the armes of the State (as they cal'd it),
namely, the red crosse and Ireland. 1805 SCOTT Last
Minstr. \. vi, To see St. George's red cross streaming.
1838 HALIBURTON Clockm. Ser. n. i, On fresh or on salt
water,, .down comes the red cross and up go the stars.
b. as the mark made on the doors of infected
houses during the London plagues of the I7th
century.
1636 Direct. Cure Plague H 2 b, That euery house visited
be marked with a Red Crosse of a foot long, in the middle
of the doore. 1654 WHITLOCK Zootomia 529 A Door,..
and a red Crosse on it would . . effectually bring a licentious
Gallant out of conceit with a Brothell-house. 1664 KILLI-
GREW Parson's Wedding iv. iii, Let us not forget ourselves
in our grief; I am not ambitious of a Red Cross upon the
door. 1663 Orders Ld. Mayor $• Aldermen City Lond. B.
2 [as in quot. 1636 above].
c. as the badge of an ambulance service (see
2 c) ; the Geneva cross (see GENEVA 2X
1863 Resolutions, etc. Conf. Geneva § 8 They shall wear
round the arm.. a white band with a red cross upon it.
1891 HULMR Heraldry (1897) 269 The doctors, nurses, and
assistants have a white armlet with the red cross, the sacred
badge that proclaims their errand of mercy.
2. transf. *j- a. An English ship. Obs.~~l
i6aa CAPT. Sunn New- E»g: Trials Wks.(Arb.)262 More
afraid.. then the smallest red crosse [that] crosses the seas
would be., of any French Piccaroun [etc.],
b. The Christian side in the Crusades.
1801 SCOTT Fire-King xxvi, The Red-cross wax'd faint,
and the Crescent came on. Ihld. xxxvii, How the Red-cross
it conquer'd, the Crescent it fell.
c. An ambulance or hospital service organized
in accordance with the Geneva convention of 1864,
and distinguished by a cross (see I c) ; a person
attached to an ambulance or hospital of this kind.
1877 W. E. FORSTER in Reid Life (1888) II. iv. 169, I went
down with Russian Red Crosses in the Austrian steamer.
1897 C. BIGHAM With Turkish Army in Thessaly xiv. 121
Detachments of the Red Cross, who worked efficiently and
generously throughout.
3. attrib. a. (sense O as red cross ensign, flag,
knight, power, rank, shield.
1889 DOVLE Micak Clarke 23 He.. had fought under the
*red cross ensign against Frenchman, Don, Dutchman, and
Moor. 1820 SOUTHEY Portr. B/>. Ilcber, All seas have seen
thy *red-cross flag In war triumphantly display'd. 1590
SPENSER F. Q. i. vi. 38 The *Redcrosse knight was slain
with Paynim knife. 1833 TENNYSON LadyofSkalott in. i,
A red-cross knight for ever kneel'd To a lady in his shield.
1811 SCOTT Don Roderick in. ii, Till .. their own sea hath
whelm'd yon *red-cross powers. 1777 T. WARTON Poems
64 When Arthur rang'd his *red-cross ranks On conscious
Camlan's crimsoiTd banks. 1811 SCOTT Don Roderick n.
Ivi, Fast as they land the red-cross ranks unite. 1814 —
Ld. of Isles vi. xxix, Alone, De Argentine Yet bears on high
his *red-cross shield.
b. (sense i c or 2 c) as Red Cross Association,
hospital, man, Society.
1873 C. A. GORDON Lessons Hygiene Introd., Societies
and individuals connected with the Red Cross Associations.
1876 W. E. FORSTF.R in Reid Life (1888) II. iii. 124 The
steamer was crowded with Russians, but many of them
really Red Cross men, an ambulance from Kazan. 1878
Temple Bar A/ag. LI V. 525 Women . . who left their . . homes
to work almost day and night in the rough barracks of the
Red Cross hospitals.
So Red-crossed a.
1643 QUARLES Emblems v. xiii, Tell me, my wishing soul,
didst ever trie How fast the wings of red-crost faith can flie ?
Red-crowned : see RED a. 14 b.
Bed currant, a. The fruit of the ^/^Afrw*«ww
(see CURRANT, sense 2) or the shrub itself, b.
(See quot. 1898.)
i6«9 [see CURRANT 2]. i66t RABISHA Cookery 37 To make
a Made-dish of Apples and Red Currans. 1753 CHAMBERS
Cyct. Sn/>p. s.v. Grossulariti, The common red currant,..
the great fruited red currant. 1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3)
XVI. 231/1 All these sorts are varieties of one species, ribes
rubrum, or common red currant. 1865 SOWERBV Rng. Bot.
IV. 42 In France the Red Currant seems to have been
known long before the Gooseberry. 1898 MORRIS Austral
Enff. 384/1 Keel Currant, another name for the Native
Currant of Tasmania, Coprosma nitida.
C. attrib., as red currant cream, jetty, tree,
wafer, wine.
1661 RABISHA Cookery 30 To make Red Currans Cream.
1769 MRS. RAKFAI.U ting. Honse-k/>r. (1778) 211 To make
Red Currant Jelly. Ibid. 323 To make Red Currant Wine.
1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) XVI. 231/1 Rubrum, common
red-currant tree, &c., hath a shrubby stem. 1898 Alllnttfs
Srsf. Med. V. 122 Tamarind or red-currant water may be
given. 1899 Ibid. VI. 148 Frequent hiemoptysis with red-
currant jel.y expectoration.
Redd (red), sb.l Sc. and north, dial. 5-6, 9
red, 9 redd (north, rid), [f. KfcUD v.2]
REDD.
1. The act of clearing away, removing, setting
in order, etc. ; also the result of this, a clearance,
riddance, arrangement.
For other dialect uses, see the Rng. Dial. Diet.
£•1470 HENRY Wallace vin. 1076 Befor the ^ett, quhar it
was brynt on breid, A red thai maid. 1496 Sc. Tteas. Ace.
15 Oct., Giffin to Rolland Robysone, fur the red of the
Inglismen to the see. c 1557 SIR R. MAITLANUIU Pinkerton
Anc. Sc. Poems (1786) 1.282, I trow that sic sail makane red
Of all lhair paks this yeir. 1846 JAS. WILSON Let. in Life
vii. (1859) 236 They seem to be giving every thing a
thorough redd.
2. That which is, or is to be, cleared away ;
rubbish, refuse.
1527-8 Burgh Rec. Edinb. (1869) 233 Till caus the waist
land of the townis..to be fillit vp with red. 1560 St. Cites
umbld. Gloss, s.v., Some quarrymen were clearing the redd
from the bank top of a quarry.
attrib. 1883 GRESLEY Gloss. Coal-mining 200 Redd Bing,
a spoil heap on the surface. 1887 P. M'NEILL Blawearie
104 Downhill.. swept the redd-box, full of unwieldy blocks
for the building.
Redd, sb* Sc. and north, dial. Also 7 Sc.
raid, 9 read(d, red, rid. [Of obscure origin :
separately or in combs, (see PADDOCK sbl 3),
the word also appears as reed, ride, rod, roud,
rudd and rtide, the mutual relationship of which
is far from clear.]
1. The spawn of fish and frogs ; also attrib. in
redd-time, spawning-time.
1648 Aberd. Reg. (Jam.), For keiping of the fischings in
raid tyme fra all maner of nettis, . .and all uthir instrumentis.
1805 ANDREW SCOTT T-wa Frogs Poems (1808) 48 Wow,
friend, to meet you here I'm glad, Wham I've ne'er setn
sin' time o' redd. 1894 Northiinibld. Gloss. s.v., The fish
were lying on their red in the stream.
2. The nest made by a fish, esp. a salmon, in
which to spawn.
1844 Zoologist II. 505 Shedding its spawn on the 'redds1
or spawning-ground. 1880 Times 21 Dec. 6/4 During the
winter months, when the fish are .. engaged in preparing
the beds or 'redds' for the reception of the ova.
Redd (red),///, a. Sc. and north, dial. Also
red. [f. REDD v*]
1. Sc. In predicative use, in the legal phr. void
and redd (common in i6th c.) : Cleared ; left clear
for a new occupant.
1545 Reg- Privy Council Scot. I. 4 The Sheriff .. sail
remuiff fuith of the said abbay.., and leiffthe samyn void
and red. 1581 N. BURNE Disjmt. in Cath. Tract. (S.T.S.)
170 [They compel them] to deluge and leue the grounde
voyd and red to ihame selfis. 1817 SCOTT Let. to W. Laid-
Itiiu 5 Apr. in Lock/tart, Of free will he leaves my premises
void and redd at Whitsunday.
2. In attributive use: Put in order; clean ;
cleaned or tidied up. Also *//- or well-redd (tip}.
For other dialect uses, see the Eng. Dial. Diet.
1765 A. DICKSON Treat. Agrict (ed. 2} 124 A strong-made
Scots plough, with a well redd beam, Ibid. 240 The plough
that . . makes the best work, is the one that makes a redd fur
below. 1838 A. RODGER /*/*•#«• 293 A weel redd-up housie,
a snug elbow chair. 1854 MRS. GASKELL North $ S. xxxvi,
Mrs. Boucher was silting in a rocking-chair on the other
side of the ill-redd up fireplace.
Redd (red), z/.i Obs. exc. Sc. Forms : I hred-
dan, 2-3 redden(n), 5-6 redde ; Sc. 5-7, 9 red,
redd. fa. t. 3 readde, 4, 7 Sc. redde, 9 Sc.
red. Pa. pple. 4, 6 red, 6-7 redde. [OK. hr$dd-
an (also dhryddan AREDDE) =- OFris. hredda,
MDu. (and Du.) redden (hence Da. redde, Sw.
radda\ OHG. (and G.) retten to save, deliver,
etc. :— OTeut, *hradjan of doubtful relationship.
In later use, and esp. in sense 2, the word can
hardly be distinguished from REDD z*.2J
fl. trans. To save, deliver, rescue, free (a
person). Const, from, out of. Obs.
a 900 CYNEWULF Crist 274 We . . sculon erm(m dreogan,
butan )?u usic..hreddan wille. t izoo Trin. Coll. Horn. 19
Ure lonerd ihesu crist.. redde hem ut of eche sicnesse.
c 1*75 LAY. 20155 His hors .. readde tune fiam deafce.
c 1330 f'lorice <$• Bl. 785 The children ther with fram dethe
he redde. 1584 J. MELVILL Autohiog., etc. (1842) 180 Your
tender King, and sweit native countrey, to be redde from
the abbusars and misrewlares of the >am. < 1635 SIR W.
Mi'RE Ps. cxliv. ii O, red and save me from their hand,
Whose mouths doe lyes relate.
b. To save from burning ; to put out (fire).
So mod. G. den brand or dasjener retten.
1375 BARBOUR Bruce iv. 132 The fyre our all the castell
spred, Thar mycht ro fors of men it red. Ibid. xix. 677
Quhen the man Saw his mamill ly byrnand than, Till red it
ran he hastcly. 1871 W. ALEXANDER Johnny Gibb xvii. 124
He comes, .like a man gyaun to redd fire.
2. To make (one) Iree or clear <?/" something ; to
rid (oneself or another) of. Also in phr. to be or
get redil of.
14. . in Pol. Rel. fy L. Poems (1866) 100 For to redde me
of this payne They haue no power for to helpe me. 1450
Burgh Rec. Edinb. (i86c)> 12 It sail be iefull to thame to red
their handis of it..betwix this and Candilmes. 1570 Satir.
/'d'tits A's/crt/t. x. 50 We haif him taine out of that wicklt
lyfe, And red him of all miserie and stryfe. a 1578 LINDE-
SAY (Pitscotlie) Cltrvn. Scot. (S.T.S.) I. 108 Bequhat moyane
sail I red me of this mischeif. 1768 Ross Helenore 45
(Jam.), But to get red, the lad conirives a sham, To send her
back for something. 1879 G. MACDONALD Sir Gibbie vi,
Gkn he red bim*t.T o' a' 'at was left, it was sma' won'er.
REDD.
1 3. a. rejl. To clear (oneself) in money-matters.
b. To take away, remove (cf. REDD v.- 4). Obs.
1509 BARCLAY Shyp ofFolys (1570) 49 He that still borowes
shall scant him quite or redde. Ibid. (1874) II. 117 Bytter
Pryson doth deth clene quyte and red. By it all fetters and
Chaynes lowsyd be.
Redd (red), v.2 Sc. and north, dial. Forms :
5- red, 6- redd, (7, 9 redde), 8 rade. Pa. t. and
pa. pple. 7- redd, 9 red ; also 5 reddyt, 6 reddit.
[= MLG. and Du. redden, in the same senses,
but the origin and relationship of the forms is not
clear. It is possible that they are independent
developments from ME. reden and the equivalent
LG. rlden, reiden (see REDE v.2), in Eng, by assi-
milation of the vowel of the pres.ancl inf. to that of the
pa. t. and pa. pple. (cf. KEPZ;.). Most of the senses
of the word are also represented under RID v.]
1. trans. To clear (a space, the way, etc.).
£1415 WYNTOUN Cron. v. xii. 1180 Thare he begowth to
red a grownd Quhare th.it he thowcht a kyrk to fownd.
c 1470 HENRY Wallace x. 404 All hym about was reddyt
a gret rowm. 1513 DOUGLAS JEneis x. vii. 30 With swerdis
dynt behuffisws,. . Throw amyddis our ennemysred our way.
a 1578 LINDESAY (Pitscottie) Citron. Scot. (S.T.S.) I. 314,
I sail pase and put 5one theiffis of the ground, and red the
gaitt into }our grace. i8zz SCOTT Nigel iv, It wad have
red the gate for my ain little bill. 1880 Antrim $ Dffwn
Gloss., Keti the road I clear the way !
b. To clear or clean out (something that is
stopped up).
1497 Sc. Trens. Ace. 14 May, Item, for ane cabil tow tp
stede the well of Dunbar quhen it was red. 1541 Records
of Elfin (New Spald. Club) I. 66 That all channellis and
wennellis be red be the ownaris. a 1795 Robin Hood <$•
Beggar Ixxx. in Child Ballads III. 163/2 Or any one of
them could red their eyne, Or yet a glimmering could see.
1813 W. BEATTIE Poems 21 (Jam.), Now and then, to red
her head, She takes a pickle snuff. 1881 GREGOR Folk-lort
ix. 51 A bunch of stars, .to redd the tobacco pipes.
, 2. To disentangle. Also in fig. context.
«5'3 DOUGLAS Mueis v. i. 28 Commandis he every feir,
Do red thair takillis, and stand hard by thair geir. 1725
RAMSAY Gentle Skefh. i. i, Ye. .have sae kind Redd up my
ravel'd doubts, and clear'd my mind. 178* [D. GRAHAM]
Hist. Bticlthaven 5 They can neither bait a hook nor rade
a line. 1876 Slid- Yorksh. Gloss., Red, to unloose, or nn-
lavel ; to unriddle. 1893 P. H. HUNTER J. liiwick iii. 32
It was a raivelled hasp lie had to redd.
aosol. 1737 RAMSAY Sc. Prov. (r75p) 26 Fools revle, and
wise men redd. 1768 Ross Helenore 11. 86 Among us a'
a ravell'd heip ye've made, Sae now, put too your hand, an
help to red.
b. To arrange, put right (business of any kind) ;
to clear up (one's affairs).
1500-20 DUNBAK Poems Ix. 44 His erandis for to ryne and
red. 1814 SCOTT R4itfalmtltt let. ix, Nor do I know if
his affairs are yet well redd.
c. To redd the marches : to fix the boundaries
exactly. Alsoyf.f.
IS96 I5" REDDING j/W. st.l ij. .1683 in Shields Faith/nl
ContenilinfS (1780) 70 Mr. Gillespie, and many others, have
redd marches so well, that they have left nothing for us to
do. 1835 T. ROSE Ranililts 163 (Northumbld. Gloss.), In
this neighbourhood— between Keilder and Larriston— the
precise boundaries of each kingdom are 'ill to red '.
3. To put in order, make, tidy, by clearing away
whatever is in disorder or is unnecessary.
a 1568 Sym ff Ms Snider (Bann. MS.) 31 Thus quhen
thai had reddit thair ragis, To Rome tliey war inspyrit.
1582-8 Hist. Jas. VI (1804) 236 The Regent . . causit
masonis to begin to redd the bruisit wallis, and to repaire
the foirwork. 1637 RUTHERFORD Z.c//.(i862) I. 323 Waiting
on till.. the great hall be redd for the meeting of that joyful
couple. 1786 Har'st Rig cxxxix, The stal wart Chelsea man
(VVhase now ta'en in to redd the barn). 1829 BROCKETT
N. C. Words, Red, to put in order, to clear. 1847 H. S.
RIDDELL Poems 16 To redd the house and sweep the floor.
b. To comb, arrange (the hair).
1715 RAMSAY Christ's Kirk Gr. n. v, Some redd their
hair, some set their bands. 1879 Miss JACKSON Shropsh.
Word-bk., Red, . . to comb out the hair.
4. To remove (persons or things) from a place ;
to clear away.
1546 Reg. Privy Council Scot. I. 50 Apoun xv dayis
warnyng that scho may red hir geir furth of the samin.
1569 Il'iti. 675 To remove, devoid, and red thame selffis, thair
servandis and propir gudis. .furth of the said College. 1826
J. WILSON Noct. A 1/161: ,(1856) III. 349 The shielings that
we used to come upon, .have ' been a1 red awa !'
5. To part or separate (combatants).
15. . Peeoles to Play xv, For dust that day Mycht na man
se ane styme To red thame. 1593 Sc. Acts Jas. VI, c. 35
Hurt slayne or mutilat in redding and putting sindre parties
meitand in armes. 1725 RAMSAY Gentle Sheph. iv. i, A stout
battle. Mause endeavours to redd them. 1814 SCOTT IVav.
Ixvi, To fetch the Chevalier to redd Mr. Wauverley and
Vich Ian Vohr. 1830-3 CARLETON Traits Irish Peas. (1843)
I. 63 We endeavoured all in .our power to red them.
alrsol. 1535 STEWART Croit. Scot. II. 667 Cum on! God
schaw the richt ! Now is moir tyme quhen no man is to
red. 1573 Satir. Poems Reform, xli. 75 Allace ! what sail
cum of the rest Except repentance rin and red ?
b. To settle, decide (a plea), put an end to (a
quarrel, fray, etc.l.
c 1575 Raid o/Reidsviire xi, Up rose the laird to red the
cumber, Which would not be for all his boast. 1629 SIR W.
MURE Trite Crucifix 140 God.. Sent in the flesh his Christ
the plea to redde. 1681 COLVIL Whig s Stiff lie. (1751) 55
When they the fray intend to redd. 1768 Ross Helenore
n. 78 Come here, and red this threap, for ye can tell The
very truth. 1814 SCOTT Woo. liv, To stick him under the
other gentleman's arm while he was redding the fray.
296
6. a. With ;//. To put in order ; to make neat
or trim.
Also, to clear up by discussion or explanation, to criticize
sharply, assail with invective, etc. (see En%. Dial. Diet.').
1718 RAMSAY Christ's Kirk Gr. in. vii, Right well red up
and jimp she was. 1768 Ross Helenore in. 121 A rut her
forward unto Bony-Ha', To tell that there things be red up
an' bra\ 18*0 SCOTT Abbot xxvi, Doctor Lundtn failed not
to be a confused sloven, and his. . housekeeper, whose life,
as she said, was spent in 'redding him up* [etc.]. 1854
MRS. GASKELL North >y S. xxxvii, To do something that
she suggested towards redding up the slatternly room. 1864
ELIZ. A, MURRAY E. Norman I, 160, I left her and Kristy
redding up their hair, and making themselves grand. 1887
P. M'NEILL Blaivearie 09 The other pair on having the
wall-face redd up fell to 'noling' once more.
b. With out : To bring out from disorder, to
comb out, etc.
1818 SCOTT Rob Roy xxii, I canna see how you.. can redd
out the business ye're come down about. 1881 Leicestersh.
Gloss, s.v., As I was reddin* out my hair. 1893 STEVENSON
Catriona 193 If his story was properly redd out [etc.].
Redd e, varr. RAD a* Obs. , obs. pa. t. and pa.
pple. READ #., obs. ft". RED a., REDE sb.\ Sc. varr.
REDE v.i Reddar, obs. Sc. f. REDDER j^.1
t Redde, p. Obs. rare -1. [Of obscure origin.]
trans. To strike.
a 1330 Otnei 535 Koulond..vp wft Jre brond, .. & in be
heued he boute to redde Otuwel, bote nou$t he ne spedde.
Red deer. a. A species of deer, Cervus elaphus,
so named from its reddish -brown colour, widely
distributed in Europe, Western Asia, and Northern
Africa, and still existing in a wild state in the
Highlands of Scotland and some other parts of
Great Britain, b The Virginia deer, Cariacus
virginianuS) the common deer of N. America, c,
The Caspian or Persian deer, Cervus maral.
1470-85 MALORY Arthur x. Ixi, He chaced at the reed
deer. 1485 Rolls of Parlt. VI. 373/1 A Reed Dere called
an Hert. 1546 Plumpton Corr. ((Jamden) 251 Or any red
deare be fatt, it will be July, as far as my experience serves.
z6ao VENNER I'ia Recta iii. 55 Some doe suppose Venison
of Fullow-Deere to be of a middle nature betweene the flesh
of Red-Deere and of Weathers. 1655 MOUFET & BENNET
Health** Improv. f 1746) 156 They are good roasted, sodden,
or baked as Red Deer. 1710 CHAMBERLAYNE St. Ct. Brit.
335 Woods which were once well stock'd with Red and
Fallow Deer. 17890. WHITE 5W&>m£vi, The red-deer, which
toward the beginning of this century amounted to about five
hundred head. 1819 WARDEN United States III. 172 Of
deer there are three kinds— i. The common red deer [etc.].
1837 HOWITT Rur. Life \. iii. (1862) 27 The herds of red-
deer trooping away from the sounds of wheels in the silent
park. 1884-5 Riverside Nat. Hist. (1888) V. 202 The Stag,
or Red deer, attains a length of seven feet. I bid. 293 For
fleetness and agility the red deer is unexcelled.
attrib. 1625 B. JONSON Staple ofN. v. ii, Where is your
venison now? Your red-deer pies? 1693 Lond. Gaz.
No. 2903/4 A Red-Deer-Horn-Hafted Knife. 1815 SCOTT
Guy Af. xxxix, A bit of red-deer venison. 1895 CORNISH Wild
England 120 Every year the largest red-deer stags are
caught and removed to Windsor Park.
Reddely, variant of REDLY adv. Obs.
Redden (re-d'n), v. [f. RED a. + -EN 5.]
1. trans. To make red, to impart a red colour to
(a substance or thing).
1611 COTCR., Sattrir Ics harencs, to redden Herrings. 1697
DRYDEN l-'irg. Gcorg. m. 741 Scarcely the Knife was redden 'd
with his Gore. — /Eneid vn. 703 Refulgent Arms appear,
Red'ning the Skies. 1725 POPE Odyss. xiu. 219 The blazing
altars redden all the shore. 1800 tr. Lagrange's Chem. I.
132 This gas., reddens blue vegetable colours. 1837 M.
DONOVAN Dom. Econ. \\. 235 It may be mixed with . . s#lt-
petre to redden the meat. 1855 TKNNYSON Maud i. xtx. vi,
This was what had redden'd her cheek When I bow'd to
her on the moor. 1871 B. TAYLOR Faust (1875) 1 1. "- »>•
120 All have fallen. ., Reddening with their blood the water.
2. intr. To grow or become red, to assume a red
appearance.
1700 CONGREVE Way of World n. iii, I have seen the
ii, Bright leaves, reddening ere they fall. 1847 TENNYSON
Print, iv. 367 This anger reddens in the heavens.
b. To become red (in the face) with shame,
rage, etc. ; to flush, blush.
^1648 LD. HERBERT Antobiog. (1880) 38 When occasion of
offence was given him, I have seen him redden in the face.
1701 W. WOTTOH Hist. Rome 450 He would redden with
Rage. 1781 COWPER Anti-Thelyphth. 204 Reddening with
a just and generous pride. 1834 HT. MARTINKAU Farrers
ii. 32 There was no more to be said ; but Jane reddened all
over. 1866 GEO. ELIOT F. Holt (1868) 62 She reddened.,
and said,. .' I have a great admiration for Byron '.
C. To grow ruddy with health.
1807 CRABBE Par. Reg. iji. 554 Here cloth 'd and fed, no
sooner he began To round and redden, than away he ran.
II Reddendo (rede-nd<?). Sc. Law. [L., (abl.
of REDDENDUM), the first word of the clause red-
dendo inde annuatim^ etc.]
1. The clause in a charter which specifies the
duty to be paid to the superior.
1693 STAIR Instit. ii. iii. § 29 Infeftments upon Appryxing
or Adjudication ..do require Charters to be granted by the
Superiors of the Appry/ed Lands .. their Reddendo is
ordinarly general [etc.], a 1768 ERSKINE Instit. Law Scot.
n. Jii. § 24 The next clause in a charter is the Reddendo.
1788 RUSSELL Theory Conveyancing 131 It is therefore
necessary to mention it in the reddendo in a proper manner.
REDDING.
1838 W. BELL Diet. Law Scot. 145 The original charter
contains the following clauses.. 4. The reddendo, which ex-
presses the duty in money or services to be paid by the
vassal to the superior [etc.].
attrib. i8w> G. J. BEL! Princ. Law Scot. (ed. al § 762 The
Reddendo clause expresses the regular return to be made by
the vassal of services [etc.].
2. The service rendered, the sum of money, etc.
paid by a vassal to his superior.
1674 SIR G. MACKENZIE Instit. Law Scot. 96 The fourth
Clause is that which expresses what the Vassal is to pay to
the Superiour, and this duty is called the Reddendo.
e a
the
. 774 in A. McKay .
iiiarnock (1864) App. iii. 305 The reddendo of this feu-iight
is £7 Scots yearly. 1860 COSMO 1 NM s Scot, in Mid. Ages
v. 167 The reddendo for the toft and six acres, twelve pence.
II Keddendum (rede-ml&n). Law. [L., neut.
sing, of reddenduS) gerundive of reddere to give in
return, RENDER.] A reserving clause in a deed
(see quots. 1607 and 1766).
1607 Cow ELL Inttrpr.i Reddendum is vsed many times
substantiuely for the clause in a lease, &c. Whereby the rent
is reserued to the leasour. 1744 JACOB Law Diet. s. v.,
Where special Days are limited in the Reddendum, the
Rent must be computed from those Days, and not according
to the haoendittn. 1766 BLACKSTONK Cotnw. H. xx. 299
Next follow the terms or stipulations, if any, upon which
! the grant is made : the first of which is the reddendum or
\ reservation, whereby the grantor doth create or reserve some
I new thing to himself out of what he had before granted.
i86a E. WASHBURN Artier. Law Real Prop. II. in. v. 645
If any thing is to be reserved out of the property granted,
it is usually done by the clause tfreddendtun.
Reddened (re-d'nd), ///. a. [f. REDDEN v. +
-Ei)l.] Made red, heated to redness, inflamed, etc.
1611 COTCR., Rubcsti) redned, made red. 1765 Universal
Mag. XXXVII. 84/1 It separates the. .ingredients from the
reddened steel. 1799-1805 S. TURNER Hist. Anglo-Sax.
(1836) I. in. iii. 167 Biers with the dead and reddened men.
1863 Sat. Rru. 4 July 22 Reasons for discontent in the shape
of fifty years and a reddened tiose. 1899 Allhntt's Syst.
Med. VIII. 461 Extensive areas of reddened skin.
Reddening (re-d'nin), ///. a. [f. as prec.
+ -ING ^.] Becoming, growing, or turning red.
1701 ADDISON To Ld. Halifax 114 The poor inhabitant
beholds in vain The red'ning Orange and the swelling grain.
17*6 POPE Odyss, xvn. 517 The redning dawn reveals the
hostile fields Horrid with bristly spears. 1801 SOUTHEY
Thalala 11. xiii, Anon a deeper rage Inflamed her redden-
ing eye. 1894 S. J. WEVMAN Under Red Robe ii. (1897) 49
The trees stood up black against the reddening sky.
Redder (re-da-i), sbl Sc. and north. Also 6
Sc. reddar. [f. REDD z>.2 + -ER i.]
1. One who tries to separate combatants or to
make peace in a quarrel. Kedders lick — redding-
stroke (see quot. 1802 and REDDING vbl. sh2 21.
'453 in 14^ Rfp> Hist. MSS. Comm. App. III. o That
nouther of thaim sal tak part with thaire awyn men bot be
euynly reddaris and stanchearis of euill and debaiis. 1579-
8o/v<f. I'rivy Council Scot. Ser. i. III. 268 The said proveit
. .interponit himself as reddar betuix the saidis partiis. 1637
MONRO Exped. n. 70 The maker of a quarrell . . drawing a
sworde, when he Jcnowes of twentle Farters, or Redders.
a 1676 GUTHRV Mem. (1748) 261 They. .were an hour upon
the place before any redders came ; so that they had leisure
enough to have fought, if they had been willing. 1774
MACLAUKIN Crini. Cases 54 The defunct, interposed as a
redder between them, did casually receive the wound
libelled. 1802 SIBDALD Chron. S. P. Gloss. s.v. AW, Hence
Redding blow or Redder'* fart, viz , a blow or hatred from
both parties, iSao SCOTT Abbot vii, He may come by the
redder's lick, and that is ever the worst of the battle. 1848
in EVANS Leicestersh. Gloss.
2. One who clears up, puts in order, etc. Also
redder -v p.
1890 Daily News 7 Nov. 5/1 The agreeable objects which
salute the eye of the 'redder up'. 1894 Northumbld. Gloss.,
Redder, a shiftman at a colliery employed in reddin.
fRe-dder, sl>2 Obs. rare—*, [f. RED v. +
-ER !.] One who reddens or makes red.
x6xi COTGR., $anrisseurt a redder of Herrings.
t Re'dder, v. Obs. rare. [Of obscure origin.]
Of cattle : To be in heat. Hence reddring-timc.
1577 B. GOOGE HercsbacKs Hnsb. in. 128 b, Aristotle
wpulde haue him all the reddring time to goe in pasture
with the Kine. Ibid. 127* The Cowe should when she is
reddring, haue but short pasture.
Reddere, variant of REDDOUR Obs.
t Re-ddiness. Obs. rare — °. [f. REDDY a. +
-NESS.] Redness, ruddiness.
161 1 FLORIO, Robicondita^ rednesse, reddinesse, rubicondity.
Re'dding, s/'.1 Also 3, 5 redyng(e, 6 red-
inge. [f. RED a. + -ING 3.]
1. Red ochre, ruddle. Now only dial.
[1292-3 in T. Bond Corfe Castle (1883) 108 Colours called
'redyng ' and ' rugeplum ' were brought from Salisbury for
ornamenting the walls of the chamber.] c 1440 Promp.
Parv. 427/1 Redynge, colowre, rnbicuhtmt rubratura.
1598 FLORIO, Sintipio. . red leade, ruddle, red okre, or redding.
1729 Seasonable Remarks Trade 98 The Goods which they
lake from these Dominions are Coals,. .Clay, Redding [etc.].
1778 Eng. Ctazetteer(&\. 2) R.V. Chew A-fagna, That red bolus,
called Redding, which is used for the marking of sheep. 1878
T. HARDY Ret. Native I. ii, A reddleman — a person whose
vocation it was to supply farmers with redding for their sheep.
b. C7. S. A compound used lo redden the hearth
and sides of a fireplace.
1867 MRS. WHITNEY L. Goldtkwaife vii. 149 The brick
hearth and jambs aglow with fresh ' redding *.
REDDING.
2. A kind of apple ; the ruddock, rare.
1611 CoTGB.,R<>itZ'(-au, Pojtijnc de r<?w,the Ruddocke, Red-
ding, Summer Goulding. 1898 SLOSSON Dumb Fo.rglove 55
The little Denismi reddings, all crimson and shining outside.
t Re-dding, .r/'.2, var. READING sb. Obs.
(The source of Cotgrave's F. redins is obscure.)
1611 COTGR., Redins, redding clothes.
Re'dding, vbl. sbl [f. RED v. + -ING i.] The
action of making red.
1572 Ludloiu Churchw. Ace. (Camden) 149 Payd for xvj //.
of rede lede for the redinge of the churche. 1632 SHERWOOD,
A redding, growing or making red, rubrication.
Bedding (re-din,), vbl. sb* [f. REDD z/.2]
1. The action of separating combatants, or of ar-
ranging, tidying, clearing up, etc. Also redding-up.
1496 Sc. Treas. Ace. 15 Ocl., Item, for redding of the
werkhous in the Castel to hous the artailjery, xij<7*. 1529
LYNDESAY Comfl. 353 Euerilk lord did stryue for slail,
That all the realme mycht mak no reddyng. 1396 in J.
Melvill AutoMof., etc. (1842) 381 With whome the King
enterit in actioun for redding of merches. 1812 CHALMERS
Let. in Life (1851) I. 293 My aunt.. has been, .exercising
her peculiar talent for redding-up. 1899 F. T. BULLEN Log
of Sea-waif -2\t In order that the bulk of the 'redding-up'
may be done before crossing the line.
2. Comb. a. redding-blow or -stroke, a blow
received by a person trying to separate combatants.
a 1649 in Wodrow Soc. Sel. Biog. (1845) I. 384, 1 hope Jesus
Christ shall give death the redding stroke. 1737 RAMSAY
Sc. Prov. (1750) 45 He thai meddles with toolies comes in
for the redding streak. 1802 [see REDDER so.1 i], 1815
SCOTT Guy M. xxvii. note. The redding straik . . is proverbi-
ally said to be the most dangerous blow a man can receive,
b. redding-eomb, an ordinary hair-comb.
1821 SCOTT Pirate xv, Ye might as weel give it a ritt with
the teeth of a redding kame. 1829 BROCKETT N. C. Words,
Rcdding-comb, a comb for the hair. 1876- in dial, glossaries
(Yks., Lanes., Chesh., Shropsh., Antrim).
Reddish (re-dij), a. Also 4 redisehe. [f.
RED a. + -ISH *.]
1. Somewhat red, red-tinted.
1398 TREVISA Barth. De P. R. vt. xxii. (Tollem. MS.),
Some [wine] is reed or redisehe, and is more hole ban
pber. IHd. xvn. vi, The Aloe bat is calde Epalicum..is
broune redisehe as be lyuoure. 1345 RAYNOLD Byrth Man-
kynde 18 The lytel small vaynes which ye se reddisshe
in a mans eye. 1397 A. M. tr. Guillemean's Fr. Chirurg.
21 b/i Then is the swellinge reddishe of colour, or purple,
coloured. 1660 F. BROOKE tr. Le Blanc's Trav. 192 They
delight much lo pargel Iheir bodies with a reddish earth.
1712 ADDISON Sped. No. 281 p 5 This Pericardium . . contains
in it a thin reddish Liquor. 1774 GOLDSM. Nat. Hist. (1776)
IV. 339 The two former are of a brown dusky colour, but
this of a beautiful reddish. 1836 MACGILLIVRAY tr. Hum-
boldt's Trav. x. r22 A reddish vapour rose in the evening.
1886 RUSKIN Prxterita I. 407 A reddish and rather vacant
face.
b. In names of animals and plants.
1777 LIGHTFOOT Flora Scot. II. 846 Lichen rubesccns,
Reddish Ground Liverwort. 1783 PENNANT Arct.Zool II.
447 Reddish Egret. 1809 SHAW Zool. Lect. I. ii. 37 The
species which makes the nearest approach to the human
figure, is the chesnut-coloured or reddish Oran Otan. 1833
AUDUBON Ornith. Biog. III. 411 The Reddish Egret is a
constanl resident on the Florida Keys. 1869 SOWERBY Eng.
Bot. IX. 31 Polygonum Ru/escens,. .Reddish Pondweed.
2. Comb. a. Qualifying adjs. and sbs. of colour;
esp. reddish-brown, -yellow.
Reddish-grey bat, Natterer's bat (see quol. 1837).
1659 HOWELL focab. n, A reddish bay [horse], Rabicano.
1685 W. KING in Phil. Trans. XV. 953 The reddish black
colour of Ihe lurf. a 1728 WOODWARD Hist. Fossils I. 226
Internally the Colour is a reddish brown. 1739 C. LABELYE
Short Ace. Piers Westm. Bridge 53 A dirly reddish yellow
1831 BREWSTF.R Opticsxn. 115 Of a dull reddish-while colour.
1837 T. BELL lint. Q,ladr,,p. 42 Vespertilio Nattereri.
Inis species, lo which I have applied Ihe English name of
Reddish-grey Bat from its prevailing colour, was first
described by Kuhl, and named by him after. .Dr. Natlerer.
1849 D. CAMPBELL Inorg. Chem. 76 Its vapour is reddish,
green. 1879 ROOD Chromatics xi. r68 The resultanl lint
would always have been a reddish-grey.
b. Parasynthetic, as reddish-bellied, -coloured,
-haired, -headed, and similative, as reddish-looking.
1597 A. M. tr. Guillemeaifs Fr. Chirurg. 34/1 The matler
wnyte, or reddishe coloured, and without stlncke. 1633 R
SAND,,, Pknim. 157 The persons are while-breasled,
redd.sh-hajr'd. 1678 RAY Willughby's Omith. 369 Our
.smaller reddish-headed Duck. 1732 J. HILL Hist. Anim.
480 Ihe gray-breasted and reddish-bellied Charadrius
1807 'I THOMSON Che,,,, (ed. 3) II. 394 A reddish-coloured
acrid solution. 1876 din. Soc. Trans. IX. 76 Discharging
about 8 ozs. of offensive reddish-looking fluid.
Hence Be ddishness.
l6*3 BOYLE Exp. Hist. Colours n. Exp. xiii, Whether or
no this White mixture., would not let go its Arsenick,. .and
r*»Mlrn ... .!>„ !}„,!. !:.] -e f. °
.,.«.„., .. vuiu uui id gij us ArseniCK.. .and
return to the Reddishness of Copper. 1881 C. A. YOCNG
.S»« 306 We should doubtless believe this reddishne
. . .J color of ihe glowing, naked carbons.
Keddish, obs. form of RADISH.
t Beddi'tion. Obs. [a. F. reddition or ad. L.
reddition-em, n. of action f. reddlre to give back-
to RENDER. See also RENDITION.]
1. Restoration of something taken or received ;
also, surrender of a thing, a town, army, etc.
1449 Kolls ofParlt. V. 167/1 As sone as lhat office [comes]
to your hand.. by deth, cession,. .reddicion or surrendre.
5'3. '.'F-'-L motives cone. Romish Faith (1603) 31 So as, the
:ddition be of thai, which is equivalent and not otherwise
j™* l64l PRYNNE Antip. 310 The Bishops [were] appre-
hended and compelled to a reddition of their possessions.
1643 — Sea. Power Parlt. iv. 167 [To be taken] if warlike
lie require it, yet with a pact of reddition. 1679
VOL. VIII.
297
' E^ESAR1? *'"''• r"»"s Europe 26 In examining what hath
befallen it. ., since that fatal Reddition [of Rochelle]. 1755
CARTE Hist. Eng. IV. 39 They had frequently for some
years past solicited.. the reddition of those towns which
were held as a pledge. 1774 PENNANT Tour Scot!. 67 The
shameful reddition of the Scotch army. 1794 Hist, in Ann.
Ref- 39 The same motives that operated the reddition of the
I one effected the surrender of the other.
b. Law (see quot. 1607).
1535 tr. Littleton's Nat. Brev. (1544) 128 A man that
hath recouered by assisc of mort dauncestour. .or by red-
dycyon or by any maner enquest. 1607 COWELL Interfr.,
Reddicion. .is a iudiciall confession, and acknowledgement
that the land or thing in demaund belongeth to the de-
maundant, or at the least, not to himselfe. 1642 tr. Perkins'
Prof. Bk. v. 164 Against whom the heire of the disseisor doth
recover by reddition, or by default in a writ of entry.
C. Retaliation, retort, rare.
1656 HOBOES Six Lessons 55 Whatsoever is added of con-
tumely, either directly, or scommatically, is want of Charity,
i and uncivil ; unless it be done by way of Reddition from
him that is first provoked to it.
2. The application of a comparison, or the clause
a 1603 T. CARTWRIGHT Confut. Rhem. N. T. (1618) 350 The
similitude that the Apostle useth in the verse next before,
whereof this is the reddition or part that answereth unto it
1678 GALE Crt. Gentiles III. 80 We know that al Parables
consiste of two parts, the proposition and Reddition or
moral, a 1714 M. HENRY Wks. (.835) II. 356 He does not
come to the reddition of the comparison till ver. 27. 1786
A. GIB Sncr. Contempt, n. ii. 87 It is evidently but.. one
half of a sentence in one side of a comparison. And the
other side of it, or what is called the reddition, is not to be
found in the verse next following.
3. Rendering, translation.
_ 1609 [Bp. W. BARLOW] Answ. Nameless Cat/i. 317 Which
is the naturall Interpretation in the sense, though not the
grammatical reddition of the words, a 1683 KNATCHBULI.
Annot. N. Test. (1693) 159 In most Interpreters you have in
this place. . a deficiency in the reddition of the sense.
t Be-dditive, a. and sb. Obs. [ad. L. red-
ditlvus : see prec. and -IVE.]
A. adj. That answers to something already
said ; corresponding, correlative.
1614 T. ADAMS Fatal Banquet iv. Wks. 1861 I. 216 This
sad sequel is, if not a relative, yet a redditive demonstration
of their misery. 1657 J- SERGEANT Schism Dispatch' t 296
Ihe redditive part of the testimony. 1639 O. WALKER
Oratory 20 Conjunctions, Discretive, Redditive, Con-
ditional. [1721 in BAILEY, and bence in later Diets.]
B. sb. Gram. A word which answers to one
already used ; a correlative.
1390 STOCKWOOD Rules Constr. 2 The word that asketh
a question, and the word that answereth vnto the same
question, the which they call the interrogatiue and his
redditiue.
Beddle (re-d'l), sb. [var. RUDDLE: cf. also
RADDLE.] Red ochre, ruddle.
1727-41 CHAMBERS Cycl., Reddle, Ruddle, or Red oker.
1748 J. HILL Hist. Fossils 47 This is the substance
commonly called in English Reddle, and is the R-nbrica
jTabrilis. iSosR. W. DICKSON Pract. Agric. II. 1147 Smear-
ing the fore-bows of the rams with reddle, ochre, or some
similar substance that has the property of marking. 1879
RUTLEY Stud. Rocks x. 155 Hematite also occurs in a
granular state, sometimes earthy as reddle.
Hence Be-ddle v. trans., to paint or wash
over with reddle.
1796 G. M. WOODWARD Eccentric Excursions vii. (1706)
8 1 The floor is reddled, the walls white-washed. 1834 Miss
BAKER Northamft. Gloss, s.v. Plough Monday, A number
of boys with their faces blacked and reddled.
Be-ddlemau. [f. prec.] =RADDLEMAN.
(a 1661 (see RADDLEMAN).] 1878 T. HARDY Ret. Native i.
n, The traveller with the cart was a reddleman— a person
whose vocation it was to supply farmers with reddine for
their sheep.
Reddon, obs. pi. pa. t. READ v.
\ Beddour. Obs. Forms : 4-5 reddure, -our,
(4 -owr, 5-ur, Sc. -cure), 4 redd(e)re; 5 redur, i
C-yur\ Sc. -oure; 5 riddour. See also R AD-
DOUR 2. [a. ONF. reddur, redor, reiditr, etc. (mod.F.
raideur, roideur), f. redde, rede, etc. (mod.F.
raide, roide) :-L. rigida RIGID.] Severity, strict-
ness, rigour ; also, harshness, harsh treatment.
1340 HAMPOI.E Pr. Consc. 5357 pat day. .Sal noght be
shewed but ryghtwysnes, Wyth gret reddour til synfu'
1387 TREVISA Higden (Rolls) III. 313 He bated never
contenaunce, nober reddere of his boujt [L. de animi rieore\
tne ; ,.,.•_ T ..„„ ji^.-_ F. ,T> c.'\ ^_ i. .i_ . .?i.
430 LVDG. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 57 To do reddour
alwey ^without grace or mercy, c 1470 HARDING Chron.
xcvn. ix, That they put nought reddour ne punissyon..
On trespassours that dyd violence.
Reddour, variant of RADDOUB 1. Sc. Obs.
Redd ring : see REDDER v.
Beddsman (re-dzman). Sc. [f. REDD sol +
-s- + MAN.] Mining. A man employed in clear-
ing away rubbish from the workings of a mine.
1808 in JAMIESON. 1883 GRESLEY Gloss. Coal-mining 200.
1887 P. M'NsiLL Blaitcarie 59 Down came another cage,
out of which stepped the manager accompanied by the chief
oncost or reddsman.
Reddur(e, variants of REDDOUR Obs.
Reddure, variant of RADDOUB ]. &. Obs.
REDE.
Beddy (re-di), a. Now rare. Also 4-6 redy
j [f. rede RED a. + -Y.] fa. Red, ruddy. Obs. b.
(With names of colours.) Reddish.
a. c 1374 CHAUCER Boeth. it. met. iii. 39 (Addit. MS.) Whan
be wode wexeb redy [v.r. rody] of rosenc floures. a 1400-50
Alexander 3369 pe ferd was a granate, goules althire fynest
Is nane so redy, as I rede, of all be riche stanes. 1483 Call!
Angl. 103/1 A redi dok, latpaiium acutum. 1357 ?HEY-
WOOD in TotltlCs Misc. (Art.) 163 Her rosiall colour comes
130 The saphiric and reddy colour of those that are ripe
a 1661 FULLER in Spurgeon Treas. Dav. Ps. xxv. 7, 1 will not
conclude that David was of a wanton constitution because
of a reddy complexion.
b. 1888 Pall Mall G. i7 May 2/2 Thin sheet iron, painted
a reddy brown. Ibid. 4 Aug. 5/1 A powder which imparts
to the hair a bronze reddy gold '.
Reddyly, obs. form of READILY.
Reddynn, obs. pa. pple. of READ v.
Bede (nd), rf.l Now arch, or foet. and dial.
Forms: i-3rasd, 3 reted, rasid, (real!), 3-6, 9 read,
3-7 (9 •&•) reade, 3 (4-6 Sc.) reid, (5 .SV-. -e),
3-7 reed, (5-7 -e), 2-7 (8 Sc.), 9 rede; i-5 (6
Se.) red, 5 redde, 7 Sc. redd, 2-3 (7 Sc.) rad,
3-4 rade. [Common Teut. : OE. rxd masc. =
OFris. rid, .US. r6d (MDu. rat, rad-, Du. rood)
OHG. rat (G. rath, rat), ON. rdS neut. (Sw.
rdd, Da. raad) :-OTeut. *r&cte-z (? and *r&etom)t
i. the stem of the vb. *r&tan to READ or REDE.
The word is very frequent in OE. and early ME., and
remained in literary use till the beginning of the i7th c.
After that date it is rarely found until revived in archaic
and poetic diction in the igth c.]
1. Counsel or advice given by one person to
another.
Becwulfy&a (Z.) Ne meahton we ^elsran .. rices hyrde
rsed jenijne bajt he ne grette gold weard bone, ciooo
/ELFRIC Exod. xviii. 19 Ac jehyr mine word and minne
rasd. CH7S Lamb. Horn. 63 pe luste nulleS besne red
wishche he seal wuraen ded. c 1203 LAV. 5293 peos eorles
comen to Rome . . axeden heom raddes. a 1300 Cursor M.
15139 A rede i sal yow giue, And herkens all to me. 13. .
A. Alis. 6165 He. .so longe criede and bade, That him com
Prtm. 411 My rede in happe yit the profile may. 1309
BARCLAY Shyf of Folys (1570) 17 i'he reade and aduisement,
Of wise men, . . Helpeth thine owne, be thou neuer so
prudent. 1350 CROWLEY Last Trumf. 942 If thou be calde
a counseller, And many men do seke thy read. 1607 J
CARPENTER Plaine Mans Plough 84 Refusing all vaine
babling and unprofitable reeds of fools. 1632 HOLLAND
CfneftuUa 185 If according to your rede, I had bin a
hoarder of gold. 1786 BURNS Ef. Young Friend xi, May
^ou better reck the rede, Than ever did th' Adviser ! 1814
bcoTT Ld. of Isles in. iii, Is this thy rede? 1876 MORRIS
Stgurtt iv. 371 That he hearken the council of night and the
rede that to-morrow saith.
Prov. a 1233 ROGER OF WENDOVF.R Chron. (E. H. S.) II.
18 [Unus ex illis cujus arbitrium omnes exspectabant, prz-
cipitanter patria lingua dixit,] Schorl red, god red ; slea ye
the bischop. a 1230 Prov. SElfred 336 in O. E. Misc. 122
Hit is ifurn iseyd fat cold red is quene red. 1599 PORTER
Angry Worn. Abingd. (Percy Soc.) 82, 1 could haue said to
you, syr, Take heede is a good reede.
t b. In phr. by (after, through, with) one's rede ;
also to do by one's rede, to accept one's advice. Obs.
c 1x22 O. E. Chron. (Laud MS.) an. 1043 Be baes cynges
Izfe & rada. IHd. an. noo Be |ja:re rade be him abutan
waeran. a 1225 Le%. Kath. 6 Constentin ferde burh be burn-
menne reao inlo t ronclonde. a 1300 Cursor M. 2200 Lik
til his fader bat was ded A wygur was mad wit his red.
13. . Guy Watw. (A.) 1238 Leue sone,. .pou do bi bi faders
rede. 1:1412 HOCCLEVE De Reg. Princ. rug Sone, by my
rede thow shall do so. c 1420 Chron. Vilod. st 562 So bey
dedon trewelyche after his redde. 1334 Inter/. Youth A ij b,
And yet syr do by my rede. 1587 M. GROVE Pelofs $
Hipp. (1878) 73 Leaue of I pray you by my reade.
t o. To give to rede : to give by way of counsel
or advice. Obs.
13.. Cursor M. 10791 (G8tt.) Ne had he neuer gyuen to
rede, bat iesu crist war don to dede. c 1400 Destr. Troy
12002 The grekys . . gyflbn to red, Ilion to ouerturne. c 1430
Syr Tryam. 634 Moche warre began to sprede Yn hur lande
. .Therfore sche ys gevyn to rede, To take a lorde.
2. Counsel, decision, or resolve taken by one or
more persons; a plan, design, or scheme devised
or adopted.
c xooo ELFRIC Vet. Test. 2 (Gr.) Se rsed waes sefre on bis
rsedfsestum gebance, }>;tl he wircan wolde ba wundorlican
xesceafta. c 1030 in Thorpe Difl. Angl. So*. (1865) 322 Ic
pa feng on minne azenne red. 1297 R. GLOUC. (Rolls)
11198 An vewe wilde hinen a li^t red ber of nome. c 1330
Art/t. ff Merl. 2048 (Kolbing) Bi comoun dome, bi comuun
rade, Vterpendragon coroun nam & king of Inglond bicam.
c 1386 CHAUCER Doctors T. 146 Whan bat assented was this
cursed reed, Glad was this luge, c 1423 Seven Sag. (P.) 226
Sone aftir that scho was dede, Hys fadir hadde anothir
rede. 1:1440 York Myst. iv. 44 Lovyng be ay to suche
a lord, ..[who] mayd vs after his owen read. 1870 MORRIS
Earthly Par. III. iv. 316 Therefore swift rede I take with
all things here.
t b. To take to rede : to adopt as one's decision
or plan ; to decide, resolve. Also with dative
(red.) pronoun. Obs.
c 893 K. y£l FRED Oros. iv. v. §
„ _ 2 Hanno..him to rade
xenom bat he hie ealle to gereordum lo him Jehele. c 1205
LAY. 440 Seot>en he nom to rede, .bat he an wrihl makede.
IHd. 20210 Heo nomen heom lo raeden bal a?a:in heo wolden
riden. a 1300 Cursor it. 4032 pir brefier tuain (ram tok to
38
REDE.
!>98
REDE.
red To dele bair lander bam bi-tuixs. c 1330 R. BRUNNE
Citron. (1810) 52 po childre tok to rede, to com vnto bis
loud. 1300 GOWER Con/. 111.214 Gedeon. .tok him to rede,
And sende in al the lond aboute.
fc. To take rede\ to take counsel, resolve,
decide. Obs.
c 1330 A rth. if Merl. 286 (Kolbing) [pai] tok rede bi tvixen
hem to, pe to childer ouer be se bring, c 1375 Sc. Leg.
Saints xxi. (Clement) 636 Clement wysly tuk rede, bat he
wald nocht next petir be. (1400 Destr. Troy&ggb Palamy-
don.. All his Renkes had arayet, as he rede toke.
f3. A scheme, plan, or method for attaining
some end ; a principle or course of action, mode
of procedure. Obs.
For the obs. Sc. phr. will of rede ^ see WILL a.
, .
c 1205 LAV. 30576 Ofte he hine bi5ohte what he don mahte
and bibohten him enne raed. a 1250 Gen. <$• Ex. 309 Ic wene
I can a red, Sat hem sal bringen iwel sped, a 1300 Cursor
M. 14254 Leif lauerd, sco said, quat rede ? Mi brober nu es
fra me ded. 1381 Pol. Poems (Rolls) 1. 252, I leeve this
beo ur best red, To thenke on this warnyng and be ware.
c 1420 Sir Amadacf (Camden) xxii, Take the tille a bettur
rede, c 1470 HENRYSON Mor. Fab. n. Town <$- C. Mouse
xx, So desolate and will of ane gude reid. 1549-62 STERN-
HOLD & H. Ps. cxix. 100 To keepe thy lawes, I held it aye
best reede.
t b. To be to rede\ to be an advisable or possible
course of action (for one). Obs.
071 Blickl. Hotn. 205 Hie befrinon & beahsodan hwaet
him bass to rsede buhte. a xaoo Moral Ode 90 Hwat seal us
to rede. £'1305 LAY. 13527 Wha^t maje we nu to rade
[c 1275 Wat his vs nou to reade), whae seal us nu rasden.
c 1330 R. BRUNNE Chron. Wate (Rolls) 864 Brutus .. nyste
what was best to red. c 1350 Will. Palerne 903, I not in
be world what is me to rede. Ibid. 3885 He . . seide after
anon l Alas ! what to rede ! '
t o. With no or no other : no (or no other)
plan, device, or way to act,£f/. in order to help or
save oneself. Obs.
1297 R. GLOUC. (Rolls) 9121 Alas alas of engelond ne can
ich nanne red. 1375 BARBOUR Bruce i. 568 Quharfor syne he
tholyt ded ; Than he couth set tharfor na rede, c 1400
Rom. Rose 3859, I was astoned, and knew no rede, But
fledde awey for verrey drede. c 1470 HENRY Wallace v. 588
The madyn than wyst off no othyr rede, Bot . . purchest had
king Eduardis protectioune. a 1542 WYATT Poet. Wks.
(1861) 69 For in despair there is no rede.
fd. Occurrence, event, hap, lot. Obs.
r 1205 LAY. 3910 SeoSden her com a strong rad bat
Riwald kinge iwerS deaS. Ibid. 8164 pe o5er wolde him
habben daed ; hit buhte him swi5e haerd rxd, c 1420 Sir
Amadace (Cainden) xvi, Thus carefulle is my rede, a 1435
Cursor M. 14295 (Trin.) My brober lazer bi frend is deed And
bat is to me a cplde reed, c 1440 Sir Gowther 661 [He] halp
holy chirche with his myght, Thus cawght he better rede.
t 4. What is advisable, advantageous or profit-
able for one ; aid, help, succour ; remedy. Obs.
805-31 Charter in O. E. Texts 444 He brytnie swae hijum
maest red sie. a 1000 Boetk. Metr. ii. 12 [Hi] me ba be-
rypton raedes & frofre. c 1000 J^LFRIC Saints' Lives xii.
122 Bi5 nu micel reed bam be his sylfes rec5. £1175 Lamb.
Horn. 63 Gif us to dei ure deles bred Lauerd god al ure
red. c 1315 SHOKEHAM (E. E. T. S.) ii. 32 And }yf be lyues
[ = living] mylse and grace pe dede red and reste. c 1375
Cursor J/. 8j76(Fairf.) Peraunter berwilrisestrife bot^e do
rede in ^oure life, c 1420 Sir Aniatiace iCamden) xxxv,
Lord, I aske the rede, Hastely that I were dede. c 1485
Digby Myst. (1882) in. 1793 Blyssyd mavdleyn, be hyr rede !
f b. To take rede to : to seek help for. Obs.— l
« 1225 Leg. Katk. 1379 pe deore Drihtin areaw us, & toe
read to tire aide dusUchipes.
1 5. The faculty of deliberation, or the exercise
of this ; judgement, prudence, reason. Obs,
a ooo CYNEWULF Elene 553 (Gr.) Is eow raedes bearf on
meoelstede, modes snyitro. a 1200 Amoral Ode 4 (Trin. Coll.
MS.) peih i bie a winter eald, to Sung ich am on rade. a 1250
Owl Sf Night. 682 Never nis wit so kene, So wane red him
is ayene. 1399 LANGL. Rich. Redeles in. 125 Ho is nail of
his ray.. light reede him fiohvith. a 1650 Merline in Furniv.
Percy Folio I. 424 A doughtye man he was of deed, & right
wise he was of reede.
Comb, a 1*50 Owltf Night. 694 Jif bat he forleost his wit,
bonne is his red purs al toslit.
t 6. The act of taking counsel together, or of
assembling for this purpose ; a council. Obs.
Beowulf '172 (Z.) Momx oft xesaet rice to rune, raed eah-
tedon. ciooo ^LFRIC Sainfs Lives xix. 201 pa wses se
acitofet mid absalone on raede, and raedde him [etc.], c zooo
— Horn. 11.242 He sona code to Sasra ludeiscrarade [etc.J.
(1205 LAY. 374 Alle be weren at bisse reade biluuede beos
runen. a 1300 Cursor M. 4550 pe barunnage mikel ferli
thoght bat suilk to king red was broght ^1330 R. BRUNNE
Chron. (1810) 48 pe clergie & be baronage samned at a
reade. c 1375 Cursor M. 7901 (Fairf.) Shortly wib-out mare
rede bai sulde [him take] and bringe to dede.
7. Tale, narrative, story; fa saying, proverb.
(Cf. RE ADZ;. 14.)
* I37S. Sc. Leg. Saints xxiii. (Seven Sleepers) 362 Wes nane
bat euire hard tet of ony of bame in red na spel. 1579
SPENSER Sheph. Cal. July 11 This reede is ryfe, that often-
time, great clymbers fall vnsoft. 1665 BRATHWAIT Comment
Two Tales 82 Read your Rede to me then boldly, you shall ,
find me an honest old woman. 1808 SCOTT Martn. vi. |
L'Envpy, A final note, .to bid the gentles speed Who long j
have listened to my rede. 1868 BROWNING Ring $ Bk. x.
227 All's a clear rede, and no more riddle now.
fb. Speech. Obs. rare-1.
1596 SPENSER F. Q. iv. x. 34 Concord she cleeped was in
eommon reed, Mother of blessed Peace.
c. Interpretation.
1871 BROWNING Pr. Hohenst. n Sphynx in wise old age,
Grown, .jealous for her riddle's proper rede.
tRede, J^.2 Obs. rare. Also 5 reede. [Of
obscure origin.] A small trench or furrow.
c 14*0 Pallad. on Husb. iv. 219 Sperage is sowe. . In redes
\\i.fossuli$\ smale, ymaad by lyne, in wete And fat lond.
Ibid. xii. 73 Maak redes [L. snlcos) in the bord, and ther
bistowe Hem in the coppe.
t Rede, sb.z Sc. Obs. rare -'. Sound.
("1470 HENRY Walletce vm. 1191 The cler rede amang the
rochis rang, Throuch greyn branchis quhar byrdis. .sang.
Rede, var. obs. Sc. REID.
Rede (n~d), z;.l Now arch, or poet, and dial.
Forms: Infin. \ reedan, -en, 3 readan, 3 reden,
4 redyn ; (and Pres.} 3-6 (9 Sc.) read, (3, 6-7 -e),
4-6 reed, (5, 7 -e), 4, 5-6 Sc. reid, 5 reyd, 3-7
(8 Sf.) 9 rede ; 4-6, 8-9 Sc. red, 4, 8-9 Sc. redd,
(9 Sf. -e), 5 Sf.9 6 rid ; Subj. 2-3 rade ; 3 sing.
Pres. Indie, i rset, 4 ret. Pa. t. I reord, i, 3
raBdde, 3-4 radde, 3-5 redde, 4-5 redd, 4-6
red, 6 reade. Pa. pple. \ sered, 4 rad, 5_rade,
8 Sf. red, 9 Sf. rede. [The same word as READ
v.y the common ME. spelling being usually retained
to distinguish the archaic from the current senses
of the word. In dial, the vowel of the infin. and
pres. is sometimes shortened (red, redd} on analogy
of the pa. t. and pa. pple. : cf. REDD t/.2]
I. f 1. trans. To have or exercise control over ;
to rule, govern, guide. Obs.
Beowulf ^2056 (Z.)pone ma5^um..be 5u mid rihte raedan
sceoldest. 1888 K. ALFRED Boetk. xxxv. § 3 He riht & net
eallum gesceaftum, swa swa good stiora anum scipe. a 1000
Daniel 8 (Gr.) pat wzs modi^ cj-n, benden hie by rice
rxden moston. c 1005 LAV. 16^56 He makede her reuen
ban uolke to reden. c 1290 S. Eng. Leg. I. 179/26 To be al
mi truste was mi lond to wissi and rede, c 1325 Chron. Eng.
499 in Kiisoti Metr. Rom. II. 291 Hou he myhte him wise
and rede, Ant ys lond ariht lede. c 1375 Cursor M. 5292
(Fatrf.) pe lorde-hede of at bis landc, to wisse and rede
I haue in hande.
fb. To bring, deliver; rejl. to direct (oneself)
to a place. Also absol. to arrive. Obs. rare.
a loop Rect. Sing. Pers. c. 4 § i He sceal aslcre wucan
erian .i. acer and raedan sylf oaet sa^d on hlafordes berne.
c 1330 R. BRUNNE Chron. Wace (Rolls) 14088 Arthur dide
his flete eft dight, To Romeneye bey redde bem right.
Ibid. 15892 His wey he tok..ful faste he spedde, pat til
Oxenforde algate he redde.
f2. Of God, Christ, etc. : To take care or charge
of (one) ; to guide, guard, or protect. Obs.
a 1100 Moral Ode 158 (Trin. Coll. MS.) On be dale and on
be dome us helpe crist and rade. c 1250 Orison Our Lady
39 in O. E. Misc. 160 Ichbidde hire to me bi-seo, And helpe
me and rede, a 1300 Cursor M. 8397, I sai noght yon, sa
godd me rede, for nan vpbraid ne for na nede. c 1384
CHAUCER H. Fame n, 559 Also wis god rede me But o thinge
y wil warne the. c 1450 HOLLAND Howlat 463 The gud
king gaif the gaist to God for to reid. c 1470 Golagros $
Gaiv. 809 Gif I de doughtely, the les is my dere, Thoght
he war Sampsone himself, sa me (Jri-te reid !
f b. To save, deliver. Obs. rare.
a 1300 Cursor Af. 906 pou sal be slan wit duble dedd,
Herd it es be for to redd {other MSS, dede : rede], c 1374
CHAUCER Anel. tf Arc. 340 But me to rede out of this
drede or guye Ne may my wit, so weyke is hit, not streche.
1 3. To decree, appoint. Obs.
c 120$ LAY. 18100 Swa be is nu irsed, her on bu art ded.
aiaJS Juliana 62 pu.. reddest him (David] to rixlen in
sawmueles riche. c 1330 R. BRUNNE Chron. (1810) 17 Right
in be mornyng in aldermost nede Com f>e kynges sonnes
tuo, als Crist wild it rede. 1363 LANGL. P. Pi. A. v. 180
pei coube not . . acorde to-gedere, Til Robyn be Ropere
weore Rad forte a-ryse, And nempned for a noumpere.
II. f 4. intr. To take counsel together or with
another, to deliberate. Also of one person : To
take counsel y2v others. Obs.
c 893 K. ALFRED Oros. i. xiv. § i pa redon hi him be-
tweonum, cwaedon bast hie to ra8e wolde fultumlease beon
[etc.], a 900 tr. Bxdas Hist. i. XL [xiv.] (1890) 50 pa
gesomnedon hi jemot & beahtedon & raeddon, hwaet him
to donne waere. ciooo ^LFRIC Saints' Lives v. 323 Wi5
bone nedde chromatius, and be his raede [etc.], c 1x22
O. E. Chron. (Laud MS.) an. 1010 Man bonne raeden scolde
hu man bUne eard werian sceolde. t: 1131 //'•/,/. 1131 Crist
raede for ba wrecce munecas of Burch. c 1205 LAY. 32128
paer heo gunnen nede, ber heo gunnen rune. 1494 FABYAN
Chron. vi. cxcix. 206 The kynge .. called his counsayl to
rede what were best to be done.
f6. trans. To agree upon, resolve, decide, after
consultation or deliberation. Obs.
c 1000 ^ELFRIC Horn. 1. 162 Daet folc radde be him, bst hi
woldon hine. .ahebban to cyninge. ciaos LAY. 25002 Nu 30
habbeo5 iherd . . what Romanisce men rede3 heom bi-twenen.
Ibid. 26221 [They] radden heom bitwenen enne castel to
areren. c 1250 Gen, <fr Ex. 2861 He redden samen he sulden
gon wid wise men to pharaon. 1297 R. GLOUC. (Rolls) 4060
pei ech of vs sete al day be best red to rede [etc.]. 1559
Mirr. Mag.t Moworay's Banishment xxi, The king through
counsayle of the Lordes thought good To banysh bothe,
whiche Judgement strayt was rad.
HI. 0. trans. To advise or counsel (a person).
With various constructions : f a. Simple (dative
or) accusative. Also const, of. Obs.
47900 CYNEWULF Elene 1023 (Gr.) On bam stedewange
jirwan Codes tempel, swa hire gasta weard reord of
roderum. ^1175 Lamb. Horn. 115 Wise men him scule
readan. c 1205 LAY. 7427 He wes cniht swi&e r*h to rsden
ane kinge. 1*97 R. GLOUC. (Rolls) 7422 An stounde he gan
abide & is kniues rede, c 1350 Will. Palerne 1301 Ri;t as
william wold pat wisly him radde. a 1400-50 Alexander
5194 Latt se bi witt in J>is werke & wysely me rede, a 1450
MVRC 7 Whenne bey scholde be pepul rede In to synne pey
I do hem lede. a 1586 SIDNEY Arcadia (1622) 224 Thou
heardst euen now a young man sneb me <=ore, Because I red
him, as I would my sonne. 1615 BRATHWAIT Strappado
| (1878) 133 Be stately Billy (and I doe thee rede).
rejl. c 1385 CHAUCER/.. G. /f. 2217 Ariadne, I can mine
selue In this case nat rede.
t b. Double accusative (or ace. and dat.) ;
sometimes with cognate object. Obs.
c 1205 LAY. 11403 pe king heom hauede [it] isxid, & baed
heom raeden him rad. Ibid. 24783 Wha hit be durre rzden
bat bu swa reh art iwurSen. a 1330 Otnel 326 Cristes cors
vppon his heued, pal me radde such a red. c 1330 R.
BRUNNE Chron. (1810) 283 To wite what 50 me rede, 1 set bis
parlement. a 1400-50 Alexander 244 A riall roune bou me
redis, a reson of blis. c 1450 Merlin 80 He shall not rede yow
no-thynge but for youre profile.
"I* C. Accusative (or dative) with objective clause,
introduced by that^ tvhat^ where, etc. Obs.
c laoo ORMIN 18336 Forrbi rzde ice $uu . .patt 3ure nan ne
J dwelle nohht. c 1205 LAY. 6681 Heo him redden wher his
' lich niihte bezst leggen. a 1300 Cursor M. 3450 At pray to
| godd ai was sco prest To rede hir quat bat hir was best.
i 1340 HAMPOLE Pr. Consc. 3502 parfor I rede ilk man, . . pat
he use ba ten thingessere. a 1400-50 Alexander 2464, 1 anely
3ow rede, pat be end of ;oure eldirs enterely ge be-hald.
d. Accusative and infinitive with to.
a 1225 Juliana 40 Ich redde nerrun . . to bihefden pawel
ant don peter on rode, c 1290 Beket 916 in S. Eng. Leg. I.
133 To queme be kinge we redez be, hov-so it euere gon.
1362 LANGL. P. PL A. iv. 97 penne summe Radde Reson to
haue reube of bat schrewe. c 1450 Merlin 25, 1 rede you to
fle out of the londe for drede of the kynges peple. 1530
I TINDALE Pract. Prelates Wks. (1573) 376/1, I rede them to
: break their bondes, and to follow right by the playne and
open way. 01592 GREENE Jos. IV, \, Hi, I rid thee to
: vrew the picture still. 1786 Har'st Rig xxiii, The next rig
i redds them to take care To cut their fur. 1876 FARRAR
Mario. Serin, iv. 36 If any one of you is in the habit of
using oaths, I rede his sleeping conscience to beware of their
guilt and folly.
e. Ace. and inf. without to, in later use (with
thee or you as object) passing into next.
c laoo S. Eng. Leg. I. 386/338 pe Quiene . . radde hire
to hire loueid go. c 1300 Harrow. Hell 64 Ich him rede
speke na more. ^1386 CHAUCER Doctor's T. 285 Ther-
foie I rede vow this conseil take, a 1450 Knt. de la Tour
(1868) 14 Y rede you be curteys and humble to gret
and smale. 1500-20 DUNBAR Poems Ii. 22 Madame, I red
5011 get a less ane. 1598 R. BERNARD tr. Terence, Eunuch
u. ii, In troth I read you stay. 1786 Har'st Rig ci. The
master ,. redds them mind their wark indeed. 1818 SCOTT
Hrt. Midi, xxxii, 1 redd thee keep hand off her. 1870
MORRIS Earthly Par. I, L 248 Therefore, my son, I rede
thee stay at home.
f. Accusative, with imperative clause (following
or preceding).
a 1300 Cursor M. 783 Of it $ee ette, sua red I ^ow. 1377
LANGL. /'. PI. B. i. 173 For-bi I rede $ow riche, haueth
reuthe of be pouere. c 1425 Seven Sag. (P.) 1163 Let hyrn
lyve, I wylle the rede. 1470-85 MALORY Arthur x. xxii,
Beware, I rede the, of treason, a 1601 NORTH Plutarch
(N.\ Dispatch, I read you, for your enterprize is betrayed.
1785 BURNS Death $ Dr. Hornbook ix, I red ye wcel, tak
care o' skaith. 1853 READE Chr. Johnstone 210 Put them
off your hands, I rede ye.
tg. With acc. and to prep. Obs. rare.
1297 R. GLOUC. (Rolls) 2758 Min enchantors quab be king
me abbeb ber to yrad. 1362 LANGL. P. PL A. v. 103 *Jus,
rediliche ', quod Repentaunce and Radde him to goode.
c 1400 Destr. Troy 5129 And rede hym to redurs, bat rixles
to shame !
1 7. To advise (a thing) j to give as advice or
counsel. Obs.
c 1*05 LAY. 875 5'f 3e hit raedeS 3e beod mine riche men.
^1230 Halt Meid. 26 Ober is bet godd hat, & ober is het he
real [v. r. reades]. c 1300 Cursor M, 8352 O mi kingrike
quat redes bou? 13.. E> E. A Hit. P, C, 406 [They] par-
formed alle be penaunce bat be prynce radde. 1390 COWER
Conf. \. 44 This wolde I rede, That every man ensample
take [etc.], c 1450 Merlin 81 The kynge. .toke Vlfin in coun-
seile and asked hym what he redde in this mater, c 1560
A. SCOTT Foetus (S.T.S.) xxxiv. 5 Thairfoir I reid remeid,
To leife and lat it be. a 1650 Robin Hood's Death 5 in
Furniv. Percy Folio I. 52 'Ihat I reade not' said will
Scarllett.
t b. With clause as object. Obs.
c 1205 LAY. 414 Assaracus hit redde.. bat bat Troynisce folc
..makeden hine to duke, a 1300 Cursor M. 13467 Hu redes
bou we wit bam dele ? c 1320 Sir Tristr. 984 Tristrem
seyd : — ' y rede pat he be barnes mis '. 1375 BARBOUR Bruce
vii. 534 Tharfor I rede, all preualy We send a voman hym
to spy. c 1450 Merlin 115, I rede that thou go and seme
hym. 1526 SK ELTON Magnyf. ion Pease, man, pease ! I
rede, we sease. 1591 SPENSER M. Hubbtrd 114 Now read
. .What course ye weene is best for us to take.
fc. With infinitive as object. Obs.
a 1300 Cursor M. 19358 pai . . badd bam fle als bai wald
ded, To neuen iesus namar bai red. £1330 R. BRUNNK
Chron. Wace (Rolls) 1199 Whe^er bey redden hym for to
slo, Ober quytly let hym go. 01400-50 Alexander 2601
' pare I rede ', quod be kyng. ' our bakis neuir to turne '.
c 1450 Merlin 91 [The king] asked theire counseile. And the
barons redden to be avenged vpon hem.
t 8. intr. To give advice. Obs.
rt 1000 Byrhtnoth 18 (Gr.) ByrhtnoS .. rad and raedde,
rincum tame, hu hi sceoldon standan. c 1290 Beket 865 in
S. Eng. Leg. I. 131 pe bischop Robert of lincolne radde wel
bare-to. 1340 HAMPOLE Pr. Consc. 1677 Bodily ded, Ogayns
pe whilk no man may help ne red. c 1425 Seven Sag. (P.)
1253 Forsoth I can no rede nowe : Leve fadir, how reddyst
thow ? c 1450 Merlin 80 Than seide the kynge to Merlyn,
'And how rede ye of this thinge? ' 1591 GREENE Maiden's
Dreame xvi, For wars or peace right wisely could he rede.
fb. Used at the end of a sentence, or paren-
thetically. Obs.
1230 Halt Meid. 26 Hwa se hit mei underneomen,
REDE.
underneome, ich reade. £1320 R. BRUNNE Medit. 177 By
J>ese vertues foluc hym, y rede. 1377 LANGL. /*. PI. B. XI.
378 ' For-fn I rede ', quod reson, ' rewle H tonge bettere '.
c 1460 Timjneley Myst. xiii. 467 Go we theder, I rede, and
ryn on oure feete. 1513 DOUGLAS stEneisxi. vi. 167 Be war
with thame for till debait, I reid. c 1530 H. RHODES Bk.
Nurture in Babees Bk. (1868) 81 Or thou be olde, beware,
I rid, least thou doe get a fall. 1603 HOLLAND Plutarch's
Mor. 38 His counsell take, I reede, and then (etc.].
fo. In clauses introduced by as or so. Obs.
c 1290 S. Eng. Leg. I. 44/335 pov ne misht me neuerepaye
wel bote J>ov do ase ich rede. 1387 TREVISA Higden (Rolls)
VI. 339 pe Norbhombres hadde i-doo awey here kyng Os-
brucus, as be devel hem radde. 1393 LANGL. P. PI. C. xx.
106 ' He seide soth ', quaj» be Samaritan, ' and so ich rede be
also '. 1412-20 LYDG. Chron. Troy iv. xxxiv, It shall not be
As Anthenor hath rade in no degree.
1 9. trans. To teach or give (one) a knowledge
<?/" (something). Obs. rare*~\
13.. Guy Wanv. (A.) 170 Gii a forster fader hadde pat
him lerd & him radde Of wodes & riuer & ober game.
10. Sc. To think, imagine, guess. = READ v. I.
1768 [see READ v. i a]. 1790 SHIKREFS/WXW 86 He's ane,
I red, that ye can eithly spare. 1806 JAMIESON Pop. Ballads
I. 237 And this black hour be past, I rede ye'll rue it sair.
11. To interpret, explain. = READ v. a.
1723 RAMSAY Gentle Sheph. HI. ii, Nor come I to redd
fortunes for reward. 1728 — Robt., Richy fy Sandy 34 Ah !
CARLYLE Seirt. Kes. i. viii, The secret of Man's being
..a riddle that he cannot rede. 1837 — Fr. Rev. v. iii.
(1872) III. 185 Rede us this riddle, O Collot !
12. To relate, tell. = READ v. 14.
1840 BARHAM Ingal. Leg. Ser. i. Witches' Frolic i, I'll rede
ye a lay of Grammerye. Ibid., Lay St. Nicholas xli, Now
rede me aright the most wonderful sight, Thou Palmer gray,
that thine eyes have seen.
Rede (rfd), v.% Obs. exc. dial. Forms : I (se)-
reedan, redan, 4, 6, 9 rede, 6 Sc. reyd, 8-9 reed,
9 read. [OE. r&dan (rare) = MDu. and MLG.
rtden, reiden (Du. rcedtn) to make ready, set in
order, etc. (hence Da. rede, Sw. redo). OE. had
i&sagersedan (rare) = MDu. ghcr$dcn, ON.greiia
to GBAITH. The base is that of the adj. READY.]
L trans. To put in order ; to comb (the hair) ;
to clear (a way) ; to clean up or out ; etc. (sec
REDD z>.2).
[0900 tr. Bzda's Hist. in. vii. [ix.] (1890) 180 Heo bwoh &
hyre feax jerzdde.] 944 in Earle Land Charters, etc. 179
On fealuwes lea bxr celfric biscep redan het to bsere ealdan
die. 1:1330 Arth. fy Merl. 7896 (Kolbing) pai. .large roume
about hem redde. c 1440 York Myst. xii. 124 He saide,
' sonne I sail sende by-fore Myne Aungell to rede be thy
way'. 1470 Extr. Aberdeen Reg. (1844) I. 30 To dcvoyde
and rede a certaine lande and Tenement .. to oure louyt
Agnes Lilburne. 11507 Ibid. 76 Evere fyrhouse . . sale furnis
and sende ane sufficient work seruand . . to help to rede the
common loche. 1513 DOUGLAS SEneis vn. xii. 86 Buskis
wythdrawis ..To reyd thair renk, and rovmis thaim the
way. 1791 Cottiiigliain Incl. Act 28 Ditches to be well
and effectually reeded, scoured and cleansed. iDzz AINSLIE
Land of Burns 271 I'll rede room for thee, Jock. 1876
Whitby Gloss. s.v., Rede thy hair menseful.
f b. absol. (also with dat.) To clear a way
(for oneself). 06s. rare.
c 1330 Arth. t, Merl. 3334 (KBlbing) po he was opon his
stede, Wibswerd he gan about rede. Ibid. 8277 Ich[ — eudij
dede his launce go..& redden hem wib mijt fin.
2. spec. (See quots.)
Hence Re'ding vbl. sb. in reding-comb.
1804 HALL CAINE Manxman in. xii. 170 Take theredyng
comb and lash your hair out, it's all through-others.
Rede, var. RAD a.2 Obs., obs. f. READ ti.l and
v., RED a., REED sb.
Redeamer, obs. form of REDEEMER.
Red-eared. : see RED a. 14 b, 140.
Bedeba-te, v. [RE- 53. Cf. F. redibattrc
(Cotgr.).] trans. To debate (a subject) again.
Hence Bedeba'ting vbl. sb.
l?" COTGR., Re'ie!"<tre, to redebate the matter ; to cauill,
or brabble about it againe. 1880 BURTON ReigJt Q. Anne
II. xii. 261 To have that point settled by redebating and re*
voting the settlement of the throne. 1896 Daily News
7 Oct. 5/1 The re-debating of Parliamentary questions.
Bedecrde, v. [RE- 5 a.] To decide again.
So Reeled sion.
1850 CARLYLE Laltcr-J. Pamfli. i. (1872) 1,3 The rigorous
fact .. which will one day . . demand practical decision or
redecision of it from us. 1885 Lam Times LXXVI1 1. 168/1
Cases which if not obsolete have been in principle re-decided
in more modern decisions.
Bede'ck, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans, a. To array
again, b. To furnish with a new deck.
. W MRS. GRIFFITH Hist. Lady Barton I. 125 Think what
it will be, when summer shall redeck it in its leafy pride. 1897
Wutm. Gaz. 20 July 4/1 The Temple landing-stage . . has
cost about £ 1,000 to be re-decked.
Kedecla-re, v. [RE- 5 a. Cf. F. redMarer
(Cotgr.).] To declare again.
i«ii COTCR., Redcclarer, to redeclare, to reexpresse. 1876
b. MiLLEK in T. Smith Mem. (1883) 130 He came to re-
declare this truth. 1883 Daily News n Oct. 2/7 All mine
hot-blast pigs were redeclared, at 655. to 625. 6d.
Bede'corate, v. [RE- 5 a. Cf. F. redtcorer
(Cotgr.).] trans. To decorate again. Hence Be-
de'oorated///. a.
299
i6n COTGK., Redecorer, to redecorate, or bedecke againe.
1835 LYTTON Ricnzi iv. i. The redecorated, refurnished, and
smiling shops. 1861 Times 29 Aug., All the . . wide and
lofty rooms had been redecorated.
So Redecora'tion.
1857 W. COLLINS Dead Secret (1861) 48 To survey the
neglected north rooms, with a view to their redecoration.
1881 Athenxum 30 Apr. 599/3 The projects for th<
decoration of the dome of St. Paul's.
Becle'cticate,^. (Also as pa. pple.} [RE- 5 a.]
trans. To dedicate anew.
1611 COTGR., Rededier, to rededicate, to consecrate or
hallow anew. 1703 HEARNE in Plummer Elizab. Oxford
(O.H.S.) 108 After twas quite finished, 'twas rededicated t'
dedicate the temple? 1872 SPURGEON Treas. Dav. Ps. Ivi.
12 Those who., have re-dedicated themselves unto the Lord.
So Recleclica'tion ; Rede'dicatory a,
1883 Harper's Mag. May 895/2 A rededication of the
Egyptian ooelisk to its ancient deity. 1896 Daily News
1 1 July 3/6 There was a re-dedication service at the church.
1896 Chicago Advance 24 Sept. 418 The re-dedicatory ser-
vices will be held Oct. 4.
t Redee'm, sb. Sc. Obs.rare^. In 5 radem.
[f. the vb.] The act of redeeming ; redemption.
c 1470 HENRY Wallace x. 1005 The Roman buikis at than
was in Scotland, He gart be brocht .. And, but radem, thai
brynt thaim thar ilkan.
Redeem (rrdrm), v. Forms : 5 St. rademe,
radeym, 5-6 redeme, (5 redem), 6 St. redeime,
6-7 redeeme, 7- redeem. [ad. F. rtdimer
(ijth c. in Godef.), or L. redimere to buy back, etc.,
f. re(d}- RE- -i- emere to buy. The popular OF.
form raembre is represented in ME. by RAIM v.
The vowel of the second syllable in redeem and exeme (in
place of *redime and *exiine) may have originated in the
pa. t., after L. redemitt exemit, and its retention would be
favoured by the existence of redemption and exempt.]
1. trans. To buy back (a thing formerly pos-
sessed) ; to make payment for (a thing held or
claimed by another).
c 1425 WYNTOUN Cron. 11. v. 365 OrFEgipte al J>e tenendreis
He redemyt bairn agayn, And maid bairn to the kynge
demayn. 1535 COVERDALE Lev. xxv. 25 Then shall he re-
deme that his brother solde. 1596 DALRYMPLE tr, Leslie's
Hist. Scot. vi. 339 Thair was the peace maid, and with a
smal spume redeimet the hail lies. 1665 BOYLE Occas. Kef?*
iv. xvii. (1848) 268 That precious Time, which no sum.. can
either purchase or redeem. 1710 PRIDEAUX Orig. Tithes ii.
80 The Firstling of the Ass which was to be redeemed with
a Lamb. 1838 W. BELL Diet. Law Scot. 828 A clause,
whereby the granter. .may, on payment of a certain sum,
redeem the lands or subjects conveyed.
absol. 1651 HOBBKS Leviath. m. xli. 262 He that re-
deemeth, hath no title to the thing redeemed, before the
Redemption. 1838 W. BELL Diet. Law Scot. 828 Rights of
reversion .. must be exercised within forty years from the
time at which the proprietor is allowed to redeem.
b. To regain, recover (an immaterial thing).
1526 Pilgr. Per/. (W. de W. 1531) u b, Who may redeme
grace or recouer it whan he hath lost it? 1596 SHAKS.
i Hen. IVt v. iv. 48 Thou hast redeem 'd thy lost opinion.
1646 J. HALL Horx Vac. 82 He would redeeme (if possible)
his health with the losse of halfe his Learning. II^DRYDEN
Virg. Georg. m. 365 Then, to redeem his Honour at a Blow,
He moves his Camp. 1865 TKOLLOPE Belton Est. xviii. 206
If this friend., had since redeemed, or in part redeemed, her
position by a second marriage,
C. To regain or recover by force. (Cf. 4.)
1666 DRYDEN Ann. Mirab. clxvii, The toils of war we
must endure And from the injurious Dutch redeem the seas.
i74a_GRAY Profertius ii. 54 Redeem what Crassus lost, and
vindicate his name. 1810 SCOTT Lady of L. v. vii, The
Gael, of plain and river heir, Shall with strong hand redeem
his share.
2. a. To free (mortgaged property), to recover
(a person or thing put in pledge), by payment of
the amount due, or by fulfilling some obligation.
CI470 HENRY Wallace vi. 86 Thow sail loss a gage
Quhjfk neuir in erd sail be redemyt agayne. 1538 ELVOT,
RepignerO) to quite or redeme a pledge or gage. 1568
GRAFTON Chron. II. 856 He redemed the Marques Dorcet,
;y are constrained to lay
sonnes to gage, and then goe rob and rifle trauellers to re-
deeme them againe. 1766 BLACKSTONE Comm. II. 159 They
will allow the mortgagor at any reasonable time to re-call or
redeem his estate. 1791 J. NICHOLS in Bosivell's Johnson
an. 1^84, Dr. Johnson collected a sum of money to redeem
lis friend's clothes, which in two days after were pawned
again. x8zo SCOTT Lady ofL. vi. xxvii, To him thy woes,
thy wishes, bring. He will redeem his signet ring. i86z
M. PATTJSON Ess, (1889) I. 42 The Crown jewels had been
pledged. . .Edward was not in a condition to redeem them.
absol. 1818 CRUISE Digest (ed. 2) IV. 387 On a bill by a
mortgagee, to redeem or foreclose.
fig* J597 SHAKS. 2 Hen. IV, ii. iii. 8 My Honor is at
pawne, And but my going, nothing can redeeme it.
b. To buy off, compound for (a charge or
obligation) by payment or some other way.
1494 FABYAN Chron. v. Ixxvi. 55 It was answered that they
ladde redemed the sayde Trybute with the Pryce of theyr
aloode. 1600 E. BLOUNT tr. Conestaggio 298 To the ende
:hey should redeeme this voyage with money. 1606 G.
W[OODCOCKE] Hist, /vstitiexxxviu. 119 Now that there was
10 remedy to redeem their slauery but by resistance. 1818
CRUISE Digest (ed. 2) II. 59 A judgement against a pur-
chaser of an equity of redemption, or to redeem incum-
jrances, &c. 1844 H. H. WILSON Brit. India III. 504 A
guarantee fund, which . . should be sufficient at the end of
that term to redeem the annuity at the rate proposed.
REDEEM.
trans/. 1633 FORD 'TV* Pity m. vi, Is there no way left
to redeem my miseries ?
c. To fulfil, perform (a pledge, promise, etc.).
1840 MACAULAY Ess.t Clive (1887) 559 Clive redeemed his
pledge. He. .effected oneofthe most., difficult and salutary
reforms. 1847 JAMES Convict viii, I call upon you to redeem
that promise. 1861 M. PATTISON Ess. (1889) I. 38 Some
consciousness of not having redeemed their engagements.
3. To ransom, liberate, free (a person) from
bondage, captivity, or punishment; to save (one's
life) by paying a ransom.
X43*-5o tr. Higden (Rolls) IV. 61 Hanibal offrede to the
Romanes that thei scholde redeme the Romanes in cap-
tmite. 1500-20 DUNBAR Poems xxxviii. 37 The weirisgon,
. .The ransoun maid, the presoneris redemit. 1590 SHAKS.
Com. Err. i. i. 8 Wanting gilders to redeeme their Hues.
Ibid. iv. iv. 86, I sent you Monie to redeeme you, By
Dromio heere. 1639 MASSINGER Unnat. Combat v. ii The
Turkish empire offer'd for his ransom Should not redeem
his life, a 1711 KEN Preparatives Poet. Wks. 1721 IV. 101
The Christians, Slaves to Pagans sold, Whom he redeem'd
with Gold. 1785 JEFFERSON Writ. (1859) I. 477 In order to
justify ourselves for undertaking to redeem you, without
orders. 1852 MRS. STOWE Uncle Tom's C. xix. 201 His
mistress is going to send down money to redeem him.
reft. ^ 1641 BAKER Chron. (1653) 120 One Abraham, found
a Delinquent, redeems himself for seven hundred Marks.
1660 F. BROOKE tr. Le Blanc's Trav. 301 He had been a
slave 9 years, then redeemed himself. 1849 MACAULAY Hist.
Eng. v. I. 657 He was therefore suffered to redeem himself
by giving a bond for forty thousand pounds.
b. Const, from, out of, to. Also with adverbs of
place, as hence, thence, home.
t 1508 FISHER Wks. (E. E. T. S.) 228 In his tresour hous
is ryches innumerable, wherwith .. he may redeme all the
Dent. vii. 8 The Lord . . redeemed you out of the house of
bondmen, from the hand of Pharaoh. 1686 HORNECK Cntcif.
Jesus xvii. 471 He that redeems a slave out of Turkish
captivity [etc.]. 1856 OLMSTED Slave States 282 It was, for
a long time, generally expected.. that the State would thus
be redeemed to freedom.
4. To rescue, save, deliver, f Also with out.
£1470 HENRY Wallace ix. 231 Wallace, that has rademyt
Scotland. 1590 SPENSER F.Q, i. viii. heading, Faire virgin,
to redeeme her deare, Brings Arthure to the fight. 1591
JAS. VI Lepanto Chorus Venetis, Their netts were sett
about, But yet our dearest Father in Heauen, He hath
redeemd vs out. 1683 WOOD Life 11 Apr. (O. H. S.) III. 42
The rout . . laid wait for Charlet's comming out of the Castle.
He therefore sends a letter to the vice-chancellor to redeem
him. 1700 DRYDEN Ovid's Met. xii. 325 He thrusts aside
The crowd of centaurs and redeems the bride. 1871
BROWNING Balaust. 903 The man was like some merchant
who, in storm, Throws the freight over to redeem the ship.
rejl. 1607 SHAKS. Titnon iv. iii. 507 How faine would
I haue hated all mankinde, And thou redeem'st thy selfe.
fabsol. £1470 HENRY Wallace u. 183 Bot thow rademe, na
HfF thai ordand me. 1591 SHAKS. i Hen. VI, u. v. 88 Leuied
an Army, weening to redeeme, And haue install'd me in the
Diademe. x6xx BIBLE Isa. \. 2 Is my hande shortened at
all, that it cannot redeeme?
b. Const, from, out of, to,
1588 SHAKS. Tit. A. in. i. 181 Let me redeeme my brothers
both from death. 1591 SPENSER M. Hnbberd 1331 Arise,
and doo thy selfe redeeme from shame. 1611 BIBLE/'J. xxv.
22 Redeeme Israel, O God, out of all his Troubles. 1665
MANLEY Cretins' Low C, Warres 156 When nothing now
could be looked for by Antwerp but extremity, behold it
redeemed from that, by the Conquerours Clemency. 1697
DRVDEN &tteid vi. 493 Redeem from this Reproach my
wand'ring Ghost. 1788 GIBBON Decl. 4- F. 1. V. 225 They
redeemed themselves with prayers and promises from their
hands. 18x9 SHELLEY Julian 332 My creed should have
redeemed me from repenting. 1843 E. MIALL in Nonconf.
III. 209 We trust we have said enough to redeem the
voluntary principle from contempt.
c. To reclaim (land). Also const, from.
1721 PERRY Daggenh. Breach n Those Levels which are
of large extent, and not easy to be redeemed when a Breach
is made. 1820 BYRON Mar, Fal. \\. ii. 112 Where palaces
have sprung On banks redeem'd from the rude ocean's ooze.
1830 LYELL Princ. Geol. I. 138 We find evidence that con-
siderable spaces were redeemed from the original ocean and
converted into dry land after the chalk was formed.
5. To free from a charge or claim.
1494 FABYAN Chron. vi. ccvi. 217 He. .redeemed the scole
of Saxons, fre of all former trybute. 1790 BURKE Fr. Rev. 178
The clergy in the old provinces did not pay the capitation ;
but the^ had redeemed themselves at the expence of about
24 millions. 1871 FREEMAN Norm. Conq. (1876) IV. xviii.
210 It would almost seem as if a yearly tribute of thirty
pounds.. redeemed the borough from all claims.
6. Of God or Christ : To deliver from sin and
its consequences.
1500-20 DUNBAR Poems Ixx. 25 Thow, that on rude ws
ransomit and redemit. 1558 GOODMAN How to Obey 233
Subiecte your selues whollye to God : for he hath redemed
you. 1651 HOBBES Leviath. m- xli. 262 Our Saviour., was
not King of those that he Redeemed, before hee suffered
death. 1715 DE FOE Fam. Instruct, i. i. (1841) I. 20 God
manifested in the flesh, sent from heaven to redeem a lost
world. 1781 COWPER Truth 279 A soul redeemed demands
a life of praise. 1827 POLLOK Course T. x, The others, who
refused to be redeemed,— They stand unsancufied.
b. Const, from, to, unto.
c 1460 Hymn Virgin 6 in Pol. Rel. fy L. Poems (1866) 81
The hevynly kyng enteryd thy close virgynall, Man to
•edeme from dedely synne. 1530 PALSCR. 682/1 Christ
edemed us by his passyon from our gostly enemy. 1557
?f. T. (Genev.) Rev. v. q Thou wast killed, and hast redemed
vs to God by thy bloude. 1567 Gitdc .$• Godlie />'. (S. T. S.)
78 Christ als discendit to the hell, And vs redemit from that
paine. 1731 LAW Serious, C. x. (ed. 2) 141 To redeem SouU
33-2
REDEEMABILITY.
unto God, to fill Heaven with Saints. 1754 C. WESLEY
Hymns (ed. 3) xxxii, A slave redeem'd from death, and sin.
f 7. To obtain by purchase, to buy. Obs.
c 1520 BARCLAY Jugurth xvii. 25 b, This Jnsurth redemed
of Calphurnius but onely delayng and deferinge of the
warre. 1560 DAUS tr. Sleidane's Comm. 125 The tyme
woulde come, wherin they would wyshe to have redemed
his frendshyp derely. 1603 KNOLLES Hist. Turks (1621) 693
The Emperourmust in many things yeeld to the requests of
the French king, and redeeme his good will. 1645 FULLER
Good Th. in Bad T. (1841) 38 But aged folk will find it
harder and dearer to redeem this the last volume than if
they had been chapmen for all three at the first,
t b. To go in exchange for. Obs.
1591 SHAKS. i Hen. VI, n. v. 108 Would some part of my
young yeeres Might but redeeme the passage of your Age.
1602 MARSTON Ant. f, Mel. v. Wks. 1856 I. 66 Oh ! that my
life. .Would but redeeme one minute of his breath 1
8. To save (time) from being lost.
After the N. T. passages Eph. v. 16 and Col. iv. 5, in which
the Vulgate has tempits redimentes, rendering efa-yopa£o-
/tecOl TOP Kaipor.
1526 TINDALE Col. iv. 5 Walke wysely to them that are
with out, and redeme the tyme. 1596 SHAKS. i Hen. IV, l.
ii. 241 Redeeming time, when men thinke least I will. 1742
YOUNG Nt. Th. n. 75 Redeem we time?— Its loss we dearly
buy. 1781 COWPER Retirement 561 Not to redeem his time,
but his estate. 1880 J. F. CLARKE Self-Culture iii. (1889)
78 He worked, not by faith, but by sight, . . with inde-
fatigable energy, redeeming the time.
9. Of persons : To make amends or atonement
for, to compensate (an error, fault, etc.).
1326 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 14 b, Syth man may by
almesdede redeme all his synnes. 1553 EDEN Treat. Neivc
Ind. (Arb.) 18 Yf any man wound another .. he redemeth
thoffence. 1630 LORD Banians Introd., The President, was
urgent with me, to redeeme their omissions. 1667 MM.TON
P. L. in. 214 Which of ye will be mortal to redeem Mans
mortal crime. . ? a 1713 BURNET Own Time n. (1724) I. 257
They will labour to redeem all that is pass'd by turning . .
violently against them. 1790 GIBBON Misc. Wks. (1814) III.
414 The naked heir might often complain, that his father's
sins had been redeemed at too high a price. 1867 FRF.EMAN
Norm. Cong. (1876) I. App. 765 Snorro makes him redeem
former misdeeds by saving Cnut when in great danger.
fb. To make up to oneself for (some wrong
sustained) ; to repay. Obs. rare ~ '.
1596 SHAKS. i Hen. IV, m. ii. 132, I will redeeme all this
on Percies head.
C. To make good (a loss), rare.
1629 MILTON Nativity 153 The Babe. .That on the bitter
cross Must redeem our loss. 1818 JAS. MILL Brit. India
II. v. v. 528 The English were eager to redeem by a victory
the loss of Trincomalee.
10. Of qualities, actions, etc. : To make up for,
compensate for, counterbalance (some defect or
fault).
a 1586 SIDNEY (J.), Extremely faulty; and yet having no
§ood thing to redeem these. 1592 Nobody <s- Someb. in
impson Sch. Shaks.(\%i%) 314 The wrongs that you have
seene In me, my future vertues shall redeeme. a 1628 SIR
J. BEAUMONT Bosworth F. 178 Then doubled haste redeems
his former pause. 1788 GIBBON Decl. $ F. xlviii. V. 27 His
want of virtue was not redeemed by any superior talents.
111826 GIFFORD Ford's Plays (1827) I. Introd. 15 There is
nothing to redeem the absurdity of the plot. 1874 GREEN
Short Hist. ii. § 6. 87 His bravery had redeemed much of
his earlier ill-fame.
b. To save (a person or thing) from some
defect or blot. Also without const.
1601 SHAKS. Alts IVell iv. iii. 306 He hath out-villain'd
villanie so farre, that the raritie redeemes him. 1781 COWPER
Table Talk 664 A spark, Sufficient to redeem the modern
race From total night and absolute disgrace, 1833 LYTTON
Godolphin xxxviii, His ambition made Augustus odious;
his occasional forgetfulness of ambition alone redeems him.
184* TENNYSON Morte d'Arth. 279 Perhaps some modern
touches here and there Redeem'd it from the charge of
nothingness. 1849 RUSKIN Stones Veil. (1874) I. xxix. 334
A blank ceiling is not to be redeemed by a decorated
ventilator.
11. t a. To restore or bring into a condition or
state. Also intr. To return to a state. Obs.
c 1470 HENRY Wallace x. 1054 For Goddis saik radeym
anys to grace, And tak the croun. 1613 MIDDLETON
(titld The Triumphs of Truth. . . Directed, Written, and re-
deem'd into Forme, from the ignorance of some former times.
1688 NORRIS Theory Love 203 As to the redeeming us into
the ability of closing with what is discern'd best.
b. To restore, set right again, rare.
1575 GASCOIGNE Flowers Wks. 28 Hee wyll redeeme our
deadly drowping state. 1814 SCOTT Rokeby \. xix, With his
barb'd horse. .Stout Cromwell has redeem'd the day.
f!2. To gain, reach (a place). Obs. rare~l.
1648 HERRICK Hesper., Oberon's Palace, By many a crosse-
Track they redeem a bank of mosse Spungie and swelling.
Bedeemabi'lity. rare. [f. next + -ITY.]
Capability of being redeemed.
1882 in OGILVIE. 1888 GOSCHEN Sf. Ho. Comm. 5 July,
The Act regulating the redeemability, if he might use the
word, of these stocks.
Redeemable (ndrmab'l), a. and sb. [f.
REDEEM v. + -ABLE.] A. adj. Capable of being
redeemed, in various senses of the vb.
1611 COTGR., Rachettible, redeemable; ransomable ; re-
couerable for money, c 1642 Contra- Rt'/'licanfs Contfl. 16
Nations, .are not congregable, nor consultable, nor redeem-
able from confusion (pardon the hardnesse of words). 1768-
74 TUCKER Lt. Nat. (1834) II. 216 To say, that we are not
51 actually redeemed, but only made redeemable. 1850
AWTHORNK: Scarlet L. Introd. (1852) 36 His forfeited
powers may be redeemable. 1891 Sat. Rev. 26 Mar. 349/2
Us defeat will be honourable and redeemable.
300
b. spec. Of property sold or mortgaged, bonds,
stock, annuities, etc. : Capable or admitting of
being repurchased or bought in again.
1646 Z. BOYD in Zian't Flowers (1855) App. 31/1 The said
Laird wodset sold and disponed to us . . the lands of the
barronie ..under reversion alwayes redeemable from us.
1681 STAIR Inst. Law Scot. n. iii. § 22 (ed. 2) 205 Redeem-
able Rights are not so secure, because they may be evacuat
by order of Redemption. 1723 Land, Gaz. No. 6109/1 The
Royal Demesnes which have been alienated shall be re-
deemable by the Crown. 1815 HONE Every-day Bk. I. 165
The debt which the nation had incurred. ., whether redeem-
able or irredeemable. 1868-9 BROWNING Ring f; Bk. vnr.
1805 The very pearls that . . Pietro pawned . . Redeemable by
somebody. 1882 Globe 24 July 8/3 The same is hereby
created to the amount of £ 600,000 as a redeemable stock.
Jig. 1868 M. PATTISON Academ. Org. App. 341 A brilliant
lecture-list is a paper issue which may, or may not, be
redeemable at par.
B. sb.pl. Redeemable property,stocks,annuities,
etc. Now rare.
......
applied themselves to take in the remainder of the Annuities
and Redeemables. 17*7-41 CHAMBERS Cycl., Redeemable*,
are lands, funds, &c. sold with a reservation of the equity of
redemption. i88a Standard 3 Nov. 6/3 For Perpetual
Threes they ranged from 20 c. to 23 c. ; for Redeemables,
from 22 c. to 24 c.
Hence Redee-mableness, capability of being
redeemed; Redee mably adv., so as to be re-
deemable.
1737 BAILEY vol. II, Redeemableness. [Hence in JOHN-
SON and later Diets.] 1827 in Law Times Rep. <N. S.) L.
708/2 Real security for payment, .heritably, but redeemably
always in terms of the said bond. 1893 BRUCE Apologetics
i. i. 6 Christianity has faith in the redeemableness of human
beings.
Redeemed (r/drmd), ppl. a. [f. REDEEM v. +
-ED 1.] Delivered, atoned for, etc. Also absol.
1535 COVERDALE Isa. xxxv. 9 The redemed of the Lorde
shal conuerte, and come to Sion with thankesgeuinge. 1604
SHAKS. Oth. n. iii. 350 All Scales, and Simbols of redeemed
sins. 1667 MILTON P. L. XI. 43 Where with mee All my
redeemd may dwell in joy and bliss. 1753 C. WESLEY
Hymns for Watch-Night ix, We . . singing remove, With
all the redeem'd to the Sion above. 1816 I. SCOTT KM.
Paris (ed. 5) p. Ixiv, The shout of a redeemed and rejoicing
people. 1832 LYTTON Eugene A. v. viii, The greater villain
had escaped, the more generous and redeemed one fallen.
Redeemer (r/df-msj). Also 6 redeamer,
redemer, -ar, Sc. redemour, redimar. [f. RE-
DEEM v. + -EE l.]
1. One who redeems, in religious sense ; God or
Christ regarded as saving man from sin or its
effects. (Cf. REDEMPTOB.)
1432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) VIII. 201 A man .. havynge
woundes in his body lyke to the woundes of Criste, seyenge
that he was redemer of man. 1500-30 DUNBAR Poems ix. 2
My King, my Lord, and my Redeemer sweit. 1540 CROM-
WELL in Merriman Life f; Lett. (1902) II. 278, 1 pray the
eternall Redemer to preserue you all in long lyne. 1594
SHAKS. Rich. ///, n. L 123 The precious Image of our deere
Redeemer. 1667 MILTON P. L. x. 61 Mans Friend, his
Mediator, his design'd Both Ransom and Redeemer volun-
tarie. 1712 ADDISON Sped. No. 273 p 9 The whole God-
head . . under the Three-fold Distinction of a Creator, a
Redeemer and a Comforter ! 1794 PALEY Evid. IIL iv.
(1817) 309 The Redeemer and the destined Judge of the
human race. 1897 Catholic Diet. (ed. 5) 776/1 The older
heresies directly impugned the Person of the Redeemer.
2. One who redeems, in other senses of the vb.
1552 HULOET, Borower or redeamer of his gage, repig-
nerator. 1590 SPENSER F. Q. ii. v. 20 He would algates
with Pyrochles fight, And his redeemer chaleng'd fcr his
foe. ioo£ VERSTEGAN Dec. [ntell. iv. qi The redeemer of
the remainder of the captiue Troyans that were in Greece.
1672 Life <fr Death J. A Heine vi. 60 He was a careful re-
deemer of his time, a 1720 SHEFFIELD (Dk. Buckhm.) Wks.
(ed. 2) I. 340 Rome . . riots in the Blood of her Redeemers.
f3. [tr. L. redemptor.] A contractor. 06s.
a 1610 HEALEY Theophrastus To Rdr., These Redeemers
(so tearmed) were such as did hire scaffolds or stages, in-
stantly to be made. Ibid. (1636) 47 He sendeth them . . for
the redeemers of the Theaters.
Hence Kedee meress, a female redeemer; B«-
dee'mership, the office of a redeemer.
1612 R. SHELDON Serin. St. Martin's 42 A Sauiour of their
Sauiours and Sauiouresses : a Redeemer of their Redeemer-
esses. 1880 L. WALLACE Ben-Hur 501 Could any one then
deny the Redeemership of the Christ ?
Redeeming (rfth'mirj) , vbl. sb. [-LNG 1.] The
action of the vb. REDEEM, in various senses.
c 1470 HENRY Wallace vl. 195 O_uhar gret dulle is, bot
rademyng agayne, Newyn off it is bot ekyng off payne.
153S COVERDALE Ruth iv. 7 This was an olde custome in
Israel concernyrige the redemynge & chaunginge. 1575
Gahaay Arch, in \oth Kef. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. V. 425
For redeming and ramsoning of the Illes of Aren which . .
[are] in mortgadge and other wyse in pledge. 1604 E.
GRIMSTONE Hist. Siege Ostend 187 They parled about the
redeeming of prisoners. 1643 MILTON Divorce Pref., That
tends to the redeeming and restoring of none but such as
are the object of compassion.
Redee'ming, ///. a. [f. as prec. + -ING -.]
That redeems, in various senses of the vb. Com-
monly used with feature, quality, etc,
'754 WESLEY Hymns (ed. 3>xlv. I shall live to prove. .The
length and breadth. .Of thy redeeming love. 1827 POLLOK
Course T. v. 738 Redeeming features in the face of Time.
1836 MARRYAT Japhet xxxi, The major, with all his faults,
had redeeming qualities. 1862 STANLEY Jeajis/i Ch. (1877)
I. xiii. 261 The disorder of their limes sets forth the more
clearly the one redeeming element of trust.
REDELIVEK.
Redeemless (r/cU~mles), a. rare. [f. as prec.
+ -LESS.] Incapable of being redeemed, irrecover-
able ; admitting of no redemption.
1631 CHETTLE Hoffmattv. K, [We] will change his pleasures
into wretched And redeemelesse misery. 1632 QUARLES
Div. Fancies in. No. 52 Dragd to the redeemlesse layle.
1812 H. & J. SMITH Rrj. Addr., Arc/tit. Atoms 48 He is
doom'd to toss In legal shipwreck and redeemless loss.
Redefi ne, v. [RE- 5 a.j To define again.
1872 MlNTO Eng. Prose Lit. Introd. 14 One of the ancient
terms it might be well to revive and redefine. 1881 RUSSELL
liaigs v. 97 A jury, .to re-define the inarches.
So Redenni tion.
1865 MASSON Rec. Brit. Philos. 106 The whole tenor of
his labours was towards an assertion, purification, and re-
definition of Transcendentalism.
t Re'defdl, a. 06s. Forms : see REDE sb.l ;
also 3 redesful, reetful. [f. REDE rf.l + -FUL.]
Wise, prudent, full of counsel.
c 1205 LAY. 129 Hey [he] wes and riche ; & he wes redesful.
Ibid. 3008 pa answserde [she] mid rxtfulle worden. Ibid.
6537 He wes..radful and rihtwis. ^1320 Cast. Love 612
Wonderful God, and of miht, And redeful, and Fader ariht
Of alt* world.
Redefy, obs. form of RE-EDIFY v.
Rede ify, v. [RE- 5 a.] To deify again.
1839-48 BAILEY Festus iv. 31 Till the soul shall be By
grace redeified.
Redeime, obs. Sc. form of REDEEM v .
Redel(e, obs. forms of RIDDLE, van. RIDEL.
Redeless (n-dlts), a. Obs. exc. arch. Forms :
i rfed-, 3 redleas ; 3 redliese ; 3-6 red-, 4-5
redeles, (4 redelees, -lis, rydelles) ; 5 reed-,
6 red-, rydlesse; 5 red-, 9 redeless. [OE.
rsdllas - OFris. ridlas, MDu. raedloos (Du. rade-
loos\ OHG. ratelos (G. ratios), ON. rdSlauss (Sw.
radios, Da. raadlfs): see REDE sb.T- and -LESS.]
Devoid or destitute of counsel ; esp, of persons,
having no resource in a difficulty or emergency,
not knowing what to do.
rt 1000 Daniel 177 (Gr.) Gleaw ne waes gumrices weard,
re8e & redleas. c 1122 O. E. Chron. (Laud MS.) an. 1009
Wjes ba swilc hit call reedleas waere. c 1250 Gen. *t Ex.
3754 ' Nai, for gode ', quad moyses, ' It is a song wikke and
redles '. a 1300 Cursor M. 15695 O bam redles him reud
sare. 13.. E. E. Allit. P. B. 1107 penne wern bo rowtes
redeles m bo ryche wones. 1399 LANGL. Rich. Redeles 1. 1
Now, Richard the redeles, reweth on 3ou-self. c 1450
HOLLAND Hffwiat 968 Fra rule, ressoun and richt redless
I ran. 1494 FABYAN Ckron. v. cxxviii. no This woman,
beynge reedlesse, . . went vnto hym. 1536 in Ellis Orig. Lett.
Ser. H. II. 79, I am sokerles and as a redles createwr bot
only fro the grct tr[ust I] have in the Kyngs grace. [1883
GREEN Cong. Eng. vii. 339 The opponents of Eadward..
dreaded that .. he would be ..what they afterwards called
/lithelred, — a king ' redeless ' or uncounselled.J
absol. 12.. Prayer to Our Lady 27 in O. E. Misc. 193
Rede be redliese bat is wiS-ute rede. 13.. E. E. Allit. P.
C. 502 Rwe on bo redles bat remen for synne.
Redeli(che, varr. REDELY adv. Obs.
Redeliver (r/d/li-vsi), v. [RE-.]
1. trans. To give back, return, restore :
a. a thing.
1494 FABYAN Chron. vii. 341 All rollys..were delyueryd
vnto the sayde lohn Mansell, the whiche he there sealyd
and redelyuered them vnto the chamberleyne. 1539 TAVER-
NER Card. Wysed. i. 31 The money shulde nat be re-
delyuered to the one without the other. 1592 Nobody ft
Somcb. in Simpson Sen. Sliaks. (1878) I. 311 Will you be
King againe ? If they agree, He redeliver alt my royaltie.
1634 SIR T. HERBERT Trav. 125 The Gentleman when the
storme was past, re-deliuered her her Jewels. 1693 CON-
GREVE Old Bach. HI. vii, Go, and force him to redeliver you
the note. 1788 JEFFERSON Writ. (1859) !'• 438 They will
re-deliver it and disavow their officer who accepted it. 1868
Act 31 ft 32 Viet. c. 101 f 142 Deeds, .shall be registered . .
and thereafter re-delivered to the parties with certificates of
due registration.
b. a person kept in custody as a hostage, etc.
1494 FABYAN Chron. vn. 408 He .. redelyuered vnto hym
all suche hostages & pledges as his brother Alphons had
before tyme of hym receyued. 1580 Reg. Privy Council
Scot. Ser. i. III. 318 Quhilk Robert, being deliver!!., to him,
wes alsua immediatlie. .redeliuerit agane be him to Eliza-
beth Hay. 1620-6 QUARLKS Feast for Worntes vn, God ..
bespoke the whale, To redeliuer lonah to his hand, a 1648
LD. HERBERT Hen. VIII (1683) 416 He. .should desist from
Hostility.. and redeliver their Children.
2. To make or set free again.
1601 CHESTER Love's^ Mart, cxxiv, ludith . . that rede-
liuered the strong besieged Citie of Bethulia. 1633 Br.
HALL Contempt., O. T. xix. i, His mercy.. both in fore-
warning, and redelivering Ahab.
3. To deliver (a message, etc.) again.
1856 FROUDE Hist. Eng. I. 301 The ready damsel rede-
livered his instructions to the world in her moments of
possession. 1865 SEELEY Ecce Homo iii. 21 The Jewish
statesman was the prophet, and his business was to redeliver
to each successive generation, a proclamation [etc.].
f4. To repeat, report. Obs. rare—1.
1602 SHAKS. Ham. v. ii. 186 Osr. Shall I redeliuer you
e'en so 7 Ham. To this effect Sir.
Hence Redeli-vering vbl. sb.
1633 T- STAFFORD Pac. Hib. i. xii. (1810) 139 About the
redelivering thereof to Her Majesties use.
So t Hedeli-verage, discharge ; Bedeli'ver-
ance, •(• (a) redelivery ; (i>) a fresh deliverance ;
Bedeli verer, one who delivers again.
1611 COTTA Disc. Dang. Pract. Phys. i. iii. 12 Neuer
eating nor hauing..redehuera£e at the posternes. but en-
sensiblie. 1535 Act 27 Hen. Vill, c. 7 8 5 If any of the said
REDELIVERY.
.1847
fosters, .do deny the redeliveraunce of all suchcattel.
MRS, A. KERR tr. Ranke's Hist. Sen-ia 340 He had effected
the re-deliverance of the nation. i8i6HAZLiTT/W. £^.(1819)
91 No weathercock deliverers and redeliverers of mankind.
Redelivery (r/dfli-vari). [RE-.] The action
of giving back again, restitution ; restoration ;
also, the action of setting free again, liberation.
1494 FABYAN Citron* in. 501 To ayde and assyst, euery
man after his power, for y* redelyuerey of their prynce
agayne. 1530 RASTELL Bk, Purgat. m. xiii, Payment or
redelyvere of the goodes is a satisfaccyon, i577 FENTON
Gold. Epist. 72 lacob prayed for the redeliuerie of Beniamin.
1628 COKE On Litt. 161 A Repleum which is a redeliuery
of the distresse by the Sherife. 1668 CLARENDON Vindic.
Tracts (1727) 80 They answer'd, that they had. .sent Orders
for the Re-delivery of it. 1768 BLACKSTONE Ctw/w. III. ix.
1875 POSTE Gains in. Comm. (ed. 2) 423 There is usually a
delivery and a redelivery.
Redeli, variant of RIDEL Obs.
Redels, obs. form of RIDDLE s b.1
t Redely, adv. Obs. Forms : 3 reade-, 4
redeliehe, -lyohe, redeli, 4-6 redely. Comp. 5
redelyer. [App. a var. of REDLY adv.2, but
metrical examples freq. indicate that the con-
necting e was pronounced. The various senses
are not easily distinguished, and in some case-;
(see sense 4) the form is perh. written for rcdily
READILY (cf. also REDILY).]
1. Clearly, plainly, distinctly.
a 1225 Ancr. R. 344 Al he wule a domesdai reden ful
readeliche [v.r. witterliche] uorte bicleopien be mide.
a 1300 Cursor M. 25852 Qua bat dees in dedli sin sal duell
in bale,. .And sua we find ful redeli. 1390 GowERCoyC II.
139, I schal thee redely Devise hou men tberinne stonde.
c 1400 Berytt 3116, I am wiser then yee ween, For there nys
noon of gewe wool redely what I mean. 1470-85 MALORY
Arthur vn. xxxiv, Whan she sawe syr Gareth redely in the
vysage she. .fell doun in a swoune.
2. Certainly, assuredly.
c 1350 Will. Palerne 461 Redeli bi resoun berfore hem
rette i mai mi sorwe, c 1384 CHAUCER H. Fame I. 130
Wei wyste I Hyt was of Venus redely The temple, c 1304
P. PI. Crede 8u On his fader ri}t hand redeliehe he sittep.
c 1440 Gesta Rom. Ixx. 324 (Har!. MS.) 'We ben redy',
quop thei, ' to do this deede redely '.
3. Carefully, attentively.
1390 GOWEK Conf. I. 93 This knyht behield hir redely.
c 1400 Master of Game (MS. Digby 182) xxv, |>ei do drawe
hem nere hym as redely and warely as bei may.
4. ? Readily, quickly.
c 1380 Sir Ferumo. 270 Euere supbe y haue me raid redely
to py seruyse. c 1400 Song Roland 102 Redely the right
ere he pullid from the hed. 1443 Paston. Lett. I. 48, I
sopose that I xal redelyer have tydyngys from yow herr dan
1 xulde have ther. c 1489 CAXTON Sonnes of Aymon ii. 64
She felle doun all in a swoune, and Rtynawde toke tier
vppe redely. 1550 MARBECK (title} A Concordance, that is
to saie a Worke wherein . . ye male redely finde any worde
conteigned in the Whole Bible.
t Redelyng, app. a var. of radelyng RATLIN.
1466 Mann. 4- House/!. Exp. (Roxb.) 347 Paid to Thomas
Fuller, for xvij. Ii. of redelynge yerne, xij.<£ . . Paid for the
lynenge of the toppe armynge and for the toppc maste xx<£
Redem, obs. form of REDEEM v .
Redema-nd, s6. rare -". [RE-.] The act of
redemanding, ' a demanding back again '.
1828-32 in WEBSTER.
Redemand (r«dftn<rnd), v. [RE-. Cf. F. re-
demander ( 1 2th c.).]
1. trans, a. To demand the return of (a thing).
1576 FLEMING Panopl. Efist. 18 That the expences are . .
also redemaunded and taken away. 1603 KNOLLES Hist,
Turks_ (1621) 1223 Which places hee had oftentimes by as
just right redemanded, as they were by unjust forces
usurped. 1656 EARL MONM. tr. Boaalinfs Advts. fr.
Parnass. l. Ii. (1674) 66 [He] re-demanded the moneys
which he had given him. 1711 W. KING tr. Naude's Ref.
Politics iv. 140 He is always wavering, . . relinquishes what
he sought, then redemands what he relinquished. 1818
COLEUROOKE cV'//^ <z//[ws 98 If payment be made before.hand,
. . it cannot be redemanded and recovered. 1861 THOKN-
BURY Turner (1862) I. 399 He declares that Turner after-
wards re-demanded it, and charged two guineas for the loan.
b. To demand again.
1849 LVTTON K. Arthur n. cxxi, Once more forsake the
throng Call childhood back, and redemand the song. 1883
). PARKER Apost. Life II. 3^2 All the wondrous works of
Jesus Christ were redemanded by Nature.
2. To ask or inquire again.
a 1572 KNOX Hist. Ref. Wks. 1846 I. 176 The Cardinall
askyne, ' Who calles ? ' he answeris, ' My name is Leslye '.
He re-demandis, ' Is that Normond!' 1613 Six E. SACK-
VILLE in Guard. No 133 r 3, I redemanded if he would
request his life.
Hi nee Redema'nded ppl. a., Redema'nding
vbl. sb.
1611 COTGR., Repetition,, .a redemanding. 1859 LOWKI.I.
Biglow /'. Ser. \. Introd. (1866) 21 Rewards .. More solid
Uttn the redemanded praise With which the world be-
ribbons later days.
So Bedema-ndable a., that may be redemanded
(Webster 1828-32).
Redeme, obs. form of REDEEM v.
Redemer, obs. form of REDEEMER.
Redemi'se, si'. [RE-.] Law. The retransfer
of land lo one who has demised it.
1797 liiifjicl. Bril, (ed. 3) V. 748/2 DcnlLe and Rct/culis*;
301
denote a conveyance where there are mutual leases made
from one to another of the same land, or something out of
it. 1828-32 in WEBSTER.
So Redemi'se v., to demise (land) back again.
1828-32 in WEBSTER (citing Encyc.).
RedeniO'lish. v. [RE- 5 a. Cf. F. re&molir
(Cotgr.).] trans. To demolish again.
1611 COTGR., Redemolir, to redemolish, resubuert, ouer-
throw againe. 1736 LD. HERVEY Menu I. 140 Bragging
that their industry had re- demolished Dunkirk.
t Rede 'Hip, v. Oh.-1 [f. next.] To redeem.
1527 W. KNIGHT in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. i. I. 281 The
kyng hath sayde that in case Philip be taken by ennymyse
his Highnesse will redempe hym and pay his rawnesome.
t Rede mpt, pa. pple. and ///. a. Obs. rare.
[ad. L. redempt-zts, pa. pple. of redimere to RE-
DEEM.] Redeemed.
a 1450 Mankind 798 (Brand!) Aryse, my precyose redempt
sone ; ^e be to me full dere. c 1500 Everyman 548, I cum
with Knowlege for my redemcyon Redempt with herte and
full of contrycyon.
So fRede'mpt v, Obs. rare—'3.
1623 COCKERAM, Redempted) redeemed.
Redempteur, obs. variant of REDEMPTOB.
Rede'mptible, a. [ad. L. type *redempti~
bilis : see REDEMPT and -IBLE.] Redeemable.
1882 in OGILVIE.
Rede-mptine. [f. REDEMPT-OR + -INK.] Re-
demptoristine.
1889 Cath. Household 20 June 7/2 Miss D, . . was received
into the Order of the Redemptines.
Redemption (r/de-mPfan). Also 4-6 -cio(u)n,
-cyo(u)n, etc., 5-6 redemcion, 6-7 redemtion.
[a. F, redemption (i2th c. in Littr^), or ad. L. re-
demption-em, n. of action f. redimere to REDEEM.]
1. Deliverance from sin and its consequences by
the atonement of Jesus Christ.
a 1340 HAMPOLE Psalter xx. i Swa bat we be parcenel in
his redempcioun. 1340 — Pr. Const*. 7251 ' Ffor in hell ', he
says, *es na redempcyoune'. c 1380 WYCLIF^C/. Wks. II.
161 God jaf his sone to make it free, for noon o^er redemp-
cioun was ynow? for maimis synne. 1426 AUDELAY Poems
55 In tyme of his passcion, Here fore our redemcion, His
blesful blod he bled. 1509 FISHER Funeral Serm. C'tcss
Richmond Wks. (1876) 307 Byleuynge that he., came in to
this worlde for the redempcyou of synners. 1593 SHAKS.
Rich. If, in. ii. 129 Oh Villains, Vipers, damn a without
redemption. 1603 — Meas. for M. v. L 29 You bid me
seeke redemption of the diuell. 1667 MILTON/*. L. XH. 408
Proclaming Life to all who shall believe In his redemption.
1777 BLAIR .SVrw. (1810) I. v. 83 This was the hour in which
Christ . . accomplished our eternal redemption. 1845 S.
AUSTIN Ranke's Hist. Re/. III. 191 The doctrine of original
sin, on which the whole scheme of redemption rests. 1884
J. TAIT Mind in Matter (1892) 228 Miracles and prophecy
. . bore directly or indirectly on one point, —redemption.
b. Year of Redemption «= ANNO DOMIM.
1513 MORE in Grafton Citron, (1568) II. 756 The .ix. day of
April!, the year of our redemption .1463. 1599 SHAKS.
Hen. Vt i. ii. 60 Who died within the yeere of our Redemp-
tion, Foure hundred twentiesix. 1835 W. IRVING CVw/. Spain
I, Such was the state of Spain when, in the year of Redemp-
tion 701, Witiza was elected to the Gothic throne.
2. The action of freeing a prisoner, captive, or
slave by payment ; ransom.
c 1374 CHAUCER Troylus w. 80 (108) Ye haue now kaueht &
fetered in preson Troians y-nowe, and yf youre wille be,
My chyld with on may haue redempcion. 1433-50 tr.
Higden (Rolls) IV. 21 Pirrus. .sende to Rome his prisoners
withowte eny redempcion. 1460 CAPGRAVE Chron. (Rolls)
269 That thei schuld gader a certeyn summe for her lordis
redempcion. 1560 DAUS tr. SleidanJs Cotnm. 219 b, They
shoulde bee slayne withoute redemption, whensoever they
were found. 1604 SHAKS. Oth. r. iii. 138 Of being taken by
the Insolent Foe, And sold to slauery. Of my redemption
thence. 1671 MILTON Samson 1482 For his redemption all
my Patrimony, If need be, I am ready to forgo. 1709
STEELE TatlerNo. 105 r 2 Which purchased his Redemp-
tion out of the Hands of the Bailiffs. 1785 JEFFERSON
Corr. Wks. 1859 I. 477 Mr. Adams., and myself have agreed
to authorize the bearer hereof. . to treat for your redemption.
1855 MILMAN Lat.Chr. HI. v. (1864) II. 47 The redemption
of captives— that is the repurchase of slaves in order to
restore them to freedom — is esteemed an act of piety.
to. Jewish Law. The ceremony of redeeming
the eldest son by an offering (Numb, xviii. 15).
14. . in Tundale's Vis. (1843) 132 Lyke as the custom of the
law was Sche mekely made hys redempcion. 1892 ZANGWILL
Childr. Ghetto I. 83 The ceremony of the Redemption of
her grandson.
3. The action of freeing, delivering, or restoring
in some way. Without or past redemption : with-
out or beyond the possibility of deliverance, re-
covery, or restoration.
c 1470 HENRY Wallace vm. 1261 The flour of France,
withoutyn redempcioun, Throuch that foull deid, was brocht
to confusioun. 1650 H. BROOKE Conscrv. Health 175, 1 -shall
for the redemption of such as are deceived by it [etc.). 1769
BUKKE Late State Nation Wks. II. 95 The great ground-
work of his plan for the national redemption. 1818 BYRON
Ch. Har. iv. cxlv, Rome and her Ruin [arej past Redemp-
tion's skill. 1840 DICKKNS Barn, Rudgex\x\\t Though our
contract is at an end, and broken past all redemption. 1851
GALLENGA Italy 441 The battle of Custoza .. might have
marked the day of redemption for Italy.
b. Improving (of time) ; reclaiming (of land).
1755 YOUNG Centaur ii. Wks. 1757 IV. 147 Have you
never heard, my good Ladies, of the redemption of time ?
1862 I). WILSON i*rch. Man \\. 37 Spots mapped off for
redemption from river or lake.
c. That which redeems ; a redeeming feature.
2860 BURSTER Gr. Reinonstr, 73 The improvement in
REDEMPTIONIST.
literary studies and pursuits which was one of the redemp*
tions of his reign. 1863 COWOEN CLAKKB Shaks. Char. v.
128 Roderigo has so much of redemption in him, that we
commiserate his weakness.
4. The action of redeeming oneself from punish-
ment ; way or means of doing this ; atonement
made for a crime or offence.
1553 DK. NORTHUMBLD. in Four C. Eng. Lett. (1880) 22
Alas, my lord is my cryme so heynous as noe redemcion
but my blood can washe awaye the spottes thereof? 1603
SHAKS. Meas, for M. \\. iv. 113 Lawfull mercie Is nothing
kin to fowle redemption. 1647 N. BACON Disc. Govt. Eng.
i. xxx'ix. (1739) 59 If the circumstances favoured the Delin-
quent, he was admitted to redemption of Life or Member,
by Fine. 1800 Asiatic Ann. Reg., Misc. Tr. 335/1 If he be
able to purchase the redemption of his crime, that redemp-
tion shall be facilitated. 1873 BROWNING Red Cott. Nt.-cafi
in. 301 Vanity Was ended : its redemption must begin—
And, certain, would continue.
T b. A recompense. Obs. rare ~1.
1625 BACON Ess-, Envy (Arb.) 512 They .. thinke other
Mens Harmes a Redemption of their owne Sufferings.
5. The fact of obtaining a privileged status, or
admission to a society, by means of purchase.
£•1500 in Arnolde Chron. (i8n)8oThat noo man com in to
bee made free of this Citee by reaempcion wythout he bee
borne under the dominacion of our Soueraigne Lorde the
Kyng. 1606 in Vicary's Anat. (1888) App. iii. 162 It is
ordered that [he] . . shalbe made free of this Cittye by
Redempcion in the Companie of barborsurgeons. 1884
Times 28 June 6 It is only possible to become a member of
a Livery Company by patrimony, by apprenticeship, or by
redemption, which last means by purchase or gift.
6. The action of clearing off a recurring liability
or charge by payment of a single sum.
1494 FABYAN Chron. vi. ccvi. 218 Canutus .. redemed the
scole of Saxons, fre of all former trybute graunted.. J
whiche redempcyon of trybute . . was called Rome Scot.
1523 Churchiv. Ace. St. Giles' t Reading 19 Paid to Thomas
Burard for redemption of the new rents vij". 1844 H. H.
WILSON Brit. India III. 500 Whatever the amount might
be, at the period fixed by Parliament for the redemption of
the annuity, it should be applied in or towards that redemp-
tion. 1867 FREEMAN Norm. Cong. (1876) I. App. 751 Florence
describes his alms and his redemption of the tolls by which
pilgrims were troubled.
7. The action of redeeming or buying back from
another, in various applications. Equity of re~
demption : see EQUITY 5 b.
a 1548 HALL Chron^ Hen. VIII 109 b, The tributes and
other paimentes, whiche he should paie to the kyng of
Englande, for redempcion of Tornay. 1563-4 Reg. Privy
Council Scot. I. 262 [He] grantis the saidis landis . . to be
lauchfullie redemit. .and oblissis him to warrand the said
redemptioun. 1611 BIBLE Lev. xxv. 24 In all the land of
your possession, ye shall grant a redemption for the land.
1697 POTTER Antiq. Greece HI. xi. (1715) 100 Whence it
appears, that Redemption of the Dead was practis'd in
those Days. 1734 Act 7 Geo. //, c. 20 (title} An Act for the
more easy Redemption and Foreclosure of Mortgages. 1753
FIELDING Amelia Wks. 1775 X. 20 The first thing, after
redemption of the coat.. was to supply himself with snuff.
1838 W. BELL Diet. Law Scot. 829 The order of redemption
is prescribed by the clause of redemption in the redeemable
right. 1876 GEO. ELIOT Dan. Der. xxxiv, This crude young
gentleman, who apparently supposed that redemption was
a satisfaction to pawnbrokers.
8. attrib.j as redemption fee, money, work.
1535 COVERDALE Num. iii. 49 Then toke Moses y« redemp-
cion money. 2828-40 TYTLER Hist. Scot. (1864) I. 145
Levying from the towns and monasteries.. large sums of
redemption money. 1859 G. BUSH On Swe denborgs Doctr.
(1875) 42 The sum total of these conquests constituted his
redemption- work. 1897 MARY KINGSLEV W. Africa 498
Without claiming the redemption fees as they become due.
Hence Bede'mptional a., of or belonging to
redemption.
1840 DE QUINCEY £ssetifs Wks. 1859 X. 261 There might
still have remained the great redemptional and mediatorial
functions for Christ. 1854 Taifs M&gf> XXI. 174 Not only
is all religion redemptional in its principal interests. ., but it
is the only redemptional attribute.
t Bede'mptionary. Obs. rare-1, [f. prec.
+ -ABY.] One who enters a society by purchase
(cf. REDEMPTION 5).
1589 PECKHAM in Hakluyt Voy. III. 176 None, .are to^be
admitted in the seid society, but as Redemptionaries, which
will be very chargeable.
Redemptioner (rrde-mPfanaj). [-ER *.]
1. U.S. An emigrant who received his passage
to America on the condition that his services
there should be disposed of by the master or
owners of the vessel, until the passage-money and
other expenses were repaid out of his earnings.
1775 Rivington's New York Gazett. 30 Mar. 4/2 To be dis-
posed of, for a term of years, a number of Servants and
Redemptioners, just arrived from England. 1796 W. PRIEST
Trav. (1802) 145 The law respecting the redemptioners are
very severe : they were formed for the English convicts
before the revolution. 1805 JEFFERSON Writ. (1830) IV. 38
With respect to the German redemptioners, you know I can
do nothing. 1864 SALA in Daily Tel. 29 Sept., Passengers
to the States maybe brought out, not as free emigrants, but
as * redemptioners ', owing their passage-money to the com-
pany, who are to have a Hen on their earnings until this
debt is discharged.
2. One who clears off a charge by redemption.
1897 Board Agric. Leaflet No. 39 No fee is payable by
a redemptloner for such fn for mat ion.
Rede'inptioiiist. [f. as prec. t -JST.] f a.
A redeemer. Obs. b. ^ RANSOHEU _• a.
1647 SALTMAK--M .V/<jr£. Glory 162 The gcnerall Rede nip-
tionist. x866 Chambers' Encytl^ /?*uVw///<««j/, one of the
BEDEMPTIONLESS.
names of an order of monks devoted to the redemption of
Christian captives from slavery.
Rede'niptionless, a. [f. as prec. + -LESS.]
Incapable or redemption.
1866 Daily News 12 Feb. 6/3 The persons who have been
foremost in proclaiming the redemptionless character of the
Jamaica labourers are principally those who have had little
intercourse or practical acquaintance with them.
Redemptive (tfde-mPtiv), a. [ad. L. type
*redemptlv-us : see REDEMPT and -IVE.] Tending
to redeem, redeeming.
1647 M. HUDSON Div. Right Gffvt, Introd. 7 Redemptive
Divine Right is that which is grounded upon the will of
God concerning the manifestation of his mercy in the pre-
servation of Man-kind. 1825 COLERIDGE Aids Refl. (1848)
I. 250 The Redemptive Act, as the transcendant cause of
salvation. 1883 H. DRUMMOND Nat. Law in Spir. Jf.
xii. (1884) 414 These silent and patient processes .. are the
early stages in the redemptive work.
Redemptor (r/cle'mPt/i). Now rare. Also
5 -ure, 5-3> -our, 6 Sc. -eur. [a. or ad. F. r<f-
dempteur (OF. redemptor ^ Godef.), or L. redemptor^
agent-n. f. redimfre to REDEEM.]
fl. = REDEEMER i. Obs.
[«377 LANGL. P. PI. B. xt. 201 And after his resurreccioun |
Redemptor was his name.] c 1400 26 Pol. Poems (E. E. T S.)
140/589, I wote ryght well that myn redemptour Lyueth
yet. 1483 CAXTON Cato D iij, Hit was a moche precious
yefte whyche our redemptour gaue to us. c x«(io BARCLAY
Mirr. Gd. Manners (1570) Dv, That is a special! grace of
our dere redemptour. 151* Helyas in Thorns Prose Rom.
(1828) III. 38 The savyour and redemptor Jesu Chryst.
1600 J. HAMILTON Facile Tract, in Catk. Tract. (S.T.S.) ;
223 For the loue ye aucht to the honor of your redempteur.
1634 T. Norton's tr.Calmn\s Inst. Table Script. Quot., The \
Redemptor shall come to Sion.
2. A redeemer, in other senses of the word. rare.
1880 L. WALLACE Ben-Hur v. xi. 347 And . . now, O redemp-
tor of the flesh of swine, let us on. 1806 Speaker 18 July
53/2 Its redeemability converts the redemptors into rent-
chargers.
Redemptorist (r/de-mPtorist). [ad. F. re1- '
demptoriste : see prec. and -1ST.]
1. A member of the Roman Catholic Congrega- '
tion of the Most Holy Redeemer, founded at
Naples in 1732 by St. Alphonsus Liguori, and ,
devoted chiefly to work among the poor.
184* in BRANDS Diet. Set. t etc. 1863 SALAC<Z/£ Dangerous
III. ix. 287, I did as the good Redemptorist bade me. 1897
Catholic Diet. (ed. 5) 654/2 In his third edition Ballerini
replies to the charges of laxity which the Redemptorists
made against him.
2. attrib. or as adj. Belonging to the Order of
the Redeemer.
1863 SALA Capt. Dangerous III. ix. 283 The Blessed Old
Man that was a Redemptorist Father appeared. 1876
TREVELYAN Macaulay (1880) I. 73 A religious house of the
Redemptorist Order.
Hence Redemptori stine, a member of a recluse
and contemplative order of nuns, associated with
the Redemptorists (see quot).
1884 Catholic Diet. 711/1 The nuns .., commonly called
Redemptoristines, form the Order of the Most Holy Re-
deemer, as distinguished from the Congregation of mis-
sionaries.
Redemptory (r/deTn^tori), a. Now rare.
[ad. L.tjpe*Tt&m#&rimt\ see REDEMPT and -DRY.]
Of or pertaining to redemption ; redemptive.
1598 CHAPMAN Iliad i. 94 Till to her loved sire The black-
ey'd damsell be resign 'd ; no redemtorie hire Tooke for her
freedome. 1602 T. FITZHERBERT Apol. 61 That redemptory
& absolut sacrifice, which was to be offred but once. 1673
BROOKS Golden Key Wks. 1867 V. 255 Avrpop signifies a
redemptory price, a valuable rate. 1886 H. JAMES Bos-
tonians III. in. xxxvii. 126 A woman could live on per-
sistently, clinging to a great, vivifying, redemptory idea.
Redemptour, obs. form of REDEMPTOR.
Rede'mptrice. rare. [ad. L. redemptricenii
-triX) fern, of redetnptor.~\ A female redeemer.
1755 T. H. CHOKER Orl. Fur. iv. xlii, Well he knows, She
had been solely his redemptrice [It. redent rice} kind.
Redempture, obs. f. REDEMPTOR. Redem-
tion, obs. f. REDEMPTION. Redemyte, var.
REDIMITE a. and V. Obs. Reden, obs. f. READ j
v.t REDAN, REDE t;.1, obs. pa. pple. RIDE v.
Re-de-nigrate, v. [RE- 53.] To blacken
or darken again.
1664 POWER Exp. P kilos, i. 74 If you super-add a few
drops of oyl of Tartar . . it re-denigrates it again. 1721
BAILEY, R edcnigrate^ to recover in Blackness.
Redens, Redent, obs. forms of REDAN.
t Redented, ///. a. Obs. rare-1, [f. redent
(see REDAN) + -ED 2.] Formed like the teeth of
a saw ; dented, indented.
1753 CHAMBERS Cycl. Supp. s.v. Redens, The parapet of
the corridor also is frequently redented, or carried on in the
way of redens.
det;
Redepo'sit, v. [RE- 5 a.] To deposit again.
1856 MRS. GORE Life's Lessons I. vii. 112 After . . he had
re-deposited the poor cripple on her couch. i86a ANSTED
Channel Isl. ir. xi. (ed. 2) 292 The water . . had slowly re-
deposited lime. 1889 G. FINDLAY Eng. Railway % The Bill
was re-deposited in the ensuing session of Parliament.
So Bedeposrtion.
1863 LVALL Antiq. Man 49 Changes .. brought about by
302
the deposition, removal, and redeposition of gravel, sand,
and fine sediment.
i' Re'der. Obs. rare. [f. REDE z>.l + -ER * ; cf.
OFris. redir, OHG. r&tiri (MHG. ratxre, G.
rater).] An adviser, counsellor.
1340 Ayenb. 184 Ac loke . . uram kueade rederes, and ne akse
no red at foles. 1534 WHITINTON Tttllyes Offices i. (1540) i
Thou . . must needs habounde in preceptes and rules of
phylosophye..for the synguler author! tie of thy reder.
Reder(e, obs. forms of READER.
Rederiva'tion. rare"1. [RE- 5 a.] A second
derivation, t drawing or leading off.
a 1631 DONNE Serm. cxxi. V. 138 In each of these three
there is a Rederivation into three Branches.
Redescend (rfd/se-nd), v. [RE- 5 a. Cf. F.
redescendre (i3th c.).] To descend again :
a. intr. (Cf. DESCEND 1-9.)
1597 MIDDLETON Wisd. Solomon vi. i Forthwith the voice
of God did redescend. 1650 HOWELL Lett. n. liii. 67 O let
them redescend, and still Sly soul with holy raptures fill.
1766 Compl. Fanner s.v. Sa/>, Through these it re-descends
to the root, and thence to the earth again. 1821 SHELLEY
Prometh. Unb. in. i. 24 That fatal child ..Who waits .. To
redescend and trample out the spark. 1868 LOCKVER Guille-
mins Heavens (ed, 3) 459 The sea.. by degrees re-descends
to its point of departure.
b. trans. (Cf. DESCEND n.)
1819 W. TAYLOR in Monthly Mag. XLVII. 398 He was
obliged to re-descend the pulpit. 1836-7 SIR W. HAMILTON
Mftaph, xxxv. (1859) U- 295 Having reached the pinnacle
of generalisation, we may redescend the ladder.
Hence Redesce'nding///. a.
1883 STEVENSON Treas. Isl. \\\. xiv, Only the rustle of the
redescending birds., disturbed the languor of the afternoon.
So Bedesce nt, a fresh descent.
1836-9 TODD Cycl. Anat. II. 755/1 Such pressure will be
sufficient to prevent a re-descent.
Redescri'be, v. [RE- 5 a.] To describe again.
1871 BROWNING Pr. Hohenst. 302, I can redescribe .. where
some segment silver-true Stays clear. 1897 Allimtt's Syst.
Med. IV. 28 Urochrome first described by Dr. Thudichum
in 1864 and recently, .redescribed by Dr. A. E. Garrod.
So Bedescri ption.
1884 GOODE Nat. Hist. Aqnat. Anim. 337 The numerous
redescriptions to which almost all widely distributed forms
have been subjected.
Redesful, variant of REDEFUL a. Obs.
Redesi'gn, v. [RE- 5 a.] To design again.
1891 MORRIS in Mackail Life (1899) II. 262 The t does not
look well : I shall have to re-design it. 1895 Westtn. Gaz.
18 Feb. 2/3 We want our stamps re-designed.
Redesi're, v. [RE-.] To desire or request
again ; to desire the return of (a thing).
1599 B. JONSON Ev. Man out of Hum. in. ii. Therefore,
good father, these are .. to re-desire you, that [etc.]. 1614
LODGE Seneca, Ep'tst. 167 There is nothing the losse whereof
is more easie to be supported then of that which, being lost,
cannot be redesired.
Redesman(rf'dzmsen). Obs.wz.arch. Forms:
1-3 raedes-, 3 reades-, reattes-, 4 (9) redes-.
[OE. rxdesrnann, f. rsed REIJE sb.1 + MAN ; cf. Du.
roads man j G. ratsmann^ ON. raffs/MaSr."] Coun-
sellor, adviser, y steward,
1039 in Earle Land Charters , etc. (1888) 298 >Et steorran
be pa wxs baes kinges ra:desmann. cii22 O. E. Chron.
(Laud MS.) an. 1039 His raedes menn hit sy33on strange
forguldon. a 1225 Leg. Kath. 573 }e schulen beon mine
readesmen \i'.r. reaSesmen] in all mine dearne runes. 1258
Prod. Hen. Ill (1868) 21 This wes idon setforen vre isworene
redesmen. c tytoCast. Love 1225 Nas f>is a good redes-mon
pat vs so deore for-buggen con? 1892 BROOKE Early Eng.
Lit. II. 68 Bishop Daniel., was his most trusted redesman.
Redespatch : see REDISPATCH.
Redete*rmiue, v. [RE- 5 a.] To determine
again.
1611 COTGR., Rappoincter^ .. to redetermine, redecree.
Ibid., Redelibtrer^ to redeliberate, redetermine of. 1828
HEHSCHELL in Mem. R. Astron. Soc. III. 197 [A star] as
since observed, and the place &c. redetermined. 1862
DRAPER Intell. Devel. Europe iv. (1864) 1. 91 To redetermine <
their boundaries after the subsidence of the flood.
So Bedeterniina'tion, a fresh determination.
1867 G. F. CHAMBERS Astron. i. i. 3 The importance of a ;
re -determination was thus rendered more and more obvious, j
1881 Athenseum 21 May 691/3 He proposes to undertake a :
redetermination of the constant of aberration.
t Redevable, a. (and s&.) Obs. Forms : 6 J
redueable, 7 reduable, redewable ; 7 rediv-
able, 6-8 redevable. [ad. F. redevable (istli c.
in Littre), f. redevoir (see RE- and DKVOIR) -*-
-ABLE. Some of the forms are influenced by DuErt.]
Beholden, indebted. Also as sb., a debtor.
1502 Ord. Crysten Men (W. de W. 1506) iv. xiii. R vij b,
Whan, .the dettour hath not of Justyce excusacyon that he
sholde not . . paye, than such redeuable is contynually in the
state of dedely synne. 1627 W. D. tr. A utiiguier's Lisandcr
13, I thanke God and your good helpe, unto whom I am
redueable for my life. 1647 BOYLE Let, to Hartlib 8 May,
Wks. 1772 I. p. xl, To the former.. I am also redevable for
a very handsome complimental letter. 1711 Fingall RISS.
in loM Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. V. 152 The King
would have been redevable unto their prowess.
Redeve'lop. [RE- 50.] To develop again.
1882 H. SPENCER Princ. Social., Pol. Inst. 553 There sur-
vived in them, or were re-developed in them, the family. I
organization, rights, and obligations. 1889 A nthony's j
Photogr. Bull. II. 82 Bleach it with mercury, .. wash and
redevelope with hydroquinone.
Hence Redeveloped ///. a.t Bedeve loper, Be-
deve'lopment.
RED FISH.
1873 SPON Workshop Rec. Ser. i. 265/1 Removing the
bromine, .by means of redevelopment. ttyqCasselt's Techn.
Edvc. III. 143 In ordinary cases one application of the re-
developer will be sufficient. 1882 H. SPENCER Princ. Social.,
Pol. Inst. 576 The re-dtfvelopement of military organization
in modern times. 1890 Anthony's Photogr. Bull. III. 341
The redeveloped bromide print.
RedeyO'te, »• [RE- 5 a.] To devote anew.
a 1711 KEN Hymnarium Poet. Wks. 1721 II. 68 To thee
I re-devote my Heart.
Redewable, variant of REDEVABLE a. Obs.
t Re dewise, a. Obs. rare —\ [f. REDE sbl +
WISE a.] Wise in counsel.
a 1225 St. Marker. 13 Rumnes of helle, the rehest ant
the redewisest of alle theo in helle.
Red-eye.
1. A European fish, the rudd, Leucisciis erythr-
ophthalmus.
#1672 WILLUGHBY Icthyogr. (1686) Tab. v. 10 Red eye,
BelgtSi i.e. oculus. Coccineus. a 1704 RAY Synopsis Pise.
(1713) 116 £«*4*qf..TlM Red-Eye. 1740 R. BROOKES Art
of Angling 55 The Red-Eye . . is very much like a Bream,
but thicker. 1836 YARRELL Brit. Fishes 1. 412 To this second
division [Cyprinidae] belong four British species, the largest
of which, the Rudd or Red-eye, is a very common fish in
Europe, 1884 Chant b. Jrnl. 3 May 273/2 The rudd, or
red-eye, a beautiful active fish, is very abundant.
2. The name of several American fishes, as (a)
the rock-bass, (b) the red-fish, (<:) the green or
blue-spotted sunfish.
1820 RAFINESQUE in Smitkson. Coll. (1877) XIII. ix. i. 22
Red-Eye, Aplocentnts. 1877 JORDAN /&#., The name* Red-
Eye ' in the region which this fish is supposed to inhabit is
chiefly applied to the Rock- Bass (Ambfoplites ntpestris).
1884-5 Riverside Nat. Hist. (1888) III. 131 More closely
allied to American Cyprinidae are the roach,.. the red-eye
(Scardinius\
b. Used attributively.
1820 RAFINESQUE in Smithson. Coll. (1877) XIII. ix. i. 20
Red-Eye Sunfish, fcthelzs Erytkrops.
3. U.S. The red-eyed vireo (Cent. Diet. 1891).
4. U.S. slang. Coarse fiery whisky.
a 1859 in Bartlett Diet. Amer. 358, I promised the over-
seer, .a demijohn of red-eye if all went straight.
Red-eyed, a.
1. Having the iris of a red colour. Also transf.
1646 CRASHAW Steps to Temple 80 Bid the golden god, the
sun, .. Put all his red-eyed rubies on. 1653 R. SANDKKS
Physiogn. 158 They are reddish- or red-eyd, which signifies
their malice. 1752 J. HILL Hist. Anim. 525 The red-eyed
Lepus, with a very short tail. 1838 DICKENS O. Twist xv,
At his feet sat a white-coated, red-eyed dog.
2. In the specific names of certain birds : Having
red eyes, or eyes surrounded by a red ring.
1752 J. HILL Hist. Anim. 370 The red-eyed Parrot. 1754
CATESBY Carolina I. 54 The red ey'd Fly-catcher. Mnsci-
capa olivacea. The iris of the eyes are red. 1783 LATHAM
Gen. Synopsis Birds II. L 211 Red-eyed Bunting. Round
the eyes naked, and of a rose-colour. 1831 SWAINSON Fauna
Bor. Amer. II. 233 Vireo oli-uaceus. ., Red-eyed Greenlet.
1831 WILSON, etc. Amer. Ornilh. II. 270 Their manners
very much resemble those of the red-eyed, or towhe bunt ing.
1834 AUDUBON Ornith. Biog. II. 287 The Red eyed Fly-
catcher is an inhabitant of the whole of our forests. 1883
Century Mag. Sept. 683/1 The nest of the red-eyed vireo is
one of the most artfully placed in the wood.
3. Having the eyelids reddened by tears, want
of sleep, or the like. Also transf.
1865 DICKENS Mut. Fr. iv. xv, It was as heavy on him in
his scanty sleep, as in his red-eyed waking hours. 1894
FENN Real Gold 227 No sleep came to the restless lads;
and the next morning found them red-eyed and feverish.
t Rede-;ive. Obs. rare. [OE. rxdgifa, -gyfa
«OFris. redgeva, -zeva, OS. r&dgebo^ OHG. r&t-
gebo, -kepo (MHG. -gebe\ ON. rffigjafa f. rxd
REDE sb.i + -jpfa f. gffan to GIVE.] One who gives
rede or counsel ; a counsellor, adviser.
1006 Laws o/Ethelred vi. heading^ Dis sindon ba gerjed-
nessa be Engla raedgifan gecuran and zecwaedan. cnoo
0. E. Chron. (MS. F.) an. 1051 Stigand.fe was f>es cinges
raed jifa & his hand prest ci2Og LAV. 11615 Cleope nu to
raede bine ra-d-giuen wise. Ibid. 24888 per men gunnen
rune, his red?euen wise.
Red-faced, a. Having a red face. Also transf.
1579-80 NORTH Plutarch (1595) 369 He was somewhat
giuen to be redfaced. 1599 SHAKS. Hen. V, in. ii. 34 For
Bardolph, hee is white-huer'd, and red-fac'd. 1712-13 J.
TILLARD in Hearne Collect. (O.H.S.) IV. 81 Y« most red-
faced Topers in either university. 1727 BOYER Diet. Royal
1, Rougeaudt..& red-faced or ruddy complexion'd Man or
Woman. 1829 B. HALL Travels I. 349 A village of birch-
bark wigwams, thinly inhabited by a dirty set of red-faced
inhabitants. 1847 TENNYSON Princ. v. 114 But red-faced
war has rods of steel and fire. 1880 C. R. MARKHAM Pentv.
Bark 197 The red-faced man whom I had met on the road
to Saudi a.
b. In names of birds, etc.
1784 PENNANT Arct. Zool. II. 584 Red-faced Corvorant.
1816 SHAW Gen. Zool. IX. 11.448 Red-faced Finch (Frin-
gilla afro). 1817 Ibid. X. ii. 340 The Red-faced Flycatcher
is found in Siberia. 1882 Proc. Zool. Soc, App. 798 Red-
faced Saki (Brachyurus ntbicundus).
Red-fin, -finned : see RED a. 14 a, 14 b, i8b.
Red fish, re-d-fish.
1. A male salmon in the spawning season, when
it assumes a red colour. Also Comb.
14. . Ordo Justiciarie in Sc. Acts Far!. (1814) App. iv. 343
All reid fische slaeris in forbodin tyme. 1457 Sc. Acts
Jas, //, c. 33 (1814) 51 Anentis rede fische it is ordanyt
[etc.]. 1585 Reg. Privy Council Scot. Ser. i. III. 739
[They] sail desist and ceis . . fra slaying of ony reid and
blak fibche. 2836 YARRULL Brit. Fisfos II. 10 The body
RED-FOOTED.
partakes of the golden orange tinge, and the Salmon in this
state is called a red-fish. The females are dark in colour,
and are as commonly called black-fish. 1870 PKNNEU. Hind.
Pract. Angler 146 ' Foul fish ' before spawning are, if males,
termed ' red fish '.
b. The salmon, in contrast to ' white fish.
1851 MAYHEW Lond. Labour I. 62/2 The fish sent to
London is knou-n to Billingsgate salesmen as ' red ' and
' \\ liite ' fish. The red fish is confined to salmon.
2. a. The red gurnard, Trigla cuculus.
1611 COTGR., Koitgettet the Red-fish ; verie like a Gurnard,
and by some held to be the same. 1611 FLORIO, Grincw, . .
a Gournet, a Rochet or red fish. 1743 Phil. Trans. XL1I.
612 There are. .Sharks, Holly-butts, Red-fish, Trout. 1863
Covcu £rit. Fis/ics II. 19 Red-Fish. Soldier. Red Gurnard.
b. The name of various American fishes, esf.
the blue-backed salmon (Oncorhyncns nerka), the
red perch or rose-fish, and the red-drum.
1876 GOODE in Smithson. Coil. XIII. VI. 14 Teleoce&hali
acanthopteri.. red-fish, rock cod [etc.]. Ibid. 62 Red fish or
spotted bass (Sciaeitops otellatHs}. 1877 JORDAN Ibid. ix.
32 note, Anomal Fallfish, Rntilus Anomalus .. Vulgar
names : Chub, Redfish, Fallfish. 1881 — in Goode Nat.
Jlist. Aqitat. Anim. 477 This species [Oncorkynchns nerka]
is known as the 'Red-fish 'to the English speaking in-
habitants of Alaska and Kamtchatka. 1884-5 Riverside
Nat. Hist. (1888) III. 249 The S(r/'itsles] ruariuus is
variously known as the rose-fish, red-fish, red-perch, Nor-
way haddock [etc,].
8. fa. Fish cured in a certain way (see quot). Oh.
1717-41 CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v. Fish, Red Fish is some fresh
fish broiled on the gridiron, then fried in oil of olives, and
barrelled up with a proper liquor, as new olive-oil, vinegar,
salt, pepper, cloves, and laurel leaves, or other herbs.
b. (See quot. 1883.)
1865 DAY Fishes Malabar 237 A delicious condiment
known under the name of ' Red-fish '. 1883 SIMMONDS Usef.
Anim., Red Fish, ., a delicious condiment prepared in the
Straits Settlements with Engraulis commersonianns, salted,
with vineear, spices and powdered red rice.
Red-flowered, -flowering : see RED a. 14 c,
15 b. Kedfol, -fill, varr. REDEFUL a. Obs.
Bed-footed, a. Having red feet. Chiefly
Ornilh., esp. in red-footed falcon, the orange-legged
hobby (Falfo rufipcs or •vespertinus).
1785 LATHAM Gen. Synopsis Birds III. 11. 572 Red-Footed
Plenguin]. 1831 WILSON, etc. Amer. Ornith. IV. 358 Red-
footed tern. Sterna, hirnndo. 1837 GOULD Birds Europe I.
PI. 23 Red-footed Falcon .. Falco ntjipes. . . Our bird is the
Orange-legged Hobby and Ingrian Falcon of Dr. Latham.
1843 YARRELL Brit. Birds I. 44 The Red-footed Falcon is a
species of small size. 1872 WOOD Insects at Home 162 We . .
take for our first example of these Beetles the Red-footed
Weevil (Britchus ntfimanus).
Red -fronted : see RED a. 14 b.
Bed game. The red grouse, Lagopus scoticus
(see GROUSE). ? Obs.
1674 RAY Coll. Words, Eng. Birds 85 The Redgame :
Grygallus minor. 1676 — Willughby's Ornith. II. 128 The
Gor-cock or Moor-cock, or Red-game. 1761 Act 2 Geo. Ill,
c. ID § t No Person . . shall . . take, kill . . buy [etc.], . . any
grouse, commonly called Red Game, between the first Day
of December and the twenty-fifth Day of July, in any Year.
1707 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) XVIII. 398/2 The scoticus, red
tame, or moor-fowl is peculiar to the British islands. 1819
HAW Gen. Zool. XI. II. 294.
Redgeling, variant of RIDGELING Obs.
t Red-gown ;d, -gowm. Obs. Forms : 5 red
gowud, o reed gounde, 7 red gowm, 9 gown.
[App. f. RED a. + GODND sb., but perh. an altera-
tion, by popular etym., of RADEGOUND.] = next
c 1440 Promp. Parv. 426/2 Red-gownd, sekenesse of yonge
chyldryne, scrophnlits. 1530 PALSGR. 261/2 Reed gounde
sicknesse of chyldren. 1657 C. BECK Univ. Char. K iij b,
Red gum or red gowm a sickness in Children. 1678 LITTLE-
TON Lat. Diet., Strophulus, Red-gowm, a sickness of young
children. 1812-20 THOMPSON Cullen's Nosol. Meth. (ed. 3)
321 Strophittus intertinclus, the red gum or gown, occurs
chiefly within.. the two first months after birth.
Bed gum, red-gum1. [Alterat'°n of prec.,
after GUM s/>.~ 4,]
1. A papular eruption or rash (Strophulus inter-
tinctus) incident to young children, esp. during
dentition, consisting of red pimples and patches
irregularly disposed on the skin. Rank red gum,
a virulent form of this (Strophulus confertus).
1597 GERARDE//<TtaV2i8The leaues stamped and strained
into milke.. helpeth the red gumme and frets in children.
1598 SYLVESTER Da Bartas it. i. in. Furies 531 Their heads
are hid w"> skalls; Their Limbs with Red-gums and with
bloudy bals Of Menstruall humour. 1601 HOLLAND Pliny
II. 127 A proper liniment .. to annoint young children that
haue the red gum and be all broken out. 1698 FRYER Ace.
f.. India i, P. 378 Red Gum, which besets our Children in
turope, is pernicious to Old Age here. 1749 Phil. Trans.
XLVI. 234 There appeared an Eruption all over his Skin,
which was at first taken by the Nurse for the Red-Gum.
1796 JANE AUSTEN Sense S, Sens, xxxvii. The child, .was all
over pimples. . . ' Lord ! my dear ', says I, ' it is nothing in
the world but the red-gum '. 1822-34 Good's Study Med.
(ed. 4) 1. 36 A rash appears on the skin, usually the red-
gum. 1899 AlUntt's Syst. Mtd. VIII. 586 Lichen strophu-
losiis or strophnlns, 'red gum', ' ^-jething rash1, usually
regarded as a sweat rash.
2. A form of rust in grain. Also attrib.
1807 VANCOUVER Agric. Devon (1813) 147 The burnt, red-
gum, or cockle-eared, are diseases little, indeed almost
wholly unknown. 1851 J. M. WILSON RuralCycl. s.v. Kust,
ihe red-gum variety occurs only on the ear, and appears
like yummy exudations.
Bed gum, red-gum 2.
1. A reddish resinous substance exuded from the
303
bark of various tropical or semi-tropical trees and
shrubs, esp. that obtained from various Australian
species of Kucalyptus.
1738 STIBIIS Voy. Gambia 267, I shall now describe the
Pau de Sanguc, or Blood-wood, so called from a red gum
which issues from it. 1788 J. WHITE Voy. ff. S. Il\r/,:s
' ' :h
865
- ., jual
red gum was observed oozing out from the bark. . .This gum
is a species of Kino.
2. A tree of one or other of the Australian species
of Eucalyptus yielding a red gum ; also, the wood
of these trees.
1821 MART in Field Gcog. Mem. N. S. Wales 316, I found
also the red.. and blue gum. 1846 HAVDON 5 Yrs. Aus-
tralia. Felix 33 Red gum, a wood which has of late years
been exported to England in great quantities ; it has all the
properties of mahogany. 1870 TUCKER Tlu Mute, etc. 85
Then the dark savage 'neath the red gum's shade Told o'er
his deeds. 1889 MAIDEN Useful Native Plants 429 Eu-
calyptus amygdalina. . . This Eucalypt has even more
vernacular names than botanical synonyms. .. In Victoria it
is one of the * Red Gums '.
3. attrib., as red-gum pitcher, tree, wood.
1790 J. WHITE Voy. N. S. H'alcs App. 231 The Red Gum
Tree, Eucalyptus Resini/era. 1843 HOI.TZAPFFEL Turning
1. 86 There is . . a variety of a redder tint called red Gum-
wood. 1868 CARLETON Austr. Nights 14 While she, the
younger, went to fill Her red-gum pitcher at the rill.
Red-haired, «. [See RED a. i e.] Having
red or reddish hair. (Chiefly of persons.)
x£oo-zo DUNBAR Poems xxxii. 16 He wes ane lusty reid
hatrd [v.r. rid-harit] lowry. 1530 PALSGR. 322/1 Reed heared,
roux, rouse. 1607 CHAPMAN Busty a' A mbois in. i, Worse
than the poison of a red-hair'd man. 1715 HEARNECW/rc/.
(O. H. S.) V. 129 The famous Dr Hammond was a red-hair'd
Man. 1777 LIGHTFOOT Flora Scot. II. 1002 Red-haired
Byssus. 1815 SCOTT Guy M. xviii, Is my future friend red-
haired? 1889 I. TAYLOR Orig. Aryans ii. no The tall, red-
haired brachycephalic Irishman and Scot.
absol. 1726 SWIFT Gulliver iv. viii, It is observed, that the
Red-haired of both Sexes are more libidinous and mis-
chievous than the rest.
trans/. 111704 T. BROWN tVks. (1720) III. 187 The red-
hair'd Chariotteer of the Day, meaning the Sun. 1813
W. S. WALKER Gustavns Vasa in. lor But see ! the red-
haired sun to ocean bends.
Bed hand, red-hand, a. and */>.
A. adj. 1. Sc. (orig. Law). = REDHANDED I.
(Common in i6th c.)
1432 Sc. Acts Jus. I, c. 2 Gif he may be ouretakyn he
salbe put in sikkir festines quhil be law be done on hym . ,
Ande be it red hand it salbe done w'in bat sonne. 1535
STEWART Cron. Scof. III. 274 That samin carle . . Come the
thrid nycht, ..To steill the irnes, and wes tane reid hand.
1580-81 Reg. Privy Council Scot. Ser. i. III. 346 The said
justice and warden sail tak na mannis tennent or servand
for executing of justice upoun him, except he be tane reid-
hand. 1678 SIR G. MACKENZIE Crim. Laiv 136 If he be not
taken red-hand the sheriff cannot proceed against him.
1700 in Hector Judic. Recs. Rcnfrewsh. (1876) 188 Taken
red hand with soume small goods a little from the house.
1768 ERSKINE fnsl. Lam Scot. 11. iv. § 4 The case where ihe
murderer is seized red-hand or in the act. 1881 MRS. WAL-
FORU Dick Nethcrby vii, We'll tak' the hoos i' the flank, an'
catch the twa o' them reid-hand.
2. = RED-HANDED i c.
1894 CROCKETT Raiders (ed. 3) 381, I was known for a
gypsy and a red-hand follower of the chief persecutor.
B. sb. 1. In phr. with (the) red hand = A. I.
(Orig. Sc. only, and now rare.) Also f without
red hand, without clear evidence of guilt.
1577-8 Reg. Privy Council Scot. Ser. i. II. 666 The said
Alexander Winsister wes not takin with reidhand. 1597
SKENE De Verb. Sig>i. s.v.SMreff, Gif he beis apprehended
with reid hand Justice sail be done within that Sunne. And
gif he be taken and apprehended without read hand, Hee
salbe put in prison. 1609 — Reg, Maj., Quoniam Attach.
c. 30 S 2 Gif he is takin with reid or hait hand of slauchter.
1878 LEA Sitperst. ft Forct (ed. 3) 23 note, A murderer was
allowed to rebut with his single oath all testimony as to his
guilt, unless he chanced to be caught with the red hand.
2. Her. (See quot. 1863, and cf. BLOODY a. 2 b.)
1856 ff. «, Q. 2nd Ser. I. 226/2 The Red Hand of Ulster.
1863 CHAMBERS Bk. of Days 22 May, I. 670/2 From the
connexion of the first baronets with Ulster, they were
allowed to place in their armorial coat the open red hand
heretofore borne by the forfeited O'Neils, the noted Lamlt
derg Eirin, or red hand of Ulster.
Bed-handed, a.
1. In the very act of crime, having the evidences
of guilt still upon the person, esp. in phr. to take,
or be taken, redhanded.
App. first in Scott : the older Sc. phrase was REDHAND.
1819 SCOTT Ivanhoe xxv, I did but tie one fellow, who was
taken redhanded and in the fact, to the horns of a wild stag.
1857 G. LAWRENCE Guy Liv. iv, The fact of the property
being found in our possession constituted a jfJagraits
delictum — we were caught ' red-handed '. 1893 KAM.
DUNMORE Pamirs 1. 306 A notorious thief was caught red-
handed in the act of breaking open a lock.
b. Fresh from the commission of murder or
homicide ; having the hands red with blood.
1861 Reynolds' Newsp. 24 Nov., Call a drum-head court-
martial, and hang the murderer red-handed ! 1885 MABEL
PEACOCK in Academy 10 Oct. 239/3 When Abel in thine
arms lay dead, And Cain red-handed turned and fled.
Jig. 1878 Kosw. SMITH Carthage 175 While Hamilcar was
returning redhanded from his desperate victory.
c. That sheds or has shed blood ; bloody, san-
guinary, violent.
1879 TOURCEE Foots Err. (1883) 16 He had hitherto been . .
BED-HEELED.
( a red-handed slayer of men ! 1894 CROCKETT Raiders (ed. 3)
38 The evil gypsies of the hill— red-handed men.
2. Having red hands, a. As the distinctive epithet
of certain monkeys.
1828 STARK Klem, Nat. Hist. I. 53 M. ruftmanus,. .The
Red-handed Howler. Fur black ; hands red. 1882 Prcc.
Zool. Soc. App. 789 Red-handed Tamarin.
b. Applied to a species of orchis.
1805 DUNCUMB Agric. Hereford 172 The northern parts of
the county produce the following : . . Orchis conopsta, Red-
handed Orcnis,
Re-cl-head, re dliead.
1. attrib. Having a red head or hair.
1664 WOOD Lift 26 Jan. (O. H. S.) II. 4 Read the red-bed
boy. 1738 ALBIN Nat. Hist. Birds III. 61 The Red Head
Sparrow. 1892 in Co/ens-Hardy Broad Nrf. (1893) 46 Po-
chard, male sometimes called Redhead Drake.
2. One who has a red head.
(11843 SOUTHEV Comm.-pL Bk. (1849) II. 444 There is the
sect of Nakhoodi . . who surpass seventy times all the impiety
of the Redheads (the Persians). 1893 KOHLER in Harrows
Parlt. Retig. I. 366 You see man divided into groups of
blackheads (the race of Hani) and redheads (Adam).
b. A name given to various birds, esp. the
American pochard and red-headed woodpecker.
18x4 \VILSON Amer. Ornith. VIII. no The Red-head Is
twenty inches in length. 1831 AUDUBON Ornith. Biog. I. 145
As soon as the Red-heads nave begun to visit a Cherry or
Apple tree, a pole is placed along the trunk of the tree.
1858 LEWIS in Youatt Dog (N. Y.) iii. 89 The Chesapeake
bay and its tributaries, where the canvass-back and red-
heads resort in such numerous quantities every fall. 1863
WISE New Forest 312 Pochard, .known along the coast as
the ' redhead ' and ' ker '. 1898 MORRIS Austral Eng. 146/1
In New South Wales JE[gintha\ temforaUs is known as
the Red-head.
3. Bot. Bastard ipecacuanha. ? Obs.
1798 NEMNICH Polygl. Lex. v. 867 Redhead, Asclefias
currasavica.
Red-headed, a.
1. = RED-HAIRED. Also/%-.
1565 COOPER Thesaurus^ Riioer crine, a redde headed
felowe. 1580 HARVEY Wks. (Grosart) I. 69 No such Orators
againe, as red-headded Angelles. 1632 MASSINGER & FIELD
Fatal Dowry iv. i, He has made me smell for all the world
like a flax, or a red-headed woman's chamber. 1736 Aixs-
WORTH Lat, Diet. s.v. Red, Red haired, or red headed,
rn/us, ntfis capillis, 1865 KINGSLEY Herew. iii, Here is
a pretty coil about a red-headed brute of a Pict ! 1894
Outing (U. S.) XXIV. 123/2 His motto is: ' A red-headed
man never squeals '.
2. Having a red head. a. In names of birds, as
red-headed macao, parrot, starling, etc.
Red-headed duck, the red-crested duck, Nyroca or
Fuligula nifina\ also-r. widgeon. R. lark, a South
African bird of the family A laudidse (see quot.); tR. linnet,
the common linnet, and lesser redpoll. R. pochard^
r. widgeon. R, smew, the female of the smew, Mergits
alfalfas. R. widgeon, the pochard, Fuligwla ferina.
R. woodpecker, an American woodpecker, Melanerfes
erytkrocephahts.
1678 RAY Wilhighby's Ornith. 364 The great *red-headed
Duck. 1814 WILSON Amer. Ornith. VIII. no Red-headed
duck. Anas ferina. 1838 AUDUBON Ornith. Biog. IV. 198
The Red-headed Duck reaches the Middle and Southern
States by passing overland or following our great streams.
1867 LAYARD Birds S..Afr. 212 Megalophonus cinereus. . .
The *red-headed lark is common throughout the colony.
1674 RAY Catal. Eng. Birds 88 The greater *red-headed
Linnet.. -The lesser red-headed Linnet. 1753 J. HILL Hist.
Anim. 360 The *red-headed Macao. Ibid. 370 The *red-
headed Parrot. 1802 BINGLEY Anim. Biog, (1813) II. 77 The
Guinea or little Red-headed Parrot. 1824 SHAW Gen. Zool,
XII. n. 193 *Red-headed Pochard. (Fnligttla ferina.} 1768
PENNANT Brit. Zool. 11.439 "Redheaded smew. The head is
slightly crested, and of a rust color. 1729 in Dantfier's Voy.
(ed. 3) III. 408 The *Red-headed Starling. 1678 RAY
Willughby's Ornith. 367 The Poker, or Pochard, or great
*red-headed Wigeon. 1828 STARK Elem. Nat. Hist. 1. 321
Red-Headed Widgeon. Head and neck bright red. 1754
CATESBYCar<7//>Kz,etc. I. 2oThe*Red-headed Wood-pecker.
The whole head and neck are of a deep red. 1831 AUDUBON
Ornith. Biog. 1. 144 The Red-headed Woodpecker is found
in all parts of the United States. 1850 LYELL ind Visit
U.S. II. 269 The loud tapping of the large red-headed
woodpecker, so common a sound in the American forests.
b. In names of animals and plants.
1774 GOLDSM. Nat. Hist. (1776) VIII. 172 The small red-
headed earth worm, 1777 LIGHTFOOT Flora Scot. II. 717
Red-headed Bryum. iSos SHAW Gen. Zool. III. 1.236 Red-
headed Lizard. 1845 WFSTWOOD Moths 207 Microsetiti
rtificapitella (the red-headed pigmy).
Red heat, red-heat. The state or condition
of being red-hot ; the degree of heat present when
a substance is red-hot.
1686 PLOT Stajffordsh. 161 It is so brittle it would crack in
the red-heat. 1807 T. THOMSON Chem. (ed. 3) II. 209 He
dried a quantity of crystallized carbonate of soda in a red
heat. 1831 BREWSTER Nat. Magic xiii. (1883) 319 This
vapour, being consumed without flame, keeps the wick at
its red-heat. 1886 A. WINCHELL H'alksGcol Field 134 They
could only be separated by bringing the residue to a red-heat.
fig. 1898 WATTS-DUNTON Ayltvin (1900) 45/2, I awoke in
about an hour with red-heat at my brain.
Bed-heeled, a.
1. Of shoes, etc. : Having red heels.
17CW STEELE Tatler No. 67 r i, I gave Mr. Didapper
a private Reprimand for wearing red-heel'd Shoes. 17*5
RAMSAY Gentle Sheph. iv. ii, I come hame strutting in my
red-heel'd shoon. i8ot MRS. ROBINSON Sylphid III. 66
(Jod.>, His redheeled pumps for a pair of squaretoed boots.
(1899 H. G. GRAHAM Soc. Life Scot. (ed. 2) 19 Young men. .
displaying their new fashions, their red stockings and red-
heeled shoes.)
RED HERRING.
304
REDINTEGRATE.
2. Wearing slices with red heels. Also transf.
1840 THACKERAY Parts Sk.-bk, (1867) 395 Ancient French
Tragedy, red-heeled, patched, and bepenwigged, lies in the
grave. 1894 Du MAURIER Trilby II. 206 Lords and ladies
gay — red-heeled, patched, powdered.
So Bedhee lery. nonce-ivd.
1818 Blackw. Mag. III. 532 Whence, like a rascal's visage
In the pillory, Stares, fringed and flounced with flannel, the
redheelery.
Red herring. [Cf. HERRING i b.]
1. collect. Herring to which a red colour is im-
parted in the process of curing them by smoke.
£1420 Liber Cocorum (1862) 54 Cover J>y white heryng..
J«n cover red heryng and set abufe. 1466 Mann, fy House/i.
Exp. (Roxb.) 207 Paid, .for j. cade of rede herynge \s. 1577
B. GOOGE Hcresbach's Husb. i. (1586) 12 Here is a good
handsome rooffe . . well stored with redde Hearing, Bacon,
and Martilmas beefe. 1633 HART Diet of Diseased \. xxi. 91
Some are salted, and afterwards hung up and dried : and
then wee call them Red-hering.
to. A single herring cured in this way.
1495 Naval Ace. Hen, F//(i896) 162, ccc Redde Heryngs
— iy*. 1561 in Child- Marriages (1897) 70 Stockfishe, red
hennges and such marchaundrie wares. 1620 VENNER Via
Recta iv. 77 Red Herrings and Sprats giue a very bad and
adusted nourishment. 1686 N. Cox Gent I. Recreat. v. (ed. 3)
65 The trailing or dragging of a dead Cat, or Fox, (and in
case of necessity a Red-Herring) three or four miles . . and
then laying the Dogs on the scent. 1714 MANDEVILLK/VI&
Bees (1725) I. 263 Red-herrings, pickled-sturgeon, .. and
every thing that was proper to make their liquor go down
with pleasure, a x8x8 M. G. LEWIS Jrnl. IV. Ind. (1834) 106
The slaves also receive . . a regular weekly allowance of
red herrings and salt meat, which serves to relish their vege-
table diet. 1885 ANSTEV Tinted Venus 87 A display of
joints, cauliflowers, and red herrings.
C. slang. A soldier.
1853 in Househ. Words (1854) 75/2 A soldier [is calledj
a swaddy, a lobster, a red herring.
2. In phrases, or allusively : a. Neither fish, (nor}
flesh, tior good red herring, etc. : (see FISH sbl 4 c).
1542 [see FISH sb^ 4 cj. 1605 BRETON I pray you be not
Angrie To Rdr., They that are neither of both, but be-
twixt both, neither Fish nor Flesh, but plaine Red-
Hearing. 1698 FRYER Ace. E, India fy P. 123 To me it
seems, .neither Fish nor Flesh, nor good Red Herring.
1711 ADDISON Sped. No 165 p 6 A Letter that was neither
Pish, Flesh, nor good Red-Herring. 1850 SMEDLF.Y /*'.
Fairleigk IHi, A brat that's neither fish, flesh, nor fowl, nor
good red herring.
b. To draw a red herring across the track (cf.
quot. 1686 in I b) : to attempt to divert attention
from the real question ; hence red-herring^ a subject
intended to have this effect.
1892 Spectator 12 Mar. 360/2 These red-herrings drawn
across the path. 1900 \Vestm. Gaz. 2 Feb. 2/1 Not to be
put off the main line of attack by the red-herrings of an
unreformed War Office.
3. attrib.) as red-herring cob, house , sort.
"594 [see COB s6.1 8J. 1598 HAUGHTON Englishmen for
my Money (1616) B 2 b, [I] looke like nothing but Red-
Herring Cobbes, and Stock-Fish. 17*7-41 CHAMBERS Cycl.
s.v. Herring, Such as are kept to make red herrings .. are
hanged up in the herring-hangs, or red-herring houses. 1833
MARRVAT P. Simple xxvii, He has his wife on board, who
is a red-herring sort of a lady, and very troublesome to boot.
Redllibition(redhibiJ3n). Civil Law. [a. F.
rtdhibition (i6th c.), or ad. L. redhibition-em, n. of
action f. redhibere to take back or give back, f. red-
~RK~ + habere to have.] (See quot. 1727-41.)
The nature of the evidence leaves it doubtful whether the
word has ever been actually in English use ; the entry in
Chambers is translated from the Diet, de Tr&vonx (1721).
1656 BLOUNT Glossogr. (copying Cptgr.), Redhibition, re-
stitution of a thing to him that sold it ; the causing of one
by Law to take that again, which he sold. 1717-41 CHAM-
BERS Cycl., Redkibition, in the civil law, an action allowed
a buyer, whereby to annul the sale of some moveable, . .
upon the buyer's finding it damaged, or that there was some
personal cheat, etc. i8ca-6 in BOUVIER Law Diet. U. S.
[Hence in Worcester and later Diets.]
Redhibitory (redhrbitari), a. Civil Law.
[ad. F. rtdhihitoire (i4th c. in Hatz.-Darm.), or
late L. redhibitori-us : see prec. and -ORY.] Of or
pertaining to redhibition.
Chambers copies the Diet, de Trtvoux\ see prec.
1727-41 CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v. Redhibition, If a horse was
sold that had the glanders, were broken-winded, or
foundered, it was a redhibitory case. 1851 BURRILL Law
Diet , Redhibitory action. Ibid.t Redhibitory defect. [Hence
in Worcester and later Diets.]
Red horse, red-horse. U. S.
1. a. An American fish of the genus Moxostoma
(esp. M. macrolepidotd). b. The red-fish, Scitena
ocellata.
1796 MORSE Antcr. Gcog. I. 663 Catfish, buflaloe-fish, red
horse, eels [etc.]. 1818 RAFINESQUE in Smithson. Coll. (1877)
1. Heated to redness. *
c\yi$Sc. Leg. Saints xlv. (Christina) 242 He ane oyne
gert be mad red het. c 1460 Play Sacram. 682 To make
an ovyn as redd Jiott as euer yt can be made w* fere. 1595
SHAKS. John iv. i. 61 The Iron of it selfe, though heate red
hot [etc.]. 1665 MANLEY Cretins, Low C. Warns 707 To
prevent fire, which they greatly fear'd from the Red hot
Bullets shot into it. 1756-7 tr. Keysler's Trav. (1760) III.
25 Stones . . glowing not, and when broken exactly re-
sembling red-hot iron. 1819 SHELLEY QvA^f 384 He. .placed
upon the fire A brazen pot to boil, and made red hot The
points of spits. 1878 HUXLEY Physiogr. 189 This crack then
serves for the passage of steam and other vapours, with
showers of red-hot ashes.
b. absol. as sb. Red-hot metal. Alspy^f.
183* BABBAGKJ&VM. Manujf. ii. (ed. 3) ai It is usual toset
the engine at work a short time before the red-hot is ready
to be removed from the furnace to the rollers. 1865 CARLYLK
FrtdJt, Gt. xxi. v. VI. 545 A stratum of red-hot kindling in
Ziethen too.
2.y?£". a. Of persons: Highly inflamed or excited ;
fiery ; violently enthusiastic, extreme (in some view
or principle). Also as sb. (quot. 1835).
1608 MIDDLETON Fani. Love in. iii, I shall expect my
wife anon, red-hot with zeal. 1610 SHAKS. Temp. n. i.
171, 1 told you Sir, they were red-hot with drinking. 1758
WESLEY ll'ks. (1872) II. 464 A red-hot Predestinarian,
talking of God's ' blowing whole worlds to hell '. 1835 C.
BRONTE in Mrs. Gaskell Life viii. (1858) 107 The opposition
is divided, Red-hots, and Luke-warms. 1845 COL. HAWKKR
Diary (1893) II. 255 It has . . ridded Keyhayen of a redhot
young gunner. 1870 DICKENS E. Drood viii, Edwin's cool-
ness, so far from being infectious, makes him red-hot.
b. Of things, actions, etc. : Burning, scorching,
urgent, violent, furious, etc.
1647 WARD Simp. Cooler (1843) 38, I will.. leave the red-
hot question to them that dare handle it. c 1790 WOLCOTT
(P. Pindar) Loitsiad v. Wks. 1812 I. 236 Then quick he
aim'd, of red-hot anger full, His nails of vengeance. 1851
MOTLEY Corr. (1889) I. v. 142 Some singeing, scorching,
red-hot review. 1865 CARLYLB Fredk. Gt. xviu. xiii. (1872)
VIII. 37 Of Fermor's redhot savagery on Ciistrin, it is
lamentably necessary we should say something. 1879 Miss
E. K. BATES Egypt. Bonds II. vih. 207 Oscar strikes up a
red-hot flirtation with some.. country beauty.
C. Very warm (as the favourite for a race).
1881 Daily Tel. 30 Jan., The first-named won three races.,
and was each time a ' red hot' favourite.
3. Red-hot poker, the flame-flower (Tritoma\
1897 ll'tstnt. Gaz. 22 Nov. 2/1 Red Hot Poker.
Redi, obs. form of READY a.
II Redia (rrdia). PI. redi» (rf dif). fmod.L.,
f. Redi) the name of an Italian naturalist?] ZooL
An asexual stage in some trematodes, as the liver-
fluke (Distomum hepaticum)^ hatched from eggs
formed within the sporocyst, and in turn developing
into a cercaria.
1877 HI'XLEY Anat. Inv. Anim. iv. 203 The Redia, as
this form is called, has a mouth and a simple caecal intes-
tine, but no other organs. z88> A. P. THOMAS in Proc. R.
Med. Soc, 14 Nov. 15 These assume the forms of rediae, or
nurse forms more highly organised than the simple sporo-
cysts.
Redich, obs. form of RADISH.
Redicta'te, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To dictate
again. So RecUcta'tion.
a 1631 DONNE Serin. Ixxxbc. IV. 142 Whether.. the books
Aquat. Anim. 372 The 'Red Fish' and 'Red Horse' of
Florida and the Gulf States, Ilrid. 614 The common ' Red
Horse ' or ' Mullet ' abounds in most streams westward and
southward of New York.
2. A nickname given to natives of Kentucky.
3833 HOFFMAN Winter in West I. 210 The spokesman was
evidently a 'red-horse' from Kentucky. 1835-40 HALI-
DURTON Clockm. (1862) 318 These last have all nicknames.
There's the hoosiers of Indiana, . .the red horses of Kentucky.
Red-hot, a. (and */>.).
(Now usually written with hyphen, rarely redhot'. in
predicative use still occas. red hot.)
typesetter setting up his copy
graph's redictation.
Redicule, obs. form of RIDICULE.
Re'dient, a. rare-0, [f. L. redlre to return,
after ambient j transient.] Returning.
1656 BLOUNT Glossflgr.^ Redient, returning, coming or
going back ; the Redient moon .. the new moon. 1828-33
WEBSTER cites E. H. SMITH. Hence in recent Diets.
II Redif (redi-f). [Turkish, a, Arab. uJ ^ redif
one who follows, a second.] The reserve of the
Turkish military force ; a soldier belonging to
the reserve.
1879 FiFE-CooKSON A rnties of Balkans i. 16 About twelve
battalions . . inferior in quality, owing to being principally
composed of redifs. 1889 Daily Neius 12 Nov. 5/4 The
Turkish Government is also perplexed by the recent mutiny
of four battalions of redifs (reserves) who have already been
sent home.
Redify(e, obs. forms of RE-EDIFY v.
t Redige, v. Obs. rarf~l. [ad. F. re*diger
(1455 in Godef.), or L. redigere*. see REDACT z>.]
trans. To reduce, translate.
1550 Kalender of Sheph. N v, Of ye which I wil declare
as I haue found written in ye latin long, I will redige it
to our English maternal.
Redige'St, v. [RE- 5 a. Cf. obs. F. redigtrer
(Cotgr.)T] trans. To digest again. Chiefly./^.
x6iz COTGR., Redigerer^ to redisgest, redigest. 1836 F,
MAHONEY Rel. Father Proiit, Songs Hor. \. (1859) 374 To
redigest. .whatever might have been crude and unmatured
in his juvenile lucubrations. 1865 MASSON Rec, Brit,
Philos. 281 Kant ate up all Hume and redigested him.
So Rediffe'stion.
1817 KEATS Let. 22 Nov., The redigestion of our most
ethereal musings upon earth.
Redilis, obs. form of RIDDLE $bl
t Re'dily, adv. Obs. Forms: 4 redilie, -lyche,
4-5 redyly, redili(ch.e, 5 -lich, (? rydilich), 4-6
redily. Comp. 4 redilokar, redylyer. [f. REDY
a. + -LY 2 ; but in many cases app. written for
REDELY.] a. Wisely, discreetly, prudently, b.
Precisely, certainly, assuredly.
a 1300 Cursor J\f. 6297 Als i sal tel yowredili For-Jx:r mar
in fns stori. ct^yt R. KRVJKHF. C&ran, (1810) 105 If any man
wille witen, & se of hir stone, At Westmynster written er |>ei
redilie. 1362 LANGL. P. PI. A. iv. 153 Bote Rediliche [r.r.
redelyche] Reson J>ou Rydest not heonnes. 1387 TRF.VISA
Higden (Rolls) VI. 47 £e helde forb 3oure purpose rediliche
[?'.r._redyly, L. caitte\ mow. 1413 i'ilgr. Soivle (Caxton) i.
xxvii. (1859) 31 Ther nys no pylgrym that goth so redyly
but that oftymes he mote foruoyen. c 1449 PECOCK Re£r.
I. xx. i2Q The first premisse is redili trewe.
Redily, obs. form of READILY adv.
Redimar, obs. Sc. form of REDEEMER.
Redinii'iiisli, v. [RE- 5 a.] tram. To di-
minish anew.
1611 COTGR., Rededuiret to rededuct, rediminish. a 1743
SAVAGE Animalcule ix, In Britain, Halifax it rose; (By
Halifax, bloom'd Congreve's strains) ; And now it redi-
minish'd elows^ To glide through godlike Rutland's veins.
t Redimite, a. Sc. Obs. In 6 redomyt, re-
dem-, redymyte. [ad. L. redimit-us^ pa. pple.
of redimlre : see next.] Wreathed or crowned ;
adorned, ornate, beautiful.
1500-20 DUNBAR Poems xlvi, 77 Hir goldin tressit hams
redomyt. 1513 DOUGLAS &nei$ vi. xi. 60 The blomyt lillyis
quhyte, And ythir fragrant blosumys redemyte. Ibid. XH.
Prof. 128 Hevinly lylleis..schew thar creistis redymyte.
t Redimite, v. Obs. rare. In 6 redymite,
redemyte. [f. L. redimit-, ppl. stem of redimire
to bind, crown, wreathe.] trans. To bind, crown.
1592 R. D. h ' ypncrotontacltia 53 The head of which image
was redymited with an azure Diademe. 1599 LINCHE Fount.
Anc. Fid. F ij, Wreaths and garlands, with which his
temples were girt and redemyted.
I Re'diness. Obs. Also 4 redy-, reedy-, [f.
REDY a. + -NESS.] a. Wisdom, discretion, pru-
dence, b. Certainty, certain knowledge.
1382 WVCLIF Judith xi. 6 Forsothe the redynesse [L.
industrial of thin inwit is told to alle folkis. 1387 TREVISA
Higden (Rolls) V. 245 Hit byfalle}> to 5oure redynesse and
wisdom [L. fmdentiae] to conspire a^enst J>e tyraunt. c 1400
Master of 'Game (MS. Digby 182) xxv, It were good redi-
nesse to loke if bei myght se ony deere. c 1400 Beryn 3291
Met I nevir creature that me coude wissh or say Reedynes
of my ffadir, dede othir a lyue.
Redines, obs. form of READINESS.
Reding, vbl. sb. : see REDE v.2
t Reding-king. Obs. rare.
Of obscure origin and meaning. The suggestion that it
stands for riding-king^ (though favoured by the reading of
one MS.), and that this had the same sense as RADKNIGHT,
involves obvious difficulties.
1362 LANGL. P. PL A. v. 166 A ribibor, aratoner,arakere
of chepe, A ropere, a redyng-kyng. 1393 Ibid. C. in. 112
Bette pe budele of banneburies sokne, Reynauld the reue
and redyngkynges menye.
Sedlngote(re-dirjg0at). [a.F. ndingote(i^^\
corruption of Eng. rtding~coatl\
a. (In France.) A double-breasted outer coat for
men, with long plain skirts not cut away in the
front, b. A similar garment worn by women,
sometimes cut away in front.
1835 Court Mag. VI. p. xviii/a Silks are the only materials
for promenade robes and redingotes. 1880 CasseWs Mag.
June 441 The Directoire redingote is not as yet common in
England. 1883 Ibid. Oct. 698/1 One of the useful redingotes
which, -will be found suitable as an additional wrap.
attrib. 1888 Daily Neios 14 June 5/8 Redingote gowns
are also in great favour.
t Redi ntegral, a. Obs. rare—1, [f. as next:
see INTEGRAL.] Tending to redintegration.
1651 BIGGS NewDisf. r 288 The ferment [of the stomach]
is redintegral and redwivous.
Redintegrate (redinttgrtfit), pa. pple. 1 Obs.
[ad. L. redmtegtatuS) pa. pple. of redintegrare \
see next.] Restored to a perfect state, renewed.
1501 in Lett. Rich. Ill $ Hen. VII (Rolls) I. 154 The
said amltie and confederacion [shall] be redintegrate aftre
the maner and fourme.. in tyme passed. 1564 in Froude
Hist. Eng. (1863) VIII. 460 [He recommended her to allow]
the trafic with the low countries to be redintegrate. 1612
BACON Hen. VII > 40 The Kingdome of France . . being
redintegrate in those principall members, which anciently
had beene portions of the Crowne of France. 1655 JER.
TAYLOR Unum Necess. v. iv. F 35 That everv wound mayx
have its balsam, and every broken bone be bound up and
redintegrate. 1819 H. BUSK Vestriad v. 653 With strength
redintegrate the stage he cross'd.
Redintegrate (redi*nt/"gr^t), v. [f. ppl. stem
of L. redintegrare to make whole again, restore,
renew, f. red- RE- + integrare to INTEGRATE.]
1. trans. To restore to a state of wholeness, com-
pleteness or unity ; to renew, re-establish, in a united
or perfect state.
1432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls') III. 255 Sone after that lustini-
anus redintegrate [L- redintegravit} the lawes of the digeste.
1632 B. JONSON Magn. Lady iv. iii, Redintegrate the fame
first of your house, Restore your ladyship's quiet. 1678
CUDWORTH Intell. Syst. 814 The dsmoniack body, being
divided, ts quickly redintegrated by coalescence, as air or
water, a 1734 NORTH Exam. i. i. § 4 (1740) '6 To redinte-
grate the Honour and Credit of that exploded Faction.
1811 Ckron. in Ann. Reg. 578 To restore or redintegrate the
ancient representation of the commons. 1862 I1 . HALL
Hindu Philos. Syst. 64 Often as the universe has been red-
integrated, the Veda has as often been produced.
absol. 1647 WARD Simp. Cobler 66 In breaches integrant,
'tween Principalls of States, Due Justice may suppresse,
but Love redintegrates.
HEDINTE GRATED.
b. Const, to (a person), into (a state), rare.
R. WELTON L/tr. fail/i Sf fract. 12 The gi
render our crumbled ashes, redintegrated into a more perfect
vivacity.
f2. To re-establish (a person) in a place. Also
rtfl. Obs. rare.
1630 WOTTOM in Relig. (1685) 452 The King of Sweden
hath landed . . with intention . . to redintegrate his near
Kinsman in Meckleburge. 1649 CROMWELL Let. 14 Nov. in
Carlyle, Inchiquin. .did strongly endeavour to redintegrate
himself there, but without success.
b. To re-establish (a person) in (^into) a posi-
tion, condition, etc. Chiefly pass. Now rare.
1622 E. MISSELDEN Free Trad* (ed. 2) 115 They and We
. . may be redintegrated, renewed, and revnited, in vnfaigned
Ami tie. 1643 Ansvj. Ld. Digby's Apol. 5 That you may be
firmly redintegrated in that esteem with your Countrey.
1658 Christ Exalted 59 And so the Rebuker here . . would
redintegrate the said Mr. Williams into the good esteem of
those [etc.]. 1860 THACKERAY Lovel ii, I . .had to pay the . .
taxes.. before 1 could be redintegrated in my own property,
t c. With other than personal obj. Obs. rare—1.
1670 G. H. ffist. Cardinals ll. HI. 194 That he should as
much as possible redintegrate into the favour of his Majesty
. .the opinion the Chigi had lost in France.
t d. Without const. : To restore to the previous
state or position. Obs.
1645 WITHER Vox Pacif. 108 Such an one, if we redinte-
grate, When of his penitence good proofes appeare. 1679
J. GOODMAN Ptnit. Pardoned i. iv. (1713) in It was too late
to think of redintegrating himself by taking up and changing
his course, a 1734 NORTH Lives (1826) I. 14 He was in the
same advanced post at the bar, fully redintegrated as before.
8. intr. f a. To regain favour or friendship with
one. Obs. b. To become united again.
1670 G. H. Hist. Cardinals n. in. jSz The Knight had
intelligence of all, and made all imaginable submission to
redirmgrate with Cardinal Flavio. 1788 SIR W. JONES in
Ld. Teignmouth Life (1807) 400, 1 lament the sad effects of
party, or rather faction, in your Maidstone Society, but hope
(to use a word of Dr. Johnson) that it will redintegrate.
Hence Kedi'ntegrated ppl. a.
1666 BOYLE New Frigor. Exp. Wks. 1772 III. 148 The
redintegrated sal armoniac. 1715 CHEYNE Philos. Princ.
Relig. n. 1 14 His regenerated, redintegrated and restablished
Estate. 1737-41 CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v. Medal, Redintegrated
Medals are those wherein we find the letters Rest, which
shew that they have been restored by the emperors. 1870
HUXLEY Lay Serm. xii. (1874) 261 The redintegrated limb.
Redintegration (redintfgnf'-Jan). [ad. L.
redintegration-cm, n. of action f. redintegrdre to
REDINTEGRATE. Cf. AF. redintegration (1397,
mod.F. ridintigration)]
1. The action of redintegrating ; restoration, re-
establishment, reconstruction, renewal.
a. of conditions, qualities, results of action, etc.
ijioi in Lett. Rich. Ill f, Hen. VII (Rolls) I. 155 The
redmtegracion of the said peax. 1583 STUBBES Anal. Abus.
I. (1877) 90 They conclude that whordome is a badge of loue,
• • a redintegration of loue, and an ensigne of vertue, rather
meritorious than damnable. 1617 Bp. ANDREWES 96 Serm.,
Holy Ghost x. (1629) 709 The redintegration of the favour of
ClnA »<XJC T C....... fiij M /_*_£» ___ T-
as an alliance than as a conquest. 1855 THACKERAY New-
comes xxiv, A redintegration of love began to take place
between the Colonel and his relatives in Park Lane.
b. of material things. Now rare or Obs.
1666 T. SMITH Old Age (1752) 46 That wonderful redintegra-
tion of the sight and teeth of the old minister, a 1677 HALE
Prim. Orig. Man. n. ix. 217 In the Redintegration of the
World after these Destructions there is also a Re-production
of Mankind.
2. spec. a. Chem. The restoration of any body
or matter to its former state. ? Obs.
1471 RIPLEY Camp. Alck. ix. xi. in Ashm. (1652) 176 By
natural! conspysacyon Of thyngs dysseveryd, a dew redyn-
tegracyon. 1666 BOYLE Orig. Formes * Qua!. 252 It were
not impossible to make an adaequate Redintegration of a
Chymically Analiz'd Body. 1669 W. SIMPSON Hydrol.
Chym. 55 A redintegration of the glyssent ferments of the
blood. 1758 REID tr. Macqutr's Chym. 1. 102 Such redinte-
from damaged gunpowder.
b. Math. (See quot.)
1801 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) Supp. II. 395/2 Redintegration.
_s the taking or finding the integral or fluent again from the
fluxion.
c. Psycho!. (See quot.)
1834-7 SIR W. HAMILTON Melafh. xxxi. (1870) II. 238 The
Redintegration or Totality. . . This law may be thus
:nounced,_Those thoughts suggest each other which had
previously constituted parts of the same entire or total act
ot cognition.
t 3. The restoration of a person to a previous
condition. Obs.
1604 BACON Apol. Wks. 1879 I. 439, 1 made it my task and
cope to take and give occasions for my lord's redintegration
[is fortunes, c 1645 HOWELI. Lttl. (1892) II. 657 My Lord
shop of Lincoln's Pardon is ready to pass the great seal with
a perfect Redintegration into the King's Favour. 1652
iPARKK Prim. Dcvot. (1663) 278 Shall I (at length) redinte-
gration have? 1727-41 CHAMBERS Cycl., Redintegration, in
the civil law, the act of restoring a person to the enjoyment
a thing whereof he had been illegally dispossessed.
t4. Reconciliation. Obs. rare.
1663 COWLEY Cutter Caiman St. n. v, We'll drink up a
VOL. VIII.
305
whole Vessel there to Redintegration. 1667 J. CORBET Disc.
Relig. Eng. 41 A looking back to former discords marrs the
most hopeful Redintegration.
Redi'ntegrative, ,a. rare—1, [f. as prec. +
•IVE.] Tending to redintegrate.
1839-5* BAILEY Festus xx. 358 Next comes the truth
divine, Redintegrative.
Kedrntegrator. rare-', [f. as prec. + -OK.]
That which redintegrates.
1858 LOWEU. Wks. (1890) V. 9 The last trial of the virtues
of the Patent Redintegrator \sc. compromise] . . has ended
like all the rest.
t Redintegre, f. Ots. rare-1, [ad. L. red-
integr-are to REDINTEGRATE.] To redintegrate.
1501 in Lett. Rich. Ill f, Hen. VII (Rolls) I. 156 They
in noo wise redintegre nor renewe . . the treatie.
Redi'p, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans, (also absol.) To
dip again ; spec, to rebaptize. Hence Kedi'pping
•vbl. sb.
1660 FULLER Mixt Contempt. (1841) 234, I am utterly
against the rebaptizing of Christians, but I am for the re-
dipping of ships. 1712 Act 10 Anne in Land. Can. No.
5031/6 In Case any Chandler, .shall, .encrease the Weight
of such Candles, .by re-dipping the same. 1736 CHANDLFR
Hist. Persec. 329 One Felix was drowned at Zurich, upon the
sentence pronounced by Zuinglius, ..'He that re-dips, let
him be drowned '.
Redire-ct, a. [RE- 5 a.] U.S. Law. The term
applied to the further examination of a witness by
the party calling him, after cross-examination by the
opposing party. 1891 in Cent. Diet.
Redirect, •». [Rz- 5 a.] trans. To direct
anew ; to send in a new direction.
1873 W. M. WILLIAMS Set. in Short Chapt. (1882) 225 It is
! the industry and skill of our workmen . . that has . . redirected
I for human advantage the buried energies of ancient sun-
beams. 1884 Law Times LXXVII. 339/2, I must content
myself by simply redirecting attention to the second query.
b. esp. To direct (a letter) to a fresh address.
1844 Regul. t, Ord. Armym Their Letters are not liable
j to Postage if re-directed. 1874 TROLLOPE Lady A nna xli.
: 318 The note was delivered.. at his old abode, and was re-
I directed from Wyndham Street late on Monday evening.
So Bedire ction. Also attrib.
1865 TROLLOPE Belton Est. xvii. 202 He would give special
orders as to the re-direction of his own letters from the
post-office. 1892 SIR J. FERGUSSON Sp. Ho. Comm. 25 Feb.,
It is. .in contemplation to abolish the redirection charges on
letters generally.
Redisbu'i-se, v. rare. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To
pay back again. So Redisbvrrsement.
1596 SPENSER F. Q. IV. iii. 27 Then backe againe His
borrowed waters forst to redisbourse, He sends the sea his
owne with double gaine. 1655 'r. Com. Hist. Francion x.
19 He demanded of him Letters of Change,, .and gave him
others.. for the re-disbursement of the money which he was
to borrow.
Redisclia-rge, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To dis-
charge or disburden again.
1603 DANIEL Philotas 1319 Poor Ceballinus not a moment
stayes To redischarge himseife of such a weight.
Rediscount, v. . [RE- 5 a.] trans. To dis-
count again. So Bedi-sconnt sb.
1866 CRUMP Banking ix. 193 Giving great facilities by
credit and discounts ; which latter were immediately re-dis-
counted. 1802 Pall Mall G. 2 Feb. 7/2 A liability on re-
discounts and foreign bills negotiated. iSej6ff.Amer.Xev.
CLX1II. 750 A central bank of issue and re-discount.
Redisco-ver, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To dis-
cover again.
1752 T. SALMON Univ. Trav. I. Introd. 4 The Continent
F America was rediscovered about 250 Years ago. 1837
WHEWELL Hist. Induct. Sc. I. 229 Tycho Brache redis-
of
covered the same lunar inequality. 18^8 KINGSLEY Misc.
(1859) L ^53 Excellencies the world will m some saner mood
rediscover. 1883 Century Mag. July 417/1 He has been
re-discovered ana eulogized afresh.
Hence Bedisco verer.
1895 Proc, nth Conv. Amer. Instruct. Deafio$ The re-
discoverer and popularizer of the intuitive method.
Redisco-very. [RE- 53; cf. prec.] The act
of discovering again ; a renewed discovery.
1862 M. HOPKINS Hawaii 82 The .. re-discovery of the
islands thirty years afterwards. 1878 NF.WCOMB Pop.
Astron. ill. iii. 324 Its rediscovery became a difficult problem.
Rediscrrss, v. [RE- 5 a.] To discuss again.
1804-6 SVD. SMITH Mor. Philos. (1850) 165 This is the
question that has been discussed and re-discussed from time
immemorial. 1874 SULLY Sensat. ft Intuit. 2 Spencer has
recently rediscussed the phenomena of consciousness.
So BediscTTssion.
1805 W. TAYLOR in Ann. Rev. III. 202 A right of sending
back to the commons for rediscussion any unwelcome law.
1878 NEWCOMB Pop. Astron. 539 Rediscussion of the obser-
vations of the transit of Venus.
Redish, obs. form of RADISH.
t Redishing knife. Obs, rare—1. A knife (see
quot.) used by comb- and card-makers.
1688 R. HOLME Armoury in. 383/1 The second [tool] is
termed a Redishing Knife ; it is a Knife with a long Blade,
and sharp pointed like a Scotch Bibby, with a little bending
in the back towards the point.
Redispa'tch, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To dis-
patch again.
i6ao BRENT tr. Sarpi's Council Treat vn. (1629) 660
Ventimiglia, redispatcned by the Pope ; returned to Trent
the nine and twentieth of January. 1780 EARL MALMES-
BURY Diaries <$• Corr. I. 300, I. .certainly shall redespatch
my messenger before the Empress's departure.
REDISTILLATION.
Redispe-rse. [RE- 5 a.] To disperse again.
1621 HRATHWAIT Nat. Embassie, etc. 232 Thy darknesse
is displayd, Which can by no meanes re-disperse her shade.
Redispo'ne, v. [RE- 5 a.] To dispone again!
1734 [see RECONVEY v. 2],
Redispo-se. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To dispose
again. Also with of.
1733 A. BAXTER Enq. Nat. Sottl I. 339 Spirit hath no
parts ; and therefore it stands in need of no reparation, or
redisposing its parts. 1859 CORNWALLIS New World I. 62
The very land that had only just been sold, was being
re-disposed of at a considerable advance.
So Ketlisposi'tion.
i86« LOWE Sp. Reform Bill 31 May, I deny that a case is
made out for this redisposition. 1867 LD. HOUGHTON in
Ess. Reform in. 63 Under any redisposition of the con-
stituent body.
Redispu'te, v. [RE- 5 a.] To dispute again.
1641 SIR E. DERINO in Rushw. Hist. Coll. m. (1692) I.
392 Your late Order and Declaration.. are much debated
and disputed abroad ; perhaps it may be a good occasion
for us to Re-dispute them here. 1650 B. Discolliminium
25 Nor must I . .re-dispute what our Supreme Power doth.
Redissei'Se, v. Law. [RE- 5 a, prob. after
an AF. *redisseisir : cf. next.] trans. To disseise
(a person) a second time.
1628 COKE OK Lift. 154 b, If the recouery in the Assise
were against two Disseisors. and one of them redisseise him
againe, he shall haue a Redisseisin against him. 1700
TYRRELL Hist. Eng. II. 1106 Disseisors that have redisseis'd
those who have recovered Seisin, .from them.
Redisseisin (rfdissf-zin). Law. [a. AF. re-
disseisine (Britton) : see RE- and DISSEISIN.] Re-
peated disseisin (see quot. 1607).
. T53S tf- Littleton's Nat. Brev. (1544) 127 b, Where a man
is disseised... and after yl is disseysed by the same dissey-
sour, he shall have this wryt of Redysseyson agaynste him.
1607 COWELL Interfr., Redisseisin is a disseisin made by
him, that once before was found, and adiudged to haue
disseised the same man of his lands, or tenements. For the
which there lyeth a speciall writ, called a writ of re-
dii
inc z%.c-uiiieisin is aiso is.evers a. 1700 CLACKSTONE c omm,
III. x. 188. 1865 NICHOLS Britton II. 233 Where the plaintiff
is tenant of the tenement which he lost, .by his own intru-
sion, or by redisseisin.
Redissei'SOr. Law. [a. AF. redisseisour
(Britton) : see RE- and DISSEISOR.] One who dis-
seises another a second time.
1647 N. BACON Disc. Govt. Eng. i. Ixix. (1739) 183 Re-
disseisors and Postdisseisors found upon verdict before the
Sheriff, Coroners, and Knights, shall be imprisoned. 1768
BLACKSTONE Comm. III. x. 188 If he recover therein, the
re-disseisor shall be imprisoned. 1865 NICHOLS Britton II.
354 Neither does it [essoin] He . . in the persons of disseisors
or redisseisors.
Redi'ssoluble, a. [RE- 5 a.] That may be
redissolved.
1796 KIRWAN Elem. Min. (ed. 2) II. 285 The solutions are
precipitable by and re-dissoluble by Blue Volalkali, mild or
caustic. 1835-6 TODD Cycl. Anat. I. oo/i These pre-
cipitates are..redissoluble in excess of liquid albumen.
Redissolu-tioii. [RE- 5 a.] A second or
renewed dissolution.
1790 KEIR in Phil. Trans. LXXX. 379, I observed . . a solu-
tion of part of the iron, a redissolution of the precipitated
silver. 1875 DARWIN Insect. Plants x. 343 After the
protoplasm in a tentacle has been aggregated, its redissolu-
tion always begins in the lower part.
Redissolvable, a. [RE- 5 a.] Redissoluble.
1790 CRAWFORD in Phil. Trans. LXXX. 413 A slight
white precipitate not re-dissolvable in a large quantity of
water. 1801 CHENEVIX ibid. XCI. 197 note, If all is re-
dissolvable, [he] concludes there is no silica or alumina.
Redisso'lve, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans, and intr.
To dissolve again.
a. trans. 1605 SYLVESTER Qvadrains xvii, Hee .. re-
dissolves them with that breath of His. 1666 BOYLE Orig.
Formes $ Quat. n. vu. 357 By reduction of it into a Body, re-
dissolving it again [etc.]. 1771 T. PERCIVAL Ess. 1. 163 Acids,
he says, destroy its blackness by redissolving the ferru-
gjneous particles. 1815 W. PHILLIPS OntLMin. t\ Geol.fy
These two earths were re-dissolved by a final analysis into
silex. 1845 DARWIN Voy. Nat. ii. (1879) 29 As the light
wreaths of cloud passed over the ridge,.. they were imme-
diately redissolved.
b. intr. 1790 WEDGWOOD in Phil. Trans. LXXX. 312
The precipitate . . re-dissolves in marine acid as easily as
that made by water. 1854 J. SCOFFERN in Orr's Circ. Sc.,
Chem. 86 The oxide of silver re-dissolves. 1897 Allbittfs
Sysl. Med. IV. 299 The deposit will redissolve on cooling.
Hence Redisso'lving vbl. sb.
1888 H. W. PARKER Sfir. Beauty (1891) 156 Re-dissolvings
..just sufficient to liquefy the smaller crystals.
Rediste'nd, «>. [RE- 5 a.] To distend again.
1684 R. WALLER Nat. Exfer. 65 The Lungs.. were so
shrunk up together for want of the air ; but by blowing
with a Straw . . they were redistended.
the
,__. ._ . Chym.
I. 108 If they be redistilled, they recover their former
tenuity, 1800 tr. Lagrange's Chem. II. 307 Crell re-
commends re-distilling it from off more of the sebate. 1877
HUXLEY & MARTIN Elem. Biol. 10 Redistil this after
saturation with potassic carbonate.
Redistilla'tion. [R&- 5 a.] The action of
redistilling; renewed distillation.
1813 I. BADCOCK Dom. Amttsem. 21 By more care and
re-distillation [it] may be increased to six times. 1873
RALFE Phys. Chem, 49 The different beakers are in turn
submitted to redistillation.
39
BEDISTBIBUTE.
Redistribute, v. JRE- 5 a. Cf. F. redis-
tribiur (Cotgr.).] trans. To distribute anew.
1611 CtnzH.tRedistributr, to redistribute, or deale backe
againe. 1836 T. HOOK G. Gttrney (L.), This was settled by
redistributing the tickets. 1846 GROTE Greece n. yi. II.
503 He redistributed the whole territory belonging to
Sparta. 1863 FAWCF.TT/W. Econ. HI. viii. 406 The precious
metals which are thus poured into England she again re-
distributes.
Redistribution. [RE- 5 a.] A fresh dis-
tribution, esp. of Parliamentary seats.
1817 SYD. SMITH Let, to Archd. Singleton Wks. 1859 H-
281/1 The Commissioners had already carried the principle
of re-distribution as far as they thought that it could . . be
carried. 1866 Ch. Times 6 Jan. i/i He does not ask for the
ballot, nor for a redistribution of seats. 1882 H. SPENCER
Princ, Social,, Pol, Inst, 576 A redistribution of military
obligations.
Redistri'butive, a. [RE- 5 a.] Of or be-
longing to redistribution (of seats).
1883 in Pall MallG. 8 Sept. iz/i The Government may
try and compromise matters by promising a Redistributive
Bill immediately.
So Bedistri butory a.
1884 St. James's Gaz. 20 Oct. 4/2 The.. meetings, .were
allowed to pass without any redistributory interruptions.
Redi'strict, v. U. S. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To
divide or apportion anew into districts.
1850 in Ifast. Pelhain, Mass. (1898) 198 Voted, .acommittee
to redistrict the town. 1888 BRYCE Amer. Comtimi. I. I.
xiii. 165 note. When Massachusetts was being re-districted.
t Redi'tion. Obs. rare. [ad. L. recKtion-em,
n. of action f. redire to go or come back, f. re(<f)-
RE- + ire to go.] The action of going or coming
back; return.
'595 CHAPMAN Oinfs Banquet Sence E 2, Because shee
[echo] weaker is In that redition, then when first shee fled.
1615 — Odyss. vi. 486 Address suit to my mother, that her
mean May make the day of your redition seen. 1656 in
BUOUNT Glossofr.
Redition, obs. form of REDDITION.
tRedituary. Obs. rare. [ad. med.L. redi-
tuarius (Du Cange), f. reditus revenue, vbl. sb. f.
redire: see prec. Cf. obs. F. redituaire (1565 in
Godef.).] (See quot. 1656.)
1607 R. QAREW] tr. Estienne's World of Wonders I. xx.
168 Both_ blacke and white Friers, both Mendicants and
Redituaries (if I may vsurpe this goodly Latin word
Redituarij). 1656 BLOUNT Glossoer. (copying Cotgr.), Re-
dituaries, an order of Franciscan Friers, which have Lands
and Revenues ; therein differing from the Mendicants or
begging Friers, who are to possess nothing.
Redivable, variant of REDEVABLE a. Obs.
Redi've, v. [RE- 5 a ] intr. To dive again.
1864 DASENT Jest If Earnest (1873) I. 22 Strange sea-birds
flock about us, and dive and redive in the waves. 1879
JEFFERIES Wild Life in S. Co. 382 At other times this
bird will dive and redive, and double about in the water.
Redivi'de, v. [RE- 5 a. Cf. F. reJiviser."]
To divide again. Hence Bedivi'ding vbl. sb.
1603 HOLLAND Plutarch's Mor. 1360 By the meanes
whereof, that which is composed and mixed is redivided,
and s_eparate againe. 1611 FLORIO, Ridiuisione, a re-
deuiding. 1647 N. BACON Disc. Gout. Eng. i. Jxi. (1739) 120
The King re-divided the Land into four Circuits. 1846
GROTE Greece n. vi. II. 522 Aristotle clearly did not believe
that Lycurgus had redivided the soil. 1866 FELTON Anc,
ft Mod, Gr. II. n. y. 349 The Empire was redivided, and
territorially reorganized.
Redivi'sion. [RE- 5 a.] Renewed division.
1597 A. M. tr. Gitillcmeaii 'JF Fr. Chirurg. 57/1 Re-
divisione of the first kinde of Ligament, a 1631 DONNE in
Select. (1840) 45 The schools have made so many divisions,
and sub-divisions, and re-divisions, and post-divisions of
ignorance. 1846 GROTE Greece it. vL II. 522 Plato, .never
hints . . that an entire subsequent redivision had been re-
sorted to by Lycurgus. 1862 S. LUCAS Secularia 400 A
series of divisions and re-divisions and exchanges.
t Redivival, a. Obs.-1 [f. L. rediviv-us (see
next) + -AL.] Of renewed vitality.
01734 NORTH Lives (1826) III. 274 In this manner some
lives nave become redivival.
Redivive (re-divaiv), a. rare. [ad. L. redi-
vtvus that lives again, f. re(d)- RE- + vivus living,
alive.] Revived, come to life again.
1685 H. MORE Paralip. Prophet. xliiL 371 This Beast
redivtve was not the eighth King and seventh Head. 1829
Examiner 371/1 The part . . of the ' black priest ' is the
staple mystery. . . It is Radclitfe redivive.
t Re'divive, v. Otis.—* [f. prec.] trans. To
restore to life. So Ke'divived ppl. a.
1634 G. CRVMES in Ford's Wks. (Rtldg.) p. vi, Perkin is
rediviv'd by thy strong hand, And crown'd a king of new.
a 1656 Br. HALL Revelation Unrevealed § ii Beware of all
either new divised or redivived errors of opinion. 1809 A.
KNOX in Jebb's Corr. (1834) I. 527 Hannah More's new book,
Coelebs, an odd sort of redivived religious courtship.
t Redivivous, a. Obs. [f. L. rediviv-us +
-ous.j Liable to revive ; reappearing.
1651 BIGGS New Disfi. p 288 The ferment is redintegral
and redivivous. 1654 GAYTON Pleas. Notts 111. vii. 114 A
sort of these Theeves are now redivivous.
Red-knee(s) : see RED a. 18 b.
Red land. [RED a. i f.]
1. Sc. Ploughed land ; fallow ; arable land.
a 1578 LINDESAY (Pitscottie) Chron. Scot. (i8r4) 499 It
was ane fauch card and Rid land quhair they moved for
the tyme. a 1800 Elfin Knight xi. in Child Ballads I. 16/2
Ve'll get an acre o gude red-land. .And ye maun aer it wi
your horn. 1805 FORSYTH Beauties Scotl. II. 67 Lands
306
under summer fallow m this county [Roxburgh] correspond
correctly . . with the common Scottish appellation of red
land, a 1848 KERR Maggie o' the Moss (1891) 84 We will
never try to slim Red-land or lea.
2. Sandy or clayey soil of a reddish colour.
1712 J. MORTON Nat. Hist. Northatnpt. 40 Red-Land is a
Term much us'd by the Husbandmen here, and in Neigh-
bour Counties. . .They always apply it to a Sandy Soil of
a Reddish Hue, interspersed, .with. Pieces of Sand-Stone
of the same Colour. 1813 YOUNG Agric. Oxfordsh. 3 This
county contains three distinctions of soil . . i. The red-land
of the northern district ; which, in fertility, much exceeds
that of any other portion of equal extent. 1856 [see LAND
sb. 2], x8s7OLMSTED Jonrn. Texas fy This tract is known
as the Red Lands of Eastern Texas.
attrib. IJIM I. MORTON Nat, Hist. Northatnpt. 41 In
most of the Red-land Soil., there is more Sand than Earth.
Ibid. 48 In all Red-land Fields . . we may see . . many Iron-
colour'd Stones. 1813 YOUNG Agric. Oxfordsh. 4 The Red-
land District
Red lattice. Obs. G\Q. arch. A lattice painted
red as the mark of an alehouse or inn ; hence tramf.
an alehouse, tavern, inn.
1575-97 [see LATTICE i bj. «6ia BRETON Wits Private
Wealth (1879) 11/2 The world goes hard with pride, when
a Lady lyes at a red Lattice. 163., 1689 [see LATTICE i bj.
1x1704 T, BROWN Wks. (1708) III. n. 107 Drinking burnt
Brandy.. at the next Red Lattice.
attrib. 1598 SHAKS. Merry Iff. n. ii. 28 Your Cat-a-
Mountaine-lookes, your red-lattice phrases. 1837 Hon.
SMITH Tor Hill (1838) II. 191, 1 will not be letted by any
such red -lattice swaggerer.
Red lead, red-lead. [See LEAD sb.i 2.]
1. A red oxide of lead, largely used as a pigment.
11430 M.E.Med.Bk. (Heinrich) 202 Tak ceruse .. Redled
..litarge [etc.]. 1466 Mann, ty Househ. Exp. (Roxb.) 349,
ij.H. ofrede lede. ,\\\)d. 1507 Ace. Ld. High Treas. Scot.
(1902) IV. 90 Item, payit to Pieris, the payntour, for..
caddes, verneis, Rede lede,.. gold fulze [etc.] xxxij-r. viij.
1578 LVTK Dodofns n. viii. 157 Of the colour of Red-lead,
or lyke to the colour of the Orenge pill. 1612 PEACHAM
Gentl. Exerc. 17 To draw with drie colours, you may make
long pastils, which you shall doe by grinding red lead, or
any other colour with strong wort. 1675 A. BROWNE App.
Ars Pic/. 7 A Temperature of White Carmine and a little
Red Lead. 1744 BERKELEY Sin's § 196 Mr. Hales attributes
this effect to air enclosed in the red lead. 1800 tr. La-
grangc's Chew. I. 388 The nitric acid produces no change in
the nature of the red lead. 1868 JOYNSON Metals 122
Paint containing red-lead must be carefully eschewed.
b. attrib. and Comb., as red-leaii cask, colour,
maker (\%%$), mill ) \pcn ( = pencil), pencil, putty.
1670 PETTUS Fodinsc Regales xxv. 37 At the Red Lead
Mill. Ibid.i Several sets of Coopers Tools . . necessary for
making Red Lead Cask. 1678 RAY Willnghby's Oniith.
364 The Eyes are red like the Bill, or rather of a red-lead
colour. 1684 T. GODDARD Plato's Demon 12, I perceive
indeed that your red Lead Pen hath examined it very strictly.
1766 CompL Farmer s.v. Surveying 7 I 2/1 We would
commend for expedition a red-lead pen, whereby you may
mark out every angle neatly. 1807 AIKIN Diet. Chem. fy
Mm. I. 587/2 What are vulgarly called Red-lead pencils
are composed of thin slips of the finer kinds of reddle in-
closed in a wooden case. 1891 PATTERSON Ilittst. Naut.
Diet. i. 146 Red Lead rutty, a mixture of white lead and
red lead used for various purposes.
t2. Red lead of Siberia, red lead-ore (see RED
I7e). Obs.
1816 J. SMITH Panorama Sc. £• Art II. 411 Chromium
was discovered by Vauquelin, in analyzing a beautiful
mineral called red lead of Siberia.
Hence Red-lead v. trans., to paint with red lead ;
Red-leader, a workman in the shipbuilding in-
dustry who scrapes iron plates and paints them
with red lead.
x88a Standardly Oct. 2/3 A non-union man was employed
as red leader. 1890 Daily News 30 Sept. 3/2 The work of
chipping, scraping, and red-leading her iron work is being
proceeded with.
Redleas, variant of REDELESS a. Obs.
Red-leaved : see RED a. 14 a, 14 c.
Red-legged, a. Having red legs.
a. In the specific names of birds (and animals),
as red-legged crane, duck, heron, parroquet, thrush,
turtle, wallaby, etc.
Red-legged chough or crow, the Cornish chough. R.
falcon, the red-footed falcon (Falco rufipes}. R. gull, the
black-headed gull (Larus ridibundus}. R. horseman,
the redshank (Totanits calidris). R. kittiwake, Rissa
brevirostris. R.mew=r.^w//. R. partridge, the French
partridge (Caccabis rufa) ; also fig. a cardinal (quot. 1813).
R. plover, U. S. the turnstone (Cent. Diet 1891). R.
sandpiper, (a) the redshank ; (b) the purple sandpiper.
\*4pCuvier*sAnim.Kingd. 208 European or*Red-legged
Chough, a 1705 KM Synopsis Avium (1713) 193 The *red-
legged Crane. 1776 PENNANT Brit. Zool. (ed. 4) 1. 196 *Red
legged Crow. The legs and bill are of a bright orange, in-
clining to red. 1875 M^ILWRAITH Guide Wigtownshire 139
Linnen red. 1836 EYTOS Rare Brit, tfirds 5 *Red-legged
Falcon. 1785 LATHAM Gen. Synopsis Birds III. n. 381
*Red-legged Gull, Larus dnerarins. iSox MONTAGU
Ornith. Diet. (1831) 291 The Red-legged Gull of authors is
only this bird before it is arrived at maturity. 1753 CHAM-
BERS Cycl. Snpp., Ibis ,.\yy some confounded very erro-
neously with the haematopus, or *red-legged heron. 1678
RAY WWxgkby* Ornith. 299 We take this to be the bird
the French call Chevalier aux fieds rouges, the *red-leg'd
Horseman. 1734 ALBIN Nat. Hist. Birds II. 63 The
Totanits or Red-leg'd Horseman. 1892 Within an hour
of London xiii. 256 The redshank, pool-snipe,.. red-leg,
red-legged horseman. 1752 J. HILL Hist. Anita. 372 The
*red-legged Parroquet, . . This species is a native ot many
BED LETTER.
places both in the East and Wast Indies. 1611 COTGR.,
Perdrix gaUte, . . the great browne-bodied, and *red-legd
Partridge, the French Partridge. 1678 RAY ll'illughby*$
Ornith. 167 The Red-l^g'd Partridge, Perdrix ruffa
Aldrov. I7s6-7tr. KeysU-r's Trav. (1760)111.20 Red-legged
partridges are natives of Numidia. 1813 Examiner y. May
344/2 Did you ever see one of us red-legged partridges
before? 1840 Penny Cycl. XVII. 437/1 They are most
determined runners, and few birds are more calculated to
injure the bthuviour of a well-bred pointer or setter than the
Red-legged Partridge. 18*4 SHAW Zool. XII. i. 135 *Red-
legged Sandpiper {Totantts calidris). 1831 RENNIE Mon-
tagu's Ornith. Diet. 412 Little difference seems to exist
between this {the redshank] and the red-legged sandpiper
(T. Bewickii, Montagu) which is doubtless a variety of this
species. 1754 CATESBY Nat. Hist. Carolina (ed. 2) I. 30
The *red-leg'd Thrush, Tiirdns viscivorus plnmbens. 17*9
in DampieJs I'oy. (ed. 3} III. 409 The *Red-legg'd Turtle.
1808 MORRIS Austral Eng. 494/2 *Red-legged Wfallaby],
m\acropus\ wilcoxi.
b. Of persons : Wearing red stockings.
1835 WILLIS Pencilling: I. xv. in The motley troop of
cardinals and red-legged servitors passed out,.
Re-d-legs, red-leg.
1. Ornith. A name given to various birds with
red legs ; esp. the redshank ( Totanus calidris} t the
purple sandpiper ( Tringa maritimd), the red-
legged partridge (Caccabis rufa\ and (U.S.} the
tnrnstone (Strepsilas interpret).
1801 MONTAGU Ornith. Diet. (1831) 302 Two fpurple sand-
pipers] were shot there. .. and were called by the fishermen
red-legs. Ibid. 407 Red-legs. A name for the Red-shank.
1831 RENNIE Montagu's Ornith. Diet. 291 Laughing gull
(Lartts ridihnndus) . . Red Legs. 1878 Daily News 12 Sept.
3/1 The red-legged partridge is not a native of this country.
..In 1826 the red-legs were reported 'now plentiful in
Suffolk '. 189* [see ? -ed'legged horseman in prec.].
2. (See quot. and cf. REDSHANK i a.)
1887 N. D. DAVIS Cavaliers ff Roundheads of Barbados 83
notet The descendants of the old clansmen form a peculiar
people at the present time, in Barbados, where they are
Known as Red Legs.
3. The plant bistort (Pofygxmnm bistortd}.
1820 (?. Jtnl.Sci. Lit. fy Arts IX. 422 The juices of some
i plants contain nitrate of potash ; among others, I have
1 detected it in the folygonnm bistorta, called in English
'red-legs'. 1866 Treas. Bot. 962/2.
Redles(e, obs. variants of REDZLESS a. Obs.
Bed letter.
1. (Chiefly //.) A letter made with red ink, or
, with some red pigment, esp. as used in ecclesiastical
1 calendars to indicate saints' days and church
! festivals. Also injfe. context.
14.. A. B. C. Poem 13 in Pol. Rel A L. Poems (1866) 244
[ Red letter in parchemyn Makyth a chyld . . Lettrys to loke
i & se. 1490 CAXTON Eneydos xxii. 83 We wryte yet in cure
i kalenders the hyghe festes wyth rede lettres of coloure of
; purpre. 1570 FOXE A. ty M. (ed. 2) 695/1, I did but onely
colour them with red letters. And thus for matter of my
, Calendare enough. 1593 SHAKS. 2 Hen. Vft iv. ii. 97 He's
' a Booke in his pocket with red Letters in't. Cade. Nay then
he is a coniurer. 1658 H. PLUMPTRE in itt/t Re£, Hist. MSS.
• Contm. App. V. 6 Knter it into your Calendar with red letters,
that when it comes, it may be celebrated. 1679 V. ALSOP
Melins Inquirendum 17 If this were the Character of
Primitive Saintship, the Apostle Paul must not have worn
a Red Letter in our Enquirer's Calendar. 1879 SPURGEON
Serm. XXV. 411 The hour which sovereign grace has
marked with a red letter in the calendar of love 1
fb. transf. The Roman Catholic Church, as
being prominently given to the observation of
saints* days and festivals. Obs.
1679 GATES Narr. Popish Plot Ded. a ij, He that was
caught and executed., was of the same Red-Let ter, and had
Masses sung for him after his death, c 1688 in Hardwick
Trad. Lane. (1872) 269 The fountain is called Saint Ellen's
Well, to which place the vulgar neighbouring people of the
Red letter do much resort.
c. As the name of a moth.
1845 WESTWOOD Moths II. 180 Depressaria ocellana (the
red letter).
2. attrib.) as red-letter almanac •, mark, name;
t red-letter man. a Roman Catholic (cf. i b).
1677 MARVELL Season. Argnm. Wks. 1776 II. 570 A red
letter man, if of any religion, a 1700 B. E. Diet. Cant.
Creiv, Red-letter-man, a Roman-catholic. 1816 COLERIDCR
Lay Serm. <Bohn) 315 These are red-letter names even in
the almanacs of worldly wisdom. 1843 (title) The Red
Letter Almanack. 1878 A' Amer. Rev. CXXVI. 81 My
desire, .gair.ed me some r^d-letter marks at the war -office.
b. Red-latter day, a saint's day or church
festival indicated in the calendar by red letters;
hence, any memorable, fortunate, or specially happy
day. ; So red-letter night?)
1776 BRAND Pop. Antiq. \r;") Pref. 8 The Calendar was
crowded with Red Letter Days nominally, .consecrated to
Saints. 178* Miss BUFNF.V t tffi'ta x. vi, * To-day is a red-
letter day, so that's thy nas -:n of it '. 'A red-letter da>; ?
18x1 COLERIDGE Lrtf. II. 566 To sit at the same table with
Graitan, who would not think it a memorable honour, a red
letter day in the almanac of his life? 1887 T. A. TROLLOPE
What I remember \. xvii. 354, I used to dine and pass the
evening with Dr.Jeune; and th-:se were my red-letter days.
1894 D. C. ML-RRAV Making of Nffvelist 6 My red-letter
nights were when he came over to my native town.
Hence Red-lettered a (and pa. pple.}, distin-
guished by. marked with, red letters. Also Bed-
letter z». to mark in this v ny. rare.
*7°7 J- STKVENS Qnevcdos Com. Wks. (1709) 327 Why
I should we make red leu..r'd Saint*? 1784 COWPEE Let. ai
| June, It is reasonable to s- pposc, that in the next year •$
almanack \\ e ^hail Ji;:d the i.auic of Handel among the red-
BEDLING.
307
REDONATE.
lettered worthies. 1832 SOUTHEY in Q. Rev. XLVIII. 281
The bonfires of persecution and St. Bartholomew's red-
lettered day. 1868 BROWNING Ringfy Bk. in. 640 Assuredly
it shall be salve to mine fear] When this great news red-
letters him, the rogue ! 1898 Daily News u Oct. 8/1 The
efficiency of the action being evidenced by a red-lettered
shutter.
Redliche, variant of READLICHE Obs.
tRe'dling. Obs. rare—1. [f.Rroa. + -UNG!.]
= REDSHANK 2.
1655 MOUFET & BKNNET Health's Impr. 109 Redlings or
Water Redschancks feed as Water-railes do and be of the
like nourishment.
t Re'dly, «• Obs. rare-1, [app. f. RED a. +
-LY l, but perh. a misprint for redy.\ Red, reddish.
148* Bk. St.Albans, Her. A iij b, The .vi. stone is calde a
Rudy a [1486 ruby or] redly stone, gowlys it is calde in
arrays.
Re'dly, ado?- [f. RED a. + -LY 2,] In a red
manner, with a red appearance or colour.
16x1 COTGR., Rougeme'it, redly. 1814 BYRON Lara u. xiv,
Blood is mingled with the dashing stream, Which runs all
redly till the morning beam. 1843 BORROW Bible in Spain
(ed. 2) III. xvii. 333 The blaze was redly reflected in the
waters of the strait. 1883 STEVENSON Treas. Isl. i. iv, A
full moon peered redly through the upper edges of the fog.
t Re'dly, adv.'* Obs. Forms : i rcedlice, 3
readliehe, 4 redlych, comp. reedloker ; 4 redli,
4-5 reddely,4-6 redly, (6 readly). [OK. rxdlice^
f. rxdllc adj. : see REDE sbJ- and -LY 2, and cf. ON.
rdftliga. See also REDELY and REDILY.] Prudently,
carefully, distinctly, clearly, correctly, certainly.
^897 K. ALFRED Gregory's Past. C. xviii. 131 Baet he
meahte 8a2t folc fty wisllcor & Sy rasdlicor laeran. c 1000 in
Assmann Homilies etc. (1889) xviii. 195 Deofol .. nine oft
rredlice mid niHjni^-fealdum costningum cpstnode. a u;jo
Owl <$• Night. 1279 Nu thu mi^t wite readliehe, That eavere
thu spekest gideliche. c 1350 Will. Palerne 3143^0 real
emperour of rome j»anne redU him thonked. 1387 TREVISA
Higden (Rolls) I. 145 pe men of bat lond bee|»rediloker [v.r.
reedloker] i-cleped Gothy )>an Gogi. c 1415 WYNTOUN Cron.
\\. vi, 499 For redly wilys in women Sonnar apperis ban in
men. 1448 Paston Lett. I. 74 As he stombled, on of Har-
courts men smot hym in the bak with a knyfe ; men wotte
not ho hyt was reddely. 1513 DOUGLAS /Eneisvi. iii. 79
He prentit baith his futsteppis in the erd, Behaldand redly
quhat singnis thai schaw.
Redly, -lyd, varr. of RADLY, RIDLED Obs.
f Redlys. Obs. rare. [Repr. OE. r<*adl$sc : see
LASCH.] Some kind of red leather.
1408 Mem. Ripon (Surtees) III. 139 In i«j cprreis qu«e
vocantur redlys, . . pro praedictis cathedris cooperiendb.
Red-making : see RED a. 150.
Red man. Also red-man.
1 1. Alchemy. ? Red sulphide of mercury. Obs.
1610 B. JONSON Alch. II. iii, Your red man, and your
white woman, with all your broths, your menstrues [etc.].
2. [See RED a. 5 c.] A (or the) North American
Indian ; a redskin.
1744 VAUDREUIL in Pres. State Louisiana 37 The English
. .aimed at nothing so much as the Destruction of the red
Men. 1794 S. WILLIAMS Vermont 187 The Indian or the Red
Man seems to have been the most ancient, or the original
man of America. 1804 C. B. BROWN tr. Volney's View Soil
U. S. 187 The fancied superiority of the red men has been
exploded ever since the settlement of emigrants from
Europe along the frontiers. 1858 LONGF. M. Standish
vn. 42 Ready to be let loose, and destroy his brother the
red man. 1878 N. Amer. Rev. CXXVII. 477 A few scat-
tered tribes of red-men.
3. U.S. The squirrel-fish, Holoccntrus ascensionis.
1891 in Cent. Diet.
t Red mod, a. Obs. rare~L. [f. red RAD aJ- +
//wrfMooD.I Hasty, rash.
c 1175 Lamb. Horn. 105 Wre&5e haf 5 wununge on Jws
dusian bosme, bet is benne be moii bi& to redmod.
Red-mouth : see RED a. 18 b.
Rednase, -nes, Sc. varr. RADNESS Obs.
Bred-necked, a. Having a red neck; used
spec, in names of birds (and animals).
Red-necked avocet, the Australian avocet, Recnrvi-
rostra rubricollis. R. bernacle, the red-breasted goose,
Bernicia ruficollis. R. coot-foot — r.phalarope. R. dab-
chick — r. grebe. R. footman, a British moth. R. fran-
colin, a South African francolin, F. rubricollis. R. goat-
sucker — r. night-jar. R. grebe, Fodicefs rubricollis or
griseigena. R. kangaroo = r. ivallaby. R. lobe-foot =
r.phalarope. R. night-jar. Capr-mntgus ruficollis. R.
partridge = r. francolin. R. pna.la.ropetP/ia.larafius or
L-obipes hyperhoreits, R. pheasant — r. francolin. R.
(purre) sandpiper (see quot. 1802). R. wallaby,
Macropus ruficollis.
1874 J. E. HARTING in Ibis July 259 The "Red-necked
Avocct, which is perhaps the most beautiful of the four
known species, chiefly inhabits Australia. 1831 WILSON, etc.
Amer. Ornith. IV. 348 *Red-necked Bernacles. 1896 MORKIS
& TEGETMEIER .Vests Brit. Birds III. 65 "Red-Necked
Coot-Foot. 1817 T. FoKsmt Nat. Hist. Sivalloivtrihc
{ed. z) 89 "Rednecked dobchick. 1845 WESTWOOU Moths I.
09 Gnophria rubricollis (the *red-necked Footman). 1819
SHAW Zool. XI. u. 35 *Red-necked Francolin. i86a HAN-
COCK in Ibis 39 Notice on the occurrence of the *Red-necked
Goat sucker (Capritmtlgtts ruficollis} in England. 1785
PENNANT Arct. Zool. (1702) II. 499 *Red-necked Grebe,
Colytnbus Parotis. 1889 APLIN Birds Oxfordsh. 180 The
Red-necked Grebe is an occasional winter visitor. 1893
NKWTON Diet. Birds 382 The larger Red-necked Grebe,
P. griseigena^ . . a native of the sub-arctic parts of both
Europe and America. 1841 WATERHOUSK Nat. Hist.
Mantm. I. 125 The *Red-necked Kangaroo was discovered
by MM. Peron and Lesueur. 1840 Cuvier"s Anitn. AVw.fr/.
346The*Red-ncckedLobefvut. iS^MoRJUH&TBGETHXHU
Nests Brit. Birds I. i28The*Red-necked Night-jar has only
once been recorded as occurring in Great Britain ; it breeds
in the South of Kurope. 1783 LATHAM Gen. Synopsis Birds
II. if. 771 *Red-necked Partridge. 1817 T. FOKSTER Nat.
Hist. Swallowtribe (ed. 6) 88 *Red-necked phalarope.
1882 NEWTON YarrelPs Birds III. 315 The Red-necked
Phalarope is at once distinguished from the Grey Phala-
rope.. by its smaller size, with a longer and more slender
beak [etc.]- 1867 LAVARD Birds S. A/r. 268 The ^red-
necked pheasant ' is only found in wooded districts. 1785
LATHAM Gen. Synopsis Birds III. 1. 183 *Red-necked Purre
Sandpiper. 1802 MONTAGU Ornith. Diet, (1831) 408 Red-
necked sandpiper. The young of the Dunlin. 1894-5
LYDEKKER Royal Nat. Hist, III. 241 One of the largest
species is the *red-necked wallaby.
Redness (re'dnes). [f. RED a. + -NESS.] The
state or quality of being red ; red colour.
£900 tr. Bxda's Hist. iv. xxi. [xix.] (1890) 322 Mid by me
nu . . of swiran fonShlifaS seo readnis [L. rubor] & bryne b«s
s wiles & waerces. 971 Blickl. Horn, 7 Seo readnes bare
rosan lixej* on be. c 1374 CHAUCER Boeth, i. pr. L 3 (Camb.
MS.), Shewynge by rednesse [L. ntbore\ hyr shame they
passeden sorwfully the thresshfold. c 1430 /V<?r. Ly/Man-
hode iv. lix. (1869) 204 Whyt milk it bicometh whan it is
soden, and be rednesse goth al awey. 1485 CAXTON St.
IVene/r.^ A lytil redenes in manerof a thredewente aboute
the neck. 1544 PHAER Regim. Ly/e (1553! B iv, A desease
called Gutta rosacea, or copper face, in Englishe, ..is an
cxcessiue rednesse aboute the nose. 1615 CROOKE Body of
Man 72 Where blood aboundeth. .a rosle rednesse mingleth
it selfe with the white. 1661 LOVKLL Hist. Anitn. $ Mitt.
220 Towards winter they wax kipper,, .and loose both their
rednesse and taste, a 1756 MRS. HEYWOOD New Present
(1771)25 Fresh fish in general may be judged by the redness
of their gills. <zx8» SHELLEY Chas. /, i. 118 We see the
redness of the torches Inflame the night. 1855 LONGF.
Hiaiv. xxii. 212 The evening sun descending Set the clouds
on fire with redness.
Reel nettle.
1. t a. A variety of the stinging nettle. Obs, b.
The red dead-nettle.
c xooo Sax. Leechd. III. 52 Seo reade netele <5e burh acrn
inwyxS. a 1400 MS, Sloans 282 in Alphita (Anec. Oxon.)
193 Urtica greca, rouge urteie, reed netel. 14.. Stockh.
Med. MS. in Anglia XVIII. 302 }>e crop of be reed nettyle
forjet bou no:jt. r 1450 M. E. Med. Bk. (Heinrich) 75 Take
gromylle, . . be rede netelle, violet [etc.]. 1530 PALSGR. 261/2
Reed nettyll, ortiegriache. 1561 HOLLYBUSH Horn. Apoth, 3
Take sedes of red nettels, and braye them to pouder in a
morter. 16x1 CoTQK.,Orfte Driest: Ae, the small stinging red
Nettle. Ortie rouge^ the red Nettle, 1877 HULME Fatn.
Wild Flowers I. 63 The upper leaves of the red nettle are
sometimes densely clothed with silky hairs.
t 2. (See quot.) Obs. rare-1.
1611 COTGR., Cut de cheval) a small and ouglie fish, ..
called, the red Nettle.
Red-nose.
1. a. attrib. Red-nosed, b. One who has a red
nose, a toper.
1589 NASHE Anat. Absurd. Wks. (Grosart) I. 34 Our new
found songs . . , which euery rednose Fidler bath at his
Fingers end. [1591 — Prognost. ibid. II. 162 The ancient
order of the redde noses.] 1636 W. DURHAM in Ann. Du-
brensia (1877) 10 Their red-nose pimple-faced deitie. 1638
BRA-THWAIT Baryiaoges Jml. in. (i8i8) 137 Down the staires
..To a knot of brave boyes fell I, All red-noses, no dye
deeper. 1798 NEMNICH Polyg. Lex.> Nat. Hist, v, 867 Red
nose kidneys ; a sort of potatoes.
2. A name locally given to various species of
molluscs.
about Paignton well know the ' red-noses ', as they call the
great cockles [Note. Cardium rusticnm],
Red-nosed, a. Having a red nose. Also
transf. in names of birds, etc.
1607 SHARPHAM The Fleire u. D, Shall we haue red-nos'd
Corporals here? 1666 PEPYS Diary (1879) III. 467 A long
red-nosed silly jade. 1781 WOLCOTT (P. Pindar) Odes to
R. A.'s vi. 16 Old red-nos'd Wilson's art. 1805 R. W. DICK-
SON Pract.Agric. II. 602 Red-nosed kidney [potato]. 1821
LATHAM Gen. Hist. Birds I. 201 Red-Nosed Falcon. .. In-
habits Senegal. 1840 DiCKENS0£/C. SAo/ xlvi, The doctor
was a red-nosed gentleman. 1861 H. KINGSLEY Ravenshoe
xlviii, Here's the rid-nosed oysther of Carlingford.
Re-do*, ^. Also redo. [RE- 5 a.]
1. trans. To do over again or afresh.
1597 A. M. tr. Gnillemeau's Fr. Chirurg. 15/2 Redoinge
the same soe often as the greatnes of the wounde shall
require. 1615 G. SANDYS Trav. 262 Prodigality and luxurie
are no new crimes, and. .we do but re-do old vices. 1680 J.
AUBRKY in Lett. Eminent Persons (1813) III. 555 'Tis pitty
it is not re-donne. 1837 C. LOFFT Self -for motion 1. 131 This
we must do, and redo, and as nearly as we can overdo. 1892
Daily News 2 Aug. 6/1 The boots must either be redone, or
he would not pay.
b. To redecorate (a roomV
1864 TROLLOPE Can you forgive her ? ii, I'll go halves with
you in the expense of redoing it. 1895 Blackw. Mag. Feb.
36/2 My father redid the interior of the East room.
c. To do up again.
1845 Economy 48 It is to be patched, .and re-done up.
1 2. To do back or in return. Ot>s.~l
1650 LOCKYER Olive-Leafe 73 What evil men doe to good
shall be re-done to them, done back again upon them.
Red ochre. A variety of OCHRE, commonly
used for colouring with ; reddle or ruddle.
IS7J Churchiv. Ace. St. Dunstatt's, Canterb. (MS.), Payed
I for red oker iijrf. 1601 HOLLAND Pliny II. 417 This floure
of salt is., commonly coloured with red ocre. i68xCHETHA
; Anglers Vade-m. iv. § 7 (1700) 35 Some ingenious Anglers
i . .use to shave Riddle or red Oker into the Moss they keep
i their Worms in. 17*5 PW- '&***. XXXIII. 305 About
i Winford . . it turns to Ruddle, or Red-Okre, used chiefly for
marking of Sheep. 1774 GOLDSM. Nat. Hist. (1776) II. 240
They use many methods to darken their skins by art, painting
them with red ochre [etc.]. 1836-7 DICKENS S^k. hoz (1850)
60/2 The company are now promenading outside in all the
dignity of wigs, spangles, red-ochre, and whitening. 1884
W. H. GREENWOOD Steel fy Iron iii. 34 The soft and more
earthy varieties [of red haematite] constitute red ochre.
attrib. 1609 DEKKER Lunik. $ Candle-It, viii, No Red-
oaker man caries a face of a more filthy complexion. 1623-4
MIDDLETON & ROWLEY Span. Gij>sy u. i, No red-ochre rascals
umbered with soot and bacon as the English gipsies are.
Hence Bed-ochre v. Also Bed-ochreing1 vbl. $b.
1884 BARING-GOULD Mehalah x, The roof was tiled and
looked very red, as though red ochred every morning. 1899
Strand Mag. Mar. 278/1 A little staining and red-ochreing.
Redolence (re-d^lens). [a. OF. redolence
(Godef.), f. redolent: see -BNCE.]
1. Sweet smell, fragrance, perfume. Also^S^1.
c 1410 LYDG. Assembly of Gods 1611 The wordys of Doc-
trync yaue gret redolence, In s wetness of sauour, to her
dysciples all. c 1530 Remedy Love 213 Breathyng an Aro-
matike redolence Surmountyng Olibane. c 1570 Pride <V
L<nvl. (1841) 8 So paynted and so coloured ..Was Floras
land . . Ne with such verdure, and such redolence, a 1691
BOYLE (J.), We have all the redolence of the perfumes we
burn upon his altars. 1791 HUDDESFORD Salmag., Illus.
Fancy 15 Whose undulating folds dispense Cassia's am-
brosial redolence. 1845 Blackiv.Mag. LVIII. 750 Was not
this feeling an echo, a redolence, of the happy, lively sensa-
tions [etc.]. 1897 Chr. Herald (N. Y.) 13 Oct. 764/2 Migrat-
ing into groves of redolence and perpetual fruitage.
f2. Smell, stench. Obs. rare~~L.
1599 NASHE Lenten Stitffe 58 Al these bee graunted, to bee
riddc of his filthy redolence.
So t Be'dolency. Obs. [See -ENCY.]
1610 GUILLIM Heraldry in. vii. (1611) 116 Flowers for
beauty, varietie of colour, and pleasant redolencie. 1658
EVELYN Fr. Card. (1675) 89 The flies so much frequent
their flowers and leaves, which attract them with their
redolency and juyce. [Copied by Mortimer Hitsb. (1721) II.
268, whence in Johnson and later Diets.]
Redolent (re'd^lent), a. [a. OF. redolent or
L. redolent-em^ pr. pple. of redolere, f. re(d)" RE- +
olere to emit a smell. Cf. OLENT «.]
1. Having or diffusing a pleasant odour ; sweet-
smelling, fragrant, odorous. Now rare.
c 1400 Beryn 2765 This gardeyn is evir green, & ful of maye
flowers., the wich been so redolent, & sentyn so aboute.
1432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) VII. 485 The body, .was founde
redolente and incorrupte by ij. yere after his dethe. 15*8
PAYNEL Salerne's Regim. H b, Fragrant and redolent wyne
conforteth moste. 1600 FAIRFAX Tasso x. Ixi, A lothsome
lake of brimstone, pitch and lime, Orcgoes that land, earst
sweet and redolent. 1634 H. R. Salerne's Regim. 66 A toast
wet in redolent Wine is good to eate. 1828-30 TENNYSON
in Life(i%qj) I. 64 Every flower and every fruit the redolent
breath Of the warm seawind ripeneth.
transf. 1509 HAWES Past. Pleas, xxxvm. (Percy Soc.) 198
Her redolente wordes of swete influence Degouted vapoure
moost aromatyke.
t b. In fig. context. Obs.
14. . LYDG. Commend, Our Lady 39 Fructif olyve, of foyles
faire and thikke, And redolent cedre. .Remembre on sinners.
1513 BRADSHAW St. Werburgt i. 1815 A redolent floure all
vertue to augment. 1542 BECON Christmas Banquet \.
Wks. 1564 L i8b, The most odiferous, redolent, and swete
smellyng floures of the holy Scriptures. 1629 R. BRUCE
Let. in Wodrow Life (1843) 138 To pour in after this his
redolent balm on the bleeding wounds of a festered con-
science. 1643 UDALL Serm. in Shute's Sermons (1645) 8 The
substance of this
oyntment in it.
2. Of smell, odour, etc. : Pleasant, sweet, fragrant.
c 1450 LYDC. & BURGH Secrets 2371 Lyk a gardeyn of
Redolent savour. 1568 T. HOWELL Arb. Amitie (1879) 19
The Violets trim . . Doe not alwayes . . florishe gay, with smell
most redolent. 1629 MAXWELL tr. Herodian (1635) 297 All
manner of redolent Odors. 1652 C. B. STAPYLTON Herodian
6 Leaving behind a redolent perfume.
3. Odorous or smelling of or with something ;
full of the scent or smell of. Also^.
1700 DRYDEN Ovid's Met. xv. 109 While Kine to Pails
distended Udders bring, And Bees their Hony redolent of
Spring. 1742 GRAY Eton ii, The gales . . seem . . , redolent of
joy and youth, To breathe a second spring, xfai LAMB
Elia Ser. I. My Relations^ The odour of those tender
vegetables comes back upon my sense, redolent of soothing
recollections. 1871 ALABASTER Wheel of Law 125 The
Grand Being entered his magnificent palace, redolent with
fragrant perfumes.
O. Jig. Strongly suggestive or reminiscent oft or
impregnated witht some quality, feeling, etc.
1828 E. IRVING Last Days 369 Their craft . . all redolent
with Popish superstition. 1837-9 H ALLAH Hist. Lit. II. u.
v. 226 It is a strain redolent of a bridegroom's joy. 1856
EMERSON Eng. Traits, Universities^^. (Boon) II. 90 On
every side Oxford is redolent of age and authority. 1876
HOLLAND Sev . Oaks xxiii. 328 The lawyer's hands were as
pale,, .and his lips as redolent of scorn.
f Redoling", ///. *- Obs. rare-1, [f. L. re-
dol-ere (see prec.) + -ING 2.] Redolent.
c 1450 Mirour Saluacioun 556 Above both rose and lyllye
candent and redoling.
Redomyt, variant of REDIMITE a. Sc. Obs.
t Redonable, a. Obs. rare, [f, Rz- + DON-
ABLE a.] That may be given back.
1641 EARL MONM. tr. Btondfs Civil Warres \\. 69 Artil-
lery, munition, or victualls, prisoners of quality, or other-
wise redonable, doe properly belong to them.
f Redonate, v. Obs. rare-0, [f. L. rcdonat-t
reddnare : see RE- and DONATE v.] (See quoO
1656 BI.OUNT Giossofr.t Redonate, to give again a thing
I that is taken.
39-2
.
s Text, and. .the pretious fragrant redolent
REDONATION.
t Re don action. Obs. rare —1. [See prec. and
-ATION.] The action of giving back.
1623 COCKERAM, Kcdonation, a giulng backe of a thing.
1648 LIGHTFOOT Horse Hebraicx (1684) II. 561 We have ..
heard of the Holy Ghost's departure, . . but of his return
and redonation of him, we have not yet heard.
Redond(e, obs. form of REDOUND.
II Redondilla (r<?d0ndrlya). [Sp., dim. f. re-
donda fern, of redondo round.] In Spanish poetry,
a stanza of riming verse ; spec, a stanza of four
trochaic lines consisting of six or eight syllables, in
which the first line rimes with the fourth, and the
second with the third.
1837 HALIAM Hist. Lit. I. ii. § 41. 163 The favourite
metre in lyric songs and romances was the redondilla. 1868
GEO. ELIOT Sp. Gipsy in. 257, I am a thing of rhythm and
redondillas,
Re-docrm, v. [RE- 5 a.] To doom again.
1738 A. HILL Wks. (1753) I. 286 If preferring the peace of
poor England to your Lordship's, I should even wish you
redoom'd to her helm . . the wish would deserve pardon.
Redor, variant of REDVOBE Obs.
Redorse, Redos, obs. variants of REEEDOS.
Redoub(e, redoubbe, varr. REDUB v. Obs,
t Bedou-ble, sb, Ods.~l [Cf. next and obs. F.
redouble (Godef.).] Repetition, anadiplosis.
1589 PUTTENHAM Eng. Poesie \\\. xix. (Arb.) 210 Ye haue
another sort of repetition when with the worde by which
you finish your verse, ye beginne the next verse. . . The
Greeks call this figure Anadiplosis, I call htm the Redouble
as the originall beares.
Redouble (rftlirb'l), z/.1 Also 6-7 redub(b)le.
[a. F. redoubler (f. re- RE- + doubler to DOUBLE) =*
Sp. redohlar, Pg. redobrar, It. raddoppiare,']
1. trans. To double (a thing) ; to make twice as
great or as much.
^1477 CAXTON Jason i8b, I haue yet good wil that to-
morne I shal redouble that, c 1489 — Blanchardymdiu. 159
These tydynges dyde redouble her ioye ouer mesure. 1555
EDEN Decades 249 By this meanes are the customes re-
doubeled. 1594 SOUTHWELL M. Magd. Fun, Tears (1823)
73 Thy losse hath redoubled the torment of my owne
[grief]. 1603 HOLLAND Plutarch's Mor. 219 The feare
which she hath lest her little one should take hanne re-
doubleth her courage. 1698 S. CLARKE Script. Just. iv. 18
When God justified Job,., he return 'd and redoubled all his
Temporal Blessings to him again. 1748 Anson's Voy. u. vi.
192 This made our people redouble their efforts. 1797-1809
COLERIDGE Three Graves 345 There was a hurry in her
looks, Her struggles she redoubled. 1868 FREEMAN Norm.
Cony. (1876) II. x. 520 The King's alms and prayers and
fastings are redoubled.
b. intr. To be doubled ; to become twice as
great or as much. Also, to become doubly strong
in some respect.
1490 CAXTON Eneydos xxiv. 90 Redoublen her sorowes and
her trystesses enforce more vpon her. 1530 PALSGR. 682/1
Whan I thynkeupon his dethe my sorowes redouble, a 1627
HAYWARD Four Y. Rliz. (Camden) 62 The Englishe .. re-
dublinge in courage upon the importance of their danger, . .
drave the French agame home to the towne. 1666 HARVEY
Morb. Angt. xxxi. (1672) 94 The heat of the body reflecting
at the fingers ends, redoubles, and is more intense than in
any other part. 1715 POPE Iliad I. 296 Nor yet the rage
his boiling breast forsook, Which thus redoubling on Atrides
..had accepted the Deanery of Saint Paul's,
fc. To be (so many times) greater than. Obs.
1611 SPEED Hist. Gt. Brit. vii. xxii. § 5. 338 The Armie of
this enemie is reported to redouble thirty times his.
•j1 2. trans, a. To repay doubly, b. To cause to
be repeated. Obs. rare.
1531 ELVOT Gov, u. xii, Thus mykyndenesse hathe he
well acquyted, or (as I mought saye) redoubled, delivering
me from the death. Ibid. in. xxi, Often tymes the omittynge
of correction redoubleth a trespace.
3. To repeat ; to do, say, etc., a second time.
1581 J. BELL Haddon's Answ. Osor. 344 b, Of the great-
nesse of Sinne . . hath bene spoken so much already that it
is needelesse now to redouble the same agayne. 1626 T. H.
tr. Caussin^s HolyCrt. 71 There is not a visitant.. that will
not roame from house to house, -and redouble iourney after
iourney heerevpon. 1645 MILTON Tetrach. Wks. (1847) 180/1
(Gen. i. 27) He . . said also in the same verse, ' in the image
of God created he him1, and redoubled it. 1845 STODDART
Gram, in Encycl. Metrop. I. 91/1 It is sufficient, .that the
negative conception should be once expressed in a simple
sentence ; but we generally find it redoubled in old English.
b. esp. To repeat (a blow, etc.).
1593 SHAKS. Rich. fl} i. iii. 90 Let thy blowes doubly re-
doubled, Fall like amazing thunder. 1598 GRENEWEY Tacitus^
Ann. vi. viii. (1622) 134 He . . being carried away with his
horse, was not able to redouble his stroke. 1646 EARL
MONM. tr. Biondfs Civil Warre$v\. 40 e, He was., wounded
in the side by one who was come thither to kill him, and
who did not redouble his thrust,
f c. absol. To repeat a thrust or stroke in fencing.
1640 tr. Verdertfs Romant of Rom, in. 220 He ran him
with his sword into the thigh, and instantly redoubling on
his helmet, he overturned him. 169* SIR W. HOPE Fencing-
Master 98 When you Redouble or give in another Thrust.
t 4. trans. To repeat (a sound) ; to return, re-
produce, re-echo. Obs,
a 1542 WVATT in Tottel's Misc. (Arb.) 75 To me they do
redubble still of stormy sighes the voyce. 1596 SPENSER
Prothalamion in So ended she; and all the rest around
To her redoubled that her undersong. 1655 MILTON Sonn.
Mass. Piedmont, Their moans The Vales redoubl'd to the
Hills, and they To Heav'n. 1679 DRVDEN Lintberham in.
i, Hollow mountains my groans redouble.
308
b. intr. To re-echo, resound.
1715 POPE Odyss, vi. 136 Loud shrieks the virgin train,
And the loud shriek redoubles from the main. 1781 COWPER
Truth 240 Peal upon peal redoubling all around. 1817
SHELLEY Rev. Islam vii. xi, A stunning clang of massive
bolts redoubling Beneath the deep.
5. trans. To duplicate by reflection.
1827 MONTGOMERY Pllican 1st. I. u The sun Sole in the
firmament, but in the, deep Redoubled. 1869 RUSKIN Q. of
Air § 18 As you may trace new forms and softer colours in
a hillside, redoubled by a lake.
t 6. To pass or sail round, to double. Obs.~l
1611 SPEED Hist. Gt. Brit. v. i. § 4. 155 The huge enorme
tract of ground beyond Caledonia, .was first redoubled with
the Romane fleet by lulius Agricola.
Redouble (rfdo-b'l), v.* [RE- 5 a.] trans.
and intr. To double again.
1530 PALSGR. 682/1 It is a sporte to se an hare doubyll
and redoubylL 1589 PUTTENHAM Eug. Poesit II. x[ij. (Arb.)
100 The maker will double or redouble his rime or concords,
and set his distances farre or nigh. 1603 KNOLLES Hist.
Turks (1638) 283 Doubling and redoubling the praises of
the king. 1771 LUCKOMBE Hist^. Print. 403 As the volume
that is doubted or re-doubled is imposed in the whole Chase.
1 Redotrble, f.3 Obs. Also 6 -dub(b)le,
-doble. [a. obs. F. redoubler, -dobler (isth c.),
app. an erroneous form of redouber to REDUB.]
trans. To put right, amend, redress.
c i«S HARPSFIELD Divorce Hen. VIII (Camden) 55 They
would fain reduble and redress this error. 1571 DK. NORFOLK
in utA Rep. Hist. MSS. Camm. App. IV. 574 Manye men
have runne astraie who . . have afterwardes, with good ser-
vice, redobled ther former follies. 1596 Foxc's A. ty M.
1001/2 No man shall by colour of dutie omitted by their
curates, deteine their tithes, and so redouble [1570 redubbe]
one wrong with another.
Redoubled (r/d^-bld, r/i/fc-b'ld), ///. a. [f.
REDOUBLE z>.i (and z;.2) + -ED:i.]
1. Increased to double ; repeated.
a 1543 WVATT in Totters Misc. (Arb.) 59 Who geueth
willingly, Redoubled thankes aye doth deserue. 1590 SPKN-
SER F. Q. u. ii. 23 He .. with redoubled buflfes them backe
did put. 1591 — Tears Muses 22 Th' hollow hills from
which their silver voyces Were wont redoubled Echoes to
rebound. 1631 QUARLES Div. Poetns, Samson sec. viii,
His quicke redoubled paces make His stay amends. 1671
MILTON Samson. 923 Where my redoubl'd love and care
.. May ever tend about thee. 1711 W. KING tr. Naude's
Ref. Politics ili. 105 The king persisted in his resolution
which was followed by the redoubled complaints of his
people. 1776 GIBBON Decl. fy F. xii. I. 330 The angry and
selfish passions of the soldiers . . soon broke out with re-
doubled violence. 1869 J. MARTINEAU Ess. II. 228 The
memory will . . require redoubled precautions against mistake.
b. Music. Increased by an octave.
1811 BUSBY Diet. Mm. (ed. 3) s.v., The thirteenth com-
posed of a sixth and octave is a redoubled sixth; and the
fifteenth containing two octaves is a redoubled octave.
2. Doubled, or folded, back or again.
1601 DENT Pathw. Heaven (1831) 37 These doubled and
redoubled ruffs which are now in common use. c 1825
BEDDOES Poetnst Kisses 115 Soft as a snow-tuft in the dew-
less cup Of a redoubled rose. 1827-8 STEUART Planters G.
(ed. 2) 248 Taking care, by redoubled folds of mat, to secure
the bark against, .damage.
Redou'blement. [a. F. redoublement (i6th
c.), or f. REDOUBLE z>.l -t- -MENT.]
L — REDOUBLING vbl. sb.\,
1611 COTGR., Redouble, a redoublement ; ., a redoubling.
1768 Woman of Honor III. 256 To that circumstance it was
so plain, my owing her redoublement of attention tome, that
I never [etc.]. 1867 MILL in Even. Star 10 May, This bill
. .will have the unrivalled feat of making a redoublement of
agitation both inevitable and indispensable.
1 2. Med. An increase in severity ; a paroxysm.
Obs. (Cf. REDOUBLING vbl. sb. a.)
1740 tr. De Mouhy's Fort. Country- M 'aid (1741) II. 304 A
frightful Crisis, which at first was thought to be a Redouble-
ment of the Fever. 1753 N. TORRIANO Gangr. Sore Throat
93 Any Diminution in the Redoublements of the Fever.
trans/. 1878 FR. A. KEMBLE Rec. Girlhood I. viii. 215,
I fell into a redoublement of weeping.
Redou'bler. [f. REDOUBLE z/.1 or 2 -f -ER *.]
1. One who redoubles. rar£~°.
1611 COTGR., Redoubleur^ a redoubler.
2. A machine for redoubling yarn.
1884 M°LAREN Spinning 241 It is only necessary to put
from six to twelve turns per yard into the yarn. The best
frame for doing^ this is Messrs. Boyd's redoubler.
Redoubling (rfdo-b'lirj, ndzrblirj), vbl, sb. [f.
REDOUBLE v.1 (and v.2} + -ING ].]
1. The action of REDOUBLE v. in various senses.
1580 HOLLYBAND Treas. Fr. Tong, Redoublentent% a re-
doubling. 16x0 J. MORE in Buccleuch MSS. (Hist MSS.
Comm.) I. 87 By the redoubling of her griefs on all hands.
a 1665 J. GOODWIN Filled w. the Spirit (1867) in The re-
doubling of the negative particle . . fortifying the negation.
1681 [see ANADIPLOSIS]. 1748 HARTLEY Observ. Man i. iv.
458 The Progress, Windings, and endless Redoublings of
Self-love. 1893 Daily News 3 Feb. 5^4 The next re-doubling
of the present number of his co-religionists.
b. techn. in spinning (see quot.).
1884 MCLAREN Spinning 239 There is a second form of
twisting called re-doubling, which is chiefly used for carpet
yarn. It is for twisting two or more threads together that
liave already been each made into two-fold.
f2. A paroxysm. Obs. (Cf. REDOUBLEMENT a.)
1747 tr. Astruc's Fevers 265 A pestilential fever, particu-
larly of the malignant and continued kind with redoublings.
fig' *75& NUGENT Montesquieu's Spir. Laws xui. xvii, A
new distemper has spread itself over Europe, infecting our
princes. .. It has its redoublings, and of necessity becomes
contagious.
REDOUBTABLE.
Redotrblillg, pfl. a. [f. as prec. + -ING 2.)
Doubling, increasing ; re-echoing, resounding.
1631 LITHGOW Trim, viy. 349 Wars . . the issue whereof,
but retorted to the Duke a redoubling disaduantage. 1717
POPE Iliad XH. 398 Redoubling clamours thunder in the
skies. 1761-9 FALCONER Skifruir. i. 799 Redoubling cords
the lofty canvas guide. laid. II. 73 One in redoubling
mazes wheels along. 1817 SCOTT Harold v. xii, Redoubling
echoes roll'd about. 1812 GOOD Study Med. II. 26 The
dicrotic, coturnising, and inciduous [pulses], proposed.. as
mere subvarieties of the rebounding, or redoubling.
Redoubt r/dau't), sb. Also 7, 9 redout(e.
[ad. F. rcdoute, •)• redote, ridolte (first recorded in
1616), ad. It. ridotto (= Sp. redtuto, Pg. reducto,
reduto, F. riduit: see REDUIT) :— med.L. reductus
a secret place, a refuge, f. L. reductus retired, pa.
pple. of rcdiicert to REDUCE.
The * in Eng. is intrusive, on analogy of REDOUBT v.\
1. Fortif. t a. A small work made in a bastion
or ravelin of a permanent fortification, or (detached
redoubt) at some distance beyond the glacis, but
within musket-shot from the covert-way. Obs. b.
A species of ont-work or field-work, usually of
a square or polygonal shape, and with little or no
means of flanking defence.
a 1608 Sm F. VERE Comm. (1657) 4 Because there were
upon it certain small redoubts held by the enernie, we took
along with us two small field-pieces. 1625 B. JONSON Staple
of N. iv, When my muster-master, .tells you of redoubts,
of catSj and corlines. 1673 SIR J. MOORE Mod. Fortif.
95 Plain Redoubts, are either small or great ; the small
are fit for Court of Guards in the Trenches. 1704 J.
HARRIS Lex. Teckn. I. s. v., In Marshy Grounds, these Re-
doubts are often made of Mason's Work for the Security
of the Neighbourhood. 1794 MRS. RADCLIFFE Myst. Udolpho
xxxiii, They were fired from that redoubt yonder, and rare
execution they did. 1834-47 J. S. MACAULAV Field Fortif.
(1851) 13 The defects of a circular redoubt are, that it is
difficult to apply to irregular sites, and that it distributes its
fire equally on every part whether required or not,
b. fig. and in fig. context.
1629 B. JONSON in Sir J. Beaumont Borwortk F., etc aj b,
Yet, who dares offer a redoubt to reare ? To cut a Dike ? or
sticke a Stake vp, here, Before this worke? 1663 BUTLER
Hud. i. i. 326 (The rats] till th' were stormed and beaten out
Ne'er left the fortified Redoubt. 1711 SWIFT Sid Hamet $r
A magical Redoubt To keep mischievous Spirits out. 1781
COWPER Convcrsat. 689 They . . Enlarge and fortify the dread
redoubt, Deeply resolved to shut a Saviour out. 1841
EMERSON Lect. on Times Wks. (Bohn) II. 249 This great
fact of Conservatism, entrenched in its immense redoubts.
2. Fortif. = REDUIT.
iSoa JAMES Milit. Diet., Redoubt,, .a place more particu-
larly intrenched and separated from the rest by a ditch.
1841 PtnnyCycl. XIX. 348/2 Any works constructed within
others, in order to prolong their defence, or to afford a re-
treat for the troops who occupy them, are also called re-
doubts.
3. A public assembly-hall in Germany used for
gambling and entertainments ; also transf. an as-
sembly held there, esp. a masked ball.
1818 Autumn near Rhine 509 The Redoubt is a large
handsome building, the ground-floor open with a colonnade
in front. 1858 CARLYLE Fredk. Gt. vi. iii. (1872) II. 150 The
two Kings, after dinner, went in domino to the redoubt
(ridotto, what we now call rout or evening party).
t Redoubt,///, a. Obs. [f. next.] Redoubted.
1417 in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. u. I. 54 Our righte redoubt
and righte soveraiyne liege Lord. 1502 Ord. Crystett Men
(W. de W. 1506) v. iii. MM ij b, How moche is this horryble
thynge cruel! and redouble as to offende god and his com-
maundementes to trespasse.
Redoubt (rfdau-t), v. Now rhet. Also 4-7
redoute, 5-6 redowt, (4 -e). [ad. F. redouter, f re-
doubter (nth c.), f. re- RE- + douter to DOUBT.
Cf. obs. It. ridallare.'] trans. To dread, fear, stand
in awe or apprehension of: a. a person, nation,
etc. (Chiefly in fa. ffle.}
c 1374 CHAUCER Boeth. u. pr. vii. 45 (Camb. MS.), Yitwas
. . Roome wel waxen and gretly redowted of the parthes [L.
Parihis . . formidolosd\. 1456 SIR G. HAVE Law Arms
(S.T.S.) 2 Charles the Sext. .the quhilk is lufit and redoubtit
our all the warld. c 1500 Melusine 200 Regnald . . made so
grete appertyse of armes that alle his enemyes redoubted
nym. 1590 C'TESS PEMBROKE Antonie 947, I conquer'd
Rome, that Nations so redoubt. 01648 LD. HERBERT
Hen. VIII (1683) 2 He seem'd to hold that strong temper of
Authority, which made him esteem'd and redoubted both at
home and abroad. 1718 MORGAN Algiers II. i. 212 Algiers
formidable and redoubted as it renders itself to many of the
Coasts of Europe measures barely one League about. 1866
Editi. Rev. Oct. 363 The Sawfiies are those most to be
redoubted by the English farmer.
b. a thing or event
c 1374 CHAUCER Boeth. I. pr. iii. s (Camb. MS.) Sholde I
thanne redowte my blame. 1491 CAXTON Vitas Pair. (W.
de W. 1495) i. xlviii. 92/2 They had seen his lugetnents,
whyche ben moche to be fered and redoubted. 1523 LD.
BERNERS froiss. I. cclxxv. 412 Whichc thynges they sayd
ought greatly to be redoubted and consydered. c 1586
C'TESS PEMBROKE Ps. cxxl. ii, March lustily on, redoubt no
falling. 1653 H. CoGAN tr. Pinto' s Trav. ix. 27 Here is the
cause that makes me so much redoubt the coming of mine
enemies. 1781 ELPHINSTON Martial i. Ixx. 61 Yet, bold
approach; thou canst redoubt no pride. 1889 J.J- THOMAS
Froudacity 198 Whiteness of skin was both redoubted and
tremblingly crouched to by negroes.
Redoubtable (rttau-tab'l), a. (and sfr.) Now
rhet. Also 4 redowt-, 4-6 redout-, [a. F.
redoutable, f redoubt- (la-ljth c.) : see prec.]
1. To be feared or dreaded ; formidable. fAlso,
REDOUBTABLENESS.
of persons: To be reverenced or revered, com-
manding respect, a. In predicative use.
c 1374 CHAUCER Boeth. !V. pr. v. 102 (Camb. MS.) No wyse
man hath leuere ben exiled, poore and nedy, and nameles,
than for to . . flowren of Rychesses, and be redowtable by
honour [L. honor? rcvercndits]. 1481 CAXTON Myrr. i. yiil,
For the evyll was helle maad . . whiche is horryble stynking
and redoubtable. 1530 PALSGK. 383 He was wont to be
so redoubtable to them. 1638 K. BAKER tr. Balzac's Lett.
(vol. III.) 108 In such equipage hee would be more ridiculous
than redoubtable. 1685 Graciait's Courtier s Orac. 53 By
one word he rendred himself more redoubtable, than by all
his power. 1787 BURNS Death Sir y. H. Blair vi, Revers'd
[is] that spear, redoubtable in war. 1816 KIRBV & Si".
Entomol. xxiii. (1818) II. 358 A spider-wasp .. whose sting
is redoubtable. 1889 Spectator 14 Sept., As a fighting race,
they will always be redoubtable.
b. In attributive use. (Chiefly of persons, and
now freq. in humorous or ironical application.)
1421 SIR H. LUTTRELL in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. ir. I. 84
Redoutabel and souveraine Lord . 1484 CAXTON Chivalry 4
He thought of the ryght redoubtable sentence of our lord.
1550 BALE Eng. Votaries (title-p.), Dedicated to our most re*
doubtable soveraigne kynge Edward the syxte. 1621 MOLLE
Catnerar. Liv. Libr. v. xiv. 377 Ridiculous redoubtable
rellicks which the ancient Pagans were wont to Carrie. 1657
CROMWELL Sp. 23 Jan. in Carlyle, That you marry this re-
doubtable couple together — Righteousness and Peace. 1716
POPE Let. to Earl of Burlington Wks. 1886 X. 205 The
enterprising Mr. Lintot, the redoubtable rival of Mr. Tonson.
i8as J. NEAL Bra. Jonathan II. 163 A little to their left
was a female. ., a redoubtable speaker of the society. 1877
MRS. OLJPHANT Makers Flor. xi. 270 They fell on the re-
doubtable Swiss, then * the finest infantry in the world '.
2. sb. A formidable person.
1844 BROWNING Colotnbe's Birthday HI, Had you sought
the lady's court . . Faced the redoubtables composing it [etc.],
Hence Bedou btableness.
1672 PENN Spir. Truth Vind. 67 Behold then the redoubt-
ableness of this Adversary.
Redoubted (ridau-ted), ///. a. [f. KEDOUBT v.
+ -ED1.] Feared or dreaded; reverenced, re-
spected ; noted, distinguished.
Very common in is-i7th c. in addressing sovereigns.
1417 in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. it. I. 55 Unto there soveraigne
and redoubted liege Lord. 1464 AW/* of Parlt. V. 527/3
Oure right redoubted Fader of noble memorie. 1509 HAWES
Past. Pleas. XL (Percy Soc.) 42 How redoubted Hercules
by puyssaunce Fought with an ydre. 1547 in Vicary's A nat.
(1888) App. iii. 131 Our late most redowtyd spuereygn lorde,
Kinge Henrye the viijth. 1600 HOLLAND Livy xxi. xli. 416
Can it be thought then, that . . I fell by chance and at un-
wares upon this drad and redoubted enemie ? 1774 WARTON
Hist. Eng. Poetry Diss. i. 14 Arthur having killed this re-
doubted knight. 1815 SCOTT Ld. of Isles v. xxix, Nor
better was their lot who fled, And met . . The Douglas's re-
doubted spear ! 1861 THACKERAY Four Georges^ iv. (1862)
204 The prime minister himself, the redoubted William Pitt.
Redovrbting, vhl. sb. rare. [f. as prec. +
-ING1.] Respect, reverence ; apprehension.
1:1386 CHAUCER Knt.'s T. 1192 With soutil pencel was de-
peynted this storie In redoutynge of Mars and of his glorie.
1611 FLORIO, Ridottatiza, a redoubling or fearing.
Redound (r/datrnd), sb. rare. [f. the vb.]
1. Reverberation, echo ; a resounding cry.
a 1665 CODRINGTON Q. Curtius III. (1670) 55 The redound
of the Hills and the Rocks, which doubled every voice of
theirs. 1815 G. M°CANN Right Private Jndgcm. 239
Against whomsoever we direct our clamours, our last re-
dound is against heaven.
2. The fact of redounding or resulting.
1847 TENNYSON Princ. u. 3% We give you welcome : not
without redound Of use and glory to yourselves ye come.
Redound (rfdau-nd), v. Forms: a. 4-6 re-
dund(e, 5-6 Sc. redond(e ; 4-6 redounde, 6
redownd, 6- redound. &. 5 Sc. radoun, 6 re-
doun, 6, 7 redowu(e. [ad. F. ridonder (i2th c.)
= Sp., Pg. rcdundar, It. ridondare :— L. redundare,
f. re(d}- RE- + undare to surge, f. anda a wave.
In the obsolete uses the precise sense is not always clear ;
in iand 5 there is probably some confusion with REBOUNDS/.]
I. intr. fl. Of water, waves, etc. : To swell or
surge up, to overflow. Obs.
1381 WYCLIF Esther xi. 10 A litle welle wex in to the
moste^ flod, and in to manye watris redundede. 138* —
Eccl. i. 7 Alle flodis entren in to the se, and the se redoundith
not. 1596 SPENSER Hymn ffeav. Lore 165 Their streames
yet never staunch, But stil do flow, and freshly stil redound.
1684 T. BURNET Th. Earth i. 121 These must have subter-
raneous out-lets.. : otherwise they would redound and over-
flow the brims of their vessel. 1725 POPE Odyss. iv. 578
Round the descending nymph the waves redounding roar.
fb. Of other liquids, esp. of moisture in the
body : To overflow, superabound. Obs.
1568 SKEYNE The />«/(t86o)37 Purge al superflew flewme
as may redunde in all naturall partis. 1596 SPENSER F. Q.
iv. x. i For every dram of hony therein found A pound of
gall doth over it redound. 1596 BARROUGH Metk. Physick
in. hv. (1639) 187 We say, that menstruis do redound and
overflow in women, when [etc.]. 1684 tr. Bonet's Merc.
Comfit, x. 362 The Mercury.. may more easily mix it self
with the Phlegm redounding in the Body.
tc. ti-ansf. To be in excess or superfluous. Obs.
'599 B. JONSON Cynthia's Rev. v. ii, It is a strange
outrecuulance: your humour too much redoundeth. 1631
JORDEN hat. Bathes ii. (1669) 9 If any of these proper-
ties be wanting, or any redound, it is mixed [etc.]. 1653
AsmvELL Fides Afust. 17 Some old Latine Copies of
i,,e Creed •• ^herein (In) redounds by the like Hebrew
ileonasme. 1607 Mir T,>N /'. /.. v. 438 What redounds,
transpires Through Spirits wilh ease.
I1 2. To be plentiful, abound. Obs.
1381 \VVCLIF £ci-Jus. xlvii. 30 Ful manye redoundcden
309
the synnes of hem gretli. 1413 Pilgr.Sowle (Caxton) i. xv.
(1859) '5 But this were soth grete peryl most redounde, Al
mortal folk with mescbyef to confounde. 1528 LYNDESAY
Dreme 840, I maruell gretlie-.That Ryches suld nocht in
this realine redound. 1581 T. HOWELL Denises (1879) 223
Who are brought downe, by thy most forwarde frownes,
Still subject Hue, and trouble them redownes.
1 3. To abound in (a thing) ; to overflow or be
filled with (a thing or quality). Obs.
1483 CAXTON Gold. Leg, 373/2 Thenne hyr body was put
in a monumente whyche after was founden to redounde in
oyle. 1582 STANYHURST &nei$ \. (Arb.) 37 Theare stud vp
^neas, with glittring beautye redowning. 1591 SPENSER
Virgil's Gnat 189 A pleasant bowre . . To rest their limbs
with wearines redounding. 1656 [? J. SERGEANT] tr. 7".
White's Peripat. Inst. 421 When the Earth redounded with
well -dig estea moisture, a x66z FULLER Worthies (1841) III.
241 Ranms himself doth not so much redound in dichotomies
as they do.
t D. To be redundant in some respect. Obs.
1612 BRINSLEY Pos. Parts (ed. 2) 53 Those words which
redound, or which haue more in declining than Nounes haue
commonly. 1650 BULWER Anthropotnet. viii. (1653) 162
They which onely fall short or redound in number [of parts
of the body] . . live many years.
T 4. To flow, come, or go back j to return (to
a place or person) ; to come again. Obs.
1382 WYCLIF 2 Chron. xix. 6 What euer ae shul demyn, in
to ^ou it schal redoundyn. 1456 SIR G. HAVE Law Arms
(S. T. S.) 12 As to the see agayne passis al! wateris, sa .. all
sciencis in this warld redoundis agayne to haly scripture.
€1470 HENRY Wallace x. 413 Sum wytt agayn to Wallace
can radoun ; In hys awn mynd so rewllyt him resoun. 1526
Ptigr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 181 b, Lyke as all flodes com-
meth out of y* see, and in to y° see they redounde agayne.
1596 SPENSER Hymn ffeav. Beauty 75 So those likewise
doe by degrees redound And rise more faire.
t D. To rebound after impact, to recoil, spring
back. Obs.
c 1500 Melusine 175 Hys swerd redounded vpon hys hors
nek by suche myght that nygh he cutte his throtte of. 1545
ASCHAM Toxofk. n. (Arb.) 159 For the wynd whych com-
meth in dede against you, redoundeth bake agayne at the
wal. a 1625 FLETCHER Nice Valour iv. i, I never yet took
box o' th* eare, But it redounded.
t O. To pass, make way, penetrate. Obs. rare.
1500-20 DUNBAR Poems Ixxxi. 17 Thair pleasant sang, ..
Nor 5ett thair joy did to my heart redoun. c 1560 A. SCOTT
Poems (S. T. S.) xiv. 7 pe bewty of my lady stoundis Out-
throucht my breist, vnto my hairt redoundis.
1 5. To resound, reverberate, re-echo, a. Of
sounds. 06s.
1470-85 MALORY Arthur i. xvi, He cam in so fiersly that
the strokes redounded ageyne fro the woode and the water.
1526 Pilgr. Perf (W. de W. 15^1) 150 Whan y° swete songes
and hymnes of y* chirche redounded to his eares. 1550
LYNDESAY Sqr. Meldrum 740 Quhilk on the Sey maid sic
ane sound, That in the Air it did redound. 1632 LITHGOW
Trav. viii. 343 What else redounds But sighes and sobs?
fb. Of places. Obs.
c 1400 Destr. Troy 10183 The skrew, for be skrykyng &
skremyng of folke, Redoundet with dyn drede for to here.
1491 CAXTON Vitas Patr. (W. de W. 1495) 116 The devyll
apperyd to hym . . makynge a cr ye soo merveylous, that alle
the place redounded. 1509 HAWES Past. Pleas, xxxvi.
vi, My ryght lusty and stormy blast, That made the walks
therof to redounde. 1573 TWYNE JEneid xi. H h iij, All
the bankes about with cracklinge noyse agayn redound.
6. To result in, have the effect of, contributing or
turning to some advantage or disadvantage for a
person or thing, t Also const, into.
1432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) II. 215 The passiones of the
body redunde in to the perturbation of the sawle. 1481
CAXTON Myrr. in. xiii. L6, They retche not for to lerne,
sauf that whiche they knowe shal redounde to their singular
prouffyt. 1547 J. HARRISON Exhort. Scottes Fviij, It hath
redounded to no lesse discomfiture of our nacion, then of the
Frenchemen. 1587 FLEMING Contn. Holinshed III. 1346/2
Falling to an other matter, for that this redounded to his
owne confusion. 1644 MILTON Educ. Wks. 1738 1. 140 Which
could not but mightily redound to the good of the Nation.
1718 Free-thinker No. Bo T 3 This Objection .. redounds
only to the Damage of the Student. 1813 H. & J. SMITH
Horace in Lond. i If the granting it redound to my advan-
tage. 1860 LD. BROUGHAM Brit. Const. Ded., Redounding
to the security of the Crown.
b. To turn to one's honour, disgrace, etc,
1474 Rolls of Parlt. VI. 103/2 For als moche as the seid
rescuse redondez . . to the reproche of his seid Chaunceller.
1502 ATKYNSON tr. De Imitations i. xix. 167 Those thynges
that shulde redounde to the honour of god. 1560 DAUS tr.
Sleidane's Comm. 30 b, Affyrming that it would redounde
to the perpetuall shame of Germany. 1635 BARRIFFE Mil.
Discipl. Ixx. (1643) J88 The benefit redounds to the Reputa-
tion and Honour of our Countrey. 1711 BUDGELL Sfect.
No. 161 f 3 Something redounding more to their Honour
than a Coat of Arms, a 1845 BARHAM IngoL Leg. Ser. m.
Blasph. Warning, I think it redounds to their praise. 1879
SEGUIN Black For. v. 77 A tale . . remarkable among German
legends for redounding to the credit of the clergy.
fc. To bring credit or honour to something.
1681 LUTTRELL Brief 'ReL (1857) I. 104 An action highly
redounding to the English valour.
7. a. Of advantage, damage, praise, etc. : To
result, attach, accrue to, unto fa person).
1500-20 DUNBAR Poems xlvi. 63 The thank redoundis to
him in every place. 1542 UDALL Erasta. Apopk. 212 He
tnterpreted . . , that to hym thereby had redounded more good
then eiuill. 1608 WILLET Hexapla ExotL 334 The sinnes of
the wicked fathers doe not redound to the children. 1704
SWIM T. 7'w^ix, The clear gain redounding to the Common-
wealth. 1794 GODWIN Cat. Williams 99 The mischief that
redounded to an unfortunate patron from the transactions of
that clay. 1861 TRENCH Ep. ^ Ch. Asia 13 Benefits which j
redound to us through the sacrifice of the death of Christ. ,
BEDOWA.
fb. Of revenue, wealth, etc. : To come or fall
to a person, etc. Obs,
1587 HARRISON England n. v. (1877) I. 114 They are of
custome punished by a fine, that redoundeth vnto his cofcrs.
1600 J. PORY tr. Leo's Africa in. 162 A new gouernour ouer
euery citie, vnto whom all the tributes and reuenues of the
same place redound. 1655 FULLER Hist. Cambr. 144 At
this day much emolument redowneth to the antteat Colledges
in each University, .by the passing of this Act.
'8. Of honour or disgrace, advantage, etc.: To
recoil or come back, to fall, upon a person.
1589 NASHE Anat. Absurd. Biv, The mfamie of their
ignorance did redound onelie upon themselves. 1606 G.
W[OODCOCKE] Hist. Ivstine i. 2 Wisely casting the incon-
uenience that might redound hereby vpon himself e. 1691
UEVERLEY Disc. Dr. Crisp 9 Christ taking us as bis Mem-
bers, whatever unworthiness we have, must redound upon
him. 1818 JAS. MILL Brit. India I. n. x. 430 The portion
of that flattering sentiment, which would redound upon
themselves. 1852 J. H. NEWMAN Scope Univ. Educ. 254
The blessings . . are so great, while they are close to it and
redound back upon it and encircle it.
f b. To cast opprobrium, to reflect unfavourably,
upon one. Obs. rare •-1.
1581 SAVILE Tacitns, Hist. iv. xiv. (1591) 203 Many skorne-
full and reprochfull speeches redounding [L. jacerentur]
vpon the whole Senate.
9. To proceed, issue, arise from or out of some-
thing. ? Obs.
1590 SPENSER F. Q. i. vi. 30 Trew sacred lore, which from
her sweet lips did redound. 1396 — State Irel, Wks. (Globe)
617/2 The pleasure which would redounde out of theyr
history. 1605 BACON Adv. Learn, i. L § 3 The anxietie of
spirit which redoundeth from knowledge. 1700 ASTRY tr.
Saavedra-Faxardo I. 233 The Prince's Reputation re-
dounds from that of the State. 1796 MORSE Atner. Geoff. I.
70 The benefits which might redound from its success.
f 1O. To result, turn out. Obs. rare.
1586 A. DAY Eng. Secretary i. (1625) 89 The ill conceit of
your L. should redound to be of all others most grieuous.
1589 PUTTENHAM Eng. Poesie ii. xi[i]. (Arb.) 123 Vpon the
transposition I found this to redound.
II. trans, f 11. To reflect (honour, blame, etc.)
in, to, upon a person. Obs.
c 1477 CAXTON Jason 88j I may not requyre Jason of loue,
for that sholde redounde in me grete blame. 1485 — Cftas.
Gt. 34 Whyche moche redounded to hym grete honour &
vyctorye. 1595 T. EDWARDS Cephalus <J- Procris (1878) 43
; lems valued past their worth, Redoune small honor to their
| bringer forth. i?ia STEELE Spect. No. 486 F i For fear
they should redound Dishonour upon the Innocent.
T b. To reckon to one*s dishonour. Obs.~l
1494 FAB VAN Chron. vn. 568 AH men shall redounde this
dede to my dyshonour and shame.
f 12. Sc. To return, refund (money) ; to make
good (expenses). Obs.
1574 Sc. Acts Jos. VI (1814) III. 90 The takaris to re-
dound all proffeittis that thay baue takin vp of thay landis
agane to the king, a 1578 LINDESAY (Pitscottie) Chron.
Scot. (S. T. S.) 1. 155 Promissand to them to cause the King
of France his master to redound to them the oostis.
•f*b. To give or render in return. Obs. rare.
1597 BEARD Theatre God's Jttdgetn. (1612) 323 The love
that parents beare their children is greater than that which
children redound to their parents. 1632 LITHGOW Trav. v.
182, I redounded thankes for my imbraced courtesies.
1 13. To add, yield, cause to accrue. Also rtfl.
16x2 R. SHELDON Serm. St. Martin's n He.. vouchsafed
by a great miracle to stop, and conteine the glory of his
soule, from communicating, or redounding it selfe, to his
body. 1690 CHILD Disc. Trade (1694) 88 It would redound
some hundreds of thousands of pounds per annum to the
publick advantage.
Hence Bedou'nded^/.a. ; Bedou-nding vbl.sb.
and///, a.
1523 LD. BERNERS Frotss. I. cxcv. 232 Yc watchmen . . herde
clerefy the redoundyng of the nauerryse. 1541 R. COPLAND
Galyen's Terap. G g j, It is nat the redoundyng of blode yt
indicateth the phlebotomye. 1590 SPENSER /•'. (?. i. iii. 8
Redounding teares did choke th end of her plaint. 1632
LITHGOW Trav. ii. 75 After my redounded thankes, they . .
returned, a 1679 HOBBES Rhet. (1840) 532 Bragging of no
proof, is when that which is brought is too much, called
redounding. 1667 MILTON P. L. u. 889 So wide they stood,
and like a Furnace mouth Cast forth redounding smoak.
t Redou ndance. Obs.-1 [f. prec. + -ANCE :
cf. redundance.] A redounding influence.
1638 FEATLY Strict. Lyndom. n. 81 How can a Prayer
whereof never a syllable is understood . . cause . . a better
redoundance from the soule to the body, by a vehement
affection.
So f Redou'ndancy, redundance, rare-*.
1623 COCKEKAU, Redonndancie^ superfluitie.
Redoure, Sc. var. RADDOUB *, REDDOUB. Obs.
Redou't, a. Her. rare. (See quot.)
c 1828 BERRY Encyd. Her. II. s.v. Redout, The cross
potent, rebated, is, by some writers, called a Cross Redout,
from its resemblance to a bulwark, or fortification.
Redout(e, obs. forms of REDOUBT sb. and v.
II Redowa (re-d^va). Also redowak. [a. F.
or Ger. rwfiflM, ad. Boh. reydovdk, f. reydovati to
turn or whirl round.] A slow waltz, of Bohemian
origin, resembling the mazurka ; also, music adapted
for such a dance.
«86o WORCESTER (citing DWIGHT\ Jfa&nu. 1862 E. PAVER
Programme 8 Mar., Redowak, Bohemian dance m 3/4 or
3/8 time. i88t GROVE Diet. Mus. s.v., The ordinary Redowa
is written in 3-4 time. The dance is something like a
Mazurka with the rhythm less strongly marked.
Redown(d, -downe, obs. fT. REDOUND r.
Redo wt, obs. form of REDOUBT v.
REDPOLL.
Be'dpoll ', -pole. [f. RED a. + pole POLL.]
1. A name given to several species of the family
Fringillidx characterized by bright red feathers on
the crest, a. The greater redpoll, the male of the
common LINNET in summer plumage, b. The
lesser or common redpoll, a common British cage-
bird, Linota rttfescens or ALgiothus linaria. c.
The mealy or stone redpoll, s'Egiothus canesccns,
a somewhat rare winter visitant to the British
Islands. Also, the allied American species (s£.
exilipes).
1738 ALBIN Nat. Hist. Birds III. 70 The Red Pole is a
very small, but an exceeding pretty feathered Bird. 1772
HARRINGTON in Phil. Trans. LXII. 312 There is another
bird, . . called a redpoll, which is taken in numbers during
the Michaelmas and March flights by the London bird-
catchers. 1811 WILSON Amer. Ornith. IV. 42 Lesser Red-
Poll. 1831 RENNIE Montagu's Ornitk. Diet. 298, I [Bech-
stein] hope to shew.. that our common Linnet, the greater
Kedpole, and . . the Mountain Linnet, are one and the same
species. 1839 AOUUBON Ornith. Biog. V. 88 On two
occasions I nave seen the Mealy Redpoll associated with
the American Siskin. 1882 H. LANSORLL Through Siberia
I. 202 Flocks of redpoles and shore-larks, bramblings and
wagtails. 1894 NEWTON Diet. Birds 773 The geographical
rangeof the Lesser Redpoll is apparently limited to Western
Europe.. .On the other hand, the Mealy Redpoll, .is much
more widely distributed.
altrit. 1831 WILSON, etc. Amer. Ornitk. IV. 112 We ..
can perceive scarcely any resemblance . . to a similar state of
the red-poll finch. 1882 J. HARDY in Proc. Benu. Nat. Club
IX. No. 3. 561 The Redpole Linnet arrives with them.
2. Yellow red-poll, an American warbler, Den-
drseca palmarum ; the palm-warbler. Also attrib.
1764 G. EDWARDS Glean. -\'af. Hist. 1 1. in. 295 The Yellow
Red-pole. 1811 WILSON Amer. Ornith. IV. 19 Yellow Red-
Poll Warbler, Sylvia Petcchea. /Wrf., Length of the Yellow
Red-poll five inches, extent eight.
So Bed-polled a., red-headed.
1787 WOLCOTT (P. Pindar) Instr. Celebr. Laurent 42 Large
red-poll'd, blowzy, hard, two-handed jades.
Be'dpoll2, -polled. //. Red-haired polled
cattle. Also attrib.
1895 Westm. Gax. 29 Mar. 7/2 [The celebrated .. herd of
Red-Polled cattle.] The Duke of York is getting together a
large and choice herd of Red-Polls. 1896 Daily Nws 8 Dec.
5/1 The breed cup for red-polleds. 1898 RIDER HAGGARD in
Loiigui. Mag. Oct. 508 Red-polls have many advantages.
Ibid. i Pedigree animals of the Norfolk red-poll breed.
Redpurs : see REDE sbl 5.
Redraft (ndrcrft), sb. Also 7 -draught. [R.K-
5 a. Cf. next.]
1. A bill of re-exchange. (Cf. REDRAW v.2 j.)
1682 SCARLETT Exchanges 144 The Payment of the Re-
draught from the place where the Bill was to be paid. 1826
G. J. BELL Camm. Law Scat. in. i. ii. (1870) I. 430 This re-
draft is to be made directly on the place of the original draft.
2. A second or new draft.
1847 in WPBSTER. 1890 Times 28 Nov. 7/1 The part of
the Bill which dealt with the congested districts was very
little more than a redraft of the original measure.
Redraft (rfdra-ft), v. [1<E- 5 a.] trans. To
draft again (a writing or document).
1798 I. ALLEN Hist. Vermont 183 Colonel Allen.. gave it
to the late Roger Sherman,, .praying him to redraft it, and
propose it as his own. 1847 WEBSTER, Redraft, to draw or
draft anew. 1884 Manch. Exam. 29 Mar. 5/2 The bill, .is
likely to be entirely redrafted.
Bed rag, red-rag.
1. slang. The tongue.
« 1700 B. E. Diet. Cant. Crew, Red-rag, a Tongue. 1785
GROSE Diet. Vulgar T. s. v., Shut your potatoe trap, and
five yourredrag a holiday. 1820 COMBE Syntax, Consol. iv,
f your red rag did not show it, By your queer fancies I
should know it. 1876 W. S. GILBERT Dan. I Druce i, Stop
that cursed red rag of yours, will you.
2. A variety of rust in grain.
1851 J. M. WILSON Rural Cycl. s. v. Rust, The rust, the
red-rag, and the red-robin varieties [of mildew] make the
plants look as if they were dusted with a rustiness of some
colour from yellow to brown. 1863 N. Brit. Rev. May 375
The leaf and chaff of the cereals are subject to a disease
called rust, red-rag or red-robin (Uredo Rnbigo}.
3. (From the phr. like a red rag to a bull.') A
source of extreme provocation or annoyance; some-
thing which excites violent indignation.
i88j C. MARVIN Russians at Gates of Herat 98 These
opinions cannot but be so many red rags to English Russo-
phobists. 1887 SAINTSBURY Hist. Elizab. Lit. v. (1800) 167
Shakesperian clowns are believed to be red rags to some
experienced playwrights.
Hence Red-ra-gglsh a., of the nature of a red rag.
^1887 in Chicago Advance 30 June, Prohibition sounds a
little harsh, and is red-raggish to many.
Bed rattle, red-rattle. [SeeRATiLE .r*.1?.]
Louse-wort, Pedicularis sylvatica or palustris.
t Also called red rattle-grass.
1578 LVTE Dodoens iv. Ivi. 517 Redde Rattel is taken of
the Physitions in these dayes. 1597 GERARDE Herbal n.
ccccxxi. 913 Red Rattle.. hath very small, rent, or iagged
leaues, of a browne redde colour. It is called, .in English
Rattle Grass, red Rattle grasse, and Lousewoort. ^1653
CULHEPPER Ettg. Physic. Enlarged (1656) 312 The common
Red Rattle, hath sundry reddish hollow stalks . . rising
from the Root, c 1710 PETIVER Catal. Ray's Eng. Herb.
§ 4 PI. 36 Tall Red Rattle. 1756 C. LUCAS Ess. Waters II.
131 All over it [grow] rushes, red rattle, marsh-marygold,
&C. 1846 MRS. LOUDON Krit. Wild Fl. 251 The Pasture
Louse- Wort, or Dwarf Red Rattle. Ibid. 252 The Marsh
Louse-wort, or Tall Red-Rattle. 1883 Gd. ll-'on/s XXIV.
574/1 The golden bog-asphodel,.. the rosy red-rattle.
310
t Redraw, v-1 Obs. rare—1, [f. RE- + DRAW v.t
after F. retrain.] trans. To draw back, reclaim
(a person) to (something).
1480 CAXTON Ovid's Met. xin. xvi, I. .and hys parents
dide what we myghte to redrawe hym to hys fyrst nature.
Redraw (r/~diy')» v.'* [RE- 5 a.]
1. intr. To draw a fresh bill of exchange to cover
a former one.
11692 POLLEXFEN Disc. Trade (1697) 13 Their corre-
spondents to reimburse themselves, Redraw on them, or on
their Agents in other places. 1776 ADAM SMITH W. N. it.
ii. (1869) I. 309 The well-known shift of drawing and re-
drawing. 1847- in WEBSTER and later Diets.
2. trans. To draw or take out again.
1805 [see redrawn below], 1825 Act 6 Geo. /F, c. 50 § 26
To try any issue with the same jury., without their names
being returned to the box and redrawn. 1898 Westm. Gas.
22 Oct. 3/i Four torpedo-boat destroyers . . have been in-
structed to redraw their returned stores.
3. To draw (a picture, etc.) again. Also Jig.
1830 H. COLERIDGE Grk. Poets (1834) 291 That remorseless
iteration, with which the battles, .of the Iliad have, .been
redrawn and recoloured. 1894 BARING-GOULD Deserts S.
France!. 171 The sketcher was dissatisfied with the position
in which he had drawn the legs, and he re-drew them.
Hence Redraw er ; Redraw ing1 vbl. sb. \ Re-
drawn^/, a.
168* SCARLETT Exchanges 55 In the Redrawing of a Bill,
the Redrawer is looked upon, as the absolute and first
Drawer. 1790 BURKE Fr. Rei>. Wks. V. 428 It is as little
worth remarking any farther upon all their drawing and
re-drawing. 1805 SOUTHEY Madoc 11. xvi, Breath and blood
Followed the re-drawn shaft. 1858 HOMANS Cycl. Com-
merce 176/2 The law does not require an actual re-drawing.
1889 Fall Mall G. 19 Jan. 3/3 Each redrawing [of a
portrait] takes us a step .. further from the probable fact.
Redress (r/dre-s), sb. Also 4-7 redresse, 5-6
Sc. redres. [a. AF. redresse, -dresce (i4th c.), f.
represser to REDRESS.]
1. Reparation of, satisfaction or compensation for,
a wrong sustained or the loss resulting from this.
1375 BARBOUR Bruce xix. 198 The King send oft till ask
redress, Bot nocht thar-of redress ther wes. c 1400 Destr.
Trey 2051 Redresse for be dethe of his dere fader. 1456
SIR G. HAVE Law Arms (S.T.S.) 190 He salbe for hir part
herd in jugement, and have redress and reformacioun of
lawe for hir. 1367 Reg. Privy Council Scot. I. 578 To seik
redres be the ordinar magistrattis. 1507 SKAKS. 2 Hen. IV^
ii. i. 118 But for these foolish Officers, I beseech you, I may
haue redresse against them. 1654 BRAMHALL Just b'intt.
iv. (1661) 75 If the Archbishop failed to do justice, the last
complaint must be to the King to give order for redress.
1741 BUTLER Serin. Ho. Lords Wks. 1874 II. 266 Whilst
redress is delayed, . . wrong subsist*. 1784 COWPER Task \\.
822 God. .would else., endure Dishonour, and be wronged
without redress. 1819 SHELLEY Cenci HI. L 194 Think not
But that there is redress where there is wrong, So we be bold
enough to seize it. 1875 JOWETT Plato (ed. 2) V. 119 He
who gives credit, and is cheated, will have no redress.
ft). Possibility or means of redress; appeal
against a decision. Qbs. rare.
1467 in Eng. Gilds (1870) 408 Thereof notice to be made
to the Bailies, . . [and] they to reforme w* out accion or re-
dresse suche maters. 1771 GOLDSM. Hist. Eng. II. 406 The
king was empowered to issue a proclamation to destroy the
lives, or take away the properties, of any of his subjects ;
and the only redress was to himself in council.
f2. Remedy for, or relief from, some trouble;
assistance, aid, help. Obs.
c 1374 CHAUCER Conipl. Mars 162 The grounde and cause
of al my peyn..I wol reherse; not for to naue redresse. But
to declare my/ grounde of heuynesse. 15*3 LD. BERNE RS
Froiss, I. xviii. 21 They trusted than to fynde some redresse
for themselfe and for their horses, c 1586 C'TESS PEMBROKE
Ps. LXXVH. i, To nightly anguish thrall, From thee I sought
redresse. 1596 SPENSER F, Q. v. iv. 41 He . . ranne to his
redresse. 1x1619 FOTHERBY Atheom, \\. vi. §4 (1622) 255
There is nosicknesse,but it bath his redresse. 1671 MILTON
Samson 619 My griefs .. finding no redress, ferment and
rage. 1759 GOLDSM. Bee No. 3 F 2 He who best knows how
to conceal his necessity and desires is the most likely person
to find redress.
f b. Correction, amendment, or reformation of
something wrong. Obs.
1526 SKELTON Magnyf. 2443 Full many thynges there be
that lacketh redresse. 1595 DANIEL Civ. Wars n. xliii, So
that there were some orderly redresse In those disorders.
41656 BP. HALL Rent. Wks. (1660) 121 Too long have we
driven off the applying of our redress. 1764 Museum Rust.
III. 286 The pernicious effects, to farmers, of this abomin-
able practice, are notorious, and cry aloud for redress.
fc. In phr. beyond, pastt without redress : beyond
the possibility of remedy, aid, or amendment. Obs.
1593 SHAKS. Rick. //, ii. in. 171 Things past redresse, are
now with me past care. 1697 DRYDEN .-Eneid v. 771 As the
Cretan Labyrinth of old,. .Involv'd the weary feet, without
redress. 1700 J. JACKSON in Pepys' Diary (1879) VI. 232
And were immediately smothered without redress. 1764
GOLDSM. Hist. Eng. in Lett. (1772) II. 189 Damaged their
transports beyond redress,
f3. a. With a and//. A means or way of redress;
an act or arrangement whereby a person or thing is
redressed ; an amendment, improvement. Obs.
1472-5 Rolls ofParlt. VI. 163/1 That the Lordes . . have
full auctorite, to discusse and set theryn a redresse after
their discretions. 1544 Supflic. to Hen. VIII (E.E.T.S.) 57
Grant . . that he wyll ernestly go a boute to se a redresse
a monge them. 1547 Reg. Prh-y^ Council Scot. I. 77 Re-
dressis suld be maid of all dampnaiges. 1579 I.YLY Enfihites
(Arb.) 150 So the father . . causeth a redresse and amemle-
ment in his childe. 1645 MILTON Tetrach. Wks. (1851) 194
(Deut. xxiv. i, 2\ The guiltles therfore were not depriv'd thir
needful redresses. 1728 R. MORRIS Ess. A tic. Archit. 33
REDRESS.
The sick Man just expiring for want of a speedy Redress by
..proper Remedies,
t b. One who, or that which, affords redress.
c 1530 Crt. of Love 591 /They seid: Venus, redresse of all
division, Goddes eterne [etc.], 1596 SPENSER State Irel.
Wks. (Globe) 650/1 Is not the swoord the most violent re-
dress that may^ be used for any evill ? 1697 DRYDEN sEneid
I. 838 Fair majesty, the refuge and redress Of those whom
fate pursues and wants oppress.
4. Const, of. The act of redressing; correction
or amendment of a thing, state, etc.
1538 STARKEV England n. i. 156 To theyr cure schal be
commyttyd the redresse of many grete dyseasys in thys
polytyke body. 1598 BARRET Theor. Warres 11. i. 30 For
the redresse of many casualties chancing in the night. 1643
Ord. Parlt. re$ul. Print, in Milton's Artop. (Arb.) 26 The
bill in preparation, for redresse of the said disorders. 1709
STEELE Tatler No. 12 r 16 There might be some Hopes of
Redress of these Grievances. 18x9 SHELLEY Cenci\\. iv. 121
Arming familiar things To the redress of an unwonted crime.
1874 GREEN Short Hist. iii. § 5. 138 The great principle
that redress of wrongs precedes a grant to the Crown.
Redress (r/dre-s), z/.i Also 4 redresce, 4-7
redresse, 5-6 Sc. redres, (5 ra-). [ad. F. re-
dressertOY. redrecier, -drecki&r^ etc. = Sp. redere$ar,
It. ridirizzare : see RE- and PRESS z>.]
f 1. trans. To set (a person or thing) upright
again ; to raise again to an erect position. Also
Jig. to set up again, restore, re-establish. Obs.
c *374 CHAUCEK Boeth. iv. pr. iL 89 (Camb. MS.), As thise
leches ben wont to hopyii of sike folk, whan they aperceyuen
J>at nature is redressed [L. erectx] and withstondith to the
maledie. 1481 CAXTON Godfrey cxcviii. 289 Incontinent he
redressyd and reysed on heygthe his baner alle blody.
c 1500 Melusine 290 [They] supposed wel to haue redressed
thadmyrall vpon his hors but it was for nought, For he was
deed. 1583 STOCKER Civ. Warres Loive C. iv. 3^ The
Catholique Romishe Religion shall bee redressed . . in the
Cities and places . . where it is banished. 1643 PRYNNE
Popish R. Favourite 46 He caused the Image of the Crosse
to be redressed, and that men should not foule it under their
feete. 1669 WORLIDGE Syst. Agric. (1681) 107 Cut through
all the Collateral Roots, till, .you can inforce him upon one
side, so as to come, .at the Tap-Root ; cut that off, redress
your Tree, and so let it stand. [Copied in Mortimer's
Hitsb. (1721) II. 69, and other works.] 1711 SHAFTESB.
Charac. (1737) HI. 133 Some ambitious Architect .. being
call'd perhaps to prop a Roof, redress a leaning Wall [etc.],
f b. refl. To raise (oneself) again ; to reassume
an upright posture. Obs.
c *374 CHAUCER Troylus n. 920 (969) Right as floures . .
stoupen in hire stalk lowe, Redressen hem a-yen be sonne
bryght. c 1450 Merlin 328 As soone as the spere was spente
the kynge Boors redressed hym in his sadell. 1727-41
CHAMBERS Cycl. s. v. Redressing Trees and other plants
have a natural faculty of redressing themselves, when, by
any external cause, they are forced out of the perpendicular,
t C. intr. To rise, become erect. Obs.
1480 CAXTON Ovid's Met. xm. xv, Thou oughtest not to
despyse me, Galathee, thoughe my heere redresse a lytyl &
brustle. 1584 HUDSON />« Bartas1 Judith n. in Sylvester's
Dn Bartas (1621) 700 Yet like the valiant Palme they did
sustaine Their peisant weight, redressing vp againe.
t 2. To set up, erect, build. Obs. rare—1.
1481 CAXTON Godfrey clxxix. 264 The other that were
nyghe the comer, .redressyd a castel of tree moche hye.
fb. ? To spread out. Obs. rare~-}.
c 1450 LONELICH Grail xli. 276 Thanne Josephes bothe
Schirte and water gan blesse, And Anon God gan it for to
Redresse, and wax moche largere hem vntylle.
f3. To put right again, repair, mend (a house
or wall). Obs.
1480 CAXTON Citron. Eng. Ixv, How the kyng Aurilambros
let amend and redresse the hous of AmlesDury. c 1540
tr. Pol. V'erg. Eng. Hist. (Camden) I. 47 Disposinge himselfe
to the beutiiienge of the cittee of London, [he] redressed the
walles,..beinge ruinus throughe yeares, strengtheninge the
same with divers turrets.
_'. To bring back (a person) to the right
course ; to correct or direct aright. Obs.
c 1366 CHAUCER A. B. C. 129 Redresse me mooder and me
chastise, c 1400 Rom. Rose 3423, I wole swere for evermo
To be redressid at youre likyng, If I trespasse in ony thyng.
c 1430 Syr Getter. (Roxb.) 358 An Emperoure . . Whom no
mannes counsel might redres. 1573 L. LLOYD Marrow of
Hist. (1653) 2^3 Anger out not to be in any Prince, .toward
his equal, for he might be redressed with power. 1615
BRATHWAIT Strappado (1878) 174 You .. Would see your
Towne .. By selfe-same censures to be soone redrest. 1689
POPPLE tr. Locke's ist Let. Toleration L.'s Wks. 1727 II.
235 In teaching, instructing, and redressing the Erroneous
by Reason.
fb. Hunting. To bring back (the hounds or
deer) to the proper course. Obs.
^1400 Master of Game Prol. (MS. Digby 182), He hath
ynogh at done, .to loke wherafter he hunteth..and redresse
and bryng his houndes into right whann thei haue envoised
or fallen in to rascall. 1659 HOWELL Vocab. m, To redresse
the deer, or putt her off her changes ;.. redresser le cerf.
1706 PHILLIPS {ed. Kersey), To redress a Stag, (a Term in
Hunting) to put him off his changes.
f c. To direct or amend (one's acts or waysX Obs.
1499 tr. Secreta Secret.* Priv. Priv. 158 To the Offyce of
Prudencia appendyth the dedis of all othyr vertues redresse.
1560 BIBLE (Genev.) Ps. cxix. 9 Wherewith shal a yong man
redresse his waie? — Jer. vii. 7 If you amend and redresse
your waies and your workes. (Hence in :6-i7th c. writers,
down to c 1635.]
1 5. To direct or address (a thing) to a destina-
tion or in a specified course. Obs. Also re/I.
c 1386 CHAUCER Pars. T. ? 965 Preyeres is for to seyn a
pitous wyl of herte that redresseth it in god. 1390 GOWKR
Con/. III. 177 So were it good to taken hiede That ferst a
king his oghne dede Betwen the vertu and the vice Re-
REDRESS.
dresce. c 1440 Gesta Rout. Hi. 230 (Harl. MS.), This hope
owithe to be Redressid vnto god. 1461 R oils ofParlt. V.
484/1 That the same Duches have . . such Writtes and
Warantes . ., directed or redressed to ihe seid Custumers.
t b. intr. and refl. To address oneself to a per-
son or place. Obs. rare.
c 1460 Play Sacrain. 607 All manar off men y* haue any
syknes To master brentberecly loke yl yow redresse. a 1598
ROLLOCK Passion vi. (1616) 58 A man that redresses himselfe
to a kingdome, would euer take delite to speake of it.
t o. To guide or lead (a person) to oneself. Obs.
c 1477 CAXTON Jason 113 b, She dide do make fires and a
light, .for to redresse lason and Argos to herward.
•f 6. To put (things) in order ; to arrange. Obs.
1413 Pilgr. Sowle (Caxton 1483) iv. v. 60 Lete the luge-
ment be yeuen as ryght wylle rewarden and soo may fynal
pees be redressyd bitwene bothe paries. 1439-50 tr. Higden
(Rolls) III. 253 The Romanes didde redresse and redacte
these lawes of Salon in to x tables, c 1500 For to serve a
Lord in Babecs Bk. 371 Thenne the kerver shall goo unto the
cuppebord, and redresse and ordeyn wafers in to towayles.
c 1500 Doctr. Gd. Servaunts (Percy Soc.) 6 Erly in the
mornynge se ye ryse, Your werke and laboure to redresse.
c 1585 R. BROWNE A nsw. Cartwrighi 15 They redresse and
order matters by money, Brybes, Fees, Ciuill penaltyes.
f b. To bring back to the proper order ; to shift
to the proper place, Obs. rare.
c 1500 Melusine 193 The two bretheren .. went fro bataill
to batayll and there as fawte was of ordynaunce, they re-
dressed theire peple to it. 1588 J. MELLIS Brt'e/e fnstr. Gj,
If any parcetl were put by error in any other parcell there
as it should not bee, and that you would redresse it vnto the
proper place there it ought to be set.
f o. To make conformable to something. Obs.
1538 STARKEY England n. ii. 182 Thys conseyl schold euer
be occasyon to redresse the affectys of the prynce to the
ordur of the law.
1 7. To restore or bring back (a thing or person)
to a proper state ; to put right, or in good order,
again ; to mend, repair. Obs.
(1386 CHAUCER Frankl. T. 709 Another Theban mayden
. .ffor oon of Macidonye hadde hire oppressed She with hire
deeth hir maydenhede redressed. 1422 tr. Secreta Secret. ,
Priv. Priv. 241 Goynge afor mette dryuth away the vento-
siteis, redressith the body. 1483 CAXTON Gold. Leg. 206/2
In lystris was a contracte which he losed and redressid.
1590 SPENSER F. Q. i. v, 36 Sad Aesculapius far apart Em-
pnsond was . . For that Hyppolytus rent corse he did redresse.
1630 WADSWORTH Pilgr. \\. 7 The ship redrest as well as
time and place could afford, we stilt made forward.
•j* b. To put (a matter, or state of things) right
again; to reform, amend, improve. Obs,
c 1386 CHAUCER ClerKs T. 375 Whan that the cas required
it, The commune profit koude she redresse. 1477 EARL
RIVERS (Caxton) Dictes 20 Alle thynges may be redresshed
and reformed, saue euil dedis. f 1540 tr. Pol. Verg. Eng.
Hist. (Camden) I. 135 The estate of relligion and orders of
priesthoode were newlie sifted and redressed. 1560 DAUS
tr. Sleidane's Comm. 182 b, That they redresse and pourge
their churches. 1648 MILTON Ps. Ixxxii. 26 Rise God, judge
thou the earth in might, This wicked earth redress. 1716
POPE Iliad vi. 91 Now had., frighted Troy within her Walls
retir'd ; Had not sage Helenus her State redrest. 1764
GOLDSM. Trav. 176 E'en here content can spread a charm,
Redress the clime, and all its rage disarm.
o. To correct, emend, rare.
1710 SHAFTESB. Ckarac. (1737) I. HI. ii. 325 Nor am I out
of my own Possession, whilst there is a Person left within ;
who nas Power to dispute the Appearances, and redress the
Imagination. 1796 HAMILTON in Washington's Writ. (1892)
XIII. 190 note, You mentioned to me your wish, that I
should redress a certain paper, which you had prepared.
1868 M. PATTISON Academ. Org. iv. 73 The material estimate
of worth should be redressed by a moral standard.
d. To adjust again. (Chiefly with balance?)
1847 EMERSON Poems (1857) 213 [He] sees aloft the red right
arm Redress the eternal scales. 1849 MACAULAY /f /£/..£/£,£•.
i. I. 44 Unless the balance had been redressed by a great
transfer of power from the crown to the parliament. 1874
GREEN Short Hist. iv. § 5. 197 At an earlier time the personal
greatness of Edward might have redressed the balance.
t 8. To restore (a person) to happiness or pros-
perity ; to save, delivery>w» misery, death, etc. Obs.
a 1415 Cursor M. 22737 (Trin.) Whenne he coom furst vs
to redresse He coom al \v\\> mekenesse. 14.. Hymn Virg.
25 in Pol. Rel. <£ L. Poems (i 866) 82 Redres mans sowie from
alle mysery. 1483 CAXTON G. de la TourG vj, Saint Eustace
. .lost goodes and children for the space ofxiiiyereand then
god redressed hym ageyne. 1535 Goodly Prymer (1834) 132
Wash me O Lord, in his blood,, .redress me in his resurrec-
tion, a 1550 in Dunbar^s Wks. (S.T.S.) 324 The hevynnis
King is cled in our nature, Ws fro the detn with ransoun
for to redress. 1583 GOLDING Calvin on Dent. cxc. 1183 So
as hee may . . not onely forgiue vs all our sin ties, . . but also
rid vs cleane of them, and redresse vs.
9. To set (a person) right, by obtaining, or (more
rarely) giving, satisfaction or compensation for the
wrong or loss sustained.
CI430 Che-j. Assign* 204 Go brynge hym to his fader
courte.. .Ryjte by be mydday to redresse his moder. 1574
Reg. Privy Council Scot. II. 368 That thai suld redres all
Scottismen offend! t be thame. 1650 HOWELL Girafffs Rev.
Naples i. 109 They came, .to be redressed by him for divers
grievances, i^oo DRYDEN Pal. $ Arc. i. 59 'Tis thine, C)
King, the afflicted to redress. 1753 FOOTE Englishm. in
Paris n. Wks. 1799 I. 55, I indeed have wrong'd, but will
redress you. 1797 Monthly Mag. 111.491 If our gracious
sovereign does not order us to be redressed m fifty-four
hours, such steps will be taken, as will astonish our dear
countrymen. 1820 BYRON Mar. fat. i. ii. 339 You . . will
redress Him, whom the laws of discipline and Venice Permit
not to protect himself. 1863 S. L. J. Life in South I. xix.
375 How am I to be redressed for the loss of my property?
refl. 1860 L. HARCOURT Diaries G. Rose I. 168 The time
had.. arrived for the people to redress themselves.
311
10. To remedy or remove (trouble or distress of
any kind).
c 1374 CHAUCER Comf>l. Mars 192 Who may me helpe,
who may my harm redresse. c 1375 Canticum de Creatione
953 in Horstm. AltengL Leg. (1878)^136 God shel come ..
And shel redressen mannes nede In rijt and in leute. c 1410
HOCCLEVE Mother oj 'God 41 Swich an advocatrice who can
dyvyne. .our grieves to redresse. c 1500 Lancelot 1359 For
thyne estat is gewyne to Redress Thar ned. 1579 LVLV
Enphues (Arb.) 106, I can neither remember our miseries
without griefe, nor redresse our mishaps without grones.
1617 FLETCHER Valent. n. iii, Their duty And ready service
shall redress their needs. 1714 Sfect. No. 611 p 2, I flatter
my self, you will.. if possible, redress a Misfortune my self
and several others of my Sex He under. 1764 GOLDSM. Trav.
214 Every want that stimulates the breast Becomes a source
of pleasure when redrest. 1870 EMERSON Soc. <$• Solit,,
Eloquence Wks. (Rohn) III. 25 There is no calamity which
right words will not begin to redress.
b. To cure, heal, relieve (a disease, wound, etc.).
Also in fig. context.
1470-85 MALORY Arthur xn. xii, Syr Tristram now be
we mette for or we departe we wille redresse our old sores.
a 1529 SKELTON Knowl., acquaint., etc. 8 Allectuary ar-
rectyd to redres These feuerous axys, the dedely wo and
payne [etc.]. a 1542 WYATT in Totters Misc. (Arb.) 45 The
frosty snowes may not redresse my heat. 1601 DANIEL Civ.
Wars vn. Ixxii, Or, whether 'tis not time we should have
rest And this confusion, and our wounds redrest. 1633 Bp.
HALL Hard Texts, N. T. 383 Which may be to thee instead
of ..eyesalve to redresse thy blindnesse. a 1687 VILLIERS
(Dk. Buckhm.) Poems (1775) 143 Such carbuncles .. As no
Hungarian water can redress. 1784 COWPER Task vi. 521
The frenzy of the brain may be redressed By medicine well
applied. 1835-6 TODD Cycl. Anat. 1. 160/2 This is a species
of fracture., which can., be readily redressed.
fc. To remove, take away (a disability). Obs.
1560 DAUS Sleidatie's Comm. 200 To pardon his fault, to
redresse the outlawery dew for his offence.
fd. To put away, get over (sorrow). Obs.
1583 GREEN Mamillia Wks. (Grosart) II. 240 Mamilia had
by the space of a weeke.. something redressed her sorrow.
11. To set right, repair, rectify (something suffered
or complained of) : a. a wrong.
c 137* CHAUCER Troy Ins HI. 959 (1008) per-with mene
I fynally the peyne, . . Fully to slen and euery wrong re-
dresse. 1422 tr. Secreta Secret., Priv. Priv. 158 To nym
longyth nedes to Esplete, . . wronges to redresse. c 1470
HENRY Wallace vi. 224 It slakis ire off wrang thai suld
radres. 1551 CROWLEY Pleas. <V Pain 308, I woulde se all
theyr wrongis redreste. 1660 WALLER To the King on his
return 62 Armies and fleets , . Owned their great Sovereign,
and redressed his wrong. 1749 SMOLLETT Regicide in. viii,
The sword of Athol Was never drawn but to redress the
wrongs His country suffer'd. 1784 COWPER Task iv. 795
A heart To feel, and courage to redress her wrongs. 1862
SHIRLEY (J. Skelton) Nugx Crit, x. 444 The wrong indeed
was redressed, as far as redress was possible.
absol. 1601 SHAKS. Jnt. C. n. i. 47 Speake, strike, re-
dresse. Brutus, thou sleep'st : awake.
l>. damage, injury, etc.
r 1400 Destr. Troy 4917 [To] redresse vs the domage, bat
he don has. 1591 SHAKS. i Hen. VI, n. v. 126 Those bitter
Iniuries..! doubt not, but with Honor to redresse. 1628
DIGBY Voy. Medit. (1868) 16 He hoped the King of England
would redresse some iniuries done to subiectes of this state
by some of his. 1863 KINGLAKE Crimea (1876) I. xiii. 209
It rested with Austria to prevent or redress the threatened
outrage. 1878 P'CESS ALICE Mem. (1884) 367 The Opposition
seems to me . . to have done her a greater harm than can
ever be redressed.
c. a grievance or complaint.
1597 SHAKS. 2 Hen. IV, iv. i. 170 This containes our
generall Grieuances : Each several Article herein redress'd
that it would be safer to prevent than to redress grievances.
1863 GEO. ELIOT Romola xxi, At present it was not under-
stood that he had redressed any grievances.
12. To correct, amend, reform or do away with
(a bad or faulty state of things, now esp. an abuse).
c 1386 CHAUCER Wife's Prol. 696 They wolde han writen
of men more wikkedncsse Than all the mark of Adam may
redresse. 1390 GOWER Conf. III. 268 To redresce At horn
the grete unrihtwisnesse. 1449 Rolfs of Par It. V. 140/2 To
redresse the defaultes of the said maire and constables. 1538
STARKEY England \. iii. 71 The general fautys and mys-
ordurys . . , wych by commyn counseyle and gud pollycy may
be redressyd. _ 1577 tr. Bullinger's Decades (1592) 130 Our
detestable cur sings., which very few magistrates, .go about
to redresse. 1634 H. R. Saleme's Regim. 33 For such
Wines redresse and amend the coldnesse of Complexion.
1675 MARVELL Let. to Mayor of Hull Wks. 1872-5 I. 258
The Atheism, Profanenesse, and Impiety among the people
were one point to be redressed. 1712 ADDISON Spect. No.
446 F 4 That the Lewd ness of our Theatre should be . . so
well exposed, and so little redressed. 1781 COWPER Table T.
632 Ever anxious to redress The abuses of her sacred
charge. 1835 I. TAYLOR Spir. Despot, n. 77 Spiritual
despotism is necessarily redressed or excluded when theology
is reformed. 1874 GREEN Short Hist. v. § 5. 254 In a
vigorous campaign he pacified Ireland while redressing the
abuses of its government
fb. To settle (discord or debate). Obs.
1387 TREVISA Higden (Rolls) IV. 101 5if J>ere fil pny dis-
cord oytwene the tweyn, J>e priddescnulde redresse it. 1389
in Eng. Gilds (1870) 4 [If] eny debat chaunselich falle.., pe
same maistres and breperen shul do her diligence trewly to
redresse it.
tc. To repair the want of. Obs. rare—1.
1765 BLACKSTONE Comm. I. 437 The consent of the mother
or guardians, if unreasonably withheld, might be redressed
and supplied by the judge.
1 13. To repair (an action) ; to atone for (a mis-
deed or offence). Obs,
REDRESSOR.
f 1315 Know Thyself & in E. E. P. (1862) 131 Who-so
greueb hym is wor>i to go To helle fuyr but he hit redres.
1390 GOWER Conf. I. 241, I am al redy to redresce The gilt
of which I me confesse. r 1400 Rom. Rose 3302 And eke
thee caste, If that thou maist, to gete thee defence For to
redresse thi first offence. 1597 HOOKER Eccl. Pol. v. Ixii.
§ 18 Vnlawful vsurpation a penitent affection must redresse.
•fr 14. Sc. a. To restore, give back. Obs. rare.
*533 BELLENDEN Livy n. ii. (S. T S ) I. 134 Gif Jje gudis
of tarquinis war nocht redressit (L. reddita}. 1536 — Cron.
Scot. (1821) II. 328 The nobillis of Ingland-.causit all the
saidis guddis to be redressit.
t b. To make good (a bill). Obs.
1565 fsee REDRESSING vbl. so.1]. 1573 Reg. Privy Council
Scot. II. 307 He wilbe compellit to answer and redresse the
said bill.
f!5. ? To win or take by force. Obs. rare—1.
1592 WARNER Alb. Eng. vn. xxxvi. 153 The Cleonscan
Lyons spoyles for her 1 would redresse. I would the
Lernan Hydras heads with sword and fire suppress.
Hence Hedre'ssed///. a.\ Bedre'ssing///. a.
1845-6 DE QUINCEY Shelley Wks. 1857 VI. 3 note, The
boyish period in which these redressing corrections occurred
to me. 1893 SLOANE Stand. Electr. Diet. 164 Current,
Reclined. . . Synonym— Redressed Current.
Redress (ndre-s), w.2 Also re-dress. [Rfi-
5 a.] To dress again, in senses of the vb.
X739 G. OGLE Gualthents fy Griselda 88 Griselda may
redress her, or retire. 1834 Fraser's Mag. IX. 609 Yet was
Chaucer to him a poet whom he might re-dress with advan-
tage. 1847 SINGER Wayland Smith p. xxxix, The maidens,
not being able to re-dress themselves, utter loud cries of
terror. 1859 Six Yrs. Trav. Russia II. v. 67 It appears
that the Russians re-dress all furs that they import. 1897
MARY KINGSLBY W. Africa 560 But I . . shut up the doors
and windows, .while I am dressing, or rather redressing.
Hence Hedre'ssed///. a.%
1872 City Press 6 Apr., The Engineers had reported that
this street could be repaved with re-dressed stone.
Redressable (rfdre-sabl), a. [f. REDRESS z-.i]
That may be redressed ; admitting of redress.
1688 Pr. of Orange's Declar.t with Animadv. 14 Are they
not Redressable by a Parliament ? 1803 W. TAYLOR in Ann.
Rev. I. 398 It would be well.. if these societies occupied
themselves more with specific and redressable grievances.
Redressal (r/dre-sal). [f. as prec. + -AL.] =
REDRESS sb.
1867 Pall Mall G. 24 June i The redressal of the balance
of representation. 1884 Contemp. Rev, May 685 All hope of
the redressal of her grievances had become extinct.
Redresser (rfdre-sa-i). [f. as prec. + -ER 1. Cf.
F. redrcsseur (i6th c.)-] One who redresses or
rectifies (esp. a wrong). Also =REDRESSOB (Syd.
Soc. Lex. 1897).
f 1430 Pilgr. Lyf Manhode HI. xxxiv. (1869) 154 Of re-
dressere ne of vndertakere thei taken no keepe. 1540
PALSGRAVE tr. Fnllonius1 Acolastus in. iii, That same moste
beste redresser or reformer is God, whose hande gouerneth
. . all thynges. 1565 JEWEL Def. Apol. vi. 742 For feare lest
they feele him once a redresser, and reuenger of his owne
cause. 1612 SHELTON Quix. i. iv. xxv, The famous Don
Quixote of the Mancha, the righter of wrongs, the redresser
of injuries. 1799 HAN. MORE Fern. Educ. (ed. 4) I. 27 The
fighter of the duel no longer pretends to be a glorious
redresser of the wrongs of strangers. 1851 ROBERTSON
Serin* Ser. i. xvii. (1866) 298 The redressers of the poor
man's wrongs. 1871 B. TAYLOR Faust (1875) II. iv. iii. 266,
I also in my time must meet the sure Redresser.
Redressing (r^dre'sirj), M. sd.1 [f. REDRESS
zf.1] The action of REDRESS v.1 in various senses.
£•1449 PECOCK Repr. i. xvi. 86 It nedith forto haue a re-
dressing of it in toaccordaunce with lawe of kinde. \&6Pilgr.
Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 169 b, For redressynge and releuynge
of mannes necessytees. 1565 Reg. Privy Council Scot. I. 404
For redressing of the saidis billis and expenssis. 1634
SANDERSON Sernt. II. 292 It behoveth the magistrate to set
in., for the rectifying and redressing thereof. 1693 Land.
Gaz. No. 2843/2 To take care about Redressing of the
Mint. 1711-12 SWIFT Let. on Eng. Tongue Wks. 1755 II. i.
183 A grievance, the redressing of which is to be your own
work. 1774 GOLDSM. Nat. Hist. (1862) I. 183 Every want
thus becomes a means of pleasure, in the redressing. 1884
Manch. Exant. 10 Dec. 5/2 A straight way to the redressing
ofgrievances.
Redressing (ndre'sirj), vbl. sb2 [f. REDRESS
#.2] The action or result of dressing again.
1889 JACOBS Aesop I. 156 The majority are a redressing of
the ordinary >Esop.
Redre'ssive, a. rare—1, [f. REDRESS z/.1 +
-IVE.] Seeking to redress, bringing redress.
17*6-46 THOMSON Winter 360 The generous band, Who,
touchd with human woe, redressive search'd Into the
horrors of the gloomy jail.
Redre'ssless, a. rare-0, [f. REDRESS sl>. +
-LESS.] Without redress, or the possibility of this.
1611 COTGR., Irremediable^ remedilesse, redreslesse.
Redre*ssnient. [f. REDKESS z*.1 + -MENT,
perh. after F. redressement (lath c.).] The act of
redressing; redress.
1643 HUNTON Treat. Monarchy I. ii. n It must be yeelded
to., without repeale or redressement by any created power.
1644 — Vind. Treat. Monarchy ii. 8 If they come with
pretence of Authority, there may be seeking redressement
above from Authority. i8a> JEFFERSON Ivrit. (1830) IV.
353 The redressment of mental vagaries would be an enter-
prise more than Quixotic. 18^7 Syd. Soc. Lex.> Redress-
went, reduction of a dislocation, or correction of a de-
formity.
Redre'ssor. [f, REDRESS v.1 + -on1.] One
who, or that which, redresses ; spec, in Surg. (see
quot 1884).
1884 KNIGHT Diet. Mech. Suppl. 746/2 Redressor iSui-
RE-DRILL.
312
REDSTART.
gical), a replacing instrument, e.g. the uterine redressor.
1894 Daily News u Dec. 4/7 The Power which has long
been the redressor of Christian grievances against the
Turk.
Re-dri'll, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To drill again.
i8oa JAMES Milit, Diet. s.v., It is observed, page 2, of
General Rules and Regulations, that every soldier, on his
return from lung absence, must be re-drilled before he U
permitted to act in the ranks of his company. 1822 Regul.
4- Ord. Army (1844) go Soldiers, on returning from Fur-
lough, are to be re-drilled until reported fit to rejoin their
Troops or Companies.
Redri/ve, v. [RE-.] To drive back (again).
X594 WILLOBY La Airisa xl. 8 Penelope With all her
wordes could not redryue Her sutors. a 1700 DRYDEN. etc.
Ovid's Amours n. x. (1724) 285 As to and fro the doubtful
Galliot rides, Here driven by Winds, and there redriven by
Tydes. 1847 WEBSTER cites SOUTHEY.
Redross, obs. variant of REREDOS.
Red-rot: see RED a. 19.
Red-rumped, a. Ornith. Having a red rump.
X75* J* HILL Hist. Anim. 367 The red-rumped Parrot.,
is one of the largest of the Parrot-kind. 1776 P. BROWN
Illustr. Zool. 70 The Red-rumped wax-billed Finch. 178*
LATHAM Gen. Synopsis Birds I. H. 420 Red-rumped Oriole.
Oriolus k&morrhcus. 1815 SHAW Gen. Zool. IX. I. 194
Red-Rumped Woodpecker (Picus capensis). Ibid. 40^
Red-Rumped Bunting (Etnberiza qnadricolor). 18x7 1.
FORSIFR Nat. Hist. Swallowtribe (ed. 6) 75 Fringilla
Montium^ twite, or Redrumped linnet. 1894 Northumbld.
Gloss., Red-nttnped thrusht the missel thrush.
Redruthite (re-dr«]>3it). [f. Redruth) the
name of a town in Cornwall + -ITE *.] A native
sulphide of copper ; copper glance, chalcocite.
1849 J. NICOL Manual Mineral. 473. 1873 FOWNES
Chent. 399 Cuprous Sulphide occurs native as copper-glance
or redruthite.
Red Sanders. Also 7 saunder, 8-9 saun-
ders. [See SANDERS.] Red sandahvoodor ruby-
wood ; the wood of an East Indian tree, Ptero-
carpits santalinus, used in dyeing, and formerly
employed in medicine as an astringent and tonic.
1553 EDEN Treat. Ncive ftuf. (Arb.) 23 There are also in
this Tland many woddes that bringe foorth redde Sanders.
1568 TURNER Herbal in. 67 Rede sanders hinder the flow-
inge of humores to the partes of the bodye, and strengthen
the gummes and stomach. 1647 LILLY Chr. Astral, x. 68
The Hearbs . . are such as come neare to a rednesse . . Hore-
hound, Hemlock, red Sanders. 1698 SLOANE in Phil. Trans.
XX. 73 Of Red Saunder, of Lignum Aloes, each half an
Ounce. 1736 BAILEY Hottseh. Diet. 206 If you would have
the com6ts red infuse some red Saunders in the water.
1838 T. THOMSON Chem, Org. Bodies 410 Red sanders is the
name given in this country to the wood of the pterocarpus
santalimiS) a large tree which grows upon the Coromandel
coast and other parts of India, especially Ceylon. 1868 \V.
RITCHIE Script. Test. agst. Intox. Wine viii. 196 Tincture
of red Sanders or cudbear were extensively used.
attrib. 1807 AIKIN Diet. Ckem. $ Min. II. 287/1 Red
Saunders Wood.. is also brought from the East Indies.
187* OLIVER Elem. Bot. n. 165 Red Sanders- wood,.. a
reddish-brown dye, used for woollen cloths.
t Red-Sear, v. Obs. Also 8 -seer. [app. f.
red-share RED-SHIRE a., with assimilation of the
second element to SEAR v.] (See quots.)
1677 MOXON Meek. Exerc. i. 8 If it be too hot it will Red-
sear, that is break or crack under the Hammer while it is
working between Hot and Cold. Ibid. 13 Spanish Iron
would be as good as Swedish Iron were it not subject to
Red-sear (as Work-men phrase it) that is to crack betwixt
hot and cold. [Hence in Holme Armoury (1688), Harris
Lex. Ttchn. II. (17101, Chambers Cycl. (1727-41), etc.]
So Bed-sear a. rare. — RED-SHORT a.
1798 NEMNICH Polygl. Lex. v. 867 Red-short or Red-
sear iron. Malleable when cold, but brittle when red-hot.
1876 VOYLE Milit. Diet. 334/2 Red-sear Iron, a defect
in iron which causes it to become brittle when heated, and
to break when forged.
Re'd-sliank .sf re'dshaiik.
1. One who has red legs ; spec . a. (chiefly in //.)
One of the Celtic inhabitants of the Scottish High-
lands and of Ireland. Now only Hist.
The name was app. given in allusion to the colour of the
bare legs reddened by exposure, and not for the reason
assigned in quot. iSiS.
1542 ELDER Let. to Hen. VI II in Bannatyne Misc. (1827)
I, 10 The Yrische lordes of Scotland, commonly callit the
Reddshanckes, and by historiograph ouris, Pictis. Ibid. 13
Wherfore they call ws in Scotland Reddshankes, . . goynge
alwaies hair leggjde and bair footide [etc.]. 1547 BOORDE
Introd. KnowT. iii. (1870) 132 The other parte of Irland is
called the wilde Irysh ; and the Redshankes be among them.
1596 SPENSER State Irel. Wks. (Globe) 658/2 The O-Neales
are neerelye allyed..to the Earle of Argile, from whom
they use to have all theyr succours of those Scotts and Redd-
shankes. 1611 L. BARRY Rant Alley D i j b, I will rather
wed a most perfidious Redshanke. 1648 MILTON Obser*;
Art. Peace Wks. (1851) 580 By thir actions we might rather
judg them to be a generation of High-land Theevs and Red-
shanks. 1681 COLVIL Whigs' SuppUc. u. (1741) 137 That
Red-shank sullen, Once challenged for stealling Beef. 1771
SMOLLETT Humph. Cl. 18 July, Let. i, The mountaineers of
Wales, and the redshanks of Ireland. 1818 JAMIESON in
Hurt's Lett. N. Seotl. I. 74 note, In the Lowlands of Scot-
land, the rough-footed Highlanders were called red-shanks,
from the colour of the red-deer hair. 1893 STEVENSON Cat-
riona 182 There might be knives again; these red-shanks
are unco grudgeful.
b. (See quot.)
1846 New Monthly Mag. Feb. 181 ' Yer dinner's ready,
sir ', screamed a red-shank from the house. [Ibid. 180 note,
A term applied in Connaught to ladies, who consider stock-
ings a superfluity.]
c. A red-stockinged person ; a cardinal.
1824 BYRON Def. Transf. \\. \\. 6 What have we here ? A
cardinal or two.. How the old red-shanks scamper !
2. Ornitk. A wading bird (Totanus calidris} of
the snipe family {Scolopacids^}^ so called from the
colour of its legs. See also RED-LEGS I.
To run (etc) like a redshank (quot. 1804) is a common
phrase in north-western dialects.
15*5 V Estrange Housek,-bk. in Archaeologia XXV. 487
Item vj plovers . . iiij redshancks. 1549 Ctfmtt Scot. vL 39
The rede schank cryit my fut my fut. 1570 LEVINS Manip.
24/36 Readshanke, hxmocopedus. 16*0 VENNER Via Recta
iii. 64 The Puet, the Red-shanke, .. are . . to be reiected, as
vnwholsome. 16*3 CAPT. SMITH Wks. (Arb.) 1 1. 629 The gray
and greene Plouer, some wilde Ducks and Malards, Coots
and Red-Shankes. a 1681 SIR T. BROWNE Tracts 108 [The
description] seems more agreeable unto some kind of Red-
shank. 1768 PENNANT Brit. Zool. II. 368 Redshank ; this
species is found on most of our shores ; in the winter time
it conceals itself in the gutters ; and is generally found
single, or at most tn pairs. 1804 MAR. EDGEWORTM Ennui
vi, He'll run like a red-shank with the news to the castle.
1843 YARRELL Brit. Birds II. 525 Redshanks are not un-
common in Cornwall, Devonshire, and Dorsetshire. 1894
NEWTON Diet, Birds 774 The body of the Redshank is
almost as big as a Snipe's, but its longer neck, wings and
legs make it appear a much larger bird.
b. (See quot. 1894.)
1776 PENNANT Brit. Zool. (ed. 4) II. 377 Spotted Redshank.
..In size it is equal tothegreenshan£ 1843 YARRELL Brit.
Birds II. 523 As the white spots on the wings .. are
permanent in this bird at all ages and seasons, I have
preferred
ff Summe
preferred calling it the Spotted Redshank. 1863
ff Summer in Lapland 349 The dusky redshank . . seems a
stranger here, but breeds further up in the valley of the
,
Mumo. 1894 NEWTON Diet. Birds 775 The name Red-
shank, prefixed by some epithet as Black, Dusky, or Spotted
has also been applied to a larger but allied species—the
Totanus fuscus of ornithologists.
t C. Cant. A duck or drake. Obs.
1567 HARMAN Caveat^ A quakingechete or a red shanke,
a drake or ducke. 1715 AVw Cant. Diet. Song 18 On Red-
shanks, and Tibs thou shall ev'ry Day dine.
3. a. A name given to various species of Pofy-
gonum, esp. P. persicaria^ the spotted persicaria.
1674-91 RAY N. C. Words 57 Redshanks ; Arsmart. 1798
NEMNICH Polygl. Lex. v. 867 Red Shanks, Polygonum
persicaria, 1869- in northern dial, glossaries.
b. Herb Robert, Geranium Robertianum.
1757 LISLE Obs. Husb. 345 iE. D. S.}. 1828 CARR Craven
Gloss. II. 78.
c. St. (See quot.)
1810 J. ROBERTSON Agric. Surv. Kincard. 376 Qam.)
Should dock-weeds be allowed to remain till they begin to
ripen (then called red-shanks) they are not so easily pulled.
4. (See quots.)
1805 YOUNG Annals Agric. XLIII. 628 (E. D. D.) The
wheat began to change colour, or get into what is called the
red shank preparative to ripening. 1891 Sheffield Gloss.
Suppl. s,v., When the straw is in the red-shank wheat is
said to be nearly ripe.
5. attrib., as (sense i) red-shank rebel \ red-
shank gambet ^ sense 2 ; red-shank gull, the
black -headedgulI,Zar«j ridibundiis\ fred-shank
pea, a variety of field-pea.
c 1650 SIR H. SPOTTISWOODE in Maidment Spottiswoode
Misc. (1844-5) I. 179 In bloud he made The red-shank re-
bells wade. 1707 MORTIMER Husb. (1721) I. 138 They
reckon the Henley grey and the red-shank Pease are the
best for never broke-up Ground. 1840 Cumer's Anim.
Kingd. 246 A fourth [species] .., the Redshank Gambet,
is very abundant in Britain. 1885 SWAINSON Pray. Navies
Brit. Birds 309 From the bright vermilion of its feet and
legs it is called Red -shank gull (Ireland).
t Re'dsllip. Se. Obs. [ad. obs. Du. reedschap
(Kilian), f. reeden to set in order, fit out : see
REDE v.^\ Equipment, tackle.
--. . - .— 93
the Lamb and hir redschip.
Re'dshire, -share, a. Metall. ^ Obs. [ad.
Sw. rodskor: see next, and cf. RED-SEAR; also the
forms cold-share^ -shire under COLD-SHORT. In first
quot. associated with SHARE sb^\ Red-short.
1665 D. DUDLEY Mettalum Martis (1854) 30 The Iron
thereof made is very Redshare, which is that if a workman
should Draw or Forge out a Share mould fit for a Plough
in that red heat, it would crack and not be fit for the use of
the Husbandsmans Plough or Share. 1674 J. STURDIE in
Phil. Trans. XVII. 696 Some makes Coldsh ire- Iron, that
is, such as is brittle, when it is Cold ; another sort makes
Redshire, that is, such as is apt to break if it be hammered,
when it is of a dark red Heat. 1794 S. WILLIAMS Vermont
(1809) II. 361 It does not answer so good a purpose ; though
it is neither coldshire, nor redshire.
Re'd-short, <z. Metall. [ad. Sw. rodskort (sc.
jern iron) neut. of rodskor, f. rod red + skor brittle :
cf. COLD-SHORT and see prec.] Of iron : Brittle
while in a red-hot condition, owing to excess of
sulphur in the metal. Cf. HOT-SHORT.
*73°t 1773 tsee COLD-SHORT]. 1795 PEARSON in Phil.
Trans. LXXXV. 342 There is another variety called red
short, which is malleable when cold, but brittle when ignited .
1824 Mechanic's Mag. No. 52. 383 Notwithstanding the
superior quality of this iron, the bars made from it were, .so
completely red-short, as to drop asunder. 1868 JOYNSON
Metals 13 The ore also being free from phosphoric acid, the
iron was generally red-short. 1884 W. H. GREENWOOD
Steel $ Iron x. 208 Antimony., produces when present in
small quantities in malleable iron, a metal which is both
cold-short and red-short.
Hence Red-shortness, the quality or state of
being red-short.
1868 JOYNSON Metals ^4 Where much sulphur is present
in the ore, it produces in the iron the quality known as ' red-
shortness '. 1874 J. A. PHILLIPS Elem. Metallurgy (1887)
323 The exact cause of red-shortness in welded iron is not
always very clear.
Red-shouldered, a. Ornith. Having the
shoulder or bend of the wing red, csp, the red'
shouldered buzzardt falcon, or hawk ofN. America
(Buteo lineatits).
1785 PENNANT Arctic Zool. II. 206 Red Shouldered
F[alcon]. 1790 WHITE Voy. N.S. Wales App. 263 The Red
Shouldered Paroquet .. Psittacus Discolor. 1792 PENNANT
Arctic Zool. (ed. a) II. 143 Red-Shouldered Heron. 1809
SHAW Gen. Zool. VII. H. 421 Red-Shouldered Oriole.
Oriolus ph&niceus. 1812 WILSON Amer. Ornith.Vl. 86 Red-
Shouldered Hawk. Falco Linea tns... The Red-Shouldered
Hawk is nineteen inches in length. 1884 Harper's Mag.
Mar. 622/1 The red-shouldered hawk is a handsome bird.
Re'dskin. Also red-skin. [See RED a. 5 c.]
A North American Indian.
1699 S. SMITH in H. E. Smith Colonial Days (1900) 40 Ye
firste Meetinge House was solid mayde to withstande ye
wicked onsaults of ye Red Skins. 18*3 E. JAMES Long's
Exped, 1. 160 The whites will not harm the red-skins when
thejr have them thus in their power. 1851 DIXON W. Penn
xxiii. (1872) 205 A strong believer in the native virtues of
the Redskins, when these savages were treated well. 1890
Times 27 pec. 3/2 After dark the whole band .. renewed the
attack. Kicking Bear himself leading the redskins.
attrib. 1699 S. SMITH in H. E. Smith Colonial Days
(1000) 49 My Honoured Father was as Active as ye Red-
skin Men and sinewy. 1871 LUBBOCK in Jrnl. Anthrop.
Inst. (1872) I. 3 Though the Redskin family is constituted
in a manner very unlike ours [etc.]. 1883 Atheweiim
20 Jan. 81/1 A picture of redskin life.
Red snow.
1. Snow reddened by a kind of alga (Protococctts
nivalis) common in Arctic and Alpine regions.
1678 Phil. Trans. XIII. 976 On St. Josephs day, upon the
Mountains call'd Le Langne, there fell . , a great quantity of
red, or if you please of bloody Snow. z8ao BAUER ibid.
CX. 165 The fungi, which constitute the colouring matter
of the red snow, discovered in Baffin's Bay. .1818. 1866
Chambers1 Encycl. s.v,, It is not impossible that animal as
well as vegetable life may exist in red snow, and that real
animalcules may have been observed.
2. transf. The alga which gives a red colouring
to snow.
i8»5 CARMICHAEL in Aip. Parry's Jrnl. znd Voy. 429 On
the whole, I should think, .that you may safely arrange the
Red Snow among the Palmellae. 1845 DARWIN Voy. Nat.
xv, (1890) 345 On several patches of the snow I found the
Protococcus nivalis, or red snow. 1861 H. MACMILLAN
Footn. Jr. Page Nature 145 Red snow . . has been dis-
covered spreading over decayed leaves and mosses on the
borders of small lakes.
3. attrib. , as red-snow shower \ red-snow alga
or plant = sense 2.
1826 in Loudon Encycl. Plants 928 The most remarkable
red-snow shower was that which fell.. [in] March 1823,.. in
Tuscany. Ibid.t The Lepraria Kermesina, which .. is con-
sidered only a particular state of the red-snow plant itself.
1866 Chambers Encycl. s.v., The red snow plant consists, in
its mature state, of brilliant globules like fine garnets, seated
on, but not immersed in, a gelatinous mass. 1869 SPENCER
Princ. Psychol. (1872) I. in. u. 295 Of those classed with the
vegetal kingdom, may be instanced the.. red snow alga.
Red Spider. A small red spider-like mite
(Tetranychus or Acarus telarius} infesting plants,
especially in hothouses. (See also quot. 1824.)
1646 SIR T. BROWNE Pseud. Ep. in. xxv. Table, Of the
Tainct or small red Spider. 1^93 Trans. Soc. Arts (ed. 2)
V. 58 Destroying the Red Spider and other noxious in-
sects. 1816 KIRBV & SP. Entomol. (1843) I- »6* The red-
spider (Erythrxns telarius] spinning its web over the under
surface of the leaves draws out their juices with its rostrum.
1814 LOUDON Encycl. Gardening (ed. 2) § 2271 The red
spider is the Acarus tflarius, and the same name is also
applied by gardeners to the scarlet acar us (A . holosericeus\
the only two British species of the genus which infest plants.
1871 H. MACMILLAN True Vine v. 232 In this country, the
greatest pest of the vinery is the little red spider, whose
movements over the leaves and fruit are exceedingly
nimble.
Red-Spotted, a. Marked with red spots.
1713 PETIVER Aquat. Anim. Amb. i/i Cancer ruber . .
Red spotted Crab. i78a LATHAM Gen. Synopsis Birds
I. IL 736 Red spotted Creeper, Certkia cntentata (Linn.).
..Its native place is Bengal. iSoa SHAW Gen. Zool. III. if.
496 Red-Spotted snake. Coluber Coccineus.. .Black snake,
with yellow back spotted with red. 1883 Century Mag.
Dec. 163/2 That beautiful inhabitant of fresh water, the
red-spotted trout.
Redstart (re-dstait). Ornith. [f. RED a. +
START (ME. stert, OE. steort] tail : cf. RED-TAIL i.
Parallel forms are Du. roodstaartje, Flem. -steertje
(t -steertken), Da. and Sw. rodstjert, G. rotsterz]
1. A common European singing-bird (Ruticilla
phcenicurus}) so named from its red tail, which it
has a habit of moving quickly from side to side.
1570 LEVINS Manip. 33/4J Redstarte, ruticilla. 1633
SHERWOOD, The Redstert, or Redtaile, rossignol de muraille^
rubienne. 1657 TOMLINSON Renou's Disp. To Rdr. c 2
Who can determine what becomes of_ Cranes, Cuckoes,..
Red-starts, that some are seen onely in Summer, some in
Winter? 1678 PHILLIPS (ed. 4), Redstert (Rubicilla), a
certain Bird so called from its red tail. 1774 G. WHITE
Selborne Ix, The song of the redstart is superior, though
somewhat like that of thewhitethroat. 1829 E.JESSE Jml.
Naturalist 204 We have no bird more assiduous in atten-
tions to their young than the red-start. 1840 Cnvier's
RED-STBEAK.
Anim. fCtngd. 190 The White-fronted Redstart .. is a com
mon summer visitant in many parts of Britain. 1884 JEI -
FERIES in Ckamb. Jrnt. I Mar. 131/1 A brightly coloured
liinl, die redstart, appears suddenly in spring.
b. Black redstart, a related species, Ruticilla
titys, occurring in southern England and common
on the European continent.
1836 EYTOM Rarer Brit. Birds 7 Black Redstart. Fictdula
Tit/iys. This Redstart inhabits chiefly the warmer parts of
Europe. 1894 NEWTON Diet. Birds 776 The males of the
Black Redstart seem to be more than one year in acquiring
their full plumage.
o. atlrib. with warbler ( = prec. senses).
1817 SHAW Gert. Zool. X. n. 670 Redstart Warbler. {Sylvia
Pkanicurus.) Ibid. 673 Grey Redstart Warbler. (Sylvia
Gibrallariensis.)
2. An American fly-catching warbler, Setophaga
ruticilla, outwardly resembling the common Euro-
pean redstart but generically distinct from it.
1796 MORSE Amer. Geog. I. 211 Red Start, Ruticilla
Americana. 1808 WILSON Amer. Ornith. \. 105 The
American Redstart builds frequently in low bushes. 1812
Ibid. V. 119 The Redstart extends very generally over the
United States. 1831 AUDUBON Ornith. Biog. I. 202 The
insect secured, the lovely Redstart reascends, perches, and
sings a different note. 1894 NEWTON Diet. Birds 777 The
American Redstart. ., belonging to the purely New-World
Family Mitiotiltidx, and to a genus which contains about
a dozen species.
T3. (Seequot.) 06s.
1738 ALBIN Nat. Hist. Birds III. 52 This Bird was
brought from Bengali in the year 1734, without any Name
being affixt to it ; . . I shall beg leave to call it by the Name
of the Bengali Redstart.
Re-d-streak. Also 7 -strake.
1. A red-streaked apple formerly highly esteemed
for making cider.
1664 EVELYN Pomona i. 6 Thus the famous Red-strake
of Hereford-shire is a pure Wilding, and within the memory
of some now living sirnamed the Scudamores Crab. 1676
WORLIDGE Cyder (1691) 209 Above all Cider-fruit, the
Redstreak bath obtain'd the preference. 1708 J. PHILIPS
Cyder I. 32 Let every Tree in every Garden own The Red-
Streak as supream. 1750 SHENSTONE Rural Elegance 31
Is not the red-streak's future juice The source of your
delight? 1807 VANCOUVER Agaric. Devon (1813) 238 The
species called tbe red-streak, is mostly preferred ; but of
late years, these orchards have been much subject to a
blight. 1875 F. J. SCUDAMORE Day Dreams 16 We began
to pass through apple-orchards, in which the ' redstreak '
flourished in its native soil.
b. The cider made from this. (Cf. 3.)
1671 Phil. Trans. VI. 2129, I have had as good Red-
strake as ever I drank in any place. 1709 E. SMITH Poem
J. Philips 64 Redstreak he quaffs beneath the Chianti Vine,
Gives Tuscan yearly for thy Scud'more's Wine. 1778 Eng,
Gazetteer (ed. 2) s.v. South-Hams, That noble rough cyder
which is generally preferred to the soft sickly Hereford
redstreak.
2. trans/. A girl with red cheeks.
1771 SMOLLETT Humph. Cl. 26 June, Then turning to
Liddy, he added — ' What say you, my pretty Redstreak ? '
1776 R. GRAVES Euphrosyne. (1776) VI. 219 The rural la.ss
with ruddy cheeks, The Redstreak we may name.
3. atlrib., as red-streak apple, cider, face.
1664 EVELVN Pomona 25 So does the Red-strake-Cider of
the Vale excell any other Cider of the forcible soil. Ibid.
27 M. Philips . . shewed me a very fair large Red-strake
apple. 1712 W. ROGERS Voy. (1718) 12, 1 gave him a dozen
bottles of Red-Streak Cyder. 1713 ARBUTHNOT John Bull
I. xii, That redstreak country face. 1797 EncycU Brit.
(ed. 3) XVI. 721/1 Those most esteemed for cyder are.,
the redstreak apple, the whitsour [etc.].
Hence f Bed-streaked a., made from red-streaks.
For other uses of the comb., see RED a. 143, 14 b.
1664 EVELVN Pomona 26 Red-cheek'd and Red-strak'd
Musts of several kinds. Ibid., A richer Red-strak'd-cider
of a . . fulvous or ruddy colour.
Red-tail (re-dtf'l).
L = REDSTART I (and I b).
1551 ELYOT, Ruticilla, a little birde called a red tayle.
1611 COTGR., Rubienne, the Red-taile, or Starke; a small
bird. 1661 LOVELL Hist. Anim. fy Min. Introd., Bunting,
redtaile. 1736 AINSWORTH Lat. Diet. s.v. Red, A red tail,
Phoenicurus. 1783 LATHAM Gen. Synopsis Birds II. n. 425
Red Tail. Motacilla erithacns. A Trifle bigger than the
Redstart. 1802 MONTAGU Ornith. Diet. (1831) 412 Red-
start.. . Provincial.— Redtail. Brantail. Firetail. 1869- in
dial, glossaries (Northumbld., Lonsd., E. Anglia, Som.).
1896 MORRIS & TEGETMETER Nests Brit. Birds II. 66 Black
Redstart.-Black Red-Tail.
b. U. S. The red-tailed buzzard (Buteo borealis).
1812 WILSON Amer. Ornith. VI. 75 Early next morning
he unfortunate Red-tail was found a prisoner.
2. fa. The rudd. Obs. b. A name of several
American fishes (see quots.).
1740 R. BROOKES Art of Angling Index, Tbe Rud or
Red-tail. 1876 GOODS in Smitlisan.Coll. (1877) XIII. v. 15
Cara:-' ' " ' - "
uu.aniner. lota. 37 note, Vulgar name
Red-horse, Red-tail, Horse-fish [etc.].
3. attrib., as red-tail hawk, lizard, parrot, sucker,
warbler.
1802 SHAW Gen. Zool. III. i. 244 Red-tail Lizard. Lacerta
Criicnia. 1817 Ibid. X. n. 674 Red-Tail Warbler (Sylvia
ly'thracus). 1820 RAFINESQIT. in Smithson. Coll. (1877)
AlII.ix.37 Red-tail Sucker, Catostomns Eryttirurus. 1894
0*«Hr (0. S.) XXIII. 406/1 The red-tail hawk has his story
of a cold wintry day. 1897 MARV KINGSI.EV W. Africa 58
J Me wtarer s hair aglow with red-tail parrots' feathers.
Red-tailed, a. Having a red tail.
Red-tailed buzzard or hawk, a common North American
nawk ; the upper side of the tail is red in the adult bird.
VOL. VIII.
313
1601 SHAKS. All's Well iv. v. 7 That red-tail'd humble
Bee I speake of. i6n COTGR., Rosse,..a. small red-tayld
lake-fish. 1771 PENNANT Synopsis Quadrup. 133 Red-tailed
Monkey: .. rump and half the tail deep orange-colored,
almost red. 1785 LATHAM Gen. Synopsis Birds III. 11. 259
Red-Tailed Gallinule. . . This species inhabits Ceylon.
1807-8 W. IRVING Salmag. (1824) 335 The chattering of the
red-tailed parrot. 1812 WILSON Amer. Ornith. VI. 75 The
Red-tailed Hawk is most frequently seen in the lower parts
of Pennsylvania during the severity of winter. 1824
SHAW Gen. Zool. XII. i. 222 Red-tailed Crake (Ortygo-
metra phfenicura). 1839 AUDUBON Synopsis Birds N.
Amer. 6 Buteo borealis. Red-tailed Buzzard. Red-tailed
Hawk. 1857 DUFFERIN Lett. High Lat. 199 Pirouetting
on the deck below with a red-tailed demon.
Red-tape, red tape.
a. Tape of a red colour such as is commonly
used in securing legal and official documents.
Hence b. Excessive formality or attention to rou-
tine; rigid or mechanical adherence to rules and
regulations.
1696-171$ Maryland Laws IV. (1723) n The Map . . upon
the Backside thereof sealed with his Excellency's Seal at
Arms on a Red Cross with Red Tape. 1814 SCOTT Wav.
Ixxi, Drawing from his pocket a budget of papers, and un-
tying the red tape. 1839-40 W. IRVING Wolfert's R. (1855)
274 His brain was little better than red tape and parchment.
1869 LONGF. in Life (1891) III. 141 All the morning at the
custom-house, plagued with red tape. 1873 SPENCER Stud.
Social. vii.i7o After ceaseless ridicule of red-tape, the petition
is for more red-tape.
attrib. and Comb. 1838 LYTTOH Alice lit. i, The men of
more dazzling genius began to sneer at the red-tape minister
as a mere official manager of details. 1840 CARLYLE Heroes
(1858) 353 Keep your red-tape clerks, your influentialities,
your important businesses. 1863 P. BARRY Dockyard Econ.
144 Those who framed the red-tape code were not men of
business. 1807 Dublin Rev. Oct. 304 The regions of red-
tape-tied officialism.
Hence Bed-taped a., tied with red tape ; affected
with the spirit of red-tape. Becl-ta-pedom, the
sphere or spirit of red-tape. Bed-tamper = RED-
TAPIST. Red-ta-pery = RED-TAPISM. Bed-ta'pi-
fled a., characterized by red-tape.
1833 MARRYAT Otta Podr. vii, Documents, numbered,
scheduled, and *red-taped. 1890 Nature 29 May 106/2 The
unimpressionable mind of the red-taped official. 1850
Times 31 Aug. 4/4 Mr. Carlyle has, we know, denounced
*red-tapedom in all its forms. 1845 DISRAELI SfUltlteM 33
Calling at clubs, closeted with *red-tapers. 1893 Ch. Times
20 Oct. 1065/1 The clergyman who refuses.. is a miserable
red-taper. 1831 Fraser's Mag. III. 654 These were the great
heroes of the *red-tapery. 1884 Nonconf. <$• Indep. 14 Feb.
153/1 [To] lessen the rates and provide an antidote to red-
tapery in education. 1895 Longm. Mag. Aug. 386, I had
not.. exaggerated the . . *redtapefied way in which things
were done.
Red-ta'pish, a. [f. prec. + -ISH.] Charac-
terized or infected by red-tapism.
1850 CARLVLE Latter*!. Pamph. iii. (1872) 94 One Intel-
lect still really human, and not redtapish. 1835 Fraser's
Mag. LI. 635 Close bodies tend to become narrow and red-
tapish.
l-ta'pism. Also -tapeism. [f. as prec. +
-ISM.] The spirit or system of red-tape.
1853 (title') Red-tapeism ; its cause, by one behind the
scenes. 1858 J. B. NORTON Topics 79 There appears to
have prevailed the usual red-tapeism and circumlocution.
1881 M. WILLIAMS Leaves Life (1890) II. 296 Was there
ever a greater piece of red-tapism than the letter which has
been read from the Home Office?
Red-ta-pist. Also -tapeist. [f. as prec, +
-1ST.] One who adheres strictly or mechanically
to official routine.
1841 R. FORD in Knapp Life Borrow (1809) II. App. i. 315
Red.tapists hatched in the hotbeds of jobbery. 1856 DORAN
Knights 4- Days xxii. 374 There is a good deal of the red-
tapist in pur moralist after all. 1884 I'ortn. Rev. June 817
The official red-tapeists who seek to carry minutes, memo-
randa, and returns into every department of life.
Red-throated, a. Ornith. Havingared throat.
T743 G. EDWARDS Nat. Hist. Birds I. I. 38 Red-throated
Huming Bird. 1753 J. HILL Hist. Anim. 365 The red-
throated Parrot ; this is an extreamely beautiful species ; it
is of the size of a large pigeon. 1781 LATHAM Gen. Synopsis
Birds 1. 1. 97 Red-throated Falcon. . . Inhabits Cayenne, and
other parts of South America. 1809 SHAW Zool. Lect. \. v. 187
One of the most common, as well as one of the most beautiful
of all the Humming-birds is the Trochilus Colubris or red-
throated Humming-bird. 1896 MORRIS & TEGETMEIER
Nests Brit. Birds I. 152 The only claim of the Red-
throated Pipit to be considered as a British bird [etc.].
b. esp. Bed-throated diver, fduoker, or loon
(see quots. and DIVEK 2 a).
1747 G. EDWARDS Nat. Hist. Birds I. it. 97 Red-throated
Ducker or Loon. 1768 PENNANT Brit. Zool. II. 415 The Red
throated Diver. 1840 Cuvier'sAnim. Kingd. 253 The Red-
throated Loon., [is] still smaller and much commoner. 1843
YARRELL Brit. Birds III. 337 The Red-throated Diver is the
smallest species of the genus, as well as the most common.
1893 NEWTON Diet. Birds 152 The common species of
Colytnbus is C. septentrionalis, known as the Red-throated
Diver from an elongated patch of dark bay colour which
distinguishes the throat of the adult in summer -dress.
Re-d-top.
1. attrib. Having a red top ; red-topped.
riSoo T. GIBBS Catal. Seeds, Red-top Turnip. 1840 J.
BUEL Fanner's Companion 331/1 Red-top grass. 1884
E. P. ROE in Harper's Mag. July 247/1 They began with
red-top clover.
2. ('. S. A kind of bent-grass, Agrostis mtlgari)
>lso called ' English grass ' and ' herd's grass '),
highly valued for pasture. False red-top (see
REDUCE.
' latest quots.). Tall red-top, a tall reddish grass,
\ Triodia cuprea.
1819 WARDEN United Stales II. 8The grasses are : White
clover, white top and red top. 1819 LOUDON Encycl
\ Plants 65 Tricuspis. . . This grass is called Red-top in the
| Southern States of N. America. 1840 J. BUEL Farmer's
Companion 228 Red-top, the herds-grass of the middle and
southern States. .is indigenous, perennial, and valuable for
hay and pasture. 1846-50 A. WOOD Class-bk. Bot. 613
Tricuspis seslerioides. False Red-top. Ibid. 614 Poa
serotina. Meadow Red-top. 1860 DARLINGTON Amer.
Weeds, etc. 382 Poa serotiita, Late Poa. Fowl Meadow
Grass. False Red-top.
3. A variety of turnip.
£1830 Glouc. Farm Rep. 6 in Lib. Use/. Kn., Husb. Ill,
About one-third of the whole crop consists of Swedish turnips,
. .the remainder of the white Norfolk and the red-tops.
Red-topped : see RED a. 143, b, c.
Reduable, variant of REDEVABLK a. Obs.
t Redvrb, sb. Obs. rare -1. In 6 redoube. [f.
the vb., or ad. F. radoub (i6th c. in Godef.
Compl.'}."] Remedy, improvement.
1549 EDW. VI in Strype Ecd. Mem. (1721) II. i. xxv. 211
[The King] thought good . . straightly to charge and com-
mand him that . . he should have an earnest and special
regard to the redoube of these things.
tRedu'ta, v. Obs. Also 6redubb(e, -doub(e,
-do(u)bbe. [ad. AF. reiiubber ( 1 3th c., hence also
AL. redubbare), f. re- RE- + dubber DUB ».l Cf.
F. radouber (isth c.). See also REDOUBLE ».3
The word is very frequent in i6th c. English, esp. in state
papers and other official documents.]
L trans. To repair or restore (a damaged thing).
1512 St. Papers Hen. VIII (1830) I. 113 Many of your
shippes were disgarnysshed of their mastes, cables, ankers,
and other takelyng, in such wise that fewe or none of theym
can be sufficiently redubbed or furnisshed to do any service
on the see for this yere. 1536 Ibid. 470 That our honour,
touched by this your assemblee and insurrection, may . .
again be redubbed, to the knowleage of the world.
2. To put right, remedy, improve (a bad state
of things).
1528 GARDINER in Pocock Rec. Kef I. 109 If every one of
their college had with such good heart regarded that
calamity . . it had been much less and sooner redubbed.
a 1547 SURREY sKneid iv. 444 If desteny . . would have per-
mitted me After my wil my sorrow to redoub. i56aCHAi.oNER
in Froude Hist. Eng. (1863! VII. v, 440 note, I told him that
the state of things was easely so redubbed, as be should haue
cause . . to be of another opinion.
3. To make up for, amend, correct (a mistake,
fault, etc.).
1537 CROMWELL in Merriman Life $ Lett. (1902) II. no
Redubbeyt my lord in the Justpunyshment of hisTraytours
Carkas. 1542 in Lett. * Pap. Hen. VI II, XVII. 592 A wise
grave man, to redubbe the lightness of your late Governour.
1548 UDALL Erasm. Par. Luke Pref. 5 b, This imperfeccion
I haue to my litle power so laboured to redoub.
4. To remedy, redress (something suffered).
J547 Epw. VI Injunct. § 18 No man shall .. redubbe
and requite one wronge with another, or be his awne judge.
1553 Act i Mary Sess. 2 c. I § 2 Unlesse so great an
injustice . . be redubbed, . . plagues and strokes are like to
increase. 1568 GRAFTON Chron. II. 1353 A dishonor where-
with this realm shall be blotted, vntyll God shall giue power
to redubbe it with some like requitall to the French.
b. To requite (a person) with something. Also
with double obj. rare.
1557-8 PHAER s&neid vl. Rj, O gods redubbe them
vengeance iust. 1565 JEWEL Def. Apol. (1611) 459 Yet
hitherto we haue not redubbed you with any one Lie.
6. To make up, restore (money expended).
1536 CROMWELL in Merriman Life ft Lett. (1902) II. 48
Sucne a revenue.. as maye..in time of peax bothe redubbe
that which shalbe in warre expended [etc.].
Hence t Hedvrbbing ml. sb. Obs.
1527 WOLSEY in St. Papers Hen. VIII (1830) I. 228 Pray-
ing God that I may have grace . . for the redubbing of the
premisses. 1547 Privy Council Acts (1890) II. 537 It may
partely tende to aredobbinge of that they have done. 1555
J. PROCTOR Hist. Wyat's Kebell. 41 What was to be done
for the redubbinge of that vnhappie chaunce ?
Redivbber. Obs. exc. Hist. Also -our, -or.
[ad. AF. redubbour, redobeour (Britton), agent-n.
f. redubber to REDUB. App. never actually cur-
rent as an Eng. word.] (See quots.)
[1284 Act 12 Edw. I (Slat. Wallie) c.4 De Redobatoribus
[v. r. Redubatoribus] pannorum furatorum, eos in novam
formam redigentibus et veterem mutantibus. 1292 BRITTON
I. xxx. § 3 De redubbours achatauntz a escient dras emblez,
et les attirent en autre fourme.]
1616 BULLOKAR Eng. Expos., Redobbour, he that wittengly
buieth stollen cloth, and turneth it into some other fashion.
1656 BLOUNT Glossogr., Redubbours, are those that buy
cloth, which they know to be stoln, and turn it into some
other form or fashion. 1704 J HARRIS Lex. Techn. I,
Redubbor. 1823 CRABB Technol. Diet., Redubber. 1865
NICHOLS Britlon. I. 83 note, It is forbidden that any
redubber of clothes, .shall dwell elsewhere than in cities or
boroughs.
Redubble, obs. form of REDOUBLE v.
t Redtrce, sb. 06s.—1 [f. next.] Reduction.
1549 EDW. VI in Foxe A. ft M. (1563) 602/1 That from
hencefourth ye haue an earnest & special regard to the
reduce of these things.
Reduce (rnli«-s), v. Also 5 reduyse, 5-7 re-
duse. [ad. L. redilcfre to bring back, restore,
replace, f. re- RE- + diicfre to lead, bring. Cf. F.
reJuire ! 141)1 c., Oresme) and -\reducer (I5th c.),
Sp. reducir, It. ridnrre.']
The original sense of the word, ' to bring back ', has now
40
REDUCE.
314
REDUCE.
almost entirely disappeared, the prominent modern sense
being * to bring down ' or * to dimmish '. A clear arrange-
ment of the various uses (many of them found only in the
language of the is-i7th centuries) is rendered difficult by
the extent to which the different shades of meaning tend to
pass into or include each other.
I. trans. t 1. To bring back, recall (a thing or
person) to one's memory, mind, etc. Obs. (Common
in j 6th c.)
CI375&:. Troy-bk. (Horstmann) n. 2973 Redusand to his
fresche memore His deidly dreme, he saw before. 1432-50 tr.
Higden (Rolls) IV. 383 Leste that he scholde reduce to his
mynde the dethe of his sonne by the sjjhte of theyme. 1513
DOUGLAS &neis vn. Prol. 45 Ane similitude of hell, Re-
iusth
ucyng to our mynd..Goustly schaddois of eild and grisly
eid. 1559 in Knox Hist. Ref. Wks. 1846 I. 437 It will
Reducing often to my memory that conceit of the Roman
Stoick.
t b. To bring back, recall (the mind, thoughts,
etc.) front or to a subject. Also without const. Obs.
1432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) III. 205 His disciples cowthe
reduce theire myndes from wickede thoushtes thro muslke
and songe. 1563 FOXE A. fy M. 403/1 Luther diligently
reduced the mindes of men to the Sonne of God. a 1633
AUSTIN Medit. (1635) 292 Then cease, . . And with these
words reduce thy Thoughts that Roame. 1655 STANLEY
Hist. Philos. IL (1701) 65/2 Pericles.. could easily reduce
the exercise of his mind from secret abstrusive things to
Sublick popular causes. 1700 PRIOR Carmen Sec. 317 To
anus* Altars, and the numerous Throng,.. Ambitious Muse
reduce the roving Song. 1706 Reflex, upon Ridic, 58
Whatever digressions I made, he still reduc'd the discourse
to the same subject.
fc. To bring (one) back to a recollection of
something. Obs. rare—1.
1541 R. COPLAND Galyen's Terap. 2 F iij, He reduceth vs
to mynde of that he hath sayde before.
f 2. To lead or bring back (a person) /<?, into,
from, etc. a place or way, or to a person. Obs.
a. In figurative context. (Common in i6-i7thc.)
c 1400 Apol. Loll, i Preying also tike man to reduce me in
to be rm wey, . . if I haue gon beside be wey. a 1535 FISHER
Wks. (E. E. T. S.) 439 So must y« heretickes be reduced
vnto y* waves of y8 churche. 1563 GRINDAL Rent, (Parker
Soc.) 263 Excommunication .. is the ordinary mean., to
reduce men to God. 1641 MILTON Prel. Episc. Wks. (1851)
74 Doing my utmost endeavour, .to reduce them to their
firme stations under the standard of the Gospell. 1678 R.
BARCLAY Apol. Quakers i. 15 He that Errs in the Entrance
is not so easily reduced again into the Right Way. 1726-31
TINDAL tr. Rapin's Hist. Eng. xvn. (1743) II. 52 Their
attempt to reduce the Protestants within the Pale of the
Romish Church.
absol. 1650 W. BROUGH Sacr. Princ. (1659) 473 This..
Reduces to a Paradise both of Joy and Innocence.
b. In literal sense.
1483 CAXTON Gold. Leg. 54/1 God . . shal reduce and brynge
you agayn unto the londe of your faders. 15x3 DOUGLAS
sEneis vi. ii. 84 Gif Orpheus mycht reduce agane..From
hell his spousis gost. 1563 GOLDING Ca>sar vu (1565) 174
Wyth the losse of two cohorts he reduced the rest to
Duration, a 1636 FITZ-GEFFRAY Compass. Captives \.
a 1717 NEWTON Chronol. Amended ii. (1728) 223 Bacchus
appeased him with wine, and reduced him back into heaven.
C. (Without const.) To bring back again.
1579 LYLY Ettphues (Arb.) 91 For all his trauayle be
reduced (I cannot say reclaymed) but a straggeler. 1609
BIBLE (Douay) 2 Kings xix. 10 How long are you stil, and
reduce not the king? 164* SIR E. DERING Sp. on Relig.
xvi. 83 Reduce, replant our Bishop President. 1684 tr.
Bonefs Merc. Contpit. Pref. i Mercury's Statue was placed
in the Cross-ways, to guide Men in the right way, and to
reduce them that were out.
t 3. To bring (a thing) back to or into a place ;
also St., to bring (coin) in again to the mint. Obs,
1432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) VIII. 488 Newe statutes were
ordeynede..of the staple to be reducede from Mirbonrach
to Caleys. 1581 Reg. Privy Council^ Scot. Ser. i. III. 463
The late silver cunyie . . sould be reducit and brocht in agane,
to be cunyelt of new. 1588 D. ROGERS in Ellis Orig. Lett.
Ser. n. III. 152 He causeth manie superstitious and popish
ceremonies to be reduced into the Church. 1627 SYBTHORPE
Apostol. Obed. 20 So the papists lye at waite..to reduce
superstition into England.
f4. To take back, refer (a thing) to its origin,
author, etc. Obs.
c 1450 tr. De Imitatione in, lix. 139 Grace reducijj all
binges to god, of whom bei wellij? oute groundely & ori-
ginaly. 1607-12 BACON Ess.t Great Place (Arb.) 284 Reduce
thinges to the first Institution, and observe wherein and
how they have degenerate. 1660 R. COKE Power fy Sub/.
47 All regular motions and actions may be reduced to one
certain beginning.
fb. To carry back in time. Obs. rare~l.
11619 FOTHERBY Atheom. n. xii. § 4 (1622) 342 But
Plutarch himselfe reduceth it higher; not allowing of any
mortall man to bee the first inuentor.
5. To bring back, restore (a condition, state of
things, time, etc.). Now rare.
c 1477 CAXTON Jason 120 b, To reduce his yongth in suche
wise as he shall seme . . in the aage of xxxij yere. 1549
Compl. Scot. xi. 90 ?our foir fathers.. reducit there liberte,
quhilk vas ane lang tyme in captiuite. 1580 LYLY Euphues
againe. 1630 R. Johnson's Kiugd, fy Comww. 207 The
States.. cannot on the sudden reduce perfection in the pro-
fession of Religion, c 1665 MRS. HUTCHINSON Mem. Col.
Hutchinson (1846) 98 The endeavours to reduce popery and
subvert the true protestant religion. iSax LAMB I-'.iia Ser, i.
Old Benchers Inner T., While childhood, and while dreams,
reducing childhood, shall be left.
6. Surg, To restore (a dislocated, fractured, or
ruptured part) to the proper position.
1541 R. COPLAND Guydon"s Quest. Chirurg. N iv b. The .vj.
place is vpon the matryce, and vpon the bowelles for to
reduce and withdrawe them to theyr places. 1643 J. STEER
tr. Exp. Chyrurg. xvi. 66 If any bones be broken, they are
to be reduced. 1658 ROWLAND Movfefs Theat. Ins. 912
Salt with meal and honey, takes away the pain of a joynt
that is dislocated,.. and makes it more apt to be reduced.
17*0 DE FOE Capt. Singleton xi. (1840) 197 He reduced the
splinters of the bone, and calling for help, set it. 1803
Med. Jrnl. IX. 202 A man who had dislocated his shoulder,
and had had it reduced by a celebrated bone-setter.
b. To adjust, set (a dislocation or fracture).
1836 MARRYAT Japhet vii, We reduced the dislocation.
a 1859 MACAULAY Hist. Eng. xxv. V. 306 The jolting of the
rough roads . . made it necessary to reduce the fracture again.
t 7. To draw or pull back again. Obs. rare.
i6xx L. BARRY Ram Alley i. i, By her actiuity she got it [her
leg]. .Crosse her shoulder: but not with all her power Could
she reduce it. x6ax G. SANDYS Ovid's Met. xi. (1632) 379 The
Seamen.. Reduce their oares, vp-rising from their Banks
With equall strokes.
tb. To take back (a reckoning). Obs. rare-*.
CX59S CAPT. WYATT R. Dudleys Voy. W. Ind. (Hafcl.
Soc,) 57 The master himselfe was deceaved in the swifte
gate of our shipp, and caused our Generall to reduce his
reckninge back some 50 leagues.
II. f 8. To lead or bring back from error in
action, conduct, or belief, e$p. in matters of
morality or religion ; to restore to the truth or the
right faith. Obs. (Very common c 1600 to 1700.)
1412-20 LYDG. Chron. Troy n. 183 (Digby MS. 232 If. 29)
Of that arte 1 hadde as tho no gyde Me to reducen whan
I went awrong. £1485 Digby My&t. v. 313 Whan I erryd,
thu reducyd me, Jesus. 1556 in W. H. Turner Select. Rec.
Oxford 245 One Friar John, .travelled with him to reduce
him. But it would not be. 1590 A. HUTCHINSON in Green-
wood Collect. Sclattnd. Art. C, To confer with him about
his separating of himself from the Church of England, if
I might reduce him. 1643 MILTON Saveraigne Salve x If
any of these erring men may be reduced, I have my end.
1674 ALLEN Danger of Enthusiasm. 20 This very thing.,
would in great part reduce you. and set you to rights. 17x0
R. WARD Life More 62 Philotheus presently reduceth him
with this sober and edifying Discourse. 1788 V. KNOX
Winter Even. II. iv. xi. 69 So is the knowledge of the
passions, .necessary to him whose office it is to reduce those
who have erred.
fb. Const, from (an error, etc.). Obs.
1560 DA us tr. Sleidane*s Comm. 19 b, Howe they of
Boheme should be reduced from their errours. a 1614
DONNE Btadayarot (1644)91 It is not a better understanding
of nature, which hath reduced us from it. 1686 PARR Life
Usher 93 This Holy Primate, .laboured instantly to reduce
Popish Recusants and Sectaries from their Errors. 1713
BERKELEY Hylas <J- Phil. Pref., If these principles, .are
admitted for true.. men [will be] reduced from Paradoxes
to common Sense.
t 9. To bring back or restore (a person, etc,)
from or to a state or condition. Obs.
1501 Ord. Crysten Men (W. de W. 1506) iv. i. 166 To reduce
a synner from the estate of mortall synne, unto the estate of
grace. 1598 BARCKLEY Feltc. Man n. (1603) 94 To reduce him
againe to his former gravitie and course of life. 1646 SIR
T. BROWNE Pseud, Ep. vii. xix. 384 For the satisfaction of
their revenge they .. would have reduced them unto life
again. x66o BOYLE New Exp. Pkys. Meek. xli. 334 By
letting in the Air again, we soon reduc'd him to his former
liveliness. 1695 WOODWARD Nat. Hist. Earth it. (1723) 106
Reducing him from the most abject and stupid Ferity, to
his Senses, and to sober Reason.
t b. To bring (a thing, institution, etc.) back
to a former state. Also without const. Obs.
1599 SHAKS. Hen. yt v. ii. 63 Which to reduce into our
former fauour You are assembled. 1630 FULLER Holy War
iv. viii. (1840) 192 Matters for the mam [were] reduced to
the same estate they were at the first peace. 1666 EVELYN
Diary 17 Aug., I entreated [him] to visit the Hospital of
the Savoy and reduce it.. to its original institution. 1709
STRYPE Ann. Ref. I. xxii. 225 So that the Church of Eng-
land was reduced to the same good state wherein it was
in the latter years of K. Edward. 17*6 SWIFT Gulliver iv.
ii, As if he would signify that I should reduce them to their
former Shape. 1765 Museum Rust. IV. 21 If once a fruit
is become deformed, no art will then reduce it.
fc. To redress, repair (a wrong). Obs. rare~l.
c 159* MARLOWE Jew of Malta i. ii, Till they reduce the
wrongs done to my father.
flO. To bring (a person or thing) to or into
a certain state or condition. Ods.
0x450 Fysshynge w. Angle (1883) i, I aske bis questyon
wyche bynne >e menys & cause to reduse a man to a mery
spryte. 1485 CAXTON Chas. Gt. 12 Fraunce was enhaunced
& reduced to mageste ryal. 1538 STARKEY England i. iv.
103 The prynce ys no thyng in boundage therby, but rather
reducyd to true lyberty. 1581 LAMBARDK Eiren. iv. xvi.
(1588) 582 This Fine (that is reduced to certaintie by the
discretion of the lustices). x6xi BIBLE Transl. Pref. P 2
Seeking to reduce their Countrey-men to good order and
discipline. 1649 BLITHE Eng. Improv. (title-p.), By reducing
Boggy or Drowned Land to sound Pasture. 1664 J. WEBB
Stone-Heng (1725) 76 The Romans.. reduced the natural
Inhabitants from their Barbarism to the Society of civil
Life. 1713 SWIFT Cadenns fy Vanessa Wks. 1751 VII. 17
With pleasing Arts she cou d reduce Men's Talents to their
proper Use. 17x9 DE FOE Crusoe u. i, She was. .the engine
that by her prudence reduced me to that happy compass
I was in.
refl. 1633 Bp. HALL Occas. Medit. (1851) 103 All things,
the more perfect they are, the more do they reduce them-
selves towards that unity, which is the centre of all per-
fection 1677 GALE Crt. Gentiles in. 56 These proud Philo-
sophers aspired.. to reduce themselves to a friendship with
the great though unknown God.
t b. To bring (a person) to some belief or
opinion. Also absol. Obs.
1563 FOXE A.ft M. 1008/1 Whom I besech the Lorde to
reduce to a better truth. 1570 Ibid. (ed. 2) 67/1 At what
time, the wholsome doctrine of the Gospell allured and
reduced the hearts of all sorts of people vnto the true
religion of God. 1586 A. DAY Eng. Secretary i. (1625) 21
The natures. .of the other [being] to withdraw, disswade or
reduce to another meaning. 1711 [see REDUCTION 4 c].
f o. With inf. To lead or induce to do some-
thing. Obs.
1568 GRAFTOM Chron. II. 672 The lorde Marques could
by no meanes be reduced to take any part against king
Ldwarde. 1571 DIGGES Pantom. Pref. A iv, Suche two
footed Moules and Todes..maye not possibly. .be reduced
or moued to taste or sauour any whitte of vertue. 1628
FORD Lover's Mel. i. ii, He knows no reason but he may
reduce The courtiers to have women watt on them. 1656
STANLEY Hist. Philos. vi. (1701) 257/1 That which moveth
the Taste, and reduceth it to act.
d. To bring (a theory, etc.) to (or into} practice,
action, etc.
x6»5 C. BROOKE On Sir A . Chichester Poems (1872) 209
Of armes and arts, he had the theorie, which he reduc't to
practise. 1668 HOWE Bless. Righteous 116 Heretofore
some gracious dispositions have been to seek . . when there
was most need and occasion for their being reduced into
act. 1709 POPE Let. to Cromwell 7 May, I thought your
observation .. not a rule without exceptions, nor that ever it
had been reduc'd to practise. x?8x COWPER Conversat. 139
Reduced to practice, his beloved rule Would only prove
him a consummate fool, a x8rx GROTE Eth. Fragm. iv,
(1876) 81 Dispositions, .reduced into action.
f e. To bring to a determination, to settle. Obs.—1
1616 SIR C. MOUNTAGU in Buccleuch MSS. (Hist. MSS.
Comm.) L 250 They say they have now reduced it to have
the money brought in, in eight years.
fll. To adapt (a thing) to a purpose. Also with-
out const., to apply , expound, explain. Obs. rare.
f 1440 Gesta Rom. xxix. 216 (Add. MS.), This Emperour
may be saide herode, the kyng. .Or els it [the story] may be
reduced on a nother maner. 1513 FITZHF.RB. Husb. § 7 To
reduce and brynge the same text to my purpose, I take it
thus. 1530 PALSGR. 682/1 AH the artycles whiche he hath
layde agaynst me I truste to reduce them to my purpose.
1609 SIR T. BODLEY Let. in Pietas Oxon. (1903) 8, I could
not busie myselfe to better purpose, then by redusing that
place.. to the publique vse of Studients.
fb. To make conformable or agreeable to a
standard. Obs.
1647 CLARENDON Hist. Reb. vi. § 116 It admitted an in-
terpretation of reducing the government of the Church in
Scotland to this of England. i66a GERBIER Princ. 38 By
the not reducing whatsoever is represented to the true
Lines of Perspective.
O. Astron. To adapt (an observation) to a par-
ticular place or point ; to correct by making the
necessary allowances for position and other modify-
ing circumstances. (Cf. REDUCTION 6 c.)
1633 GELLIBRAND in T. James Voy. R 5, The [moon's] true
place at midnight reduced to the Ecliptique. x8ia WOOD-
HOUSE Astron x. 73 Observations, therefore, seen at the
surface, must be reduced to the center. 1866 HERSCHEL
Fam. Lect. Sc.t Comets (1871) 101 From these observations
so far as they have as yet been communicated and reduced
[etc.]. x88x DONNELLY in Nature No. 625, 594 To collect
..all information on this subject, and finally to reduce the
Indian observations.
f!2. a. To bring into another language; to
render, translate. Obs.
1484 CAXTON Curtail i At whos instance and requeste
1 have reduced it in to Englysshe. 1513 DOUGLAS &neis \.
ProL 410 Lo he repreifis. . Ay word by word to reduce ony
thing. 11533 LD. BERNERS Gold. Bk. M. Anrel. (1546)
Oovij, The translatours, that haue laboryously reduced
this treatyce out of Greke into Latin. 1581 LAMBARDK
Eiren. 1. 1. (1588) 5 Bracton (who reduced the body of our
law into Latine).
t b. To set down or record in writing ; to put
down or draw in a map. Obs.
1485 CAXTON Chas. Gt. i Al thynges that ben reduced by
wrytyng ben wryton to our doctryne. c X53» Dy WES
Introd. Fr. in Palsgr. 897 To reduce and to put by writtynge
the maner how I nave preceded. 1576 FLEMING Panopl.
Epist. 46 He. .being nowe inflamed with the admiration of
your martiall explottes,. .is very desireous, to reduce them
in a Chronicle. 1603 OWEN Pembrokeshire i. (1891) 5 A-
monge diuerse other thinges of the xiii Sheres of Wales
reduced according to arte.
j!3. To bring to one by way of acquisition. Obs.
1491 Act 7 Hen. VII* c. i The King.. hath determyned
hym self to passe.. in to his Realme of Fraunce and to
reduce the possession thereof. . to hym and his heires Kinges
of Englond. 1596 BACON Max. 4- Uses Com. Law i. (1636)
2 The admission of my Clerke, whereby the inheritance is
reduced to mee, is the act of the Ordinary.
14. To bring ft into or) to a certain order or
arrangement.
1570 FOXE A. $ M. fed. 2) 8/1 The said Ezechias also re-
duced the Priests and Leuils into their orders. x6i» BRINS-
LEY Lud. Lit. xxi. 248 marg.. The way might be more com-
pendious by the rootes reduced to Classes. 1666 PEPYS
Diary 25 Dec., Reducing the names of all my books to an
alphabet. x?»9 BUTLER Serm. Self-deceit Wks. 1874 II.
125 A great part.. of the intercourse amongst mankind,
cannot be reduced to fixed determinate rules. 1756 C.
LUCAS Ess. Waters I. Ded., The rules.. were.. reduced to
the just order in which they now stand. 1837 WHEWELL
Hist. Induct. Sc. (1857) I. 167 When one set of anomalies
had been discovered, and reduced to rule. 1875 JOWETT
REDUCE.
Plato (ed. 2) IV. 21 The infinite would be no longer infinite,
if limited or reduced to measure.
b. To bring to (t into or under) a specified
number of classes or heads ; also, to assign or
refer to a certain class.
In some cases passing into sense 26.
1516 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 146 b, All the coun-
seyles of our lorde Jesu Chryst may be reduced to these
nyne. c 1560 (title) Summe of Christianize, reduced unto
eight propositions. 1647 MAY Hist. Parl. Pref., I will only
professe to follow that one Rule, Truth, to which all the
rest. .may be reduced. 1676 H. PHILLIPS Purch. Patt. i
Many things.. may all be reduced to these three general
heads. 1697 POTTER Antiq. Greece n. xii. ^715)302 Hither
may also be reduc'd another sort of Divination. 17x3
STKKLE Englishm. No. 7. 43 Those who set up for Criticks
in Poetry.. may be reduced to two Classes. 1718 Free-
thinker No. 62 P 5 These Presages, .may be reduced under
Seven Principal Denominations.
fo. (Without const.) To bring into proper order;
to assign to the proper class or classes. Obs.
1668 WILKINS Real Char. Ded. ajb, The species of
Natural bodies, . . if they were (so far as they are yet known
and discovered) distinctly reduced and described. 169*
RAY in Lett. Lit. Men (Cainden) 198 The.. reducing and
settling the severall histories and relations of species, will
be a thing of eminent use. Ibid. 203 He hath abundance of
Jamaica plants, which if in your Catalogue it is very
difficult to reduce them, especially his Felices.
15. To bring (f into or) to a certain form or
character. (Cf. 12 a.)
ri59» MARLOWE Massacre Paris l. viii, I knew the
Organon to be confus'd, And I reduc'd it into better form.
1611 WOODALL Surf. Mate (1639) Pref. 3 Galen . . reduced
the Science [medicine] into a more perfect Art. 1661 J.
DAVIES tr. Olearins' Voy. Amoass. 216 The Ambassador
ordered me to reduce Persia and Turkic into one Map.
a 1693 WOOD Antiq. Ox/. (1786) 56 They began . . to pull
down their buildings, which stood without any method, and
to reduce them.. into a quadrangular pile. 17*6 SWIFT
Gulliver iv. i, A second Word, much harder to be pro-
nounced ; but reducing it to the English Orthography may
be spelt thus, Houyhnhnm. 1836 H. ROGERS y. Howe ii. 26
Nevertheless, it may be very useful, .to attempt to reduce
it to such a form.
refl. 1590 SIK J. SMYTH Disc. Weapons 12 Whilest the
Piquers and other weapons doo reduce themselues into
forme vnder their Ensignes.
b. To put into, commit to, writing. (Cf. 12 b.)
1659 HEYLIN Examen Hist. i. 230 Why was not the Pro-
testation reduced into writing? 1711-13 SWIFT Let, Eng.
ToitgueWks. 1751 IV.243A11 which reduced to writing would
entirely confound Orthography. 1747 Col. Rec. Pennsylv.
V. 78 Having reduc'd into writing the Transaction .. touch-
ing the Delivery of the three Negroes. 1875 MAINE Hist.
Inst. i. 10 A small body of Aryan customs reduced to
writing in the fifth century B.C.
16. a. Arith. To change (a number or quantity)
from one denomination into or to another.
Commonly conveying some suggestion of sense 26, as
resulting either in a smaller number or in one composed of
smaller units.
1579 DIGGES Stratiot. 23 The Numerator of the last Frag-
ment to be reduced. 1594 BLUNDEVIL Exerc. i. xxvii. (1636)
75 Then in like order reduce your Divisor into the smallest
Fraction, and you shall find the totall summe [etc.]. 1674
\ZMf.z Arith. (1696) 156 To reduce the Denominations ol
Measure, Weight, . . &c. of one Kind or Countrey to another.
1766 Compl. Farmer s.v. Surveying •] G 2/2 If the content
to be reduced, be cast up into acres, roods, and perches,
reduce all into perches, and then in other respects work
as before. 1813 MITCHELL Diet. Math. $ Phys. Set. 410/2
Reduce the compound quantity to its lowest denomination,
and the whole integer to the same denomination.
aosol. 1766 Compl. Partner s.v. Surveying 7 G 1/3
Multiply the number of half feet contained in a pole of
that measure you would reduce into.
b. To change (a quantity, figure, etc.) into or to
a different form. Also absol.
1579 DIGGES Stratiot. i. xii. 2r To reduce, is to bring In-
tegers into Fractions or contrarie. 1669 STURMY Mariner's
Mag. i. ii. 43 To reduce a Trapezia into a Triangle. 1676
H. PHILLIPS Pnrch. Patt. A v, There will be 18 rod of Brick-
work in the Wail, which may all be reduced to a brick and
an half thick. 1706 W. JONES Syn. Palmar. Matheseos 89
To Reduce an Integer into an Improper Fraction. 1743
EMERSON Fluxions 82 The given Fluxion may be reducer!
brick-work in Britain, the quantity, of whatever nature and
thickness it may be, is always reduced to walls of one and
a half brick in thickness.
c. To resolve by analysis. Const, to.
1860 TYNDALL Glac. n. xxix. 399, I shall now endeavour to
reduce the ripples to their mechanical elements.
17. To turn to, convert into, a different physical
state or form ; esp. to break down, grind, or crush
to powder, etc.
1605 TIMME Quersit. i. xiii. 56 The black feces.. being
reduced.. into a calxe. 1662 J. DAVIES tr. Mandehlo's
Jrav. is They reduce dates into a paste, and it serves
them instead of bread. 1687 A. LOVELI. tr. Thevenot's
Trav. i. 39 Their Bodies being reduced into Ashes,.. God
shall create them a-new. 1753 CHAMBERS Cycl. Supp. s.v.
Urine, The first step is to reduce that liquor to the con-
sistence of a rob or thick extract. 1816 J. SMITH Panorama
i>c. t, Art II. 825 Reduce the tartrate and sugar to powder.
1839 Penny Cycl. XII 1. 33/1 The first process is that of
reducing the iron-stone or ore.. into a metallic state by
means of fusion. 1884 W. H. GREENWOOD Steel tr Iron vi.
92 Since ferrous carbonates are reduced to the slate of ferric
oxide {etc.].
b. Melall. To convert into metal ; to smelt.
1758 REID tr. Afacfuer's Chym. I. 361 When the ore of an
Iron mine is found difficult to reduce, it is usually neglected
315
even though it b« rich. 1839 URE Diet. Arts 687 By the
year 1788, several attempts had been made to reduce iron
ore withcoaked coal. 1866 ROGERS Agric. «$• Prices\. xxiii.
599 In the infancy of the metallurgic arts lead was much
more easily reduced than iron.
o. t'Aem. To decompose (a compound) ; to
resolve into a simpler compound or into the con-
stituent elements.
1741 tr. Cramer's Assaying 51 When refractory Calx of
Iron is to be reduced by a great and long lasting Fire.
jSoo HENRY Epit. Chtm. (1808) 213 To reduce the oxide of
iron, charcoal must be added. 1873 RALFE Phys. Client.
202 Since uric acid also has the power of reducing cupric
sulphate [etc.].
d. To break up (soil) into fine particles.
1763 Museum Rust. I. 144 The land cannot be stirred too
deep:.. the more the earth is reduced the more nourish-
ment will it afford. 1805 R. W. DICKSON Pract. Agric. II.
604 It is the custom.. to reduce the cloddy surface well by
means of harrowing.
18. Logic. To bring a syllogism (f or proposi-
tion) into a different but equivalent form, spec, to
one of the moods of the first figure.
1727-41 CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v. Reduction of propositions,
The proposition preceding the particle is reduced. 1845
WHATELY Logic n. iii. § 4 All arguments may be in one way
or other brought into some one of the four Moods in the First
Figure : and a Syllogism is, in that case, said to be re-
duced. 1864 BOWEN Logic vii. 195 The motives for re-
ducing the three lower Figures to the First.
III. 19. To bring to (or into) order, obedience,
reason, etc., by constraint or compulsion.
1490 CAXTON Eneydos xxii. 78 The resolucion..of his
courage is euer reduced to thobeyssaunce of y* goddes.
1541 Act 33 Hen. VIII, c. 9 § 2 The subiectes therof. .
subdued and redused diuers and many regions and countreis
to their due obeisance. 1560 DAUS tr. Sleidane's Comtn.
198 They requested them to reduce and frame [L. adduce-
rent] him to his dewtie. 1654 BRAMHALL Just Vind. i. (1661)
5 Whensoever they have occasion to reduce the Pope to
reason. 1687 A. toVELL. tr. T/ievcnot's Trail. I. 241 The
King of ^Ethiopia . . marched out against them [Jews],
reduced them to duty. 1751 EARL ORRERY Remarks Swift
(1752) 32 His first step, was to reduce to reason and
obedience his reverend brethren the chapter of St. Patrick's.
1841 MYERS Cath. Th. iv. § 46. 412 Nor can any one [church]
. .reduce all the others to subjection. 1877 FROUDE Short
Stud. (1883) IV. i. x. 108 The clergy could not be allowed to
reduce Crown and barons into entire submission to their
own pleasure.
t b. To make subject to one ; to cause to give
obedience or adherence to ; to bring under one,
into or under one's power, within bounds, etc. 06s.
15*9 STOCKER tr. Dioti. Sic. 11. xxii. 73/2 He reduced
likewise, .all the townes and cities of the Messenians to him.
1590 SPENSER F. Q. in. iii. 32 He the six Islands com-
provincial! In auncient times unto great Britainee, Shall to
the same reduce. 1618 ABP. WILLIAMS Serm. 34 When
shall I see the day, when all my Affections reduc't vnder
reason, I may pronounce this happy word, Vici, I haue
ouercome them. 1655 STANLEY Hut. Philos. I. (1701) 17/2
Solon perswaded also the Athenians to reduce into their
power the Thracian Chersonesus. 1697 DAMPIER Voy.
(1729) I. 544 The Shot tumbled out..; neither was it an
easie matter to reduce them again within Bounds. 1737
WHISTON Josephus, Antiq. vl. ix. § 3 God. .will yet reduce
him under my power.
to. To place tinder, to bring or unite to, one. Obs.
1588 Copy of Letter to Mendoza in Hart. Misc. (Malh.)
II. 65 Governed by the principal noblemen.. and reduced
under captains of knowledge. 1604 E. G[RIMSTONE]
reduced to his company and to leave the Dutch.
d. Law. To bring (a thing or right) into (t to}
possession.
1766 BLACKSTONE Comm. II. 433 Unless he reduces them
to possession, by exercising some act of ownership upon
them, no property vests m him. 1845 STEPHEN Comm.
Laws Eng. (1874) II. 45 Rights not yet reduced into
possession. 1884 Law Times Rep. L. 199/2 All that the
husband has a right to do is to reduce such property into
possession if he can.
2O. To bring (a place) into subjection, to subdue,
conquer ; spec, to capture (a town, fortress, etc.) ;
to compel to submit or surrender.
161* DAVIES Why Ireland, etc. (1787) 8 The late king of
Spain could sooner win the kingdom of Portugal, than
reduce the states of the Low Countries. 16*5 MANLEY
Grotius' Lino C. Warres 253 To leave the French .. until!
the Netherlands were wholly reduced or quieted. 1724
DE FOE Mem. Cavalier (1840) 295 Chester was reduced by
famine. 1780 COXE Russ. Disc. 1 87 A body of troops whom
he sent before him to reduce the fortress found it quite
deserted. i8i£ ELPHINSTONE Ace. Caubul (i%$z) I. 405 The
whole of Persia and the Uzbek country were invaded and
reduced by the Arabs. 1867 SMILES Hiigitenots Eng. viii.
(1880) 132 The young King set out with his army to reduce
the revolted towns.
b. To bring (a person) under control or autho-
rity, to subdue, conquer, f Also, to reclaim or
domesticate (animals).
1598 SYLVESTER Du Bartas n. ii. i. Ark 518 Reducing,
with industrious care, The Flocks and Droves cover'd with
wool and hair. 1666 EVELYN Diary 7 Sept., The clamor
and peril . . made the whole Court amaz'd, and they did with
. . grcatc difficulty reduce and appease the people. 1700
PRIOR Carmen Sec. 32 The Son of Mars reduc'd the
trembling Swains. 1719 DE FOE Crusoe i. xvii, If they
were reduced, they should be brought to the gallows. 1777
JOHNSON Let. to Mrs. Thrale 5 Aug., Do you think.. you
shall be able to manage me again ? I suppose, .that you are
thinking how to reduce me. a 1842 ARNOLD Hist. Rome
(1846) II. xxxv. 403 Ptolemy reduced the several petty kings
REDUCE.
of the island, and made himself master of it. 1865 TYLOR
Early Hist. Man. iii. 35 Those of the natives who have but
lately been reduced.
o. With inf. To constrain, compel, force (a per-
son) to do something.
i6aa BACON Hen. VII (1876) 17 To reduce aliens being
made denizens, to pay strangers customs. 1710 PRIDEAUX
Ori$. Tithes iii. 156 Having reduced them to receive
Christianity, he imposed the same Law upon them. 1717-41
CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v. Reduction^ The other [method] ..
whereby the person . . is reduced to assert or grant something
absurd and impossible. 1749 FIELDING Tom Jones v. xi, A
blow, .reduced him to measure his length on the ground.
1894 MEREDITH Ld, Ortnont ii, Poor gentlemen reduced to
submit to any but a young woman's hug.
t d. To overcome, subdue, repress, moderate
(a desire, temper, etc.). Obs.
1643 MILTON Divorce 10 Manage cannot be honourable
for the meer reducing and terminating lust between two.
1704 HEARNE Duct, Hist. (1714) I. 417 Not being able to
reduce the Temper of the Tyrant or procure Justice. 1706
STANHOPE Paraphr, III. 13 We reduce and restrain our
Desires of things agreeable here. 1715 DE FOE Voy. round
World (1840) 45 It was necessary, .their tempers be reduced
by my kindness to them.
te. To crush (a rebellion). Obs. rare—1.
a 1687 PETTY Pol. Anat. (1631) 6 The Army who reduced
the Rebellion, did. .consist of near 35000 Men.
£ To make (land) fit for cultivation. ? Obs.
176* J. MILLS Syst. Pract. Husb. I. 151 Another method
of reducing barren boggy land, in Ireland, is by laying upon
it a little dung or straw, and covering this with shells.
21. To bring down to a bad or disagreeable con-
dition.
157* in BnccleuchMSS. (Hist. MSS. Comm.) 1, 23 Scotland
wes reducet to gret extremeties. 1661 J. DAVIES tr. Man-
delslo's Trav. 22 The continual rains reduced it [a province]
to. .a deplorable condition. 1671 MILTON Satnson 1468
Having reduc't Thir foe to misery. 1713 STEELE Englishm.
No. 8. 54 Thousands of their Fellow- Subjects may be re-
duced to Want 1748 Anson's Voy. in. ii. 219 Thus were we
all . .reduced to the utmost despair. 1777 WATSON Philip //,
Ii. I. 27 His children, .had reduced him to the painful neces-
sity of taking arms against them. 1820 W. IRVING Sketch
Bk. 1.41 He found himself reduced almost to penury. 1868
GLADSTONE Juv. Mundi \. (1870) 4 The Dorian conquest
had the immediate effect of reducing Mycenae to obscurity.
1875 JOWETT Plato (ed. 2) V. 216 Are not those who train m
gymnasia, at first beginning reduced to a state of weakness?
b. In pass., with inf. To be compelled by want
to do something ; also, to be hard put to it
1693 DRYDEN Juvenal i. 163 The poor Patrician is reduc'd
to keep, In Melancholly Walks, a Grazier's Sheep. 1709
STEELE Tatler No. 50 P 6 The Garrison is brought to the
utmost Necessity ;. .they were reduced to eat Horse- Flesh.
1743 H. WALPOLE Let. 4 May, Poor creature ! he was
reduced . . to borrow five guineas of Sir Francis Dashwood.
1768 — Hist. Doubts 100 Henry was so reduced to make
out any title to the crown that he catched even at a quibble.
1807 Trans. Highl. Soc. III. 472, I rather think they are
poisoned by being reduced to eat such unwholesome food.
1834 MRS. CARLYLE Lett. I. 6 She is every other day reduced
to oorrow my tumblers, my teacups.
c. To bring down to a smaller allowance.
1819 SHELLEY Cenci n. ii. 13 If you. .were reduced at once
From thrice-driven beds of down, and delicate food,.. To
that which nature doth indeed require.
d. To weaken physically.
1767 GOOCH Treat. Wounds I. So An ulcer , . which had
reduced the patient exceedingly, and brought her life into
imminent danger. 1838 DICKENS O. Twist xxxii, Fever
and ague.. hung about him for many weeks, and reduced
him sadly. 1856 KANE Arct. Expl. II. xxix. 288 The
men seemed half crazy : I had not realized how much we
were reduced by absolute famine.
e. To diminish the strength of (spirit).
1880 Act 43 fy 44 Viet. c. 24 § 67 A distiller may . . reduce
with water any plain spirits.
22. To bring down to a lower rank or position,
dignity, etc. Also without const, and with inf.
1641 MILTON Ch, Govt. 11. Concl.. Wks. (1851) i77_The
protestant religion, .must undresse them of all their guilded
vanities, and reduce them as they were at first to the lowly
and equal! order of Presbyters. 1667 — P. L. v. 843
More illustrious made, since he the Head One of our number
thus reduc't becomes. 17*7 POPE, etc. Art of^Sinking
ix. The book of Job is acknowledged to be infinitely sub*
lime, and yet has not the father of the Bathos reduced
it in every page? 1751 HARRIS Hermes Wks. (1841) 180
The articles a and the. .circumscribe the latitude of genera
and species by reducing them for the most part to denote
individuals. 1788 GIBBON Decl. <$• F. xlix. V. 146 The am-
bition of the popes was reduced to the empty honour of
crowning and anointing these hereditary princes. 1811
JEFFERSON Writ, (1830) IV, 164 The moment they usurp their
direction and that of their government, they will be reduced
to their true places. 1864 KWCE Holy ROM. Emp. vii. (1875)
in By setting the Emperor at the head of the Church to
reduce the Pope to the place of chief bishop of his realm.
b. Mil. in phr. To reduce to the ranks, to
degrade (a non-commissioned officer) to the rank
of private.
1802 JAMES Milit. Diet. s.v., If a serjeant be reduced to
the ranks, his clothing is to be given in for the use of his
successor. 1844 Regul, fy Ord. Army 149 Non-commissioned
Officers may be reduced to the Ranks by the Sentence of a
Regimental or other Court-Martial.
t C. To assign (a person) to a more recent date.
170^ HEARNE Duct. Hist. (1714) I. 398 The Chaldzan
Traditions carried the Age of the first Zoroaster very high,
..but the Examinations made by learned Men reduc'd him
almost to the Age of Nimrod.
23. Sc. Law. To rescind, revoke, annul.
1551 KENNKDY Cvtnfend. Tractive in Wodrow Soc. Misc.
(1844) 139 The subjectis mon evir stand at quhitk is done be
40-2
REDUCEABLE.
the hiear poweris,. .aye and quhill the samyn be reducit be
sufficient ordour. 1574 Reg. Privy Council Scot. Ser. i. II.
392 Their infeftment salbe reduceit and decernit null. 1609
&KmRtf.Mtv'. \2j(Form of Proces xxxvi. § 2) Naludge
may reduce his awne decreit, except the Lords of session.
1646 BP. MAXWELL Bitrd. Issach. in/')tav£r(x7°&) II. 303 No
Judgment pass'd there can be rectify'd or reduc'd by any
Judfcatory . . but hy themselves. 174* Acts of Sederunt
(1700) 372 [The] arbitrers, who pronounced the decree! now
reduced. 1838 W. BELL Diet. Law Scot. 829 The object of
this class of actions. .U to reduce and set aside deeds, ser-
vices, decrees, and rights. 1865 Glasgow Herald 25 Mar,, His
first thought was to nave the marriage settlement reduced.
absol. 1838 W. BELL Diet. Law Scot. 831 The creditors
of an apparent heir may also pursue a reduction., without
previously adjudging the right to reduce.
24. Mil. a. To break up, disband (an army or
regiment). ? Obs,
1706 PHILLIPS (ed. Kersey) s.v. Reform, In Military Affairs,
_.409TheRegi
..should be marched into their own counties before reduced,
. . the other three Regiments not immediately to be dis-
banded. i8oa TAMES Milit. Diet. s.v., When a regiment is
reduced, the officers are generally put upon half-pay.
b. To break up (a square, etc.) and restore the
component parts to line or column.
iSoijAMES Milit. Diet,
IV. 25. To bring or draw together. Also reft.
In later use only as implying diminution of bulk.
mete ony beste that wold doo hym harme he reduyseth hym
self as rounde as a bowle. c 133* Du WES Introd. Fr. in
Palsgr. 940 To reduce narowly, coarter. 1600 E. BLOUNT
tr. Conestaggto 4 Portugal! was then obscure, vntilled, poore,
and reduced into streight limits. 1655 STANLEY Hist.
Philos. in. (1701) 74/2 This was one of those small Villages
scattered through Attica, before Theseus Reduc'd the People
within the Walls of a City. 1777 WATSON Philip //, n. I. 48
He.. reduced the water into a canal large enough to receive
some small boats. 1788 GIBBON Decl. <fr F. xlviii. V. 2 The
Roman name.. is reduced to a narrow corner of Europe.
1807 SVD. SMITH PlymU/s Lett, ii, Reduce this declamation
to a point, and let us know what you mean. 1834 DICKENS
Sk. Bozt Horatio Sparkins, The unfortunate Tom reduced
himself into the least possible space.
26. To bring down, diminish to a smaller num-
ber, amount, extent, etc., or to a single thing.
1560 DAUS tr, Sleidane's Comm. 341 b, When thys . .semed
over long, Clement the stxt reduced [I* redegii] the same
unto fifty yeres. 1617 MAY Litcan vn. M viij b, To what
small number is mankind reduc'd. 1661 STILLINGFU Orig.
Sacrx n. vi. § 4 But Aquinas doth better reduce the two
former to one. 1667 MILTON P. L. i. 790 Thus incorporeal
Spirits to smallest forms Reduc'd tmr shapes immense.
1678 BUTLER Hud. in. iii. 330 AH dangers are reduc'd to
Famine. 1761 Ann. Reg. \. 147/1 What remained, .were
further reduced to half-price. 1781 COWPER Conversat. 403
Recovering. .The faculties that seemed reduced to nought.
18*7 SCOTT Napoleon Introd., Wks. 1870 IX. 218 Danton and
Robespierre, reduced to a Duumvirate might have divided
the power betwixt them. 1853 SOYER Pantroph. 271 Wine,
reduced to two-thirds by boiling, was added. 1871 DAVIES
Metric System in. 187 He finds by experience that these
[two] may with increased convenience be reduced to one.
b. To lower, diminish, lessen.
1787 BENTHAM Def. Usury vii. 69 No law can reduce the
rate of interest below the lowest ordinary market rate, at
the time when the law was made. 1833 I. TAYLOR Fanat.
vi. 169 Every attempt to reduce the plain import of certain
passages in the Gospels. 1856 KANE Arct. Expl. I. x. 114
Step by step . . we went on reducing our sledging outfit . 1878
HUXLEY Physiogr. 42 If a current of warm and moist air
meet a colder current its temperature is reduced.
O. intr. To become lessened or limited.
1811 L. M. HAWKINS C'tess fyGertr. II. 368 Miss Mendax
has now lived, for a long time, on a biscuit per diem.. .She
certainly does not reduce on it. i88< Pall Mall G. 25 June
4/2 Diseased he was, and of a harsh Northern strain, but
all the carping reduces at last to this. 1895 J. R. HARRIS
in Expositor Nov. 352 They reduce to two classes.
tRedu'ceable, a. Obs. [f. prec. + -ABLE.
Cf. OK. reduisable (Godef.),] = REDUCIBLE.
1570 LEVINS Manip. 4/7 Reduceable, reducibilis. 1638
R. BAKER tr. Balzac s Lett. (vol. II.) 160 Those . . whic'i
serve for use, and are reduceable to action, a 1661 FULLER
Worthies, Carnamons/t. iv. (1662) 31 There is an Island
called Berdsey justly reduceable to this County. 1736
BUTLER Anal. n. iv. 188 A great Part of the natural Be-
haviour of living Agents, is reduceable to general Laws.
1778 SIR J. REYNOLDS Disc, viii. Wks. 1797 I. 178 To con-
sider every excellence as reduceable to principles.
Hence t Kedwceableness. Obs.
x68o Disc. Tangier in Harl. Misc. (1745) V. 527 The Re-
duceableness and Extirpation . . of the Piracy of Sallee.
Reduced (r/diw-st), ppl. a. [f. as prec. + -ED 1.]
fl. Brought back, lit, and^. Obs.
1699 HOWE Redeemer's Domin. Invis, World Wlcs. 1724
II. 70 That he might have these Keys to open the Heavenly
Hades to reduc'd Apostates [etc.]. 1781 STRYPE Eccl. Ment.
III. ii. xvl 376 Providing for the public credit of this your
reduced daughter.
f b. Of a leaf : Indented at the outer end. Obs.
1676 GREW Ana/. Flowers App. § n The Top is . . either
Produced, that is, Poynted, or at least, Roundish, .. or else
Reduced, as in Woodsorrel.
2. a. Mil. Of officers : Discharged from active
service and put on half-pay. ? Obs.
a 1631 DONNE Elegies xvii. 4 To.. brave Reformed or re-
duced captaine. \ji6Lond. Gaz. No. 5488/5 Who.. enjoy
the Benefit of half Pay.. as reduced Officers. 1792 BURKE
Pres. St. Ajff. Wks. VII. 105 A theatrical, vapouring, re-
duced captain of cavalry. 1817 Parl. Dtb, 1073 Reduced
Electricity (ed. 3) 60 A zig-zag black line of reduced mercury.
\9o*Allbut?s Syst. Med, V. (
haemoglobin.
316
officers of his Majesty's land forces. Ibid. 1074 The reduced |
adjutants of the Local Militia.
b. Of persons, their circumstances, etc. : Im-
poverished.
1629 FORD Lover's Mtl. Dram. Pers., Rhetias, (a reduced
Courtier) Servant to Eroclea. 1807 Ir.Coeae's Trav. II. 73
Reduced clergymen, schoolmasters and mechanics. 1851
MAYHEW Land. Labour (1864) I. 331/2, 1 dare say he was
some poor musicianer, or singer, or a reduced gentleman.
1886 RUSKIN Prxterita I. 408 Retired to the rural districts
in reduced circumstances.
o. Weakened, impaired.
1689 BOYLE Let. 22 Aug., Wks. 1772 I. p. cxxviii, You will
not find me more backward than formerly to serve you
faithfully in my reduced capacity. 1797 BURKE Afairs
Irel. Wks. IX. 433 In the reduced state of body, and in the
dejected state of mind, in which I find myself. 1818 JAS.
MILL Brit. India II. iv. iv. 152 note. The English leaders
appear to have had no conception of the extremely reduced
state of the French.
d. Subdued, subjugated.
1731 BERKELEY Alcifkr. vi. 822 The Phoenicians, Assy-
rians, and Chaldeans were each a conquered and reduced
people.
t 3. Brought to a state of gravity and composure.
06s. (In Fuller only.)
1641 FULLER Half ft Prof. St. iv. iv. 257 The heat of his
youth was tamed in his reduced age. Ibid. xiii. 304 Yet
in her reduced thoughts she makes all the sport she hath j
seen earnest to her self, a 1661 — Worthies (1840) I. 119
The grave, sage, and reduced Scottish-men in this age.
4. Brought into another form. a. Logic. Of a
proposition : (see REDUCE v. 18). f b- Of charts :
(see first quot.). Obs. C. Of brick- or stone- work :
(see REDUCE v. 16 b). d. Reduced eye, a diagram-
matic eye employed to simplify the treatment of
various optical problems (Cent. Diet. 1891 ; Syd.
Sac. Lex. 1897).
17*7-41 CHAMBERS Cyicl. s.v. Chart, Reduced Chart . . is
that wherein the meridians are represented by right lines
converging towards the poles; and the parallels by right
' lines parallel to one another, but unequal. . .Another kind of
i reduced charts has been invented, wherein the meridians
[ are parallel, but the degrees thereof unequal ; these are
'• called Mercator's Charts. Ibid. s.v. Reduction offrofosi-
\ tiara, To a reduction, therefore, there are two propositions
required, the reduced, and the reducing. iSjjJ. NICHOLSON
Oferat. Mechanic 558 What is the quantity of reduced
brick-work in a wall containing 4540 superficial feet, 2 bricks
i thick? 1833 LOUDON Encycl. Archil. § 88 One rod, eighty-
two feet of reduced stone-work (the stone walls are reduced
to one and a half brick in thickness).
5. Of metals and chemical substances : (see RE-
DUCE v. 17 b,c).
1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) XI. 474/1 To prevent this cal-
cination of the reduced metal a larger quantity of charcoal
I is used. 1839 U RE Diet. A rls 685 The reduced iron would
be apt to remain scattered in little globules. 1849 NOAD
1900 A llbulfs Sysl. Med. V. 630 It is changed into reduced
b. Reduced indigo (see quot. 1863). Reduced
I iron, a fine iron powder, obtained by treating ferric
oxide with hydrogen.
1861 MILLER Elem. Client, in. (ed. 2) 617 When blue indigo
is treated with deoxidising agents, . . a yellow solution is
formed, containing reduced indigo, a compound in^ which
one equivalent more of hydrogen is present than in blue
indigo. 1863 W. AITKEN fract. Med. (1866) II. 62 The re-
duced iron — the ftrrum reditctum of the British Pharma-
i copceia —is also a remedy which does not possess the astrin-
gent properties of the other preparations.
o. Broken into fine particles.
1805 R. W. DICKSON Pract. Agric. II. 622 In this way the
i crop is rendered clean, and the fine reduced mold well laid
up to the stems of the plants.
6. Diminished in number, quantity, amount, or size.
176* Ann. Reg. i. 147/2 To direct that no fish be sold at
reduced price on the day of their arrival. 1809 R. LANGFORD
Introd. Trade 57 At the reduced rate of 3 per Cent, per
annum. 1820 W. JAY Prayers 204 Yet are they all diminished
by another irreparable loss ; and the reduced remainder [etc.].
c 1860 H. STUART Seaman's Catech. 14 Load the gun with
a reduced charge. 1880 C. R. MARKHAM Perm. Bark 48
I . . reproduced some of his plates on a reduced scale.
t Redircement. Obs. [f. as prec. + -MENT.
Cf. It. riducimento, Sp. reducimiento^\
1. The act of bringing back to a previous state
(or position), esp. to right belief or conduct.
1591 WARNER Alt. Eng. vu. iii. 156 Erickmon .. of her
loue and witts did wish reducement all in vayne. 1604
N. D. [PARSONS] 3rd ft. Three Comers. Eng. 471 What
labour and charity was vsed towards them, for their instruc-
tion and reducement. 1635 BARRIFFE Mil. Disdp. ix. (1643)
34 Face to your Leader, a word of Reducement. 1668
HOWE Bless. Righteous (1825) 26 He manages in order to
the reducement of lost Sinners.
b. Const, to a specified state.
1649 BLITHE Eng. Improv. (running title') Englands Im-
provement : or, a Reducement of Land to pristine Fertility.
1691 WOOD Ath. Oxon. (1813) I. 618 That he. .plotted the
reducement of the R. religion to its ancient vigour.
2. Reduction to (unto} or into a specified quality,
state, form, etc.
1609 SIR R. BOYLE in Lismore Papers Ser. n. (1887) 1. 142
They maie. .become instruments in reducement of that part
of the kingdome to civillety and obedience. 1649 MILTON
£/£<?«. ix. Wks. (18^1)401 A universal distemper.and reduce-
ment of law to arbitrary power, a 1670 RUST Disc. Truth
(1682) 192 The reducement of a general principle into a
particular action.
b. The act of bringing one thing into another.
1641 MILTON Ch. Gnt. I. vi. Wks. (1851) 130 That ancient
REDUCIBLE.
Prelaty which you say was first constituted for the reduce-
ment of quiet and unanimity into the Church.
3. Assignment to a particular kind or class ; de-
duction, inference.
1624 R. B. in F. White Refl. Fisher App. 71 The Errors
were Fundamental!, redifctiue, by a Reducement, if they
which embraced them, did pertinaciously adhere to them,
hauing sufficient nieanes to be better enformed. a 1750
A. HILL Wks. (1753) II. 228 You are a species in a single
pen, and are not to be jiJdg'd by any of the bold reduce-
ments of a criticism, drawn from other writers' practice.
4. Conquest, subjugation, reduction (of a town or
country).
1617 MORYSON Itin. n. 270 For a future absolute reduce-
ment of this Countrey. 1650 CROMWELL Let. 20 June in
Carlyle, When we lay before Bristol.. we considered .. of
what importance the reducement thereof would be to the
good of the commonwealth. 1691 WAGSTAFFE Vind. Carol.
l. 22 They had no sooner gotten an Army and Mor*ey to-
gether, .for the reducement of Ireland [etc.].
5. Reduction, diminution ; abatement.
1619 Hist. Patient Crisel (Percy Soc.) 40 After a little
reducement of his passion. 1646 SIR T. FAIRFAX in H. Cary
Mem. C,t. Civ. War (1842) I. 77 The committee of North-
ampton have applied to me for the reducement of the forces
of that garrison. 1661 SIR T. CULFEPPER Abat. Usury
(1670) 22 Usury had its first reducement from ten to eight per
Cent. 1736 CARTE Ormonde II. 367 The King had deferred
the reducement of the establishment of that kingdom.
6. Decline, decay, rare"1.
1667 WATERHOUSE Fire Land. 35 The Translations of
Empires, the advance and reducement of families, . . all
these are circumacted by God.
i Reducend. Arith. Obs. [a.&.'L.redilcend-um,
neut. gerundive of rediicZre to REDUCE.] A number
which is given to be reduced.
1674 JEAKE Arith. (1606) 152 The Number given to be
reduced is called the Reducend.
Redncent (rfdi«'sent), a. (and st.) [ad. L.
redficent-tm , pr. pple. of reducfre to REDUCE.]
A. adj. 1. Sat.vaA.Zool. Of a vein, channel, etc.:
That carries something back from a certain part.
(Opp. to adducent ; cf. abducent.}
1805 tr. Willdencmi's Botany v. 236 The reducent vessels
only appear, when the plant is cut at the top, and put inverted
in the liquid. 1848 LINDLEY Introd. Bot. (ed. 4) II. n. iv.
173 Both the adducent and reducent channels of the sap.
2. Med. Lowering.
1811-34 Good's Study Med. (ed. 4) III. 444 A reducent
treatment, .cannot be laid down as the proper plan to be
pursued in general Ibid. IV. 02 Copious venesections,
purgatives and a reducent diet.. will often indeed be found
highly beneficial.
B. sb. That which reduces. 1847 in WEBSTER.
Reducer (r/di/i-ssj). [f. REDUCE v. + -EB i.]
1. One who reduces, in various senses.
c 1530 WYER C. Hyst. of Troye A b, Excuse thy reducer
[ = translator] blamyng his ygnoraunce. 1533 BELLENDEN
iny n. xv. (S. T. S.) I. 187 pocht he was . . reducear \v.r.
redussar] of bame to J>e ciete. 01586 SIDNEY Arcadia
good literature and learning. 1868 G. MACDONALD A'. Fal-
coner I. 243 We shall have more compilers and reducers,.,
and fewer inventors. 1877 RAYMOND Statist. Mines $
Mining 286 Reducers cannot now buy directly of the miner.
2. That which reduces.
spec. ta. Arith. A multiplier used to reduce an amount
to another denomination. Obs. b. A reducing coupling
(Knight Diet. Mech. Suppl. 1884). o. Photogr. A reducing
Bgent. d. A reducing valve.
1674 JEAKE Arith. (1696) 152 The several Denominations
are Reducers. 1878 ABNEY Photogr. (1881) 298 Plain pyro-
gallic acid is a much less energetic reducer than alkaline
pyrogallate. 1894 St. "James's Caz. 17 Feb. 6/2 It was a
great reducer of crime. 1899 Westtn. Caz. 29 June 2/1 The
reducers for regulating the air-pressure in the cylinders.
attrib. 1884 MCLAREN Spinning 128 It is necessary to
have a great many reducer and roving spindles.
Reducibi'lity. [f. next + -ITY.] The fact or
quality of being reducible.
1676 COLLINS in Rigaud Corr. Sci. Men (1841) II. i° The
reducibility of Davenant's problem to infinite series. 1844
PARNELL Chem. Anal. (1845) 89 The easy reducibility of its
compounds to the metallic state. 1889 Lancet 18 May
1002/1 The complete reducibility of the tumour.
Reducible (ifdi«'sib'l), a. [ad. L. type *re-
dficibilis : see REDUCE v. and -IBLE.] That may
be reduced ; capable or admitting of reduction.
fl. a. Of persons: That may be brought back
to right conduct ; reclaimable. Obs. rare.
a 1450 Mankind %n (Brandl), ' ffolo mortem peccatoris',
inauis, yff he wyll [be] reducyble.
b. Of things : That may be restored to a former
(t state or) position, rare. (Now only Surg.}
1646 SIR T. BROWNE Pseud. Ep. ill. vi. 117 Once omitted
or perverted . . it is not reducible by any other whatsoever.
1655 MRQ. WORCESTER Cent. Inv. § 13 Without blowing the
Decks up, or destroying them from being reducible. 1878
T. BRYANT Pract. Surf. I. 646 When a hernia comes down
into a sac and goes up again, it is called reducible.
2. That may be referred or assigned to some other
therto. 1577 HARRISON England in. xiv. (1878) u. 07 Our
yeare is counted after the course of the sunne, and although
the church hath some vse of that of the moone..yet it is
reducible to that of the sunne. 1639 FULLER Holy War v.
x. 246 These millions of miracles are reducible to one of
these foure ranks. 1698 W. CHILCOT Evil Thoughts v.
REDUCIBLENESS.
(1851) 57 Every thought.. unsuitable.. to his glorious attri-
butes, is reducible to this first kind of evil thoughts. 1791
HAMILTON Berthollet's Dyeing I. i. i. i. 25 facts which are
not reducible to any theory. 1806-7 J- BERESI-ORD Miseries
limn. Life (1826) i. Introd., Sucli items of anguish only as
may be reducible to that specific class of ' miseries '.
t b. That may be referred to a place or person.
1655 FULLER Hist. Camb. (1840) 45 Brought up in Cam-
bridge, but not reducible, with probability, to any College
now in being. 1661 BOYLE Style of Script. (1675) 169 Wise
men . . will not easily lose good thoughts or good expressions,
because they are not reducible to them.
3. That may be brought to (f or into} some more
definite state, arrangement, or principle.
1651 G- W. tr. Coquets Inst. 184 It is necessary that the
thing sold be certain or reducible to certainty. 1668 HALE
Pref. Rolle's Abridgtn. b ij, The Common-Law is reducible
into a competent method, as to the general Heads thereof.
1710 STEELE Taller No. 234 P 9 Our English Tongue . . is
the most determinate in its construction, and reducible to
the fewest Rules. 1756 C. LUCAS Ess. Waters I. 4 Into
some or all of these principles, all bodies are reducible by
art, as well as nature. 1818 CRUISE Digest (ed. 2) III. 377
There is no title in the Knglish law reducible to a more
technical system than the title of descent in fee simple.
4. That may be brought, altered or converted to
or into another (esp. a simpler) form.
c 1645 HOWELL Lett. (1655) II. 69 In the new World.,
there is no root, flower, fruit or pulse but is reducible to
a potable liquor. 1666 BOYLE Orig. Forines fy Qual. 339
A salt easily reducible . . into Chrystalline Grains. 1699
BENTLEY Phat, 465 Thus reducible to Trochaics. 1754
LEWIS in Phil. Trans. XLVIII. 640 All are reducible. .into
powder. 1777 PRIESTLEY Philos. Necess. 182 Complex
reasoning is all reducible to acts of simple judgment. 1838-9
HALLAM Hist, Lit. (1847) I. 23 The words.. seem reducible,
with a little emendation, to short verses. 1881 MIVART
Cat 253 Nervous tissue is reducible into water.
b. Without const, (see REDUCE v. 16, 17).
1674 JEAKE Arith. (1696) 299 Square Surdes .. not thus
reducible .. are to be joyned together with the sign..+.
1842 PARNELL Chem. Anal. (1845) 263 Metals whose com-
pounds are reducible with soda on charcoal in the reducing
flame. 1884 W. H. GREENWOOD Steel <§• Iron vi. 93 These
silicates (which are only reducible with difficulty).
76. That may be brought to a belief, tender a
standard. Obs. rare,
1639 FULLER Holy War iv. ii. 170 Now it seemeth the
Tartars are reducible with most facility to our religion.
1760-72 H. BROOKE FoolofQnal. (1809) IV. 78 There is no
. .virtue, that is not reducible under the standard of. . Love.
6. Sc. Law, Of adeed, contract, decree,etc. : That
may be annulled by a court.
1754 ERSKINE Princ, Sc. Law (1809) joS No deed,
granted with consent of the interdicters, is reducible. 1838
W. BELL Diet. Law Scot. 832 All deeds executed by a
minor.. are reducible on the head of minority and lesion.
1888 LD. WATSON in Law Times Ref. LIX. 4/2 To deter-
mine whether the marriage contract is reducible.
7. That may be lessened in number or amount.
1741 RICHARDSON Pamela IV. 370 The number of the old
ones will be always reducible . . in a greater Proportion, than
the new ones will increase. 1852 MILL Pol. Econ. HI. xviii.
(ed. 3) § 8. 365 These two influencing circumstances are
in reality reducible to one.
Hence Redircibleness ; Redrrcibly adv.
1666 BOYLE Orig. Forines fy Qttal. 201 The thing itself is
made plausible by the reduciblenesse of ice back again into
Water. 1680 — Scept. Chem. in. Wks. 1772 I. 538 Its
reducibleness, according to Helmont, into alcali and water.
1854 C. FORSTER Monum, Assyria (1859) i The consequent
reducibleness of all the postdiluvian dialects to the one
primeval language. 1882 OGILVIE, Reducibly.
Reducine (r/diw-ssin). Chem. Also -in. ff.
REDUCE v. + -INE 5.] An alkaloid found in small
quantities in urine.
1878 KINGZETT Anfm. Chem. 229 The filtrate .. was then
found to contain kreatinine and the new body reducine.
1899 CAGNEYtr. Jaksch'sClin.Diagn. \\\. (ed. 4) 37oCertain
basic substances have recently been isolated from urine by
precipitation with phosphoric acid.., such as urochrome,
urotheobromin, omichol and reducin.
Reducing (r/diw-sirj), M. sb. [-ING*.]
1. The action of the vb. REDUCE in various senses ;
reduction.
J 1488 CAXTON RyallBk. (Colophon), Whyche translacon or
reducyng. -was achyeved fynysshed and accomplyxshed the
xiii _day of Septembre. 1591 PEKCIVALL Sp. Diet.. Re-
duztmientot bringing backe, reducing. 1646 MASSE v in H.
Gary Mem. Gt. Civ. War (1842) I. 90, I made an humble
request . . on behalf of. . my brigade, upon a report made unto
me of some command for the reducing of them. 1683
CAVE Ecclesiastic^ Athanasins 53 They had done it in
order to the reducing and reclaiming of him. 1720 Lond,
Gaz. No. 5813/1 To facilitate the reducing of Palermo. 1790
BF.ATSON Nav. $ Mil. Mem. I. 106 Although the reducing
of the Havannah was strongly recommended by his Majesty's
instructions, yet. -success could not now be looked for. 1863
DANA Man. Geol. 558 The reducing of the level of the rivers.
b. Const. to, into.
\ifoRoUs of 1'arlt. VI. 434/2 For the reducyng of the
said monastery into the old auncyen order. 1532 CROMWELL
in Merriman Life $ Lett. (1902) I. 349 For the reducing of
the same his vntrew purpose to effecte. 1596 SPENSER
State Irel. Wks. (Globe) 646/1 The reducing of such a greate
people to Christianitye. 1607 T. ROGERS 39 Art. Ded. r 2
Mar?., Praiers . . for the reducing of true religion into the
realme. 1645 MILTON Colast. Wks. (1851) 358 The reducing
of a minde to this or that fitnes. 17x1 Pintail MSS. in
lotA Re/>. Hist. MSS. Couttn. App. V. 197 The reduceing of
them to mendicancy and hard shifts of hveing.
2. attrib. and CVw//».,as reducing action^ enter-
prise ; reducing box (see quot.) ; reducing com-
passes, compasses adapted for copying figures on
317
a smaller scale ; reducing coupling or piece, a
pipe-coupling with ends of different diameters, used
in joining pipes of different sizes ; reducing scale
(see quot.) ; reducing valve, a valve serving to
reduce the pressure in a steam-engine ; reducing
works, a place at which metallic ore is reduced.
Also reducing furnace, press, square, tee (see Knight
Diet. Meek.). In reducing action, effect, power^ etc., the
vbl. sb. can hardly be distinguished from the ppl. adj.
1889 Anthony's P/iotogr. Bull. II. 151 This *reducing
action may produce a sub-oxide, sub-chloride, etc. 1894
Labvttr Commission Gloss., * Reducing boxes, the machines
in which the operation before roving is performed by female
labour. 1823-5 FOSBROKE Encycl.Antiq. ix. (1843) 294/1 A
pair of ^reducing compasses, which have, like ours, four
points, forming two angles, . . one large, the other small.
1877 RAYMOND Statist. Mines fy Mining 185 The final re-
sults of several mining and *reducing enterprises, .are very
discouraging. 1901 Feilderfs Mag.l\. 432/1 There would
be a good many special pieces used, such as . . i2-in. to g-in.
^reducing pieces, besides many bends. 1701 MOXON Math,
lustr. 17 *Reducing Scale, ..a thin broad piece of Box
with several different Scales of equal Parts, and Lines to
turn Chains and Links into Acres and Roods, by Inspection.
1884 KNIGHT Diet. Meek. Suppl. 746/2 "Reducing Valve.
1889 Nature 24 Oct. 631 The pressure . . is controlled by
means of a reducing-valve. 1859 7™?* Geog. Soc. XXX. 48
Several owners of smelting and *reducmg works. 1877
RAYMOND Statist. Mines fy Mining 281 As yet there are no
reducing- works on the spot.
Redu'Cing,///.a. [f. as prec. + -ING 2.] That
reduces, in senses of the vb.
1741 tr. Cramer's Assaying 42 Borax, .is classed, though
improperly, among reducing Bodies, that is, among those
which restore Metals, howsoever destroyed, to their metallick
Form. Ibid. 185 Melting Metals and Ores together with
saline and reducing Fluxes. 1805-17 R. JAMESON Char.
Mitt. (ed. 3) 299 Reducing Agents, .either abstract oxygen
from the mineral, or protect it from the action of that gas.
1836 T. THOMSON Mineral.^ Geol., etc. I. 599 In the reducing
(lame it [disulphuret of copper] becomes covered with a coat
and does not melt. 1897 Alibutt^s Syst. Med. II. 77 The
reducing remedies, .have been strongly recommended.
t Redu'Ct, sb. Obs. Also 7 -duck. [f. as next,
or ad. med.L. reditctus a retired place, retreat.]
a. Arith. A number or quantity which has been re-
duced, b. (See quot.) c. =REDUIT. d. (See quot.)
a. 1579 DIGGES Stratiot. 23 Yee shal multiply, .the De-
nominator of the Redact into the Numerator of the last
Fragment to be reduced.
b. 1678-96 PHILLIPS, Rcduck, a Chymlcal term, signifying
a Powder by which calcined Metals and Minerals are dis-
solved, and return again to their Metalline Regulus. 1706
— (ed. Kersey), Reduct. 1737-41 CHAMBERS Cyel., Redact,
or Redux, among chemists, is a powder [etc.].
C. 1704 J. HARRIS Lex. Techn. \^ Reduct, a Military
term, signifying an advantageous piece of Ground, en-
trenched and separated from the rest of the Place, to retire
to in case of surprize. [Hence in Chambers (1727-41) and
later Diets.]
d. 1727-41 CHAMBERS Cycl., Reduct, in building, a quirk,
or little place, taken out of a larger, to make it more uniform
and regular; or for some other convenience, as for a little
cabinet aside of a chimney, for alcoves, etc. [Hence in
Crabb, Gwilt, Craig, and later Diets. J but in Chambers
merely translated from the article rtduit in the Diet, de
Trfooux (1721).]
t Redu'Ct, pa. pple. Obs. [ad. L. redttct-ust
pa. pple. of rediicSre to REDUCE : cf. next.]
1. Brought into or to a certain form, state, etc. ;
reduced to order.
1398 TREVISA Barth. De P. R. xix. cxvl (1495) 920 Al
pertyculer thynges the whyche eche is perfite m himself ben
perfighte whan they be reducte in to one. ^1535 in Ellis
Orig. Lett. Ser. in. III. 14 Nowe ye may boldely affirme
that Wales is reduct to that state that oone thief taketh an
other, a 1548 HALL Chron., Edw. IV 220 All the kynges
host there beyng assembled and reduct into one company.
1640-1 LD. J. DIGBY Sp. in Ho. Com. 9 Feb. 17, I meane
Episcopacy so ordered, reduct and limitted as. .it may be by
..sollid boundaryes.
2. lirought back (into a place).
'545 JOYE Exp. Dan. ix. Tviijb, He prayed for the re-
mission of their sin;. i-M and to be reducte into theyr land.
1635 HEYWOOD Hierarch. vi. Dial. 348 Menippus ., Dy'de
from amongst us, without taking leave And is again reduct.
•|" Redu'Ct, v. Obs. ff. ppl. stem of L. reducers :
cf. prec. and REDUCE vj\
1. trans. To bring into, to or from a state or form.
1558 WARDE tr. Alexis' Seer. r. (1562) 6b, To resolue and
reducte gold into a potable licoure. 1624 T. SCOTT Belg.
Souldier 24 Their resolutions to reduct the gouernment to
electiue Suffrages. 1639 G. DANIEL Ecclus. xxiii. 59 The
Man of Scorne and of a bitter Tongue Will never. -Be from
his Sin reducted. 1816 LAMB in Final Mem. vi. 247, I fear
lest it should be discovered by. .clear reducting to letters no
better than nonsense.
2. To lead back, lead to a place.
ciS8o MUNOAV View Sundry Examples (Shales. Soc.
1851) 86 Hee. .was led to the place where he committed this
murderous offence, .. was reducted back, and. .was executed.
1632 LITHGOW Trav. x. 428, 1 was neuer before reducted to
such a floting Laborinth.
3. To deduct (a sum).
«$99 B- JONSOS Ev. Man out of Hum. iv. y, Master
Snip, pray let me reduct some two or three shillings for
points and ribands. 1615 JACKSON Creed iv. vii. § 15 If we
compare the several growth of steadfast faith and hypocrisy,
they much resemble the order., of laying or reducting sums
in accounts. 1738 [G. SMITH] Curious AW. II. 213 But
this Capital was paid again, . . it being reducted out of the
three millions of Crowns.
Reductibility, [ad. F. reductibility orf. as
prec. + -IHI.K, -m'.] Ueducibility (Ogilvie 1882).
REDUCTION.
Reduction (r/dtrk[an). Also 5-6 reduction,
-cyon. [a. F. reduction (13-14^ c.), or ad. L.
reduction-em^ n. of action f. rcducSre to REUIJCE.]
I, f 1. The action of bringing (back) to at from
a state, condition, belief, etc. Obs.
1483 Rolls o/Parlt. VI. 241/2 Desyryng. .the peas, .of this
Lande, and the reduccion of the same to the auncien honour-
able estate and prosperite. 1557 in Burnet Hist. Re/. (1681)
II. Records n. n. No. 34 For reduction of your Majesty's
Realm of Ireland to the Unity of the Church. 1609 BIBLE
(Douay) Haggai i. comm., Reduction of soules from sinne,
and amending of il maners. 1651 HOBBES Leviatk. in. xli.
263 God having determined his sacrifice, for the reduction
of his elect to their former covenanted obedience. 1677
GALE Crt. Gentiles in. 98 The reduction of the soul from its
night-day to the true Light of Being.
•f-b. Without const. : Reclamation. Obs.
1620 tr. Augustine's Confess. Ep. Ded. *4 Whose ioy was
no lesse in the reduction of sinners, then it would haue been,
in their preseruation.
t o. Metall. (See quot.) Obs. rare.
1741 tr. Cramers Assaying 186 Metals destroyed, and
changed into Scoria or Ashes, are, by their Union with the
same matter, again restored to their metallick Form. This
Operation is called Reduction.
1 2. The action of bringing back (a person, thing,
institution, etc.) to a place previously occupied;
restoration. Also const, to, from, out of. Obs.
a 1548 HALL Ckron., Hen. VI II 144 b, To . . entreate with
the nobles of the Countrey for the reduccion of kyng
Cristierne, to his realme, Croune, and dignitie. 1557 KNOX
Sel. Writ. (1845) 184 After their reduction, their lives did
nothing amend. 1653 FULLER Ch, Hist. vni. i. § 22 In the
Convocation, .there were found but six which opposed the
Reduction of Popery. 1668-84 OWEN E*P- Hebr. (1790) IV.
430 The reduction of Christ from the dead by ' the God of
peace'. 1741 WARBURTON Div. Legal. II. 322 The whole
History of their Reduction out of Egypt.
fb. Sc. The action of bringing back (money) to
the mint again. (Cf. REDUCE v. 3.) Obs. rare.
1581-2 Reg. Privy Council Scot. III. 463 For inbringing
and reductioun of quhilk money thair wes nominat and ap-
pointit William Napier and Thomas Aitchesoun.. to ressave
all the said cunyie.
3. Surg. The restoration of a dislocated part to
its normal position j the action of reducing a dis-
placement, etc.
[i6ia WOODALL Surg-. Mate Wks. (1653) 87 The reduction
of parts disjoynted and dislocated to union.] 1656 RIDGLEY
Pract. Physick 161 That which is longwaies is soonest
cured, for there needs no reduction. 1727-41 CHAMBERS
Cycl.t Reduction, in surgery, denotes an operation whereby
a dislocated, luxated, or fractured bone, is restored to its
former place. 1879 St. George's Hasp. Rep. IX. 288 Reduc-
tion of displacement could not be effected till i inch of
lower fragment was cut off.
II. 4. Conquest or subjugation of a place, esp.
a town or fortress.
c 1500 Melusine 369 After the reducyon of the Fortres.
1665 SIR T. HERBERT Trav. (1677) 276 Babylon thus taken,
it gave the Turk the easier reduction of Diarbec. 1756-7
tr. Keysler's Trav. (1760) I. 204 The famous reduction, as
it was called, was carried so far, that all the fundamental
laws.. were entirely subverted and destroyed. 1776 GIBBON
Decl. $ F. xiii. (1782) I. 442 The reduction of r-gypt was
immediately followed by the Persian war. 1838 THIKLWALL
Greece III. 407 Thus the reduction of Syracuse would lead
. .to the subjugation of Greece. 1877 BROCKETT Cross fy Cr.
49 The first exploit which Basil's successor, .attempted, was
the reduction of Kazan.
b. The action of reducing into possession (see
REDUCE v. 196). Also without const.
1647 TRAPP Comm. i Cor. iii. 22 All are yours] Though not
in possession, yet in use, or by way of reduction, as we say.
1840 Penny Cycl. XVIII. 453/2 It is still doubtful whether
the assignment by a husband of his wife's immediate choses
in action is a reduction into possession.
o. [ad. Sp. reduction.] A settlement or colony
of South American Indians converted and governed
by the Jesuits.
1712 W. ROGERS Voy. (1718) 89 This is the way of living
in those cantons, which the missionaries call Reductions;
because, if you'll believe them, they have reduced them to
Christianity by their preaching. 1822 SOUTHEY in Q. Rev.
XXVI. 286 The number of converted Indians . . amounted
to about 120,000 in thirty Reductions, 1881 Encycl. Brit.
XIII. 649/1 Governing and civilizing the natives of Brazil
and Paraguay in the missions and ' reductions'.
6. Sc. Law. The action of reducing a deed, decree,
etc. (See REDUCE v. 23.)
Reduction reductive^, see REDUCTIVE a. 3 (quot. 1838).
Reduction-improbation : see 13 below.
1546 Reg. Privy Council Scot. I. 37 Tuiching the reduc*
tioun of the infeftmentis, chartour or chartouris of talye.
1578-9 Ibid. III. 91 The mater dependand under reductioun
befoir his Hienes and the saidis Lordis of Secreit Counsale.
1630 Acts oj Sedentnt (1790) 43 The forming and directing
of Summonds of reductioune of Retours. 1706 Act 6 Anne,
c. ii Art. 19 All reviews reductions or suspensions of the
sentences in maritime cases, a 1768 ERSKINE Inst. Law
Scot. iv. i § 21 (1773) 647 Simple reductions, where impro-
bation is not also libelled, are now seldom made use of. 1838
W. BELL Diet. Law Scot. 833 The effect of a decree of re-
duction is, that the deed thereby reduced ceases to be of
aiiy effect against the party who has obtained it.
6. a. Arith* (&} The process of changing an
amount from one denomination to another. As-
cending r.j from a lower to a higher denomination ;
descending r., from a higher to a lower (Phillips
1706). (d} The process of bringing down a frac-
tion to its lowest terms.
1542 RECORDE Gr. Artes(.i$7$ 192 Reduction is, by whiche
REDUCTION.
all summes of grosse denomination may bee turned into
summes of more subtile denomination : And contrary wayes.
1594 BLUNDEVIL Exerc. i. xxvil (1636) 75 The Division is to
be done either by Reduction into the smallest Fractions, or
without Reduction. 1674 jEAKE-4r//A, (1696) 152 Reduction
of Fractions declaretn the proportion of one number to
another, or of broken parts to broken parts. z68a SCARLETT
Exchanges 17 Of the Reduction of Exchanges. 17*7-41
CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v., To expedite the practice, several com-
pendious ways of reduction have been invented. 1798
HUTTON Course Math. (1806) I. 74 This operation is the
same as Reduction Descending in whole numbers. 1823
J. MITCHELL Diet. Math. $ Phys. Set. 420/1 Reduction of
algebraic fractions is performed in exactly the same manner
as the reduction of common fractions. 1859 BARN. SMITH
Aritk. iff Algebra (ed. 6) 96 Reduction is the method of
expressing numbers of a superior denomination in units of a
lower denomination, and conversely.
b. Alg. (See quots. 1702-4.)
1701 RALPHSON Math. Diet., Reduction of Equations (in
Algebra) is the reducing them into a fit and proper Order
or Disposition for a Solution. 1704 J. HARRIS Lex, Techn.
I, Reduction of Equations, in Algebra, is the clearing of
them from all superfluous Quantities, and the separating of
the known Quantities from the unknown [etc.]. 1743 EMER-
SON Fluxions 36.
c. Astron. (a) (See quot. 1704.) 106s. (b) The
correction of observations by allowance for modify-
ing circumstances, as parallax, refraction, etc.
1704 J. HARRIS Lex. Techn, I, Reduction, in Astronomy,
is the difference between the Argument of Inclination and
the Eccentrical Longitude. x8i« WOODHOUSE Astron. x. 73
The reduction of a star's place seen from the surface, to the
center. 1833 HERSCHEL-4j/*wi.v. (1858) 215 The complete
reduction . . of an astronomical observation, consists in ap-
plying., five distinct and independent corrections.
d. Geom. The process of reducing (a curve, etc.)
to a straight line.
1798 HUTTON Course Math. (1807) II. 63 The high roads
. . hardly ever lie in a right line between the stations ; which
must cause endless reductions, and require great trouble to
make it a right line.
7. Logic. The process of reducing a syllogism
(t or proposition) to another, esp. to a simpler or
clearer, form ; spec, by expressing it in one of the
moods of the first figure (direct or offensive re-
duction). Also, the process of establishing the
validity of a syllogism by showing that the con-
tradictory of its conclusion is inconsistent with its
premisses (indirect or apagogical reduction}.
1551 T. WILSON Logike (1567) 37 b, To make a thing
otherwise then it was before, to reduce it, or to bring it to
more plaine understanding, in the shape and forme of the
first figure, is called reduction. 1697 [see OSTENSIVE a. \\.
1727-41 CHAMBERS Cyct., Reduction oj "propositions Is used
in a more general sense, for any expression of one proposition,
by another proposition equivalent thereto. Ibid., Reduction
of syllogisms is a regular changing or transforming of an
imperfect syllogism into a perfect one. 18*7 WHATELY Elein.
Logic II. iii. § 6 in Encycl. Metrof. (1845) I. 211 In these
ways (which are called Ostensive Reduction..) all the im-
perfect Moods may be reduced to the four perfect ones.
1891 [see DIRECT a. 4 c]. 1896 [see INDIRECT a. 2 b].
*t* 8. The action of reducing to a standard or class.
1597 BROUGHTON (title) Daniel his Chaldie Visions .. ex-
pounded., by reduction of heathen most famous stories vnto
the exact proprietie of his wordes.
9. Conversion into or to a certain state, form, etc.
1605 BACON Adv. Learn, i. v. § 4 Another Errour..is the
over-early and peremptorie reduction of knowledge into
Arts and Methodes. 1626 JACKSON Creed vm. xviii. § i
God.. did prevent the reduction of that possibility .. into
act. 1656 BRAMHALL^?(T/*//V. vt. 263 If it had been only the
reduction of these new mysteries into the form of a Creed,
that did offend us. 1850 ROBERTSON Serin. Ser. in. vii.
(1853) 95 The reduction of society to that state in which the
monster injustice has been perpetrated.
b. Reduction to the absurd or to absurdity, a
method of proving the falsity of a premiss, prin-
ciple, etc., by showing that the conclusion or con-
sequence is absurd ; also loosely, the pushing of
anything to an absurd extreme. (More freq. used
in the Latin form reductio ad absurdum.*)
1856 Miss YONGE Daisy Chain n. xv. 506 [The Doctor]
had a courteous clever process of the reduction to the
absurd, which seldom failed to tell. 1865 MILL Exam.
Hamilton 369 There is no such thing as a reduction to
absurdity if this is not one. 1899 Pall Mall G. 26 May 1/2
Such reductions to absurdity of the universal eight hours
day are . . less necessary now.
10. The action or process of reducing (a substance)
to another (usually a simpler) form, esp. by some
chemical process.
1666 J. SMITH Old Age 186 Glandules in the body of man
. .that serve either to Excretion, to Reduction, or to Nutri-
tion. 17^7-41 CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v., The reduction of metals
into their first matter, or principles. 1796 KIRWAN Elem.
Min. (ed. 2) II. 504 As appears both by precipitation and
reduction. 1851 CARPENTER Man. Phys. (ed. 2) 266 The
action of the Stomach is restricted, in the higher animals, to
the reduction of the food by the solvent powers of the
gastric juice. 186* MILLER Elem. Chem. HI. (ed. 2) 61 Pro-
cesses of reduction are less completely under the control of
the chemist than those of oxidation. 1884 W. H. GREEN-
\VOOD Steel $ Iron vi. 92 The chemical reactions, .are very
simple, involving only the reduction of ferric oxide.
b. The conversion of ore into metal ; smelting.
1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) XI. 453/2 The reduction of iron-
ore, .requires a violent and long-continued heat. 1839 URK
pzct.Artsjiofht reduction of a portion of the roasted ore
is begun at the same time. 1890 W. J. GORDON Foundry 98
Just below the top, where reduction takes place by the
contact with the carbonic oxide, the fire is a dull red.
318
11. Diminution, lessening, cutting down.
a 1676 HALE (J.), Some will have these years to be but
months;, .yet that reduction will not serve. 1730-4 WATER-
LAND Script. Vind. Postscr., Wks. 1823 VI. 186 Let him
therefore first make the proper reduction in the account, and
then see what it amounts to. 1760 BURKE Late St. Nat.
Wks. II. 46 Not one shilling towards the reduction of our
debt. 1796 C. MARSHALL Garden, xii. (1813) 178 If they
[lilacs] need much reduction let them be cut down as soon
. . as they have got off flower. 1874 GREEN Short Hist. yni.
f 6. 526 The general opinion was in favour of a reduction
of the power and wealth of the Church.
b. The action or process of making a copy on
a smaller scale ; also, a copy of this kind.
i7»7-4« CHAMBERS Cyct. s.v., The great use of the propor-
tional compasses is in the reduction of figures, &c., whence
they are also called compasses of reduction. 1786 JEFFER-
SON Writ. (1859) I. 536 ft is as particular as the four-sheet
maps from which it is taken, and I answer for the exactness
of the reduction. 1876 GEO. ELIOT Dan. Der. xxx, The
little faces beside her, almost exact reductions of her own.
12. Mil. Degradation to a lower rank.
1806 PIKE Sources Mississ. (1810) 78, I examined into the
conduct of my sergeant, and found that he was guilty and
punished him by reduction, &C.
13. attrib. and Comb., as reduction product ', etc.;
reduction compasses, reducing compasses; re-
duction-improbation Sc. La w, a form of rescissory
action, in which it is suggested that the deed, or
other document in question, is not genuine; re-
duction-works, (a) works for the reduction of
metallic ore ; (i>) (see quot. 1894).
1875 KNIGHT Diet. Meek. 1003/1 "Reduction-compasses,
proportional dividers or whole-and-hatf dividers, a 1768
ERSKINE lust. Law Scot. iv. i. { 19 (1773) 644 The most
effectual method of setting aside deeds granted to one s
prejudice, is bytheactionof 'reduction-improbation. 1838 W.
BELL Diet, Law Scot. 485 Under the certification of an
action of reduction-improbation, the deed, if not produced,
will be held as false and forged. 1868 Act 31 4- 32 Viet. c.
ico § 17 It shall not be necessary to obtain the concurrence
of Her Majesty's Advocate to any summons of reduction-
improbation. 1891 Anthony's Photogr. Bull. IV. 159 A
silver chloride 'reduction product. 1871 RAYMOND Statist.
posing of the filth and refuse matter of a city.
Hence Bedu-ctional a., characterized by reduc-
tion; Reductionist, one who favours reduction
(in the number of licensed houses).
1674 JEAKE Arith. (1696) 49 Reduciional Operation ended,
Probation follows. 1816-30 BENTHAM Ojfic. Aft. Maxim-
ized, Extract Const. Code (1830) 45 Each bidding will be
either reductional, or emotional, or compound. 1895 A". /•'.
Daily Mail 5 Oct. 2/1 Neither progressive prohibitionists
nor moderate reductionists could afford to fight without each
other's help.
Reductive (r/do-ktiv), a. and si. Now rare.
[f. as REDUCT v. + -IVE. Cf. F. r/</KC/»/(i4th c.).]
A. adj. L That leads or brings back. Also
with of.
1655 STANLEY Hist. Philos. i. (1701) 11/2 The Zoroastrian
Oracles mention reductive Angels, which reduce Souls to
them, drawing them from several things. 1677 GALE Crt.
Gentiles iv. 389 God is . . of those things that ascend up to
him the way and reductive manuduction. 1821 LAMB Elia
Ser. l. OUt Benchers Inner T., Her prettiest blushing curtsy
..reductive of juvenescent emotion !
2. That reduces, or serves to reduce, in various
senses of the vb. ; connected with, of the nature of,
reduction. Also with of.
1633 H. GELLIBRAND in T.James Voy. R 2b, [The moon's]
Reductive Scruples. 1651 JER. TAYLOR Holy Dying iv. § 6
Repentance . . productive of fixed Resolutions of holy Living,
and reductive of these to act. 1674 jEMteAritA. (1696) 156
So such kind of Reductive Questions become transient.
1694 SALMON Bate's Disftns. (1715) 326/2 They can never
be separated without some reductive Salt. 1741 tr. Cramer's
Assaying $\ Artificers compose a great many Fluxes with
the above-mentioned Salts and with the reductive ones.
1811-34 Good's Study Med. (ed. 4) II. 295 The important
question before us, under what circumstances it may be
expedient to employ a palliative plan, and under what
a cooling and reductive ? 1838 W. BELL Diet. Law Scot.
834 An action of reduction reductive is an action in which a
decree of reduction, which has been erroneously or im-
properly obtained, is sought to be reduced. 1898 Westni.
Gaz. 29 Nov. 6/3 The Imperial Government do not expect
to be recouped one penny on the reductive move.
•f 3. That may be referred to or derived from
something else ; reducible. Obs.
1660 JER. TAYLOR Duct. Dulit. HI. Hi. rule 6 § 32 The
church makes laws either by her declarative and direct
power, or by a reductive and indirect power. i66a GURNALL
Chr. in Arm. verse 19. viii. (1679) 502/1 His Commission
is to make known the Gospel ; to deliver that . . which is
not reductive to this, is besides his instruction. 1691 W.
NICHOLLS Ansiu. Naked Gospel 59 There is a guilt con-
tracted from this reductive Heresy as well as from the other,
t B. atsol. as sb. That which tends to reduce.
a 1676 HALE Prim. Orig. Man. u. ix. 215 There needed
no other Reductive of the Numbers of Men to an Equability,
than the Wars that have happened in the World. 1681
CHETHAM Angler's Vadc-ni. xxxviii. § 14 (1689) 249 All
sorts of Creatures whatever have their Reductives and
Corrections, else would the World be over-stocked.
Jtedu'Ctively, adv. Now rare. [f. prec. +
-LY 2.] By reduction ; by consequence or inference,
indirectly. (Common in I ;th c.)
1631 I. BUBCES Answ. Rejoined Pref. 37 Ceremonies
called Sacred are of two sorts, Properly so called, or Reduc-
tively. 1661 BOVLE Style of Script. (1675) 129 Insinuating,
REDUNDANT.
that all the laws that regulate man's duty are virtually
or reductively comprised there. 170* E"g. Theopkrastus
298 Tho' they are not matter of conscience, simply and
apart, they are so reductively, with a regard to other
considerations. 1817 J. BROWN Gospel Tntth Stated (1831)
141 There is not a conditional promise in the Bible but what
is reductively absolute. 1853 WHEWELL Grotius 1. 1 1 Some
things are said to be according to Natural Law, which are
not so properly, but, as the schools love to speak, reductively.
Reducto rial, a. rare. [f. as REDUCT v. •»-
-OBiALj = REDUCTIVE a.
1788 T. TAYLOR Proclus (1792) II. 409 Every reductorial
cause., in the gods differs both from a cathartic or purifying
cause, and from convertive genera. 1816 — in Pamphleteer
VIII. 478 Intellect is of a reductorial or convertive nature.
Redueable, variant of REDKVABLE a. Obs.
II Red-nit (r«lw«). Fortif. Also 7 reduite. [F.
riduit :— L. reductus : see REDUCT sb. c, and cf.
REDOUBT sb.] A keep or stronghold into which a
garrison may retire when the outworks are taken,
and so prolong the defence of the place.
1604 E. GRIMSTONE Hist. Siege Ostend 215 A Blockehouse
or reduite inuironed with the Sea. [1619 GILL Logon. A ngl.
(1621) 29 Redvite, nupera vox est a reduco, munimentum
pro tempore aut occasione factum.) 1706 PHILLIPS (ed.
Kersey) s.v., In Fortification, Keduit or Redttct [etc.].
i&os JAMES Milit. Diet, s.v., Reduits are sometimes used
for the purpose of securing different posts in a town inde-
pendent of its citadel. 1841 Penny Cycl. XIX. 346/1 Thus
were formed good defensive posts, to each of which the mill
served as a reduit or keep. 1876 VOYLE & STEVENSON
Milit. Diet. (ed. 3) 334/2 Blockhouses form the most suitable
reduits for fieldworks.
t Redirlcerate, v. Obs.—" [f. ppl. stem of L.
redulcerare : see RE- and ULCEBATE.] (See quot.)
1656 BLOUNT Glossogr., Redulcerate, to begin to make
sore again, to renew a wound.
t Redu'ncate, a. Obs. rare—1, [f. L. re-
duncus, after ADUNCATE (q.v.).] Of horns : Bent
or curved backwards.
1661 LOVELL Hist. Anim. ff A/in. Introd., Some have
robust [horns] for butting,. . some aduncate, others reduncate.
Redundance (rfdjrndans). [ad. L. redun-
dantia : see REDUNDANT and -ANCK, and cf. F.
ridondancc (i4th c.).] = REDUNDANCY.
1610 T. GRANGER Din. Logike 227* Redundance, or ampli-
fication, is, when either the same argument is repeated, or
else some others are added to the principall parts. 1611
BURTON Anat. Mel. l. ii. n. iv, When there is a manifest
redundance of bad humors and melancholy blood. 1681
FLAVEL Meth. Grace ii. 42 If he gives even to redundance
unto his enemies, a 1763 SHENSTONE Elegies xvi. 27 Loose
flow'd the soft redundance of her hair. 1788 REID A ristotle's
Log. vi. § 2. 144 A redundance rather than a defect of first
principles. 1876 J. PARKER Paracl. i. v. 47 Such redundance
of power as will carry him through all his engagements
with the most perfect ease.
Redundancy (rioVndansi). [See prec. and
-ANCY.] The state or quality of being redundant ;
superabundance, superfluity. Also with a and//.,
an instance or case of this.
1601-1 FULBECKE ist Ft. Parall. 74 There is in them me
thinketh great redundancie of wordes, which might wel be
spared. 1678 CUDWORTH Intel!. Syst. i. iv. I 20. 375 A Love
of Redundancy and Overflowing Fulness, delighting to
communicate it self. 1706 WALSH Let. to Pope 20 July,
The redundancy of Wit . . is not what ever pleases the best
judges. 176$ Museum Rust. IV. 14 Such trees as run into
wood, whose redundancy must be moderated before they
will throw out any bearing branches. 1831 BYRON Juan iv.
cxvii, I'm sensible redundancy is wrong, But could not for
the muse of me put less in't. 1875 HELPS Soc . Press, xiv.
207, 1 can perceive defects and redundancies in his way of
treating them.
b. A redundant thing or part.
1631 GOUGE God's A rrous in. § 9. 201 This particle (us) is
an usual! redundancy in the Hebrew tongue. 1651 N.
BACON Disc. Gent. Eng. n. xxvi. (1739) 114 As touching the
Pontifical Benediction, himself took that but as a redund-
ancy. 1770 FOOTE Lame Lover i. Wks. 1799 II. 61 A leg !
a redundancy ! a mere nothing at all. 1816 T. L. PEACOCK
Headlong Hall vii, The remaining one wallows in all the
redundancies of luxury. 1875 GLADSTONE Glean. VI. xxxii.
160 There is no redundancy that can be safely parted with.
O. That which is redundant ; the surplus.
'733 CHEYNE Eng. Malady n. vii. § 2 (1734) 186 That
Function . . throwing off the Redundancy and Feculence.
"795 J- SULLIVAN Hist. Maine 35 Here a fall of water ..
empties the redundancy of Damariscota Ponds into the
channel. 1831 HT. MARTINEAU Homes Abroad ii. 25 It is
not the whole of the people.. .It is only the redundancy that
we have to take care of.
Redundant (rzclzmdant) , a. and sb. [ad. L. re-
dundatit-em, pple. of redundarc to REDOUND.]
A. adj. 1. Superabundant, superfluous, excessive.
1604 R. CAWDREY Table Alph., Redundant, ouerflowing,
or abounding too much. 1642 FULLER Holy <r Prof. St. in.
xv. 190 An Heteroclite in Nature, with some member de-
fective or redundant. 1697 DRYDEN Virg. Genre, i. 129
When the latent Vice is cur d by Fire, Redundant Humours
thro' the pores expire. 1763 EMERSON Meth. Increm. 23 To
expunge any redundant factor, put in its stead any other
factor which is equivalent to it. 1794 S. WILLIAMS Hist.
Vermont 97 The beavers always leave sluices or passages
near the middle for the redundant waters to pass off. 1855
MACAULAY Hist. Eng. xix. IV. 320 Devising new schemes
for the employment of redundant capital. 1869 E. A.
ABBOTT Shaks. Gram. 96 A somewhat different case of the
redundant object. 1879 T. BRYANT Pract. Surf. II. 5 The
redundant mass is to be dissected off.
b. Characterized by superfluity or excess in some
respect; having some additional or superfluous
part, element, or feature. Also const, in.
REDUNDANTLY.
1645 FULLER Good Th. in Bad T. (1841) 25 It grieved me
at the first to see our translation defective ; but it offended
me afterwards, to see the other redundant. 1655 — Ch.
Hist. 11. i. § 5 This., will make our Belief to demurre to the
Truth of his so frequent Miracles, being so Redundant in
working them on 'Irjviall Occasions. 1674 jEAKE-4r/M.
(1696) 169 Improper Fractions are redundant. 1725 WATTS
Logic in. ii. § 6 All these four kinds of syllogisms, .may be
called redundant, because they have more than three pro-
positions. 1751 JOHNSON Rambler No. 88 F 15 Milton fre-
quently uses . . the hypermetrical or redundant line of eleven
syllables. 1830 MACKINTOSH Progr. Eth. Philos. Wks. 1846
1. 148 The naturally copious and flowing style of the author
is generally redundant. 1856 MACRF.ADV in FourC. Eng.
Lett. (1880) 513 You make inquiry of me whether it is true
that, in my youth, my action was redundant, and that I took
extraordinary pains to chasten it?
c. spec, in redundant chord, hyperbola, interval ',
noun : (see quots.).
1706 PHILLIPS (ed. Kersey), Redundant Nouns% (in Gram-
mar) are those that have a Number or particular Case more
than is usual. 1710 J. HARRIS Lex. Techn. II, Redwidant
Hyperbola is one so called, because it exceeds the Conical
Sections in the Number of its Hyperbolical Legs; being a
Triple Hyperbola with six Hyperbolical Legs. 1753 CHAM-
BERS Cycl. Supp.) Redundant interval, in music, is used for
an interval exceeding the tnitli by a comma. Some apply
redundant to an interval exceeding a diatonic interval by a
semitone minor ; but this is more usually called a superfluous
interval. 1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) XVI. 36/1 What the
French call une accord superflue, which we nave translated
a redundant chord. 1866 CAYLRV Math. Papers (1892) V.
360 In the former case, the asymptotes are all real, and we
have the redundant hyperbola.
2. Abounding to excess or fulness ; plentiful,
copious, exuberant : a. of material things.
In mod. examples only after Milton's use.
1671 MILTON Samson 568 These redundant locks Robus-
tious to no purpose clustring down. 1730 ARBUTHNOT
Aliments iv. 83 Notwithstanding the redundant Oil in Fishes,
theydo not increase Fat so much as Flesh. i755DoDDRiDGE
in Palmer Bk. of Praise (1862) 286 Thy hand in autumn
richly pours Through all our coasts redundant stores. 1789
£. DARWIN Bot. Card. ii. \. 201 Redundant folds of glossy
silk surround Her slender waist, and trail upon the ground.
1814 WORDSW. Laodatneia 59 Redundant are thy locks.
1848 MRS. JAMESON Sacr. <$• Leg. Art(\%s<>) 49 Rubensgives
us strong well-built youths with redundant yellow hair.
b. of immaterial things, qualities, etc.
1695 J. EDWARDS Perfect. Script, 3 Where words are few,
but the sense is full and redundant 1784 COWPER Task i.
226 With foliage of such dark redundant growth. 1853
KANR GrinneU Exp. viii. (1856) 57 The materials thus
afforded in redundant profusion are rapidly converted into
icebergs. 1893 LIDDON, etc. Life Pusey I. xvii. 397 This
petition, marked by the redundant earnestness and sustained
intensity, which were his characteristics.
C. Characterized by copiousness, fullness, or
abundance. Also const, of, with.
a 1653 G. DANIEL Vpon Reading, etc. 24 Y« Copious East
RansacVd, & ioyn'd to y* Redundant West. 1755 YOUNG
Centaur iv. Wks. 1757 IV. 203 Thou Father of all mercies !
of mercy redundant, inexhaustible, source ! 18x4 SOUTHEY
Ode during IVar w. Amer. xii, Queen of the Seas ! enlarge
thyself; Redundant as thou art of life and power. 1853
MARSDEN Early Purit. 243 Henry Smith had preached at
St. Clement Danes in rich redundant periods. 1876 BLACKIE
Songs Relig. <5- Life 233 Growth the fairest and the sweetest
In the green redundant bower.
T 3. a. ? In swelling waves, wave-like. Obs.
1667 MILTON P. L. ix. 503 His circling Spires, that on the
grass Floted redundant. 1716 PovEOayss. xvin. 342 Down
from the swelling loins, the vest unbound Floats in bright
waves redundant o'er the ground.
t b. Swelling up ; overflowing. Obs.
17x9 YOUNG Busiris iv. i, Redundant Nile, Broke from its
channel, overswells the pass. 1768-74 TUCKER Lt. Nat.
(1834)11.30 Nor will it be incongruous to represent Him
.. riding in whirlwinds, upheaving redundant seas.
f4. Redounding, resulting. Obs. rare~*.
1654 tr. Scttdery's Curia Pol. 154 With glory or dishonour
redundant to my self in those mighty undertakings.
t B. sb. Something redundant ; spec, a redundant
noun or chord (see i c). Alsoyjg". Obs.
i6is BRINSLEV Pos. Parts (1669) 106 Heteroclits called
Redundant* 1640 FULLER Josffk's Coat 174 Let us not
willingly bee Heteroclites from his will ; either Defectiues,
to doe too little, or Redundants, to doe too much. 1650 —
Pisg^ah ii. x. 217 The Giants bred in Philistia. .being Hete-
roclites, redundants from the rules of nature. 17^7 Encycl.
Brit. (ed. 3) XVI. 36/2 The third redundant consists of two
tones and a semi-tone.
Hence Redu'ndantly adv.
1680 DALGARNO Deaffy Dumb Man's Tutor 17 The one is
still running the same round, . .hearing the same words re-
dundantly. 1717 BERKELEY Jrnl. Tour in Italy 27 Jan.,
Facade of the Jesuits' church ornamented but not redun-
dantly. 1755 in JOHNSON and later Diets. 1783 MASON tr.
Du Fresnofs A rt Paint. 768 Yet more than these to medita-
tion s eyes, Great Nature's self redundantly supplies.
t Kednnda'tion. Obs.~l [ad. L. redunddtio,
n. of action f. redundare to REDOUND.] Overflow.
11659 BP. BRowNRiG.S>r/M.(i674)II.x. 122 Repentance.,
rises in the heart, then by a natural flux, and redundation,
shews it self in the body.
Redunde, obs. form of REDOUND.
Reduplicate (r/di«'plik*t), a. and sb. [ad.
late L. reduplicat-us : see RE- and DUPLICATE a.,
and cf. next.]
A. adj. \. Doubled, repeated.
1647 H. MORK Song of Soul n. ii. n. xxxvi, Lesse active,
lesse reduplicate, lesse free. 1822-34 Good's Study Med.
(ed. 4) IV. 48 It exhibits the two following varieties:. .Re-
duplicate menstruation. 1827 HOOD Midi. Fairies Ixii, By
silver trouts upspringing from green slicen, And winking
319
stars reduplicate at night, Spare us. 1879 K.HORV Princ.
Med. 57 Very often the sounds are more or less doubled or
repeated and are called reduplicate sounds.
b. Gram. Reduplicated ; connected with or in-
volving reduplication.
1841 LATHAM Eng. Lang. xyi. 276 In the present English
there is no Perfect or Reduplicate form. \^^Proc. Philol.
Soc. I. 265 Buttmann conjectures it to be nothing more than
a mutilation of the reduplicate prefix of the perfect. 1880
EARLE Philol. Eng. Tongue (ed. 3) § 285 The German ging
..indicates a reduplicate form which was lost in English.
2. Bot. Valvate, with the edges reflexed.
1856 HENSLOW Diet, Bot. Terms. 1870 BENTLEY Man,
Bot. (ed. 2) 211 When the margins are turned outwards
under the same circumstances, the aestivation is reduplicate.
B. sb. A double (one), a duplicate.
1657 GAULE Sapientia Justificata 73 Therefore then (the
illative is a reduplicate, and concludes so much the stronger)
etc. 1803 G. S. FABER Cabiri II. 275 note, It is manifest,
that both these stories are in substance the same, for the
second is merely the reduplicate of the first. 1816 — Orig.
Pagan Idol. 11.238 Which number [14] is the mere redupli-
cate of seven.
Reduplicate (r/diw-plike't), v. [f. ppl. stem
of med.L. reduplicarc, f. re~ RE- + duplicdre to
DUPLICATE : cf. prec.]
1. trans. To make double ; to repeat, redouble.
1570 LEVINS Manip. 42/13 To Reduplicate, reduplicare.
a 1657 R. LOVEDAY Lett. (1663) 256, I think it will prove no
unwelcom Office to you, to reduplicate the old token. 1660
JER. TAYLOR Duct. Dubit. m. i. rule i § 20 When the pre-
ceptive or prohibitive clauses are reduplicated. 1717 L.
HOWEL Desiderius (ed. 3) 79 He reduplicates his consolatory
Grace. xSix G. CHALMERS Dom. Econ. Gt. Brit. 428 The
Irish people, .augmented their gains, and reduplicated their
capital. 1850 B. TAYLOR Eldorado I. iv. 23 The firmament
..reduplicating its hues on the glassy sea. 1878 H. C. LEA
Superst. <$• force. Wager of Law (ed. 3) 27 The plan of
reduplicating oaths on different altars was an established
practice among the Anglo-Saxons.
b. Gram. To repeat (a letter or syllable); to
form (a tense) by reduplication.
1833 LEE Hebr. Gram. (ed. 2) vii. 105 Those [nouns] which
are augmented, . . reduplicating, or not, at the same time,
any of their letters or syllables. 1860 FARRAR Fam. Speech
in. (1873) 88 In the perfect the second letter is often redupli-
cated, as in Rabab. 1894 HENRY Comp. Grant. Eng. •$•
Germ. 307 Hence the perfects of type G were clearly re-
duplicated in Pregermanic.
2. intr. To become double or doubled, rare.
1866 London Rev. 6 Jan. 6/2 The people.. went on re-
duplicating with a fecundity which [etc.].
Reduplicated,///. «. [f.prec. + -ED!.]
1. Doubled, repeated.
1597 A. M. tr. Guillemeau's Fr. Chirurg, 2 b/i The re-
duplicated semicircle. 1658 EARL MONM. tr. Paruta's
Wars Cyprus 166 The Pope . . sent reduplicated Briefs to
Bon John, to make him speedily depart. 1860 O. W.
HOLMES Prof. Breakf.-t. iv. (Paterson) 84 Like the redu-
plicated echo of a cry among the. .bills !
b. Gram. (See REDUPLICATE v. i b.)
1831 LEE Hebr. Gram. (ed. 2) vii. 107 Of reduplicated
words. Ibid, viii. 139 The second class of reduplicated
nouns. 1874 SAYCE Compar. Philol. iv. 149 Other forms,
such as the reduplicated perfect or the optative. 1882
MONRO Gram. Homeric Dial. 42 These forms may be either
connected with the Perfect .. or with the Reduplicated
Aortst. 1888 KING & COOK SON Sound <J- Inflection^ etc. 417
The vowel of the reduplicated syllable.
f2. Folded double. Obs. rare-1.
1599 A. M. ir.Gabelhouers Bk, Physicke 36/2 Applye this
water with reduplicatede clothes, or with a Sponge.
Redu-plicating, ///. a. [f. as prec. + -ING 2.]
That reduplicates ; causing, or connected with, re-
duplication.
17*7-41 CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v. Reduplication, The usual
reduplicating words are qnatenus, as, so far as [etc.]. 1814
SOUTHEY Roderick xvin, The thundering shout, Rolling
among reduplicating rocks. 1883 A. S. HARDY But yet a
Woman 254 Windows whose reduplicating mirrors were
arranged to catch the eye of the loiterer.
Reduplication (r/diwplik^jan). [ad. late L.
reduplication- em : see REDUPLICATE v, and -ATION,
and cf. F. reduplication (1520).]
*i* 1. The action of doubling or folding. 06s.—1
1580 PUTTENHAM Eng. Poesu m. xix. (Arb.) 210 The
Greekes name this figure Symploche^ the Latins Complexio^
perchaunce for that he seemes to hold in and to wrap vp
the verses by reduplication, so as nothing can fall out.
b. A double or fold. rare. Cf. REDUPLIOATURE.
1698 TYSON in Phil. Trans. XX. 115 A Reduplication of
the Skin inwards, which forms a Bag. 1881 MIVAKT Cat
206 The cartilage of the pinna is large and complexly-
shaped, with a reduplication in front.
2. The action of making or becoming double or
two-fold ; repetition ; also, an instance of this, a
double or counterpart.
1649 JER. TAYLOR Gt. Exetnp.P^A Sect.ix. § 2 When Jesus
by reduplication of his desire, fortifying it with a Command
[etc.]. 1659 H. MOKE Immort. Soul I. ii. Ax. 9 To both
these may beapply'd the termes of Reduplication and Satura-
tion : The former, when Essence or Substance is but once
redoubled into it self, or into another. i8i» G. CHALMERS
Dom. Econ. Gt. Brit. 475 We have seen the reduplications
of populousness, in both our Isles. 1841 L. HUNT Seer
(1864) 86 A crowd is but the reduplication of ourselves.
1876 BRISTOWE Tk. <$• Pract. Med. (1878) 509 There is
frequently a tendency,, .either to disregard the true second
sound, or to look upon it as a mere reduplication.
b. Repetition of a word (or phrase). fAlso
spec, (see quot. 1656).
a 1619 FOTHERBV Atkeom. Pref. (1622) A viij b, Marke
heere againe, how the Prophet resumeth his first admiration,
REDUPLICATIVE.
by a Poeticall Epanalepsts or reduplication. 1656 BLOLNT
^lossogr.^ Reduplication.. is a figure in Rhetoric, when the
same word that ends one part of a verse or sentence, is re-
peated in that which follows, a >68o CHARNOCK Attrib.
GW(i834> II. 685 Intimating the greatness of their sin.s by
the reduplication of the word. 17*9 POPE Dune. in. 266
note t Which reduplication of the word gives a much
stronger emphasis to Violante's concern. 1860 PUSEY Mitt.
Proph. 537/2 What meaneth that reduplication, 'and He
shall rule on His Throne ', but that [etc.].
c. Path. (See quot. and cf. KEDOCBLEMENT 2.)
1858 MAYNE Expos. Lex., Reduplication^ . . applied to the
paroxysms of ague of a double type.
t 3. The repetition of a term with a limiting or
defining force ; hence, the addition of some limiting
term to one already used, or the sense of a term
as thus limited. Obs.
x6zo T. GRANGER Div. Logike 279 Euery good thing is
to be desired, »as it is good. marg.t 'This is called re-
duplication, or the redoubling of a tenne. 1656 JEANES
Fuln. Christ 140 Yet the word considered, as Christ, as
incarnate, as subsisting in two natures, may under this
reduplication be said to be after the manhood, and to
depend upon it. 1678 GALE Crt. Gentiles III. 101 God
doth not deliver up men to judicial hardnesse simply as
hardnesse, under that reduplication. 1717-41 CHAMBERS
Cycl. s.v., Reduplication, in logic, is a kind of condition
expressed in a proposition, indicating or assigning the
manner wherein the predicate is attributed to the subject.
4. Gram. Repetition of a syllable or letter, esp.
in the case of verbal forms (chiefly the perfect tense)
in Greek and other Indo-European languages.
Attic reduplication^ the form exemplified in Gr. amjxoa
from airoi'oj, ijyayov from a-yw.
1774 J. BRYANT Mythol. I. 36 They seem to have some-
times used this term with a reduplication : for we read of a
city in Canaan called Sansanah. 183* LEE Hebr. Gram.
(ed. 2) vii. 112 These are nouns which are thought to have
an intensitive signification, without presenting any redupli-
cation either in the vowels or consonants. 1839 Penny Cycl.
XIII. 314/1 The third conjugation.. is characterized by the
reduplication of the first letter of the verb with a short
vowel. 1869 FARRAR Fam. Speech ii. (1873) 74 It also re-
tained the reduplication of the perfect.
attrib. 1894 LINDSAY Latin Lang. viii. § 39. 494, e being
1. Ibid.
the usual Reduplication-vowel.
writers used e in the Reduplication-syllable.
b. A word-form produced by repetition of a
syllable.
i86a D. WILSON Preh. Man iv. (1865) 65 They are
traceable in many reduplications, and influence the choice
of vowel-sounds in a large class of words. 1868 GLADSTONE
J-uv. Mundi xiii. (1869) 489 Tartaros is taken to be the
reduplication of the ' tar ' in ' tarik '.
to. Exact reproduction. Obs. rare~~l.
1794 MATHIAS Pttrs. Lit. (1798) 137 The uniform and
constant reduplication of the old spelling of every word in
Mr. Ireland's new Volume by Shalcspeare.
t 6. The action of doubling a second time.
1674 JEAKE Arith. (1696)24 Reduplication.. or Multipli-
cation by 4 is to double the Duplication.
Reduplicative (rrdi«-plik<?tiv), a. and sb. [f.
L. reduplicat-, ppl. stem of reduplicare + -IVE.]
A. adj. 1. Of the nature of, pertaining or re-
lating to, expressing or implying, reduplication of
terms. (See prec. 3.) Now rare.
i&a$Answ. Supposed Discov. ROM. Doctr. 48 Our Priests,
neither vnder that reduplicatiue formalitie (as Priests) nor
otherwise maintaine by our religion any position or practise
seditious. 1657 J. SERGEANT Schism Dispactit 260 That
'as such' depends upon Dr. H's invention; no such re-
duplicative expression beingfound in the testimony. 1674
HICKMAN Hist. Quinquari.Jb$. (ed. 2) aij b, Not knowing. .
that, m such kind of Syllogisms, the Reduplicative particle
ought alway to be put to the major term of the Syllogism.
1710 tr. Werenfels*s Disc. Logom. 25 Whether the word As
be reduplicative or specificatiye. 1864 BOWEN Logic v.
147 The second sort of Restriction is called Reduplicative,
as it consists in a repetition of the restricted Term.
b. Of propositions: Having a limiting repetition
of the subject expressed.
1704 J. HARRIS Lex. Techn. I, Reduplicative Proposi-
tions, are such wherein the Subject is repeated : Thus, Men,
as Men, are Rational ; Kings, as Kings, are subject to none
but God. 17*5 WATTS Logic ii. ii. § 6 Some logicians
refer reduplicative propositions to this place. 1788 REID
A ristotle*s Logic iv. § 7. 100 The first class comprehends the
syllogism into which any reduplicative proposition enters,
f 2. Capable of repetition. Obs. (In H. More only.)
1647 H. MORE Philos. Poetns 231 Like quantity it self out
stretched right Devoid of all reduplicative might. IbM.
Interpr. Gen. 433 That is reduplicative, which is not onely
in this point, but also in another. 1668 — Div. Dial. I.
xxv. ico Whence again it is a sign that it has an Extension
of its own, reduplicative into it self.
f3. Of pronouns: (see quot.). Obs. rare"1.
1668 WILKINS Real Char. m. ii. 305 The Modifications of
Pronouns . .are of two kinds, i Possessive. . . 2 Reduplicative,
denoting a particular Emphasis, whereby a word is raised
and intended in its signification ; as I my self.
4. Formed by reduplication.
1833 Catnor. Pkilol. Museum II. 378 Of these [conjuga-
tions] the first six or reduplicative, exist as such only in
Gothic. 1873 EARLE Philol. Eng. Tongue (ed. 2) § 286 The
earliest extant forms are not reduplicative.
6. Bot. » REDUPLICATE a. 2.
1866 Treat. Bot. 1876 Encycl. Brit. IV. 130/2 Diagram
to illustrate reduplicative or reduplicate aestivation, in
which the parts of the whorl are slightly turned outwards.
B. sb. 1 1. A reduplicative particle (see A. i).
1569 J. SANFORD tr. Agrippds Van. Artcs viii. 22 b, Of
Reduplicatiues, of Exclusiues, ..and other intolerable and
vaine wordes which are writen in the little Logicals.
REDUPLICATIVELY.
320
REE.
2. A reduplicating verb.
1833 Cambr. Philol, Museum II. 378 Comparing with the
Gothic redupltcatives above given, the following Anglo-
Saxon verbs.
Hence Redu-plicatively adv. (Cf. A. I above.)
1652 URQUHART Jewel Wks. (1834) 293 As they suppone
for things reduplicatively as things in the first apprehension
of the minde by them signified. 1678 GALE Crt. Gentiles
III. 31 'As1 here must not. .be taken reduplicatively but
only specificatively. 1840 G. S. FADER Prim. Doctr. Rcgen.
26 Throughout his Treatise, identifying Conversion with
Regeneration, he reduplicatively expresses himself.
Redirplicatory, a. rare-1, [f. as REDUPLI-
CATE v. + -ORY.] Repetitional.
1780 M. MADAN Thelyphtkora II. 242 Another instance
of the reduplicatory emphasis in the Hebrew language.
Reduplicature (r#H*-plil«itiui). [f. as prec.
+ -UBE. Cf. DUPLICATURE.] «= REDUPLICATION I b.
1836-9 TOD D Cycl. Anat. II. 587/2 The reduplicature of
the lining membrane. 1884 SEDCWICK & HEATHCOTE tr.
Clans' Zool. I. 416 A.. laterally compressed bivalve shell,
formed by a reduplicature of the skin.
Redur(e, varr. RADDOUR, REDDOUR Obs.
Reduviid (rediw'vi(id), a. and sb. Also re-
duvid. [f. mod.L. Redum-us (see def.) + -ID.]
a. adj. Belonging to the JtediwiidaB, a family of
predaceous bugs, of which Reduvius is the typical
genus, b. sb. An insect of this family. So Be-
dirvioid, a. and sb.
1891 in Cent. Diet. 1900 Ibis April 2^5 The stomachs
contain diptera, reduviid bugs, and occasionally cheniform
spiders and wasps.
II Redux (rrdtfks), a. Path. [L., f. rcdticZre to
bring back, REDUCE.] Of crepitation or other
physical signs : Indicating the return of an organ
to a healthy state.
1898 Attbutfs Syst. Med. V. 90 The 'redux * crepitation
is sometimes indistinguishable from that of pulmonary
haemorrhage. Ibid. 360 Friction sound, indicative of re-
stored contact between the pleural surfaces, redux friction as
it is usually called.
Red- vented : see RED a. 14 b.
T" Redyore, app. a variant of RADEVORE Obs.
The precise sense is not clear : but the general import of
the passage seems to make the current explanation of
radevore doubtful.
c 1435 WYNTOUN Cron. i. v. 256 (Royal MS.) Scho begowth
on hand to ta Wewyng that nevyr than before Wes oysyd be
cavale na reduore [v.rr. reduoir, redor, rhetourj.
Red ware 1. Sc. [See WARE sb.] A kind of
seaweed, Laminaria digitata ; common tangle.
1806 P. NEILL Tour Orkney <$• Sket. 29 On deep shores. .
great quantities of red-ware or sea-girdles {F. digitatus) are
collected with long hooks at low water. 1808 FORSVTII
Beauties Sc oil. V. 155 In Loch Erriboll. .red-ware, or sea-
weed is produced in such quantity as to afford yearly ten
or twelve tons of Kelp.
b. attrib., as red- ware cod or codling, a small
brownish cod found among seaweed; red-ware
fishick, the rockling or whistle-fish.
1707 SIBBALD Fife 52 Osellus varius vel siriatus Shon-
feldii, the Redware Codling. 1805 G. BARRY Orkney Is/.
289 The Wrasse., is very often found in company with what
we call the red-ware cod. (bid. 292 The Whistle Fish
(gadus tnustela^..) or, as it is here named, the red-ware
fishick, is a species very often found under the stones among
the sea-weed.
Red ware 2. A coarse kind of unglazed pottery.
Also attrib. as red-ware potter, pottery.
[1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) XVII. 810/1 The coarse yellow,
red, black, and mottled wares.] 1832 G. R. PORTER Porcelain
fy Gl. 41 The oxide of iron, when present in any sensible
degree, renders the clay unfit for all purposes, except that
of forming the common red ware. i8s» Hist. Co. Oxford
856 Leafield has been noted for some time for its red-ware
pottery. 1885 Census Instruct. 88 Red Ware Potter.
Red-water. Also red water, redwater.
1. a. A disease in cattle and sheep, now recog-
nized as of malarial affinities, and characterized by
the presence of free haemoglobin in the urine.
1594 O. B. Quest. Profit. Concern. 12 b, Their cattell should
rot and die of the murrion or read-water. 1644 QUARLKS
Skeph. Orac. i, In those past daies our Shepheards knew
not what Red-water meant. 1707 MORTIMER Husb. (1721)
I. 345 The Rot, Red-water, and most of the Distempers
that Sheep are subject to. 1778 [W. MARSHALL] Minutes
Agric. 29 Aug. an. 1774, Yesterday one of the Lancashire
cows died of the red-water. 1834 YOUATT Cattle 161 It is
said that the young Galloway cattle are more exposed than
others to Redwater. 1879 ATCHERLEY Boerland 257 Some of
the oxen showed symptoms of red water.
b. (See quot.)
1807 Trans. fJigkL, Soc. III. 428 Redwater . .consists in an
inflammation of the skin, that raises it into blisters, which
contain a thin, reddish, and watery fluid.
f2. (See quot.) Obs. rare~l.
1711 J. MORTON Nat. Hist. Northampt. 273, 1 now proceed
to the Aciduhe, or the Medicinal Springs... A Spring of
this Kind is here commonly known by the Name of the Red-
Well, or the Red-Water, the Iron Water.
3. The poisonous red juice of the sassy-tree of
West Africa (Erythrophlwum guineense), hence
called red-water tree.
1830 LOUDON Hortits Brit. 168 F.rythrophle MM . . Red
Water Tree. 1878 H. C. LEA Superst. <$• Force (ed. 3) 222
Throughout a wide region of Western Africa, one of the most
popular forms of ordeal is that of the red water, or ' sassy-
bark '. 1887 MOLONEY Forestry \V. Afr. 338 Mancone of the
Portuguese, Bourane, Red-water Tree, Ordeal Bark, &c.
Red weed, red-weed.
1. An American plant or plants. Now applied to
a species of Phytolacca (Treas. Bot. 1866).
1624 CAPT. SMITH Virginia 170 Here is also frequently
growing a certaine tall Plant, whose stalke being all ouer
couerea with a red rinde, is thereupon termed the red weed.
1667 Phil. Trans. II. 796 There grows a Berry (by report)
both in the Bermudas and New England, call'd the Summer-
Island-Redweed, which Berry is as red as the Prickle-Peare.
2. The corn poppy (Papaver rhaas},
1641 BEST Farm. Bks. (Surtees) 35 The most usuall and
best way for tythinge of hey is. . to make use of reade-weedes
for wikes, a 1722 LISLE Husb. (1757) II. 285 Poppy or red-
weed seldom grows in the deep and wet lands of Hants.
1788 Trans. Soc. Arts VI. 113 A county like this, overrun
with red weeds. 1846 MRS. LOUDON Brit. Wild F I. 25 The
farmers call it Red-weed, Red-cap, and Corn Rose. 1881-
in dial, glossaries (E. Anglia, Berks, Hants, Wilts, Devon,
etc.). 1899 RIDER HAGGARD Farmer's Year 13 Jan., That
part of the field produced more poppies than anything else-
red weed we call it.
3. a. Herb Robert, b. Knot-grass.
1877 Hardwicke's Sci. Gossip Jan. 30. Geranium Roberti~
anum.— The cottagers on Delamere forest call this 'Rub-
wort 'and 'Red weed'. i88a Devon Plant Natnes, Redweed,
Polygonum aviculare. ' Redweed and Assmart usually
occur together ', said a farmer.
Red wheat. A variety of the common wheat,
of a reddish colour.
1523 FITZHERB. Husb. § 34 Red wheate hath a flat eare,. .
and is the greatteste come. 1578 LYTE Dodoens iv. i. 453
The first kinde, whiche of Cplumella is iudged the best,.. is
called Robus, and of Plinie Triticum : in English Red
Wheat. 1597 SHAKS. 2 Hen. 7K, v. i. 17 Shall we sowe the
head-land with Wheate? Skal. With red Wheate Dauy. 1611
COTGR., Rousset^.. also, red wheat, Duck-bill wheat, Nor-
mandie wheat. 1712 J. MORTON Nat. Hist. Nortkampt. 476
Triticum, sPtca and grants rubentibus,. .red Wheat, [called]
in some places Kentish Wheat; here red Lammas. Its
Stalk, Ear, and Grain are all. of them red. 1962 MILLS Syst.
Pratt. Husb. I. 361 The red-wheat, and the Poland bearded
wheat. 1844 H. STEPHENS Bk. Farm II. 340 Most of the
red wheats belong to this class of grain. 1868 Chambers'
Encycl, s.v. Wheat^ Red wheats are therefore preferred for
comparatively poor soils.
Re dwiiig, red-wing.
1. Ornith. a. A common variety of thrush
(Turdus iliacus}, characterized by its red wings.
1657 W. RANDtr. GassendCsLifePeiresc\\\. 157 He under-
took among other things to send.. a pair of Pficenicopteri^
or Red-wings, birds so-called. 1674 RAY Catal. Eng.
Birds 86 The Thrush-kind... The Redwing or Swine-pipe:
Turdus lliacus. 1752 J. HILL ///*/. Anim. 494 The orange-
grey Turdus, with a white breast, the Redwing ; this is
smaller than the common thrush. 1771 G. WHITE Selbome
xlvj Redwings are some of the first oirds that suffer with
us in severe weather. 1802 MONTAGU Ornith. Diet. (1831)
414 The Redwing is a migrative species, coming to us in
great flocks about the latter end of September. 1863 BARING-
GOULD Iceland 332 A coppice of birch, among which darted
the redwing and white wagtail.
b.Then " ' _ "
of North America.
1831 Auoi'BON Ornith. Biog. I. 348 As soon as spring
makes its appearance, almost all the Redwings leave the
Southern States. 1859 THOREAU Autumn (1894) 68, I see..
no red-wings for a long time.
C. The red-winged francolin of South Africa.
1893 NEWTON Diet. Birds 292 No fewer than ten [species
are], -found within the limits of the Cape Colony, Franco-
linns levaillanti, the ' Redwing ' of English settlers, being
especially numerous. [Cf. quot. 1867 in 3.]
2. transf. A small sailing-boat with red sails.
1897 Westm. Gaz. 19 Aug. 7/1 Every kind of craft is likely
to find representation, from the big racers to the little red-
wings with their rosy sails.
3. attrib., as red-wing blackbird^ jieldfaret par-
tridge% thrush.
1767 G. WHITE Sclborne x, The martins and red-wing
fieldfares were flying in sight together. 1828 FLEMING Brit.
Anim. 65 Turdus iliacus. Redwing Thrush. iS+oCuvier's
Anim. Kingd. _i8s The Redwing Thrush., is a common
winter visitant in Britain. 1867 LAYARD Birds S. Afr. 270
Francolinus Levaillantii. . . Red-wing-Partridge of Colo-
nists. 1883 Century Mag. Sept. 653/1 Among the most
common birds are the meadow-lark.., the red-wing black-
bird [etc.].
Red-winged, a. Having red wings. A.\sofig.
1712 BLACKMORE Creation v. 247 The red-wing'd Fire
must to the Moon arise. 1752 J. HILL Hist. Anim. 54 The
red-winged Cantharus, with a red thorax. 1781 LATHAM
Gen. Synopsis Birds I. i. 246 Little Red-winged Parakeet.
1831 WILSON, etc. Amer. Ornith. I. Contents p. vii, Red-
winged Waxwing. 1898 \Vestm. Gaz. 6 Sept. 8/2 Millions
of red-winged ants.
"b. Red-winged blackbird^ icterus, oriole^ starling,
or troopial'. The American marsh blackbird, Age-
Iseus phteniceus (formerly called Icterus phceniccus}.
I754CATESBY Nat. Hist. Carol, (ed. 2) 1. 13 The red wing'd
Starling. 1768 PENNANT Arct. Zool. I. 300 The Red-winged
Orioles build their nests in bushes. 1803 MITCHILL in Med.
Repository(i%Q$} 122 Redwing' d blackbird. 1831 WILSON, etc.
Amer. OrnWt. IV. 49 The bill is. .formed exactly like that
of the red-winged troopial. 1839 AUDUBON Ornitlt, Biog.
V. 3 Their habits are similar to those of the Red-winged
Icterus. 1864-5 WOOD Ifomes without H. 537 One of the
most variable of birds in its nesting is the well known Red-
winged Starling of North America. 1893 NEWTON Diet.
Birds 530 Maize-bird^ a local name for Agelxtis phceniceus^
often called the Red-winged Blackbird.
Re'dwood, sb. Also red wood, red-wood.
1. Wood of a red colour, obtained from many
different trees, chiefly of tropical regions ; formerly
applied esp. to such as were used for dyeing.
1634 Copy Court Roll (Wakefield}, One milne . . used for
the grinding of red wood. 1640 Jntl. //<% Cotnnt. II. 33
The sole importing of the Red-wood. 1686 Land. Gaz. No.
2186/1, 150 thousand pounds of Red Wood, i™ Ibid.
No. 6040/7 Red Wood or Guinea Wood the Hundred
Weight, ..one Pound ten Shillings. 17*5 SLOANE Jamaica
II. 185 Red-wood. This is ver^j red, more porous, .lax, and
lighter than any of the foregoing woods. 1812 j. SMYTH
Pract. of Customs (1821) 285 Cam Wood^ a fine red wood of
Africa and of the Brazjls, principally used in turnery.. .Cam
Wood and Red Wood are considered in London as one and
the same article. 1857 R. TOMES Amer. in Japan vi. 135
The jamana. .is very like the red- wood of Brazil and Mexico.
1887 MOLONEY Forestry IV. Afr. 139 Redwood comes chiefly
from Old Calabar, gives a stronger colour than barwood,
and is worth a little more.
"b. Sc. (See quot.)
1815 JAMIESON. Red-Wood^ the name given to the reddish,
or dark- coloured, and more incorruptible, wood found in the
heart of trees.
2, A name given to various trees having a red
wood, esp. a tall Californian timber-tree, Sequoia
sempervirens*
1716 Fetivtriana in. 4/1 Red Wood [of Barbadoes]. 1756
P. BROWNE Jamaica 278 Red-wood or Iron-wood. This is
a small but beautiful tree. 1819 WARDEN United States
III. 97 In the lower parts are found oak, elm, ,. red-wood,
sumach. 1850 B. TAYLOR Eldorado I. vii. 47 A few miles
west of the Pueblo there is a large forest of redwood, or
Californian cypress. 1883 Harper's Mag. Jan. 210/2 When
the glade began to narrow into a canon the redwoods
appeared — magnificent specimens .. rising straight two
hundred feet.
3. attrib., as redwood bark, fir, lumber^ tree, etc.
1745 P. THOMAS Jml, Anson's roy. 168 There are several
| others [trees] among which is one we call'd the Red-Wood-
Tree, or Iron-Wood, from its great solidity. 18*5 J. NICHOL-
SON Operat. Mechanic 84 The arms are of redwood fir-,
1 6 inches square. 1883 Harper's Mag. July 815/2 Extensive
yards of the attractive redwood lumber. 1885 B. HARTE
Maritja i*i, A quaint stockade . . thatched with redwood bark.
Red-wood, -wild, a. Sc. [See WOOD a.]
Stark mad, completely mad ; furious, distracted.
cisfa A. SCOTT Poems (S.T.S.) ii. 102 Than to Dalkeith
i thai maid thame boun, Reidwod of this reproche. a 1585
, MoNTGOMERiEC/wrr> £ 570*934 Will ran reid-woodalmaist.
i 1719 RAMSAY 2nd Answ. Hamilton i, Gin ony higher up ye
drive her, She'll rin red-wood. 1786 BURNS Cry $ Prayer
xvi, Now she's like to rin red-wtid About her whisky. 1882
J. WALKER Jaunt to Auld Reekie^ etc. 46 The Carle..
' Rowtes and roars like ane redwud.
Bed worm, red-worm.
1. A variety of earth-worm much used as bait in
i rod-fishing.
01450 Fysshynge w. Angle (1883) 30 He hath but one
manere of bayte & that is a red worme, which is moost
cheyf for all manere of fysshe. 1613 DENNYS Secrets
I Angling \\. D i b, The Pearch, the Tench, and Eele, doe
1 rather bite At great red wormes, in Field or Garden bred.
1740 R. BROOKES Art of Angling 12 The Brandling, Gilt-
Tail and Red-Worm, are all to be found in old Dunghills.
1856 STONEHENGE Brit. Sports 236/2 The Red-Worm is
about the same size as the brandling.
2. A worm or grub attacking grain.
1764 Museum Rust. III. 171 My wheat, .was cut off, last
May, by a little insect called the red-worm. 1780 YOUNG
Tour in Irel. i. 6 Soot he buys at Dublin for sowing over
the wheat in April to kill the red worm. 179* Trans. Soc.
iay? R. GLOUC. (Rolls) 11699 Ou?, he sede, redi folk & we!
iwar is bis, & more conne of bataile ban hii couj>e biuore.
1387 TREVISA Higden (Rolls) I. 205 Here moder Gambara,
! J>at was ful redy and wise [L. prudentissima]. Ibid. III.
181 pe kyng..byhi5te hem jiftes J>at jaf be redieste answere
[L. prudentius respondent!]. 1422 tr. Secreta Secret.^
I Priv. Priv. 234 Who-so hath the face straght. .he is wyse
I and redy in his dedys. c 1450 LONELICH Merlin 1560 (Kfil-
j bing), He was so wis, so redy and so bold.
Redy, obs. form of READY, REDDY, REEDY.
Re-dye (r/dai-), ^. [R-E- 5 a.] trans. To dye
• again. Hence Ke-dye'ing vbL sb.
1611 COTGR., Retaindret to put into a new colour, to re-
die, or die againe. Jbid,t Keteinture, a re-dying, a second
or new dying. 1851 MAY HEW Lond. Labour II. 70 When
i canaries are ' a bad colour ' or have grown a paler yellow
! from age, they are re-dyed.
Redyfy, obs. f. RE-EDIFY v. Redyl-, obs. f.
I RIDDLE v. Redyli, -ly, obs. ff. READILY ; varr.
REDILY Obs. Redymite, -yte, van. REDIMITE
v. Obs. Redyn, obs. inf. REDE z/.l, obs. pa. pple.
RIDE v. Redyness, variant of REDINESS Obs.
tltee, -r^-1 Obs. Also 6 rhe. [Of obscure
origin.] A stream, channel, river.
Perh. repr. OE. fa. with the r of the fem. article in such
phrases as on or ofer }zre ta\ see Hempl in An Engl.
Miscellany (1901) 155 and Skeat Student's Pastime 400. But
I connexion with Flem. reie and nti (in Kilian reyet ruye) in
, the same sense seems possible.
1422 IVillof Kyt (Somerset Ho.), Quodquid tenementum
I . .abuttet erga le Hye Ree. 1455 in Willis & Clark Cambr.
I (1886) 1. 212 [From Mylnstrete to the water called] ' le Ree .
1502 ARNOLDE Chron. (1811) 252 Mary ouer the ree in
Southwerke,aprioryeof Chanons. 1587 HARRISON England
in Holinshed I. 46/1 Euen to this dale in Essex I haue oft
obserued, that when the lower grounds ^by rage of water
haue beene ouerflowen, the people beholding the same, haue
said ; All is on a Rhe, as if they should haue said ; All is
now a riuer. 01669 SO.MNER Rom. Ports Kent (1693) 69
Ky Gilford to (what in all likelyhood ows it's name to that
Ree or channel) Rye. [1724 BAILEY (ed. 2), Ree, as all is
on a Ree .. all is on a River, or overflowed with Water.
*.
J52.0
A NEW
ENGLISH DICTIONARY
ON HISTORICAL PRINCIPLES.
(VOLUME VIII. Q— S.)
' " REE-RIBALDOUSLT. ""':""-' /I
BY
W. A. CRAIGIE, M.A., LL.D.
PREFATORY NOTES.
Ree— Reign. This section contains 820 Main words, 70 Combinations explained under these, and 421 Subordinate
entries, or 1311 in all. The obvious combinations recorded and illustrated by quotations amount to 185, making a
total of 1496. Of the Main words, 244 are marked t as obsolete, and 13 are distinguished by || as alien or not fully
naturalized.
The following figures show the result of comparison with Johnson's and some more recent Dictionaries: —
Johnson. 'Encrcfopsedic' 'Century ' Diet. Funk's ' Standard '. Here.
Words recorded, Kee to Reign 172 619 652 547 '496
Words illustrated by quotations 146 319 331 58 1312
Nnmber of illustrative quotations 412 440 844 79 7848
The number of quotations in the corresponding portion of Richardson is 531.
In the present section, as in the preceding, the native words are largely outnumbered by those of Latin and French
origin. A few, however, are of some importance or interest, as REED sb.1, REEK sb. and v., REEST (of a plough), REEVE sb.1,
and REIF. A native origin is also probable for the widespread verb REE (to sift), REEL sb. and v., and REEVE sb." The
cognate languages have contributed very little, but REEF in both senses is ultimately of Scandinavian origin.
In the numerous adoptions from Latin or Romance, and formations based on these, those having the prefix re- still
hold the foremost place, and include a large number of words in constant use, as refer, refine, reflect, reform, refrain, refresh,
refuge, refuse, regard, regret, rehearse, &c. Many of these have a great variety of obsolete as well as current senses, and
some words of this class formerly common are now either rare or have quite disappeared : a notable instance of this is
refcl. Among those to which some historical, legal, or general interest is attached, special mention may be made of referee,
reformado, reformation, refugee, regard (sense 3), register, registrar, and regrater. Of Latin words which are not compounds
of re- the most noteworthy are regal and its derivatives, regent, regiment, region, and regular.
There are comparatively few important words in the section which have remoter sources than the above, or of which
the etymology is altogether obscure.
Sub.
Reign— Reserve. This section contains 1682 Main words, 25 Combinations explained under these, and 972
Subordinate entries of obsolete or variant forms, etc., making 2679 in all. The obvious combinations, recorded and
ii PREFATORY NOTES.
illustrated by quotations, number 139, giving a total of 2818. Of the Main words, 579 are marked t as obsolete, and
25 are marked || as alien or not fully naturalized.
Comparison with Dr. Johnson's and some more recent Dictionaries gives the following figures : —
Johnson. • Encyclopaedic ' 'Century' Diet. Funk's ' Standard '. Here.
Words recorded, Reign to Reserve 358 1165 1196 1164 • 2818
Words illustrated by quotations 301 660 662 175 2303
Number of illustrative quotations 978 1034 1930 219 '5934
The number of quotations in the corresponding portion of Richardson is 1 139.
The number of native words in this part of R is extremely small, the only ones in common use at the present
day being the verb REND with its derivative noun REXT, and RENNET si.1 The few others which occur are now obsolete or
confined to dialect use, as rekels, reken, rente, rerd(e, rese. Adoptions from the other Teutonic languages are also rare,
the most interesting being REINDEER.
Of Romanic words which are not formed by means of the prefix RE- the most prominent are REIN si.1, REINS,
RENABLE, RENNET si.1 and REPUBLIC. Some historical interest attaches to RERE-SUPPER and REREDOS ; the latter, as
the evidence shows, was practically obsolete, and has only been revived since about 1850.
With the exception of these words, and a very few of more remote origin (as REIS', REISZ, and RESALGAR), the section
consists entirely of compounds of RE-, though in some cases, as RENDER and RENT si.\ the presence of the prefix is not
obvious in the form of the word. As a rule the etymology of these words presents no difficulty, but in a few instances
(as rejoin, remene, repine) the precise import of the formation is not clear. In many cases the history of the senses is
of considerable interest, and the number of obsolete uses, especially in the i6th and ifth centuries, is sometimes very
remarkable ; resent and resentment are striking examples of this feature. Among those words which for various reasons
deserve special notice may be mentioned relation, relative, relay, reliable, relic, relief, religion, relish, rely, remonstrance,
remord (obs.), renaissance, renegue, replevin, reprieve, request, rescue. In most of these, and in many other cases, new
light has been thrown on the history of the word by the copious materials collected for this dictionary.
Reserve — Bibaldously. This section contains 1601 Main words, 56 Combinations explained under these, and
880 Subordinate entries of obsolete or variant forms, etc., making 2537 in all. The obvious combinations recorded and
illustrated by quotations number 226, and bring up the total number of entries to 2763. Of the Main words 413 are
marked t as obsolete, and 72 are marked || as alien or not completely naturalized.
Comparison with Johnson's and some recent Dictionaries gives the following figures : —
Johnson. , Encyclopaedic ' ' Century ' Dict- Funk's ' Standard '. Here.
Words recorded, Resetve to Ribaldously 317 1412 1658 1509 2763
Words illustrated by quotations 260 550 612 171 2385
Number of quotations 948 911 1835 226 '5983
The number of quotations in the corresponding portion of Richardson is 947.
In this section the native English element is no more extensive than in the two preceding ones, the only words of
importance which belong to it being REST si.1 and ».' (with some derivatives such as RESTFUL a., RESTLESS a.), RETCH #.*,
and RIB si.1 and v.1 Along with these may be mentioned the obs. or dial. RETCH v.1, RETHE a., REW si.1, and the local
RHINE '. The technical terms RET z>.2, RIB si/? and v.1, were probably adopted from one of the cognate languages.
Of the Latin or Romance words which form the bulk of the section, the great majority are compounds of RE-, and
many of these have a long and interesting history in English. As usual, a large number of them were adopted from older
French, such as reset, respite, restore, restrain, retail, retinue, retire, retour, retreat, retrieve, return, reward, etc. Later
adoptions from French are REVEILLE, REVERSI, REVETE(MENT. In a few cases the presence of the prefix is not
apparent at first sight, as in REST si.2 and v.2, REST si.3 and v.3, RESTIFF or RESTIVE a., RET v1, REVEL si.1 and v.1
Another group of Latin formations is made up of words with the prefix retro-, of which the earliest to appear in English
is RETROGRADE. Latin is also the ultimate source of RESIN, and has directly contributed RETE, RETIARIUS, RETICULUM,
RETINA, RETINACULUM ; Anglicized derivatives from L. rele appear in retiary, reticle, reticular, reticulation, etc. Of French
words not formed with re- the most important are REYNARD, RIAL, RIANT, and RIBALD.
The words beginning with RH- (which have been separately prepared by Mr. C. T. Onions, M.A.) are for the most
part ultimately of Greek origin ; among the exceptions to this are RHATANY, RHEIM, RHEMISH, RHENISH, RHINE, RHINO,
and (partly) RHUBARB. Those which were adopted in Middle English appear at first with r- only (as rethor RHETOR,
reume RHEUM'), the restoration of rh- being a result of the classical influence prevalent in the i6th cent. One of the
most interesting examples of this is the change of the older rime, ryme to RHYTHM and RHYME.
32.0
KEY TO THE PRONUNCIATION.
I. CONSONANTS.
g as in £0 (goo).
h ... Ao! (h<?n).
r ... run (r»n), terrier (teiiai).
i ... her (ha.i), farther (favrSai).
s ... fee (sf), cess (ses).
w ... wen (wen).
hw ... when (hwen).
y ... yes (yes).
b, d, f, k, 1, m, n, p, t, v, z have their usual values.
J> as in Min (J)in), baM (baj>).
8 ... then (Sen), ba//;e (be'S).
J ... shop (J>p), dif/4 (dij).
tj ... fAop (t/f>p), dto/< (ditj).
g ... virzon (vi'gsn), de/euner (Ae^ime).
dg ... Judge (d^cdg).
(si-gin), thi»k ([>irjk).
(FOREIGN.)
n as in French nasal, environ (anvz'ron).
I7 ... It. sera^/z'o (sera'lyo).
n* ... It. si^-nore (sznyo-r«).
Ger. ar/z (ax), Sc. \och (lox, lox").
Ger. \ch (ixy), Sc. nir/it (nexyt).
Ger. sa^en (za-yen).
Ger. le^en, re^nen (l^-y'en, n-'-^nen).
II. VOWELS.
ORDINARY.
a as in Fr. a la mode (a la mod').
ai ... &ye=yes (ai), Isaz'ah (sizai'a).
K ... man (maen).
a ... pass (pas), chant (tjant).
au... load (laud), now (nan).
» ... cat (k»t), son (stm).
e ... yet (yet), ten (ten).
e ... survey jo. (s»uv<;), Fr. attache" (ataje)-
||« ... Fr. chef (Jjf).
a ... ever (evw), nation (n^-Jsn).
si ... /, eye, (si), bznd (bsind).
B> ... Fr. eau de vie (o dp vf-).
i ... szt (sit), nvystzc (mistik).
» ... Psyche (sai-kz), react (rj,ae-kt).
0 ... achor (e'-koj), morality (morse'liti).
01 ... oz'l (oil), boj' (boi).
o ... hero (hi«To), zoology (zoiplodgi).
9 ... what (hwgt), watch (wgtj).
?.?*•• g"t (gpt)< soft (s^ft).
||6 ... Ger. Koln (koln).
II o ... Fr. pe» (pi>).
u ... fall (ful), book (buk).
iu ... daration (diure'-Jsn).
u ... unto (»-nt«), frugality (fra-).
i» ... Matthew (mse'Jiia), virtae (vsutiw).
|| u ... Ger. Mailer (mu-ler).
|| a ... Fr. dane (dan).
a (see 1°, e», o», u«) 1
see Vol. I, p. xxiv, note 3.
', - (see P, o-°)
' as in able (PVY), eaten (ft'n)- voice-glide.
LONG.
a as in alms (amz), bar .. lui).
D ... cwrl (k»jl), far (foi).
e (e»)... th«re (Se»j), pear, pare (pe»j).
'(el~)... rein, rain (re'n), they (%&).
f ... Fr. faz're (f/r').
3 ... fir (fsi), fan (lain), earth (5jJ>).
I (!»)... bier (bi»j), clrar (klioi).
/ ... thief (KO, see (si).
5(o«)... boar, bore (bo»j), glory (glos'ri).
o(o»)... so, soa> (so"), soul (sJ"l).
g ... wa/k (w§k), wart (wgit).
f ... short (J(«tj, thorn (J>pJn).
||o ... Fr. avar (kor).
||o ... Ger. Gothe (gote), Fr. jetine (gon).
u(u») .. poor (pu"j), moorish (mii«'rij).
iu, 'u... pare (piu»j), l«re (l'u«j).
ii ... two moons (ta manz).
iu, 'a... few (fia), late (1'at).
|| fi ... Ger. gra'n (gr!<n), Fr. j«s (gjJ).
OBSCURE.
a as in amceba (amrba).
x ... accept (sekse'pt), maniac
e .
e .
.. datam (d
.. moment (mJu'ment), sevvral (se'veral).
.. separate (adj.) (se'par/t).
e ... add^d (x'ded), estate (est^-t).
... vanz'ty (vae'nlti).
... remain (r/m?'-n\ believe (bflrv).
... theory (Jjf-ori).
... violet (vsi'olet), parody (pae'rtf'di).
... aathority (gjio'riti).
... connect (k(Jne'kt), amazon (oe'mazf
iu, 'u verd»re(v5-jdiuj), measwre (me-g'ui).
a ... altogether (§lt/?ge'S3i).
ill ... circalar (sauki(<lii).
* ^ the o in soft, of medial or doubtful length.
I Only in foreign (or earlier English) words.
In the ETYMOLOGY,
OE. e, o, representing an earlier a, are distinguished as {, f (having the phonetic value of f and f, or g, above) ; as in (tide from andi (OHG. anti,
Goth, andei-s}, mpnn from mann, fit from an.
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS, SIGNS, &c.
a. [in Etymol.]
» adoption of, adopted from.
pen.
—• genitive.
pa. t
— ante before.
Path
« absolutely.
GeoL
=: in Geology.
Pers
abst
— in Geometry.
tiers. .
ace. ....
— accusative.
Goth.
- Gothic ( — Mceso-Gothic).
pf.
ad, [in Etymol.]
— adaptation of.
Gr.
- Greek.
pg
— in Grammar.
Philol.
aclvb.
— adverbial, -ly.
Heb
= Hebrew.
phonet
AF AFr
Her
phr.
Anat.
Herb.
— with herbalists.
Phren
Antiq,. . .
= in Antiquities.
Hort
•» in Horticulture.
Phys.
aphet.
— aphetic, aphetized.
imp.
= Imperative.
pi.,//.
app.
— impersonal.
poet
Arab
« imperfect.
pop
Arch.
« in Architecture.
.5
ind.
— Indicative.
///. a., ppl. adj....
arch.
= indefinite.
pple
inf.
« Infinitive.
Pr.
assoc. ..
^ association.
infl.
— influenced.
prec
Astr.
«» in Astronomy.
int.
= interjection.
prej.
Astral.
— intransitive.
prep. .
attrib.
— attributive, -ly.
It.
•- Italian.
pres
bef.
— before.
T-, (I.)
— Johnson (quotation from).
Prim, sign
BioL
(Tarn 1
— in Jamieson, Scottish Diet.
priv.
Boh
— Bohemian.
(Tod.)
— Jodrell (quoted from).
v ,
prob
Bot.
— in Botany.
— Latin.
tron. .
Build.
(L )(in quotations)
« Latham's edn. of Todd's
pronunc
c (as c 1 300)
» circa, about.
lane.
= language. [Johnson.
prop
c. (as 1 3th c.)
— century.
LG
— Low German.
Pros
Cat.
lit.
— literal, -ly.
pr. pple. ...
catachr.
= catachrestically.
Lith.
= Lithuanian.
Psych
Cf., cf. ...
— confer, compare.
LXX.
= Septuagint.
O.v, ..
Chem.
— in Chemistry.
Mai.
~ Malay.
(R.)
cl. L
= classical Latin.
masc. (rarely m.)
= masculine.
R.C. Ch
cogn. w.
= cognate with.
Math.
— in Mathematics.
refash
collect
ME
— Middle English.
rcfl., red
colloq
— colloquially.
Med.
= in Medicine.
reg
comb
= combined, -ing.
med.L.
— mediaeval Latin.
repr
Comb. .
Meek.
— in Mechanics.
Rhet
Comm
= in commercial usage.
Metaph.
3= in Metaphysics.
Rom
comp
— compound, composition.
MHG.
— Middle High German.
sb. , sb.
compl
= complement.
midl
=s midland (dialect).
Sc
Conck
= in Conchology.
Mil. . . .
— in military usage.
sc.
concr
= concretely.
Min.
— in Mineralogy,
conj.
= conjunction.
mod
= modern.
Skr.
cons ,.
= consonant.
Mus.
= in Music.
Slav
Const., Const. ...
= Construction, construed
(N.)
— Nares (quoted from).
Sp.
with.
n. of action
«= noun of action.
sp. .
Cryst
= in Crystallography.
n. of agent
= noun of agent.
sfiec.
(D.)
— in Davies (Supp. Eng.
Nat Hist.
— in Natural History.
f*r!
subi.
Glossary).
Naut
= in nautical language.
subord. cl.
Da
— Danish.
dat
= dative.
NF., NFr.
« Northern French.
subst.
def.
= definite.
N. O.
suff.
deriv
» derivative, -ation.
nom.
-- nominative.
superl
dial., dial.
= dialect, -al.
north.
— northern (dialect).
Surg.
Diet
= Dictionary.
N. T
= New Testament.
Sw
dim
= diminutive.
Nutnism
— in Numismatics.
s.w
Du
= Dutch.
obj
= object.
T. (T.) ..
EccL
— in ecclesiastical usage.
Ods.t obs., obs.
— obsolete.
techn. . . ...
ellipt
= elliptical, -ly.
occas.
Theol.
e. midl.
= east midland (dialect).
OE.
tr
Eng.
= English.
Saxon).
trans.
Ent
= in Entomology.
OF., OFr
- Old French.
erron
= erroneous, -ly.
OFris.
— Old Frisian.
Trig.
esp.) esp
a* especially.
OHG.
Tvbo0'
etym
= etymology.
Olr
= Old Irish.
ult.
eitphem.
= euphemistically.
ON.
= Old Norse (Old Icelandic)
exc
= except.
ONF.
US
f. [inEtymol.] ...
= formed on.
Opt.
= in Optics.
v.. vb.
f. (in subordinate
Ornith
= in Ornithology.
entries)
= form of.
OS
a* Old Saxon.
vbL sb.
fern, (rarely f.) ...
= feminine.
OS1
= Old Slavonic.
fig.
= figurative, -ly.
O. T
= Old Testament.
F., Fr
«= French.
OTeut
= Original Teutonic.
WGer.
freq.
- frequently.
orig.
= original, -ly.
Fris
— Frisian.
Palxont.
= in Palaeontology.
WS
G., Ger....
— German.
pa. pple
= passive or past participle.
CY.)
Gael
f= Gaelic.
i>ass.
= passive, -ly.
Zool.
past tense.
in Pathology.
perhaps.
Persian.
person, -al.
perfect.
Portuguese.
in Philology.
phonetic, -ally.
phrase.
in Phrenology.
in Physiology.
plural.
poetic.
popular, -ly.
participial adjective.
Proven9al.
= preceding (word or article).
= prefix.
• preposition.
= present.
= Primary signification.
= privative.
= probably.
• pronoun.
• pronunciation.
• properly.
: in Prosody.
• present participle.
• in Psychology.
= quod vide, which see.
= in Richardson's Diet.
= Roman Catholic Church.
= refashioned, -ing.
: reflexive.
= regular.
= representative, representing.
= in Rhetoric.
= Romanic, Romance.
• substantive.
= Scotch.
= scilicet, understand or supply.
• singular.
Sanskrit.
: Slavonic.
•• Spanish.
' spelling.
•• specifically.
•• subject, subjunctive,
subordinate clause.
• subsequently,
substantively.
•• suffix.
•• superlative.
•• in Surgery.
= Swedish.
= south western (dialect).
' in Todd's Johnson.
technical, -ly.
in Theology.
translation of.
° transitive.
transferred sense.
in Trigonometry.
in Typography.
ultimate, -ly.
unknown.
United States.
verb.
•• verb strong, or weak,
verbal substantive,
i variant of.
word.
West Germanic.
west midland (dialect).
: West Saxon.
in Col. Yule's Glossary.
in Zoology.
Before a word or sense.
t = obsolete.
II = not naturalized.
In the quotations.
* sometimes points out the word illustrated.
In the list of Forms.
1 = before noo.
2 — I2th c. (noo to 1200).
3 = 1 3th c. (1200 to 1300).
5-7 = 15th to J7th century. (See General Explan-
ations, Vol. I, p. xx.)
In the Etymol.
* indicates a word or form not actually found, but
of which the existence is inferred.
:— = extant representative, or regular phonetic
descendant of. *
The printing of a word in SMALL CAPITALS indicates that further information will be found under the word so referred to.
REE.
Ree (if), sli.z [Variant of REEVE s&.2 It is
not clear which is the more original form.] The
female of the ruff.
15 .. Inthnm. Al'f. Nevill in MS. Bodl. Rolls 8 Of the
foules called Rees cc doscn. 1750 POCOCKK Trav. through
l-'.Hf. Oumluii' I. 67 Among the game they have the ruffs
and recs, the former cocks, the latter hens. 1768 Ann. Reg.
i. 171 The bill of fare at the king of Denmark s table was as
follows :. . Leveret, Ruffs and Rees, Wheat ears [etc.]. 1801
H. SKRINE Rivers Gt. Brit. 28 Those rare and delicate birds,
the Ruff and Ree are found here. 1819 H. BUSK Banquet
in. 316 Point out the speckled pairs of ruffs and rees.
Bee (T'), s?'-'} &• [Of obscure origin: the
form reeve also occurs locally.]
1. A walled enclosure for sheep, cattle, or swine.
(See also sheep-ree.)
1824 MACTAGGART Galloi'id. Rncycl, 406 Ree is often con.
founded with bught, but a sheep-ree and a sheep-bught are
different. 1875 W. MC!LWRAITH Guide Wigtownshire 62
It seems as if the stones of this old castle had been gathered
together to form rees for sheep. 1894 CROCKETT Raiders
(ed. 3) 238 A great swine that lies . .in the filth of the ree.
2. A yard where coal is stored for sale.
iSSo in JAMIESON. 1909 Scotsman 2 Oct., The person in
charge of the ree admitted using the weight.
Bee (r/~), a. Sc. [Of unknown origin.] Excited,
esp. with drink ; elevated ; crazy, delirious.
1788 R. GALLOWAY Poems 23 (Jam.) Until their noddle
twin them ree And kiss the causey. 1790 A. WILSON "2nd
Ep. Clark Poet. Wks. (1846) 99, I . . Read and leugh,. .Till
my pow grew hall ins ree. 1828 MOIR Mansie rVauch xv,
Tammie..was a whit ree with the good cheer. 1886 ' H.
HALIBURTON ' Horace in Homespun (1900) 144 Here's Willie
wi'a warlike ee, . .Dave amorous daft, an1 Roger ree.
Bee (rf), rye (rai), v. dial. Also 7, 9 ray.
[Of obscure origin; the various forms indicate a
ME. reje(n), but their relationship to the synony-
mous REEVE ».2 and rew or rue (Devonshire) is not
clear.] trans. To clean or sift (winnowed grain,
peas, etc.), spec, by giving a circular motion to the
contents of the sieve, so that the chaff, etc. collects
in the centre.
a. 1400-1 [see REEINGT/^/. sb. i]. 1523 FITZHERB. Husb.
§ 36 Whan thou haste thresshed thy pees, and beanes, after
they be wynowed, . .let theym be well reed with syues. 1615
MARKHAM Eng. Housevi. n. vii. (1668) 171 After it is well
rubbed, and winnowed, you shall ree it over in a fine sieve.
Ibid,, After the malt is ree'd, you shall sack it up. 1669
WORLIDGE Sysl. Agric. (1681) 330 To Ree, or Ray; to
handle Corn in a Sieve, so as the chaffy or lighter part
gather to one place. 1824 MACTAGGART Gallovid. Encycl.
406 To ree grain is to whirl it through a riddle, so that the
tares in it may be seen. i8j8- in northern dial, glossaries
(Northumbld., Cumbld., Lonsd., Yks., Sheff., Leic.). 1875
W. DICKINSON Cumbriana 231 Fwok ree's a lock wheat in
a seive, if they hev't, And that was their deetin' machine.
ft. 1641 BEST Farm. Bks. (Surtees) 103 A sieve to rye the
come with ; we make the miller sitte on his knees and
rye it. 1744-50 W. ELLIS Mori. Husb. VI. HI. 64 (E. D. S.)
'1 his practice of rying, or cleaning better than ordinary.
1788 W. MARSHALL Yorksh. II. Gloss., To Rie; to turn
corn in a sieve ; bringing the ' capes ' into an eddy. 1854
ANNE E. BAKER Norihampt. Gloss. s.v. Ree, A labourer who
works it expertly is said to ' rye it up well '.
y. 1660 [see a above). 1813 T. DAVIS Agric. Wilts. 266
Corn well arrayed, or rayed. Corn well dressed and cleaned.
1893 Wilts. Gloss., Ray, or Array, to dress and clean corn.
Bee (11), int. Now rare. A call to horses,
usually a command to turn to the right.
Hence the dial, phrase neither heck nor ree, (to go) neither
to the left nor right ; (to be) intractable or obstinate.
1548 J. Bow $ Mast Parson 164 in Hazl. E. P. P. IV. 16
Have a gayne, bald before, hayght, ree, who ! 1599 MIDDLE-
TON Micro-cyn. Wks. (Bullen) VIII. 121 Whipstaff in his
hand, Who with a hey and ree the beasts command, c 1603
HEYWOOD & ROWLEY Fortutu liy Land IL L H.'s Wks.
1874 VI. 384 Come He go teach ye hayte and ree, gee and
whoe, and which is to which hand. 1831 MRS. BRAY Descr.
Tamar I, Tavy (1836) I. ii. 24 He soon found that some or
other of the crook horses invariably crossed him on the
road . . owing to two words of the driver, namely gee and ree.
Ree, sing, of rees — REIS (Pg. money). Ree,
obs. form of RYE 2. Reean, obs. form of REAN.
Reeaum, obs. form of REALM.
II Beebok (r?b<ik). Also 8 -bock, 9 rheebok,
rhebuok. [Du. reebok ROEBUCK.] A small South
African antelope, Pelea capreola, with sharp horns.
1775 MASSON in Phil. Trans. LXVI. 270, I spent a whole
day in search of plants, and hunting a sort of antelope
called Ree Bock. 1790 BEWICK Hist. Quadrup. 77 The
Ree-Bok is a gregarious animal. 1834 PRINGLE A/r. St 22
Along the grassy meads Where the skipping reebok feeds.
1834 I'mny Cyd. II. 80/2 The rheeboks live in small families
of five or six individuals. 1881 SELOUS Wanderings S.
AJr. 2, I.. had managed to bag one bushbuck ram.. and
eight gray and red rhebucks.
Be-ebu-Uient, a. [RE- 5 a.] Boiling up again.
1817 COLERIDGE Biog. Lit. xiii. (1882) 141 The power
which acts in them is indestructible ; it is therefore inex- !
haustibly re-ebullient.
Reech, smoke : see REEK rf.l and z».l
Reechily : see REECHT.
Be-e-cho, sb. [f. next, or f. RE- + ECHO sb.~\ j
An echo ; also, a second or repeated echo.
1613-16 W. BROWNE Brit. Past. i. iv. 75 The hills and
valhes here and there resound With re-ecchoes of the deepe-
mouth d hound. 1828-32 WEBSTER, Re-echo, the echo of an
<5ho- .'86a Rep. Ecclesiol. Soc. 20 He was glad to hear
Mr. Dlgby Wyatt's re-echo of the President's aspirations.
1895 J. A. BEET Ntw Life in Christ n. x. 79 The re-echo '
of this voice in our own spirit.
VOL. VIII.
321
Re-e'cho, v. [f. RE- + ECHO ».]
1. intr. To echo (again), resound :
a. of a sound, noise, or cry.
1590 SPENSER /•'. Q. n. i. 38 A deadly shrieke . .That through
the wood re-echoed againe. 1725 POPK Odyss. x. 472 Sobs of
! joy re-echoed through the bower. 1740 PITT Aineid xi. 641
A thousand notes re-echoing thro' the wood. 1801 SOUTHEY
Thalaba xi. xix, The thunder of the avalanche Re-echoes
far behind. 1865 F. BOYLE Dyaks of Borneo 51 The crash
of some giant branch, .re-echoes widely for the moment.
b. of places. Const, to, •with.
a 1599 SPENSER F. Q. vii. vi. 52 All the woods and dales. .
Did ring againe, and loud re-echo to the skie. 1711-14
POPE Rape Lofkv. 86 With starting tears each eye o'erflows,
And the high dome re-echoes to his nose. 1786 tr. Beckford's
Vathck (1883)64 The city re-echoed with shouts of joy, and
flourishing of trumpets. 1851 I.ONGF. Gold. Leg. v. Devil's
Bridge, The rocks re-echoed with peals of laughter.
2. trans, a. To echo back ; to return (a sound),
reverberate, multiply by repetition.
1595 CHAPMAN Ovid's Bang. Sence E a [Echo] the selfe
same way shee came doth make retreate, And so effects the
sounde reecchoed. 1656 H. MORE Enthus. Tri. (1712) 32
Thunder, whose sound is so great and terrible, because it is
re-ecchoed from the arched roof of Heaven. 1757 GRAY
Bard 54 Severn shall reecho with affright The shrieks of
death. 1784 COWPER Task I. 343 The consecrated roof Re-
echoing pious anthems ! 1814 SCOTT Wav. xlvi, The High-
landers set up a tremendous yell, which was re-echoed by
the heights behind them.
fig. 1847 LONGF. Ev. n. v. 5 The streets still re-echo the
names of the trees of the forest. 1863 HAWTHORNE Our Old
Home I. 247^ The many peaks in whicn the structure ascends,
and.. the pinnacles which, as it were, repeat and re-echo
them into the sky.
b. To repeat like an echo.
were reechoed by the voice of the capital and of the nation.
1875 T. HILL True Ord. Stud. 130 Those who still re-echo
Ricardo and Mnhlius.
Hence He-e'choed///. a. ; Re-e'choing vif. si>.
and///, a.
i6n FLORID, Ribombo, a hollow re-ecchoyng. 1668 H.
g
of its own Harmony. 1801 SOUTHEY Thalaba v. xxvi, When
the long re-echoing ceased. 1810 — Keliama i. iii, Rising
over all. .Is heard the echoed and re-echoed name.
Beechy (rf-tfi), a. Ot>s. exc. dial. Also 5
rechy, 6 rechie. [f. reech REEK jtf.l -)- -Y l.]
Smoky; squalid, dirty; rancid.
c 1460 J. RUSSELL Bk. Nurture 359 Raw, resty, and rechy
[meats], ar comberous vndefied. 1599 SHAKS. Much Ado
in. iii. 143 Like Pharaoes souldiours in the rechie painting.
'607 — Cor. n. i. 225 The Kitchin Malkin ipinnes Her richest
Lockram 'bout her reechie necke. i66oBLOUNT.ff<wc<7<W4i
His face and hands made of a reechy complexion by the
help of the Walnut-tree leaves. 1879 Miss JACKSON Shropsh.
Word-bk. s.v., A grimy, reechy lookin' thing. Ibid., That
butter's nasty reechy stuff.
Hence Ree chily adv. rare~l.
1618 D. BELCHIER Hans Beer-pot Dj b, Bad him goe And
wash his face, he lookt so reechilie, Like Bacon hanging on
the Chimnies roofe.
Beed (rfd), rf.l Forms: I hreod, (h)read,
2-5 reod, (3 rode, reeode), 3-6 rede, (4 riede,
6 ride), 4-5 red, (4 rued, rehed, 5-6 reid), 4-7
reede, 6- reed. [Common W. Germ. : QTL.hr£od
= OFris. (h)reid, OS. hriad-, OLG. ried (MLG.
riet, mod.LG. rid, rlt; MDu. ried-, riet, Du.
rfcO.OHG. (K)riat (MHG., mod.G. riet) :-OTeut.
*hreuitom, not traceable in the cognate languages.
An early form of the word is preserved in the place-name
Hreutford or Hrcudford 'id est vadum harundinis ' in
Bzda's Eccl. Hist. iv. xvi.]
I. 1. One of the tall straight stalks or stems
formed by plants of the genera Phragtnites and
Arundo (see 4 and 5) ; false, a cane.
^725 Corpus Gloss. 1007 Harundo, canna,^ hreod. (-950
Lindisf. Gosp. Luke vii. 24 Forhuon foerdon sie on woestern,
Xesea bread, .from wind xecerredt CIOOOA.LFRIC Horn. II.
252 [Hi] for cyne-zyrde him hreod forjeafon. c 1160 Hatlon
Gosp, Matt.xxvii.3o[Hi] namenreod aendbeoton hysheafod.
1:1265 Voc. Names PI. in Wr.-Wulcker 556/42 Arundo,
rosel, reod. 13. . K. A Us. 6433 A reod they putteth in heore
mouth And they spwketh by the reod. c 1400 MAUNDEV.
(Roxb.) xxi. 95 Beside bat logh growez redez of a wonderfull
lenth. . . Of pir redez pai make bare houses. 1484 CAXTON
Fables of JEsop iv. xx, A reed whiche was at his foote
bowed hym self as moche as the wynd wold. 1590 SPENSER
F. Q. in. vii. 6 A little cottage, built of stickes and reeds In
homely wize. 1617 MORYSON /fin. i. 213 This Hand yeeldeth
Canes or Reedes of sugar. 1671 MILTON P. R. H. 26 By a
Creek : Where winds with Reeds, and Osiers whisp'rmg
play. J7S6 NUGENT Gr. Tour, Italy III. 304 The common
habitations. .are mostly huts made of reeds. 1797 Encycl.
Brit. (ed. 3) VII. 255 The reeds [for a fire-ship] are made up
in small bundles of about a foot in circumference. 1815
J. SMITH Panorama Sc. ff A rt I. 215 Reeds are used instead
of laths in some parts of the country. 1877 BRYANT Odyss.
v- 557 He, meanwhile, Withdrawing from the brink, lay
down among The reeds.
b. Jig. and in fig. context.
c 1450 tr. De Itnitatione II. vii. 47 Truste not ner leene ,
not upon a windy rede. 1562 A. BERNHER Ep. Ded. Laiimer's
Serin. A iv b, He was contented rather to be cast into the
Tower .. then to be found a wauering reede. 1611 BIBLE
Isa. xxxvi. 6 Loe, thou trustest in the staffe of this broken
reede, on Egypt. 1657 Penit. Conf. vii. 152 Penitents are j
REED.
taiiKht more to rely upon that reed and arm of flesh 1810
SCOTT Lady of L. v. xi, I only meant To show the reed on
which you leant. 1811 BviON Sardanap. v. i. 135 The last
frail reed of our beleaguer'd hopes. 1893 daily's Maf. ( let.
271/1 The reeds on which they depended were Ravenslmrv
and Self Sacrifice.
2. collect. Reeds (as plants) ; a growth or bed of
reeds.
a 800 Erfurt Gloss. 390 Carccttim, hreod. a 900 tr. Bxda's
Hist. in. XVH. [xxiii.] (1890) 230 In (;zm cleofun . . wzre
upyrnende grownes hreodes & rixa. cuoj LAY. 20170
Hundes in pan reode mid reouoe hine imeteo. Ibid. 21741
Pat is a seolcua mere.. mid fenne & mid rxode. 13 K
Aiis. 5064 The water was ful of longe reede. 1481 CAXTON
Godfrey xxix. 63 A fewe of them that withdrewe them in
to the mareys and hydde them in the reed. 1560 BIBLE
(Genev.) Job xl. 21 [16] Lyeth he vnder the shady trees in
the cpuert of the rede and fennes 1 1579-80 NORTH Plutarch
p reed.
b. Reeds employed for firing or thatching, or
used as lath for plastering upon.
1494 FABVAN Chrmi. vii. 368 They fyryd the gates, and
after forced the fyre with rede and drye wood. 1556-7 in
Willis & Clark Cambridge (r886) II. 455 Y< reede over the
cloyster and y> gystes of the same. 1568 GRAFTON Chron.
II. 277 He.. set the houses like streetes, and couered them
with Reede and Bropme. 1596 DALRYMPLE tr. Leslie's I/is/.
Scot. I. 10 Thay Reid for wod use. .to thair fyre. 1669 E
BVLAND in SI. Papers, Dom. 151, 1 have fetched a boat-load
of reed from Ham Cteek. 1703 T. N. Cily ft C. Purchaser
260 They Thatch with Reed instead of Straw. . . Reed is sold
by the Thousand, vii. A Thousand handfuls.
c. transf. Wheat-straw prepared for thatching.
1415-16 Durham Ace. Rolls (Surtees) 612 Ilem in tectura
straminea vocat. rede empt. 1523 FITZHERB. Husb. § 27 All
the wheate-strawe that they pourpose to make thacke of,
they..cutte of the eares, and bynde it in sheues, and call it
rede. 1669 WORLIDGE Syst. Agric. (1681) 329 Reed, is . .
Straw bound up for thatching, by some called Helm. 1797
Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) XVI. 36/2 Reed, a term used in the
west of England for the straw used by thatchers, which is
wheat straw finely combed. 1805 R. \V. DICKSON Pract.
Agric. 1. 74 The Somersetshire-reed ; which is nothing more
than the strongest wheat-straw which can be met with [etc.).
1848 Jrnl. Ji. Agric. Soc. IX. n. 465 A large proportion of
the wheat-straw is made into reed for thatching.
3. Without article, as a material, f Also in reed,
as or like a reed.
a 1240 Lofsong in Cott. Ham. 207 Ich bide pe . . hi J>e
bornene crununge, bi 5e kinejerde of rode. 1388 WYCLIF
2 Kings xviii. 21 Whether thou hopist in a staf of rehed and
broken, Egipt. 1535 COVF.RDALE 2 Kings xviii. 21 Beholde
puttest thou thy trust in this broken staffe of reed, in Egipte ?
1604 E. G[EIMSTONE] D'Acosla's Hist. Indies iv. xvi. 257 It
is a graine, as he saies. that growes in reede, and covers it
selfe with a leafe. 1667 MILTON P. L. vi. 519 Part incentive
reed Provide, pernicious with one touch to fire. 1866 LIVING-
STONE Last Jrnh. (1873) I. vi. 158 A flake of reed is often
used in surgical operations by the natives.
4. With the, as the distinctive name of the class of
plants forming the genera Phragmites and Arundo,
having a firm stem and growing in water or marshy
ground ; esp. the common species Phragmites cam-
munis, abundant in Britain and on the Continent ;
•(• also, the sugar-cane.
1382 WYCLIF Isa. xix. 6 The reed and the resshe shal
welewen. 1667 MILTON P. L. vii. 321 Up stood the cornie
Reed Embattell'd in her field. 1672 W. HUGHES Amir.
Phys. 29 Of the Juyce of this Reed or Cane is made Sugar.
1688 R. HOLME Armoury n. 57/2 The Reed is between an
Herb and a Tree. 1785 MARTYN Rousseau's Bot. xiii. (1794)
142 The woollyness of the flowers in the Reed will shew you
this genus as soon as_ it unfolds its panicle. 1850 TENNYSON
In Mem. ciii, We glided winding under ranks Of iris, and
the golden reed.
5. With distinctive epithets, denoting various
species of reeds, or plants resembling these.
Aromatic reed (see CALAMUS 2). Dutch reed = Dutch
rush (see DUTCH A. 3 c). Great reed, a reed of the genus
Arundo, esp. A. donax. Indian reed, canna. Small
reed, a grass of the genus Calamagrostis (or Deyeuxia}.
Also bur, canary, paper, sea, trumpet, water, wood reed:
see these sbs.
1597 GERARDE Herbal i. v. 6 Wilde Reede. ., called also
Calamogrostis, is far lesser [1633 bigger] than Couch grasse,
or Dogs grasse. Ibid. xxvi. 36 Harundc florida : in English
the Flowring Reede. 16x1 COTGR, s.v. Calame, Calatne
aromat, the sweet Arabian reed, or cane, tearmed Calamus
oiforatus, or the Aromaticall reed. 1613 DENNIS Secrets
Angling I. B 2, Shutes as are.. In shape and beautie like
the Belgicke Reed. 1640 PARKINSON Herbal 1629 Cannx
Indicz. .Indian Reede staves. 1733 MILLER Card. Diet.
(ed. 2) s.v. Cannacorus, The Indian Reed. 1739 Ibid. II. S.V.
Arundo, The species .. are the common Reed, the large
manured Reed, . . the variegated Reed, the Bambu Cane, . .
and Dark red reed. 1743 JAMES Med. Dift.,Arundo Donax,
. . the Great Reed. Ibid., Calamus odorntus. Aromatic Reed.
1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) II. 384/1 The debax, or manured
reed, is a native of warm countries. 1842 R. PARNELL
Grasses Scot. 37 Calamagrostis stricta. Small Close Reed.
1859 Miss PRATT Brit. Grasses ff Sedges ^67-8 Calamagrostis
lanceolata. Purple-Flowered Small-reed. Calamagrostis
stricta. Narrow Small-reed.
II. 6. a. A reed used as a dart or arrow ; hence
poet, an arrow.
1377 LANGL. P. PI. B. xvm. 30 Aue, rabby\ quod that
ribaud, and threw redes [r.r. reodes] at hym. 1387 TREVISA
lligdcn (Rolls) VII. 77 pe childe losed and schette, and
hitte be charbuncle stoon wib a reed, a 1709 PRIOR To a
Lady 31 VVith cruel Skill the backward Reed He sent, and,
as he fled, he slew. 1791 COWPER Iliad iv. 146 Whiz/'d the
bowstring, and the reed Leap'd off. 1813 SCOTT Trierm.
n. x, The frantic steed rtlsh'd up the dell, As whistles from
the bow the reed. 1830 TENNYSON Poet 13 The viewless
41
REED.
322
REED.
arrows of his thoughts. . Like Indian reeds blown from his
silver tongue.
b. In Biblical use (rendering L. calamus and
amttdo, Gr. /fd\a/io?, Heb. n:p gatieh} : A reed
employed as a measuring-rod ; hence, a Jewish
measure of length (also called EzekieVs reed},
equal to six cubits.
c 1375 Se. Leg. Saints vi. ( Thomas) 201 Thomas . . tuk a
lange red in his hand as man of craft bat vare cunnand.
1388 WYCLIP Ezek. xlii. 16 He mat . . with the rehed of
mesure bi cumpas fyue hundrid rehedis. — Rev. xxi. 15
And he., hadde a golden mesure of a reed. [AlsoinTyndale,
Coverdale, etc.] 1611 BIBLE Ezek. xlii. 16 He measured the
East side with the measuring reede, fiue hundreth reedes.
1858 LONGF. M. Standish iv. 9 Over its turrets uplifted
Glimmered the golden reed of the angel who measured the
city. 1863 W. L. BEVANHI W. Smith Diet. Bible III. 1736/2
With the exception of the notice that the reed equals six
cubits (Ezek. xl. 5), we have no intimation that the measures
were combined in anything like a scale.
•f'C, //. Papyrus. Obs. rare*~\
1551 ROBINSON tr. More's Utop. it. vi. (1895) 219 Where as
before they wrote onelye in skynnes, in barkes of tryes, and
in rides, now they haue attempted to make paper and to
imprint letters.
7. A reed made into a rustic musical pipe. Also
applied to the hollow stems of other plants used
for the same purpose, esp. oaten reed.
c 1384 CHAUCER H. Fame in. 131 That craftely begunne to
pipe Bothe in douce t and in riede. 1390 GOWER Conf. II.
162 He the ferste..Was which the melodic fond Of Riedes,
..With double pipes forto pipe. 1530 PALSGR. 261/1 Rede
to playe or pype with, anche. 1634 MILTON Comus 345
Might we but hear The.. sound of pastoral reed with oaten
stops. 1697 DRYDEN l-'irg. Past. \. 2 Since my Voice can
match your tuneful Reed. 1805 SCOTT Last Minstr. iv. i,
As if thy waves.. Had only heard the shepherd's reed, Nor
started at the bugle-horn. 1878 B. TAYLOR Deukalion i. i.
1 8 To the musical reeds and the glasses. ., farewell.
b. fig. as the symbol of rustic or pastoral poetry.
158* STANYHURST sEneis i. (Arb.) i, I that in old season
wyth reeds oten harmpnye whistled My rural sonnet.
17*1 RAMSAY Petit. Whin-bush Club n, Etling wi' spite to
rive my reed, And give my muse a fa'. 1783 BURNS Poor
Mailie viii, Come, join the melancholious croon O' Robin's
reed ! i8ai CLARE Vill. Minstr. I. 105 Sweetest of subjects
are ye for my reed. 1867 WHITTIER Tent on Beach 86
Making his rustic reed of song A weapon in the war with
wrong.
8. A part of various musical instruments.
a. In the oboe and bassoon : A part of the mouth-
piece, consisting of two slightly concave wedge-
shaped pieces of reed or cane fixed face to face on
the end of a metal tube, and producing a musical
sound by vibration when the instrument is blown
into. Also, a similar device fixed in the chanter of
a bagpipe. (Now freq. called a double reed in
distinction to c.)
1530 PALSGR. 261/2 Rede of a weyght the instrument,
anche. 1727 BOYER Diet. Royal I, Anche,. .the Reed of a
Hoboy, or some other Wind-instrument of Musick. 17*7-
41 CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v. Bagpipe, The third [pipe] has a reed,
and is played on by compressing the bag under the arm.
Ibid., Hautboy or Hoboy, a sort of musical instrument of the
wind kind, with a reed to blow or play it withal. 1797
Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) VIII. 342/1 It [the oboe] spreads and
widens towards the bottom, and is sounded through a reed.
1835 Penny Cycl. IV. 10/1 It [the bassoon] consists of . . a
brass craned neck in which the reed is inserted. 1879 W. H.
STONE in Grove Diet. Mus. I. 123/2 The chaunter reed is.,
made of two approximated edges of cane tied together, and
is thus essentially a double reed, like that of the oboe or
bassoon.
b. (a) In the organ : A small metal tube fixed
at the lower end of a pipe, having a longitudinal
opening covered or closed by a metal tongue, which
is made to vibrate by the air entering the tube.
Free reed (see quot. 1855 and cf. note to c). (£) In
a bagpipe drone : A piece of hollow reed, closed
at one end by a joint, and having a tongue made
on one side by splitting from a cross-cut near the
joint backwards in the direction of the open end.
1717-41 CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v. Organ, A reed-pipe consists
of a foot . . , which carries the wind into the shallot, or reed . . ,
which is a hollow demi-cylinder[etc.]. 1855 HOPKINS Org an.
xviii. 93 The reed is a smalt cylindrical tube of brass. .. In
the front of the reed, an opening is left, running lengthways,
presenting an appearance as though a portion of the reed
had been cut away, at which the wind enters. Ibid. 95 A
third kind of reed is used on the continent, called the free-
reed. In this variety, .the tongue, .. instead of striking on
the edges of the reed, is impelled into the opening by the
wind. 1879 W. H. STONE in Grove Diet. Mus. I. 123/2 The
drone reeds, .somewhat resemble the reed in organ pipes,
the loose flap of cane replacing the tongue, the uncut part
the tube or reed proper.
O. (a) A metal tongue used to produce sound by
vibration, esp. that used in an organ-pipe ; (£) a
slip of cane used for the same purpose, as in the
clarinet. (Sometimes called single reedf in distinc-
tion to a.)
Beating or striking reed, one which strikes against its
seat ; in the organ, against the edges of the opening in the
tube. Free reed, one which produces sound by vibration
only, esp. one which vibrates in the opening of a tube
without touching the edges, as in instruments of the reed-
organ type.
1811 BUSBY Diet. Mus. (ed. 3), Reed,, .the name given by
organ-builders to a kind of tongue, consisting of a thin
narrow plate of brass [etc.]. 1837 Penny Cycl. VII. 234/2
Clarinet, a musical instrument made of wood, . . having a
fixed mouth-piece containing a reed. 1867 TYNDALL Sound
v. 193 The metal reed commonly employed in organ-pipes.
1879 W. H. STONE in Grove Diet. Mus. I. 361/1 The
clarinet consists essentially of a mouth-piece furnished with
a single beating reed [etc.]. 1889 D. J. BLAIKLEY in Proc.
Mus. Assoc. 153 The reed of a DobelPs fog-horn .. is as
truly a reed in its action as the most delicate reed of the
clarinet.
d. A reed-instrument.
1879 W. H. STONE in Grove Diet. Mus. I. 151/2 Some of
the older forms, .possess a contrivance which does not exist
at the present day on any reed. Ibid. 153/2 The curious
dialogue . . between strings and reeds.
9. t °" A piece of reed on which yarn is wound ;
a bobbin, spool. Obs. rare.
1530 PALSGR. 261/2 Rede to wynde yarne on or suche
lyke, tuyau. 1711 RAMSAY Elegy Patie Birnie ProL note,
The pirn, or little hollow reed which holds the yarn in the
shuttle.
b. Mining. A tube containing the powder-train
for igniting the charge in blasting.
1875 KNIGHT Diet. Meek, 1903/2.
10. A weaver's instrument for separating the
threads of the warp and beating up the weft,
formerly made of thin strips of reed or cane, but
now of metal wires, fastened by the ends into two
parallel bars of wood. Fly reed: see FLY sb.% 8.
1611 COTGR., Latne,..\\\t. reed, or slay of a weuers loome.
1688 R. HOLME Armoury \\\. 107/2 R eed,.. like the Barrs of
a Grate through which the Warp or Yarn runs. 1714 Fr.
Bk. of Rates 188 The Combs, Reeds, and other Parts of the
Loom. 1789 £. DARWIN Bot. Gard. it. (1791) 56 Quick
beat the reeds, the pedals fall and rise. 18*5 NICHOLSON
Operat. Meek. 412 The reed, .has one or two threads of the
warp passed between each of its wires, which wires are
termed dents. 1894 Labour Commission G/oas. s.v., Reeds
are reckoned by the number of interstices per inch, thus,
a 64 reed has 64 interstices to the inch.
b. A make of cloth, as distinguished by the
number of threads which go to an inch of the reed.
1881 Mtinck. Guard. 18 Jan., Printing cloth of all kinds is
also very steady, especially 72 reeds. 1888 Daily News
27 Aug. 7/2 Printers of medium reeds have been in better
request.
11 A comb used in the making of tapestry for
pressing down the threads of the weft, so as to
produce a close surface.
1727-41 CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v. Tapestry, The reed or comb
is., of wood, eight or nine inches long, and an inch thick at
the back. Ibid., The silk or wool being placed, he beats it
with his reed or comb. 1842 Penny Cycl. XXIV. 46/1 The
thread of woof or shoot thus inserted is finally driven close
up. .by means of a reed or comb formed of box-wood or
ivory.
12. One of a set of small semicylindrical mould-
ings, resembling a number of reeds laid beside each
other. (Cf. REEDING vbl. sb. 2.)
1745 POCOCKE Deter. East II. 11. in. x. 169 The lower
part filled with cablins of reeds, is of one stone, and the
upper part of another. 1813 P. NICHOLSON Pract. Build.
161 When a piece of wood is formed into two or more semi-
cylinders, touching each other, the semi-cylinders are called
Reeds. 184* GWILT Archil. § 2129 A repetition of equal
semicylindncal mouldings, springing from a plane or cylin-
drical surface, is called reeds.
13. attrib. and Comb. a. Simple attrib., as reed-
bank, blade, bush, case, fence, ground, land, marsh,
pent pit, plot, seed, sheaf, spire, stem, top, whisper^
etc.; (sense 8) reed action, instrument, register ;
(sense 10) as reed-motion, 'Split. Also similative,
as reed-green ; reed-like adj.
1889 D. J. BLAIKLKY in Proc. Mus. Assoe. 152 The manner
of *reed action has been the subject of much mathematical
investigation. 1589 RIDER BibL Sctiolast., A *reede banke,
or place where reeds growe, antndinetum, cannttntn. 1827
CLARE Sheph. Col. 147 Lapping up love-knot plaits.. With
broad green *reed-blades. 1894 MEREDITH Ld. Orntont
xxv, The bordering flags amid the reed-blades dipped and
streamed. 1535 COVERDALE fsa. ix. 18 As it were out of
a fyere in a wod or a *redebush. 1886 R. F. BURTON
Arab. Nts. (abr. ed.) I. 115, I .. took the *reed-case and
reed; and wrote. 1807 CRABBE Par. Reg. \. 148 The
*reed-fence rises round some fav'rite spot. 1894 Daily
News 28 Apr. 6/4 There is a considerable demand for a soft
tint of *reed-green. 1629 Drayner Conf, (1647) B j, If the
water be drayned, and the cold moisture removed from the
root of *Reed-ground. 1867 TYNDALL Sound v. 195 The
most perfect of *reed instruments is the organ of voice.
1876 tr. Blaserna^s Sound i. 20 The clarionet, the ob5e and
all the trumpet class, are reed instruments. 1769 St.
James's Chron. 10-11 Aug. 2/2 Several Parcels of *Reed-
land, lying before, .the March Walls. 1605 SVLVESTER Du
Bartas n. in. i. Vocation 358 With *Reed-like Lance, and
with a Blunted blade. 1839 LOUDON Encycl. Plants 58
Reed-Hke Canary-grass. 1766 J. BARTRAM Jrnl. 7 Jan. in
W. Stork Ace. E. l-'lorida 26 Being generally good *reed-
marsh and some cypress-swamps. 1877 A. B. EDWARDS Up
Nile iti. 63 Scrawling upon it in rude Arabic characters
with a *reed-pen of his own making, c 1440 Prowp. Parv.
426/1 *Reed pytte, or fenne, cannetum, aruntHnetum.
1611 COTGR., Caneliere, a *Reed-plot ; a ground thats full,
or set full, of reeds. 185* SEIDKL Organ 20 Even in the
course of the sixteenth century ^some of the *reed -registers
were inven
ely t
^
ented. 1830 J. D. HOY in Loudon Mag. Nat. Hist.
III. 329 Their food is not entirely the *reed seed. 1810 in
W. Marshall Rev. Rep. Agric., N. Som. II. 515 note. The
. .
sheaves thus prepared are called *reed -sheaves. 1874 T.
HARDY Far fr. Mad. Oww/xxxvii, You can bring up some
reed-sheaves to me, one by ope. 1585 HICINS tr. junius'
NontencL 117 Arundinum ocitli, zW £«/&',,. *Reede spier.
1875 KNIGHT Diet. Mech. 1003/1 Two threads of yarn pass
between each of the *reed-splits or dents. 1843 Zoologist
I. 97 Shell-snails .. covering the lower part of the *reed-
stems. 1830 TENNYSON Dying Swan 10 Ever the weary
wind went on, And took the *reed-tops as it went. « 1835
MRS. HE MANS Elysium, Low *reed-whispers, making sweet
reply.
b. Objective or objective genitive, as reed-cutter,
-drawer,- maker; reed-lmrning, -drawing, -making,
•rustling.
1591 PEHCIVALL Sp. Diet., Bruscar, to heate a ships side
with *reede burning. 18x9 in Loudon Mag, Nat, Hist. II.
222 The *reed-cutters having even then commenced their
operations. 1891 T. HARDY Tess xliii, _Noted *reed-drawers
were they too. Ibid., *Reed-drawing is fearful hard work.
ifm&mittrt. Marriage Licences (MS.), Peter Beiseu of All
Saints', Canterbury, *reedmaker. 1885 Census Instruct. 43
Reed Maker. 1854 MRS. GASKELL North <J- S. xii, I shall
be glad to procure her admission to print-works, or *reed-
making. 1884 BLAKELEE Industr. Cycl. 342/1 tnarg., Reed-
making Machine. i797SoUTHEYCYwim.^*/. Bk. (1851) IV. 45
The *reed -rust ling breeze.
C. Instrumental, as reed-bordered ', -clad^ -com'
pacted, -crowned, -grown, -roofed.
1890 ' R. BOLDREWOOD ' Col. Reformer (1891) 192 A "reed-
bordered lagoon. 1850 R.G. CUMMING Hunter's LifeS.AJr.
(1902) 63/2 i'he *reed-c!ad margin of the western branch of
the stream. 1777 POTTER &schylus,Prvm. Bd. 36 Hoarse
sounds the *reed-compacted pipe, a 1608 SYLVESTER Hymn
to St. Lewis 181 This River makes the *Reed crown'd banks
to kiss, By th* arched favour of a Bridge. 1744 MASON
Musseus 32 His reed-crown'd locks shall shake, a 1835
MRS. HEMAKS Last Constantine iv, The shore Of the reed-
crown'd Eurotas. 1887 Westm. Rev. June 338 These semi-
stagnant, *reed-grown meres. cxSaoS. ROGERS Italy (1839)
167 A *reed-roofed cabin by a river-side.
14. Special combs., as reed-babbler, the reed-
warbler ; reed back, the wooden bars of a weaving-
reed ; freed-beere, a reed-bed; reed bent-grass,
small reed, Calamagrostis ; reed-buck, the rietbok,
or other antelope frequenting reeds ; reed canary-
grass, canary-reed, Phalaris arundinacea ; reed
fescue, slender wheat-grass, Fcstuca sylvatica \
reed-flush (see quot.) ; reed-machine, a machine
for making weaving-reeds ; reed meadow-grass,
a tall coarse grass, Poa or Glyeeria aquatica ; reed
moth, a European moth, Macrogaster anindinis ;
reed-organ, a musical instrument of the organ
type in which the sounds are produced by means
of reeds; reed-pheasant, the bearded titmouse;
reed-plane, a reeding-plane (Knight 1 875) ; reed-
press, a press for straw which is to be made into
reed; reed-rand(or -rond), reed-roll (seequots.);
t reed sedge, ? reeds ; reed-stop, an organ-stop
composed of reed-pipes ; reed-thrush = REED-
WARBLER b ; reed-tree (see CALAMODENDRON) ;
reed voice, a reedy or squeaking voice ; + reed-
yard, a sceptre of reed. Also REED-BED, -BIRD, etc.
1840 Cuvier's Anim. Kingd. 101 The Sedge Babbler.. is
also a common summer visitant in Britain, more generally
distributed than the *Reed Babbler (Sylvia arundinacea).
1895 *Reed back [see reed-machine below]. 1585 H ic INS
Junius' Nomencl. 388/1 A rundinetum, . . a place where
reedes grow : a *reedebeere. 18x2-34 Good's Study Med.
(ed. 4) f. 179 Horses feed with avidity and thrive to fatness
on the agrostis arundtnacea, or *reed bent-grass. 1860
DARLINGTON Amer. Weeds, etc. 376 Calamagrostis. Reed
Bent-Grass. 1834 fenny Cycl. II. 79/2 The reitbok ..or
*reedbuck, so called from its habit of frequenting the reedy
banks and beds of dry water-courses. 1893 SELOUS Trav.
S. E. Africa 160 A reed-buck, with a fine head, jumped out
of the long grass. 1759 B. STILLINGFL. Mise. Tracts (1791)
182 The *reed canary grass serves for thatching houses.
1860 DARLINGTON Amer. Weeds, etc. ^x>P.arundinacea..
Reed-like Phalaris. Reed Canary Grass. 1859 Miss PRATT
Brit. Grasses 4- Sedges 103 *Reed Fescue, . . its stem is from
2-4 feet high . . the leaves are long, and of somewhat yellowish
green. 1876 Encycl. Brit. IV. 490/2 Reeds are generally
struck on the panel in the direction of the grain, and laid in
on the panel across it, or along the ends ; this is termed
*reed-flush. 1895 R. MARSDEN Cotton Weaving \v. io6The
*reed machine is furnished with the parts of the machine
termed the reed back, composed of two strips of wood each
for the top and bottom. 1841 R. PARNELL Crosses Scot. 101
Poa aquatica. *Reed Meadow-Grass. 1858 SIMMONDS
Diet. Trade s.v. Melodeon, Seraphine, harmoneon, *reed-
organ, &c are names for essentially the same instrument.
1879 A. J. HiPKiNsin Grove Diet. Mus. 1.66? Of late the name
Reed-Organ has been used to express both the harmonium
and the American organ. 1831 RENNIE Montagus Ornitk.
Diet. 26 Bearded Tit.— 'Reed Pheasant 1848 Zoologist
VI. 2186 The bearded titmouse is the 'reed pheasant *, and
indeed with its long graduated tail it is not unlike a minia-
ture pheasant. 1891 T. HARDY Tess xliii, There had already
been placed in the *reed-press. .as many sheaves of wheat as
would be sufficient for the women to draw from during the
day. 1840 SPURDENS SufpL Forby s.v. Randt A *reed-
rand, on our rivers and broads is a margin overgrown with
reeds. 1865 KINGSLEY Hereif. Prel., Long lines of reed-
rond, emerald in spring, a 18*5 FORBY Voc. E. Anglia,
*Reed-roll, a thicket of reeds on the borders or shallow
parts of a river, a 1490 BOTONER I tin,. (Nasmith, 1778) 288
Shevys de *reede segge. 1717 BOYER Diet. Royal II,
*Reed-stop of an Organ, anche d'orguf. 1811 BUSBY
Diet. Mus. (ed. 3) s.v. Reed, Those stops of an organ which
consist of pipes so furnished are called Reed Stops. 1871
HILES Diet. Mus. T., Hautboy-clarion,** ft. reed stop in an
organ. 1871-4 NEWTON YarreirsBrit. Birds I. 365 There
seems no reason to doubt their having been specimens of the
Great Reed-Warbler or *Reed-Thrush, to use its oldest
English name. 1596 SHAKS. Merck. V. in. iv.6? He. .speake
betweene the change of man and boy. With a *reede voyce,
a 1240 Wohunge in Cott. Horn. 281 SiSen gette buffetet and
to dunet i be heaued wi<5 J>e *red jerde.
Reed (rfd),J*.2 Mining. [Of obscure origin.]
a. The split or fracture in a coal seam at right
REED.
angles to the bedding ; the cleat, b. The parting
between strata.
1839 Um Viet. ArtsiAi The lamellae (reed of the coal)
are always parallel to the bed or plane on which the coal
rests. Ibitf.<jT\ It is often divided and intersected, with its
concomitant strata, by what are named partings, backs,
cullers, reeds, or ends. 1883 GEESLEY Gloss. Coal-mining.
Reed (rfd), v. [f. KEED st'.l]
1. trans. To thatch with reed. Chiefly pass. (cf.
KEEDED ///. a. 2.)
c 1440 Proinp. Parv. 426/2 Redyn' howsys, arundino,
calamo. 1538 LELAND I tin. (1768) III. 125 The Abbay
Chirch and Paroch Chirch [being] then be chaunce readid
or thatchid. 1573 TUSSER Huso. (1878) in Where houses
be reeded . . now pare off the mosse.
2. To make (straw) into reed. (See REED rf.l 2C.)
1817-18 COBBETT Raid. U. S. (1822) 339 If this straw be
reeded, as they do it in the counties of Dorset and Devon,
it will last thirty years. Ibid. 341 Only think of the expense
of drawing or of reeding straw in England !
3. To fashion into, or decorate with, reeds; to
furnish with a reed-moulding. (See REED ji.l 12.)
1823 P. NICHOLSON Pract. Build. 161 When a piece cf
wood is formed into two or more semi-cylinders, touching
each other.. the piece of wood is said to be reeded. 1848
B. WEHB Cont. Ecclesiol. 42 Two of the pillars are reeded . .
in opposite directions, rtyo Atltenxum 9 Aug. 199/1 The
chalice . . has a mullet-shaped base, reeded vertically.
Bead, var. READ si.1; obs. f. READ v., RED a.,
REDE sb.1 and v. ; obs. var. ROOD.
t Ree'dal, a. and sb. Obs. rare. [f. REED j/5.1
+ -AL.] a. adj. Of the nature of a reed. b. sb.
A device of this kind.
1718 NORTH Mem. Music (1846) 26, I guess it was voiced
either by the lipps, as a cprnett, or else by some reedall.
Ibid. 37 The tibia were pipes that sounded by a reedall
device like those affixed to bagpipes.
Reed-bed. [REED si.1] A bed or growth
of reeds. (Common in recent use.)
c 1000 /ELFRIC Exod. ii. 3 Heo . . asette hyne on anuin
hreodbedde be brcs Modes ofre. 1483 Cath. Angl. 302/1
Rede bede. arundineturrt, canttetuiti, 173' AINSWORTII
Lat. Diet. I. S.V. Reed, A reed bed, bank, or plot, arundin-
etutn. 1843 Zoologist I. 97 The reed-beds on the banks of
the Thames. 1897 E. CONYBF.ARE Hist. Cambridgesh. 5 The
Great Copper butterfly.. no longer brightens the reed-beds.
Reed-bird. [REED^.I]
1. A bird which frequents reeds. rarc~l.
1648 HEXHAM, Eeit riet-meese, a Reede-bird like a Tit-
mouse.
2. spec. a. A North American singing-bird,
Dolichonyx oryzivorus ; the bobolink or rice-
bunting. Also attrib.
1795 W. PRIEST Trav. i/. S. (1802) 90 A wonderful variety
of small birds, among which, the reed bird, or American
ortolan, justly holds the first place. 1810 WILSON Ainer.
Ornith. II. 48 Rice Bunting, Emberiza oryzivora. ..This is
the Boblink of the eastern and northern states, and the Rice
and Reed-bird of Pennsylvania and the southern states.
1893 LELAND Mem. I. 55 The reed-bird, which is quite as
good as the ortolan of Italy. Ibid. 57 Then we all had reed*
bird suppers or lunches.
b. (a} The reed-warbler ; (If) the sedge-warbler.
1848 Zoologist VI. 2186 The sedge warbler is the 'reed-
bird '. 1871-4 NEWTON YarreWs Brit. Birds I. 370 Its par-
tiality for reeds .. make[s] the names of Reed-bird or Reed-
Wren, by which it is commonly known, sufficiently applic-
able.
Reed-bunting. [REED j*.i] The reed-
sparrow {Embcriza schanidus\
1785 PENNANT Arct. Zool. II. 368 Reed Blunting). 1840
Cuvier's A nim. Kingd. 198 The Reed Bunting., has a black
head and gorget, and white ring round the neck. 1871
DARWIN Desc. Man \\. xiii. II. 95 In the spring the feathers
on the head of the male reed-bunting.. acquire a fine black
colour.
Beede, obs. f. READ v., RED a., REDE sbl and v.
Reeded (n-ded), ///. a. [f. REED v. and sb.1}
1. Overgrown with reeds.
1876 GROSART Introd. A. Wilson's Poems I. p. xli, He
Journeyed — gun in hand — in forest, brushwood, reeded
swamp. 1891 E. R. PENNELL Stream Pleas. 65 The campers
pitch their tents on the reeded islands.
2. Thatched with reed.
1819 H. BUSK yeslriadv. 263 Grassy fences.. That glitter-
ing hang the reeded eaves beneath. 1848 LYTTON Harold
i. iv, Blunt, cone-headed turrets. .rose often from the low,
thatched and reeded roofs.
3. Ornamented with reed-moulding.
1833 J. HOLLAND Mauuf. Metal II. 80 When the [sword]
blade.. is required to have a reeded back or some similar
sort of ornament. 1858 EcclesMogist XIX. 165 Circular
shafts, with reeded caps. 1889 PATER (7. de I.atonr (1896)
79 Frames of reeded ebony or jewelled filigree.
4. Furnished with musical reeds.
c 1865 \\-ylde-s Circ. Sc. I. 284/1 The usual mode of form,
ing reeded and tongued instruments.
Reedel, obs. form of RIDDLE si.1
Reeden (rrd'n), a. Now rare. Also 6-7
readeu. [f. REED si.1 + -EN 4.]
1. Made or consisting of reed ; reed-like.
1381 WVCLIP 2 Kings xviii. 21 Whether hopist thou in the
recden [L. amndineo] staf and broken. 1586 BRIGHT
iftltUK*. Pref., Philosophic . . is but a readen staffe to beai e
up so heauy a burthen. l597GERARDE//<-r<Wi. iii. 4 Alun^
slender recden stalke. 1611 CORYAT Crudities 262 The
women of Venice, .put on a readen hat, without anycrowne
at all. 1697 DRYDKN Virg. Geoig. iv. 385 Thro' reeden
Pipes convey the Golden Flood. 1817 Sporting Mag. L. 25
The thresher in his shirt and reeden fillet.
1 2. = REEDY i. Obs. rare-1.
323
1387 TREVISA Higden (Rolls) VII. 487 Whanne }>ey were
UOtitpca i-passed a redea niarys.
Reeder (rf dai). Also 5 redare, 6 reider.
[f. REED v. and sl>.1 + -Eii1.]
1. One who thatches with reeds, a thatcher. ? 06s.
c 1440 Promp. Parv. 426/2 Redare, of bowses, calantalor^
arundinarius, cannarius. 1552 HULOET, Reider of houses
or thacker. arundinarins. 1610 in Eng, Hist. Rev. (1898)
XIII. 524 Thatcher, Reeder, or Flecker vii<£
2. A thatched frame used to protect blocks or
tiles of china-clay from rain.
1880 Spons" Encycl. Mannf. I. 637 The blocks [of china-
clay] are then collected, and piled away in sheds, under a
number of thatched gates or ' feeders'.
Reed-grass. [REED j«$.i]
1. A name given to various reed-like grasses, as
the bur-reed, bent, reed bent-grass, etc.
1578 LVTE Dodoens iv. Iv. 515 Rede grasse hath long narrow
leaues . . with a sharpe crest or backe, raysed vp. 1585
HICINS tr. Jutting* Nomencl. 120 Bntonntntt. .reedgrasse,
or oxbane. 1611 COTGR., Roseau des cstangs, reed-grasse,
the Burre Reed. 1743 JAMES Med, Diet. s.v. Arundo, The
Graniett Arundinaceum^ Reed Grass, enumerated amongst
the Reeds by Dale, agrees in Virtues with the common
Reed. 1777 LIGKTFOOT Fl. Scot. I. 107 Arundo arenaria,
Sea Reed Grass. 1813 H. DAVIES Welsh Boteuiol. i. 12
Arundo coloratat Canary Reed-grass.
2. The name of various American grasses.
Salt reed-grass^ a tall stout grass (Spartina polystachyd)
of the Atlantic coast. Small reed-grass^ a species of Cala-
magrostis. Sweet or wood reed-grass > the tall sweet-scented
grasses China arundinacea or C. 6endula.
1756 P. BROWNE Jamaica 341 The Mountain Reed-Grass.
I found this curious little plant at Cold Spring. 1846-50
A. WOOD Class-bk. Bot. 601 Caiamagrostis canadensis,
Reed Grass, Blue-joint.
t Re-edificate, pa. pple. 06s. rare-1. [See
RE-EDIFY and EDIFICATE.] Rebuilt.
1433-50 tr. Higdtn (Rolls) II. 79 That cite [Chester], spmme
tyme destroyede by men of Northumbrelonde, but reedificate
by_Elfleda, lady of the marches.
I (I
c.) or med.L. rexdijication-em, n. of" action f. re-
bybifleda, lady of the mai
Re-edifica-tioii.
[a. OF. reedificaiion (i4th
sedificare to RE-EDIFY.] The action of rebuilding
or the state of being rebuilt. Now rare or Obs.
X473 Rolls ofParlt. VI. 94/2 The reparations and reedifi-
(1612) 534 That rich and renowned Citie . . after her reedlfica-
tion to be debased into so low.. an estate. 1651 HOBBES
Leviath. nt. xxxiii. 202 The re-edification of the walls and
houses of Jerusalem. 1726 DART (title-p.) The History, .of
the Cathedral Church of Canterbury, . .Containing, An Ac-
count of its First Establishment, Building, Re-edifications
[etc.]. 1796 JEFFERSON Writ. (1859) IV. 134, I have begun
the demolition of my house, and hope to get through its re-
edification in the course of the summer. 1815 WRAXALL
Hist. Mem. I. 68 Its re-edification, .and improvement in
every sense, occupied his capacious mind.
Re-e diner. [RE- 5 a ; or f. next + -EE 1.]
One who rebuilds, a rebuilder. Now rare.
1538 LELAND /tin. (1769) IV. 8 He thinketh that the Vaulx
were Re_edifiers of it. 1579 FENTON Guicciard. (1618) 24 An
old opinion . . that Charlemaine was the reedifier of their citie.
1675 SHERBURNE Sphere Manilius 66 [Philippi] afterwards
renamed from Philip.. its Reedifier. 1767 S. PATERSON
Another Trav. I. 425 Re-edifiers of fallen temples ! and
quickeners of dead laurels 1 1832-4 DE QUINCEV Caesars
Wks. 1862 IX. 35 She looked up to him. .as the re-edifier
of her husband's honours.
Re-edify (r^e-difsi), v. Forms : see EDIFY.
Also 0. 5-6 redifye, 6 redyfy, 6-7 redefy. [ad.
OF. reedifier (and rectifier) - Sp., Pg. reedifcar,
It. riediftcare :— late L. resedificdre to rebuild, f.
re- RE- + xdificare to EDIFY.]
1. trans. To rebuild (a house, or other building,
a wall, city, street, etc.).
1420-11 LVDG. Thebes n. (Laud MS.) If. 26 pis olde
Neemie Gat hym licence to reedifie The walles newe of
lerusalem. 1485 Rolls o/Parlt. VI. 313/2 Your Besccher
. .myght not be sulfred to reedifie and make ageyn the said
two Forges. 1513 BRADSHAW St. Werburge ii. 641 This
noble duchesse . . Reedified Chestre and fortified it full
ryght. 1594 WEST 2nd Ft. Symbol., Chancerie § 85 They
yet doe deny and refuse.. to repaire and reedify the said
tenements and premisses. 1631 WEEVER^WC. Funeral Man.
267 The Langleys. .did either found or reedifie this Church.
1688 EVELYN Diary 23 Aug., Northampton, having ben lately
burnt and re-edified. 17*31 DE FOE Plague (1756) 109 To
beautify the City, and re-edify the Buildings. 1775 CHANDLER
Trav. Asia M. (1825) I. 241 Hadrian is said to iiave reedified
and named it Hadnanopolis. 1818 MILLS Hist. Crusades
(1822) I. i. 4 The impious and vain attempt of the Emperor
Julian to re-edify the walls of the holy city. 1894 BARING-
GOULD Deserts S. France II. 103 Men began everywhere
to erect churches, and re-edify those that were ruinous.
nbsol. 1608 TOPSELL Serpents (1658) 706 If it happen at
any tjme that a house be burned, ..when the people come to
re-edifie, they can very hardly displant their number.
/3. 1431-50 tr. Hifden (Rolls) III. 173 This Cambises
wolde not suffre the temple to be redifiede in his tyme.
c 1475 Partenay 3700 Which church he shall welle redyfy.
1545 JOVE E.tp. Dan. vi. Lv, For y» walls of Jerusalem &
temple to be redified. 1368 GRAFTON Citron. 1 1. 755 Edmond
Shaw . . of his awne costs redefied Cripplegate.
fb. To rebuild (a ship). Obs. rare~l.
1570-4 LAMBARDE Fcramb. Kent (1826) 315 All these ships
Queen Elizabeth hath either wholy built upon the stockes,
or newly reedified upon the olde moaldes.
2. Jig. To rebuild, restore, re-establish.
1540-1 ELVOT Image Gov. 43 This publike weale, which
beyng subuerted,..! haue reedified. 1591 DANIEL Comfl.
REEDLING.
Rosamond Wks. (1717) 62 Thy favourable Lines Re-edified
the Wreck of my Decays. 1603 DKAYTON Bar. ll'ars i. xxiii,
Re-edify'd king Arthur's ancient Boord. a 1653 HHOMK
New Acad. iv. ii. Wks. 1873 II. 79 The least syllable of
your fair testimony, is able to re-edifie the ruines of a
decayed commendation. i8aa HAZLITT Tablc-t. Ser. u. xiv.
(1869) 289 My public and private hopes have been left a
ruin, ..I would wish them to be re-edified.
3. transf. To build up again physically.
1897 A Hint? s Syst. Med. III. 479 As the gastralgia sub-
sides the patient must be re-edified in the usual way.
Hence Ke-e'difled, ///. a.
1600 J. PORY tr. Leo's Africa, in. 197 The inhabitants of
this reedified towne are Moores. 1633 Bp. HALL Hard
Texts, O. T. 562 There shall be holy service performed to
my name, in the re-edified Temple.
Re-edifying (rf,e-dif3i,irj), vii. sb. [f. prec.
+ -ING!.] The action of the vb. RE-EDIFY in
various senses.
1481 CAXTON Godfrey vii. 27 For the reedefyeng of this
holy werke. 1534 Act 26 Hen. VIII, c. 8 (title) An act for
reedifiying of voide groundes in the citie of Norwich. 1579
W. WILKINSON Confitt. Fam. Love 26 The redyfiyng of the
Church by Christ is prophecied. 1615 G. SANDYS Trav.
ii Vpon the reedifying of Corinth it [Deios] was held by the
Athenians. 1668 Land. Gaz. No. 245/1 Great care is
taken for the speedy re-edifying of the late ruined Palace
here. 1747 CARTE Hist. Eng. I. 329 He readily swallowed
alt pretences of dreams for the re-edifying of monasteries.
1851 D. WILSON Preh. Ann. (1863) II. iv. i. 194 The
re-edifying of churches and monasteries on a larger, .scale.
Reediness (rrdines). [f. REEDY a. + -NESS.]
The state or quality of being reedy, in various
senses of the adj.
1869 SIR E. REED Shiihiild. xviii. 397 To try . . the quality
of the iron and to develope indications of any reediness, or
looseness of structure it may possess. 1888 Set. Ainer.
30 June 402/3 The Liszt organ .. possesses great freedom
from reediness in sound. 1899 Westm. Gaz. 16 May 2/1
There is a harshness, a reediness about it, and sometimes an
absence of modulation.
t Reeding, sb. Obs. (Seequot. and READING**.)
1688 R. HOLME Artrtourym.wBfa Reedings. .[is] House-
wives Cloth made of Hemp or Flax.
Reeding (rrdirj), vbl. sb. [f. REED v. + -ma 1.]
1. The action of the verb in various senses.
c 1440 Promt. Parv. 427/1 Redynge, of howsys. A riindin-
ado. 1710 HILMAN Tiisser Rediv. No. 5. 5 Reeding is no
where so well done as in Norfolk and Suffolk.. .[It] will
bear a better Slope than any other Thatch. 1885 Harper's
Mag. July 256/1 Reeding and harnessing are subsidiary pro-
cesses in putting the warp in proper shape on the loom.
2. a. A small semicylindrical moulding (cf. REED
ji.l 12) ; ornamentation of this form.
1815 J. SMITH Panorama Sc. ff Art I. 173 Several beads
placed together, or sunk in a flat face, are called reedings.
1854 F. REINNEL Carpenter? Compan. 50 When reeding is
introduced on flat surfaces, there should always be an odd
number. l86a RAWLINSON Anc. Mon. I. n. vi. 362 The
plaster of which they are composed is formed into sets of
half pillars or reedings.
b. The milling on the edge of coins. (Knight
Diet. Mech. 1875.)
8. Comb, reeding. plane, a plane used for mak-
ing reeds in wood.
1815 JAMIESON Suppl. 1819 ELMES Mttrop. Improv. 29
Wood scored by a carpenter's reeding plane.
tRee'dish, a. Obs. rare. [f. REED sb.\ +
-ISH ! .] Of the nature of a reed.
1618 GAULE Pract. The. (1629) 233 His Hand mildly swayes
the Reedish Scepter. 1651 — Magastrom. 108 What reedish,
nay strawy, suppositors doe they stand upon ?
Re-e'dit, v. Also 9 -edite. [RE- 5 a.] trans.
To edit again. Hence Ke-e-diting vbl. si.
1797 Monthly Mag. 1 1 1. 91 Some progress will be_ made in
re-editing a German edition of a forgotten classic. 1807
SouTHEv5>«. Eng. Poets I. p. vii, When Dr. Aikin began to
re-edite Johnson's collection (of the poets]. 1865 M. ARNOLD
Ess. Crit. ii. 42 A book like the history of the French
Academy . . which M. Charles Livet has lately re-edited.
1898 Daily News 23 Sept. 4/6 The re-editing of liturgical
forms upon simpler and more Scriptural lines.
Re-edrtion, sb. [RE- 5 a.] A second edition ;
a re-editing.
1655 FULLER Wounded Cause., etc. (1867) 278 Gerard him-
self, .must have been forced to a re-edition of his Herbal.
1716 M. PAVIES At/ten. Brit. III.l. 30 Before this re-edition
Lett. (1889) I. 464 To re-edit his Works, which did not want
any such re-edition.
tRe-edi'tion, v. Obs. rare. [RE- 5 a.] trans.
To issue again. Hence f Be-edrtioning vbl. sb.
to imagine any necessity there was of re-editioning of it.
Keedle, obs. form of RIDDLE sbl
Ree-dless,«. rare-1, [f. REED sbl + -LESS.]
Destitute of reeds.
1618 MAY yirg. Georg. iv. 134 Vouths, that tomb'd before
their parents were ; Whom foule Cocytus' reedlesse bankes
enclose.
Reedles(se, varr. REDELESS a. Obs.
Reedling (rf-dlirj). [f. REED sb.\ + -LING.]
1. The bearded titmouse, fanuriis biarmicus.
Also called bearded reedling.
1840 Cm'ier's Anini. Kined. 198 There is only one known
species, the Bearded Reedling .., extensively diffused over
Europe and Asia, and not rare in some parts of Britain.
41-2
HEED-MACE.
1871-4 NEWTON Yarrelfs Brit. Birds I. 522 Reedling, used
for it by several authors, would certainly be preferable to
Titmouse, had not some of the aquatic warblers been also so
called. 1896 Daily A'ews 28 Nov. 3/6 Bearded tit, reedling
or reed pheasant.
2. A reed-bed.
1830 J. D. HOY in Loudon Mag. Nat. Hist. III. 329 The
very young shell-snails of different kinds which are numerous
in the bottom of the reedlings.
Reedloker, compar. REDLY adv.2 Obs.
Reed-mace. [REED ^A1] a. An aquatic
plant, Typha latifoliat common on the margins
of ponds and lakes, having long ensiform leaves
and tall stems, the latter terminated by dense
cylindrical spikes of small brownish flowers (Also
called cafs-tail or cat-tail, and bulrush.) b. The
smaller species, Typha angustifolia.
The two species are sometimes distinguished as greater
(or broad-leaved) and lesser reed-mace.
1548 TURNER Names Herbes (E. D. S.) 79 Typha groweth
in fennes and water sydes among the reedes. . . It is called in
englishe cattes tayle, or a Reedmace. 1561 — Herbal \\.
159 b, It maye be.. called rede mace, because boyes vse it
in theyr handes in the stedeof amace. 1578 LVTE Dodoens
iv. Hii. 513 Turner calleth it in Englishe, Keede Mace, and
Cattes tayle. 1668 WILKINS Real Char. n. iv. § 3. 73. 1691
RAY Creation \. (1692) 100 The number of seeds produced
at once in some one Plant, as for example Reed-mace, .may
amount to a Million. 1777 FORSTER b'oy. round World I.
217 The seams between them are caulked with the downy
or woolly substance of the reed-mace. 1785 MARTYN
Roitsseaifs Bot. xxviii. 431 The greater, or broad-leaved
Cat's-tail, otherwise called Reed-mace. 1817 J. BRADBURY
Trav. A mer. 1 16 There was a considerable quantity of the
down of reedmace, (.Typha palustns}. 1842 W. R. WADE
Journey N. Zealand (Morris), The raupo, the reed-mace
of New Zealand, always grows In swampy ground. 1884
JEFFERIES Red Deer ix. 176 By the shore flourishes the tall
reed-mace (so rarely distinguished from the lesser bulrush).
Reed-pipe. [REED sb^\
f 1. A reed-pen. Obs. rare — *.
a 1300 E. E. Psalter xliv. 2 Mi tunge rede-pipe [L.
calamus] mot. .be Writer of swiftH writande.
2. A musical pipe made of reed.
1648 HEXHAM, Eenriet-pijpe^ a Reede-pipe. 1801 STRUTT
Sports <§• Past. in. v. 177, I saw three itinerant musicians..
One of them turned the winch of an organ . . , another blew
a reed-pipe. 1885 tr. Schurer^s Hist. Jew. People I. 272
Reed-pipes were introduced into the choir on the high
festivals.
3. An organ-pipe fitted with a reed.
1727-41 CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v. Organ, The degree of acute-
ness and gravity in the sound of a reed-pipe, depends on
the length of the tongue. 1840 Penny Cycl. XVI. 493/1
The bells of all reed-pipes should be as large as their places
in the organ will admit of. 1881 BROADHOUSE Mus.
Acoustics 172 The reed pipes of organs and the vibrators of
harmoniums produce their tones in the same way.
Reed-sparrow. [REED sbl]
a. A common British bird, Emberiza sch<£nichist
frequenting reedy places. Also called REED-
BUNTING, b. The sedge-warbler.
The two were formerly sometimes distinguished as (a)
greater and (o) lesser reed-sparrow. The former is not a
song-bird (cf. quot. 1802).
14.. Nom. in Wr.-Wulcker 702 Hie palttstris, a rede-
sparowe. 1658 ROWLAND tr. Monfet's Theat. Ins. 1088
Larks, Gnat-snappers, Reed-sparrows, and many other
birds,.. do feed on the Worms of trees and herbs. 1676
WILLUGHBY Ornith. \\. 99 The lesser Reed-sparrow. Ibid^
The greater Reed-sparrow. 1752 J. HILL Hist. Anim. 501
The Reed-sparrow. The Fringilla, with a black head,
brown at the sides and with a white ring. 1769 G. WHITE
Sclbome xxiv, The person that shot it says that it sung so
like a reed-sparrow that he took it for one. i8oa MONTAGU
Ornith, Diet. (1831) 416 There can be no doubt.. that the
nest, as well as the song of the sedge bird, have been taken
. .for those of the Reed Sparrow. 1884 Public Opin. 5 Sept.
399/1 Here a reed-sparrow, deep-nested and brown, and
there a snipe darting away.
Re-e* ducat e, z>. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To educate
again.
1808 MRS. C. KEMBLE Day after Wedding 7 Then you
must re-educate her. 1836 SIR W. HAMILTON Discuss.
(1852) 322 These tutors, educated in the older system, were
unable or unwilling to re-educate themselves for teachers of
the new. 1899 Allbutt's Syst. Med. VI. 899 Gymnastics
are also of advantage in re-educating the nerve centres.
So Re-education.
1888 Voice (N.Y.) 2 Feb., A.. Theological Seminary for
their re-education. 1899 Allbutfs Syst. Med. VII. 578 The
re-education of the sense of hearing.
Reed-warbler. [REED sl>.1] a. A common
British sylvioid bird, Acrocephalus streperus, fre-
quenting reed-beds, b. A related species, A.
arundinaceus (also called reed-thrush and great
reed-warbler], occasionally seen in Britain.
i8om MONTAGU Omith. Diet, (1831) 418 In Wiltshire and
Somersetshire, where the sedge warbler is found in abund-
ance.., not a single Reed Warbler is to be found. 1843
H. DOUBLEDAY in Zoologist 1. 13 A single reed-warbler was
shot at a pond close by the town [Eppingl in 1835. 1884
Public Opin. 5 Sept. 299/1 The birds essentially of the mere
are the sedge warbler, the reed warbler [etc.].
Reed-wren. [!<EED sb^\ The reed-warbler ;
also a name of various allied North American birds.
1783 LIGHTFOOT in Phil. Trans. LXXV. 12 As we have
already a bird, called in English the Willow-wren; ours,
being nearly of the same size and shape, as well as the same
genus, may, from its haunts, not improperly be denominated
the Reed-wren. 1787 LATHAM Gen. Synopsis Birds Suppl.
184 Reed Wren. Size of the Willow Wren. iBoa MONTAGU
Qrnitk. Diet. (1831) 27 Others have undoubtedly taken the
324
nest of the reed wren for it. i86a ANSTED Channel 1st. n.
ix. (ed. 2) 207, I have put the reed wren as doubtful for
Guernsey.
Reedy (rf-di), a. Also 4 reeddy, 6 redy. [f.
REEL> sb.^ + -Y 1.]
1. Abounding with, full of, reeds ; characterized
by the presence of reeds.
1381 WYCLIF Wisd. in. 7 Assparcles in reeddy places [L.
in arundincto] thei shuln renne hider and thider. 1398
TREVISA Bartk. DC P. R. xvni. xc. (Bodl. MS.), Some [frogs]
bet? icleped calamite for J>ei wone among reede..& in reedy
places. 1538 LELAND I tin. (1769) V. 91 Lesse then a Quarter
of a Mile from that Place is a greate redy Poole. 1593
SHAKS. Lucr. 1437 To Siniois reedie bankes the red bloud
ran. 1658 T. WALL Charact. Enemies Ch. 30 Some perillous
beast, which out of the cover of their reedy thickets, attends
the opportunity of their desired prey. 1717-46 THOMSON
Summer 482 The adjoining brook.. Now scarcely moving
through areedy pool. 1840 THIRLWALI. Greece Iv. VII. 103
On the reedy margin of the lake stood here and there some
monuments. 1869 FREEMAN Norm. Caitf. (1876) III. xiv.
357 The Derwent itself, a reedy and somewhat sluggish
stream.
2. Made or consisting of reed or reeds ; reeden.
a 1763 SHENSTONE Elegies x. 31 How must Velino shake
his reedy crest ! 1704 SOUTHEY Poems Slave Trade iv, The
o'erwearied slave. .Rests on his reedy couch. 1853 FELTON
Fan. Lett, xxvii. (1865) 247 A shepherd, who charmed his
weary hours, .by playing rustic airs upon his reedy pipe.
3. Resembling a reed or reeds in some respect :
a. Weak like a reed.
i6z8 FELTHAM Resolves it. xix. 61 She rests full, in her
owne approuement, without the weak Worlds reedy under,
propping. 183* Examiner 721/2 He is reedy— he wants
strength of character.
b. Of straw or grass : Stiff or coarse like reeds.
1778 [W. MARSHALL) Minutes Agric. 5 Apr. an. 1777
Nothwithstanding it was weedy, and the barley-straw reedy,
they have eaten it up very clean. 1863 FR. A. KEMBLE
fitsid. Georgia 50 A small bank of mud and sand, covered
with reedy coarse grass. 1883 F. M. PEARD Contrad. viii,
She had pulled a root of reedy grass from the sand.
C. Having the form or texture of a reed.
1807 CRABBE Par. Rff. i. 140 The leek with crown globose
and reedy stem. 1830 LYTTON P. Clifford xxxi, A horse . . of
the lengthy, reedy, lank, yet muscular race. 1834 DE
QUINCEY in Tail's Mag. I. 75)7 Carriages of our present
light and reedy (almost, one might say, corky) construction.
1841 LOUISA S. COSTELLO Pil&r. A nvergne I. 29 The groups
of reedy pillars which support the body of the church.
d. Of iron bars or plates : Having the character
of being formed of small rods imperfectly united.
1860 [implied in REEDINESS].
t4. Partaking of the nature of reed (as being
derived from the sugar-cane). Obs.— '
1658 ROWLAND tr. Moufefs Theat. Ins. 912 Do not use
sugar that is earthly, reedy, and so full of dregs.
5. Having a tone resembling that produced by
a musical reed.
1811 BUSBY Diet. Mils. (ed. 3) s.v. Reed, A kind of tongue
. .which . . produces a reedy thickness of tone. 1833 MOORE
Mem. (1853) IV. 79 Ronzi, notwithstanding her thin reedy
voice, [is] very charming. 1866 A. MACDONALD Ann. Q.
Neighb. ii, A good many tones were rough, .and reedy.
Comb. 1813 CRABB Technol. Diet., Reedy-toned, an epithet
for any voice which .. partakes of the tone of the reed.
b. Having a reedy voice.
1855 DICKENS Dorrit l. xxxi, A poor little reedy piping old
gentleman, like a worn-out bird.
Reedyness, variant of REDIXESS Obs.
Beef (rif), sb> Forms : 4, 8 riff, 6 ryft, refe,
7- reef. PI. 8 reeves, 8- reefs. [ME. riff, refe =
Du. reef, rif, LG. reef, reff, G. reff(riff, reef}, Sw.
ref, Norw. riv, Da. rev, ret : the ultimate source is
ON. rif in the same sense (formally identical with
rif rib, and perh. only a transferred use of that
word : cf. next), but the precise manner in which
the word passed into the other tongues is obscure.
F. ris (i 2th c., Wace) is app. a pi. form, for *rifs.']
1. Naut. One of the horizontal portions of a sail
which may be successively rolled or folded up in
order to diminish the extent of canvas exposed to
the wind ; they are usually three or four in number,
and situated at the top of square sails and at the
bottom of fore-and-aft sails. Freq. in phr. to take
in a reef (also in fig. context).
1390 GOWER Conf. III. 341 The wynd was good, the See
was plein, Hem nedeth noght a Riff to slake, c 1515 Cocke
Lorelts B. 12 Some y" longe bote dyde launce . . Mayne
corse toke in a refe byforce. a 1547 SURREY in TottelCs
Misc. (Arb.) 28 And so wisely, when lucky gale of winde
All thy puft sailes shall fil, loke well about : Take in a ry_ft.
1684 Land. Gaz. No. 1933/4 Her Main-Sail a Lug Sail with
four Reefs at the bottom, and her Fore-Sail three aloft.
1711 W. SUTHERLAND Shipbitild. Assist. 115 Reeves to take
up part of the Sail as the Wind rises. 1763 FALCONER
Skipwr. 11. 158 The folding reefs, in plaits inroll'd, they lay.
1807 CRABBE Par. Reg. I. 328 When tempests plough the
deep We take a reef, and to the rocking sleep. 1861 Land.
Rev. 16 Aug_. 139 When the morning breaks we [yachtsmen]
are beating intoWeymouth with two reefs down.
trans/. 1885 Spectator 30 May 715/1 He is wasting away,
and is obliged to take in reefs in his waistcoat.
2. fa. The act of reefing. Obs. rare-*.
1704 J. HARRIS Lex. Techn. I. s.v., This contracting or
taking up the Sail, they call a Reef or Reefing the Sail.
b. A mode of reefing.
1819 MARRYAT F. Mildmay v, We tried a Spanish reef,
that is, let the yards come down on the cap.
3. attrib. and Comb., as reef -cringle , -earing;
REEF.
reef-band (see quot. 1762); reef-hank — reef-
point ; reef-jig, -jigger, a tackle sometimes used
to pull the reef-band taut before tying the points
(Cent. Diet. 1891) ; reef-knot, (a) a knot made
in tying the reef-points ; (b) a certain form of knot
used for this and other purposes ; hence reef-knot
v. trans., to tie with a reef-knot ; reef-line (see
quot. 1 769) ; reef-pendant (see quot.) ; reef-
point, one of a set of short ropes fixed in a line
along a reef-band to secure the sail when reefed ;
reef-tackle (see quot. 1 769) ; also attrib.
1762 FALCONER Shipvir. u. 153 note, The *reef-band is a
long piece of canvas sewed across the sail, for strengthening
it in the place where the reef-holes are made, c 1860 H.
STUART Seaman's Catech. 45 The reef bands and bellybands
stretch from leech to leech, for strengthening the sail. 1841
R. H. DANA Seaman's Man. 29 Having the head and first
*reef cringles, .out. Ibid., Fasten the head and *reef earings
to their cringles. 1888 E. J. MATHER Nor'ard of Dogger
162 The fourth hand and myself were getting the reef-
earings adrift 1893 CRABB Technol. Diet., *Reef-hanks,
short pieces of small line sewed at certain distances on the
reefs of boom-sails. 1841 R. H. DANA Seaman's Man. 40
This is sometimes called a "Reef-knot. 1859 All Year
Round No. 17. 400 The faces of the men, as they lay
along the yard, tying the reef knots. 1886 J. M. CAULFEILD
Seamanship Notes 2 Take your boat's grapnel, and "reef-
knot it round boat. 176* FALCONER Shipwr. 11. 156 The
'reef-lines next ..Thro eye-lid-holes and roband-legs are
reev'd. 1769 — Diet. Marine (i7_8q) H h iv, The courses
of large snips are either reefed with points or small cords,
which are thence called reef-lines. . . The line is passed
spirally through the eyelet-holes of the reef, and over the
head of the sail alternately, and .. strained, .tight. i88a
NARES Seamanship (ed. 6) 124 In reefing, the end of the
becket is passed under the reef line. 1867 SMYTH Sailor's
Wort-tk., 'Ree/ pendant, a rope.. with a tackle attached
to its end to bowse the after-leech down to the boom. 1805
SOUTHEY Madoc in W. iv, The *reef-points rattled on the
shivering sail. 1840 R. H. DANA Be/. Mast iv. 8, 1 was of
some service on a yard, and could knot my reef-point as well
as anybody. 1750 BLANCKLEY Nav. Expos. 129 Reefing ..
b done with the "Reef Tackle Pendants, Tyes, and Falls.
1769 FALCONER Shipwr. n. 150 note. Reef-tackles are ropes
employed to facilitate the operation of reefing, by confining
the extremities of the reef close up to the yard. 1840 R. H.
DANA Be/. Mast v. 10 We had got. .the topsail reef-tackles
hauled out. c 1860 H. STUART Seaman's Catech. 23 Reeve
it through the reeftackle block.
Beef (r«T), sb? Forms : 6 riffe,6-8 riff,8- reef.
[- Du. rif (in Kilian also rife'), MLG. rif, ref,
G. riff, Sw. ref, Norw. riv, Da. rev (rif), ultimately
from ON. rif in the same sense (prob. a transferred
use of rif rib: cf. prec.). The immediate source of
the Eng. word is prob. Du. or LG.]
1. A narrow ridge or chain of rocks, shingle,
or sand, lying at or near the surface of the water.
•)• Formerly also reef of rocks.
See also CORAL REEF, barrier-reef s.v. BARRIER sb. 5,
/ringing-reef s.v. FRINGING ///. a.
1584 NORMAN Safegard of Saylers n The riffe lyes
alongst betweene Bombergen and the holmes west. Ibid. 15
From the northwest corner of Burckum, doth lie a riff of
sand. 1695 Phil. Trans. XIX. 35 The Riff or Ridge..
descending a little towards the Eastward. 1741 [RlCHARD-
SON] TourGt. Brit. (ed. 3) I. 297 Though Portland stands
a League from the main Land of Britain, yet it is almost
'
the Island. 1813 BAKEWELL Introd. Geol. (1815) 88 Islands
and reefs of coral rocks are raised from vast depths in the
course of a few years. 1864 TENNYSON En. A rd. 585 The
league-long roller thundering on the reef. 1868 Miss
BRADDON Dead Sea Fr. I. i. 2 Leaving it far away across
a level waste of reef and sand. 1883 SJIR A. HOBHOUSE in
Law Rep. 9 App. Cases 177 A reef of shingle which extends
to the right bank of the river.
Jig. 1875 LONGF. Masque Pandora iv, To the reefs of
doom he drifts ! 1896 Daily News 4 Nov. 7/1 On this reef
the hypothesis, .is shattered.
trans/. 1877 BARlNG-GoULD Myst. Suffering 93 The black-
ness which was falling reef on reef, over mind and soul.
2. Gold-mining (orig. Austral?), a. A lode or
vein of auriferous quartz.
1858 McCoMBlE Hist. Victoria xiv. 213 A party. .dis-
covered gold in the quartz reefs of the Pyrenees. 1873 C.
ROBINSON N. S. Wales 38 Mining and engineering skill,
and . . powerful machinery are brought to bear on such reefs.
b. The bed-rock.
1869 R. B. SMYTH Gold Fields Victoria Gloss. s.v., The
term is applied to the up-turned edges of the palaeozoic
rocks. The reef is composed of slate, sandstone, or mud-
stone. The bed-rock anywhere is usually called the reef.
3. Short for reef-sponge (see 4).
1883 Fisheries Exhib. Catal. (ed. 4) 160 The principal
varieties [of sponges], in the order of their value, are known
as sheep-wool, white reef,, .dark reef.
4. attrib. and Comb., as (sense i) reef-channel,
-ground, -mass, -region, -rock, etc. ; reef-building
adj. ; (sense 2 a) reef-matter, share ; reef-bass, an
American fish ; reef-builder, a coral insect which
builds reefs; reef-drive (see quot.) ; reef-eel, an
Australian muraenoid eel, as Murxna tessellata
(Funk's Stand. Diet. 1895) ; reef-goose, the
common N. American wild goose, Bernicla cana-
densis (Cent. Diet. 1891); reef-heron, an Aus-
tralian heron of the genus Demiegretta, as D.
jugularis or D. sacra (Funk); reef-oyster, an
oyster growing on, or forming, reefs ; a coarse
REEF.
oyster (Cent. Diet.}; reef-sponge, a kind of sponge
obtained in the West Indies ; reef-trout, an Ameri-
can species of lake-trout ; reef-wash (see quot.).
1884 GoouE Nat. Hist. Aijuat. Aniin. 372 In the Caro-
linas Florida, and the Gulf, we meet with the names
'lias's' and its variations, 'Spotted Bass', 'Red Bass',
'Sea Bass', "Reef Bass', and 'Channel Bass'. 1877
HUXLEY Anal. Inv. Anim. 167 Even within the coral-
zone, the distribution of the "reef-builders appears to be
secularly capricious. 1861 J. R. GREENE Man. Anim.
Kingd., Ccelent. 193 External conditions which seem favour-
able . to the growth of 'reef-building Corals. 1850
DANA Geol. . ii. 40 The reef of New Holland has been
instanced as affording an example of one of the larger
*reef.cha«nels. 1869 R. B. SMYTH Gold Fields Victoria
Gloss. 619 "Reef-drive— A drive cut or constructed entirely
through the bed rock, . .or along the face of the reef, or partly
in the reef. 1850 DANA Geol. ii. 40 The "reef-grounds
being in some parts twenty-five miles wide. 1876 PAGE
Adv. Text-l'k. Geol. iii. 68 The "reef-mass formed by their
1820 KKATS Hyperion II. 306 Sullen waves In the half-
glutted hollows of "reef-rocks. 1890 ' R. BOLDREWOOD'
Miner's Right (1899) 52/1 An agency for the purchase of
"reef shares.^ 1883 W. S. KENT Fisheries Bafmnius 45
f "
BR „ „
reef-sponges. 1884 GOODE Nat. Hist. Aqnat. Anim. 488
About Grand Traverse Bay, Lake Michigan, two varieties
[of lake trout] are also recognised, one being . . known as
' *Reef Trout '. 1869 R. B. SMYTH Gold Fields Victoria.
Gloss. 620 *Reef-wash— A deposit of washdirt spread over
an expanse of flat or undulating reef (i. e., bed-rock), or
lodged in a hollow in the reef.
Reef, sb.Sj modernized form of REAF, mantle.
1842 SIR H. TAYLOR Edivin i. viii, This shaveling's meagre
facej With his mass-hackle and his reef and stole.
Reef, northern Sc. form of ROOF.
Beef (nt), v.i [f. REEF sb* ; cf. Du. rcven, Da.
reve, rebe, Sw. refva, Icel. rtfa."]
1. trans. To reduce the extent of (a sail) by taking
in or rolling up a part and securing it.
1667 DAVENANT & DRYDEN Tempest i. i, Up aloft Lads.
Come, reef both Top-sails. 1687 B.RANDOLPH Archipelago
103 We hoised our main-saile,with which and our fore-saile
(both reeft) we stood in. 1726 SWIFT Gulliver 11. i, We
reeft the Fore-sail and set him. 1762 FALCONER Shipiur. n.
141 Again to reef the main-sail they repair. 1862 CataL
Internal. Ejchib, II. xn. 6/1 By this invention, the topsails
can be reefed and unreefed from the deck, without sending
any one aloft. 1888 Encycl. Brit. XXIV. 599/2 Mills
are exposed to great danger if the sails are not reefed or
furled in high winds.
absol. iTfia FALCONER Shipwr. n. 12 At ev'ry hatchway,
'Reef!' they call again. 1816 'Quiz1 Grand blaster
Pref, 3 He might have calPd them out to reef. 1862 Catal.
/nternat. Exhib. II. xn. 6/2 Fitted . .with reef lines, £c., in
the topsail, to reef in the old plan if required for purposes of
exercise.
b. transf. To draw up or gather in, after the
manner of reefing.
1836 E. HOWARD R. Reefer xxx, The clues of my hammock
were not reefed. 1887 J. ASHBY STERRY Lazy Minstrel
(1892) 68 Dear little damsels. .Face the salt spray, reef their
petticoats pluckily.
2. a. To shorten (a topmast) by lowering, or
(a bowsprit) by sliding inboard. Also intr. (see
quot. 1875).
1704 [see REEFED ppl.a. i]. 1745 P.THOMAS Jrnl, Arson's
Voy. 138 We found our own Main -top- mast sprung, .. where-
upon we reefd it twenty Inches, that is we lower'd it so
much and secured it there. 1867 SMYTH Sailor's Word-bk.
565 The lower piece is cut off, and a new fid-hole cut, by
which the mast is reefed or shortened. 1875 KNIGHT Diet.
Mech. 1904^1 The bowsprit of a cutter or that of a ship-of-
war..is said to reef when it is run-in or shortened by
sliding in-board. 1883 Harper's Mag. Aug. 449/2 The
bowsprit and topmast can be reefed or housed.
b. To alter (a paddle) by moving the float-boards
nearer to the centre of the wheel, in order to diminish
the dip when the vessel is deep.
1838 BARLOW in Tredgold Steam Eng. (ed. Woolhouse)
App. 61 This serious loss of speed in a laden vessel, .would
be more effectually saved by reefing the paddles. 1858
MURRAY Marine Eng. xii. 143 When the wheels are too
deeply immersed, they may sometimes be 'reefed' by dis-
connecting the boards, and securing them near the centre.
3. intr. (See quot.)
1889 Atlantic Monthly July 115/1 When the driver moves
the bit to and fro in bis mouth, the effect is to enliven and
stimulate the horse. ..If this motion be performed with an
exaggerated movement of the arm, it is called reefing.
Reef, w.2 [f. REEF sb?\ intr. To work at a
(mining) reef.
1861 [see QUARTZ sb. 2 b]. 1890 ' R. BOLDREWOOD ' Miner's
Right (1899) 21/2 Patiently sinking, driving, sluicing, or
reefing as the case might be.
Reefe, obs. form of RIFF, midriff.
Beefed (rfft),///. a. [f. REEF vl + -ED*.]
1. Of masts : vShortened.
t 1704 J. HARRIS Lex. Techn. I. s.v. Reef, When a Top-Mast
is Sprung, . , they cut off the lower piece that was near broken
off, and setting the other part, now much shorter, in the
Step again, they call it a Reeft Top-Ma^t.
2. Of sails : Having a reef or reefs taken in.
1748 Atison's Voy, i. vii. 73 We were obliged, .to continue
under a reefed mizen till eleven at night. 1814 SCOTT Ld.
of Isles i. xxi, The helm. .Gave the reefd sail to meet the
wind. 1863 S. R. GRAVES Yachting Cruise 84 We took in
the trysail, and ran under reefed square sail and foresail.
325
b. With single-, double-, etc.
1803 Naval C ft fan. XXIII. 398 Treble-reefed main-top-
sail. 1836 MARRY AT Alitfsh, Easy xxvi, Another ten
minutes, and then they were under double-reefed topsails.
1857 in Merc. Marine Mag. (1858) V. i Under double-reefed
top-sails, courses, jib, and single-reefed main-try -sail.
Reefer J (rf fsj). [f. as prec. + -ER i.]
1. One who reefs ; spec, a slang name given to
midshipmen ' because they have to attend in the tops
during the operation of taking in reefs ' (Smyth).
1829 MARRY AT F. Mildmay ii, I., was saluted by the
females with the appellation of ' royal reefer ' (midshipman).
1840 R. H. DANA Be/. Mast xxix. 104 A lad. .who went by
the name of the ' reefer ', having been a midshipman in an
East India Company's ship. 1888 Harper's Mag. July 166
The steerage or gun-room was . . the home of darling reefers.
2. A reefing jacket.
1883 Tailoring l]'orld 20 Oct. 1/2 The forms of garments
known as Reefers and Lounges. 1804 R. H. DAVIS in
Harper's Mag. May 891/1 A tall, handsome woman.. with
her hands in the pockets of her reefer.
attrib. 1885 Pall Mall G. 13 Mar. 10/2 The man.. was
dressed in a reefer jacket and light-coloured trousers.
Ree'fer 2. [f. REEF rf.2 or z>.2 + -EB 1.]
1. Austral. One who works on a gold-reef.
1890 'R. BOLDREWOOD' Col. Reformer (1891) 285 He was
not a miner, a speculator, a reefer, nor an engine-driver.
2. U.S. A reef-oyster (Cent. Did. 1891).
Keeffe, obs. form of REEVE rf.l
t Re-efformation. Obs. rare -'. [RE- 5 a.]
Renewal of form, re-formation.
1626 DONNE Semi. xxi. 206 The resurrection from this fall
is by Re-erTormation.
Reefing (rrfirj), vbl. sb. Naut. [f. REEF v.l +
-ING 1.] The action of REEF z/.l
1750 BLANCKLEY Nov. Expos. 329 This contracting or
taking up the Sail they call Reefing. 1738 J. BLAKE 1'lan
Mar. Syst. 7 Exercising those who are received into the I
service . . in handing and reefing of sails. 1829 MARRYAT
F. Mildtnay viii, Many a sail is split by bad reefing_. x86z
Catal. Internal. Exhit. II. xn. 6/1 The old defective and
dangerous method of reefing by the men going aloft and
out on the yards.
b. allrib., as reefing breeze, point, topsail; reef-
ing-jacket, a particular form of close-fitting jacket
made of stout heavy cloth.
1897 Outing (U.S.) XXX. 362/2 The race was sailed with
a *reefing breeze. 1882 OGILVIE, *Reefing-jacket. 1894
Idler Sept 220 A reformed world, in which every man
should . .sit down in a reefing_ jacket to a dinner of pork and
bea
A. H. MARKHAM Gt. Frozen Sea i. 3 Both ships were
fitted with.. patent *reefing and furling topsails.
Reefort, Sc. variant of RAIFOIVT. Obs.
Ree'fons, a. rare—1, [f. REEF sb.'*] Reefy.
1859 R. F. BURTON in Lady Burton Life (1893) I. 272 An
occasional glimpse through its green veil snowed a reefous
surface, flecked with white froth.
Reeft, obs. f. RIFT sb. ; obs. pa. pple. of REAVE v.
Reefy (rz-fi), a. [f. REEF sb?\ Full of reefs.
1847 inWEBSTER. 1893 SIR H. HOWORTH Glacial Night-
mare II. 625 It has brought down a lot of loose material to
a reefy coast.
Reeing, rying, vbl. sb. Also 5 rey(i)ng,
9 reean, rieing, rayen. [f. REE v. + -ING l.]
1. The action of reeing corn ; hence reeing-sieve,
-machine.
a. 1400-1 Durham Ace. Rolls (Surtees) 603 Ini ridella et
j reyingsife empt. ijj. \\d. 1485-6 Ibid. 649, i I«yng syff,
iijrf. 1620 MARKHAM Farew. Husb. (1625) 115 With small
reeing siues to dresse it from the Corne, and so preserue
the dust. 1844 H. STEPHENS Bk. Farm II. 283 Reeing-
machines have been invented for cleansing corn. 1878
Cumbld. Gloss., Ree, to riddle corn in a ' ree-an sieve '.
f. 1744-50 W. ELLIS Mod. Husiandm. VI. in. 64 (E.D.S.)
A brass or iron wire round hand-sieve, which we call a
lying-sieve. 1879 Miss JACKSON Shropsh. Word-bk.t Rie-
ing-sieve, same as Blind-sieve.
y. 1863 W. BARNES Dorset Gloss., Raycn-zieve . . , a sieve,
used chiefly in cleansing clover.
f 2. Such a quantity as can be reed at once. Obs.
1641 BEST Farm. Bks. (Surtees) 104 A bushell of pease,
and a bushell of rye, into which we putte a ryinge, or two,
or three, of barley.
Re-ejaxnlate, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To
ejaculate or emit again.
31711 KEN Uymnarinm Poet. Wks. 1721 II. 113 A Love
which Love celestial may With re-ejaculated Love repay.
J.ie-eje'ction. [RE- 5 a.] Ejection again or
a second time.
1831 T. HOPE.&J. Origin Man II. 185 The separation of
those substances fit for absorption and nutrition, from those
only fit for re-ejection. 1881 JUDD Volcanoes iv. 69 By
constant re-ejection these [fragments] were gradually re-
duced in size.
Reek (rz'k),^.! Forms: a. I reo, 3-7 reke,
4 rek, rike, 4 Sc., 5 reyk, 4-6 St. reik, 6-7 reeke,
7 reake, 7, 9 Sc. reak, (8 wreak), 9 north, dial. rik,
riok, 5- reek. /3. 4-5 (9 dial.} reech, 4-5 reche,
5 rich. [Comm. Tout. : OE. r(c = OFris. rek, reek,
OS. rok (MDu. rooc, Du. rook), OHG. rouh (MHG.
rouch, G. raucli), ON. reykr (Sw. rok, Da. rag) :-
OTeut.*rauki-z, from a stem reuk-, rank- (cf. REKK
v.1), app. not found outside of Teutonic. As the
word has chiefly survived in northern use the
palatalized form reech is comparatively rare.]
REEK.
1. Smoke from burning matter. (Still the general
word in Sc. and north, dial. ; in standard Eng. only
in literary use, and chiefly applied to dense or
unctuous smoke.)
o. ^825 Vesp. Psalter xvii[i]. 9 Asta; rec in eorre his.
a 1000 Cxdnton's Gen. 325 (Gr.) [Hi] boliaci. .brand & brade
li^as, swilce eac ba biteran recas. a 1300 Cursor M. 3105
It brend, be reke raght vp euen. 1340 HAMPOLE Pr.
Consc. 9431 pair throtes sal ay be filled. .Of lowe and reke.
1375 BARBOUR Bruce IV. 130 The fyre out syne in blasis
brast, And the reik rais richt vounder fast. c 1400 tr.
Secreta Secret., Gov. Lordsh. 81 With sandell confyt
ennoynt his body, reekyd with reek of ensens. 1466 Paston
Lett. II. 268 To the glaser for takyn owte of ii. panys of the
wyndows. .for to late owte the reke of the torches. 71531
FRITH Aitsw. Rochester Wks. 56/2, I shall offer vnto thee
fat sacrifices with the reke of wethers. a 157* KNOX
Hist. Re/. Wks. 1846 I. 42 For the reik of Maister Patrik
Hammyltoun hes infected as many as it blew upoun. 1598
SHAKS. Merry W. in. iii. 86 As hatefull to me as the reeke
of a Lime-kill. 1630 J. TAYLOR (Water P.) Praise Clean
Linen Wks. ii. 169/1 The suddes vnto the Sea I may com-
pare, The Reake or smocke, the wind. 1664 H. MORE
Myst. Iniq. vii. 21 The diffused reek of the things sacrificed.
1703 T. N. City 4- C. Purchaser 47 The Reek which as-
cends out on the top of the Kiln. 1725 RAMSAY Gentle
Sheph. v. ii. Prol., The rising sun shines motty throw the
reek. 1821 SCOTT Pirate xi, The reek that's rising out of
yon lums. 186^ DASENT Jest <fr Earnest (1873) 1. 43 The
miner makes a little explosion. ., which fills the air.. with a
sulphurous reek. 1895 CROCKETT Men of Moss-Hags xlu
292 The whole interior was full of the smoor of reek.
ft. 13. . E. E. A Hit. P. B. 1009 Suche a robun of a reche
ros fro be blake, Askez vpe in be ayre & vsellez ber flowen.
a 1425 Cursor M. 3105 (Trin.), Hit brent ; reche roos vp
ful euen. 1879 WAUGH Chimney Corner 251 There's bin
nought nobbut reech (smoke) an' rain sin I coom.
b. In comparisons, with reference to the light-
ness or other qualities of smoke.
c 825 Vesp, Psalter xxxvi(i). 20 Aspringende swe swe rec.
c 1000 Ags, Ps, (Th.) Ixvii. 2 Rece hi gelicast ricene
eeteoriaol a 1300 Cursor M. 26994 Quat es mans lijf bot
fam, And a rek £at mai noght last, c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints
xxxii. (Justin) 442 He had na langare mycht to byde bot fled
as reke & can hym hyde. 1513 DOUGLAS sEneis v. xii. 138
Thus has he said ; and. .Vanist away, as the reik in the air.
1858 M. PORTEOUS ' Souter Johnny ' 8 But sic pretension I,
like reek will puff aside.
e. Jig. in various applications.
a 1300 Cursor M. 2744 f>e word es wers (>an man mai
neuen ; J>e reke [ Trin. MS. reech] es raght vn-to be heuen.
c 1440 York Myst. xxvi. 34 Thurgh his romour in bis reme
Hath raysede mekill reke. 1529 LYNDESAY Compl. 367
Than rais ane reik, or euer I wyste, The quhilk gart all
thare bandis bryste.
d. transf. A house, as having a fire burning in
it (cf. 5 and HEAKTH l 2).
1626 Act. 31 in Barry Orkney App. ix. (1805) 469 What-
ever persone shall slay the earn or eagle shall have..8d.
from every reik within the parochine. 1822 HIBBERT Descr.
Shell. 1st. 321 To feed these birds a hen was demanded
from every house; or (as it is called) from every reek.
2. Vapour or steam arising from, or given off by,
something in a moist or heated state, as wet or
marshy ground (hence also Sc., fog or mist), wet
clothes, boiling water, etc.
c 1400 tr. Secreta Secret., Gov. Lordsh. 79 Whenn be erthe
ys clene with-oute roche, and with-oute reke, be water of
£at stede ys light, c 1400 Sife Jerus. 790 pe wedes
dropeden doun, d[r]yed 3erne, Rich rises hem fro. 1607
SHAKS. Cor. in. iii. 121 Curs, whose breath I hate, As reeke
a'th rotten Fennes. 1685 BOYLE Salnbr. Air 22 He found
the Reeks ascending from them into the Air. .make him _as
it were Asthmatical. 1696 BP. PATRICK Comm. Exod. iv.
(1697) 63 He added these words.. I am a reek from a rx)t.
1843 BORROW Bible in Spain II. viii. 149 They lay im-
mersed in the tepid waters, .overhung with steam and reek.
1879 BROWNING Ned Bratts 17 Like threshers, one and all,
Of a reek with laying down the law in a furnace.
fig. 1681 J. SCOTT Chr. Life iv. (1684) 287 Melancholy.,
overwhelms the Fancy with black Reeks and Vapours.
1819 SHELLEY Cenci v. iii, That eternal honour which should
live Sun-like, above the reek of mortal fame. 1856 BOKER
Poe ms (1857) II. 96 My heart boils sometimes, and the reek
is death To such as stir it.
b. spec. The vapour given off by hops in drying.
1846 J. BAXTER Libr. Pract. Agric. (ed. 4) I. 401 The
instantaneous abstraction of the ' reek ', which maintains the
best colour [in the hops]. 1881 WHITEHEAD Hops 64 A
current of air, heated by the fire below, is passed perpetually
thro' the green hops in the upper floor, and their ' reek ' is
carried quickly off.
o. Haziness, indistinctness, rare.
1876 R. F. BURTON Gorilla L. II. 201 The most delicate
sharpness and purity of outline took the place of meridian
reek and blur.
3. An exhalation ; a fume emanating from some
body or substance; in mod. use, a strong and
disagreeable fume or smell.
1659 H. MORE Immort. Soul in. ii. § 7 That our Substance
is in a manner lost, and nothing but a tenuious reek re-
mains. 1674 N. FAIRFAX Bulk $ Sclv. 182 It shall be or
may be atwayes body,.. sending forth and taking in of
steams and reeks, even all along. 1685 BOYLE Eng. Notion
Nat. 320 The closeness of the Place, or the over charging of
the Air with the fuliginous Reeks of Mens Bodies. 1871
DIXON Tcnuer IV. xxxi. 330 A reek of gin and powder
filled the chamber. 1886 All Ytar Round ^ Sept. 103
From the engine-room hatch there came up a reek of oil.
fig. 1870 LOWELL Among my Bks. Ser. I. (187^) 49 Nor
does Dryden's lewdness leave such a reek in the mind as the
I filthy cynicism of Swift.
b. Impure, fetid atmosphere.
1873 DIXON Two Qveens II. xi. vii. 260 Amid the reek
and squalor of a Spanish hamlet. 1891 E. GOSSE Gossip in
REEK.
Library iv. 52 The sweet, pure meadows lie just outside the
reek of Southwark.
4. Applied to fine dust or snow m motion, having
the appearance of smoke or steam.
1854 DICKENS Hard T. n. xi, The reek of her own tread
in the thick dust that felt like velvet. 1894 BLACKMORE
Perlycross 270 The shattered roof yawning to the reek of
the snow-slides.
6. attrib. and Comb., as t reek-fowl or -hen, an
ancient Scottish tax of a hen paid annually by each
householder on an estate ; reek penny, north., a
tax paid to the clergy by each house in the parish ;
f reek-poultry, = reek-fowl.
isoa Sc. Acts Jos. VI (1814) III. 607 Togidder w« the
hailf teynd wictuall .. *reikfowlis custumes and vtheris
dewties quhatsumeuir. 1567 Sc. Acts Mary (1814) II. 556
Duodecem lie *reik hennis. 1795 Statist. Ace. Scott. XV.
451 The cotters and sub-tenants pay. .a reek hen, and one
Memorandum Sherburn Hospital, Bishopton No. 4 (MS.),
De "Rekepeni v sol. 1351-* Durham Ace. Rolls (Surtees)
551, xiijs. iiijd. de Rekepenys parochiarum de Jarowe et
Wermoulhe. 1735 Visitation of Chollcrton in Hodgson
Northumtld. County Hist. (1897) IV. 270 All tithes and
Easter offerings (except reek penny and communicants'.
1831 HODGSON Northumbld. n. II. 356 note. The [Christmas]
offering here [Bedlington] for communicants . . is three-
halfpence each ; each family also pays one penny, under
the name of smoke or reek penny. 1585 Charter (Jam.),
Deccm capones .. cum lie *reik pultreis sohtis. c 1593 Registr.
Arbroalh (Bann. Club) II. App. p. xxxvii, With the relk
pultreis vseit and wount.
t Keek, sb? Obs. Forms : 6 reke, reek(e,
reake, 7 reike, riek. [Of obscure origin : perh.
an alteration of REIT.]
1. collect. Water-plants, seaweed.
'555 EDEN Decades 55 Amongc the reke or weedesof the
maryshes, they espyed a multitude of wylde bores. 1567
GOLDING Ovid's Met. XIV. (1503) 324 First trees shall grow
. .in the sea, and reeke shall thrive On tops of miles. 1601
HOLLAND Pliny I. 445 Sea-weeds or Reike, rushes and reeds
growing vpon the washes and meers.
2. With pi. A water-plant, a seaweed.
1566 DRANT Horace, Sat. n. iv. G viij b, The bore is yll in
Laurente soyle, that feedes on reakes and reeds. 1591
PERCIVALL Sp. Diet., Alga marina, reeks or sea weede.
Reek, obs. form of RICK s6.
Keek («k), v.l Forms: 3-6 reke, 5-7 Sc.
reik, 6 rik-, 6-7 reake, reeke, 6-8 reak, (8
wreak), 7, 9 dial, reeoh, 6- reek. [Comm. Teut. :
OE. rtocan (north, rica : see also sense 5) = O Fris.
ria/ta, reka, OLG. rieam (MDu. and Du. riekm ;
also MDu. ruken, Du. ruikeri], OHG. riohhan
(G. riechen}, ON. rjiika (Sw. roka. Da. ryge) :-
OTeut. *riukan (see REEK si>.1). G. riechen and
Du. rieken, rtiiken now mean only ' to smell ', the
orig. sense being expressed by the new formations
rauchen and rooken.]
1. intr. To emit smoke : a. of something burning,
t-iooo Ags. Ps. (Th.) ciii. [civ.] 30 jif he mid his mihte
muntas hnneS, hi ful ricene reocao somu 1300 E. E. Psalter
cxliii[i]. 5 Laverd . . Negh hilles, and reke pai salle. 1483
Catk. Angl. 302/2 To Reke, fumare. 1513 DOUGLAS
^Eneis n. xi. 34 Thair followis a streme of fire, . . Quhill all
enveron rekit like brintstane. 1585 JAS. I Ess. Poesie
(Arb.) 72 Earth dois tremble, mountains reikis, afraid. 1617
SIR W. MUKK Misc. Poems xxi. 78 With Iberian fyres the
Alpes doe reik. 1698 FRYER Ace. E. India St P. 124 The
only Structure standing in the Town, it. .was then reaking
in its Ashes. 1830 SCOTT Demonol. x. 368 Not long after
the civil war, the embers of which were still reeking. 1846
KEBLE Lyra Imwc. (1873) 149 While temples crash, and
towers in ashes reek.
b. of a building, chimney, etc. Also trans/.
Also common in dial, use of a chimney which ' smokes ',
i. e. sends out smoke into the room or house.
c 1410 Avow. Art/I, xv, Alle wroth wex that sqwyne, . . As
kylne other kcchine. Thus rudely he rekes. c 1500 Felon
Sewe ofRokcby ix, The kilne began to reeke. 1571 Satir.
Poems Reform, xxxvi. 115 In the craft expert, And berby
garis jour kitchingis daylie reik. 1579 SPENSER Sheph. Cal.
Sept. 117 Fewe cnymneis reeking you shall espye. 1625
LISLE Du Bartas, Noe 132 And shall I never see my
country chimnies reake? 1795 MACNEILL Will ft Jean xxi,
White the wa's, wi' roof new theeckit,..Lown 'mang trees
and braes it reekit. i8» SCOTT Abbot xxxiv, Observing
that the chimney of the kitchen had reeked that whole day
in a manner which contradicted the supposition [of famine].
2. To emit hot vapour or steam ; to smoke with
heat; to exhale vapour (or fog). Now chiefly dial.
a. of hot liquids, food, etc., and of moist things
under the influence of heat, or when warmer than
the atmosphere.
c looo Sax. Leechd. II. 18 Wei on waetere ; laet reocan on ba
eavui bonne hit hat sie. 1538 LELAND I tin. (1768) II. 66 The
Waterof the Baynes. .rikithlike asething Potte continually.
326
b. of persons and animals in a heated and per-
spiring state.
<ri43o LVDC. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 114 He ran in
a fyrryd gowen, he cast of alle hys clolhys, alle his body
gan reke. 1530 PALSGR. 684/1 I reke, as a horse dothe that
is laboured. Jefume. a 1599 SPENSER F. Q. vn. vn. 40 His
browes with sweat did reek and steem. 1611 SHAKS. Cymb.
I. ii. 2 The Violence of Action hath made you reek as a
Sacrifice. 1706 E. WARD Wooden World Diss. (1708) 84
His Phiz is everlastingly reaking with Sweat and Grease.
1790 BURNS Tarn o' Shanter 148 They reel'd, they set, they
cross'd, they cleekit, Till ilka carlin swat and reekit. 1851
MRS. STOWE Uncle Tom's C. vi. 39 Sam appeared .. with
Haley's horse by his side, reeking with sweat.
trans/. 1616 R. C. Times Whistle I. 433 Six dayes m the
weeke Are not sufficient, but the seventh must reeke With
sweat of their vngodly labour, a 1661 FULLER Worthies
(1840) III. 319 It is ill for a soul to go reeking with anger
out of this world.
c. of blood freshly shed, or of things smeared
with this. (Also of the air, etc.) Const, -with, t '»•
1593 SHAKS. Lucr. 1377 The red bloud reek'd to shew the
Painter's strife. 1601 — Jut. C. III. i. 158 Now, whilst
your purpled hands do reeke and smoake, Fulfill your
pleasure, a 1674 CLARENDON Hist. Ret, xi. § 252 Whilst
these perfidious wretches had their hands still reeking in
the precious blood of their sovereign. 1733 POPE Ess. Man
in. 265 Altars grew marble then, and reek'd with gore.
1785 G. A. BELLAMY Apology (ed. 3) II. 74 Plunging the
same weapon, which was reeking with the blood of her
favourite boy, into her own bosom. 1805 SCOTT Last
Minstr. l. xxx, Till gallant Cessford's heart-blood dear
Reek'd on dark Elliot's Border spear, a 1891 TENNYSON
Bandit's Death v, For he reek'd with the blood of Piero.
3. To emit an unwholesome or disagreeable vapour
or fume ; hence, to smell strongly and unpleasantly;
to stink. Chiefly const, of, with.
1710 SWIFT Jrnl. to Stella. v,I was forced to go to a blind
chop-house,, .and then go reeking from thence to the First
Minister of State. 175* FOOTE Taste i. i, Two Domitians
reaking from the Dunghill. 1798 COLERIDGE Anc. Mar. iv.
viii. The cold sweat melted from their limbs, Nor rot nor
reek did they. 1838 DICKENS Nick. Nick, xvi, The small
apartments reek with the breath of deputations and dele-
gates. 1881 W. H. MALLOCK Rom. toM Cent. I. 140 She
literally reeked of garlic. 1888 A. K. GREEN Behind Closed
boors vii, I found a broken phial reeking with the smell of
bitter almonds.
b. transf. <xfg.
1679 OWEN Christol. xvii. (1851) I. 223 God wilj not take us
into heaven .. with our heads and hearts reeking with the
thoughts and affections of earthly things. 1771 FLETCHER
..v. iii. 168 When
the fume., is exhaled from them, that they have left reak-
ing, make a powder of them. 1714 RAMSAY Tea-t. Misc.
Ded. vi, The tea's fill'd reeking round. 174* Land, ft
Country Brew. i. (ed. 4) 3 In the Warmth of Well Waters,
that are often seen to wreak in the cold Seasons. 1796
MORSE Amer. Geog. I. 133 The most severe cold.. is so
piercing in February and March, that., the sea reeks like an
oven. 1889 N.-W. Line. Class, (ed. 2) S.V., When fog arises
the land is said to reek.
communion of crime. 1879 FARRAR St. Paul (1883) 455 The
vicinity of the great Temple at Ephesus reeked with the
congregated pollutions of Asia.
f 4. Of smoke, vapour, perfume, etc. : To be
emitted or exhaled ; to rise, emanate. Obs.
c 1315 Metr. Horn. 97 For rekeles rekes upward evin, And
menskis him that wonis in hevin. c 1385 CHAUCER L. G. W.
2612 Hypermnestra, Thencence out of the fire reketh sole.
1513 DOUGLAS ^Eneis in. viii. 131 The blak laithly intake
that oft did rise, .rekand as the pyk. 1541 UDALL Erasm.
Apoph. 96 Perfume beeyng poured vpon the hedde, reketh
out into the aier. 1563 WINJET tr. Vincent. Lirin. Wks.
(S.T.S.) II. 64 Thai knaw thair stink to na man almaist..to
be plesand, gif it stewit and reikit out naikit and plane.
c 1600 SHAKS. Sonn. cxxx. In some perfumes b there more
delight Then in the breath that from my Mistres reekes.
fig- '553 T. WILSON Rhet. 79 If you come to him in a
hotte sommers day, you shal se his honestye in such sort to
reeke [etc.]. 1388 SHAKS. L. L. L. iv. iii. 140, I heard your
guilty Rimes, . . Saw sighes rceke from you. 1599 — Hen. V,
iv. iii. lor The Sun shall greet them, And draw their honors
reeking vp to Heauen.
b. Of snow: To whirl in fine particles like
smoke or vapour.
1818 CARR Craven Gloss. s.v., ' It reeks and blaws ', that
is, the snow is driven with such violence as to resemble
smoke. 1837 R. MUDIE Spring 26* The snow still darkens
the air, and reeks along the curling wreaths, as if each were
a furnace.
5. trans. To expose to smoke ; to dry or taint
with smoke; to fumigate. Also techn., to coat
(moulds for steel) with soot.
The OE. trans, recall is distinct from the intr. riocati.
a 1000 Gloss, in Wr.-Wulcker 244/36 Fumarat, reohte.
ciooo Sax. Leechd. I. 346 )>aes ylcan drinces smyc heora
eaxan onfon & mid bam brope recen. c 1430 Two Cookery-
bks. 29 pen reke hem on be colys tyl pey ben tendyr.
1500-20 DUNBAR Poems xxxiv. 57 Ane browstar swoir the
malt wes ill, Bath reid and reikit on the kill. 1611 COTGR.,
Sore", reeked, made red or sorrel!, as a Herring by _the
smoake. 1661 LOVELL Hist. Anim. ft Min. 220 The sides
may be pickled, and the chine broiled or fried. Some reech
them. [1864 COCKAYNE Sax. Leechd. I. 347 Let them re-
ceive with their eyes the smoke.. and reek them with the
broth.] 1884 W. H. GREENWOOD Steel ft Iron xviii. 423
Emitting large quantities of unconsumed carbon, which is
deposited upon the surface of the moulds. After the halves
are so coated or reeked, they are fitted together.
fig. 1868 BUSHNELL Senn. Living Subj. 188 They are
reeking themselves in all kinds of disorder bodily and mental.
6. To emit (smoke, steam, etc.). Chiefly^.
1598 R. HAYDOCKE tr. Lomazzo \\. ii Alex_ander the
Great.. was scene to reake forth from his bodie fier and
light. 1602 MARSTON Antonio's Rev. v. ii, Swart Pieros
lips reake steame of wine. 1641 MILTON Reform, i. Wks.
1851 III. loOur Ministers, ..like a seething pot set tocoole,
sensibly exhale and reake out the greatest part of that
! zeale. 1867 MACGREGOR Voy. Alone (1868) 68 A great
human sink reeking out crime, disease, and disloyalty on
the whole nation.
7. To cause (a place) to smell of blood.
REEKING.
1880 L. WALLACE Ben-Hur viii. v. 503 The slaughter of
lambs in offering reeked the fore-courts of the Temple.
Hence Keeked (r«'kt, Sc. r*-kit),///. a., smoked.
1785-6 BURNS Address to Deil xvii, Wi reekit duds, an'
reestit gizz. 1792 — Kellybum Braes x, A reekit wee
deevil looks over the wa'. 1833 J. COLE Scarborough Guide
109 A delicious relish for the breakfast table, .. called Reek'd
Haddocks.
Keek, f.2 Sc. AlsoSreiek. [Of obscure origin:
connexion with reek' REACH v. or REKE v. is not
clear.] trans, (and intr.) To fit or rig out (falso
with^»*4). Hence Bee-king vbl. sb.*
Sometimes used without the adv. : see the Eng. Dial. Diet,
1590 JAS. VI in R. Brace's Life (1843) 20 The reeking out
of three or four ships to meet me here and convey me home.
1591 R. BRUCE Sena. (1843) 296 His great army quhilk
was so long in reeking forth. 1676 Row Conln. Blair's
AutoMog. (1848) 509 The King could not get his navy so
soon reeked out. 1715 Wodrow Corr. (1843) II. 113 Some
were taken by some passage-boats that were reicked out
[equipped] by way of privateers from Leith harbour. 1798
D. CRAWFORD Poems 30 Had I but siller I cou'd spare,
To reek me out and pay my lare. a 1800 in Maidment's
ff. Cy. Garland (1824) 50 Dinna ye mind .. How we a'
reek'd out, an' a' to Shirramuir 1
Keek, v.3 Now dial. Also 7 reeke. [app.
f. reek, var. RICK si.] trans. To pile up.
1693 BROWNLOW Entries 145 Ad fodicndum scindendum
(Anglice hew)..cumulandum (Anglicc reeke). 1780 YOUNG
Tour fret. l. 262 Women 3d. and 4J. a day in reeking corn.
1886 S.-W. Line. Gloss. s.v., The snow was that reek d up.
t Reek, v.* Obs. rare-0. (See quot.)
1674-91 RAY N. C. Words s.v., His sickness will reek him,
that is so wast him as to kill him.
Reek, Sc. variant of REACH z>.i
Reekes, variant of REARS Obs.
Reekes-doller, obs. form of RIX-DOLLAB.
Keeking (ri-kirj), vbl. sbl [f. REEK z/.i +
-ING l.] The action of REEK z;.l Also cotter.,
smoke, vapour.
1483 Cath. Angl. 302/2 A Rekynge, fnmositas. 1558
PHAER /Eneid n. E iij, Mixt with dust & smoke thick
streames of reekings rise. 1604 R. CAWDREY Table AM.,
Vapor, moisture, ayre, hole breath, or reaking. 1674 N.
FAIRFAX Bulk ft Selv. 90 The least steams or reekings of
bodies. 1705 A. VAN LEUWENHOEK in Phil. Trans. XXV.
1856 A great Hay-rick .., after some Reaking and Fermenta-
tion took fire. 1884 W. H. GREENWOOD Steel «r Iron Index
531/1 Reeking of ingot-moulds.
Reeking, vbl. sb* : see REEK v.2
Keeking (rf kin), ///. a. [f. REEK v.i + -IKO 2.]
1. That emits smoke. A reeking house, an in-
habited house. Sc.
cyfjo Lindisf. Gosp. Matt. xii. 20 Recende vet smecende
[flax]. 1483 Calh. Angl. 302/2 Rekynge, fumalis. 1779
DOUGAL GRAHAM Writ. (1883) II. 228 A reeking house
and a rocking cradle. 1837 R. NICOLL Poems (1842) 77
Where the shepherd's reeking cot Peeps from the broomy
glen. 1894 CROCKETT Raiders (ed. 3) 170 Not one reeking
Bouse or any place where kindly folk dwelt.
2. That emits vapour or steam.
c looo /ELFRIC Saints' Lives vii. 20 Agnes, .bzra maoma
ne rohle be ma be reocendes meoxes. c 1400 tr. Secreta
Secret., Gov. Lordsh. 79 Salt water, and bitter, and rekand,
ar euyl. 1601 HOLLAND Pliny I. 97 Breathing forth vapors
out of reeking rockes. 1781 COWPER Anti-Thelyphth. 93
From many a steaming lalce and reeking bog. i8*» LAMB
Elia Ser. i. Praise Chimney-Sweepers, Indiscriminate
pieces of those reeking sausages. 1888 Miss BRADDON
Fatal Three l. v, A reeking heap of stable manure.
jig. 1784 COWPER Task in. 503 The impatient fervour
which it first conceives Within its reeking bosom.
b. of dead or mangled bodies or their parts
while still warm.
a looo "Judith 314 (Gr.), Cirdon cynerofe, . . wzlscel onmnan,
reocende hrzw. 1700 DRYDEN Ovid's Met. xli. 211 The
reeking Entrails on the Fire they threw. 1735 SOMERVILLE
Chase in. 214 The Jest of Clowns, his reeking Carcase
hangs. i8»i SHELLEY Hellas 434 Where'er.. The obscene
birds the reeking remnants cast Of these dead limbs. 1864
BURTON Scot Mr. I. L 30 A feudal lord, .would.. warm his
feet in their reeking vitals.
C. of blood and wounds freshly shed or made,
or of things smeared with warm blood.
1573 TWYNE jEneid xn. (1584) Tvj, Their foule black
reaking blood, with channel large doth fall to ground. 1605
SHAKS. Macb. i. ii. 39 Except they meant to bathe in reeking
Wounds. 1605 LD. PKESTON Boeth. iv. 186 They. . stain their
Swords in their own reeking Gore. 1710 POPE Iliad xvn.
15 A sanguine torrent steeps the reeking ground, a 1839
'RAED Poems (1864) II. 352 From out the reeking wound.
1877 L. MORRIS Epic of Hades i. 19 With the reeking blade
Wet with the heart's blood of my child I smote.
d. of persons or animals in a heated state.
1605 SHAKS. Lear II. iv. 30 Came there a reeking Poste,
Stew'd in his haste. 1735 SOMERVILLE Chase i. 181 Tumul-
tuous soon they plunge into the Stream, There lave their
reeking Sides. 1782 COWPER Gilfiit 122 Bowing down His
reeking head full low. 1840 DICKENS Barn. Rudge n,
Holding the light to his panting and reeking beast.
3. That rises as vapour or steam.
c 1000 ^ELFRIC Saints' Lives xviii. 57 Butan ren-scurum &
reocendum deawe. c 1586 C'TESS PEMBROKE Ps. cxxxv. m,
In flaky mists, the reaking vapors rise. 1650 W. D. tr.
Comeniiis' Gate Lat. Unl. § 48 Reaking steam drawn out
of moist places. 1667 MILTON P. L. vm. 256 In Balime
Sweat, which with his Beames the Sun Soon dri d, and on
the reaking moisture fed. 1899 RouwAV Guiana Wilds 33
The great drawback was the reeking moisture.
fig. 1607 SHAKS. Timon in. vi. 103 [Timon] washes it on
and sprinkles in your faces Your reeking villany.
4. Sending out, full of, unwholesome or unpleasant
fumes or smells.
41
P
REEKINGLY.
FARRAR Witn. Hist. iii. 122 God.. purged the pestilence
from the reeking atmosphere with fire and storm.
5. Comb., as reeking hot, red.
16x5 G. SANDYS Trav. 103 Whom reeking hole, with heart
yet panting, they greedily devoured. 1668 CuLFEPfBB &
COLE Bartlwl. Anat. 359 It comes reaking hot as it were
from the fire. 1810 SCOTT Lady of L. n. xiv, But can I
clasp it reeking red?
Hence Bee-kingly adv.
1611 CoTGR.,//«w^».T('w<'«j',smoakily,fumingly, reekingly.
Keeks, variant of KEAKS Obs.
Keek-staffold, -staval : see RICK sK
Reeky (rf'ki), a. Forms : 5, 6 Sc. reky, 6 Sf.
reikie, 6-9 Se. reekie, 7 reaky, 7- reeky, [f.
REEK *M + -Y l. See also REECHY.]
1. a. That emits vapour; steamy; full of rank
moisture.
£1400 tr. Secreta Secret., Gov. Lordsh* 79 Waters bat
spryngyn yn stony lond and ys reky Abundandly, er heuy
& noyant. 1641 BEST Farm. Bks. (Surtees) 15 A meanes. .
to keepe them reeky and moyst till such time as they can
bee gotten peel'd. 1808 SCOTT Marm. v. Introd. 131 Her
wavering lamp I'd rather trim. .Than gaze abroad on reeky
fen, And make of mists invading men. 1861 LYTTON &
KANE Tannliauser n Their lips, Spurning the reeky pas-
ture, yearn for draughts Of rock-rebounding rills.
b. Emitting smoke, smoky.
1604 JAS. I Counterbl. to Tobacco (Arb.) no You must
haue a reekie cole brought you.. to kindle your Tobacco
with. (11849 H. COLERIDGE Ess. (1851) I. 276 The dens
and caverns, .where daylight never entered, and the reeky
tapers are never extinguished.
2. Consisting of or resembling smoke.
1513 DOUGLAS SRneis xi. v. 14 The hevynnis hye dyd
walxm dyrk, Involuyt with the reky stewis myrk. a 1578
LIMDESAY (Pitscottie) Chron, Scot. (1814) 479 He saw ane
gritt mistie and reikie cloud ryse and move fordwardis till
it cam aboue Dunpenderlaw. 1892 LD. LYTTON King Poppy
Prol. 614 Above his sallow couch a reeky cloud Its poison-
dropping canopy suspends.
fig. 1629 Z. BOYD Last Bat tell 511 All the joys which
are heere, are but reekie pleasures, purchased with teares,
wher with the eyes of men are made bleared.
3. Full of smoke.
1576 NEWTON Lemnie's Complex, (1633) 326 As bright
and handsome things in a reaky house that are besmeared,
dusked and smoaked. 1718 UP. NICOLSON in Ellis Orig.
Lett. Ser. n. IV. 318 The wretches lie in reeky sod-hovels. !
1817 CAHLYLE in Froude Life I. 380 Thus we pass our days
. .far from all the uproars, .of the reeky town. 1850 JKI-II- ;
SON Brittany vi. 69 As my eyes became accustomed to the
reeky atmosphere.
b. Blackened with smoke; f black as with smoke.
a 1585 POLWART Flyting w. Montgonierie 539 Bot, reikie
rooks and ravens, or ;ee ryue him, Desist, delay his death,
whill I descriue him. 1859 R. F. BURTON in Jrnl. Geog. Soc. \
XXIX. 46 A long upper room, with reeky rafters.
Heel («1), sbl Forms: i hr6ol, r6ol, 5-6
rele, (5 real, re(y)lle, 6 reill, 8 reil), 5-7 reele,
7- reel. [OE. hrlol, not represented in the cognate
languages : cf. REEL z/.l
Both sense and form are against connexion with ON.
hrxll, weaver's slay, which has been suggested. Gaelic
rutdhil is from Eng.]
1. A rotatory instrument on which thread is wound
after it is spun, or silk as it is drawn from the
cocoons, and from which it may again be easily
wound off upon bobbins or spools.
The reel now commonly used is an open framework, con-
sisting of a horizontal axis with radiating arms at each end,
which carry bars extending parallel to the axis, so that the
whole has a cylindrical form. The circumference of the !
reel is in some cases made of such dimensions that in a j
given number of revolutions tt takes up a certain length of i
thread, forming a skein or hank. The older reels used in '
connexion with the spindle or spinning-wheel were of
simpler forms (cf. quot. i727~4i».
ciojo Svppl. ^l/ric's Gloss, in Wr.-Wulcker 187/19
Alibrum, hreol. a noo Gerefa in Anglia IX. 263 Spinle, '
reol, jearnwindan. c 1400 Laud Troy Bk. 5939 Sche nalpe !
him wel with Real & Rok. 14.. Voc. in Wr.-Wulcker '
564/32 Apptndium, a yernwynder, or a reel, c 1440 Promp. \
Parv, 428/2 Reel, womannys ynstrument, alabntm. 1530
PALSGR. 261/2 Rele for yarne, deuidover. 1560 ROLLAND
Crt. Venus n. 693 Ilk ane [had] in hand ane Reill. .To reill j
thair hankls so small of reid gold wyir. x6it COTGR., J
Gntndre, a reele, or wheele to wind silke on. 1697 DRYDEN j
Virg. Georg. iv. 493 The Sisters turn the Wheel, Empty the i
woolly Rack, and fill the Reel. i7»7-4i CHAMBERS Cycl. \
s.v.t Those most in use are, 1°, A little reel, held in the ]
hand, consisting of three pieces of wood ; . . 2°, The common j
reel, or windlace, which turns upon a pivot, .whereon the \
skain to be reeled is put. 1766 FRANKLIN Lett. Wks. 1887 i
III. 458 The reels are to screw on the edge of the table, l
when you would wind silk or thread. 1825 T. NICHOLSON |
Operat. Mechanic 387 These reels are of a sufficient breadth j
to wind off about 50 cops.. at the same time. 1839 URE !
Diet. A rts 1114 The arm . . is capable of being bent inwards, !
.. so as to permit the hanks, when finished, to be taken off, '
as in every common reel. 1894 CasselCs New Techn. Educ. \
IV. 369 The reel is now almost always driven by power, the
driving gear being a friction pulley on a cross shaft.
Phr. e 1460 Towneley Myst. hi. 298 Ther is garn on
the reyll other, my dame.
b. A simitar framework on which other materials
are wound at some stage in the process of manu-
facture, as the separate spun-yarns in rope-making,
paper as it comes from the machine (hence also,
the continuous roll of paper thus produced, as used
in web- printing), etc.
327
T797. Encycf. Brit. (ed. 3) XVI, 481/2 The first spinner
takes it off the whirl hook, joins it to his own, that it may
follow it on the reel, and begins a new yarn. 18x5 J.
NICHOLSON Oferat. Mechanic 369 The paper.. is passed
between a series of similar cylinders, and finally delivered
to a reel, and wound off in a coil. Ibid. 370 The frame in
being forced towards the reel of paper presses the arms down.
1890 W. J. GORDON Foundry 198 Forty-three years ago
Applegath proposed to print from the reel.
c. An upright revolving frame used in wire-
drawing.
1825 J. NICHOLSON Operat. Mechanic 347 The wire to be
drawn is placed upon a reel,, which turns upon a vertical
pin. 1833 J. HOLLAND Manuf. Metalll. 338X5 soon as the
wire is entirely drawn off the reel, .and has passed through
the plate [etc.].
2. An apparatus (of varying form and dimensions)
capable of easy revolution, by which a cord, line,
etc., may be wound up and unwound as required.
J7»7~4I CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v. Log-line, a little cord, .wound
round a reel, fixed for that purpose in the gallery of the ship.
1765 Museum Rust. IV. 310 That mine might stand with all
possible exactness, each man had a garden-line and reel.
176*) FALCONER Diet. Marine s.v. Log, The reel,.. about
which the log-line is wound. 1867 SMYTH Sailor's Word-
Li. -££. TH._ 1 I f »!._ 1 l! J t I... !_•_!_
log-line. 1884 BLAKRLEE Industr. Cycl.
123 Cheap Garden Reel.
b. A device of this kind attached to the butt of
a fishing-rod, on which the line is wound up.
The usual type consists of two circular metal plates, so
joined by a few small rods as to form a cylindrical case
with open sides, and having a central barrel on which the
line is wound.
1726 Gentleman Angler 3 He must have a Landing-Hook,
Reels for his Silk Lines [etc.]. 1740 R. BROOKES Art of
Angling*) Your Line must be of Silk..; there must likewise
be a Reel to wind it upon. 1833 J. RENNIE Alph. Angling
55 The . . angler is provided with a long line wound on
a reel. 1861 H. KINGSLEY Ravenshoe III. 201 The old
gentleman began to wind up his reel, and then the lad.,
lifted the fish. 1892 NIVEN Brit. Angler's Lex. 190 Reels
are made in several designs, such as plain, check, revolving
plate, multipliers [etc.].
c. Off the reel, without stopping, in an un-
interrupted course or succession.
1866 DICKENS Let. 20 Feb., [The story] seems to me to be
so constituted as to require to be read off the reel'. 1880
SALA in lllustr. Lond. News 25 Dec. 619 Can you always
say pusillanimity right off the reel ? 1884 St. James's
Gaz. 13 June 4/1 He won five races off the reel.
3. A small cylinder, usually of wood, with a rim
or wider part at each end, on which thread is
commonly wound to be convenient for ordinary
use ; a quantity of thread made up in this way.
1784 COWPER Task iv. 264 Weaving nets.. Or twining
silken threads round ivory reels. 1814 SCOTT Wav, Ixv, He
looked not unlike that ingenious puzzle called a reel in
a bottle. 1840 HOOD Kiltnansegg, Death xi, Her golden
scissors, and thread and reels. 1866 GEO. ELIOT F. Holt
v, Dispersing on the floor reels, thimble, muslin-work [etc.].
b. A small cylinder on which any flexible sub-
stance is wound, as the coil of wire in a magneto-
electric machine, the strip of paper in a recording
telegraph, etc.
18359 G. BIRD Nat. Philos. 270 Winding on a wooden reel,
about three inches in length, with a hollow axis, about sixty
feet of insulated copper wire.
4. a. A rotatory apparatus facilitating or causing
motion of the material in the processes of dyeing
cloth or tarring yarn.
1839 URE Diet. Arts 421 [The 'long reel* is described.]
The continuous motion of the series of pieces of goods..
which are made to travel by the incessant rotations of the
reel. Ibid, 1072 In tarring the yarn, it is found favourable
. .to allow it to pass around or under a reel or roller in the
bottom of the kettle. 1891 Casseirs New Techn. Educ. IV.
24 This [band] is supported and drawn continuously through
the liquor by means of a reel or winch placed above, and
driven by power.
b. In milling, the drum on which the bolting-
cloth is fastened.
1845 Encycl Metrop. (ed. a) VIII. 366/2 The bolting-mill
consists of a reel fitted to an axle which revolves with great
rapidity; the reel is covered with cloth.. in the inside of
which the flour to be prepared is placed.
c. A revolving frame, having radiating arms with
pans attached, in which bread is placed for baking.
1875 KNIGHT Diet. Meek. 1905/2 The reel has a horizontal
axis, which is rotated by gearing on the outside. To each
arm of the reel., is a pendulous shelf or bread-pan.
d. In a reaping-machine, an arrangement of |
radial arms with horizontal bars at their extremi-
ties, which by its rotation presses the grain towards
the knives.
1875 KNIGHT Diet. Meek, 1890/2 The machine. .had a reel
with twelve vanes to press the grain toward the cutters,
t5. A humming or buzzing noise, like that of a
reel in motion. Obs. rare—1. (Possibly connected
with REEL sb* 3 ; but cf. REEL v2 4.)
1747 R. MAXWELL Bee Master (1750) 35 By this time also,
the Drones will begin to make their Appearance, and your
Hive will be making a Reel, as we call it, once every Day.
6. attrib. and Comb.^ as reel-arm^ -clutch^ line,
-maker, measure, -plate> protector^ -seat, -shaft,
swift ; reel-winding adj. ; reel oven (see quot.
and 4 c above) ; reel-printing (see quot. and i b) ;
t reel-staff, ? a hank or skein ; reel-tenter, one
who attends upon a silk-reel.
REEL.
Also m many other combs, relating to fishing-reels, as
reel-band, -bed, -brake, -check, -click, -keeper, etc.
1875 KNIGHT Diet. Mech. 1905/2 The pans, instead of
being pendulous, are placed above the "reel-arms. 1877
RAYMOND Statist. Mines 4- Mining 224 For throwing the
*
_ ^ ^ ^^
reel lines will soon rot if wound wet on the reel and
left in that condition. 14.. Nominate in Wr.-Wulcker
686/37 Hie citnciarius, a 'relmaker. 1776 ADAM SMITH
IV. N. i. x. II. I. 150 Artificers subservient to them, wheel-
makers, reel-makers, &c. 1884 BLAKELEE fndustr. Cycl.
451 The *Reel Measure. A reel for measuring land is made
as follows. 1875 KNIGHT Diet. Mech. 1905/2 * Reel oven, a
baker's oven in which the bread-pans are swung on the
horizontal arms of a rotating reel. 1803 Outing (U. S.)
XXII. 122/2 Let the "reel-plate, -be on the extreme end of
the butt. 1890 W. J. GORDON Foundry 198 Printing from
continuous paper is known as ' web-printing ', ' roll-printing *,
or * "reel-printing '. 1876 PREECE & SIVEWRICHT Telegraphy
360 This ' *reel ' protector, .was adopted for a considerable
time in both the needle and Morse instruments. 1883
; Century Mag. July 378/1 Adjusting a light, German-silver
j click reel, .to the "reel-seat at the extreme butt of the rod.
! 1877 RAYMOND Statist. Mines $ Mining 224 The crank-
i shaft is 8 inches in diameter, the "reel-shaft 10 inches.
1653 Public Gen. Acts 183 All yarns called Worstead-yarns
i shall be . . reeled on a Reel of a full yard about, every •Reel-
staff containing Forty thrids. 1891 Textile Industries 12
Dec. 61/2 The end of the frame, .carries two standards—*
the back one supporting the *reel swift. 1839 URE Diet.
Arts 1114 Announcing to the *reel-tenter that a measured
length of silk has been wound upon her reel. 1866 Chambers'
Encycl,, * Reef-winding machine, a beautiful contrivance,
now used by the manufacturers of sewing-thread.
Heel (rfl), sb? Also 6 Se. reill. [f. REEL flM ;
\ but sense 3 may have some other origin.]
1. A whirl or whirling movement ; an act of
reeling ; a roll or stagger. Also/SJf.
1572 Satir. Poems Reform, xxxi. 93 Fortoun, with a Reill,
Hes wrocht thame ane vnabill charr,..With turnin of hir
Quheill. c 1585 MONTCOMERIE Misc. Poents Hi. 29 Quhen
with a quhisk sho quhirlis about hir quheill, Rude is that
rattill running with a reill. 1642 SIR T. BROWNE Kelij*.
Med. i. § 3 Those unstable judgements, .cannot consist in
the narrow point or centre of justice without a reele or
stagger to the circumference. 1679 ALSOP Melius Ing. n.
v. 295 They ran from Superstition to Prophaneness; the
common reel of those who, to avoid one extreme, run into
the opposite. 1851 HAWTHORNE Ho, Sev. Gables xvi. To
steady herself from the reel and vibration which affected
her more immediate sphere. 1878 BROWNING Poets Croisic
clvii, The drunken reel Of vice and folly round him.
t b. //. Revels, revelry. Obs. rare.
i6oa SHAKS. Ham. \. iv. 9 The king doth wake to night
and takes his rouse, Keeps wassels and the swaggering
vpspring reeles. 1606 — Ant. <$• Cl. n. vii. 100 Drinke thou :
encrease the Reeles.
t 2. Sc. A rapid careless delivery. Obs. rare—1.
1573 Satir. Poems Reform, xlii. 536 Sic Preichouris . .
That thinkis thame selfis dischargit weill, Quhen they haue
run ouir with ane reill Thair sairles Sermone.
3. Sc. A noise, tumult, disturbance; a crash, peal.
The vb. reel to rattle, etc., is also found in mod. Sc.
1573 Satir. Poems Reform, xli. 101 He said thair suld not
mis ane reill That suld the cheifest walkin vp. 1714
RAMSAY Vision iii, To rare with rackless reil. 1813
PICKEN Poems II. 135 He pou'd at the bell, an it gae sic
a reel. 1871 WADDELL Ps. xxix. 7 marg.t Atween oleezes
o' tight conies a reel o' thunner.
Reel (rfl), sb$ Also 6 reill. [Perh. the same
word as prec. Gaelic righil^ ruithil, etc. , commonly
given as the source, is prob. from Lowland Sc.]
1. A lively dance, chiefly associated with Scotland,
usually danced by two couples facing each other,
and describing a series of figures of eight. *f Also
reel-dance (in quot._/5#*.).
Virginia reel, an American country-dance supposed to be
derived from the English Sir Roger de Coverley.
a 1585 MONTGOMERIB Fly ting iv. I'olwart 511 Litill tent
to their time the toone leit them take, Bot ay rammeist red*
wood, and raveld in their reeles. 1591 Newts fr. Scot.
(Roxb.) B j b, They. . tooke handes . . and daunced this reill
or short daunce. 1702 R. CURRIE in Coll. Dying Testim.
(1806) 61 Though He seem to linger, yet He Is upon His
journey coming, and there will be a reel-dance ere long.
1790 BURNS Tamo1 Shanter 117 Hornpipes, jigs, strathspeys,
and reels. Put life and mettle in their heels. 1806 SUM
Winter in Lond. (ed. 3) II. 207 The jolly duchess, .became
the patroness of reels, a lively species of dancing. 1827
PRAED Poems (1865) II. 214, I danced one day an Irish reel.
1864 LOWELL Lincoln Pr. Wks. 1890 V. 198 There were..
persons who seemed to think this as simple a thing to do as
to lead off a Virginia reel.
b. transf. (pern, sometimes associated with w.2).
1768 Ross Helenore 69 (Jam.) In mony a reel they
scamper'd here and there, Whiles on the yerd, and whiles up
in the air. 1798 COLERIDGE Ane. Mar. n. xi, About, about,
in reel and rout The death-fires danced at night. 1850
KINGSLEY Alt. Locked, I used to lie.. and watch the flies
dancing reels between me and the ceiling.
2. The music for such a dance (see quot. 1811).
1591 Newesfr, Scot. (Roxb.) B j b, Geilles Duncane did goe
before them, playing this reill or daunce upon a small
Trumpe. 1811 BUSBY Diet. Mus. (ed. y,Reel,& lively Scotch
dance, generally written in common-time of four crotchets
in a bar, but sometimes in jig time of six quavers.
Reel (nl), v.1 Forms: 5 relyn, 5-6 rele,
reyll, 6 reyle, Sc. reill, 6-7 reele, 7- reel. [Of
uncertain origin : possibly related to REEL sbj-
Early examples are chiefly northern or Sc.]
1. intr. To whirl round or about ; to go with
a whirling motion ; -f- to wheel suddenly.
REEL.
328
REELED.
13.. E. R. Allit. P. C. 147 [The ship) reled on round
vpon be roje y^es. Ibid. 270 He glydes in by J>e giles..
Relande in by a rop, a rode bat hym 1*031. c 1400 Laud
Troy Bk. 12671 Hedes reled aboute ouer-al, As men playe
at the fote-bal. 1500-20 DUNBAR Poems xxvii. 75 The
sowtaris horss scart with the rattill. And round about cowd
reill. 1594 DRAYTON Idea 710 Thus the World doth, and
evermore shall Reete. 1813 SCOTT Trierm, m.xxi, Zarah's
sands in pillars reeling Join the measure that we tread.
1820 SHELLEY Witch At I. xxviii, She saw the constellations
reel and dance Like fireflies.
f b. Of a drinking cup : To go round, circu-
late. 06s.~l (Cf. REEL-POT.)
£1460 TowneUy Myst. xii. 270, i pastor. I drynk for my
parte. 2 Pastor. Abyde, leu [the] cop reyll.
2. Of the eyes: To whirl, with dizziness or excite-
ment.
1513 DOUGLAS sEtteis in. Prol. 35 Few knawis all thir
coistis sa fer hence; To pike them wp perchance $our eene
suld reill. 1737 RAMSAY Sc. Prav. (1750) 121 Ye never saw
green cheese but your e'en reel'd. 1768 [see REELING
///. a. i\. 1835 LYTTON Rienzi i. iv, His eyes began to wink
and reel beneath the glare of the tossing torches.
b. Of the mind, head, etc. : To be in a whirl, to
be or become giddy or confused.
a 1796 BURNS O leave novels 6 Your fine Tom Jones and
Grandisons, They make your youthful fancies reel. xSio
SCOTT Lady of L. v. xvi, For, while the dagger gleam'd on
high, Reel'd soul and sense, reel'd brain and eye. 1855
TENNYSON Maud u. iv. iv, When all my spirit reels At the
shouts. 1881 BESAMT & RICE Chapl. of Fleet I. 261 My
head reels, doctor.
C. To have, or seem to have, a rapid quivering
motion.
1847 TENNYEON Princ. vu. 336 All the rich to-come Reels,
as the golden Autumn woodland reels Athwart the smoke
of burning weeds. 1856 BRYANT Damsel of Pent iv, The
silent hills and forest-tops seem reeling in the heat.
f3. To rush, dash, or prance about in a rude or
violent manner ; to run riot, behave in a reckless
or riotous fashion. Obs.
13.. Gaw. Sf Gr, Knt. 2246 Here ar no renkes vs to rydde,
rele as vus likez. 1375 HARBOUR Bruce xii. 513 Sum of the
horss, that stekit wer, Ruschit and relit richt [roydly]. 14. .
Sir Beues (MS. M.) 510 There myght men se mekyll on.
hele Whan that Beues be-gan to rele. c 1460 Towneley
Myst. xiii. 274 Now were tyme for to reyll, a 1510 DOUGLAS
K. Hart i. 227 So Bewte with hir wangarde gane to reill,
The greitest of thair ost scho can ourryd. 1513 — sEneis
iv. vi. 42 Sic vise as quhen thir nunis of Bacchus Ruschis
and relis our bankis, brayis. and bus. 1570 Satir. Pofms
Reform, xviii. 39 Lat neuer pai Ruffians within ^our rpwmis
reill. 1715 RAMSAY Chrises Kirk Gr. \\. xvii, His wife did
reel, And rampage in her choler. 1791 LEARMONT/V^WJ 23
Wi' rude Mars To reel, and get themselves made lame.
transf. 1570 Satir. Poems Reform, xvii. 34 Quhat vice
fais vp, reuolue into ^our minds ; Quhat sin, quhat shame
in hir last dayis did reil.
4. Of an army, rank, line of battle, etc. : To
waver, become unsteady, give way.
1375 BARBOUR Bruce vm. 328 The king .. saw thame
reland to and fra. a 157* KNOX Hist. Re/. Wks. 1846 I.
aia Whill that everie man laubouris to draw from the north,
whense the danger appeired, thei begyne to reyll. 1613
SHAKS. Hen. VIII t iv. i. 70 Great belly'd women.. would
shake the prease. And make 'em reele before 'em. 1648
MILTON Ps. Ixxxiii. 51 Giddy and restless let them reel
Like stubble from the wind. 1814 SCOTT Ld. of Isles vi.
xxix, De Argentine.. Renews the ranks where they have
reel'd, And still makes good the line.
b. Of persons (or animals) : To sway or stagger
as the result of a blow or encounter. Often with
backj backward.
¥'11400 Morte Arth. 2795 The renke relys abowte and
rusches to f>e erthe. c 1460 TowneUy Myst. xii. 122, I shall
the hytt on thi pate, lo, shall thou reyll. 1470-85 MALORY
Arthur VH. xvii, Eyther gafe other suche buffets, .that
they relyd bacward. c 1489 CAXTON Sonnes ofAymon viii.
196 He made bothe the man and the horse to rele sore.
01548 HALL Chron.t Hen. VIII 49 When they saw the
Almayne rele and slaggar, then they let fall the rayle
betwene them. 1590 SPENSER F. Q. u. v. 6 So sore a buff to
him it lent, That made him reele. 16.. Robin Hood $
Tinker xxxi. in Child Ballads III. 142/2 The Tinker laid
him on so fast That he made Robin reel. 1809 MALKIN Gil
Bias vi. i. P 15 [He] reeled two steps backward, just as if
some one had given him a blow in the bread-basket. 1855
TENNYSON Lt. Brigade 35 Cossack and Russian Reel'd
from the sabre-stroke Shatter'd and sunder 'd.
fig. a 1862 BUCKLE Civiliz. (1873) III. ii. 69 He reeled
under the double shock; a slow fever wasted his strength.
1887 BOWEN i'irg. JEneid vi. 857 When Rome reels with
the shock of the wild invaders alarm.
fc. To waver (in an argument). Obs.~l
1529 MORE Snf>pl. Soulys Wks. 331/2 Yet said he therwith
one thyng or twayn, that could not stand therwith : and
therby may ye see that he began to reele.
6. Of persons (or animals) : To sway unsteadily
from side to side, as if about to fall ; to swing
about with the whole body in trying to walk or
stand, as the result of intoxication, faintness, etc.
c 1477 CAXTON Jason 8 The dronkardes that went relyng
on all sydes in thefeldes. 1530 P4LSGR. 684/1 It is a goodly
syght to se you rele on this facyon lyke a dronken man.
1582 BATMAN Trevisa's Barth. De P. R. vn. Ixix. tisb, It
maketh the hound to reyle and stagger, as hee were dronken.
1596 DRAYTON Legends iv. 276 With faintness she began to
reele. 1615 G. SANDYS Trav.ys Acommon souldier. .rising
from among the dead bodies, and reeling with his wounds.
1687 T. BROWN Saints in Uproar Wks. ryso I. 80 How
many gallons have you guzzled for your morning's draught,
that you reel and stagger so ? 1728 POPE Dune. HI, 337 Till
Isis1 Elders reel, their pupils' sport. 1813 SCOTT Trierm. u.
x. Reeling from the desperate race, He stood, exhausted,
still. 1843 LYTTON Last Bar. \. iv, Now reeling, — now
falling, he still dragged on his limbs. 1865 Kixcsi.rv
Herew. ii, He saw the huge carcass bend, reel, roll over
slowly to one side, dead.
b. transf. of parts of the body, etc.
1590 SPENSER F. Q. \. viii. 20 Whiles yet his feeble feet
for faintnesse reeld. 1818 SHELLEY Rev. Islam x. viii, His
footsteps reel On the fresh blood. 1858 KINGSLEY foetus 62
Knees which reel as marches quicken.
c. Jig. in various applications.
1654 WHITLOCK Zoototnia 162 They are.. swelled with
pride,, .and even reeling with Sedition. 1726 BOLINGBROKE
Study Hist. viii. Wks. 1754 II. 448 (France] went on indeed,
but she staggered and reeled under the burden of the war.
1858 O. W. HOLMES Aut. Breakf.-t. vii. 61 We are hustled
into maturity reeling with our passions and imaginations.
6. Of things : To shake, rock, or swing violently ;
to totter, tremble ; f to become unsteady.
1495 [see REELING -ubl. $b.1]. 01591 H. SMITH Six Serm,
(1594) 89 The water vnder him tossing, the ship about him
reeling. 1607 SHAKS. Cor. u. i. 121, I will make my very
house reele to night. 1648 MARKHAM Housew. Card. in.
x, Stakes rot and reel, Rain and Weather eat your hives
and covers. 1660 F. BROOKE tr. Le Blanc's Trav. 335 The
vessel reeling quite down on one side.. was immediately
filled with water. CITSO Ship in a Storm x, The faithless
Flood forsook her Keel,.. Stun *d she forgot awhile to reel
1791 COWPER Iliad i. 651 All around The Sov'reign's ..
head his curls Ambrosial shook, and the huge mountain
reeled. 18x4 CARY Dante, Inf. xxxi. 97 By violent earth-
quake rock'd Ne'er shook a tower, so reeling to its base,
As Ephialtes. 1864 TENNYSON Voyage 15 So quick the
run, We felt the good ship shake and reel. 1869 PHILLIPS
yesuv. ii. 13 Making the whole country reel and totter.
transf. 1818 BYRON Ch, Har, iv. Ixiii, An earthquake
reel'd unheededly away ! None felt stern Nature rocking
at his feet.
b.y^f. of kingdoms or institutions, f Also const.
front (a state or condition).
fig- X577~87 HOLINSHED Chron. I. 140/1 The kingdome of
Bntaine began now to reele from their owne estate, and
leane to an alteration. i6a8 FORD Lover's Mel. i. ii, When
commonwealths totter and reel from that nobility and
ancient virtue which renowns the great. 1663 BUTLER Hud.
i. i. 271 To stand fast As long as Monarchy should last j
But when the state should hap to reel [etc.]. 1868 STANLEY
West ut. Abb. iv. 341 When Church and State were reeling
to their foundations.
c. To fall or roll hurriedly, rare.
1593 DRAYTON Eclog. viii. 36 From whose high top the
high soon'st downward reele. 1818 BYRON yuan i. cxxiv.
The showering grapes In bacchanal profusion reel to earth,
Purple and gushing.
7. To walk with the body swinging violently from
side to side ; to make one's way in a swaying or
staggering manner, esp. under the effects of intoxica-
tion. Also in fig. context.
1607 MIDDLETON Five Gallants in. iii, Take him when he
reels from a tavern late. 1615 G. SANDYS Trav. 291 Drunk-
ards reeling along the shore. i7»6-3i WALDRON Descr.
Isle of Man (1865) 22 Being unable to reel any further, he
lay down at the door. 1761 CHURCHILL Night Poems 1767
I. 74 Reel in a drunkard, and reel out a saint. 1819
SHELLEY Peter Bell yd \\\. vii, Those patriots .. Who
gorge, before they reel to bed. 1821 — Prometh. Unb. ii.
iv. 22 Each one reels Under the load towards the pit of
death. 1849 MACAULAY Hist. Eng. v. I. 633 Permitting
them to sleep on watch, to reel drunk about the streets.
transf. 159* SHAKS. Rom. fy Jitl, u. iii. 3 Darknesse like
a drunkard reeles From forth dales path, c 1600 — Sonn.
vii, When from high-most pich. .Like feeble age he reeleth
from the day. a 1704 T. BROWN Praise Drunkenness Wks.
1730 I. 32 Epicurus whose drunken atoms reel'd into order.
fig' 1650 FULLER Pisgah iv. vii. 138 Shunning open
profaneness, they reeled into spirituall pride, a 1661 —
Worthies (1840) III. 432 This age, wherein so many have
reeled into damnable errors, a 1679 W. OUTRAM Semi.
(1682) 53 Christianity, .now is reel'd to the other extreme.
b. To move, fly, or dash, rapidly and unsteadily.
1727-46 THOMSON Summer i^ All th extinguish'd stars,
would loosening reel Wide from their spheres. 1860 HOL-
LAND Miss Gilbert iv. 73 He.. watched the little gig as it
reeled off toward the mill at the highest speed. 1878
BROWNING Poets Croisic ii, Redly up and out and off they
reeled Like disconcerted imps, those thousand sparks.
8. trans. To cause to roll, whirl, or stagger ;
to impel violently. Now rare.
13.. Gaw. <$• Gr. Knt. 304 Runischly his rede yjen he
reled aboute. 1513 DOUGLAS sEneis n. vii. 130 With the
preis we war relet of that steid. 1590 SPENSER F. Q. i. v. 35
Sisyphus an huge round stone did reele Against an hill.
*595 BARNFIELD Cynthia v, In his hand was placed For-
tunes wheele : The which he often turn'd, and oft did reele.
1613 J. DAVIES Muse's Teares B 2 b, Our Hopes, Which
now this Blast doth reele, and backward beare ! 1800
MOORE Anacreon ii. 12 Our feet shall catch the elastic
bound, And reel us through the dance's round.
b. refl. To throw (oneself) with a stagger.
1890 CLARK RUSSELL Ocean Trag. I. ix. 191 He. .swung,
or rather reeled, himself into [a chair].
9. To reel through or along (a street), rare"1.
1606 SHAKS. Ant. fy Cl. \. iv. 20 To sit And keepe the
turne of Tipling with a Slaue, To reele the streets at noone.
Keel (r/1), z'.2 Forms : 4 rely, reole, 4-5 rele,
(5 relyn), 6 reele, Sc. reill, 7- reel. [f. REEL j£.l]
1. trans. To wind (thread, silk, etc.) on a reel.
Also absol.y To perform, or be engaged in, this
kind of work.
1393 LANGL. P. PI. C. x. 81 Bobe to karde and to kembe. .
To rube and to rely [v.rr. rele, reole]. 14.. Voc. in Wr.-
Wiilcker 586/31 Girgillo [to rele]. r 1440 Protnp. Parv.
420/1 Relyn, wythe a reele, alabriso. c 1462 Wright's
Chaste Wife 349 Thowe schalt rubbe, rele, and spynne,
And ^xju wolt eny mete wynne. 1548 THOMAS Ital.
Diet. (1567), Inna&pare, to reele, as they reele silke or
thread. 1560 ROLLAND Crt. Venus n. 694 Ilk ane in hand
ane Reill. .To reill thair hankis so small of reid gold wyir.
1629 MASSIN<JKK Picture iv. ii, You should reel well What
he spins, if you give your mind to it. Ibid. v. i, The other
too reels well For his time. 1641 R. BAILUE Lett, fy Jrnls.
(1841) I. 334 Proclamations were read dischargeing to sell
any yarne but reeled in such a fashion. 1732 Ace. Work-
houses 138 That fit persons be appointed to reel the work.
1789 Gentl. Mag. Suppl. 1200/2 He invented a machine to
spin and reel Cotton at one operation. 1825 J. NICHOLSON
Operat. Mechanic 387 If the yarn has to be packed for the
market, it is reeled upon a frame. 1886 Mag. of Art Dec.
46/1 The silk used was . . the same as that reeled at the
present time by the Indians, Chinese, and Japanese.
b. Angling, To wind (the line) on the reel.
Also with up, and absol.
1854 L. LLOYD Scandin. Adv. I. 194 The line.. is reeled
around the two pins in the handle. 1873 G. C. DAVIES
Mount. <$• Mere \\. 10 We reel up and seek the shelter of
the wood. 1883 Century Mag. July 381/2 Then he reeled
slowly, keeping the minnow near the surface. 1884 BRAITH-
WAITE Salmontdx Westntld. v. 21 The angler reels up his
line as quickly as possible.
c. To fill (a spool) with thread.
1774 KEITH Partner's Ha' vii, The auld gudewife the
piracy reels Wi' tenty hand.
2. To take offby reeling.
1530 PAI.SGR. 684/1 Rele this skayne of the blades and
than come dyne. 1756 Gentl. Mag. XXVI. 138 The sixth
book describes the manner of reeling off the silk from the
pod. 1789 Trans. Soc. Arts (ed. 2) II. 164, I reeled off
every single thread. 1880 C. M. MASON Forty Shires 94
The silk is called raw after it has been reeled off the
cocoons. 1884 BLAKELEE Industr. Cycl. 123 Twine wound
upon this may be reeled off at pleasure.
b. transf. To rattle off (p. story, song, etc.) with-
out pause or effort.
1837 MARRVAT Dog-fiend \^ Well reeled off, Billy. 1885
Pall Mall Budget 19 June 31/1 General Butler, .can reel
off nautical stories by the yard. 1890 M'CARTHV French
Revol. I. 118 He reeled off a world of insipid verses.
3. To draw out, as with a reel ; to draw through
(something), or cause to move, by means of a reel.
1855 BROWNING Childe Roland xxiv, That harrow fit to reel
Meivs bodies out like sijk. 1868 JOYNSON Metals 105 Wire
is reeled through the zinc, into which it is forced to dip
by a fork or other contrivance. 1891 Textile Industries
12 Dec. 69 Keel the stuff well in the solution.
b. Angling. To draw in (a fish, etc.) by reeling
up the line. Also in fig. context.
1881 Confess. Frivolous Girl 181 Once hook him and you
are all right. ..You can reel him in then at your pleasure.
1883 Century Mag. July 379/2 The Professor .. soon reeled
the bass within a few feet. 1894 Outtn% (U.S.) XXIV.
228/2 The minnow is reeled nearly to the tip of the rod.
4. intr. To make a noise like that of a icel when
in motion.
1747 [see REELING vbl. sb.1 2], 1899 Longnt. Mag. Dec. 154
The grasshopper warblers which were reeling from many
a ' tangled watercourse ' a fortnight ago are now silent.
Keel (n"l), z>.3 [f. REEL sb.%\ intr. and trans.
To dance a reel.
1768 Ross Helenore \. 21 The summer cauls were dancing
here an* there, An' clouds of midges reeling in the air. 1790
BURNS Tarn o' Shanter 147 The dancers quick and quicker
flew ; They reel'd, they set, they cross'd, they cleekit. 1833
MARRY AT P. Simple xxxv, Troubridge opened the ball..,
making them reel 'Tom Collins', whether or no. 1843
NICHOLSON Hist. <y Tradit. Tales 241 Loud laughed Old
Nick and danced and reeled.
Reelable (n-iab'l), «. [f. REEL z;.2 + -ABLE.]
That can be reeled or wound on a reel.
1887 F.ncycl. Brit. XXII. 60/1 At least six species of
Bombyx..form reelable cocoons. Ibid. 60/2 The reelable
fibre is as a rule thickest.. at the middle portion.
Ree'1-bird. [f. REEL sbl] (See quot.)
1888 NEWTON in Entycl. Brit. XXIV. 367/1 In those parts
of England where it [the grasshopper lark or warbler] was
formerly most abundant it was known as the Reeler or
Reel-bird.
Re-ele ct, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To elect
again.
1601 HOLLAND Pliny I. 181 Those Senators.. whom he
had either chosen or re-elected in his Censorship. 1681
LLTTRELL Brief Rel. (1857) I. 127 One Mr. Broom being
some time since chosen, but not qualified,, .he was this day
..reelected. 1769 Junins Lett. xix.(i77i) 103 [He] was ex-
pelled, re-elected, and admitted to take his seat in the same
parliament. 1844 THIBLWALL Greece Ixv. VIII. 361 Philo-
pcemen was re-elected for the following year 1863 H. Cox
Instil. I. viii. 128 A member expelled may, upon the issue of
a new writ, be re-elected by his former constituents.
Hence Re-electability.
1898 B. GREGORY Side Lights 421 The re-electability of
the best known Wesleyan Methodist minister.
jfce-ele-ction. [RE- 5 a; cf. RE-ELECT v.]
The action of re-electing ; a fresh election ; the fact
of being re-elected.
a 1745 SWIFT (J.), Several acts have been made and
rendered ineffectual by leaving the power of re-election
open. 1756 H. WALPOLE Lett, to Mann 29 Nov., The
Parliament meets on Thursday, but will adjourn for about
ten days for the re-elections. 1824 BYRON Jnan xvi. xcv,
Safe conduct through the rocks of re-elections. 1884 Law
Times 8 Mar. 3 The Examiners above named are re-eligible,
and intend to offer themselves for re-election.
Heeled («Id), ///. a.
on a reel.
1776-7 Act ijGeo. ///,c. u § 14 Thereeler..of such false
or short reeled yarn. 1831 G. R. PORTER Silk Manuf. 152
To obtain one pound of reeled silk, requires 12 pounds of
cocoons. 1851 L. D. B. GORDON in Art Jrnl. Ilhtstr.
Catal. p. ii **/i Samples of the cocoons, and of the reeled
or raw silk of these countries.
[f. REEL v.*\ Wound
REELER.
Reeler (n'b-0. [f. REEL z>.2 + -ER!.]
1. One who reels or winds yarn, cord, etc., upon
a reel ; also, one who employs such workers.
1598 FI.OKIO, Innasjwiore, a reeler or winder of yarne.
1611 CorxiR. s.v. Garde, Faire la gardc^ to make fa*! ; (a
plira^e vsed by reelers, or winders of yarne), 1776-7 [see
RBCLKD ///. i. J. 18*5 J- NICHOLSON Operat. Mechanic 395
The slubs which may liave been left in the silk by the negli-
gence of the foreign reeler. 1844 G. DODD Textile Manitf.
vi, 175 When the winder or reeler has purchased the cocoons
[etc.]. 1891 Textile Industries 12 Dec 61/1 However care-
less the reeler may be, the reel is stopped instantly.
b. (See quot.)
1893 L. KELLERN Soldiers at Sea 50 Told off as Reelers,
to haul in the reel, which tests the ship's rate of progress.
c. The grasshopper-warbler, Locustella neevia.
1871-4 NEWTON YarrelCs Brit, Birds I. 385 In the more
marshy parts of England .. this bird has long been known
as the ' Reeler ' — from the resemblance of its song to the noise
of the reel used . . by the hand-spinners of wool.
d. Cant (after peeler}. A policeman.
1879 MaciH. Mag. Oct. 502/1 A reeler came to the cell
and cross- kid died (questioned) me.
1 2. An instrument for reeling. Obs. rare -1.
1598 FLORIO, IndenenatoiOy a reeler or reeling sticke.
1629 MASSINGER Picture v. i, Ubaldo. I have not spittle
enough to wet my fingers When I draw my flax from my
distaff. Ricardo. Nor I, strength To raise my hand to the
top of my reeler.
Re-elevate, v. [RE- 5 a.] To elevate again.
a 1834 COLERIDGE cited by WORCESTER (1846). 1873 J.
GEIKIE Gt, Ice Age xxii. 200 Then, finally, the land was re-
elevated to its present level. 1895 Minutes gt/t Nat. Connc.
Congieg. C/t. (U.S.) 242 To re-elevate the standard of scholar-
ship which has been so unfortunately. .lowered.
So Re-eleva tiou. (Chiefly Geol.)
18x7 J. SCOTT Paris Revis. (ed. 4) 305 Resting its re-
elevation on the foundation of popular choice. 1868 LYELL
Princ. Geol. 11. xxxi. (ed. 10) II. 187 It seems impossible to
explain the position of this buried hut, without imagining,
first a subsidence. .then a re-elevation. 1876 PAGE Adv.
Text-bk. Geol. xiv. 258 The frequent subsidences and re-
elevations.
Reel foot. Sc. [? f. REEL rf.i] A club-foot.
So Reel-footed a.
1867 H. SCOTT Fasti Eccl. Scotic. n. 586 A reel foot marred
his personal appearance. 1887 SERVICE Dr. Ditguid \. xxiii.
rss James being reel-fitted. 1901 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 19 July
209 A child . . is ' reel-footed ' if there is a club-foot.
Re- eligibility, [f. next + -ITY.] Eligibility
for re-election to the same office.
^1787 HAMILTON Federalist No. 72 With a positive dura-
tion [of the presidency]. . I connect the circumstance of re-
eligibility. 1788 JEFFERSON Let. 7 Feb., There is another
strong feature in the new constitution, which I . . strongly
dislike. That is, the perpetual re-eligibility of the President.
1888 &9.vce.Amer.Commw. n.xli. II. 103 The governor .. is
elected directly, not. .by a college of electors. .. Some States
limit his re-eligibility.
Re-e-ligible, a. [RE- 5 a.] Capable of being
re-elected to the same office.
_i8oa Ann. Reg. 644 The president is to exercise his func-
tions for ten years, and to be indefinitely reeligible. 1843
Penny Cycl. XXVI. 26/2 The person so appointed to vacate
is not re-eligible for the ensuing year. 1884 Law Times
8 Mar. 3 The Examiners above-named are re-eligible.
Keeling frf-liij), vbl. sb.i [f. REEL z/.i + -ING!.]
The action of staggering, etc.
'375 BAKBOUR Bruce xm. 263 The king Robert be thair
relyng Saw thai war neir dUcomfyting. 1495 Trevisa's
Earth. De P. R. (W. de W.)v. xx. 126 The passyons of the
teeth ben dyuers. .brekynge, and brusynge. ., relynge and
wagfging] and fallynge. a 1500 Peebles to Play ii, For reil-
ing thair micht na man rest, For garray and for glew. a 1591
H. SMITH Six Serm. (1594) 89 As if he should say, neither
the winds blowing.. nor the ships reeling, .should, .waken
him from his sleepe. 1607-12 BACON Ess., Counsel (Arb.) 312
They will..be full of inconstancye, . .like the reeling of a
drunken Man. 1664 H. MORE Myst. Iniq. 329 Singing and
dancing and drinking and reeling were usual concomitants
of all the Pagan Holy-days. 1736 F,. ERSKINE Serm. Wks.
1871 II. 406 The Avenger of thy blood will take care of thee
in public reelings. 1781 COWPER Conversat. 862 Though
such continual zigzags in a book, Such drunken reelings,
have an awkward look. 1899 Allbutt's Syst. Med. VII. 69
[A gait] in which there is unsteadiness, titubation, and reef-
ing like a drunken man.
Comb. 1610 SHAKS. Temp. v. i. 279 Trinculo is reeling
ripe : where should they Finde this grand Liquor that hath
gilded 'em 1 1706 E. WARD Wooden World Diss. (1708) 100
When he's reeling drunk ashore, he takes it for granted to
be a Storm abroad.
Reeling (rflin) , vbl. s6.2 [f. REEL z».2 + -ING 1.]
1. The action of winding on a reel.
1589 RIDER Bit!. Schol., A Reeling, alabratio. 1603
silks. 1789 Trans. Soc. Arts VII. 143 It was.. afterwards
reeled off from those bobbins, and in the reeling passed
through warm water. 1803 W. TAYLOR in Ann. Ka>. I. 432
The purchases [of silk] are made about the end of August
when the reelings terminate. 1884 MCLAREN Sfinning(f<i. 2)
235 fhe processes of twisting, reeling, and scouring.
D. attnb. and Comb., as reeling apparatus,
arrangement, establishment, machine, stick.
1598 FLORIO, Indeuenatoio, a reeler or reeling sticke. 1835
URE PkUtu. Mannf. 265 The reeling apparatus used m
I ranee. 1853 _ Diet. Arts (ed. 4) II. 616 The cocoons are
prepared at the reeling establishment into raw silk. //•/</.,
The reeling machines in the Tyrol. 1887 Encycl. Brit.
XXII. 61/2 A sectional view of the reeling apparatus and
arrangements . . is shown in fig. 12.
VOL. VIII.
329
2. The production of a humming sound.
1747 R. MAXWELL Bee-Master (1750) 35 This reeling is
occasioned, by a great many of the Bees flying, and mak!:,:;
a confused Motion and Noise in the. . Hive. 1899 Longni.
Slag. Dec. 152 It was more sustained than the longest reel-
ing of the grasshopper warbler that I have heard.
Reeling (n-lin) , ///• a. [f. REEL z/.i + -ING 2.]
1. That reels, in senses of the vb.
'577 HOLINSIIEO Citron. I. 69/1 Honorius, perceiuing the
reeling state of the empire, determined foorthwith to re-
couer it. 1602 MARSTON Ant. t, Kiel. I. Wks. 1856 I. 17
With that he totterd from the reeling decke, And downe he
sunke. 1649 JER. TAYLOR Gt. Exemp. in. Ad § 16. 177 With
troubled spirits and a reeling faith. 1697 URYDEN Virg.
Past. v. 46 Daphnis did Rites to Bacchus first ordain ; And
holy Revels for his reeling Train. 1768 Ross Hclenare I. 55
The man.. in his fury, an1 in his reeling eyn, Thinks that
the ane he wanted she had been. 1781 COWPER Expost.
306 War lays a burden on the reeling state. 1849 LONGF.
Building the Ship 242 The stress and the strain Of the wind
and the reeling main.
2. Characterized by reeling ; causing to reel.
1614 MARKHAM Cheap Huso. iv. x. (1668) 99 If your Goats
be troubled with the Staggers or Reeling Evil. 1875 MAN-
NING A/fssian H. Ghost il. 54 That sort of gross reeling in-
toxication by which men.. shame themselves in the streets.
1896 Wtstm. Gaz. 27 Feb. i/i The Liberal Party suffered a
reeling blow yesterday.
Hence Ree-lingly adv.
1611 LADY M. WROTH Urania 481 Suddenly, and reelingly
he ran with his last fury vpon him. 1657 J. SERGEANT
Schism Dispach't 62 Is this a sober discourse, which falls
reelingly to the ground of it self, when none pushes it ?
t Reel-pot. Obs. rare-1, [f. REEL n.l] One
who makes the (drinking) pot go round.
1604 T. M. Black Bk. in Middleton's Wks. (Bullen) VIII.
28 There I heard, .how many perjurds [were] in France, and
how many reel-pots in Germany.
II Reem (rim), [a. Heb. on r*'ent (also Cn
reym in Job xxxix. 9-10), rendered in the Vulgate
by rhinoceros and unicornis, and by Wyclif and
later Eng. versions, unicorn.] The Hebrew name
of an animal mentioned in the Old Testament, now
identified with the wild ox.
1719 YOUNG Par. Job Wks. 1757 I. 213 Will the tall
Reem, which knows no Lord but Me, Low at the crib, and
askanalmsof thee? [1845 KITTO Cycl. Bibl. Lit. s.v., From
the fact that the reem is classed in scripture with bulls or
bullocks, .it has been concluded that he was of the bovine
species, and probably the buffalo or wild ox. 1886 W.
HOUGHTON in Acatlemy 24 Apr. 292 The identification of
the Hebrew reem. with the wild ox (Bos primigenius) is one
of the most certain of all Bible animal names.]
Reem, obs. f. REALM, REAM; var. REMJJ v., to
cry, shout ; obs. f. RIME, hoarfrost.
Re-embark (rf|emba-ik), v. Also 7-8 reim-.
[RE- 5 a. Cf. F. rembarquer (i 549), It. rimbarcare
(Florio), Sp. reembarcarl\
1. trans. To put (a person or thing) on board
ship again. Also f const, into.
1611 COTGR., Rembarcjver, to reimbarke, to put into a ship
againe. 1654 H. L'ESTRANGE Chas. I (1655) 18 The Ad-
mirall re-imbarques all and . . plies for the Southward Cape.
1687 LOVF.LL tr. T/tcvenofs Truv. n. 171 Goods.. which.. he
was necessitated to reimbark. 170* Land. Gaz. No. 3850/3
They were reimbarking the Troops on board the Ships.
'758 Ann. Reg. I. 101/1 They were.. hoisted into the ship,
and..re<imbarked into the boats. 1836 MACGILLIVRAY tr.
Humboldt's Trav. xviii. 250 The boat having been got up,
they re-embarked their instruments and provisions.
reft, 1621 CAPT. SMITH Wks. I. 257 Reimbarking myselfe
in a Bark of 60 Tuns.
fig. 1647 WARD Simp. CaMer(iS^) 80 It may re-imbarque
themselves and you all into a deadly relapse of scorne and
calamity.
2. intr. To go on board ship again. Also const, in.
1585 T. WASHINGTON tr. Nicholay's Voy. n. v. 35 We had
made our accompt to reembarke and depart. 1747 CARTE
Hist. Eng. I. 288 The Danes still re-imbarking when they
found opposition in any place, and landing in some other.
1777 ROBERTSON Hist. Amer. II. v. 23 He .. issued orders
that the army should be in readiness next day to reimbark
for Cuba. 1856 KANE Arct. Expl. II. xxviii. 279, I called
my officers together . . and prepared to re-embark. 1878
GLADSTONE Prim, Homer xi. 131 After re-embarking, he
exasperates the monster with his pungent addresses.
fig. a 1711 KEN Edmund Poet. Wks. 1721 II. 159 His
Soul, which while he slept at Anchor lay, Began to reim-
bark. >8ia Examiner 24 Aug. 542/2 In such a cause his
very selfishness is a security for his not re-embarking.
trans/. 1751 SMOLLETT Per. Pic. ci, He re-embarked in his
hackney-coach.
Hence Ke-emba-rking vbl. sli.
1611 FLORIO, Kitnbarcamento, a re-imbarking. 1790 BFAT-
SON Nav. 4 Mil. Mem. I. 321 Brigadiers Graham and
O'Farrel.. agreed to the reimbarking of the troops.
Re-embarka-tiou. Also 8 reim-. [RE- 5 a.]
The action of re-embarking.
1716 Land. Gaz. No. 5470/2 They knew nothing of the Re-
imbarkation. 1757 SMOLLETT Hist. Eng. xviii. § 5 After the
re-embarkation of the troops. 1790 BEATSON Nav. fy Mil.
Mem. I. 323 They unanimously declared themselves for the
reimbarkation. 1847 GROTE Greece n. xxxvi. IV. 471 They
repulsed the Athenians from the sea-shore and secured a
safe re-embarkation.
So Re-embaTkment. [Cf. F. rembarqucment.]
ij&Arin. Keg. I. 66/1 The smaller [squadron) .. was de-
signed, .to favour the landing and reimbarkment.
Re-emba-ttle, v. In 7 reim-. [RE- 5 a.]
trans. To draw up again in battle array.
1667 MILTON P. L. vi. 794 They. .at the sight Tookenvie,
and aspiring to his highth, Stood reimbattetl'd fierce.
REEN.
Re-embe'llish., v. Also 7 re-im-. [RE- ; a.]
trans. To embellish anew. Hence Re-embe'Uish-
ing vbl. sb.
'611 FLORID, Rimbcllirc, to re-imbellish. Ibid., Rabbelli.
matte, a rebeautifying, a re-embellishing. 1655 tr. Com.
Hist. Vrancion n. 43 Ceruse and Vermillion were not cap-
able to re-imbellish my face.
Re-enibo'dy, v. Also 7,9 reim-. [RE- 5 a.]
To embody again, a. irons.
i8o» JAMES Milit. Diet. s.v., The militia is disbanded,
and partially reimbodied for 28 days in every year during
peace. i86a MERIVALE Rom. Emf. Ivii. (1865) VII. 121 It
became necessary to re-embody the praetorian and the urban
guards. 1873 'n B. Stewart Ctmserv. Force vii. 173, I pro-
pose, .now to reembody my views in a more popular form.
fb. intr. for re/I. (See EMBODY 5 b.) Obs.
a 1691 BOYLE (J.), Quicksilver broken into little globes,
the parts brought to touch immediately reimbody.
Re-embo som, v. Also 7 reim-. [RE- 5 a.]
trans. To embosom again.
1641 HEYLIN Hitt. Episc. n. (1657) 369 Some.. had been
Reconciled and reimbosomed with the Church. 1656 —
Surv. France 56 [Henry IV. of France] once more re-em-
bosom d himself into the Roman Synagogue. 1878 BROWN-
ING La Saisiaz 120 Treasure oft was disembosomed. . .Dis-
embosomed, re-embosomed.
Re-embra'ce, v. Also 7 re-im-, reim-. [RE-
5 a. Cf. F. rembrasser, f remirader,] trans, and
intr. To embrace again, in lit. and/^-. senses.
1611 FLORIO, Rimbracciare, to imbrace againe, to re-im-
brace. 1633 PRYNNE ist ft. Histrio-m. 57 Why should you
re-embrace . . the things, which you haue thus abiured ? 1655
tr. Com. Hist. Francion ix. 4 His Daughter and her Sweet-
heart coming to re-imbrace each other, a 1711 KEN Prepar.
atives Poet. Wks. 1721 IV. 48 When their Souls they re-
embrace. 1741 YOUNG Nt. Th. v. 1044 He takes his Leave,
like a paternal bear, on reembracmg Wilhelmina.
So Re-embra-ce sb., a renewed embrace ; Be-
embra'cement.
1611 FLORIO, Rabbracciamenti, re-imbracements. 1868
BROWNING Ring ff Bk. XL 2316 If, fighting quietly, the jaws
enjoy One re-embrace in mid back-bone.
Re-embroil, v. [RE- 5 a.] To embroil again.
1718 BLACKMORE Alfred*. (1723) 363 Lest this audacious
Tribe. .Disturb the Throne and re-embroil the State.
Re-emburse, -ment, obs. ff. REIMBURSE, -MENT.
Reeme, obs. f. REALM, REAM sb2, RIME.
Re-emeTge, v. [RE- 5 a.] To emerge again.
'775 CHANDLER Trav. Asia M. (1825) I. 94 It will gradu-
ally re-emerge, and become dry and green as before. 1837
CARLYLE Fr. Rev. III. n. iii, A question emerges,.. is put
off, submerged ; but always reemerges bigger than before.
1879 M. ARNOLD MixedF.ss., Falkland 227 But is it meant,
.. that after all, political liberty re-emerged in England..?
So Re-eme-rgeiice ; Ke-eme rgeiit a.; Re-
emersion.
1801 COLERIDGE Lett. (1895) 365 Flashes of lightning, that
seemed almost to alternate with the flash-like re-emersions
of the waning moon. 1837 CARLYLE Fr. R ev. III. u. iii, By
its frequent reemergence and by its rapid enlargement of
bulk, . . this question [etc.]. 1865 GEIKIE Seen. 4- Geol. Scotl.
ix. 248 Since its first re-emergence it has doubtless been often
sunk and raised anew. 1895 Forum (N. Y.) Apr. 254 Cases
of fallen and still fitfully re-emergent nobility.
Reeming (rrmirj), vbl. sb. Also reaming.
[See REAM z<.3] (See quot. 1846.) Also Comb.,
as rceming-beetle , -iron.
i75oBi.ANcKLEY Nav.Expos. 130 Reeming Irons, are used
by the Caulkers for opening the Seams of the Planks of
Ships on the Stocks before caulked. 1846 A. YOUNG Naut.
Diet., Reeming, in shipbuilding, opening the seams of the
planks with iron wedges, called reeming-irons, jn order that
the oakum used in caulking may be more readily admitted.
1867 SMYTH Sailor's Word-bk. 566 Reeming. Beetle, a
caulker's largest mallet. 1875 KNIGHT Diet. Meek. 1905/2
The tool is a reeming-iron struck by a reeming-beetle.
Re-emi'SSion. [RE- 5 a : cf. next.] A second
or subsequent emission ; a re-issue.
1740 W. DOUGLASS Disc. Curr. Brit. Plant. Amcr. 10 In
the following Years no more new Emissions, but some Re-
emissions of the remainder. 1801 YOUNG in Phil. Trans.
XCII. 46 Its remaining many months as if in a latent state,
and its subsequent re-emission by the action of heat.
Re-eini't, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To emit again ;
esp. U. ^.,to reissue (bills, bank-notes, etc.). Hence
Ke-emi'tting vbl. sb. (in quot. attrib.}.
1740 W. DOUGLASS Disc. Curr. Brit. Plant. Amer. to The
Province .. have since A. 1702 emitted and re-emitted Bills
of public Credit. Ibid. 17 The three Upper Counties.,
emitted 30,000 1. which have generally been continued out
by re-emitting Acts from Time to Time. 1759 FRANKLIN
Ess. Wks. 1840 III. 203 The trustees of the loan office might
ree'mit the same sums. 1884 A merican VIII. 311 The notes
are not held, when redeemed, but re-emitted.
Re-employ , v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To employ
again ; to take back into employment. So Be-
employ ment.
i6zx COTGR., Remployer, to reimploy. 1883 STEVENSON
Silverado S<?. 147 Begging me to re-employ him again.
1893 Columbus (Ohio) Disp. 7 Aug., It is to be hoped that
relief will come, in the way of re-employment, before cold
weather sets in.
Reen (r/n). Also reene, rheen. A variant
(and more phonetic) spelling of the south-western
RHINE, a ditch.
18*9 J. L. KNAIT Jrnl. Nat. 142 A pale blue shrew, .has
been seen about the margin of our rcenes, and ihe deep
marsh ditches. 1864 G. F. BERKELEY Life <r Recoil. I. 241
42
RE-ENABLE.
330
RE-ENJOYMENT.
The wide deep reens or ditches that intersect these marshy
meadows. 1867 Macm, Mag. June 164 It is intersected.,
by several large dykes, called in the language of the country
1 rhines* or 'rheens*.
Reen, var. REAN; obs. f. REIN(DEER).
Re-ena'ble, v. Also 6-7 re-in-. [RE- 5 a.]
f 1. trans. To rehabilitate, restore. Obs.
1586 T. B. La Primaud. Fr. Acad. i. (1594) 600 The re-
inabling of such as before were not capable of offices or
dignities. 1611 SPEED Hist. Gt. Brit. vs.. xly. § 7.612 They
were also forbidden . . to reenable the late King against the
authoritie of this Parliament. 1629 DONNE Serin. V. 440
When God hath thus created a new heart, that is, Ke-
enabled me by his Ordinance.
2. To make able again.
1633 T. ADAMS Exp. 2 Peter in. 18 Thus are we re-enabled
to pay him the debt of glory. 1834 Good's Study filed.
(ed. 4) II. 616 To require, .many months before the patient
was re-enabled to take his station in society.
So t Re-ena'blement. Obs.
1648 W. MOUNTACUE Devout Ess. i. Ep. Ded. A 4 b, The
propitiating of Almighty God, towards Vour reinablement
to afford them all . . succors.
Re-ena-ct, v. [RE- 5 a.]
1. trans. To enact (a law, etc.) again. Hence
Re-ena'cting vbl. sb.
a 1676 HALE Prim. Orig. Man. iv, viii. (1677) 369 That
Precept .. was no other than the re-enacting of that old
Commandment, 1705 ARDUTHNOT Coins, etc. (1727) 259 The
Construction of Ships was forbidden to Senators, by a law
made by Claudius, Tribune of the people, . .and re-enacted
by the Julian Law of Concussions. 1831 BABBAGE Econ.
Afan.'tf. xxxiii. (1835) 363 note. In 1825 an attempt lo re-
enact some, of the most objectionable was made. 1865 H.
PHILLIPS Atiier. Paper Curr. II. 38 All the regulations of
the prior resolution, .were herein re-enacted.
2. To act or perform again ; to reproduce.
1854 J. S. C. ABBOTT Napoleon (1855) I. v. 89 Napoleon
had no desire to see the Reign of Terror re-enacted in the
cities of Italy. 1856 ' STONEHENGR* Brit. Rural Sports
464/1 My yachting friends need never expect to see her
with her present rig re-enacting the America.
So Be-ena ction, Be-ena ctment.
1803 Hist. Europe in Ann. Reg. (1804) 14/2 Lord Limerick
positively asserted that the re-enactment of those bills was
absolutely necessary for the tranquilityof thecountry. 1855
H. CLARKE Diet., Reenaction. 1860 FORSTER 6V. Reiium-
str. 2 The Petition ..was but the affirmation and re-enact-
ment of the precedents of the three foregoing centuries.
Re-ena'mour, v. [RE- 5 aj trans. To in-
flame ngain with love. In pass.
a 17x1 KEN Anodynes Poet. Wks. 1721 III. 417 Love saw
me cool, I by his Rod Shall re-enamour'd be of God.
Re-eiicharu, z>. Also 7-8 re-in-. [RE- 5 a.]
trans. To enchain again.
1611 COTGR, ReHcftainer, to reinchaine, to chain, or bind
in chaines, againe. 1718 Free-thinker No. 90 p 7 He be-
comes an easy Captive to the first Person, who shall en-
deavour to re-inchain him. 1837 R. WILSON fleas. Piety
iv. 93 Ham's haughty King collects his armed hosts To re-
enchain the ransomed of the Lord.
t Re-encha-rge, v. Obs. rare—1. [RE- 5 a.]
? To charge again.
1600 HOLLAND Lwy vm. xxxix. 310 The Dictator .. cried
unto the Colonels .. to reencharge and renew the medley
againe with him.
t Re-enclorster, v. Obs. In 7 re-in-. [RK-
5 a.] trans. To shut up again in a cloister.
1631 LITHGOW Trav. vi. 286 Bidding farewell to the
Church of St. Saluatore, and being re-incloystred againe.
Re-encoirnter, sb. Also 6-7 rein-, re-in-.
[f. RE- + ENCOUNTER sb. ; cf. RENCONTRE sb., REX-
COUNTER sb.} f a. A meeting, encounter, esp. a
hostile one. Obs. b. A renewed meeting.
i5«S LD. BERNERS Froiss. II. xxix. 34/1 Without any
busynesse or reencounter we came to the captall. 1577-87
HOLINSHED Chron. I. 85/2 The Saxons had the victorie in
that reincounter. 1603 HOLLAND Plutarch's Mor. 443 So
many pleasant speeches and lively reencounters. 1611
FLORIO, Rancontro, a reincounter, a meeting againe. 1666
S. PARKER Free & Impart. Censure (1667) 32 After many
reiterated controversial Re-incounters with Aurelius. 1737
L. CLARKE Hist. Bible ( 1740) I. i. 68 This Re-encounter had
not a little ruffled Jacob s mild disposition. 1794 GODWIN
Cat, Williams 77 Mr. Falkland s servants, hearing the
bustle of the re-encounter [etc.].
Re-encoirnter, v. Also 6-7 re-in-. [f. RE- +
ENCOUNTER v. ; cf. RENCONTRE v,, RENCOUNTER v.]
t a. To encounter, esp. in a hostile manner. Obs.
b. To encounter or meet again.
15*3 LD. BERNERS Froiss. I. ccxiv. 267 They.. robbed all
that countrey, for there was none that reencountred them.
IS??-*? HOLINSHEU Ckron. I. 164/2 Bicause the Danes ..
were reencountred.. so often as they did encounter [etc.].
1600 Cowrie Conspir. C 2, His owne seruants..hauing put
his maiestie in safetie.re-encountred the sayd Earle and his
seruantes. 1611 FLORIO, Rancontrare, to reincounter or
meete againe. ^1630 RISDON Surv. Devon § 65 (1810) 63
Both armies met again, and re-encountered. 1639 FULLER
Holy War n. x. (1840) 63 The Pagans, little suspecting to
be icencountered, gave themselves over to mirth and jollity.
t Re-encotrntry. Obs-1 = RE-ENCOUNTER j/>.
1568 GRAFTON Chron. II. 266 For I thinke verely that
your aduersarie king Phillip will meete with you to fisht,
and ye shall find many streight passages and reencountries.
Re-encou rage, v. In 6-7 rain-. [RE- 5 a.]
trans. To encourage again.
1398 FLORIO, Rinfranfare, to reincourage. 1670 MILTON
Hist. Eng. iv. 138 The Abbot Austin. . , remcourag'd by the
exhortations of Gregory . . , came safe to the He of Tanet.
So Be-encon rag-ement.
a 1766 J. BROWNE Willie <y Old Wernock 329 But O, (my
Wernock) how am I to thee Obligen, for thy keene re-
encouragements.
Re-endear,?'. In 6-7 re-in-. [RE- 5 a.] trans.
To endear again. So Be-endea'rment.
1626 HP. HALL Contempt., O. T. xx. xii, As a man.. puts
himself into some deserving action, whereby he may hope
to re-indeare him selfe. 1654 H. L'Es i KANGI-; Chas. I (1655)
212 Resolued he was no opportunity should escape him
which might promove his re-endeerment with them.
Re-endow*, v. Also 8 re-in-. [RE- 5 a.]
trans. To endow again.
1607 HIERON Wks. I. 390 How much is vented away by
such meanes, by which, .many an impouerished and spoiled
church [might be] re-endowed. 1761 London fy Environs
IV. 102 The hospitals .. being built, and re-indowed at the
public expence. 1869 Spectator 24 July 861/1 Concessions
which re-endow the Free Church with an extra half-million.
So Be-endowment. Also attrib.
1869 Spectator^ 24 July 861/1 Re-endowment even with
half a million is re-endowment. 1884 Manck. Weekly
'f itnes ii Oct. 4/6 A re-endowment of the Protestant de-
nomination. 1897 Daily News 10 Mar. 9/4 In aid of the
Re-endowment Fund of Guy's Hospital.
Rsene, var. REAN, KEEN; obs. f. REIN.
Re-e'nergize, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To
energize anew, impart fresh energy to.
1803 ANNA SEWARD Lett. (1811) VI. 108 You, my friend,
have .. affectionate interests, which combine to reenergize
your mind. 1887 Chicago Advance 5 May 274 The true
way to re-energize the languishing institution.
Re-enfeO'fF, v. Also 7 rein-, re-in-. [Rc-
5 a; cf. REFKOFF z;.] trans. To enfeoff anew; to
enfeoff in return (the original feoffor).
1540 in Eng. Gilds (1870) 256 Who, soe being seised, shall
re-enfeoffe the said seaven who shall survive. i6z8 COKK
On Litt. 208 b, If the Condition be, That the Feoffee shall
re-infeoffe the Feoffor [etc.]. 1643 tr. Perkins" Prof, tik.
iii. § 241. 107 If my Feoffee in Fee of one Acre of Land, doe
reinfeoff mee of the same acre [etc.]. 1765 Act 5 Gco. ///,
c 26 Preamble, With power also to the surviving trustees . .
to re-enfeoff other trustees to the same uses. 1865 NICHOLS
Brit ton II. 209 note, It was not uncommon for a layman to
enfeoff a church on cjndilion of being reenfeoffed to hold
of the church.
So Be-enfeo'ffment.
1661 J. STEPHENS Procurations 55 So warranty is ex-
tinguished by Re-in feoffm en t or Descent of Land to the
same person that had the Warranty, 1870 Eng, Gilds
256 marg., When only seven feoffees remain living, a re-
enfeoffment, to fourteen, shall be made.
Re-enflame, variant of REINFLAME.
Re-enfb'rce, sb. = REINFORCED.
1886 American XII. 141 The gun is a small one, . . com*
posed of two concentric cylinders, the inside one being of
steel, the outside or reenforce of cast iron.
Re-enfo-rce, v. [f. RE- + ENFORCE v.\ cf. RE-
INFORCE and RENFOBCE. Now rare in English,
but common in American use.]
1. trans. To strengthen, give fresh or additional
strength to.
c 1586 C'TESS PEMBROKE Ps. LXXXVI. v, Thou, Jehova, ..
With strength my weaknesse re-enforce. 1615 K. LONG tr.
Barclay's A rgenis v. x. 364 He was with these and the like
speeches re-enforcing his anger. 171630 S. PA(;E Broken
Heart (1637) 177 To magnine htm, and to reenforce his
Petition, he calleth him Deum sulittis. a 1711 KEN
Hymnarium Poet. Wks. 1721 II. 49 Thou to thyself dost
Glory raise, By re-enforcing our Decays. 1883 Harper's
Mag. Nov. 886/2 'l*he sonority of this reservoir is expected
materially to re-enforce the volume of tone. 1888 STEVEN-
SON Gentlemen in Fiction, The opinions.., though .. re-
enforced with excellent images, are not peculiar, .to Hamlet.
b. reft. To strengthen or encourage (oneself)
afresh, rare.
1589 in Hakluyt Voy. (1812) V. 588 Who after one battle
were never able to reenforce themselves against him. 1599
B. JONSON Cynthia? s^ Rev. in. iii, And then, if she shr.ll
coily recoil, and signify your repulse, you are to reenforce
yourself with [etc.].
2. Mil. To strengthen with additional forces (for
supplies) ; to support by fresh numbers,
1596 DANETT tr. Comities (1614) 24 Then vsed we to re-
enforce them with new supplies. 1613 PURCHAS Pilgrimage
iv. ii. 295 The Magi .. himselfe re-enforcing his power, and
bidding -bat tell., was taken aliue. 1693 Mem. Cut. Teckely
iv. 62 'ihey thought only upon reposing themselves, and re-
enforcing their Army by detachments out of the neigh-
bouring Garrisons.
trans/. 1885 J. L. ALLEN in Harper's Mag. Apr. 709/2
With my house re-enforced by a housekeeper, . . there would
be nothing more to desire. 1896 Paterson Mag. VI. 305/1
The pioneers have been re-enforced.
f b. To collect again ; to reassemble. Obs.
1594 KYD Cornelia Argt., His purpose was to have re-
enforc'd a newe Armie. 1599 SHAKS. Hen. V, iv. vi 36
The French haue re-enforc'd their scatter'd men.
3. To strengthen (any part of an object) by
additional support.
1883 Harper's Mag. Nov. 887/1 The re-entrant angles..
are re-enforced., with., pilasters. i&yjOufing (U.S.i XXX.
278/2 It goes to the brazing furnace, where the joints are
re-enforced and solidified.
t 4. intr. To renew one's efforts ; to insist. Obs.
1624 BP. MOUNTAGU Gagg 3 Though he fall off to-day, hee
will re-enforce to-morrow, though he faile to-day, he will
assay to-morrow. 1642 JER. TAYLOR Episc. (1647) 325 This
account we have from S. Cyprian, and he reenforces againe
upon the same charge in his Epistle.
Hence Be-enfo'rceable a., capable of being re-
enforced (/w«£V Stand. Diet. 1895); Be-enfo rcer, |
one who re-enforces ; Bs-enfo rcing vbl. sb.
1611 FLORIO, Rajforzamento, are-enforcing. \V^ Century
Mag. Mar. 929/1 Writers who are more properly feeders and
reeniorcers of life itv--lf.
Re-eiifor-cement. [f. as prec. + -MENT : cf.
REINFORCEMENT and RENFORCEMENT.] The act of
re-enforcing, or the state of being re-enforced ; that
which re-enforces ; a fresh supply.
1601 R. JOHNSON Kingd. 4- Cotnmiv. (1603) 139 Populous,
because of reenforcements after checks or ouertnrows. 1621
BP. MOUNTAGU Diatribas 41 Without a generall re-enforce-
ment from authority.* 1681 GLANVILL Sodducismus ii. 126
Having resolved upon this Reenforcement, I writ again to
my Honoured Friend. 1775 P. SCHUVLER in Sparks Corr.
Amer. Rev. (1853) I. 78 That a reinforcement may be
speedily sent into Canada. 1853 KANE Grinnell Exp. xlv.
(1856) 411 We devoured eagerly the seal, of which, by good
fortune, we had several re-enforcements. 1881 Rep. to Ho.
Repr. Prec. Met. U. S. 472 The natural head of water needs
the re-enforcement of pumping apparatus to enable it to
reach the highest point of the mine.
Re-eiifra'ncliise, v* Also 7 re-in-. [RE-
5 a.J trans. To enfranchise (fset free) again. So
Re-enfra'nchisement.
1611 FLORIO, Raffrancare, to re-enfranchise or set at
libertie. 1660 INGELO Bentiv. $ Ur. 11. (1682) 147 A price
paid down for the re-infranchising of inslav'd Men. 1888
G. W. CABLE in Libr. Mag. (\J. S.) May 16 The slow doling
out of re -enfranchisement to the best intelligence of Southern
white society.
Re-eiiga-ge, v. Also 7 rein-, re-in-. [!<E-
5 a. Cf. r. rengager (i6th c.).] To engage again.
Hence Re-enga'ging vbl. sb. a. trans.
1611 COTCR., Rengager, to reingage. 1835 J. NICHOLSON
Operat. Mechanic 20 The disengaging and reengaging of
the moving parts. 1828 SOUTHEY On a Picture, etc. xiv,
If then the power to thee were given In that cold form its
life to re-engage. 1870 Act 33 A 34 Viet. c. 67 | 8 Any sol-
dier who being in army service has commenced the twelfth
year from his hrst enlistment .. may. .be reengaged.
b. intr.
1678 BUTLER Hud. in. iii. 182 It put him in so fierce a
Rage He once resolv'd to re-ingage. 1864 CABLYtB/>VdEfc
Gt. xvn. i. (1872) VII. 3 Briihl has ever since rather held
back; would not reengage at all. 1876 VOYLE & STEVEN-
SON Milit. Diet. 335/1 Soldiers who have declined to re-
engage abroad, and have been sent home at the public ex-
pense, will not be permitted to re-engage in this country.
So Ee-enga g~ement.
1731 BAILEY Vol. II. (ed. 2), Re-ingagement, an engaging
again. i8z8 Lights <y Shades II. 286 He stayed to see
Madame Vestris commence her re-engagement. 1870 Act
33 <V 34 Viet. c. 67 § 8 Re-engagement of soldiers.
Re-enge'nder, v. In 6-8 rein-, re-in-. [RE-
5 a. Cf. F. rengendrer (I3th c.).] To engender
again. Hence Re-enge'ndering///. a.
1545 RAYNOLD Byrth Mankynde 3 Y« thynne or super-
ficial skynl skale it, or fall it of, neuer so often, yet in the
place of it is reingendryd nue. 16x1 COTGR., Rengendrer, to
reingender. 1641 MILTON A nitnadv. iv. Wks. 1851 111.219
As if a man should taxe the renovating and re-ingendring
Spirjt of God with innovation. 1751 tr. Rousseau's Discourse
35 What star may be inhabited, what insects reingender
themselves in an extraordinary manner. .?
So Re-engre'nderer.
1611 COTGR., Rengendrenr, a reingendrer.
Re-e*ngine, v. [f. RE- 5 a + ENGINE v. 4.]
trans. To furnish (a snip) with new engines.
1888 Daily News 9 Nov. 3/7 The Admiralty have decided
to re-engine those ships [etc.]. 1889 Standard 9 Mar.,
Certain ships required to be re-engined.
t He-en go rge, v . Obs. Also 7 rein-. [Re-.]
reft. Of water : To pour back info, in a place.
1610 HOLLAND Camdetfs Brit. \. 2u8 When the sea re-
tngorgeth it selfe backe againe into the sea. 163* LITHGOW
Trav. x. 466 My head hanging downeward, and the water
rclngorging it selfe in my throat with a strugling force.
Re-engraft: see REINGRAFT.
Re-engra've, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To en-
grave again. Hence Re-engra-ved ///. a.
a 1711 KEN Hymnarinm Poet. Wks. 1721 II. 99 They joy
to see God's Image re-engrav'd. 1776 DA COSTA Elem.
Conckol. ii. 35 He had them re-engraved ; and therefore
many shells appear twice in his work. 1806 W. TAYLOR in
Monthly Mag. XXII. 133 Doppelmayer had a fac-simile of
this chart re-engraved. 1889 Pall Mall G. i Feb. 2/1 The
re-engraved plates are nine in number.
Re-eiijoi'n, v. Also 7 rein-. [RE- 5
trans. To enjoin again.
1611 COTCR., Rejoindre, to reinioyne, reordaine vnto,
impose vpon. 1748 RICHARDSON Clarissa (1811) V. 36,
besought Miss Lloyd to re-enjoin secrecy to every c"
1892 Current Hist. (U. S.) Aug. 134 Re-enjoining the d
of loyalty to the Republican Government in France.
Re-enjoy*, ^- Also 7 rein-. [RE- 5 a.] trans.
To enjoy again.
1605 EARL STIRLING Alexandr. Trag. \. Chor., Those that
th'earth chargde . . Theyr ashie lodgings leaue, To re-en-
ioy the light, a 1648 LD. HERBERT Hen. ¥111 (1683) 159
That Charles, Duke of Bourbon should re-injoy his former
estate. 1670 COTTON E&pernon 11. v. 241 To the end they
might re-enjoy the licence of War. a 1711 KEN Hymns
Evang. Poet. Wks. 1721 I. 53 *Tis Heav'n to me to re-
enjoy my Dear. 1751 ELIZA HEYWOOD Betsy Thoughtless
II. 221, I am preparing to return to my country-seat, where
I hope tore-enjoy. . tranquility.
So Re-enjoyment.
1611 COTGR., R ej'oiti'ssance, a reinioyment, repossession,
inioying. 1631 QUARLKS Div, Poems, Samson Medit.
Whose sweet enjoyment, .leaves a thirst Of reenjoyment,
greater than the first. 1668 KKANCO Tnttk Springing 4'*
The re-injoyment of those infinite Delights the Soul lost.
1815 MRS. PILKINCTON Celebrity III. 148 The result was, a
re -enjoyment of illicit pleasures
J.UC
one.
duty
EE-ENKINDLE.
Re-enki ndle, v. Also 7 re-in-. [!<E- 5 a.]
li-ans. and iiiir. To kindle aj;ain, //'/. andyfr.
1650 IKK. TAVI.OH Holy Living i. § z F 4. 20 Renew and
re-inkindle your purpose by short ejaculations. 1651 —
Serin, far Year l. xil. 156 They went out, never to be re-
enkindled, a 1711 KKN Anodynes Poet. Wks. 1721 III. 394
Love re-enkindled in my frozen Soul. 1713 [see RADIAL a.
i]. 1879 Ij. SHKPHKRD tr. G*£rangttft Liturg. Year I. 195
The piety of her children was re-enkindled.
Re-eiila'rge, v. Also 7 rein-. [1<E- 5 a.] trans.
To enlarge, set at large, again.
1611 FI.ORIO, Rttigratt[tirc,..to re-enlarge. 1631 QUARI.ES
7J/V. /'Hi-ins, SOMHOH vi, When time,..lly his benignant
power, had reinlarg'd Their captive scnsts. 18*3 HENTHAM
Not Paul 376 Peter imprisoned, enlarged, recommitted,
examined, and reenlarged.
Be-eiili-ghteii, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To
enlighten again.
1691 E. TAYLOR tr. Bthmcns Divine Essence xviit. 275 Re-
enliglitening the Soul.
Re-euli st, v. Also rein-. [RE- 5 a.] inlr.
and tram. To enlist again.
1828-32 in WEBSTER. 1837 Penny Cycl. IX. 443/1 At the
end of his time of service a seaman may re-enlist for a like
period. 1850 R. G. CUMMISG Hunter's Life S. Afr. (1902)
109/1 He declared himself, .penitent,, .andj expressing a
wish again to join the service, 1 re-enlisted him. 1869 Pall
Mtill G. 7 Jan. 1/2 Many men.. take the bounty with no
oilier intention than that of deserting in order to re-enlist.
So Be-enli stment.
1847 in WEHSTEK. 1866 rail Mall G. 3 Jan., This draw,
back would be greatly lessened if we could secure re-enlist-
ments in greater numbers.
Re-enli' ven, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To inspire
with new life or vigour.
a 1660 HAMMOND Wks. (1684) IV. 660 To clear up as much
as we can, and re-inliven this light within us. 1681 ll-'/tole
Duty Nations 31 When the times.. of Re-enlivening all
things shall come, a 1711 KEN Psyche Poet. Wks. 1721 IV.
293 May Love, they cry'd, Lord, re-enliven'd be. 1809-10
COLERIDGE Friend (1865) 145 Does not war create or re-
enliven numerous branches of industry as well as peace ?
Re-enro'l 1, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To enrol
again. So Re-enrolment.
1889 Voice (N. V.) 8 Aug., The third and final day of the
Republican re-enrollment. 1893 Daily Neivs 27 Dec. 5/5
Dr. Jameson . . is re-enrolling many of the men to form a
permanent police force.
Be-eushri ne, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To en-
shrine again.
a 1711 KEN Preparatives Poet. Wks. 1721 IV. 48 God-man
his Angels will enjoyn, Saints hallow'd Dust to re-enshrine.
1815 J. C. HOBHOUSE Substance Lett. (1816) I. 104 Relics.,
to be re-adjusted and re-enshrined by a second St. Louis.
Ke-ensla've, v. Also 7 rein-, re-in-. [Rs-
5 a.] trans. To enslave again. Hence Be-eu-
sla ving vbl. sb.
1657 HAWKE Killing is M. 12 The Army presaging what
dangerous.. consequences might ensue to the reinslaving
of tne people. 1691 BEVERLEY Ment. Kingd. Christ 3 It
would be wholly impossible to Re-inslave these Nations.
1807 HAZLITT Pol. Ess. (1819) 406 If this increase would be
an evil .. the re-enslaving the country would be a good. 1856
OLMSTED Slave States 95 A man who had been free, but. .
was reenslaved.
So Se-ensla-vement.
1861 in Cent. Diet. 1883 Contemp. Rev. Nov. 686 The whites
would undoubtedly disfranchise the blacks if they could . .
but none assuredly would ever again consent to their re-
enslavement.
Re-ensphe-re, v. Also 7 re-insphear. [RE-
5 a.] trans. To ensphere again.
1684 T. HOCKIN Gaifs Decrees 152 He could not re-
ensphere himself into the same happy condition he did lose.
Ibid. 277 The fain angels could not be re-insphear'd into
their primitive blessed condition.
Re-ensta-mp, v. Also 8 rein-. [RE- 5 a.]
trans. To enstamp or imprint again.
01703 BURKITT On N. T., Romans viii. 39 Will he leave
them after his image is engraven, and remstamped upon
them ? c 1750 J. NELSON jfrnt. (1836) 191 He doth actually
destroy the works of the devil, and re-enstamp the image of
God in their souls. 1776 Jos. NEILL 23 Scrm. 257.
tRe-e-nter, sb. Obs. [RE- 5 a.] = RE-ENTRY.
»574 !r. J.i: Melon's Tenures 74 Yelding to the lessoure . .
a certetne rent, and for defaut of paiment a reenter. 1639
Records of Dedltam (Mass.l (1892) III. 58 In case y' pay-
ment be not yearly made.. it shall be lawful! for ye said
Town to make a Reenter vpon ye premises.
Re-enter (r^e-nta:), v. [RE- 53+ ENTEE v.
Cf. F. rentrer (nth c.).]
1. intr. To enter again. Const, t in, into, upon.
'483 CAXTON Gold. Leg. 129/1, 1 shal reentre nakyd agayn
m to therthe. 1494 FABYAN Chron. vi. clxxxix. 191 He
"'arr«l vpon the Danys that then were reentrede into
Northumberlande. 1515 BARCLAY Egloges i. (1570) A iij
2 When the good is gone..Seldome the better re-entreth
in the place. 1551 ROBINSON tr. Mare's Utop. II. (1895)
283 Ihe other, at theyre retourne home, agayn reentre
eucry one into his own place. 1618 ROWLANDS Sacred
Mem. 35, I doe commaund and charge that forth thou
come, And neuer to reenter any more. 1651 HOBBES
Leviath. n. xxix. 174 There is no possibility for the
Soveraignty to re-enter. 1726 POPK Odyss. XXI. 246 Re-
enter then, not all at once. 1825 J. NICHOLSON Operat.
Mechanic 499 An air was then performed by bells; after
which the two figures reentered. 1861 tr. lHontalemterfs
Monks pf ll'fst I. 354 He descended . .to re-enter into a
ruMic solitude. 1870 Act 33 «, 34 (V,/. c. 67 § 5 When any
such soldier is directed tore enter upon army service.
b. Law. To enter again upon possession of lands
or tenements.
331
«4$« Rolls of Parlt. V. 485/1 In the same halfendele to
reentre, and it in their first state to hold. 1485 Ibid. VI.
321/2 The forsaid Hlaunch and her said Feoffes to reenler
into the said Ten[emenlts. 1503-4 Act 19 Hen. t^/f, c. 29
Schedule^ It shalbe lefull to the seid Abbas. .to reentre intj
the seid grotinde. 1607 COWELL Interpr. s.v. Reentry ', If
I doe condition with the Leasee, that for nonpayment of
the rent at the day it shalbe lawful for me to reenter. i6a«
CAI.LIS Stat. Sewers (1647) 45 If A. or his heirs pay to R
Ten pounds within a certain day, that they might re-enter.
1818 CHUISE Digest (ed. 2) I. 336 The feoffee will re-enter,
or bring an action to recontmue the possession. 1849
MACAULAV Hist. Kng. ii. I. 179 The royalist nobility and
gentry reentered on their confiscated estates.
o. In stage-directions. (Cf. ENTER v. i b.)
1693 CONGHEVE Old Batchelour v. i, Enter Sharper. . . Re-
enter Sharper.
2. traits. To enter (a place, etc.) again.
1442 T. BECKINGTON Corr. (Rolls) II. 246 The Lord Usak
..re-entred the said cite by the same ladder. 1494 FABYAN
Chron. vi. cxcviii. 205 In whiche season he made great
prouysion to reenter the lande of Englande. 1570 FOXB
A. <$• M. (ed. 2) 255/2 He was content that Thurstinus should
reenter hys realme. 1667 MILTON P. /-. n. 397 Those brigtit
confines, whence . . we may chance Re-enter Heav'n. a 1711
KEN Hymnotlteo Poet. Wks. 1721 III. 220 Once more we to
re-enter Bliss will try. 1778 Miss BURNEY Evelina(i-jqi) 1 1.
xxxi. 105, I re-entered the drawing-room. 1830 LYTTON
/'. Clifford x\vt Mauleverer slowly re-«ntered his carriage.
i8p8 Allbutt's Syst. Med. V. m The air re-enters the
minute bronchi and air-vesicles.
•\ b. To enter again into possession of (a thing) ;
to regain (possession). Obs. rare.
1590 SOUTHWELL^/. Magd, Funeral Teares^iZz^) 115 Hee
should after death re-enter possession of that inheritance
which Adam lost. 1706 PHILLIPS (ed. Kersey), To Re-enter>
to enter upon, or take Possession of again.
•f3. Sc. To lodge (a person) again in a pi ice.
1566 Keff. Privy Council Scot. I. 454, I am content, .that
my saidis freindis tak and reentir and put me within the
casteltis. lyj^Ibid. II. 379, I sail re-enter agane the said
Roger in presoun quhen I sail be requirit.
4. To enter again in a book or register.
1839 Act 2 .$• 3 Viet. c. n § 4 The Senior Master shall
forthwith re-enter the same (judgment] in like Manner as
the same was originally entered. 1885 Law Times LXXIX.
25/1 Another [notice] must be given before the plaintiff can
re-enter the cause for trial.
5. techn. a. In hand calico-printing : To apply
(the secondary colours), to ground in.
1839 [see the vbl. sb. below].
b. In engraving: To cut (imperfect or worn lines)
deeper in the plate.
1854 FAIRHOLT Diet. Terms Art s.v., [The] line is re-
entred with a sharp graver, and cut to the proper depth.
Hence Be-3'ntering vbl. sb.
1638 JUNIUS Paint. Ancients 309 The very, .reentring into
the presence of things will instantly suggest unto us. .how
to order and place every figure. 1839 URE Diet. Arts 216
The grounding in or re-entering (rentrage) of the other
colours is the next process.
Re-e'iitering, ///. a. [f. prec. + -ING 2.]
1. Re-entering angle, an angle pointing inward.
1696 PHILLIPS (ed. 5) s.v. Angle, Re-entring Angle, is that
which re-enters into the body of the place. 1733 CHAM-
BERS tr. Le Clei-c's Treat. Archil. I. 95 The Inner or Re-
entering Angles. 1803-17 R. JAMESON Char. Min. (ed. 3)
175 Salient, and never re-entering angles. 1877 HUXLEY &t
MARTIN Elem. Biol. 43 The branches spring from the re-
entering angle between the stem and the leaf.
b. So re-entering bend, line, order, place, wall.
1830 E. S. N. CAMPBELL Mil. Diet. 182 The object of the
Re-entering Places of Arms is to flank the branches of the
covered way, 1841 Penny Cycl. XIX. 346/1 To break the
lines of parapet near the gorges, so as to form re-entering
bends. 1873 TRISTRAM Moab v. 74 Each of the flanking
or re-entering walls extending in an obtuse angle from
it. 1876 VOYLE £ STEVENSON Milit. Diet. 335/1 Re-entering
order of battle. 1885 W. C. COUPLAND Spir. Goethe's Faust
vi. 208 The industrialism of the present is only a point in a
re-entering historic line.
2. Returning into a place.
1850 GROTE Greece n. Ixvi. (1862) VI. 9 The re-entering
exiles from Peiraus, and the Horsemen . . blended again
together into one harmonious . . democracy.
Re-eiitertai n, v. [RE- 5 a.] To entertain
again ; to readmit. So Re -entertainment.
1611 SPEED Hist. Gt. Brit. ix. xi. § 4. 555 Peirs of
Gaueston.. whose reentertainement the dying King had so
seriously forbidden, a 1680 CHARNOCK Attrib. 6^(1834) I.
191 Till the true sense of God be reentertained in the soil
where it ought to grow.
Re-eutkra'll, ». Also 7 rain-. [RE- 5 a.]
trans. To enthrall again.
1622 DONNE Sertrr. cxix. V. 107 Neither is this.. to re-
enthrall you to a necessity of communicating all your sins.
1632 LITHGOW Trav. vi. 241 Jerusalem was remthralled
and seazed vpon by Saladine. 1644 HEYLIN Stumbling-
block Tracts (1681) 651 That.. we should not re-inthral our
selves to the lusts of men.
Bie-enthro'ne, v. [RE- 5 a ; cf. REINTHRONE.]
trans. To enthrone again.
1654 tr. Sc-udcry^s Curia Pol. 117, I am at last., ready
to invest and re-enthrone John King of Hungary. 01711
KKN Hymns Festiv. Poet. Wks. 1721 I. 368 When Jesus
re-enthron'd on high, His Spirit sent. — Preparatives ibid.
IV. 72 My Mind, which now I re-enthrone.
So Be-enthro-nement (\Vebster 1847); f Be-
enthro-nize v. = REINTHRONIZE.
1620-55 I JONES Stonf-Heng 43 Vortigern was re-en-
thronis <j.
He-eutrce, v. In 6 r3iu-. [1<E- 5 a.] trans.
To enlice again.
BEEPER.
1580 WARNER Alh. Kng.\. xxvi, And reintise the Club-
God Dys, And all his diuellsto daunt.
Re-entoi'l, v. [RE -5 a.] To entoil again.
1606 SYLVESTER Du Kartas \\. iv, n. Trophies 777 What
frantick fury art thou mov'd with-all..(By powr-full Charms)
to re>entoyl my Cares?
Re-e ntrance. [RE- 5 a.] A renewed or
repeated entrance.
1594 HOOKER Eccl. Pol. iv. ix. § 2 Their whole religion in
time will have reentrance. 1597 Ibid. v. xxii. § 4 The first
step of their re-entrance into Life. 1661 GLANVILL K<t«.
Dogtn. 32 That the pores of the brain.. are more easily
opened to the spirits which demand re-entrance. 1775
ROMANS Florida A pp. 62 It being too dark to attempt a
re-entrance of the reef, I was forced to heave the vessel too.
1883 H. DRUMMOND Nat. Law in Spir. W. (ed. 2) 168 The
successful re-entrance of importunate desires.
Re-e*ntrant, a. (and sb.\ [f. RE- + ENTRANT.
Cf. K. rentrant.] = RE-ENTERING///, a. \ and i b.
1781 J. T. DILLON Trav. Spain 4^62 He could find nothing
which seemed to confirm the opinion relating to the salient
and reentrant angles. 1835 J. NICHOLSON Oferat. Mechanic
588 When the faces form a re-entrant angle, common dove*
tailing is preferable. 1876 TAIT Rec. Adv. Phys. Sc. v.
(ed. 2) 108 Any re-entrant line whatever may be supposed to
be traced. 1883 Harper s Mag. Nov. 887/1 The re-entrant
angles of the splay.
D. sb. A re-entrant angle in a fortification.
1900 ' LINESMAN ' Words by Eyeivituess iii. (1902) 41 A..
crackle of musketry from the occupants of the re-entrant.
Be-entry (n,e-ntri). [RE- 5 a. Cf. F. rentrte^
1. Law. The act of re-entering upon possession
of lands, tenements, etc., previously granted or let
to another.
1461 Rolls o/Parlt. V. 485/1 With lyke clause of reentre
reserved. 1473 Ibid. VI. 70/1 Though he wold entre into
the seid maners,. .yet anon theruppon reentre is made ayen
uppon hym. 1540 Act 32 Hen. K/7/, c. 17 The leassor ..
to haue no action reentre or other remedy for nonpayment
of the same. 1581 in W. H. Turner Select. Rec. Oxford
(1880) 414 Wth a clause of re-entrle for none payment of the
rente . . , and also a re-entrye for not doinge reparacions. 161 x
BARRY Ram Alley H, Although thou boughtst the heyre,
Yet hath the slaue made a re-entry. 1644 QUARLES Sheph.
Orac. xi, They plead for want of dressing Our Garden's
forfeited, and they are pressing Hard for reentry. 1766 in
Burrow Rep. (1776) IV. 1936 No Re-entry shall in such Case
be given, unless the Demand be precisely and strictly
followed. 1818 CKUISE Digest (ed. 2) IV. 113 No right of
entry or re-entry can be assigned. 1876 DIGBV Real Prop.
x. § i. 381 A lease usually contains a proviso for re-entry by
the lessor in the event of the breach of any of the covenants
entered into by the lessee.
fb. Resumption of, return to, a right or station.
1471 Arriv. Ethv. IV (Camden) 39 The reentrie and
perfecte recover of the iuste title and right of owr sayd
soveraygne Lord Kynge Edward the Fowrthe, to his realme
and crowne of England. 1586 T. B. La Primand. Fr,
Acad. i. (1589) 374 Convicted for conspiring the reentrie of
Tarquinius race unto the Kingdome of Rome.
2. The act of re-entering or coming back into a
place, etc. ; a second or new entry.
1494 FABYAN Chron. vn. 636 To haue his counceyll for
mateis concernyng theyr charge as reentre into this lande
& other. 1601 DANIEL Civ. Wars VH. xxxi, Every Port And
Shore close-shut debarres their reentry. 1603 HOLLAND
Plutarch* $ Mor. 922 Those of Phila had made a reentrie
into the citie, and chased out the tyrants, a 1653 GOUGE
Comm. Hebr. iii. (1655) 8 To return tosinne. .is to make way
for the Devils re-entry, a 1680 CHARNOCK Attrih. dod
(1834) II. 127 Will [he] lose the glory.. by suffering his
foiled adversary to make a re-entry? i8ax SCHOOLCRAFT
Trav.db We., effected the crossing and re-entry of the lake.
1884 ' CAVENDISH ' Whist (ed. 14) 5 A player cutting into one
table, whilst belonging to another, loses his right of re-entry
into that latter.
b. Card of re-entry, in whist, a card which by
winning a trick gives the lead to a player at an
advanced stage of the hand.
1884 ' CAVENDISH ' Whist (ed. 14) 127 Plain suits should be
led like trumps . . if all the trumps are out, and the leader or
his partner has certain cards of re-entry in other suits.
•f o. Sc. The act of putting (a person) back in
a place. Obs. rare "'.
1566 Reg. Privy Council Scot. I. 454 For re-entre of the
said Erie . . in ward.
4. The act of setting down or recording again ; the
fact of being so set down ; the entry thus made.
1839 Act 2 <$• 3 Viet. c. ii § 4 Such officer shall be
entitled for any such Re-entry to the Sum of One Shilling.
1885 Law Times Rep. \.\\. 574/2 The re-entry was erro-
neous, and ought to be struck out. 1887 48/4 Rep. Dep.
Kpr. Records 628 A memorandum . . of the judgment, &c.,
was to be left for the purpose of re-entry tn the book.
Re-enirnciate, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To
enunciate again. So Re-enuncia'tion.
1881 [see RK- 53]. 1888 Chicago Advance 20 Dec. 839
The New Testament does not re-enunciate and re-enact the
old law. 1895 A. j. BAI.FOUR in Daily News 9 Sept. 5/1
A mere re-enunciation of nay belief.
t Re-enveTSe, v. Obs. [ad. F. renverser to
REN VERSE.] trans. To reverse.
1603 FLORIO Montaigne \\. xii. (1632) 322 Plato saith, that
. .the Starres, and the Sunne do some times re-enverse the
motion we perceive in them. 1610 DONNE Pseudo-martyr
x. 274 Bridgewater, which cals htmselfe Aq^uipontanus ouer-
turning and re-enuersing his name with his conscience.
Reepe, obs. form of REAP.
Beeper, reaper (r/'-paj). Anglo-Indian, [ad.
Mahratti rip (Yule).J (See quots.)
1734 in J. H. Wheeler Madras in Olden Time (1862) III.
148 Paid the Banksall Merchants for the house poles,
country reapers, &c. necessary for house building. 1858
42-2
RE-EPITOMIZE.
SIMMONDS Diet, Trade, Keepers^ laths, or longitudinal
sections of the palmyra palm, used for building purposes in
the East ; the trunk of the tree is split into 8 for reepers,and
these are dressed with an adze, 1886 YULE & BURNELL
Anglo- 1 nd. Gloss., Reaper. The small laths, laid across the
rafters of a sloping roof to bear the tiles, are so called in
Anglo-Indian house-building.
Be-epi tomize, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To
present again in smaller compass.
1655 FULLER Wounded Consc., Antheplogia (1867) 277
A small scantling of some three acres, which., re-epitomized
the delicacies of all the rest.
Re-equi p, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To equip
again. So Re- equipment.
1804 LARWOOD No Gun Boats 12 Re-equipping Lme-of-
Battle Ships. Ibid. 17 The process of re-equipment being
thus obvious. 1823 SOUTHEV Penins. War I. 743 The
government had already begun to take measures for re-
equipping them. 1889 I'oice (N. Y.>24 Oct., To get educa-
tion and re-equipment for Christian Work.
Ree-raw (rrrg'), a. (and sb.). [Anglo-Irish,
prob. of echoic origin.] Rough, riotous, noisy.
1842 S. LOVER Handy Andy xxxvii, The joining of many
voices in a * ree -raw ' chorus indicated that a carouse was
going forward within. 1863 LE FANU House by Church*
yard^ fed. 2} 1 1. 44 There was something cynical in his ree*
raw independence. 1864 ANSTER tr. Fanstns pt. u. I. (1887)
48 A wild, ree-raw, self-willed tumultuous throng.
b. sb. A drinking-bout ; a noisy romp.
1854 DICKENS in Househ. Wds. VIII. 75/2 For the one
word drunk, . . I find . . on the ran-tan, on the re-raw, groggy.
1867 KENNEDY Banks Bora xxxi, Wouldn't the Ittue boys
. . have a fine ree-raw at prison bars at play time !
t Reere. Obs. rare. Also4rere. [Of obscure
origin, perh. related to ROAR v., but cf. also REAR
j/'.1] Noise, shouting; a shout.
c 1330 R. BRUNNE Chron. Wace (Rolls) 10207 Alle \>e ernes
..Schul crie & }elle, & make rere. 1567 GOLDING Ovid's
A/ft. xin. (1593) 32° 1*nese words were spoke with such
a reere as verie well became An angrie Giant. 1571 —
Calvin on Ps. xvii. i Hypocrites make stout bragges, and
lift up their voyce with fowd reere, in token of affiance.
Re-erext, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To erect
again, lit. andy?^. Hence Re-ere'ctmg vbl. sb.
1598 DRAVTON Heroic. Ep. (1605) 89 Bring marble mines to
re -erect those walls. 1631 HEYLIN St. George 220 Temples
demolished., in the time of Diocletian : and reerected by..
Maximinianus. 1679 PRANCE Addit. Narr. Pop. Plot 30
This re-erecting of Abbies by Q. Mary, a 1711 KE . Pre~
paratives Poet. Wks. 1721 IV. 14 Conscience, thy Throne
I'll re-erect. 1835 in Willis & Clark Cambridge (1886) 1. 33 j
To re-erect or restore on some other site, the Old Gateway.
1882-3 SCHAFF Encycl. Relig. Knowl. III. 2172 He re-
erected the Court of High Commission in 1664.
So Be-ere'ction.
1655 FULLER Ch. Hist. vi. vi. 350 She was legally em-
powred for the re-erection of these Convents, 1861 SMILKS
Engineers II. 28 He also had regard to durability as an
important point in its re-erection.
Reermouse, variant of REARMOUSE.
Reer-supper, variant of RERE-SUPPER Obs.
Rees, variant of REIS (Pg. money), RESB.
Be-esca pe, v. [RE- 5 a.] To escape again.
1727 BROOME Poems 120 Lest hid in Shades, Thro' the
dusk Air he re-escape to Troy. 1902 Daily Chron. 15 Aug.
3/6 After sundry depredations he was recaptured, only to
re-escape.
t Reescate, v. Obs. rare — l. [ad. It. rt's-
(attare, Sp. rescatar :— pop.L. *re-ex-captdrc^\ trans.
To redeem, ransom.
^1645 HOWF.LL Lett. v. xxxii. (1650) I. 168 The great
honour^ you have acquir'd by your gallant comportment in
Algier in reescating so many English slaves.
Reese, reeze (r/z), 7-.1 Obs. exc. dial. [? Back-
formation from REESED.] intr. To become rancid.
1784 TWAMLEV Dairying 712 Butter, .will reeze or get of
a tallowy nature ; fat Bacon will reeze so far as the fat
melts. 1886 Rochd. Gloss., Reese, to grow rancid, as bacon.
t Reese, reeze, w.2 Obs. [Of obscure origin :
cf. REEST v2\ trans. To born, scorch, smoke.
1618 T. ADAMS Heaven made sure Wks. (1629) 902 For
a while they bee reezed in Purgatory. 1633 — Exfi. 2 Peter
it. 4 His priests, .were reesed or smoked with the incense
offered to the idol. 1698 M. LISTER Joum. Paris (1699) 147
It is little less than Quicklime, and burns and reeses all it
touches.
Reese, var. RESE sb. and v. ; dial. var. ROOSE v.
Reesed, reezed (rfzd),///. a. Also 5 resside,
6 re(e)z*d, 7 reised ; 8 reased, 9 reazed. [Later
form of REST a. • cf. REASTY.] Rancid.
1486 Rk. St. Albans C vij, Upon that powdre do a Htill
larde that is resside. 1598 Br. HALL Sat. iv. ii. 36 Once a
weeke, perhaps, for nouelty, Reez'd bacon soords shall feast
liis familie. 1598 MARSTON Sco. Villanic i. iii. 183 What
Academick starued Satyrist Would gnaw rez'd Bacon ? 1607
MARKHAM Caval. vii. (1617) 56 Their insides are. .in colour
yellow like reesed bacon. 1641 Curates Conference in Harl.
Misc. (Malh.) IV. 376 He . . looks like a piece of reesed
bacon, ever since the plot failed. 1727 BRADLEY Fam. Diet.
s.v. Garget, Put m a little reased bacon and boil them alto-
gether. 1883 AJmondbury Gloss., Reezed or Reazed,*. term
applied to rancid bacon.
Reeshle : see REESLE.
Reesk (r/sk). Sc. Forms : 5 reysk, 6 resk, 9
reisk, reisque, reesk. [a. Gael, riasg 'a moor,
fen, or marsh ; coarse mountain-grass'.]
1. A piece of moorish or mossy ground producing
coarse worthless grass or rushes ; unproductive
soil or land of this description.
1466 Rrg. Arbroath (Bann. Club) II. 152 The marchis of
Gvtheiyn. .passand cist the Greyn Reysk to Laithan Den.
332
1 54° 'n S'A Rep. Hist. MSS. Comnt. 609/1 The . . merchis . .
hegynnand at the west in the myddis of the resk betuix the
. . landis. 1804 TAKRAS Poems Gloss. 156 Keesk, ground full
of rough-rooted weeds, something like rushes. 1813 G.
ROBERTSON Aerie. Kincardinesh. 317 The greater part
of the original soil.. is either a moss.. or it is, what in
this and in the adjacent county of Aberdeen, is provincially
called Reisque, or Reisk.
2. Coarse grass growing on moorish ground.
1794 Statist. Ace. Scotl. XII. 576 Large tracks of ground
producing a coarse kind of grass, called by the country
people reesk. 1812 D. SOUTER Agric. Banffsh. App. 59 If
a field be cold and canker 'd, or overgrown with reesk, year
old fauch will agree best.
Hence Bee-sky a., producing reesk.
1804 TARRAS Poems 7 Aft we've seen them fain, Dink owre
the bent to the reiskie den.
Reesle (r/Vl), reeshle (rrfl), sb. Sc. Also
reestle. [Of onomatopoeic origin.] A loud clatter ;
a rattling blow.
a 1774 FERCUSSON Tron Kirk Bell Poems (1845) 44 I'd
bring ye wi* a reesle down, a 18x0 TANNA HILL Come hame
Poems (1846) 145 I'll lend you a reestle wi' this, owre your
back. 1880 JAS. E. WATT Poet. Sketches 52 A reeshle like
thunder was heard at the door.
Ree sle, ree shle, i>. Sc. Also rccssil,
reishle, etc. [Cf. prec.J
1. intr. To make a loud clattering noise.
1819 TENNANT Papistry Stormed (\fatf 44 Doors reessil'd
up, and made a blatter, 1826 D. ANDERSON Poems 92 Gar'd
..their shin-banes reeshle i' their hose. 1895 CROCKETT
Men of Moss-hags 31 That blind and unkindly wind reestling
and soughing about the house.
2. trans. To beat with rattling blows.
1853 WATSON Poems 91 (E. D. D.\ Whan Scotlan had
reissl t the rascals letc.J. 1887 SERVICE Life Dr. Ditgiad
v. 31 He reishled the main author o* thae tricks weel.
iso(u)n, obs. forms of REASON
Re-espou'se, v. [RE- 5 a.] To espouse again.
a 1618 SYLVESTER Elegie to Marg. Wyts 80 Metkerk had
her Mother re-espous'd. 165* BENLOWES Theoph. xin. Ixxvi,
The Corps but falls to be refin'd And re-espous'd unto the
Glorifi'd high Alinde.
Hence Re-espou-sal.
1817 G. S. FABER Eight Dissert. (1845) I. 357 note, The
repudiation, long desolation, and ultimate reespousal, of the
I .critical Church, are described at large in Isaiah liv. 1-14.
1827 — Sacr. Col. Prophecy (1844) III. 299 The set time of
the Reespousal of Judah,
Reest (rfst), sb. Obs. exc. dial Forms: I
r6ost, 7, 9 reest, 9 reist, riest, reoat, reece ;
6-7 (9) rest. Also ivreest WREST. [OE. rfosf,
of obscure origin : cf. G. rist ploughshare (Grimm),
Sw. rist (MSw. rist-iern} coulter.
G. rist may be for riest t repr. an OHG. *r1ost : cf. OHG.
rwstra, riostar, wester, rister, etc. (mod.G. dial. Hester,
rister) ploughshare, plough-handle, the stem of which agrees
with theOE. form. It is doubtful, however, whether Sw. rist
can be separated from ON. ristill ploughshare (mod. Nor w.
ristel coulter, also Gael, risteal a kind of plough used in the
Hebrides), which may rather be a derivative of r/j/d, to cut,
than an adaptation of the OHG. word. The Du. or Flem.
equivalent of the latter is given by Kilian as ryster, reyster,
with the meaning 'plough-staff'.)
t a. The share-beam of a plough. Obs. b. A
mould-board, o. A piece of wood or iron fixed
beneath the mould-board.
c 72S Corpus Gloss. 656 Dentalia, sules reost a 1000 Gloss.
in Wr.-Wiilcker 219/2 Dentale, s. est aratri pars prima in
qua. notner inducitur quasi dens, sule-reost, uel J>roc. ? 14. .
MS. Lansdmvne 560 fol. 47 b, Restis, a rest of a plow. 1513
FITZHERB. Husb. § 3 The rest is a lyttell pece of woode,
pynned fast ypon the nether ende of the stylt, and to the
sharebeame in the ferther ende. 1616 SURFL. & MARKH.
Country Farmev. \\. 532 The spindles, the rest,. .the plow-
foot, the culture, and the share. 1688 R. HOLME Armoury
IJI* 333/2 The Reest, is the Boards on the side of the Plow
that turns over the Furrow, 1886 Chesh. Gloss., Reest, the
mould-board of a plough. 1887 Kentish Gloss. , Chef, the
part of a plough on which the share is placed, and to which
the recce is fixed.
attrib. 1894 Northumbld. Gloss., Reest-, reost-cloet,..*
thin piece of iron fastened under the lower edge of the
mowdy-boord (mould-board) of a plough.
Reest (rist), v.l Obs. exc. dial. Also 7 reast,
7, 9 reist. [Of obscure origin : cf. REST at and
KEESED.] intr. Of bacon, etc. : To become rancid.
Hence Bee-sted a.t rancid.
c 1440 Promp. Parv. 431/1 Reestyn', as flesche, ranceo.
1530 PALSCR. 688/2, I reest, 1 waxe of yll taste, as bacon
dpthe. 1616 SURFL. & MARKH. Country Forme \. xxiv. 107
The scalding of Hogges keepeth the flesh whitest,, .neither
is the Bacon so apt to reast as the other. 1634 W. WOOD
New Eng. Prosp. (1865) 39 This kind of fish. .is so fat, that
it can scarce be saved against winter without reisting. 1869
Londsdale Gloss., Reested, rancid, spoiled, as bacon from
being badly kept. 1804 Northnmbld. Gloss., Reest, to be-
come rancid. Reested or reesty bacon — rancid bacon.
Reest (rfst), f .2 Sc. and north, dial. Also 6, 9
reist. [Of obscure origin : cf. REESE v.z and Da.
riste to grill or broil, f. ON. rist gridiron.]
1. trans. To dry or cure (herring, bacon, etc.)
by means of heat or smoke.
1508 DUNBAR Fly ting t^j Thow purehippU, vgly averill,..
Reistit and crynit as hangit man on hill, a 1590 MONT-
GOMERIE Sonn. xxv, Rau rid herring relstit in the reik. 1602
Sc. Presbyt. Eloq. (1738) 138 Take them up by the Heels,
reest them in the Chimney of Hell, and dry them like Bervy
Haddocks. 1816 SCOTT Bl. Dwarf 'ix, Let us cut up bushes
and briers, ..set fire to them, and smoke that auld devil's
dam as if she were to be reested for bacon. 1832-53 W,
CROSS in Whistle- Binkie Ser. in. 16 But ne'er say a herring
is dry until it be reestit and reekit.
RE-ESTABLISHMENT.
2. intr. To become smoke-dried.
17*5 RAMSAY Gentle Sheph. n. i, A large ham hangs reest-
ing in the neuk. 1829 SCOTT Guy M. xxvi. note, The salmon
is usually dried by hanging it up, after being split and
rubbed with salt, in the smoke of the turf fire.., where it
is said to reist, that preparation being so termed.
Reest (rz'st), z/.s Sc. and north, dial. Also
reist. [Prob. a var. of REST v.y or identical with
reest, aphetic form of Sc. arrecst, to ARREST. The
precise relationship to RESTIVE a. is not clear.]
intr. Of horses : To stop suddenly and refuse to
proceed. Hence Ree'sting vbl. sb. and///, a.
1786 BURNS To Auld Mare xiv, In cart or car ihou never
reestet. 1816 SCOTT Antiq. xv, Our powny reists a bit,
and it's dooms sweer to the road. Ibid, xxiv, The butcher's
reisting powny. i8a6 J. WILSON Noct. Ambr. Wks. 1855 I.
250 Like horses that never reest. 1895 CROCKETT Men o)
Moss-hags xxvi. 197 Reestmg and terror among horses are
mostly but over-sharpness in hearing.
fig. 1890 SERVICE Notandnms xix. 124, I was like to reist
and to sten at the doctor's orders.
Reest, obs. form of REST.
Re-establish (rf,estae'blij), v. [RE- 5 a. See
also RESTABLISH.] trans. To establish again.
L To establish (a person or thing) again in a
former place, position, or state; to restore to
a previous place or position. Also const, among.
(1493)268 b/i Thus was the precious
tree of the crosse reestablyshid in his place. 1586 WII.KES
in Motley Netherl. x. (1860) II. 99, I had not much to do..
to re-establish in her Majesty.. a singular good opinion of
you. 1606 G. W[OODCOCKE] Hist, fvstine xvi. 67 He could
now deliuer them.. and re-establish them in their former
peace, a 1648 LD. HERBERT Hen. V//I (1683) 87 He pur-
oos'd to re-establish Henry d'Albret in the Kingdom of
Navarre. 17*8 ELIZA HEYWOOD tr. Mme. de Gomez* s Belle
•^. (1732) II. 215 A Nation on whose Throne his Ancestors
had sat for a long Series of Ages, would not fail to protect
and re-establish him. 1838 LYTTON Alice \. ix, He has been
kind to me, and re-established me among my flock. 1858
FROUDE Hist. Eng. IV. 311 He expected that. .he could re-
establish the English party in a decisive superiority.
b. To fix or set tip again, rare.
1669 J. ROSE Eng. Vineyard (1675) 35 Re-establish your
props, and with your foot tread the earth close to the roots.
«8»7 STEUART Planter's G. (1828) 24 The same writer..
mentions, that it was a common practice to reestablish large
Trees.. that had been blown down. 1847 GROTE Greece u.
xxxiv. (1862) III. 233 The bridge was re-established.
2. To set up again in a status or condition
similar to the former one ; to restore.
T5S9 Fabyan^s Chron. II. 571 In the foresaied parliament
also was the booke of seruice. .reestablished. 1579 FENTON
Giticeiard. u. 77 The better to reestablish their gotiernment,
they had in their parliament.. instituted a kind of pollicie.
1631 WEEVER Auc. Funeral Mon. 137 One hundred and
sixe Abbeyes of this Order were built and reestablished.
1676 TOWERSON Decalogue 161 The great design of the
gospel was to re-establisn natural worship. 1705 ARBUTHNOT
Coins, etc. (1727) 257 Theodosia. .was. .afterward re-esta-
blished and possessed by the Genoese, under the name of
Cafa, 1769 GOLDSM. Hist. Rome (\-j%6) I. 62 Some young
men .. undertook to re-establish monarchy. 1863 BRIGHT
S^., Afner. 26 Mar. (1876) 127 He had a fair chance of re-
establishing his business. 1866 CRUMP Banking ix. 193
America was. .re-establishing a metallic currency.
3. To restore (one's health or strength) to the
usual state ; to set (ill-health) right again. Usually
in pass, (falso with person as subj.).
1697 (see the vbl. sb. below]. 1709 STEELE Tatlcr No. 7
F 18 His Health being so well re-established by the Baths.
1735-6 BERKELEY Let. to "Johnson 12 Mar. in Fraser Life
vii. 245 My ill-health, which is now pretty well re-established.
1766 J. WILKES Let. 3 May, I thank my dearest daughter
for her obliging solicitude about my health. I am now quite
re-established, c i&y>Arab. Nts. (Rtldg.) 268 The jeweller
. .felt his strength re-established, a 1859 MACAULAY Hist.
Eng. xxv. V. 288 With health so far re- established that he
was able to take exercise on horseback.
b. To restore to a proper condition.
iSia G. CHALMERS Demi. Econ. Gt. Brit. 144 To see her. .
reestablish her financial affairs, in so short a period, after the
conclusion of war. i8at DE QUINCEY Confess. 61 About
fifteen shillings I had employed in re-establishing . . my dress.
4. To reassure, rare—1.
1721 DE FOE Plague (1754) 212 These things re-establish 'd
the Minds of the People very much.
Hence Be-esta-blishable a.\ Be-esta-blisher;
Re-est.VblisJiing- vbl. sb.
1599 SANDYS Eurofx Spec. (1632) 162 The soveraigne re-
storers of vertue, and re-estabhshers of an happy world.
1611 COTGR., Restablissable, reestablishable. 1611 SPEED
Hist. Gt. Brit. vi. xlvL § 9. 260/2 He addressed himselfe
with his Armie to the reestablishing of the I lands subjection.
1697 DRYDEN Virgil, Life *z b, The wholesomness of the
Air. .contributed., to the re-establishing of his Health.
Re-esta-blishment. [f. as prec. + -MENT.]
The act of re-establishing ; the fact or condition
of being re-established ; restoration to a previous
position or state.
1586 T. B. La Primaud. Fr. Acad. i. (1594) 302 Their
creation after the image of God,., and ..their reestablish ment
into the same image. 1651 HOBBES Leviath. in. xliii. 331
The re-establishment of the Kingdome of God in Christ.
a 1679 W. OWTRAM Sertu, (1682) 43 The reestablishment of
the nation upon its antient laws. 1751 SMOLLETT Per. Pic.
Ixxxi, I repaired to Bath for the re-establishment of my
health. 1788 GIBBON Decl. % F. Ixx. VI. 575 All persons
should assemble. .to provide for the re-establishment of the
good estate. 1817 SHELLEY Rei>. Islam Pref., The re-esta-
blishment of successive tyrannies in France. 1884 BLACK
Jud. Shaks. v, The re-establishment of the Catholic faith.
fb. Restoration to health. Obs.
HE-ESTATE.
1753 N. TORRIAXO Gangr. Sore Throat 101 His Recovery
must be slower, and.. it must take up more Time for his
entire Re-establishment. 1783 JOHNSON Let. tfl Mrs. Tliral?
8 July, I am .. willing .. to persuade myself that a .short
succession of trifles may contribute to my re-establishment,
t Re-esta-te, v. Obs. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To
reinstate, re-establish. (Very common in I7th c.)
1611 Sl'KKU Hilt. Gt. Brit. vil. xxxi. § 3. 348 They againe
sought to reestate themselues in so glorious a possession.
1630 A'. Johnson's Kingd. fy Commu>. 362 The old Duke
\v;^ re-estated with both their consents. 11662 HEYLIN
Lami (1668) 468 A day.. on which the Bishop of Lincoln
was re-estated with such Triumph. 1681 WALLIS Two
Serin. \. (1682) 26 Had there not been a Degeneration . . there
had been no need of a Regeneration, to reestate us in it.
Ree'Sted,///. a. Sc. and north, dial. [f. REEST
v^ + -El) '.] Dried by heat or smoke.
1549 p. MUNRO in Hume Brown Scot. bef. 1700 (1893) 263
The said Stewart receives thir dewties in meill and reistit
mutton, wyld foullis reistit and selchis. 1681 COLVII, Whigs
Supplic. (1751) 19 His hands were hued like reisted hams.
1785 BUKNS Adtlr. to /V/Vxvii, Wi' reekit duds, an* reestit
gizz. 1818 SCOTT Br. Lamm, xxvi, Such boiling of reested
hams. 1894 Northnmbld. Gloss., Reested, salted, dried, and
roasted ; applied to fish, particularly to herrings.
Reested, rancid : see REEST v.1
Bee-sty, a. Sc. [f. REEST v.3 + -Y.] Inclined
to recst or stop ; given to reesting.
1739 A. NICOI. Nature without Art 8 If e'er my grov'Iing
reesty Rills of Sense Shall fail to glide in easy Eloquence.
1824 MACTAGGART Gallovid. Encycl. s.v., A horse is reestie
when it stands fast, and will not move for the whip. 1895
CKOCKKTT Men of Moss-hags iv, Gay Garland was aye a
reesty beast.
Reesty, Reesy, varr. REASTY, REASV, rancid.
Reet, dial, variant of RIGHT, ROOT.
Reeuel, obs. form of REVEL sb.
Re-eva-porate, v. [RE- 5 a.] To evaporate
again. So Re-evapor.vtion.
1839 URE Diet. Arts 297 The solution, .[must be] re-eva-
porated and re-crystallized. 1861 ANSTED Channel fsl. iv.
xx. (ed. zl 470 The rain-fall, part of which is immediately
re-evaporated. Ibid.^ When the necessary deductions are
made for re-evaporation. 1878 THURSTON Growth Steam-
Eng. 107 The condensation and reevaporation of steam.
Reeve (rfv), rf.1 Now chiefly Hist. Forms :
i Si-, S3roefa, sergfa, r6fa, 2 irefe, 3 ref-, 5, 7
rafe, 6 reeffe, Sc. reif ; 2-8 (9) reve, 4 reyve, 5
rive, 6-7 reave, 4, 6- reeve. [OE.gen'/a, earlier
gintfa, of uncertain etym. ; app. not in any way
related to the continental forms cited under GRAF,
GRAVE sA.'J and si.* Old Northumbrian had also
the form grdfa whence GRIEVE si.]
1. Hist. An Old English official of high rank
having a local jurisdiction under the king ; the chief
magistrate of a town or district, f Also, in OE.,
applied to prefects, governors, etc., of Roman and
Jewish times.
On the position of the gere/a in OE. times see Kemble
Saxons in England (1876) II. v. 151-181; and cf. the articles
on BOROUGH-REEVE, PORTREEVE, and SHam. Modern
writers have sometimes used the OE. form of the word.
a. 700 Epinal Gloss. 197 Censores, giroefan. Ibid. 223
Cowmxtarintit, jiroefa. Dog Charter in O. E. Texts 442
•TOSelnoO se ^erefa to eastorege. cttf> O. E. Martyrol.
25 Dec. 4 pa net se £erefa hie belucan in carcerne. a 900
tr. Bxda's Hist. it. xiii. (xvi.) (1890) 144 pa zrest to Drihtnes
Xeleafan [he] gecerde Lindcylene ceastre jerefan [L. frx-
/ectum]..m\A his heorode. ciooa Ags. Gosp. Mark xv. 43
pa com iosep se aeoela jerefa of abarimathia. c 1175 Lamb.
Horn. 115 [The king] seal soSfeste men setten him to irefen.
<-izos LAV. 15597 pa wes inne Kair-Mer3in a reue be hehte
Kli. a 1225 Juliana. 8 He bi-Jet et te keiser, bat he Jettede
him reue to beonne. .1300 Havelok 1627 Wile ich speke
with non ober reue, But with be, bat iustise are. a 1577
SIR T. SMITH Comimv. Eng. (1609) 69 The sherife (which is
asmuch to say as the Reeue or Bally of the shireV 1593
NORDEN Spec. Brit., M'sex \. 7 The Saxons called him
Scyre£crefa, the Reeve of the Shire. 1710 PRIDEAUX Orig.
Tithes iv. 199, I Athelstan. .do command all my Reves in
my Kingdom [etc.]. 1839 KEIGHTI.EY Hist. Eng. I. 24
When the reeve of the next town attempted to make them
prisoners, they slew him, and escaped to their vessels. 1867
FREEMAN Norm. Cong. (1876) I. v. 318 Hugh, a Frenchman,
was now the royal reeve in Exeter. 1874 GREEN Short Hist.
i. § 6. 55 The royal reeves, officers despatched to levy the
royal revenues and administer the royal justice.
b. High reeve (OE. heahgerfya).
The precise nature of the rank or office denoted by this
title is uncertain : see Kemble (as above) 156-7.
Icgao Wcrgilds c._2 § 4 in i Thorpe Laws \. 186 Holdes &
' /" Chrm- (Parker MS.) an. 1001 Bar wearS
weard cinges heah^erefa ofslejen . . and Leofwine
cinges heahxerefa. a 1225 Juliana 8 Maximian behest in
:, bat is hell reue. 1848 KEMBLE Saxons in Eng. 11. v.
(1876) II. 157 Ihese high-reeves were therefore probably
military officers of /ESelred. 1871 E. W. ROBERTSON Hut.
kss 177 Amongst the Northumbrians, the place of the
Ealderman seems to have been filled by the High-Reeve.
A. t a. A bailiff, steward, or overseer ; a minor
officer appointed by a landowner to superintend
his estates, tenants, or workmen. Obs. (Cf. GUIEVK.)
b. A local official of minor rank; an overseer of
a parish, a churchwarden, or the like. (See also
church-, fen-, field-reeve!)
a 1300 Betel 49 Gilbert and his felawcs..Prisoun breke...
• amonve that hem scholde to here labour lede
Nuslc lie tho he miste hem what him wa* to rede, a 1300
333
' r<i.r t, Wolf 26 in Hazl. E. P. P. I. 58 For lie com in
wiihouten leue Kothen of haiward and of reue. 1340 Ayenb.
37 Pe ontrewe reuen, prouos, and bedeles and seruons Kit
s.te-le|> be amendes and wybdrajeb be rentes of hire Ihordes.
1362 LANGL. /'. /'/. A. 11. 78 Rondulf be Reue of Rotelondes
sokene. 1377 Ibid. B. v. 427, I can holde louedayes, and
here a reues rekenynge. <ri38o WVCI.IK ll'ts. (1880) 195
Oure prestis ben so bysye aboute worldly occupacioun bat
bei semen betterebailyues or reues ban gostly prestis of ihesu
crist. 1419 Liber A/bus (Rolls) I. 14 Hoc nomen 'reve'
Saxonice sonat ' villicum ' vel ' ballivum ', qui sa?pius in ore
populi nominatur. c 1440 I'romf. Parv. 431/2 Reve, lordys
serwawnte, prepositus. 1511-12 Act 3 Hen. VIII, c. 23 § 9
The said accomptauntes . . that is to saye, Feodaries Bailliffes
Reves Heywardes and Bedelles. 157411. Littleton's Tenures
17 b, Hee may surrender hys landes unto the Bayliffe or to
the Reeve. 1603 OWEN Pembrokeshire (1892) 191 The
Landlord by his bailliffe or re'ave vseth to arrest so much of
the tenantes goods vpon the land as ys found of decaye.
1686 PLOT Slaffordsh. 434 To this Hobby-horse dance there
j also belong'd a pot, which was kept by turnes, by 4 or 5 of
the cheif of the Town, whom they call'd Reeves. 1710 J.
j HARRIS Lex. Techn. II, Reere of a Church is the Guardian
i of it ; or the Church-Warden. 1765 BI.ACKSTONE Comm. I.
xi. 377 Neither can he be chosen to any temporal office ; as
bailiff, reeve, constable, or the like. 1791 in is,th Rep.
Commissioners Woods, Forests, etc. (1793) 40 The Cattle of
the Commoners are marked by the Reeves of the respective
Parishes. 1871 Daily Neivs 21 Sept., The reeve of Leyton
..reported encroachments in Wanstead Flats.
c. A foreman or overseer in a coal-mine.
1863 Edin. Kez1. Apr. 417 The Reeve went on a few yards
in advance of the party — his unlighted Davy-lamp in one
hand. 1879 Miss JACKSON Shropsh. Word-bk., Reeve, the
underground overlooker of the pits.
d. In Canada, the president of a village- or
town-council.
1890 DiLKE/V«W. Greater Brit. I. i. ii. 112 The council of
every village or township [in Canada] consists of one reeve
and four councillors, and the county council consists of the
reeves and deputy-reeves of the townships and villages
within the county.
3. attrib. (in obs. or arch, terms), as reeve-ham,
-land, -mead, -pole (see qtiot. 1813), -roll, -sheaf.
969 Charter in Birch Cartnl. Saxon. (1893) III. 532 We
writaS^him . . .vi. aecras made on ba gerefmaede. c 1000
Gloss, in Wright Vocab. (1873) II. 45 In tribulano territorio,
I on b«em sundor gereflande. 1235-52 Rentalia Glaston.
(Som. Rec. Soc.) 34 Pro iiij"' acns que vocantur Reflond
iij sol. Ibid. 93 Et debet qualibet die in autumpno. .unum
revesef. Ibid. n8 Et [prepositus] habebit j pratum quod
appellatur Refrnede. Ibid. 140 [Prepositus] debet habere
ij nammes prati. .que vocantur Refhammes. 1393 LANGL.
/". PI. C. xxn. 465 With spiritus intellectus thei toke be
reeue-rolles. 1778 Eng. Gazetteer(eA. 2) S.V. Tannton, The
tenures here are copyhold-lands, over-lands, and reve-lands.
1813 Guide to Watering Places 459 The landlord of the
Portland Arms usually has it in his power to shew the
Reevepole, or Saxon mode of keepintf accounts. 1897
MAITLAND Domesday ,5- Beyond 169 Besides this he seems
to have ' reveland ' which belongs to him as sheriff.
Reeve (rfv), sb* [Of obscure origin : the
form REE so* is found earlier, but is less frequent.]
The female of the RUFF (Tringa pugnax).
1634 Althorp MS. in Simpkinson IVashingtons (1860) App.
12 Ruff and reeve 3 dozen. Ibid. 15 For 20 dozen and 5
ruffs and reeves. 1648 HERRICK Hesper., Panegyr. Sir L.
Pcmberlon, The phesant, .. reeve, ruffe, raile. 1678 RAY
Willughby's Ornith. 302 The Ruff, whose Female is called
a Reeve. 1768 PENNANT Brit. Zool. II. 364 The Reeves,
or females are said never to change their colors. 1831
RENNIE Montafu's Ornith. Diet. 445 When the Reeves
begin to lay, both those and the Ruffs are least shy, and . .
easily caught. 1871 Athenxum 3 June 689/2 The ruff and
the reeve, now reduced to only a few pairs in a single
locality, must also soon be lost if not protected by the law.
Reeve (rfv), s6.3 [Of obscure origin : the two
, senses may represent different words.]
1. A string or rope (of onions). Now only dial.
1678 SAMPSON in Phil. Trans. XII. 1001 All distended
with Liquor, and ty'd, like a Reeve of Onions altogether.
1854-96 in dial, glossaries (Northampt., Leic., Warw.).
2. A long narrow strip. ? Obs.
1725 DUDLEY in Phil. Trans. XXXIII. 258 Both the
Finbacks and Humpbacks are shaped in Reeves longitudinal
from Head to Tail on their Bellies and their Sides, so far as
their Fins. 1770 FRANKLIN Lett. Wks. 1840 VI. 335 The
edges of two sheets are laid down so as to lap or cover each
other an inch, and a slip of the same copper, about three
inches and a half broad, called the reeve, is introduced
between them.
Reeve (rfv), z>.l Chiefly Naut. Also 7 rieve,
8 reif. Pa. t. and pa.pple. rove and reeved; also
9 /"• tpte- roven. [Of obscure origin ; usually
referred to Du. reven, but this means ' to reef. The
earlier form of the pa. t. and pa. pple. is reeved.]
1. trans. To pass (a rope) through a hole, ring,
or block. Also const, through.
1627 [see REEVING »«. it.]. 1658 PHILLIP, To Reeve, a
Term in Navigation, and spoken of ropes, signifieth as
much as to put in or to put through. 1667 SIR H. MAIN.
WAYRING Sea-Man's Diet. 81 When we would express that
the Tack is put through the Ches-trees, we say it is reeved
through. 1743 BULKKLEY Si CUMMINS Voy. S. Seas 14 Reev'd
the Top Ropes, and lower'd the Yard. 1748 Anson's Voy.
i. x. 104 We exerted ourselves, .to reeve new lanyards, and
to mend our sails. 1794 NELSON Mar. in Nicolas Disp. (1845)
I. 379 Purchases will be rove to drag the guns. 1803 1'liit.
Trans. XCI1I. 322 With great difficulty. . I got small lines
rove through four of the ports on the starboard side. 1825
WATKRTON Wand. S. Amer. 111. iv, 264 One end of the new
rope..\vns reeved through the chain of the shark-hook.
1898 F". T. BUI.LEN Cruise Cachalot 321 All hands were kept
busily employed preparing for stormy weather— reeving new
running-gear.
BE-EXAMINABLE.
b. tratuf. To thrust or pass (a rod, tH^"/ through
any aperture or opening.
1681 R. KNOX Hist. Ceylon i. vii. 28 Then they. .take
tackle is not reeved through the gill. 1869 SIR E. REI:I>
Shipbuild. v. So One of the angle-irons at each transverse
frame is reeved through a score just above the upper edce
of the side bar.
c. intr. Of a rope : To pass through a block, etc.
1860 Merc. Marine Mag. VI I. 1 13 The . . lines are to reeve
through a. .block. 1882 NAREs.SVaw<i«s/«/»(ed. 6) 9 Chocks
of wood . .for the fore-topmast stays to reeve through.
2. trans. To place in, on, or round, to fix to,
something by reeving.
1667 SIR H. MAINWAYRINO Sea-Man's Diet. 81 Instead of
putting a rope through a block, we say. Reeve it in that
block (as the Halliards are reeved in the Knights and Ram-
heads). 1752 SMEATON in Phil. Trans. XLVII. 496 From
this construction arises a new method of reeving the line
upon the shieves. Ibid., The last line, .being reeved round
those till it comes at the opposite side. 1821 SCOTT Pirate
xxii, He would willingly reeve a rope to the yard-arm for
the benefit of an unfortunate buccanier. 1833 MARRYAT P.
Simple (1863) loo Double breechings were rove on the guns.
3. To fit (a block) with a rope by reeving; to
attach in this way ; to tie.
1639 R- GIBSON in Harper's Mag. (1883) Mar. 507/2 The
block was reeved at the mainyard to have ducked her. 1793
SMEATON Edystone L. § 143 Those blocks being reeved and
brought together. Ibid. Expl. PI. 18 The greater sheaves
are reeved as far as can be on them. 1807 VANCOUVER
Agric. Devon 130 A hook, reeved at one end of the tackle-
rope, takes the middle band. 1850 SCORESBY Cheever's
Whalem. Adv. iii. 37 They proceeded to reeve the huge
blocks that are always made fast.. to the fore and mam
mast head. 1895 CROCKETT Men of Moss-hags li. 365 Nigh
halfway up the steep bank stood our little Margaret, loosely
reeved to a sunken stob.
b. Of a rope : To pass through (a block).
1775 FAI.CK Day's Diving Vessel*-] Above and below were
eyes on each side, through which went the rope that reeved
the block.
c. trans/. Of a ship : To thread (shoals or ice-
pack).
1860 Merc. Marine Mag. VII. 122 After a day of hair-
breadth escapes, literally reeving the shoals, by conning
from the mast-head ana jib-boom, the fair channel was
reached. 1867 SMYTH Sailor's Word-bk. 566 Reeving, in
polar voyaging, following up serpentine channels in the ice,
till the vessel reaches open water, or reeves the pack.
Hence Heeved (nvd), ppl. a.
1775 FALCK Day's Diving Vessel 51 Reeve them at an
equal distance,.. tie the reeved parts together with a rope-
yarn.
Reeve (r;v), v? Now only dial. [Of obscure
origin.] = REE v. Hence Ree ving vbl. si.*
(also in comb. rccving*sieve~).
1688 R. HOLME Armoury in. 74/1 Reeving, is to sift the
Corn,t to cleanse it from small seeds. Ibid. 331/1 The
Reeving Sieve is to cleanse Corn at the time of Winnowing
from the dreggs of Chaff. 1820 WILBRAHAM Chesh. Gloss.
(ed. 2\ Reeve, to separate corn that has been winnowed from
the small seeds which are among it ; this is done with what
they call the reeving sieve. 1880 W. Cornvj. Gloss., Reeve,
to separate by means of a sieve [etc.]. 1886 ELWORTHY
W. Som. Word-bk., Reive. Ibid., Reiving-zieve.
Reeve (r/V), z>.3 dial. [Of obscure origin.]
intr. To twine, twist, wind or unwind.
1821 CLARE Vill. Minstr. I. 114 Medicinal betony, By
thy wood-side railings, reeves With antique mullein's
flannel-leaves. 1876 S. C. I. INGHAM White Cross q Dove
of Pearls xliii. 281 How difficult it was., to keep the threads
from twitching and the silk from reeving. 1890 Gloucestersk.
Gloss., Reeve, . .to twist round, unwind.
Ree'ver. rare—1. [Of obscure origin.] A
wooden instrument for collecting the crushed
apples from the cider-mill.
1833 LOUDON Encycl. Art'Itit. § 1314 The Reever. .to push
it [apple-pulp] up together for removal when ground.
Ree'veship. Forms : I sergfscipe, 3 ref-
schipe, 7 reeveship. [f. geriffa REEVE sb.1 +
-SHIP.] The office of a reeve.
c 1000 ^ELFRIC Horn. II. 94 Ne heora nan Jerefscipe o5oe
mangunge ne drife, foroan oe hi sind fcecorene of woruld-
mannum to Codes teolungum. A 1225 Leg. Kath. 11
Maxence steorede be refschipe in Rome, a 1225 Juliana 9
Se riche refschipe to rihten and to readen. 1631 Charter
in Bingham Rep. V. 340 A grant by Charles 1.. of. .the
reeveship of Greetham and the bailiwick of Greetham.
Reeving (rrvirj), vbl. sb± [f. REEVE v.1 +
-ING 1.] The action of passing a rope through
a block, etc. ; the manner in which this is done.
1627 CAPT. SMITH Seaman's Gram. v. 23 Reeuing is..
drawing a rope thorow a blocke or oylet to runne vp and
down. 1793 SMEATON Edystone L. Expl. PI. 18 The
principle whereon the reeving is performed. 1844 H. STE-
PHENS Bk. of Farm II. 321 The reeving of the pulleys and
chains will be more clearly seen in the perspective views.
1892 KIPLING Life's Handicap 182 The reeving and un-
reeving of the bed-tapes.
attrib. c 1860 H. STUART Seaman's Catech. 24 They arc
usually rove with a reeving line.
Reeving, vbl. sb.- : see REEVE v.-
Reewe, obs. form of RUE v.
Re-ex'alt, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To exalt again.
1670 MILTON Hist. Eng. v. Wks. 1851 V. 192 Ethelred like
in fortune to the former Ethelred, was re-exalted to his Seat.
Re-exa-miuable, «. [KE- 5 a.] Capable of
being re-examined.
RE-EXAMINATE
1847 WEBSTER cites STORY. 1893 I'oict (N. Y.) 23 Apr.,
That conclusion is not re-examinable here.
t Be-examinate, fa. pplc. Sc. Obs. [KE-
c, a : cf. next.] Re-examined.
* '573 KeS- Privy Council Scot. II. 213 My Lord Regentis
Grace . .orjanit David Nicholl and Johnne Barclay witncssis,
sworne and examinat of befoir. .to be re-examinat.
Re-examina'tion. [R-E- 5 a.] A second or
further examination.
1604 BACON Apol. Wks. 1879 I. 440 Afterwards upon a re-
examination of some that charged him, ..I went instantly
true'ks mine. 1748 RICHARDSON Clarissa (1768) IV. xxxv.
215 And if, upon a re-examination of my own heart, I nnd
[etc.]. 1814 SCOTT H'av. xlix, I found that. .from a re-
examination of the persons engaged in the mutiny, .he was
much sofiened towards you. 1869 M. PATTISON Serm.
(1885) 181 A re-exa nination of the received principles ot
natural religion.
Re-exa-mine, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To examine
again ; spec, in legal use, of a counsel, to examine
(a witness) again, after cross-examination by the
opposing counsel.
1594 HOOKER Eccl. Pol. Pref. vi. { 5 Spend the time in re-
examining more duly your cause. I jo$ BACON Adv. /.earn.
n. To King § 12 As most of tlie usages, .were derived from
more obscure times, it is the more requisite t'ley be re-
examined, a 1639 WOTTON in ReUy. (1651) 46] Ihe false
Accusers . . might be re-examined likewise about their
Uncle. 1737 WATERI ANO Eucharist i. Wks. 1843 IV. 477
A learned and considerate writer, who very lately has re-
examined the chronology of that Epistle. 1776 G. SEMPLE
Building in Water 66 If you turn back and re-examine
the Borings. 1817 LYTTON Falkland 1.6, 1 am not unwilling
to re-examine the past. it^tAllhitfsSyst. Med. V. 513 For
a year thereafter she must be re-examined.
Re-e-xcwate, v. [HE- 5 a.] trans. To ex-
cavate again. So Be-sxcava'tion.
1831 LYELL Elenl. Ceol. x. 1 19 Thus the original valleys
might have been re-excavated. Ibid. 120 The filling up and
re-excavation of the valleys. 1873 J. GEIKIE Gt. Ice Aft
xxiv. 317 Rivers, .re-excavated the gravels that were laid
down during the previous period.
Rs-excha-nge, sb. [RE- 5 a.]
1. Comm. '(See quots. and cf. RECHANGE sb. I.)
1707 JUSTICE Treat. Monies 3 The Re-Exchange is the
like Sum of Money, payable by the Drawer of a Bill which
is return'd protested ; for the Exchange of the Sum, con-
tain'd in the Bill, back again to the place whence it was
drawn. i7«7-4t CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v., The occasion of re-
exchange is, when the bearer of a bill of exchange, after
protesting it. .draws a bill of exchange in the place where
the payment was to be made, on the person who furnished
tlie first. 1809 R. LASGKORD Introd. Trade 22 Re-exchange
means the damages incurred by non-acceptance and non-
payment, and they consist of protest charges on the amount
of the bill, commission, bill brokerage, interest, stamps, and
postages. 1877 Lain Rep. 7 Chanc. Div. 641 Re-exchange
is denned, .to be the difference in the value of a bill oc-
casioned by its bei ig dishonoured in a foreign country in
which it was payable.
2. A second or fresh exchange.
1856 OLMSTED Slai'e States 566, 1 asked the landlord what
I should do to effect a reexchange.
So Be-excha-nfra v. tram., to exchange again.
1873 Rontledge's Young Gentlm. Mag. Dec. 117/2 Oppor-
tunity to re-excliange the cards.
Re-exci'te, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To excite
again. Hence Re-exerted ///. a.
1804-6 SYD. SMITH Mor. Philos. 11830) 269 New. .fields of
knowledge, which have re-excited those faculties, .and im-
proved them by exerc'se. l8i5 KIRBY & Sp. Entomol. xxvii.
(1818) H. 507 The instinct ..lies dormant : but transfer the
bees to a new hive, .and it is instantly re-excited. 1811-34
Goofs Study Med. (ed. 4) I. 567 The increased action and
re-excited energy that restore the system to a balance of
health. 1868 Chamber's Encycl. X. 221/1 (Ifinc) Before
it [fermentation] is quite finished, the whole liquid mass is
stirred up so as to re-excite the process. 1899 Attoittl's
Syst. Med. VIII. 4^3 In this way eruptions are repeatedly
re-excited.
So Re-excito/tion.
1880 Frasers Mag. May 664 The partial re-excitation of
some faded current of parental instinct.
Rs-e'xecnte, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To exe-
cute again. So Be-axecn'tion.
1838 LD. ST. LEONARDS Hamly-Bk. Prop. Law xvii. 128
Generally sneaking, it will not now be necessary to re-
execute your will. Ibid, xviii. 139, I will presently explain
to you the object of a re-execution of your will. 1884 Latu
Times Rep. L. 630/1 The work . . was not executed . . in a
workmanlike manner, and . . he had been compelled to take
it out and re-execute it
Re-3 xercise, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To exer-
cise again.
1657 HAWKE Killing is Murder 12 To make way for the
readmitting of the then King, to the reexercising that
power which had produced such bloody and fatal effects.
Re-exeTt. v. [RE- 5 a.] To exert again.
1782 S.MEATON in Phil. Trans. LXXII. 346 The operation
of half the mechanic power is . . only locked up and sus-
pended, and capable of being re-exerted.
Re-exba le, v. [1<E- 5 a.] To exhale again.
01676 HALE/>W«. Orig. Man. in. iv. (1677) 267 Grass,
which is . . most visited with the Dew of Heaven, and re-
exhaled again. 1733 TULL Horse-hoeing Hvtt.iu. i38Most
of the Dew that Tills on it is re-exhal'd from untill d Land.
Re-exharrst, v. [RE- 5 a.] To exhaust again.
(11711 KKN Hymnariiim Poet. Wks. 1721 II. 113 Give me
a Love which thou wilt re-exhaust.
334
Re-sxhi'bit, v. [RE- 5 a.] To exhibit again. '
a 1648 Ln. HERUERT Hen. (-'/// (1683) 528 So the Hook
was re-exhibited to the Emperor. 1654 H. L'ESTRANGF.
Clias. I (1655) 129 At Guildhall, where the resplendent
shew was iterated and re-exhibited. 1836 LVTTON A thens
(1837) II. 518 That a chorus should be granted to any poet
who chose to re-exhibit his dramas. 1857 DVTTtUi Lett.
High Lat. (ed. 3! 25 After a few minutes, each in turn re-
exhibited itself with monotonous punctuality.
So Re-exrubi'tion.
1816 BF.NTHAM Chreslom. Wks. 1843 VIII. 15 Supplying
Ihe deficiency by repetitions and re-exhibitions made for
this express purpose.
Re-exi-st, v. [RE- 5 a.] inir. To exist again.
1841 EMERSON Misc. (1855) 173 That they may re-exist
and reappear in the finer world of rational souls. 1853
G. S. FABF.R Revival 40 It plainly will reexist, should that
last Head be restored to political power.
So Be-exi'stence ; Be-exi'Btent fl.
1664 H. MORE Myst.Inig. 391 Understanding the revived
or re-existent Beast of the persecuting Empire under Julian
the Apostate 1806 G. S. FABER Diss. Prophecies (1814) 1 1.
207 The existence, the non-existence, and the re-existence,
of the Roman beast 1847 F. W. NEWMAN Hist. Hebrew
Monarchy 305 A doctrine of future personal re-existence.
Re-expa'nd, v. [Rx- 5 a.] trans, and inlr.
To expand again. Hence Re-expa-nding vbl. sb.
1660 BOYLE New Exp. Phyt. Mech. ii. 40 The Box they
are inclos'd in would as much resist their re-expanding of
themselves. 1873 DARWIN in Life 4 Let/. (1887) III. 323
One was taken out and placed in cold water, and it re-
evpanded. 1884 Athenaeum 16 Aug. 215/2 Nitrogen com-
pressed., .refrigerated,.. and then re-txpanded, falls down in
snow-like flakes.
So Re-expa'nsion.
1873 DARWIN in Life tf Lett. (1887) III. 323 Not the least
power of re-expansion. 1898 Allbutt's Syst. Med. V. 386
Followed by slight re-expansion of lung.
t Be-expe-ct, v. Obs. [RE- 5 a. Cf. late L.
rc-expectare (Vulg.).] trans. To expect again.
1610 BRRNT tr. Karfft Count. Trent vi. 577 Hee sendeth,
and countermandeth, expecteth, and reexpecteth.
Re-expel, v. [RE- 5 a.] To expel again.
1864 in WEBSTER. 1899 Daily News 14 Jan. 5/4 On the
expiration of the sentence he will be re-expelled.
Re-expe-rience, v. [Re- 5 a.] trans. To
experience again.
1789 MRS. Ptozzi Joiirn. France I. 12, I was pleased to
..re-experience that particular sensation. 1831 T. HOP*
Ess. Origin Man 1. 90 No portion of time appears.. again
able to be recallable, so as to be re-experienced.
So Be-exp«-rience sb., a renewed experience.
1848 G. J. MACKENZIE Year's Ministry 95 We wish the
re-experience of his favour.
Re-e'xport, sl>. Comm. [RE- j a.]
1. A commodity re-exported. Also (chiefly in
//.), the amount (of something) re-exported.
1761 Dear. S. Carolina 48 The Re-exports of imported
Commodities and Manufactures. i8j8-3» WEBSTER, Ke-
exfort, any commodity re-exported. 1874 R AVMOND Statist.
Mines ff Mining 514 Tabular statement of imports, exports,
and re-exports of gold and silver coin and bullion.
2. = RE-EXPOKTATION.
1791 A. YOUNG Trav. France 494 Where they see naviga-
tion, re-export, commercial profit, and a great circulation.
1841 W. SPALDIXG Italy t, It. lit. III. 389 For re-export
to other parts of the Mediterranean. i88s Manch. Exam.
8 Apr. 55 The statistics of the re-export of raw cotton for
the three years show a steady increase.
Re-expO'rt, v. Comm. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To
export (imported goods) again.
1690 CHILD Disc. Trade ix. 162 Commodities to be further
Manufactured here, or re-Exported. 1719 W. WOOD Sum.
Traile 276 Whereof a very small value is Re-exported to
Foreign Countries. 1769 BURKK Late St. Nation Wks. II.
71 Such an immense quantity of goods exported and re-
exported. 1861 GOSCHEN For. F.xch. 16 If they are re-
exported to America . . they would again affect the exchanges
in the contrary direction.
Re-exporta-tion. [RE- 5 a.] The exporta-
tion of imported goods.
17*9 Seasonable Remarks Trade 98 Their great Wealth
arises from the Re-exportation of the Growth of other
Countries. 1761 Deter. S. Carolina 49 The Re-exportation
of British Commodities and Manufactures from our Northern
Colonies. 1804 EJin. Kiv. IX. 114 The reexportation of
this superfluous specie. 1876 BANCROFT Hist. U.S. I II. xi.
452 Rice might be warehoused in England for re-exportation.
Re-expotrnd, v. [RE- 5 a.] (raits. To ex-
pound again.
1867 BUSHNELL Mar. Uses Dart Th. 249 The topic is in
the hospitals and the courts expounded and re-expounded.
1888 Centen. Confer. Missions (U. S.) II. 61 The principle
[of marriage] was re-expounded by the Lord Jesus Christ.
Re-expre-ss, v. [KB- 5 a.] trans. To ex-
press again. Hence Re-expressing///, a.
1649 J. ECLISTON tr. Behmen's Epistles vi. (1886) 66 A
former of the re-expressing or re-spiraling will. 1858 A.
LINCOLN in Voice (N. V.I (1890) 20 Nov., 1 was glad to ex-
press my gratitude at Quincy, and 1 re-express it here. 1889
Spectator 13 Apr., [A] desire to see the Ornaments Rubric
re-expressed in a more comprehensive spirit.
So Be-expre-ssion.
1832 AUSTIN Jitrispr. (1879) II. 1057 A re-expression and
arrangement of statute law.
Re-expulsion. [RE- 5 a.] A second ex-
pulsion.
1655 FULLER Ch. Hist. n. v. 5 47 The next Archbishop of
Canterbury, endeavoured the re-expulsion of the Priests.
t Re-exstrn-ct, pa. f pie. Obs.-1 [RE- 5 a.]
Rebuilt.
1594 CHAPMAN Shadow ff bight E, Thy glonous temple
REFASTEN
. . shall now againe, Be reexstruct, and this Ephesia be Thy
countries happie name.
Re-exte'nd, v. [RE- 5 a.] To extend again.
1611 COTGR., Rfstendre, to reextend, or to reinlarge. 1882
SrENCF.R Princ. Social., Pol. Instil. 750 When, as at home,
an extended franchise, very soon re-extended, vastly aug-
ments the mass of those who [etc.].
t Re-exte'nt. Law. Obs. [f. RE- 5 a + EX-
TENT sb. 2.] (See quot.)
1607 COWELL fntet'fr., Reextent, is a second extent made
vpon lands, or tenements, vpon complaint made, that the
former extent was partially performed. [Hence in Phillips
(ed. Kersey 1706) and in later Diets.]
Reeze, variant of REESE, ROOSE v.
Reezed, rancid : see REESED.
Reezy, variant of REASY, rancid.
Ref, obs. Sc. variant of REIP, plunder(ing).
I Refa-bric, v. Obs.-1 [RE- 5 a.] trans.
To reconstruct. In Befa'brieking vbl. sb.
163* J . H AYWARD tr. Biondts Eromena 1 58 Their departure
v. as deferred for no other cause, than for the refabricking [It.
rifabricare} of its ruines.
Refaocimento, variant of RIFACIMESTO.
Refa-ce, v. [Rs- 5 a-]
1. trans. To put a new face or surface on (a
building, stone, etc.).
1851 C. BRONTE in Mrs. Gaskell Life (1857) II. xi. 225 On
Friday I. .visited the churchyard and stone. It must be re-
faced and relettered. 1886 WILLIS & CLAKK Cambridge 1 1.
153 The tower had been repaired, refaced, and strengthened.
2. (See FACE z>. 15.)
1887 Pall Malt G. 5 Oct. 5/1 Of late years there has been
a tremendous deterioration inChinesetea...No doubt spent
leaves have been refaced in quantities.
Hence Refa'cing vbl. sb.
1883 Pall MaltC. 20 Sept. 3/1 The great refacing of the
Schools quad. 1898 f. T. FOWLER Durh. Calh. 26 Modern
' restorations ' and refacings.
Refaoimento, variant of RIFACIMENTO.
t Refa'Ction. Obs. [a. F. refaction (i 7th c.) :
see RE- and FACTION.] Recompense, satisfaction.
1640 HOWELL Dodona'i Cr. 174 The Sovereign Minister
..was commanded to require refaction and satisfaction
against the I nformers. 1656 FINETT For. A mbass. 248 That
the King .. hath commanded him to demand refaction and
satisfaction of your Majestyagainst the said Marquis. 1753
MACENS Insurances I. 297 For Refaction and to make good
the loss and damage suffered . . in the said Cargo of Wheat.
Refa-ll,*-. [RE- 5 »-]
1. inlr. To fall a second time.
l5»o SHF.I.TON Don (>uix. iv. x. II. 137 Stumbling here,
falling there, getting up again on the other side, and re-
tailing on this. 1631 ].HAVV.AKii\r.l;i/'n<ii'iJ:ii>mena 173
For one of a perfect sight to fall and rcfall so foulely . . is
a thing altogether prodigious.
2. To fall back or again into a state.
1570 FOXE A. ti tr. (ed. 2) 617/1 He had decreed to pro-
cede to the degradation . . of the sayd William Sautrie, as
refallen into heresie. 1647 FULLER WoundedConsc. viii. 53,
1 . . have often re-fallen into the same offence. 1658 J . WEBB
Cleopatra viii. i. 4 She was againe re-fallen into that cap-
tivity from whence they thought her entirely delivered.
So Befa-11 sb., a repeated fall.
1717 BRADLEY Fam. Diet. s.v. Distillation of Oil. Falling
back into the Vessel, they are dissolved again, and at last,
by continual Thickening and Refalls, are wasted and come
to nothing.
Re-fa'llow, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To fallow
(land) again.
1811 SINCLAIR S)>st. Hush. S.ot. I. 174 He laid on, (when
the land came to be re-fallowed', 20 or 25 bolls more.
Re-fa-H, v. [RE- 5 a.) trans. To fan ayam.
a 1618 SYLVESTER Maiden's Blush 308 They . . almost staid
withall His Brethren's rage; till Ruth-lesse Issachar Re-fand
the fire. ci6w> Z. BOVD Zitm'i Flowert (1855) 98 His
dev'lish thoughts did still refanne the fire.
Refar, obs. Sc. form of REAVEH.
Refar(re, obs. forms of REFEH.
Refa'shion, v. [RE- 5 a. Cf. F. refaconncr
(i6thc.).] trans. To fashion anew.
1803 W. TAYLOR in Robberds Mem. (1843) I. 459, ' l'av^
begun to modernize— no, to refashion— Drayton's battle of
Azincour. 1816 — in Monthly Ken. LXXXI. 471 They ..
have been much nationalized and refashioned in the trans-
plantation, a 1880 GEO. ELIOT A. Bede xvn, 1 might re-
fashion life and character entirely after my own liking.
Hence Befa-shioning vbl. sb.
1799 W. TAYLOR in Robberds Mem. (1843) 1.277 Milton and
Klopstock, poets loo good to undergo a refashioning. 1890
Athenxum I Nov. 583/2 The genuine Chaucer poems in the
same MS. have not been subjected to any such wholesale
refashioning.
So Befa-shioner.
1800 W. TAYLOR in Monthly Mag. VIII. 597 From that
period the balance of erudition and talents began to inclm
toward the side of the reformers or refashioners. a 1861
MRS. BROWNING Let/. K. H. Home (1877) I. XXL 108 Jhe
refashioners stand, .too far from Chaucer's side.
Refa-shionment. [f. as prec. + -HUNT, after
It. RIFACIMENTO.] The action of refashioning;
also eonfr., something refashioned.
1830 W. TAYLOR Hut. Surv. Germ. Poetry II. 3 These
epic poems are mere Swabian refashionments (rifacimento
is the Italian word which I attempt to recoin..) of pre-
existing Lombard story-books. 1831 Frasers Mag. IV. 542
Danish and Icelandic versions and refashionments .. exist.
1861 BORROW Walet II. 305 A re-fashionment of the work
of Richard Parry.
Refa'sten., v. [RE- 5 a.] trans, lo fasten
again. Hence Befa-steniug vbl. sb.
RE-FATHER.
1598 FI.ORIO, R isaldat'tra^ a resoldring, a refastmng.
a 1832 SCOTT (Webster 1864), It was so negligently re-
fastened. 1897 MAKING-GOULD Bladys of the Stcivpoticy
xviii, Blndys hastily re-fastened the case.
Re-fa'ther, v. nonce-wd. [RE- 5 a.] trans.
To make (one) again a father.
1847 TENNVSON Princ. vi. 113 At the happy word 'he
lives ' My father stoop'J, re-father 'd o'er my wounds.
Refa'VOUT, v- [K.K- 5 a.] To favour again.
1633 LITHCOW Trav. ix. 423 Vpon the seauenth day the
winds refauouring vs, wee safely arriued at London.
Refe, obs. f. KBAVK v.t REEF sb.*t REEVE sb.i ;
Sc. var. REIP, plunder(ing) ; obs. pa. t RIVE v.
t Refe'Ct, /#• ppU. Obs. [ad. L. re/edits^ pa.
pple. of reficfre : see next.] Refreshed, restored.
ri374 CHAUCER Boetk. iv. pr. vi. in (Camb. MS.), Tak
thanne this drawht ; and whan bow art wel refresshed and
refect [L. refecin$\ thow shal be moore stydefast to stye in
to heyere questyouns. 1456 SIR G. HAVE Law Anns
(S. T. S.) 53 Quhen he was wele refect, he i assit in Affrik, to
mak were on Hanyball.
Refect (rtfe-kt), v. Also 5 Sc. refeck. [Orig.
f. L. refect-., ppl. stem of reficfre to remake, restore,
renew, etc., f. re- RE- + face're to make : in later
use a back-formation from REFECTION.
The word app. fell out of use before 1700 and was revived in
the i9th c., but has always been rare and is now somewhat
rhetorical.]
trans. To refresh, esp. with food or drink ; to
restore after fatigue. Now usually reft.
(1470 HENRY Wallace in. 9 Fyscheis in flude refecklt
rialye Till mannys fude. 1570 LEVINS Manip. 47/47 To
Refect, rtficere. 1614 LODGE Seneca^ Epist. 259 So like-
wise ought we sometimes to recreate our spirit, and refect
the same with some delights. 1646 SIR T. BKOWNE Pseud.
Ep. iv. vii. 196 A man in the morning is lighter in the scale,
..and is also lighter unto himselfe, because he is refected.
Ibid. v. vi. 241 After which they commonly retired to bed,
and refected themselves with repast. 1813 T. UUSBY Lucre-
tius I. Diss. p. iii, The world itself is refected and nourished
by a perpetual accession of these corpuscles. 1823 T. L.
PEACOCK Maid Marian iii, The knight and the friar.. pro-
ceeded to refect themselves after their ride. 1859 SAL A
Tiv. round Clock (1861) 195, I remember once refecting
myself at a public dinner.
b. intr. (for reft.} To take a refection.
1886 SALA in lllnstr. Land. News 27 Mar. 312/1 While
you are refecting in the saloon,
Refection (rfle-kjaa), sb. Forms : 5 refec-
ciouii'.e, reffecio(u)n, refectioun (-tyon), 5-6
refeccion (-cyon), 4- refection, (6 -e). [a. K.
refaction (i2th c. in Littre"), ad. L. refection-em^ n.
of action f. refafre '. see prec.]
1. Recreation or refreshment received through
some spiritual or intellectual influence. (Freq.
transf. from a or 3.)
a 1340 HAMPOLE Psalter\\x. 8 Moab, bat is, ill men, that
tourments me, are potte, (>at is refection of my hope. 1413
Pilgr. Sowle (Caxton 1483) v. iii. 94 The vision of the good
lord, that is al their ioye, theyr reste, and their refection.
1450-1530 Myrr. our Ladye 87 He . . hathe ordeyned vs to
haue hymseffe to our endeles refeccyon in blysse. 1503
HAWES Past. Pleas, xi, (Percy Soc.) 37 To the artyke eres
swete and dylycious The golden rethoryke is good refeccion.
1581 MAR BECK Dk. of Notes 109 The comfort of Gods spirite
shoulde coole it to his euerlasting refection. 1630 BRATHWAIT
Eng. Gentlem. (1641)4 The only sight of God is the true
food and refection uf our minds, 1717 L. HOWEL Desideriits
(ed. 3) 170 It is the true and solid Refection of the holy
Mind. 1858 NEALE Bernard de M. (1864) 30 O sacred,
sweet refection.
b. Refreshment or relief due to some sensuous
or physical cause. Now rare or Obs.
1450-80 tr. Secreta Secret. 24 Whan the spirit hath take
refeccioun in good odoures. 1567 MAPLET Gr. Forest 20
There is no greater refection to tbe eies than the sight of this.
1576 FLEMING Panopl. Epist. 40 At night I cast vp much
choler, after the election whereof, I felt such a refection
[etc,]. 1715 POPE Odyss. vi. 261 Since this worn frame refec-
tion knew, What scenes have I survey'd of dreadful view?
2. The action of refreshing or partaking of re-
freshment : the fact of being refreshed, or of refresh-
ing oneself, with food or drink after hunger or
fatigue. Also, an instance or case of this.
1398 TREVISA Bank. De P. R. ix. xxxi. (Bodl, MS.), Ester I
daie is a tyme..of ioiful refeccion and fedinge. t 1450 tr.
De Imitations i. xviii. 20 For gret swetnes of contemplacion |
som tyme was foryeten be necessite of bodely refeccion.
1483 CAXTON G. de la Tour M iv, She .. toke only for her
refection brede and water. 1579 FULKE Hcskins' Part. 109
MelcMzedech . . for refection as well of him, as of his war-
riours, brought furth breade and wine. 1615 CROOKE Body
of Man 121 From these veines come those sodaine refections
of the spirits by sweete and strong Wine, Broths, and
Cordials. 1646 SIR T. BROWNE Pseud. Ep. 196 After a
draught of wine a man may seeme lighter in himselfe from
sudden refection, although he be heavier in the balance.
17*0 POPE Iliad xxiv. 754 Now the peaceful hour* of sacred
night Demand refection, and to rest invite. 1820 SCOTT
Monast. xvl, Sorrow it were . . if we were now either to
advance or retard the hour of refection. 1872 R. F. BURTON
Zanzibar I. 150 The cocoa-nut, manioc, and broiled fish,
offered by squatting negresses for their refection.
t b. In plir. to take (one's} refection. Obs.
c 1440 Cast. Persev. (E. E. T. S.) 1828 In abstineus lede bi
lyf ! take but skylful refeccyon. 1483 CAXTOS G. de la Tour
IJ viij b, After they had taken their refection and wel
dronken. 1568 GRAFTON Chron. II. 823 He was so ilis.-as, ,1
in hisstomncke that skant he could take eyther refection or
rest. 1600 HAKLUVT I'oy. (1810) III. 375 They would rather
haue perished with hunger and thirst, then haue taken their
'efection at any inan> hand but mine. 1634 .Malory's Arthur
335
(i8i6) II. 276 When he was armed, she prayed him for to
take his refection.
Comb. 1489 CAXTON Faytes of A. n. xxxvii. 158 Yf they
may knowe that theyre aduersaryes be not upon theyre
warde or that they be at theyre refcccyon taking.
• c. Entertainment with food and drink ; the right
of demanding, or duty of supplying, such entertain-
ment. Now only hist.
1601 HOLLAND Pliny I. 240 They deserued a better reward
than one daies refection and victuals. 1635 QUARLES Embl.
v. vi. 5 Without thy presence Earth gives no refection,
Without thy presence Sea affords no treasure. 1689 R. Cox
Hist. Irel. \. Expl. Index, Refection, is a priviledge the
Lord has of claiming Entertainment for one Meal, and no
more. 1717-41 CHAMBERS Cyct. s.v., Refection is also used,
in antient authors, for a duty or service incumbent on any
person to provide meals, for ecclesiastics, or even for princes,
1875 MAINE Hist. Inst. vi. 161 This ' right of refection * and
liability to it are among the most distinctive features of
ancient Irish custom.
3. An occasion of partaking of food ; a meal.
1438-50 tr. Hidden (Rolls) VI. 43 Herynge that Cristen
men usede diversites of meytes at oon refeccion. 1542
liooRDE Dyetaryxu. (1870) 265 Eatynge of moche butter at
one refection is not commendable. 1617 MORVSON /tin. i. 94
After this refection we went the rest of our iourney through
pleasant fields. 1655 FULLER C/t. Hist. ix. iv. § 2 At a
publick refection of those Ministers together., the next time
of their meeting was appointed. 1856 FKOUDE Hist. Eng.
x. (1858) II. 435 One of the brethren, at every refection, was
to read aloud a chapter of the Old or New Testament.
b. A portion of food or drink ; a meal or repast,
esp. a slight one.
1482 Monk of Evesham (Arb.) 27 With a ful litil refeccion
ther of he brake his faste. 1531 ELVOT Gw. in. xxi, A man
.. shall in the mornyng .. with a litle refection, .. haue his
inuencion quicker, his iugement perfecter, his tonge rediar.
1542 BOORDE Dyetary ix. ^1870) 252 The last refeccyon or
meale wyll let the dygestyon of the fyrste. 1625 K. LONG
tr. Barclay's Argents n. xx. 130 With these words, the
Herald was led aside to take a short refection. 1664 H. MORE
Myst. Iniq. xviii. uj Birds, .that ever smel out a comfortable
refection from the fall of every such Carcass. 1727-41
CHAMBERS Cycl.t Refection^ among monks and ecclesiastics,
a spare meal or repast, just sufficing for the support of life,
1748 RICHARDSON Clarissa (i8nj VIII. xvi. 88 Though our
little refection was just brought in. 1856 MRS. CARLYLE
Lett. II. 295 A miserable refection of weak tea and tough
toast. 1870 DISRAELI Lot hair I, The cheerful fire, the
judicious refection on a side table.
t C. A particular form of food or refreshment.
ifioa Ord. Crysten Men I. iii. (W. de W. 1506) C iiij b, In
tastynge this fyrst refeccion of salte. x6ag USSHER Anno.
Jesuit 54 The sonues which he begat.. he nouribheth with
a peculiar refection and food, and meat and drink.
4. f a. Resetting of a dislocation. 06s. rare.
1646 T. WHITAKER Uzzia/i 40 Till .. it .. gangrene, and
then after far greater pain, no hope of cure but by refection.
b. Repair, restoration, rare.
1656 BLOUNT Glossogr.j Refection^ . . a repairing or mending
a thing that is worn and decayed. 1684 tr. ffotttft Merc.
Commit, xvni. 659 When Patients stand in need of refection
of their strength. 1845-56 BOUVIER Law Dict.% Refection^
reparation, reestablishment of a building.
5. attrib.i as Refection Sunday ^ the fourth Sunday
in Lent, Refreshment Sunday.
1872 SHIPLEY Gloss. Eccl. Terms.
t xtefe'Ction, v. 06s. Also refeccion, etc.
[ad. K. rtfectionner (i5th c. in Godef.), f. rtfec-
tion : see prec.] trans. To refresh, furnish with a
refection.
a 1450 Knt. de la Tour (1868) 97 In the whiche arke was
manna where with the chddren of israel were refeccioned.
150* Ord. Crysten Men i. iv. (W. de W. 1506) D ij b, The
baptem refeccyoneth the soule and kepeth it. .from deth,
1550 VEKON Godly Sayings ^1846) 62 Thou art so refectyoned,
that thou canste not lacke, whereof to be refectioned. 1629
WADSWORTH Pilgr. Hi. n After they had been well refec-
tioned by the Rector, thay tooke their leaue.
Refe'ctionary, a. rare-1, [f. REFECTION
sb. + -ABY *.] Ot or belonging to refection.
1823 GALT Entail vii, As the critics hold it indelicate to
describe the details of any refect ionary supply, however
elegant, we must not presume to enumerate the series and
succession of Scottish fare.
Refe'ctioner. [f. REFECTION sb. + -ER *.] In
a monastery or convent, the person having charge
of the refectory and supplies of food.
1820 SCOTT Monast. xv, Two most important officers of
the Convent, the KitchenerandRefectioner. \W6AtIienieunt
13 Mar. 361/3 The documents .. include . . two accounts of
the infirmarer and one of the refectioner.
defective (r/fe-kliv), a. and sb. ? Obs. [f. as
REFECT v. + -IVE. Cf. obs. F. refectif^ -ive (ifith c.
in Godef.).] a. adj. Refreshing, restoring, nourish-
ing, b. sb. A medicine that restores the strength.
a. 1611 FLOKIO, Refettiuo> refectiue, refreshing. 1657
W. Monies Catna quasi Koi^ Def. xv. 229, I may [then]
..beleeve the Supper of the Lords may be alimental and
refective to the soul, by seeing, as well as by partaking.
1665 HARVEY Advice agst. Plague 25 Repeat the said
sudorifick, and thereupon the Refeciive Cordial
b. 1667 L. STUCLEY Gospel Glass xxxii. (1670) 334 Cordials,
and sweet refectives, after all our wearisome labours. 1706
PHILLIPS (ed. Kcaey)fJKf/tctivft, medicines that refresh and
renew strength. [Hence in BAILRY and later Diets.]
II Refectoire. Obs. rare—1. [K., ad. L. re-
fectonum : see RKFKCTOHY s/>.] Refectory.
1667 PKPYS Diary 23 Jan., I was in the refectoire, where
every man his napkin, knife [etc.].
Refectora'rian. rare. [See next and -AN.]
= REFECTIONER,
REPEL.
1886 A thtn.ntm 3 July 14/1 The refectorai ian by virtue of
his office held certain estates in Winchester. 1892 KITCHIN
Cotnpotu* Rolls St. Swithuns Priory Introd. 32 The Re-
fectorarian.. received all the eatables, etc.
Refe'Ctorary. rare-1, [ad. med.L. refe<.to-
rari-tts (Du Cange) : see REFECTORY sb. and -ABY '.]
= KKFECTIONER.
1844 S. R. MAITLAND Dark Ages 409 While he was rc-
fectorary . . he made himself as annoying as he dared.
Refe'ctorer. rare. [See prec. and -EH*.]
= REFECTIONER.
1794 W. TINDAL Hist. Evesham 100 As often as our pota-
tion shall be made after noon .. the refectorer shall be
allowed two measures of ale from the cellar. 1892 KIKK
Abingdon Ace. p. xli, There is only one account of the
Refectorer, and that is very brief.
Befectorial (r/fekto-Tial), a. [f. as next +
-AL.] Of or belonging to refection.
1843 Blackw. Mag. LIV. 255 Merrily the beards wagg'd
round the refectorial board. 187* Daily News 3 Aug., The
Abbots' lodging-house was for the day devoted . . to refec-
torial purposes.
Refecto'rian. [f. med.L. rtfectorium (see
next) + -AN.] = KEFECTIONKR.
1660 F. BROOKE tr. Le Blanc's Trav. 376 At St. Croix.the
Refectorian of the Dominicans was beaten dead. 1679
Trials of White <$• Other Jesuits 57, I was a servant there.
..A Refectorian, a Butler. 1869 Echo 16 Feb., I had given
directions to the refectorian. . because she was so difficult to
please in her food.
Refectory (r/Te'klari), sb. Also 6-7 -orie.
[ad. med.L. refectorium (Du Cange), f. reficfre :
see REFKCT v. and -ORY *. Cf. F. refectoire and
REFRECTORE.] A room for refreshment ; esp. in
religious houses and colleges, the hall or chamber
in which the meals take place.
(The stressing re'fectory was at one time somewhat
prevalent : see Walker's note.)
1483 CAXTON Gold. Leg. 241/2 There cam two yong men
of ye same halite & forme whiche entrid in to >• refectory
or fraitour. 1526 ritgr. Per/. (W, de W. 1531) 65 Seruynge
at meet & in other places( redynge in y8 refectory, or in
the chapyter hous at collation. 1581 N. T. (Rhem.) Mark
xiv. 14 The Maister saith Where is my refectorie, where 1
may eate the Pasche.. ? 1617 MORVSON I tin. i. 95 Their
refectory or place where the Monkes eat, is faire and large.
1687 DRYDEN Hind $ P. in. 530 He. .cells, and refectories
did prepare, And large provisions laid of winter fare. 1756
NUGENT Gr. Tour, France IV. 71 In the refectories where
the soldiers eat, most of the famous battles and sieges
..are painted on the walls. 1797 MRS. RADCLIFKE Italian
yi, She passed through the refectory where the nuns had
just returned from vespers. 1820 SCOTT Abbot xii, A
spacious chamber, which had once been the refectory of the
convent. 1879 SIR G. SCOTT Left. Archit. I. 296 Round
this cloister you still trace the plan of the refectory.
transf. 1876 GEO. ELIOT Dan. Der. xiv, To tell of the
food that was eaten in that green refectory.
b. attrib.) as refectory -bell, man.
1773 NUGENT tr. Hist. Friar Gerund I. 544 An old lay
brother, .who had been refectory man above forty years.
1850 S. DOBELL Roman v. Poet, Wks. (1875) 72 Soft excite-
ments of refectory-bell.
t Refe'Ctory, a. Obs.-1 [ad. L. refectories
(4th c.) : see REFECT v and -ORY ^.J Refreshing.
1691 8 NORRIS Pract, Disc. (1711) III. 123 This is that
Divine Consolation.., that Refectory Grace.
t Refe'Ctuary. Obs. [Cf. med.L. refectuari-ns
rtfectioner.] =-- KEFECTORY.
1611 COTGR., Refectonert a Refectuarie, or Fratrie ; the
rooine wherein Friers eat together. 1658 PHILLIPS, Re-
fectory or Refectuary. 1694 MOTTEUX Rabelaisv.v. (1737)
18 He led us into a. .Refectuary, or Fratrie-room.
Refee'l, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To feel again.
17S7 MRS. GRIFFITH Lett. Henry 4- Frances (1767) II. 102
The heart-rending fears, which Providence.. decretd should
never be re-felt. 1847 Simmonds* Colonial Alag. July 360
The effect she then produced upon his senses was refelt in
pristine force.
Refeet, variant of RKFETE Obs.
Refeff, obs. form of REFEOFF v.
Befei'gn, 7A [RE- 5 a.] trans. To feign again.
165* GAULE Magastrom. xxvi, A certain playing upon
allegories, which idle men.. do feign and refeigne, &c.
t Refe'l, v. Obs. Also 6 refelle, 6-7 refell.
[ad. L. refellere to disprove, refute, f. re- RE- +
fallSre to deceive, etc. : the sense of the compound
is unusual. Senses 2 and 3 are purely English appli-
cations of the word.]
1. trans. To refute, confute, disprove (an argu-
ment, opinion, error, etc.) ; to prove to be false or
untenable. (Very common in the i6-i7th c.)
1530 PALSGR. 682/1, I can nat refell your argument, it is so
evydent. a 1540 BARNES Wks. (1573) 207/2 Was not this
a charitable argument to refell myne aunswere with ? 1578
BANISTER Hist. Man vm. 98 It is most certainly otherwise,
and his opinion therein easely refelled. 1630 PRVNNE^W//-
Arniin. 77 Such of those Tenets which haue beene constantly
oppugned, refelled, disclaimed. 1655 FULLER Ch. Hist. xi.
vm. § 60 He took occasion to refell that slander, which some
cast on Lecture -Preachers. 1686 GOAD Celest. Bodies i. ix.
33 Who can refell this with any better Argument than a
Smile? 1713 HKNTLEV Rent. Disc. Freethink. H. § 47. 259
Not to coin Articles, but to explain them, and refell the
adversaries objections, a 1734 NORTH Exam. i. ii. § 80(1740)
72 It was the Case of a Peer,. .else the Pretence had been
refelled upon the Opening.
b. To refute or confute (a person).
1553 BALE Gardiner's De Vera Obed. Fviij b, To refelle
him y1 calleth him selfe chief untruly. 1583 S IUIII:K.S .-!«<*/.
Aims. n. (1882) 72 Neither, .able to..explane the scriptures,
REFELLER.
nor yet to refell and conuince the aduersarie. 1610 WILLET
Hexapla Daniel 268 Juntas may be refilled by his own
chronicle. 1657 REEVE Cod's Plea 2r He is refelled, and he
hath instantly done with anger and argument. 1692 SOUTH
12 Scrtit. (1717) V. 480 Why then did not those profound
Rabbies. .baffle and refel these Babblers. . ?
C. absol.
1598 GRENEWEY Tacitus, Ann. in. xiv. (1622) 85 Tiberius
himselfe.. asked him many questions; not giuing liberty to
refell or replie. 1654 GATAKER Disc. Afol. 83 The manner
of them both is rather to rail and revile, then by arguing
and reasoning to refel and refute. 1697 tr. Burgersdicius'
Logic n. xviii. 85 Places from like and unlike are of no great
Use to prove or refel,
d. To cast doubt upon, deny. rare—'.
c 1611 CHAPMAN Iliad ix. 36 As thou then didst refell My
valour first of all the hoast.
2. To reject ; to refuse to accept, admit, or give
heed to (a request, a thing offered, etc.).
and the popular election is brougti ,
1598 DRAYTON Heroic. Ep, iv. 21, I once determm d, still to
haue been mute, Onely by Silence to refell thy Sute. 1603
KNOLLES Hist. Turks (1621) 599 Your offered favours .. I
deserve not ; neither is my present estate and desert towards
you such, as that I dare or ought to refell the same.
3. To repel, repulse, force or drive back, re-
press : a. a person.
a 1548 HALL Chron., Hen. V s6b, He determined as he
might to refell and withstande the comen enemies of the
realme. 1556 J. HEYWOOO Spider f, F. Ix. 95 They either
had miserable ouer throw In rebelling, or streight after
refelled . 1621 B. JONSON Gipsies Metam. Wks. (Rtldg.) 626/1
Friends, not to refel ye, Or any way quell ye [etc.). c 1650
Robin Hood f, Tanner's Dan. xxii. in Child Ballads I.
1 10/2 The tanners bold they fought right well,.. But Robin
did them both refell.
b. an attempt, undertaking, danger, etc.
a 1548 HALL Chron., Hen. F 22 b, Not one of them would
take hede how to resist and refell the present ieopardye
which was commyng out of England. Hid., Ediu. [V 192
All enterprises afterward against hym attempted had either
evill successe, or were sone refelled. 1573 Satir. Poems
Reform, xli. 51 Sic foly faill not to refelf. 1584 HUDSON
Du Bartas' Judith vi. 102 One while her feare refeld her
first entent. 1652 BENLOWES Theoph. ix. xlii, Binde up
what's loose, what's rash new-mould, refell what's ill.
O. To clear (the mind) ^something. rare~'.
1575 Appius f; Virginia A j b, Refel your minde of
mourning plaints, deare mother rest your minde.
Hence t Kefe-ll«r, one who refels or refutes.
1652 GAULE Mngastrom. Ep. Ded., A teacher of truth, ..a
refeller of falshood.
t Refe-lling, vbl. sb. Obs. [f. prec. + -ING 1.]
The action of the vb. REFEL.
£-1530 L, Cox Rhet. (1899) 71 The confutacyon is the
(&
t Refeo ff, v . Obs. In 5 refe£f(e, 5-6 refeoffe.
[ad. AK. refeffer (1304 in Godef.) : see RE- and
FEOFF v.~\ trans. To feoff (one) again, to re-enfeoff.
1-1420 Anturs ofArth. 685, I shall refeff him in felde, in
forestes so faire. £1450 Merlin 479 The kynge Arthur
refeffed hym a-gein in his londe that he hadde be-fore. 1461
Rolls of Parlt. V, 492/2 To refeffe the seid persone. 1532
Dial, on Laws Eng. n. vii. (1638) 71 The feoffour.. is driven
to cause him to refeoffe him againe.
So fBefeolrment. Obs.
1441 in W. P. Baildon Sel. PI. Chanc. (1896) 132 To
refeoffe hem accordyng to thentent of the first feoffement.
1580 EGERTON in Ld. Campbell Chancellors (1857) II. xlvii.
312 You have all but the dede of refeffment layed together.
t KefCT, sb. Sc. Obs. [f. next.]
1. A matter referred for consideration.
1637-50 Row Hist. Kirk (Wodrow Soc.) 59 [The] Modera-
tor, .haveing been absent fra the last Assemblie, and so not
acquaint with the referres, did choose assessors to assist
him. 1671 Kec. Presbyt. Inverness (S. H. S.) 14 Ye minister
. . being inquired of the refer of John M'Intosh [etc.],
2. A reference in a book. rare—1.
1697 DALLAS Stiles i. Ded., Your Lordship will find, that
byReferrs from one place to another, it is of Large Extent.
Refer (r/Bu), v. Also 4-6 refere, 4, 6-7
referre, 7-8 referr, 5 reffer, 6 refar-. [ad. OF.
referer (i4th c., Oresme; mod.F. referer), or L.
referre, i. re- RE- + ferre to bear, carry, etc. Cf.
Sp. and Pg. referir, It. referire.]
I. Transitive senses.
fl. To bring back, reduce again. Obs. rare-1.
c 1374 CHAUCER Boeth. m. pr. XL 78 (Camb. MS.), Either
alle thinges ben referred and browht to nowht [L. ad
nihilum referunlur], and floteryn with owte gouernour, ..
or elles [etc.].
f b. To convey or give back, to restore. Obs.
a 1547 SURREY in TotteVs Misc. (Arb.) 222 And when thys
carcas here to earth shalbe refarde, I do bequeth my weried
ghost to serue her afterwarde. 1629 QUARLES Argalus f,
Parth. n. (1677) 83 One while his tired fancy does refer
His thoughts to silence.
•)• C. To reproduce, represent, refignre. Obs. rare.
1700 DRYDEN Ovid's Met. xv. 550 His tail in circles toss'd
Refers the limbs his backward father lost. 1727 POPE, etc.
Art of Sinking*. 93 The figures must be so turned, as. -to
refer exactly the mold, in which they were formed, in all
its inequalities, . . and distortions.
2. To trace (back), assign, attribute, impute
336
(something) to a person or thing as the ultimate
cause, origin, (author,) or source.
c 1374 CHAUCER Boeth, v. pr. iii. 123 (Camb. MS.), Thannc
folweth it that owre vices ben referred to the makere of alle
clxxvi. 173 They ..hadde nat therfore gyuen due thanke
vnto God, but referred it to theyr owne strengthes and
venue. 1526 Pilgr. Per/. (W. de W. 1531) 40 Rest not to
moche therto, but referre all to the gyuer. 1596 DALRYMPLE
tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. I. 70 To. .Gathel thay refer our hail
stock, and him to be author of our hail natione. 1611
BIBLE Ecclus. Prol. tnarg., Some referre this Prologue to
Athanasius, because it is found in his Synopsis. 1646 SIR T.
BROWNE Pseud. Ep. 366 While we referre it unto the Moon,
we give some satisfaction for the Ocean, but no generall
salve for Creeks, and Seas which know no floud. 1841
Miss MITFORD in L'Estrange Life (1870) III. viii. 129 It
seems impossible to refer all these well-attested stories to
imposition. 1871 BLACKIE Four Phases^ i. p The God to
whom he habitually referred his highest inspirations.
3. To assign to a thing, or class of things, as
being properly included or comprehended in this ;
to regard as naturally belonging, pertaining, or
having relation to ; to attach or attribute to.
£1374 CHAUCER Boeth. HI. pr. ii. 52 (Camb. MS.), Certes,
now am I redy to referren the goodes of the body to thise
forseyde thinges abouen. c 1450 tr. De Imitatione ill. xxxix.
nature] ys the ground and end" of the other, to the wych
hyt must euer be referryd. 1597 GERARDE Herbal I. xviii.
24 Their nature and vertues are to be referred vnto Dogs
grasse. 1641 WILKINS Math. Magic I. i. (1648) 2 To the
second [study] may be referred all that Knowledge which
concerns the Frame of this great Universe. 1697 tr.
Burgersdicius' Logic I. xxii. 91 Those which, .are said to be
of theOpposites,or in any other manner are referred to them.
1812-16 PLAYFAIR Nat. Phil. (1819) 11.267 Le' S be the Sun
and P and P* two planets referred to the plane of the
ecliptic. 1875 JOWETT Plato (ed. 2) V. 32 You went wrong
when you referred all legislation to a part of virtue, and to
an inferior part.
f b. To put into, place among, a certain class.
1577 HANMER Anc. EccL Hist. viii. xiv. (1619) 152 Con-
stantius. .was first referred of them into the number of the
gods. 1633 P. FLETCHER Klisa xliii, He lives in heaven,
among the saints referred.
o. To assign to a particular place or date.
a 1604 HANMER Chron. Irel. (1633) 85 Stanihurst in his
description of Ireland, referreth it to the yeere 155. 1788
PRIESTLEY Led. Hist. iv. xvii. 148 A person thus prepared
will be able to refer any particular history he takes up to
its proper place in universal history. 1828 ABERCROMBIE
Dis. Brain 31 1 An obscure affection, referred chiefly to the
stomach. 1863 LYELL Antiif. Mail 26 In a few of the most
modern lake-dwellings.. (which the antiquaries refer to the
sixth century).
d. Used with advbs., as here (^hither), there.
1605 CAMDEN Rem. 34 Hither also may be referred that
[name] of Claudius Rutilus. 1655 STANLEY Hist. Pkilos. I.
i. 12 Hither we must likewise referre what is cited und<"
1830 LINDLEY Nat. Syst. Bot. 40 Adoxa,. .which is always
referred here, appears to me far more anomalous than
Parnassia.
t e. To give or bear (trust) to one. Cos.
1594 WEST ind Pt. Symbol., Chanccrie § 85 Your said
orator then referring especiall trust and confidence to the
said T. T. and A. L.
1 4. To bring into relation to a thing or person ;
to order with reference to. Ol/s. rare.
c 1460 FORTESCUE Abs. t, Lint. Moil. viii. (1885) 127 Wher-
fore all that he dothe owith to be referred to his kyngdome.
1538 STARKEY England i. i. 21 To thys euery man ought to
referre al hys actys, thoughtys and dedys.
t b. To apply (a word) to a thing. 06s.
1509 HAWES fast, fleas, v. (Percy Soc.) 24 The Latyn
worde whyche that is referred Unto a thynge whych is
subtancyall, For a nowne substantyve is wel averred. 1553
T. WILSON Rlut. 93 When a woorde hath a proper significa-
tion of the owne, & beyng referred to an other thyng, hath
an other meanyng, the Grecians call it Metonymia. 1664
H. MORE Myst. I nig. v, 13 EtiwAoi' is to be referred also to
those things that are not carved Images.
5. reft. To betake, commit, commend, entrust
(oneself) to some person or thing for assistance,
advice, etc., or in a spirit of submission, acquies-
cence, or confidence. Now rare or Obs.
c 1450 HOLLAND Hmulat 581 Tharfor I end heir, Refferis
me to harraldis, to tell sow the hale. 1500-10 DUNBAR
Poems Ivii. 24, [I] with ane humill cheir and face, Referris me
to the Kyngis grace. 1555 CRANMER Let. to Queen Mary
in Misc. Writ. (Parker Soc.) II. 433, 1 refer me to the judg-
ment of all indifferent hearers. 1583 T. WASHINGTON tr.
Nicholas's Voy. in. viii. 82 b. As for my part I referre me too
that which it may be, and will not otherwise assure it to bee
true. 1611 SHAKS. Wint. T. in. ii. 116, I doe referre me to
the Oracle : Apollo be my ludge. 1642 FULLER Holy ft
Prof. St. II. xvii, 115 He makes not advantage of his
chapmans ignorance, chiefly if referring himself to his
honesty. 1739 BUTLER Serin. Love God i. Wks. 1874 II.
179 The conclusion of the whole would be, that we should
refer ourselves implicitly to him. 1748 RICHARDSON Clarissa
(1811) VI. 48, 1 refer myself to your generosity. 1824 SCOTT
Redgauntlet let. xi, I refer mysell to God's pleasure, and
not to yours.
6. To commit, submit, hand over (a question,
cause, or matter) to some special or ultimate
authority for consideration, decision, execution, etc.
Also rarely without const.
REFER.
1456 SIR G. HAVE Law Anns (S. T. S.) 19 Tharc he
referrit the fontayne of huinanitee to the will of the fader, as
him lykit best for mannis hele. 153,5 COVERDALE 2 Mace. xi.
36 As concernynge the thinges which he referred vnto the
kynge, sende hither some with spede. 1560 DAUS tr.
Skidane's Comm. 6 Referryng the whole matter to the
judgement of the same. 1590 NASHE Pre/. Greene's Mena-
phon (Arb.) 14, I had rather referre it as a disputatiue plea
by diuines, than set it downe as a determinate position.
1614 SIR R. DUDLEY in Fortescue Papers (Camden) 8 Re-
ferring the recompence to his gratiousnes. 1687 A. LOVELL
tr. Thevenot's Trav. i. 248 When they fall out . . , they refer
their controversie to the next man they meet, who makes
them good friends again. 17*5 POPE Odyss. \. 510 To
heav'n alone Refer the Choice to fill the vacant Throne.
1769 ROBERTSON Chas. V, VH. III. 30 The King referred the
matter to the council. 1822 SHELLEY tr. Calderon l. 255
And thus to me. .You may refer the merits of the case.
1875 JOWETT Plato (ed. 2) I. 44 Socrates proposes at last to
refer the question to some older person.
absol. 1853 WHARTON Pennsyh. Digest 113 An attorney's
agreement to refer binds his client.
b. Sc. Law. To submit the fact at issue in a
legal action (as the existence of a debt) to the oath
of the defendant Also absol. (quot. 1681).
1579-81 Reg. Privy Council Scot. II. 254 [The amount
owing] wes referrit..to the said Petiris aim. 1681 STAIR
Instit. iv. xliv. § 14 Where in any Affair, a Party who Re-
ferrs to Oath, pitches upon Particulars sufficient to Infer the
Conclusion. 175* McDoUALL lust. Laws Scot. II. iv.
xxxii. 655 In an action where.. the pursuer refers his libel
or declaration to the defender's path. 1797 Encycl. Brit.
(ed. 3) IX. 724/1 Crimes cannot, like debts, be referred to the
defender's oath. 1853 Act 16 Viet. c. 20 § 5 It shall not be
competent., to refer the cause or any part of it to his oath,
t o. To commit (a person) to trial or prison. Obs.
1645 WHITELOCKE Memorials 26 Aug., Lieutenant-colonel
Lilburne was committed by order of the house, and referred
to a legal trial. 1723 Acct. Tryal Pyrates 34 The Prisoner
pleaded Force, and an affidavit made by his Captain appear-
ing to the same purpose, he was referred to Marshalsea.
t 7. To defer, postpone, put off (something) to,
•unto, till, until another time or season. Obs.
1573 PHILIP MORE Almanack fy Prognost. B j, Hillarie
Tearme. beginneth the xxijj of Januarie, if it be not Sundaye,
which then is referred untill the next day after. 1586 T. B.
La Primaud. Fr. Acad. I. (1594) 6 They had not the
patience to refer the rest of that matter unto the afternoone.
2642 FULLER Holy fy Prof. St. v. xvi. 422 Some advised to
referre it to another time. 1670 COTTON Esfernon ill. xn.
645 The Duke . . referr'd it till the next morning. 1751
ELIZA HEYWOOD Betsy Thoughtless IV. 38 She would refer
what she had farther to say on these subjects, 'till another
opportunity.
f b. Without const. = DEFER v.1 2. Also, to
vote for postponement. Obs.
1611 BEAUM. & FL. King <t no K. ill. ii, The first is no
madder of fighting than I ; so that that's referred : the
place where it must be ended is four days' journey off.
1640 LAUD Wks. (1853) III. 290 It came to voting in that
House, the first article was denied by eighteen, and re-
ferred by eight. 1734 tr. Rollm's Anc. Hist. xix. ii. (1827)
VIII. 100 One of the five magistrates who refused to refer
the debate.
c. To reserve (a subject, etc.) for later treat-
ment. Also const, to and with inf. Now rare.
1559 W. CUNNINGHAM Cosmogr. Glasse 43, I will speake
nothing of the Water (but referre it until we intreat of
Navigation). 1585 T. WASHINGTON tr. Nicholay's troy, n.
vii. 37 b, I doe referre the description of the sayde He.., for
that it appertayneth yntoo the seconde tome. 1617 MORV-
SON /tin. i. 287, I will referre the change of the value of
Coynes in the Low-Countries, to the proper place. 1660
BARROW Euclid Explic. Signs, Other Abbreviations, .the
Reader will without trouble understand of himself ; saving
some few, which, being of less general use, we refer to be
explained in their places. 1726 SWIFT Gulliver I. viii, My
Account of this Voyage must be referred to the Second Part
of my Travels. 1815 KIRBY & SP. Entomol. xii. (1818) I.
404 A description of these, however, which will require a
detailed survey, I must refer to another letter.
f d. To remit the treatment of (a word, subject,
etc.) to another word or section of a work. Obs.
1611 COTCR. Errata, Ceincture de dneil (vnder Ceincture)
referred vnto Dueil, where it was forgotten, a 1661 FULLER
Worthies (1840) II. 265 What remaineth concerning mastiffs
is referred to the same topic in Somersetshire.
t e. To carry or bring forward (a sum). Obs.-1
1588 J. MELLIS Briefc Instr. Fj, The rest [ = balance]
you shall referre and rescribe it in another leafe of the
Leager.
8. To send or direct (one) to a person, a book or
its author for information.
1601 in Moryson Hilt. n. (1617) 152 Wee beseech your
Lordships giue vs leaue to referre you for your information
in that point to the lournall which herewithall we send.
1696 WHISTON Tk. Earth n. (1722) 143, I must refer my
Reader to my Short View of the Chronology. 1712 HEARNE
absol. 1737 WATERLAND Eucharist 413 For the avoiding
of prolixity, I choose rather to refer, than to repeat.
b. To direct (one) to a fact, event, or thing, by
drawing attention to it or pointing it out.
and not to any productions out 01 ing. 10 i>. w
MITCHELL .ftp. Slor.^\, I wrote Ue Courcy that very day,
referring him to the paragraph 1 had lead.
REFERABLE.
t c. To refer any one (for an account) to some
book. Obs. rare—'.
1634 SIR T. HERBERT Trav. 36, I referre the description
of their [the Banians'] Religion to a Booke late written by
Master Lord a Preacher to the Merchants in Surat.
8. To relate, recount, report, record. Now rare.
1568 GRAFTON Ckron. II. 733 King Edward aunswered
that.. he woulde referre and report the truth to him.
1577-87 HOLINSHED Citron. I. 8 1/2 In that meane time he
builded a strong castlet . . which some referre to be builded
in his second returne mto Wales. 1649 JER. TAYLOR Gt.
Exemp. i. Ad Sect. ii. § 8 So it happened., as she related to
her Cousin Elizabeth, and so it happened not to be as she
referred to her husband Joseph, a 18*5 Prince Robert x.
in Child Ballads 1 1. 286/2 With sichm and sabbin and
wringing his hands, No message he could refer. 1851
MRS. BROWNING Casa Guidi Wind. i. 136 So keep your
stone.. To cover up your grave-place and refer The proper
titles !
t 10. To hand over, give, transfer. Also refl. Obs.
ci6n CHAPMAN Iliad xxiv. in Juno did receive Her
entry with a cup of gold, in which she drank to her,.. and
the cup did to her hand refer. 1611 SHAKS. Cymb. i. i. 6
His daughter, and the heire ofs kingdome. .hath referr'd
her selfe Vnto a poore but worthy Gentleman. 1705 in
Picton L'jpool Munic. Rec. (1886) II. 83 It is order'd in
Councell that to encourage a horse race to be run at y
Waterside, tenne guineas be referr'd to Mr. Mayr for one year.
II. Intransitive senses.
1 11. To return, recur to some person or thing.
c 1374 CHAUCER Troylus i. 210 (266) As touchyng (>is matere,
For I it gan, I wil ber-to refere. c 1430 LYDG. Mia. Poems
(Percy Soc.) 78 To Phebus my wittes gan refere, And on
this wise he sayde to me [etc.].
12. To have reference or relation to a thing ; esp.
to have allusion, to apply, to.
^1386 CHAUCER Can. Ytom. Prol. $ T. 530 To go to the
conclusioun That refereth to thy confusioun. 1530 PALSCR.
332/1 Refarryng one to another, relatif. 1*47 CRASHAW
Poems 149 Awake, my glory, soul, if such thou be, And that
fair word at all refer to thee. 1678 MOXON Mich. Exerc.
No. 6. 107, 1 marked some Terms in Joynery with superiour
Letters . . intending at the latter end of these Exercises to
have explained the Terms those Letters referr'd to. 1718
ATTERBURY Strut. (1734) I. vii. 196 Breaking of Bread : A
Phrase, which in the Acts manifestly referrs to the Eucha-
rist. 1791 BURKE Apf. Whigs Wks. VI. 134 All such institu.
tions . . must originate from their Crown, and in all their
proceedings must refer to it. 1860 TVNDALL Glac. u. xxi.
345 My measurements refer to the ice at and near the sur-
face. 1891 E. PEACOCK N. Brendan I. 314 His words
referred to Mildred only.
t b. To have relationship to one. Obs.— l
1640 BP. REYNOLDS Passions xxxi, [This is] the reason why
this difference between men nearly referring each to other
should work a greater anger between them.
•(• O. To matter, be of consequence to a thing.
1677 GALE Crt. Gentiles iv. 437 Either because he con-
ceives it no way refers to the whole, if small things are
neglected: or, if he thinkes it doth refer, yet.. he ne-
glectes it.
d. To make reference or allusion, lo give a
reference, direct the attention, to something.
1691 T. H[\LE]Acc. New Invent, p. Ix, Any other Engine
. .than this I have referred to. 1715 POPE Wks. Shaks. I.
Pref. p. XXH, Some suspected passages. . are degraded to the
bottom of the page ; with an Asterisk referring to the places
of their insertion. 1818 MACAULAY Hallam's Const. Hist
Wks. 1898 VII. 317 With all deference to the eminent
writers to whom we have referred, we may venture to say
(etc.]. 1860 TYNDALL Glac. I. ix. 61, I at length found
myself on the peak referred to. 1875 JOWETT Plato (ed. 2)
I. 422 He refers to passages of his personal history.
f!3. To suggest, or leave, to a person to do
something. Obs. rare.
1585 T. WASHINGTON tr. Nicholas's Voy. iv. xxxiii. 156
Ordinances, which I passe with silence, referring vnto the
reader, to see that which Plutarch hath written. 1586
J. H<XH.iLs.m!t.Ircl.mHolinshedU. 162/2 The lord iustice
sent his letters.. to the earle of Desmond, for his repaire
vnto him,.. referring vnto him to come either to Cashell
or to Limenke. 1645 WmTXLOCJC* Memorials i Aug., The
ouse referred to the committee of the army to audit their
14. To have recourse, make application, to a
watch in his pocket.
Hence Befe-rring vbl. sb. and///, a.
subiect. ,,,, LucKoMBE Hist. Print. 39J The Contents. 7
n.-fT/ ,iT set 'nfI'alic--; with the referring figures
justihed to the ends of the respective lines.
Referable (re-ferab'l), a. [f. prec. + -ABLE :
cf .inferable, preferable, and see also REFERKABLE
and REFERRIBLE.] Capable of being referred or
assigned to, t vnto (some person or thing) ; assign,
able, ascribable.
S!" I: B*OWNK f'""1- Et- 345 All parts of time are
unto him, unto whom none are referable. 1730 WEI..
'• ™" '37 The Names' .are not
nnctikl D r LI 1 — J* i««nmw . . nic IIVJI
f«,t H7 TRgeIabIe '° those they »« generally given to.
,i? . .<?' BROOKK ^"'rorf. Crystallogr. 147 It is probable
inat there is not any mineral whose crystals are strictly
tferable to this class of octahedrons. 1879 PROCTOR Pleas.
337
Ways Sc. ii. 28 All the phenomena of weather are directly
referable to the sun as their governing cause
Referee (referr), so. Also 7 referree. [f.
REFER v. + -EE i.J
fl. One appointed by Parliament to examine
and report on applications for monopolies or letters
patent. Obs.
1611 in Crt. S, Times fas. I (1848) II. 235 The Lords and
Commons met in the afternoon, to consult what punishment
to inflict upon monopolists, and the referees, who are in
chiefest fault. 1640 Kcsol. Ho. Comm. in Rushw. Hist. Coll.
Letter . . together with several Petitions, . . all which w
likewise transmitted to the Lords Referees.
b. One to whom the management or super-
intendence of something is entrusted.
1705 in BrewsterZ,i> Newton (1854) II. App. xv, To refer
the care and management of the said impression to the said
..S'. Is. Newton [etc.];.. the said referees .. have treated
with the said Mr. Aunsham Churchill for printing the same
1845 Act 7 S, 8 Viet. c. 84 § 2 The Term ' Official Referees '
to mean the Persons appointed in pursuance of this Act to
be Official Referees of Metropolitan Buildings.
o. A member of certain committees and courts
appointed by the House of Commons to deal with
private bills.
For details see Bonham-Carter's edition of May's Part
Practice (1893) in. 726-8. Since 1868 the only Court of
Referees has been one for deciding questions as to the locus
standi of petitioners ; the office of Referee on Private Bills
ceased in 1902.
1865 Private Bills April 54 Referees on Private Bills.
1867 Ibid. April 35 Bills Referred to the Court of Referees.
1876 in Bonham-Carter May's Parl. Practice (1893) in. 728
That it be an instruction to committees on private bills that
referees appointed to such committees may take part in all
the proceedings thereof, but without the power of voting.
2. Law. A person to whom (either alone or with
others) a dispute between parties is referred by
mutual consent ; an arbitrator.
1690 CHILD Disc. Trade vi. 121 While we choose our
Judges our selves. . they can be no more too arbitrary than
too much can be given to Referees, when both parties desire
an end of their Differences. 1711 ADDISON Spect. No. 481
f 1 As the case now stands, if you will have my Opinion, I
think they ought to bring it to Referees. 1781 H. WAL-
POLE Lett. (1902) 60 He offers to compromise, and has
desired me to be a Referee [to a will], and Mozzi has named
Mr. Morrice for the other. 1841 W. SPALDING Italy # //.
Isl. III. 375 A Conciliatore, who is a sort of judicial arbiter
or referee, chosen from among the resident landholders.
b. spec. (See quots.)
1733 [? WORSLEY] Obseru. Const. Middle Temple (1896)
184 The Referees are not properly officers of the Society
but are two Barristers appointed by Cha: Cox Esq' by
deed bearing date 30 Septr. 1637 [etc.]. 1838-33 WEB.
STER s.v., In New England, a referee differs from an arbi-
trator in being appointed by the court to decide in a cause
which is depending before that court. An arbitrator is
chosen by parties to decide a cause between them.
3. One to whom any matter or question in dispute
is referred for decision ; an umpire.
1670 COTTON Espernon i. iv. 162 Neither did his Majesty
altogether .. trust to the Referree he had in publick
honoured with that Office. 1710 STEELE Tatler No 169 F 3
The good Offices of an Advocate, a Referee, a Companion
a Mediator, and a Friend. 1798 W. HUTTON Autobiog. 37,
I considered myself overcharged. We agreed to leave it to
reference. The referees appeared warm in his favour. 1844
DISRAELI Coningsby i. v; Clear-sighted, unprejudiced,
sagacious ;. . he was the universal referee. 1878 BROWNING
La Saisiaz 277 Were we two the earth's sole tenants, with
no third for referee, How should I distinguish ?
transf. 1853 LYNCH in Lett, to Scattered (1872) 340 Tnev
sought to the Referee ; they searched the Old Scriptures.
1868 M. PATTISON Academ. Org. v. 162 These institutions
have become the referees to whose verdict every product of
mind must be unconditionally submitted.
b. In games or sports.
° R1" °th Rine- in B°*iana 76 That a referee
1889 Sportsman 10 Apr. 7/1 Britton claimed the fight on
a foul, but the referee disallowed the claim.
Comb. 1895 Daily News 7 Feb. 5/4 An abolition of the
brutal practice of referee-baiting.
Referee (refer*--), v. [f. prec.] trans. To
preside over (a match) as umpire. Also intr.
Hence Beferee-ing vol. sb.
1889 Sportsman 10 Apr. 7/1 Those fights that I want to
referee, I will referee. 1894 Westm. Gaz. 29 Sept. 7/1
Regret was expressed that more players of renown did not
lend their aid in refereeing. 1895 Ibid. 22 Mar. 6/3 When
next he referees at Sunderland an organised attack will be
made upon him.
Reference (re-ferens), sb. [f. REFER v. +
-ENCE ; cf. conference, deference, inference, etc. and
mod.F. rtftrence]
1. The act or expedient of referring or submitting
a matter, esp. a dispute or controversy, to some
person or authority for consideration, decision, or
settlement (in legal use spec, to the Masters in
Ordinary of the Court of Chancery).
1589 PUTTENHAM Eng. Peesif ill. xix. (Arb.) 234 Epitropis,
Or the Figure of Reference. This manner of speech is vsed
when . . hauing said inough already, we referre the rest to
their consideration. 1609 DANIEL Civ. Wars vin. Iv, We
REFERENCE.
will our selfe take time to heare Your Cause at large-
wherein we wil you haue No other reference, but recaire in
vs ,641 FULLER Holv I, Prof. SI. v. xiii. 408 References
ana compositions he hates as bad as an hangman hates a
pardon. 1678 WYCHERLEV Plain Dealer in. i, Art thou a
solicitor in chancery, and offer a reference! 1745 De foe's
Eng. Tradesman xxxix. (1841) 1 1. 119 When two tradesmen
ot this pacific temper meet, a reference never fails to put an
end toall disputes between them. 1834 Penny Cycl. II. 251/1
If the arbitrator refuses or ceases to act, the reference is
at an end. 1836 Ibid. VI. 484/1 It would be impossible to
specify every head of reference to the Masters. 1863 H. Cox
Instil, i. vii. 71 In some instances the peerage has been
allowed without reference to the House of Lords.
b. spec, in Sc. Law. (See REFER v. 6 b.)
i7S» M'DouALL Inst. Laws Scot. iv. xxxii. II. 655 This
reference to the deferrors oath will not be allowed if it is
done invidiously or fraudulently. 1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3)
VV- 7M/i The reference is a virtual contract between the
litigants. 1853 Act 16 Viet. c. 20 f 5 The adducing of any
party as a witness, .shall not have the effect of a reference
to the oath of the party so adduced.
c. The authority or standard referred to. rare.
.'599 MASSINGER, etc. Old Law v. i, Whom, for his manifest
virtues, we make such judge and censor of youth, and the
are not altogether beyond the range of our vision.
t2. Assignment. Obs.-1
«6o4 SHAKS. Oth. i. iii. 238, I craue fit disposition for my
Wife, Due reference of Place, and Exhibition.
3. Relation, relationship, respect, regard to some
thing or person.
'593 G. HARVEY Pierce's Super. Wks. (Grosart) II. 108 In
every enterprise. .[Resolution] hath .. a regard to worth, a
respect to assurance, and a reference to the end. 1600 SHAKS.
A. Y.L. I. iii. 129 What will you be call'dt Cel. Something
that hath a reference to my state, a 1641 Bp. MOUNT AGU Acts
* Man. (1642) 456 Man in this consideration stands in a two-
fold respect and reference to God, publick and private, a 1704
T. BROWN Sat.Antients Wks. 1730 1. 14 Sattira is an Adjec-
tive, which has Reference to a Substantive understood. 1736
BUTLER Anal. u. v. Wks. 1874 I. 223 The world is a.. system,
whose parts have a mutual reference to each other. 1811
SCOTT Keniliu. xviii, A strange smile, which yet bore a greater
reference to the human character. 1850 M«CosH Div. Govt.
l. ii. (1874) 39 All things sublunary have a reference more or
less direct to man.
b. In or with reference to, with respect or regard
to ; f with a view to, according to.
1594 HOOKER Eccl. Pol. l. viii. § 6 The knowledge of
that which man is in reference unto himself, and other
things in relation unto man. i66j GERBIER Princ. 35
Neither are the Vessels of Silver but in reference to the
Neatness whicli ought to be observed in all Cookery.
1661 STILLINGFL. Grig. Sacra: i. vi. § 9 The contradictions
in reference to the ^Egyptian History between Manetho,
Herodotus [etc.]. 1700 MAIDWELL in Collect. (O. H. S.) I.
311 The scholars, in reference to his thoughts, are not to
exceed the number of 60. 1704 SWIFT T. Tub ix, If we take
this Definition of Happiness, and examine it with Reference
to the Senses, it will be acknowledged wonderfully adapt.
1840 LARDNER Geom. 289 The same notation as was used to
express the properties of the ellipse in reference to its axes.
1894 H. DRUMMOND.4j««/jl/a»266All existing lives must,
with reference to their environment, be the best possible
lives.
o. Without reference to, without regard to, with-
out consideration of or for.
1846 LANDOR Imag. Comiersat., Southey $ Parson u. Wks.
I. 74/2, I will tell you what is applicable on all occasions.,
without reference to weak or common minds. 1877 Cattiiri
Techn. Educ. III. 373/1 By these means the whole of the
nrt-.-i treated as a plane surface — that is, without reference to
its differences of level — will be mapped. !•»•••- "'
4. An allusion or directing of at'""*' ... to some
thing or person.
•«ii7 CAwnH-!Y Talle A>f!.., Reference, a pointing at, or
alluding to. 1754 KICHARDSON Grandison VI. xxxi. 203 By
his eye (taking the reference, as 1 may call it, of hers) turned
as often towards me. 1784 COWPER Ep. J. Hill 13 Were I
called to prove the assertion true, One proof should serve— a
reference to you. 1818 CRUISE Digest (fA. 2)111. 171 Without
a reference to any word in the writ which connected the
person with the tenure. 1865 TROLLOPE Belton Est. xxiii.
271 No reference had been made to the former conversation.
1875 JOWETT Plato (ed. 2) IV. 387 The later dialogues of
Plato contain many references to contemporary philosophy.
b. Without article.
18*5 SCOTT Talism. xxviii, The shield of the Marquis
bore, in reference to his title, a serrated and rocky mountain.
1858 HAWTHORNE Fr. $ It. Note-bks. II. 21 Demonstrating
it.. by reference to the points which he criticised. 1891 H.
MATTHEWS in Law Times XCII. 96/1, I briefly summarise
them, so that reference to previous circulars on the subject
may not be necessary.
5. A direction to a book, passage, etc., where
certain information may be found ; an indication
of the author, work, page, etc., to be looked at or
consulted. Also without article.
1613 BRINSLEY Lvd. Lit. xiii. (1627) 188 If they had but
only bookes of References, it would be exceeding profitable.
1716 M. DAVIES Athen. Brit. III. 192 Not one Reader in a.
hundred takes the pains to turn backwards and forwards, as
such appendicular References require. 1737—41 CHAMBERS
Cycl. s.v., References are also used in books, where things
being but imperfectly handled, the reader is directed to
some other part or place where they are more amply
explained. 1779-81 JOHNSON L. P., Fentoit, Illustrations
drawn from a book so easily consulted, should be made by
reference rather than transcription. 1864 MAX MULLER
Chips (1880) 111. vi. 137 He does not load his pages with
references and learned notes. 1875 JOWETT Plato (ed. 2) II I.
4 By numerous references from one part of the work lo
another.
43
REFERENCE.
b. A mark or sign referring the reader to another
part of a page or book (esp. from the text to a note),
or serving to indicate the part of a figure or diagram
referred to.
1678 MOXON Meek. Exerc. No. 6. 107, I have, .left out the
Superiour Letters .. and instead of those References give
you this Alphabetical Table of Terms. 1706 PHILLIPS (ed.
Kersey). 1771 LUCKOMBE Hist. Print. 257 References are
all such Marks and Signs as are used in matter which has
either side or bottom Notes. [1806 O. GREGORY Treat,
Mech. 1 1 . 163 The same letters of reference being put to the
corresponding parts in these figures.] 1862 Ca&z/. Intemat.
Exhib. II. xiii. 18/2 References— A. Cylinder. B. Stern [etc.J.
6. The act of referring one person to another for
information or an explanation ; hence, a person to
whom one is (or may be) referred for this purpose.
1813 SCOTT Guy M. li, I request . . that you will refer Mr.
Bertram to me for the reason. You will naturally wish to
know what is to be the issue of such a reference. 1865
DICKENS Mu t. Fr. i. ii, Like the advertising people, I don't
ask you to trust me, without offering a respectable reference.
Mortimer there is my reference, and knows all about it. 1884
Law Times Rep. L. 121/1 P. was not called upon by the
auctioneer for any references as to his alleged agency.
7. Book, etc. of reference, one intended to be, or
suitable for being, referred to or consulted. For
reference, for the purpose of consulting or being
consulted.
1836 Penny Cycl. V. 455/1 Dictionaries and lexicons in
all languages, with more than 8000 books of reference.
1845 STOCQUELER Handbk. Brit. India (1854) 172 The
advantages of a library of reference and a circulating library.
1859 E. EDWARDS Mem. Libraries II. 634 What are m a
special sense termed books of reference such as Collections,
Encyclopaedias, Lexicons, Dictionaries, etc. 1890 ' R.
BOLDREWOOD ' Col. Reformer (1851) 137 [They have] got an
album, for reference, at all the chief police stations.
8. attrib., as reference bible, book, catalogue,
library ', mark, room.
1856 M <$• Q. ist Ser. Index, Reference marks. 1858 in E.
Edwards Mem. Libraries (1850) II. 707 The large hall for
the reference Library. 1860 G. M. [F. W. Robinson] Grand-
mother's Money vi. vi, A little reference-bible on the
dressing-table. 1885 Athenxum 14 Mar. 346/2 The new
volume of Mr. Whitaker's ' Reference Catalogue '.
Reference (re'ferens), v. [f. prec.]
•j-1. trans. To refer, assign to a thing. Obs. rare.
1621 W. SCLATER Tythes (1623) 93 Where the dutie is
Religious, and the injunction meerely referenced to pietie.
1617 — Exp. 2 Thess. (1629) 20 Particular proceedings,
referenced as well to good as bad.
2. To provide with references ; to give a reference
to (a passage) ; to find by reference.
1891 N. fy Q. 7th Ser. XII. 303/2 This loose method of
indexing adds greatly to the labour of referencing a passage.
1894 Daily Neivs 28 Feb. 6/2 The passages illustrating the
use of words, .have, .been duly referenced.
3. intr. To make out a return of the number of
people to be displaced by proposed railway exten-
sion. Also trans, to schedule (property) for this
purpose.
1884 Cassell's Mag. Apr. 288/2 The united cost for. .sur-
veys, referencing, printing, fees, parliamentary agents, and
so on. 1891 Daily News 31 Oct. 3/8 To acquire certain
important properties, which are now being referenced, for
the purpose of greatly enlarging.. Victoria Station.
Hence Be*ferencer.
1884 Casselfs Mag. Apr. 287/1 The solicitors.. send out
men called ' referencers ' to ascertain the names of all the
owners, lessees, and occupiers of the property within the
limits of deviation.
Keferenda'rial, a. rare-1. [Cf. next and
-AL.] To which matters are referred for decision.
1840 Penny Cycl. XVIll. 325/2 The referendarial tribunals,
which had jurisdiction without appeal.
Referendary (refere-ndari), sb. [ad. med.L.
referenddrius : see REFERENDUM and -ART 1. Cf.
F. reftrendaire (14-15^1 c.).]
1. One to whom a matter in dispute is referred
for decision ; a referee. Now rare.
1546 St. Papers Hen. VlIFt XL 23 In this matier Monsr.
Skepperus was referendary between us and them, and wery
of us both. 1625 BACON Ess., Suitors (Arb.) 45 Let him
chuse well his Referendaries, for else he may be led by the
Nose. 1865 Fortn. Rev. 15 May 123 Just at the moment
when a great referendary and umpire in many European
questions is likely to be needed.
b. An adviser or assessor to a commission.
1876 Times 17^ May, We find the native section of the
Supreme Council charged with the audit of the accounts of
Egypt. It is true that the members of this section are to be
assisted by six referendaries.
2. spec. a. A title given at various times to cer-
tain officials in the papal, imperial, and some royal
courts, charged with the duty of examining and
reporting on petitions, requests, use of the seal, and
similar matters.
On the older uses of the title, see Du Cange s.v. Refer-
gndarii, and cf. Llttre" s.v. Referendaire.
1528 in Strype Eccl. Mem. (1721) I. App. xxiii. 58 Which^
2 of Sir
masters of Request. 1656 BLQVKT G/ossog?',, Referendaries^
O_flficers . . who made relation of Petitions or Requests, ex-
hibited to the Emperors. ..The like Officers are under the
Pope, as also under the Masters of Requests in France.
1670 G. H. Hist. Cardinals i. m. 85 These thirteen Prelates
are called Referendaries, or Remembrancers of the one and
the other Court. 1699 LUTTKELL Brief R el. (i8s?) IV. 535
338
On the ist instant the crown referendary of Great Poland
was elected speaker of the diet. i-jo+Collect. Voy, (Churchill)
III. 123/1 Then are the [Spanish] Officers call'd the Chan-
cellor, Secretaries, Referendaries. 1801 A. KANKEM Hist.
France 1. 1. iii. 261 The referendary was the keeper of the
king's seal. 1848 W. H. KELLY tr. L. Blanc's Hist. Ten Y.
1. 45 The grand referendary accompanied the marshal to the
coach. 1866 Chambers' Encycl. VIII. s.v., The office of
Great Referendary to the monarchy of France merged
eventually in that of Chancellor.
t b. Applied to the prolocutor in the Lower
House of Convocation. Obs.
1553 in Strype£ccl. Mem. (1721) III. I. iv. 43 The Reverend
Fathers.. had.. enjoined them to meet together and.. con-
clude upon the Choice of a Referendary, which they com-
monly called a Prolocutor. 1709 STRYPE^/MI. Ref. I. xxvii.
281 The Bishop of London.. bad the Inferior Clergy depart
and chuse them a Prolocutor or Referendary.
O. An official attached to the Patriarch of Con-
stantinople. (See Du Cange, s.v. Chartophylax.)
1716 M. DAVIES A then. Brit. II. 278 Another Orthodox
Greek Poet, Chartophylax or Referendary of the great
Church of Constantinople.
f 3. One who, or that which, furnishes news or
information ; a reporter. Obs.
1581 MULCASTER Positions Ep. Ded. (1887) 5 Other mens
report . . will proue a referendarie, and certifie your highnesse
how they finde me appointed. 1614 DONNE Let. in Gosse
Life (1899) II. 48 Sir, when these places afford anything
worth your knowledge, I shall be your referendary, a 1636
FITZ-GKFFRAY Holy Transf. (1881) 178 A Glorious Angel is
the Referendarie Who first these things unto men doth carry.
t 4. An appendix or epilogue referring to what
has gone before. Obs. rare—'.
1581 FLEMING Sch. of Skill 208 A Referendarie to the
Premisses.
Hence Befere-ndaryship. rare-1.
i6ao BRENT tr. Sarfts Connc. Trent (1676) 617 He spake
of. . Benefices conferred upon some of the kinsmen of some
Prelates, and a Referendarieship to the Secretary of the
Portugal Ambassador.
Refer e'ndary, a. [ad. L. type *referendari-us :
see prec. and -ARY 1.]
1 1. Containing references or documents referred
to. Obs. rare—1.
i7x6M.DAviES^M?«. -5rzY. II. 191 Baronius's Referendary
Appendixes to most of his tedious Annals.
2. Pertaining to, of the nature of, a referendum.
1894 Westm, Gaz. 2 Sept. 2/1 In the period 1469-1524 the
city of Berne took no fewer than sixty Referendary votes.
! Referendum (refere'nd«m). [L., gerund or
neut. gerundive of referre to REFEK.]
1. The practice or principle (chiefly associated
with the Swiss constitution) of submitting a question
at issue to the whole body of voters.
1882 Daily News 30 May 7/2 An immense number of sig-
natures., has been obtained to the requisition for a refer-
endum, or appeal to the people against the . . vaccination
law passed by the Federal Council or Chamber. 1885
Manch. Exam. 2 Mar. 5/4 It is quite open to discussion
whether the referendum is really an advantage to the Swiss.
1895 Edin. Rev. July 265 When would Catholic emancipa-
tion have become law had the Referendum been part of the
British Constitution ?
2. A note from a diplomatic agent to his govern-
ment, requesting instructions on a particular matter
(Cent. Diet. 1891).
Referent (re-ferent), sb. and a. rare. [ad. L.
referent-em, pres. pple. of referre to REFER.]
1. One who is referred to or consulted.
1844 J. CAIRNS Let. in Life ix. (1895) 205, I have indeed
lost a friend and theological referent of the highest order.
2. Gram. a. sb. A word referring to another.
b. adj. Referring, fcnialning a reference.
1899
i EMPLE Univ. Gratn. 35 This relation may be
expressed . . by the addition of referent words expressing it,
or referents. A referent word may express the inter-relation
of connected sentences by conjoining them [etc.]. . . Referents
are therefore conjunctors or substitutes.
Referential (refere'njal), a. [f. REFERENCE,
on anal, of inferential, etc.] Having reference (to
something) ; belonging to, or of the nature of, (a)
reference ; containing a reference or references, etc.
1660 WATERHOUSE Arms $ Arm. 21 There are also
Families whose bearings are referential to their names, and
have a kind of consanguinity with them, a 1750 A. HILL
Wks. 11.157 To compleat your picture .. by strong referential
proofs of a superiority [etc.], 1775 SHERIDAN Rivals II. i,
This we call the oath referential, or sentimental swearing.
1806 Monthly Mag. XXI. 133 The referential mark .. re-
ferring to the note annexed. 1884 SIR E. E. KAY in Law
Times Rep. LII. 88/2 These are referential words, and
referential words always receive a liberal construction.
Hence Kefere ntially adv. (Ogilvie Suppl. 1855).
Re'ferently, adv. rare. [f. as REFERENT + -
-LY '*."] In reference or relation to something.
1650 B. Discolliminium 39 All other things, .were so sub-
servient to that, that they stand and fall referently to that
great worke. 1799 COLERIDGE Lett, (i 895) 1.285 Consider it
referently to non-existence, and what a manifold and majestic
Thing does it not become ?
f Re'ferism. Obs. rare~\ [f. REFER v. -f
-ISM.] A report made by a referee (sense i).
1621 in Crt. $ Times jfas. 7(1848) II. 241 This day Sir
Henry Yelverton is to be heard in parliament about some
of his referisms.
t Refe'rment. Obs. [f. REFER v. + -MENT.]
1. The act of referring, a reference, to a place or
passage in a book.
REFETE.
a 1558 SIR R. BROOKE La Graunde Abridgm. (1586) Tab.
Titles 2nd pt., Where in these Tables after the titles is a
referrement by Vide unto other titles, there the matters . . are
under the Title whereunto that referrement is made. 1620-55
I. JONES Stone-Heng(lT2$ 53 The same Referment in like
Manner he makes for the Ornaments of the Peripteros.
2. Reference to something else, to the care or
decision of another, etc.
1603 OWEN Pembrokeshire i. (1892) 154 By the saied
referrement to the Custpmes of Northwales. 1617 HIERON
lyks. II. 391 This referment of our selues in our prayers to
the Lord, . . our Saviour taught two wayes. 1636 STRAFFORD
Lett. (1739) II. 14, I . -approve of your Referment of Causes
to be ended by Consent
Re-ferme'nt, v. [RE- 5 a.] To ferment again.
1712 BLACKMORE Creation vi. (1786) 194 Th' admitted nitre
agitates the flood, Revives its fire, and referments the blood.
t Refe'rrable, a. Obs. rare. [f. REFER v. +
-ABLE.] Referable, referable.
a 1661 FULLER Worthies, Westmld, in. (1662) 140 Anne
Clyfford . .because having her greatest Residence and Estate
in the North, is properly referrable to this County. 1676
TOWERSON Decalogue 532 Those motions, .are aptlyenough
referrable.. to those several commandments.
t Refe rraiice. Sc. Obs. rare-1, [f. REFER v.
+ -ANCE.] Reference.
1583 Ref. Privy Council Scot. III. 581 Quhilk submis-
sioun and referrance.. being acceptit be his majestic [etc.].
Referred (rifaud), ///. a. [f. REFEH v. + -ED'.]
Path. Proceeding from some other part or organ.
1899 Allhttt's Syst. Med. VI. 746 Marked superficial
tenderness of the referred visceral, type. Ibid. VIII. 84 The
pain in the head differs.. from the referred pain set up in
different parts of the body by disorders of the viscera.
Referree, obs. form of REFEREE sb.
t Refe'rrent. Obs. rare—1, [f. REFERS, -t-
-ENT.] A relative, or word indicating a relation.
1635 Gram. Warre D 6 b, In what manner the referred,
and the referrent, agreed with the Antecedent
Referrer * (r/fa-rai). [f. REFERS. + -ER!.] One
who refers ; esp. in Sc. Law (see REFER v. 6 b).
1683 STAIR Instit. iv. xliv. § 13 Oaths of verity referred to
parties are sometimes by them deferred back to the referrer.
1838 W. BELL Diet. Law Scot. 371 It appears even to be
doubtful whether the deposition of the bankrupt on reference
to his oath . . will be admitted as good evidence in favour of
the referrer.
tRefe-rrer2. Obs. rare-1, [f. REFERS. +
-ER *.] Reference.
1650 ELOERFIELD 7>/A«xxv. 198 The latter [law] mentions
the remanding or dismissing suits of Dismes back from the
secular Judge. .; And for the two former which might be
answered to create that referrer [etc.].
Referrible (rz'fa-rib'l), a. [f. REFER v. + -IBLE :
cf. REFERUABLE.] = REFERABLE.
1596 BELL Sitrv. Popery in. ix. 381 No sin, no, not the
least of al is referrible to God. 1659 H. MORE Imtnort. Soul
1. vi. Ax. 19 Acknowledging . . the Secondary to be referrible
also to the Primary or Centrall Substance by way of causal
relation. 1795 BURKE Let. to W. Smith Wks. IX. 404 To
this the merit or demerit of every measure (with me) is
referrible. 1846 J. BAXTER Libr. Pract. Agric. (ed. 4) II.
139 The staggering is principally referrible to the hind-
quarters. 1891 M. DODS Gosp. John xv. (1892) 1. 234 A
stainless life is. .referrible to no freak of nature.
Hence Befe-rribleness.
1865 MOZLF.Y Mirac. vi. 114 The question .. of the referr-
ibleness of miracles to an unknown law.
Referring, vbl. sb. and ///. a. : see REFER v.
t Referse, v. Obs—1 [ad. L. refercire, !. re-
RE- +farcire to FARCE.] trans. To stuff, cram.
1580 T. M. To Rdr. xiv. in Baret's Ah. A vj/a So Barret
..Hath left behind. .This Hiue of his, refers! with honie
meates.
t Refert, pa. pple. Obs. rare-', [ad. L. re-
fertus, pa. pple. of refercire : see prec.] Stuffed,
crammed, filled. So also f Befe'rted.
1642 H. MORE Song of Soul n. iii. n. xxiv, But tell me
then how is their quantity If every part with each part is
refert? 1657 Physical Diet., Refertcd, replenished, well
furnished.
Refe'tch, v. [RE-.] trans. To bring back ;
f to bring to life again. Hence Befe'tohing vbl. sb.
1623 J. REYNOLDS God's Revenge in. xii. 96 The Providence
and lustice of God, doth now againe refetch bloudy Petro
to act another part upon the Stage and Theatre of this
History. Ibid. Hist. xiii. 134 Shee faints twice in a chayce
betwixt their armes, and all the cold water they threw in
her face, could very hardly refetch her. 1624 T. SCOTT
Votivx Anglix A j, Incite and stirre vp your Royall resolu-
tions, for the refetching and reconquering therof.
t Refe'te, refe't, sb. Obs. rare. Also 5 re-
fett, 6 reuet. [a. OF. *refet, var. refait sb. (cf.
next), which however is app. not recorded in this
sense.] Nourishment, food, spec, that of fishes;
the contents of a fish's stomach.
c 1460 J. RUSSELL Bk. Nurture 577 Codde, haddok, by \K
bak splat bem in be dische liynge, pike owt be boonus, dense
be refett in be bely bydynge. Ibid. 839 Playce with wyne
& pike withe his reffett. c 1490 Promf. fan/. 427/1 (MS. K),
Refet of fisshe [Pynson reuet], re/xtio, refectura. a 1500
Piers of Fullham 82 in Hazl. E. P. P. II. 5 Eteth of the
fysche and be not so lykerows, . . ffor thogh the bottomles
belyes be not ffyllyd with such refete. Yet the saver of sauze
may make yt good mete.
t Refe-te, refe't, pa. pple. Obs. Also 5 re-
feet, [a. OF. refet (= L. refectus), var. refait,
pa. pple. of refaire, f. re- RE- +faire to make.]
1. Refreshed with food. Also^f.
13. . E. E. Allit. P. C. 20 pay ar happen also bat hungeres
REFETE.
after ry}t, For |>ay schal frely be refete ful of alle gode.
< 1374 CHAUCER Boeth. iv. pr. vi. 143 (Addit. MS.), Whan
t>ou art wel refresshed and refet {L. re/ectus} ^ou shall ben
more stedfast to stye in to heyere questiouns. c 1440 Promp.
Parv. 427/1 Kefetyd [Pynson reuetedj, or refeet, rc/ectus.
2. Nourished, fed, fattened.
c 1380 Sir Ferumb. 1736 Of grete hertes refet at al y asky
of sow an hundred. 1496 Bk. St. Albans^ Fishing I ij, The
dace is a gentyll fysshe to take & yf it be well refet then is
it good meete. i6oa CAREW Corn-wall 28 They are refettest
(that ts fattest) at their first comming from the Sea.
t Refe't e, z>. Obs. Also6reuet. [f. as prec.]
1. trans. To refect, refresh.
13. . E. E.AUit. P. A. 88 As fode hit con me fayre refete.
c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints xlvi. (Anastas) 294 pat scho suld duel
but drink or mete, or ellis ocht mycht hir refete. 1382
\V\CUF Ac fs xxviii. 2 Forsoth a fyer kyndlid, the! refetiden,
or refreibchiden, vs alle. ci^ooSc. Trojan War (Horstm.)
ii. 1766 Quhene J>at |?ai ware baire Sumquhat refcttyd, )>ai
gane faire To seike f>are lord, c 1440 [see prec. ij.
2. To nourish, feed, fatten, rare -1.
1422 tr. Secreta Secret. , Prru. Priv. 245 Vse in this tymes
hote mettys..as chykenys well refeted.
3. intr. To recover, recuperate, rare—1.
c 1480 HENRYSON Orph. % Eur. 365 Were scho at hame in
hir contree of Trace, Scho wald refete \Bann. MS. rewert]
full sone in fax and face.
Hence f Befe'ting vbl. sb.
c 1400 Sc. Trojan War (Horstm.} II. 1445 And syne J>at
refectiouns seire Thame prayed he for his refetyne.
Reff(e, obs. form of KEIF, plundering).
RefFayr, obs. So. form of REAVER.
Reffrein, Reffreshe, Rsffus, obs. ff. RE-
FRAIN, REFRESH, REFUSE.
t Refi*bulate, v. 06s -° [f, L. refibnlare\
see FIBULA.] 'To unbuckle* (Cockeram 1623).
t Reficiate, v. Obs.-9 [Irreg. f. L. refic-tre +
-ATE.] trans. To restore, refresh.
1657 Physical Diet., Re/lcin(est amends, comforts,
Refi'gllt, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To fight again.
1827 Gent I. Mag. XCVII. ii. 42/1 Every battle is refought
by the historian with minute exactness. 1862 MARC. GOOD-
MAN Exper. Eng. Sist. Mercy 86 If we could each of us
refight our battles, doubtless our tactics would be different.
t Refigura'tion. Obs. rare"1. [!<E- 5 a : cf.
next.] Reproduction, representation.
c 1470 HARDING Chron. LXXVIII. xii, In token of the table
refyguracion, Of the brother hede of Christes supper &
maundie Afore his death.
Refigure (rifi'giiu), v. [ad. obs. F. refigurer
or late L. refigurare (Vulgate).]
1. trans. To figure again ; to represent anew.
c 1374 CHAUCER Troytus v. 473 Refigurynge here shape,
here womanhede, Wip-inne his herte. c 1470 HARDING
Chron. xxxni. iv, His triumphes all . . Well wrought about, in
ymagerie and scripture, Full royally wrought for to refigure.
c 1600 SHAKS. .Sonn. vi, Ten times thy selfe were happier
then thou art, If ten of thine ten times refigur'd thee. 1642
MILTON Apol. Smect. ii. Wks. 1851 III. 285 The child doth
rot more expresly refigure the visage of his Father, then
that book resembles the stile of the Remonstrant. 1776
DA COSTA Eletn. Conchol. viiL 171 Plancus describes and
figures some very minute Nautili. . . Gualtleri refigures
three species of them. 1867 LONGF. tr. Dantet Inferno xxxi.
3£ When the fog is vanishing away, Little by little doth the
sight refigure Whate'er the mist, .conceals.
2. spec. To restore (a metallic speculum) to the
original parabolic figure.
1888 Encycl. Brit. XXIII. 146/1 If such a mirror is much
exposed,, .frequent repoiishing will be necessary. This in-
volves refigunng, which is the most delicate and costly
process of all.
(r/fi-1), sb. [RE- 5 a: cf. next.] That
which serves to refill anything ; a fresh fill for
a memorandum or pencil case, etc.
1886 Athenaeum 25 Dec. 847/1 (Adi'l.} The Student's
Writing Tablets.. Refills for size No. i. 1888 A drt., Pencil
..with Hox of Eight Patent Black Copying Ink Refills.
Refi-11, v. Also 8-9 refil. [RE- 5 a.] trans.
and intr. To fill again.
a. trans. 1687 in JUagJ. Coll. ff Jos. !/ (O. H. S.) 96 To
have all the places of the College refilled, .with.. Priests.
<I1745 BROOME Anacrem, Ode I, Seel how the mimic
clusters roll, As ready to refil the bowl. 1816 BYRON Clt.
Har. in. Ixxxii, Dungeons and thrones, which the same hour
refill'd. 1830 LVTTON P. Clifford ix, The watchman was
good-natured enough to assist him in re-filling the barrow.
1863 Sat. Kt-v. 22 Aug. 245 To re-fill the places where the
foremost assailants of the breach had been struck down.
b. intr. 1744 WARRICK in Phil. Trans. XLI11. 15 Hence,
to the latter Knd of October, she (a dropsical patient] re-
filled incredibly. 1897 AlltutfsSyst.Med. IV. 451 If they
[the cysts] refill, they should be laid open.
Refi nage. rare—1, [f. REFINE v. + -AGE.
Cf. F. raffinage.] The right of refining (metals).
iS^iIHackw. Mag. LI. 56/2 The regent gave his bank the
monopoly of tobacco, and the sole refinage of the gold and
silver.
Refrnd, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To find again.
«6ai G. SANDYS Ovid's Met. III. (1632) 88 Seuen Autumns
past, he, in the eighth the same Rcfinding, said [etc.]. 1624
QUARLKS Sii>n's Elegies iv. 17 jfcgypt, that once did feel
heauen's scourge, .. would now refinde it. 1830 LYTTON P.
Clifford \iii, Tomlinson. .was glad to re-find a person who
had known him in his beaux jours. 1878 HOOKER & BALL
Alarocco 42 Maw refound the plant in 1869.
t Refi'ne, «. (and s/>.) O6s. [Related to next.
Cf. Sp. refino refined, rind obs. It. refin fine wool
or cloth.] Refined. Also absol. as sb., fine metal.
a 1635 CORBET Poems (1807) 92 Thine own rich studies,
and deep Harriots mine, In which there is no dross, but all
339
1 i rime. 1646 S. BOI.TON ArraignM. Err. 47 The under-
standing it is the purest, spirituallest and refinest part.
a 1656 HALES Gold. Rent. (1688) 50 The thing which in an
especial refine dialect of the new Christian language, signi-
fies nothing but morality and civility. 1704 Land. Gaz.
No. 3986/4, 5 Yards and a half of superfine Woman's Black,
12 Yards and a half of refine Black, both Spanish.
Refine (rrfern), v. [f. RE- + FINE z/.3 ; c£
Sp. rcfinar, and F. rqffiner. It. raffinare (see
AFFINE #.).]
1. trans. To purify or separate (metals) from
dross, alloy, or other extraneous matter; in iron-
working, to convert grey pig-iron into white or
plate metal by partial decarburization.
1582 STANYHURST JEneis i. (Arb.) 37 Touch stoane brazed
with deepe gould purelye refined. 1592 DAVJES Itmnort.
Soul Introd. x\, So doth the Fire the drossy Gold refine.
1604 E. G[RIMSTONE] D'Acostas Ilist. Indies iv. Hi. 209 As
much quicke-silver as is necessarie to refine their gold and
silver. 1674 RAY Coll. Words 117 All lead oar dig'd in
England hath a proportion of silver mixt with it, but some
so little, that it will not quit cost to refine it. 1727-41
CHAMBERS Cycl, s.v. Refining ^ There are two ways of re-
fining silver; the one with lead, the other with saltpetre.
1796 MORSE Amer. Geog. I. 591 Furnaces for running this
ore into pigs.. and forges to refine pig-iron into bars. 1839
URE Diet. Arts 324 The operation of refining copper is
delicate. Ibid, 1124 The teller silver is refined in quantities
of 160 or 170 marcs. 1884 W. H. GREENWOOD Steel <$• Iron,
xiii. 246 The loss is greater in refining hot-blast than it is
with cold-blast pig-iron.
b. Jig. and in fig. context.
1596 SPENSER Hymn Beauty 47 It more faire..it makes,
And the grosse matter of this earthly myne Which clothetb
it thereafter doth refyne. 1720 WELTON Suffer. Son of God
I. xi. 294 When Thou refinest all the Dross, all that is base
and Earthly in me by the Fire of Thy Love. 1754 COWPER
Ep. Lloyd 89 Nor needs [he] his genuine ore refine ; 'Tis
ready polished from the mine. 1827 KEBLE Chr, Y. 23 Sund.
Trln., The world's rude furnace must thy blood refine. 1871
BROWNING Pr. Hohenst, 1321 The special gold, whate'er the
form it take, Head-work or heart-work, fined and thrice-
refined I1 the crucible of life.
2. To free from impurities ; to purify or cleanse
(in general sense).
1601 CHESTER Love's Mart,, R. Arthur (1878) 61 Our
vnpure Sinne by him being full refind. 1628 DIGBV Voy.
Medit. (1868) 40 Because the windes can not refine the aire.
1667 MILTON P. L. XH. 548 To.. raise From the conflagrant
mass, purg'd and refin'd, New Heav'ns, new Earth. 1^709
WATTS Hymn, 'And must this Body die* ii, Corruption,
Earth and Worms Shall but refine this Flesh. 1781 COWPER
Progr. Err. 344 To purge and skim away the filth of vice,
That so refined it might the more entice.
b. spec. To purify or clarify (a substance or
product) by means of some special process; to
make purer or of a finer quality ; esp. to subject
(raw sugar) to the processes of clarifying, con-
densing, and crystallizing.
1613 PURCHAS Pilgrimage v. xii. (1614) 507 The raw Lac
is of a darke red colour, but being refined, they make it of
all colours. 1630 R. Johnson's Kingd. $ Comntw. 371
Selling their Sugars unextracted from the Cane to the
Venetians, and buying it againe from them after it is
refined. 1678 BUNYAN Pilgr. i. 59 Now the Table was
furnished with fat things, and with Wine that was well
refined. 1706 E. WARD Wooden World Diss. (1708) 83 Tho'
the Extraction be very gross, it's so well refin'd, that it does
not, in the least, smell of the Kettle. 1799 G. SMITH
Laboratory I. 8 The nitre is thoroughly refined. 1836-41
BRANDE Chem. (ed. 5) 1076 It cannot be doubted that much
improvement may be made in refining sugar, by the aid of
chemistry, so as to produce a larger quantity of refined
from raw sugar.
absol. 1883 Century Mag. July 332/2 The United [Com-
pany] stores and transports [oil] ; the Standard buys, refines,
sells, and exports.
f3. a. To clear (the spirits, mind, etc.) from
dullness ; to make clearer or more subtle. Obs*
1589 PUTTENHAM Eng. Pofsie i. ill. (Arb.) 23 They came
by instinct diuine, and by deepe meditation, and much
abstinence (the same assubtiling and refining their spirits)
to be made apt to receaue visions. 1591 SYLVESTER Du
Bartas i. i. 5 Thou glorious Guide. .Lift up my Soule, my
drowsie Spirits refine. 1690 School of Politicks i With
sober Liquour to refine my Head, a 1704 T. BROWN Praise
Drunkenness Wks. 1730 I. 35 Wine. .refines the judgment
of the doctors, and makes their opinions most canonical.
1728 ELIZA HEYWOOD tr. Mme. fie Gomez's Belle A, (1732)
II. 107 A Relaxation of Thought is certainly a help to the
refining it.
fb. To free or cleanse from moral imperfection ;
to raise to a higher spiritual state. Obs.
1667 MILTON P. L. xi. 63 Tri'd in sharp tribulation, and
refin d By Faith and faithful works. 167* DRYDEN ttnd PL
Conq. Granada iv. iii, Blessed souls are there refined, and..
prepared for light. 1711 ADDISON Sped. No. 257 F 8 What
Actions can express the entire Purity of Thought which
refines and sanctifies a virtuous Man?
4. To free from imperfections or defects; to bring
to a more perfect or purer state.
c 1670 HOBBES Dial. Com. Laws (1840) 5 The law of
England., hath been fined and refined by an infinite number
of grave and learned men. ^1703 E, CHAMBERLAYNE Pres.
St, Eng. in. iv. (1707) 287 King James the Fifth refined the
[etc.]. 1813 SHELLEY Q. Mab vni. 139 Lending their power
to pleasure and to pain, Yet raising, sharpening, and re-
fmin- each. 1889 PATER G. de Latour (1896) 7 Cheerful
daylight, refined, but hardly dimmed at all, by painted glass.
b. To polish or improve (a language, compo-
sition, etc.) ; to make more elegant or cultured.
REFINED.
1617 MORYSON Itin. iv. v. i. (1903) 438 The English tounge
..hatli beene in late ages excellently refyned and made
perfitt for ready and breefe deliuery both in prose and verse.
1634 Malory's Arthur title-p., The Most Ancient and
Valiant History of the Renowned Prince Arthur. .newly
refined. 1674 PLAYFORD Skill Mns. i. xi. 56 Of late our
Language is much refined, and so is our Muskk. 1750
JOHNSON Rambler No. 37 r 8 They may as well refine ihc
speech as the sentiments of their personages. 1841 LANK
Arab. Nts. I. 75 He took the trouble of refining the lan-
guage of a copy of them which he possessed.
6. To free from rudeness, coarseness, or vulgarity ;
to imbue with culture or polish, delicate feelings or
instincts, etc.
1667 MILTON P. L. vm, 589 Love refines The thoughts,
and neart enlarges, a 1703 E. CHAMBERLAYNE Pres. St.
Eng. in. iii. (1707) 272 The Britams or Welch, more lately
refin'd, did not take Surnames till of late Years. 1781
COWPER Charity 98 Ingenious Art.. Steps forth to fashion
and refine the race. 1781 — Retirem. 240 Love.. Refines
his speech, and fashions his address. 1838 LYTTON Alice \.
iii, He had sought less to curb, than to refine and elevate
her imagination. 1848 L. HUNT Jar Honey iii. 32 When
reproached for carrying off paintings, .from Sicily, he said
he did it to refine the minds of his countrymen.
absol. 1781 COWPER Charity 332 All truth is precious,..
And what dilates the powers must needs refine.
6. With const, a. To bring tnto, raise tot a cer-
tain state by purifying or subtilizing.
1647 N. BACON Disc. Govt. Eng. i. xxxviit. (1739) 57 Time
and experience refined this way of trial into a more ex-
cellent condition. 1864 SKEAT U bland? s Poems 270 Dante,
who could earthly passion To celestial love refine. 1877
E. R. CONDER Bas. Faith ii. 68 To refine this discussion
into the wire-drawing of verbal controversy.
b. To purify or cleanse from something.
1633 FORD Broken Heart IT. iii, What heaven Refines
mortality from dross of earth [etc. ]. 171* BLACKMORE Crea-
tion in. (ed. 2) 135 By the driving Wind The Air from noxious
Vapours is refin'd. 1754 SHERLOCK Disc. (1759) I. t 30
Its Worship is refined from the Errors and Idolatries of
Superstition. 1810 SCOTT Lady of L. \\. xxu, A human
tear From passion's dross refined and clear.
c. To clear away, or out of, by refining.
1857 BUCKLE Civiliz. I. ix. 588 This was a simple alterna-
tive ; which might indeed be kept out of sight, but could
not be refined away. 1893 FORBES- MITCH ELL Remin. Gt.
Mutiny 3 A class of writers . . who would if it were possible,
refine even God Himself out of creation.
7. intr. To become pure ; to grow clear or free
from impurities.
1604 E. G[RIMSTONE] D'Acosta's Hist. Indies iv. xiv. 250
The Emeralds grow in stones, .and they seeme by little and
little to thicken and refine. 1690 NOKKIS Beatitudes (1694)
I. 54 They presently began to behave themselves more
orderly; and seemed, like Gold, to refine upon the Trial of
the Furnace. 1713 ADDISON Cato i. vi, The pure stream..
Works it self clear, and as it runs, refines. 1734 WATTS
Reliq. Juv. xxviii. (1789) 86 Let it lie and refine from all
the dregs of sin and sensual impurities. 1809 BYRON Bards
ff Rev. 496 That head,, .though the thickening dross will
scarce refine, Augments its ore, and is itself a mine.
8. To improve in polish, elegance, or delicacy.
c i6ao FLETCHER & MASSINGER False One nt. ii, Did you
live at court, as I do, gallants, You would refine, and learn
an apter language. 1709 POPE Ess. Crit. 421 Let a Lord
once own the happy lines, How the wit brightens ! how the
style refines t 176* GOLDSM. Cit. W. Ixxv, In proportion as
society refines, new books must ever become more necessary.
1821 CLARE Vill. Minstr. I. 31 As his years increas'd his
taste refin'd.
9. To employ or affect a subtlety of thought or
language.
1713 SWIFT Cadenits ff Vanessa,T}i\s tempts Free-thinkers
to refine, And bring in doubt their powers divine. 1774
GOLDSM. Retal. 35 Who, too deep for his hearers, still went
on refining, And thought of convincing, while they thought
of dining. 1875 JOWETT Plato (ed. 2} III. 316 Suppose the
objector to refine still further, and to draw the nice dis-
tinction [etc.].
b. Const, on or upon a subject, etc.
1669 R. MONTAGU in Bnccleuch MSS. (Hist. MSS. Comm.)
I. 449 Trie politicians here, that refine upon everything.
1837 HT. MARTINEAU Soc. Amer. III. 291 The company
who sit at the feet of the pastor while he refines upon
abstractions. 1883 Contentp. Rev. Aug. 163 To creep out
of a difficulty.. by refining upon words in defiance of the
intention.
10. To improve on or upon something, by intro-
ducing refinements.
1662 EVELYN Chalcogr. 50 Canferri, and . . Barlaochi graved
divers things :.. which afterwards Sebastian Serli refining
upon composed the better part of lhat excellent book of his.
1719 YOUNG Revenge i. i, Not only die, But plunge the
dagger in my heart myself? This is refining on calamity.
1765 BLACKSTONE Comm. I. xviii. 590 Our laws have con-
siderably refined and improved upon the invention. 1815
JANE AUSTEN Emma ix, You must not refine too much
upon this charade.
Hence Refl nable a., that may be refined.
1607 HIERON Iv'ks. I. 238 To purifie that which is refine-
able as gold and sillier.
Refined (r/fai-nd),///. a. [f. prec. + -ED*.]
1. Purified ; freed from impurities or extraneous
matter, a. In general use. rare.
1596 SPENSER Hymn Love 193 It all sordid basenesse doth
expell, And the refyned mynd doth newly fashion [etc.).
b. Of metals. Now spec, with iron (or metal}
and ////.
'595 SHAKS. John iv. ii. ii To gilde refined Gold, to paint
the Lilly. . Is wasteful), and ridiculous excesse. 1611 BIBLE
i Chron, xxix. 4 Seuen thousand talents of refined siluer.
1843 HoLTZAi-Fi-'EL Turning I. 186 [The iron] is.. cast into
a pfate about four Inches thick, which is purer, finer in the
grain than pig-metal, and also much harder and whiter ; it
43- 2
REFINEDLY.
is then called refined metal. 1855 J. R. L[UFC;HLLD] Corn-
wall Mints 209 Refined tin, though not equal in quality to
grain tin, i.s made from selected ores. . . It is u*>ed by most of
the tin-plate manufacturers. 1884 W. H. GREENWOOD Steel
ff Iron xiii. 245 The plate of fine metal, refined iron, plate
metal, or simply metal, as the product of the refinery is
variously called.
c. Of sugar, salt, etc. Also ellipt.
1717-41 CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v. Sugar, Sugar -candy .. is
better made of earthed sugar, than refined sugar. 1791
NKWTE Tour Eng. <$• Scot. 108 By an Act passed in 1786,
refined English Rock-salt is allowed to be imported into
Scotland. 1839 URE Diet. Arts 1207 Six tons of refined
sugar can be turned out daily in a three-pan house. 1895
Daily A'nvs 8 Apr. 3/7 Sugar.— .. Foreign refined market
remains steady.
2. Characterized or distinguished by the posses-
sion of refinement in manners, action, or feeling.
1586 SHAKS. L. L. L. i. L 164 A refined trauaiter of Spaine,
A man with all the worlds new fashion planted. 1638 R.
BAKER tr. Balzac's Lett. (vol. III.) 101 The most refined
Frenchman that ever ranne afoote. 1663 GERBIER Counsel
In this refined Age, which abounds in Books. 1713 STEELE
Englishm. No. 21. 135 It repeats only such things as are
proper for a refined Ear. 1781 COWPER Table T. 511
Modern taste Is so refined and delicate and chaste. 1835
MARRYAT Jac. Faitltf. xlii, The more refined the society
may be— the more civilized its parts— the greater is the
mutual dependence. 1878 Bosw. SMITH Carthage 404 The
refined soul and Hellenic sympathies of the general.
Comb. 1835 WILLIS Pencilling* I. iv. 31 There is a deli-
cate, refined-looking little marchioness here.
b. Free from, or devoid of, rude, gross, or
vulgar elements.
1650 FULLER Pisgah w. ii. 21 [Dromedaries are] of as
much more refined service above Camells, as Hacknies are
above Packhorses. 1659 Gentl. Calling (1696) 12 That
Advantage, .of an ingenuous and refined Education. 1781
COWPER Hope 500 The gross idolatry blind heathens teach
Was too refined for them, beyond their reach. 1804-6 SVD.
SMITH Mor. Philos. (1850^ 313, 1 am not speaking of the
highest-refined London grief,— the grief of civilisation and
softness; but the grief of a savage and a child. 1856
EMERSON Eng. Traits^ Wealth* The proudest result of this
creation [wealth] has been the great and refined forces it has
put at the disposal of the private citizen.
c. Of language, speech, etc.: Cultivated, polished,
elegant.
1611 BIBLE Trans I. Pref. P 2 Certaine [men]., could not be
brought for a long time to giue way to good Letters and
refined speech. 1673 Remarqnes Humours Town 6 The
fountain of the rennedst conversation. 1708 SWIFT Wks.
(1841) II. 185 It is to be understood that this refined way of
speaking was introduced by Mr. Locke. 1763 J. BROWN
Poetry ff Mus. xii. 209 Certain Greeks, .brought a refined
and enervate Species of Music to Rome. 1866 GEO. ELIOT
f. Holt (1868) 23 She spoke with a refined accent.
3. f a. Having or affecting a subtlety of mind or
judgement. Obs.
1574 HELLOWES Gueuara's Fant. Ep. (1577) 133 There be
men.. so ouer sharpe or refined, that.. they holde it for an
office to diuine thoughts. 1594 NASHE Terrors of Night
Wks. (Grosart) III. 243 Complement-mungers they are, who
would faine be counted the Court's Gloriosos, and the
refined judges of wit. 1681 TEMPLE Mem. in, Wks.
1731 I. 345 The refined Courtiers, who observe Counte-
nances and Motions, had no Opinion of it. 1714 SWIFT
Pres. St. Aff. Wks. 1751 IV. 266 Others were yet more
refined ; and thought it neither wise nor safe wholly to
extinguish all Opposition from the other side.
b. Raised to a high degree of subtlety, nicety,
or precision.
1668 DAVENANT Man's the Master \\\. i, This reasoning
does appear too much refin'd. 1726 LEONI tr. Albertis
Arc kit. III. i The Mathematician considers the nature and
forms of things . . absolutely distinct from all kind of matter :
whereas.. it will be necessary for me to consider them in
a way less refined. 1769 ROBERTSON Chas. K, x. III. 232
Maurice employed artifices still more refined to conceal his
machinations. 181* R. HALL Wks. (1833) I. 292 Nothing
subtle or refined should enter into the views of a Christian
missionary. 1878 HUXLEV Physiogr. 53 Both instruments
are but refined modifications of our familiar experiment
Refinedly (rtfai-nedli), adv. [f. prec. + -LY 2.]
In a refined manner ; with refinement, nicety, pre-
cision, etc.
£•1679 MULGRAVE Ess. Sat. 135 Will any dog Refinedly
leave his bitches and his bones To turn a wheel? 1740 tr.
De Mouhy^s Fort. Country-Maid (1741) II. 134 Always
complaisant, always refinedly polite. 1819 MOORE Mem,
(1853) II. 276 Too vulgar a subject, .for the refined readers,
and too refinedly executed for the vulgar ones. 1866 CAR-
LVLE Remin. (1881) II. 290, I noticed only how refinedly
beautiful she was.
Refrnedness. ? Obs.
Refinement.
[f. as prec. -*• -NESS.]
1612 HEYWOOD Apol. Actors i. 27 The sages.. of Grecia
—who, for the refinednesse of their language, were in such
reputation through the world. 1687 BURNET Six Facers
23 Our Flattery has come short of the Refinedness of the
Romans. 1711 SHAFTESB. Charac. (1737) III. Misc. v. ii.
291 To laugh as agreeably, and with as much Refinedness.
Refinement (r/Tai-nment). [f. REFINE v. Cf.
F. raffinement (Cotgr.), It. raffinamento^
1. The act or process of refining ; the result of
refining, or the state of being refined.
1611 COTGR., Raffinage^ the refinement, or quintescence of.
1659 H. MORE Immort. Soul in. i, The Soul of Man is
capable of very high refinements, even to a condition purely
Angelical. 1688 BOYLE Final Causes Nat. Things ii. 85
The renovation and refinement of the present world by the
last fire. 1709 STEELE Tatler No. 108 P 7 Religion which
does not only promise the entire Refinement of the Mind,
but the glorifying of the Body. 1764 GOLDSM. Trav. 229
For, as refinement stops, from sire to son Unalter'd, un-
340
improv'd the manners run. 18x6 J. SCOTT Vis. Paris
(ed. 5) 300 The refinement of nitre, from its rough state in
the nitre bed, to the packing of the pure salt in casks. 1861
W. FAIRBAIBN Iron 99 The surface of iron thus exposed
undergoes refinement.
fb. A refining influence. Obs. rare—1.
1718 HUGHES Sped. No. 525 ?6 If Love be any Refine-
ment, Conjugal Love must be certainly so in a much higher
Degree.
2. Fineness of feeling, taste, or thought ; elegance
of manners; culture, polish.
1710 SWIFT Jrnl. to Stella v, I must tell you a great piece
of refinement of Harley. 1784 COWPER Task iv. 359 That
sensibility of pain with which Refinement is endued. 1816
J. SCOTT Vis, Paris (ed. 5) 170 Louis le Grand encouraged
every thing that shed refinement over the world. 1843
PRESCOTT Mexico (1850) I. 393 It is too much to ask of any
man. .to be in advance of the refinement of his age. 1874
GREEN Short Hist. iii. § 5. 139 There was a certain refinement
in Henry's temper which won him affection.
b. An instance of this ; a particular feature,
custom, or thing indicating refined manners, feel-
ings, or taste.
1708 SWIFT Sacram. Test Wks. 1751 IV- '66 We of Ire-
land are not yet come up to other Folks Refinements, for we
generally love and esteem our clergy. 1714 — Pres. St.
Aff. ibid. 282 Affecting German Modes and Refinements in
Dress or Behaviour. 1794 S. WILLIAMS Hist. Vermont 151
Not until the refinements of society have taken place. i8ao
W. IRVING Sketch Bk. I. 6 The refinements of highly
cultivated society. 1833-6 J. H. NF.WMAN Hist. Sk. (1873)
II. i. i. 39 Timour..had the command of every refine-
ment not only of luxury, but of gluttony.
3. The act or practice of refining in thought,
reasoning, or discourse ; an instance of this.
1711 ADDISON Sfect. No. 303 F 13 It is the Poet's Refine-
ment upon this Thought which I most admire. 1714 SWIFT
Refinement and abstruse speculation, in determining, that
a Thing is not before it is. 1893 ROSCOF, tr. SismondCs
Lit. Eur. (1846) II. 184 He abandoned himself to that
refinement and false wit, which the Spaniards mistook for
the language of passion.
b. A piece of subtle reasoning ; a subtlety.
1708 SWIFT Ch. Eng. Matt Wks. 1751 IV. 71 [To) draw in
fresh Proselytes by some further Innovations or Refine-
ments. 1769 juntas Lett. xy. (1788) 92 The people of this
country are neither to be intimidated by violent measures,
nor deceived by refinements. i8a> H A ZLITT Table-t. Ser. H.
xvi. (1869)327 Sound conclusions come with practical know-
ledge, rather than with speculative refinements. 1875 E.
WHITE Life in Christ in. xxi. (1878) 302 No even colour-
able escape from this criticism seems possible except by
refinements unintelligible to the common people.
4. An instance of improvement or advance to-
wards something more refined or perfect ; the state
or thing thus arrived at or obtained.
1710 SWIFT Tatler No. 230 r 6 The Breaks at the End of
almost every Sentence ; of which I know not the Use, only
that it is a Refinement. 1731 LAW Serious C. xviii. (ed. 2)
333 For Emulation, .is nothing else but a refinement upon
envy. 1841 ELPHINSTONE Hist. Ind. II. 595 All the refine-
ments of his artful policy. 1851 PENROSE Princ. Athenian
Arc/t.(til\e-p.)t The optical refinements exhibited in the con-
struction of the ancient buildings 1871 FREEMAN Norm.
Cong. (1876) IV. xviii. 156 A countermine was a refinement
beyond their skill.
b. The most refined form of something.
1880 Chr. World No. 1195. 138 It would be the refine-
ment of exquisite cruelty.
Refiner (rtfarna-i), [f. REFINE v. + -KB1.]
1. One who or that which refines or purifies sub-
stances; spec, one who makes a business of refin-
ing (metal, sugar, etc.).
1598 BARRET Tkeor. Warres v. iil 133 Two or three
Refiners of powder. 1611 BIBLE Mai. iii. 2 He is like
a refiners fire, and like fullers sope. 1648 BOYLE Seraph.
Love v. (1700) 38 Tis not the custom of Refiners to snatch
the belov'd Metal out of the Fire.. till it have stood its due
time. 17*0 STRYPE Stow*s Surv. v. xv. II. 244 The former
Refiners of Sugar added thereunto corrupt Mixtures to
their own private Gain. 1834 HT, MARTINEAU Hill ff
Valley iv, 61 They saw the refiners take it by turns to run
out their moulds of metal. 1858 SIMMONDS Diet, Trade,
Refiner* s-sweepS) the refuse filings or dust collected from
the workshops of silver-smiths and jewellers to be re-
smelted. 1865 DICKENS Mut. Fr. i. vii, The enriched
water in which they wash them is bought for the refiners.
_/5>. 16x9 W. SIMONS Proc. Virginia in. in Capt. Smith's
Wks. (1819) I. 169 The worst was our guilded refiners with
their golden promises made all men their slaues in hope of
recompences,
b. An apparatus for refining.
1624 CAPT. SMITH Virginia HI. vii. 68 We spent some
time in refyning, having, .a refyner fitted for that purpose.
2. One who, or that which, imparts elegance,
polish, or culture; a remover of rudeness, gross-
ness, or vulgarity.
1605 CAMDEN Rem. 28, 1 may be charged by the minion
refiners of English [etc.]. 16*5 tr. Decameron title, The
Modell of Wit,.. by the Renowned John Boccacio, the first
Refiner of Italian prose. 1633 WOTTON Let. in Reliq. (1685)
463 War it self is a greater refiner of spirits in little time.
1715 M. DAVIES A then. Brit. I. 30 The two first Refiners
of the English Tongue. 1794 G. ADAMS Nat. fy Exp.
Pkilos. II. xxi. 421 A destroyer, a consumer, and refiner of
grossness. 1801 HAN. MORE Wks, I. 26 Hail, Conversation
..Refiner of the social plan ! 1855 LEWES Goethe I. 229
There can be no sweeter, tenderer refiners in the world than
German ladies. 1873 SYMONDS Grk. Poets v. 145 The
three refiners of language.
3. One who refines in speculation or reasoning.
1586 PUCKERING in Pica Sacram. Test 82 The Writings
BEFIT.
of godly and learned Men, neither answered nor answerable
% these new-fangled Refiners. 1654 JER. TAYLOR Real
•es. A 4 The zeal of prevailing in it hath so blinded the
refiners of it in this age, that they still urge these miracles
for proof, c 1685 TEMPLE Ess.t Poetry Wks.i73i I. 248 There
are no where.. so many Reasoners upon Government, so
m.tiiy Refiners in Politicks. 1754 EDWARDS Frtcd. Will
II. vii. (1762) 64, I wish such Refiners would thoroughly
consider whether they distinctly know their own Meaning.
Refinery (rffai-nsri). [f. REFINE v. + -EBY.]
1. A place, builSing, or establishment, where
refining (of sugar, oil, metal, etc.) is carried on.
17*7-41 CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v. Sugar, In a refinery there
are usually two coppers, the one serving to clarify, the
other to boil the clarified liquor. 1758 REID tr. Maci/ittr's
Chym. 1. 389 The large refineries of Gold and Silver by the
means of Lead furnish a great quantity of this material.
1804 W. TAYLOR in Ann. Rev, II. 327 American and other
settlers would have had.. their refineries in every island.
1841 W. SPALDING Italy f, It. Iil. 1 1. 165 The capital had silk-
works of all kinds, . . to these it added soap-works, refineries,
chemical-works, lace- works.
b. A furnace for the conversion of cast into malle-
able iron.
1825 J. NICHOLSON Off rat. Mechanic 334 The method of
releasing the pig-iron of its carbon, or of converting it into
what is called wrought or malleable iron is, by placing it in
an open furnace, termed a refinery. 1884 C. G. W. LOCK
Workshop Receipts Ser. in. 250/2 When grey pig-iron is
used for making malleable iron, it must first be converted
into white iron by the ' whitening ' process in a ' refinery '.
attrib. 1839 URE Diet. Arts 712 One of the numerous
refinery furnaces. Ibid., D is the refinery hearth.
1 2. Refinements ; a refinement. Obs. rare.
1746 W. HORSLEY Fool (1748) I. 272 Painted it over with
silly Glosses and Refinery. Ibid. 291 That play in Circum-
locutions and Refineries.
Refrnger, v. [RE- 5 a.] To finger again.
1873 BROWNING Red Cott. Nt.^af n. 748 Lucie, much
solaced, 1 re-finger you, The medium article.
Refining (rrtai-nirj), vtt. sb. [-ING'.]
L The action of the vb. REFINE in various senses.
1604 E. GtRiMSTONE] D'Acosta's Hist. Indies iv. iii. 210
That [metal] which rematnes of the refining of gold and
silver. 167* DRYDEN Def. Epil. Cong. Granada Ess. (Ker)
1. 170 A turning English into French, rather than a refining
of English by French, syxt tr. Pouters Hist. Dntgs 1. 57
The next thing to be consider'd is the Refining of Sugar.
1797 Eiicycl. Brit. (ed. 3) XVI. 37/2 The vessel in which
the refining is performed is flat and shallow. 1863 TRE-
VELYAN Couipet. H'allak (1866) 56 The opium goes through
a series of processes which may generally be described by
the epithet 'refining'. 1881 RAYMOND Mining Gloss. s.v.,
The refining of 'base bullion ' (silver-lead) produces nearly
pure lead and silver.
b. With a and//. An instance of this.
a 1652 J. SMITH Set. Disc. iv. 75 After many refinings,
macerations, and maturations. 1686 HORNECK Criicif.
yesus v. 75 Men.. are strangely tickled with new things,
which are often called refinings, or improvements of old
truths, a 1715 BURNET Own Time in. (1724) I. 407 This
was such a refining in a point of honour. 1754 EDWARDS
Freed. Will n. vii. (1762) 64 This seems to be a Refining
only of some particular Writers, and newly invented.
2. attrib., as refining basin, forge, furnace,
hearth, house, mould, process, room, etc.
In many cases hardly dbtinct from the ppl. a.
a 1658 CLEVELAND Poems (1687) i The Still of his refining
Mold Minting the Garden into Gold. 1674 RAY Coll. Words
1 14 These bars they bring to the refining Furnace. I7«7-4I
CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v. Sugar, As soon as the earth b on the
sugar, all the windows of the refining-room are shut. 1731
P. SHAW Ess. Artif. Phllos. 126 The Washings, .and Waste
of a Sugar- Baker's Refining House. 1839 URE Diet. A rts
608 The gold produced by the refining process with lead, is
free from copper and lead. Ibid. 712 The German refining
forge. 1855 J. R. L[EIPCHILD] Cornwall Mines 21 r Plunging
billets of green wood into the melted tin in the refining
basin.
Refi'ning, ///.". [f. REFINE v. + -ING 2.J That
refines. (See also prec. a.)
1676 MARVELL Mr. Smirke I, Some of the Bishops were so
ignorant and gross, but others so speculative, acute and
refining in their conceptions. 1736 HEHVEY Mem. (1848) I. 40
Like many other refining historians, I attribute that to
prudence which was only owing to accident. 1774 BURKE
Sf. Amer. Tax. Wks. 1842 I. 175/1 Whether [sufficiently]
to serve a refining speculatist,..! know not. 1875 (Jres
Diet. Arts I. 943 In washing, the metal and refining fluxes
are projected together into the crucible. 1885 Athenxvm
27 J une 828/2 Where the refining power of a genuine master
would begin to display itself.
Hence Befi-ningly adv.
1822 Examiner 10/2 The general eye would be refiningty
familiarised to the relish and knowledge of Art.
Refi't, sb. [RE- 5 a.] An act or instance of
refitting (esp. of a ship) ; a fresh fitting-out.
1709 NELSON 12 Sept in Nicolas Disf. (1845) IV. n The
Seahorse, whose state requires docking and a thorough
re-fit. 1833 MARRYAI P. Simple (1863) 387 Your vessel is
strained to pieces,.. no orders for a refit. 1870 ANDERSON
Missions Amer. Bd. II. xvi. 123 A large number of whaling
vessels resorted to Lahaine for their annual refit.
Refit (rifit), v. [RE- 5 a.]
1. Naut. a. trans. To fit out (a ship, fleet, etc.)
again ; to restore to a serviceable condition by
renewals and repairs. Also refl., and const, with.
1666 PEPYS Diary 4 July, Ships, when they are a little
shattered, must.. refit themselves the best they can. 1697
DRYDEN jEneid \. 777 Permit our Ships a Shelter on your
Shoars, Refitted from your Woods with Planks and Oars.
1725 POPE Odyss. xiv. 422 Ulysses on the coast of Crete
Staid but a season to refit his fleet. 1700 BEATSON Nav. If
Mil. Mem. I. 64 They met with a violent storm, and put
into Port Louis to refit their ships. 1853 KANK Criiuuii
REFITMENT.
Exp. xxxvi. (1856) 324 To prepare for our closing struggle
with the ice-fields, .it was determined to refit the Rescue.
b. inlr. To get refitted ; to have renewals or
repairs executed.
1669 Ii. SALESBURY in St. Papers, Dom. 175 The Portland
has come in to refit, having lost her masts. 1703-4 Lend,
Gaz. No. 3880/1 The Captains of Our Ships of War, which
are come into Port to Clean and Refit. 1833 MAHRVAT
/'. Simple (1863) no We anchored in Gibraltar Bay, and
the ship was stripped to refit. 1854 H. MILLER Sch. <y
Sflim. (1858) 5 The enemy drifted to leeward to refit.
2. a. trans. To fit, arrange, or set in order, again ;
to fit out afresh in some respect. Also with up.
1676 ltAWVtu.Jlfr.SmMfWta. 1875 III. 62 When it shall
come out new vamped and refitted, it will be a question..,
whether it be the same sermon. 1716 M. DAVIES Athen.
Brit. II. 223 Tho_se harmless Doctrines have been. .refitted
up again by a still later set of Modern Montanists. i78a
Miss BURNEY Cecilia vir. ix, That all expedition might be
used in refitting the other chaise for their reception. 1812
BYRON Ck. Har. H. vi, Can all sage, saint, or sophist ever
writ People this lonely tower, this tenement refit ?
b. inlr. To renew supplies or equipment.
i8oj H. MARTIN Helen ofGU'nross III. 261, I want to go
and refit at Cheltenham ; and thence I shall vagabondize
somewhere or other. 1841 ELPHINSTONE Hist. Ind. II. 405
The exhausted condition of the army . . compelled Aurangzib
. .to halt and refit at Cabul.
3. trans. To fit (a person) again for something.
1791 MME. D'ARBLAY Diary Jan. (1842) V. viu 278 An old
attendance I was so little refitted for renewing.
Refi. 'intent, [f. prec. + -MENT.] The act of
refitting ; a refit.
1706 E. WARD Wooden World Diss. (1708) 62 Sometimes
his Captain .. repairs to him for a refitment. 1748 Ansotis
Voy. in. vii. 366 The Viceroy of Canton's warrant for the
refitment of the Centurion. 1799 MOORE Mem. (1853) I. 90
Indeed, I want a total refitment; my best black coat.. is
quite shabby. 1831 SOUTHEY Penins. War III. 199 His
troops.. were equally in need of rest and of refitment. 1863
Mont. Star 28 Aug., She will immediately commence her
refitments to enable her to take in a new cable.
Refi'tting, vtl. s6. [f. REFIT v. +-INO!.] The
action of the vb. in various senses.
1695 WOODWARD Nat. Hist. Earth, in. 1. (1723) 163 He
will not allow.. that there was so great care taken in the
re-fitting of it up again at the Deluge. 1748 Alison's Voy.
il. iv. 159 The thorough refitting of the Anna Pink. .was.,
impossible. 1838 THIRLWALL Greece III. xx. 153 These
commissioners, .applied themselves to the refitting of the
ships engaged in the last action. 1886 WILLIS & CLARK
Cambridge I. 59 The Church was also undergoing repairs
and refittmgs.
attrib. 1894 Times 24 Aug. 9/4 The port now boasts of
a large refitting basin.
Refi'x, z».l [RE- 5 a.] trans. To fix again ; to
establish anew.
1611 FLORIO, R'ffiggere, to refix, to fix againe. 01711
KEN Hymns Evang. Poet. Wks. 1721 I. 174 They both
believe, yet Doubts were intermix'd, Till fresh Illumina-
tions Faith refix'd. 1769 FALCONER Marine Diet. (1780)
s-v- Jigger, To jam the latter to the windlass, and prevent
it from running out till the jigger is refixed. 1816 BYRON
S'ff", Car' "' A l"»n<'r«d years have roll'd away Since he
refix d the Moslem's sway. 1837 CARLYLE Fr. Rev. I. vii.
in, One individual picks his [cockade] up again ;. .attempts
to refix it. 1870 E. PEACOCK Ralph. Skirl. I. 7 It had not
refixed life on us old basis,
t Refi'X, z>.2 Obs.rare-\ [ad. L. refix-, ppl.
stem of refigere : see RE- 2 d and Fix z>.] trans.
To abrogate, annul (a law).
vntill as good authentic did refixe it.
Refixa-tion. [RE- 5a: cf. REFIX ».i] A
renewed fixing.
1899 Allbutfs Syst. Med. VII. 572 The daily passive
movements which will be necessary to prevent refixation.
Renze, obs. form of REFUSE sb.
t Reflac, revelaik. Obs. Forms : 1-3 r«af-
lac, 3 refloo, 3 reeflac, raflak, reflac, 4 reue-
laio(k, -laiko, 5 Sc. reyfiake, revelayk. [OE.
r&Ue, {. reaf REIF + -Me -LOCK (cf. wedlock).]
Rapine, robbery, reavery.
f 888 K. ALFRED Boeth. xxvi. $ 2 ^Elc bit bjes reaflaces be
him on jenumen biS. ciooo J£LFRIC Horn. II. 102 6a
zlmessan be of reaflace beoS gesealde. c 1x54 O. E. Chron.
(Laud MS.) an. 1135, On bis kinges time wes al unfri3 &
yfel & raflac. c 1200 Trin. Coll. Horn. 79 ?if be unfele man
. .tea him to unwrenches to stele oSer refloc o5er swikedom.
an»S Ancr. R. 208 Etholden oSres hure, ouer his rihte
terme, nis hit strong reflac? 1-1150 Gen. ff Ex. 436 Deft
and reflac onugte him no same, a 1300 Cursor M. 27825
"ii "» man aw to be herd of revelayk na of haymesokynl
t Reflarr, sb. Obs. Also 4, 6 -flayr. [prob.
a. OF. or AF. "reflair, f. re- RE- +flair FLAIR 1.]
Odour, scent, redolence.
13. - E. E. Allit. P. A. 46 Jif hit was semly on to sene,
-y!~ "Jay 3" fro hit Hot. c 1400 MAUNDEV. (Roxb.)
xvin. 84 pe water beroff has a swete sauour and reflaire.
a 1529 SKELTON P. Sparowe 524 To make a fumigation,
A •» olj;eflayr And red<>lent of ayre.
T Reflai'r, v . Obs. Forms : 5-6 reflar-, 6
-flayre, -fleyre, -flere. [Cf. prec. a<a&¥. flairer
to smell.]
1. intr. To arise or issue ; to distil.
V440 *'"''* '"•>*'• xli- 367 Thc °dour of lhX goodnes
reflac to vs all. 1509 11 AWLS Past. Pleas, xiv. (Percy Soc.)
341
53 Morall Gower, whose sentencious dewe Adowne re
flayreth with fayre golden bcmcs.
2. trans. To emit, send forth, give out, shed.
1509 HAWES Past. Pleas, xi. (Percy Soc.) 42 O clere foun
tayne replete wyth swelenes, Keflerynge out the duke
delicacy Of mi. ryvers. Ibid. xx. 96 Habundant teres they
hertes do refleyre.
Hence tKeflai-rins///. a., redolent. Obs.
1513 SKELTON Carl. Laurel gy-j My maydcn Isabel!, Re
flaring rosabell, The flagrant camamell.
Refla-me, v. [RE-.] fa. To reflect light
06s. b. To burst into flame again ; to rekindle.
1481 CAXTON Myrr. ir. xxxi. 125 In the mone is a body
polysshyd . . whiche reflaumbeth and rendrith lyght am
clerenes whan the rayes of the sonne smyteth therin. 1871
TENNYSON Q. Mary i. v, Stamp out the fire, or this Wif
smoulder and re-flame.
Reflect (rffle-kt), s6. Now rare. [f. the vb.j
= REFLECTION, in various senses, lit. and fig.
(Chiefly in i?thc. use.)
1396 LODGE Marg. Amer. 15 As the rainbow which..
Lives by the sunnes reflect and opposition. 1615 MARK-
HAM Pleas. Princes ii. (1635) 4 Their colour will be so
darke that they will give no reflect into the water, a 1653
G. DANIEL Idyll\. 58 Perhaps I have To my owne Private,
had reflects as grave On my Condition. 1687 WINSTANLEY
Lives Eng. Poets 91 This tart reflect so wrought upon the
Queen, that she gave strict order, .for the present payment
of the hundred pounds. 1717-41 [see REFLEX sb. ib). 1819
CARLYLE German Plajrwr. Misc. (1840) II. 63 Aiming ap-
parently at some Classic model, or at least at some French
reflect of such a model.
t Reflect, a. Ois. [f. the vb., on analogy of
ppl. forms in -ft.] Reflex, reflected.
1645 USSHER Body Div. (1647) 200 It is the reflect act of
faith that justifieth. a 1660 HAMMOND Serin, xx. Wks. 1684
IV. 6ro When looking in the glass, he sees all far more
§lonous m that reflect beam, than it is in the direct. i66a
IR A. MERVYN.S/S. Irish Aff. 12 Our spirits on both sides
exercised not so much the reflect Act. .as the direct Act.
Reflect (r/fle'kt), v. [a. OF. reflecter (i4th c.,
Oresme) or L. rejlecte're, f. re- RE- + flectfre to
bend (cf. deflect, inflect), whence also It. riflettere,
Sp. reflectir, F. rgfffeUn]
I. Transitive senses.
1. To turn or direct in a certain course, to divert;
to turn away or aside, to deflect.
1412-20 LYDG. Chron. Troy 11. xi. (1555), By arches stronge
his course for to reflecte Through condite pipes.. By cer-
tayne means artifyciall. £1450 tr. De Imitatione m. lix.
139 Nature reflectlj. [L. rejlectit} all bynge to himself, & for
himself he stnueb & arguib. 1540 ELYOT Image Gov.
(1556) 34 ">> No kynde of affection, .moughte reflect hym
from the sharpe execution of his lawes. 1613 PURCHAS
Pilgrimage (1614) 13 Dazled with this greater light [the
sun] I would reflect mine eyes to that reflexion of this light
in the sober, siluer countenance of the..Moone. 1796
MORSE Amer. Geog. I. 61, I conceive that, when easterly
and westerly winds meet with unequal force, one of them
may be reflected northward. 1837 HOOD Mids. Fairies
liv. It raised my bile To see him so reflect their grief aside.
2. To bend, turn, or fold back ; to give a back-
ward bend or curve to (a thing) ; to recurve ;
fto bend (the legs). (Chiefly in pa. pple., denot-
ing the position of parts.)
1578 BANISTER Hist. Man I. 13 The neither iawe is
Orbicular.. the vtmost endcs wherof are ascendently re.
fleeted. 1609 W. M. Man in Afooiie, Parasite E iij b,
He flearcth not in your face for nothing, nor reflects his
legges without some surmised reason. 1646 SIR T. BROWNE
Pseud. Ep. 342 The coccyx sometime more reflected to give
the easier delivery. 1693 Phil. Trans. XVII. 762 The
Flowers come out in Clusters, are monopetalose, with five
Lacinist or Incisures, all reflected. 1768 PF.NNANT Brit.
Zool. II. 353 The bill is. .not quite strait, but alittle reflected
upwards. 1776-96 WITHERING Brit. Plants (ed. 3) I. 297
Anthers strap-shaped, upright, reflected at the top. 1846
BRITTAN tr(> Malgaigite's Man. Oper. Surg. 195 The hori-
zontal incision being made, convert it into a T by a vertical
incision.. and reflect the two flaps. 1869 H. USSHER in
Eng. Meek. 3 Dec. 271/2 From the under surface of the
eyelid a thin membrane is reflected on the ball.
fig. 1608 TOPSELL Serpents (1658) 691 A deadly antipathy
reflecting themselves upon themselves. 1650 BULWER
Anthropomet, 60 Whence the spirits streined and reflected,
rise again.
t b. jig. To bring back from anger or estrange-
ment ; to appease. Obs. rare.
c 1611 CHAPMAN Iliad ix. 180 Such rites besceme Am-
bassadors : and Nestor vrged these, That their most
honours might reflect enrag'd ^Eacides. Ibid. xxi. 353 And
prayd her, that her sonne Might be reflected.
f3. To turn (back), cast (the eye or thought) on
or upon something. Obs.
1607 in Harington ffugx Ant. (ed. Park 1804) II. 166
When I reflect my thought and eye upon that I have
formerly written. 1655 FULLER Ch. Hist, ix. vii. 8 22 Let
me minde the Reader to reflect his eye on our Quotations.
a 1677 BARROW Serm. Wks. 1716 I. 127 If we reflect our
thoughts on the first ages of Christianity.
4. To throw or cast back again ; to cause to
return or rebound.
1611 SHAKS. IVint. T. iv. iv. 758 Reflect I not on thy
Basenesse Court-Contempt ? 1613 WITHER Abuses Stript,
Envy Juvenilia (1633) 25 The shafts are aim'd at me, but I
reject them, And on the shooters may perhaps reflect them.
1656 tr. H abbes' Elem. Philos. HI. (1839) 274 A body falling
upon the superficies of another body and being reflected
from it I7»» WOLLASTON Rctig. Nat. vi. 132 It is that
violence, of which he is the author, reflected back upon
himself. 1799 J. WOOD Princ. Meek. vi. § 206. 121 Each
body will therefore be reflected with a velocity equal to
that which it had before impact. 1833 Proc. Royal Soc. III.
REFLECT.
210 [A function) by which an impression made upon the
extremities of certain nerves is conveyed lo those two
portions of ihe nervous system, and reflected along other
nerves to parts different from those which received the
impression. 1855 BAIN Senses f, Int. i. ii. § !8 When an
action takes place on this inner surface,.. there is reflected
a stimulus to the muscle that closes the [eye] lids.
transf, 1658 tr. Hobbes' Elem. Philos. (1839) 274 If two
strait lines drawn from the same point fall upon another
strait line, the lines reflected from them, if they be drawn
out the other way, will meet in an angle equal to the angle
of the incident lines.
b. spec. Of bodies or surfaces (cf. next) : To cast
or send back (heat, cold, or sound) after impact.
1718 PRIOR Solomon n. 636 The vocal triumphs bound
Against the hills : the hills reflect the sound. 1774 GOLDSM.
Nat. Hist. (1776) I. 351 The land ..receives a greater
quantity of heat, and reflects it more strongly. 1794 I.
HUTTON /WI'/M. Light, etc. 138 To suppose that cold may
be irradiated like light, and be reflected and concentrated
as well as heat. 1821 IMISON .5V. /t Art I. 230 Buildings
constructed of certain shapes.. have this property of re-
flecting sounds in a remarkable manner. 1878 HUXLEY
/ nysiocr. 53 A cloud . . reflects or throws back upon the
earth the heat.
5. Of bodies or surfaces, esp. such as are smooth
or polished : To turn, throw, or cast back (beams,
rays, or light). Also in fig. context.
1573 P. MORE Alman. f, Prognost. D vj b, Whether the
sayd beames [the sun's] be extended unto the Earth, or re-
fleeted backwardes again, do forshew tempest of windes
comming. c 1586 C'TESS PEMBROKE Ps. cxxi. iv, No sunne
shall hurt thee With beames too violently right reflected
i6o» MARSTON Ant. f, Mel. i. Wks. 1856 I. 61 Marry but
shine, and ile reflect your beames. 1622 DRAYTON Polyolb.
xxii. 134 As when you see the sunbeams in a glass, That.,
on the earth reflects the very same. 1664 POWER Exp.
Philos. I. 43 The Crystal Sands, .refracting and reflecting
the Suns rays, seem here and there of Rainbow-colours
1691 BENTLEY Boyle Lect. viii. 259 The Light of the Moon
reflected fromjrozen Snow. 1781 COWPER Chanty 398 As
diamonds, stripp'd of their opaque disguise, Reflect the
noonday glory of the skies. 1831 BREWSTER Optics Introd.
2 When light falls upon any body whatever, part of it is re-
flected or driven back. 1875 BRYCE Holy Rom. Emp. (ed. 5)
Pref., The great events of 1866 and 1870 reflect back so
much light upon the previous history of Germany.
absol. 1730 A. GORDON Maffei's Amphith. 351 The red. .
and yellow Coverings of the Theatre reflected back on
the_ Assembly of Spectators,, .undulating the whole with
their Colours. 1869 TYNDALL in Fortn. Rev. i Feb. 244
It [a cloud] is absolutely incompetent to reflect upwards or
downwards.
b. To emit, give out (a light), as the result of
reflection.
1719 DE FOE Crusoe I. xii, The Walls reflected a hundred
thousand Lights to me from my two Candles. 1727-46
THOMSON Summer 170 The briny deep, .. Restless, reflects
a floating gleam.
0. Of mirrors or other polished surfaces : To give
back or exhibit an image of (a person or thing) ;
to mirror. Also absol.
IS9» SHAKS. Ven. ff Ad. 1130 Two glasses where hersell
herself beheld A thousand times, and now no more reflect
1713 ADDISON Cato i. vi, The floating mirrour shines, Re-
flects each flow'r that on the border grows. 1765 GOLDSM.
Double Transf. 82 The glass. .Reflected now a perfect
fright. 1790 COWPER Mother's Pict. 93 The floods that show
Her beauteous form reflected clear below. 1816 SHELLEY
A lastor 501 The rivulet .. Reflecting every herb and drooping
bud That overhung its quietness. 1836 LANDOR Penc. ff
Asp. Wks. 1846 II. 386 A shallow water may reflect the sun
as perfectly as a deeper. 1864 BOWEN Logic i It is like a
mirror reflecting the objects that are held up before it.
b. fg. and in fig. context. To reproduce or
exhibit after the fashion of a mirror.
a 1771 GRAY Dante 63 When I beheld My Sons, and in
four Faces saw my own Despair reflected. 1784 COWPER
Tiroc. 92 If all we find possessing earth, sea, air, Reflect
his attributes who placed them there. 1821 SHELLEY
Prometh. Unb. n. iv. 84 And mothers, gazing, drank the love
men see Reflected in their race. 1858 FROUDE Hist. Eng.
111. xvii. 498 The law., reflects the plain sentiments of the
better order of average men. 1874 GREEN Short Hist. yiii.
S i. 455 This balanced attitude of the Crown reflected faith,
fully enough the balanced attitude of the nation.
7. Of persons : To throw or cast (blame, dis-
lionour, etc.) on or upon a person or thing, rare.
1670 BAXTER Cure Ch. Div. Addit. Direct. Pastors § 14
\Vhen you reprove those weak Christians.. reflect not any
disgrace upon piety itself. 1700 CONGREVE Way of World
i. lii, Do you reflect that guilt upon me, which should lie
mried in your bosom ? 1809 E. CHRISTIAN in Blackstone's
tomtit. II. 160 If it were not presumptuous to reflect a
censure upon a doctrine, .sanctioned by illustrious names.
b. Of actions, circumstances, etc. : To cast or
>ring (dishonour, credit, etc.) on or upon a person
ir thing.
1675 R. BURTHOGGE Causa Dei 45 All the Aggravations
(effected on the faulty Action by this Transcendent Object,
769 ROBERTSON Chas. y, vi. Wks. 1813 VI. 103 Of all the
transactions in the emperor's life, this, .reflects thegreatest
ishonouron his reputation. 1834 PRINGLE Afr. Sk. xi. 351
'he attention given to education in this district .. reflects
:ie highest credit on the inhabitants. 1884 Manch. Exam.
May 5/4 The contest .. reflects more credit upon the
intrepidity than upon the wisdom of the belligerents.
II. Intransitive senses.
t 8. Of beams or rays of light : To return, turn
back, after striking or falling upon a surface. 06s.
1530 PALSGR. 682/2, I reflecte, as the sonne beames do
that strike upwards from the grounde agayne. ye re/fecte.
Je reuerbere. I can nat abyde here, the sonne beames
reflecte so sore. 16*4 QUARLES Sions Sonn. v. i From
Thee Reflect those rayes, that haue enlightned nice. 1625
REFLECT.
342
REFLECTION.
N. CARPENTER Geog. Del. i. ix. (1635) 205 The Sunne darts
forth his Rayes at right Angles, which reflect backe vpon
themselues. 1687 A. LOVELL tr. Thevenot's Trav. i. 260
Sore Eyes are.. caused by the burning heat of the Sun,
which reflects from the Ground upon the Eyes. 1703 MOXON
Mech. Exerc. 346 When the Sun Shines upon the Glass at
Nodus, its Beames shall reflect upon the Hour of the Day.
t b. To shine, cast a light. Obs.
1588 SHAKS. Tit. A. \. ii. 226 Lord Saturnine, whose
Vertues will I hope, Reflect on Rome as Tytans Rayes on
earth. 1590 GREENE Never too late (1600) G, When the
glister of your beauty surpassing them both [Venus and
Diana], reflected like the pride of Phoebus on my face, I
perceiued it was my good Mistresse. 1653 BINNING Serm.
Wks. (1735) ii It is that Love of God. reflecting upon our
Souls, that carries the Soul upward to him.
c. To appear imaged or mirrored.
1819 KEATS Lamia i, 380 A silver lamp whose phosphor
glow Reflected in the slabbed steps befow. 182* CLARE
Vill. Mtnstr. I. 208 Brooks curl o'er their sandy bed ; On
whose tide the clouds reflect.
1 9. To deviate, to go to or come away from
a place, Obs. rare.
1547 BOORDE Brev. Health § 236 This impediment doth
come of the corruption of humours reflectynge more to a
pertyculer place then tovnyversall places. 1593 R. BARNES
Parthenophil, Madr. xxiv. in Arb. Garner V. 405 Then from
her sphere did Venus down reflect, Lest Mars by chance her
beauty should affect.
flO. To return; to turn, come, or go back. Obs.
1608 T. MORTON Preamb. Encounter i To throw dust
against the wind, which will reflect and returne with greater
violence upon his own face. 1614 RALEIGH Hist. World \.
(1634) 41 Where the River of Euphrates reflecteth from the
Desart of Palmlrena. Ibid. ii. 217 At Etham he rested but
one night, and then he reflected back from the entrance
thereof and marched away directly to the South. 1654 tr.
Scudery's Curia Pol. 127 These Cogitations reflected on
me with shame to my selfe. 1693 BENTLEY Boyle Lect, vii.
25 Inanimate unactive Matter moves always in a streight
Line, and never reflects in an Angle, nor bends in a Circle . . ,
unless [etc.]. 1717 J. KEILL Anim. Oecon. (1738) 118 They
must necessarily hit one against another, and being elastic,
reflect from one another.
f b. To bend or be bent back. Obs.
1756 P. BROWNE Jamaica 352 The leaves stand in the
same manner, reflecting a little backwards from the direction
of the foot-stalks. 1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) VIII. 465/2
A Chain affixed thereto, reflecting over the back.
1 11. To cast a look or glance upon a thing ; to
have a bearing upont etc. Obs.
1613 FLETCHER, etc. Captain iv. v, Let thine eyes Reflect
upon thy soul, and there behold How loathed black it is.
1653 R. SANDERS Physiogn. 36 The hands are big, and of
a pale colour, reflecting somewhat on the Ethiopian. 1657
HAWKE Killing is M. 46 That it reflected not so much upon
his own good, as the welfare of the Commonwealth, that he
should be safe. 1662 H. MORE Philos. Writ. Pref. Gen.
(1712) 17 Which latter in all likelihood was a glance at the
third day's work. But the former part, that affirms the
ground eternal, reflects upon the first.
t b. To bestow attention or regard upon a per-
son or thing ; to set a value on, Obs. rare.
1611 SHAKS. Cymb. \. vi. 24; He is one of the Noblest note.
. . Reflect vpon him accordingly, as you value your trust.
a 1661 FULLER Worthies (1840) III. 213 He became a
favorite to the duke of Florence, who highly reflected on
his abilities.
12. To turn one's thoughts (back) on} to fix the
mind or attention on or upon a subject ; to ponder,
meditate on\ f think of (quot. 1751).
1605 B. JONSON Volpotte n. i, Would I reflect on the
price ? Why, the whole world is but . .as a private purse to
the purchase of it. 1652 NEEDHAM tr. Selderfs Mare C.
500 That I may reflect a little upon the point of sea
Dominion. 1687 A. LOVELL tr. Thevcnofs Trav. i. 134
Having reflected a little on the Danger which we had
escaped, we viewed the second Pyramide. 1726 BUTLER
Serm, Hum. Nat. i. Wks. 1874 II. 9 We are plainly consti-
tuted such sort of creatures as to reflect upon our own
nature. 1751 Female Foundling IJ. I0) \ would for ever
blot out of my Memory, and reflect of nothing for the
future but my Obligations to you. 1860 TYNDALL Glac.
L xxli. 155, I paused here for a moment, and reflected on the
work before me. 1879 LUBBOCK Addr. Pol. $• £duc. viii.
147 It is a melancholy subject to reflect on.
b. With objective clause introduced by thaty
what, how, etc.
1703 MAUNDRELL Journ. Jems. (1732) 14, 1 have sometimes
reflected for what reason the Turks should [etc.]. 1709 MRS.
MANLEY Seer. Mem. (1736) 2, 1 sat down in an Easy Chair to
reflect what I had best to do. 1777 SIR W. JONES Ess. Poetry
E. Nat. in Poems, etc. 178 They do not reflect that every
nation has a set of images, and expressions, peculiar to itself.
^1854 H. REED Lect. Eng. Hist. i. (1856) ii Reflect how
often our sense of truth is impaired or impeded. 1894 HALL
CAINE Manxman v. xxi, He reflected that he had no right
to do this.
c. Without const. : To employ reflection.
1704 NORRIS Ideal World n. iii. 121 There is but here and
there a man that reflects.. and carefully observes what's
doing in his own mind. 1715 DE FOE Fam, Instruct, i. i.
(1841) I. 7 Reflect, argue, and know both yourself, and Him
that made you. 1772 PRIESTLEY Inst. Kelig. (1782) I. 124
It is necessary, .that we think and reflect before we act.
1825 COLERIDGE A ids Refl. (1831) 3_The noblest object of
reflection is the mind itself, by which we reflect. 1841
TAMES Brigandxx\t I wish you to pause, reflect, and judge
before you decide.
13. To cast a slight or imputation, reproach or
blame, on or upon a person or thing ; to pass
a censure on. Also without const, (quot. a 1718).
1631 MASSINGKR Emperor East iv. v, In this you reflect
Upon my empress? 1644 CROMWELL Sp. g Dec. in Carlyle^
1 am far from reflecting on any. 1 know the worth of those
commanders. 1676 DRYDEN Aurengz. in. i, But since my
Honour you so far suspect, 'Tis just I should on your
Designs reflect, a 1718 PENN Maxims Wks. 1726 1. 833 Re-
flect without Malice but never without Need. 1756 C.
LUCAS Ess. Waters II. 61, I would not be thought to re-
flect upon this very eminent physician's practice. 1794 in
Bloomfield Amcr. Law Rep. 21 Divers Expressions re-
flecting on the Authority of the Court. 1849 MACAULAY
Hist, Eng. vi. II. 115 The clergy were strictly charged not
to reflect on the Roman Catholic religion in their discourses.
14. Of actions, circumstances, etc. : To cast or
bring reproach or discredit on a person or thing.
1647 CLARENDON Hist. Reb. i. 1 200 Not the less pleased to
find, that the Prejudice of that whole Transaction reflected
solely upon the Arch Bishop. 1654 BRAMHALL Just Vind.
ii. (1661) 7 These were but personal heats, which reflected
not upon the publick body of the Church. 1691 NORRIS
Pract. Disc. 167 We are generally more impatient of what
reflects upon our Intellectuals, than of what reflects upon
our Morals. 1709 STEELE Taller No. 39 F 13 111 Language,
and brutal Manners, reflected only on those who were
With light from hence, though but reflected, shines. 1704
J. HARRIS Lex. Techn. I, Reflected Ray, or Ray o/Ke-
flection^ is that whereby the Reflection is made upon the
only
on her daughter. i8a8 SCOTT F. M. Perth viii, I cannot
endure to see our townsman beaten and rifled. ..It reflects
upon the Fair Town. 1878 Bosw. SMITH Carthage 329
A series of terrible atrocities.. which reflects seriously on
the state in whose service the worst offenders were.
b. To cast a certain light or character on.
1856 FROUDE Hist* En*. (1858) I. v. 399 His conduct,
though creditable to his ingenuity, reflects less pleasantly
on his character.
Hence fRefle'ctant, areflectingsubstance. Obs.-1
1706 FRAZER Disc. Second Sight ^ Ess. Witchcr* (1820) 171
Any lucid, smooth and solid reflectant.
Reflected (r/nVkted), ppl.a. [f. REFLECT v.}
1. Bent, folded, or turned back ; recurved.
1611 SPEED Hist. Gt. Brit. vi. xxiii. 227 His haire for
more ornament long hee wore in reflected curies vpon his
shoulders. 1861 HULME tr. Moquitt'Tandon. u. in. ii. 8i
A thick peristome, terminating in an abrupt or reflected
margin.
2. Turned, cast, or thrown back ; sent in a re-
verse direction ; coming indirectly. In later use
chiefly transf. from b.
c 1380 WYCLIP StL Wks. II. 299 pe first si;t is even si;t, as
man seeb bing bat is bifore him ; pe secounde si?t is reflected
whan it is turned ajen bi myrour, 1636 tr. Ifobbes* Elem.
Philos. in. (1839) 275 If two strait lines, which fall upon
another strait line, be parallel, their reflected lines shall be
also parallel. 1773 Life N. Frowde 116 You can feel no
Anxiety.. but what must assail my Bosom, with reflected
Force. 1836 LAMB Elia Ser. n. Wedding, On these occa-
sions I am sure to be in good-humour for a week or two
after, and enjoy a reflected honey-moon. 1840 Penny CycL
XVI. 153/1 The motions that result from the reflected
influence evince design. 1875 MeL,AREN Serm. Ser. ii. ii. 30
The prayer that prevails is a reflected promise.
b. esp. of light, colour, or heat.
1667 MILTON /'. L. in. 7^23 That Globe whose hither side
i. 1704
of Af-
,_pon the
Surface of a reflecting Body_. 1746-7 HERVEY Medit. (1818)
142 Beautified, .with colourings of reflected crimson. 1794
J. HUTTON Philos. Light) etc. 109 Another term for that
which has been called obscure or reflected heat. 18*7
POLLOK Course T. x, In native and reflected blaze of bright
Celestial equipage. 1869 TYNDALL in Fortn, Rev. i Feb.
237 The blue light of the sky is all reflected light.
fc. Of dialling: (see quot.). Obs. rare—*.
1710 J. HARRIS Lex. Techn. II, Reflected Dialling is the
Art of describing.. all the Furniture of Dials on such Places
as the Suns direct Rays can never come to directly, but
only by the help of some reflecting Surface.
fd. Gram. = REFLEXIVE 5.
1727-41 CHAMBERS CycL s.v. Verbt [A verb is called] re-
flected, where the action returns upon the agent.
3. Mirrored, imaged on some surface.
1784 COWPER Task i. 702 A lucid mirror, in which Nature
sees All her reflected features. 1818 SHELLEY Rev. Islam
i. xxii, That strange boat.. did sway Amid reflected stars
that in the waters lay. 1886 SHELDON tr. Flaubert's Sa-
lammbo 12 The reflected torch flames quivered to the very
bottom.
Hence Refle-ctedly adv., Befle-ctedness.
1727-41 CHAMBERS CycL s.v, JI//rw.The object A radiates
reflectedly, in the same manner as it would do directly.
1863 S. WILBERFORCE £ss. (1874) I. 323 He had neither
the theological learning nor the calm sagacious reflectedness
necessary for working out.. such tangled threads.
"Mfcefle'Ctent, a. Obs. rare-1, [ad. L. re-
flectent-em, pres. pple. of reflectors to REFLECT.]
That reflects, reflecting.
1644 DIGBY Nat. Bodies xiii. (1658) 134 Refraction at the
entrance into the reflectent body is towards the perpen-
dicular.
Reflecter (rifle'ktw). [f. REFLECT v, + -ER*.
Cf. REFLECTOR.]
1. One who makes or casts reflections on another.
1686 SHERLOCK Papist not Misrep. 2 The Reflecter craftily
insinuates that we grant all his Misrepresentations.. to be
ignorant, childish, or wilful Mistakes. 1704 SWIFT Tale T.
Apol., For the greater part, the Reflecter is intirely mis-
taken. 1726 — Gulliver iv. xii, The Tribes of Answerers,
Considerers . . , Observers, Reflecters. 1748 RICHARDSON Clar-
issa I. xlii, I was a reflecter again . . Such venom in words !
2. A lamp provided with a reflector, rare"*.
1782 GentL Mag. LII. 588 The miserable lanthorns and
candles.. have given place, .to 1200 rtverberes (or reflecters)
made of polished tin.
Reflectibi'lity. rare — l. [See next + -ITY.]
Capacity for being reilected.
1705 C. PUSSHALL Mech. Macrocosm 256 And therefore
they have all the same Degree of Reflect ibility.
Refle-ctible, a. [f. REFLECT v, + -IBLE.]
That may be reflected.
1828-32 WEBSTER cites GREGORY.
Reflecting (r/fle-ktin), -vbl sb. [f. as prec. +
-ING !.] The action of the vb. in various senses.
1530 PALSCR. 261/2 Reflectyng, reflection^ renerheration
1578 BANISTER H(st. Man i. 35 This maner of the ioynt
serueth to the bowyng, and reflectyng of the foote. 1594
CHAPMAN Shadow Night Div, As when the sunnebeams..
dance vpon a wall, that is the subject of his [the sun's] faire
Apollo III. No. 156. 2/1 The Earth's reflecting of t~~ „„,. .
Light. 1712 ADDISON Spect. No. 418 p 5 We are delighted
with the reflecting upon Dangers that are past.
attrib. 1826 HENRY Elem. Chem. I. 477 In general the
reflecting power was found.. to be proportionate to the
degree of polish.
Reflecting (rflfle-ktirj), ///. a. [-ING 2.]
1. That reflects, or casts back, light or images of
things. *f Reflecting glass, a mirror,
1591 Troub. Raigne K. John (1611) 59 The murtherers
That rob me of your faire reflecting view. 1591 KYD Sol. ft
Pers. i. iii. 130, I am now captiuated with the reflecting eye
Of that admirable comet Perseda. 1601 SIR W. CORNWALLIS
Ess. n. xlv. (1631) 258 The truest reflecting glasses, are
those that present particular mens lives. 1734 WATTS
Reliq. J\tv. Pref. (1789) 8 When a reflecting glass shews the
deformities of a face so plain as to point to the person [etc.J.
1823 J. BADCOCK Dom. Ainusem. 51 The two reflectors, .or
as we term them— ' reflecting surfaces'. 1841-4 EMERSON
Ess., Friendship Wks. (Bohn) I. 92 It never troubles the
sun that some of his rays fall wide.. and only a small part
on the reflecting planet.
b. Provided or fitted with some arrangement or
apparatus serving to reflect light or images; esp.
reflecting telescope.
1704 J. HARRIS Lex. Techn. I, Reflecting^ or Reflexive
Dyals, are made by a little piece of Look ing-Glass- Plate,
duly placed, which reflects the Sun's Rays to the top of
a Ceiling, &c. where the Dyal is drawn. Ibid., Reflecting
Telescope. i7»a POPE Let. to R. Digby 10 Oct., Have ye
not Reflecting Telescopes whereby ye may innocently mag-
nify her Spots and Blemishes ? 1771 in Picton L'pool Munic.
Rec. (1886) II. 242 The reflecting lights fixed up at the
Light-houses for this Port. i8oa Brookes' Gazetteer (ed. 12)
s.v. Port Patrick, The. .quays, .with a reflecting light-
house. 1831 BREWSTER Optics v. 51 The two constitute
a reflecting microscope. 1842 BRANDS Diet. Sci.t etc. s.v.
TfitKt&tflU reflecting telescopes the speculum or mirror
performs the office of the object glass in those of the re-
fracting kind. 1849 SIR F. B. HKAD Stokers $ Pokers x.
(1851) 96 Lighted by four large reflecting lamps.
2. Casting reflections on a person or thing. (In
common use from c 1690 to 1715.)
1687 A. FARMER in Magd. Coll. $ Jos. If (0. H. S.) 74
Certificates, the most reflecting contents of which they
disown, « 1715 BURNFT Ovjtt 'lime\\\. (1734) II. 412 The
Lower House . . brought up injuriousand reflecting Addresses
to the Upper House. 1768 BLACKSTONE Comm. III. 125
Neither., are any reflecting words made use of in legal pro-
ceedings, and pertinent to the cause in hand, a sufficient
cause of action for slander.
3. Having or exercising reflection or thought;
characterized by reflection.
1711 SHAFTESB. Charac. (1737) II. n. n. i. 119 Every
reasoning or reflecting Creature. 171* BLACKMORE Creation
i. (ed. 2) 6 To pursue That End . . Demands a Conscious, Wise,
Reflecting Cause. 1823 LAMB Elia Ser. ii. Poor Relations^
With a reflecting sort of congratulation, he will inquire the
price of your furniture. 1849 MACAULAY Hist. Eng. iv. I.
478 Grave and reflecting men.. augured from such begin-
nings the approach of evil times.
Hence Reflextingly adv.
1688 BOYLE in Wks. (1772) I. Life, p. cxxyi, Sometimes
naming him [the true author] as it were incidentally, and
peradventure reflectingly_. 1701 NORRIS Ideal World \. L
21 He may not indeed think of it reflectingly and distinctly.
1838 New Monthly Mag. LI 1 1. 541 Well and reflectingly
hath Wordsworth told us that the simplest flower [etc.].
Reflection, reflexion (nfle-kfsn). Also
5-6 refleccio(u)n, 6 reflyxyon,reflextion. [a.
F. reflexion (Hth c.), or ad. late L. reflexion-em
(med.L. also refection-em} : see REFLECT v. and
FLEXION.
The etymological spelling with x is the earliest, and is
still common in scientific use, perh. through its connexion
with reflex ; in the general senses the influence of the verb
has made the form with ct the prevailing .one.]
fl. ? A reflexive influence on the mind. Obs.~~l
c 1384 CHAUCER H. Fame i. 22 As yf folkys complexions
Make hem dreme of reflexions.
2. The action, on the part of surfaces, of throw-
ing back light or heat (rays, beams, etc.) falling
upon them ; the fact or phenomenon of light and
heat being thrown back in this way.
Angle of reflection, the angle which the reflected ray
makes with a perpendicular to the surface (for with the
surface itself).
£1386 CHAUCER Sqr.*s T. 222 It myghte we) be Naturelly
by composicions Of Anglis and of slye reflexions. 1412-20
LYDG. Chron. Troy i. iii . (1555) B vi/2 Whan Phebus beames. .
cause the eyer by reflection To be full hoote. 1481 CAXTON
Myrr. 11. xxxi. 125 Of the reflexion ye myrrour smyteth on
the walle and shyneth theron as longe as the rayes of the
sonne endure in the glasse. 1559 W. CUNNINGHAM Cosmogr.
Glasse 42 The lower region . . is tnorowe the reflextion of the
Sonne beames rebounding from th' earth also made hoote.
1613 PURCHAS Pilgrimage I. viii. (1614) 43 The reflection or
refraction of the Sunne-beames in a waterie cloud. 1660
K.. COKE Justice Vind. 10, I therefore probably conclude,
REFLECTION.
that the heat in summer is caused from the reflexion of the
sun. 1716 SWIFT Gulliver in. iii, Twenty Lamps, .which,
from the Reflection of the Adamant, cast a strong Light
into every Part. 1753 CHAMBERS Cycl. Snpp. s.v., Rays of
light being supposed. .to be reflected by a given curve, so
as to make the angle of reflexion equal to the angle of
incidence. 1841 Penny Cycl. XIX. 349/2 Heat being
capable of reflection, like light, the rays of the sun may be
collected by a concave speculum in its principal focus.
1869 TVNDALL in Fortn. Rw. i Feb. 240 When a luminous
beam impinges at the proper angle on a plane glass surface
it is polarized by reflexion.
fig. 1606 SHAKS. Tr. 4 Cr. in. iii. 99 Man.. Cannot make
boast to haue that which he hath ; Nor feeles not what he
owes, but by reflection. 1651 N. BACON Disc. Govt. Eng.
u. xv. (1739) 79 They are like the Sun gone down, and must
rule by reflection, as the Moon in the night.
b. The result of such reflecting of light; reflected
light or heat.
1555 EDEN Decades 246 The raynebowe is a reflection of
thebeames of the soonne in the vapoure of a clowde, 1601
SIR W. CORNWALLIS Ess. u. xxix. (1631) 33 Rather choosing
to be a glimmering reflexion, then a true and reall light.
1667 MILTON P. L. in. 428 That side which from the wall
of Heav'n..som small reflection games Of glimmering air.
1727-46 THOMSON Summer 439 In vain the sight, dejected
to the ground, Stoops for relief; thence hot-ascending
steams And keen reflection pain. 1796 MORSE Amer. Geog.
II. 312 Almost blind and with their skin terribly burnt by
the reflection of the snow.
fig. 1598 BARCKLEY Felic. Man (1631) 686 If we examine
our coldness in our love to God ; wee shall perceive the
reflexion of it to our neighbour to bee frozen. 1611 SHAKS.
Cymb. i. ii. 33 Shee's a good signe, but I haue seene small
reflection of her wit. 1686 tr. Chardin's Coronal. Solyman
6^ The Lustre of Gold cast such a powerful reflection upon
his Lordly senses.
3. The action of a mirror or other polished sur-
face in exhibiting or reproducing the image of an
object ; the fact or phenomenon of an image being
produced in this way.
c 1430 LYDG. Reas. fy Sens. 5757 This welle most royall
Was y-pavyd with cristall, Shewyng by refleccioun Al the
estris enviroun. 1601 SHAKS. *Jul. C, i. ii. 53 The eye sees
not it selfe but by reflection. By some other things. 1653
H. MORE Antid. Ath. in. xvi, Reflexion makes the images
more dim then direct sight. 1777 SIR W. JONES Ess. Poetry
E. Nat. in Poems, etc. 186 Both drew their images from
nature herself, without catching them only by reflection.
1809-10 COLERIDGE Friend (1865) 26 Occasioning us at first
to mistake images of reflection for substances. 1831 BREW-
STER Nat. Magic ii. (1833) 34 The image was as distinct
and perfect as if it had been formed oy reflexion from
a piece of mirror glass. x86oTvNDALL Glac. i. xv. 101 In
its blue depths each ice mass doubled itself by reflection.
b. An image or counterpart thus produced.
1587 GOLDING De Mornay v. 57 It was of necessitie, that
this vnderstanding of God should yeeld a reflexion backe
again to it self, as a face doth in a Lookingglasse. 1693
DRVOEN Eleonora 137 As the sun in water we can bear,
Vet not the sun, but nis reflection there. 1839 Athenteuin
26 Jan., An apparatus, .to receive a reflection of the scene
without. 1870 J. H. NEWMAN Gram. Assent n. vi. 188 The
mind is like a double mirror, in which reflexions of self
within self multiply themselves till they are undistinguish-
able. 1877 BLACK Green Past. ii. (1878) n There was not
a breath of wind to break the reflections of the trees on the
glassy surface.
nature. 1882 FARRAR Early Chr. II. 20 We might perhaps
see in this fact a reflexion of the unbending character of the
writer.
c. The fact of colour being thrown by one
thing upon another ; a colour, hue, or tint received
in this way ; also Zool. a colour varying in different
lights, an iridescence.
1614 RALEIGH Hist. World n. (1634) 219 This Sea was so
called from a reflection of rednesse. .from the banks, clifts
and sands of many Hands. 1638 JUNIUS Paint. Ancients
285 Goe to then, Painter, confound red roses with good
store of Hllies, and what reflexion the aire taketh of them,
let that be the colour of her face. 1805 A. KNOX Rent.
(1844) I. 16 The purple and gold.. seems clearly an un-
conscious reflection of that yet unrisen sun. 1840 Penny
Cycl. XVIII. 64/1 Feathers., golden-green, with grey edges,
and all are glossed with brilliant metallic reflections. 1874
Ibis July (1886) 258 The greater wing-coverts, .with greenish
black reflections, but without any white.
4. The action of bending, turning, or folding
back ; recurvation. Also _/?£•.
1553 BRENDE Q. Cttrtius 167 Croked Erymanthus with
hys many turnynges and reflexions is consumed by the
inhabitours with wateryng their grpunde. 1587 GOLDING
De Mornay v. 62 This Vnderstanding, by a certeine Re-
flexion of it selfe vpon it selfe, hath begotten vs a second
person. 1610 GUILLIM Heraldry n. iv. 44 A Bunched
Line is that which is carried with round reflections or
bowings vp and downe, making diuers hollow Crookes or
Fun-owes-^ a 1667 JER. TAYLOR Apol. Liturgy Pref. § 8 The
first reflexions of a crooked tree are not to straightness, but
to a contrary incurvation. 1692 BENTLEY Boyle Lect. vii. 25
§ Inanimate unactiye Matter moves always in a straight Line,
nor ever reflects in an Angle, nor bends in a Circle (which
is a continual Reflexion), unless [etc.]. 1758 I. LYONS
Fluxions vii. § 191. 142 If a curve instead of being continued
beyond the ordinate is reflected from it,.. that ordinate is
said to pass through a point of Reflection or Cusp. 1870
ROLLESTON Anim. Life 47 [The] umbilicus is partly con-
cealed by the reflection over it of the pcristome.
f b. The action of bringing back from a state
of anger or estrangement. Obs. rare — l.
1598 CHAPMAN Iliad xvm. 404 Mightie suppliance, By
all their graue men hath bene made, gifts, honors, all pro-
posde For his reflection.
343
f o. The action of turning back from some
point ; return, retrogression. Obs. rare.
1605 SHAKS, Macb. i. h. 25 As whence the Sunne gins his
reflection, Shipwracking Stormes, and direfull Thunders
[break]. x66a J. BARGRAVE Pope Alex. VII (1867) 123
Ashes of the Mount Vesuvius, near Naples, which was
4 times the poynt of my reflection, — I facing about for
England from the topp, or crater,, .of that mountain.
*jrd. Astron. (See quote.) Obs. rare— *.
Reflection in the. .Copernican System is the Distance of
the Pole from the Horizon of the Disk ; which is the same
thing as the Sun's Declination in the Piolemaick Hypothesis.
5. The action of throwing back, or fact of being
thrown or driven back, after impact. (Said of
material objects, sound, etc., and _/#-.)
1643 FULLER Holy <$• Prof. St. in. iii. 157 It sheweth more
wit but no lesse vanity to commend ones self not in a strait
line but by reflection. 1656 tr. H abbes' Eletn, Philos. in.
(1839) 274 In this place.. let it be supposed that the angle of
incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. 1662 HOBBES
Seven Prob. Wks, 1845 VII. 21 The air comes out again
with the same violence by reflection. 1703 KELSEV Serin.
149 It is but like the rebounding of a Ball betwixt the
Hardness of two Walls, where the Reflection is continued
till the Force be spent. 1799 J. WOOD Princ. Meek. vi.
130 The velocity of the body after reflection is equal to it's
velocity before incidence. 1831 BREWSTER_ A'at. Magic
ix, (1833) 221 Many remarkable phenomena in the natural
world are produced by the reflexion and concentration of
sound. 1884 A. DANIELL Princ. Physics xiv. 413 Reflexion
of sound is familiarly illustrated by the Echo.
b. Phys. The action, on the part of a nerve-
centre, of returning an impression received ; reflex
action.
1836 SIR J. FACET in Mem. v. (1901) 93 He is certainly a
sharp fellow, but I should think rather monomaniac on the
reflections. 1840 Penny Cycl. XVI. 153/1 In all these cases
sensation coexists with the reflection of the impression
through the motor nerves.
6. Animadversion, blame, censure, reproof.
1651 N. BACON Disc. Gavt. Eng. n. xiv. (1739) 78 As their
work is full of reflection, so formerly they had met with
HEARNE Collect. 23 Dec. (O. H. S.) II. 82 The Duke was
oppos'd by y« Dr,..not without some sharpness and Re-
flection. 1748 RICHARDSON Clarissa. \. vi, If I have de-
served reflection, let me not be spared. 1818 SCOTT Hrt.
Midi, ii, Robertson uttered not a word of reflection on his
companion for the consequences of his obstinacy.
b. A remark or statement reflecting, or casting
some imputation, on a person.
1647 CLARENDON Hist. Reb. iv. § 49 All those sharp Re-
flexions which could be made upon the King himself.
1658-9 in Burton's Diary (1828) III. 238 It is a reflexion
upon the whole House. I am sorry to hear that said. 167$
R. BURTHOGGE Causa Dei 11, I abhor Reflections and
Hard Words, as neither Philosophical, nor Civil, nor
Christian. 1718 PRIOR Solomon in. 459 May no reflection
shed Its poisonous venom on the royal dead. 1788 PRIEST-
LEV Lect. Hist. iv. xx. 161 The Baeotians were Plutarch's
countrymen and he could not bear that any reflection, though
ever so just, should be cast upon them. 1830 HALLAM
Hist. Lit. HI. v. § 43 He cannot restrain himself from re-
flections on kings and priests when he is most contending
for them. 1870 MAX MULLER Sc. Kelig. (1873) 395 Had his
personal reflections concerned myself alone.
C. An imputation ; a fact or procedure casting
an imputation or discredit on one.
1663 GKRBIER Counsel 5 An ill built Palace leaves a per-
petual reflection of Ignorance on the Builder. 1673 GREW
Anat. Roots Ep. Ded., To insist hereon too much, might be
a reflection upon Your Judgments. 17x1 ADDISON Sped.
No. 189 p 7 It Is one of the greatest Reflections upon
Human Nature that Paternal Instinct should be a stronger
Motive to Love than Filial Gratitude.
f 7. Reference, relation, connexion. Obs.
x6a8 T. SPENCER Logick 20 Those 10. things, are pro-
pounded, not as meere and simple beings : but, in respect of
that reflection, or relation which ariseth out of them, vnto
our ynderstanding. Ibid. 191 They haue no reflexion, or
relation to any thing before man. 1664 MARVELL Corr.
Wks. 1875 II. 177 That His and Your present prosperity
may have as strong a sympathy and reflexion.
8. The action of turning (back) or fixing the
thoughts on some subject; meditation, deep or
serious consideration.
a 1674 CLARENDON Surv. Leviath. (1676) 20 We shall with
less reflexion pass over his fourth Chapter. 1704 NORRIS
Ideal World n. iii. 122 By reflection we come to know the
true state of human nature. 1726 BUTLER Strut. Hum.
Nat. ii. Wks. 1874 II. 28 Our real nature leads us to be
ally for itself. 1785 _
i. vii. 37 Mankind act more from habit than reflection.
1837 LANDOR Pentam. Wks. 1846 II. 309 It is only the
hour of reflection that is at last the hour of sedateness
and improvement. 1869 TYNDALL Notes^ Lect. Light § 373
A moment's reflection will make it plain [etc.]. 1873 M.
ARNOLD Lit. $ Dogma (1876) 43 note, Surely it must on
reflexion appear that this is by no means so.
f b. Recollection or remembrance of a thing.
Also without const. Obs.
1655-87 H. MORE App. Antid. (1712) 193 This torture
arising.. out of reflexion of what it has suffered. 1694
CONGREVE Double Dealer n. vii, Though jt made you
a little uneasy for the present, yet the reflection of it must
needs be entertaining, a 1704 T. BROWN Exg. Satirt W)u*
1730 I. 25 Making them [vices] as bitter in the Reflection as
..they might be suppos'd pleasant in the Enjoyment.
REFLECTIVE.
O. Philos. The mode, operation, or faculty by
which the mind has knowledge of itself and its
operations, or by which it deals with the ideas
received from sensation and perception.
1690 LOCKE Hum. Und. u. i. § 4 By Reflection then,..
I would be understood to mean, that notice which the
Mind takes of its own Operations, and the manner of them.
1691 NORRIS Refi. Locke's Ess. Hum. Und. 61 Ideas of
(1867) I. 98 Was there nothing to guide man but the reports
of his senses? Democritus said there was Reflection. 1853
ABP, THOMSON Laws Th. § 48 Reflection is ascertainment of
points of resemblance and points of difference.
9. A thought or idea occurring to, or occupying,
the mind.
1647 CLARENDON Hist. Reb. i. § 25 These reflections were
so terrible to htm that they robbed him of all peace and
quiet of mind. 1671 R. MONTAGU in Bucclenck AfSS. (Hist.
MSS. Comm.) I. 510 See whether upon second reflections
the King will say anything to me. 1716 LADV M. W.
MONTAGU Let. to C^tess Bristol 22 Aug., These reflections
draw after them others that are too melancholy. 1791
COWPER Retired Cat 108 Then stepped the poet into bed,
With this reflection in his head. 1833 N. ARNOTT Physics
(ed. 5) II. 84 The reflection will naturally occur here [etc.].
1866 CRUMP Banking ix. 207 A fact suggesting rather a
singular reflection.
b. A thought expressed in words; a remark
made after reflection on a subject.
1659 HAMMOND On Ps. Prcf. 3 Beside his many inci-
dental reflexions on this Book of Psalms, a 1704 T. BROWN
Eng. Satire Wks. 1730 I, 25 The reflections are beautiful,
founded upon true learning and give a just reputation to
their author. 1750 JOHNSON Rainbler No. 31 P 3 When an
account was brought him of his son's death, he received it
only with this reflection, ' I knew that my son was mortal '.
1819 SHELLEY Peter Bell yd v. xu, Odd collections Of
saws and proverbs, and reflections Old parsons make in
burying-grounds. 1839 HALLAM Hist. Lit. n. vii. § 36 The
reflections are usually of a moral cast.
10. attrib. and Comb.y as reflection-coiner, time.
1711 SHAFTESB. Charac. (1737) III. 95 The celebrated
wits.., casual discoursers, reflect ion -coiners, meditation-
founders [etc.]. 1889 Anthony's Photogr. Bull. II. 285 In
my case the reflection time is over.
Hence Beflextional a., due to reflection ; Re-
fle-ctioning1, the action of reflecting ; Befle'ction-
ist, one who theorizes on the subject of reflection ;
Refle ctionless adv., without a reflection.
1748 RICHARDSON Clarissa (1811) VI. 3 But reflectioning
apart, thou seest, Jack, that her plot is beginning to work.
1861 RUSKIN Arrows of Chace (1880) I. 300 Whenever
I have seen a rainbow over water.. it has stood on it
reflect Ion less. i86a F. HAI.L Refut. Hindu Philos. Syst.
63 The bondage of the soul, consisting in its connexion
with misery, which is reflexional, is unreal. Ibid, 243 Such
as say thus, the reflexionists [etc.J. 1878 S. H. HODGSON
Philos. Reflection \\. v. I. 226 Idealist (or rather Re-
flectionist) in philosophy.
Reflective (r/fle-ktiv), a. and sb. [f. REFLECT
v. + -IVE. Cf. REFLEXIVE, and mod.F. rdjfectif.]
A. adj. That reflects, in various senses.
1. a." That gives back an image or reflection of
an object ; that mirrors or reproduces.
1627 FELTHAM Resolves n. Ixxix. 226 Domitian's reflectiue
Galleries, could not guard him from the skarfed arme. 1718
PRIOR Solomon in. 705 In the reflective stream the sighing
bride, Viewing her charms impair'd, abash d shall hide Her
pensive head. 1791 E. DARWIN Bot. Card. \. 156 Each
bright stream. ., Reflective fountain, and tumultuous tide.
1867 ELLACOMRE in Trans. Exeter Dioc. Archit. Soc.
Ser. u. I. 105 All the panels are filled with plate glass, the
reflective power of which is greatly admired. 1886 RUSKIN
Prxterita I. vi. 175 The polished floor, .as reflective as
a mahogany table.
fig. 1848 GILFILLAN in Tail's Mag. XV. 511 A man's
times are reflective of the man, as well as a man of the
times.
b. That throws back something striking or falling
upon the smface ; esp. that reflects light.
174* tr. Algnrotti on l Newton's Theory* II. 205 Where
the attractive Force is greatest, the reflective and repulsive
is greatest also. 1867 G. F. CHAMBEKS Astron. 81 When
viewed by the naked eye the Moon presents a mottled
appearance ; this arises from our satellite being unequally
reflective. 1871 tr. Schelli-n?s Sfectr. Anal. xviiL 64 The
reflective substance of a prism.
O. Gram. = REFLEXIVE 5.
1843 Penny Cycl. XXVI. 253/1 The so-called Reflective
verb is in form either a transitive verb, .or a passive verb.
2. Of light : Produced by reflection, reflected,
borrowed.
1666 DRVDRN Ann. Mirab. ccliii, His beams he to his
royal brother lent, And so shone still in his reflective light.
1773 J. Ross Fratricide iv. 357 (MS.), Now their broad
blades encount'ring in mid air Shot through the darkness
a reflective light. 1867 BAILEY Univ. Hymn 6 Moon, whose
gleam Reflective, types the God-light, wherewith shines
Man's soul.
b. Reflex, reciprocal.
1839 I. TAVLOR A nc. Chr. I. 386 Could such things happen
without producing a reflective effect on the religious senti-
ments and manners of the men most nearly concerned?
f 3. That makes or contains reflections or censures
on or upon a person. Obs.
1668 PEPVS Diary 13 Sept., Little [is] said reflective on
me, though W. Pen and J. Minnes do mean me in one or
two places. i677GiLi'iN Demonol. (1867) 334 At .such times
men are too apt to entertain cruel thoughts of God, and
sadly reflective upon His mercy or justice.
REFLECTIVELY.
4. Of mental faculties : Of or pertaining to reflec-
tion (on what is presented to the mind).
1678 NORRIS Misc. (1699) 276 The Soul, whose reflective
Faculty will not fail to give her information. 1718 PRIOR
Solomon I. 739 Forc'd by reflective reason, I confess, That
human science is uncertain guess. 1858 O. W. HOLMES
A ut. Breakf.-t. vi. 50 The Poet says, that rapidly growing
towns are most unfavourable to the imaginative and re-
flective faculties.
b. Given to, commonly exercising, thought or
reflection ; meditative, thoughtful.
1810 Blaclrw. Mag. VI. 688 The very model of an accom-
plished, reflective, and affectionate English matron. 1833
COLERIDGE Table-t. 23 Oct., Elegy b the form of poetry
natural to the reflective mind. 1870 DICKENS E. Drood
iii, Until her face, which has been comically reflective,
brightens.
c. Proceeding from, due to, reflection.
1863 E. V. NEALE Anal. Th. t, Nat. vi. 71 The first half
of such a judgment as ' the bridge is of iron, therefore it is
strong ', is only reflective.
B. sb. fl. A mirror. Obs. rare—1.
1710 MRS. MANLEY Secret Mem. II. 251 If any one were
but for ten Years forbid that View, and then to have the
Reflective brought,. . they would be.. at a loss to know
their own outward Form.
2. pi. The organs or faculties of reflection.
1895 Funk's Stand. Diet.
Refle-ctively, adv. [f. prec. + -LY 2.]
1. After reflection or consideration ; deliberately.
'774 WRAXALL Tour North. Europe (1776) 260 Our Eng-
lish papers, which are reflectively and on principle the
avowed vehicles of falshood over all Europe. 1875 WHIT-
NEY Life Lang. ii. 16 A peculiar red.. was, reflectively and
artificially, called by its inventor magenta.
2. In a reflective or thoughtful manner ; thought-
fully, meditatively.
1825 HONE Every-day Bk. I. 810 They.. go homewards,
reflectively. 1863 E. C. CLAYTON (Mrs. Needham) Cruel
Fortune I. 244 ' It does seem like it, to be sure, when one
comes to think it over ', observed Jessop, reflectively. 1887
Spectator 2 Apr. 458/2 Any one who looks back on it
reflectively, and remembers rather than reads.
3. By way of reflection (from one thing to another);
indirectly, in consequence.
1855 Miss COBBE Intuit. Mor. 70 It cannot be because
the happiness of our brethren will reflectively produce our
own. 01876 HT. MARTINEAU Autooiogr. (1877) I. n. 101
We had.. a great reverence for Mrs. Barbauld and, re-
flectively, for Dr. Aikin, her brother.
Reflectiveness, [f. as prec. + -NESS.] The
state or quality of being reflective.
intellectual reflectiveness.
So Reflecti'vity.
1881 MRS. LYNN LINTON My Lave II. iii. 55 The value of
the image is its comprehensiveness,, .the facetted quality of
its reflectivity.
t Refle'Ctly, adv. Obs.-1 [f. REFLECT a. +•
-LY 2.] In a reflected manner ; by reflection.
1635 SWAN Spec. M. (1670) 293 The Optick Masters con-
fess and prove, that the forms of the Stars are compre-
hended of the sight reflectly, and not rightly.
Reflectcvmeter. [See -OMETEB.] An instru-
ment for measuring the extent to which a substance
reflects light.
1895 Timts 14 Jan. 4/6 Among new. .methods introduced
by recent discoveries were the use of the reflectometer.
Reflector (rffle-kt<Xi). [f. REFLECT v. + -OR *.
Cf. REFLECTEB and mod.F. reflecteur]
T 1. One who reflects or meditates. Obs. rare.
1665 BOYLE Occas. Refl. Disc. Occ. Medit. (1848) 53 In
that which we suppose our Reflector now considering.
T 2. One who casts reflections ; a censor, critic.
1688 in Somers Tracts (1748) 1. 304 Had he been a Foreigner,
as our Reflector terms him, it might have looked like an
intended Conquest. 1748 RICHARDSON Clarissa Ixxxvii.
(1768) VII. 327 Mighty generous, 1 said, ..in such insolent
reflectors.
3. A reflecting telescope, microscope, etc.
1767 MICHELL in Phil. Trans. LVII. 261 To obtain such
a pencil, we must not make use of a refracting telescope. .
of less than 15 inches, nor a reflector of less than nearly two
feet aperture. 1794 G. ADAMS Nat. $ Exp. Pkilos. I. xxii.
471 No reflector was heard of for near half a century after
[Newton's]. 1837 GORING & PRITCHARD Microgr. 15 [Re-
flecting Engiscope.] A clasp of diaphragms to be applied to
the tube of reflectors itself. 1868 LOCKYER Gitillemin's
Heavens (ed. 3) 485 Telescopes, both refractors and re-
flectors, are eagerly sought after.
4. A body or surface which reflects (rays of) light,
heat, sound, etc.
1800 HENRY Epit. Chetn. (1808) 30 Metals, therefore, are
much better reflectors [of heat] than glass. 1863 J. G.
MURPHY Comm., Gen. i. 16-19 1'ne full-orbed reflector of
the solar beams, as she is during the night. 1879 ROOD
Chromatics 12 As a general thing polished metallic surfaces
are the best reflectors of light.
b. spec. A specially prepared surface of metal
or glass (usually of a curved or concave form), for
the purpose of reflecting rays of light or heat in
a required direction.
1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) X. 54/2 The effect of these
[lamp-lights] may be increased by placing them.. before
properly disposed glass or metal reflectors. 1801 Ibid.
Suppl. II. 395/2 Reflector for a lighthouse is composed of
a number of square plane glass mirrors. 1816 KIRBY & Sp.
Entomol. 1. IV. 519 Cause a lanthorn to be made with
a concave back, and furnbhed with a reflector, c 1860
344
FARADAY Forces Nat., Electric Light 153 At Teignmouth,
some of the revolving lights have ten lamps and reflectors,
6. A polished surface exhibiting images of objects ;
also spec, (see quot. 1894).
1831 BREWSTER Nat. Magic vi. (1831) 1^7 Where or what
the reflector could be which exhibited this image, I cannot
conceive. 1839 G. BIRD Nat. P Alias. 300 The images of the
objects placed between the reflectors are seen most beauti-
fully arranged when the latter form an angle, which is an
even aliquot part of a circle. 1894 Westm. Gaz. 23 Apr. 3/1
Sometimes .. the sharper .. has recourse to ..' reflectors .
These are exceedingly well-made little instruments . . used to
4 reflect '.. the cards held by the players.
fiE' T®37 ^T< MARTINEAU Soc. Amer. III. 39 The children
are such faithful reflectors of this spirit as to leave no doubt
of its existence, even amidst the nicest operations of cant.
b. spec. The speculum of a reflecting telescope.
1815 /. SMITH Panorama Sc. f, Art I. 492 [Gregorian
Telescope.) At the bottom of the tube.. is placed the large
concave reflector. 1871 ROSCOE Elem. Chent. 185 An alloy
of 33 parts of tin to 67 of copper.. is known as speculum*
metal and employed for the reflectors of telescopes.
6. That which reflects, in other senses.
1840 Penny Cycl. XVI. 153/1 They. .lose themselves in its
central grey matter — the recipient and reflector of the im-
pressions which they convey.
Reflecto rially, adv. rare. [f. as next + -AL
+ -LY 2.] Reflexly, by reflex action.
1876 BRISTOWE Th. tt Pracl. Med. (1878) 759 Peristaltic
movements, for the most part reflectorially excited from the
mucous surface.
Refle'ctory, a. rare,-0, [f. REFLECT z>. +
-OBY.] Capable of being reflected (Cent. Diet.).
Refle dge, v. [RE- 5 a.] tram. To fledge
again. Hence Kefle'dging vbl. sb.
1819 SOUTHEY Pilgr. Compostclla n. xxi, In flew the
feathers, ..And the Cock and the Hen in a trice were
refledged. 1850 BROWNING Easter Day xxiv, Scared if the
South firmament With North-fire did its wings refledge 1
1889 PATER G. de Latour(i&cj6) 63 The flush and re-fledging
of the black earth itself in that fervent springtide.
Refl.ee, v. [RE- 5 a.] intr. To flee again.
1598 SYLVESTER Du Bartas it. ii. iv. Colttmnes 672 Yet
thence, re-fled, it [astronomy] doth th' Arabians try.
11 Reflet («fl{). [F., earlier refles, ad. It. ri-
flesso reflection, REFLEX sb. : the modern spelling
has app. been influenced by L. refecterc.] Colour
due to reflection, lustre, iridescence ; spec, a metallic
lustre on pottery.
1861 H. MARRYAT Year in Sweden II. 358 Black wool,
with a silvery ' reflet ', or iron gray. 1888 A thenxum 6 Oct.
454/1 The pottery . .errs in the extreme of coppery tints and
too emphatic rejiets of the metallic sort.
attrit. 1886 S. G. W. BENJAMIN Persia .% the Persians
287 The reflet tiles in which a copper tint b prominent may
be considered as generally coming from Natnenz.
Reflex (rrfleks, r/nVks), sb. [ad. late L. re-
flex-its, a bending back, recess, return, f. ppl. stem
of reflectSre to REFLECT. Cf. Sp. refleja (-flexo),
It. riflcsso.]
1. Reflection of light (or heat) ; reflected light ;
light or colour resulting from reflection.
App. not in common use from c 1660 to 1840.
15^8 DUNBAR Gold. Targe 33 Bcwis bathit war in secund
bemys Throu the reflex of Phebus visage brycht. 1594
BLUNDEVIL Exerc. iii. (1636) 377 The lowest Region
b hot by the reflexe of the Sunne, whose beames first
striking the earth, do rebound back againe to that Region.
1615 W. LAWSON Country Housew. Card. (1626) 3 Quinches
. .will not like in our cold parts, vnlesse they be helped with
some reflex of Sunne. 1611 QUARLES Argalus $ P. Wks.
(Grosart) III. 261 Shall every day, wherein the earth does
lack The Sun's reflex, b' expell'd the Almanack? 01711
KEN Hymns Festiv. Poet. Wks. 1721 I. 222 Who taught
her Love to Heav'n the readiest way On his Reflex of
Fontal Godhead's Ray. 1843 CARLYLE Past 4- Pr. n. ii.
The illimitable Ocean, tinting all things with its eternal
hues and reflexes. i8« C. BRONTE yilletle xiv, The reflex
from the window, .lit his face. 1874 LAWSON Dis. Eye 159
The margin of the lens exhibiting a brilliant yellow reflex.
trans/, and^ff. 1601 FULBECKE *nd Ft. Parall. 74 If
God doe still vouchsafe the Moone-dial! of this darksome
life, with the reflexe of his intellectual! illumined influence.
1647 CLARENDON Contempl. Ps. Tracts (1727) 437 We shall
have always some such rays of comfort from the reflex of
that beautiful prospect. i86a MERIVALE Rom. Emp. (1865)
V. xl. 8 The fame of ancient Hellas was mainly a reflex
from the preeminent glory of Athens. 1866 FENTON Attc.fr
Mod. Gr. II. v. 358 The transient reflex of ancient pros-
perity., sank in the long night of slavery.
b. spec, in Art and Arch. The light reflected,
or supposed to be reflected, from a surface in light
to one in shade.
1695 in Dryden tr. Dufresnoy Obs. P 200 The fineness
of stuffs or garments which b not to be discern'd but by the
Colours, the Reflexes, and more especially by the Lights and
Shadows. 1717-41 CHMnze.BsCycl.,Re/lextReflect,\n paint-
ing, is understood of those places in a picture which are sup-
posed to be illuminated by a light reflected from some other
body represented in the same piece. 1784 J. BARRY in
Lect. Paint, v. (1848) 182 Masses of light, half-lights, darks
and half-darks, and reflexes. 1807 OPIE ibid. iii. 296
Gradations of middle tint, local colour, and reflexes. 1842
GWILT A rchit. § 2484 The varieties of reflexes are almost
infinite.
2. The reflection or image of an object, as seen
in a mirror or surface acting as such.
1638 SIR T. HERBERT Trav. (ed. 2) 146 Black shining
Marble.. so bright and jetty, as we could easily view our
reflex, no steel mirror comparing with it. 1663 A rcn-biiun.
12 Spots in the Sun and Moon are better discovered by
observing them in their Reflexes and Images in the Water.
1805 WORDSW. Prelude I. 450 To cut across the reflex of a
REFLEX.
star That., gleamed Upon the glassy plain. i
Poems 124 So their wan limbs no more might come between
The moon and the moon's reflex in the night
fig- »*43 Sllt T. BROWNE Relig. Med. i. § 13 We behold
Him but asquint, upon reflex or shadow.
\>.Jig. An image, reproduction ; something which
reproduces certain essential features or qualities of
another thing. (The usual sense in current use.)
1683 KENNETT tr. Erasm. on Folly 5 My Visage, the exact
reflex of my Soul. ^16-17 COLERIDGE Lay Strut. (Bohn)
416 As the motley reflexes of my experience move in long
procession .. before me. 1847 DISRAELI Tancred vi. viii, It
was the race that produced these inimitable forms, the
idealised reflex of their own peculiar organisation. 1878
\.KX.I Eng. in iSlAC. I.ii. 180 It may even very materially
contribute to make legislation a reflex of the popular will.
1 3. The act of bending or turning the mind (back)
upon a subject ; reflection. Obs.
1594 HOOKER Eccl. Pol. I. iv. § 3 It seemeth therefore
that there was no other way for angels to sin, but by^ reflex
of their understanding upon themselves. 1643 SIR T.
BROWNE Relig. Med. t. § 7 A serious reflex upon my own
unworthiness did make me backward from challenging this
prerogative of my Soul. 1658 T. WALL Charact. Enemies
Ch. 46 Pride was first begot in Heaven by the reflex of an
Angels understanding upon his own excellency.
tb. A reflection; a remark made after con-
sideration. Obs.
01641 BP. MOUNTAGU Acts <V Man. (1642) 377 Saint
Jerom's Reflexe upon a passage of Tertullian's examined.
1660 HOWELL (title) The Parly of Beasts,.. with Reflexes
upon the present State of most Countries in Christendome.
1 4. A glance or side look (lit. and/,f.) ; indirect
reference or allusion. Obs.
1630 BRATHWAIT Eng. Gentlem. (1641) 15, 1 have not a little
wondered.. how any man, having reflex, by the eye of his
Soule, to hb first fall, should glory in these, .rags of shame.
1646 J. GREGORY Notts <r Ots. (1650) 06 The przcepts in the
Law.. are still set downe with a reflex upon the Heathen
Rites. 1650 ELDERPIELD Tythes 148 Sometimes in direct
assertion, oftner by glance and occasionall reflexe, but by
supposition constantly ever.
•fo. Return, rebound; indirect action or opera-
tion. Obs.
a 1613 OVERBURY A Wi/e, etc. (1638) 45 Whence in their
face, the Faire no pleasure have, But by reflex of what
thence other take. i6»6 LAUD Serin, v. Wks. 1847 !• '3'
Some directly concern God, and some only by reflex. 1683
D. A. Art Converse 44 Let us abstain from railery least it
return by reflex upon our selves.
6. Phys. A reflex action.
1877 LEWES Phys. Basis Mind 461 The sensations ot
contact and temperature will excite reflexes. 1899 A Mutt's
Syst. Med. VI. 905 In the early stages of the dbease the
reflexes are increased.
Reflex (n'fleks, rffle-ks), a. [ad. L. reflex-us,
pa. pple. of reflecttrt to REFLECT. Cf. F. rtflcxc
(i6th c.), Sp. reflejo (-flexo), It. riflesso.]
1. Bent or turned back ; recurved.
1658 ROWLAND Moufet's Theat. Ins. 957 They couple
sometime with their tails averse, sometimes reflex. 1751
J. HILL Hitt. Aniiu. 64 A number of white, reflex hairs.
1753 CHAMBERS Cycl. Sufp. s.y. Leaf, Reclinate or rrfiex
Leaf, one which has its summit lower than its base. 1791
Cow PER Iliad ill. 418 At the disk, with blunted point
Reflex, hb ineffectual weapon stay'd. 1869 DVMKIM Midn.
Sky 15 The reflex zenith-tube.
Comb. l8ae Greenhouse Camp. II. 25 M[alva] tridacty-
hides, reflex-flowered Mallow,.. a shrub introduced from the
Cape of Good Hope in 1791.
fb. Of motion : Reversed or changed after impact.
1704 NORRIS Ideal World ii. iii, We say a motion b..
reflex when there b a change of its determination upon the
rencontre of another body which it cannot move or displace.
2. Of light, rays, etc. : Reflected.
1681 FLAVEL Right. Man's Re/. 256 Our love to God is
but the reflex beam of his love to us. c 1705 BERKELEY
Commonpl. Bk. Wks. 1871 IV. 465 No more than a de-
formed person ought to cavil to behold himself by the reflex
1881 SHORTHOUSE J. Inglesatit (1882) II. 152 A reflex light,
ethereal and wonderful, coming from the sky behind him.
fig. 1847 EMERSON Repr. Men, Montaigne Wks. (Bohn)
I. 349 The last class must needs have a reflex or parasite
faith.
b. Reflected, as in a mirror. rarc~ '.
1678 CUDWORTH Intell. Syst. I. v. 638 A kind of Notional
World, which hath some Reflex Image, and correspondent
Ray, ..to whatsoever is in the true and real world of being.
3. Of acts of thought : Directed or turned back
upon the mind itself or its operations. Chiefly in
reflex act.
1649 JER- TAYLOR Gt. Exemp. I. in. § 9 The Soul. .can pro-
duce the same effects by reflex acts of the understanding.
01676 HALE/VUM. Orig. Man. i. i. (1677) 24 Which I call
the reflex act of the Soul, or the turning of the intellectual
eye inward upon its own actions. 1704 NORRIS Ideal World
II. iii. 120, 1 conceive that then thought is said to be. .reflex,
when the same act of thought terminates upon itself, or
b its own object. 17*8-74 TUCKER Lt. Nat. (1834) I. 129
There is a reflex act, whereby the mind turns inward upon
herself to observe what ideas arise in her view. 1850
M«CoSH Dio. Govt. (1852) 312 The delightful sensations of
moral approbation which rise up on the reflex contemplation
of such affection. 1870 J. H. NEWMAN Gram. Assent n. vi.
158 An act of consciousness .. is a reflex act with its own
object, viz. the act of knowledge itself.
b. Derived from, consisting in, the conversion of
! the mind or thought upon itself.
0165* J. SMITH Sel. Disc. iv. 82 This reflex knowledge
I whereby we know what it is to know. 1665 GLANVILL
\ Scepsis Sci. i. 14 A pure intellectual eye may have a sight
REFLEX.
of it in reflex discoveries, 1736 BUTLER Anal. Diss. ii. 311
It does not appear, that Brutes have the least reflex Sense
of Actions as distinguished from Events. 1850 M'Cosii
/7iV. Govt. lit. i. (1874) 331 When the reflex moral faculty, or
the conscience, surveys virtuous action, it proclaims it good.
4. Coming by way of return or reflection.
1822 HAZLITT Table-t. Sen H.xviii.(i86g) 376 It is the im-
mediate pursuit, not the remote or reflex consequence that
gives wings to the passion. 1833 CHALMERS Const. Ulan
(1834) I. ii. ioo The secondary or reflex gratification which
there is in the consciousness of benevolence. 1866 DK.
ARGYLL Reign Law i. (ed. 4) 12 That knowledge has a reflex
influence on our knowledge of ourselves.
5. Phys. a. Reflex action^ involuntary action of
a muscle, gland, or other organ, caused by the ex-
citation of a sensory nerve being transmitted to
a nerve-centre, and thence 'reflected' along an
efferent nerve to the organ in question.
1833 Proc. Royal Soc. III. 210 He [Dr. M. Halll dis-
tingiushes muscular actions into three kinds : . . thirdly, those
resulting from the reflex action above described [see REFLECT
v. 4]. 1840 Penny Cyc I. XVI. 153/1 In decapitated animals (in
which the reflex actions are more remarkable than under
any other circumstances). 1851 CARPENTER Man. Phys.
(ed. 2) 518 From the best judgment we can form of the
actions of the Star-fish,., we may fairly regard the greater
number of them as simply reflex. 1871 DARWIN Emotions
i. 35 Coughing and sneezing are familiar instances of reflex
actions.
b. Of the nature of, characterized by, or con-
nected with, such action.
1833 M. HALL in Proc. Royal Soc. III. 210 On the Reflex
Function of the Medulla Oblongata and Spinalis. 1840
Penny Cycl. XVI. 151/2 When the spinal chord remains, its
passage may be indicated by the phenomena of reflex motion.
1878 FOSTER } hys. n. i. § 2. 208 The ganglion in fact acted
as a reflex centre. 1899 Allbutfs Syst. Med.Vll. 618 The
natural and imperious reflex cough being diminished.. by
the depth of coma.
6. Gram. Reflexive.
1873 EARLB Philol. Eng. Tongue (ed. 2) § 469 The accu-
sative pronoun of all the persons performed for a long period
the double office of a direct and a reflex pronoun.
Reflex (rffle-ks), v. [f. L. reflex-, ppl. stem
of refiectere to REFLECT.]
1. trans. To bend, fold back, recurve ; = RE-
FLECT v. a. Chiefly Her. and Bot.^ and only in pa.
pple. (cf. REFLEXED///. a. 4).
157* BOSSEWELL Armorie H. 48 The fielde is verte, twoo
Apes . . combat tan te, with tayles reflexed. 1610 GUILLIM
Htraldry vi. vii. (1611) 280 A chaine. -passing betweene his
fore legs and reflexed ouer his backe. 1655 FULLER Wounded
Consc., Ornithologje (1867) 244 This Eagle had its bill ..
reflexed back again into his mouth. 1760 J. LEE Introd.
Bot. n. xvii. (17^63) 107 The Stigma bipartite and acute, with
the lower Lacinia reflexed. 1771 Antiq. Sarisb. 182 A
monster lying at his feet, with his head reflext on his tail.
1861 MRS. LANKESTER Wild Fl. 125 The petals are reflexed,
and turn over. 1868 CUSSANS Her. 209 note> Their tails
passing between their legs, and reflexed over their backs.
1874 DARWIN Insectiv. PI. iv. 71 With the outer tentacles
slightly reflexed.
f2. To reflect (light, vision, etc.). Obs.
^1380 [see REFLEXED^*//. a. i]. a 1586 Satir. Poems Re~
form, xxxvii. 22 Ay moir brycht and burning is J>e beymis
Off Phebus face, bat fastast ar reflexit. 1594 R. ASHLEY tr.
Loys U Roy 4 The Sun beames reflexed doe heate. 1658
tr. Portals Nat. Magic VIH. 230 The Cockatrice . . giveth
venimous wounds with the beams of his eyes: which being
reflexed upon himself,., kill the Author of them.
t b. To throw, cast (beams) on a place. Obs.
1586 MARLOWE isf Pt. Tamburl, in. i, For neither rain
can fall upon the earth, Nor sun reflex his virtuous beams
thereon. 1591 SHAKS. i Hen. VIt v. iv. 87 May neuer
glorious Sunne reflex his beames Vpon the Countrey where
you make abode.
f 3. To reflect, mirror, image (an object). Obs.
1633 DRUMM. orHAWTH. Entertainm. Charles Wks.(i856)
228 When Iber's streams reflex'd thy glorious face! 1657
W. RAND tr. Gassendt's Life Peiresc n. 96 Contemplate the
Image being reflexed by the Retina and restored.
1 4. intr. Of heat : To strike upon a thing, and
be reflected. Obs.-*
163* LITHGOW Trav. vi. 202 What with.. the great heate
reflexing vpon the sand, and from the sand to our faces, we
were miserably turmoiled.
f 5. To reflect, meditate, etc., on a subject. Obs.
1631 R. H. Arraignnt, Whole Creature iv. 22 To drive
this naile further to the very head : reflexing more fully on
the Prodigals huskes.
fKeflexcye. Obs. rare-1, [app. f. REFLEX sb.
or a. + -CY, but perhaps a misprint.] Reflection.
1589 Almond for Parrot 16 The very reflexcye of my
fury, shall make thee driue thy father to the gallows, for
begetting thee.
Reflexed (r/fle-kst\ #/. a. [f. REFLEX z/.]
1. Of light, etc. : Reflected, thrown back ; due to,
or caused by, reflection.
^1380 WYCLIF Sel. Wks. II. 299 pe bridde si^t is reflexid
whan it comej* bi dyvers meenes, and Jwi ben on divers
kyndis, as be moone is seen a^ens ni^t. 1595 J. KING Queens
DavSerm. in Jonas (1618) 690 Our loue to other, .comming
as broken and reflexed beames from our loue to God. 1613
JACKSON Creed iv. in. viil § 5 Any reflexed splendour from
the favourable aspect of earthly majesty. i66a BARGRAVE
Pope Alex. VII (1867) 134 This glass., will render the re-
flexed species of the outward object full and large.
t 2. Directed backwards. Cf. REFLEX a. 3. Obs.
1656 in Clarendon Hist. Reb. xv. § 113 When we take
a reflexed [1704 reflex] view of our past actions. 1659
Gentl. Calling (1696) 102 Cheating has usually a reflexed
efficacy, and deceives none more than those that use
it. a 1676 HAI K Prim. Orig, Man. I. i. (1677) 20 By con-
Vol.. VIII.
345
sldering the reflexed acts of our Understanding, whereby
we know many acts of our own minds and Soul.
f3. = REFLEX a. 4. Obs. rare—1.
1667 Decay Chr. Piety v. F ii This secondary and reflext
apologie for Christs law.
4. Turned, bent, or folded back. Cf. REFLEX v. i.
X733 MILLER Card. Diet. (ed. 2) s.v. Cassia^ Barbadoes
Cassia, with a reflex'd Cup, and pointed leaves. 1818 KIRBY
& SP. EntomoL xxi. (ed. a) II. 238 The reflexed head simu-
lating a tail curled over its back. 1854 HOOKER Himal.
Jrtils. II. xx. 77 Inflated reflexed bracts, that conceal the
flowers. i88a Garden 7 Oct. 312/2 A very handsome and
full reflexed flower.
Comb. 1777 LIGHTFOOT Flora. Scot. II. 755 Reflex'd-leav'd
Hypnum,
b. (See quot.)
1836 RAFINESQUE Amer. Nations I. ii. 66 The Resup'mate
or Reflexed Group [of American languages] : where the
roots or nouns substantive are reversed, following the ad-
jectives or epithetes, which are prefixed.
Reflexibi-lity. [f. next + -ITY. Cf. F. r(-
flexibilitl ( 1 4th c., Oresme ; but in mod. use adopted
from English).] Capability of being reflected.
1673 NEWTON in Rigaud Corr. Sci. Men (1841) II. 351
Whence it is that the same rays exhibit the same colours,
when separated by any other means ; as by their different
reflexibility. 1718 PEMBERTON Newton's Philos. 370 The
sun's light differs in reflexibility, those rays being most re-
flexible, which are most refrangible. 1797 BROUGHAM in
Phil. Trans. LXXXyil. 375 It is evident, lhat neither re-
flexibility nor refrangibility will account for either sort of
rings, 1808 HERSCHEL ibid. XCIX. 267 In consequence of
the different reflexibility of the differently coloured rays.
Reflexible (rffle-ksib'l), a. [f. REFLEX v.
Hence F. rlfoxible.] Capable of being reflected.
1706 W. JONES Syn. Palmar. Matheseos 301 The Light of
the Sun consists of Rays that are differently Reflexible and
Refrangible. 1794 J. HUTTON Philos. Light, etc. 20 Such
an opinion, as that heat is a thing eradiated and reflexible.
1821 IMISON Sc. fy Art I. 229 The waves of sound being
thus reflexible, nearly in the same manner as the rays of
light.
So Bcfle'xile a. nonce-wit.
1797 BROUGHAM in Phil. Trans. LXXXVII. 384 The rays
which are most flexible.. are most refrangile, reflexile, and
flexile.
t Refle'xing, ppl. a. Obs. rare. [f. REFLEX v.
+ -ING 1.] That reflects, in senses of the vb.
1606 J. RAYNOLDS Dolarney's Prim. (1880) 62 The hot re-
flexing rayes Of bright Apollo. 1632 LITHGOW Trait, x. 488
This reflexing heart.. Can by experience conster well, your
Churches Sire and Dame.
Reflexion, -al, -1st : see REFLECTION.
t Refle'xious, a. Obs. rare—1, [f. REFLEX sb.
+ -iocs.] Qf the nature of a reflection.
1680 J. AUBREY in Lett. Eminent Persons (1813) II. 255
But shee needed neither borrowed shades, nor reflexious
lights, to set her off.
t Refle'xity. Obs. [f. as REFLEX a. + -ITY.]
1. Shining, reflection, rare—1.
£1485 Digby Myst. (1882) 111.441 Heyl, oryent, as be sonne
In his reflexite !
2. Reflexibility. nonce-use.
1797 BROUGHAM in Phil. Trans. LXXXVII. 361, I now
tried to measure the different degrees of reflexity, £c. of
the different rays.
Reflexive (rifle-ksiv), a. and sb. [ad. L. type
*reflexivus : see REFLEX v. and -IVB. Cf. F. ri-
flexif, -ive (Cotgr. 1611), Sp. reflexive, It. ri-
Jlessivo, and see also REFLECTIVE.] A. adj.
1. a. Capable of turning or bending back. rare.
1588 J. READ tr. Arcseus" Compend. Meth. 60 b, Who
would not feare the force, the pearcing and power reflexiue
of Quicksiluer. 1884 A. DANIELL Princ. Physics xiv. 413
The reflexive power of flame is nearly the same as that of
tracing-paper.
•)• b. Capable of reflecting light. Obs. rare.
1676 BOYLE mPhil. Trans. XI. 787, 1 found the Confining
surface very strongly reflexive.
fc. Reflected (as light). Obs. rare—1.
1676 HALE Contemfl. n. 201 Though the Glory of thy
Essence, cannot receive any increase t>y this reflection, yet
thou art pleased everlastingly to perpetuate this thy re-
flexive Glory.
t 2. Of mental operations : Turned or directed
back upon the mind itself. Obs.
1640 Bp. REYNOLDS Passions xxviii. 295 In those two
Offices of Reason, the Transient and Reflexive act, that
whereby we looke Outward on others ; or Inward on our
selves. 1656 JEANES Mixt. Schol. Div. 42 Then the mind
in it's reflexive workings can proceed in infinitttm. a 1708
BEVERIDGE Priv. Th. I. (1730) i Being not capable of a re-
flexive act, they know it not.
t b. Capable of, inclined to, or characterized by,
reflection or serious thought ; reflective. Obs.
1653 H. MORE Antid. Ath. n. v. (1712) 53 Man, in whom
there is a principle of more fine and reflexive Reason. 1655-
87 — Aff. Antid. (1712) 193 This must be in a knowing,
passive, and reflexive Subject. 1684 T. BURNET Th. Earth
i. 287 To the attentive and reflexive, to those that are un-
| prejudic'd. 1751 School of Man (1753) 37 Their sensitive
DU! bears such marks of a reflexive intelligence.
1 3. Reciprocal, correspondent. Obs.
! Ref. r78 Nor. .are our thoughts as Gods in respect of re-
flexive comprehension.
f4. Reflecting on a person. Obs. rare—1.
01716 SOUTH Serin. (r744)X. 174, I would fain know what
man.. there is that does not resent an ugly reflexive word.
5. Gram. Of pronouns, verbs, and their sigmfica-
REFLOURISH.
tion : Characterized by, or denoting, a reflex action
on the subject of the clause or sentence.
1837 G. PHILLIPS Syriac Gram. 114 The ordinary method
of expressing a reciprocal or reflexive sense. 1861 MAX
MULLER Sc. Laitg. viii. 299 The mere addition of certain
letters, which give to every verb a negative, or causative, or
reflexive, or reciprocal meaning. 1867 J. HADLEY Ess. xi.
205 A shortened form of the reflexive pronoun.
O. Of a reflex character.
1871 FARRAR Witn. Hist. iv. 138 He reduced religion to a
reflexive ceremony of empty proprieties. 1888 J. T. GULICK
in Linn. Soc. Jrnl. XX. 200/2 Reflexive Selection is the
exclusive generation of those better fitted to the relations in
which the members of the same species stand to each other.
B. sb. 1 1. An object reflecting light. Obs.-1
1686 GOAD Celest. Bodies\. ix. 27 That there may be found
as much variety in them as in other Reflexives, i.e. Plain,
Convex or Concave Glasses.
2. A reflexive verb or pronoun.
1866 Trans. Phil. Soc. 88 We are still capable of forming
a double set of reflexives. 1867 J. HADLEY Ess. xi. 209 The
reflexive which serves to express the passive is a causal
reflexive.
Befle'xively, adv. [f. prec. + -LY 2.] In a
reflexive or reflecting manner, by way of reflection
(in various senses).
1674 Govt. Tongue 223 Not only directly, .but reflexively
also, in respect of what may rebound to our selves. 1678
CUDWORTH Intel!. Syst. i. v. 636 Reflexively examining
himself whether he have a phantasm, or sensible idea, be-
longing to every word, or no. a 1716 SOUTH Twelve Serin.
•(1717) VI. ros Ay, but he spoke slightly and reflexively of
such a Lady. 1858 CASWALL Poems 192 Thyself by nurture,
meditation, grace, Reflexively reveal'd. 1867 C. J. SMITH
Syn. * Antonyms, Abeyance, f\\t term has been transferred
reflexively from the person waiting to the thing waited for.
Refle'xiveness. [f. as prec. + -NESS.] The
l state or quality of being reflexive.
1667 H. MORE Div. Dial. I. n. 234 There not being that
Reflexiveness..in Bsutes in their suffering as in rational
Creatures.. 1881 WESTCOTT & HORT Grk. N. T, II. App.
144 The reflexiveness is so direct that a refusal to admit the
rough breathing introduces language completely at variance
with all Greek usage.
So Reflexi'vity.
1653 H. MORE Antid. Ath. in. xvi. 137 Ready from every
part to be reflected if the clouds had any such reflexivity in
them. 1891 MRS. H. WARD tr. Amiels Jrnl. 32 Less re-
flexivity and more plasticity . . would raise the style of Vinet.
ReflVxly, adv. [f. REFLEX a. + -LY ".] In a
reflex manner. (Common in recent use.)
1839 HALLAM Hist. Lit. iv. iii. § 20 No body can act re-
flexly on itself. 1878 H. C. WOOD Therap. (r879) 255 Con-
traction of the pupil before dilatation . . is probably caused
reflexly by irritant action of the atropia.
Reflexo'genous, a. Path. [f. REFLEX a, :
see -o.] Producing reflex action. So Beflezo-
! genie a. {Cent. Diet. 1891.)
1899 Allhttt's Syst. Med. VI. 521 Certain bone surfaces
are similarly very dependably ' reflexogenous '.
t Refle-xnre. Obs. rare-1. [See REFLEX v.
and FLEXUBE.] A bend or fold.
1578 BANISTER Hist. Man VIH. ioo The thinne Membran
. .made in reflexures, should nourish the substaunce of the
? Refli'rt, v. Obs. rare-1. In 7 reflurt. [RE-.]
trans. To toss back again.
1652 News fr. Low-Countr. n If carping Momes shall
flurt in Podex's face A Flout, .. Podex, with a full Breath,
reflurts it back.
t Refloa t, sb. Obs. rare. [ad. obs. F. reflot :
see RE- 2 a and FLOAT sb. a.] A flowing back ;
reflux, ebb (of the tide).
1594 [see FLOAT ii. 2]. 1626 BACON Sj/foa §907 The Maine
Float and Refloat of the Sea. .which is. .Part of the Di-
urnal Motion.
So f Befloa't v.1 intr., to flow back, ebb. Obs.-"
1631 SHERWOOD, To reflote, refloter.
Refloat (nfltfi-t), v.2 [RE- 5 a.] trans. To
float, set afloat, again. Hence Befloa'ting vbl. sb. ;
also Befloata, tion.
1871 Daily News 14 Jan., The necessary operations for
the refloating of the French war vessel. 1883 Manch.
Exam. 24 Oct. 7/1 The company undertook to refloat, at
their own expense, any vessel that went ashore in the canal.
1892 Pall Mall G. 22 Nov. 2/1 The refloating of all the
colonial loans. . . By such a refloatation there would be a
saving of about one per cent.
Refloenge, obs. form of REFLOWINO vbl. sb.
Befloo, obs. form of REFLOW v.
t ReflOTO, v. Sc. Obs. rare-1. In 6 refloir.
[f. RE- 5 a + -fare, as in deflore DEFLOWER.] trans.
To cause to flourish again ; =REFLOWEK v. i.
1560 ROLLAND Crt. Venus \. 295 VVith superabundant
Mirth, melodic, thow dois my hart refloir.
Reflore scence. [RE- 5 a ; or f. L. reflore-
scire to flower again + -ENCE.] A blossoming
again, a second florescence.
¥721 in BAILEY, a 1792 HORNE Due. xvi. Wks. 1809 IV.
302 By the reflorescence of that mortal part which he drew
from the stem of Jesse. 1880 SWINBURNE Stud. Shahs. 17
A famous.. example of this reflorescence.
So Beflore'scent a.
1897 Dublin Rev. Oct. 398 The classic forms so exu-
berantly renorescent in the sixteenth century.
Reflourish (rif\vi\f),v. [f. RE- 5 a + FLOURISH
v., orig. after L. rejldresccrc.] intr. To flourish
anew. Chiefly^. (Common in 1 7th c.)
a 1340 HAMPOLE Psalter xxvii. 10 And my fleysse reflorist
REFLOURISHING.
[L. reflornit\. 1544 LELAND N. Y. Gift in /tin. (1768) I.
p. xxiii, The old tilory of your renowmid Britaine (shall
be seen] to reflorisch thorough the Worlde. 1558 PHAKR
JEneid Gen. Sum. a ij b, A land where their Kyngdome
should reflorishe. 1615 G. SANDYS Trav. 83 Cypresse : a
tree destinated to the dead ; in that once being cut it neuer
reflourisheth. 1675 PLUME Life Hacket in Cent. Sertn.
p. i, Afterwards, when Christian religion reflourished, the
Christian Church resumed these studies again. 1776 R.
CHANDLER Trav. Greece (1825) II. 135 He saw the city re-
flourishing under the auspices of the emperor Hadrian.
1853 G. JOHNSTON Nat. Hist. E. Bord. I. 229 The love of
flowers . . reflourishes . . in the autumn of our age.
fb. Const, with inf. (after the Vulgate). Obs.
158* N. T. (Rhem.) Phil. iv. 10, I rejoyced in our Lord
excedingly, that once at the length you have reflorished to
care for me [L. refloruistis Pro me sentire]. 1613 DAY
Dyall x. (1614) 266 Little have they Reflourished to care
for them, to use a phrase of theirs.
Hence Be flou -pishing vbl. sb. and ///. a.
i6ai H, FARLEY St. Paul's title-p., All such as beare good
will to the reflourishing estate of the said Chvrch. 16*7
HAKEWILL Apol. (1630) 230 Their resurrection, and re-
floureshing againe. 1657 \V. RAND tr. Gassendi's Life
Peiresc \\. 238 The reflourishing Glory of that most ex-
cellent and Beneficent King Renatus. 1718 EARBERY tr.
Burnet's St. Dead II. 108 The Wicked are no Objects of
Hope nor of Reflourishing. 177$ S. J. PRATT Liberal Opin.
xciv. (1783) III. 191 The reflourishing fortunes of the bene-
volent Blewitt.
So Reflou rishment. rare~l.
1611 SPEED Hist. Gt. Brit. ix. ix. § 95. 535/2 The Welsh
seeing these round proceedings in England, the peace and
reflonshment whereof they feared, labored for reconciliation.
Refiow, sb. [RE- 2 a.] A reflux, reflnence,
ebb of the tide.
1610 HOLLAND Catnden's Brit. I. 37 By the reflow or ebbe
of the Ocean. 175)3 SMEATON Edystone L, % 197 This
matter .. would in time block up the Humber, was it not for
the powerful re-flow of that river's tide. 183* DE LA BECHE
Geol. Man. (ed. 2) 131 A quick flow or reflow of the water.
1860 MAURY Phys. Geog. Sea § 136 (Low) 47 The grand equa-
torial flow and reflow which Is performed by the waters of
all the great oceans.
Reflow*. v.i Now rare. [RE- 2 a, orig. after
L. reflu$re\ intr. To flow back ; esp. of the tide,
to ebb. Freq. in phr.yftw and reflow.
1387 [see REFLOWING vbl. sb.\. 1431-50 tr. Higden (Rolls)
I. 57 The see Pontikereflowethe not as other sees. Ibid. 425
A lytelle welle in the costes of Ruthlande,. .whiche dothe
not floo and refloo in the maner of a see. 1535 STEWART
Cron. Scot. I. 373 Syne as the flude begouth for till reflow
[etc.]. 1555 EDEN Decades 119 They see the seas by increase
and decrease to flowe and reflowe. 1589 FLEMINO Virg.
Georg. iv. 71 At creekes reflowing past the which the water
cannot go. 1776 BURROW Rep. IV. 2163 It is said that the
king has a right, as high as the sea flows and reflows. 1810
CRABBE Borough i. 216 The billows, .strike with furious
force, And then re-flowing, take their grating course. 185*
Humber Conserv. Act 2038 So far as the tide flows or
reflows.
b. fig. and in fig. context.
1609 J. DAVIES Holy Roode Ded., Those [pleasures] will
runne to Helles impure, While these to Eden faire reflow
againe. 1677 GALE Crt. Gentiles iv. 15 As al Creatures
flow and reflow to God, as the Ocean or plenitude of al
Being. 17*1 R. KEITH tr. T.d Kempis^ Solil. Soul xii. 197
My Affection floweth and reflowetn here and there and
every where. 1818 BYRON Ch. Har. iv. xcii, An universal
deluge, which . .ebbs but to reflow !
Reflow, z>.2 rare. [RE- 5 a.] To flow again.
1817 BYRON Mazeppa xiv, Life reassumed its lingering
hold.., My blood reflow'd, though thick and chill. 0:1823
CRABBE Woman i, She.. bids the spring of hope re-flow
That languished in the fainting heart.
Reflower, v. [RE- 5 a.]
*t* 1. trans. To cause to flower or flourish again.
1598 SYLVESTER Du Bartas ir. ii. i. Ark 66 As the
Sommer sweet-distilling drops .. Re-greens the Greens, and
doth the Flowrs re-flowr [F. refteurir]. 1606 Ibid. iv. it.
Magnificence 805 Her sight re-flowres th' Arabian Wilder-
ness, a 1649 DRUMM. OF HAWTH. Poems Wks. (1711) 39 To
make peace prosper, justice to reflow'r.
2. intr. To flower again (Ogilvie Suppl. 1855).
Reflowing, vbl. sb. [f. REFLOW vl + -ING *.]
The action of the vb. ; renuence.
1387 TREVISA Higden (Rolls) III. 369 The floenge . . of the
see ber as at oon tyme and refloenge to gedre. 1555 EDEN
Decades 58 Whiche rowghnes or reflowinge, the Spanyardes
caule Resacca. 1613-16 W. BROWNE Brit. Past. i. v. Our
teares should make the flood, not her reflowing. 1654 EARL
MONM. tr. Bentivoglio's \Varrs Flanders 224 The flowing
and reflowing of the Tide will oppose them. 1813 J. C.
HOBHOUSE Journey (ed. 2) 454 The change which .. took
place in the flowing and reflowing of the stream.
So Reflowing ///. a.
1609 HOLLAND Amtn. Marcell. 196 With a returne of the
current and reflowing waves it dasheth upon the temple of
Apollo Sminthius. 1896 Daily News 29 Feb. 5/5 Coming
up., on the crest of the re-flowing tide.
Reflection, variant of REFLUXION Obs,
Refluctua-tion. rare*0. [RE- 2 a.] A flowing
back (Webster 1828-32).
t Refine, v. Obs. rare. [ad. L. reflutre : see
REFLUENT and REFLOW r/.i] intr. To flow back.
1545 RAYNOLD Byrth Mankynde 30 This skynny flappes
close the passage and defende, that nothynge canne re-
bound, ne reflue backe agayne. Ibid. 44 Sum part therof
reflueth, and is reuerted to the womans brestes, ther to
becum mylke.
Reflnence (re-flwens). [See REFLUENT and
ENCE.] A flowing back ; a reflux.
(71593 MARLOWE Jew of Malta in. iv, The wastfull sea,
Whose billowes. .Shall ouerflow it with their refluence. 1615
346
f Du Bartas 106 In the sea, betwixt Norway, and Scot-
ind, there is clerely obserued a flow and refluence. 1817
IHELLEY Rev. Islam xii. ix, Like the refluence of a mighty
wave Sucked into the loud sea. 1861 MRS. BROWNING
Psyche <$• Pan 4 The gentle river, .cast up Psyche, with a
refluence brave, Upon the flowery bank.
trans/, and fig. a 1592 GREENE Jos. /If, iv. iii, One
hornpipe further, a refluence back, and two doubles for-
ward. 184* ALISON Hist. Europe Ixxiv. § 78 The refluence
of its legions over the Rhine and the Pyrenees, .prostrated
the financial affairs of the Empire.
So t Be-fluency. Obs. rare.
1615 CROOKE Body of Man 400 By,, what affluencies and
refluencies this perpetuity is accomplished. 1648 W. MOUN-
TAGUE Devout Ess. i. vi. § 2. 58 How all things sublunary
move, .in an interchangeable flowing and refluencie.
Refluent (re'flwent), a. [ad. L. refluent-em,
pres. pple. of refluert to flow back, f. re- RE- a a +
flufre to flow.]
1. Flowing back, reflowing :
a. of the sea, waves, rivers, etc.
1712 BLACKMORE Creation in. 139 Do not the Rivers.. to
the Hills convey the Refluent Wave. . ? 1715 POPE Odyss.
v. 549 Then backward sweep The refluent tides, and plunge
him in the deep. 1791 COWPER Iliad xii. 30 All those
[rivers) with refluent course Apollo drove Nine days against
the rampart. i8ia BRACKENRIDGE t-'u-ws Louisiana (1814)
37 In lower Louisiana, there are a great number of lakes
from the refluent waters of the Mississippi. 1873 T. W.
HIGGINSON Oldport Days ii. 36 All night the phosphorescent
water. . washes with long, refluent waves along their sides.
trans/. 1842 ALISON Hist. Europe Ixxxiv. § i The once
triumphant Peninsular hosts, refluent through the passes of
the Pyrenees. 1856 R. A. VAUGHAN Mystics (1860) II. 78
To give him a hold against any refluent doubt that might
threaten to sweep him back.
b. of blood, the spirits, life, etc.
1699 GARTH Disfens. 91, I show'd of old, how vital
Currents glide, And the Meanders of their refluent Tide.
1714 Spring in Steele Poet. Misc. 109 When to his Heart the
refluent Spiritscame. 1789 E. DARWIN Bot. Card. n. (1791)
77 Slow-ebbing life with refluent crimson breaks O'er their
wan lips. 1816 SOUTHEY Lay of Laureate Ixix, I felt the
refluent blood forsake my face. 187* GEO. ELIOT Middlem.
xxxil, Too languid to sting, he had the more venom refluent
in his blood.
C. Phys. of blood or other fluids.
1704 RAY Creation ii. (ed. 4)319 To discharge the refluent
Blood into the next adjacent Irunk. 1812-34 Good's Study
Med. (ed. 4) IV. 347 The ammoniacal salt of the refluent
urine. 1898 A llbntCs Syst. Med. V. 924 The heading back
will, .fill the ventricle still more with refluent aortic blood.
2. Characterized by refluence, esp. tidal.
1741 MONRO Anat. Nerves (ed. 3) 21 This. .Reflux it was
. ., which gave Rise to another Division of the Nerves into
arterious or effluent, and venous or refluent. 1798 Anti-
Jacobin No. 28 Wherever man is found, or refluent oceans
roll. 1864 TENNYSON Botdicea 28 A phantom colony
smoulder a on the refluent estuary.
*t"3. Directed backwards. Obs. rare"1.
1741 SHENSTONE Judgm. Hercules 424 If o'er their lives
a refluent glance they cast, Their's is the present who can
praise the past.
t Re'fltLOILSy <*• Obs. rare. [f. L. reflu-us re-
fluent + -ous.] Refluent ; recurring.
i6a8 SIR W. MURE Spirit. Hymn 274 That Day shall rest
Heauen's rolling spheares, Earth's renuous tumults. 1650
FULLER Pisgah u. 62 Seeing the stream of Jordan . . was not
supplied with any reciprocall or refluous tide out of the
Dead Sea.
Reflurt : see REFLIRT v. Obs.
Reflux (rrfltfks). [f. RE- a a + FLUX : cf.
F. reflux (i6th c,), Sp. reflujo (-Jluxo\ It. riflusso.]
1. A flowing back, return, refluence : a. of the sea
(esp. in phr.y?w.r and reflux) ^ rivers, water, air, etc.
c 1430 LYDC. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 194 Man hath of
erthe slowthe and hevynesse, Flux and reflux by watir made
unstable. 1601 HOLLAND Pliny I. 43 Hereunto addeth
Aristotle . . that no liuing creature dieth but in the reflux and
ebbe of the sea. 1686 PLOT Staffordsh. 56 Which in some
measure may cause the flux and reflux of the green Sea.
1719 DE FOE Crusoe \. xv, The great draught and reflux of
the. .river. 1761 Ann. Reg. \. 95 Fluxes and refluxes of the
sea. .continued till six o'clock next morning. 1804 C. B.
BROWN tr. Volney's View Soil U.S. 67, I cannot determine
how far eastward the Delaware then extended the reflux of
its waters. 1830 LVELL Princ. Geol. I. 117 The heat and
cold which surround the globe are in a state of constant and
universal flux and reflux. 1869 E, A. PARKES Pract.
Hygiene (ed. 3) no Ill-contrived sewers permitting a large
reflux of air into the houses.
b. in transf. and^/jjjg*. uses.
1631 J. HAVWARD tr. Biondis Eromena 129 The refluxes
of so unjust a fortune in a Princesse of so great merit . 1670
R. COKE Disc. Trade 69 After all this flux and re-flux of
vexation and charge to the certain undoing of one or both
parties. 1711 SHAFTESB. Charac. (1737) I. 271 The alterations
which happen in manners, and the flux and reflux of polite-
ness, wit, and art. 1800 COLQUHOUN Comm. Thames Introd.
25 The flux and reflux of Commercial Property.. on the
Thames. 1849 MACAULAY Hist. Eng. vii. II. 189 A violent
and rapid reflux of public feeling.
C. Phys. of the blood.
1653 HARVEY Anat. Exerc. I. xiii. (1673) 81 [The blood]
comes, .into the ear of the heart in so great abundance, with
so great flux, and reflux [etc.). 1707 ¥ LOVER P/iysic. Pulse-
ivatch 15 The Circulation of our Blood, whose reflux to the
Heart is promoted by . . Respiration. 1834 J. FORBES Laen-
nec's D is. Chest (ed.4)sn The reflux of blood into the jugular
veins from coughing or a prolonged expiration. 1899 All-
butt's Syst. Med. VI. 40 The in tra- ventricular pressure be-
comes lowered from reflux through the valve.
2. attrib. and Comb., as reflux current^ theory,
REFOREST.
tide ; reflux catheter, a double-channel catheter,
in which the liquid passes by one duct and returns
by the other (Knight Diet. Mech. Suppl. 1884);
reflux trap, a trap in a drain or sewer to prevent
a back current of foul air.
1852 WIGGINS Embanking ^51 This is to sustain any current
that may take place at the reflux tide. 1892 Daily Neivs 30
Dec 3/4 As far as practical, the up current of air (when
existing) is prevented by reflux traps. 1898 Allbutfs Syst.
Med. V. 975 The current impelled by the right ventricle. .
is met by the reflux current from the left ventricle. 1899
Ibid. VI. 234 The reflux theory seems at present the more
probable for most cases.
t Refl.u-xi.0il. Obs. Also refluction. [ad.
med.L. rejtuxion-emt n. of action f. refluerc : see
REFLUENT.] =. REFLUX.
1597 A. M. tr. Guillemeau's Fr. Chirurg. 4 b/i The re-
fluxione of badd humors vnto the wounded parte. 1635
SWAN Spec. M. vi. § 2 (1643) 202 The next .. question pro-
pounded, was concerning the fluxion and refluxion of the sea.
1654 GAYTON Pleas. Notes iv. xvii. 259 Are they more daring
at the ebullition of the blood, or at the circular refluxion?
Refly , v. [RE-.] intr. To fly back or again.
1611 FLORIO, Riuolare , to flie againe, to refly. a 1711 KEN
Hymns Evang. Poet. Wks. 1721 I. 142 Thus spake the
Seraph, and to Bliss reflew. — Hymns Festiv, ibid. 351
Gabriel.. to Heav'n reflown. Attended at the Throne. 1866
CRICHTON Nat. Ramble Orcades 63 Many individuals were
flying and reflying from and to the spot.
Refb dilate, v. Now rare. [ad. late L. re-
focillare to warm into life again, revive : see RE- 5 a
and FOCILLATE.] trans. To revive, refresh, re-
animate, comfort (a person , the spirits, senses, etc. ).
1611 CORYAT Crudities 93 The first view thereof did euen
refocillate my spirits and tickle my senses with inward joy.
1680 AUBREY Lives (1898) II. Prynne 174 About every 3
houres his man was to bring him a roll and a pott of ale to
refocillate his wasted Spirits. 1694 MOTTEUX Rabelais v.
(1737) 230 In Arbors, some themselves refocillate. 1760
STERNE Tr. Shandy III. xxxviii, The nose was comforted,
nourished, plump'd up, refresh'd, refociltated, and set a
growing for ever.
Hence fRefo'cillating///. a. Obs.
1697 R. PEJHCE Bath Mem. n. ii. 279 These Disorders.,
were greatly increased . . so that she was not fit for any, but re-
focillating Means (to palliate the most urging Symptomes).
Refocilla tion. Now rare. [ad. med. or
mod. L. refocillation-em^. of action f. refocillare\
see prec. + -ATION.] The action of the verb ; re-
freshment, reanimation, reinvigoration.
1576 FOXE A. $ M. (ed. 3) 1615/1 What paynes. .would
not nee willyngly haue suffered, to haue had some refocilla-
tion and tyme of refreshyng? i6ao DONNE Sernt. xlii. 414
He.. kindly performed all offices of ease and refocillation
to these way-faring strangers. 1656 E. REYNER Rules Govt.
Tongue 225 For recreation of the minde, and refocillation of
the spirits. 18x4 COLERIDGE Lett. (1895) II. 621, 1 need for
myself solace and refocillation of animal spirits. 187*
JACOX Asp. Authorsh. 3 Refocillation is a favourite resource
—whatever the word may be— with authors not a few.
fb. A means of refreshment Obs. rare—1.
1608 MIDDLETON Mad Worldm.\\i Some precious cordial,
some costly refocillation.
RefO'CUS, v. [RE- 5 a.] To focns again.
ci86s J. WYLDE in Circ. Sc. I. M9/3 Having .. refocussed
the lenses, the brass cap., should be put on. 1895 N. A mer.
Rev. Feb. 173 A pulpit.. capable of re-focusing religion.
Refo'ld, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To fold again.
Hence Kefo'lding vbL sb.
1594 DANIEL Cleopatra Wks. (1717) 293 And having ended,
with a Sigh refolds Thy Letter up. 1611 FLORIO, Ridnplic-
are, to redouble or refold. lbid,t Ripiego, a refolding vp
againe. 1851 SURTEES .$>«#*'* Sp. Tour (1893) 327 Having
mastered its contents, the captain refolded and replaced it
where he found iL 1891 ZAEHNSDORF Bind. Books (1892) 7
Refolding would in such a case be most detrimental. 189
Allbutfs Syst. Med. VIII. 344 She will refold and rearrang
all clothing and bedding in the store-room.
HefO'nt. rare. [ad. F. refonte: see FONT sb*
and cf. REFOUNT.] A recast, recasting.
1833 New Monthly Mag. XXXVII. 47 The impending r
font of the political structure of Germany. 1833 S. AUSTIN
Charact. Goethe iii. 220 The fragment of the Achilleis, or
his refont of Reinecke Fuchs.
Refoorme, obs. form of REFORM v.
RefoO't, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To put a new
foot in (a boot or stocking).
1851 MAYHEW Land. Labour II. 6/2 Stocking-legs for th
supply of 'jobbing worsted', and for re-footing. Ibid. 34/1
The back and the remainder of the front having been used foi
refooting boots. 1880 Plain Hints Needlavork 116 It is in
this last meaning probably that this word [sc. stilt] is t"*"1
in Lincolnshire to describe the re-footing a stocking.
t Reforce, v. Obs. [ad. OF, reforcier, reforcer,
f. re- RE- + forcer : see FOKCE #.]
1. trans. To reinforce, strengthen, make stronger.
c 1489 CAXTON Blanchardyn 113 He byganne to reforce
:>rivy Council Scot. I. 54 i
reforsing of strenthis and biggein of the samyn.
2. intr. To become stronger, be reinforced.
^1489 CAXTON Blanchardyn no Nothyng coude plays*
nor brynge hym tyll his hertys ease, Buteuer more reforcr-
and redoubled his sorowe. c 1500 Melusine 290 There i
forced the batayll.
Rofo'rest, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To cove
again with forest; to reafforest. Also absol.
1881 Q. Rev. July 56 Large tracts of land are being K
forested. i88a Nature XXV. 527 Attention is called to th
necessity of re-foresting.
REFORESTATION.
So Beforesta-tion ; Beforestiza'tion (Ogilvie
1882); Befo restize v. (Webster iSg; .
1887 MOLONY Forestry W. Afr. 90 How different would it
have been had there been some system of conservancy or re-
forestation.
Refcvrfeit, ^. [R£- 5 a.] To forfeit again.
1667 Decay Chr. Piety v. f 12 Those who by a new set of
impossible commands should, .reforfeit themselves again.
RefoTge, "'• [RE- 5 a. In early use prob. ad.
OF. reforgier (i5th c. ; mod.F. reformer}.]
1. trans. To forge (metal or articles of metal)
over again.
1426 LYDG. De Cult. nigr. 16048 Take ageyn ther olde
Armure. .Wych they ha broke, and lost in veyn ; Lat hem
reforge hem newe ageyn. 1813 Metrical Remarks 42 To
reforge the fetters they had Droke. 1846 HOLTZAPFFEL
Turning II. 536 Continually re-forging the blade, to the
manifest deterioration of the steel.
2. To refabricate, fashion afresh.
1543 UDALL Erasm. Atofh. 144 b, Thou dooest disguyse
and reforge thyn owneself into a woman. 1614 SYLVESTER
Bethulia"s Rescue iv. 242 There, did no drunken Groom.,
against Heav'n blasphemous Oathes re-forge. 1899 Daily
News 20 Apr. 3/2 Whether they should retain this Act. .or
whether they should throw it aside and leave the necessity
of re-forging it at some future time.
Hence Refcrrg-er, one who forges anew. rare.
1548 UDALL Erasm. Par. Lnkexxiv. 187 Christe beeyng
a newe reforger of the olde lawe.
Reform (r/Tpum), sb. [f. next, or ad. F. r€-
forme (1640) =Sp. reforma, It. riforfHa.]
1. The amendment, or altering for the better, of
some faulty state of things, esp. of a corrupt or
oppressive political institution or practice ; the
removal of some abuse or wrong.
1663 BUTLER Hud. i. ii. 538 No Sow-gelder. .but cry'd
Reform ! 1706 PHILLIPS (ed. Kersey), Reform, Reforming,
Reformation. 1730-6 BAILEY (folio), Reform^ .. a reestab-
lishment or revival of a former neglected discipline ; also
a correction of reigning abuses. 1786 HAN. MORE Florio
Dramas, etc. (1827) 181 He said when any change was
brewing, Reform was a fine name for ruin. 1820 SHELLEY
(Ed. Tyr. i. 113 Bocotia, choose reform or civil war ! 1844
H. H. WILSON firit. India II. 118 His unwilling consent. .
rendered him still more than ever hostile to all projects of
reform. 1874 MICKLETHWAITE Mod. Par. Churches 80
Reform was needed, and not total abolition.
b. A particular instance of such amendment ;
a change for the better,
1 781 COWPER Conversat. 804 Great changes . . have occurred,
And blest reforms, that I have never heard. 1795 BURKE
Re%ic. Peace iv. Wks. IX. 58 This new constitution of
theirs, which had been announced as a great reform. 1853
MACAULAY Hist. Enr. xii. III. 209 To reduce those endow-
ments., would have oeen a reform worthy of a good prince
and of a §ood parliament. 1883 Law Times 20 Oct. 408/1
The public ana the Profession were alike urgent in calling
for sweeping reforms.
2. Amendment of conduct ; reformation of per-
sons or character.
1784 COWPER Task ii. 321 What vice has it subdued?
whose heart reclaimed By rigour, or whom laughed into
reform? Ibid. v. 618 Kemorse begets reform. -AqiPenny
Cycl. XXV. 155/2 Institutions auxiliary to those for Punish-
ment (Houses of Reform).
3. Improvement or rectifying of something faulty
or inexact.
1856 EMERSON Eng. Traztsf Wealth., Roger Bacon ex-
plained precession of the equinoxes, [and] the consequent
necessity of the reform of the calendar.
4. a. A religious order created by the reduction
of another to stricter observances, rare.
Copied by Chambers from the Diet, de Trtvonx (1721).
1717-41 CHAMBERS Cyel. s.v., In this sense the order of
St. Bernard is said to be only a reform of that of St.
Benedict. 1869 Chambers'1 Encycl. s.v. Recollet, A reform
of the Cistercian order of nuns in Spain was called by the
same name.
f b. A reformed person. Obs. rare.
1756 AMORY Buncle (1770) I. 118, I became a thorough
reform from that hour.
f5. Mil. A discharge or dismissal. Obs. rare"1.
1698 LUTTRELL Brief Rel. (1857) IV. 416 Another reform
of 25 men more will be made out of each troop of guards,
which will reduce them to 150 each troop.
6. attrib.jSA Reform League, Parliament, party,
school \ Reform Act or Bill, an act or bill to
amend the system of parliamentary representation,
especially those brought in and passed in 1831-3.
1831 (title) A Chart exhibiting a list of the Names of the
Majority and Minority, on the Second Reading of the
English Reform Bill. 1832 F. N. ROGERS (title) Parlia-
mentary Reform Act, 2 Will. 4. c. 45. With notes. 1851
BORROW Lavengro c, I think of the two, the liberal or
347
cs:]. 1483 CAXTON Gold. Leg. 182/1 In theyr solempnytecs
pees was reformed Ijyiwenc the lotnbardes and the emperour
of Rome. 1556 Chron, 6V. Friars (Catnelen) 16 That pesse
shulde be reformyd be-twene Yngland and France.
•f-2. To convert, bring back, or restore (a thing
or person) to the original form or state, or to a
previous condition. Obs.
£1340 HAM POLE Prose Tr. 14 Whene J>e myghles of |>e
saule er refourmede by grace to be dignyte and (ie state of
J»e firste condicione. ^1375 Sc. Leg. Saints v. (John) 136
S.incte Iohne..tuk vpe be pecis small, and.. be his prayere
bar fut-hate reformyt bam to be fyrste state. 1390 GOWER
Cotif. I. 144 His mannes forme a^ein he tok, And was re-
formed to the regne In which that he was wont to regne.
c 1430 LVDG. Mm* Poems (Percy Soc.) 206 Suche as be
pensyffmake hem glad and murye, Distrauhte in thouhte
refourme hem to resoun. c 1485 Digby Myst. (1882) v. 120
What reformyth the sovle to his first light? Ibid, 127
Baptem . . reformyth the soule . . to the glorious lykenesse of
god eternall. 1579 TOMSON Calvin s Serrit. Tim. 815/2 It
is true nowe that God is reuealed to vs when he reformeth
vs to his image.
fb. Without const. To restore (a person) to
a normal state of mind, or to consciousness. Obs.
1383 WYCLIF i Sam. xvi. 23 Dauid took an harp, and
smoot with hys hoond, and Saul was refpurmyd [L. refocil-
l<ihatur\ and lister he hadde. — Judith xiii. 30 [xiv. 7]
After forsothe that, the spirit taken a}een, he is reformed
[L. recreating he fel doun to hir feet, and honourede hir.
f 3. To restore (a building) after destruction,
decay, or damage ; to rebuild, repair. Obs.
c 1375 Sc, Leg. Saints xxii. (Laurence) 582 Lumbardls had
brynt tt in were... pane gat he men of craft to wyrk & to
reforme \>is haly kyrk. 1480 CAXTON Chron. Eng. in. (1520)
23 b/2 He refourmed the temple of God better and encreased
the cyteeof Jherusalem. a 1578 LINDESAY (Pitscottie) Chron.
Scot. (S.T.S.) I. 57 The castelh.was reformit againe new
better nor it was befoir. 1606 WARNER Alb. Eng. xiv.
Ixxxvii, Reforming first their thrise-reard wall. 1667 MILTON
P. L. ix. 101 Seat worthier of Gods, as built With second
thoughts, reforming what was old !
4. To convert into another and better form ;
to amend or improve by some change of form,
arrangement, or composition ; to free from pre-
vious faults or imperfections. *t" Also const, unto,
into. Now rare.
13.. Gaw. Sf Gr. Knt. 378 J?en carppez to syr Gawan |>e
kny^t in be grene, * Refourme we oure for-\vardes. er we
fvrre passe'. 138* WYCLIF Phil. iii. 21 Oure Lord Jhesu
Crist, the which schal refoorme the body of oure mekenesse.
c 1450 HOLLAND Howlat 77 His halynace Throw prayer
may purchace To reforme my foule face. 1495 Act n
Hen. Vlf, c. 24 § i Panells.. shall herafter be refourmed by
addicions and taking oute of names of persones by dis-
crecion of the same Justices. 1565 JEWEL Reft. Harding
(1611) 315 The Water of Baptisme by the working of the
holy Ghost, is reformed vnto a Diuine power. 1589 GREENE
Mena6hon (Arb.) 79 Those eyes, faire eyes, too faire to be
describde, Were those that earst the Chaos did reforme.
1615 W. LAWSON Orck. fy Card. xi. (1623) 34 Neither let
any man euer so much as thinke,..it is vnprobable . . to
reforme any tree. 1634 W. TIRWHYT tr. Balzac"s Lett.
(vol. I) 208 He would needes reforme all the fortifications of
those strong places we passed by ; he trode on no earth at
which he carped not. 1687 DRYDEN Hind $ P. HI. 1030
"1'is prudence to reform her into ease, 1737-41 CHAMBERS
Cycl. s.v. Calendar^ Romulus's calendar was reformed by
Numa, who added two more months. 1760 SIR W. JONES
Palace Fortune Poems (1777) 23 Describ'd me seasons, and
reform'd the year. 1796 H. HUNTER tr. St.-Pierre's Stud.
Nat. (1799) II. 26 Persons who have been disfigured.. have
it in their power to reform their looks. 1853 I. H. NEWMAN
Hist. Sk, (1873) II. f. ii. 95 He patronised learning and
poetry, and he reformed the calendar.
absol. 1340 Ayenb. 81 pis uayrhede .. reforme]) and
agraybeb and him yelt his ryjte pryente.
fb. To correct, emend (a book, writing, chart,
etc.) ; to recast, improve by revision and altera-
tion. Obs.
1498 in ArchmoL Jml. XLIII. 169 P*..for mendyng and
reformyng an Article of our ordinances viijd. 1528 in Vicary's
Anat. (1888) App. xiv. 249 To peruse, oversee, examyne,
Refourme, & correcte suche Bookes and ordynaunces.
1568 NORTH Gneuara's Dial. Pr. led. 2) title-p., Now newly
revised and corrected . . , refourmed of faultes escaped in the
first edition. 1621 BURTON Anat. Mel. \\. ii. m. 320, 1 would
. . Correct those errors in Navigation, reforme Cosmo-
graphicall Charles, and rectifie longitudes. 1631 WEEVER
Anc. Funeral Man. 489 Geffery Chaucer, whose life is
was to assemble at the end of January, 1833. 1866 BRIGHT
S/.t Reform 27 Aug. (1876) 377, I am not afraid of the
principles of the Reform League.
Reform (rff^*jm), v.1 Also 4 refoorme,
reffounne, 4-7 refourme. [ad. OF. reformer
(lath c. ; mod.F. r£f orrner) , or L. reformdre^ f.
re- RE- + formare to form; hence also Sp. refor-
mart It. rtforware.
For early examples of the purely literal sense ' to form
again ', see ?'.!]
1 1. trans. To renew, restore, re-establish (peace).
(•1340 HAMFOI.E Prose Tr. 3 This name Ihesu ..wastys
discorde, reformer pese. 1387 TUKVISA Higdcn (Rolls) VII.
103 Pees was reformed in bis manere [L. pax rcformata
Dr. Hicks.. reform'd. £1779 R. CUMBERLAND in Lett. Lit.
Men (Camden) 412, I have reformed the passages you
pointed out and., written a Prologue.
c. Law. To revise and amend a judgement
(obs.) ; to allow an instrument to be corrected or
construed according to the original intention, when
an error lias been committed in it.
c 1670 HOUSES Dial. Coin. Laws (1681) 63 Erroneous Judg-
ments are only to be reform'd by the High Court of Parlia-
ment. 1755 MAGENS Insurances I. 440 His Majesty is dis-
posed..to have the Judgement reformed, in case the Pleas
of the adverse Party, so suing, should be found valid.
1824 SIMONS & STUART Rep. Cases Chanc. I. 210 ware:,
A Court of Equity will reform an Instrument which, by the
mistake of the Drawer, admits of a construction inconsistent
with the true Agreement of the Parties, although the Party
seeking to reform it himself drew the Instrument.
5. To make a change for the better in (an
arrangement, state of things, practice or proceed-
ing, institution, etc.) ; to amend or improve by
removal of faults or abuses.
143* Rolls of Parlt. IV. 405/1 To have ye s>aide first
REFORM.
Statute of newe refourmed. 1494 FABYAN Chron. II. 1,
Callynge a counsayl he refourmed many thynges for the
weale of hys real me. 1560 DAUS tr. Sleidatte's Comtn. 180 b,
Howe the state of the weale publike, as well duile, as eccle-
siasticall maye or ought to be reformed [L. ewendari}.
1594 HOOKKR Eccl. Pol. iv. viii. § 4 There hath arisen a
sect in England, which.. seeketh to reform even the French
reformation. 1651 HOBBES Leviath. n. xxx. 177 To doe no
more than reforme the Common- wealth. 17*7 GAY Fables
i. xiv, A Monkey to reform the times, "Resolv'd to visit
foreign climes. 1788 GIBBON Decl. <$• F. xlix. V. 155 After
a long series of scandal^ the apostolic see was reformed and
exalted by the austerity and zeal of Gregory VII. 1845
S. AUSTIN Ranke's Hist. Ref, I. 121 He was bound by the
concessions he made in 1489 to reform the administration of
justice. 1867 SMILES Huguenots Eng. i. (1880) 2 There
were many eminent churchmen who sought to reform it
[the Church] from within.
absol. 1480 Bury Wills (Camden) 63 And the seid priour
of the same monasterie to refourme and to make a direction
therof. 1643 DENHAM Cooper's H. 116 May no such storm
Fall on our Times, where mine must reform. 1849 MACAU-
LAY Hist. Eng. i. (1890) I. 49 A body of members anxious to
preserve, and a body eager to reform,
*f b. ironically. To alter to a worse state, Obs.
1649 C. WALKER Relat. fy Observ. n. 35 For, in the
interim, they garrisoned Black Fryars and S. Pauls, re-
forming it, from the Church of God, to a den of thieves, &c.
C. To take away, remove entirely, by (or by
way of) reformation.
1660 SOUTH Serttt. Matt, xiii, 52 In those Days, when
the Revenues of the Church were not wholly reformed
from it. 1694 ATTERBURY Serm. i Peter iv. 8 (1726) I. 78
Our Adversaries, .who cry'd us down, as Men that were
Reforming away Good Works. 1897 LABOUCHERE in Daily
Aews 17 Mar. 3/7 His idea of reform was to reform the
Armenians off the face of the globe.
6. To put a stop or end to (an abuse, disorder,
malpractice, etc.) by enforcing or introducing
a better procedure or conduct ; f to amend (a fault
committed).
1300 GOWER Conf. III. 136 Wherof full many a gret debat
Reformed is to good astat. 1399 LANGL. Rich. Redeles
Prol. 21 If reson ne had reffourmed the myssecheff and the
mysserule. c 1430 Stans Piter ad Mensam 89 (Lamb. MS.),
A rodde reformed al her necligence. 1530 PALSGR. 682/2 If
I have done any thynge amysse, I wyTl reforme it. 1545
BRINKLOW Compl. 6 Such abuses as are to be reformed in
the realme. 1596 SPENSER F. Q. v. ii. 28 Sir Artegall undid
the evill fashion, And wicked customes of that Bridge re-
fourmed. 1619 SIR R. NAUNTON in Fortescue Papers
(Camden) 96 The best remedies they can for reforming what
they find faultie. 1687 T. BROWN Saints in Uproar Wks.
1730 I. 83, I am resolved, .to reform these disorders. 1715
DE FOE Fain. Instruct, i. iii. (1841) I. 63 We are resolved
to reform several practices, .in their behaviour. 1802 MAR.
EDCEWORTH Moral T. i, He could reform every abuse.
f b. (Chiefly Sc.) To repair, redress (a wrong,
loss, damage, etc.), to make up, make good. Obs.
1456 SIR G. HAVE Law Anns (S.T. S.) 185 To reforme all
harmes and scathis that suld be done throu his men. 1461
Paston Lett. II. 15 Seyng they have had gret wrong,
besechyng my Lorde that it myght be reformed. 1535
STEWART Cron. Scot. I. 459 Beseikand him. .to reforme the
greit dampnage and cry me Tha had sustenit. 1549 Compl.
Scot. ix. 77 Ther eftir thai reformit the distructione of the
tempi!. iCogSKENE^^y. Maj^FornieofProces 126 b, Vntill
. .he be summoned,, .and his expenses payed and reformed
to him.
o. To correct, put right (an error or mistake).
1542-3 Act 34 # 35 Hen. VII '/, c. 27 § 113 Al errours in
plees personal! shalbe reformed by billes, to be sued before
the sated presidente. 1571 DIGGES Pant out. in. xi. Rivb,
But if ye finde any discrepance or variaunce betweene them,
ye shall by the ayde of some skilfull Artificer refourme it in
the lesser. i78^CowpER Tiroc. 445 Young heads are giddy,
..And make mistakes for manhood to reform.
td. To remove (a fault or blemish) by some
treatment. Obs. rare.
1589 PUTTENHAM Eng. Poesie in. xxiv. (Arb.) 293 Euery
man may . . reforme by arte, the faultes and imperfections
that nature hath wrought in them. 1675 HOBBES Odyssey
(1677) 290 Then we bare your body to the fleet, And there
the blemishes thereof reform With water fair and warm.
7. To bring, lead, or force (a person) to abandon
a wrong or evil course of life, conduct, etc., and
adopt a right one; to bring about a thorough
amendment in (a person, his conduct, etc.).
1413 Pilgr. Sowle (Caxton) n. Iii. (1850) 54 Sathan . . myght
not be refourmyd by cause of his vnchangeabylyte. 1494
FABYAN Chron. v. lxxxiii.br, ii. holy Byshoppes.-came into
Brytaygne to refourme the Kynge, and al other that erryd
from the waye of trouth. 1535 COVERDALE Prov. v. 23 Be-
cause he wolde not be refourmed, he shal dye. i57S~8S
ABP. SANDYS Serm. 60 Those wilful cubbes, which neither
by teaching nor by example will be reformed must feele the
smart of the rod. 1631 GOUGE God's Arrows i. § 46. 81
What usurer, what deceiver is reformed by this Plague?
1680 BURNET Roc/tester (1692) 61 A man is never thoroughly
reformed till a new principle governs his thoughts. 1715
DE FOE Fant. Instruct. I. iv. (1841) I. 84 Will you call my
father's desire to reform your life, a putting hard upon you?
1796 H. HUNTER tr. St.-Pierre's Stud. Nat. (1709) III. 540
As we must not go to ruin the men whom we wish to reform.
1819 SHELLEY Cenci i. i. 74 You give out that you have half
reformed me. 1846 f. BAXTER Libr. Pract. Agric. (ed. 4)
I. p. xxxi, Far be it from us to discourage any effort made
to reform juvenile offenders. 1871 RUSKIN Fors Clav. ix. 6,
I have not the slightest intention, .of setting myself to mend
or reform people.
b. Const, from, -\of, t/o, f unto.
1422 tr. Secreta Secret.^ PHv. Priv. 204 He rebukid the
foisayden breenys and bourkeyns . . and ham to Pees re-
formed, c 1450 HOLLAND Howlat 875 To reforme the
Howlat, of faltis full fell. 1477 EARL RIVERS (Caxton)
Dictes 16 To reforme the euyl disposed vnto goodnessc.
44-2
HE-FORM.
1697 POTTER Antiq. Greece in. xi. (1715) 99 The Grecians
were much reform'd from the Inhumanity, .of their own
Ancestors. 17x4 SWIFT Pres. St. Aff. Wks. 1755 II. i. 214
The house of Hanover. .is the nearest branch of our regal
line reformed from popery. 1858 CARLYLE Fredk. Gt. x. i.
(1872) III. 204 Lieutenant Buddenbrock..is now reformed
from those practices.
t c. To reprove, punish, chastise (a person) for
some fault. Obs.
1484 CAXTON fables of Msop n. Pref., By cause they
were not customed to be refourmed ne chastysed, whan ony
of them was corrected and punysshed, they were gretely
troubled. 1535 COVERDALE Jonah (heading), lonas isangrie,
and complayneth of God which refourmeth him. 1577
HARRISON England n. iv. (1877) i. 103 At these meetings
also . . roges, and runnagates, are often reformed for their
excesses. 1596 SPENSER F. Q. v. i. 21 He .. The lady to
alight did eft require, Whilest he reformed that uncivill fo.
d. reft, (also with heart, life, etc. as obj.) To
improve one's own conduct, character, etc.
iS« Act 4 Hen. Vf/ft c. 19 Preamble^ The seid Frensche
Kyng..the Decree of the enterdiccion dispysyng will not
therby reforme himselfe. 1535 COVERDALE 2 Esdrasxly. 34
Yf so be that ye wil subdue youre owne vnderstandinge,
and refourme youre hert [etc.], 1597 SHAKS. 2 Hen. /V, v.
v. 72 And as we heare you do reforme your selues. We will
according to your strength, and qualities, Giue you aduance-
ment. 1717 DE FOE Syst. Magic \. \. (1840) 14 How justly
might they bid him hold his tongue, and go and reform his
life, before he pretended to instruct them.
transf. 155* LATIMER Strut. 4- Rem. (Parker Soc.) 183
The wind and waters obeyed him, and reformed themselves
according to his word.
t 8. To instruct, inform (a person). Obs. rare.
1535 COVERDALE /so. xl. 12 Who hath refourmed [1611
directed] the mynde of the Lorde ? Or who is of his councet
to teach him? 1560 BECON JWw Catech. n. Wks. 1564 I.
312 The Prophete Esaye also sayeth, who hath refourmed
the Spiryte of the Lorde?
f9. a. Hawking. (See quot.) Obs. rare— l.
1486 Bk. St. Albans Avjb, Sum tyme yowre hawke
countenansis as she piked hir, and yet she proynith not, and
then ye most say she Reformith hir federis and not piketh
hir federis.
f b. To cut down or back to a desired length ;
to trim, prune. Obs.
1574 R. SCOT Hop Card. (1578) 17 You must pyle them vp
immediately after they are cut, sharped, reformed in length
and smoothed. 1615 W. LAWSON Country Housew. Card.
(1626) 35 Snub his top.. with a sharpe knife, and take him
cleane away, and so you may vsc any Cyon you would
reforme. 1667 MILTON P. L. iv. 625 We must be ris'n And
at our pleasant labour, to reform Yon flourie Arbors. 1697
DRYDEN Virg. Georg. n. 605 Shall we doubt .. To sow, to
set, and to reform their growth?
f c. To bring into a better state, to improve.
1607 NORDEN Surv. Dial. v. 237 This peece of ground . .
hath had much labour and great cost bestowed on it, and
the ground little or nothing the more reformed.
1 10. Mil. [After F. reformer.] To form into
a new regiment or company ; to break up, par-
tially or completely, for this purpose ; hence also,
to disband, dismiss from the service. Obs.
1604 E. GRIMSTONE Hist. Siege Ostend 188 He hath
casziered and dismissed aboue 600 men, as well Commanders
and Sargeants, as commissaries and Treasurers, . . bee hath
also reformed the common souldlers. 1629 WADSWORTH
Pilgr. vii. 71 His regiment being reformed into one com-
pany, was giuen to Captaine Rhisby. 1664 PEPYS Diary
31 Oct., If you must reform two of them, be sure let him
command the troop that is left. 1706 PHILLIPS (ed. Kersey)
s-v., In Military Affairs, to Reform, is to reduce a Body of
Men, either disbanding the Whole, and putting the Officers
and Soldiers into other Bodies, or only breaking a Part, and
retaining the rest. 1768 STERNE Sent. Joitrn, II. 51 (Le
Patissier) At the conclusion of the last peace, his regiment
being reformed, ..be found himself, .without a Hvre.
11. intr. (for refl.} To abandon wrong-doing or
error ; to free oneself from misconduct or fault.
1582 N. LICHEFIELU tr. Castan/teda's Cong. E. Ind. i. xxi.
51 The Catuall did reforme, and make himselfe friendes with
him. 1643 SIR T. BROWNH Relig. Med. i. § 3 We have
reformed from them, not against them. 1680 H. MoRB^/oca/.
Afoc. 356 How necessary it is to reform from the Roman
impurities. 1736 BUTLER Anal. i. iii. 47 Those who have
gone on for some time in the ways of Vice, and have after-
wards reformed. 1769 Junhts Lett. xiv. 61 It is possible
the young man may, in time, grow wiser and reform. 1865
PUSEV Truth Eng. Ch. 80 If.. the Church of England re-
formed by herself [etc.]. 1867 FREEMAN Norm. Conq. (1876)
I. App. 637 He reformed and rose to the rank of Ealdorman.
Re-form, reform (r/'f^um), v.2 Also 4 re-
fourme, 5 Sc. reform. [Orig. identical with prec.,
but in later use a new formation from RE- 5 a and
FORM v. Cf. F. reformer.] trans, and intr. To
form a second time, form over again.
trans . a 1340 HAMPOLE Psalter iv. 7 J>e light of his grace
bat refourmes in vs his ymage. 1390 GOWER Conf. I. 273
And riht so in the same forme In fleissh and blod he schnl
reforme. .the qwike and dede. £1425 WYNTOUNO<W. n. vi.
484 Til wyttyr bairn for hir pete How mankynde mycht
refurmyt be. 1594 KYD Cornelia n. 360 The formes of things
doe neuer die, Because the matter that remaines Reformes
another thing thereby. 1656 STANLEY Hist. Pkilos. v. (1701)
181/1 When the Soul by cogitation reforming these things,
which are conceived in Opinion by Memory and Sense [etc.].
1695 WOODWARD Nat. Hist. Earth n. (1723) 105 Its prime
Errand was to Re-form and New-mold the Earth. 1798
LANDOR Gebir iv. 128 She had words to speak, She form'd
them and reform'd them. 1821 BYRON yuan in. Ux, Our
little selves re-form *d in finer clay. 1875 Ure"s Diet. Arts
(ed. 7) 1 1. 924 The formation goes on continuously, so that . . a
fresh deposit, .is re-formed in about twenty years.
intr. 1899 CAGNEY tr. Jaksch's Clin. Diagn. v. (ed. 4) 158
This precipitate re-formed on the further addition of the dye.
348
b. Mil. (See FORM v. 8.)
trans. i8oa JAMES Milit. Diet. s.v., When a line of
several battalions hath passed another, .it may be reformed
in the following manner. 1835 LYTTON Rienzi \\. iii, Order
was again restored, and the line reformed. 1859 F. A.
GRIFFITHS Ariii. Man. (1862) 13 Unfix Swords. Re-form
Company.
intr. 1847 Infantry Man. (1854) 97 No advanced guard . . ,
after carrying a post, should . . be permitted to advance
without reforming. 1854 J. S. C. ABBOTT Napoleon (1835)
II. xx. 311 At that well known .. voice, the flying troops
immediately re-formed.
Reformable (r/^iroabl), a. [f. REFORM v.1
+ -ABLE: cf. F. reformable (i6th c. in Godef. '
Compl^ Capable of being reformed ; admitting
or susceptible of reformation.
1483 in Eng. Gilds (1870) 337 Provided allway .. that hit
be reformabyll and corrigabill by the May re. 1533 CRANMER
Let. to Hen. VII f in Misc. Writ. (Parker Soc.) II. 271,
I find them as conformable and reformable as any number
with whom I have communed. 1563 ABP.. PARKER in Ellis
Orig. Lett. Ser. H. II. 271 Other disorders reformable by
ecclesiastical 1 lawes. 1647 HAMMOND Power of Keys iv. 76
To make the Christ ian^offender by that meanes ashamed
and reformable. 1711 GTHiCKES Two Treat. Chr. Priesth. \
(1847) 1. 163 The reformable maladministration of church
censures. 183* Frascr*s Mag. VI. 486 The boy wascriminal,
but la my judgment reformable.
Hence tBefo-rmableness. rare"1.
a 1591 R. GREENHAM Wks. (1599) 32 Little children,
whether in teachablenes to good, or reformablenes from
sinne.
t Reformade. Obs. [ad. next : see -ADE 3.]
« REFORMADO i.
c 1645 T. TULLY Siege of Carlisle (1840) 8 With him came
some white coats, and about 200 of reformades. 1661 Sir A.
Haslerigs Last Will $ Test. 3 Our baffled Reformades,
and desperate Decoys of our late disbanded Army. 1696
tr. Du Mont's Voy. Levant xiv. 176 A sort of Officers that |
never go to War, almost like our Reformades. 1733 NEAL I
Hist. Purit. II. 525 David Hyde, one of the Reformades,
first drew his sword in Palace yard.
attrib. £1645 T. TULLY Siege of Carlisle (1840) 26 The
party e, consisting of 42, all reformade officers. 1685 CROWNE ;
Sir C. Nice i. 8 They . . march in Publick with their Baggage,
..and a whole train of Reformade sinners.
b. To ride reformades^ to serve as volunteers.
z68t BUNYAN Holy War 104 There were also some from the
Court that rode Reformades, for the love that they had to
the King Shaddai.
So f Reformader. Obs. (In quot. attrib.}
c 1642 in Glover's Hist. Derby (1829) i. App. 71 Two
hundred and forty of the Lord Brooke's reformader troupe, j
which behaved themselves all very gallantly.
Reformado (ref/am^'d*?). [a. Sp. reformado
(= Pg. reformado^ It. riformato, F. rtform£}\ ad. I
L. reformdtus, pa. jPple. of reformdre to REFORM.]
L Mil. a. An officer left without a command
(owing to the * reforming ' or disbanding of his
company) but retaining his rank and seniority, and
receiving full or half pay ; a ' reformed ' officer.
b. A volunteer serving in the army (or navy)
without a commission, but with the rank of an
officer. Now only Hist.
1598 B. JONSON Ev. Man in Hum. in. v, Into the likenesse
of some of these Reformado's had he moulded himselfe so
perfectly. 1640 in Rushw. Hist. Coll. in. (1602) I. 68 That
the Earl of Crauford's Troop, and those other Officers in the
Army that go under the name of Reformadoes, are an un-
necessary Charge. 1647 SPRIGGE Anglia Rediv. in. ii. (1854)
143 The castle was manned with 700 men, divers of them
reformadoes. 1660 PEPYS Diary i Oct., Mr. Mansell, a poor
Reformado of the Charleses, came to see me. 1714 DE FOB
Mem. Cavalier (1840) 85 There was about thirty officers,
who, having no soldiers, .. served as reformadoes with the
regiment. 1755 CARTE Hist. Eng. IV. 311 Moving his
majesty that the loyal Scotch officers, formed into a company
of reformadoes .., might be cashiered. 1814 SCOTT Wav.
xlivj Jinker..had been reduced, with several others, by the
advice of the Baron of Bradwardine, to the situation of
what he called reformed officers, or reformadoes. 1891
GARDINER Hist. Civil War III. liii. 177 The Reformadoes
were at last to be actually ejected from London.
transf. 1643 TRAPP Comm. Gen. xiv. 16 Kings cared not
for soujdiers(no more did the King of Sodome for Abraham,
and his Reformadoes). a 1679 T. GOODWIN Christ the
Mediator v. xviii. Wks. 1863 V. 331 The devil again put out
of trade, and made a reformado.
2. One who is (or has) reformed in some respect ;
also, one who favours reform ; a reformer.
a 1632 WEEVER (T.), This was one of Celestin the pope's
caveats for his new reformadoes. 1642 Vi&o Print. Book
int. Observat. 22, I promise him upon that to turn Re-
formado. 1654 WHITLOCK Zootomia 502 Now see the
Rocks our false Reformado splits on. a 1734 NORTH
Exam. n. iv. § 146 (1740) 310, I promise hereafter to be a
Reformado, or no Writer at all. 1787 Gentl. Mag. LVI I. n.
1053/1 Never surely did any Turkish or Algerine reformado
slash his subject of conversion with a spirit so zealous.
1823 BYRON Juan x. xiii, Even shuffline Southey.. Would
scarcely join again the 'reformadoes', whom he forsook to
fill the laureate's sty. 1857 Blackw. Mag. LXXXI. 394
Have I not set fast brothers by the ears . . And sometimes
roused the reformado's zeal ?
3. a. attrib.y as reformado officer y saint , Scot, sect,
soldier -, etc.
1644 Ordinance 26 Mar. in Husband Coll. Pub. Ord. Ho.
Parlt. (1646) 446 The condition of Reformadoe Officers.
1664 BUTLER Hud. n. ii. 116, I grant You are a Reformado
Saint Ibid. 648 She . . o'er her shoulder Chastiz'd the
Reformado Soldier, a 1680 — Rem. (1759) II. 128 Three
Reformado Sects joined in one., will not serve to maintain
one Pedant. 1724 DE FOE Mem. Cavalier (1840) 85 My
reformado Scots having observed that the town port [etc.]-
REFORMATION.
b. Used after a sb., as captain^ gentleman, knight
reformado.
1609 B. JONSON Sil. Worn. v. ii, His Knights reformados
are wound vp as high, and insolent, as euer they were. 1617
MORYSON /tin. 11. 166 Wee tooke thirteene prisoners, among
whom was a Captaine Reformado (as they terme them, for
honour of antiquitie). 1691 Proc. agst. French in Select.fr.
Harl. Misc. (1793) 475 Himself leading his own guard of
gentlemen reformadoes.
t Refo'rmalist. Obs. rare—1, [irreg. f. RE-
FORM sb.t perh. an error for REFORMATIST : cf. next,]
A reformer.
1611 SmDfiist. Gt.Brit.w.xv. § 44. 636/2 By instigation
of the discontented reformalists.
tRefo'rmaHzing, ///.<*. Obs. rare— l. [Perh.
an error for reformatting : cf. prec.] Seeking or
pretending to reform.
1614 W. LOE Sena. Bliss ofBr. Beauty 25 (T.), Christ's
doctrine [is] pure, correcting all the impure glosses of the
reformalizing Pharisees.
Reformation (ref^inv'-Jan). Also 6 refour-
xnation. [ad. L. reformat 'ion-em^ n. of action f.
reformare to REFORM: cf. F. reformation (i3th c.
in Godef. Compl.}.]
1 1. Restoration (of peace). Cf. REFORM v.1 i.
(1440 Gesta Rom. i. xlvii. 196 (Harl. MS.), Wher so euer
he knewe bat eny discorde or vnrest was Regnynge, he
labovrid to make Reformacion of pes. 1568 GRAFTON
C/tton. II. 156 The Legate, .laboured so to the king, that a
reformation of peace was spoken of.
2. Improvement in form or quality ; alteration
to a better form ; correction or removal of defects
or errors ; t reparation, rebuilding.
c 1425 WVNTOUN Cron. n. i. 108 Off Babilon bathe towire
and town Scho made gude reformacion. 1468 fasten Lett.
II. 314 Maister John Smyth, that, .was none holsom coun-
celler yn the reformacion ot the last testament. 1528 in
Vicary's Anat.( 1888) App. xiv. 240 [To] examine, Refourme,
& corrccte . . alle suche of tbe saide Actes and Ordynaunce
As vppon the examinacion and Reformacion of theym they
shalle thynke to be good and Resonable. c 1543 in Parke
Dom. Arckit. (1859) HI. 79 To make . . a new halle . . and
reformacon honourable for the quenes loggyng. Ibitt.,
With reformation of your conduyts there. 1504 BLUNDEVIL
Exerc. in. i. xvi. (1636) 311 Unlesse the Kalenders be re-
formed, .(for the Roman reformation is not so exactly true
as it might be). 1600 ROWLANDS Lett. Humours Blood x\\.
18 Fine Phillip comes vnto the Barbers shopp, Wheer's
nittie lockes must suffer reformation. 1663 GERBIER Counsel
d 3, All such as the very aspects of number of Brick-
buildings, since the reformation of a Gotis relick building,
hath manifested to have been the main cause. 1776 ADAM
SMITH W.N. i. v. 1.49 Even before the late reformation of the
gold coin of Great Britain. 18*9 SIMONS & STUART Rep.
Cases Chanc. I. 218 Whether a Court of Equity will refuse to
reform an Instrument, .because it happened to be drawn by
the Party seeking that reformation. 1855 BREWSTER Newton
II. xxiii. 311 When the public attention was called to the
reformation of the Kalendar.
•f* b. Improvement in health. Obs. rare~l.
>77* JOHNSON Let. to Mrs. Thrale 19 Oct., This is to be
my home long enough to receive a letter, which will, I hope,
tell me that you are busy in reformation.
3. Improvement of (or in) an existing state
things, institution, practice, etc. ; a radical chang
for the better effected in political, religious, or
social affairs.
c 1460 FORTESCUB Abs. fy Lim. Man. xv. (1885) 148 How
also be lawes mey be amendet in suche thynges as thay
neden reformacion in. a 1548 HALL Chron.^ Hen. VIII 60,
I will do for a reformacion of this matter as muche as
a priest may do. 1588 BURGH LEY in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser.
III. 28 Yf I fynde not a due and spedye reformation o
all disorders among you. z66a J. DAVIES tr. Olearius1 Voy.
Anibass. 3 In consequence of the Reformation of Religion,
both lost the Authority they had in this City. 1713 BERKELEY
Guardian No. 62 F 10 The reformation of the church and
that of learning began together. 1781 COWPER Flatting
Mill 14 Alas for the poet 1 who dares undertake To urge
reformation of national ill. 1833 ALISON Hist. Europe \\.
II. 65 If they [bands] are slowly and cautiously unbent, it is
Reformation; if suddenly removed, ..it is Revolution. 1856
FROUDE Hist. Enjr. (1858) I. ii. 99 Wolsey talked of reforma-
tion, but delayed its coming.
b. spec, (with capital). The great religious move-
ment of the i6th century, having for its object the
reform of the doctrines and practices of the Church
of Rome, and ending in the establishment of the
various Reformed or Protestant Churches of central
and north-western Europe.
1563 WINJET Wks. (S.T. S.) I. 67 We ar sa tribulit be }ow. .
for nocht assenting generalie to Jour prsetendit reformatioun.
1588 FREGEVILLE Reformed Politicke 44 To the end to ship
the Clergy in the League, they wer perswaded, that within
six moneths the Reformation should be vtterly extinguished.
1657 TRAPP Comm. Ps. cl. 4 That grave and simple Psalmodie
..(so much used of old, and by this blessed Reformation
restored to the Church). 1685 EVELYN Diary 22 Dec., The
first Popish Nuncio that had ben in England since the
Reformation, a 1715 BURNET Own Time I. 10 Some few . .
did lean so grosly to Popery, that the heat and violence of
the Reformation became the main subject of their sermons.
1772 T.WARTON Sir T. Pope 133 The liberal Pontiff did not
consider. ., that he was undermining the papal interest, and
bringing on the Reformation, a 1862 BUCKLE Misc. ll'ks.
(1872) I. 85 The English Reformation .. during the early
period of its progress, .. did not produce a single man of
genius.
f c. A reformed order (of friars). Obs. rare-1.
1706 tr. Dunn's Eccl. Hist. i6/A C. II. iv. xi. 449 These
[friars] also being divided yet farther into different Reform-
ations, Leo X. commanded them all to be reduced under the
single Title of Reformed.
RE-FORMATION.
f4. Reparation, redress. Obs. Cf. REFORM z/.!6b.
1442 Rolfs of Parl t. V. 65/2 To have reformation made
to the Kynges poeple, of ceriein Injuries and Wronger done
to hem. 1583 Wult <$• Inv. Durh. iSurtees) 82, 1 do humble
craue theme, that they will se my said wiffe and children
niaynteaned in lawe, for reformation of this crewell murder,
committed vpon me.
5. The action of reforming (one s own or
another's) conduct or morals; improvement or
amendment in this respect ; correction. House of
reformation, a reformatory.
1500 HAVVES Past. Pleas, xi. xxxi. (Percy Soc.) 45 Their
fruitful! problemes for reformaclon, To make us lerne to lyve
directly. 154* BOORDE Dyetary xxxvit. (1870) 299 Excepte
it be for reprehensyon or gentyll reformacypn. 1588 SHAKS.
L. L, L. v. ii. 879, I shaT finde you emptie of that fault,
Right ioyfull of your reformation, a 1628 PRESTON Breastpl.
Love (1631) 192 If there be no reformation in their lives, if
a man deny not himselfe in his beloved sinne [etc.]. 1678
BUNVAN Pilgr. Prog. (1900) 127 My trouble came tumbling
upon me again, and that over the neck of all my Reforma-
tions. 17x5 DE FOE Fain. Instruct. \. i. (1841) 1. 23 Earnest
endeavours after reformation and amendment. 1780 BEN-
THAM Prittc, Lcgisl. xvii. § 15 The punishment most sub-
servient to reformation. 1843 Penny Cycl. XXV. 137/2
Institutions in England auxiliary to those for punishment,
or Houses of Reformation. 1885 H. CONWAY Family Affair
ix, The work of reformation is child's playto that of making
your friends believe you have reformed.
f6. Control, direction, authority. Obs. rare"1.
1523 Act 14 fy 15 Hen. K///, c. 2 All maner of personnes
beyng Alyens . . occupieng any mistery or handy craft . .
shalbe under the Serene and Reformacion of the Wardens
and the Felowshyppes of handy craftes.
fb. Inphr. Under ^(or saving] your reformation'.
subject to your amendment or correction. Obs.
1558 Ln. WENTWORTH in Arb. Garner IV. 104 Under your
Majesty's Reformation .. I am of opinion there would be
enow. 1616 COKE in Buccleuck MSS. (Hist. MSS. Comm.)
I. 173, I shall be able., to make the case (saving your
Majesty's reformation) without all question. 1617 MORYSON
Ittn. n. 189 Wee thinke it (vnder your Lordships reforma-
tion) very expedient, that in euery of them, Cittadels were
raised.
f 7. A disbanding, dismissal (of troops) ; the
removal of an officer from the active list. Obs.
1668 Lond. Gaz. No. 282/2 His Most Christian Majesty
having resolved upon the discharge and reformation of the
greatest part of his forces. 1670 [see REFORMED///, a. 4],
8. attrib. and Comb., as reformation act, -cut,
-monger, principles , statute ; reformation-bitten , adj.
1661 J. GUTHRIE (title) The great Danger of backsliding
and defection from Covenanted Reformat ion -principles.
1681 OTWAY Soldiers Fort, iv, i, That grave hypocritical
Beard, of the Reformation-cut. 17*3 DK. WHARTON in True
Briton No. 45. II. 396 That many of these pretended Re-
formation-mongers, have proved themselves as bad Chris-
tians, as their Ancestors were Subjects. 1848 KINGSLEY
Sainfs Trajr. v. i, A kindly youth and a godly, but reforma-
tion-bitten, like the rest. 1898 SIR W. HARCOURTin W'estm.
Gaz. 4 July 2/3 The great Reformation Act of Elizabeth.
Ibid., The Reformation statutes by which the doctrines and
practice of the Church of England were established by law.
Re -formation (rfljttntfi'jao). [Orig. the same
word as prec, ; in later use f. RE- 5 a + FORMATION
(cf. RE-FORM z/.).] The action of forming again ;
a second or new formation.
£1.4*5 WVNTOUN Cron. n. vi. 520 (MS. Cott.), Til con-
clusion Off J»is reformacion [of mankind) [>is Owide maid
bis ilka wersse. 1541 R. COPLAND Gnydon's Quest. Chirurg.
B iv b, One is very regeneracion, whiche is very reformacion
of the membre in the same selfe substaunce, forme [etc.].
1695 WOODWARD Nat. Hist. Earth vi. 265 There were the
same Measures taken . . in this Re- Formation of it, that were
when 'twas first built. 1761 Ann. Reg. \\. 38/1 The first
formation of the earth at the creation, the reformation after
the deluge. 1831 BREWSTER Nat. Magic iv. (1833) 93 The
re-formation of distorted pictures by reflection from cylin-
drical and conical mirrors. 1875 CROLL Climate «$• T. xxii.
361 The materials composing our stratified beds may have
passed through many cycles of destruction and re-formation.
Reforniational (refffom/^Janil), a. [f. RE-
FORMATION + -AL.] Belonging to, concerned with,
the Reformation or with reform.
1861 B?.t EWING in Ross Mem. xxi.(i877) 329 Theologies,
Reforniational and Roman, have heretofore obscured the
light. 1884 Manch. Exant. 20 Oct. .3/6 The black gown..
is reformat tonal, and it stands in the way of making an
' altar ' the great centre of worship.
So Beforma'tionary a.
1817 CARLYLE Gcrnt. ROM. III. 219 My feeble attempt, in
regard to this Reformationary advocate [etc.].
t Refo'rmatist. Obs. [I L. reformat^ ppl.
stem of reformare to REFORM, + -1ST.] A reformer.
1620 BRENT tr. Sarfiis Counc. Trent v. (1676) 395 The
king [Francis II], by his Edict, pardoned all the reformatists,
until they returned to the Church. 1653 ASHWELL Fides
Apost. 216 The Power and cleerenesse of this Truth, .may
serve to stop the violence of some zealous Reformatists.
Reformative (rfljp-jmativ), a. [f. as prec. +
-IVE.] Inclined to reform ; that tends to, or makes
for, reform ; reformatory.
'
349
' Law ii. 124 A law that undertakes the training of men..
reformative!/ out of ways of self-indulgence.
Re-formative («-), a. [RE- 5 a.] Having
the power of forming again.
1847 WEBSTER cites GOOD. 1900 Q. Rev. July 49 Earth is
the most potent disinfectant known : . . it is resolvent and re-
formative as well.
t Reformator. Obs. [a. L. reformatory agent-n.
f. reforwaretv REFOBM: cf. F. rdformateur (i4th
c.).] A reformer.
XS38 ELYOT Diet,, Reformatory reformatour. 1633 Cotttin.
Forraine Avisoes No. 18. 14 Apr. 13 (Stf.), The Reformators
came to Schoole, and caused the Swedes . . to bee whipt in
their presence. 1657 HEYLIN Ecclesia Vind. 24 Such points
of Controversie, as were in difference between the Refornia-
tors of the Church of England, and the Church of Rome.
Reformatory (rrf/'jmatari), a. and sb. [f. L.
ppl. stem reformat- + -ORY.]
A. adj. Having a desire or tendency to reform
(a person or thing) ; designed for reforming.
1589 NASHE Pref. Greene's Menaphon {Arb.) 14 The vp.
start discipline of our reformatorie Churchmen. 1709 STRVPE
Ann. Ref. I. xvii. 209 Much was done not long after
according to this Reformatory Platform. 1791 BENTHAM
Panopt. n. Postscr. 189 The business of reformatory in-
struction may be transferred to the Chapel. 1831 MACKIN-
TOSH Sp. Ho. Comm. 4 July, Wks. 1846 III. 535 Such
objections, .would exclude most important questions, and,
certainly, all reformatory measures. 1851 MARY CARPENTER
{title) Reformatory Schools for the Children of the Perishing
and Dangerous Classes, and for Juvenile Offenders. 1884
Munch. Exaiit. 21 Aug. 4/7 The object of the discipline, .is
not so much retributive as reformatory.
B. sb. An institution to which juvenile incorri-
gibles or offenders against the law are sent with
a view to their reformation. Also attrib.
»7^i •-"•""" ° •"• * • "*/* uo?u) 37 Fy, fy, sweet nan,
. . .Vill strike so deepely into a reformative conscience, as
there shall not neede out vpon thee. 1641 Short View
Prel. Ch. Eng. 10 Whither their Courts bee reformative or
deformative. 1883 M. DAVITT in Contcnif. Rev. Aug. 173
Under conditions that would lessen the evils just referred
to, separate confinement might become a reformative kind
of punishment.
Hence Refrrrmatively ai/i'. , Refo'rmativeiie»s.
1824 M^CULLOCK Highlands Scat. IV. 161 There is an
Organ of Rcforinativeneia. 1874 BUSHNELI. f'orfiven. $
formatory, in the Isle of Wight, the commencement of a
systematic improvement, .has been made. 1885 Encycl.
Brit. XIX. 764/1 The average reformatory population [in
the United States] is about 15,000.
Reformed (r/fpumd), ///. a. and sb. [f.
REFORM v.1 + -ED!.] A. ///. a.
1. a. Of religion, churches, etc. : Brought to
a better or purer state by the removal of errors or
abuses, esp. those imputed to the Church of Rome.
Also transf. of persons, times, etc.
The name of Reformed Ckurch(es) sometimes includes all
the Protestant churches, and sometimes is specifically re-
stricted to the Calyinistic bodies as contrasted with the
Lutheran. The adj. also forms part of the specific names
of various churches and religious bodies in different
countries.
1563 FOXE A. «fr M, To Persecutors, In Countries . . and
Churches reformed, your errours and superstitious vanities
bee so blotted out [etc.]. Ibid, i In these reformed dayes,
1588 FREGEVILLE Reformed Politick* Ded. Aij, So it is
that the Reformed Princes haue bene sclandered by the
Pope. Ibid, 73 The Reformed Church began by poore men.
1646 EVELYN Diary (Geneva), The French Protestants would
make no scruple to submitt to it. ., had they a King of the
Reform'd Religion. 1727-41 CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v. Church,
The Reformed Church is again divided into the Lutheran
Church, the Calvinist Church, the Church of England, &c.
177* T. WARTON Sir T. Pope 150 The English reformed
clergy, who.. had fled into Germany, now returned in great
numbers. 1841 Penny Cycl. XIX. 355/1 Many of the
followers of the Reformed doctrines suffered death. 1894
EAKLE Psalter Gt. Bible Introd. 63 The original hymns of
the Lutheran worship constituted a feature which dis-
tinguished it from that of the Calvinistic or 'Reformed'
branch of the continental Protestants.
b. In general use.
1605 BACON Adv. Learn, n. xx. § 9 The reformed school
of the Epicureans.
c. Of parliament, spec, of that which met after
the Reform Act of 1832.
1821 COBBETT Weekly Reg. 2 Feb. 290 We forbear to
speculate on the manner in which a Reformed Parliament
would be engaged at a crisis like this. 1862 C. KNIGHT
Pop. Hist. En$, VIII. xvh'L 324 The first session of the
Reformed Parliament. 1873 EDITH THOMPSON Hist. Eng.
xliii. 234 The Reformed Parliament, the object of great hopes
and greater fears, met January 29, 1833.
2. fa. Improved in manners; cultivated. Obs.—1
1574 HELLOWES Gveuara's Far/t. Ep. (1577) 181 Very
noble and refourmed [Sp. enntendado\ knight, by the words
of your letter, I understood [etc.].
b. Improved in character, conduct or morals.
1579 LYLY Euphues (Arb.) 53 Then doubtlesse women
either do or should loue those best whose vertue is best, not
measuring the deformed man, with the reformed minde.
1592 GREENE Di&put. n lacke Rhoades is now a reformed
man,.. he is growneacorrecterofvice. 1715 DE FOE Fain.
Instruct, i. iv. (1841) I. 85 So at last we may be a sober
family,a reformed family. 1837 HT. VL*XTVKlNQSoc*Amtl\
III. 199 When I asked now reformed offenders were to put
their reformation in practice.
c. Reduced to stricter observance.
1706 [see REFORMATION 3 c]. 1863 GEO. ELIOT Ronwla.
.\liii, First came a white stream of reformed Benedictines.
3. Altered in form or content; esp. put into
a better form, corrected, amended.
1584 PARSONS Ltycester's Cotntnw. (1641) 148 He cousened
most notably her Majesty, by shewing her a reformed Copie
of the said letter, for the letter it selfe. 1727-41 CHAMBERS
Cycl, 5.v. Calendar, Reformed, or Corrected Cali-ndar, that
which, .determines ihe equinox, .by astronomical computa-
tion, according to ihe Rudolphine tables.
1 4. Alii. Of officers : Left without a command
(sec REFORM v.1 10 and REFOKMADO i a). Obs.
REFORMING.
1629 WADSWORTH PHgr. vii. 71 Those that continued tooke
their pay of reformed Captuines. 1670 R. MONTAGU in
Buccleiu/t MSS. (Hist. MSS. Comm.j I. 468 The late re-
formation amongst all the reformed officers. 1715 Land.
Gaz. No. 5323/1 Robert Rich, a Reformed Lieutenant in..
Major General Rook's late Regiment of Foot. 1758
SMOLLETT Hist. Eng- (1800) II. 281 With respect to the re-
formed officers he declared he had given orders for their
being immediately paid. 1814 [see REFOKMADO i].
t B. sb. a. as pi. Adherents of the Reformed
religion ; Protestants, b. sing. A Protestant, rare.
1588 FREGEVILLE Reformed Politicke Ded. A ij b, The
fidelitieof the Reformed, and the conspiracies of the League.
i6so BRENT tr. Sarpfs Co/me. Trent v. (1676) 391 The
Kings death in France, which the reformed did ascribe to
miracle, increased their courage. 1655 (fitU) A Collection
or Narrative. .Concerning the.. Massacres, Murt hers, and
other Cruelties, committed on many thousands of Reformed,
or Protestants dwelling in the Vallies of Piedmont. 1741
S. A. LAVAL Hist. Reform. IV. VIM. 1122 That Child was
born a Reformed, and had been educated in that Religion,
177* T. WARTON Sir T. Pope 50 Mary, .persecuted the
reformed with the most barbarous severities.
Hence Refo'rmedly, adv. rare''1.
1653 MILTON Hirelings (1659) 57 Yet a iate hot Quaerist
for tithes .. would send us back, very reformedly indeed, to
learn reformation of Tyndarus and Rebuffus.
Reformer l (r/lj^xmai). [f. as prec. + -EB 1.]
1. One who reforms another, rare.
\$t&Pilgr. Per/. (W. de W. 153!) 88, I sholde accompte
it amonge my great lukers and vauntages .. to be reproued
or correcte of my reformer or mender. 1570 DEE Math.
Pref. b iiij, That any. .Sober Student.. will.. become a
Reasonable Reformer of three Sortes of people, about these
Influentiall operations, greatly erring from the truth.
transf. 1869 LOWELL Under the Willows 348 God's
passionless reformers, influences, That purify and heal and
are not seen.
2. One who reforms, or effects a reform in, a
state of things, practice, etc.
1548 ELYOT Diet., Reformatory a reformer, he that bryng-
eth to a new or better facion. 1553 M. WOOD (Bale) tr.
Gardner's True Obed.'Yo Rdr. Biij, God hath appointed
them . . to be prtuate persons, and not refourmers of common
causes. 1585 T.WASHINGTON tr. Nicholay^s b'oy. iv. xxxiii.
155 Solon beyng. .chosen for the general reformer of their
lawes. 1660 R. COKE Justice I'ind. 16 These are the glorious
Reformers of our Church and State. 1767 GOOCH Treat.
Wounds I. 447 note Ambroise Pare was a great Reformer of
Surgery. 1788 GIBBON Decl. <$• F. \. V. 222 The elders of the
city., affected to despise the presumption of., the reformer of
his country. 1846 MCC.ULLOCH Ace. Brit. Empire (1854) II.
499 The plan . . advocated by the early reformers of prison dis-
cipline. 1853 MAURICE Proph. A> Kings xxii. 381 Have we
yet to learn that a great teacher or reformer . . does that
which swords cannot do,.?
3. spec. a. One of the leaders in the reformation
of religion in the i6th century.
1561 WINJET Cert. Tract, i. Wks. (S. T. S.) I. 12 Sum for
saying only to our mid reformearis. .hes Hbertie to bruke
the kirk rentis. 1563 Ibid. I. 83 Of the ceremonies among the
new reformaris. 1616 CHAMPNF.Y Voc. Bfs. 29 The question
between the Catholike Roman Church, and the pretended
Reformers. 1714 SWIFT Pres. St. Aff. Wks. 1751 IV. 284, I
think Luther and Calvin seem to have differed as much as
any two among the Reformers. 1796 T. GREEN Diary Lover
of Lit. (1810) 14, I should have conducted myself just as he
did, towards the pope and the reformers. 1839 KEIGHTLEV
Hist. Eng. II. 28 Fourteen Dutch reformers, who had taken
refuge in England. 1880 SWINBURNE Stud. Skates. 304 The
struggle of episcopalian with Calvinistic reformers.
b. An advocate or supporter of political or
parliamentary reform ; esp. one who took part in
the reform movement of 1831-2.
Radical reformer', see RADICAL a. 3 c.
1785 PITT Sp. 18 Apr. in Hansard Parl. Hist. (1815) XXV.
435/1 Such a House of Commons it was the wish of every
reformer now to establish. 18x7 COBBETT Weekly Reg.
8 Feb. 169/1 How do you trace that riot to the Reformers?
1832 DISRAELI Let. 22 Feb., I am still a Reformer, but shall
destroy the foreign policy of the Grey faction. 1868 Daily
News 8 Nov., In Birmingham, of all places, he cannot be
required to stand on his defence as a Reformer.
4. A reviser, corrector, improver, rare.
i6«>6 EARL MONM, tr. Boccalinfs Adfts.fr. Parnass. i.
xxviii. (1674) 30 Apollo, .received the Poem, and. .gave it to
the Reformer [It. censore] of the Library, .that it might be
revewed. 1837 HALLAM Hist. Lit. i. viii. § 7 note* This
reformer of Boiardo [Domenichi] did not alter the text
nearly so much as Berni.
Hence Befo rmeress, a female reformer.
1611 COTGR., Emendatrice, she that correcteth .. [or] re-
formeth..; a correctresse, reformeresse. 11843 SOUTHEY
Doctor ccx\\\. (1848) 575 Holy Colette of portentous sanctity,
the Reformeress of the Poor Clares. 1849 SARA COLERIDGE
Mem. $ Lett. II. 234 Substantially the reformeresses must
be m the right.
t Reformer 2, -ier. Obs. rare, [irreg. f. RE-
FORM Z*.1 10 + -EH, -IER.] = REFORMADO1.
1644 SIR W. MURE Let. in Wks. (S. T.S.) Introd. p. xvi,
For the most part they are reformer officers under the com-
mandment of the Earle of Craufurd and Mackay. 1645
LITHGOW Siege Newcastle (1820) 25 Lieutenant Colonel!
Henderson, a Reformier.
Re-fo'rmer. [RE- 5 a : cf. RE-FORM v.] One
who forms again.
1839-5* BAILEY Festus xxviii. 475 The Former and Re.
Former of the world.
Reforming (r/T^-jmirj), vbl. sb. [f. REFORM
ZJ.1] The action of the vb, in various senses.
« 1400 HVLTON Scala Perf. \\. iv, He delaiede J>e ful
reformynge of mannyssoule vnto J»e laste ende. 1560 DAUS
tr. Sleidane^s Cotntn. 81 b, For the debating of contro-
versies, and refourming of vices. 1598 STOW Sttrr>. 134 He
gaue towardes the reforming of that church fine hundred
REFORMING.
350
REFRACTED.
markes. a 1660 HAMMOND Serin. (1851) 11. 540 A reforming
of every thing which was either formally or indirectly con-
tained in their ignorance. 1743-4 MBS. DELANY Aittobiog.
<S- Corr. (1861) II. 283, I wish you had the reforming of the
family you are in. 1753 J. LOUTHIAN Form of Process (ed. 2)
p. in, I have been prevailed upon.. to undertake the re-
forming of the former Edition.
Reforming (r/^miii)), #£ a. [f. as prec.+
-ING 2.] That reforms.
1641 MILTON Ch. Govt. \, vi. Wks. 1851 III. 124 The
expected reforming grace that God hath bid us hope for.
1692 E. WALKER tr. Epictetm* Mor. xvi, 'Tis better he were
hanged, than thou should'st share A moment's Grief by thy
reforming Care. 1849 MACAULAY Hist, Eng. L 1.64 Eliza-
beth., put herself at the head of the reforming party. 1878
SEELEY Stein 1 1. 166 We must retrace our steps, and examine
his reforming legislation.
Hence Refo'rmiugly adv. rare "~l.
1649 ROBERTS Clavis Bibl. 346 It would better have be-
come lob to have submitted himselfe reformingly and
humbly to his hand.
list (r/Tpumist). [f. REFORM v.1 + -IST.]
1. a. One who advocates reform in the Church ;
a Reformer. (Common in I7th c.)
1589 G. HARVEY Pierce' s Super. \\. Addit. F f, The for-
ward Zeale of dowtie Martin Seniour,. .and some other
bragge Reformistes. 1608 H. CLAPHAM Errour Left H and
36 He differs much from the most of our Reformistes heere
at home. 1693 J. EDWARDS Author. O. fy N. Test. 310
Among the reformists you will see this more plainly at tested.
1791 MME. D'ARBLAY Diary -^ Aug., The Winton inhabitants
. .ran up a slight wall before it [tne altar], and deceived the
Reformists. i8»6 W. E. ANDREWS Crit, Rev. Fox's Bk.
Mart. II. 312 Their judges were cold and calculating re-
formists. 1850 Elder's House 97 So you see that all the
Reformists have not given up the doctrine of confession.
attrib. 1590 GREENWOOD Confer. Pref. A ij, Considering the
reformist Preachers are now become the BB's. trustie actors.
i88z Macm.Mag. XLV 449 Mrs. Ashley.. was put into the
Tower, apparently on suspicion of Reformist sympathies.
b. An advocate or supporter of political reform.
(Common c 1792 to 1830.)
1641 Newsfrom Hell, etc. in Harl. Misc. (Malh.) IV. 393
The subtle practices of some parliamentary reformists.
179* WINDHAM Speeches Parl. (1812) I. App. C 155 Yet
these [the Jacobins] are the men whom our Reformists are
known to correspond with. 1817 BENTHAM Part. Reform
Catech. (1818) 104 By a radical reformist, the Householder
plan could not be refused to any Electoral District. 1830
LADY GRANVILLE Lett. (1894) II. 62, I have been to see the
Staffords, violent reformists. 1893 Columbus (Ohio) Disp.
10 July, The general policy of the party has been enough to
break the strength of the so-called Reformists.
attrib. a 1849 POE Marginalia Wks. 1864 III. 523 The
modern reformist Philosophy . . and the late reformist
Legislation.
1 2. A member of a reformed religious order.
1611 COTGR., ReformeZ) reformists, an Order of Franciscan
Fryers. 1706 PHILLIPS (ed. Kersey), Reformists^ Monks,
whose Discipline, or Rules have been reformed.
t Refo'rmitor. Obs. rare—1, [irreg. f. RE-
FORM t/.1, perh. for REFORMATOR.] A reformer.
1537 in Lett, Suppress. Monast. (Camden) 157 Abusys..
clokyde and coloryde by the reformitors (so namede) of
evere religion.
So f Refo-rmity, Protestantism. Obs. rare—"*-.
1606 WARNER Alb. Eng. xv. xcviii, Yet whatsoeuer Papistrie
exacted, payed yet, His scrupulous Reformitie, will nought
therof remit.
t Refb'rmling. nonce-wd. [irreg. f. REFORM
w.1 + -LING.] An amended pamphlet.
1662-3 J- B[IRKENHEAD] Assembly-Man To Rdr., A copy
of that Reformling had crept to the Press.
Refo'rmulate, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To
formulate anew. So R e formula' t ion,
i88a Academy 14 Jan. 29/1 As Luther'sdoctrineof justifica-
tion by faith reformulated Gospel truth for the Reforma-
tion era. 1896 Westm. Gaz. 17 June 4/1 A reformulation
of the indictments against society.
Refortifica'tion. [Ct. next.] The action of
fortifying again ; a new fortification.
1598 BARRET Theor. Warres\. ii. 128 What order is there
to be taken in such refortifications ? 1878 A. FORBES in
Daily News 15 Aug. 5/7 The reduction of the size of the
city by the Venetians, and its refortification on a more con-
tracted circumference.
Refo-rtify, v. [RE- 5 a ; cf. F. refortifier
(iSthc. Godef.).] trans. To fortify again. Hence
Refo'rtifying vbL sb.
1598 BARRET Theor. Warresv. ii. 128 More commonly old
Castels. .be repaired and refortified. 1611 FLORIO, Rinfor-
zamento,. .a refortifying. 1641 EVELYN Diary 6 Aug., This
was our continual duty till the Castle was re-fortified. 1692
Lend. Gaz. No. 2801/2 Above 6000 are summoned in with
Shovels and Pickaxes, .to re-fortifie the Town of Old-Man-
heim. 1778 Eng. Gazetteer (ed. 2) s.v. Harwich^ This town
. . has since been ordered to be refortified. 1807 G. CHALMERS
Caledonia 1. 1. iv. 182 He reoccupied and refortified such of
those posts as promoted his vengeful designs. 1896 W. H.
HUTTON Philip A ugustus Hi. 76 The island taken, Philip
refortified it and rebuilt, .the bridge.
Jig. 1889 SKRINE Mem. Thring 140, I am repeating a
judgment formed long ago, and often refortified.
t Refo'ssion. Obs. rare —l. [f. RE- + FOSSION,
after L. refoderej] A digging up again.
£1625 BP. HALL St. Paul's Combat i. Wks. 1808 V. 372
Hence are. .refossion of graves, torturing of the surviving,
worse than many deaths.
Refound (nfatrnd), z>.l [f. RE- 5 a -f- FOUND
2/.2; cf. OF. refonder (i2th c.).] trans. To found
(a town, etc.) again ; to re-establish. Alsoyf^-.
1500-20 DUNBAR Poems xxxviii. 28 The grit victour agane
is rissin on hicht ..; our fayth is now refoundit. 1641 W.
CARTWRIGHT Lady*Errant v. ii, Her service hath Preserv'd
the Kingdom, and refounded Cyprus. 1702-3 ATTEKBURY
Let. Misc. Wks. 1739 I. 159 The other bill is to enable the
Queen to re-found the Savoy. 1761 London $ Environs
IV, 296 This hospital was.. suppressed by Henry V and re-
founded by Edward IV. 1869 GOLDW. SMITH Led. Mod.
Hist. iv. 16 This Colony did not .. require to be refounded.
1879 FARRAR St. Paul I. 505 Cassander had re-founded it,
and changed its name from Therma to Thessalonica.
Hence Hefou'uding vbl. sb.
1754 POCOCKE Trav. (Camden) II. 112 The first foundation
of the church by Wilfrid, and the refounding by K. H. 8th.
1893 MALLESON (title) The Refounding of the German
Empire.
RefoundCnfan-nd), z*.2 [f.RE-5a + FouNDv.3;
cf. F. refondre (i2th c.).] trans. To cast (objects
of metal) again ; to recast.
<zi649DRUMM.OF HAWTH. Jos. Ill, Wks.(i7ii)6oWhy ..
when these old medalls were defaced ..he might not re-
found them,., he thought no sufficient reason could be
given. 1781 WARTON Hist. Kiddington 8 Perhaps they are
all antient bells refounded. 1865 CARLYLE Freak. Gt. xxi.
ii. (1872) IX. 265 All our Cannon, .needed to be refounded.
t Refo'und, z>.3 St. Obs. [var. of REFUND
v.1 ; cf. confound, infound.]
1. trans. To refund, restore.
1546 Res-. Privy Council Scot. I. 41 The saidis Eirle and
Lord . . oblissis thame . . to refound and deliver the samin
agane to the persone fra quhame the samin hapins to be
taikin. 1572-3 Ibid. II. 186 For warrandice to the said
Archibald .. and refounding to him of the pryces thairof
acclamit be him. 1632 LITHGOW Trav. x, 476 Thy money
and Patents shall be refounded.
b. To make good, repair, redress.
a 1578 LINDESAY (Pitscottie) Chron. Scot. (S. T. S.) I. 42
Cause all enormities and crymes committet . . to be refoundit
and randerit witht in 5011 r boundis. Ibid. 82 To refound the
skaythtis and iniurieis done be thame of befoir.
2. To cast the blame of (something) on or upon
a person or thing.
a 1653 BINNING Serttt. (1845) 438 They do not refound it
upon God, Who is righteous in all His ways, but retort it
upon themselves, c 1680 MACWARD Contend. (1723) 144 The
want whereof is to be refounded on this court stratagem.
Ibid. 147 The marring of that unity.. is to be refounded
upon that intimacy.
Refounda'tion. [RE- 5 a ; cf. REFOUND z/.i]
The action of founding again ; a new foundation.
ax66i FULLER Worthies^ Lanes, n. (1662) 120 This
Colledge hath passed many Dissolutions and re foundations.
1864 J. RAINS Hexham (Surtees) I. Pref. 148 There is some
valuable information, .about the refoundation of their house.
iSooGASQUET & BISHOP Edw. VI ff Bk. Com. Prayer ( 1891)
5 On the refoundation of the monastic cathedrals.
Refounder (nfau-ndai). [f. REFOUND v.1 +
-ER i,J One who refounds.
1528 m Lett. Suppress. Monast. (Camden) 2 Alen Niger,
summe tyme erefe of Richemound, and our secounde re-
founder. 1782 PENNANT Joum. Chest, to Lond. 57 This
Enysan..was the true re-founder [of Stone Priory]. 1824
j SOUTHEY Bk. ofCh. (1841) 408 That Church, and the Queen,
i its refounder, are clear of persecution, as regards the
| Romanists. 1865 MASSON Rec. Brit. Philos. 95 He was ..
the refounder of Transcendentalism in modern Europe.
tRefou-ndiment. Sc. Obs. rare-1. [Cf.
REFOUND z/.3] The act of refunding ; reparation.
X5SS ^ Acts Mary (1814) 497/2 ynder the pane of re-
foundiment of the dampnage and skaith to the parteis.
Refou'ndress. rare—1, [f. REFOUND z/.1;
see -ESS.] A female refounder.
1655 FULLER Ch. Hist. in. ix. § 23 Nor let not our Virgin
Queen be forgotten, as in effect Refoundresse of this from
the third year of her reign.
Refount (rffavrnt). [ad. F. refonte REFONT.]
A recasting.
1832 AUSTIN Jurispr. (1879) II. 1081 Though the refount
of form, now recommended, would not touch necessarily the
substance or effect.
Refourme, obs. form of REFORM v.
Refows, -foys, obs. forms of REFUSE a.
Refract (rflhe-kt), pa. pple. rare. [ad. L.
re/raff-us, f. refringere : see next.] Refracted.
1625 GILL Sacr. Philos. Pref., If the eye bee not able to
behold the beames of the Sunne,. .yet it joyes to see that
shining lampe when his beames are refract, or as it were
broken off. 1880 SWINBURNE Songs ofSpring-t., Birthday
Ode 38 With moonlight-coloured gold And rays refract from
the old world heaven of time.
Refract (rffhe'kt), v. [f. L. refract-, ppl.
stem of refringere, f. re- RE- +frangere to break.
Cf. F. rtfracter (1*1$*).]
1. Physics. Of substances : To break the course
of (light, etc.) and turn (it) out of the direct line ;
esp. to deflect at a certain angle at the point of
passage from one medium into another of different
density.
1612 SELDEN Pref. Drayton's Poly-olb. (1876) I. p. xliv, By
. . rash collecting (as it were,) from visual beams refracted
through another s eye. 1646 SIR T. BROWNE Pseud. Ep. 345
Some reflected, others refracted beget that semicircular
variety we generally call the Rainebow. 1668 CULPEFPER
6 COLE Bartkol. Anat. HI. viii. 148 The glassie Humor
may give a passage to the Species to the Retina, and may
refract them from Perpendiculars. 1728 PEMBERTON New-
ton's Philos. 375 All transparent bodies refract part of the
light Incident upon them, and reflect another part. 1794 J.
HUTTON Philos. Light^ etc. 218 The powers in bodies for
variously reflecting, absorbing, transmitting, and refracting
light. 1800 HENRY Efit. Chem. (1808) 31 Caloric is re-
fracted, also, according to the same law that regulates the
refraction of light. 1872 HUXLEY Physiol. ix. 225 Glass
refracts light more strongly than water does.
absol. 1678 HOHBES Decant, x. Wks. 1845 VII. 172 It will
follow that all transparent bodies that equally refract arc
equally hard ; which I think is not true.
trans/, undjtg, 1656 tr. Hoboes' Elem. Philos. (1839) 381
The sine of the angle refracted in one inclination is to the
sine of the angle refracted in another inclination [etc.],
1790 BURKE />. Rev. Wks. V. 125 These metaphysick rights
. ., like rays of light, .. are, by the laws of nature, refracted
from their straight line. 1869 LECKY Europ.Mor. v. II. 355
No other body of men have ever exhibited a more single-
minded and unworldly zeal, refracted by no personal interests.
b. To produce by refraction, rare.
1728-46 THOMSON Spring 202 Meantime, refracted from
yon eastern cloud . . the grand ethereal bow Shoots up
immense. 1762-9 FALCONER Shipwr, \\. 277 His languid
fires . . Refract along the dusk a crimson blaze.
f2. trans. To throw back; to reflect, return. Obs.
x6ai BURTON Anat. Mel. \. ii. ir. v. 109 The Turkes weare
great Tulipantes. .to refract the Sun beams, 1658 ROWLAND
tr. Moufefs Theat. Ins. Ep. Ded., The air. .beating against
the rough-cast walls of the hollow place, and refracted,
makes a sound. 1694 WESTMACOTT Script. Herb, i [Algum
wood] was most precious, . . fit to refract sounds.
\ 3. To break up ; to impair. Obs. rare.
164^7 HAMMOND Powerof Keys Pref. A4The several excel-
lencies of the other three .. may .. be found at least, as in
mixture, refracted and compounded in this fourth, it 1676
HALE Print. Orig. Man. iv. iii. (1677) 318 Those common
Notions which yet remain in the Humane Nature, though
refracted and abated by the Fall of Man.
b. Chem. To analyse (nitre) in order to discover
the percentage of impurities (cf. REFRACTION 6).
1842 PARNELL Chem. Anal. (1845) 478 The most usual
method of refracting nitre consists in determining, i°, the
amount of water lost by exposure to a moderate heat ; 2°,
the amount of insoluble matter [etc.].
Hence Befra ctable a., refrangible. rare~l.
1676 H. MORE Remarks 100 For as bodies are only
tangible, so they are only reflcxible and refractable.
t Befra ctarily, adv. Obs. rare. [f. as next
+ -LT 2.] « REFRACTORILY.
1623 COCKERAM n, Obstinately, Refractarily. 1654 H.
L'ESTRANGE Chas. f (16^5) 62, I cannot but totally acquit
King Charles of blame in proscribing such as refractarily
offended.
t Refra'ctariness. Obs. [f. REFRACTARY a.
+ -NESS.] = REFRACTORINESS.
1624 DONNE Devot. (ed. 2) So Take from me, O Lord, her
peruersenesse, her wilfulnesse, her refractarinesse. 1636
CHAS. I in Rushw. Hist. Coll. m. (1692) I. 320 May not the
Kings . . by Law compel the doing thereof in case of Refusal
or Refractariness? 1693 LOCKE Edttc. 85 She had.. by her
unprevatling Blows only confirmed her refractariness.
t Refracta/rious, a. Obs. rare -1. « next.
1614 JACKSON Creed in. xiit. § 10 The life of the world
censured to death for an hereticke, or refractarious Scis-
matique.
t Refra'ctary, a. and sb. Obs. [ad, L. re-
fractari-us (Seneca) obstinate, stubborn : see RE-
FRACT v. and -ART1, and cf. F. rtfraetaire (l6th c.).
In the Earl of Stirling's Domesday (1614) x. xlii. the
stressing is rffractary \ cf. the note to REFRACTORY.]
A. adj. = REFRACTORY. (Common in 1 7th c.)
1604 R. CAWDREV Table Alph.^ Refractariet wilfull in
opinion, obstinate. 1613 PURCHAS Pilgrimages, xix. (1614)
215 The woman which rendereth not her husband his due, is
rebellious and refractarie. 1660 MARVELL Corr. Wks. 1875
II. 41, I am sorry to heare that Mr. Wilson has been so
refractary. 1694 FALLE Jersey v. 171 And in case the said
Minister continues refractary, the Dean. .shall proceed even
to Deprivation.
Render not your
selfe a refractarie, on the sudden. 1657 TRAPP Comm. Job
vii. 12 God looked not upon him as he doth upon these
refractaries, who to their impatience adde impenitence.
Refracted (rtfrse-kted), ///. a. [f. REFRACT
V. + -ED M
1. Of light, etc. : Bent aside, deflected. Also
transf. of things connected with, or produced by,
refraction.
1638-48 G. DANIEL Eelog iii. 352 Homeward wend,
Whilst the refracted West some Lights yet lend. 1678
VAUGHAN Thalia Rediv., Pious Th. 212 whose fires by
refracted chance Burnish some neighbour rock. 1691 NORRIS
Pract. Disc. 244 We look upon Truth, .by a refracted Ray,
which makes it to appear where it is not. 1740 SOMERVILLE
Hobbtnol in. 292 She darts along, and with refracted Rays
Paints the gay Clouds. 1789 E. DARWIN Bot. Card. n.
(1791) 133 O'er heavens wide arch refracted lustres flow.
1831 BREWSTER Optics in. 22 The ray HR is called the
incident ray, and R b the refracted ray. 1871 B. TAYLOR
Faust (1875) II. I. i. 7 Life is not light but the refracted
color.
fig. 1654 H. L'ESTRANGE Chas. I (1655) 146 The informa-
tion being somewhat lame, as being taken upon refracted
and second hand report. 1856 R. A. VAUGHAN Mystics
(1860) II. 230 According to Swedenborg, all the mythology
and the symbolisms of ancient times were so many refracted
or fragmentary correspondences.
t b. Refracted angle, angle of refraction. Obs.
1704 J. HARRIS Lex. Techn. I, Refracted Angle, in Op-
ticks, is the Angle contained between the refracted Ray and
the Perpendicular. 1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) XIII. 234/1
Before this time Kepler had published a New Table of
refracted Angles.
f2. Driven back, repelled. Obs. rare-1.
1635 SWAN Spec. M. v. § 2 (1643) 169 [The wind] with a
refracted and disjoynted force . . is driven hither and thither.
f3. Broken down, diminished. Obs. rare- -\
1639 FULLER Holy War n. xxxv. (1840) 96 If ihey [mer-
cenary soldiers] be not entertained in too great numbers,
but in such refracted degrees, that the natives may still have
the predominancy.
REPRACTEDLY.
Hence Refra'ctedly adv., Befra-ctedneas.
1667 SPRAT Hist. A'. Soc. 216 Experiments of the Trans-
parency, and Refractedness of Flames. 1854 KINGSLEV
Alexandria, 67 Even if he sees a truth, he can only see it
refractedly.
t Ilefra-cter. Obs. [f. REFRACT v. -f -KB*.]
= KKFBACTOK 3 b.
1761 HIKST in Phil. Trans. LII. 397 A 4 feet refracter, of
Mr. Dollond's new construction. 1763 SHORT ibid. LIII.
341 He used an 18 foot refracter.
Retractile (rl&wktH, -tail), a. [f. as prec. •*•
-ILK.] Capable of producing refraction. Hence
Refracti'lity.
1847-9 TODD Cycl. Anat. IV. 514/1 The bands appear, .to
..become more refracttle. Ibid. 517/1 These cells, in respect
of their .. refractility .. resemble those seen in articular
cartilage. 1880 Nature XXI. 411 A well-defined highly
refract tie fibrous network.
Refracting (r/Trarktirj),///. a. [-ING2.]
1. Causing refraction ; refractive.
1704 NEWTON Optics (1721) 4 Def. iv, The Perpendicular to
the reflecting or refracting Surface at the Point of I ncidence.
1743 KMERSON Fluxions 282 To find the Motion of a Ray
of Light passing into a refracting Medium. 1837 GORING &
PRITCHARD Microgr, 182 The rays, .should traverse both the
refracting surfaces without any obliquity. 1851 NICHOL
An hit. Heav. (ed. 9) 115 The magnitude of its reflecting
disc, or refracting lens. 1898 Allbittt's Syst. Med, V. 886
The fibres.. present a few refracting granules.
b. Provided with some apparatus or arrange-
ment for refracting light ; esp. refracting telescope^
a telescope in which the rays of light are con-
verged to a focus by an object glass.
1764 HORNSBY in Phil. Trans. LIV. 145 An excellent
refracting telescope of 12 feet focus. 1823 J. BADCOCK DOM.
Amvsem. 119 Expose it.. to the light of a refracting lamp.
1870 Daily News 8 Oct., A magnificent refracting telescope,
with an object-glass of 25 inches diameter. 1896 ORFORD
Mod. Optical Instr. 95 In the refracting stereoscope the
rays of light .. are always bent towards the thicker part of
the lens.
o. Refracting angle^ the angle between two
faces of a prism or lens.
1796 H. BROUGHAM in Phil. Trans. LXXXVI. 262 An
hollow prism made of fine plate-glass, . .its refracting angle
being 55J. 1890 WOODBURY Encycl. Photogr. 394 A
divergence from the axis will take place, becoming more
and more marked as the refracting angles become greater
towards the edge of the lens.
2. Undergoing refraction, rare—1.
1718 ROWE tr. Lucan iv. 119 Unvary'd by the Light's re-
fracting Beam She stoop'd to drink from Ocean's briny
Stream.
3. That resists fire; —REFRACTORY A. 4.
1894 R. S. Burn's Steam Engine User 145 The interior,
especially of the furnace proper, . . and the combustion
chamber being lined with * refracting ' bricks, generally
termed fire-bricks.
Refraction (r/froe-kfan). [ad. late L. re-
fraction-em (Boethius), n. of action f. refringere:
see REFRACT v. and cf. F. refraction (i6ih c.)-]
f 1. a. The action of breaking open or breaking
up. Obs. rare.
1578 BANISTER Hist. Man vir. 91 This bloud by styrring. .
Is made thinne, and together with the ayre mixed, which thus,
by the same refraction, and beatyng together, is prepared.
1611 FLORIO, Rejrattione, a bursting or refraction. 1661
BLOUNT Glossogr. (ed. 2), Refraction, a breaking open,
fb. Rebound, recoil. Obs. rare.
1653 HARVEY Anat. Exerc. n. (1673) 135 The blood being
forcd against the hand, did by its reverberation and re-
fraction, fly back four or five foot. 1661 BLOUNT Clossogr.
(ed. 2), Refraction^ . . a rebound.
2. The fact or phenomenon of a ray of light,
heat, (f the sight,) etc., being diverted or deflected
from its previous course in passing obliquely out
of one medium into another of different density,
or in traversing a medium not of uniform density.
Angle of refraction, the angle between the refracted ray
and the perpendicular to the surface of the refracting
medium at the point of incidence (t or that between the re-
fracted ray and a continuation of the incident ray), t Axis
of refraction^ the perpendicular to the surface of the refract-
ing medium at the point of incidence. Double refraction^
the fact of a ray of light being split up by certain minerals
into two divergent, unequally refracted rays. Index of re-
fraction '. (see INDEX sb. 9 a).
1603 HOLLAND Plutarch's Mor. 1295 The rainbow is..
distinguished by sundry colours, by the refraction of our
eie-sight against a cloud. 1646 SIR T. BROWNE Pseitd. Ep.
347 The colours are made by refraction of light, and the
shadows that limit that light. 1677 GREW A nat. Fruits iv.
§ 6 By Refraction, Objects of all Sizes are represented on the
Walls of the Eye. 1706 W. JONES Syn. Palmar. Matheseos
301 The Refraction out of a Rarer Medium into a Denser
is made towards the Perpendicular. 1797 Encycl. Brit.
(ed. 3) XIII. 279/2 The phenomena of refraction are ex-
plained by an attractive power in the medium through
which Jight passes. 1831 BREWSTER Optics xvii. 144 The
refraction of the two pencils is called double refraction and
the bodies which produce it are called doubly refractive
bodies, c 1860 FAHADAY Forces Nat., Electric Light 177, I
can employ the principle of refraction to bend and direct
the rays of light. 1880 LE CONTE Sight 32 All refraction is
accompanied by dispersion.
fig. 1614 SELDEN Titles Hon. Pref. C 4, I .. euer .. vsd
that Medium only, which would not at all, or least, deceiue
by Refraction. 1873 SPENCER Stud. Sociol. i. 12 To make
allowance for the refraction due to the historic medium.
b. With a and pi. An instance of this.
1619 J. BAINHRIDCE Descr. Late Comet 10 A second re-
fraction of the Sunne beames. 1660 HOYI.E New Ex/>.
Phys, Jdech. .xviii. 136 The various refractions that may
351
happen in the Air. 1743 EMERSON Fluxions 284 The Sum
of all the Refractions will be equal to the single Refraction
[etc.]. 1796 KIRWAN Eletn. Min. (ed. a) I. 241 It causes a
double refraction. 1867 J. HOGG Microsc. i. i. a A table of
the refractions which light experiences under different
angles of incidence in passing from air into glass.
Jig. i8»7 HARE Guesses Ser. i. (1873) 2 When among the
manifold refractions of Knowledge, Wisdom is almost lost
sight of. 1860 EMERSON Cond, Life, Illusions, Even the
prose of the streets is full of refractions.
f o. //. Refracted beams. AlsoySg-. Obs. rare.
1648 BOYLE Seraph. Love xxv. (1700) 152 Variety, .such as
we may see in the diversify'd refractions of the same
sparkling Diamond. 1640 G. DANIEL Trinarch.. Hen. fl/t
ccclxxxvii, Now. .the Refractions of his Spirit Gild Only the
Hemme of Life.
3. a. Astron, The deflection of the beams or
light from heavenly bodies when not in the zenith,
due to the refracting power of the atmosphere,
which increases their apparent elevation.
Spec, called atmospheric and astronomical refraction,
1603 HEYDON Jua. Astrol. 137 There lieth a deceipt or
fallacie in the refraction of beams, which cheifly happeneth
about the Horizon, where the aire is alwaies thickest. 1669
STURMY Mariner's Mag. n. 118 The Refraction of the Sun,
Moon and Stars, causeth them to appear higher above the
Horizon than they are, 1715 tr. Gregorys Astron. (1726) I.
279 The uncertain Refractions will render the Operation
doubtful ; and besides, then the Sun ascends and descendstoo
obliquely [etc.]. i8ia WOODHOUSE Astron. x. 74 Refraction,
by which a star, to appearance, is elevated above its true place.
1868 LOCKYER Gttiuemitfs Heavens (ed. 3) 186 The Sun,
actually already_below the horizon, is raised up by refraction,
and remains visible to us.
fig. 1850 TENNYSON In Mem. xcli, Such refraction of
events As often rises ere they rise.
b. The effect of the atmosphere in making
terrestrial objects appear higher than they are.
Spec, called terrestrial refraction ; see also quot. 1831.
1698 KEILL Exam, Th. Earth (1734) 173 He seems to
allow too much, both for refraction and errors in the Obser-
vations. 1831 BREWSTER Optics in. xxxi. 255 Great local
heats or local colds will produce great changes of refractive
power, and give rise to optical phenomena of a very interest-
ing kind. Such phenomena have received the name of
unusual refraction. 1853 KANE Grinnell Exp. x. (1856) 69
My sketches of the coast, .show what strange diversities of
outline may be induced by refraction.
4. The action of a medium in refracting light;
refractive power or effect. Alsoy-r^.
1664 POWER Exp. Philos. i. 34 Which is helped and
27 Allowing! _ __
sphere in winter. 1849 KINGSLEY Misc. (1860) II. 246 A deep
pool .. paved with sandstone slabs and boulders, distorted
by the changing refractions of the eddies. 1870 LOWELL
Among my Bks. Ser. I. (1873) 279 The willful refraction of
a clear mind, twisting awry whatever enters it.
f 5. A reduction on a charge or bill. Obs.
1727-41 CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v., I will deduct or make you a
refraction of 301. charged inadvertently in my bill. 1783
Gentl. Mag. LII. 364 Mr. K. mentioned the refraction
which the Company had on their side of their bargains with
Government, as very advantageous.
6. The process of ascertaining the percentage
of impurities contained in a sample of nitre; the
sum of the impurities as thus ascertained.
184* PARNELL Chem. Anal. (1845) 478 The total amount of
these impurities in 100 parts of a sample of nitre is technically
termed the 'refraction1 of that sample. 1876 VOYLE &
BfwaamJfj£K&X>&& 335/1 Government.. generally pur-
chases saltpetre at 5 per cent, refraction.
7. attrib., as refraction error^ -index ; also re-
fraction-circle, one of two or more graduated
circles attached to a refracting telescope in order
to adjust its direction.
1875 KNIGHT Diet. Mech. 1909/2 The refraction-circle of
the Washington Observatory. 1879 St. George's Hosp. Rep.
IX. 489 The pulsation was more marked in the ey_e with in-
ferior sight. There was absolutely no refraction error.
1889 Anthony's P/totogr. Bull. II. 167 The relation between
the refraction-index and the dispersion.
Hence Refractional a. ; Refra'ctionist, one
skilled in the application of the laws of refraction,
esp. for the correction of visual defects. .
1871 HUTTON Ess, II. 84 He rejected ' refractional * theo-
ries of light with scorn. 1899 Daily News 23 Feb. 5/1 An
exhibition organized.. in the interest of the refractionist.
t Refraxtious, a. Obs. rare. [f. REFRACT v.
+ -lous: cf. FRACTIOUS.] *= REFRACTIVE i.
a 1691 BOYLE Hist. Air xx, (1692) 192 The Difference
betwixt clear Weather and misty refracttous Weather. . , \
have seen the J>and elevated by reason of the refractious Air.
Refractive (rffrse'ktiv), a. [ad. late L. re-
fractiv-us (Priscian), or f. REFRACT v. + -IVE. Cf.
F. rtfractif) -ive (1752).]
1. That refracts light, etc.; possessed of, char-
acterized by, the power of refracting.
1673 FLAMSTEED in Rigaud Corr. Sci. Men (1841) II. 168
The refractive air reaches some height above our heads.
a 1691 BOYLE Hist. Air (1692) 190 The air. .was filled with
ipours and exhalations, that made it much more refractive
riF _•» T VT \7TIt
Chem. 75 Tourmaline is a doubly refractive substance. 1871
PROCTOR Ess. Astron. vi. 84 Its outline should be distorted
if the planet has a refractive atmosphere.
b. Refractive power, the power which a trans-
parent body has of refracting the light passing
through it.
REFRACTORINESS.
1709 BERKELEY Th. I 'ision § 34 By the refractive power of
the crystalline. 1769 WALES in /'////. Trans. LX. 131 The
very great refractive power of the air in these parts. 1831
BKEWSTKK Optics \. iii. 22 The power by which bodies produce
this effect is called their refractive power, and bodies that
produce it in different degrees are said to have different re-
fractive powers. 1874 tr. LommtFs Light 60 In this way
every transparent substance has its own refractive power.
c. Refractive indext index of refraction. (See
INDEX sb. 9 a.)
183*) G. BIRD Nat. Philos, 394 The refractive indices of
the different refracting structures of the eye. 1873 W. LEES
Acoustics n. iii. 52 In the passage [of light] from one
medium to another of a different refractive index.
2. a. Due to, caused by, refraction.
1717 BERKELEY Jrnl. Tour Italy i9Sept,Wks. 1871 IV.
589 1'he refractive curve in an atmosphere of different
density. 1879 Casseirs Tcchn. Educ. Iv. 313/1 Three de-
fects—spherical aberration, chromatic aberration, and re-
fractive aberration. 1881 CLARK RUSSKI.L Ocean Free-
Lance I. v. 234 Little blobs of hazy film trembled upon the
white refractive line about the dark waters of the horizon.
b. Refrangible.
1890 Anthony's Photogr, Bull. III. 417 Thereby it has
been shown that the gelatine absorbs the most refractive
rays most energetically.
3. Relating to retraction.
1727 THOMSON To Mem. Newton 124 Ev'n now the setting
sun and shifting clouds,, .declare How just, how beauteous,
the refractive law.
4. Refractory, rare.
1709 J. NIMMO Narr. (S. H. S.) 19 Kinstirie seemd not
verie refractive if Park desired him to take the burthin of
all thes off my hand. 1845 [implied in REFRACTIVENESS].
Hence Befra'ctiveness, Befracti-vity.
1843 J. CAIRNS Let. in Life vii. (1895) 140 Is there not loo
much refractiveness in his exegetical atmosphere..? 1845
JANE ROBINSON Whitehall xlv, He was detained . . ap-
parently with the intention of subduing the refractiveness
of his nature. 1889 Philos. Mag. Ser. v. XXVIII. 400 The
refractivity of a substance is the difference between the
index of refraction of the substance and unity.
Refracto 'meter, [f.as REFRACTS/. + -OMETER.]
An instrument for measuring the indices of refrac-
tion of various substances.
1876 Catal. Sci. App. S. Kens. 133. 1883 Nature 15 Mar.
473/1 On a refractometer for measuring the indices of refrac-
tion and the dispersion of solid bodies.
Refractor (rtfrse-ktfJj). [f. REFBACT v. + -OR.]
fl. A refractory person. Ovs. rare~~l.
1638 LAUD Wks. (1853) V. 206, 1 have received an answer
not much in effect differing from this petition, from two or
three refractors in different parts.
f 2. That which breaks or repels. Obs. rare ~'.
1682 GREW Exp. Luctat. Menstruum* fr. Bodies i. § 13
For which reason . . the best Correctors, or Refractors of the
force of Colocynthis, are some kinds of Alkalies.
8. A medium which refracts light ; a refracting
lens.
1836-41 BRANDE Chem. (ed. 5) 191 The ultimate direction
of a refracted ray of light is influenced by the relative
position of the surface of the refractor, c 1860 FARADAY
Forces Nat., Electric Light 190 As yet no attempt has been
made to construct special .. refractors for it.
b. A refracting telescope. Cf. RKFRACTER.
1769 Phil. Trans. LIX. 308 The situation of the telescopes,
the reflector being within the observatory, and the two re-
fractors, .without it, favoured this purpose. 1794 G. ADAMS
Nat. <$• Exp. Philos. II. xxii. 471 [Newton's telescopes] in
power were compared to a six feet refractor. 1891 Anthony's
Photogr. Bull. IV. 369 A reflector can always be mounted
at far less cost than a refractor of equal aperture.
Refractorily (r/fe-ktsrili), adv. [f. RE-
FRACTORY a. + -LY ^.] In a refractory manner.
c 1646 True Relat. in Glover's Hist. Derby (1829) I. App.
62 She still refractorily and willfully said, that shee would
not give them one penny. 1657 Penit. Con/, viii. 273 If any
person .. behaved himself refractorily to the decrees of the
Council. 1736 NEAL Hist. Pnrit. III. 464 He behaved very
refractorily towards the Visitors. 18*5 HONE Every-day
Bk. I. 1168 One keeper of a. .stall, .refractorily persisted.
Refractoriness (r/fr£e*ktarines). [f. RE-
FRACTORY a. + -NESS.] The quality or state of
being refractory.
L Of persons : Obstinacy, perversity ; stubborn
disobedience or resistance to some authority or
control. (Common in 1 7th and i8th c.)
01642 SIR W. MONSON Naval Tracts H. (1704) 295/1
Those that repine at Princes Actions out of Stubbornness,
or Refractoriness. 1686 HORNECK Crnctf. Jesus xvii. 497
Your refractoriness to reformation and amendment makes
CARTE Hist. Eng. III. 677 They now
Marb. Faun ii. (1878) 25 Donatello's refractoriness, .had
evidently cost him something.
fig" i6$8 A- Fox WurtJ Surg. I. vin. 33 If Wounds in
the dressing be abused., what can be expected, but Natures
unwillingness and refractoriness .. ?
b. Power of resistance to some influence.
1805 FOSTER Ess. \. iv. (1806) I. 62 Unless you had brought
into the world some extraordinary refractoriness to the in-
fluence of evil. 1886 E. R. LANKESTER Adrancem. Sc.
(1890) 148 A state of refractoriness to the poison of rabies.
2. Of things : Resistance to treatment or mani-
pulation, esp. to the action of heat.
1839 URE Diet. Arts 299 Its refractoriness allows of a
harder glaze being applied to the ware formed from it.
1870 Academy 12 Feb. 122 The vigour and skill with which
they coped with its [granite's] refractoriness. 1893 Sin K.
HAM, Story of Sun 289 The two conditions of refractoriness
and low atomic weight.
REPRACTOHIOUS.
t UefractoTitms, a. Obs. [f. next + -ocs.]
= REFRACTORY.
1555 RIDLEY in Foxe A.tf M. (1563) 1360/2 Because he
was verye refractorious, I said to him [etc.J. 1608 TOPSELL
Serpents (1658) 639 Rebellious persons, refractorious,
obstinate, and such as will not be ruled. 1613 T. GODWIN
Rom. Antiq. (1658) 252 Punishments used .. towards re-
fractorious and disobedient soldiers.
Refractory (rtfne-ktsri), a. and sb. Also 7
-urie. [var. REFRAOTARY, on anal, of adjs. in -CRY 2.
' It is now accented on the first syllable, but by Shake-
manageable, rebellious, a. of persons
"777 PRIESTLEY On Air III. 21 The earth of tin is the most
refractory, little differing . . from flint, the most refractory
of all the earths. 1833 PJ. ARNOTT Physics (ed. 5) II. 151
to hold His Crowne. 1699 BURNET 39 Art. xxxiii. (1700)
368 There is no other way of proceeding but by cutting off
those who are so refractory. 1719 DE FOE Crusoe n. ii,
They Wire a parcel of refractory, ungovernable villains.
1769 Junius Lett. i. (1788) 34 The most refractory of the
colonies were still disposed to proceed by . . constitutional
methods. 1818 JAS. MILL Brit. India II. v. iv. 436 The
honour of his government was concerned in chastising a re-
fractory dependant. 1859 J. H. NEWMAN Hist. Sk. (1873)
III. v. iii. 455 The old Roman law .. gave to the father the
power even of life and death over his refractory offspring.
absol. 1685 BAXTER Paraphr. N. T., Matt. x. n More
worthy, (or less unworthy) than the refractory. 1771 JOHN-
SON in Boswell (Argt. for Hastie), The refractory must be
subdued by harsher methods. 1847 PRESCOTT Peru (1850)
II. 343 The refractory were ejected .. from their offices.
b. of character, disposition, actions, etc.
1606 SHAKS. Tr. $ Cr. n. ii. 182 To curbe those raging
appetites that are Most disobedient and refracturie. a 1653
BINNING Serm. (1845) 558 There are different tempers of
mind among men, some more smooth and pliable, others
more refractory and froward. 1710 WELTON Suffer. Son of
God I. vii. 130 All those Refractory Dispositions that were
Opposites to the Love, and to the Law of God. 1748
Anson's Voy. ii. iii. 148 A Midshipman, .had appeared the
foremost in all the refractory proceedings of the crew. 1777
WATSON Philip II, xiv. (1839) 313 The factious and refractory
spirit of the Walloons and Flemings. 1836 J. GILBERT Chr.
A loneni. ix. (1852) 278 The thoughts and feelings may have
still their refractory range.
f 2. a. Strongly opposed, not amenable, refusing
compliance, to something. Obs. (freq. in I7th c.)
1617 MORYSON Itin. n. 299 The Citizens of Mounster. .
were now growne most refractory to all due obedience.
1671 SHADWELL Humourists in, I can no longer be re-
fractory to your honourable Desires. 17*3 Pres.St. Russia
I. Pref. 2 A People formerly, .so refractory to all Culture,
fb. Undesirous (/something. Obs. rare—1.
c 1610 SIR J. MELVIL Mem. (1735) 174 He seemed some-
what refractory of accepting the Government.
3. Med. Of wounds, diseases, and the like : Obsti-
nate, not yielding to treatment.
1663 BOYLE Use/. E.rp. Nat. Philos. u. v. xix. 290 Stub-
born Diseases that had been found refractory to all ordinary
Remedies. 1836-9 TODD Cycl. Atiat. II. 515/2 The wound
was at first refractory.
b. Able to offer resistance to a disease; not
susceptible to morbid agencies.
1884 Scie nee III. 744/1 A dog.. being rendered refractory
itrongly ' refr
might be delayed.
4. Resisting the action of heat ; difficult to fuse
(or to work in any way).
1758 REID tr. Rlacqucr's Chym. I. 359 All Iron ores in
general are refractory, and less fusible than any other.
.
refractory, little differing . . from flint, the most refractory
of all the earths. 1833 PJ. ARNOTT Physics (ed. 5) II. 151
His blow-pipe fed witn mixed oxygen and hydrogen, whose
flame is capable of melting the most refractory substances.
1871 B. STEWART Heat (ed. 2) § 109 The most refractory
substances, such as carbon, can be made to appear as gases.
Jig. 1836 EMERSON Nature, Idealism^ Wks. (Bohn) II. 161
To him [the poet] the refractory world is ductile and flexible.
1857 BUCKLE Civiliz. I. iii. 140 Where the products of the
external world have been refractory [etc.].
B. sb. f 1. A refractory person. Obs.
1617 ABP. ABBOT in Rushw. Hist. Coll. (1659) I- 442 My
Reply was, By what then doth he coerce those Refractories?
1633 T. ADAMS Exp. 2 Peter ii. 5 Like a bladder, which the
peevish refractory puts under his arm.
2. A piece of refractory ware employed in the
process of glazing pottery.
1839 URE Diet. A rts 1019 Occasionally also a very fusible
composition is thrown upon the inner surface of the_ muffle,
and 5 or 6 pieces called refractories are set in the middle of
it. 1875 KNIGHT Diet. Mech. 1910/1.
t Refra'Ctnre, sb. Obs. rare—1, [f. REFRACT
v. + -URE.] Refractory opposition or action.
1659 GAUDEN Tears Ch. iv. xx. 562 More veniall and ex-
cusable may those verball reluctancies, reserves, and re-
fractures. .seem.
Re-fra'cture, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To frac-
ture (a bone) again.
1876 Clin. Soc. Trans. IX. 161 Mr. Maunder proposed to
try and re-fracture the thigh. 1898 Daily A'rtM 22 July 5/7
He unfortunately re-fractured the left bone.
Refraene, obs. form of REFRAIN v.
t Refragable, a. Obs.-° [ = obs. F. refragable,
It. refragaoile, med.L. refragabilis : see IRREFRAG-
ABLE a."] That may be refuted or gainsaid.
1611 FLORIO, Refragabile, refragable, that may be re-
pugned or gaine-stood. 1721- in BAILEY and later Diets.
352
Hence t Befrafafcility, t Befratfableness.
1711-31 in BAILEY. [Hence in some mod. Diets.]
t Refragate, v. 06s. [f. L. refragat-, ppl.
stem of refragdrt to resist, withstand.] intr. To
oppose, controvert, gainsay.
1593 NASHE Christ s T. (1613) 119 Stoutly they refragate
and withstand, that the Firmament is not his handy-worke.
16*3 COCKERAM, Refragate, to gainesay. 1661 GLANVILL
Van. Dogm. 179 If upon further enquiry, any were found to
refragate, they were to be discharg'd by a distinction.
t Refragatory, a. Obs. rare-1, [f. as prec.
+ -OKY 2.] Disposed to controvert or refute.
1716 M. DAVIES A then. Brit. II. To Rdr. 45 As to the
severer sort of the High-Church Aristarchi, I shall not be
very Refragatory.
Refraiohe, obs. form of REFRESH v.
t Refraidonr. Obs. rare. Also 5 refraydeur.
[a. ONF. *refreidure, var. OF. refroidurc : see RE-
FBOIDODR and REFREID z/.] Cooling, coolness.
1483 CAXTON Gold. Leg. 250 b/i He was cold of the fyrst
refraydeur whiche is desyre of henenly glorye .. which
within hym posseded the refraidour of paradis.
Refrain (r/fr^'n), sbl Forms : 4 refreyne,
5 refreyn, 6 rofreine, (7 reffrein) ; 6 refraynt,
7- refrain, (8 -e). [a. OF. refrein, refrain = Prov.
refranh, Cat. refrd, Sp. re/ran, Pg. refrao, in the
same sense, ultimately f. pop. L. *refrangert (OF.
refraindre) to break back, break again. See also
REFBEIT.] A phrase or verse recurring at intervals,
esp. at the end of each stanza of a poem or song ;
a burden, chorus. Also transf.
App. not in very common use before the igth century.
£1374 CHAUCER Troylns ll. 1522(1571) But euere more alias
j was "nis refreyn. c 1430 LYDG. Mitt. Poems (Percy Soc.) 128
' Remembre sothely that I the refreyn toolce, Of . . my maister
! Chancier, chief poete of Bretayne. 1530 PALSCR. 261/2
Refraynt of a balade, refraynt. 1580 HOLLYBAND Treat.
I fr. Tong, Envoy, the refreine of a Ballade, that is, the foot
of a song. 1603 HOLLAND Plutarch*! Mor. 1271 In all the
actions of Alexander, a man may use this for a reffrein or
'• faburden. All Philosophically. 1778 Bp. LOWTH Trails/.
fsaiah Notes xL 191 Dancing and throwing in alternately
! the refrain or burthen of the song. 1795 MASON Ch. Mus.
! 213 To confine the Organist to a slightly ornamented
; Refraine, or Ritornello at the end of each Stave or Stanza.
1835 WILLIS Mclanie 36 When another sang the strain,
I I mingled in the old refrain. 1860 ADLER Prov. Poet, xviii. 408
The song was divided into several stanzas, each of which
terminated in a refrain. 1877 BLACK Green Past. xiv. (1878)
1 14 These old phrases and chance refrains seemed to suggest
themselves quite naturally.
tRefrai'n, sb* Obs. rare-1. In 6 refrane.
[f. REFRAIN v.] Restraint.
c 1560 A. SCOTT Poems (S. T. S.) iv. 86 The denkest sounest
doun, The farest but refrane, The gayest grittest loun.
Refrain (tfhi '-n), v. Forms : 4-5 refreyne (n,
5 -nyn), 5-6 refreyn, (5 Se. ra-), 6-7 refrein(e ;
4, 6 refreigne, (4 Sc. refrenje), 4-6 refrene, (7
refrsBne) ; 4-6 refrayn(e, 5-6 refrane, 5-7 re-
fraine, 6- refrain, [ad. OF. refrener (i2th c. ;
mod.F. refrtner) : ad. L. refrenare to bridle, f. re-
RE- +/rf>iuat, free/turn bridle.]
I. trans. fL To restrain, hold back, check
(a person or thing). Obs.
£1380 WYCLIF Wks. (1880) 278 pat meyntenours of false
causes, .be wisly refreyned & scharply jwnyschid. 1388 —
Bible, Ezek. xxxi. 15, I forbede his nodis, and Y refreynede
[L. coercui] many watris. 1483 CAXTON Gold. Leg. 292 b/a,
I shalle soo refrayne hym that he shalle no more dare de-
maunde suche thyng. 1533 BELLENDEN Livy n. xxy.
(S. T. S.) I. 232 Nowthir schame nor fere of bare Inemyis
mycht refrene bame. 1548 UDALL, etc. Erasm. Par. Matt.
xxvL 99 b, Jesus refrayned them saying : Why be ye greued
with this woman ? 1633 G. HERBERT Temple Ded. 6 Turn
their eyes hither, who shall make a gain : Theirs, who shall
hurt themselves or me, refrain. 1645 M. CASAUBON Orig.
Temp. Evils 42 What then., would they do, if God did use
no such means, no such examples to refrain them ?
b. reft. To restrain, put restraint upon (oneself) ;
to repress any manifestation of emotion, impatience,
I etc. Now arch.
1387 TREVISA Higden (Rolls) III. 317, 1 am suche oon by
kynde, but I refreyne [v. r. refreigne] me by vertue. £-1400
Bcrytt 2745 Wherfor refreyne the, And blowe but fair &
sofft. 1535 COVERDALE Gen. xlv. i Then coude not loseph
refrayne him self before all them that stode aboute him.
a 1861 CLOUGH Poems on Life fy Ditty. In a London Square
ii, And thou, O human heart of mine, Be still, refrain thyself,
and watt. 1805 Westm. Gaz. 4 Oct. 1/2 For the first six
months. .the Party, .refrained themselves and kept low.
fc. (In lit. sense.) To rein back, rein in (a horse).
c 1430 SyrGener. (Roxb.) 6387 He .. Refreyned his hors,
and come hem too. Ibid. 6431 Gentil knight, refreyn youre
stede. 1515 BARCLAY Kglogcs iv. (1570) C iij b/i But if this
same colte be broken at the last, His sitter ruieth and him
refrayneth fast.
•(• d. Astro!, in pass. Of a planet : To receive
a check and become retrograde before attaining
conjunction with another. Obs.
1598 G. C. Math. Phisicke E iv b, Venus seeking the con-
junction of Saturn by retr[ogradation] is refrayned. [1606
FACE Spec. SEgrot. E iv, Sometimes by accidents, .their
friendship and familiaritie is refrained.]
f e. Sc. To hold, contain. Obs. rare —'.
1542 frtv. R. IVardr. (1815) 72 Item twa doubill planttis
[? ?vra*/plattis] to refrane heit waiter in maner of schoufer.
2. To hold back, restrain (a person or thing)
from something, esp. some act or course of action.
\ f Also const, of. Now rare.
REFRAIN.
c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints xvi. (Magd.) 230 Scho. .presyt hyre
in mony wyse bame to refren^e fra sik seruice of ydolis.
c 1400 Destr. Troy 11305 Eneas.. Refraynit Amphimacus of
his frike wille. 1450-80 tr. Secreta Secret. 5 God comfort
the. .and refrayne the from flesshely and besdy desires.
1494 FABYAN Chron. vu. ccxxiii. 249 In auoydynge wherof . .
he lytell & lytell refrayned theym of theyr outrage. 1535
COVERDALE Ps. cxviii. [cxix.] 101, I refrayne my fete from
euery euell waye. 1551 ROBINSON tr. More's Utop. \\. (1895)
222 They . . cowlde not for all that be refreyned from mys-
doynge. i6oa NIXON Eliza's Mem. cxxxi. in Farr S. P.
KHz. (1845) II. 556 To make us of true light participate,
Whereby our steps from darknes are refrain'd. 1667 MILTON
P. L. VI. 360 Nor from the Holie One of Heav'n Refrein'd
[he] his tongue blasphemous. 1883 TENNYSON Charge Heavy
Brig. Epil. 14 Trade [might] refrain the Powers From war.
absol. c 1400 Rom. Rose 4956 But Eelde gan ageyn re-
streyne From sich foly, and refreyne.
t b. rejl. To restrain (oneself }from some action,
etc. Obs. (cf. 9).
a 1400-50 Alexander 4638 If }e refreyne }ow bar-fra. .?ow
writhis with ?our wele. 1450-80 tr. Secreta Secret. 22
He that wille . . refrayne him from ouirmoche etyng and
drynkyng. 1535 COVERDALE Acts v. 38 And now 1 saye
vnto you : refrayne youre selues from these men, and let
them go. 1561 T. NORTON Calvin's Inst. \. 3 She doth not
for onely feare of punishment refraine her self from sinning.
1581 RICH Fareiu. vul. A a iij, Thei haue not bin able to re-
fraine themselues, from prosecuting their follie to the ende.
f o. Const, with inf. or that. Obs.
c 1450 St. Cuthbert (Surtees) 7782 pe enmys to wende him
refreynd. c 1500 Three Kings Sons 192 Assone as.. he
knewe it was Le Surnome, he coude not refrayne him to
kisse him. 1535 COVERDALE 'Acts xiv. 50 They scarse re-
frayned the people, that they dyd not sacrifice vnto them.
c 1570 Print <r Lowl. (1841) 12 111 can I take at thy hand
such despit, And that to dooe thee force I mee refrayn.
1 3. To restrain, curb, check, stay (an action, pro-
ceeding, feeling, quality, etc.). Obs.
c 1375 Se. Leg. Saints xxviii. (Margaret) 8 Vertu It is
i btudto restrenje, & flux of wame refrenje. c 1380 WYCLIF
Wks. (1880) 278 pat be grete blasphemye of goddis name . .
be refreyned bi drede of peynes. c 1450 St. Cutkbert
(Surtees) 1592 He was euer mare in his office Bysy to re.
i freyn vice. 1483 CAXTON G. de la Tour F iv. By curtosye
I and by swete langage ought the good wymmen to refreyne
the yre and wrathe of their lord. 1538 STARKEY England
i. iv. 120 Yf we coude fynd a way to tempur and refrayne
thayr malyce. 1561 HOLLYBUSH Horn. Apotk. 15 b, The
same refrayneth the breaking up of the stomake. 1585 T.
I WASHINGTON tr. Nicholay"s Voy. iv. xxxi. 153 b, To the in-
| tent to refraine superfluity and dayntinesse. 1637 R. ASH-
I LEY tr. MalvezzCs David Persecuted [227 It is not altogether
impossible to refraine nature a long time. 1683 TRYON Way
to Health 107 [When] the continual use hath made this
weak Quality strong, then it oft-times proves . . a difficulty to
Refrain it.
fb. To withhold or keep back from another.
1503 HAWES Examp. Virt. vu. I, And I dyd my power
from hym refrayne All his labour were lost in vayne. a 1586
SIDNEY Arcadia (1622) 37 A strange nicenesse were it in
mee to refraine that from the cares of a person representing
so much worthines.
4. To put a restraint or check upon (one's own
desires, feelings, actions, etc.).
13.. E. E. Allit. P. B. 756, 1 schal .. my ranker refrayne
for by reken wordez. ista WYCLIF Jos. i. 26 If ony man
gessith him silf for to be religious, not refreynynge his tunge,
. .the religioun of him is veyn. 1413 Pilgr. Sovale (Caxton
1483) iv. xx. 67 We haue no myght oure sorowe to refreyne.
1483 CAXTON Cato B v b, Thou oughtest to refrayne thyn
yre. 1560 DAUS tr. Sleidane's Comin. 64 Certainly ye
ought to. .refraine your prodigalitie and riot. 1584 COCAN
Havtn Health Ep. Ded. F 3 A great punishment it is for a
man to refraine his appetite. 1647 LILLY Chr. Astral, n. 312
She refraines and restraines her Concupiscence very much,
and casts off her Suitors. 1671 MARVELL Reh. Transf. i.
85 That even then Mr. Bayes alone should not be able to
refrain his Malignity. 1715 POPE Odyss. I. 100 Neptune
aton'd, his wrath shall now refrain. 1773-83 HOOLE Or/.
keeping it low. 1875 JOWETT Plata (ed. 2) I. 498 When we
heard that, we were ashamed, and refrained our tears.
b. To confine, keep within bounds, rare—1.
1814 CARY Dante, Paradise xxn. 49 My brethren, who
their steps refrain'd Within the cloisters.
1 5. To keep from (an action), desist from, give up.
1593 SHAKS. 3 Hen. ff, ll. ii. no Scarse I can refraine
The execution of my big-swolne heart Vpon that Clifford.
1606 G. W[OODCOCKE] Hist. IvMtie xil. 55 9ne of the wls.e
men gaue him aduice to refrain his cumming there, for it
was the fatal place of his death. 1676 MARVELL Gen.Coiincils
Wks. 1875 '*• '54 Whereas if men could have refrain'd
this cunning.. governing of Christianity [etc.]. 1715 POPE
Oifyss. iv. 007 Must my servant train Th' allotted labours of
the day refrain.. ?
t b. Const, with gerund or vbl. sb. Obs. (cf. 9 b).
1561 T. HOBY tr. Castiglione's Courtyer I. (ip77) D iv,
They come so to purpose, that hee can not refraine telling
them. iSn BIBLE JWxxix. o The princes refrained talking,
and laid their hand on their mouth. 1610 VENNER Via
Recta (1650) 5 Those that have tender bodies shall do well
to refraine travelling abroad in such a disordered change of
the aire. 1678 OTWAY Friendship in F. II. 13 A spark can
no more refrain running into love after a Bottle [etc.]. 1715
: DE FOE Voy. round World (1840) 276 We could not refrain
i smiling at one another. I745ELIZA \l-exvtoQBFemaleSfcct.
No. 14 (1748) III. 104 Impossible was it for her to refrain
being merry at the first part of this intelligence. 1791 MRS.
RADCLIFFE Rom. Forest v, She resolved, however, to refrain
for some time walking in the forest.
fo. To keep back (laughter or tears). Obs. rare.
1638 MAYNE Lucian (1664) 16, 1 could not refraine laughter,
when he proceeded, and said [etc.). 1719 DE FOF Crusoe
ll. vi, This, .man could not refrain tears.
REFRAINATION.
1 6. To abstain from (a habit or practice) ; to give
up. avoid, eschew. Obs.
1560 DAUS tr. Sltidane's Comm. 28 That his adversaries
may refraine theyr wonted rayling. 1567 Gttde f, Cm/lie
ff. (S.T.S.) 16 Als oft as we repent, and sin refraine. 1606
G WtooDCOCKF.] Hist. Ivstine xii. 55 He began anew his
feasting* and ryot, which of some long time he had re-
fiiynecl. 1658 Whole Duty Man viii. § 15 Which would
certainly kill thee if thou didst not for some little time re-
frain immoderate drinking. 1738 tr. Guazzo's Art Conversa-
353
Prohibition or let is done by retrogradation or going_ back-
ward..: and this let is properly called a Refreynation, or
houlding backe. 1679 MOXON Math. Diet., Refrainalion,
'Tis a kind of weakning to a Planet which is called so by
Astrologers when a Planet going to an Aspect with another,
liquors, on account of some disorder.
fb. To abstain from using or partaking of
(some article of food or drink). Obs.
1568 H VLL Card., } 'early Conject. v, Sharpe meates refraine
in this moneth. 1580 LYLY Eufhucs (Arb.) 447 They re-
fraine wine, bicause they fear to take too much. 1641
BAKER Chron. (1670) 401/1 She would sit silently, refrain her
meat, and not admit of any conference. 1691 TRYON Wisd.
Dictates 21 Refrain all salt sharp Foods, as Cheese, Flesh,
•f c. To keep the hands off (something). Ois.~l
1600 TOURNEUR Traiisf. Metam. liv, Thou monstrous
fiend (quoth he) thy pray refrain.
f7. To avoid, shun, eschew (ones company). Obs.
1547-64 BAULDWIN Mor. Philos. I. (Palfr.) 54 A king ought
to refraine the company of vicious persons. 1579 LYLY
Enphties (Arb.) 145 Not disdayning their cockemates or
refraining their company. 1619 WADSWOKTH P'lgr. vi. 53
Father Boniface.. gaue order to his tutor to refraine my
company. 1697 SIR T. P. BLOUNT Ess. 148, I refrain no
man s company because his opinion comes not up to mine.
1716 Bp. WILSON in Keble Life (1863) I. xi. 371 [He at
once excommunicates the offender] that the Society of
Christians may utterly refrain his company.
t b. To avoid, keep or stay away from (a place) ;
also, to go away from, to leave. Obs.
1577 HANMER Anc. Ecclfs. Hist. (1610) 290 Such as re-
frained the Churches and publike assembly. 1605 Play of
Stucley in Simpson Sch. Shaks. (1878) I. 229 It is most
certain there are many sick And therefore good my Lord re-
frain the place. i6»i LADY M. WROTH Urania 8, I must
my Lord (said she) intreate you to refraine this place.
a 1713 Robin Hood fy Little John xxxviii. in Child Ballads
III. 136/2 Then all the whole train the grove did refrain,
And unto their caves they did go. 1748 JOHNSON Van.
Hum. Wishes 149 Should tempting Novelty thy cell refrain.
t o. To avoid or shun (danger). Obs. rare ~l.
c 1560 A. SCOTT Poems (S.T.S.) xxxii. 23 To refrane that
denger plane, Fie alwayis frome be snair.
II. intr. 8. To abstain, forbear.
c 1400 Desir. Troy 2957 [pou] might faire haue refraynit
with j>i fre wille. c 1430 LYDG. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 69
Over salt mete doth grete oppressioun To fieble stomakes,
whan they can nat refreyne. 1549 COVERDALE, etc. Eraint.
Par. Rom. Prol. 24, I may of myne owne strength refraine
that I do mine enemy no hurte. 1560 DAUS tr. Slddane's
Comm. 306, I wyll refrayne and wil aske him but this
question only. 1605 SHAKS. Macb. n. iii. 122 Who could
refraine, That had a heart to loue. . ? 1648 MILTON Sonn. to
C. Skinner, Heav'n.. disapproves that care, though wise in
show, That.. when God sends a cheerful hour, refrains.
1715 DE FOE Fain. Instruct. I. viii. (1841) I. 148, I am per-
suaded had you been there, you could not have refrained,
1780 COWPER Progr. Err. 456 Let the wretch refrain, Nor
touch the page he cannot but profane. 1807 CRABBE Par.
Reg. u. 18 Till age, refrain not— but if old, refrain. 1875
GLADSTONE Glean. VI. xx. 154, 1 might, I believe, add other
instances, .but it is needless and I gladly refrain.
transf. 1533 SKELTON Why not to Court 36 But whan age
seeth that rage Dothe aswage and refrayne. 1886 WINTER
Shaks. Eng. ii. (1893) 21 Fog has refrained, though it is
understood to be lurking in the Irish Sea.
t b. Const, with to and inf. Obs.
1554-9 Songs <(• Ball. Philip q Mary (1860) 9 To synge
the truthe, why shulde I refrayne 1 1561 DAUS tr. Bullinger
on Apoc. Pref. (1573) 5 Lawrence Ualla. .could not refrayne
to enveygh against the Popish clergie. 1633 G. HERBERT
Temple, Providence v, He that to praise and laud thee doth
refrain. 1671 MILTON Samson 1565, I refrain, too suddenly
To utter what will come at last too soon. X7i8_ ROWE tr.
Lucan v. 284 Why did your wary Oracles refrain To tell
what Kings, what Heroes must be slain t
9. To abstain, keep oneself, from some act or
feeling, f using or partaking of something, inter-
ference with a person, etc.
1538 STARKEY England it. ii. 191 Thys schold cause the
attorneys and prokturys to refrayne from theyr crafty in-
uentyonys. 1579 LYLY Eitphues (Arb.) no Learne of
Romulus to refraine [1581 abstaine] from wine. 1604 SHAKS.
Oth. iv. i. 99 (Qq.) He, when he hearesof her, can not refraine
From the excesse of Laughter. i6n BIBLE Acts v. 38
And now I say vnto you, refraine from these men, and let
them alone. 1679 DRYDEN Trail. $ Cress. Pref., Consider
the wretchedness of his Condition . .and refrain from phty if
you can. 1711 ADDISON Sped. No. 106 P 3 Some of them
could not refrain from Tears at the Sight of their old Master.
1977 WATSON Philip II, yn. (1839) 123 That their preachers
should refrain from all invectives against the established
church. 1819 SHELLEY Julian 498, 1 refrain From that sweet
steep which medicines all pain. 1875 JOWETT Plato (ed. 2)
V. 304 A man should refrain from excess either of laughter or
tears.
b. Const, from with gerund or vbl. sb. (cf. 5 b).
1518 ROY Rede me (Arb. 30) Howe shall we from he_vy
wepynge refrayne ? 1579 LYLY Evphues (Arb.) 1 52 Refraine
from dicing. 1620 tr. Boccaccio s Decani. 98 Refraine
from weeping and observe attentively what I shall say.
1816 J. WILSON City of Plague 11. ii. 275 For erne single day
I must refrain From visiting the sick. 1867 SMILES Hugue-
nots Eng. viii. (1880) 134 Richelieu refrained from pushing
his advantage to an extremity.
t Refraina'tion. Astral. Obs. [var. of RE-
FRENATION, after prec.] = REFRENATION 3.
1598 F. WITHER tr. Dariots Judgem. Starres H b,
VOL. VIII.
ipplymg
either by Conjunction or Aspect, and before he comes to
Conjunction he becomes retrograde.
t Refrained, ///. a. Obs. rare. [app. from
REFRAIN v. + -ED l, but perh. an error for refrayed
REFKEID.] Of a hawk : ? Affected with a cold.
1486 Bk. St. Albans Cvij, Whan ye se your hawke
nesynge & casting water thorugh her noesthrilles on her
nares : then dowteles she is Refraned. Ibid., A medecyne
for hawkis that bene Refreyned. [Hence in later works.]
Refrai'ner. rare—1, [f. REFRAIN v. + -ER :.]
One who restrains.
a 1548 HALL Chron., Hen. Vll 56 These .ii. persons were
euer cohibetors and refreiners of the kinges wilfull skope.
t Refrai'ningf, v bl. sbl Obs. rare-1, [f. RE-
FRAIN rf.l] Singing of a refrain ; caroling.
? a 1366 CHAUCER Rom. Rose 749 Noon . . couthe make in
song sich refreynynge, It sat hir wondir wel to synge.
Refraining (r/fr^'-nirj), vbl. sb? [f. REFRAIN
v. + -ING1.] The action or fact of restraining,
abstaining, etc.
ci34o HAMPOLE Prase Tr. 20 In fastynge, wakeynge,
and in refreynynge of thi flesshly lustis. 1398 TREVISA
Earth. De I'.R. xvm. viii. (Bodl. MS.), pe asse .. is [led]
heder and bedre..bi refreynynge of be bernacle. 1526
Pilgr. Per/. (W. de W. 1531) 45 They profyte moche in y«
refreynynge or leuynge of vnlawfull pleasures. i6ixCoTGR.,
Refrenation, a refraining. 1857 SUSANNA WINKWORTH
tr. Life Tauter 56 All her works and refrainings will give
her no content. 1875 WHITNEY Life Lang. xv. 312 The
refraining from pushing conclusions beyond what the
evidences warrant.
Refraininent (r/W-nment). rare. [f. as
prec. -t- -MENT.] Refraining, abstinence.
1711 SHAFTESB. Charac. (1737) III. vi. vi. 386 Forbearance
and Indurance, or what we may otherwise call Refrainment
and Support. 1884 MRS. F. E. PIRKIS J. Wynne II. vii.
91 Her night's rest and refrainment having evidently
sharpened the edge of her appetite for pretty things.
Refraite, variant of REFREIT Obs.
Reframe (rifiv'-m), v. [Re- 5 a.] trans. To
frame, fashion anew. Hence Kefra'ming vbl. sb.
1590 C'TESS PEMBROKE Antonie I. 99 So long thy loue with
such things nourished Reframes, reformes it selfe. 1598
BARRET Theor. Warres VI. i. 183 The ready refraining of
them [maniples] againe into their grand square. 1617
HAKEWILL Apol. (1630)274 It was..unframed and reframed
in the Grand Signiours presence by the maker, a 1711
KEN Chrhtophil Poet. Wks. 1721 I. 498 My Jesus, who
dost Souls reframe, To a true God-like Height. 1768-74
TUCKER Lt. Nat. (1834) I. 285, I shall be content with it,.,
without regarding whether he had made it up of the same
materials as the former, reframed, or of fresh stuff. 1839-53
BAILEY Festus xx. 354 All things reframed themselves
before mine eyes. 1884 Law Times LXXVI._ 294/1 The
promoters . . would be more likely to meet with general
support.. if they would reframe their Bills.
t Refrana'tion, irreg. var. of REFRAINATION
or REFBKNATION. Obs. Chiefly Astro!.
1583 T. HETH Confut. Astro!. Disc. B vij b, Although
they b_ee in application, yet is the same .. preuented by re-
franation, afore they come to the full conjunction. 1597
A. M. tr. Guillemeau's Fr. Chirurg. 49/1 The refranatione
or bridlinge of this furiouse humoure. 1658 PHILLIPS,
Refranation, is, when a Planet is Applying to another, . .
and before he comes joyned, he becomes retrograde. 1819
J. WILSON Diet. Astral. 220 Refranation is the most certain
symptom of a breach between the parties.
Refrane, obs. form of REFRAIN v. (and sb.z}.
Refrangeiit (rffrse'ndgent), a. rare. [f. pres.
pple. of L. *refrangere (for refringfre} : see RE-
FRACT v."\ Refracting ; breaking up again.
1880 SWINBURNE Songs of^Spring-t., Card. Cymodoce 304
The beam, .refrangent again from the wave. 1883 STERN-
BERG Bacteria, 269 The anthrax bacillus . . develops re-
frangent, endogenous spores.
Refrangibi-lity . [f. next + -ITT.]
1. The property of being refrangible; the degree
to which this property is present.
1673 NEWTON in Phil. Trans. VIII. 6090 The Sun's light
consists of rays differing by indefinite degrees of Refrangi-
bility. 1706 W. JONES Syn. Palmar. Mathesos 302 Homo-
• , « /__ »1 -f t:i._ Ti_r :! :i:..., T
ngibil _
only the consequence of the different refrangibility of light.
1879 PROCTOR Pleas. Ways Sc. i. 24 A gas when glowing
absorbs rays of the same refrangibility as it emits.
2. Refracting power. rare~l.
1774 GOLDSM. Nat. Hist. (1860) I. xxi. 140 Glasses of
different refrangibilities.
Refrangible (rffce-ndsib'l), a. [ad. L. type
*refrangibtlis f. *refrang2re (for refringere) : see
REFRACT z».] Capable of being refracted; admitting
of, susceptible to, refraction.
1673 NEWTON in Phil. Trans. VIII. 6090, I call that
Light homogeneal, similar, or uniform, whose rays are
equally refrangible. 1706 W. JONES Syn. Palmar. Mathesos
301 The Light of the Sun consols of Rays that are
differently. .Refrangible. 1770 Monthly Rev. XLII.so? All
the different images of the object produced by the differently
refrangible rays. 1831 IMISON Sc. ff Art II. 33 The in-
visible rays of heat being more refrangible than those of
light. 1851 NICHOI. Archil. Heav. (ed. 9) 218 The red or
least refrangible end of the spectrum.
REFRENATION.
Hence Refra'ngibleness.
1731 in BAILEY vol. II, and hence in some mod. Diets.
t Refra'iigile, a. Obs. [f. the vbl. stem *re-
frang- (see prec.) + -ILE.] Liable to be refracted
at a certain point or distance. So t Refra ngity.
1797 BROUGHAM in Phil. Trans. LXXXVII.384 The rays
which are most flexible have also the greatest refrangity,
reflexity, and fiexity ; or are most refrangile, rcflcxile, and
flexile. [Cf. ibid. 360.)
t Eefrau-gnt, v. Obs. rare-1, [f. RE- 5 a +
FBAUOHT ».] trans. To freight again. So f Be-
fravrght pa. fple., reladen.
1613 Proc. Virginia in Capt. Smith's Wki. (Arb.) 122
Captaine Newport vndertopk to fraught the Pinnace with
corne, in going and returning in his discoverie, and to re-
fraught her again from Werawocomoco. 1765 E. THOMPSON
Meretriciad 26 Entpmb'd sev'n years, and lo 1 she rose
again ! Refraught with goods.
Refrayed: see REFREiD/a. pple.
Refrayn(e, -fraynt, obs. forms of REFRAIN v.
t Refrayne, v. Obs. [f. RE-+FHAYKE v.,
perh. after require.] trans. To question or examine.
< 1425 .SV,-v« Sag. (P.) 22 He toke thaym, and refreynde
alle, Whilk of thaym he myght take. £1450 LONEUCH
Merlin 1188 (Kolbing), The jugge gan hire refreyne And
axede hire [etc.]. 1536 SKELTON Magnyf. 2503, But frendly
1 wyll refrayne you ferther, or we flyt, Whereto were most
metely my corage to knyt.
Refreeh, obs. form of REFRESH v.
t Refre'ctore. Obs. rare ~l. [ad. med.L. re-
frectorium for refectorium : cf. OF. refreitur,
refretor, etc. and see FRATER st>.*] = REFECTORY.
1431-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) VI. 183 Also he did write in the
belle in the ffrater or refrectore [etc.].
Refreeze (rffrrz), v. [RE- 5 a.] trans, and
intr. To freeze again.
a. trans. 1794 J. WILLIAMS in A Cabinet, etc. p. vii, He
can . . thaw coagulation, and refreeze the billows. 1860
TYNDALL Glac. I. xi. 77 The surface of the snow had been
partially melted by the sun and then refrozen.
b. intr. 1853 KANE Griimell Exp. xli. (1856) 377 The
surface thaw.. is protected from re-freezing by the very
I snow through which it has descended. 1875 CROLL Climate
*t T. App. vi. 554 The water.. refreezes the moment it is re-
lieved frum pressure.
t Refreid, v. (and fa. fple.} Obs. rare. In 4-5
refreyd(e, refrayed ; refre(i)t, refreyt. [a.
ONF. refreider (-ier, -ir) to cool, to make or be-
come cold ; see also KEFKOIU v. and KEFRAIDOUR.]
1. trans. To cool, make cold, chill. Also in
pa. pple. , affected with a cold.
With the second quot. £1410 cf. OF. ' cheval qui estoit
refroidie ' (1456-7 in Godef. VI. 727/3).
£ 1374 CHAUCER Rosemound 21 My love may not refreyd
be nor afounde ; I brenne ay in an amorous plesaunce.
^1386— Pars. T. F 267 If he were al refreyded by siknesse
or by malefice of sorcerie or colde drynkes. c 1410 Master
of Game v. (MS. Digby 182), And for cause )>at be sowe
shall be refreted [v. r. refreited ; F. refroidees], be boore
goth not frome hir. Ibid, xii, Houndes somtyme beth
refrayed, as horse, whan bai haue renne to longe and com-
meth hoote in some water.
2. intr. To become or grow cold.
£1374 CHAUCER Troylus n. 1294 (1343) Troylus .. [did]
writen to hire of his sorwes sore. Fro day to day he leet it
not refreyde. Ibid. v. 507 God wot refreyden may bis hote
fare, Er Calkas sende Troylus Cryseyde.
Hence t Befrei-ding vbl. sb., cooling. Obs.
1383 WVCLIF 2 Mace. iv. 46 So Tholome wente to the kyng,
sett in sum porche, as for grace of refreytyng [L. re-
frigerandi], or colyng.
Refreigne, -frein(e, obs. ff. REFRAIN ».(andrf.).
Refreische, -ss(o)h, obs. ff. REFRESH v.
t Refreit, refret. Obs. Forms : 5 refreit(e,
refreyt, (refflreyt, refreyd), 5-6 refraite, 6 re-
frayte ; 5-7 refret, (5 refrect, 6 refrete). [a.
OF. refrait, refret, etc. :-L. refract-um, pa. pple.
of refringere (or "refrangSre, OF. refraindrt) to
refract. Cf. REFRAIN sb.1] A refrain or burden.
1387-8 T. USK Test. Love in. i. (Skeat) I. 156 For euer
soobynges and complaintes be redy refrete in his medita-
cions. c 14*0 Chron. I'ilod. 4103 pis was be refret of bat
caroulle, y wene. 1443 LVDG. in Pol. Poems (Rolls) II. 211
Of ther song the refreit was of pees, c 1500 MEDWALL Nature
5i6(Brandl), These. ii. folk harp both on refrayte. 1532 MORE
Confut. Tindale Wks. 686/2, I shal yet ones agayn . . fal to
my rude refraite, & sing him mine olde song. 1585 HICINS
tr. Juntas' Nomencl. n Versus intercalates.., Re/rein at
ballade, a verse often interlaced : the foote, refret, or burden
of the dittie. 1633 tr. Famine's Theat. Hon. H. xill. 222
Taking the Refret or burthen of the Song. 1717-4' CHAMBERS
Cycl., Ritornello or Refret, in music, the burden of a song.
Refreit, variant of REFREID v.
t Refrenate, v. Obs. rare^. [ad. L. re-
frenal-, ppl. stem of refrinare to REFRAIN.] trans.
| To check, restrain.
1590 A. M. tr. Gabelhouer's Bk. Physicke 130/1 It [a drug]
j violently refrenateth the laske, although it hath bin of a
longe continuance.
t Refrenation. Obs. \a.&.~L.refrlnatwn-em,n.
of action f. refrenare ; see REFRAIN v. and -ATION.]
1. The action of refraining or restraining.
c 1450 tr. De Imitatione^ III. xil. 80 It is expedient amonge
to use refrenacion, yea, in gode studies & desires, lest by
importunyte bou falle into distraccion of mynde. 1560 HOL-
LAND Crt. Venus Prol. 229 Oftimes be dantit refrenatioun,
A man may weill alter his Inctinatioun. 1653 St'AHKE
Prim. Devot, (1663) 187 The fast of refrenation, we all
much stand in need of.
45
RE-FRENZY.
2. Astral. The prevention of a conjunction by the
retrogression of one of the planets. See also RE-
FRAINATION and REFBANATION.
1598 G. C. Math. Phisicke E ij b, Also in aspects these
things ought to be considered ; that is to say. i. Reception.
2. Collection . . .7. Refrenation. Ibid. E iv b, Refrenation
[is] when an Inferiour planet seeketh the <J [conjunction] or
aspect of another [and] before he bee joyned becpmeth
Retrograde. 1647 LILLY Chr. Astral, xix. in There's
anothermanner of Prohibition ; by some more properly called
Refrenation. 1706 PHILLIPS (ed. Kersey), Refrenation...
The Word [is] us'd among Astrologers, when a Planet
applying to another, by Conjunction, or Aspect, before it
draws near becomes retrograde. [Hence in BAILEY (1721)
and later Diets.]
Refrene, -frenje, obs. forms of REFRAIN v.
Re-fre'nzy, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To throw
again into a frenzy.
1796 ANNA SEWARD Lett. (ign)IV. 275 What a wonderful
performance is Mr. Burke's late attempt to re-frenzy the
nation t
Refresh (rffrej), sb. Now colhj. [f. next :
cf. Sp. refresco, It. rinfresco.]
•f 1. The act of refreshing ; refreshment ; renewal
of supplies. Obs.
1592 DANIEL Delia Poems (1717) 414 Like the Morning
Dew, Whose short Refresh upon the tender Green, Chears
for a Time. 1615 — Hymens Tri. ibid. 133 Render sweet
Refresh Unto his weary Senses, whilst he rests. 1648 GAGE
West Ind. xvii. 114 The Indians helped one another to un-
load and load the mule that came of refresh.
2. colloq. A refreshment (esp. of liquor) taken by
a person ; a refresher.
1884 Telegraphist Jan. 27/2 A man may be compared to
a battery when he gets a ' refresh '.
Refresh (riire-J), v. Forms : a. 4 refressch,
-frech, -fres, 4-6 refresch(e, refressh(e, 5 re-
ffreshe, 6 refreshe, 4- refresh. 0. 4 refreisohe,
-freissh, 6 refraiche. [a. OF. refrescher, -ier,
rtfraischer (lath c, ; cf. Sp. refrescar, med.L. re-
frescare, It. rinfrescare) or refreschir, {. re- RE- -t-
fresche FRESH a. Cf. also OF. rafreschir, ra-
fraischir (izth c. ; mod.F. rafratchir).]
1. trans. Of physical agents (esp. water) : To
impart freshness to (a place or thing, the air, etc.)
by means of cooling or wetting. (Sometimes with
suggestion of next.)
14. . Circumcision in Tundale's Vis. (1843) 92 Hit is the
well with iiij stremes. .That thorow the world refrescheth
all reemis. 1535 COVERDALE Ecclus. xliii. 22 Whan a dew
commeth vpon the heate, it shalbe refreszshed agayne.
1585 T. WASHINGTON tr. Nicholay's Voy. in. i. 69 b, The
snow..serueth in whotte weather to refreshe . .his drinke.
1660 F. BROOKE tr. Le Blanc's Trav. 373 In this Countrey
it never rains, snows, or thunders, nor anything that may
refresh it. 1697 DRYDEN Virg. Georg. i. 388 Moisture then
abounds, and Pearly Rains Descend in silence to refresh
the Plains. 1756-7 tr. Keysler's Trav. (1760) III. 368 The
neighbourhood of the mountains constantly refreshes this
city in the heats of summer with a cool evening breeze.
1824 B'NESS BUNSEN in Hare Life (1879) I. vii. 239 In the
li. xi. 107 In some ports and havens, the salt water doth
refresh. 1611 BIBLE Ecclus. xliii. 22 A dew comming after
heate, refresheth.
f b. fig. To cool (desire). Obs. rare.
1588 A. KING tr. Canisius' Catech. Deuot Prayers I7b,
Refraiche thairfor, o lord, my concupiscence with the vatter
of thy grace.
2. To make (one) feel fresher than before; to
impart fresh vigour to (a person, the spirits or
mind, the eyes, etc.) when fatigued or exhausted ;
to reanimate, reinvigorate physically, mentally, or
spiritually ; to provide with refreshment.
Said of food, drink, rest, sleep, etc., or of persons providing
or bestowing these; also freq. in passive without specified
agent.
£•1374 CHAUCER Boeth. iv. pr. vi. nr (Camb. MS.), Tak
thanne this drawht, and whan bou art wel refresshed and
refect [etc.]. 1378 BARBOUR Bruce xnl. 614 The erll Patrik
..gert with met and drink alsua Refresche thame weill.
1398 TREVISA Earth. De P. R. xv. Ivii. (Bodl. MS.), pere
be)>fayre feeldes..to refressche and comfort y?en bat beb
wery in studye. € 1440 Partonope 6061 Her beaute shall so
me refresch. 1508 FISHER 7 Penit. Ps. cxlii. Wks. (1876)
239 Beddes to refresshe theyr wery lymmes. 1560 DAUS tr.
Sleidane's Comm. 148 Whiche thinge refresheth their spirites
to thinke vpon. c 1595 CAPT. WYATT R. Dudley's Voy. W.
Ind. (Hakl. Soc.) 5 Our Generall .. refreshed his men, and
withall renued his store of victuall. 1634 MASSINGER Very
Woman in. v, This air will much refresh you. 1671 MILTON
P. R. iv. 591 Ambrosial drink, That soon refresh'd him
wearied. 1717 S. SEWALL Diary 23 Sept., I was greatly
refreshed by reading . . Psal. 66. 1747 CHESTERF. Lett.
27 Mar., The mixed companies of men and women of
fashion . .unbend and refresh the mind. 1784 COWPER Task
in. 19, I feel myself at large, Courageous, and refreshed for
future toil. 1835 LYTTON Rienzi I. i, The rest will refresh
you. 1860 TYNDALL Glac. i. ii. 20 We rose with the sun,
refreshed and strong. 1875 J. P. HOPPS Princ. Relig. i.
(1878) 7 A beautiful picture which thrills the heart and
refreshes the eye.
absol. 1585 T. WASHINGTON tr. Nichalay's Voy. I. viii. 8 b,
Another frute. .giuing a water as it were sugred and serue
greatly to refresh and digest. 1849 THACKERAY Pendennis
xli, Those [writings] that, .are pleasant at the first draught,
when they refresh and sparkle.
b. refl. (of persons) : To make (oneself ) fresher,
by partaking of food or drink, by resting, f or by
taking the air.
354
CI375 to. Leg. Saints xxv. (Julian) 292 pat mornyng
Danys. .spoyled both those townes, and there refresshed
theym. 1555 EDEN Decades 53 With the vy tayles . . they
refresshed theym selues. 1590 SPENSER F. Q. n. i. 2$ There
sate a knight . . Himselfe refreshing with the liquid cold,
After his travell long. 1655 Clarke Papers (Camden) III.
20 The next day. .his Highnesse refresh! himselfe with the
aire in Hyde Parke. 1754 FIELDING Voy. Lisbon Wks. 1882
VII. 66 That my wife and her company might refresh them-
selves with the flowers and fruits with which her garden
abounded. 1828 SCOTT F. M. Perth xxxiii, That they
might have the interval of Saturday to rest, refresh them-
selves, and prepare for the combat. 1876 J. SAUNDERS Lion
in Path x, Is there any quiet inn near, where one might
rest and refresh oneself?
transf. 1509 SHAKS. Hen. V, II. ii. 37 Labour shall refresh
it selfe with hope To do your Grace incessant seruices.
f c. To relieve of, to set free or clear of. Obs.
c 1385 CHAUCER L. G. W. 1081 Dido, Refreschede muste
he been of his distresse. 1399 LANGL. K ich. Redeles Prol. 32
This made me . . to meuve him of mysserewle his mynde to
reflresshe. 1546 LANCLEY tr. Pol. Yerg, De Invent, in. vi.
71 By reason b' the! wer refreshed of their extreme
colde by fyre & such houses as they had deuised. 1760
Impostors Detected in. viii. II. 80 A sound sleep .. perfectly
refreshed me of the fatigues of the foregoing night.
3. To freshen up (the memory), to make clear
or distinct again. Also with personal obj. (cf.
REFRESHER a and 3).
1542 BOORDE Dyetary viii. (1870) 244 Moderate slepe..
doth acuate, quycken. & refressheth the memory. 1665
DRYDEN M. Emp. i. li. But you, I see, Take care still to
refresh your memory. 1705 ADDISON Italy Pref., For before
I enter'd on my Voyage I took care to refresh my Memory
among the Classic Authors. 1789 MME. D'ARBLAY Diary
26 Aug., I did not refresh his memory with the severities he
practised in that marine education. 1825 LAMB Elia Ser. 11.
The Convalescent, He was to be seen trudging about upon
this man's errand.., jogging this witness, refreshing that
solicitor. 1867 TROLLOPS Chron. Barset Ixx. III. 270,
1 have had some trouble to refresh my memory as to all the
particulars.
•(• b. To renew, revive. Obs. rare.
1628 DONNE Strut. John xiv. 26, Wks. 1839 I. 545 When
he refreshed many errors formerly condemned, concerning
the Holy Ghost, 1692 DRYDIN St. Euremont's Ess. 3
They have refreshed their Alliance with the Gods by the
Fabulous Nativity of Romulus.
f 4. To restore, renovate (a building). Obs. rare.
(1375 Sc. Leg. Saints xxii. (Laurence) 531 A prest..
thocht he wald a kyrk refresch, . .be quhilk sic ned had of
mending, bat it was nere be done-cummyng. 1538 LELAND
Itln. (1768) I. 7 There be very fair Lodgyns in the CasteL
And as I hard Catarine of Spaine did great Costs in late
tyme of refresching of it. a 1548 HALL Chron., Hen. V 4$b,
The Kyng.. repaired the walies, fortefied the bulwarkes,
refresshed the rampiers.
6. To restore to, or keep at, a certain level or
condition by furnishing (for procuring) a fresh
supply of something.
c 1450 M. E. Med. Bk. (Heinrich) 78 Let hit lye breo
dayes..& on be bridde day, ?ef hit be nede, refresshe hit
wy(> newe. 1495 Trcvisa's Earth. De P. R. Xlll. xiv. (W.
de W.) 448 To renewe and refresshe pondes fresshe water is
ladde and brought by gutters, conduytes and pipes. 1569
SIR J. HAWKINS Voy. (Hakl. Soc.) 80 We determined there
to refresh our water, and so.. to lake the Sea. 1604 E.
G[RIMSTONE] tr. D'Acosta's Hist, ladies II. x. 105 A small
fire continued, heats more, then a greater that lastes but
little, especially if there be any thing to refresh it. 1876
PREECE & SIVEWRIGHT Telegraphy 19 Batteries such as
those described., will remain in constant action for a month.
..At the expiration of a month it becomes necessary to
refresh them. 1895 SCULLY Kafir Stories 26 They went
into the hut, and they refreshed the fire.
f b. To furnish with fresh supplies. Also with-
out const. Obs.
1458 Paston Lett. I. 427, I have desirid hym to move the
Counsell for refreshing of the toun of Yermowth with stuff
of ordnance and gonnes and gonne powdre. 1555 EDEN
Decades i To the mtente there to refreshe his shyppes with
freshe water and fuell. 1598 BARRET Theor. warres n. L
16 Let him prouide to be first refreshed with victuals. 1634
SIR T. HERBERT Trait. 6 Sierra Leoon, a place in Afrique,
..famous for refreshing that aduenturous Captaine Sir
Francis Drake. 1756 COLLINS Peerage (ed. 3) II. n. 625
They.. refreshed the garrison, .with victuals and money.
t c. To furnish with reinforcements. Also const.
of. Obs.
1:1470 Golagros $ Caw. 196, I may refresch yow with folk,
to feght gif you nedis, With thretty thousand tald. c 1500
Melusine 121 Syn the paynemyes have refresshed themself
twyes of new folke. 1557 in Burnet Hist. Re/. (1681) II.
Records n. 320 They return again to fetch more, always
to refresh their camp with fresh souldiers, in the lieu of such
as be perished.
6. To restore (a thing) to a fresh or bright con-
dition ; to brighten or cjean up ; to give a fresh or
new appearance to. ? Obs.
£-1400 Destr. Troy 9215 He..Asket water at his weghes,
wesshed hym anone, Refresshing his face for facyng of
teres. £1402 LYDG. Compl. Bl. Knt. 103 This welle..
wolde.. evermore refresshe the visage Of hem that were in
any werinesse. 1587 HOLINSHED Chron. III. 932/2 The
conduit was newlie painted, and all the armes and angels
refreshed. 1599 BARNFIELD in Pass. Pilgr. 176 As vaded
gloss no rubbing will refresh,.. So beauty blemish 'd once's
for ever lost. 1647 N. BACON Disc. Govt. Eng. \. xliii. (1739)
69, I have endeavoured to refresh the Image of the Saxon
Commonwealth, the more curious lineaments being now
disfigured by time. 1697 DRVDEN SEneid viii. 580 The rest
refresh the scaly Snakes, that fold The Shield of Pallas, and
renew their Gold. 1739 ClBBER Afol. xiv. 361 He would
REFRESHFUL!. Y.
order two or three Suits to be made, or refresh ld, for Actors
of moderate Consequence. 1818 SCOTT Hrt. Midi, xliii,
The old hat looked smarter ; . . the lace had been refreshed.
b. To make (a surface) fresh, esp. by cutting.
1658 EVELYN Fr. Card. (1675) 66 Nor can the graffe joyn
to its trunk, unless the rind be refreshed, and cut to the
quick with the knife. 1846 BRITTAN tr. Malgaigne's Oper.
Surg. 336 We shall say nothing of refreshing the edges by
means of a blister. 1880 MAcCoRMAC Antisept. Surg. 208
The distal and proximate ends of the gut were now
' refreshed ', and the margins accurately united with sutures.
7. intr. (for re/I.) To refresh oneself (cf. 2 b) ; to
take refreshment in some way ; now spec, to partake
of some refreshing liquor.
1650 CROMWELL Let. 30 July in Carlyle, In the morning. .
we resolved to draw back to our quarters at Musselburgh,
there to refresh and revictual. 1706 FARQUHAR Recruiting
Officer I. i, Tell her I shall only refresh a little, and wait
upon her. 1777 EARL OF CHATHAM Sp. 2 Dec. in Hansard's
Parl. Hist. (1814) XIX. 476 Not men sufficient to man
the works, while those fatigued with service and watch-
ing go to refresh, eat, or sleep. 1856 OLMSTED Slave States
612 Working this way for three weeks, and then refresh-
ing for about one. 1895 Cornh. Mag. Oct. 30 Young
men.. danced and perspired and refreshed.
b. To lay in fresh supplies.
1685 R. BURTON Eng. Emp.Amer. us One of the Canary
Islands, where having refresht, after many days, they
encountered the Sea. 1748 Ansoti's Voy. n. iv. 157 It was
not the most eligible place for a ship to refresh at. 1853
KANE Grinnell Exp. xli. (1856) 411 It had been determined
. . that we should refresh at Whale Fish Islands.
Hence Befre'shed ///. a.
1646 Mem. Occurrences D ij, His daily refreshed memory.
1701 NORRIS Ideal World I. iii. 175 After this little de-
votional interlude my refreshed reader may accompany me
with new vigour. 1811 L. HUNT in Examiner 14 Sept.
587/2 The numbers and the refreshed vigour which Bona-
parte will be able to pour into Spain. 1871 RUSKIN Fart
Clav. xi, They came out in a highly refreshed state.
Refreshen ("-, r/Tre'J'n), v. [RE- 53.] trans.
To make fresh again ; to restore to freshness.
1781 SIR J. REYNOLDS Notes Mason's tr. Dufresnoy
xxviii, In order to keep the mind in repair, it is necessary to
replace and refreshen those impressions of nature which are
continually wearing away. 1801 Lusigtian III. 52 He. .felt
the breath of Heaven descend to refreshen his feverish
brain. 1881 Prater's Mag. XXVI. 203 You may refreshen
your eyes and quicken your thoughts.
Hence Hefre-shened, Kefre-shening ///. adjs.
1790 A. WILSON Poems q Lit. Prose (1876) II. 204 Exulting
with refreshened glee. 1829 LANDOR Itiiag. Conv., Penn f,
Ld. Peterborough, The refreshening sweetness of well-
ripened society. 1865 Pall Mall G. 13 July 11/2 The list
of refreshened pictures is given in the appendix.
Refre-sliener. [f. prec.] That which re-
freshens ; an article of refreshment.
1833 T. HOOK Parson's Dau. n. viii, Miss Jarman ..
turned her head, .towards Miss Budd, whenever she wanted
a refreshener [of the memory]. 1888 ' L. SCOTT ' Tuscan
Stud. n. vii. 264 [Medlars] are the favourite refresheners
until the water melon takes their place.
Refresher (r/fre-Jai). [f. REFRESH v. + -EK '.]
1. One who or that which refreshes.
c 1420 LYDG. Commend. Our Lady 45 Paradyse of pie-
saunce,..refressher of our food. 1581 T. ROGERS St. Aug.
Praters ix. (1597) 45 Come thou hope of the poore, and
refresher of them which be ready to faint. 1678 OTWAY
Friendship in F. n. 16 Tho1 Love like Wine be a good
refresher, yet 'tis much more dangerous to be too busie
withall. 1727-46 THOMSON Summer 1257 The kind re-
fresher of the summer-heats. 1845 W. SEWELL Havjkslone
(1846) II. 281 Miss Mabel Brook, who had been permitted
to come in as a refresher in the evening.
b. A refreshment; folloq. a drink.
1822 COBBETT Weekly Reg. 30 Mar. 795/1 When the press
has taken a refresher, let it burst forth again in new peals
of praise, a 1841 T. HOOK in Caseuet of Lit. (1896) I. 313/2
A few friends at dinner and some refreshers in the evening
had prevented Harding from saying a word. 1861 FLOK.
NIGHTINGALE Nursing (ed. 2) 53 Taking a piece of bread
instead of a cup of tea or coffee as a refresher.
2. A reminder.
1837 DICKENS Picbw. xxxi, His memory had received a
very disagreeable refresher on the subject of Mrs. Bardell's
action. 1856 J. W. CROKER in C. Papers 4 Dec. (1884) I. 5,
I don't think that this noble ambition had recurred to my
memory, .up to the receipt of your refresher of yesterday.
3. In legal use : a. An extra fee paid to counsel
in prolonged or frequently adjourned cases. Also
attrib. b. (See quot.)
a. 1850 in OGILVIE. 1881 Times 19 Feb. 10/3 It is there-
fore recommended that daily refreshers should be abolished,
as being one of the principal causes of the undue lengthen-
ing of trials. 1892 Pall Mall G. 28 Oct. 7/1 A master in
chambers, who had disallowed the 'refresher fees of his
learned leader.
b. 1853 DE QUINCEY Autobiog. Sk. n. Wks. I. 72 Every
fortnight or so I took care that he should receive a 're-
fresher', as lawyers call it,— a new and revised brief
memorialising my pretensions.
Refreshful (rtfre-Jful), a. [f. REFRESH ». +
-FUL.l Full of refreshment, refreshing.
a 1676 BP. GUTHRIE Mem. (1702) 73 These Emergents were
very refreshful to the Covenanters. 1727-46 THOMSON
Summer 364 They spread their breathing harvest to the
Sun That throws refreshful round a rural smell, a 1790
WARTON Ode to Evening v, Pleas'd with the cool, the calm,
refreshful hour. 1885 MEREDITH Diana xxn, It was re-
freshful to look abroad after his desperate impulse.
Hence Befre'slifully adv.
1818 KEATS Endym. i. 898 Refreshfully There came upon
my face, in plenteous shower, Dewdrops. 1885 MEREDITH
Diana xxxv, We are brought refreshfully to acknowledge
that the world is right.
REFRESHING.
Refreshing (r/fre-Jin), vbl. sb. [f. REFRESH v.
1. The action of the vb. in various senses ; also, an
instance of this ; refreshment given or received.
1382 WYCLIF Acts iii. 19 Whanne the tymes of kelynge,
or refreischinge {L. refrigeriutu] . . schulen come. 1:1400
Melayne 1207 Othere refreschynge noghte many hade Bot
blody water of a slade. c 1430 LYDG. Min. Poems (Percy
Soc.) 217 Quyk lusty sprynges..Do gret refresshyng and
coumfort to the sihte. 1482 Monk of Evesham (Arb.) 93
Y haue cuermore had yn al mypeynys a swyfte refreschyng
and releuyng of helpe. 1523 LD. BERNERS From. I. ccxxv.
297 Than euery man drewe to his logynge and toke their
ease, and refresshing of suche as they had. 1561 T. HOBY
tr. Castiglione's Courtyer I. I iij, The tunablenes of musicke
is a very great refreshing of. .griefs. 1604 E. G[RIMSTONE]
tr. D'Acosta's Hist. Indies II. x. 104 The nights being cold
and moist, give a refreshing, a 1656 BP. HALL Rein. IVks.
(1660) 35, I [had] a comfortable refreshing of sufficient sleep.
1671 MILTON Sainson 665 Some sourse of consolation from
above ; Secret refreshings, that repair his strength, And
fainting spirits uphold. 1719 LONDON & WISE Cotttpl.
Card. 27 The refreshings and helps they are to receive by
Rain, or Dew. 1843 MRS. S. C. HALL Whiteboy v, Such
improvements need perpetual refreshing, and, above all,
Patience. 1897 ^estin. Gaz. 15 Apr. 2/3 At what point . .
could it be said that the refreshing leaves off and the
poisoning begins?
t2. Fresh supplies of food. Also//., and const.
<7/"(meat, etc.). Obs.
1480 CAXTON Chron. Eng. ccxxviii. 236 For defaute of
vytaylles and of refresshynge they eten hors, houndes, cattes
and myse. 1585 T. WASHINGTON tr. Nicholas's Voy. i. xi.
13 b, The refreshings of flesh, bread and fruites which he
gaue vs. 1586 T. K.LaPrimaud. Fr.Acad. (1580) 194 As
he passed with his armie by the countrey of the Thasians,
they sent him certaine refreshing of floure, and of daintie
cates. 1634 SIR T. HERBERT Trait. 13 The good water and
refreshing here obtained. 1650 S. CLARKE Eccl. Hist. I.
(1654) J82 Giving tliem corn, wine, flesh, fish, cheese, and
many other refreshings. 1723 DE FOE Voy. round World
(1840) 185 The English at St. Helena are enriched by the
refreshing which the East India ships find that meet there.
Refre-shing, ppl. a. [f. as prec. + -IKQ 2.]
1. That refreshes : a. physically. _
c 1580 SIDNEY Ps. XLII. i, As the chafed hart which braieth
Seeking some refreshing broo_ke. 16x0 SHAKS. Temp. IV. i.
79 Upon my flowres [thou] Diffusest hony drops, refreshing
showres. 1693 CONGREVE in Dryden's Juvenal xi. (1697)
to thee. 1797 MRS. RADCLIFFE Italian i, The air rose from
the bay with most balmy and refreshing coolness. 1871 L.
STEPHEN Playgr. Eur. (1894) v. 132 My thoughts turned to
a refreshing cup of tea and a bed.
b. mentally or spiritually. Freq. in igth c. in
phr. it is ($uitet etc.) refreshing.
Acquaintance and so worthy a Friend as your Self. 1774
J. ADAMS in Fattt. Lett. (1876) 10 This is very refreshing
news. 1833 BYRON yuan vm. xc, One good action in the
midst of crimes Is * quite refreshing ', in the affected phrase
Of these ambrosial, Pharisaic times. 1867 LOWELL Rousseau
Pr. Wks. 1800 II. 235 There is always a refreshing hearti-
ness in his growl.
2. Used for freshening a thing.
1856 KANE Arct, Expl. I. xv. 169 The decks are cleaned,
..the refreshing beef-nets examined.
3. Of a fee : (see REFRESHER 3 a).
1775 SHERIDAN Rivals Pro!., We did amend our plea,
Hence your new brief, and this refreshing fee.
Hence Refre* shingly adv.
1817 KEATS Calidore^ 16 To see it. .Dip so refreshingly its
wings and breast 'Gainst the smooth surface. 1886 F. M.
CRAWFORD Tale Lonely Parish vi, She had made the
acquaintance of a refreshingly young scholar.
Refre shingness. [f. prec. + -NESS.] The
quality of being refreshing.
1658 DURHAM Exp. Revelation vii. 34 His countenance is
-f »t~ c _u:_: • »_• _» i f ~7 ~ . .
engaging elegance and sparkling refreshingness of style.
Refreshment (r/fre-Jment). [a. OF. refresche-
ment (-fresshe- ,-fraiscke-, etc.), f. refrescher to RE-
FKESH + -MENT. Cf. mod.F. rafratchissement.']
1. The act of refreshing, or fact of being refreshed,
in a mental or spiritual respect.
1387-8 T. USK Test. Love n. xiii. (Skeat) L 122 Sithen
mercie and pile.. might neuer been shewed [unto] refreshe-
248 All the misery that is lodged in infinite despair has
comfort and refreshment answerable to it in infinite hope.
1717 S. SEWALL Diary 18 Nov., Mr. Baxter came in and
Prayd with us to my great Refreshment. 1796 JANE
AUSTEN Pnde f, Prej. xviii, She danced next with an
°o u had thc refreshment of talking of Wickham.
1873 HOLLAND A. Bonnie, viii, I most devoutly trust we are
'o have a season of refreshment,
,
The act of refreshing, or fact of being refreshed,
physically, by means of food, drink, rest, coolness,
etc. ; •)• recreation. Also, that which refreshes in this
way; the means of restoring strength or vigour,
mental orphysical. Freq. in •fix. to take refreshment.
1481 CAXTON Godfrey cxl. 709 This refresshement was not
only in the men, but alle theyr horses were anon so stronge,
355
so fresshe [etc.]. 1614 CAPT. SMITH Virginia v. 182 Hec
recouered about foure spoonefuls of raine water to his vn-
speakeable refreshment. 1667 MILTON P. L. ix. 237 When
we need Refreshment, whether food, or talk between, Food
of the mind. 1703 MAUNDRELL Journ. Jerus. (1707) 67
Having taken a little refreshment, we went to the Latin
Convent. 1784 COWPER Task i. 300 The sedentary stretch
their lazy length When custom bids, but no refreshment
find. 1849 THACKERAY Pendcnnis xv, May I offer you any
refreshment.. ? 1856 SIR B. BRODIE Psychol. Inq. I. iv. 142
The absence of its natural refreshment would powerfully
affect the nervous system. 1871 YEATS Techn. Hist.
COIHM. 125 All these establishments for shelter and refresh-
ment early attracted the attention of governments.
t b. Quarters of refreshment ; (see QUABTEB sl>.
15). Oh.
1678 Loud. Gaz. No. 1318/4 On the side of Catalonia the
Kings Troops are all in quarters of refreshment. 1701 Ibid.
No. 3810/7 His Forces were in Quarters of Refreshment in
some Towns. 1812 Examiner 31 Aug. 549/2 His Majesty
has sent the army into quarters of refreshment.
t C. Sunday of Refreshment : (see quot. and 7).
io called because the Gospel for the day is from John vi.
Dominica Refectionis, the Sunday of Refreshment.
3. With a and //. a. In general sense.
1387^ T. USK Test. Love in. vii. (Skeat) 1. 31 The grete
bounties & worthy refreshements that she..ofte hath me
rekened. 1611 COTGR., Frescades, refreshments, or things
refreshing. 1651 HOBBBS Lcviath. \\. xxix. 173 The small
refreshments of such things as coole for a time. 1696
STANHOPE Chr,Patterit (1711) 38 The inward refreshements
and unspeakable consolations of the Blessed Spirit. 1747
WESLEY Charac. Methodist io His Business and Refresh-
ments, as well as his Prayers, all serve to this great End.
1819 Good's Study Med. (eel. 3) IV. 473 The kneading-
friction, or shampooing .. which has of late become a fashion-
able refreshment in the watering-places of our own country.
1888 BURGON Lives 12 Gd. Men II. v. 68 Such matters were
evidently a favourite refreshment of his spirit.
b. Applied to food and drink. Now only //.
of a light repast, and often spec, of drink.
1665 G. HAVERS P. della Valleys Trail. E. India 109
A Present of Sugar Canes and other refreshments to eat.
1729 LAW Serious C. ix. 125 To make their use of liquors
a matter of conscience, and allow of no refreshments but
such as are consistent with the strictest rules of Christian
Sobriety. 1780 Act 21 Ceo. Ill, c. 49 § 2 The common
and usual Prices at which the like Refreshments are com-
monly sold. 1829 LYTTON Disoivned II. 5 Have you had
any refreshments, Mamma..? 1819 LANDOR Imag. Conv.,
Odysseus, etc., While the goats are being milked, and such
other refreshments are preparing for us as the place affords.
1 4. //. Fresh supplies of men or provisions. Obs.
1481 CAXTON Godfrey clxxiv. 258 To them cam newe ayde
& grete refresshementes of men and vytaylle. 1585 T.
WASHINGTON tr. Nicholay's Voy. L xvii. 19 Fiue and twentie
Muttons, and certain other refreshments. 1706 Land. Gaz.
No. 4197/3 They had [taken] one within the Streights, laden
with Refreshments. 1772-84 CooKs Voy. (1799) 31 Several
of the chiefs came on board bringing with them hogs, and
other refreshments. 1803 NELSON 6 Oct. in Nicolas Disf.
(1845) V. 225 The Boats employed in bringing the necessary
refreshments to the Garrison.
1 5. Place of refreshment, a place for vessels to
renew supplies at. Obs.
1772 Ann. Keg. I. 5/1 It was supposed that it would have
been an useful station and place of refreshment .. for the j
French East India ships. 1800 Asiatic Ann. Reg., Hist. '
Ind. 20/1 A place of refreshment for the fleets on their j
passage from India to Europe.
6. The action of refreshing the memory.
1873 FORSTER Life Dickens II. 320 Notwithstanding the
refreshment of his memory by this letter.
7. attrib., as refreshment car, house, room, stall,
etc.; refreshment Sunday, the fourth Sunday in
Lent, refection Sunday (cf. 2 c).
1841 HAMPSON Medii Aevi Cat. II. 94 Dominica. Refec-
tionis, Refreshment Sunday, the fourth in Lent. 1849
THACKERAY Pendennis xxvi, The refreshment-room . . was
a room set apart for the purposes of supper. 1855 HAW-
THORNE Eng. Note-its. (1870) I. 357, 1 bought a bun of a little
hunchbacked man, who kept a refreshment-stall. 1860 Act
23 Viet. c. 27 (title), An Act . . for regulating the licensing
of Refreshment Houses. 1886 F.ncycl. Brit. XX. 247/1
Refreshment cars are also attached to trains.
Refret, refrain : see REFREIT.
Refrete, Refreyd, -t, varr. KEFREID v. Obs.
Refreynation, var. REPKAINATION Obs.
Refreyn(e, obs. ff. REFRAIN «M and v.
t Re'fricate, v. Obs. rare. [f. ppl. stem of L.
refricdre to rub open again, f. re- RE- +/ricare to
rub.] trans. To open up again, renew (a wound
or grief) ; to stimulate (the memory) afresh.
1570 FOXE A. * M. (ed. 2) 2121/1 They, .began to refricate
and_nppe vp the old sore. 1600 HOLLAND Lil'y xxvi.
xviii. 597 Euery man began afresh to refricate and renue
the former greefe. 1657 HAWKE Killing is M. 29 To refri-
cate your memories, The first Question was whether his
Highness was a Tyrant or no?
t Refrica'tion. Obs. rare. [f. prec. on L.
types : cf. FRICATION.] The action of rubbing
open or rubbing up again. tikofig.
1590 BARROUGH Melh. Physick in. xiv. (1630) 123 The
eating of sharp things.. causeth a certaine refrication and
rubbing open again of the scarre. 1633 BP. HALL Hard
Texts, N. T. 337 In these legall sacrifices there is a con-
tintiall refrication of the memory of those sinnes.
[ Refri ction. Obs. [RE- 5 a.] Renewed friction.
1615 CROOKE Body of Man 216 By friction and refriction
the seede is called out of the like parts.
REFRIGERATE.
Refrigerant (r/fri-dajcrant), a. and sb. [a. F.
refrigerant (iGth c.), or ad. L, refrigerant-em,
pr. pple. of refrigerdre : see REFKIGEUATE ».]
A. adj. 1. Of medicinal agents or appliances :
Cooling the body or part ; allaying heat or fever.
Also with property, etc.
1599 A. M.tr. GaMlwucr's Bk. Physicke 324/2 And if you
applye theron a refrigerante Plavster cut then therin a hole
1626 BACON Sylva § 961 There be divers Sorts of Bracelets
fit to Comfort the Spirits : And they be of three Intentions:
Refrigerant, Corroborant, and Aperient. 1686 GOAD Cilett.
Bodies in. i. 392 Tis known to have a greater Virtue, as
at -rn-?.ive anr ,? uccorX; to be refrigerant. 1765 GALE in
rhtl. Irans. LV. 203 Every morning,.. a portion of the
refrigerant powder is given. 1804 Med. ?rn!.XII. 406, I. .
sent a cathartic with a refrigerant lotion. 1861 BENTLEY
Man. Bot. 510 They generally possess refrigerant properties.
1873 H. C. WOOD Theraf. ^879) 193 In fevers, lemonade
often affords a very refreshing and useful refrigerant drink.
t D. Refreshing, otherwise than by cooling. Obs.
1626 BACON Sylva § 788 Wherein you must beware of Dry
Heat, and resort to Things that are Refrigerant with an
inward Warmth and Vertue of Cherishing.
2. In general use : Cooling, producing coolness.
1786 G. CANNING Anti-Lucretius v. 339 In the recess of
some refrigerant cave. 1830 W. PHILLIPS Mt. Sinai I. 383
Ihe rays Fall mild, refrigerant.
B. sb. 1. a. A medicinal agent or appliance
employed to reduce abnormal heat, as in inflamma-
tion or fever ; a cooling medicine.
1676 WISEMAN Surg. Treat, v. ix. 277 If the tumour be
large, feel pappy and increase, notwithstanding your appli-
cation of refrigerants, you may suspect [etc.]. 111763
SHENSTONE Economy i. 168 In what lonely vale Of balmy
med'cine's various field aspires The blest refrigerant 1 1822
GOOD 'Study Med. II. 519 The injury produced., by an in-
judicious use of evacuants and refrigerants. 1880 GARROD
& BAXTER Mat. Med. 38 In a dilute form, [it is] a re-
frigerant, tonic, and astringent.
b. transf. or in general use : A means of cooling;
esp. a cooling or refreshing drink.
1826 SOUTHEY Vind. Eccl. Augl. 323 We read of Saints
who resorted to such refrigerants as the ice bath and the
bed of snow. 1841 LEVER C. O'Malley xxx, Discussing by
way of refrigerant our eighth tumbler of whisky-punch.
1869 O. W. HOLMES Cinders fr. Ashes in Old Vol. of Life
(1891) 245 The saline refrigerant struck a colder chill to my
despondent heart.
C. fig. of immaterial things.
1783 BLAIR Lect. xxxii. II. 19! This almost never fails to
prove a refrigerant to passion. 1829 SOUTHEY Sir T. More
II. 397 It is a consideration, Sir Poet, which may serve as a
refrigerant for their ardour.
t 2. In distillation, a cooling vessel or apparatus
at the head of a still ; a refrigerator, refrigeratory.
1696 in PHILLIPS (ed. 5). 1727 BRADLEY Font. Diet. s.v.
Distilling, The Parts of the Matters distill'd are raised up
in the Form of Vapours,., and being sometimes help'd by a
Refrigerant or Cooler, fall Drop by Drop into the Recipient.
3. A freezing agent ; anything which reduces the
temperature below freezing point.
1885 Set. American 9 May 291/3 Some experiments re-
cently made. .appear to show that liquid oxygen is one of
the best of refrigerants.
Refri gerate, ///. a. Now rare. [ad. L.
refrigerdlus, pa. pple. of refrigerdre: see next.]
Made or kept cold, cooled, f Also const, from.
c 1420 Pallad. on Husb. vn. 62 Nowe benes . . Made clene,
and sette up wel refrigerate, From grobbes save wol kepe
up thaire estate. 1483 CAXTON Gold. Leg. io8b/i He was
colde and refrigerat fro all concupyscence of the flesshe.
01548 HALL Chron., Hen. VII 16 b, Their fury was as-
swaged and refrigerate. 1647 A. Ross Myslag. Poet. iii.
(1675) 62 When the stomachical nerves are too much re-
frigerate. 1896 Westm. Gaz. 15 Dec. 3/1 Antiquity has
become doubly refrigerate.
Refrigerate (r/frrd^ere't), v. [ad. L. refrig-
eidf-,pp\. stem o(refrtgerdre,(. re- RE- +frigerdre :
see FRIGEBATB v. Cf. F. rifrigtrer (i6th c.).]
1. trans. To cause to become cold, to cool : a.
the body or its parts, or heat in these.
1534 MORE Comf. agst. Trib. n. Wks. 1179/1 Y' shadow
of hys holy shoulders, which are brode & large, sufficient to
refrigerate & refreshe the man in that heate. 1545 RAY-
NOLD Byrth Mankynde 82 These medycynes do refrigerate
and coole the vehement heate wont to be in apostumes.
i6ig CROOKE Body of Man 24 Where he saith..that the
Braine was made onely to refrigerate or coole the heart.
1668 H. MORE Div. Dial. i. 481 The gentle fresh morning
Air.. refrigerating my bloud and spirits. 1797 J. DOWNING
Disord. Horned Cattle 69 This medicine.. refrigerates the
heat of the blood. 1833 Cycl. Pract. Med. I. 247 Not . .
with the view of refrigerating the surface, but of suddenly
cutting short the disease.
absol. 1612 WOODALL Surg. Mate Wks. (1653) 75 Cam-
phora .. refrigerateth and calefieth. 1658 ROWLAND tr,
MovfeCs Theat. Ins. icoo They do refrigerate and bind,.,
and help the weakness of the stomach.
b. the air, earth, or other things.
1637 SALTONSTALL Eusebius' Constantine 139 The ayre,
which from on high descends downe to refrigerate and coole
the world, a 1691 BOYLE Hist. ^J/> (1692) 164 He was able
to find.. that part of the beer or the wine that was next to
the sides of the bottle to be refrigerated. 17^77 G. FORSTER
Voy. round IVorld II. 493 The air was refrigerated by the
abundance of snow on the mountains. 1854 TYNDALL
Fragtn. Sci. (1879) I. xi. 343 Hence [the blade of grass]
becomes more and more refrigerated.
absol. 1626 BACON Sylva §398 The great Brizes which
the motion of the Air in great Circles, .produceth, which do
refrigerate. 1671 R. BOHUN Wind 177 All Winds. .doe
actually refrigerate, and oftentimes so intensly, that they
prove the fittest instruments for the Congelation of Liquids.
45-2
cours'
GI
REFRIGERATED.
C. To expose to extreme cold for the purpose
of freezing or preserving.
1875 KNIGHT Diet. Meek. 1165/2 The vessels to be re-
frigerated are sustained on a carriage.
3, intr. To grow cold.
1563 T. GALE Antidot. \\. 17 Takynge it from the fyre
when as it begynne to refrigerate and waxe colde. 1603
SIR C HEYDON Jud. Astrol. xii. 314 He receiveth the
Sunnes beames but weakely, and therefore can not heat by
them, but rather refrigerate. 1704 SULLIVAN View Nat. II.
142 The lavas, .either overflow the land above the sea, and
refrigerate there, or. -they refrigerate again within the vol-
canos. 1864 LOWELL Fireside Trav. 149, I will make a fire,
and leave them to refrigerate as much longer as they please.
Hence Refri'gerated///. a., cooled, frozen.
1666 BOVLE Orig. Formes % Qual. 173 We lately dis-
ours'd touching treated and refrigerated water. 1836 MAC-
IILLIVRAV tr. Humboldt's Trav. xxiv. 347 The great heats
~re occasionally tempered by strata of refrigerated air. 1884
Pall Mall G. 26 July 5/2 The trade in refrigerated meat.
Refrigerating (r/Tri'd^r^tirj), vbl. sb. [f.
prec. + -ING 1.] The action of the vb. REFRIGERATE.
1684 R. WALLER Nat. Exper. 72 It was cooled first, lest. .
upon the first Refrigerating it should Contract. 1877
Patents Abridgm. 1810-66, 15 The first part of this inven-
tion relates to the refrigerating of beverages. 1898 Westm.
Gaz. 30 Mar. 10/3 An illustrated monthly dealing with ice.
ice-making, refrigerating, cold storage, and all the allied
industries that employ forced cold.
Refrigerating, ///. a. [f. as prec. + -ING 2.]
That refrigerates ; producing, pertaining to, con-
nected with, natural or artificial refrigeration.
1634 SIR T. HERBERT Trav. 47 A coole and refrigerating
sleeping-place. 1650 BULWER Anthropomet. (1653) 316 Re-
frigerating repercussive medicaments, which dnue back,
ward the matter to the profundity. 1676 WORLIDGE Cyder
(1691) 143 A cool refrigerating spring-water. 1799 Med.
JmL II. 149 The situation.. suggested to me an idea that
refrigerating^ and also sedative remedies, might be used
externally with advantage. 1833 N. ARNOTT Pjiysics (ed. 5)
II. 108 The brine is at first a refrigerating mixture, which
cools still more the pavement and the neighbouring ice.
1881 Nature 18 Aug. 364 These differences wing due.. to
the refrigerating power of snow.
Refrigeration (r/i'rid^er^'Jan). Also 5 re-
frygeracion, 6 -cyon. [ad. L. refrigeration- cm ,
n. of action f. refrlgerare to REFRIGERATE. Cf. F.
refrigeration (l6th c. in Littre").]
1. The action of refrigerating, cooling, or freezing ;
the process of becoming cold.
1471 RIPLEY Comp. Alck. vin. iii. in Ashm. (1652) 171 So
hyt rejoysyth wytn refrygeracion I the tell. 1555 EDEN
Decades 263 Suche thynges.. are hyndered by refrigeration
or coulde. 1646 SIR T. BROWNE Pseud. Ep. 59 Irons heated ;
in the fire, .contract a verticity in their refrigeration. 1684
BOVLE Poronsn. Anim. <y Solid Bod. vL 104 These thin
flaws, which upon the slow refrigeration of the Stones.,
might lock up the tinging Particles. 1748 Ansotfs Voy.
n. v. 185 That refreshment and pleasing refrigeration of the
air, which is sometimes produced in other climates by rains.
1847 T. MILNER Gallery Nature (1855) 296 The vapours
cannot become visible by refrigeration. 1871 TYNDALL ,
Fragm. Sci. (18791 I. ii. 60 By nocturnal refrigeration, the j
aqueous vapour of the air is condensed.
b. Geol. The gradual cooling of the earth from \
natural causes.
1794 SULLIVAN View Nat. 1.71 That the successive cooling
or refrigeration of the earth is a groundless notion. 1841 I
TRIMMER Pract. Geol. 469 The secular refrigeration of the '
Heated interior of our planet. 1873 tr. Schmidt* s Desc, tf
Darwinism n We may . . infer that, at a definite epoch of
refrigeration, life appeared in a natural manner.
c. The freezing of provisions for the purpose of
preserving them.
1881 Marine Engineer i Jan. 225 The refrigeration of
provisions for transhipment either as a cargo for sale in
England, or simply as provisions in our large passenger
liners, becomes daily of more importance.
2. Reduction of heat in the body (now only Med.}\
T" cooling and refreshing of the blood or spirits.
150* Ord. Crysten Men (W. de W. 1506) i. iv. D ij, The
water gyueih refrygeracyon, The baptym taketh & coleth
the inclynacyon. 1607 TOPSELL Four-/. Beasts (1658) 100
By smelling, they prevent the air that should come unto
them for refrigeration. 1635 PERSON Varieties i. 35, 1 could
allow for fishes a kind ofrespiration called refrigeration.
1681 CHETHAM Angler's Vade-m. xxxviii. § ii (1689) 247
Though they receive some refrigeration by their Guills,
yet that refrigeration is not so continual, as when it is by
breathing. 1833 Cycl. Pract. Med. I. 246/1 Refrigeration,
to a certain extent, must of necessity result immediately
from immersion in the cold bath. 1876 BRISTOWE Th. $
Pract. Med. (1878) 229 Actual refrigeration, and bleeding.
transf, 1606 J. CARPENTER Solomon's Solace ii. 8 We
hoped for some consolatory refrigeration and ease.
Refrigerative(r/Tri'd:$erativ),a.and^. [prob.
ad. med.L. *refrtgerdtivus : see REFRIGERATE z>.
and -IVE, and cf. F. rtfrigtratif (i4th c., Oresme).]
A. adj. Tending to cool, refrigerant.
1558-66 WARDE tr. Alexis' Seer. in. i. 49 It [a plaster] is
repercussiue, refrigeratiue and desiccatiue. 1601 HOLLAND
Pliny II. 24 All Lectuces are by nature refrigeratiue, and
do coole the body. 1665 J. WEBB Stone-Heng (1725) 82
Lead hath naturally commixt with it a certain Mineral, .of
such a refrigerative Quality, as in a very short Time it will
consume even the Metal it self. 17*7 BRADLEY Fam. Diet.
s.v. Cookoo bread) This Plant is refrigerative like Sorrel.
1852 Patents Abridgtn. 1819-66 (1877) 16 Improvements in
machinery applicable to the manufacture of ice and to re-
frigerative purposes generally.
B. sb. A cooling medicine. rare~°.
1706 in PHILLIPS (ed. Kersey). 1727-41 in CHAMBERS Cycl.
and in later Diets.
356
Hence Refri'gerativeness.
i7_3t in BAILEY vol. II. (ed. 2).
Refrigerator (r/irrdsew'taa). [f. REFBIGE-
BATE v. + -OB. Cf. obs. F. refrigerateur (Cotgr.).]
1. That which refrigerates or cools. In later use
transf. from 2.
1611 COTCR., Refrigerateiir,^. refrtgerator,refresher,cooler.
i86a RAWLINSON Anc, Mon.t Assyria it. I. 267 Trees, those
great refrigerators. 1876 Fortn, Km, Mar. 347 An enormous
natural refrigerator in the shape of the Rosegg glacier.
transf. vxuLfig. 1809 MALKIN Gil Bias vn. x. P 4 A re-
flection, .so virtuous acted as a refrigerator on my spirits.
1852 DICKENS Bleak Ho. xl, He moves among the company,
a magnificent refrigerator.
2. An apparatus, vessel, or chamber for producing
or maintaining a low degree of temperature.
The following are some of the commoner specific applica-
tions of the term : a. A chamber or vat for cooling worts in
a brewery, b. Any vessel, chamber, or apparatus in which
the contents are preserved by maintaining a temperature
near, at, or below freezing point, esp. in the cold storage of
food. c. An ice-making machine, d. = REFRIGKRATORV sb. i.
e. That part of a surface-condenser in which the steam
evaporated from salt-water is condensed into fresh water to
supply the boilers of marine engines, f. (Incorrectly applied
to) an arrangement whereby the feed-water is warmed on
its way to the boiler of a marine engine by a current of hot
waste brine pumped from the boiler.
1824 Specif. Maudslay 4- Field's Patent No. 5021. 3 Pass-
ing the hot bri ne and the supply water for the boiler through
a system of tubes or vessels of extended surface called a
refrigerator. 1839 URE Diet. Arts 1183 [The vapour] may
be conducted to a worm or refrigerator, to be cooled in the
ordinary way. 1861 WYNTER Soc. Bees 192 Every man who
possesses a refrigerator has the power of arresting for a time
the natural decay of animal and vegetable substances. 1881
Marine Engineer x Jan. 226 We think the time is not far
distant when all Australian and Eastern liners will be fitted
throughout with refrigerators.
b. attrib. and Comb., as refrigerator beef, car.
1875 KNIGHT Diet. Meek. 1911/1 Refrigerator-car. (Rail-
Times 4 June,
way.) 1881 Chicago Tin
1483 CAXTON Gold.
e the refrygery and
, American refrigerator |
beef sold at London and Liverpool to-day at 5$d. 1883
GOODE Fish. Indust. U.S.A. o (Fish. Exh. Publ.), Re-
frigerator cars carry unfrozen fish from sea and lake inland.
Refrigeratory Crtfrl'd^titari), sb. [See next
and -OBY i. Cf. obs. F. refrigeratoire (Cotgr.).]
1. A vessel at the head of a still filled with cold
water through which the worm passes, for con-
densing alcoholic and other vapours ; any vessel or
apparatus employed for a similar purpose.
1605 TIMME Quersit. in. 186 Thy vessell. .must be such as
the chymicall disti liars do use;, .furnished with their re-
frigeratories (as they terme them). 1641 FRENCH Distill. \.
(1651) 34 The liquor, .must be distilled in an Alembick with
a refrigeratory or Copper Stil with a worm. 1717 BRADLEY
Fain. Diet. s.v. Distillation ofoilt When the cold Water in
the Tub grows hot, you must let it out thro' the Canal of
the Refrigeratory, and put fresh in the room of it. 1783
WITHERING in Phil. Trans. LXXII. 328, ist, By water, is
always meant water distilled in glass vessels, or by means of
a large tin refrigeratory. 1821 URE Diet. Chem. s.v. La-
boratory, Instead of using a refrigeratory or receiver, the
spirit is made to pass through a spiral pipe called a worm.
1875 KNIGHT Diet. Meek. 2456/1 The refrigeratory consists
of three compartments.
attrih. 1839 URE Diet. Arts 1179 The alcohol. .will pro-
ceed onwards into the refrigeratory tube.
2. Any medium, appliance, vessel or chamber by
or in which the process of cooling or freezing is
effected.
"653 R- G. tr. Bacon's Hist. Winds 17 Enquire concerning
. . Artificiall windes, as Bellowes, Refrigeratories, or Coolers
in Parlours. 1664 EVELYN Sylva (1679) 28 The leaves of
Oaks abundantly congested on Snow, preserves it as well
for wine, as a deep pit, or the most artificial Refrigeratory.
1707 MORTIMER Hitsb. (1721) II. 352 It will be a delicate,
palatable, rich Wine,, .and in a Refrigeratory very durable.
1849 Blackw. Mag. LXV. 411 Vast refrigeratories are pro-
vided at both the poles. 1875 KNIGHT Diet. Mech. 1165/1
If now the end containing the compound be plunged in a
refrigeratory and the other in water [etc.].
Refrigeratory (rtfrrd3erat3ri), a. [ad. L.
refrtgeratori-us : see REFRIGERATE v. and -OBY 2.]
Tending to cool or make cold ; cooling.
1721 in BAILEY. 1744 BERKELEY Siris § 120 This grateful
acid spirit .. is .. highly refrigeratory, diuretic, sudorific.
1798 in Spirit Pub. Jrnls. (1799) II. 150 Close to the stream
I was showed this lady's bower ; it is umbrageous and re-
frigeratory. 1839 Blackw. Mag. XLVI. 42 Trinity term..
replaces these delicacies with the more refrigeratory victual
of cold boiled Jamb and salad. 1889 Pall Mall G. 23 May
4/3 The pumping of cold air for refrigeratory purposes.
t Befrige rium. Obs. [a. late L. refrtgerium
a cooling, mitigation. Cf. next.]
L A respite granted to the souls of the damned ;
also transf. hymns or prayers for such a respite.
c 1645 HOWELL Lett. HI. xxxvi. (1650) I. 164 To sing
Dirges and Refrigeriums for the soul of the deceased Duke.
1652 — tr. GiraffFs Rev. Naples 11. 26 Raising up their
beads and voices.. with requiems and refrigeriums to his
soul. 1667 SOUTH Serm. Prov. x. 9 (1697) II. 12 Some of
the Ancients.. have talked much of Annual Refrigeriums,
Respites, or Intervals of Punishment to the Damned.
2. A place of cooling, rare ~l.
a 1670 HACKET in Plume Life (1865) 182 Heaven is so
large, and spacious, that it is fit to admit divers quarterings
and mansions in it, the archangel's throne, .[and] the re-
frigerium of the faithful before His Ascension.
t Refri'gery. Obs. [ad. late L. refrjgeri-um
(see prec.), or a. OF* refrigerie (Godef.).] Cooling,
refreshing, comfort, consolation.
c 1450 Miroitr Salnacioun 3053 If the aungels presence to
1483 CAXTON Gold. Leg. 250 b/i He had within forth thre
refroydours or coldes..by whiche he £
all the fyre withoute forth.
BEFUGE.
the childre in the fire refrigery made.
Leg. 263/2 To this deserte place gyue
comfort of thy grace. 1535 JOVE ApoL Tindale (Arb.) 41
Luke remembreth thys perfeccion-.callyng yt the tyme of
refrigery and confort. 1565 JEWEL Def. A^el. (1611) 512
Yee haue stepped from the place of Spiritual refrigery,
into the frying pan of Schismes & Heresies.
Refrined, erron. form of REFRAINED Obs.
tRefri'nge, z». Obs. [ad. L. refringere: see
REFRACT vt] »
1. trans. To infringe (one's liberties), rare—*.
1530 PALSGR. 683/1, 1 am nat aboute nor never was to re-
frynge your lybertyes.
2. To refract (light). Also/£.
ri6io SIR C. HEYDON Astrol. Disc. (1650) 11 We are first
to agree how deep or thick this cloudy Region of the air
that refringeth the Sunbeams may be. 1675 BAXTER Catk.
T/tcol. i. ii. 95 Vapors .. by which the light of divine immu-
table verity, seemeth to us to be refringed, and to waver.
b. To knock or drive back. rare~~l»
1691 NORRIS Curs. Refl. 24 How can they do it in such
troops and numbers without jubtling, refringing, and invert-
ing one another ?
Refringency (tffri-ndsensi). [f. as prec.+
-ENCY.] =REFBACTIVITY.
i88a in OCILVIE. 1885 GOODALE Phystol. Bot. (1892) 211
Minute granules which have a high degree of refringency.
Refringent (r/frrndsent), a. [ad. pres. pple.
of L. refringere to REFRACT.] — REFRACTIVE.
1778 Phil. Trans. LXVIII. 541 Considering.., that the
changes of refringent power and of density are two co-effects
of very different nature. 1863 ATKINSON tr. Ganot's Physics
vii. iii. § 432 According as the refracted ray approaches, or
deviates from the normal, the second medium is said to be
more or less refringent or refracting than the first. 1898 P.
MANSON Trop. Diseases xxxvii. 587 The spores.. are twice
the size of tricophyton spores, and remarkably refringent.
t Refriscative, «• Obs. rare"1, [f. med.L.
refriscat-t ppl. stem of rejriscare to REFRESH +
-IVE.] That refreshes, refreshing.
1581 HESTER Seer. PA fora?', u. xi. 91 You shall purge hym
with apperatiue thynges, and refnscatiue that purge the
bloud.
t Refroi'd, v. Obs. rare. [a. OF. refrotdgr.
-urt -tr, f. re- RE- + froid cold. Cf. REFREID z>.j
trans. To cool.
c 1450 Merlin 500 Nevew, be not so wroth, refroide youre
maltalente. c 1477 CAXTON Jason i8b, For to hyde her
wil and to refroide and cole her a litil. .she left him.
So t Refroi'dour [OF. rcfroidure], coolness,
"e had within forth th- -
: assuaged by coldenes
t Refro-nt, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To supply
with a new front ; to renew the front of.
1855 HAWTHORNE Eng. Note-bks. (1879) I. 326, I should
take it to have been at least refronted since Johnson's time,
1895 DOYLE Stark Munro Lett. iv. 68 My linen had gone
to Belfast to be refronted and recuffed.
Refru'strate, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To frus-
trate again.
x66a HICKERINGILL Jamaica 56 Being so often refrus-
trated in their reattempts.
Kefrygeracion, -cyon, obs. ff. REFRIGERATION.
t Reft, sb.1 Sc. Obs. rare. [Alteration of REIF,
after the pa. pple. of REAVE z/.l, or on analogy of
theft.} Robbery.
1456 SIR G. HAVE Law Anns (S.T.S.) 132 Suppos that
ude war nouthir tane be violence, fors, na reft. 1552 ABP.
'AMILTON Catech. (1884) 10 Resettaris of theft and reft.
Reft, sb.2 rare. [Alteration of RIFT, after the
pa. pple. of REAVE v. *t or on analogy of cleft.} A
rift, fissure.
1811 PINKERTON Petral. \. 495 It.. had most probably
dropped into a reft, afterwards filled by stalac title matter.
1851 ANGUS Serm. yiii. (1862) 156 The mountain has been
shivered.. ; and spiritual churches .. have come out of the
enormous reft.
Reft, ppl. a-1 [See REAVE z;.1] Robbed, bereft
of something.
1847 LVTTON Lucretia (1853) 257 Through all this the reft
tigress mourned her stolen whelp.
Reft, ppl a? [See REAVE v?\ Split, cleft.
"763 Museum Rust. I. Ixxx. 336 If. .it should not be con-
venient to the farmer to get these wicker hurdles, but he
should be obliged to take up with those made of reft stuff
in form of a gate [etc.].
Hefter, obs. form of RAFTER sb.1
tRefu. Obs. rare-1, [ad. OF. re/u, refuii—
L. refugiunt REFUGE sb.] Refuge.
1340 Ayenb. 138 He is hire refu and ham ssel souy.
Refuce, obs. form of REFUSE sb. and v.
Refirel ("-), v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To supply
again with fuel.
1811 COLERIDGE Lett. (1895) II. 567 The necessity of ever
re.fuelling the moral feelings of the people.
Refuge (re'fittda), sb. Also 5 reffuge. [a. F.
refuge (ii\b c,), ad. L. refugitim, f. re- RE- back
4 fugfre to flee. See also REFU and REFUTE j<M]
1. Shelter or protection from danger or trouble;
succour sought by, or rendered to, a person. fTb
do refuge* to give refuge or aid to one.
c 1386 CHAUCER Kntfs T. 862 Yeue vs neither mercy ne
refuge But sle me first. 1426 LYDC. DC Guil. Pilgr. 448
The grete Reffuyt and Reffuge that thow dost to alle
synfulmen. 1494 FABVAN Chron, v. cvii. 81 The .il. sones
of Mordred were constrayned of pure force to seche strong*
holdes for theyr refuge. 1513 BRADSHAW St. Werbitrge
ii1
REFUGE.
i. 1095 To the prophet Hely a rauen dyd refuge, Brought
hym liis sustenaunce and saued his lyue. 1581 STANYHURST
sEncis i. (Arb.) 39 Of the[e) request I refuge, with meeke
submission humbled. 1667 MILTON P. L. XI. 673 So violence
Proceeded . . Through all the Plain, and refuge none was
found. 1755 WARBURTON ScrtH. Luke xiii. 1-2 \Vks. 1788
V. 297 The hapless Unbeliever.. hath no where to fly for
retuge from his terrors. 1784 COWPER Tost i. 238 The
dweller in that still retreat Dearly obtains the refuge it
affords. 1807 SIK R. WILSON Jrnl. 18 June in Life (1862)
II. viii. 286 All patriotism and honour has in Prussia sought
refuge among the women. 1878 BROWNING La Saisiaz
429 Is he sad? there's ready refuge.
b. Of refuge, adapted or intended for shelter or
protection, as in city (see CITY I f), country, har-
bour, place, fort, (^weapon,} of refuge; also house
of refuge, an institution for sheltering the home-
less or destitnte.
c 1430 LVDG. Bothtis ii. xxviii. 61/1 This Asylum. .Was a
place of refuge and socours. l48aC.\XTON Trwisa's Higdetl
1. xv. 29 Sychem . . was a Cyte of refuge and of socoure. 1540
BIBLE (Cranmer) Josh. xx. 2 Appoynte out from among you
cyties of refuge. 1560 DAUS tr. Sleideuie's Cottttn. 49 b, The
rest. .shall be banisshed to have no place of refuge. isooSiu
J. SMYTH Disc. Weapons 3 b, Swords . . have been in all
reiuge were required to DC wen supplied wun water ana
necessary provisions. 1838 ARNOLD Hist. Rome I. 7 He
[Romulus] set apart a place of refuge, to which any man
might flee, and be safe from his pursuers. 1866 Act 29 <y
30 Viet, c. 117 § 31 Provided that such House of Refuge,
School, or Institution is certified as a Reformatory School
under this Act. 1867 SMILES Huguenots Eng. Pref. (1880)
5 The geographical position of Britain has, from the earliest
times, rendered it a country of refuge.
C. To take refuge, to seek safety or shelter in
(or at) a place ; also transf, (const, in), to betake
oneself, have recourse, to (something) as a means
of escape, consolation, etc.
1764 BURN Poor Laws 228 The Portuguese have a notion
of nonour, that if a murderer takes refuge in their house,
they are bound to protect him. 1751 MRS. RADCLHTE/VOOT.
Forest iv, We must take refuge in Switzerland, I think.
1841 ELPHINSTONE Hist. Ind. II. 397 The king. .was borne
down by the superior force of his enemies, and was con-
strained to take refuge in his capital. 1874 GREEN Short
Hist. iii. § 7. 147 A thunderstorm once forced the King. .to
take refuge at the palace of the Bishop of Durham.
transf. 1708 ATTERBURY Serm. vi. (1726) II. 202 These
Persons .. take Refuge in Reflections on the. .Goodness of
God. 1788 MME. D ^ARBLAY Diary 18 Feb., I. .would have
laken refuge in some other topic : but he seemed bent upon
pursuing his own. 1854 MRS. STOWE Uncle Tom's C. xviii.
175 Dinah perfectly scorned logic and reason in every shape,
and always took refuge in intuitive certainty. 1877 MRS.
FORRESTER Migiton I. 113 Capt. Carlyle goes to his own
room,, .and takes refuge in a cigar.
2. One who, or that which, serves to give shelter,
protection, aid, comfort, etc.
£1430 LYDG. Mitt. Poems (Percy Soc.) 205 Reste and
refuge to folk disconsolat, Fadir of pile and consolacioun,
Blissid Leonard 1 1481 CAXTON Myrr. i. xiii. 30 He that
is the very reffuge of alle creatures. 1555 EDEN Decades 85
The byshoppe of Burges beinge the chiefe refuge of this
nauigation. 1607 SHAKS. Timon in. iii. ii Musi I be his
last Refuge t a 1660 HAMMOND Serm. xxiii. Wks. 1684 IV.
635 In the midst of his Ship wrack, when there be planks
and refuges enough about him. 1784 COWPER Task iv.
396 Sleep seems their only refuge : for, alas ! Where penury
is felt the thought is chained. 1821 SHELLEY Prometh.
Unb. I. 311 Howl, Spirits of the living and the dead, Vour
refuge, your defence lies fallen and vanquished, c 1886
KIPLING Defartm. Ditties, etc. (1890) 101, I go back To
Rome and leisure.. .Or books— the refuge of the destitute.
3. A place of safety or security ; a shelter, asylum,
stronghold. Also in fig. context.
14. . in Tundale's Vis. (1843) 136 And lyke a dowve He to
his refuge. 1535 COVERDALE i Mace. x. i4Onelyat Bethsura
remayned cerlayne of the lewes.., for Bethsura was their
refuge, a 1548 HALL Citron., Hen. VI 131 The! had no
certain refuge nor place to resorte to. 1598 GRENEWEY
Tacitus, Ann. iv. xi. (1622) 106 With small bloudshed of the
barbarians, by reason of their refuges at hand. 1667
MILTON P. L. it. 168 This Hell then seem'd A refuge from
those wounds. 1784 COWPER Task vi. 310 Drawn from his
refuge in some lonely elm. .ventures forth. .The squirrel.
1814-15 SHELLEY Wordsworth o Thou hast like to a rock-
built refuge stood Above the bfind and battling multitude.
1860 TYNDALL Glac. I. xv. 103 [The chamois] new with the
speed of the wind to its refuge in the mountains.
b. (See quot.)
1891 H. MATTHEWS in Law Times XCII. 96/2 Female
convicts . .are in certain cases released to refuges nine
months before the ordinary time for release on licence.
c. A portion of the roadway marked off at busy
crossings, for securing the safety of foot passengers.
i88j GRANT WHITE England xiv. 320 The contrivance
called a refuge which is placed at intervals more or less
convenient in the roadway of the street. 1896 Daily News
ii Sept. 4 The erection of a large refuge, which would
separate the two lines of traffic.
4. f a- A way or means of obtaining shelter or
safety ; a resource ; recourse to a practice. Obs.
1519 MORE Dyaloge i. Wks. 163/1 He.. hath a sure and
vndoubtable refuge . . to brynge him out of all perplexite, in
that God hath commaunded him in all such doutes to
byleue his churche. 1541 R. COPLAND Galyetfs Teraf.
(jj, We must somtyme come and haue refuge to the
bcmlynj; of blode. 1607 SHAKS. Cor. v. iii. n Their latest
KfU£e \Vas to send him. 1638 JUNIUS Paint. Ancients 313
lnese_ shifts and by-ways.. are meer refuges to shelter our
mfirmme. 1670 CLARENDON Life (1760) I. v. 177 The king
then, as the last Refuse, calls for the English Mastiffs.
1734 'r. Rellin's AIK. Hist. (1827) II. n. ii. 12 A general..
357
has no other refuge left, than continually to raise the ex-
pectation of his allies by some fresh exploits.
t b. To have or make one's refuge \ to betake
oneself for refuge to a person or place. Obs.
1579 TOMSON Calvin's Serm. Tim. 348/1 To the end we
may haue our refuge to his mercie. a 1648 LD. HERBERT
Hen. J'///{i683)439 The offenders making their refuge from
one lordship marcher to another, were continued without
punishment and correction.
C. A plea, pretext, excuse, or answer, in which
one takes refuge.
1549 in Burnet Hist. Kef. (1681) II. Records 1. 177 His re-
fuge was only, That they would fain learn how they might
honestly answer the French. 1391 SHAKS. i Hen. y/t v. iv.
69 She and the Dolphin haue bin iugling, I did imagine
what would be her refuge. 1699 BENTLEV Phal. Pref. 19
The Starters of this Calumny, .betook themselves to this
Refuge, That [etc.J. 17*4 WATERLAND Farther Vind.
Ckrisfs Div. ii. § 15 The boasted pretence . . , the last refuge
both of Socinians and Arians, is entirely routed and baffled.
1775 JOHNSON in Boswell 7 Apr., Patriotism is the last
refuge of a scoundrel. 1891 Daily News 24 Nov. 4/7 As
patriotism is sometimes the last refuge of a scoundrel, so
economy., is the last refuge of a Reactionary.
5. attrib., as refuge kouse, hut, place, tower \
rafuge hole (see quot. 1883).
c 1586 C'TF.SS PEMBROKE Ps. LXXI. ii. Ix>rd,. .Be my rock,
my refuge tower. 1813 SCOTT Rokeoy vi. vi, I've sought
for refuge-place in vain. 1856 KANE Arct. Exfl. II. xviii.
187 This little refuge-hut, .was the means of saving the lives
of these four men. 1869 J. KER Serin. (1874) 339 To make
the death of Christ a mere refuge-House for pardons. 1883
GRESLEY Gloss. Coal-mining, Refuge Hole, a place formed
in the side of an underground plane or horse road . . in which
men can take refuge during the passing of a train, or when
firing shots.
Refuge (re-fi«d5), v. Now rare, [f. the sb.,
or ad. P. rtfugier, "\refuger (i5th c.), usually refl.
se rtfugier, to take refuge.]
L trans. To afford a refuge, asylum, or retreat to
(a person) ; to shelter, protect. Also occas. in pass.,
to be refuged, to have taken refuge.
1594 O. B. Quest. Profit. Concern. 13 b, A strong couert
and sanctuane .. to refuge the wronged. 1613 SHERLEV
Trav. Persia 34 Hairing promise of the Turke that he
should be detained inCorassan where he was refuged. 1681
TEMPLE Mem. in. Wks. 1731 1.358 Prince William, .[has]
been refuged and supported by that Crown against.. the
Emperor. 1720 MRS. MANLEY Poiver of Love VH. (1741)
359 Castruchio .. promised to receive and refuge her at
a fair House he had at Tivoli. 1779 G. KEATE Sketches
fr. Nat. II. 14^ They found all the people on board, re-
fuged [1790 retired] in different places beneath the deck.
x8x8 SHELLEY Eugan. Hills 205 So shall be The city that
did refuge thee. 1867 I. B. ROSE tr. Virgil's Aeneid 22
Thou who alone hast refuged our distress.
trans/. 1593 SHAKS. Rick. II, v. v. 26 Like silly Beggars,
Who sitting in the Stockes, refuge their shame That many
haue, and others must sit there.
t b. reft. To take refuge ; to flee for refuge to
a place. Obs.
1618 T. ADAMS Serm. 9 Sensualitie is the voluptuous man's
mountaine, there he refugeth himselfe against all reproofes.
1643 T. COLEMAN Serin, in Kerr Covenants (1895) 173 The
ministers of the Lord that have refuged themselves to this
little Sanctuary. 1709 MRS. MANLEY Secret Mem. (1720)
III. 240 He was expell'd the Empire, and refuged himself
in the Persian Court. 1748 RICHARDSON Clarissa (1811)
II. 304, 1 have refuged myself in his family.
2. intr. To take refuge ; to seek shelter or pro-
tection. Alsoyf.g'.
1638-48 G. DANIEL Eclog. v. 302 And now, the King Is
Fleas'd to refuge there. 1700 MRS. MANLEY Secret Mem. 4,
was reported to have refugM among the Villagers. 1720
— Power of Love I. (1741) 116 He. .refuged in the Great-
ness of his Courage. 1790 MRS. A. M. JOHNSON Mon-
mouth I. 47 She had heard that pirates refuged formerly
tn the Hebrides. i8o< SOUTHEY Madoc in. Azt. xxvii, Upon
the heights Eastward, how few have refuged ! 1899 RIDER
HAGGARD in Longm. Mag. Oct. 535 They move in short
dipping flights, refuging in every convenient tree.
T" b. To flee for refuge. Obs. rare.
1656 FINETT For. Atnbass. in The Duke de Soubise re-
fuged hether from France upon miscarriage of some under-
takings of his there.
Hence Be-fuged///. a. rare.
1725 tr. Dupin's Eccl. Hist. \-jth C. I. n. iii. 39 If the
refug'd Person is guilty, he shall agree to make proper
Satisfaction for him.
Refuge, obs. (or dial.) var. of REFUSE sb. and v.
Refugee (refiwd^r), sb. Also 7-8 refugee.
[ad. F. refugit) pa. pple. of refugier : see REFUGE v.
The Anglicized form in -ee appears almost as early
as that in -ie, and soon became the standard one.]
1. a. One who, owing to religious persecution or
political troubles, seeks refuge in a foreign country ;
orig. applied to the French Huguenots who came
to England after the revocation of the Edict of
Nantes in 1685.
a. 1685 BURNET Tracts (1689) I. 27 Zurich demanded the
Estates of the refugies. 1691 Lotui. Gas. No. 2679/1 The
Troops in the Town behaved themselves very well, and
particularly the French Kefugies. 1709 STEELE Tatler
No. 13 F 2 That all the French Kefugies in those Dominions
are to be naturalized.
0. 1687 EVELYN Diary 12 June, The poore and religious
refugees who escaped out of France in the cruel persecution.
1696 PRIOR Secretary 8 The long-winded cant of a dull
refugee. 1707 Lond. Gaz. No. 4334/4 There was also an
humble Address from the French Refugees in the Kingdom
of Ireland. 1783 New York during A nur. A'tvt. (1861) 141
A very considerable embarkation of Refugees took place
last week bound for Nova Scotia and Canada. 1797
REFULGENT.
Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) XVI. 51/1 Since the revolt of the
British colonies in America, we have frequently heard of
American refugees. 1814 MACKINTOSH Rev, Lives Altlton's
Nephews Wks. 1846 II. 503 Some of those ingenious and
excellent Protestant refugees, whose writings contributed to
excite all Europe against Louis XIV. a 184* ARNOLD Later
Hist. Rome. (1846) I. v. 203 Attending the lectures of Philo,
then a refugee from Athens. 1879 \ IFE-COOKSON Armies
of Balkans i. 5 A large number of refugees from the Tunja
Valley had already arrived.
b. A runaway ; a fugitive from justice, etc. rare.
1760-71 H, BROOKE Fool o/Qnat. (1809) III. 108, I held
myself as the refugee Jonas, whose crimes brought perdition
on all in the vessel. 1816 SCOTT Old Mort. vi, With a
promise on Morton's part that he would call the refugee
when it was time for him to pursue his journey.
fc. transf. of migratory birds. Oh. rare"1.
1764 HARMER Observ. x. xiv. 413 Among other refugees of
that time Maillet elsewhere expressly mentions quails.
2. U. S. A name given, esp. in New York State,
to parties of marauders in the American revolu-
tionary war who claimed British protection; =
COWBOY 2. 06s. exc. Hist.
1780 ANDR£ (title) Cow-Chace, in Three Cantos published
on Occasion of the Rebel General Wayne's attack of the
Refugees Block-House on Hudson's River. 1781 J. ADAMS
in Fam. Lett. (1876) 403, I expect alt the rancor of the
refugees will be poured out upon Cornwallis for it. 1821 F.
COOPER Spy vii, The more cunning refugees dispersed in
small bands; .. the dispersion of a troop of Cow-boys was
only the extension of an evil.
3. a. Used appositively, as refugee tutor, etc.
1721 R. NEWTON Univ. Editc. 181 Grooms, and footmen,
and nurses, and refugee tutors. 1791 Gouv. MORRIS in
Sparks Lifetf Writ. (1832) II. 143 The aristocrats are gone
and going in great numbers to join the refugee princes.
1833 HT. MARTINEAU Vanderput fy S. iv, 63 Our refugee
divines preach to more purpose. 1858 CARLYLE Fredk. Gt.
ix. xi. (1872) HI. 188 Stanislaus has abundance of useless
refugee Polish Magnates about him.
b. attrib. Characteristic of a refugee.
I855 MACAULAY Hist, Eng. xx. IV. 407 Animated by the
true refugee hatred of the country which had cast him out.
HenccBefng-ee'z'., to take refuge; Refugee ism,
the condition of a refugee; Refugee -ship, the
personality of a refugee, (twnce-wds.'}
*75° CARTE Hist. Ene. II. 373 Whether the report was
raised by the English reoels refugee'd at Paris [etc.]. 1784
in Sputhey Life Andrew Bell (1844) I. 293 All will go on
admirably with your refugeeship. 1876 Gi-:o. ELIOT Dan.
Der. in. xxii, A Pole, or a Czech, or something of that
fermenting sort, in a state of political refugeeism.
t Refugy. Obs. rare~l. [ad. L. rtfugium ;
see REFUGE sb.] A place of refuge.
iS3S COVERDALE i Mace. xi. 41 To dryue them out which
were in the castell at lerusalem and in the other refugies.
E.efuis(s, obs. Sc, forms of REFUSE v.
Refuissall, obs. Sc. form of REFUSAL.
Refulgence (r/ifo-ldsens). [ad. L. refutgen-
tia : see REFULGENT and -ENCE.] The quality of
being refulgent ; splendour, brightness, radiance.
1634 SIR T. HERBERT Traar. 194 The refulgences of those
Carbuncles. 169* KNATCHBULL tr. Annot. N. Test. 259
The refulgence of the eternal light, 1774 WRAXALL Tour
North. Europe (1776) 169 A bar of ore, the heat and reful-
gence of which were almost insupportable tome at ten feet
distance. 1825 SCOTT Talisnt. ii, The calm, clear, blue re-
fulgence of a winter's lake. 1847 L. HUNT Men, Women $
B.I. xiv. 269 All this bloom and rosy refulgence, which are
phrases of the poets.
Refulgency (r/ifp'ld^ensi). ? 06s. [See prec.
and -ENCY.] = REFULGENCE.
1616 CHAPMAN Homer's Hymn, Venns 95 Giue me the
refulgencie Of most renown'd and rich posteritie. c 1645
HOWH&Z4& (1650) II. Ii. 60 Her sight is presently dazled
and disgregated with the refulgency and coruscations thereof.
1741-1 STACKHOUSE Hist. Bible iv. ii. (1752) I. 461/1 [MosesJ
was oblig'd then to keep at a more awful Distance from
the tremendous Throne of God, and not come within the
Circle of its refulgency. 1796 T. SCOTT Cotntn. Daniel x,
To behold, with our bodily eyes, the refulgency of his per-
sonal and mediatorial excellences.
Refulgent (rrf»'M3«nt), a. [ad. L. refttl-
gent-emt pres. pple. ^irefulgcre^ f. re- RE- +fulgtre
to shine.] Shining with, or reflecting, a brilliant
light; radiant, resplendent, gleaming.
1509 [see b]. 1508 J. DICKENSON Greene inConc. (1878) 127
Haires of a goldlike hewe ; (not purest gould so refulgent).
1635 QUARLES Embl. iv. ii. 194 Kin ich mine eyes with thy
refulgent ray. 1661 GLANVILL Van. Dogm. 238 The most
refulgent colours are the result of light and shadows. 1717
POPE Iliad yx. 204 In blazing heaps, the grove's old honours
fall, And one refulgent ruin levels all. 1788 WESLEY Wds.
(1872) VI. 292 There will be no clouds or fogs; but one
bright, refulgent day. X&M J. BARLOW Colnmb. iv. 474
Freedom.. here shalf rise, Light her new torch in my re-
fulgent skies. 1864 TENNYSON Experiments^ Milton 13
Some refulgent sunset of India.
b. transf. txfig.
1509 HAWES Past. Pleas, xi. (Percy Soc.) 45 These ppetes
. . Devoyde our rudenes wyth grete fyry lemes ; Theyr
centencious verses are refulgent. 16*4 QUARLES />/?'.
Poems, Stan's Elegies (1717) 385 Sion, the glory of whose
refulgent Fame Gave earnest of an everlasting name. x8*i
SHELLEY Adoitais v, Others more sublime, .Have sunk,
extinct in their refulgent prime. 1840 DICKENS Bam.
Ritdge xxvii, Bestowing upon the locksmith a most re-
fulgent smile, he left them.
•f- c. As a term of compliment applied to a lady.
1602 MARSTON Ant. $• Mel. n. Wks. 1856 I. 55 Bright and
refulgent ladie, daine your care. 1656 S. HOLLAND Zara.
(1719) 8
fulgent
Maulkina.
REFULGENTLY.
358
REFUSE.
Hence Kefir Ig-ently adv. ; Keftrlg-entness.
i6a6 T. H. tr. Caussin"s Holy Crt. 204 This lewell ; . re-
fulgently shining with the rayes of a constant equality of
spirit. 1664 H. MORE Myst. Inig., Apol. 501 How re-
fulgently bright and glorious the bodies of the blessed are
at the Resurrection. 1730-6 BAILEY (folio), Refulgent ness t
brightness, splendor.
Refund (r/fzrnd), sb. [f. next.} Repayment.
1866 Morn, Star 6 Mar. 6/3 He instituted this suit to
obtain a refund of the sum. 1884 Harper[s Mag. June 42/1
That claims for drawback or refund be paid upon due proof
Refund (rfftrnd), v.1 [ad. OF. refunder (re-
fonder} or L. refundgre, f. re- R&-+fundfre to
pour : see FOUKD #.3]
1. trans. To pour back, pour in or out again {fit.
andyf^.). Now rare or Obs.
1386 Almanakfor Year 8 pe vertu or be influens bat it
hace or receyves of |?e hyer planetys. . it refundes and puttys
til be erthe by his berays, c 1450 tr. De Imitations 11. x, 53
pe giftes of god mowe not flowe in us, for., we refunds not
ayen all to be originall welle. 1653 H. MORE Ant id. Ath.
n. xii. Schol. § i (1712)160 It is at last refunded into the Body
by the left Ventricle of the Heart. 1674 Goi't. Tongue v. 56
One may as easily perswade the thirsty earth to refund the
water she has suckt into her veins. 1725 POPE Odyssey xii.
132 Thrice in dire thunders she refunds the tide. 1765
Antiq. in Ann. Reg. 181/1 The waves play, absorbed in
each other and again refunded. [1818 SCOTT Hrt. Midi, i,
Two lawyers, whose wetted garments, .would refund a con-
siderable part of the water they had collected.]
b. To give back, restore. Also absol.
1433-50 tr. Higiten (Rolls) II. 179 The membres inferialle
supporte and do seruyce, the.. membres mediate receyve,
and refunde. 1694 CROWNE Reguhts iv. 43 This body..
Asks the refunding all our victories. 1699 WOODWARD in
Phil. Trans. XXI. 217 These., being Vegetable Substances,
when refunded back again into the Earth, serve for the
formatioH of other like Bodies. 1856 DOVE Logic Chr.
Faith v. !. § 2. 215 An animal nature which . . is compelled
to refund its constituent matter to the planet . . on which
it grew.
t C. Philos. To put back into something ante-
cedent. Obs.
1696 J. SERJEANT Meth. Science 222 They cannot . . with-
out making use of Principles, refund Effects into their
Proper Causes. 1697 — Solid Philos. 452 So that all the
Certainty of Authority is to be refunded into Intrinsecal
Arguments. [1836-7 SIR W. HAMILTON Metaph. iv. (1877) I.
77 The intellectual necessity of refunding effects into their
causes.]
2. To make return or restitution of (a sum re-
ceived or taken) ; to hand back, repay, restore.
1553 Reg. Privy Council Scot. I. 146 To refund, content,
and pay to ane honorable man. .the sowme of v* lib. 1661
PEPYS Diary 20 Oct., I am to refund to.. Lord Peter-
borough what he had given us six months ago. 1674 tr.
Scheffers Lapland xxv. 116 The maid's Father is sen-
tenced to refund either the entire sum, or half of it, as the
case stands. 1723 WODROW Corr. (1843) HI- I0 Whatever
charges you are at in copying I shall willingly refund. I^JT
POPE, etc. Art of Sinking i)$ If you would describe a rich
man refunding his treasures, express it thus. 1784 COWPER
Task in. 799 Some private purse Supplies his need with
a usurious loan, To be refunded duly. 1844 H. H. WILSON
Brit. India I. 441 They, .refunded to the peasantry of the
country the money which had been extorted from them.
1875 JOWETT Plato (ed. 2) V. 134 A thief, whether he steals
much or little, must refund twice the amount.
3. To reimburse, repay (a person).
1736 SWIFT Lei. to Bp. ffort 12 May, The printer has a
demand.. to be fully refunded, both for his disgraces, his
losses, and the apparent danger of his life. x86a J. M.
LUDLOW Hist, U. S. 204 A proposal to refund him out of
the Treasury was now made in Congress. 1895 Daily News
30 Oct. 6/7 If you are out of pocket by this business, [I]
shall be glad to contribute towards refunding you.
4. absol. To make repayment.
1655 FULLER Ch. Hist. vin. iii. § 43 As none were Losers
employed in that service,, .so wefinde few refunding back to
charitable uses. 1706 MRS. CENTLIVRE Basset-Table v,
I believe you are the first Gamester that ever refunded.
1755 SMOLLETT Qtiix. (1803) IV. 60 He not only refuses to
refund, but also denies that I ever lent him the ten crowns.
1841 MACAULAY £ss.t Hastings (1850) 606 The majority,,
voted . . that Hastings had corruptly received between thirty
and forty thousand pounds ; and that he ought to be com*
pelled to refund.
Hence Befu'nded ///. a. ; Refu'nding vbl. sb.^
Also Hefu'nder 1, one who refunds.
1691 T. BROWN Reas. New Converts taking Oaths 3 A
City Usurer turn'd into a Refunder of his ill-gotten Estate.
1825 LAMB Elia Ser, ir. Barbara S — , Ravenscroft..in
silence took back the refunded treasure. 1843-56 BOUVIER
Law Diet. (ed. 6) s.v. Refund, On a deficiency of assets,
executors .. are entitled to have refunded to them legacies
which they may have paid.. ; they are generally authorized
to require a refunding bond.
Refu-nd (n-), vt [Re- 5 a.] trans. To fund
again or anew. Hence Refunding vbl. sb?> ; also
Refu'nder ~.
1860 in WORCESTER. 1896 Columbus (Ohio) Disp. 22 Apr.
4/2 When the bonds are sold and the floating indebtedness
is refunded.. let us join in well-wishing to the refunders.
1900 Westm. Gaz. 23 Apr. 8/1 The disbursements of the
'Ireasury in connexion with the re-funding of bonds.
Refundment (rrf»-ndment). [f. REFUND vl
+ -MENT.] The act of refunding.
1826 LAMB Elia Ser. n. Pop. Fallacies ii, The denunciators
have been fain to postpone the prophecy of refundment to a
late posterity. 1896 IVestnt. Gaz. 18 Feb. 5/1 The guarantees
,.for the refundment of such a loan.
Refurbish (nfzAibiJ),^. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To
furbish anew ; to repolishj do up again.
1611 COTCR., Refourbir^ to refurbish, repolish. 1824
LANDOR I mag. C0ttv.t Abbt Delille $ Landor Wks. 1853 I.
loo/i It requires a better poet to refurbish a trite thought
than to exhibit an original. 1874 GLADSTONE Ritualism in
Contemp. Rev. Oct. 674 She has refurbished and paraded
anew every rusty tool.
Hence RefuTbished ///. a. ; Refu'rbishiug
vbl. sb. ; also Keftrrbishment.
, _ process
of refurbishment at Madame Tussaud's.
Refurnish. (r/f»-jni|), v. [RE- 5 a.] trans.
To furnish anew, in various senses.
1531 ELYOT Gov. i, xxiv, [Henry VII] refurnisshed his
dominions, and repay red his nianours. 1598 BARRET Theor.
IVarres iv. iii. 109 If any men. .be hurt or slaine,..how are
these rankes to be refurnished, a 1676 HALE Print. Orig.
Man. n. vii. (1677) i8j The Brutes and Birds, .might easily
refurnish the same Continent after the subsiding of the
Flood. 1829 LYTTON Disowned xxv, You will refurnish the
house, I suppose ? 1849 STOVEL Cannes Necess. Introd. 48
The Reformed church of England was never adapted to
overthrow, however it might modify and refurnish, the
fabric of superstition.
Hence Refu'raished ppl. a. ; Reftrrnishment.
1835 LYTTON Rienzi iv. i, The redecorated, refurnished,
and smiling shops. 1880 L. WALLACE Ben-Hvr vin. i, The
refurnishment was in a style richer than before.
Refus, obs. form of REFUSE sb. and v.
Refusable (rflfiw-zab'l), a. Now rare. [f. RE-
FUSE v. + -ABLE, or ad. obs. F. refutable.*]
L That may be rejected or refused (when offered).
1570 LEVINS Manip. 4/8 Refusable. rccusabilis. 1611
COTGR., Rejectablgj reiectable, refusable. 1659 H. THORN-
DIKE Wks. (1846) II. 512 No act of theirs . . is refusable by
the Church. 1698 NORRIS Pract. Disc. IV. 138 Since those
Sufferings were absolutely refusable as not being the very
same which the Law demanded.
t b. Deserving of rejection. Obs.
1658 A. Fox tr. W&rtz* Surg. m.xvii. 371 If a patient hath
bled nere so much, they will phlebotomize him further,
which is an ill and refusable way. 1666 BP. S. PARKER Free
Censure (1667) 143 The Sensation of . . displeasing Objects,
which makes their Existence full of nothing but Sadness
and Misery, and utterly refusable.
2. That may be refused (when asked for).
1652 WARREN Unbelievers (1654) 17 Payment was refusable.
1668 MARVELL Corr. Wks. 1875 II. 258 My Lord, .did wish
[etc.]. . . Which, all circumstances considered, seeming not
refusable, my Lord Bellasis writ this letter. x8i8 BENTHAM
Ch, E*tg.) Cateck. Exam. 404 An indulgence refusable, and
not to be granted but upon conditions.
t Refusaclo. Obs. rare~Q. [app.a.Pg
pa. pple. of refusar to REFUSE.] (See quots.)
1598 FLORID, Refusati, the coursest veluets that be, called
refusados. Ibid.) Setanino, a kind of thin veluet called re-
fusados. Ibid.) Velutinol fine, slender, course, refusado
veluet.
Refusal (rtfi/?zal). Also 5 refusaile, 5-7
refusall, -fusel (1, 7 Sc. refuissall. [f. REFUSE v.
+ -AL 4.]
1. The act of refusing ; a denial or rejection of
something demanded or offered.
1474 Rolls of Parlt. VI. 118/3 Any of the said Commys-
sioners or Collectours provyng the same refusell. 15*3 Act
14 <$• 15 Hen. VIIlt c. a The same estranger.. to whom such
refusel shalbe made. 1560 DAUS tr. Sleidane's Comm.
107 b, Where the reasons of theyr refusall may be heard.
1607 NORDEN Sttrv, Dial. i. 35 It were very foolishness in a
Tenant, for wilfull refusall thereof, to indanger the same.
1671 MILTON Samson 1330 Do they not seek occasion of new
quarrels, On my refusal, to distress me more..? 1776 GIBBON
Decl. #t F. xiv. I. 404 It was impossible long to refuse so
natural a request . . without maintaining his refusal by arms.
1847-9 HELPS Friends in C. (1851) I. 15 Accepting only for
the fear of giving offence by refusal. 1875 JOWETT Plato
(ed. 2) V. 448 If he refuse, he shall be liable to be convicted
by law of refusal to serve.
b. spec, in the game of e'carte*, the action of the
dealer in refusing to allow a discard. Hence re-
fusal hand, a hand on which the dealer should re-
fuse to allow a discard.
1877 Encycl. Brit. VII. 621/1 Proposal, acceptance, or re-
fusal made cannot be retracted. 1878 * CAVENDISH * Ecartl
53 The cases are few in which, with a refusal, he will only
make three or four tricks. Ibid. 58 His hand should be
stronger than those given in the refusal hands.
c. Of a horse : (see REFUSE v. 3 c).
1856 'STONEHENGE'.5r*/. Rural Sports 383 A refusal is
never desirable, as the horse . . is apt to repeat it. 1857
LAWRENCE Guy Liv. xiv. 131 The mare was so savage and
sulky still that a refusal seemed a certainty.
d. Absolute resistance of a pile to further driving;
the point at which this takes place.
1847 Cvem Eucycl. Civ. Engin. (1856) 1070 The refusal of
a pile to advance does not always insure it having arrived
at a proper bed. 1875 KNIGHT Diet. Mech. 1911/2 The
refusal of a pile intended to support 134 tons may be taken
at 10 blows of a ram of 1,350 pounds [etc.],
f 2. a. Repudiation (of a wife), divorce, b.
Abandonment (of a party). Obs. rare.
1531 Dial. Laws Eng. \. xxvi. F vij, Mosyes suffred a byll
of refusell to the lues. 1568 GRAFTON Chron. II. 845 Many
others, leuyng king Richarde, turned and came to the part
of the Erie of Richmonde. . . Which refusall of king Richardes
parte [etc.].
3, The chance of refusing some thing, office, or
the like before it is offered to others ; the privilege
or right of having it placed at one's disposal for
acceptance ; e $p. in phr. to have the refusal of.
1571 R eg. Privy Council Scot. 1 1 . So His Presentatioun —
togidder with the refusall of the kirk abone-writtin. 1613
PUHCHAS Pilgrimage v. xvii. (1614) 546 If any of his
subjects hath any precious stone of value, and make not him
the offer of it, it is death to him ; he must haue the refusall
of all. 1640 Boston (U. S.) Rec. (1877) II. 54 Chrystopher
Stanley is promised the refusall of six acres of upland . . y f it
be there to be sould. 1708 SWIFT Sacram. Test Wks. 1755
II. i. 126 When employments go a begging for want of
hands, they shall be sure to have the refusal. 1812 SINCLAIR
Syst. Huso. Scot. \. Add. 17 The stock kept upon turnips or
clover, have the refusal of water at all times when soiling.
1887 Times (weekly ed.) 14 Oct. 15/1 They had the first
refusal of any concessions he might obtain.
4. That which has been refused or rejected.
1746 H. WALPOLE Lett. (1846) II. 166 Ireland is to be
offered to Lord Harrington, or the Presidentship ; and the
Duke of Dorset, now president, is to have the other's refusal
1748 RICHARDSON Clarissa (1811) II. 102 And next, with her
pride, to take her sister's refusals, as she once phrased it.
t Refusant, a. Obs. rare*-*, [a. F. refusant.
pres. pple, of refuser t or f. REFUSE v. + -ANT 1.]
Refusing to take an oath, recusant.
1577 in W. H. Turner Select. Rec. Oxford (1880) 389
Some of the Aldermen and Burgesses refusants [are required]
to make their repaier hither to declare what lawfull causes
they may have to the contrarye.
t Refu'SC, sbl Obs. Also 4 refous, 4-5 (7)
refus, 5 reffus(e, 6 refuce, Sc. refuis(e. [a. OF.
refuS) i. refuser to REFUSE.]
1. —REFUSAL i. (Common in i5-i6thc.)
1390 GOWER Conf. III. 298 Thei made hem naked ai
thei scholde,..Amonges hem was no refus. c 14*0 LYDG.
Assembly of Gods 848 Refuse of Rychesse & Worldly
Veynglory. 1477 EARL RIVERS (Caxton) Dictes (1877) 53
The reffuses of a nygard ben bettir than the largesces of a
prodygall waster. 15*5 LD. BERNEBS Froiss. II. cci.
[cxcvii.] heatiing) Of the refuce of them of Acquytayne
made to the Duke of Lancastre. 1568 GRAFTON Chron. II.
513 As of the refuse made vnto my Lorde of Gloucester,
of openyng the tower to him,., he aunswereth [etc.]. 1600
FAIRFAX Tasso xit. xiii, Readiewith a proud refuse Argantes
was his proffred aid to scorne. a 1639 Srorriswooo Hist.
Ch. Scot. v. (1677) 280 His refuse would have made a great
Commotion.
b. Of refuse (OF. de re/uf}, not worth hunting.
So "without refuse (OF. sans refus), that ought to
be hunted.
ci33oR. BRUNNE CAwi. (i8io)ii5Sibenwanbei Inglond
..& now er bise hot mansbond, rascaile of refous. c 1410
Master of Ganie (MS. Digby 182) xxiv, If a man se a wylde
boore b« whiche seme hym gret ynogh, as men seye of be
herte chaseable of x., he shall saye a wylde boore of pe
thred yere, bat is withoute refuse.
2. = REFUSAL 3.
1753 SMOLLETT Cut. Fathom (1784) 92/2 A certain lady of
quality bespoke the refuse of the jewel.
(re'fitfs), a. and s6.% Forms : 4 refus,
reffuys, 5, 7 refuce, 6 refuze, refows, 6-7
reffuse, (6 refflze), 6-7 (9) refuge, 4- refuse,
[app. an irregular adoption of OF. refuse ( =
mod. F. refusi), pa. pple. of refuser to REFUSE.]
A. adj. f 1. Refused or rejected. Const, of ( =
by). O&r. rfl«.
c 1374 CHAUCER Troylus 1.514 (570) My langwysshynge,
That am refus of euery creature. 1508 DUNBAR Flyting
105 Forworthin fule, of all the warld reffuse.
2. Rejected or thrown aside as worthless or of
little value ; discarded, useless ; •)• odd (money).
[1415 in Kennett Par. Ant. (1818) II. 250 De lana refuse
vendita..hoc anno.] 1464 Rolls of Parlt. V. 567/2 All the
refuse Homes.. to sell. 1503-4 Churckw. Ace.. Croscotnbe
(Som. Rec. Soc.) 26 More over in the box of refows money
resteth . . xir. iiijrf. 1530 PALSGR. 261/2 Refuse woll, layne
refusee. 1611 BIBLE i Sam. xv. 9 Euery thing that was
vile, and refuse, that they destroyed vtterly. 1638 EARL OK
CORK Diary in Lismore Papers Ser. i. (1886) V. 52, I sould
7 tonnes of refuge steele. 1659 HAMMOND On Ps. xxxi. 12
As that refuse potsheard, cast out as good for nothing. 1754
HAWKINS Re/t. Card-flaying 19 Seizing on a Heap of
Refuse Cards that lay by him, began playing them away.
1&*7~3S WILLIS Parrhasius 6 A dog Crunching beneath the
stall a refuse bone. 1869 E. A. PARKES Pract. Hygiene
(ed. 3) 25 Certain trades pour their refuse water into rivers.
traits/. 1770 LANGHORNE Plutarch (1879) I. 98/1 He
ordered the Milesians to bury him in a certain refuse and
neglected place. 1879 CHR. ROSSETTI Seek f, F. 59 A refuse
burial in heat and frost and without lamentation.
b. of persons, rare.
1579-80 NORTH Plutarch (1656) 207 The refuse and
scattered People of the overthrowne Army his Father had
lost before. 1600 J. PORY tr. Leo's Africa in. 156 Another
kinde of reffuse people of one family and disposition with
the former. 1820 LAMB Elia Ser. I. Two Races Men, As
distasteful as Priam's refuse sons.
B. sb. 1. That which is cast aside as worthless ;
rubbish or worthless matter of any kind; the
rejected or rubbishy part of anything.
c 1440 Promp. Pant. 375/1 Owte caste, or refuse, or coralyce
of corne. Ibid. 427/2 Refuce, or owt caste, what so euer
hyt be, caduc-utn, purgamentunt. 1455 Rolls of Parlt.
V. 325/1 No Silke..but of ye wurst refuse that they mowe
have. 1547 Act i Edw. VI, c. 3. § 2 Giving the same slaue
. .such reffuse of meate as he shall thinke meete. 1597
BACON Coalers Good S, Evill Ess. (Arb.) 141 Many kindes
[of things] haue much refuse which counteruale that which
they haue excellent. 1662 J. DAVIES tr. Olearins' Voy.
Ambass. 223 The best Wollen Tapistry in the whole Coun-
trey, whereof there is brought into Europe but the refuse.
1709 STANHOPE Parathr. IV. 513 In themselves they are no
better than Chaff and Refuse. 1755 MAGENS Insurances I.
257 The Company alledged . . that there generally was some
Refuse among a whole Cargo of Hemp. 1832 BABBAGE
Eton. AlanitJ. .\\.\ii. 319 Light almost solar has been extracted
BEFTJSE.
from the refuse of fish. 1865 DICKENS Mat. Friend i. iii,
Slipping over the stones and refuse on the shore.
transf. 1569 E. HAKE Ncivcs oitt ofPovjles ChurchyarJe
(1570) F ij, Was euer scene, .such monstrous kinde of men,
Such vomite, reffize, Dunghill drosse ? 1599 PORTF.R Angry
Worn. Abingdan (Percy Soc.) 80 Why, thou whorson refuge
of a tayler [etc-]. 1709 STEELE Ttitler No. 109 p 5 The
Refuse of a Heart long before given away to a Coxcomb.
1749 SMOLLETT Gil />'/<" (1797) HI. 87 Miserable authors
whose works are the refuse of libraries and players.
b. The worthless or outcast portion of some class
of persons; the scum, offscourings, dregs, etc.
1603 KNOLLES Hist. Turks (1621) 145 But the greater part
void of judgement, and the refuce of the people in simple
attire, ran rogtiing abroad. 1687 A. LOVELL tr. Thmcnot's
7'rav. I. 23 These.. are the refuse of the tribute Children.
1711 AnoisoN Sped. No. 99 F 8 [This] has given Occasion
to the very Refuse of Mankind .. to set up for Men of
Honour. 1813 SHELI.EY C?. Mab iv. 181 The refuse of
society, the dre^s Of all that is most vile. 1858 NORTON
Topics-lib Jones, Brown, and Robinson, the* refuse \ remain
with the regiment to be slaughtered by their sepoys.
c. The leavings of ( = what is left by) something.
1665 MANI.EY Grotivs* L<nu C. IVarres 101 He had with
him, something more than Eight Hundred Horse, and Six
Thousand Foot, the Refuse and Remains of the French
Troubles and Tumults. 1704 SWIFT Batt. Bks. Misc. (1711)
260 Some Carcass half devour'd, the Refuse of gorg'd Wolves
or ominous Ravens. aiSooCowl'ER Heroism 70 Yet man..
Gleans up the refuse of the general spoil.
2. attrib. and Comb. , as refuse eater, heap, matter •
refuse consumer or destructor, a furnace in which
refuse of various kinds is burned ; refuse sifter,
one who is employed in separating the more useful
parts of refuse from the utterly worthless.
1848 DICKENS Dotnbey xv, The miserable waste ground,
where the refuse-matter had been heaped of yore. 1863
LYELL Antitj. Man 22 The contents of the Danish refuse-
heaps. 1884 J. SHARMAN Hist. Swearing i. i The bone-
sellers and refuse-sifters of. .Clare Market. 1889 J. JACOBS
fables of SEsop I. 66 The refuse-eater and the offal-eater
Belauding each other. 1895 Daily News 3 Aug. 3/3 The
burning, fiery furnace . .was simply a refuse consumer. 1895
Pall Mall G. 26 Jan. 8/1 That most essential sanitary
apparatus, a refuse destructor.
Refuse (rftiu-z),v. Forms : 4 (5-6 Se.) refus,
(4 refusy, 5 refusen, -yn), 4-6 reffus(s)-, 5-6
refuee, Se. refoys-, (6 refuge), 6-7 Sc. refuis(s)-,
4- refuse, [ad. F. refuser (i2th c. = Pg. refusar,
Sp. rehusar, obs. It. rifusare) :— pop.L. *refusare,
i. refiisum, pa. pple. oirefundlre : see REFUND v?]
I. fl. a. To disclaim, disown, decline to coun-
tenance (an act). Obs.~-1
13.. Coer de £.4669 Cursyd be he that thy werk alowe !. .
Thou hast done us gret schame : Thou wer wurthy to have
blame ; Al swylke werkes I refuse.
t b. To avoid, keep clear of or free from (sin,
vice, etc.). Obs.
1357 Lay Folks Catech. 58 The seuen vertues that ilk
man sal use, And . . the seuen dedely sinnes that man sal
refuse. 1390 GOWER Conf. III. 164 If a Prince wolde him
reule..This vice sholde be refused, Wherof the Princes ben
assoted. 1526 Filer. Per/. (W. de W. 1531) 3 What we
shold ensewe & folowe, and what we sholde refuse & for-
sake. 1534 MORE Com/, agst. Trib. II. Wks. 1207/2 Geue
the Emperor those thinges that are his, refusing al extorsion
and bribery beside. 1587 Induct. A/irr. Mag. viii, Examples
there, for all estates you find, . . The gentleman vngentlenes
refuse. 1691 HARTCUFFE Virtues 399 By his being well
directed in his Morals, to refuse evil and to do good.
2. To decline to take or accept (something offered
or presented) ; to reject the offer of (a thing).
13 . . K. A Us. 396 Taeo falce god dude al his wille ..; Theo
game refuse scheo n'olde. ri33o R. BRUNNE Chron. (1810)
103 porgh conseile of som of hise, refused [F. refusa] he bat
present. 1393 LANGL. P. PI. C. xiv. 142 Ich seih. .how }>at
men mede token, and mercy refuseden. £1425 WYNTOUN
Cron. ii. v. 338 Bot he refoysitt bat curtassy, For fe worschep
refuse three thousand Ducates of me. 1671 MILTON P. R.
n. 329 Meats by the Law unclean .. young Daniel could
refuse. 1710 SWIFT jfntl. to Stella let. v, Lord Halifax
began a health to me to-day;, .which I refused. 1755
COLMAN & THORNTON Connoisseur No. 60 r 4 A leads a
strong Club, which B refuses. 1774 GOLDSM. Nat. Hist.
(1776) VII. 82 Four days after they refuse all vegetable
food. 1820 SHKLLEY in Lady Shelley Memorials (1859) J38
It was refused at Drury Lane, .on a plea of the story being
too horrible. 1847 MRS. A. KERR tr. Rankers Hist. Servia
242 Rather let the duty be undertaken by those who refuse
foreign assistance.
b. To reject (a thing or person) in making a
choice or selection. fAlso const, from. Some-
what rare.
1526 TINOALF. Matt. xxi. 42 The same stone which the
byldcrs refused, is set in the princypall parte of the corner.
1556 LAUDER Tractate 508, 1 haue maid knawin . . How that
je suld Llect..3our Iugis..And quhome Je aucht for to
refuse Frome that gret office. 1611 BIBLE Isa. vii. 15 That
hee may know to refuse the euill, and choose the good.
1633 HERBERT Priest to Temple iv, They say it is an ill
Mason that refuseth any stone. 1725 WATTS Logic IV. i, By
this means they [poets and orators] will better judge what to
chuse^and what to refuse.
3. To decline to accept or submit to (a command,
rule, instruction, etc.) orto undergo (pain or penalty).
'375 HARBOUR Brace XH. 205 Nane payn sal! refusit be
1 ill we haue maid our cuntre fre. £1386 CHAUCER Clerk" i
i. 72 Accepteth thanne ofvs the trewe entente That neuere
yet rtfuseden thyn heeste. c 1400 Cursor M. 28678 (Cott. !
llalha), pis man..es in will to sin nomare, And refuses
penance neuer |ie le.se. 1484 CAXTON Fables o
359
xvi, He that refluseth the pood doctryne of his fader, yf
euyl UPM cometh to hym it is but ryght. 1560 DAUS tr.
SUidane's Camrri. 112 [They] graunted out proces against
certen,.. whose judgement, unles they surceased they would
refuse, a 1618 RALEIGH Saftick in Rem. (1651) 15 Thii
creature chuseth his food, refuseth the whip, fawneth on 1m
Master. 1667 MILTON f. L. VI. 41 To subdue By force,
who reason for thir Law refuse. 1784 COWPEH Task v. 874
Yet thus we dote, refusing while we can Instruction. 1856
' STONEHENGE ' Brit. Rural Sports 363/1 The orders to ride
behind., could scarcely be refused by the jockey.
b. transf. of things, in various contextual senses.
1490 CAXTON Eneydos x. 40 Her membres refuseden the
swete reste of slepe. 1684 tr. Bonn's Merc. Comfit, xviil.
643 A young Man had been ill of an Ulcer in his Chin for 3
years, which refused all Medicines. 1726 LEONI lr. Albert?*
A rchit. I. 75/2 We must . . have such a depth, in . . the Haven,
as will not refuse Ships of burthen, though ever so deep
laden. 1794 Rigging f, Seamanship II. 325 Clubhauling is
practised when it is expected that a ship will refuse stays
upon a lee shore. 1873 SPON Workshop Kec. Ser. i. 152/1
The acid. .causes the stone to refuse the printing ink except
where touched by the chalk.
c. Of a horse : To stop short at (a hedge, water,
etc.) instead of leaping. (Cf. 13 b.) Also transf.
1840 DE QUINCEY Style lit. Wks. 1862 X. 227 We shall
endeavour to bring up our reader to the fence . . But as we
have reason to fear that he will ' refuse ' it [etc.]. 1881
Encycl. Brit. XII. 197/2 However bold the horse may be,
he will soon refuse water if his rider be perpetually in two
minds when approaching a brook.
4. f a. To reject (a person) ; to decline to admit
to a certain position, or to some relationship with
oneself. 06s.
1390 GOWER Con/. III. 180 Every jugge was refused
Which was noght frend to comun riht. c 1400 Destr. Troy
12078 pai meuit vnto messan with |«re men hole; All
refusit horn the folke of be fyne plase. a 1548 HALL
Ckrott., Hen. F///ai9b, She them utterly refused for her
servauntes. 1611 BIBLE Acts vii. 35 This Moses whom they
refused, saying, Who made thee a ruler and a ludge ? 1671
MILTON P. R. iv. 496 [Thou] wouldst be thought my God,
And storm 'st refus'd. 1683 Songs Land. Prentices (Percy
Soc.) 79,^1 for my part will utterly refuse thee.
b. To reject, decline to have, as a (•)• lover,
paramour) wife or (now usually) husband.
c I375 Sc. Leg. Saints xxxi. (Eugenia) 358 Quhen scho
schaw [= saw] scho wes sa refusit, scho can sorou ma.
ci4oo MAUNDEV. (1839) xyii. 179 Alle the Wommen there.,
forsake no man. And thei seyn, thei synnen, ?if thei refusen
ony man. 1484 CAXTON Fables of A If once xi, A yonge man
. . was so moche esprysed of her loue that by cause she
reffused hy_m he deyde for her loue. 1600 E. BLOUNT tr.
Conestaggio 266 Bicause she had refused so many great
Kings and Princes in former times. 1722 DE FOE Relig.
Courtsh. I. i. (1840) 10, I dare say she won't refuse him.
1773 GOLDSM. Stoops to Cong, v, You know I can't refuse
her till I'm of age, father. 1866 G. MACDONALD Ann. Q.
Neight. L (1878) 5, I had been refused a few months before.
f C. To decline to meet (an opponent). Obs. rare.
a 1513 FABVAN Chron, (1811) II. 538 Syr Wyllyam Darell
refusyd his appellant, or they had ronne theyr full coursys.
1606 SHAKS. Ant. fy Cl. in. vii. 40 No disgrace Shall fall you
for refusing him at Sea, Being prepared for Land.
td. Venery. To reject (a stag) as not proper
for the chase. Obs. rare — '.
The Fr. text has il n'a faint tie refill (cf. REFUSE rf.l i b).
ci4io Master of Game (MS. Digby 182) xxiv, He shall
saye bat it is an hert bat farne yer was of x. ; bat shuld not
be refused.
II. f5. To renounce: a. To resign, give up
(something valued or attractive). Obs.
c «375 Sc. Leg. Saints iii. (A ndrew) 920 Manis falowschipe
haf I refoysit euir-mare halely. c 1430 LYDG. Min. Poems
(Percy Soc.) 120 Ther was a kyng.. Refused his corowne
and gan to advertise [etc.]. 1471-3 Rolls ofParlt. VI. 54/1
The Tenauntes of your said Suppliauntes have refused their
tenures, and the said maner lefte waste. 1500-20 DUNBAR
Poems xxx. 5 Reffuss the warld, for thow mon be a freir.
1568 GRAFTON Chron. II. 308 marg.,1'he king here agreeth
to refuse the name of the French king, and no more to call
himselfe by that name. 1684 BUNYAN Pilgr. n. Introd.
Azb, Yea tell them.. how they still Refuse this World, to
do their Father's will.
f b. To decline to bear (a name). Obs.
1393 LANGLAND P. PI. C. iv. 369 pat is no}t reisonable ne
reel to refusy my syres sorname. 1591 SHAKS. Rom. f, Jul.
n. ii. 34 Denie thy Father and refuse thy name. 1652 C. B.
STAPYLTON Herodian 36 Yea to such drunken dotage he was
growne, He now refused flat his Fathers Name.
f O. To abandon, forsake, give over (a practice,
way of life, action, etc.). Obs.
1377 LANGL. P. PI. B. xix. 365 Thanne alkyn crystene saue
comune wommen, Repenteden & refused synne. 1432 50
tr. Higden (Rolls) II. 339 losue.. renewede circumcision,
refusede [L. intennissatii) by xl» yere. Ibid. V. 407 They
myshte not refuse [L. renunciare] theire olde rites. 1509
BARCLAY Shyf of Folys (1874) I. 165 This day begyn thy
lewde lyfe to refuse. 1589 R. ROBINSON Gold. Mirr. (1851)
10 The traueller, his jorney doth refuse.
t d. To abandon, leave, depart from (a place).
c 135° Leg. Holy Rood iv. 125 pan cristen men £at place
refused, None of bam efter ]»eder vsed, 1568 GRAFTON
Chron. II. 15 In the ende King William was faine to refuse
the fielde, and gat at that tyine none aduauntage of his . .
sonne. a 1600 Flodden I1', iii. (1664) 23 First of all refuse this
place And down to yonder Valleys draw The walls.
t 6. To renounce (God or Christ) ; to cast off (a
person"! ; to divorce (a wife). Obs.
1390 GOWER Conf. III. 80 Whan he for lust his god re-
fuseth, And tok him to the dieules craft. 1432-50 tr.
///<,'</<•« (Rolls) III. 389 He bade refusede [L. rcpitdiata}
Olimpias the moder off kynge Alexander, for cause of
adowtery. 1531 Dial. Lau's K'tt;. I- xxvi. K vij, Thou^he
suche a byll of refuse!! was lawful!, so that they lliat
REFUSE.
refused theyr wyves therby shulde be without payne in
the lawe. 1563 Child Marriott's 191 Now in her old age
she wold not hurt her soule, and refuge Christ, .in speakinge
any thinge apon her othe but the truthe. 1566 STERNHOLU
& H. /*j. 389 Refuse me not that am vniust. 1599 SHAKS.
Much Ado iv. i. 186 Refuse me, hale me, torture me to
death.
t b. In (God} refuse met as an oath. Obs.
i6ia WEBSTER White Dwil i. i, God refuse me. c x6*6
Dick of Devon n. i, in Mullen O. PI. II. 27 They should
have found.. another manner of noise than dam me and
refuse me. 1640 tr. Verderes Komant of Rom. II. 84 God
refuse me, said Amides, if ever I come neer it.
f o. transf. Of things : To decline, or cease, to
remain with (a person) ; to abandon, desert. Obs.
14. . Prov. Gd. Counsel 12 in Q. Eliz. Acati. 68 He |>at yn
yowbe no vertue wyll vse. In Age all honour wyll hym
Refuse. 1500-20 DUNBAR Poems xxxvi, 6 Gif it be thyne
thy self it vsis, Gif it be nocht the it refusis. 1582 STANY-
HURST Mneis MI. (Arb.) 88 Thee winds and soonbeams vs,
poore souls weerye, refused, a 1590 MONTGOMERIE Misc.
Poems x. 36 Vhat better ar they nor a beist, Fra tym that
reson thame refuists?
t d. To let go, dismiss. Obs. rare*-\
c 1440 York Myst. xxxiii. 315 Now I recorde wele be right,
$e will no rnbcrc refuse hym, To he be dreuen to his dede
and demed to dye.
t 7. To put or drive away, get rid of. Obs. rare.
1387 TREVISA Higden (Rolls) V. 53 So bat }if he knewe eny
bat kepte of here owne catel for to lyve by, he refused hem
pat [read and] wolde 1101131 have hem in his loore. 1426
LYDG. De GuiL Pilgr. 4534 Thus my smerte yerde 1 vse,
Alle synnes to refuse, And do with-al correccioun. c 1450
St. Cuthbert (Surtees) 7586 Walchere began forto moyse
how he bat menje moght refoyse, And forto bryng in
monkys agayne. 1483 CAXTON G. de la Tour K v b, They
whiche were worthy to be blamed were refused and separed
oute of the felaushipe of the other.
f 8. To deny (a charge or allegation), Obs. rare.
1300 GOWER Conf. I. 76Theiofthesuggestioun Necouthen
noght a word refuse. 1c 1475 Sgr. lowe Degre 400 Thou
may not thyselfe excuse ; This dede thou shall no wise re-
fuse. 1751 MACCOLL in Scots Mag. (1753) Sept. 449/2 The
deponent refusing his having seen him. 1753 in St&vart's
Trial App. 139 This letter was .. shown this day to Allan
Stewart his son, who refuses it lo be his hand-writing.
III. 9. With inf. To decline positively, to
express or show a determination not to do some-
thing. Also transf. of things.
1390 GOWER Conf. II. 43 Bot otherwise, if thou refuse To
love, thou miht so per cas Ben ydel. c 1450 LONELICH
Grail Hi. 791 Thanne myht he Refusen .. with jow to
fyhten In bataylle. 1477 Kolts of Par It. VI. 187/2 If. .the
Pleyntif or Pleyntifs, or their attourney, refusen to be sworn
in fourme aforeseid. 1560 DAUS tr. Sleidane's Cotntn, 6 He
. .will not refuse to stande in judgement herein of the uni-
versities of Germany and Paris. 1591 SPEN'SER Al. Hubberd
21 Seeing kindly sleep refuse to doe His office. 1667
MILTON P. L. n. 451 Wherefore do I assume These
Royalties, and not refuse to Reign . .? 1719 YOUNG Busiris
III. i, My trembling limbs Refuse to bear their weight. 1780
COWPER Progr. Err. 498 If stubborn Greek refuse to be his
friend, Hebrew or Svriac shall be forced to bend. 1874
GREEN Short Hist. viii. § 3. 483 Eliot refused to move from
his constitutional ground.
b. Const, with gerund, rare.
1753 L. M. Accomplished Woman II. 252 One of the
principal actors, .refused going upon the stage. 1766 Bur-
rows' Reports II. 1152 The Officer of the inferior Court can
not refuse paying obedience to the Writ.
1O. To decline to give or grant ; to deny (some-
thing asked) to a person (or thing).
1585 T. WASHINGTON tr. Nickolay's Voy. i. xvli. 19 b, [To]
obtaine of the great Lord that which by his lieuetenaunt was
refused. 1607 SHAKS. Cor. v. L 33 If you refuse your ayde
. . yet do not Vpbraid 's with our distresse. 1734 tr. Rollings
Anc. Hist. (1827) II. n. 186 He could not refuse his tears to
the unhappy fate of Carthage. 1821 SHELLEY Hellas 587
The Georgians Refuse their living tribute. 1859 TENNYSON
Enid 448 When I.. Refused her to him, then bis pride
awoke.
f b. reft. To abstain from giving (oneself) over,
to refrain from yielding, to (something). Obs.
1753 CHESTERF. Lett. (1792) IV. ccxcvni. 12, 1 have refused
myself to every thing that my own experience did not
justify and confirm. 1788 GIBBON Decl. 4 & Ixiy. VI. 288
Nor can I refuse myself to those events which., will interest
a philosophic mind. 1809 MALKIN Gil Bias vii. i. P n She
would fancy she had her death to answer for, had she
refused herself to any of her whims.
C. Mil. To decline to oppose (troops) to the
enemy ; to withdraw or move back from the regular
alignment.
1796 Instr. ty Reg. Cavalry (1813) 176 The echellons on
one flank will be refused, and on the other they will advance
. .to envelope the enemy. 1802 JAMES Milit. Diet, s.v., The
French during the whole of the action . . refused their right
wing. i875KiNGLAKE Crimea V. vi. 92 If the disposers of
ordnance.. should desire. .to refuse their right, they might
bend off that part of their artillery line along the crest.
11. With double ace. : To decline to give, deny
(something) to (a person, or thing).
i6ai ELSING Debates Ho. Lords (Camden) 53 That John
Birde..[was arrested] by John Gillett..and refused baylle.
1746 H. WALPOLE Let. 17 Jan , On their refusing him en-
trance, he burst open the door with his foot. 1782 Miss
BURNEY Cecilia vu x, I feel already that I can refuse you
nothing. 1817 SHELLEY Otho 16 Such pride as from im-
petuous love may spring, That will not be refused its offering.
1891 Law Times XC.t 462/1 Where the court refuses a
parent the custody of his child.
b. With personal object (or subject) only.
1784 COWPER Task iv. 418 These ask with painful shyness
irul refused Because deserving, silently retire. 1818 SHELLKY
Rev. Islam n. xxvil, Soon I could not have refused her.
RE-FUSE.
1865 TROLLOPE Briton Est. x. no If refused once, he might
probably ask again.
1 12. To refuse (one) leave to do something ; to
prohibit or keep back from something. Obs.
1617 MORYSON /tin. I. 171 The Guard refused me as a
foot-man to passe into the Citie. 1657 in Burton's^ Diary
(1828) II. 308 They refused the magistrates of Edinburgh
from the sacrament, for three years. 1688 Exped. I'r.
Orange in Select. Harl. Misc. (1793) 471 Sir William W
who had been at Ford with the prince, to see Sir William
C , were both refused to be seen of him.
IV. 13. intr. To make refusal ; to decline ac-
ceptance or compliance ; to withhold permission ;
spec, in ecarte' (see REFUSAL I b).
13 . . Gaiv. fy Gr. Knt. 1772 Nede hym bi-houed, Ober lach
ber hir luf, ober lodly re-fuse. 1535 COVERDALE i Sam.
xxviii. 23 But he refused, and sayde, I wil not eate. 1560
DAUS tr. Sleidane's Comm. 130 b, He not refusyng, toke his
offer in very good part also. 1611 SHAKS. Wint. T. n. iii.
137 If thou refuse, And wilt encounter with my Wrath,
his will to choose or to refuse, Man may improve the crisis,
or abuse. 1877 Encycl. Brit. VII. 620/1 (Ecartfi, The
dealer may either accept or refuse. . . If the dealer refuses
the hand is played without discarding.
b. Of a horse : (see 3 c above).
1515 Lo. BERNERS Froiss. n. clxviii. 190/2 The first course
they fayled for their horses refused at y cope. 1857 G. LAW-
RENCE Guy Liv. ix, The Axeine swerves, and refuses at
rather an easy fence.
o. Of a pile : To resist further driving.
1879 Sir R. BALL in Cosset! s Techn. Eituc. V. 276 When
the pile ' refuses ', as it is technically termed, .it. .is capable
of supporting the buildings.
Re-fuse, v. [RE- 5 a.] To fuse or melt again.
1875 Ure's Diet. Arts (ed. 7) I. 943 If the fusion has been
properly made, the slag will not require, .to be re-fused.
Refrrsed, ppl. a. [f. REFUSE v. + -ED i.] Re-
jected, cast off; declined; denied.
1560 A. L. tr. Calvine's Foure Sena. Songe Ezech. (1574)
i, He was a wicked and refused man. 1606 Wily Beguiled
Hiijb, My father got me of a refus'd Hagge. 1700 Acts
Sederunt Index 91 The Ordinary, shall write on the back
of a refused bill of suspension, his special reasons for so
doing. 1883 L. Z. JONCAS Fisheries Canada 19 (Fish. Exh.
Publ.) The merchantable, the inferior, and the'refused1, that
is, the heavy salted and broken fish.
b. Mil. (See REFUSE v. 10 c.)
1796 Instr. tt Reg. Cavalry (1813) 156 The rear of the
column which was destined to become the refused flank of
the new line. 1888 Times 8 Oct. 7/2 They opened fire on
the enemy's two guns on his right, and a refused flank on his
left.
Refusel(l, obs. forms of REFUSAL.
Refuser (rifiK'zaa). [f. as prec. + -ER !.] One
who refuses ; esp. a recusant (common in lyth c.).
1474 Rolls of Parlt. VI. 118/2 And over that the same
refuser [is] to make fyne and raunson to your Highnes.
1550 Reg. Privy Council Scot. I. 106 The disobearis and
refusaris of the said mony. 1567 Ibid. 535 The refusaris
and contravenaris to be secludit fra the bosum of the Kirk.
1610 DONNE PseudO'iitartyr 246 Drawing scandall vpon the
whole cause, and afflictions vpon euery particular Refuser.
1687 JAS. II in Magd. Coll. S, Jos. It (O.H.S.) 2ir All the
Bishops in England should not excuse a refuser. 1754
RICHARDSON Grandison (1766) V. 18 The requester of a
favour . . perhaps shews as much self in the application as the
refuser does in the denial. 1864 RAINE Priory Hexkam
(Surtees) I. Pref. i. p. xxiii, The modesty of the refuser only
whetted the eagerness of the offerers.
b. Of a horse : (see REFUSE ». 3 c).
1886 Sat. Rev. 6 Mar. 327/1 That he [a horse] should
become a confirmed refuser at water.
Refusing (rtfi«-zin), vbl. sb. [f. REFUSE v. +
-ING 1.] The action of the vb. in various senses.
c 1330 R. BRUNNE Chron. (1810) 216 At his dome suld it be,
withoute refusyng. c 1440 Promp. Parv. 427/2 Refusynge,
refutacio, recusacio. a 1533 LD. BERNERS Huon xxiv. 70
They shal derely by the refusynge of theyr answere. 161 1
CoTGR.,Repua'ierHent, a refusing. 1660 JER. TAYLOR Duct.
Dubit. n. it. rule 2 § 4 Single life, and abstinence from certain
meats, and refusing of blood. 1705 STANHOPE Paraphr.
II. 348 What forced Constructions do we put upon every
Indignity, that it may not pass for a final Refusing?
Ref vrsing, ///. a. [-ING 2.] That refuses.
1583 BABINGTON Commandm. iv. (1637) 34 Our recusantes,
as wee call them, that is, our refusing papists to come to
church. 1627 in Rushw, Hist. Coll. (1659) I. 445 After his
going, . . the refusing Londoners were pursued more fervently
then before. 1713 Pres. State Russia II. 264 The King of
Sweden . .returned a refusing Answer.
Hence Reftvsiiigly adv.
c 1477 CAXTON Jason 35 Why haue ye than answerd him
so coldly and refusingly? 1659 TORRIANO A-rifuso, re-
fusingly.
tRefu'sion. Obs. rare. [a. F. r<?/usion(i6thc.
in Littre), ad. late L. refusion-em, n. of action f.
refundere to REFUND w.l]
1. The action of pouring back; re-infusion (of
the soul).
1656 BLOUNT Glossogr., Refusion, a pouring back again.
1741 WARBURTON Div. Legat. II. n. App. 46 He owns . .
that neither Gataker in his notes, or Casaubon, had any
Notion that the Doctrine of Refusion was here alluded to.
2. The action of refunding (money).
1726 AYLIFFE Parergon 351 A Person thus amending his
Libel, .is oblig'd to a Refusion of such Expences.
Re-fusion (rffift'san). Also refusion. [f.
RE- 5 a + FUSION.] A renewed or repeated fusion ;
the result of this, a recast, A.\sojig .
360
i8n PINKEHTON Petrol. II. 460 This tumefaction usually
accompanies a refusion, in our fires, of solid glasses and
volcanic enamels. 1863 COWDEN CLARKE Shaks. Char, xii.
308 Leonato is a re-fusion of old Capulet, but without his
fussiness and dollying.
Refutabi'Uty. rare-1, [f. next + -ITY.]
Capability of being refuted.
1654 WHITLOCK Zootomia 141 The Heietick (guilty and
consciencious to himselfe of Refutability) taketh place first.
Refutable (rifia'tab'l, re-fiatab'l), a. [ad. late
L.refutal>iIis,(.re/utaretoRjiTU'TK.C{.¥.r<<futa6/e.]
That may be (t rejected,) refuted, or disproved.
1560 HOLLAND Crt. Venus in. 175, I think part of thame
refutabill Of the assyis, and vthens acceptabill Into thair
steid. 1600 F. WALKER Sp. Mandeville 26 b, Your proofe
and information is not refutable. 1646 SIR T. BROWNB
Pseud. Ep. 181 That the heart of man is seated in the left
side, is an asseveration which strictly taken, is refutable by
inspection. 1771 Junius Lett. Kv. (1788) 301 He alters the
text, and creates a refutable doctrine of his own. 1802
Edin, Rev. I. 22 It refutes the very refutable positions of Mr.
Godwin. 1871 Echo 13 Apr. a It is not in the abstract ; but
j only in the concrete that it is refutable.
Hence Refirtably adv.
1806 W. TAVLORin Ann.Rni. IV. 724 Speaking intelligibly,
and therefore refutably, concerning the phenomena of
animal life.
Refutal (r/fi»-tal). [f. REFUTE v. + -AL.] Re-
futation.
1605 VERSTEGAN Dec. Intell. iv. (1628) 102 What refutall is
this, when it can bee prooued that they so were. 1736 in
BAILEY. 1816 O'MEARA in Century Mag. (1900) Feb. 626/2
Such a work carries with it its own refutal. 1885 National
Baptist XXI. No. 13. i A living refutal of the lie that a good
soldier must needs be depraved.
Refutation (reri«tJ'-j3n). [ad. L. refuta-
tion-em, n. of action f. reffilare to REFUTE. Cf.
F. refutation.]
1. The action of refuting or disproving a state-
ment, charge, etc. ; confutation.
01548 HALL Chron.^ Hen. VI H i49a It was answered by
another boke called the Refutacion or Ouercommyng of the
apollogie of the conuencion of Madrill. 1628 T. SPENCER
Logick 233 Thereby we know how to apply an Answer for
the refutation, and disproofe of such a proposition. 1691
BENTLEV Boyle Lect. iv.i 19 An effectual refutation of his own
Principles. 1769 Junius Lett, xxxiv. (1788) 168 A charge
which called immediately for the clearest refutation. 1792
Anted. If. Pitt II. xxix. 129 The idea.. does not deserve
a serious refutation. i86j TVLOR Early Hist. Man. ii. 14
The deaf and dumb man is the living refutation of the pro-
position. 1877 NORTHCOTE Rom. Catacombs I. i. 8 This
might be allowed to stand as a peremptory refutation of the
theory in question.
Comb, 1819 SHELLEY Julian 194 You might Make such a
system refutation-tight, As far as words go.
f 2. Military repulse of a. person. Obs. rare-1.
1596 DALRVMPLE tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. v. 267 Achai . .is
present with speid, with ane armie often thousand Scotis. .
to the supplie of Hung, and refutatioune of Athelstane.
Refutative, a. rare. [f. ppl. stem of L. refii-
tare to REFUTE + -IVE.] That tends to refute;
belonging to refutation.
1651 URQUHART Jewel Wks. (1834) 292 Proleptically with
the refutative schemes of anticipation and subjection.
1837 Fraser's Mag. XV. 303 Strepsiades is delighted with
his complexion, which is both ' negative and refutative ',
with the true Attic stamp.
So Refutatory a. [cf. med.L. refutdtori-us, F.
rtfutatoire]. (Webster 1847.)
t Refute, st>.1 Obs. Forms : 4 refuit, 4-6 re-
fuytfe, (5 reffuyt), 4-6 refut(e. [a, OF. refuite,
i. refuir, f. re- RE- +/uir to flee : cf. REFUGE **.]
1. = REFUGE si. i.
a 1325 Prose Psalter xxx[i]. 3 Be to me in-to God de-
fcndour, & in-to (>e hous of refut, (>at fwu mak me sauf.
c 1400 Rom. Rose 3840 Thou shall be bounde. And fast
loken in a tour, Withoute refuyt or socour. c 1420 in Lydg.
De Guil. Pilgr. 16696 The grete Reffuyt and Reffuge that
thow dost to alle synful men. 1494 FABVAN Chron. Prol. 3, 1
nyll presume wythout other refute, To ioyne suche a worke.
1535 STEWART Cron. Scot. II. 275 Justice and law. .to
execute To puir and riche, without ony refute.
2. = REFUGE sb. 2.
a 1315 Prose Psalter xxx[i). 4 For )x>u art my streng)>e and
my refut. 138* WVCLIF Ps. Ixxxix. [xc.] r Lord, refut thou
art maad to vs. c 1430 Merlin 622 A kynge that ought to be
refute and counfort to alle the hoste. 1509 HAWES Conv.
Swearers 13 Yet I to you am chefe refuyte and boote.
3. = REFUGE sb. 3.
CI374 CHAUCER Troylusm. 965 (1014) Alias J>athe..Shuld
haue his refuyt in so digne a place. 1431-50 tr. Higden
(Rolls) II. 279 To be a refute of gilty men fleenge to hit.
c 1450 St. Cnthbert (Surtees) 5541 At tynemouth' his refuyt
he make, To kepe him fra skathe.
t Refute, sb* Obs. [f. the vb.] Refutation.
1646 SIR T. BROWNE Pseud. Ef. 312 We finde no con-
current determination of ages past, and a positive and
undeniable refute of these present. 1657 J. SERGEANT
Schism Dispach't i Schism Dispatcht,. .containing, .a re-
fute of D'. Hammonds Defence of his first three Chapters.
Refute (rffitt't), v. [ad. L. refutare to repel,
repress, rebut : see RE- and CONFUTE v. Cf. F.
refuter (a 1549 in Godef.).]
1 1. tram. To refuse, reject (a thing or person).
Obs. rare.
1513 BRADSHAW St. Werlurge 1. 1535 Her royall dyademe
and shynynge coronall Was fyrst refuted for loue of our
sauyoure.
2. To prove (a person) to be in error, to confute.
«545 J°VE Exf. Dan. Argt. 5 b, Which reiecteth and re-
REGAIN.
futeth the iewes and vs castlnge away god and his gospel
as thei did. 1579 FKNTON Gnicciard. in. (1599) 116 He
refuted the Admirall, who.. assayed to qualiiie indirectly
the wills of the councell. 1641 HINDE y. Brnen xxii. 68
Who might also have received their answer and beene
evidently refuted to their faces, if they had but observed
Anc. Hist. (ed. 5) I. p. xlix, In his second {book], wherein
he refutes his brother Quintus.
refl. 1869 Daily News 14 Dec., But Mr. M. is good
enough, for all practical purposes, to refute himself.
3. To disprove, overthrow by argument, prove to
be false : a. a statement, opinion, etc.
1597 HOOKER Eccl. Pol. y. Ixxx. § 7 It is some greife to
spende thus much labour in refuting a thing that hath so
little grounde to vpholde it. 1664 POWER Exp. Philos, i.
39 An errour so gross and palpable, that it needs not the
Microscope to refute it. 1710 LADY M. W. MONTAGU Let.
to Bp. Burnet 20 July, They bring them a thousand fal-
lacious arguments, which their excessive ignorance hinders
them from refuting. 1780 COWPER Tablc-t. 104, I grant the
sarcasm is too severe, And we can readily refute it here.
1838 LYTTON Alice \\. vii, Unconsciously his whole practice
began to refute his theories. 1875 JOWETT Plato (ed. 2) I.
194 They can refute any proposition whether true or false.
b. an imputation, accusation, etc.
1611 SPEED Hist. Gt. Brit. ix. xxiv. § 231 Which imputation
in sundry languages he refuted in Print. 17*5 POPE Odyss.
VHI. 270 Well thy gen'rous tongue With decent pride refutes
a public wrong. 1784 COWPER Task u. 824 Let the arraigned
Stand up unconscious, and refute the charge. 1838 THIHL-
WALL Hist. Greece V. 375 The plan which he has suggested
. . is the surest way to refute such calumnies. 1875 MANNING
Mission H. Gtostx. 277 Would you not seek everywhere for
proofs to refute the accusation!
4. absol* To demonstrate error.
1741 YOUNG AV. Th. vii. 1343 Instead of racking fancy, to
refute, Reform thy manners, and the truth enjoy. 1805
Med. Jml. XIV. 174 Those, whose only object is to cavil
where they cannot refute.
Hence Befu-ted///. a.t Refirting vbl. sb.
c 1555 HARPSFIELD Divorce Hen. yill (Camden) 239 In
the refuting of which impure and unchaste proviso.. I trust
the reader will bear with me. 1638 R. BAKER tr. Balzac's
Lett. (vol. II.) 33 Such of their objections, that seeme worth
the refuting. 1646 SIR T. BROWNE Pseud. Ep, i. viii. 30
He often, .seems to confirme the refuted accounts of Anti-
quity. 1780 COWPER Progr. Err. 550 His still refuted
quirks he still repeats. 1818 in Lady Morgan Autobiog. 241
Commonplaces, repeated a hundred times over with a re-
futed tone.
Refnter (r/fiw-ta-i). [f. prec. + -EB l.] One
who refutes.
1620 BP. HALL Hon. Mar. Clergy in. ii, No lesse vaine is
my refuter, that spends many waste words [etc.]. 1645
MILTON Colast. Wks. 1851 IV. 345, I was still waiting,
when these light arm'd refuters would have don pelting at
thir three lines. 1710 SHAFTESB. Charac. (1737) III. i. ii.
ii Some living Antagonist, who. .pretends to., refute the
Refuter upon every Article he has advanc'd. 1890 C. U. R.
COOKE 4 Yrs. in Parlt. 60 An easy and effective exposure
of them brings to the refuter some momentary credit.
Refyn(e, obs. Sc. pa. pple. of RIVE.
Reg, obs. form of rig RIDGE sb.t Rio ».
Regain (r/g^-n, r/-), v. [ad. F. regagner
(earlier spelling regaigner} : see RE- and GAINZ>.]
1. trans. To gain or get anew ; to recover posses-
sion of (something). Also absol.
a 1548 HALL C/iron., Hen. V11I 260 \ One daie thone
parte lost, and the other gained, and likewise the losers
regained. IJ^GRAFTON Chron. II. 645 Is not Normandy,
which is father gat, regayned and conquered agayne, by the
insolencie of him? 1631 GOUGE God's Arrows HI. § 43. 260
Obtaining or re-gaining any publique, or private blessings.
1667 MILTON P. L. iv. 665 Least total darkness should by
Night regaine Her old possession. 1710 LADV M. W.
MONTAGU Let. to W. Montagu 25 Apr., Could I deceive
one minute, I should never regain my own good opinion.
1838 LYTTON Leila iv, iv, Regaining thee once more, a new
and a soft existence opens upon my eyes. 1875 JOWETT
Plato (ed. 2) 1. 13, I began by degrees to regain confidence.
f b. To reclaim (land). Obs. rare — l.
165* BLITHE Eng. Improv. Impr. (ed. 3) title-p., The
Drainage of Fen Lands, Regaining Sea Lands, &c.
•j-2. To win back, recover, for another. Obs. rare.
1590 C'TESS PEMBROKE Antonie 1077 When I regainde
him his rebellious Realme. 1399 H. BUTTES Dyets Drie
Dinner Bvj, Constrained to implore the ayde of Mithri-
date. .in regaining to them the Castle of health.
f b. To win or bring back to a state or condition.
1639 FULLER Holy War iv. ix. (1840) 194 Thus this_ city..
was won by this barbarous people, never since regained to
our religion. 1679 Establ. Test 6 Little hope of help was
to be expected.., to regain England to Obedience.
1 3. With inf. To succeed in coming again. Obs.
1644 MILTON Educ. Wks. 1851 IV. 381 By regaining to
know God aright, and out of that knowledge to love him.
4. To get back to, succeed in reaching (a place)
again ; to rejoin (a person).
1634 MILTON Comns 274 Extreme shift How to regain my
severd company Compell'd me to awake the courteous
Echo. 1725 POPE Odyss. I. 409 Let me now regain the
Reithrian port. 1775 R. CHANDLER Trav. Greece (1825) II.
209, I made my egress.., glad to revisit day and regain a
purer atmosphere, a 1859 L. HUNT Glove $ Lions \vt The
leap was quick, return was quick, he has regain'd his place.
1878 HUXLEY Physiogr. 41 The cloud descends, and regain-
ing the lower and warmer regions, returns to its original
state.
b. To recover (one's feet).
1814 SIR R. WILSON AntoUog. in Life (1862) I.ii.oo,! was
up and down several times; but my dear little mare.,
always regained her feet.
REGAINABLE.
Hence Regal-ned ///. a., Regaining vbl. sb.
and///, a. Also Begai-nable a., Begai'aer.
a 1548 HALL Chron.t Hen. VI 134, I thought here, to omit
and ouerpasse the regainyng and conquest of the strong
toune of Harflew. i6« BURTON Anat. Mel. in. ii. in. iv,
With a regaining retrait, a gentle reluctancy. 1666 BOYLE
Grig. Formes ffQuaL 203 The Form.. was reproduc'd by
God, upon the regain'd Disposition of the Matter to receive
it. i68a BUNVAN (title) The Holy War. .for the Regaining
of the Metropolis of the World, a 1787 J. BROWN Sti. Rein.
(1807) 244 To behold him a regainer of paradise. 1869
RUSKIN Q. of Air § 153 Your liberty of choice has simply
destroyed.. so much life and strength, never regainable.
Regainment, [f. prec. + -MENT.] The action
of regaining.
1642 Declar. Lords $ Comm. 4 July 3 The regainment of
the ancient. .Rights. 1646 EARL MONM. tr. Biondfs Civil
Warres vi. 30 Being advertised, .of the regainment of the
Kingdome. 1871 Daily News 22 Sept., Our actual occa-
sional rallies and temporary regainment of ground.
Regal (r**gal), a. and sbl Also 4-5 regalle,
(5 -ale), 5-7 regall. [a. OF. regal, -ale, or L.
regatis, f. r?g-> rex king : see -AL.]
A. adj. 1. Of or belonging to a king ; royal.
c 1374 CHAUCER Boeth. \. pr. iv. 9 (Camb. MS.). The Justice
Regal [L. regia] hadde whilom demed hem bothe to gon in
to exil. 1432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) II. 523 In the regalle
cite of Saba. 1503 HAWES Examp. Virt. vn. xlii, That
sheweth his dygnyte to be regall. c 1510 Gesta. Rom. Add.
Stor. v. (1879) 438 [They] brought hym with grete reuer-
ence and worshyp vnto his regal sete. 1591 SPENSER M.
Hubberd mi The Ape thus seized of the Regall throne
[etc.]. 1667 MILTON P. L. v. 739 When they see all Regal
Power Giv'n me to quell thir pride. 1735 BOLINCBROKE On
Parties 8 They, who could never brook a Regal, will have
the Merit of saving their Country from the Danger of a
Ministerial Tyranny. 1788 GIBBON Decl. $ F. liii. V. 505
The regal title was assumed by the most ambitious chiefs.
18*5 JEFFERSON Autobiog. Wlcs. 1859 J. 36 Our legislation,
under the regal government, had many very vicious points.
1876 HUMPHREYS Coin-coll. Man. xxvi. 403 The Macedonian
series includes the earliest regal coin known.
f b. Regal fishes : (see quota.). Obs. rare.
1562-3 Act 5 Eliz. c. 5 § 5 Such fyshes as be knowen and
vsed to be called Regal fyshes, whereunto her maiestie..
shal haue right. 1670 BLOUNT Law Diet. (1691) Regal
Fishes.. \rt Whales, and Sturgeons; some add Porpusses.
f2. a. Regal wafer: (see quot.). Obs.rare~}-,
Cf. F. eau rtgatc, a mixture of hydrochloric and azotic
acid, used for dissolving gold and platinum (Littre").
1576 BAKER Jeiucll of Health 102 This then is named the
regall water, or water of a kyng, which separateth Golde.
fb. Ruling, governing. Obs. rare.
1653 R. SANDERS Physiogn. 240 The brain and heart are
the two regal and principal parts of man. 1656 STANLEY
Hist. Philos. v. (1701) 108/1 Thus Plato in Philebo avers by
Jove is understood a Regal Soul, meaning the principal
part of the World which Governs the other.
3. Befitting, or resembling, a king; kingly; hence,
splendid, magnificent, stately, etc,
1799 WORDSW. Danish Boy iit, A regal vest of fur he
wears, In colour like a raven's wing. 1816 SHELLEY^/<M/W
619 A rare and regal prey He hath prepared, prowling
around the world. 1858 LYTTON What will He do i. xiv.
Then they emerged into the noble garden, with its regal
trees. 1862 STANLEY Jew. Ck. (1877) I. xv. 290 Every one
of them was like a prince ; and not the least regal was the
sole survivor Gideon.
trans/. i8a< LAMB Elia Ser. ii. Convalescent, If there be
a regal solitude, it is a sick bed. 1859 SMILES Self-Help
xii. 319 Beethoven's admiration for Cherubini was regal.
t B. sb. 1. Royalty, sovereignty, royal authority.
£1330 R. BRUNNE Chron. (1810) 71 Nien monethes beforn
kept Harald be regalle. ^1350 Will. Palerne 282 Al be
regal of rome to ri^tleche y weld. 1455 Rolls ofParlt. V.
300/2 The drede wheryn here tofore they have been .. of
youre myghty regale and of your said lond. 1460 Pol.
Poems in Archaeologia (1842) XXIX. 338 To remeve his
heuynesse Whiche to his regalle is no byng conservyng.
t b. Sc. A regality. Obs. rare.
1440 &. Acts Jas. 77(1814) II. 33/1 Lordjs of Regaliteis
within thare Regalis. Ande alsua the kingis baljeis of his
Regalis. [Hence in Skene Reg. Maj. (1609) 163.]
fo. A royal right or privilege. Cf. REGALE
sb.i a. Obs.
a 1540 BARNES Whs. (1573) 201/2 But how commeth S.
Peter by these regalles.. ? All the worlde knoweth, that
regalia belongeth tokinges. 1641 PRYNNE Antip. 116 marr.t
Peter was acquainted with his nets but not with Regals.
1797 W. JOHNSTON Beckmann's Invent. II. 324 When and
where originated the term jus grutiy^ under which this
regal is known by jurists ?
f 2. A prince, ruler. Obs. rare.
c 1385 CHAUCER L. G. W. 2128 Ariadnet We be duchessis
bothe I & 3e And sekerede to the regalys of Athenys And
bothe hereafter likly to ben quenys. c 1395 Plowman'*
Tale i. 202 ' All-holyest ' they clepen hir heed, That of hir
rule is regall.
3. fa- The regal of France : (see quots.). Obs.
1 a 1400 Morte Arth. 4208 With rynges and relikkes, and
J>e regale of ffraunce, That was ffowndene one syr ffrolle,
whene he was feye levyde. 1560 DAUS tr. Sleidane's Comm.
160 Thomas of Canturbury .. was shryned in siluer, and
hanged rounde about with costly Jewelles of Gold and
precious stones... And amonges others, there was one riche
Jewell, called the Regal of Fraunce. 1656 BLOUNT Glossogr.
s.v,, A Jewel or Ring of great value, which a King of France
offered at St. Thomas shrine at Canterbury, called the Regal
of France, which Henry the Eighth, upon the dissolution,
took thence, and wore on his own ringer.
'traiisf. 1631 BRATHWAIT Whimsies^ Traveller 92 Styling
. . Paris the regall of France ; Venice the eye of Italy,
t b. The regal of Scotland^ the Coronation Chair.
£1470 HARDING Chron. CLXII. vi, The regajl there of
VOL. VIII.
361
Scotlande then he brought, And sent it forth to West-
mynster for ay.
fo. (See quot. ; perh. = 3 a.) Obs.
1485 Rutland Papers (Camden) 18 [Coronation of Henry
VII.] The said Cardinall shall blesse the ring with a ruby,
called the regall, for the King, to be sett on the iiijth fynger
of the right hand.
f d. The chalice used for the communion at the
coronation of British sovereigns. Obs.
1603 Cerent. Coron. Jos. I (1685) 3, i. The Regal. 2. The
Paten. 1626 in Chr. Wordsw. Coron. Chas. 7, Introd. (1892)
p. Hi, Regale, the chalice of Saphire and gold carried by the
Bishop of London. 166* SIR E. WALKER Ace. Coron.
Chas. 77 (1820) 92 The Bishop of London (haueing in the
interim placed the Regall vpon the Altar).
1 4. Some kind of precious stone. Obs."1
c 1430 LYDG. Mm. Poems (Percy Soc.) 223 Wythe stones
and perles ryally pyghte, Regalles, rubies, saffyres blewe.
f6. pi. « REGALIA1 2. Obs.
c 1485 in Wickham Legg Coron. Rec. (1901) 237 The said
chamberlayn shall take for the king all the Regalis aforesaid,
and peace by peace deliuer them to the Abbot of west-
minster. 1533 Coron. Q. Anne in Arb. Garner II. 50 The
Abbot of Westminster with his rygals came into the Hall
in pontificalibus. 1556 Chron. Gr. Friars (Camden) 4 Thys
yere kynge Edward toke . . the cheffe regalles in Scot-
fond, his crowne and hys cepter, and browte it to West-
myster. 1603-4 in A. Taylor Glory of Regality (1820) 311
The orbe, the scepter, the armill, And suche other regalls as
hee hath in his custodye.
Regal (rf-gal), sd,'2 Also 6reygalle,reyggal,
regol, 6-7 rigoll, -ole, 7 rigalle, 6-9 regall,
(6 -alle). [a. F. rtgale (i6th c., in Rabelais re-
gualle}) of obscure origin, perh. f. rtgal REGAL a. :
cf. It. regale (Florio).]
1. Chiefly//. A small portable organ formerly
in use, having one, or sometimes two, sets of reed-
pipes played with keys by the right hand, while
a small bellows was worked by the left hand.
Now chiefly Hist, (common c 1550-1625).
c 1550 L. WAGER Life Marie Magd. 735 Infid. Can ye not
play on the virginals? Mary. Yes. .that I can, and also on
the regals. 1556 in Rimbault Hist. Organ (1855) 39 Payd
•KMUM^W LIKll Dl IllCIUUlUUa 1(1311 uiiici 1 13.113 j-iuvta^ J.J.&1 jjta,
Regals, Records and such like. 1598 FLORIO, Regali, &
musicall instrument called rigoles. 1626 BACON Sylva § 172
In Regals(where they have a pipe they call the Nightingale
pipe which containeth water). 1767 in Rimbault Hist.
Organ (1855) 39 ttote, [Bernard Gates received a salary of
£& as] tuner of the regalls [in the Royal Chapel. The
same gentleman, in 1770, is styled ' tuner of the organs '].
1776 HAWKINS Hist. Music IV. iv. viii. 503 note, Raphael
has painted her singing, with a regal in her hands. 1801
STRUTT Sports <$• Past. in. v. 201 Assisted by the music of
the regals and the bagpipes. 1899 DK MORGAN in Mackail
W. Morris I. 223, I recollect his playing on a regal.
Comb. 1770 in Archaeologia (1775) III. 32 Our kings had
a regall-maker amongst their musical establishment.
2. One of certain reed-stops (esp, the voxhumana)
in organs. In quot. attrib.
1799 YOUNG in Phil. Trans. XC. 141 His reasoning has
fully shown the analogy between the voice and the voix
humaine and regal organ-pipes.
ILe'gal, $b$ Obs. exc. dial. Forms : 5 regyll,
6-7 regal(l, 7 reigle, o dial, riggle. [Of obscure
origin ; cf. HAGGLE sb.\ A groove, a slot.
1458 Church-w. Ace., Yatton (Som. Rec. Soc.) 101 It. to
make a regyll abowte the batylmente xv*. 1577 HARRISON
England n. xi. (1877) i. 227 The engine, .dooth ride vp and
downe in a slot, rabet, or regall. x6oa CAREW Cornwall
104 b, In one of the corners next the sea standeth a flood-
gate to bee drawne vp and let downe through reigles in the
side postes. 1608 WILLET Hexapla Exod. 605 In the sides
of the boord shal be two regals or incisians wherby they
shal one be ioyned to another. 1886 ELWORTHY W. Som.
Word-bit.^ Riggle, a groove cut round some article. .. The
groove on a pulley is a riggle.
Regald, obs. form of RIGGALD.
II Regale {rfg^-l*, F. regal), sbl [a. F. rtgale
(ad. L. regalia), or L. regale^ neut. sing, of regdlis
REGAL a. See also REGALIA1.]
1. Eccl. Hist. The right, on the part of the
kings of France, of enjoying the revenues of vacant
bishoprics and abbacies, and of presenting to bene-
fices dependent on these.
* The enjoyment of the fruits of the see is called the
temporal regale \ that of presenting the benefices, the
spiritual regale '. Chambers Cycl. (1727-38), copying the
Diet, de Trevoux.
161* COTGR. s.v. Regale, In Normandie when diuers
Lords are at suit for the Patronage of a vacant Benefice, the
King, by this right of Regale, emoyes the profits of it vntill
the suit be ended, or they agreed. 1682 News fr. France
16, I know your Curiosity in this affair of the Regale makes
you more than ordinary concerned to know the true State of
it. a 1715 BURNET Own Time m. (1724) I. 595 The Pope. .
found also fault with many of the proceedings in France,
with relation to the Regale. 1839 HALLAM Hist. Lit.i\.
li.§2 Louis XIV. .extended in 1673 the ancient prerogative,
called the regale, by which the king enjoyed the revenues
of vacant bishoprics, to all the kingdom.
1 2. A privilege or prerogative of royalty. Obs.
More frequently used in//. ; see REGALIA* i.
1714 NICOLSON Eng. Hist. Libr. n. iv. (ed. 2) 117 We must
(in this place) so understand the Author, as if he had not any
Design to state the extent of the Regale. 1797 W. JOHNSTON
tr. liecktnann's Invent. III. 20 The .State., availed itself of
that regale called by Leyser regale falsae tnonetae, and re-
turned the capital m money of an inferior value.
REGALE.
1 3. Chem. (See qnot.) Obs.-*
1650 J. F[RENCH] Ckym. Dict.t Keg-ale is a Ciment where-
byGold is purged. [Hence in Phillips (1678) and Bailey.]
Regale (rfgP'l), sb.- [a. obs. F. regale fern,
(now r&o/mftie.), ad. It. regalo REGALO.]
1. A choice repast, feast, or banquet ; f an enter-
tainment or fete.
1670 R. MONTAGU in Bnccfaich MSS. (Hist MSS. Comm.)
J. 483 My Lord Duke will not be able to get away yet..,
all the regales that are intended for him not being yet at an
end. x6ox J. WILSON Belphegor in. i, I beseech ye Gentle-
men,.. I hope you'll take share of a short Regale. 1726-31
WALDRON Descr. Isle of Man (1865) 70 A little valley. .was
the place they made choice on for their rendezvous and
regale. 1784 COWPER Tiroc. 834 Their breath a sample of
last night's regale. 1849 C. BRONTE Shirley xv, This sort of
impromptu regale, it was Shirley's delight to offer any
chance guests.
b. Const, ^(the dainties provided).
1796 STEDMAN Surinam (1813) II. xvii. 22 Another negro
also brought me a regale of groe-groe or cabbage tree worms.
1833 W. IRVING Tour Prairies xxii, Tonish served up to us
his promised regale of buffalo soup and buffalo beef.
C. transf. or Jig.
1684 Contetnpl. St. Man ir. vi. (1699) 188 The Damned.,
would take it for a great Regale, to have a Dunghil for
their Bed, instead of the burning Coals of that Eternal Fire.
1718 MORGAN Algiers I. iv. 98 1'he Camels are to them
the very Nerves of War and the Regales of Peace. 1773
MME. D'ARBLAV Early Diary (1889) I. 192, I venture at no
further opinion than that to me the sight was a great regale.
1842 W. IRVING in Life (1866) III. 225 This pageant .. is a
regale of which we never get tired.
2. A choice article of food or form of refresh-
ment ; a dainty.
1673 RAY Joum. Low C. 37 The Indian Betle which is
very stomachical and a great Regale at visits. 1725 Port-
land MSS. (Hist. MSS. Comm.) VI. 140 This regale is com-
posed of an ordinary broth well stuffed with bread. 1791
Gentl.Mag. LXI. n. 720, I may therefore hope. .to see the
tables adorned with the regale of Devonshire cream. 1845
BROWNING Englishman in Italy 92 The snails Tempted
out by this first rainy weather, — Your best of regales.
3. Regalement, refreshment.
1753 School of Man 101 The whole skill of Cookery is em-
ployed in food the most delicate for its regale. i8zo LAMB
Elia Ser. i. Christ's Ho$p,t Viands of higher regale than
those cates which the ravens ministered to the Tishbite.
1841 D'ISRAELI Amen. Lit. (1867) 262 That volume probably
reposes for the regale of the next century.
•f 4. A complimentary present. Obs. rare.
1728 MORGAN Algiers II. iv. 275 Don Juan wrote to the
Spanish Governor of Bujeya, that among the Presents and
Regales he was to send him and his Companions, against
Christmas, he should not forget a But filled with Swords.
1744 H. WAI.POLE Lett. (1846) II. 2, I had been threatened
with a regale of hams and Florence wine.
Re- gale, sb. [f. RE- 5 a + GALE z».3] A new
arrangement or division of a mining gale.
1884 Law Times Rep. LI. 76/2 They made a similar
application for a re-gale of the Union Gale.
Begale (rfg^-l), v. [ad. F. rtgaler (Cotgr.),
It. regalare, Sp. and Pg. regular : see REGALO.
Mabbe (1622) in his translation of Aleman's Guzman
tTAlfarache 1. 230 and 242, uses the Sp. infinitive regular.}
1. trans. To entertain or ftast (a person, etc.) in
a choice manner. Also ironical (quot. 1822).
1656 BLOUNT Glossogr.. To Regale,, .to Feast or entertain
with rarities. 1687 A. LOVELL tr. Thevawfs Trav. i. 34
When they would regale any Friend that comes to see them,
they cause a Dish of Coffee to be brought to him. 1713
STEELE Guard. No. 6 f 3 Sir Harry_ has for ever a year's
income, to extend his charity, serve his pleasures, or regale
his friends. 1774 GOLDSM. Nat. Hist. (1776) VIII. 102 It
will.. plunder them of their honey.bag, with which it flies
triumphantly loaded to its nest to regale its young. 1811
COBBETT Wukly Reg. 29 June 795/1 Those beans and
other . . wholesome materials with which the honest con-
tractors used to regale us. 1837 W. IRVING Caft. Bonncviilt
II. 42 Regaling each other in the best style their respective
camps afforded. 1848 DICKENS Dombty viii, She was regaled
with rice.
b. Of things : To furnish (one) with a choice
feast or refreshment.
a I7« PRIOR Wand. Pilgr. 12 Adam's Ale, Pure Element
no Life can give, Or mortal Soul regale. 1717 GAY J-'aliles
I. xvii, The thefts of night regal 'd the day. 1853 J. H.
NEWMAN Hist. Sk. (1873) II. I. i. 39 The food which re-
galed the old Scythians in the heroic age of Greece.
2. To gratify or delight (the mind) by some
pleasing influence or occupation ; to entertain (a
person) in a highly agreeable manner. Also
ironical (quot. 1 856).
1671 WOODHEAD St. Teresa i. x. 56 If in these reflections,
the party be possessed and seized wUh any love of God.^the
art
however, only regaled me while I continued a quiet spectator.
1856 KANE^n* Expl. II. ix. 95 Then the few tired out-
workers are regaled by the groans and tossmgs ol the SICK.
1875 JOWETT t'lata (ed. 2) 1 1. 77 Until he has delivered up
the speech with which Lysias has regaled him.
Puff"Kegale chill'd Fingers, a 1763 SHENSTONE Elegies >
23 The peach's vernal bud regal dliis eye. 1784 COWPE
Task in. 621 The sight is pleased, The scent regaled. 1850
H. ROGKRS Ess. (1874) II. ii. 119 The eye and the ear, and
all the senses, are regaled amidst woodland scenery on a fine
spring day.
3. To gratify, please, delight, by a gift, defer-
ence, etc. rare.
46
EEGALEMENT.
362
EEGALO.
1671 tr. Fwjus* Voy. Mauritania 17 Whom I regaled
with some small present,, .and afterwards caused them to be
rowed to land. 1751 JOHNSON Rambler No. 172 F 13 The
sycophant . . regales his [a patron's] reigning vanity.
4. reft. To entertain or recreate (oneself) with
food, drink, or amusement.
[1656 BLOUNT Glossogr., To Regale, to make as much
account, and take as great a care of ones self, as if one were
a King.] 1719 DE FOE Crusoe \. viii, I repos'd my self here
a Week, to rest and regale my self after my long Journey.
1771 J. ADAMS Diary 8 June, I must make a pool . . for the
cool spring water.. that the cattle and hogs and ducks may
regale themselves here. 18*7 Perils ff Captivity ^ (Con-
stable's Misc.) 219 Our masters regaled themselves with the
raw fat of the goat. 1869 LECKY Europ. Mor. 1. 298 Helioga-
balus and Galerius are reported . . to have regaled them-
selves with the sight of criminals torn by wild beasts.
6. intr. To feast ; const, on, upon^ with.
1678 in A. Duncan Mariner sChron. (1810) 1 1 1. 150, 1 killed
a peacock. , . We regaled upon it, and ate it as if it had been
the most delicious morsel we had yet met with. 1749 FIELD-
ING Tom Jones vm. viii, While Tom Jones., was regaling in
the parlour. Ibid. x. iv, To regale with, .dainties. 1783
COWPER Epit. on a Hare 17 On twigs of hawthorn he regaled.
1849 C. BRONTE Shirley i, Mr. Donne had kindly invited
his brethren to regale with him. 1860 GOSSE Rom, Nat.
Hist. 57 Some browsing on the juicy trees, . .and others re-
gating on the fresh roots of huge mimosas.
transf. 1814 JANE AUSTEN Mansfield Park ii, Mrs.
Norris-.thus regaled in the credit of being foremost to
welcome her.
Regalement (r/g£ulment). [f. prec. + -MENT ;
cf. It. regalamento, Sp. -mientoj}
1. The act of regaling.refreshment, entertainment.
1708 J. PHILIPS Cyder n. 73 The Muses still require
Humid regalement. 1799 MRS. J. WEST Taleo/Times I.
68 The long oaken tables, .which used to administer to the
regalement of his tenants at Christmas. 1852 Blacfav. Mag.
l.XXII. 231 With no other regalement for the ear than the
hoarse braying of the beaters.
2. A means of regaling ; a dainty.
1818 SOUTHEY Lett. (1856) III. 89 Sweet butter, caudle,
and other such regalements.
Rega'ler. [f. REGALE v. + -ER1.] One who
or that which regales (Ogilvie, 1882).
II Regalia * (rfg^-lia). Also 7-8 regalia's.
[L., pi. of regale REGALE $hy\
1. Rights appertaining to a king; royal powers
or privileges.
a. a 1540 BARNES Wks. (1573) 201 All the worlde knoweth,
that regalia belongeth to kinges, and to like power of
kynges. 1656 BLOUNT Glossogr., Regalia, the Rights of a
King, which the Civilians say are six, viz. i. Power of
Judicature [etc.]. 1691 T. K[ALE] Ace. Ntiu Invent. 65
T
Regal
are cer
are deemed to be reserved by the crown, as regalia, unless
they be specially conveyed. 1797 W. JOHNSTON tr. Beck'
tii ant? s Invent. II. 323 [The floating of wood seems] to have
been considered among regalia. 1838 W. BELL Diet. Law
Scot. 840 There are also certain regalia connected with the
right of land. 1885 Encycl. Brit. XIX. 672/1.
ft. 1644 HOWELL Twelve Treat. (1661) 253 There are six
semblies,. .and all the other Regalia's of Government.
fb. Eccl.Hist. (SeeREGALE^.li.) Obs.rare^.
1688 Answ. Talon's Plea 4 With what Charity did this
great Pope represent to his Christian Majesty the Injustice
Committed . . by extending the Regalia upon four Provinces
that had ever been free?
T" o. (See quot. and cf. REGALITY! g b.) O&s.—9
1717-38 CHAMBERS t>c/., Regalia, of the church, are
those rights and priviledges which cathedrals, etc. enjoy by
grants, and other concessions of kings.
2. The emblems or insignia of royalty; the
crown, sceptre, and other distinctive ornaments of
a king or queen which are used at coronations.
x6a6 D'EwES in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. i. III. 216 Upon a
table placed on the left hand of the Estate, were the regalia
laied. 1661 EVELYN Diary 23 Apr., The Deane and
Prebendaries brought all the regalia, and deliver'd them to
several! Noblemen to beare before the King. 1700 ASTRV
tr. Saavedra-Faxardo I. 173 Ezekiel commanded King
Zedekiah to lay down his Crown and other Regalia. 1756
NUGENT Gr. Tour, Germany II. 31 As soon as the day and
place of the coronation is settled, the magistrates.. send
their deputies with the regalia or coronation ornaments
committed to their care. 1818 J. W. CROKER in C. Papers
9 Jan. (1884)^ I have gotten the warrant for searching for
the old regalia of the Scottish Crown. 1855 MILMAN Lat.
Chr. ix. ii. (1864) V. 215 If he had the majority of voices
and the possession of the regalia, on the other hand must be
taken into account the illegality of his coronation.
trans/. 1743 YOUNG Nt. Th. ix. 1686 The Mighty Poten-
tate, to whom belong These rich Regalia pompously dis-
play'd. 1811 O ra fy Juliet II. no A coach and six, a re-
galia of jewels,.. sideboards of plate, a 1861 MRS. BROWNING
De Profundis xx, The sharp regalia are for Thee.
3. The decorations or insignia of an order.
Noted as an improper use in Edmondson's Contfl. Body
of Heraldry (1780) II. Gloss.
1676 Lond. Gaz. No. 1143/1 The Regalia of the Mayoralty
were delivered into the hands of the new Lord Mayor. 1788
Gentl. Mag. LVIII. i. 83/1 [He] was escorted to the grave
by upwards of 200 Free-masons, dressed in all their regalia.
1880 Daily Tel. 27 Sept., A large number of Orangemen,
dressed in regalia,, .were present.
Regalia2 (rrg^-lia). [a. Sp. regalia royal
privilege (see REGALY).] A Cuban or other large
cigar of superior quality.
1841 S. WARD in Life Longfellow (:89i) I. 386, I rejoice
that Allston should have enjoyed the ' regalias '. 1851
MAYNE REID Scaty-Hunt. ii. 19 We commenced smoking
regalias and drinking madeira. 1874 M. COLLINS Trans-
I'rigr. III. vii. 117 My chief conversation that evening had
been puff after puff of the regalia.
Regalia, obs. variant of regalio REGALO.
Kegalian (rrg^-lian^ a. [ad. F. rtgalien
(1690) : see REGAL a. and -IAN.] Pertaining to
a sovereign, regal.
1818 HALLAM Mid, Ages iii. i. (1841) I. 235 He defined the
regalian rights, as they were called, in such a manner as to
exclude the cities and private proprietors from coining
money. i88a ROGERS Agric. $ Prices IV. 31 A1J those re-
galian rights which belonged to the county Palatine.
Regalio, obs. variant of REGALO.
Regalism (rrgaliz'm). [f. REGAL a. + -ISM.]
The doctrine or practice of the supremacy of the
sovereign in ecclesiastical matters.
1869 MANNING Petri Privileg. (1871) n. 53 Gallicanism
is also the last form of Regalism yet lingering in the Church.
1890 Dublin Rev. Apr. 245 The clergy who had submitted
to the regalism of Henry and the Protestantism of Edward.
Regalist (rrgalist). [a. F. rtgaliste (i6th c.):
see prec. and -IST.] t a. A royal partisan. Obs.
1591 CONINGSBY Jrnl. Siege Rouen in Camden Misc. I.
44 The greate severitie used by Villiers unto those suspected
to be regal is ts. 1617 MORVSON I tin. i, 193 The bell of that
Church was sounded, .to giue a signe to the Regalists and
Guisians, that they should kill those of the reformed
Religion.
b. A supporter of regalism.
1894 Tablet 7 July 35 The principles and practice of
the Regalists have been revived with increased virulence.
Regality1 (r/gce-liti). Also 5-6 -He, -yte, 6
-itye, -itee, 6-7 -itie; 5, 6 St. rigalitie. [a.
AF. (and OF.) regaliti (Langtoft, etc.), or ad.
med.L. regalitat-em : see REGAL a. and -ITY.]
1. Royalty, sovereignty, kingship, sovereign rule
or jurisdiction.
14*2 tr. Secreta Secret.^ Priv. Priv. 109 He foryaue
manasses his orribill Synnes, and hym agayn bro^t into
Jerusalem, and the regalite hym yaue. ("1485 Digby Myst.
(1882) iv. 36 Nobyll prelates and princes of Regalyte. c 1540
tr. Pol. Verg. Eng. Hist. {Camden No. 36) 177 Adelredus. .
was bolde to take on him the charge of regalitie. 1590
SPENSER F. Q. n. i. 57 When raging Passion with fierce
tyranny Robs Reason of her dew regaljtie. 1631 WEEVER
Anc. Funeral Mo*. 217 Stephen died, ana Henry ..
succeeded him in the Regalitie. 1678 MARVELL Growth
Popery Wks. (Grosart) IV. 240 We have the same right, .in
our propriety that the prince hath in his regality, a 1734
NORTH Exam. in. vi. § 15 (1740} 434 He never, .differed
with his parliament, but. .complied so far, as, consistent
with his entire Regality, he might da 1814 SOUTHEY
Roderick in. 170 Now from its state Of proud regality de-
based and fallen. 1878 STUBBS Const. Hist. xix. III. 331
Things which touch the king, his crown, regality, or realm.
fig. ai86iG.MASSEY J^^rf£OT-<rWks.(i86i)2i9Thou
hast put a queenlier presence on With thy regality of
Womanhood 1
t b. Royal dignity or demeanour. Obs, rare — l.
is8a STANYHURST ALneis i. (Arb.) 34 Such was Dido
ioying, so she with regalitye passed With Princely presence
the wurcking coompanye cheering.
T c. Rule or sovereignty of a place. Qbs.rare~l.
i6a6 in Rushw. Hist. Coll. (16^9) I. 353 There needs no
Argument .. but one, The Regality of our narrow seas, the
Antient Inheritance of our Princes lost or impeached.
2. "t* a. Local rights or jurisdiction properly ap-
pertaining to the king. Obs. rare ~~i.
1414 Rolls ofParlt. IV. 58/1 The Priour and Chanons of
Barnewell . . hav cleymed, and jit cleymen, the regalite and
the frehold of the Kynges Lordshippe and Townshipe of
Chestreton.
b. St. Territorial jurisdiction of a royal nature
granted by the king. Now only Hist, (abolished
by Act 20 Geo. II, c. 43).
Lord of regality, the person to whom such jurisdiction
was granted. Burgh, of regality, one having a lord of re-
fality for its superior. Court of 'regality ', the court held
y a lord of regality. Also bailie, clerk, etc., of regality.
1436 Sc. Acts Jos, 7(1814) II. 23/2 Vndir J>e payn to be
lordis of Regalite doing in be contrary of tynsall of Re-
galiteis. 1535 STEWART Cron. Scot. I. 127 This nobilt
Kinjj hes gevm till him than . . tha landis fne, Euir till be
haldm in regalitie. 1569 Reg. Privy Council Scot. II. 33
The said Abbay of Halieruidhous hes had, thir mony and
diverse yeris bipast, fre Regalitie within all the townis.
c 1680 DALLAS Stiles (1607) 579 To hold and affix Courts of
Regality within the said Burgh. Ibid. 581 The said Burgh
of Regality, and Heretable Offices of Regality, Bailliary
and Justiciary. 1746-7 Act 20 Geo. //, c. 43 § i All Here-
table Jurisdictions of Justiciary, and all Regalities and
Heretable Baillieries .. within .. Scotland, belonging unto
..any Subject or Subjects,.. shall be. .abrogated, taken
away, and totally dissolved and extinguished. 1799 J.
ROBERTSON Agric. Perth 2 Methven had the regality of its
own estate. 1838 W. BELL Diet. Law Scot. 840 The civil
jurisdiction of a lord of regality was equal to that of the
sheriff; but his criminal jurisdiction was much more ex-
tensive.
-f- c. Land or territory subject to such jurisdic-
tion. Obs.
1545 Reg. Privy Council Scot. \. 6 All Sheriffs Stewartis
Bailies alswele Regalitie as Ryalte. Ibid. 371 Fensabill
personis alsweill dwelland to burgh as to land, within
Regalitie as Rialtie. 1681 Act Secur. Prof. Rel. (Scot!.)
in Lond. Gaz. No. 1649/3 All Magistrates, Deans of Gild,
Counsellors and Clerks of Burroughs Royal and Regality.
3. St. A particular territory or area subject to
a lord of regality.
1438 Sc. Acts Jos. If (1814) II. 32/1 GeyfF the offisaris of
be regalyteys fulfills no^t bis act It sail be ley flu 1 to the
kyngis schirraye to fulfill it. 1540 Charters ^.dinb. (1871)
212 Inhabitants of the north syde of the brig of Ltiih
whilkis duellis in the regalite of Halyrudehous. 1565 Reg.
Privy Council Scot. I. 368 Baillie of the regalitie of Pettin-
weme. r 1680 DALLAS Stiles (1697) 580 The Tennants and
Inhabitants of the said Barony and Regality. 1708 R oyal
Proclatn. 6 Mar. in Lond. Gaz. No. 4416/2 We do.. hereby
Charge . . all our Lord-Lieutenants, . . Sheriffs, Bailiffs of
Regalities, . . to put in Execution all Laws . . now in Force . . ,
against such Person*;. 1799 J. ROBERTSON Agric. Perth 2
The duke of Athol had the same authority in Athol as a
separate regality. 1820 SCOTT Monast. xiii, The cultivators
of each barony or regality, temporal or spiritual, in Scot-
land, are obliged to bring their corn [etc.].
b. Regality of Jlexhamt a district in Northum-
berland over which the Bishops of Hexham, Lin-
disfarne, and Durham, and the Archbishop of
York, successively for centuries exercised a quasi-
royal jurisdiction.
For historical details see Hinds Hist. Northumberland
(1896) III. 20 ff. Cf. also RECALV i b.
1515 in Hinds Hist. Northumb.{\%gfy III. 46 As touching
all your causes withynne your regalltty of Hexham, there
hath In-lit; of late some business. 1608 Ibid. 104 Ther are
noe parkes or game within the regalitie of Hexham. 1703
in Wright Hist. Hexham (1823) i. ii. 28 notef Within the
said regality and manor of Hexham aforesaid there is a
custom [etc.]. 1823 WRIGHT Ibid. i. v. 54 The Fenwicks. .
afterwards purchased the regality or manor of Hexham
from the crown. 1865 RAINE Priory of Hexham (Surtees)
II. Pref. i. xxv, The registers at York contain many docu-
ments relating to the Archbishop's regality of Hexham and
his officers.
t o. //. The bounds or limits of a royalty.
1666 Ormonde MSS. in lo/A Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm.
App. V. 7 Persons, .within the Regalities and liberties of
Tipperary. Ibid.) The Seneschalt and Chancellor of the said
Regalityes and Libertyes.
4. A country or district subject to royal authority,
a kingdom ; a monarchical state.
1486 in Surtees Misc. (1888) 54 Most reverend, rightwose
regent of this rigalitie. 1600 W. WATSON Decacordon (1602)
316 Territories, seigniories, regalities and dominions. 1827
G. S. FABER Sacr. Cal. Prophecy (1844) III. 106 They are
seven regalities or seven forms of supreme government.
1864 BURTON Scot Abr. I. v. 260 Over Europe there were
inexhaustible varieties of palatinates, margravates, regalities,
and the like, enjoying their own separate privileges.
6. A right or privilege pertaining or appropriate
to a king. Chiefly//.
15*3 LD. BERNERS t*'rois$. I. ccxii. 258 The honours,
regalities, obeisaunce, homages . . and souerainties. that
apperteyneth..to the crowne of Fraunce. 1593 Nobody ff
Somcb, in Simpson Sch. Shafts. (1878) I. 335 Before lie be
one of the greatest regalities belonging to a monarchy.
1671 F. PHILLIPS Reg. Necess. 273 It a restless Spirit of
opposition to the Kings Rights or Regalities shall not
permit an acquiescence. 1765 BLACKSTONE Comm. I. (ed. 2)
108 Proprietary governments, granted put by the crown to
individuals,, .with all the inferior regalities. 1862 S. LUCAS
Secularia 261 The Crown abdicated its regalities in favour
of a Proprietary, yet claimed to bind him by its fiscal regu-
lations.
t b. pi. = REGALIA i i c. Obs. rare.
a 1641 Bp. MOUNTAGU Acts & Mon. (1642) 73 Coming short
of the enlarged Regalities of the Church. 1761 HUME//U/.
Eng. II. xxxv. 281 The regalities of the see, which included
the jurisdiction of a court palatine, were given by the king
to Northumberland.
t6.^/. = REGALIA! 2. Obs. rare~\
1531 ELYOT Gov. ii.ii. (R.), For what purpose was it ordeyned,
that Christen kynges. .shulde in an open and stately place,
before al theyr subiectes, receiue their crown and other
regalities.
7. attrib. (sense 2 or 3), as regality books, court,
land, etc.
175* in J. Louthjan Form of Process (ed. 2) 278 At the
Time, when the Suits were carried on against them, before
the Regality-court. 1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) IX. 650/1
Such regality lands as happened to fall to the crown by
forfeiture. Ibid. 650/2 A regality-jurisdiction, called the
Principality. 1876 GRANT Burgh Sch. Scotl. u. ii. 112 An
obligation . . registered in the regality books of Dunfermline.
t Rega'lity 2. Obs. rare-1, [irreg. f. REGALK
v. + -ITY.] Regalement, entertainment.
1672 Lond. Gaz. No. 695/3 The King closed all with a
regality of the season, and an exercise of his own Regiment.
Re'galize, v. rare. [f. REGAL a. + -IZE.]
f 1. Chem. To convert into ( regal water '. Obs.
1694 SALMON Bate's Dispens. (1713) 498/1 Its Mechanical
use is for Refiners, who Regalize their Aqua fortis there-
with, to make it able to dissolve Gold.
2. To make regal or royal.
1873 BROWNING Red Colt. Nt.-cap \. 745, 1 trust Clairvaux
thus renovated, regalized.. Answers that question.
Regally (n'gali), adv. [f. REGAL a. + -LY 2.]
In a regal manner.
1436 Libel Eng. Policy in Pol. Poems (Rolls) II. 196 To
saile and rowe..So regaliche aboute the Englisshe yle.
1611 COTGR., Regalement^ regally, kingly, royally. 1670
MILTON Hist. Eng. v. 212 Alfred.. was buried regally at
Winchester. 1853 MRS. JAMESON Leg. Madonna (1857) 28
Both figures are regally attired. 1890 H. G. DAKYSS
Xenophon's Wks. I. p. Ixxxvii, Regally the sun-god smiled
upon his going.
II Regalo (rega*l<?). Now rare. Also 7-8 re-
galio, regalia, [ad. It. (also Sp. and Pg.) regalo
a present, gift, etc., the sb. related to regalare to
REGALE ; the etym. of the stem is obscure (see
REGALTY.
Diez and Korting). The erroneous form regalio is
common in the second half of the i;th century:
rc-alia is less usual.] A present, esp. of choice
food or drink ; a choice or elegant repast or enter-
tainment, etc. (see REGALE sb.*}.
a. 1622 MABBE tr.Atcman's Guzman d'Alf. \. 24 Sending
their servants laden with baskets of regalo's, and delicate
choice Dainties. 1654 JER. TAYLOR Real Pres. 159 It was
a present for a Prince,. .a Regalo fit for so great a person.
1668 Loud. Gaz. No. 324/1 She was. .presented from the
Pope with a Regalo of all sorts of Fowl, Fruits, Wines, and
other Delicacies. 1758 H. WALPOLE Let. to Mann 8 July,
I congratulate you on your regalo from the Northumber-
land*. 1847 DISRAELI Tancred iv. xi, I will not demand
more than a third of the profits, leaving it to your own
liberality to make me any regalo in addition.
Jig. 1671 WOODHEAD St. Teresa i. xi. 54, I . .durst never
advisedly desire any regalos, or spiritual delights at his
hands. 1749 LAVINGTON Enthus. Mcth. # Papists n. (1754)
57 God for many Years did hide himself from her, with-
drawing the Regalo's and Joys of his Presence.
ft. 1652 BENLOWES Theoph. iv. xciv, How mid'st regalios
of Loves Banquet I Dissolve in sweets Extremitie. 1697
Phil. Trans. XIX. 143 A small round nut,, .some eat them,
and account them as great a Regalio as Pistaches. 1727
A. HAMILTON New Ace. E. fttd. I. xxi. 249 Candied and
preserved Fruits are their Regalio in all Seasons, a 1734
NORTH Lives (1826) II. 473 A jewel of fifteen purses was to
be the vizier's regalio.
Jig. 1667 DRYDEN Sir Martin Mar-all Prol. 2 Fools..
Are yet the great regalios of a play. 1686 W. DE BRITAINE
If am. Prud. xi. 53, I am not much delighted with the
Regalio's or Gaiety of the World.
y. i 1640 [SHIRLEY] Capt. Underwit i. in Bullen O. PL
(1883) II. 330 There's a Ball to night in the Strand.. .1 ha1
bespoke regalias there, too. 1685 COTTON tr. Montaigne
xxx. (1869) 172 After having a long time treated their
prisoners very well, and given them all the regalia's they
can think of. 1721 D'URFEY Two Queens Brentford i. (D.)t
The Town shall have its regalia : the Coffee-house gapers,
I'm resolv'd, shan't want their Diversion.
tRe'galty. Obs. Forms: 4 regaute, 4-5
regalte, (4 -tee), 6-7 regaltie, (7 -tye), 7-8 re-
galty. [Prob. a. AF. *regaltet, regautS : see RE-
GAL a. and -TY and cf. ROYALTY.] = REGALITY!.
c 1330 R. BRONNE Chron. (1810) 15 Egbriht of alle J>e lond
had £e regaute. Ibid. 57 To coroune Kyng Edward, Als
he bat haa gode right vnto be regalte. 1388 WYCLIF Wisd.
vi. 22 If 56 kyngis of the puple,deliten in seetis, and kyngis
^erdis, ether regaltees. c 1440 CAPGRAVE Life St. Kath. \\.
726 pat hye degre, Grettest of all, I mene be regalte. 1588
ALLEN Aamonit. 34Queene Maacha ..was deposed from her
regaltie by her owne sonne. 1601 R. JOHNSON Kingd, fy
Comt/nu. (1603) 20 The kingdome is deuided into many
Regalties and principalities, as Burgundie, Britaine, Aniou
and Normandie. 16x4 SELDEN Titles Hon. 206 To speake
here of particular Dukedomes their rights, Regalties and
such like were from our purpose. 1703 Land. Gaz. No. 3950/4
With all the several Regalties, Free- Fisheries, &c.
t Re'galy. Obs. Forms : 4-5 regalye, 4-6 -ly,
-lie ; 5 regall(i)e, 5-6 regally, (5 -ye, 6 -ey), 6
rigalie. [a. AF. regaly^ regalie = It. and Sp.
regalia : see REGAL a. and -T 1.]
1. Royalty, royal prerogative, kingship ; king-
dom. (Very common £ 1380-1500.)
c 1368 CHAUCER Compl. Pite 65 Your contraire, Crueltee,
Allyed is ageynst your regalye. c 1380 WYCLIF Sel. Wks.
II. 88 Here Crist shewide his regaly, and tau^te how lordis
shulde chastise symonye. 1432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) III.
309 Too egles-.tnat signifiede ij. regalies, of Asia and of
Europe. 1494 FABYAN Chron. vi. ch. 138 After he had..
depryuyd Sygebert, theyr Kynge, from his auctorite, &
regally. 1513 BRADSHAW St. Werburge i. 407 Ercombert
.xxx. yere reynynge in his regaly Had a noble progeny.
1558 G. CAVENDISH Poems (1825) II. 46 Farewell the pieus-
sant prynce, flower of all regally.
b. = REGALITY i 3 b.
1467-8 Rolls Parlt. V. 633 In Regalie, and Court of the
Archbishop of York in Hexhamshire. 1515 in Hinds Hist,
Norihnmb. (1896) III. 47 Th' enhabitauntes of yor regalie of
Hexham. c 1530 in Raine Priory Hexham (Surtees) I. p. cviii,
The rigalie of Hexham, belonging my lord archebusshop
his grace of York,
2. //. « REGALIA! 2.
^1430 LYDG. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 128 Erthely princes,
reigneng in theyr glorye, Withe theyre sceptres and theyr
regalyes. 1494 FABYAN Chron. vu. 399 The castell, in the
whiche were founde y» regalies of Scotlande; that is to
meane y« crowne w* the sceptre & cloth of astate.
Regante, error for regaute REGALTY.
Regard (i/gaud), sb. Also 4, 7-8 reguard,
5-7 regarde, 7 regaurd, 5-6 Sc. regaird. [a. F.
regard (OF. also regarl^ regars, and reguart,
reguard \ cf. REWARD sb.)t vbl. sb. to regarder
REGARD v. Hence also med.L. regardnm (see
Du Cange).]
I. 1. Aspect, appearance (obs.} ; look (of per-
sons) ; habit or manner of looking ; air.
ev#oSir Fernmb. 1297 pe erld of montdisdier.pat was he
fairest knijt of regard of alle be dob|?eper. 1483 CAXTON
Gfffa, Leg. 416 b/2 He was gracious and curtoys in maners
and playsant in regarde. 1484 — Chivalry 6 He hadde a
regard or countenaunce of moche hooly lyf. 1576 GASCOIGNI-:
Steele Gl. (Arb.) 56 Wherein I see a Sampsons grim regarde
Disgraced yet with Alexanders bearde. 1604 E. G[KIMS-
TONE] D'Acosta's Hist. Indies iv. xxxvii. 309 They, .have
so lively and pleasing a regard, as the Painter cannot ex-
ceede it with his pencill and colours. 1667 MILTON J\ L.
iv. 877 To whom with stern regard thus Gabriel spake,
1858 M. ARNOLD Afcrope 740 The prince at start seem'd sad,
but his regard ClearM with blithe travel and the morning air.
2. A look, glance, or gaze.
' M77 CAXTON Jason 19 Yn these regardes and in these
363
semblances they passid the soupper. 1483 — Cold. Leg.
201/2 Deuyls and wicked spirites went out of the bodyes of
creatures by his symple regarde and syghte. 1592 R. J>.
Hypnerotomachia 75 b, Her regards were wanton, las-
civious, and unconstant. 1606 SHAKS. 7'r, (J- Cr. in. iii. 255
He. .bites his lip withapolitjque regard. 17*5 POPE Odyss.
iv. 201 Such quick regards his sparkling eyes bestow, 1791
MRS. RADCLIFFE Rom. forest i, From these objects she
turned her regard upon Monsieur and Madame La Motte.
1815 SHKLLEV Alastor 488 When his regard Was raised by
intense pensiveness. 1859 HAWTHORNE Marb. Fann xxiii,
Miriam, with a long regard from the threshold, bade fare-
well to this doves* nest.
f b. Prospect, view. Obs. rare.
£1500 Melusine 313 The which chambre had regarde
toward the gardyns. 1599 B. JONSON Cynthia? s Rev. 11. i,
You are now within regard of the presence,
f c. An object of sight. Obs. rare,
1586 WHETSTONE (title) The English Myrror, a Regard
wherein al Estates may behold the Conquests of Envy.
1604 SHAKS. Oik, n. i. 40 To throw-out our eyes for braue
Othello, Euen till we make the Maine, and th' Eriall blew,
An indistinct regard.
f d. The position of two geomantic figures in
relation to each other. (Cf. ASPECT 4.) Obs.
1591 SPARRY tr. Cattatfs Geomancie in. xyii. 187 The
regard of opposition in the fygure formed, is, when the
fyrst doth beholde the 7[th].
3. The official inspection of a forest in order to
discover whether any trespasses have been com-
mitted in it ; the right of such inspection, or the
office of one appointed to make it. Obs. exc. Hist.
[? (21184 in Hoveden Chron. (Rolls) II. 243 Hsc sunt
videnda m regardis Forests. Ibid., Essarta post ultimum
regardum fact a. 1217 Carta de P'oresta in Stat. Realm
(1810) I. 20 Reguardores nostri eant per Forestas ad faci-
endum Reguard um sicut fieri consuevit. 1278 Rolls of
Parlt, I. 9/2 E si unt la chartre meyme le Roi Henry.. ke
les acquite de Reguard de Foresters e de Verders.]
1502 ARNOLDE Chron. 79 b/2 For Inquisicion and Regarde.
. . Our raungers shall goo by our forest too make regarde as
they were wont to doo the tyme of the furst coronacion of
the forsaid kyng herry our graundsir. 1598 MANWOOD
Lawes Forest xvi. § 9. 96 b, Mastives are not to be Expedi-
tated, but onely where the Regard is to be made, and that
is in Forrestes and not in Chases. 1615 Ibid. (ed. 2) xxi. § 3.
194 The King hath the regard of all the woods and wast
grounds and other lands which are afforested. 1670 BLOUNT
Law Diet. (1691) s.v. [and in various later Diets.]. 1768
BLACKSTONE Contnt, III. 72 The court of regard, or survey
of dogs, is to be holden every third year for the lawing or
expeditation of mastiffs. 1868 STUBBS Hoveden (Rolls) I.
Pref. 76 As a sort of Appendix to this work are given . .
the Articles of Regard and Assize of the Forest.
b. The district within the jurisdiction of the
official regarders.
1594 CROMPTON Jitrisd. 193 It appeareth..that within the
regard of any Forest, no man may buyld either houses or
barcaryes. 1598 MANWOOD Lawes Forest vii. § 4. 40 b, AH
such woods and landes, as are parcell of the Forrest, the
same is within the regard. 1667-8 Act 19 $ 20 Chas. //,
c. 8 § ii All Lands and Grounds lying within the Perambu-
lation and Reguard of the said Forrest [of Dean], 1837
HOWITT Rur. Life v. i. (1862) 356 The forests were.,
systematically divided into walks, or keepings, wards or
from point to point
4. f a. Reference to a person or thing. Chiefly
in phr. to have (a) regard to. Obs.
1559 BP. SCOT in Strype Ann. Re/. (1709) I. n. App. x. 446
Neyther dothe the preste take the bread in his handes,
neyther yet hatbe any regard or respect to the bread. 1561
T. NORTON Calvin's Inst. in. 262 We see howe this accept-
ing hath not regarde to the righteousnesse of man. 1649
EARL MONM. tr. Senaulfs Use Passions (1671) 23 The
passions of the concupiscible appetite have a regard to good
and to evil, as absent, or as present a 1677 BARROW Serin.
Wks. 1716 III. i We may be said to do that in another
person's name, which we do with any kind of reference or
regard to him.
b. Respect, point, particular.
i6o» FULBECKE \stPt. Parall, 57, 1 must therefore request
you to stretch your sinewes in this regarde. a 1617 BAYNE
On Kph. (1658) 87 The Gospel of salvation may bee called
a Mystery in three regards. 1716 LEONI tr. Albert? s
Archit. I. 4/2 If it is of Service in a publick Regard, I can-
not find Fault with it. 1821 SHELLEY Ess. fy Lett. (1852) II.
265, I will pay every possible attention to your instructions
in this regard. 1875 WHITNEY Life Lang. vii. 132 Each
tongue has its own way in this regard.
T<3. ? Intention, design, purpose. Obs. rare.
1599 SHAKS. Hen. Vt i. i. 22 The King is full of grace, and
faire regard. 1601 — Jul. C. ill. i. 224 Our Reasons are so
full of good regard. That were you, Antony, the sonne of
Cssar, You should be satisfied.
H. f 5. Repute, account, or estimation, in which
anything is held. Obs.
c 1400 in Hampotfs Wks. (Horstm.) 1. 182 pat he be meke
in his awen felynge, and halde bis mynde in regarde nou;t
til he may..fele pe fyre of lufe. 1553 GKIMALDE Cicero^s
Offices in. (1556) )54b, So greatly was an othe had in
regard, at those dayes. 159" SPENSER M. Hubberd 60
Thus manie yeares I now have spent.. In meane regard.
1606 SHAKS. Tr, $ Cr. in. iii. 128 What things there are
Most abiect in regard, and deare m vse. t What things
againe most deere in the esteeme, And poore m worth. 1631
LITHCOW Trav. v. 180 These commanders haue euer best
prospered, which haue . . had in singular regard, Military
Arts and Soulcliers.
t b. Of. . regard^ of (small, great, etc.) account,
estimation, importance, or value. (Also St. with-
out of.} Obs.
1556 LAUDER Tractate 316 Thocht thay ryde on mulis or
gar
Th
REGARD.
hors, Itt is bot small regarde or fors. 1591 SPENSER M.
Hitbberd 685 A noble Gentleman of high regard. 1597
HEARD Theatre God's Judgem. (1612) 465 A thousand men
of base regard. «6aa SIR R. HAWKINS Voy. S. Sea (1847)
215 In fights, all receipts which add courage and spirit, are
of great regard, to be allowed and used. 1670 WALTON
Lives m. 252 [This] is a Point in my Opinion of great
regard. 174* SHENSTONE Schoolmistress 21 Whilome a twig
of small regard to see, 1785 BURNS Jolly Beggars ?th Air,
I am a bard of no regard Wi' gentlefolks, an' a' that.
•\ c. In (one's) regard^ in one's opinion, estima-
tion, or judgement. Obs. rare.
1596 SHAKS. i Hen. IVt w. iii. 57 Sicke in the Worlds re-
ard, wretched, and low. 1604 — Ham. iv. vii. 76 (Q. 2)
hat one,.. in my regard, Of the vnworthiest siedge.
6. Observant attention or heed bestowed upon
or given to a matter ; f consideration of a question
or problem, doubt. Also//, (cf. sense 2).
1456 SIR G. HAVE Law Arms (S.T.S.) 192 Touchand the
quhilk debate thare is grete regarde and avis. \ifal'a$ton
Lett. II. 369, I cannot understand what regard my Lords
concell takyth to my Lords letter. 1513 LD. BERNERS Froiss.
I. ccxii. 261 By the aduise and regarde of the frenchekyng,
and of his Counsaile. 1589 NASHE Martins Months tninde
To Rdr., This man, like a madde dogge runneth at euerie
man without regarde. 1601 DOLMAN La Primaud. Fr.
Acad. (1618) III. 833 If he see. .an Horse come neere vnto
him, he neuer taketh regard who rides him. 1625-8 tr.
Camden's Hist. Eliz. in. (1688) 280 Beseeching him that
these my.. Lamentations may now at length find Regard
with you. 1764 REID Inquiry vi. § ^ They no sooner appear,
than quick as lightening the thing signified succeeds, and en-
grosses all our regard. 1818 IAS. MILL Brit, India II. v.
viii. 661 The conduct pursued by the Governor-General is
the next object of regard. 1881 WESTCOTT & HORT Grk.
N. T. Intrdd. § 10 There is no special concentration of re-
gard upon the language.
Comb. 163* J. HAYWAKD tr. Biondi's Eromena 13 Find-
ing in her at first sight regard-worthy objects, hee thought
well of her.
pi. 1586 WHETSTONE Eng. Myrror Ded., The reach of
my duetie . , simply laboreth to publish these regards, that
common faults may be amended. 1665 J. SPENCER Prodigies
ii. § 3 (ed. 2) 75 We shall accordingly observe Omens . . to
command the most solemn regards of Persons, whose Imagi-
nation is more busie and active then their Reason. 1758 S.
HAYWARD Sertti. xvii. 536 Creatures, .so much beneath his
regards. 1770 LANGHORNE Plutarch (1879) '• 220/2 Socrates
was the only one whose regards were fixed upon the mind.
1820 W. JAY Prayers 322 We . . implore thy favorable re-
gards to the privileged country in which we live.
t b. Attention, care, or interest directed to some
end. Chiefly in phr. to have or take regard to (a
thing) ; also const, that. Obs.
1542-3 Act 34 # 35 Hen. F//7, c. 27 § 70 Which two con-
stables .. shall haue especial regarde to the conseruacion of
the kinges peace. 1585 T. WASHINGTON tr. Nicholay"s Voy.
n. viii. 41 They haue a regarde that in the plague time no
shippe . . do enter into their port. 1631 WEEVER Anc,
Funeral Man. To Rdr., Out of the respect I bore to
venerable Antiquity, and the due regard to continue the
remembrance of the defunct to future posleritie. 1699
BENTLEY Phalaris 407 It were no difficult contrivance, if
the Publick had any regard to it, to make the English
Tongue immutable.
o. Care in doing something ; close attention to
some principle or method.
1575 F. WITHER tr. Indaquie]s Chirom. m. N vijb, They
shall receive hurt by them, without great regarde be had.
1576 GASCOIGNE Steele Gl. (Arb.) 65 A souldiour cannot
haue Too great regarde, whereon his knife should cut. 1727
BOVER Diet. Royal II. s.v., So great Regard [F. circon-
spection} there was amongst the Ancients in making of War.
1748 J. MASON Elocution 31 So much for Pauses, Emphasis,
and Cadence : A careful Regard to all which is the first
Rule for attaining a right Pronunciation.
7. f a. 71? take or have regard to or oft to give
protective attention or heed tot to take care of
(a person, one's life, etc.). Obs. .
1523 LD. BERNEKS Froiss. I. ccvi. 09 b/2 Theydesyred his
noblenes to take some regarde to them. 1535 COVERDALE
Ezek. xxxiv. 8 Seynge that my shepherdes take no regarde
off my shepe. 1553 GRIMALDE Cicero's Offices m. (1556)
145 b, The man must haue regarde to his owne life, and
helth. 1573 L. LLOYD Marrow of Hist. (1653) I^5 Was not
. .Alexander warned by a vision to take more regard to his
life then he did? 1611 BIBLE Tobit iii. 15 Command some
regard to be had of me, and pitie taken of me. 1671 MILTON
P, R. n. 315 Of thee these forty days none hath regard,
Forty and more deserted here indeed. 1747 WESLEY Prim,
Physic (1762) 51, I earnestly advise every one who has any
regard to his health to try this.
t b. The task of taking care of\ (in) the care or
charge of a person. Obs. rare.
1596 DALRYMPLE tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. I. 106 marg.t
Preistes haueng the regarde of the saules. 1611 TOURNEUR
A th. Trag. \\. vi, Left I not My worthy Father i' the kind
regard Of a most louing Uncle?
o. Care or concern for something.
1836 J. GILBERT Chr. Atonem. ix. (1852) 285 It was a free
regard for our happiness which we are called to contem-
plate. 1871 FREEMAN Nonn, Cona. (1876) IV. xviii. 153
Even regard for the safety of the hostages did not move
men who bad made up their minds not to yield.
8. Attention, heed, or consideration, given to a
thing or person, as having an effect or influence on
one's actions or conduct ; respect or deference paid
tot or entertained for, some authority, principle,
etc. Orig. in phr. to have (f make or take} regard
to \ in later use also const, of, for. f Formerly
sometimes in //.
^•1477 CAXTON Jason 20 My herte jugeth that ye shall
haue grete regard unto my good wil. 1511 in Ellis Orig.
Lett. Ser. n. 1. 195 When 1 remcmbre the small regarde
46-2
REGARD.
that dyvers made unto the saidelettyr. i54aUDALL Erttsm.
Afiofk. 231 Thei tooke no regarde vnto his woordes, but
persisted in their querele & noyse makyng. 1560 DAUS tr.
Sleidant's Comnt. 6 b, [He] had to little regarde to the
Byshop of Rome his authoritie. 1603 KNOLLES Hist. Turks
(1638) 53 Without regard that he had but the other day
worne vpon his head the imperiall crowne. 1667 MILTON
P. L. xii. 16 Fearing the Deitie, With some regard to what
is just and right. 1744 BERKELEY Siris § 182 A religious
regard was paid to fire. 1784 COWPER Task iv. 679 Dis-
claiming all regard For mercy and the common rights of
man. — Tiroc. 242 Where no regard of ord'nances is
shown. _ 1837 SOUTHEY Penins. War II. 288 Due regard
was paid to the feelings . . of the people. 1875 JOWETT
Plato (ed. 2) V. 31 A divine lawgiver must surely have had
regard to all the different kinds of virtue.
//. 1695 J. EDWARDS Perfect. Script. Ded., I now attempt
to express my infinite regards and veneration of Your
Graced transcendent undertakings. 1738 WESLEY Ps. cm.
iv, So much his boundless Love transcends The small
Regards that we can pay.
b. Without regard (^ of <yc} to, without (f taking
heed or thought, of or) giving consideration or
weight to a thing ; without reference to.
1564 Reg. Privy Council Scot. I. 298 Without regaird of
the propinctie of bluid. 1631 LITHGOW Trav. \\. 68 He
extorted the most part of my money, .without any regard
of conscience. 17*7 SWIFT Circumcis. E. Curll Wks. 1755
III. i. 163 The heaping together a superfluity of wealth
without the least regard of applying it to its proper uses.
1736 BUTLER Anal. i. iii. Wks. 1874 I. 48 A disposition to
produce the greatest, -happiness, without regard to persons
behaviour. 1857 BUCKLE Civiliz. \. vii. 348 Those political
writers who judge events without regard to that intellectual
development of which they are but a part.
9. A thing or circumstance looked to, or taken
into account, in determining action ; a considera-
tion, a motive.
1579 TOMSON Calvi'i'sSi-rut. Tim. 188/2 Therfore must we
haue an other regard to cause vs to come nigh to God, to
wit, our Lord lesus Christ. 1601 HOLLAND Pliny I. 130
Their king was alwaies chosen by the voices of the people :
wherein they had these regards ; that hee were aged, milde,
and childlesse. 1633 BP. HALL Hard Te*ts, N. T. 24
This conjunction ofprace in the Soule doth more indeare
my Mother and Kinsmen unto me than all earthly and
bodily regards whatsoever. 1708 SWIFT Predict. 1708 Wks.
1755 II. i. 155 My fortune hath placed me above the little
regard of writing for a few pence. 1790 BURKE Fr. Rev.
Wks. V. 350 Those higher and more large regards by which
alone men come to be affected. 1844-7 EMERSON £ss.,
Love Wks. (Bohn) I. 71 A benevolence which shall lose all
particular regards in its general light.
f b. A looking to another in order to direct
one*s actions or conduct. Obs. rare.
1716 BUTLER Serm. Hum. Nat. ii. Wks. 1874 II. 34 Throw
off all regards to others, and we should be quite indifferent
to infamy and to honour. 1733 LAW Serious C. xi. (ed. 2)
163 That it will be made too anxious a state, by thus intro-
ducing a regard to God in all our actions.
10. Esteem, affection, kindly feeling.
1591 SHAKS. Two Gent. n. iv. 60 A Son, that well deserues
The honor, and regard of such a father. 1667 MILTON P. L.
i. 653 A generation, whom his choice regard Should favour
equal to the Sons of Heaven. 1713 STEELE Spect. No. 304
F 2, 1 have no Reason to fancy my Mistress has any Regard
for me. 1777 SHERIDAN Sch. Scand. in. i, I have heard
enough to convince me that he is unworthy my regard.
1828 SCOTT F. M. Perth xxxiii, He resolved to trust in the
warm regard of Simon, .and the friendship of the Provost.
1860 TVNDALL Glac. i. xxvii. 219 There is no guide of my
acquaintance for whom 1 have a stronger regard.
t b. A token or evidence of esteem or affection.
1747 Col. Rec. Pennsylv. V. 151 They were pleased with
the Regards shown to them. 1829 LANDOR tmag. Conv.,
Barrow fy Nevjton, Think how gratifying.. are the regards
and attentions of such wise and worthy men as you.
c. //. in epistolary expressions of good-will.
177S J* ADAMS in Fam. Lett. (1876) 103 My regards . . to
my relations and yours. 1796 in Carus Life Simeon (1847)
vi. 133 We all join in most affectionate and respectful
regards to you. 1835 MRS. CARLYLE Lett. I. 29 With kindest
regards to every one of you.
f 11. A payment by way of acknowledgement.
Obs. rare. (So med.L. regardum^ F. regard.)
c 1581-90 in Willis & Clark Cambridge (1886) II. 411 The
Towne doth receaue. .an anuall regard for the same.
III. In prepositional phrases.
12. In regard oft in comparison with. Now
arch, f So also in regard to, at regard of, (as) to
or unto (the} regard of or to. Obs.
1340 HAMPOLE Pr. Consc. 8114 Bot se we noght how
schorl a day es here To regard of a hundreth yhere? Ibid.
8998 Alle bir blysses..War als noght, als to regard to be
blys of heven. c 1381 CHAUCER Parl. Foules 58 Thanne
shewede he hym the litel erthe that here is At regard of the
heuenys quantite. 1413 Pilgr. Sowle (Caxton) n. xlvi. (1859)
53 Al this erdely fyre is but thyng depeynted in regard of
that other. 1481 CAXTON Myrr. \\. i. 61 Syth that the erthe
is so lytiL, .lytil may we preyse the goodes therof vnto the
,
regard of heuen, 1523 LD. BERNERS Froiss. (1812) I. 322
The companyons were but a fewe in regarde to the French-
men. c 1530 — A rth. Lyt. Bryt. 92 The valure of al other
364
almaist at regaird. 1511-1 Act 3 Hen. K///, c. 3 Preamble*
Archers.. with litell nombre and puyssaunce in regarde
have done many notable actes. 1540-1 ELYOT Image Gov.
104 Howe meruailousely did a few Romaines in regarde..
defende this little territory.
t O. As to regard of, after the fashion of. Obs.
c 1500 Doctr. Gd. Servaunts 9 As to regarde of the fete of
an harte, They sholde ever theyr mayster socoure.
13. In regard of or to, with regard to, f as to the
regard of, in respect of, with respect or reference to.
c 1477 CAXTON Jason 35 The more parte of men haue no
knyghtes wer as nothing to the regard of his noblesse. 1596
SPENSER F.Q. vi.xi. 14 At last when all the rest them offred
were, . . They all refused in regard of her. 1630 R. Johnson's
Kingd. ff Commw. 247 He spendeth but little in the warres,
in regard of that, that . .the King of Spaine disburseth. 1755
WASHINGTON Lett. Writ. 1889 I. 195 Sensible how confined
their punishments are, in regard to what they ought to be.
1868 MORRIS Earthly Par. (1870) I. i. 311 In regard of
mine, a little thing His kingdom was.
t b. At or in regard, in comparison, compara-
tively. Obs.
c 1475 Rniif Coifyar 652 Thay countit not ihe Coil?ear
knight. 1590 SHAKS. Hen. F, I. i. 77 In regard of Causes
now in hand. 1680 BOYLE Sceft. Chem. iv. 219 There are
I divers sorts of compound Bodies, even in regard of all or
I some of their Ingredients. 1713 BERKELEY Hylas <y Phil.
i. Wks. 1871 I. 266, I speak with regard to sensible things
I only. 1747 GOULD Eng. Ants 37 There does not seem to
be any considerable Variation in regard of the Eggs. 1792
i Monthly Rev. May VIII. 77 In regard to the matter,. .he
j had, no doubt, been misled. 1842 GKOVE Corr. Phys. Forces
I 94 The world was believed fixed until . . it was found to change
its place with regard to them. 1869 GOULBURN Purs. Holi-
\ ness viiL 66 Of the affinity between God and Mao, in regard
i of man's wants and God's fulness.
b. In one's regard, with regard, respect, or
reference to one.
1634 W. TIRWHVT tr. Balzac's Lett.(vo\. I.) 340, I shall in
mine own regard bee very glad. 1686 Y. SPENCE ir. Varillas'
Ho. Medicis 174 Nothing more was there to do than two
things in his regard. 1740 tr. De Mouhy*s Fort. Country-
Maid (1741) I. 37, I was very sensible of her Coldness, or
rather her Envy, in my Regard. xSai BYRON Let. to Murray
24 Sept., My feelings are like the dead, who. .feel nothing
.. that is said or done in their regard. 1865 F. OAKKLEY
Hist. Notes 94 If God have any other will in our regard.
f 14. In regard of, for the regard of, for the sake
of; on account of, by reason of. Obs.
1576 FLEMING Panopl. Epist. 147 A great multitude, who
for the regard of their health, .. have recourse to these
quarters, a 1604 HASMI.K Chron. Ire/. (1633) 127 It would
please them (some in regard of neighbourhood, othersome
in regard of natural! affection unto their natme soile). i66a
STILLINGFL. Orig. Sacrx n. vi. § i A matter of very difficult
tryall, in regard of the goodness .. of God so frequently
interposing between the prediction and the event.
t D- In regard of QI to, out of consideration for.
1593 SHAKS. Rick. II, i. iii. 216, I thanke my Liege, that
in regard of me He shortens foure yeares of my sonnes exile,
a 1677 BARROW Serm. Wks. 1716 III. 152 What hath
occurred.. to my meditation, I must at present, in regard
to your patience, omit 01713 ELLWOOD Autobiog. (1765)
39 Although they were somewnat unwilling to yield to it,
in regard of me, yet my Importunity prevailed. 17*4 SWIFT
Reas. agst. Exam. Drugs, In regard of our common In-
terest . . we presume to lay the following Reasons before the
Publick, against the said Bill.
t!5. In regard, since, because, inasmuch as,
considering that. Obs.
1591 SHAKS. i Hen. VI, v. iv. 124 In regard King Henry
glues consent, . . To ease your Countrie of distressefuTl Warre.
1664 J. WEBB Stone-Heng (1725) 16 They could not belong
to any of the circular Courses ; in regard they are raised so
clearly without the. .Circle. 1713 CHAMBERS tr. Le Clerks
Arc/tit. I. 8 The Roman Order is usually call'd the Com-
posite, in regard its Capital is composed of the.. other
Orders. 1821 SCOTT Pirate xxviii, I cannot say that I ever
saw an adder, in regard there are none in these parts.
f b. With that. Obs.
1615 G. SANDYS Trav. 83 On Saturdayes they feast, in
regard that it was the old Sabboth. 1695 WOODWARD Nat.
Hist. Earth iv. (1723) 204 In regard that. .the mineral and
metallick Matter.. was different in different Parts of it
1719-20 J. HUGHES in J. Duncombe Lett. (1773) I. 271 This
is the more generous . . in regard that I have given up this
play to the importunity of my friends.
Regard (r/gaud), v. Also 6 reguard, re-
garde, 6-7 Sc. regaird. [ad. F. regarder, \re-
£iWttfrr (OF. also rewarder\ see REWARD z».), f.
re- RE- + garder to GUARD ^.]
I. trans. 1. To look at, gaze upon, observe.
1523 LD. BURNERS Froiss. I. cxci. 227 Howbeit to regarde
hit the fortresse was impregnable, yet he wanne hit by
scalynge. 1539 TONSTALL Serm. Palm Sund. (1823) 91 We
that haue vsed our eyes all the yere in regardyng worldly
pleasures. 1590 SHAKS. Much Ado v. iv. 22 Your neece
regards me with an eye of fauour. a 1677 BARROW Serm.
(1683) II. vi. 91 Who doth attently regard a locust or a cater-
pillar ? 1713 YOUNG Last Day \\\. 106 Th' almighty judge
bends foreward from his throne, These scars to mark, and
then regards his own. 1813 SHELLEY O. Mob vi. 216 Thou
Regard st them all with an impartial eye. 1878 H. M.
STANLEY Dark Cent. II. xiii. 367 He. .drove his axe into
the tree with a vigour which was delightful to regard.
fb. Of places, etc. : To looker face toward.
1585 T. WASHINGTON tr. Nicholay's Voy. \\. n. 32 b, This
He .. regardeth towards y« west y« cape Malee. 1645
EVELYN Diary June (Venice), One of the sides is yet much
more Roman-like than the other which reguards the Sea. 1693
A/em. Cnt. Teckely iv. 61 The Right Wing attacked those,
who regarded the Camp of the Imperialists. 1750 Phil.
Tratts. XLVL 346, I hastened to the other Front [of the
house], which regards the NE.
2. To take notice of, bestow attention or notice
upon ; to take or show an interest in ; to give heed
to ; f to look after, take care of.
c 1430 LVDG. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 104 Many 1 found
earnyng of pence, But none at all once regarded mee.
1 a 1500 Chester PI. xiii. 27 Other sheep I haue, . . they be
not of this flocke, yet will I them regarde. 15*6 TINDALE
Heb. viii. 9 They continued nott in my testament, and I
regarded them not sayth the lorde. 1592 SHAKS. Yen. #
Ad. 377 Then loue's deep groans, I neuer shall regard,
REGARD.
Because Adonis heart hath m.nde mine hard. »54^~9 (Mar.)
I Bk. Com. Prayer^ Publ. Baptism^ Regarde we bwKM thee,
j the suppHcacions of thy congregacion. 1648 MILTON Ps.
: Ixxxii. 9 Regard the weak and fatherless. 1671 — Samson
\ 1157 Presume not on thy God, what e're he be, Thee he re-
gards not. 1738 WESLEY Ps. v. i, 'Till thou regard my
ceaseless Cries. 1834 DISRAELI RevoL Epick ». xxiv, As
the shells upon the silent shore, That none regardeth.
f 3. To look to, have a care of or for (oneself,
one's own interest, health, etc.). Obs.
1494 FABYAN Chron. v. cxvii. 92 Thou well knowest our
owne [part] is moost to be regardyd. 1509 HAWES fast.
Pleas. XLV. (Percy Soc.) 219 Set not your mynde upon
worldly wealth, But evermore regarde your soules health.
1560 DAUS tr. SlcidanJs Comnt. 27 Admonisheth al men that
regarde theyr salvation, to beware of that Bishoppes kyn-
dom. 1576 FLEMING Panopl. Etist. 40 It is my .. desire,
that you regard your owne health. 1671 MILTON Samson
1333 Regard thyself, this will offend them highly.
D. To look to, consider, take into account.
1591 SHAKS. Two Gent. in. i. 256 As thou lou'st Siluia..
Regard thy danger, and along with me. 1615 W. LAWSON
Country Housew. Gard. (1626) 50 It is good for some pur-
poses to regard the age of your fruit trees. 1618-9 DIGBY
yoy. Medit. (Camden) 91 For the soundinges. . the depths and
the substance of the ground that you bring yp are to be
regarded. 164* FULLER Holy ff Prof. St. in. vii. 168 Beauty
remains behind as the last to be regarded.
t4. To take notice of (a thing), as being of
special value, excellence, or merit; to value or
set store by. Obs.
1509 FISHER Funeral Serm. C'tess Richmond Wks. (1876)
291 Tryfelous thynges that were lytell to be regarded she
wolde let passe by. 1535 COVERDALE i Kings x. 21 All
I kynge Salomons drynkynge vessels were of golde...for
syluer was not regarded in Salomons tyme, 158* STANY-
Ht'RST &neis \\. (Arb.) 46 Then we were of reckning; our
feats weare duelye regarded. 1604 £. G[RIMSTONE] D'A costas
Hist. Indies \. xxii. 72 Origene, who so much regardes the
( writings of Plato. 1638 JUNIUS Paint. Ancients 80 It did
grieve him to see how little the rare workes of Protogenes
were regarded, a 1656 HALES Gold. Rem. i. (1673) 241 But,
for that superfluous stuff -of the world, he wills us not to
I regard that,
D. To hold (a person) in great (t respect or)
! esteem ; to have a regard for (one).
1513 MORE in Grafton Chron. (1568) II. 785 They were
i before greatly esteemed among the people, but after that,
, neuer none of these two were regarded. 11548 HALL
Chron., Hen. VIII 105 b, For refusyng of this office therle of
Northumberland was not regarded of his owne tenauntes.
1647 N^BACON Disc. Govt. Eng. I. lix. (1739) 115 Thus the
| English Bishops that formerly did but regard Rome, now
• give their Estates, Bodies and Souls unto her service. 1675
1 BAXTER Cath. Theol. n. xi. ii. 226 Why do you and all men
1 regard or reward a loving thankful obedient child. . ? 1701
: STEELE Funeral \. (1724) 25, I have in vain done all I can
to make her regard me. 1775 SHERIDAN Duenna \. i, She
j does not regard you enough. 1848 THACKERAY Van. Fair
' xxiii, I regard him so much — for you know we have been
like brothers— that I hope.. the quarrel may be settled.
5. To heed, or take into account, in regulating
one's actions or conduct.
15x1 Act 4 Hen. VIII> c. 2 Preamble, The persons so
offendyng litell regarde the punysshment therof by . . the
Comen la we. 1560 DAUS tr. Sleiaane's Comm. 4 b, Regard-
ing the authoritie of no man. Ibid. 34 We ought not to
regard such inconveniences. 1611 BIBLE Ecclus. x. 19 They
that regard not the Law are a dishonourable seed. 1667
MILTON P. L. ix. 787 Eve Intent now wholly on her taste,
naught else Regarded. 1713 STEELE Englishm. No. 55. 356
They regard not speaking Truth, but making their Fortunes.
1875 JOWETT Plato (ed. 2) V. 109 The perfect citizen is he
who regards not only the laws but the precepts of the
legislator.
b. To have respect for or dread of (a person).
1526 TINDALE Lnke xviii. 2 There was a ludge in a cer-
taine cite, which feared not god nether regarded man. 1549
LATIMER znd Serin, bef. Edw. VI (ArbJ 73 Regarde no
person, feare no man. 1591 SHAKS. i Hen. VI> I. iii. 60
Here's Beauford, that regards not God nor King. 1868
FREEMAN Norm. Conq. (1876) II. viii. 210 Tyrants who
neither fear God nor regard man.
c. To pay heed or attention to (one speaking or
something said).
1535 COVERDALE Zech. \. 4 They wolde not heare, ner
regarde me, saieth the Lorde. 1596 SHAKS. i Hen. IV, i. u.
97 Hee talk'd very wisely, but I regarded him not. 1667
MILTON P. L. xn. 174 The lawless Tyrant, who denies To
know thir God, or message to regard, a 1715 BURNET Own
Time\\. (1724)1.213 The Earl, .said, he knew Sharp too well
to regard any thing that came from him. 1728 T. SHERIDAN
tr. Persius Ded., Having so faithfully regarded the last
Advice, which I gave you.
d. To show consideration for (a thing or person).
1513 MORE in Grafton Chron. (1568) II. 769 Which Sanc-
tuary good men as me thinketh might without sinne, som-
what lesse regard then they do. 1671 MILTON P. R. in. 427
Should I of these the liberty regard..? 1788 GIBBON
Decl. $ F. 1. V. 229 Without regarding the sanctity of days
or months, to pursue the unbelieving nations of the earth.
1865 TENNYSON Love thou thy land 24 Gentle words are
always gain ; Regard the weakness of thy peers. 1871
FREEMAN Nortn. Cong. (1876) IV. xvii. 13 We may be led
to think that the rights of England were., strictly regarded.
6. To consider, look on, as being something.
Also occas. with other constructions. (Now the
most nsual sense.)
1607 SHAKS. Cor. v. vi 144 Let him be regarded As the
most Noble Coarse, that euer Herald Did follow to his
I Vrne. a 1719 ADDISON (OgHvie), They are not only regarded
1 as authors, but as partisans. 1781 COWPER Prog. Err. 148
If he the tinkling harpsichord regards As inoffensive, what
offence in cards? 1836 J. GILBERT Chr. Atonem. vii. (1852)
194 Whatever constitutes atonement, therefore, must.. be
regarded a safe .. remedy. 1853 F. W. NEWMAN Odes of
REGARDABLE.
Horace 7 Dr. Leonard Schmitz regards it lo indicate the
looseness of popular opinion. 1856 FROUDE Hist. Eng.
(1858) I. ii. 1 20 The interests of the nation, .entitled him 10
regard liis position under another aspect. 1877 — Short
Stud. (1883) IV. i. iii. 39 He regarded his submission as the
end of the dispute.
b. To look upon with some feeling.
1615 SIR W. MURE Misc. Poems xiv. 17 That hyer Powares
be wl feir regairdit. 1784 COWPER Tiroc. 156 The stamp of
artless piety. .The youth,. Regards with scorn. 1833 HT.
MARTINEAU Manch. Strike v. 62 The shortest way to a good
issue was to regard the claims of the people with respect.
1884 Manch. Exam. 22 May 5/2 A war which ^the great
majority of the nation regarded with unaffected dislike.
7. To concern, have relation or respect to.
1603 B. JONSON Sejanus v. v, Business of high nature
with your lordship, . . and which regards you much. 1709
STEELE Taller No. 72 p i, I have few Notices but such
as regard Follies and Vices. 1739 HUME Hum. Nat.
(1874) I. Introd. 307 Morals and criticism regard our tastes
and sentiments. 1819 SHELLEY Cenci iv. iv. 47 The deed is
done, And what may follow now regards not me. 1865
CARLYLE Fredk. Gt. xvm. v. (1872) VII. 176 If these things
regarded only myself, I could stand it with composure.
b. In pres, pple. Concerning, relating to.
1793 SMEATON Edystone L. § 307 Every thing, regarding
the light, operated in a proper manner. 1897 W. J. TUCKER
E. Europe 194, I have an advantageous oner to make him
regarding the cattle.
c. As regards, so far as relates to.
1824 SOUTHEY Bk. ofCh. (1841) 408 That Church, and the
Sueen, its refounder, are clear of persecution, as regards
e Romanists. 1885 Law Times Rep. LI I. 651/1 He was
in a thoroughly sound condition as regards intellect.
II. 8. absol. or intr. a. To look, gaze. rare.
1523 LD. BERNERS Froiss. I, ccxxxv'ii. 338 Then the prince
of \Vales opened his Eyen and regarded towarde heuen.
1847 TENNYSON Princ. iv. 363 We with blind surmise Re-
garding, while she read.
b. To pay attention, give heed; to bestow
attention on a thing.
1611 BIBLE Prov. \. 24, 1 haue stretched out my hand, and
no man regarded. 1667 MILTON P. L. v. 44 Now reignes
Full Orb'd the Moon .. ; in vain, If none regard. 1747
WESLEY Prim. Physic (1762) 118 Regard not thV it prick
or shoot for a time. 1784 COWPER Task vi. 1019 In vain the
poet sings, and the world hears, If He regard not. 1855
DE MORGAN in Graves Life Hamilton (1889) III. 502 Airy,
regarding thereon, found out a more simple mode.
t 9- a. To consider. Also with dep. clause. Obs.
15x3 LD. BERNERS Froiss. (1812) I. 716 It behoveth us to
regarde wisely, and to take counsayle in this mater, a 1533
— Hnon Ixxxii. 255 Therfore, sir, regarde well in what place
ye wyll haue one of your peeres iugyd.
t b. To look to ; to refer to. Obs.
1525 LD. BERNERS Froiss. II. Ixxxiv. 96/2 Refrayne your
euyll wyll and moderate your courage and regarde to
reason, a 1586 SIDNEY Arcadia (1613) 269 The under ones
..cannot, by nature, regard to any preservation but of
themselves. 1659 H. L'ESTRANGE Alliance Div. Off. 249
To this custome the Angel in the Revelation is thought to
regard.
flO. Const, with inf. a. To endeavour, seek,
or plan. Obs. rare •"1.
a 1533 LD. BERNERS Gold. Bk. M. Aurel. (1536-7) Hjb,
Theytnat be yll, regarde to distroy the good,
t b. To take heed or care. Obs.
1543 UDALL Erasm. Apoph, 333 Thei neither regarded to
sette hym to schoole, nor . . to paie his schoolemaisters
duetie. 1577 B. GOOGE HeresbacKs Husb. \. (1586) 41 b, In
reapyng, you must regarde to goe with the wynde. 1642
J. EATON Honey-c, Free Justif. 202 Little remembering and
lesse regarding to lay the blame where it is. 1673 S. C. Art
of Complaisance 17 They who play at Tennis .. regard not
onely to toss back the ball dextrously, but also [etc.].
fc. To be inclined or desirous. Obs. rare~*.
1550 BALE Image Both Ch. HI. xviii. B b b iij b, Neyther
regarde they to kneele anye more downe and to kisse their
pontificall rings.
t d. To be concerned, to reck. Obs. rare.
1557 NORTH Gueuaras Diall Pr. 23 For covetous parsons
lytle regard to shorten their life, so that they may augment
their ryches. c 1600 Constance ofCteveland\r\ Child Ballads
(1857) IV. 229 The Knight nothing regarded To see the
Lady scoffed.
1 11. Const, with that. a. To see to it; to take
care. Obs. rare -1.
c 1550 R. BIESTON Bayte Fortune B iv, But yet he must
regarde, . . That all his goodes be got by way of rightousnes.
t b. To consider, take into account. Obs.
1586 A. BAY Eng. Secretary i. (1625) Asb, Regarding
that by a reuiew of the same, it hath now receiued some
shape, and proportion. 1591 SHAKS. Two Gent. in. i. 70
Neither regarding that she is my childe, Nor fearing me.
t o. To appreciate, to think it well. Ods."1
1621 Bp. MOUNTAGU Diatribx 385 Those .. will not much
admire, nor yet greatly regard, that a Patron of Sacriledge
for Lay-Vsurpers, should become a Practiser for Lay-elders.
12. To look, appear. rare~l,
1819 SHELLEY Prometh. Unb. iv. 215 The hills and woods
. . Regard like shapes in an enchanter s glass.
Hence Rega'rded ppl. a.
1586 WHETSTONE Eng. Myrror Ded., It then followeth,
most regarded Queene, that the reach of my duetie [etc.].
1596 SHAKS. Merch. V. \\. \. 10 The best regarded Virgins
of our Clime Haue lou'd it to.
Re-gard : see REGUARD v.
RegaTdable,^. t Obs. [f. REGARD v. + -ABLE,
or a. F. regardable (i4th c.).] Worthy of being
regarded, noticeable. (Common in I7th c.)
1591 SPENSER Mniopot. Ded., Nor for name or kindreds
sake by you vouchsafed, being also regardable. 1602
CAREVV Cornwall 144 Generally, it is more regardable for
profit, then commendable for pleasure. 1656 ['! }. SER-
365
GEANT] tr. T, It "hilS^ reripat. Inst, s6i Seeing these objects
to be unworthy and not regardable. 1704 MORRIS Ideal
World ii. vi. 321 These niean and ignoble essences,. -the
less regardable pieces of his workmanship. 1785 Hist, York
II. 293 A circumstance not regardable by any but a true
antiquary.
t Rega'rdage. Obs. rare— ^. [? f. REGUARD v .
+ -AGE.] ? An allowance for providing fresh
guards for robes.
1684 E. CHAMBERLAYNE Pres. St. Eng, n. (ed. 15) 372 Note
that out of the Sergeants afore-mentioned, the King by
Writ usually calls some to be of his Council at Law, allow-
ing each one wadage, feodage, vesturage and regardage.
Regardance : see NON-KEGARDANCE.
t Rega'rdancy. Obs. rare. [See next and
-ANCY.J^ The fact of being regardant.
1628 COKE On Lttt. 124 b, The law doth favor the villein
in this issue., for otherwise he ought to answer to the
speciall matter, viz. to the regardancy. 1771 ia HoweH State
Trials (1814) XX. 42 Regardancy necessarily implies pre-
scription.
Regardant (r/gaudant), a. and sb. Also 6
(9) -aunt, -and. [a. F. regardant^ pres. pple. of
regarder to REGARD.]
A. adj. 1. Law (now only Hist?) Attached to
a manor ; only in villein regardant (f also const, to].
[1316 Year Bk. o EdiM.Hi Trin. 294 Le manoir de H...a
quelmanoircestvileynest regardant. \ytf>Ibid. ygEtiiv. ///,
Trin. (1561) 41 b, Villeyns regardants al maneres sont de
droyt al seignour de prendre lez a sa volunte.]
1443-50 in Baildon Sel. Cas. Ckanc. (1896) 135 He and his
auncestres,,haue been seised of the said John Bysship and
of his auncestres as villeyns regardantz to the said Maner
fro the tyme that no mynde is. 1531 Dial, on Laws Eng.
I. xx. 33 b, But he hathe nother ryghte to the aduowsons
appendaunt if any be, nor to the vylleyns regardant, a 1577
SIR T. SMITH Commw. Eng. n, viii, (1584) 108 These were
not bond to the person but to the manner or place,.. and in
our lawe are called villaines regardanles. 1628 COKE On
Litt. n. u. § 189. 123 b, And there is no diuersitie herein
whether he be a villeine regardant, or in grosse although
some haue said the contrarie. 1766 BLACKSTONE Conun. II.
vi. 93 These villeins, belonging principally to lords of
manors, were either villeins regardant, that is, annexed to
the manor or land ; or else they were in gross. 1818
HALLAM Mid. Ages viii. (1868) 569 The statute de donismust
have operated very injuriously to prevent the enfranchise-
ment of villeins regardant. 1892 VINOCRAIJOFF Villainage
in Eng. i, i. 48 Most modern writers on the subject have
laid stress upon a difference between villains regardant
and "villains in gross, said to be found in law books.
•f b. transf. Bound or subject to something. Obs.
1651 N. BACON Disc. Govt. Eng. n. xxxvii. 167 Whereas for-
merly Bishops were regardant both to the Crown and Presby-
tery, . . now they are made the birth of the King's own breath.
2. Her, Looking backward.
' Q. Eliz. Acatf., etc,
the
-.-.-„-. „ 83
He beareth Azure ,ij. Lyons passaunt regardant, Or. Ibid.
83 b, Some haue thought, that these Lyons be regardaunt,
whereof by proofe, you see the contrarye. 1594 KVD
Cornelia v. 207 Passant regardant softly they [two lions]
re tyre. 1610 GUILLIM Heraldry HI. xxvi. 184 Hee beareth
or, a Lion Rampand, Regardant Sable, ..This action doth
manifest an inward and degenerate perturbation of the
mind. 1864 BOUTELL Her. Hist. % Pop. x. (ed. 3) 58 The
Lion Passant Reguardant.. looks back to the Sinister. Ibid.
xxxii. 474 Two griffins reguardant sa., crowned or.
transf. a 1502 in Arnolde Chron, (i8n) 239 Frumenty and
venyson, syngnet rested, graunt luce in sarris, roo roested
regardaunt, feusaunt roosted [etc.].
3. Observant, watchful, contemplative.
1588 KYD Househ. Phil. Wks. (1901) 242, I might shew
myselfe mindful and regardant. 1630 B. JONSON New Inn
iv. iv, You might have known that by my looks, and
language, Had you been or regardant, or observant. 1814
SOUTHEY Roderick xi, The heroic Prince (who passing now
..the dangerous track, Turns thither his regardant eye).
1834 — Doctor (1848) 1/1 The look which accompanied the
words was rather cogitative than regardant.
t b. Full of regarikor consideration. Obs,
1647 N. BACON Disc. Govt. Eng. i. Ivii. (1739) 105 Towards
his Lay-Subjects he was more regardant for the settling of
Laws, and executing of Justice.
4. ? Looking towards each other, rare "~1.
1856 J. C. ROBINSON Catal. S outages Collection 133 An
unfinished relievo of two regardant portraits of a lady and
gentleman exists at the back of the slab.
B.J£. fl. A beholder, spectator. Obs. (So also
F. regardant.)
1596 Z. J. tr. Lavarditi's Hist. Scanderbeg 8 An incredible
kind of care intermingled with griefe did assaile the hearts
of the regardants. 1602 MUNDAY Palmer in of^Eng. xii, To
the no small pleasure of the Emperor and his nobility as
also the regardants.
2. A villein regardant, a serf. ? Obs.
1795 BURKE Regie. Peace iv. Wks. IX. 72 The Helots of
Laconia, the Regardants to the Manor in Russia and in
Poland, even the Negroes in the West Indies, know nothing
of. . so penetrating, so heart-breaking a slavery.
Regarder (i/gaudai). Also 6 -or. [f. RE-
GARD v. + -ER 1, in early use after AF. regardourt
med. L. reg(u)ardor and regardator^
1. An officer charged with the supervision of a
forest. Now only heal and Hist.
[1217 (see REGARD so. 3). ? 1278 in Stat. Realm (1810) I.
244/2 Licitum est ei..habere. -tot porcos quot boscus per
visum forestariorum & viridariorum Regardatorum agis-
tatorum & aliorum proborum hominum possit pati [etc.].
1312 Rolls o/Parlt. I. 283/1 Que les Forestiers. .presentent
meismes les trespas as precheins Swanimotz devaunt Fores-
tiers, Verdiers, Regardours, Agistours, & aulres Ministrcs
de meismes les Forestcs.]
REGARDLESS.
150* AKNMI.UE Chron. (1811)210 Noo forestir..make any
gaderyng, but be the sight and othe of xij. regarders
whan they make regard. 1513 FITZHERU. Surv. 28 b, The
kepars, regarders, goysters, and other ofTycers of suche
forest and chases. 1594 CROMPTON Jurisd. 169 If a man
be indited of Trespasse done in the forrest before verdors,
regardors, agistors, and other Ministers of the Forrest [etc.].
16x5 MANWOOD Lawes Forest (ed. 2} xxi. § 3. 193 b, It
seemeth that at that time [Hen. II] no man was called to
the place of a Regarder but he that was a Knight. 1667-8
Act io ff 20 Ckas. //, c. 8 § 5 New Elections shall be made
. . of all Verderors, Reguarders and other Officers of and for
the Governing of the said Forrest [of Dean]. 1796 Sporting
Mag. VIII. 164 Mr. Renshaw, one of the regarders of the
New Forest. 1840 Penny Cycl. XVI. 175/1 The verderers
and regarders are chosen by the freeholders of Hampshire.
Ibid. The regarders.. attend the marking of all trees to be
felled, value the timber for sale [etc.]. 186$ Morn. Star
13 Apr., The Crown has neglected to appoint a warden,
forester, regarder, and verderer of the said [Epping] forest.
1882 Spectator 18 Feb. 227/1 If you extinguish the re-
garder, you extinguish with it the regard.
2. One who or that which regards; t a spectator.
1525 LD. BERNERS Froiss. II. Ixii. [Ixv.] 209 Al theyr feats
were nobly accomplysshed, to the grete pleasure of all the
lordes and ladyes and other regarders. 1542 RECORDE Gr.
\ A rtes Pref. a ij b, Where so fewe regarders of learny nge are,
- howe greately they are to bee estemed that dooth fauour
I and further it. 1598 FLORIO, Rignardatore^. .a regarder.
I 1630 LENNARD tr. Charron's Wisd. \. liii. (1670) 190 Where
there is neither Judge nor Controller, nor regarder. 1682
i SOUTHERNS: Loyal Brother i. i, Thou kind regarder of my
i Fame. 1804 COLLINS Scripscrap 97 Old Reynard kept a
' Larder, Of neighbours' wants a kind regarder.
Regardful (r/ga-idfiil), a, [f. REGARD^.]
1. Heedful, attentive, observant.
a 1586 SIDNEY Arcadia 11. (1622) 103 The sexe of woman-
kinde . . is most bound to haue regardfull eye to mens
| Judgements. 1610 GUILLIM Heraldry vi. i. (1611) 251 For
j the better instruction of the regardfull reader. 1657 BAXTER
Call to Unconverted Wks. (1846) 168 You will hear such a
message with more awakened regardful hearts. 1715 POPE
j Iliad i. 287 With regardful ear Tis just, O goddess! I thy
j dictates hear. 1837 HOOD Mids. Fairies xlii, The dear curl
; on a regardful brow. 1849 RUSKIN Sev. Lamps v. § 22. 158
[ The difference, when the touches are rude and few, between
those of a careless and those of a regardful mind.
b. Const, of, "\to.
1611 SPEED Hist. Gt. Brit. vn. xxviii. (1623) 369 A great
number., who were more intentiue and regardfull to the
Feast, than to any defence. 1653 GATAKER I'ind. Annot.
Jer. 14 They ar more regardful of their worldly gain, .then
they ar of a good conscience. 1748 RICHARDSON Clarissa
(1811) III. xlvi. 267 A libertine in his riper years, hardly
regardful of appearances, c 1850 NEALE Hymns East. Ch.
(1866) 109 Regardful of that day. 1876 FARRAR Marlb.
Serin. L 7 A life regardful of duty is crowned with an
object, directed by a purpose.
2, Respectful ; indicative of regard or esteem.
1607 Schol. Disc. agst. Antichr. \. \, 27 The very name it
selfe of an Idoll ought to be left, and euery regardfull
remembrance of him. 1651 JF.R. TAYLOR Holy Dying iv.
§ 8 To use all . . persons upon whom his name is called . . with
a regardful and separate manner of usage. 1707 NORRIS
Treat. Humility vi. 228 Much more should we his poor
petitioners on earth, put up our humble supplications to
him with the most regardful concern. 1821 SCOTT Kenihv.
Jii, The drawer says — ' Coming, friend ', without any more
reverence or regardful addition. 187* BLACKIE Lays Highl.
69 Was it a lady fair, .to whom Her lord, with proud, re-
gardful grief, Upreared this stately tomb?
1 3. Worthy of regard or attention. Obs.
1621 BP. MOUNTAGU Diatribse 219 Their authority in the
Church is so awful), and so regardfujl, that it will much
preiudice your Negatiue against their Affirmatiue. 1650
GENTILIS Considerations 89 Taking away honorable and
regardfull subjects, whose valour and worth are the Sanc-
tuary to which wronged subjects flye.
Rega'rdfully, adv. [f. prec. -I- -LT 2.] Atten-
tively, respectfully.
1607 SHAKS. Timon iv. in. 81 Is this th' Athenian Minion,
whom the world Voic'd so regardfully? 1647 CLARENDON
Hist. Reb. vn. § 144 He thought himself not regardfully
enough used. 1685 BAXTER Paraphr. N. T. Mark iv. 23
Let him. .see that he hear God's word regardfully. 1821
Examiner 12/2 Fixing public attention most regardfully
upon the loftiest of its objects.
So BegaTdfulness.
1571 GOLDING Calvin on Ps. x. 4 The beginning of wel-
dooing in all a man's whole lyfe is regard fulnesse. 1611
W. SCLATER Key (1629) 112 That reuerent esteeme, and
regard fulnesse in vsing, as is due to such ordinances, a 186*
J. D. BURNS Memoir $ Remains (1869) 290 With strong and
unwearied reeardfulness for me.
Rega-rding, vbL sb. [f. REGARD v, + -ING *.]
The action of the vb. ; f distinction.
1526 Pilgr. Per/. (W. de W. 1531) 157 b, With lytell re-
gardyng of our duty. 1611 COTGR., Regardement, *...
regarding. <ri68o Roxb. Ball. (1891) VII. 468 He told her
that he would marry with she, for he was a Man of re-
garding. 1885 Athensenm 10 Sept. 368/2 The contem-
plative regarding of modern life.
t Ilega'rdively, adv. Obs. rare -1. [irreg. f.
REGARD z».] Attentively.
1602 WARNER Alb. Eng. xiu. Ixxviii. 324 Thy vnderstand-
ing Minde. .casts and conceiues the Sum : And all th afore-
said Vnities, regardiuely, obserues.
Regardless (r/gaudles), a, [f. REGARD sb.\
1. Heedless, indifferent, careless, without regard
of. f Also const, at, for, to.
1591 SPENSER Muiopot, 384 He likest is to fall into mis-
chaunce, That isregardles of his governaunce. 1667 MILTON
P. L. in. 408 Regardless of the Bliss wherein bee sat.
1725 MANDEVILLE Ess. Charity in Fab, Bees% etc. I. 305 Re-
probate parents that take ill courses and are regardless to
[1723 ofj their children. 1743 BULKELEY & CUMMINS I 'oy. S.
REGARDLESSLY.
Seas Pref. 16 Indolent and regardless for the Preservation
of the People. 1756 TOLDERVV Hist. 2 Orphans IV. 153
Would.. the soldier be regardless at the thundering of
cannon? 1784 COWPER Task \\. 775 Regardless of her
charge. She needs herself correction. 1863 GEO. ELIOT
Romola xix, A man who had been openly regardless of
religious rites.
b. Without const. (Chiefly in attrib. use.)
1601 YARINGTON Two Lament. Trag. F ij b, Gnm im-
perious death, Reguardlesse instrument of cruell fate, c 1695
J. MILLER Descr. New K(?rXr(i843) 7 The most part ignorant
and conceited, fickle and regardless. 1718 POPE Iliad xvi.
659 What thoughts, regardless chiefl thy breast employ?
1784 COWPER Task v. 350 You the regardless author of its
woes. 1868 WHITTIER Among the Hills Prel. 78 Treading
the May-flowers with regardless feet.
2. Unregarded, slighted ; unworthy of regard.
T 1591 H. SMITH Wks. (1867) I. 153 A precious head-tire,
which all day is worn, . . but at night that riches is laid aside,
and the head muffled with some regardless tire. 1611 SPEED
Thcat. Gt. Brit. (1614) 107/2 From a princely castle [it] is
become no better then a regardlesse cottage. 1697 CON-
CREVE Movm. Bride \\. ix, Zara. . Is a regardless suppliant,
now, to Osmyn. 1714 H. GROVE Spect. No. 626 F 7 They
dazzle every one but the Possessor ! To him that is accus-
tomed to them they are cheap and regardless Things. 1853
G. JOHNSTON Nat. Hist. E. BorJ. I. 154 Producing a very
pleasing and picturesque effect with materials, which,
separately viewed, are of a mean and regardless character.
Rega-rdlessly, adv. [f. prec. + -Ly2.] jn
a regardless manner.
1601 WEEVER Mirr. Mart. E iij, With watrie lockes about
her shoulders spred Regardlessely. 1676 TOWERSON Deca-
logue 143 His Name [is].. not either slightly or regardlesly
to be mentioned. 1814 SOUTHEY Roderick xxi, Time was
when in our fathers' ways we walk'd Regardlessly alike.
Rega'rdlessness. [f. as prec. + -NESS.]
HeedTessness, carelessness.
1611 W. SCLATER Key (1629) 280 Regardlesnesse of choyse
in marriage. 1681 FLAVEL Meth. Grace Ep. Ded. 14 Such
is the supineness and Inexcusable regardfessness of most
men. a 1731 T. BOSTON Crook in Lot (1805) 61 With a holy
contempt and regardlessness of the hardships. 1823 SOUTHEY
Penins. War\. 422 It was., shocking to humanity to behold
their sufferings, and the cruel regardlessness of their com-
rades. 1875 JOWETT Plato (ed. 2) III. 105 This exclusive
Jove of freedom and regardlessness of everything else.
t Rega'rdship. Obs. rare—1, [f. REGARD ;£.]
Consideration, carefulness.
1494 FABYAN Chron. vn. 644 This Lewis ..wolde goo
more lyker a yoman. .than lyke a prynce: y« which was for
no regardshyp nor sparynge of good.
Re ga 'rme nt, v. [RE- 5 a.] To clothe anew.
1814 GARY Dante^ Par. xiv. 39 Our shape, regarmented
with glorious weeds Of saintly flesh.
Itega'rnisli (r^-), v. [In early use ad. F. re-
garmss-, regarnir\ later f. RE- 5 a+ GARNISH v.]
trans. To garnish afresh.
1480 CAXTON Ovid's Met. xiv. viii, Ulixes dyde do repayre
& regarnysshe hys shyppes. i6zx COTGR., Rcgannrt to
regarnish, to new furnish, a 1680 CHARNOCK Atlrib. God
(1834) II. 382 Not regarnishing an earthly, but providing a
richer palace. 1901 CLIVE HOLLAND Mousnte 67 1'he surface
of the earth regarnished with jewels of flowers.
Rega'ther, v. [RE- 5 a ; cf. RECOLLECT v.1 2.]
1. a. trans. To collect or bring together again.
1589 GREENE Menaphon. (Arb.) 66 At length regathering
his spirits.. he strained foorth this dittie. 1598 BARRET
Tkeor* Warresv. i. 140 Having regathered his disordered
troupes. 1676 OTWAY Don Carlos in. i, I'll regather yet
my strength. 1838-40 [see the vbl. $b. below], 1868 SILL
Poemst Hermitage xv. As the image of God Is broken and
re-gathered in the soul.
reft* 1598 BARRET Tkcor. Warres v. ii. 144 Time to
regather themselues into order againe.
b. intr. To meet or come together again.
1855 [see the ppl. a. below], 1890 Pall Mall G. 16 Aug.
7/1 When the House of Commons.. regathered yesterday
afternoon.
2. trans. To gather (a garment) again.
1856 Miss YONGE Daisy Chain xviii, Margaret, .was..
re-gathering a poor child's frock. 1875 Plain Needlework
20 The child can probably sew the gathers in.. instead of
having to regather the whole.
Hence Bega'thering vbl. sb. and///, a.
1838 DE QUINCEY Lamb Wks. 1858 IX. 112 The regather-
ing and restoration of the total word from its scattered parts.
1840 POE William FP&KwWkfc 1864 1.421 An indistinct
regathering of feeble pleasures and phantasmagoric pain.
1835 LYNCH Rivulet xxxii. i, 'Twas hard the unbroken dark
to bear, But harder still re-gathering night.
Regatta (r/gte-ta). Also 7 regatto, 7-8 re-
gate, 8 regata. [It. (Venetian) regatta (and re-
gata) ' a strife or contention or struggling for the
maistrie * (Florio) : hence also F. r/gate.']
1. The name given at Venice to certain boat-races
held on the Grand Canal.
165* S. S. Secretaries Studic 265 The rarest [show] that
ever I saw, was a costly and ostentatious triumph, called a
Regatto, presented on the Grand-Canal. 1677 Oavt. Venice
315 Regales, are the Courses or Combats of their Boats
upon the Grand Canal for a Prize, not unlike the Carrousels.
1754 DRUMMOND Trav. 84 Though I stayed in this city
[Venice] longer than I could have wished, I was extremely
well entertained with the sight of a regatta. 1866 HOWELLS
Venet. Life (1883) II. xvii. 65 The picturesque and exciting
pastime of the regatta.
2. A boat- or yacht-race, or (usually) an organ-
ized series of such races, forming a more or less
prominent sporting and social event.
The first English regatta was held on the Thames on tha
2$rd of June 1775 : see the Annual Register for that year,
pp. 133 and 216.
366
1775 Public Advertiser 24 May 2/2 The Regatta will keep f
at home many of our Nobility and wealthy Commoners, j
1775 JOHNSON Let. to Mrs. Tkrale 21 June, I am glad that !
you are to be at the regatta. 1775 Newcastle Conrant
16 Sept., Monday, the keelmen, the great watermen on this
river, were much engaged in a Regatta. 1843 E. FITZ- :
GERALD Left. (1889) I. 117 Regattas at Lowestoft, and at '
Woodbridge. 1856 ' STONEHENGE ' Brit. Rural Sports 469/2 '
Sailing regattas are held in many of our rivers and lakes,
but chiefly at Cowes, Kingstown, and other seaport towns.
1887 Miss BRADDON Like fy Unlike xix, He took her to
race-meetings, and cricket grounds, and regattas.
attrib. 1848 THACKERAY I'an. Fair xxxix, They pene-
trated to Cowes for the race-balls and regatta-gaieties there.
1887 J. ASHBY-STRRRY Laay Minstrel (1892) 2oi Regatta-
time's pleasant, Thrice pleasant is Henley in laughing July I
Hence Beg-a'tting vbl. sb. (nonce-wd?)
1843 THACKERAY Irish Sk.-bk. x, We had talked of hunting,
racing, regatting, and all other sports.
Began'ge, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To gauge
anew. Also Be-guu-ge sb.
iSxs J. SMYTH Pract. Customs (1821) 413 Re-gauged
Ullage Contents. [See also RE* 5 a.] 1891 Imperial Tariff
269 On a warrant for the re-gauge or ic-test of Wine. ., the
officer is to allow the regauge or re-test thereof.
Regaute, variant of KEGALTY Obs.
Rege, obs. Sc. form of RAGE sb. and v.
t Regea'l, v. Obs.—1 [ad. L. regeldre : see
RE- 2 d and GEAL v.~\ intr. To thaw, melt.
a 1658 CLEVELAND Gen. Poems (1677) 10, I feel thou art
consenting ripe By that soft gripe, And those regealing
Crystal Spheres.
Regelate (r/d^UK), v. [f.Rs- sa + ppl. stem
of ^.gelare to freeze : perh. after F. regeler (1461).]
intr. (and re/I.) To freeze together again.
1860 TYNDALL Glac. n. xxiv. 358 The confused fragments
regelated to a compact continuous mass. 1863 Sat. Rev.
i Aug. 148 The ice fragments round him had regelated so
as to form a solid case.
Jig. 1874 RUSKIN Fors Clav. xliiu 158 It . . regelated Itself
Into a somewhat compact essay on glaciers.
Ite gelation. (rfdgel^'J^n). [See prec. and
GELATION.] The action of freezing together again ;
spec, the fusion of two pieces of ice, having moist
surfaces, at a temperature above freezing-point.
1857 TVNDALL & HUXLEY in Phil. Trans. CXLVII. 329
On the Regelation of Ice, and its application to Glacial
Phenomena. 1871 B. STEWART Heat § ipo Provided the
surfaces be smooth, when they are brought into the slightest
contact regelation ensues.
attrib. 1897 Edin, Rev, July 45 The viscous and rege-
lation. theories only account for the moulding of the glacier
to its trough.
Regement, obs. form of REGIMENT.
I Re gence. Obs. rare. [a. F. r£gence\ see
next and -ENCE.] —next.
c 1470 HARDING Chron. LIX. ii, She was able, by wytte and
sapience, The realme to rule, and haue therof regence. Ibid*
LXII. ii, He had.. A lyonschere in felde, with good regence.
1669 GALE Crt. Gentiles i. n. ii. 2 The regence or presidence
of the Moon, .over the Air. 1678 BUTLER Hud. in. ii. 275
Some . . That swore to any human regence Oaths of supre-
macy and allegiance.
Regency (rrd^ensi). [ad. med.L. regentia
(1418 in Du Cange), or f. REGENT: see -ENCY.
Cf. F. rtgence.]
1. The position or office of ruler ; exercise of rule
or authority ; government, dominion, control.
a. on the part of persons. Now rare or Obs.
c 1485 Digby Myst. (1882) in. 212 Heyll, reytyus rewlar in
pi regensy ! 1597 HOOKER EccL Pol. v. Ii. § 3 The scepter
of Christs regencie euen in the kingdom of heauen. 1601
HOLLAND Pliny I. 128 She.. had the prerogatiue of the
regencie ouer the greatest kingdome. 1651 N. BACON Disc,
Govt. Eng. n. xxxiv. (1739) 157 Custom in Government.,
made her Regency at last taste somewhat stale and spiritless.
1711 Pintail MSS. in loM Ret. Hist. MSS, Comtn. App.
V. 114 Mankind might wish to be under the regency of such
a monarch. 1760-72 H. BROOKE Fool of Qual. (1809) III.
116, I had made a vow. .to forsake her and the country the
very day after her regency [as Queen of the May].
b. transf. vtfig. of things.
1635 VALENTINE Fonre Sea-Sertn. 24 This Planet hath a
regencie, and dominion over moist bodies. 1681 FLAVEL
Meth. Grace xxvii. 457 The deposing of corruption from its
regency and dominion in the soul. 1840 Prater's Mag.
XXII. 457 His passions, .. spurning the regency of judg-
ment, exercised.. undivided sway. (11890 AUSTIN PHELPS
My Note-Book (1891) vii. 160 Conscience claims regency in
everything that a man should aim to do or to be.
2. The office and jurisdiction of a regent or vice-
gerent; government by a regent or by a body
exercising similar authority.
14*9-30 Rolls of Par It. V. 416/1 It was advised and
thognt. that as toward the Regencie of France occupied
theire by my Lorde of Bedford, that anoon..that name and
Office shuld cesse. c 1470 HARDING Chron. cxxxvii. in, For
constable then was he Of Englande hole to haue the regency.
c 1600 DRAYTON Miseries Q, Margaret xxvi, York then,
which had the regency in France, They force the King
ignobly to displace. 1660 R. COKE. Power fy Stibj. 101 How
came.. Mary de Medici wife of Henry the Fourth .. to
manage the Regencie of France. .? 1727-38 CHAMBERS Cycl.
s.v. Regent, Some have urged that women being incapable
of succeeding to that crown, were incapable of the regency ;
but custom has declared in their favour. 1791 BURKE Corr.
(1844) III. 255 The rebels say they will declare a regency if
the king refuses to accept. 1828 SCOTT F. M. Perth xxxv,
He transferred the regency which he had so foully acquired,
to his son Murdoch. 1878 STUBBS Const. Hist. (1896) III.
xviiL i6g The king's illness plnced the queen and the duke
of York in direct rivalry for the regency.
REGENER.
b. personified. = REGENT sb. i.
1814 BYHON Diary 18 Feb., The avowal and ^publication
of two stanzas on Princess Charlotte's weeping at Regency's
speech to Lauderdale in 1812.
3. f *• The governing body of certain (chiefly
European) towns and Mohammedan states. Obs.
1706 Lontl. Gaz. No. 4239/1 Deputies from the neighbour-
ing Regencies [in Germany]. ij&Anson's Voy. 111. ix. 389
When these prisoners got to Canton, the Regency sent for
them. 17*0 Lloyd's Even. Post 22-5 Sept. 295/1 The
Regency of Venice have sent orders that no more bodies
shall be dug out of the ground. 1796 WASHINGTON Lett.
Writ. 1892 XIII. 240 The purport of your private letter.,
(that part of it I mean which relates to the Frigate for the
Regency of Algiers) has surprised me exceedingly.
b. A body of men appointed to carry on the
government during the absence, minority, or in-
capacity of the sovereign or hereditary ruler ; a
Government so constituted.
X7»i BAILEY, Regency, the Government or Governours of
L Kingdom during the Minority or absence of a Prince.
1750 H. WALPOLE Lett, to Matin (1834) II. 321 We expect
to be the Duke. 1788 in Dk. Buckingham Court >, CaHnets
Geo. Ill (1859) II. 18 The Opposition, .are exceedingly em-
barrassed, even supposing the Regent, or Regency, to ven-
ture on the change of Ministry. 1845 S. AUSTIN Kanke's
Hist. Re/. II. 45 It made no difference whether the States
supported the Regency or not. 1851 HAWTHORNE S/orics
/r. Hist, tj Bicg. ix. 72 A number of .. statesmen, who were
called a regency.
fc. A council or meeting of the members of
a regency. Obs.—1
1748 H. WALPOLE Lett. (1846) II. 242 There was a great
Regency kept in town.
d. Albany regency, a group of politicians who
controlled the Democratic party in the state of
New York from c 1820 to 1850.
1888 A. JOHNSTON in Winsor Hist. Atner. VII. v. 283 The
methods of the * Albany Regency', whose members., made
it their rule never to desert a party friend or forgive dis-
obedience or breach of party discipline.
4. A district under the control of a regent or
regency (3 a).
1667 MILTON P. L. v. 748 Regions they pass'd, the mighlie
Regencies of Seraphim and Potentates and Thrones. 1780
Ann. Reg. 5 The territory appertaining to the regency of
Burghausen. 1817 RAFFLES Hist. Java iii. I. 142 The
rice fields of a regency are divided among the whole of
the population. 1838 Sparks' Bingr. IX. Eaton vii. 245
The Bashaw gave permission to the American agent to leave
the Regency.
6. The period during which a regent governs;
spec, the periods in French and English history
during which Philip, Duke of Orleans (1715-23),
and George, Prince of Wales (the Prince Regent,
1810-20), acted as regents.
1717 BOYER Diet. Rvyal I. s. v. Reistre, The German
Horse that came into France during the Regency of Queen
Catherine of Medicis. 1841 Penny Cycl. X IX. 358/2 It was
during the English regency that the power of Napoleon was
broken, and peace was restored to Europe. 1869 LECKY
Eurof. Mor. II. v. 326 The moral tone ..was .. lower,
probably, than in France under the Regency, or in England
under the Restoration.
6. The office or function of a university regent.
1639 in Spalding Troub. Chas. I (1850) I. 233 note. In re-
gaird of the vacancie of the place of regencie of the thrid
classe. a 1670 SPALUING Ibid. (1851) II. 74 Mr. Alex' Scrogie
..deposit fra his regency. .had gottin sum pensioun fra the
King. 1691 WOOD A th. Oxon. I. 548 In 1446, he being then
in his Regency, he became one of the Commissaries of the
University. 1771 Gentl. Mag. XLI. 19 Every fellow is
obliged to leave that College after he has completed eighteen
years from his Regency in Arts. 1841 PEACOCK Slat. Cambr.
ii Every master of arts, .was sworn to continue his regency
for five years. 1895 RASHDALL Univ. Mid. Ages xu. II.
475 The privilege of studying Theology after Regency in
Arts.
b. (See quot.) rare-1. [After F. regence]
1839 HALLAM Hut. Lit. iv. i. f 5 The Jesuits write and
speak Latin well . . owing to their keeping _ regencies (an
usual phrase for academical exercises) from their early youth.
7. attrib. and Comb., as regency act, bill, cap, fast.
1705-6 LUTTRELL Brief Kef. (1875) VI. 5 The committee,
to whom the regency bill is committed. 1743 H. WALPOLE
Let. 14 Apr., The Earl of Bath and Mr. Pelham, neither
of them in regency-posts, are to be of the number. 1867
C. GREY Early Years Prince Consort 351 The Regency
Bill. .will to-day be read for a third time in the House of
Lords. 1887 LECKY Eng. in iStA C. V. 145 Whig ladies
appeared in society with caps that were kno\vn as ' regency
caps ' and with ribands indicating their politics.
Regend, obs. variant of REGENT.
t Rege'nder, v. Obs. [f. RE- 5 a + GENDEK v.,
after L. reginerdre: see next.] trans. To beget
again ; to make or create afresh ; to form anew.
(Cf. RE-ENGENDER.) Hence Bege-ndered//»/. a.,
Rege'ndering vbl. sb. and ppl. a.
c 1400 Lan/ranc's Cirurg. 38 If bat a leche wolde bisie
him. .to regendre fleisch in a wounde. Ibid, zu Mundifi-
catiuis . . wi> regendring l>ingis & drijng bingis. 1531 MORE
Con/ut. Tindale Wks. 431/1 Enabling the new regendred
creature to inheritaunce of heauen. 1533 — Apol. 54 The
regendrynge of the soule by fayth. 1581 STANYHURST &ncis
ll. (Arb.) 59 With toonge three forcked furth spirts fyre
freshlye regendred. 1597 LOWE Chirarg . II. i. (1634) 39 The
continual! inspiration . . for their refreshing, as also for the
regendring of the spirit Animal],
t Rege'ner, f . Obs. [ad. OF. regeuerfr(n\.hc.;
mod.F. rdgJntrer) or L. regenerate : see RE- and
GENEH v.] =prec.
REGENERACY.
c 1400 Lanfranc's Cirurg. 38 Aftirward we schulen dense
J»e quytture, & aftir \>a.t regenere fleisch. 1456 SIR G. HAVE
Law Arms (S. T. S.) 295 With haly unctioune annoyntit,
and regenerit be new generacioune. c 1500 Melusine 140
The feyth of Jeshu Cryste, of the whiche he vs alle hath
regenered and saued.
Regeneracy (r/tl^e-nerasi). [f. REGENER-ATE
ppf. a. + -ACY.] The state of being regenerate.
1626 HUIT (title) Anatomy of Conscience ; or, the Sum of
Paul's Regeneracy. a 1660 HAMMOND Serm. Wks. 1683 IV.
686 Though Saul were.. called from the depth of sin to re-
generacy and salvation. 1755 AMORY Mem. (1769) I. 105 A
religion of regeneracy and holy spiritual life. 1853 LYNCH
Onward in Lett, to Scattered 340 The things they have
just left behind, which in their first regeneracy are like
those ' ileshpots of Egypt '.
Bege'nerant, a. rare—1. [See next and -ANT.]
Regenerating.
1855 BAILEY Spir. Leg. in Mystic* etc. (ed. a) 66 Of talis-
m;inic and regenerant force.
Regenerate (r/dge'ner^t),///. a. and sb. [ad.
L. regenerates, pa. pple. of regenerare : see next.]
A..pp/.a. fl. Re-born ; brought again into exist-
ence ; formed anew. Obs.
1471 RIPLEY Comp. Alch, v. viii. in Ashm. (1652) 150
Guydo..seyth by rottyng dyeth the compound corporal],
And then .. Uprysyth agayne Regenerat, Sympill, and
Spyrytuall. 1593 SHAKS. Rich. //, i. jii. 70 The earthy
author of my blood, Whose youtbfull spirit in me regenerate,
Doth with a two-fold rigor lift mee vp. 1593 G. HARVEY
Pierce" s Super. 58 A canker . . neuer perfectly healeth, vnlesse
the rootes and all be vtterly extirped ; and the fleshe regene-
rate. 1610 HEALEY St. Aug. Citie^ of God 794 For our
flesh shalbe regenerate by incorruption, as our soule is by
faith.
2. Tn religious use : Spiritually re-born.
1526 Pilgr. Per/. (W. de W. 1531) 221 b, Excepte a man be
regenerate & borne agayne of water & the holy goost. 1561
T. NORTON Catvin's Inst. 11. 84 Which excuse belongeth
only to the regenerate, which do with the chief part of their
soule tend vnto good. 1603 ft \coti Adv. Learn, n.xxv. § 20
By the Holy Ghost are the elect regenerate in spirit. 1667
MILTON P. L. xi. 5 Grace.. had remov'd The stonie from *.,•» >>AQ wen'
thir hearts, and made new flesh Regenerate grow instead. ,, i-i" 4,
1746 HERVEY Medit. (,8»8) 03 An innumerable race of re- i ™ > "J* £«*££
367
Intcll. Syst. i. iii. 167 Which regenerates and repairs Veins
consumed or cut off. 1784 M. BAILLIE Wks. (1825) I. 193,
I found many old scars where the Rete Mucosum was re-
generated. 1813 J. THOMSON Lect. Injlam. 471 The dark-
coloured fungous mass , . on being removed is quickly re-
generated. 1897 Tram. Amer. Pediatric Sac. IX. 89 The
exsected rib had been regenerated.
3. To reproduce, re-create; to form or bring
into existence again.
1608 TOPSELL Serpents (1658) 728 Out of the ashes of a
spreads, Regenerates the Plants. 1731 ARBUTHNOT
iv. ii. § 39 (1735) 109 The Salts, of which the Acid
'Aliments
-_,,.— ., , - 1 was com-
pos'd, will be regenerated. 18x6 J. SCOTT Vis. Paris (ed. 5)
284 The soil in which nitre is produced or regenerated.
b. With immaterial object.
1612 DAVIES Why Ireland^ etc. (1787) 156 Yet could not
the King's grace regenerate obedience in that degenerate
house. 1790 BURKE Fr. Rev. 29 In both cases they re-
generated the deficient part of the old constitution through
the parts which were not impaired. 1837 HT. MARTINEAU
Soc. Amer. III. 185 The great point to be gained with the
criminal is to regenerate self-respect. 1869 CLARIDGE Cold
Water-cure n Mankind may still turn back, and regenerate
health.
4. To reconstitnte on a higher plane ; to place
on a new basis. Also refl.
1789 COXE Trav. Sivitz. (1801) I. Introd. 39 To regenerate
Switzerland is not to disturb it. 1791 Vt»XX*RigktsqfAftm
(ed. 4) 58 The country has never yet regenerated itself and
is therefore without a constitution. 1864 RAINE Priory of
Hexham (Surtees) I. Pref. 1.63 When his nephew Thomas 1 1
wished to regenerate Hexham. 1891 Pall Mall G. 5 May
2/1 Is capital required to 'regenerate', as you term it, the
non-paying mines?
5. intr. a. To form again. Chiefly Path.
1541 R. COPLAND Gnydon's Quest. Chirurg. Cj, I saye
fyrste that all sanguyne membres may regenerate and knyt
by very regeneracion and consolidacion. 1691 RAY Creation
i. (1692) 89 Metals and Minerals. .shoot, ferment, and as it
were vegetate and regenerate. 1753 BRADY in Phil. Trans.
XLIX. 249 We have not tried, if it does not regenerate, when
1822 GOOD Study Mtd. I. 464 When
ge
W
;enerate children. 1875 MANNING Mission H. Ghost it 35
Ve are born again, we are regenerate, we are sons of God.
1883 J. W. REYNOLDS Supernat. in Nature 24 The remark-
able betterment which is wrought in those who are called
' regenerate '.
b. Restored to a better state, reformed.
1647 N. BACON Disc. Govt. Eng. i. viii. (1739) 16 It had
been a wonder if Episcopacy., should by transplanting be-
come regenerate into their original condition of meekness
and humility. 1860 FROUDE Hist. Eng. V. 459 Organs still
pealed through the aisles in notes unsuitcd to a regenerate
worship.
c. Of nations : Restored or raised again from
a sunk or base condition.
xSii SCOTT Don Roderick HI. xiv, O who shall grudge
him Albuera's bays, Who brought a race regenerate to the
field. 1865 FREEMAN Hist. Ess. Ser. i. (1871) vi. 130 The
righteous and generous sympathy which we all feel towards
regenerate Italy.
•f 3. Degenerate, renegade. Obs. rare.
1596 Edward flft I. i, Regenerate traitor, viper to the
place Where thou wast foster'd. 1607 TOPSELL Four-f,
Beasts (1658) 360 So forth went this regenerate English
Moor, more like a mad man then an advised champion, to
kill this lion.
f B. sb. A regenerate person. Obs.
a 1569 KINGESMYLL Comf. Afflict. (1585) C vij, The blessed
postentie of the blessed Abraham, and true regenerates of
God by our Saviour Christ. 1652 BP. HALL Imris. World
in. § 5 Casting undue fears into the tender hearts of weak
regenerates.
Regenerate (rMgener^t), v. [ad. ppl. stem
of L. regenerare : see RE- and GENERATE v.. and
cf. F. regentrer (nth c.).]
1. trans. In religious use : To cause to be born
again in a spiritual sense; to invest with a new
and higher spiritual nature. Also refl.
a 1557 MRS. M. BASSET tr. More's Treat. Passion M.'s
Wks. 1378/2 These I meane whom he hath by his whole-
some sacramentes & faith regenerated & renewed. 1587
GOLDING De Mornay xxxi. (1617) 503 But yet hath he
circumcised our hearts by regenerating vs. 1679 PENN
Addr. Prot. n. 112 The Family of the Faithful, regenerated
and redeemed from the Earth. 1740 WATERLAND Regenera-
tion Wks. 1823 VI. 352 No man regenerates himself at all.
1788 GIBBON Decl. 4.^. 1 viii. VI. 267 She was regenerated and
crowned in St. Sophia, under the more orthodox appellation
of Anne. 1850 ROBERTSON Serm. Ser. m. iv. (1872; 48 Man
need not be regenerated in order to possess the power of \
reasoning. 1885 FINLAYSON Biol. Relig. 86 Perhapshe thinks
that infants dying in infancy are regenerated in the article :
of death.
b. To reform completely; to effect a thorough
moral change in (a person or state of things, etc.).
1849 ALISON Hist. Europe III. xiv. § 45. 179 Your brothers
. . desire to be regenerated, and to become men. 1863 W.
PHILLIPS Speeches iii. 54 The church has to be regenerated.
1891 Spectator 23 May, Where the West rules Mussulmans,
it regenerates ' their social system.
c. To convert into something better, rare.
1850 W. COLLINS Antonina iv, Pagan images regenerated
into portraits of saints.
2. Path. To reproduce, form afresh (some part
of the body). Chiefly in pass.
1597 A. M. tr. Guillcineajt's Fr. Chirurg. 33/2 Round
aboute the vlceratlon is regenerated a tender and viscouse
flesh. 1646 SIR T. BROWNE Pseud. Kf>. 127 That the limbs
of Hyppolitus were set together, not regenerated by ./Escula-
pius, is the utmost assertion of Poetry. 1678 CUDWORTH
extracted imperfectly it [a polypus] is very apt to regenerate.
1859 Allhttt's Syst. Med. VII. 79 Before regenerating they
must be destroyed.
b. To reform, become regenerate.
1786 tr. Swedenborg's Chr. Relig. 510 The fellowship or
communion called the church .. gains admission into every
one when he is regenerating. 1835 I. TAYLOR *S//n Despot.
III. 105 No corporation regenerates by spontaneous energy :
it must be brought back to duty, .by a hand from without.
Regenerated (rfdse-nereited),///. a. [f. prec.
+ -ED l.] Re-born, re-formed, etc.
1594 T. B. La Primand. Fr. Acad. u. 203 Hee . . loueth
them also as regenerated and newe creatures in lesus
Christ his Sonne. 1758 REID tr. Macqiter's Chym. \. 125
The other name, Regenerated Tartar, which is also given it.
1.776 CRUIKSHANK in Phil. Tram. LXXXV. 182, 1 supposed
the regenerated nerves might now be performing their
offices. 1806 R. FELLOWES tr. Milton's 2nd Defence 228
At present he makes his appearance as a regenerated book-
seller at the Hague. 1839 MURCHISON Silur. Syst. i. xxxviii.
526 Moulds of regenerated red Sandstone. 1877 FROUDE
Short Stud. (1883) IV. i. x. 109 His personal religion was not
the religion of a regenerated heart.
Rege-nerateness. rare-". [-NESS.] Re-
generation. 1731 in BAILEY vol. II.
Regenerating (rftlse-nere'tin), ppl.a. [-INQ2.]
That regenerates.
1681 FLAVEL Meth. Grace xxxi. 532 The principal internal
cause of spiritual life is the regenerating spirit of Christ.
1707 Curios, in Husb. $ Card. 339 We may conclude them
to be the first Principles of the regenerating Plant. 1776
Phil. Trans. LXXXV. 183 The regenerating nerve. .con-
verting thewhole of the surrounding extravasated blood into
its own substance. 1836-9 TODD Cycl. Anat. II. 45/2 The
star-fish affords an example of great regenerating power.
1861 GOLDW. SMITH Lect. Mod. Hist, i. 22 Men, who.,
have left a great and regenerating example to mankind.
b. techn. — REGENERATIVE 2.
1843 GROVE Corr. Phys. Forces (1874) 65 Under the term
1 regenerating-engine ' various ingenious combinations have
lately been suggested. 1875 KNIGHT Diet. Mech. igu/2
Regenerating furnace,
Regeneration (rfd.^ener^-Jan). Also 4-6
-acion, etc. [ad. L. regeneration-em, n. of action
f. regenerare to REGENERATE : see -ATION. Cf. F.
rigeniration (i2th c.).]
1. The action of regenerating ; the process or fact
of being regenerated ; re-creation, re-formation, etc.
13.. Propr. Sanct. (Vernon MS.) in Archiv nta. Spr.
LXXXI. 103/49 In b6 Regeneracion good Of alle men to
flesch and blood. 1382 WYCLIP Matt. xix. 28 In regenera-
cioun, or gendrynge a;ein, whenne mannes sone shall sitte
in the sete of his mageste. 1561 T. NORTON Calvin's lust.
l. 24 After the generall flood, there was as it were a new
regeneration of the world. 1694 SALMON Bate's Dispens.
(1713) 317/1 This is made a Regeneration of Nitre. 1707
Curios, in Husb. Sf Gard. 324 The Miracle of the Re-
generation, or even of the Resurrection of Plants from their
Ashes. 1785 WILKINS tr. Bhagvat vi. 50 But such a re-
generation into this life is the most difficult to attain. 1860
WARTER Sea-board II. 206 The_ throes the grave has to
undergo before the regeneration in the resurrection. 1882-3
SCHAFF Encycl. Relig. Knowl. II. 1690/2 [The olive-tree
has] almost inexhaustible power of regeneration.
b. fig. Revival ; renascence, re-constitution on
a higher level.
1627 HAKEWILL Afol. (1630) 255 Together with the re-
generation of other kindes of learning Poetrie likewise grew
m request. 1792 A. YOUNG Trav. France 119 What they
REGENERATRESS.
call the regeneration of the kingdom, a favourite term, to
which they affix no precise idea. 1855 LYTTON Rienzi i.
vni, All great regenerations are the universal movement of
the mass. 1847 MRS. A. KERR tr. Ranke's Hist. Serma
217 The military regeneration of the Turkish Empire.
2. In religious use : The process or fact of being
born again in a spiritual sense ; the state resulting
from this.
CI420 LYDG. Assembly of Gods 2101 That we may haue
a place, Accordyng to cure regeneracion, With heuynly
spyrytes. 1513 BRADSHAW St. Werburge i. 2936 By the
seconde byrthe . . At fonte of baptym we haue regeneracyon
1597 HOOKER Eccl. Pol. v. 1. § i They haue the seede of
their regeneration by the ministerie of the Church. 1607
ROWLANDS Guy Warw. 72 Nature's corruption I do strive
to leave, A new regeneration to receive. 1701 NORRIS Ideal
World i. v. 284 Considering that our Regeneration implies
only the restoration of our nature, a 1805 PALEY Serin. \ ii.
(1810) 116, I am not unwilling to admit.. that, when this
Spirit is given, there is a new birth, a regeneration. 1883
FROUDE Short Stud. IV. HI. 263 Spiritual regeneration
begins naturally among the poor and the humble.
b. (See quot.)
App. based on a wrong punctuation of Matt. xix. 28.
1651 HOBBES Leviath. in. xlii. 263 And therefore it is,
that the time of his preaching is often by himself called
the Regeneration.
3. Path. The formation of new animal tissue ;
the reproduction of lost parts or organs.
1541 R. COPLAND Guydon's Quest. Chirurg. B ivb, In as-
moche as they haue. .regeneracyon as the membres, they be
called membres. 1612 WOODALL Surf. Matt Wks. (1653) 89
The medicaments incarnative, or for regeneration of the
flesh. 1646 SIR T. BROWNE Pseud. Ep. 127 Spermaticall
parts.. will not admit a Regeneration. 1776 CRUIKSHANK
m Phil. Trans. LXXXV. 183 The regeneration of the
nerves which took place in the first dog. 1836-9 TODD
Cycl. Anat. II. 45/2 We are not aware that the process of
regeneration in these animals has been carefully traced.
1872 HUXLEY Physiol. i. 18 The local death of some tissues
is followed by their regeneration.
Regenerative (rftlge-ner/tiv), a. (and si.}.
[ad. F. rigentratif, -ive (141)1 c.), or med.L. re-
generativ-us : see REGENERATE v. and -IVE.]
1. Tending to or characterized by regeneration.
(Common in recent use in fig. senses.)
c 1400 Lanfranc's Cirurg. 38 If bat a leche wolde besie
him wib a medicyn regeneratijf to regendre fleisch in a
wounde. 1432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) IV. 257 The strenjhte
regeneratiue jiffen to waters. 1624 F. WHITE Repl. Fisher
428 To alter the property of natural! water, and to giue
regeneratiue force and vertue to it. a 1652 BROME City
Wit v. i, I pray you what is Lady Luxury? a woman
regenerative? 1839-52 BAILEY J-'estus 545 Idolatry Wor-
shipped God meanly, . . Not as man's great Regenerative
Lord. 1871 BLACKIE Four Phases i. 26 The great re-
generative work which he undertook.
tb. ib. An application to regenerate flesh. Obs.— l
c 1400 Lanfranc's Cirurg. 38 pe quytture schal be clensid
or bou leie ony regeneratijf to holowj woundis.
2. Mech. Constructed on, or employing the prin-
ciple of the REGENERATOR (sense 2).
1861 FAIRBAIRN Iron 66 The prospective advantages of
these regenerative stoves are jgreater economy.. and the
higher temperature attainable by the blast. 1864 PERCY
Metallurgy, Iron $ Steel 428 Mr. Siemens, the inventor
of the so-called regenerative furnaces. 1890 Athenxum
19 July 101/1 The application of the regenerative system to
the firing of gas retorts.
Hence Rege-neratively adv.
1882 in OGILVIE. 1892 WHITNEY Max Mailer 64 Some
changes result more regeneratively than others.
Regenerator (r/dse-nere'tai). [f. REGENE-
RATE v. + -OB. Cf. F. regtntrateur (i4th c.).]
1. One who or that which regenerates.
1740 ~W frt?.v.\.MX> Regeneration Wks. 1823 VI. 352 He is not
his own regenerator, or parent, at all, in his new birth. 1844
Mem. Babylonian P'cess II. 205 She expected a regenerator
of the world, or second Messias. 1861 MAY Const. Hist.
viii. (1863) II. 10 He at once became the regenerator and
leader of the Tory party.
2. Mech. A fuel-saving device attached to a fur-
nace, consisting of layers of fire-brick which, be-
coming heated by the hot air and gases from the
furnace, impart the heat to an incoming current of
cold air or combustible gas acting alternately with
the outgoing current. Also attrib.
1835 J. MALAM in Land, jfrnl. Arts «, Sc. (1836) VIII. 144
A front elevation of three retorts, with their ' regenerators '
and conducting pipes. 1877 RAYMOND Statist. Mines $
Mining 335 Using the Siemens producer and regenerators
if necessary. 1884 KNIGHT Diet. Mech. Suppl. 748/2 Regene-
rator Furnace. 1897 Daily News 22 Sept. 6/7 The Re-
generator system of gas burning.
b. trans/, in Elcctr. (See quot.)
1873 MAXWELL Electr. 4- Magn. (1881) I. 299 This con-
ductor, by which the carrier is enabled to be connected to
earth without a spark, answers to the contrivance called a
Regenerator in heat-engines. We shall therefore call it a
Regenerator.
Regeneratory (riage-neratari), a. [f. as RE-
GENERATE v. + -OKY 2.] Of the nature of regenera-
tion ; regenerative.
1803 G. S. FABER Coffiri II. 351 Mr. Maurice imagines,
that these regeneratory sacrifices shewed the deep and
unanimous conviction of the pagan world, that man had
fallen. 1831 W. H. MILL Christa Sangltd Pref. 17 Those
proselytes who by a regeneratory initiation were introduced
to all the privileges of Abraham's children.
Bege neratress. rare—1. [-ESS : cf. next.]
A female regenerator.
1894 Dublin Rev. Oct. 307 The regeneratress of France
REGENERATRIX.
368
REGEST.
B>ege*neratrix. [See RKGEN ERATOK and
GENERATRIX.] A female regenerator.
1871 M. COLLINS Mrg. <y Merck. II. v. 125 Miss Pinnock
regarded herself as fit to be the regeneratrix of the world.
1890 Pall Mall G. 8 Nov. 2/1 Ireland., should., aim at be-
coming a great spiritual force, and the regeneratrix, in the
religious sense, of the British Empire.
Re-ge'nesis. [RE- 5 a.] The state, fact, or
process, of reproducing or being reproduced.
1831 CARLYLE Snrt. Res. i. v, Not Mankind only, but all
that Mankind does or beholds, is in continual growth,
re-genesis and self- perfect ing vitality. 1858 SPENCER Ess.
I. 19 In Christian art we may trace a parallel re-genesis.
Regent (rfdgent), sb. [Subst. use of next.]
1. a. That which rules, governs, or has supre-
macy ; a ruling power or principle. Now rare.
c 1411 HOCCLEVE De Reg. Princ. 3827 Whan resoun is
regent Of man, ban regne)? no delicacie. zsa6 SKEI.TON
Magnyf. 38 Lyberte may somtyme be to large, But yf reason
be regent and ruler of your barge. 1601 DOLMAN La
Primand. Fr. Acad. (1618) III. 771 The moone . . beeing as
the regient of the seas and waters. 1667 MILTON P. L. vn.
371 First in his East the glorious Lamp was seen, Regent of
Day. 1762-9 FALCONER Shijnur. i. 554 Thou moon, fair
regent of the night ! 1781 COWPER Retirement 724 Flowers
by that name promiscuously we call, But one, the rose, the
regent of them all. 1805 FOSTER Ess. iv. v. II. 197 If
Christianity ought really . . to be the supreme regent of all
moral feelings.
b. One who rules or governs ; a ruler, governor,
director. Now rare or Obs.
1480 CAXTON Chron. Eng. ccl. 169 The duchesse hauyng
full power of hir lord as Regent and lady of his londes.
1533 BELLENDEN Livy m. Hi. (S.T.S.) I. 252 Valerius publi-
cola on be thrid day eftir bat he was made regent, was chosin
consul. 1589 PUTTENHAM Eng. Poesie HI. xvi. (Arb.) 188
Elizabeth regent of the great Brittaine lie. Honour of all
regents and of Queenes. 1649 MILTON Eikon. xviii. Wks.
1851 HI. 471 As farr as Reason, Honour, Conscience, and
the Queen who was his Regent in all these, would give him
leave. 1670 G. H. Hist. Cardinals \. in. 84- This Penc-
tentiary has a Prelat under him, that is call'd the Regent of
the Penitentiary office. 1725 POPE Odyss. n. 42 Assist him,
Jove I thou regent of the skies ! 1847 LONGF. Ev. i. ii. 37
Regent of flocks was he when the shepherd slept.
2. a. One who is invested with royal authority by,
or on behalf of, another ; esp. one appointed to
administer a kingdom during the minority, absence,
or incapacity of the sovereign.
1425 Rolls o/Parlt. IV. 277/1 [That power be given to] my
Lord ye Regent of France . . to recey ve and take ye said de-
bate into ye Kyngs hand, c 1477 CAXTON Jason 5 b, I ..con-
stytute the[e] Regent and gouernour of my royaume. 1560
DAUS tr. Sleidane'sComm, 101 The Lady Mary, .came into
Flaunders, whom the Emperour made Regent of all the
base countreis. 1593 SHAKS. 2 Hen. VI^ \. i. 66 Cosin of
Yorke, We heere discharge your Grace from being Regent
I'th parts of France. 1610 WILLET Daniel 211 Alexanders
4. captaines were at the first regents under Alexander.
a 1648 LD. HEKLJERT //<?«. VIII (1649) 193 When Madame
Louise the Regent had declared [etc.]. 1759 ROBERTSON
Hist. Scot. vi. Wks. 1813 I. 440 A king, they told him, had
often reason to fear, seldom to love, a regent. 1811 Edin.
Rev. XVIII. 76 It has been said, that the name and office
of Regent are unknown to our Law and Constitution. 1878
SfOBMC0ttf/< Hist, xviii. III. 89 He accepted Henry as
his son-in-law, regent and heir of France,
b. The name given to the municipal authorities
of some continental cities (0bs.)t and to the native
chiefs in Java.
17*4 Lond. Gaz. No. 6291/1 A Vessel which the Regents
of Berne have caused to be built. 1795 THUNBERG Travels
(ed. 2) II. 309 The Regent in the island of Madura is stiled
..a free prince or regent. 1817 RAFFLES Hist. Java\\. I. 79
Governors of provinces, called by the Dutch Regents ^..SL^Q
ranked among the chief nobility of the country.
3. In the Universities :
a. At Oxford and Cambridge, a Master of Arts
ruling or presiding over disputations in the Schools,
a duty originally discharged for one, and afterwards
for five, years after graduation ; hence, in later use,
a Master of not more than five years standing.
Now only Hist.
1431-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) VIII. 213 Thabbot and cha-
nons of Oseney with regentes of the universite. 1494
FABVAN Chron. vn. 330 The regentis and masters of that
vnyuersytie,were lastly compellyd . .to askeof hymforgyue-
nes. 1504 Will of A rcher (Somerset Ho.),Toeuery Regente
et non Regente being at my burying vjd & jd. 1574 M.
STOKVS in Peacock Stat. Cambr. (1841) App. A. p. xi, The
Father.. shall dispute with the old Bachilour, and after hym
two Regents. 1604 TOOKER Fabrique of Church 120 Con-
gregations of the Masters or convocation of Regents, and
not Regents, is a needlesse thing. 1681 Lond. Gaz. No.
1656/2 When their Majesties were come into the Schools,
they found the Regent-walk crouded on both sides with
Regents, non-Regents, and Batchelors of Divinity. 1797
Cambr. Univ. Calendar 147 The Senate is divided into two
bodies or houses, ist. Those who have not been A.M. five
years, and are called Regents. 1841 PEACOCK Stat. Cambr.
1 5 note. The house of regents was composed of those masters
or doctors who were actually regent, or engaged in teaching
or reading lectures in the university, without reference to
standing. 1895 RASHDALL Univ. Mid. Ages App. xxxiii.
II. 791 Probably by an oversight on the part of the framers
of the Act of 1854, the ancient Congregation of Regents [at
Oxford] was left in existence for certain purposes.
b. In the Scottish universities, one of several
instructors forming part of the teaching staff of
a college, who undertook the tuition of a certain
number of students from the time of their entrance
to the end of the course. Now only Hist.
[1414 Acta Facult. Artiutn (St. Andrews) 25 Mar., Quod
determinants admitterentur per decanum Facultatis et
regentes qui habeant considcrare eorum sufficientiam.] 1523
IAS. V Let. in Rep. Univ. Comrn., St. Andrews (1837) 180
i'he Universite of Sanctandrois, the rector, doctouris, re-
gentes,. .makand residence therin. 1563-7 BUCHANAN Re-
form. St. Andros Wks. (S.T.S.) 8 The regent sal writ
thayme in hys rol, and assigne thayme place in hys classe
diuidjt in decuriis. 1641 Sc. Acts Chas. I (1870) V._ 581/2
J>e principal! professoures regentes and remanent matsteres
andmemberesof the same n colledge. 1708 I. CHAMBERLAYNE
St. Gt. Brit. H. in. x. (1710) 469 In Philosophy there are
Four Regents or Professors ; they teach Philosophy and
Greek. Every Regent has his Class, which Classes are di-
vided according to the Years that the Students have been
entred in the University. 1771 SMOLLETT Humph. Cl.
3 Sept. , The students are . . taught in public schools or classes,
each science by its particular professor or regent. 1867
MASSON Edinb. Sk. 40 The four general or circulating pro-
fessors were the essential complement of the Arts Faculty.
They were called ' regents ', by way of distinction,
c. In France, the title usually given to those
who taught the more elementary classes ; an in-
structor in arts or science. (See quot. I7*7~38-)
1611 COTGR.
rator of a for
it. v. 29 It was told him by<
Regents,) that the paine of the eyes was the most hurtful
thing of any to the sight. 17*7-38 CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v.,
Regent is generally restrained to the lower classes, as regent
of rhetoric, regent of logic, &c., those of philosophy are
rather called professors. 1863 DRAPER Intell. Devel. Europe
xviit. (1864) II. 126 In MontpelHer, he was for long one of
the regents of the faculty of medicine. 1875 M. PATTISON
Casaubon 89 The regents in medicine and law had a salary
secured by patent.
d. (7. S. (a) A member of the governing board
of a State University (and of the Smithsonian
Institute, Washington). (6) At Harvard, an officer
having supervision of the students' conduct.
(a) a 1817 T. DWIGHT Trav. New Eng.t etc. (1821) II. 485
This seminary, .is under the superintendence of a Board,
styled the Regents of the Universityof Columbia. 1843-56
BOUVIER Law Diet. (ed. 6) s.v., In New York . . the board who
have the superintendence of all the colleges, academies and
schools, are called the regents of the University of the state
of New York. 1877 (title) A Memorial to the Regents of
the University of the State of Iowa.
(b) 1888 A. P. PEABODY Harvard Reminisc. 199 The
students who were not present at evening prayers were
obliged, .to register their names with the regent.
•f 4. The head master of a school. Obs.
1583 STVBRES Atiat. Abus. ii. (1882) 20 Except one be able
to giue the regent or prouost of the house a peece of mony
..becomes not there, I warrant him. a 1653 IJKOMK AtTi.'
Acad. iv. ii, By your leave, Sir, Are you the Regent of this
Academy? 1718 ADDISON Chr. Relig. v. viii, Origen was
appointed Regent of the Catachetic school in Alexandria.
1796 H. HUNTER tr. St.-Pierres Stud. Nat. (1799) I. 391
Those infamous punishments, which produce a disgraceful
effect, at once, on the morals of both scholars and regents.
5. attrib. a. Regent bird or oriole, an Austra-
lian bird, Sericuhis melinus, named in compliment
to the Prince Regent, afterwards George IV.
1825 FIELD Geog. N. S. Wales App. 503 Regent bird or
Kinghoney.sucker,.SVrrV«/wf chrysocephalus. tS^oCttvier's
Aniiti. Kingd. 189 The Regent Oriole of authors (Sericulns
rtgens, Lesson), the plumage of which is fine silky black.
1847 LEICHHAKDT Jml. v. 161 Mr. Gilbert observed the
female of the Regent-bird.
b. Begent (congregation or) house, the
tipper of the two houses into which the Senate of
Cambridge University was formerly divided ; Re-
gent walk, the former name of certain walks or
alleys in Christ's and Queens' Colleges and at the
Schools, Cambridge.
1895 RASHDALL Univ. Mid. Ages xii. II. 365 note, Even
in the Fifteenth Century Register . . we find that in a
*Regent Congregation the graces are 'pronounced '..by a
Proctor. 1573 G. HARVEY Letter-bk. (Camden) 18, 1 have
not yit bene so courst and galled in our own House as I am
like hereafter to be pincht and nipt in the *Regent Hous.
1641 MILTON Reform, n. Wks. 1851 III. 67 They come
furnish't with no more experience then they learnt, .at the
Colledge audit, or the regent house. 1681 Lond. Gaz. No.
I^s6/3 Then their Majesties went up to the Regent-House,
and by their particular Command, Mr. Montague, .was
Admitted, and Created Doctor of Divinity. 1635 QUARLES
Embl. ii. iv. 77 To follow Natures too affected Fashion,
Or travell in the *Regent walk of Passion. 1681 [see
3 a above]. 1719 in Willis & Clark Cambridge (1886) II.
213 At dinner and supper in Summer they met upon yj
Regent Walk, and there waited tilt they knew what Seniors
would come down. 1886 Ibid. II. 54 The gate-house and
the central alley [at Queens' College], called ' Regent-walk ',
were flagged. Ibid. 215 This doorway was exactly opposite
to the Great Gate, and the walk leading to it from the gate
is * the Regent Walk '.
Regent (rrdgent), a. [a. F. regent (i4th c.)
or L. regent-em^ pres. pple. viregSre to rule.]
1. In special senses (usu. placed after the sb.).
a. Holding the position of a University regent.
Now only Hist.
1387 TREVISA Higden (Rolls) VIII. 213 J?e abbot and be
chanouns of Osenay and maisters regentes [L. ntagistrt
regentes} of Oxenforde. a 1548 HALL Chron.t Hen. VI II
199 The Rector of the Uniuersitie called to counsell all the
Doctors regentes.. to shew their myndes on this question.
1570 FoxEA.fyAL (ed. 2) 1384/1 Angry with the vnmanerly
multitude that would giue no rowme vnto the Doctours,
Bachelers, Maisters, & other graduates and regent masters.
1682 Lond. Gaz. No. 1720/8 First, One of the Esquire
Beadles, then the Regent-M asters, afterwards the Non-
Regents, and Officers. 1895 RASHDALL Univ. Mid. Ages
xii. II. 364 The 'Decree and Statute1 is issued 'by the
authority of the Chancellor and Masters Regent.'
b. Acting as, having the position of, regent of
a country, esp. Queen regent ; t ruling as sovereign.
1555 EDEN Decades 215 The lady Regente moot her vnto
thellrenche kynge. a 1578 LINDESAV (Pitscotiie) Chron.
Scot. (S.T.S.) I. 10 Than schaw }ow him howqueine regent
Reft frome the Duik the authoritie. 1*1645 HOWELL Lett.
i. xviu. (1650) 30 She was made Queen Regent of France
during the Kings Minority. 1690 Lond. Gaz. No. 2533/1
Next the Princes who afe not Regents or Soveraigns, the
Princes Regents, the Heralds. 1705 Lond. Gaz. No. 4161/2
His Imperial Majesty. .intends.. to receive the Homage of
the States of Austria, as being the Regent Arch-Duke.
1717-38 CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v., In France, the queen mother
has the regency of the kingdom, under the title of queen
regent, while the king is a minor. 1765 BLACKSTONE Cptnm.
I. iv. 312 The queen regent, regnant, or sovereign, is she
who holds the crown in her own right. 1841 Q. Rev. LXVII.
316 Though himself a Protestant, he had in early life warmly
defended Mary of Guise, the Queen Regent.
2. Ruling, governing, controlling. Now rare.
1613 M. RIDLEY Magn. Bodies i The great regent Globes
of Saturne, Mars, Jupiter, the Sunne and the Earth. 1680
BAXTER Answ. Stillingfl. 8, I entreat you to tell me more
plainly, which is the constitutive Regent part of a National
Church ? 1763-9 FALCONER Shifwr. ii. 184 The regent helm
her motion still commands. 1844 MRS. BROWNING Drama
of Exile Poems 1850 I. 71 This regent and sublime
Humanity, Though fallen, exceeds you.
Regent (r/'dgent),^. Now rare. [f. REGENT j£.]
1. a. trans. To superintend or teach (a college,
class, etc.), as a regent.
1623 tr. Famine's Theat. Hon. n. xiii. 248 All these Vni-
uersities are Regented by Professors of singular Pietic,
and exquisite Learning. 1713 M. DAVIES Athen. Brit. 1.
Pref. 36 The Colleges.. are regented by the Secular Clergy.
1882 M. PATTISON in Jml. Educ. i Mar. 70 Graduates
engaged in instructing or regenting the boys.
D. intr. To act as a University regent.
1631 in Craufurd Hist. Univ. Edin. (1808) 119 Mr. William
King, (after he had regented in the colledge 23 years),
was called to the ministry at Crammond. 1846 Life J.
Gnthrie 142 He regented in the University of St. Andrews
and there taught as Professor of Philosophy.
2. To control (a person) as a regent.
a 1797 H. WALPOLE Mem. Geo. II (1847) I. 99 Even the
black Princes widow. . was passed over and her son regented
by his Uncles.
Hence Re'genting vbl. sb. and///, a.
a 1693 Urqitharfs Rabelais HI. xviii. 147 The well-payed
Incomes of Regenting Doctors. 1884 Ettin. Rev. Apr. 427
The comparative economy of the plan of regenting.
Be'gental, a. rare—1, [f. REGENT sb. + -AL.]
Of or pertaining to a regent.
1883 BESANT All in Garden Fair i. xiv, If the supper had
been of royal or regental character, he could not have
assumed a more courtly air.
Re'gentess. [-ESS.] A female regent.
i6ix CoTGR.,Re£-e»te, the Regentesse, or Protectresse of a
Kingdome. 1830 W. TAYLOR Hist. Suit: Germ. Poetry
III. 318 A characteristic scene is that. .between the Re-
gentess and Macchiavel. 1877 Tinsleys Mag. XX. 147
Penetrating to the cabinet of the rtgentess.
fBe'gentry. Sc. Obs. [i. REGENT sb. + -BY.]
The office or function of a regent, regency.
1558 Sc. Acts Mary (1814) II. 5°4/2 T° desyre our soue-
rane ladie. .To mak ane commissioun of regentne. .vnto hir
derrest moder. 1579 Reg. Privy Council Scot. III. 244 The
saidis place and charge of regentrie within the said college.
Re'gentship. [f. REGENT sb. + -SHIP.] The
office or position of a regent.
'579 FENTON Guicciard. n. (1599) 93 The gouernement of
a little sonne whom she had left, to which Regentship
aspired. .the Marquise of Saluce. 1593 SHAKS. z Hen. VIt
i. lii. 107 If Yorke haue ill demean d himselfe in France,
Then let him be denay'd the Regent-ship. 1848 Eraser's
Mag. XXXVIII. 338/1 The Liberal ladies of Germany.,
seem to consider this act as his chief recommendation to the
regentship.
Rege'rminate (»-). v. [RE- 5 a.] To ger-
minate again. Hence Rege'rminating///. a.
16*3 COCKERAM, Regerminate^ to spring againe. 1656
BLOUNT Glossogr.t Regerminate^ to burgen again, to spring
anew, to grow a fresh. 1753 SMOLLETT Cnt. Fathom (1784)
joo/i Even amidst the rank productions of vice, they
regerminate to a sort of imperfect vegetation. 1794 T.
TAYLOR Pausanias III. 54 This tree regermmates per-
petually. 1836 GOOD Bk. Nature I. 187 This organ will
regerminate and the whole plant be renewed. 1881 W.
SIEMENS in Nature No. 624. 568 The resulting seeds are
not at any rate devoid of regerminating power.
So Regermiiia tion.
1646 J. GREGORY Notes $ Obs. xxvi. 124 The Jewes
commonly expresse Resurrection by Regermination, or grow-
ing up again like a Plant. 1658 in PHILLIPS. 1731 in
BAILEY vol. II. 1819 G. S. FABER Dispensations (1823) II.
104 He expresses an assured hope, that the time of his reno-
vation or regermination would come. 1849 Frascrs Mag.
XL. 188 The paschal eggs, symbol of vital essence and
regermination, are rolled upon the turf.
tRege-st, sbl Obs. rare-1, [f. REGEST v.
2.] The act of casting back, retort.
1609 T. MORTON Answ. Higgons 24 Being twise contacted
in himselfe, both by the friuolousnesse of his reasons, and
also by the regest of their owne like contradictions.
t Rege'St, sb2 Obs. rare. [ad. late I,, regesta
(pi.) a list, register, f. regerere-. see next, and cf.
F. regeste.} A register.
1670 MILTON Hist. Eng. m. 123 Others of later time have
sought to assert him by old legends and Cathedral! regests.
Ibid. 134 Teudric King of Glamorgan, whom the regest of
Landaff recounts to have bin alwaies victorious in fight.
t Rege'St, v. Obs. [f. L. regest-, ppl. stem of
regerfre, f. re- KE- -t- gertre to bear, carry, etc.]
BEGESTABY.
1. trans. To register.
1510 Churclm. Ace. St. Giles, Rending (ed. Nash) 9 Paidd
to Willm Edmunds for makyng and regeslyng of the last
accompte iij' iiij11. 1555 W. WATREMAN Fartile Facions \.
v. 62 Thei also declare vnto them, the stories of men of olde
tyme, regested in their holy Scripture.
2. To cast back, return, retort.
1614 JACKSON Creed m. v. § 2 Vnto the obiected dreadfull
consequences of their decrees, . .they would regest disobedi-
ence to the Church. 1641 Ansvj. Vind. Sniectymnuiis 102,
I have.. indeed anticipated all those thred-bare objections
which are here againe regested to the weary Reader. 1657
W. MOKICE Coena quasi Kotvij xv. 228, 1 shall regest, that
to what end shall they look on, if they can look for no
fruit or good effect thereby ?
t Kegestary. 06s. rare ~ '. [f. as prec. +
-ART : cf. KEGISTBABY.] =next.
1533 SKELTON Garl. Laurel 522 Lo, hither commyth a
goodly maystres, Occupacyon, Famys regestary.
t Regester. OPS. Also 6 -our. [f. as prec.
+ -ER!^ or var. of REGISTER ji.2] One who
registers ; a registrar.
1555 W. WATREMAN Fardle Facions II. xi. 248 When the
battetle is done, all the armie is presented to the Regestour,
. .that it maye bee knowen who is slain. 1597 Child-
Marritiges 161 The Serchers, sealers £ Regesters of all
Tanned lether . .in the county of the citie of Chester.
Regestery, obs. variant of REGISTEBT.
t Rege'stion. Obs. rare. [See REGEST v. and
-ION.] Retort, reply.
1565 CALFHILL Anfitt. Treat. Crosse (1846) 60 But because
..we are only burdened with the name of Fathers give us
leave sometime to use a Regestion. 1620 T. GRANGER /'/.•.
Logike 125 Our Sauiour Christ answereth to the Pharisees
question by regestion. a 1640 JACKSON Creed x. xxiii. § 5
The manner of the regestion seems to imply, that they had
now begun to be sorry that they had so far believed on him.
tBegesture. Obs. rare—1. [Alteration of
REGISTEB sd., as if f. REOEST v. + -UBE.] Register.
1598 T. BASTAKD Chrestoleros (1880) 61 After the brauer
sorte haue cast them off, Like fashions counting booke, or
regesture.
Regestyr, obs. form of REGISTER.
Beget (rige't), v. rare. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To
obtain again, get back.
1604 DANIEL Civ. Wars VI. Ixxi, And then desire in Gas-
coign to re-get The glory lost . . Advantaged the Duke.
1611 I. DAVIES To Wonhy Persons Wks. (Grosart) II.
52/2 Tovy, although the mother of vs all Regetts thee in
her womb [etc.]. 1654 EARL MONM. tr. Bentivoglio's Warrs
Flanders 161 All the Provinces would revolt ; which
when they should once be lost, they would not be so easily
regotten.
t Bege't. Obs. (Of obscnre origin and meaning.)
13. . E. E. Allit. P. A. 1064 (>e almyjty was her mynyster
mete, pe lombe be saker-fyse ber to reget.
Regge, obs. form of rig, RIDGE sb.
t Be'giail. Obs. [f. L. regi-us royal + -AN.]
An upholder of regal authority ; a royalist.
1655 A. WILSON Jos. / 202 Then they strive to make a
Division of Regians and Republicans. 1655 FULLER Ch.
Hist. u. iii. § 38 This is alleadged and urged by our Regians,
to prove the Kings Paramount Power in Ecclcsiasticis.
41670 HACKET Abp. Williams i. (1692) 39 Art. Wilsfon]..
favours all Republicans, and never speaks well of Regians,
(it is his own distinctions) if be can possibly avoid it.
t Regibbe, v. Obs. -1 [ad. OF. regiber (mod.
F. regimber) ; see note to JIB z/.2] intr. To kick.
a 1225 A tier. K. 138 Al so sone so bet flesh haueb al his wil,
hit regibbeS anon, ase uet keif & idel.
t Be'gible, a. Obs. rare — '. [ad. L. regibilis,
{. regfrc to rule : see -IBLE.] Governable.
j6op HOLLAND Amm. Marcell. xvi. xii. 69 (If occasion
require) the same [boldness] ought to be regible, advised,
and considerate. 1656 in BLOUttT Gfossogr. 1721 in BAILEY.
Hence f Be-gibleness. 1731 BAILEY vol. II.
Begicidal (re'd^isaidal), a. [f. REGICIDE +
-AL.] Pertaining to, characterized by, inclined to,
regicide.
a 1779 WARBURTON Wks. X. 136 (R.I, One might suspect
this regicidal collection to be the spiritual breathings of an
enlightened Methodist. 1813 GRATTAN Parl. De6. n May,
This oath abjured the regicidal power attributed to the
Pope. 1834 DISRAELI Rev. Epick n. xxiv. 127 The regicidal
steel that shall redeem A nation's sorrow with a tyrant's
blood. 1883 GOLUW. SMITH in Ward Eng. Poets II. 381
Marvell, far less compromised and by no means regicidal,
remained in public life.
t Regicidation. nonce-wd. = REGICIDE 2.
1661 K. W. Con/. Charac., To Rdr. (1860) u Tyrannicall
usurpation and murderous regicidation spoiled the markets
of their swelling honour.
Regicide l (re-djisaid). [f. L. rigi-, stem of
rex king + -OIDE i : cf. F. regicide (i6th c.).]
1. One who kills a king, esp. his own king; one
who commits the crime of regicide.
a 1548 HALL Chron., Hen. IV 14 b, Our posterite shal be
reproved as children of Homecides, ye of Regicides &
prince quellers. 1607-15 [see REONICIDE]. 1651 HOBBES
Gavt. f, Sac. xiv. § 20. 229 Of which sort are Traytors, Regi-
cides, and such as take up armes against the City. 1690
DRYDEN Don Sebastian IV. iii, That I miss'd [your life]
Was the propitious errour of my fate, Not of my Soul, my
Soul's a Regicide.
2. spec. a. Eng. Hist. One of those who took
part in the trial and execution of Charles I.
1654 EVELYN Diary 27 Aug., He who publish'd those bold
sermons of., the Jewes crucifying Christ, applied to the
wicked regicides. 1660 /Hit. 1 1 Oct., The Regicides who
sat on the life of our late King, were brought to tryal in the
Old Bailey. 1679 in Somers Tracts I. 51 When there are
VOL. VIII.
369
still so many of the old Regicides not only alive, but in
Vogue and Authority, a 1715 BURNET Own Time u. (1724)
I. 162 The Regicides were at that time odious beyond all
expression. 1818 CRUISE Digest (ed. 2) I, 374 Where by the
statute 12 Cha. II. all the lands, tenements, and heredita-
ments of the regicides were forfeited to the Crown. 1874
GREEN Short Hist. ix. § 2. 605 In the punishment of the
Regicides indeed, a Presbyterian might well be as zealous
as a cavalier.
b. Fr. Hist. One of those Revolutionists con-
cerned in the execution of Louis XVI.
1796 BURKE Regie. Peace i. (1892) 21 The Regicides were
the first to declare war. We are the first to sue for peace.
1809 SVD. SMITH Wks. (1859) I* 161/1 The regicides of
France were poor theatrical imitators. 1848 W. H. KELLY
tr. Le Blanc's Hist. Ten Y. II. 508 The king had granted
a pardon to Meunierwhohad been condemned by the Court
of Peers as a regicide.
3. attrib. passing into adj.
c 1645 HOWELL Lett. i. xviii. (1650) 30 The Regicide villain
was apprehended. 1790 BURKE Fr. Rev. 108 A groupe of
regicide and sacrilegious slaughter. 1796 — Regie. Peace i.
(1892) 25 The Regicide Directory, .charge us with eluding
our declarations. 1804 W. TAYLOR in Ann. Rev. II. 244
The Cordeliers were the regicide portion of the Jacobins.
1839 MARRYAT Phant. Ship viii, The murder of his regicide
ambassador.
Regicide2 (re'd^isaid). [f. as prec. + -CIDE 2.]
The killing or murder of a king.
i6pa WARNER A Ib. Eng. ix. H. 232 That doth Rebellion, Re-
gecide. and breach of Othes allow. 1644 SIR £. DERING Prop.
Sacr. biv, The first Regicide, .was that of the Emperour
Mauritius. 1683 EVELYN Diary 12 Feb., The late Rebells
usurpation and regicide. 1715 POPE Odyss. i. 48 Did fate,
or we, when great Atrides died, Urge the bold traitor to
the regicide? 1796 BURKE Regie. Peace t (1892) 8 The
Repubfick of Regtcide . . has actually conquered the finest
parts of Europe. 1816 SCOTT Antiq. xviii, A crime only
inferior to sacrilege, or regicide. 1884 SYMONDS Shaks.
Predec. xv. 662 Marlowe . .shows Edward smothered, sparing
only one incident of that unnatural regicide.
Re-gicidism. [f. prec. + -ISM.] The prac-
tice or principle of regicide.
1660 R. COKE Justice Vind. Ep. Ded. 10 Sacriledge,
Regicidism and Murder. 1676 Doctrine of Devils 77 Any
Crime, Villany, or Piacle whatever, Murther, . . Regicidism
[etc.]. 1795 W, TAYLOR in Monthly Rev. XVI. 522 The
stimulus required is— Regicidism. 1800 ANNA SEWARD Lett.
(1811) V. 570 Our great and truly religious poet, Milton,
published in defence of regicidism.
Regient, obs. form of REGENT sb.
f Regi'fieal, a. Obs. rare~°. [f. L. regific-us
+ -AL.] * Royal, princely, pompous, sumptuous '
(Blount Glossogr. 1656).
Regifuge (re-dsifmds). Rom. Hist. [ad. L.
regifugium-j f. regi-t rex king + fuga flight.]
The flight or expulsion of the kings from Rome.
L. regifugium occurs only as the name of the festival (on
24 Feb.) commemorative of the expulsion.
1654 VILVAIN I'. pit. Ess. u. xxviii, Tarquins expulsion or
Regi-fuge. a 1727 NEWTON Chronol. Amended i. (1728) 49
The old Records of the Latines were burnt by the Gauls, an
hundred and twenty years after the Regifuge. 1770 SWINTON
in Phil. Trans. LXI. 88 They prevailed at Rome. .till after
the regifuge. 1847 GROTE Greece n. xxxi. IV. 206 At the
epoch of Kleisthenes, which by a remarkable coincidence is
the same as that of the regifuge at Rome.
Regild (r/gHd), z/. [RE- 53.] trans. To
gild again. Alsoj^.
1583 STUBBES Anat. Abus. L To Rdr. (1879) p. xii, With
their swoords, daggers, and rapiers guilte and reguilte.
1841 F. E. FACET S. Antholirfs 3 He neither regilt the
weathercock, nor raised the height of his own pew. 1857
DUFFERIN Lett. High Lat. (ed. 3) 10 Destined to regild his
spurs in future years on the soil of Spain.
II Regime, regime (r^f-m). [F., ad. L. re-
gimen REGIMEN.]
1. « REGIMEN 2.
1776 EARL CARLISLE Let. 13 Sept. in Jesse Selwyn <§•
Contemp. (1844) III. 157 Regime is better than physic,
2. A manner, method, or system of rule or govern-
ment ; a system or institution having widespread
influence or prevalence.
1792 [see b]. 1805 Edin. Rev. VI. 471 The short sentence
about the regime of the Roman provinces affords two
instances of inadvertence. 1833 CHALMERS Const. Man i.
yi. (,1834) I. 250 These first and second principles of natural
justice, whatever violence may have been done to them at
the overthrow of a former regime [etc.]. 1848 MILL Pol.
Econ. in. xvi. § i Under the regime of competition, things
are . . exchanged for each other at such values [etc.]. 1898
BODLEY France^ I. Introd. 32 Under previous parliamentary
regimes this evil was not patent.
b. spec, in phr. the ancient, or oldy regime (tr.
F. Tancien r£gime)> the system of government in
France before the Revolution of 1 789. Also transf.%
the old system or style of things.
179* Gouv. MORRIS in Sparks Lijc * Writ. (1833) II. 195
Some are for absolute monarchy, some for the ancient
regime. 1808 SIR J. MOORE in Jas. Moore Narr. Campaign
(1809) 76 They have acted with all the imbecility of an old
established weak government of the old regime. 18*5
JEFFERSON Autobiog. Wks. 1859 1. 104 The Aristocracy was
cemented by a common principle, of preserving the ancient
regime, or whatever should be nearest to it. 1884 Harper's
Mag. Mar. 554/2 The habits of the last century in respect
to decorum were just receding... The old r^fz'w^was dying.
Regimen (re'd.^imcn). Also 5 Sc. regemen.
[a. L. regimen, f. regfre to rule, direct, etc. Cf.
OF. regimen (i4th c.).]
1. The act of governing ; government, rule.
iRG. HAYKZaw^rwf (S.T.S.) 66 Quhare thare
REGIMENT.
is na hede, regemen na ordinaunce, tharc resoun naturale
failis. 1535 STEWART Cron. Scot. I. 52 Baith sword and
sceptour, regimen and croun. 1647 CLARENDON Hist. Reb.
n. § 128 The General Mmself,and the Martial affairs, were
subject to this Regimen and Discipline as well as the Civil,
1678 CUDWORTH Intell. Syst. i. iv. 491 Others commonly
assign him the Regimen of Separate Souls after Death.
1765 BLACKSTONE Comm. I. 25 In the inns of court all sorts
of regimen and academical superintendance . . are found im-
practicable. 1837 H ALLAH Const. Hist. I. i. 2 The forms
and principles of political regimen in these different nations
became more divergent from each other. 1875 TENNYSON
Q. Mary HI. i, Sir, no woman's regimen Can save us.
b. A particular form or kind of government;
a regime ; a prevailing system.
a 1734 NORTH Lives (1826) III. 362 Gentlemen's sons in
the college, under the influence of such a regimen, will be ex-
posed to the mischiefs of idleness, expense, and debauchery.
i79» A. YOUNG Trav. France^ 525 Under the regimen of
land-taxes, all foreigners residing in a kingdom absolutely
escape taxation. 1837 H ALLAH Hist. Lit. \. vii. § 45 Nothing
is so apt to follow as sedition from a popular regimen. 1860
MILL Repr. Govt. (1865) 19/1 What sort of human beings
can be formed under such a regimen ?
t O. The aggregate of those under some govern-
ment ; a class or kind. Obs. rare.
[1660 STANLEY Hist. Philos. ix. (1701) 347/2 The Soul of
Pythagoras, being of the Regimine of Apollo, (whether as a
Follower, or some other way more near to him).] 1709
STEELE Tatler No. 68 r 2, 1 have also a long List of Persons
of Condition, who are certainly of the same Regimen with
these Banditti.
2. Med. The regulation of such matters as have
an influence on the preservation or restoration of
health ; a particular course of diet, exercise, or
mode of living, prescribed or adopted for this end ;
*|* a course of treatment employed for the cure of
a wound. Cf. REGIMENT 5.
c i^oo Lanfranc's Cirurg. 60 In anober maner regimen
Vndirstonde |?at be man..schal not be lete blood in be
bigynnynge [etc.]. Ibid. 289 J>ou schalt kepe him wi|> good
regimen, & he schal vse no metis ne drinkis |>at engendrith
scharp blood & greet. 1646 G. DANIEL Wks. (Grosart) I.
41 Things .. Very behoofull to the Regimen Of health.
1691 tr. Blancard's Phys. Diet. (ed. 2), Regimen, a Word
us d in Physick, about ordering Diet, and the like. 1707
FLOYER Physic. Pulse-Watch 197 If thereby the Pulse be
alter'd to more frequency, we use a cool Regimen. 1764
REID Inquiry i. § 3 Would he not hope for his cure from
physic and good regimen? 1830 SCOTT Demonol. i. 19 His
physician received a grateful letter from him acknowledging
the success of his regimen. 1899 A llbutt V Syst. Med. VI.
425 A strict regimen, .being at the same time observed.
b. transf. and^^.
1751 JOHNSON Rambler No. 89 F 7 Active employment, .is
fenerally a necessary part of this intellectual regimen. 1777
HERIDAN Sch. Scand. m. iii, There's Sir Harry diets him-
self for gaming, and is now under a hazard regimen. 1862
BURTON Bk. Hunter 97 ' A course of reading ' as it is some-
times called, is a course of regimen for dwarfing the mind.
3. Gram. The government of one word by
another ; the relation which one word in a sentence
has to another depending on it.
1600 HOLLAND Livy 2nd Index s.v. H~S.\Q\\ must in this
manner of speech understand millta for the regimen of the
Genitive case. 1668 WILKINS Real Char. iv. 448 The Regi-
men of words doth concern their government of others.
1751 HARRIS Hermes Wks. (1841) 103 Hence.. arises the
grammatical regimen of the verb by its nominative, and of
the accusative by its verb. 1824 L. MURRAY Eng. Gram.
(ed. 5) 1 . 328 The following sentences, which give the passive
voice the regimen of an active verb, are very irregular.
1872 F. HALL False Philol. 84 The grammariaiis posit the
absence of regimen as one of the differential features of a
conjunction.
f4. Alck. (Seequot.) Obs. rare-0.
1717-38 CHAMBERS Cycl.. Regimen^ in chymistry and
alcnymy, is the method of ordering and conducting any
thing, that it may answer it's intention. Thus, regimen of
fire, is the manner of making and ordering fire, and the
degrees thereof. [From Diet, de Trevoux s.v. Rfginie.}
Hence Beg-i menai a. = REGIMINAL.
1866 FLINT Princ. Med. (1880) 215 The correctness of this
view of the regimenal management of the disease. 1874
BUCKNILL & TUKE Man. Psych. Med. (ed. 3) 687 The treat-
ment is medicinal and regimenal.
•f* Regimence. Obs. rare. [Alteration of next,
after sbs. in -ENCE.] = REGIMENT i.
£•1470 HARDING Chron. Proem v, Vnto your sapience
I wyll remember a notabily_tee Of your eiders rule and
regymence. Ibid, xcviu. xiii, Full greate intelligence Of
all good rule and noble regimence.
Regiment (re'dgiment), sb. Also 5-6 rege-
ment. [ad. late L. regimentum, f. as prec. : see
-MENT, and cf. F. regiment (1314).]
1. Rule or government over a person, people, or
country ; esp. royal or magisterial authority. Now
rare (very common c 1550-1680).
1390 GOWER Conf. III. 233 Pite is the foundement Of every
kinges regiment, If it be medled with justice, a 150* Charter
London cxi. in Arnolde Chron. (1811) 43 Hens forth y« he
be vnder the regement and gouernaunce of the Mayr and
Aldinnen. c 1557 ABP. PARKER Ps. xcii, But thou..as Lord
and president For ever standst unmoveable and wyse in
regiment 1576 FLEMING Panopl. Epist. 33 What place is
there in all the world, not subiect to the regiment and
power of this citie ? a 1617 BAVNE On Eph. (1658) 153 The
King hath a more intimate.. regiment over his Queen than
over any other subject. 1698 (R. FERGUSON] View Eccles.
100 Without which there could be no Superiority, nor
Subordination and consequently no Regiment in the World.
1826 K. IRVING Babylon II. vn. 177 He tried, by all human
wisdom, to gain security and steadfastness to his regiment.
47
REGIMENT.
370
REGIMENTED.
1832 AUSTIN Jurispr. vi. (1879) I. 261 The powers of eccle.
siasfical regiment which none but the church should wield.
fb. Manner, method, or system of ruling or
governing ; a form of polity, a regime. Obs.
1474 in Tighe & Davies Windsor (1858) I. 400 The Statutes
for the Order and Regiment to be hadde, used, and con-
tynued in the Corporation. 1535 COVERDALE Bible Ded.
F 6 In all godly regiraentes of olde tyrae the kynge and
temporal! iudge was obeyed of euery man. 1576 FLEMING
Panopl. Epist. 197 You account tyrannicall regiment, an
execrable regiment. 1605 BACON Adv. Learn, n. ii. § 13
History Civil!, in respect of the Habitations, Regiments,
and Manners of the people, a 1676 HALE Prim. Orig.
Man, (1677) 6 The knowledge of History, of Humane Laws,
. .of Political and Oeconomtcal regiments.
2. fa. The office or function of a ruler. Obs.
(Common r 1550-1610, chiefly with verbs of receiv-
ing, accepting, etc., and their opposites.)
1390 GOWER Conf. I. 218 Whan this king was passed thus,
This false tunged Perseus The regiment hath underfonge.
1494 FADVAN Ckron. vi. clviii. 147 He obteynyd the regy-
mcnt and gouernaunce of the abouesayde Kynge. a 1572
KNOX Hist. Ref. Wks. 1846 I. 4^31 Ane man..maist un-
worthy of ony regiment in ane well! rewlit commun-wealth.
1591 Trouo. Raigne K. John 11. (1611) 86 To seeke a meane
lo dispossesse lobn of his regiment. 1596 SPENSER F. O.
u. x. 30 When he had resignd his regiment. 1630 B.
JONSON New Inn \\. ii, A rare stateswoman 1 I admire her
bearing In her new regiment.
f b. The time or period during which one rules ;
a reign. Obs.
1566 CECIL in Strype Ann. Ref. (1700) I. xlvii. 481 Other-
wise her Regiment will prove very troublesome and unquiet.
1582 Reg. Privy CouncilScot. III. 473 LaitUe, in the regi-
ment of umquhile James, sumtyme Krll of Mortoun. 1609
HOLLAND Amm. Marcell. 203 During his regiment there
was hardly any man.. could have remedie were it never so
just and reasonable. 1630 PRYNNE /I »//•>{ rwi». 85 During
all the time of his exite for Religion in Queene Maries
bloody Regiment.
t 3. Government or control over oneself, one's
feelings or actions. Obs.
c 14x2 HOCCLEVE De Reg. Princ. 2052 Of Gyles of regy-
ment Of princes, plotmel thynke I to translate. 1483
CAXTON Cato 2 b, This is a singuler book and may well be
callyd the regyment or gouernaunce of the body and sowle.
1605 BACON Adv. Learn, u. xxi. § 6 For it concerneth the
Regiment & gouernment of euery man, over himself, & not
ouer others. 1679 PENN Addr. Prot. u. 219 Speculations
that have no influence upon holy Living, or tendency to the
Regiment of our Passions.
tb. Control or influence exercised by one thing
over another, or over a person. Obs.
1390 GOWER Conf. III. 115 Whom this planete under-
fongeth To stonde upon his regiment, He schal be meke
and pacient. 1528 PAYNELL Saleme's Regim. Ciij, The
membres or places of mans body, in wbiche is the regiment,
that is, the digestion of raeates and humours. 1591 SYL-
VESTER Du Bartas i. ii. 95 Not, that at all times, one
same Element In one same Body hath the Regiment. 1635
SWAN Spec. M. (1670) 179 Sith this lunar regiment is
pertinent to most seas. 1674 GREW Nat. Mixture ii. § 6
Yet doth not this vast Diversity take away the Regiment
and Subordination of Principles.
fc. Gram. — REGIMEN 3. Obs. rare"1.
1591 PERCIVALL S£. Diet. E tv. Regiment is, when any
part of speech requireth or gouerneth in construction, any
case or moode to be set before him or after him.
t 4. The ruling or governing of a person, people
or place. Obs.
a 1529 SKELTON Sp. Parrot 431 For o ower regente the
regimen te he hathe. 1555 EDEN Decades 22 Leauinge the
hole regiment of the Hand with his brother the Lieue-
tenaunte. 1610 J. DOVE Advt. Seminaries 49 Saints de-
parted have the regiment of whole Provinces. 1652 NEED-
HAM tr. Seven's Mare Cl. Auth. Pref., The consent of men
and gods.. would have the regiment of Sea and Land bee
in thy power. 1702 C. MATHER Magn. Chr. iv. vii. (1852)
136 Could we see the unseen regiment of the world.. what
an awe would it strike us with !
fb. The management, guidance, or control of
a thing or affair. Obs. rare. Cf. REGIMEN 4.
1477 NORTON Ord. Alch. vi. in Ashm. (1652) 101 Now
lerne the Regiment of your Fiers. 1651 N. BACON Disc.
Go-vt. Eng. ii. v. (1739) 26 The greatest Lords thought the
Regiment of Sea-affairs worthy of the best of their Rank.
1741 BETTERTON Eng. Stage vi. 82 We shall proceed to the
Regiment and proper Motions of the Head.
1 5. Med. Rule of diet or mode of living. = REGI-
MEN 2. Obs. (Common in phr. Regiment of health.}
1525 LD. BERNERS tr. Froiss. II. clxxxix. [clxxxv.] 577 If
they had ordred hym in his youthe, and so contynued by a
reasonable regement,. .this syckenesse had nat fallen to
hym nowe. 1582 HESTER Seer. Pkiorav. i. xxiii. 26 Let
them keepe a good regemente of life. 1612 WOODALL Surg.
Mate Wks. (1653) 87 The particular Regiment is in remedies
which conserve and strengthen [etc.]. 1669 Pref. Digby's
Closet Opened^ According to that old Saw in the Regiment
of Health, Incipe cum, Liquido^ etc. 1768 FOOTE Devil on
2 Sticks HI. (1778) 46 What signifies a palliative regiment,
with such a rotten constitution.
1 6. A rule, regulation, ordinance. Obs.
1546 BALE Eng. Votaries i. (1560) 13 b, After he had fur-
nished it with new regiments and lawes. a 1548 HALL
Chron.t Rick. Ill 42 The metrician coulde not ooseruynge
the regimentes of metre ende the seconde verse in Bore.
a 1617 BAYNE On Coloss. (1634) 349 The worke is double,
internall or externall : regiments, or direction,
t b. Naut. (See quots.) Obs.
1574 BOURNE Regiment for Sea Pref. (1577) A iij b, A Table
of Declination calculated for fowre yeres, ..which the See-
men doo call a Regiment. 1594 J. DAVIS Seaman's Seer.
(1607) 18 You must also by your Regiment or other tables,
search to know the declination of that body which you
obserue.
1 7. A place or country under a particular rule ;
a kingdom, province, domain, district. Obs.
1390 GOWER Conf, III. 127 The ferste regiment Toward
the part of Orient . . Governed is of Signes thre. 1590
SPENSER /*'. Q. u. ix. 59 An auncient booke..That of this
lands first conquest did devize, And old division into Regi-
ments. 1601 HOLLAND Pliny I. 113 So much for the prin-
cipall nations of this countrey. As for the States, Tetrarchies,
and regiments, there be in all 195. 1635 PAGITT Christianogr.
ii. vi. (1636) 39 That Councell divided the Regiment of the
Church into foure Patriarcli.it! Sees. 1661 in Huccleuch
MSS. (Hist MSS. Comm.) I. 540 A company of foot raised
or to be raised in Long-acre or thereabouts in the Regiment
of Westminster and the Liberty thereof.
transf. 1602 L. LLOYD Confer. Lawes i The elements are
commaunded to staie within their owne regiments, without
trespassing one of another. 1623 WEBSTER Duchess Malfi
Ded., Men who never saw the sea, yet desire to behold that
regiment of waters. 1625 JACKSON Creed v. iii. 14 Specula-
te notions are seated in the head or vtmost confines of
the soules regiment.
8. Mil. A considerable body of troops, more or
less permanently organized under the command of
a superior officer, and forming a definite unit of an
army or military force ; since the 1 7th c. the specific
name of the largest permanent unit of the cavalry,
infantry, and foot-guards of the British Army.
Regiment of the line : (see LINK sb* 21 b).
The precise application of the term in the British Army
was considerably altered by thechanges made in 1881, when
the old numbered infantry regiments (see qupt. 1876) were
converted into battalions of the new Territorial Regiments
finally formed in that year.
1579 DIGGES Stratioticos in. vii. 96 If his Regiment
amount to the number of a 11 ue or sixe thousand e [etc.].
1590 SIR J. SMYTH Disc. Weapons 6 It was verie meete
and conuenient that all that whole regiment should bee
reduced into bands of 150. soldiers to an Ensignc. 1598
BARRET Tkeor. Warres Gloss. 252 Regiment ^ a Dutch word,
Is a number of sundry companies vnder the charge of a
Colonell. 1603 KNOLLES Hist. Turks (1621) 67 To that
purpose was every mans regiment appointed what place to
assaile. 1630 R. Johnsons Kingd. fy Commiv. 147 These
companies, .are now againe of late yeares dissolved, and in
their place the Regiments now entertained, are five in
number. 1665 MANLEV Grotius' Low C. Warres 834 The
hope of the Venetian Warr being deferred, .. the Spanish
Regiments came thence into the Netherlands. 1710 STEELE
Tatler No. roo P 4 As idle People use to gather about a
Regiment, that are exercising their Arms. 1775 SHERIDAN
Rivals i. ii, He is at present with his regiment. 1853
STOCQUELER Milit. Encycl. 230/1 The ordinary strength
of a regiment of infantry of a single battalion is 750. 2876
VOVLE & STEVENSON Milit. Diet. 51/1 The 109 regiments
of the line include 12 Highland regiments, and the first
twenty-five have a battalions each. 1881 (title) Report of
Committee on the Formation of Territorial Regiments as
proposed by Colonel Stanley's Committee.
b. transf. and fig. in various contexts ; esp.
a large array or number (of anything).
1605 SYLVESTER Du Bartas u. i. in. Furies 484 The fell
fourth Regiment, is outward Tumours, c 1645 Ho WELL
Lett. (1650) II. 37, I find as high examples of vertue in
women as in men : I could produce heer a whole regiment
of them. 1723 DE FOE Col. Jack (1840) 27 You look as if
you belonged to the ragged regiment. 1768-74 TUCKER
Lt. Nat. (1834) I. 236 If they find you invulnerable in front,
they will detach a regiment of secret motives to take you in
rear. 1849 MRS. CARLYLE Lett, II. 84 A cat.. to eat the
regiments of mice, 1860 All Year Round No. 70. 475
Regiments of old vellum-bound books.
t C. A number of individuals formed into a body
or group ; a class or kind. Obs.
1610 HEALEY St. A ug. Citie ofGoiix. ix. Comm. 354 Proclus
diuides the diuels into fiue regiments rather then fuie kinds,
distinguishing them by their functions. 1634 W. WOOD
New Eng, Prosp. (1865) 30 Although an Eagle be counted
King of that feathered regiment, yet is there a certaine
blacfce Hawke that beats him. 1656 EARL MONM. tr. Bocca-
linis Advts.fr. Parnass. i. xlviL (1674) 63 (He] was forced
to send.. for a new Regiment of Dogs, to bring his Sheep
to better obedience.
1 9. //. Regimentals. Obs. rare ~\
1759 H. WALPOLE Lett.t to G. Montagu 19 July (1846) III.
464 The regiments, too, are very becoming, scarlet faced
with black, puff waistcoats, and gold buttons.
10. attrib* and Comb.t as (sense 8) regiment
commander , piece, sword.
1684 J. PETER Siege Vienna 109 Regiment Pieces of Prince
Rupert's Invention. 17*2 DE FOE Col. Jack (1840) 115
They stood upon their defence having the regiment swords
on. 1886 Pall MallG. 8 Oct. a/x An appeal to Russia to
send us.. brigade and regiment commanders.
Regiment ( re-dement), v. [f. prec.]
L trans. Mil. To form into a regiment or regi-
ments. (^Chiefly in passive.) Also transf.
1617 COLLINS De/. Bp. Ely 546 Diuers kinds of fishes are
ranked and regimented vnder the conduct of some one fish.
1689 G. WALKER Siege Derry 41 Of 7500 Men Regimented
we had now alive but about 4300. 1748 Ansoris Voy. IL vi.
196 There were two hundred horse. ., properly trained and
regimented, a 1797 H. WALPOLE Mem. Geo. Ill (1845) I.
x. 144 Apian for regimenting twenty-five thousand papists in
Ireland for the same service. 1837 SCOTT Napoleon Ixxiv.
Wks. 1870 XV. 79 A great part of the inhabitants were
regimented and embodied. 1898 i<)tk Cent. Feb. 223 The
rebel force, regimented and armed throughout the country,
was estimated at close upon three hundred thousand men.
refl. 1788 Hist, in Ann. Reg. 200* The peasants arming
anoT regimenting themselves in considerable numbers.
absol. 1845 CARLYLE Cromwell (1871) I. 177 The new
General is full of business, regimenting, discharging, en-
listing.
b. To form (persons, now esp. workers) into
a definitely organized body or group.
17x8 Frte'tkinker No. 50 (1733) 239 He lives in a de-
generate Age, and in a Nation regimented into Factions.
1731 FIELDING Letter^writers in. vii, Why, the rogues are
incorporated, they are regimented. 1847 GROTE Greece ii.
xxxi. IV. 175 They continued to be a separate fraternity,
and would not submit to be regimented anew under an
altered category and denomination. 1878 Eraser's Mag.
XVIII. 194 They must be 'regimented' under captains of
industry who will compel them to their task.
O. To bring or put (things) into some definite
order or system ; to organize, systematize.
1698 [R. FERGUSON] View Eccles. Pref., Yet being other-
wise Regimented and Marshal'd into sentences. 1866 CAR-
LYLE in Morning Star 4 Apr. 5/5 Very many things could
be regimented and organised into the mute system of educa-
tion, that Goethe evidently adumbrates there. 1873 A. L.
PERRY Elem. Pol. Econ. (ed. 8) 535 The . . folly of law-makers,
who. .have struggled to regiment all industry.
2. To assign to a regiment or group.
1774 KAMES Sketches u. ix. (1807) II. 261 In Switzerland
..every male who can bear arms is regimented, and sub-
jected to military discipline. 1856 FROUDE Hist. Eng.
I. i. 13 Every man was regimented somewhere ;. .ihe re-
strictions both on masters and servants were, .severe. '
Regimental (redsime'ntal), a. and sb. [f.
REGIMENT sb. + -AL.]
A. adj. Of or belonging to, associated with,
a regiment, or with some particular regiment.
1703 Land. Gaz. No. 3843/4 He is 5 foot 9 inches, in his
Regimental Clothes. 1753 CHAMBERS Cyel. •£»//., Aj>f>.
s.v. Ho$pital% RegimentaThospitals are of the greatest im-
portance. 1776 J. ADAMS Wks. (1854) IX. 406 It is right, I
believe, to make the rule of promotion among captains and
subalterns regimental only. 18*9 Regul. ,y Ord. Army
(1844) 10 The Regimental, or Second, Standard, or Guidon,
is to be of the Colour of the Facing of the Regiment. 1880
GEN. ADYE in loM Cent. April 703 With only seven officers
in a regiment, a system of pure regimental rise by single
battalions cannot well be applied.
fig- *845 }> SAUNDERS Pict. Eng. Life 8 Chaucer had not
much relish for the regimental school of rhythm. 1848
CLOUCH Amours de I'oy. i. no With metallic beliefs and
regimental devotions.
B. sb. 1. //. The dress proper to or character-
istic of any particular regiment ; military uniform.
1741 Land. Mag. 610 The Gold Lace on their Regimentals.
1766 GOLDSM. Pic. IV. xxxi, He . . entered, handsomely
dressed in his regimentals. 1811 BYRON Ch. Har. \\. Notes
159 Regimentals are the best travelling dress. 1863 Sat.
Rev. 19 Sept. 375 When he. .was no nearer Empire than a
tame eagle and some sham regimentals could carry him.
fig' 1749 FIELDING Tom Jones vi. ix, The pale livery of
death succeeds the red regimentals in which love had before
drest her cheeks. 183* LYTTON Eugene A. ix, Miss Nelly
blushes when he speaks, scarlet is love's regimentals.
b. transf. Prison clothes.
1838 DICKENS O. Twist xviii, Stating that his 'time' was
only out an hour before ; and that . . having worn the
regimentals for six weeks past [etc.].
t2.
a 179
would nave made a sweet figure in a regimental. 1795
ANDERSON Brit. Emb. China j The regimental consisting
of a very coarse blue jacket, with a vest and breeches of the
same colour.
Hence Regime ntalism ; Be gimenta-lity ;
Begime-ntaUed ///. a.
1768-74 TUCKER Lt. Nat. (1834) II. 190 Gypsiety and
regimental! ty can never be turned into one another. 1789
Poetry in Ann. Reg. 156 Theregimental'dand the trowser'd
trains, a 1896 LADY BURTON in Wilkins Rom. Lady Burton
(1897) I. x. 364 Peppering their conversation with an occa-
sional Hindustani word,, .and plentiful regimentalisms.
Regimentally (red^ime-ntali), adv. [-LY 2.]
1. According to regiment; by regiments.
1713 Lend. Gaz. No. 5086/5 The rest of the Out-Pen-
sioners are to appear at the said Hospital Regimentally on
such Days as will be advertised. 1799 Instr. $ Keg.
Cavalry (1813) 278 The trumpet flourish, in drawing swords,
is used regimen tally on their own ground. 1834 NAPIER
Penins. War xv. ii. (Rtldg.) II. 300 All things requisite for
the subsistence . . of troops should be organised regimentally.
1885 Manck. Exam. 14 Apr. 4/7 The Government intended
to call out the reserves regimentally.
2. In point of regimental rank.
1864 Realm 18 May 6 The close of the occupation of
France found him still only, regimentally, a major in the 43rd.
Regimentary (redgime'ntari), sb. and a. [f.
REGIMENT sb. + -ABY * : cf. mod.F. rtgimentaire]
fA. sb. The title of a Polish military officer. Obs.
1733 BUDGELL Bee IV. 295 The Regimentary of the Crown
wiU enter into Saxony with an Army of 60,000 Men. 1774
Ann. Reg. 18 The regimentary Krazewski, who commanded
in Great Poland, opposed these encroachments.
B. adj. Regimental.
1869 Daily News 30 Mar., I followed in the wake of a
regimentary fragment through the streets to the Priory
station. 1901 N. Amer. /?«'. Feb. 216 With an implacable
regularity, with a regimentary rigidity.
Re giineiita tioii. [f. REGIMENT v. + -ATION.]
The action or process of regimenting or organizing.
(Common in recent use, esp. with ref. to workers
or industries.)
1882 SPENCER PHnc. Social, v. xviii. § 553 The process of
militant organization is a process of regimentation, which..
affects the whole community. 1890 BOOTH Darkest Eng.
35 The regimentation of industrial workers who have not
got regular work is not so very difficult.
Regimented (re-dsimented), ///. a. [f. REGI-
MENT v. + -ED 2.] Formed into regiments or
organized groups.
1702 DE YovMocti Mourners 14 ARegimented Few we had
REGIMINAL.
indeed, Who serv'd for neither Pride nor Fame, but Bread.
I78z COWPER Truth 422 His books well trimmtd . . Like regi-
mented coxcombs rank and file. 1829 SouTHliY Sir T. More
II. 327 They became objects of jealousy to the whole regi-
mented forces of the Romish Church. 1849 GROTE Greece
11. liv. (1862) IV. 529 The superiority of disciplined and
)< ^imented force over disorderly numbers.
Regiminal (r/Uji'minal), a. Med. [f. REGI-
MEN, on L. types, as criminal: cf. REGIMENAL.]
Of or pertaining to, of the nature of, regimen.
1832 J. THOMSON Life_ Cnllen I. 17^9 To employ. .all the
means, medicinal, dietetic, and regiminal, which may assist
in restoring the diseased economy. 1867 W. Fox l)yspepsia
iv. 101 Treatment, .may be conveniently divided into regi-
minal and dietetic, and medicinal.
Reginal (rftlgai-nal), a. [ad. med.L. regt-
nal-is, f. rigina queen + -AL ; cf. obs. F. reginal
(Godef.).] a. Of or pertaining to a queen ; queenly,
queenlike. b. Taking the side of the queen.
1568 in Hay Fleming Mary Q. of Scots (1897) 512 To gif
over our authentic and powar regmall. 1824 MOORE Mem.
(1853) IV. 261 Dined at Denman's, thepartya most Reginal
one;. .Talked of the Regency Question. 1845 CAMPBELL
Cluincellors (1857) II. xxxviii. 150 It raised the question
whether, by a disparaging alliance, the reginal precedence
was not lost. 1898 BESANT Changeling xvii, With reginal
gesture, tall and commanding,
t Regi-ne. Obs.-1 [ad. L. regina.] Queen.
Evidently used only for the sake of rhyme.
1500-20 DUNBAR Poems Ixxxv. 6 Haile, sterne superne 1
Haile, in eterne,. . Angelicall regyne !
t Regi-nist. Obs.-1 [f. L. regina + -1ST ; cf.
QUEENIST.] A partisan of a queen.
1646 BUCK Rich. Ill, i. 12 Those of the blood Royall (with
whom the ancient Barons sided) and the Reginists.
Region (rf-dgan). Also 4-5 -youn(e, 5
-yowne, 4-6 -ioun(e, -yon, etc. [a. AF. regiun
(mod.F. rtgioti), ad. L. region-em direction, line,
boundary, quarter, district, etc., f. reglre to direct.
The earliest English nses show association with
regfre in the sense of ' to rale '.]
1. fa. A realm or kingdom. Obs. b. A large
tract of land ; a country ; a more or less defined
portion of the earth's surface, now esp. as dis-
tinguished by certain natural features, climatic
conditions, a special fauna or flora, or the like.
Wyclif, Tindale, and the Genevan version (1557) have
regions in place of fields in John iv. 35; after regiones of the
Vulgate. Similarly tree of the region in Wyclif, Jer. xii. 20.
<: 1330 R. BRUNNE Chron. (1810) 282 Merlyn..of him has
said, pat bre regions, in his bandons, salle be laid. £1385
CHAUCER L. G. W. 1445 Hypsipyle, If.. That thou this
famous tresor mightest wmne, And bryngyn it myn regioun
with-mne. 1432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) I. 59 The grete see is
namede in diuerse maners for diuerse regiones, yles, cites,
and peple that hit compassethe. 1485 CAXTON Chas. Gt. i.
12 There was a kyng. .which, whan he departed fro Troye
came in to the regyon of fraunce. «Z533 LD. BERNERS
Huon Ixxxii. 253 In what place of your regyon thynke you
that ye ought too iuge of the peeres of Fraunce ? 1542
UDALL Erasm. Apoph. u. 188 Whiche Lybia is a region or
coste of the countree of Afrike, boundyng vpon Aegypte.
1607 SKAKS. Cor. iv. vi. icz All the Regions Do smilingly
Reuolt, and who resists Are mock'd for valiant Ignorance.
z625 N. CARPENTER Geog. Del. n. i. (1635) 5 Nauigatours
haue discouered few or no Regions wanting inhabitants.
i6?z MILTON P. R. iv. 67 Embassies from Regions far re-
mote In various habits on the Appian road. 1726-46 THOM-
SON Winter 414 Amongst those hilly regions, where embrac'd
In peaceful vales the happy Orisons dwell ! z8z4 SCOTT
Ld. of Isles ill. xvii, But late you said No steps these desert
regions tread ! z8s;r SCLATER in Jrnl. Proc. Linn. Sac.,
7.ool. (1858) II. 143 South America is the most peculiar of
all the primary regions in the globe as to its ornithology.
z87p YEATS Nat. Hist. Comm. z The inhabitants of any one
region may, by exchange, become possessed of the abund-
ance and variety of all other regions.
c. Without article : Land, territory, rare — '.
1697 DSYDEN firg. Georg. iv. 415 That length of Region,
and large Tract of Ground.
d. An area, space, or place, of more or less
definite extent or character.
Z726 LEONI Alberlfs Archit. I. 2/1 The Region, .shall be
the whole large open Place in which we are to build, and of
which the Seat or Platform shall be only a Part z8j»8
DICKENS Nich. Nick, xvi, Within the precincts of the ancient
city of Westminster, is a narrow and dirty region. 1871
MRS. EDWARDS Ought me to visit her'. III. viii. 131 The
ginger-beer stalls and Aunt Sallies of the back regions.
t 2. The rule or government of a kingdom. Obs.
c 1400 AfeL, Loll. 86 pey reyse not a king to regioun, bey
schal not jeue reyn to men. c i+jo HARDING Chron. CLXXVI.
tx, He prayed the lordes at parlyement His sonne to admytle
into the regyon, Syth he vnable was to the regyment.
o. A separate part or division of the world or
universe, as the air, heaven, etc.
1340 Ayenb. 268 t>e zuete srael ine hare regyon [jc. heaven]
zuo zuete ys bet afle manyre zuete smelles ouercomb. c 1384
CHAUCER //. flown. 42 1 For in this Region [the air] cerleyn
Duelleth many a Citezeyn. c 1477 CAXTON Jason 73 Bulles
>f fyre so grete that they enflamed alle the regyon of the
ayer. 159, SHAKS. , //,„. , y, v. ii;. , , Ye Famf,|ar s irit
;at are cull d Out of the powerful! Regions vnder earth!
— Ham. n. n. 509 Anon the dreadfull Thunder Doth
w',1. T ,ReB'on-, I667 MILTOH P. L. III. 349 Heav'n rung
Vith Jubilee, and loud Hosannas fill'd Th1 eternal Regions.
Z7J6-46 IHOMSON Winter 116 In what far-distant region of
ne sky, Hush d in deep silence, sleep ye when 'tis calm 1
1820 SHELLEY Liberty x, As light may pierce the clouds
»£"/• \ dlssever In the calm regions of the orient day 1
6 O. MACDONALD Ann. Q. Neighb. xxix. (1878) 497 We
know nothing of the region beyond the grave !
b. Jig. A place, state or condition, having a cer-
371
tain character or subject to certain influences ; the
sphere or realm of something.
1516 TINDALE Matt. iv. 16 To them which sate in the
region and shadowe of deeth. 1548-9 (Mar.) Bk. Com.
Prayer, Burial of Dead, That he escaping the..paynes of
etcrnall derkenes May euer dwel in the region of lighte.
1601 DANIEL To C'tess Cmnbld. ii, With how free an eye
doth he looke downe Vpon these lower regions of turmoyle.
1667 MILTON P. L. i. 65 Darkness visible Serv'd only
to discover sights of woe, Regions of sorrow. 1751 JOHNSON
Rambler No. 83 p 2 Barbarians, by whom every region of
science is equally laid waste. 1843 MIALL Nonconf. III. i
We have passed beyond the region of early perils. 1875
JOWETT Plato (ed. 2) IV. 234 He has followed philosophy
into the region of mythology.
4. a. One of the successive portions into which
the air or atmosphere is theoretically divided
according to height (see quot. 1704). Also simi-
larly of the sea according to depth.
1563 W. FULKE Meteors (1640) 7 Some part of it being
caryed up into the highest Region, by the fiery heat is set
on fire. Ibid, u Generated in the highest region of the
ayre. 1626 BACON Sylva § 8z Raines [are condensed] by
the Cold of that, which they call the Middle Region of the
Aire. 1671 BOYLE Temp. Submarine Regions iii. 8 To
justifie my ascribing of this Coldnesse to the second, or lower
Region of the Sea, I shall now subjoin some Relations. 1704
J. HARRIS Lex. Techn. I. s.v., Regions of the Air, are dis-
tinguished into Upper, Middle, and Lower. 1843 RUSKIN
Mod. Paint. I. ii. in. ii. § 2. 196, I shall therefore consider
the sky as divided into three regions : the upper region, or
region of the cirrus [etc.]. 1860 TYNDALL Gtac. i. xxvii. 203
The wind was high in the upper regions.
fig- »598 SHAKS. Merry W. HI. u. 74 He is of too high a
Region, he knows too much.
T b. = CLIMATE i. Obs. rare.
1551 RECORDE Cast. Knowl. (1556) 01, I meane by a
Region that whiche the Grekes do call a Climate j. .the
climates may well be accompted 48 betwene the twoo polare
circles.
6. An administrative division of a city or district.
1593 BILSON Govt. Christ's Ch. 282 Every Bishop had his
region or Diocese besides his Citie. a 1600 HOOKER Eccl.
Pol. VII. yiii. § 7 The Roman governor .. gave charge that
Macedonia should be divided into four regions or diocesses.
1781 GIBBON Decl. $ F. xvii. II. 21 He divided Constanti-
nople into fourteen regions or quarters. 1841 W. SPALDING
Italy ,5- //. Isl. I. 319 No new nomenclature seems to have
been introduced, each province being merely called a
Region. . . The following were the Augustan Regions. 1854
CDL. WISEMAN Fabiola (1855) 80 One of the seven regions
into which Pope Cajus. .had divided the city.
6. A part or division of the body or its parts :
a. spec, in Anat. and Med.
1398 TREVISA Earth. De P. R. vii. liii. (Bodl. MS.), Ofte
such a passion and yuel is ycured by bloode letting and by
medicyns..and namelich vppon be regioun of \K. lyuoure.
1579 LANGHAM Card, Health (1633) 133 Applyed to the
region of the milt, it doth soften it. 1626 BACON Sylva § 65
To draw away the Reliques of the Humours, that may haue
descended to the Lower Regions of the Body. 1707 FLOYER
Physic. Pulse-Watch 35° The celiac Branches of the Artery
..send Branches to all the Viscera in the middle Region.
1835-6 TODD Cycl. Anat. I. 2^2 The outline of the anterior
wall or proper abdominal region constitutes an oval. 1881
MIVART Cat 60 The skull is said to be divided into certain
regions.
D. in general use.
1604 SHAKS. Oth. iv. i. Bj The Gybes, and notable Scornes
That dwell in euery Region of his face. 1605 — Lear i. i.
147 Let it fall rather, though the fork invade The region of
my heart. 1839 DE QUINCEY in Tail's Mag. Jan. 9/1 The
REGISTER.
her eyes to swell with the rush of hot tears.
7. A space occupied by a thing.
1664 POWER Exp. I'hilos. i. 35 Oyle (which floated on the
Vmeger in a distinct Region by it self). 1876 TAIT Rec.
Adv. Phys. Sc. xiii. (ed. 2) 334 We indicate on the diagram
the region within which our given quantity of water can
exist partly as vapour and partly as liquid. 1882 MINCHIN
Unipl. Kniemat. 194 Let DEF .. be a contour enclosing
any portion of a moving fluid. We may speak of the whole
of this space as a region.
8. attrib., as region cloud, kite, planting, whisper.
e 1600 SHAKS. Sonn. xxxiii, The region cloude hath mask'd
him from me now. 1601 — Ham. u. ii. 607, I should haue
fatted all the Region Kites With this Slaues Offal, a 1821
KEATS Hyperion i. 349 Ere half this region-whisper had
come down, Hyperion arose. 1832 Planting 44 in Lib.
Usef. Kn.. Hush. Ill, The forest trees to be planted should
be selected according to the above principles. In practice
this may be termed region planting.
Regional (rrd^anal), a. [ad. late L. region-
al-is : see prec. and -AL, and cf. mod.F. regional.]
1. Of or pertaining to, connected with, a particular
region or district.
1654 HAMMOND Answ. Animadv. Ignat. vi. 159 The
Apostles.. planting a Church in a chief Citie, and extending
the Faith to the Region about it,..annext the Regional-
Church to the City-Church. 1675 EVELYN Terra (1729) iz
Especially if . . we could skill to modify also the Air, about
them, and make the Remedy as well regional as topical.
z86x Times 10 July, He asked how he meant to deal with
Tuscany, .. where the regional system was still kept up in
all_ its integrity. 1882 GEIKIE in Nature 7 Dec. 122 It is
evident that an enormous area of regional metamorphism
extends across Scandinavia. 1888 Times 23 June 5/5 The
regional shows held in the different departments of France.
2. Pertaining to a special part of the body.
l86z O. W. HOLMES Med. Ess. Wks. i8oz IX. 224 It is
curious that the Japanese should have anticipated Europe
in a kind of rude regional anatomy. 1899 Allbulfs Syst.
Med. VII. 271 The regional diagnosis of cerebral disease is,
in some instances, comparatively easy.
Hence Be gioually adv.
ARKER in Trans. Linn. Sac. (1882) II. 166 Region-
ally, these walls answer to the orbitosphenoids and alisphe-
noids of the higher Vertebrata.
Regionalism (rf-d^analiz'm). [f. prec. +
-ISM.] Tendency to, or practice of, regional
systems or methods ; localism on a regional basis.
l88z Stanch. Guard. 4 Feb., That unfortunate ' regional-
ism of Italy which has been described by. .recent writers
in the country. 1887 Edin. Rev. Jan. 107 The spirit of
local individualism,— in politics somewhat inharmoniously
dubbed regionalism '.
So Be-gionalist, one inclined to regionalism ;
Eegiouali-stic a.
1898 Contemp. Rev. Sept. 325 As Catalonian Leagues,
Kegionalistic propagandas. . , and Press protests testify. 1900
Daily Express zo July z/7 The regionalists of Catalonia
are preparing a violent campaign against bull-fights.
Kegionary (rf-dsanan), a. and sl>. [ad. late
L. regionari-us (Quicherat and Du Cange) : see
REGION and -ARY 1.]
A. adj. Of or pertaining to a region. Kegionary
bis/top (see quots. 1727-38 and 1869).
1657-83 EVELYN Hist. Relig. (1850) I. 104 They attributed
their successes . . to the topical and regionary deities.
'7»7-3» CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v., A regionary bishop was
roperly a missionary invested with an episcopal character
. councs. 19
MACLEAR Apost. Med. Europe viii. 113 He was consecrated
regionary bishop, without any particular diocese, but with
a general jurisdiction over all whom he might win over.
b. Regionary deacon, etc. (see quots.).
1727-38 CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v., At Rome there were antiently
seven regionary deacons, who presided over a kind of hos-
pitals, and looked to the distribution of alms. There were
also regionary subdeacons, and regionary notaries. z8$4
CDL. WISEMAN Fatiola n. i. 138 Our holy Pope will be there,
with the priests of the titles, the regionary deacons, the
notaries [etc.].
B. sb. An account or description of the regions
of Rome.
z8i8 J. C. HOBHOUSE Hist. Illustr. (ed. 2) 54 Panvinius
dedicated his description of Rome, which he added to the
old regionaries, to the Emperor Ferdinand, in 1558.
Re-gioned,///. a. [f. REGION + ED 2.] Divided
into regions ; placed in a region.
a i8ji KEATS Hyperion \. 119 Space region'd with life-air,
and barren void. i9j* A. DE VERE Legends St. Patrick,
Mount Cruachan 160 His prayer Rose and far spread ; nor
roused alone those Powers Re^ioned with God.
Regio'nic, a. rare, [-ic.] Regional.
i89z Cent. Diet, (citing Buck's Handtk. Med. Set'.}.
tRe'gionS, a. Obs. rare-1, [f. L. rig-, rex
king + -ious.] Taking the side of a king.
~ '. HARRINGTON Grounds Monarchy Wks. (1700) 11.
_*__1--t-T* __ ? ____ T^* . . * . .-' '. '
I would fain ask the Regions Defenders, by what Law they
can maintain Governments to be inherent in one?
Register (re-d^istaj), sb.l Forms: 4-6 re-
gestre, -gistre, 5-6 regester, (5 -tyr), regyster,
(5-tre)>6regesto(u)r,5-register. [a. f.registre,
•\regestre (i2thc.), oimed.i..registrum,regeslrum,
for regestum,hom thelateL.pl. regesta matters re-
corded, a record, list, f. regerere to record, set down,
f. re- RE- +gerfre'to carry (see congest, digest, etc.).
The intrusive r of the F. and med.L. forms is due to the
analogy of other sbs. in F. -istre (for -isle"), L. -istnim.
Some of the senses placed under II have app. arisen by
false association with F. regir, L. reglre, to rule, regulate.]
I. 1. A book or volume in which regular entry
is made of particulars or details of any kind which
are considered of sufficient importance to be exactly
and formally recorded ; a written record or collec-
tion of entries thus formed ; f a list, catalogue.
1377 LANGL. P. PI. B. xx. 269, I wolde witterly bat ;e
were in be registre, And jowre noumbre vnder notaries
sygne. ?<zz4oo Morte Arth. 113 Thy fadyr mad fewtee,
we fynde in cure rollez, In the regestre of Rome, c 1460
FORTESCUE Abs. ff Lim. Mon. xv. (1885) 149 Ober artycles
..mowe be.. putt in a boke, and that boKe kept in this
counsell as a registir or a ordinarye, Z479 in Eng. Gilds
(1870) 421 A Registre of the same to reinayn with the Maire.
zj6o DAUS tr. Sleidane's Comm. 347 There is a register of
bokes, which thuniversity of Louain hath rejected. 1581
J. BELL Haddon's Answ. Osor. 129 b, It is not needefull to
make a Register of all y* testimonies of writers. 1641 J.
JACKSON True Evang. T. I. 28 Seven Scribes.. who had.,
enough to doe to. .keep Registers of the Martyrs that were
SHALL] Observ. Aqric. 151, I began, on Tuesday the 19'^ of
August, an Experimental Register of the State of the Atmo-
sphere. 1805 Med. jfrnl. XIV. 195 He was so good as to
visit his patient, and examine his register. 1844 H. H.
WILSON Brit. India III. 294 The results of the general
survey were embodied in a map ; those of the field survey
were preserved in village registers. z86s DICKENS Mitt. Fr.
l. x, With a number of leathery old registers on shelves,
transf. andyf^. 1555 W. WATREMAN Fardle Facions II.
viii. 182 Thei entre into the regestre of their stories. 1598
SHAKS. Merry W. n. ii. 195 As you haue one eye vpon my
follies, as you heare them vnfolded, turne another into the
Register of your owne. 1643 FULLER Holy ej- Prof. St. MI.
x. 176 Abuse not thy Memory to be Sinnes Register. z?26
POPE Odyss. xx. 01 The God supreme, to whose eternal eye
The registers of fate expanded he. 1817 CtULUCuXxffVKi
Disc. ii. (1852) 65, I may put into the registers of my belief,
all that comes home to me through the senses of the outer
man. z863 DANA Man. Geol. 7^34 The Pacific Ocean.. has
registers ofsubsidence all over it, in its coral islands.
b. A note or mark serving as a record.
47-a
REGISTER.
1883 Hardwich's Photogr. Client, (ed. Taylor) 343 On a
corner of the glass is scratched with a diamond i, 2, &c.? as
the case might be. The register will serve for future print-
ings from the same Negative.
t 2. As a title : a. of the Epistles of Gregory
the Great. Obs.
After the L. title Registrum or Regestum (epistolarum).
As
1494 FABYAN Citron, v. cxix. 95
with other questions in the regestre of Gregory.
fb- of a compilation containing the forms of
writs of the Common Law, cited by English law-
yers of the i6-i7th c. Obs.
The full title was ' the Register of Writs ', or ' of the
Chancery ' ; see Cowell Interpr. and Blount Law Diet. s. v.
1544 tr. Littletons Tenures $b, Soitshalbesayd in dyuers
other wryttes.. as it appereth by the register. 1598 MAN-
WOOD Lawes Forest ix. § 5. 53 In the Register in the writ
of Adquod datnpnum, there the woord is Asscrtare. 1628
COKE OnLitt. 73 b, It appeareth by the Register that the
king shal haue escuage of his tenants which hold of him.
8. In Sc. use, the general term (current from the
I5th c.) for records of a legal, parliamentary, or
public character ; in later use spec, those instituted
by the Act of 161 7, in which all documents affecting
landed property are recorded.
14*5 Sc. Acts Jos. I (1814) II. 9/1 J>at all & sindry. .pre-
sent par lettres..at }>ai may be put in be kingis Register til
perpetuate memore. 1566 (title) The Actis and Constitu-
tiounis of the Realme of Scotland.. viseit, correctit, and
extract it furth of the Registers. 1577 in Acts Parl. Scot.
(1844) I. Pref. 25 note, The Registeris of the decreittis gevin
be the Lord is of Counsale. 1617 Sc. Acts Jos. VI (1816)
IV. 546/1 Thair salbe ane publick Register In the whiche
all Reuersiones,..grantis off redemptioun and siclyik all
enstrumentis of seasing salbe registrat within thriescore
dayes efter be date of the same. 1708 J. CHAMOERLAVNE
St. Gt. Brit. n. in. v. (1710) 443 The Law of Scotland is
easy and regular, by reason of Public Registers,, -for record-
ing Conveyances of the Lands and Possessions of private
Subjects. 1837 Penny CycL IX. 274/2 What is almost pe-
culiar to this part of the empire, the register of all deeds
conveying or changing territorial property. 1877 Act 40 %
41 Viet. c. 40 § 5 The Keeper, .of the register of deeds and
probative writs. Ibid. § 6 Where any writ . . shall have been
registered in the General Register of Sasines.
b. Clerk of (the] Register, now Lord Clerk
Register : originally the clerk who kept the King's
register, in later times a Scottish officer of state,
who formerly had custody of the national records
or registers, but is now represented in that capacity
by the Deputy Clerk Register.
In early use the Latin genitive registri sometimes appears :
in the modern form there is perh. confusion with sb$
1^57 Sc. Acts Jos. II (1814) II. 52/2 pe lordis thinkis
speidfull bat oure souerane lorde commande all his schirrefis
and commissaris of burowis to cum to be clerk of his
Regestre [etc.]. 154* Sc. Acts Mary (1814) II. 414/1 Hir
hienes. .ordanis be clerk of registri and Justice clerk [etc.].
Ibid. 415/2 Maister James fouhs of colmtoun Clerk of regis-
teris askit Instrumentis. 1607 in Acts Parl. Scot. (1844) I.
Pref. 13 Proclamation is made throughout the Kingdome, to
deliver in to the King's Clearke of Register (whom you heere
[at Whitehall] call the Master of the Rolles) all Bills to be ex-
hibited that Session. 1644 D. HUME Hist. Ho, Douglas 358
Master John Skeene, Clerk-Register, and Master of the
Rols. 1705 Land. Gaz. No. 4139/1 A Commission to Sir
James Murray to be Clerk- Register. 1794 Inv. K, Ward*
robes (1815) App. ii. 358 And there was produced to the
Commissioners, by the Lord Clerk Register's Deputies for
keeping the records, a public and solemn instrument. 1844
C. INNES Pref. Acts Parl. Scot. I. 13 note, The Fourth
Annual Report of the Deputy Clerk Register of Scotland.
1870 Act 42 % 43 Viet. c. 44 § 2 The Lord Clerk Register
shall continue to be one of the officers of state of Scotland.
Ibid. § 4 In his absence.. the Deputy Clerk Register shall
have and may exercise the said rights.
4. As the name of certain official or authoritative
records or books of record having some public or
commercial importance : e. g.
a. of the baptisms, marriages, and burials in a
parish, kept by the clergyman ; or (in later use) of
births, marriages, and deaths, kept by an official
(a REGISTRAR) appointed for the purpose.
1538 CROMWELL in Merriman Life fy Lett. (1902) II. 154
That yow and euery parson vicare or curate within this
diocese shall for euery churche kepe one Ixjke or registre
wherin ye shall write the day and yere of every weddyng
christenyng and buryeng. 1603 Constit. $ Canons Eccl. Ixx,
Ministers to Keepe a Register of Christenings, Weddings,
and Burials, a 1676 HALE Prim. Ortg. Man, n. viii. (1677)
205 The strict and vigilant Observance of the . . Registers of
the Bills of Births and Deaths. 1753 Act 26 Geo. II, c. 33
§ 14 Immediately after the Celebration of every Marriage,
an entry thereof shall be made in such Register. 1791
Bos WELL yohnson(i%$i) 1. 1 His baptism is recorded, in the
register of St. Mary's parish. 1836 Act 6 «$- 7 Will* /F,c. 86
§ 49 inarg,) Registers of Baptisms and Burials may be kept
as heretofore. 1848 DICKENS Dombey v, The register signed,
and the fees paid [etc.]. 1874 Act 37 £ 38 Viet. c. 88 § 49
The registrar. . who keeps the register in which the birth or
death . . is . . registered.
b. of seamen in the British mercantile marine.
1695-6 Act 74-8 Will. Ill, c. 21 § i In the said Register
or Registers, there shall be truly and faithfully Entred..tbe
Names, Sirnames [etc.]. 1754 Ess. Manning Fleet 9 In, or
about the Year 1696, a Register for Seamen was opened.,
by what Accidents it fail'd, I cannot say. 1835 Act 5*6
Will. IV) c. 19 § 19 And whereas it is expedient that a
Register should be formed and maintained of all the
'Mariners and Seafaring Men of the United Kingdom'.
1863 A. YOUNG Naut. Diet. (ed. 2) 306 The register being
compiled from the agreements with seamen &c.
372
C. of shipping, containing particulars of con-
struction, materials, size, ownership, etc ; also, a
certificate issued by the registering official, esp. as
evidence of the nationality of the vessel.
i8as Act 6 Geo. /K, c. no § 48 The Force and Effect
of any Register granted to any Ship or Vessel. 1836
MARRY AT AlidsJi. Easy xxxvjii, The brigantine, which
had taken out her British register and licence under the
name of the Rebiera, went out of harbour. 1849 DICKENS
Amer. Notes (1850) i/i The Britannia steam-packet, twelve
hundred tons burthen per register. 1846 A. YOUNG Naut.
Diet. ij5 Lloyd's Register of British and Foreign Shipping,
which is published yearly, is an alphabetical list of vessels
ranked in different classes according to their qualifications.
d. of those entitled to vote in Parliamentary
or municipal elections.
183* Act 2 Will. IV. c 45 § 37 Whereas it is expedient to
form a Register of all Persons entitled to vote [etc.]. 1843
LD. BROUGHAM Pol. Phil. in. ix. 69 The necessity for a
register, assumes that the franchise is confined to particular
classes. 1870 Act 33 <$• 34 Viet, c. 92 tnarg.t Preparation of
municipal registers in burghs which do not return members
to Parliament.
5. An entry in a register (esp. in sense 4 a).
1535 COVERDALE Ezra u. 62 These soughte the register of
their byrth, and founde none. 1716 ARBUTHNOT // cannot
rain but it Jours, There being no Register of his Christening,
his Age is only to be guessed at by his Stature and Counten-
ance. 1769 Juniits Lett. xii. (1788) 76 You have better proofs
of your descent, .than the register of a marriage. 1815 Act 6
Geo. //", c. no § n tHarjf., Book of Registers to be kept.
01832 MACKINTOSH Revolution of 1685, Wks. 1846 II. 20
Three persons were executed illegally at Taunton for rebel-
lion, the nature and reason of their death being openly
avowed in the register of their interment.
6. Registration, registry.
1653 Acts tf Ordin, Parl. c. 6 (Scobell) 227 And the person
so elected, .shall continue three years in the said place of
Register. 1677 YARRANTON Eng. Improv, Ep. Rdr., The
Free Lands of England being put under a Voluntary Register
by Act of Parliament. 1860 Merc. Marine Mag. VII. 245
Her port of register is Liverpool. 1886 RUSKIN Prxterita
I. iv. 129 Elaborate pencil and pen outlines, of which per-
haps half-a-dozen are worth register and preservation.
II. 7. t a. A bookmark. [So med.L. registrum^
1530 PALSGR. 261/2 Regyster of a boke, signet.
b. An index; a table of contents, rare.
1585 HIGINS tr. juniu s' Nome ncl. 8 Syllabus, index libri,
. .the index, table, or register of a booke. 1800 Durham
Diocesan Gaz. IV. 59 Register, i. Letter from the Bishop. .
page 33 [etc.].
c. The series of signatures in a printed book ;
the list of these at the end of early printed books.
1885 Brit. Mtts. Catal., Caxton Game and Pla^e of the
chesse..(znd ed.) Without title page or pagination; the
register commences on the eighth leaf bj, and extends to I vL
8. A slider in an organ ; hence, a set of pipes
controlled by a slider, a stop ; also, a stop-knob.
1585 HIGINS tr. Juntas' Nomencl. 354/2 Pleuritidcs re-
guise, . . the side rules which are put in and pulled out,
either to stop or to open the holes : the registers. 1659
LEAK Wattrwks. 30 The three Registers marked G H I,
are different the one from the other. And . . it is good
that there be a Wall of a foot thick between the Registers
and the said motion. 1766 HAWKINS Hist. Mns. IV. i. x,
148 By means of the Registers that command the several
orders of pipes, the wind is either admitted into or excluded
from them severally. 1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) XIII. 487/2
To fit these channels, there are the same number of wooden
sliders or registers running the whole length. i86a Catal.
Intemat. Exhib. II. xvL 104/2 The whole of the accessory
movements are labelled simitar to the registers. ibid., The
total number of pipes is 2475, and of registers 45.
transf. 1717 POPS, etc. Art of Sinking xiii, Every Com-
poser will soon be taught the use of this Cabinet, and how
to manage all the Registers of it, which will be drawn out
much in the manner of those in an Organ.
b. The compass of a voice or instrument ; the
particular range of tones which can be produced
by certain voices.
Freq. used with distinguishing terms as uppe rt middle, and
lower register ; head, c/test, and throat register ; etc.
1811 BUSBY Diet. Mus. (ed. 3), Register, a term applied to
the compass, or graduated notes, of a voice. 1843 Penny
Cycl. XXVI. 418/2 The compass of soprano and some other
voices are divided into registers, of which there are two, viz.
the natural and the falsetto. 1876 GEO. ELIOT Dan. Der. x,
The sounds too were very pleasant to hear . . , musical laughs
in all the registers.
9. A contrivance, usually consisting of a metal
plate or plates by which an opening may be wholly
or partially closed, used for regulating the passage
of air, heat, or smoke.
In ordinary use now chiefly applied to the adjustable plate
which regulates the draught of a common fire-grate, or U.S.
to the perforated or open-work plate by which warm air is
admitted to an apartment.
16x0 B. JONSON Alch. n. iii, Looke well to the register,
And let your heat, still, lessen by degrees. 1664 EVELYN
Kal. Hort. (1729) 231 Which Hole is to be left open, or
govern'd with its Register, to attemper the Air.. entering
by the Furnace-pipes. 1758 REID tr. Macquer's Chym. \.
264 Make a small passage through the dome, by opening
some of its registers, that the flame may just begin to draw.
xSoi Trans. Soc. Arts XIX. 326 A double register; — first
to close the back flue. 1860 EMERSON Cond. Life. Culture
Wks. (Bohn) II. 373 People. .who coddle themselves, who
toast their feet on the register.
fb. A regulator in a steam engine. 0fa."~°
^ 1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) XVI. 54/2 There are also registers
in the steam engine.
10. A registering device; a mechanical contrivance
or apparatus by which data of some kind are auto-
matically recorded ; an indicator.
REGISTER.
[1677 PLOT Oxfordsh. 228 He contrived a Thermometer
to be its own Register.] 1830 DANIELL in Phil. Trans.
CXX. 262 The pyrometer .. consists of two distinct parts,
which I shall designate as the Register and the Scale. 1862
Catal. Internal. Exhib. II. xv. 80 Clock with perpetual
register of day. week, and month. 1875 KNIGHT Diet, Meek,
1912/1 Among the applications of gearing.. applicable to
registers, may be cited epicyclic and differential gears.
11. t a. A part of a type-mould (see quot, 1 7 a 7-38).
1683 MOXON Meek. Exerc., Printing xv. F 7 The Register
. . is made of an Iron Plate about a Brevier thick. 1727-38
CHAMBERS Cycl., Register ; among letter-founders, is one of
the inner parts of the mould wherein the printing types are
cast. . . It's use is to direct the joining of them justly together.
b. Printing. Precise adjustment of the type or
printing ; esp. exact correspondence of tiie printed
matter on the two sides of a leaf.
1683 MOXON Meek. Exerc.t Printing xxiv. p 7 Making
Register is to Quoin up a Form [etc.]. Ibid., Then he ob-
serves how the Register of the Head and Foot agrees. 1706
PHILLIPS (ed. Kersey) s.v.? In the Art of Printing, Register
is a Rule for the equal Distribution of the Lines and Pages.
1816 SINGER Hist. Cards 159 The right hand margin is not
in register, the lines being of unequal length. 1825 J.
NICHOLSON Operat. Mechanic 305 In order to. .be printed
on both sides, without destroying the register (or coincidence
of the pages on the opposite sides of the sheet). 1890
ZAEHNSDORF Bookbinding i. i. 3 The binder is perfectly
justified in rejecting any sheets. .not in register.
C. Photogr. In a camera, proper correspondence
between the focussing screen and the sensitive
plate or film.
1890-1 WOODBUBY Encycl. Photogr. 607.
12. attrib. and Comb., as (sense 4) register actt
box, certificate^ keeper, ticket^ vessel \ ^sense 8)
register valve ; (sense 9) register furttate, grate,
plate t stove i (sense 10) register frame, head,
pyrometer, thermometer; (sense Jib) register point,
sheet. See also REGISTER BOOK, HOUSE, OFFICE, SHIP.
1818 CRUISE Digest (ed. 2) IV. 538 To remedy this incon-
venience..several acts of parliament have been made, called
the ^Register Acts. 1840 SHF.E Abbott's Merchant Strips
(ed. 6) 58 The old Register Acts contained no provision for
registering ships in the territories under the government of
the East India Company. 1836 Act 6 <J- 7 Will. IV, c. 86
§ 14 The Register Books .. shall be always kept in the
"Register Box, and the Register Box shall always be left
locked. 1696 Pub. Gen. Acts (1697) 480 Divers evil dis-
posed Persons so Registred .. have fraudulently lent their
Register Certificates to divers Mariners, .who were not
Registred. 1885 C. G. W. LOCK Workshop Receipts Ser. iv.
313/1 The "register-frame is placed on the bed, and black-
leaded, the forme is placed inside. 1641 FRENCH Distill. i.
(1651) 3 Some Furnaces have three partitions, as the Furnace
for Reverberation, and the "Register Furnace. 1833 LOUDON
Encycl. Archit. § 1458 Among the fixtures of the bar may
be included a folding "register grate. 1800 MUDGE in PkiL
Trans, XC. 558 The disturbances to which the "register-
heads were liable, did not discover themselves till a mile of
the base had been measured. 1687 in Dallas Stiles (1697)
109 Compter, and "Register-keeper of all Wares and
Merchandice imported in to the said Kingdom. 1727 DE
FOE Syst. Magic \. ii. (1840) 52 We must have been deluded
. . by all the writers and register-keepers that ever have been,
are, or are in being. 1715 DESAGULIERS Fires Impr. 52 A
"Register Plate of Iron towards the top of the Funnel.
Ibid. 53 These Register Plates will serve to keep in the
warm Air. 1839 URE Diet. Arts 280 In building chimneys
. .we can readfly reduce it to any desired size, by means of
a sliding register plate near its bottom. 1875 KNIGHT Diet.
Meek. 1005/2 These are the equivalents of the "register-
points of the chromo-lithographic process or the typographic
printing in colors. 1830 DANIELL in Phil,. Trans. CXX. 257
A new "Register-Pyrometer, for measuring the Expansion
of Solids. 1683 MOXON Mech. Exerc., Printing xxiv. p 7
He lays another Sheet even upon the Tympan -sheet, for
a "Register Sheet 1795 Specif. Crook fy Germans Patent
No. 2032. 8 "Register stoves and every other project com-
monly supposed to be useful by those who profess to cure
smoking chimnies. 1838 DICKENS O. Twist iii, A nice small
pattern, just the thing for register stoves. 1820 Q. Jrnl,
Set. XIV. 316 The maximum and minimum of temperature
in the course of the twenty-four hours, as marked by a
"register thermometer. 1844 Act 74-8 Viet. c. 112 § 20
Every Person, .intending to serve on board any Ship.. is
hereby required to provide himself with a "Register Ticket.
1880 E. J. HOPKINS in Grove Diet. Music II. 583/2 A metal
pin . . rested on the front end of the ' "register- valve ' as it
was called. 1717-38 CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v. Register ships, In
the years 1702, 1703, &c. these "register vessels .. sold their
commodities for above three hundred per cent, profit.
Register (re-d^istaa), sb£ Now rare. [Prob.
for REGISTKEB, q. v.] The keeper of a register ;
a REGISTRAR, (in common use £1580-1800.)
1531-* Act 23 Hen. VIII, c. 19 All judges, aduocates.
registers and scribes, proctours .. and appantours and all
other. 1570-6 LAMBARDE Peramb. Kent (1826) 175 Thomas
Laurence the Register of Canterbury was attainted of mis-
prision of the same treason. 1651 N. BACON Disc. Govt. Eng.
ii. iv. (1739) 23 At the first, he was no better than a Register,
or the King's Remembrancer, or Secretary, a 1704 T.
BROWN Two Oxford Scholars Wks. 1730 I. 4 The Bishops
Secretary or Register will present me with some Parch-
ments and wax. 1788 JEHFFRSON Writ. (1859) II. 500 To
discharge the functions of notaries and registers of the
consulate. 1816 SCOTT in Raine Mem. Surtces (1852) 166
My friend Thomas Thomson, the Deputy Register of
Scotland. 1837 Lett.fr. Madras (1843) 93 There will also
be in time a Registrar, or, as they spell it here, ' Register ',
but none is appointed yet. [1873 SIR R. PHILLIMORE .£«/«.
Law II. iv. v. 1330 Schoolmasters are within the canons of
1603 as well as registers.]
attrib. and Comb. 1603 Humble Petit. Ministers Ch. Eng.
§ 4 That none having jurisdiction or Register places, put
out the same to farme. 1650 Pub. Gen. Acts 1681 Trus-
tees, Treasurers, Register, Register-Accomptant [etc].
REGISTER.
fb. St. Lord Register = Lord Clerk Register
(see st>.l 3 b). 06s.
1686 DALLAS Stiles (1697) in His Majesties right trusty
and well beloved Cousin and Counsellor G. V. of T, Lord
Register. 1708 J. CHAMBERLAYNE St. Gt. Brit. n. (1710)407
The Four Lesser Officers of State [before the Union] were
The Lord Register, The Lord Advocate [etc.]. 1794 Inv.
R. Wardrobes (\%\$ App. ii. 355 One of the Lord Register's
Deputies for Keeping the Records.
Register (re-d^istaj), v. Also 5-6 regystre,
5-7-gestre, (6-gester). [ad. F. registrer (i3thc.),
or med.L. registrare, f. registritm REGISTER sti.l]
1. trans. To set down (facts, names, etc.) formally
in writing ; to enter or record in a precise manner.
I3SK> GOWER Con/. I. 261 O_f whom the wrytinge is yit now
Registered, as a man mai hiere. 1433 LVDG. S. Edmundm.
604 As it is remembryd in historic And registred be old anti-
quyte. 1494) FABYAN Chron. 5 Of bothe landes the Cron ycles
entyere, With other matyers whiche Regystred be. 1568
GRAFTON Chron. II. 433 Rychard Whittyngton. .hath right
well deserued to be regestred in the boke of fame. 1615
G. SANDYS Trav. go Those that had bin sicke, vpon
recouery there registered their cures, and the experiments
wherby they were effected. 1667 MILTON P. L. xil. 335
Such follow him, as shall be registerd Part good, part
bad, of bad the longer scrowle. 1758 JOHNSON Idler No. 17
r 3 Some register the changes of the wind. 1784 COIVPER
Task v. 530 The fatal hour Was registered in heaven ere
time began. 1815 J. SMITH Panorama Sc. fy Art II. 36
Observations on the hygrometer have not been . . so diligently
registered, .as appears desirable. 1871 LIDDON Elem. Relig.
i. 21 To know all that can be known about his wishes and
character, and to register this knowledge in exact terms.
trans/, or fig. c 1530 Crt. of Lave Ixvii, Register this in
thine remembraunce. 1590 GREENE Orl. Fur. Wks. (Rtldg.)
n'i With my trusty sword ..111 register upon his helm what
are do. a 1806 H. K. WHITE Lett. Poet. Wks. (1837) 281
Many a flower, which in the passing time My heart hath
register'd. 1878 HUXLEY Physiogr. 211 Such appears to
have been the succession of events registered by these ruins,
t b. To set (one) down for, or as, something.
'597 HOOKER Eccl. Pol. v. Ixxvi. § 5 Him we may register
for a man fortunate. 1604 T. WRIGHT Passions m. i. 81 He
deserueth to be registred for a foole. iSn BIBLE i Mace.
viii. 20 That we might be registred, your confederats and
friends.
t c. Const, with inf. To record. Obs. rare.
1614 RALEIGH Hist. World it. (1634) 444 He .. was the
first that is registred to haue set up Irreligion by force.
1631 WEF.VER Anc. Funeral Moil. 806 In the Manuscript. .
these Carmelites following are registered to haue beene
buried in this Monastery.
t d. To set down in a record or register. Obs.~l
1683 Woop Life 26 Oct. (O. H. S.) III. 76 They framed
themselves into a solemn meeting, had discourses, and the
discourses were registered down by Dr. Plot.
2. spec. To make formal entry of (a document,
fact, name, etc.) in a particular register ; also, to
get (a document, etc.) entered in the register by
the person entitled to do so.
1463 Bury Wills (Camden) 43 He that registerith it to
ham' a competent reward for his labo', and that this forseyd
,hthe
extend the samyn act. .and to register the samin in the
bukis of Cpunsale. 1617 Sc. Acts Jos. VI (1816) IV. 546/2
So proportionallie for everie page .. for registring of everie
anc of be saidis evidentis. 1677 YARRANTON Eng. Improv.
12, I can both in England and Wales Register my Wedding,
my Burial, and my Christening, . . and that which is Regis-
ter'd there, is good by our Law. 1794 in Bloomfield Amer,
Law Rep. 9 The Term . . fixed in the said Act for registering
Slaves. 1825 Act 6 Geo. IV, c. no § 2 The said Ship or
Vessel.. has been duly registered at the Port. 1858 HAW-
THORNE Fr. S, It. Note-bks. (1872) I. 3 The great bulk of our
luggage had been registered through to Paris. 1864 BLACK-
MORB Clara Vaughan (1872) 119 My last letter. .was
registered for security.
atsol. 1787 JEFFERSON Writ. (1859) II. 231 The edict for
the stamp tax has been the subject of reiterated orders and
refusals to register.
b. reft, (also with as.)
ISM RASTELL Pastyme (1811) 282 [She] there regystarde
herselfe as asentwary woman. I568GRAFTON Chron. II. 706
[She] departed to a Seminarie there by called Beaulieus..
and registred her selfe and hers, as persons there priuilezed.
1695 . A ct 7 * 8 Will, lit (1696) 478 A Natural born Subject
of this Realm.. Who shall be willing to Enter and Register
himself for the Service of His Majesty. 1866 GEO. ELIOT
F. Holt Introd., They, .could have registered themselves in
the census.. as members of the Church of England.
3. Of instruments : To record by some automatic
device ; to indicate. (Cf. REGISTER uM 10.)
•797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) XVIII. 498/2 He proposes to
adapt clock-work to this thermometer, in such a way as to
1?g'/S'!r;;the d«S«« of heat and cold. 1861 Catal. Internal,
bxhit. II. xv. 65 Improved Watchman's Clock.. for indicat-
ing punctuality and registering the neglect of it. 1877
Natm 24 May 59/1 In the hottest province .. the ther-
mometer never registered above 74° before sunrise.
_ absol. 1875 KNIGHT Diet, fleck. 1838/2 Many of these
instruments register up to 1000° Centigrade.
4. inlr. To coincide or correspond exactly.
1810 l\-nnv Cvrf Vlv ,~/- TU- __! /j
as to
register ', as it is called— as intended by the engraver.
O. trans. To adjust with precision, so as
secure the exact correspondence of parts.
1839 [sen REGISTERING vbl. sb. b]. 1891 A ntlwny's Photogr.
bull. \ V 92 The cardboard form is first placed in the printing
irame, then the negative,, .then the sensitive paper, care
icing taken. .to register every part as perfectly as possible.
873
5. intr. To manipulate the registers of an organ.
1891 Times 22 Oct. 14/2 Admirably calculated to exhibit
the player s skill in ' registering '.
Hence Be gisterable a., -^ REGISTRABLE.
1765 Act 5 Geo. lit, c. 49 § 4 A protest . . shall be register-
Me in the Courts of Session or other competent judicatori.
1886 Fortn. Rev. Jan. 26 Suppose she is content with t
cheapest registerable diploma obtainable.
Registerary, obs. form of REGISTBABT.
Re gister book. = REGISTER ,?<U i or 4.
1515 Galway Arch, in \ath Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App.
V. 396 He to fynd suficient surties to be recordid in the
Regester-Booke. i6ia B. JONSON Masque Augurs Wks.
(Rtldg.) 630/2 This, the register-book of my function, shews
me no less than a clerk at all points. 1677-8 in J. T. Wheeler
Madras (1862) III. 434 The. .Customer, .is alsoe to keepe
the Register bookes for all private trade. 1771 LUCKOMBE
Hist. Printing 31 A register book of wills.. wherein regis-
trations were made. 1846 A. YOUNG Naut. Diet. 195 Their
[ships] title to be on any class is determined by certain
rules laid down in the register-book. 1869 in PhiUimore's
Eccles. Law (1873) II. vl. L 1772 The registering of the
deeds and the act m the register book of the diocese.
Registered (re-daistaid), ///. a. [f. the vb. +
-ED 2.] Recorded or entered iu some book or list.
1674 BREVINT Saul at Endor 298 But the Registred
Brethren or Sisters should not care much for Conversion.
1716 Land. Gaz. No. 5467/1 The Value of the registred
Effects brought by this Flota, is computed at 12 Millions of
Pieces of Eight. 1781 WEDGWOOD in Phil. Trans. LXXII.
307 By these have I made my registered experiments. 1846
M'CuLLOcH Ace. Brit. Empire (1854) I- 4°7 The proportion
of registered baptisms to the population. 1860 Merc.
Marine Mag. VII. 214 Her registered tonnage was 686
tons. i874inPhillimore5'»///'. Eccles. Z<ZH/(i876)s2There-
presentauon . . shall be.. sent by post in a registered packet.
Re'gisterer. rare-1, [f. as prec. + -ER'.]
One who registers.
1565 GOLDING Cxsar Pref., The Grekes the chiefe Regis-
terers of worthy actes, called all thinhabiters from the river
of Danow northward by the name of Celtes or Galles.
Re'gister House. Sc. The house appointed
for the keeping of the registers, now a special
building, called the General Register House (erected
at various dates from 1774 onwards), at the east
end of Princes Street, Edinburgh.
Keg. rrivy council Scot. 111. 373 In his majesties Register
Hous in the Castell of Edinburgh. 1740 Acts Sederunt
(1790) 348 Ten hogsheads more of the records, .ly still un-
opened in the general register-house. 1794 Inv. R. Ward-
robes (1815) App. ii. 354 Within the Lord Clerk Register's
Office in the General Register House at Edinburgh. 1844
C. 1mm Pref. Acts Parl. Scot. I. 18 note, These three rolls
were brought to the General Register House by a person
who could give no information where he had got them 1877
Encycl. Brit. VII. 663/2 The General Register House for
Scotland, .is an important adjunct to the Supreme Courts.
Registering (re-dsistarirj), vbl. sb. [f. REGIS-
TER B.t-nrS1.} The action of recording, or
entering in a book, etc.
1ST* FLEMING Panopl. F.pist. 59 Y- registring of our
tumultuous times & daungerous chaunces. 1605 BACON Adv.
Learn. II. viii. § 5 The registering of doubts hath two excel-
lent uses. 1653 ^ts * Ordin. J'arl. c. 6 (Scobell) 227 A Book
of good Vellum or Parchment for the Registring of all such
Marriages. 1711 PRIDEAUX Direct. Ch.^wardens (ed. 4) 99
For the Registring of such Baptisms. 18*5 Act 6 Geo. IV,
c. no (title), An Act for the registering of British Vessels.
b. tec/in. (See quots.)
1839 URB Diet. Arts 258 The means by which the suc-
cessive impressions . .are to be brought exactly to join each
other..; this is by printers called registering. 185* SEIDEL
Organ in By registering, we here understand, the mode in
which the various registers of an organ are combined.
Re'gistering,///.a. [-ING^.] That registers.
1836 Act 6$j Witt. IV, c. 86 § 31 Every such Registering
Officer of the Quakers [etc.]. 1863 GEO. ELIOT Romola Ixiii,
A temporary post as an extra cancelliere or registering
secretary under the Ten. 1877 Nature 13 Sept. 421/2 The
metallic spiral must be placed very close to the registering
apparatus.
Re'gister O'ffice. An office at which a register
of any kind is kept, or where registration is made.
1760 FOOTE Minor i. Wks. 1799 I. 247, 1 have advertis'd
this morning, in the register-office, for servants under seven-
teen. 1779 SHERIDAN Critic i. i, My drawing-room is an
absolute register-office for candidate actors, and poets with-
out character. zSio WALSH Genius <$• Dispos. Fr. Gov.
(ed. 5) 108 Register offices abound in every part of the
empire. 183,5 Act 5*6 Will. IV, c. 19 § 19 There shall be
established in the Port of London an office to be called
' The General Register Office of Merchant Seamen '. 1893
MARY CHOLMONDELEY Diana Tempest i, The marriage at
the local register office.
Coma. 1781 Miss BURNEY Cecilia VII. ix, No register-
office keeper has been pestered with more claimants.
t Re'gistership. Obs. [f. REGISTER sl>.2 +
-SHIP.] The office of registrar.
'574 ABP. PARKER Corr. (Parker Soc.) 460 Extend still
your good will, if in case he be your officer for the register-
ship. 1615 USSHER Lett. (1686) 335 For the former of these,
which doth concern the Registership ; I signified unto him
. . that I had made promise of it already, a 1645 LAUD
Rent. (1700) II. 183 The Registership.. of the Vice Chan-
cellor's Court. 17*0 AYLIFFE Parergon 163 See the case of
Vaughan and Compton 14 Jac. at the Assizes for the Office
of the Registership of Suffolk.
Re'gister-shlp. Obs. exc. Hist. A Spanish
ship having a registered licence authorizing it to
trade with the Spanish possessions in America.
17*7-38 CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v. Register ships, or skips of
REGISTRATE.
register. 1739 in Deser. Wimha. Passage (ed. 2) 3 There are
another Sort ofVessels imploy'd in the Trade to the Indies
which are called Register-Ships. i74a H. WALPOLE Corr.
(1837) I- xxvii. 118 One of our men of war .. has taken
another register-ship of immense value. 1777 ROBERTSON
Hist. Amer. vm. Wks. 1851 VI. 139 All the register-ships
destined for the South seas must still lake their departure
from Cadiz, and are obliged to return thither.
tRegistery. Obs. rare. [ad. med.L. regis-
teri-um, or f. REGIST(ER) v. + -ERY.] = REGISTRY.
1483 Cath. Angt. 302/1 A Regestery registerium. 1686
PLOT Staffordsh. 445 A Copy of King Johns Charter taken
out of the black book of the said Arch-Bishops Register)- at
Dublin. 1695 J. EDWARDS Author. O. t, N. Test. 65 The
Canon of Scripture is taken out of authentick registeries.
Registrable (re-dgistrab'l), a. [f. REGISTER v . -.
cf. REGISTEHABLE.] That may be registered.
office copy of a will., under such a seal, is to be registrable
in the same way as a will.
Hence Be-gistraM lity.
.$*$ ^t™ Ti'"" LXXIX. 172/1 To make the registra-
bihty of words depend . . upon the novelty of the mode of
application.
Re'gistral, a. rare. [f. REGISTER si.1 + -At.]
Pertaining to, derived from, authenticated by, a
register.
1631 Bishops Transcripts, Bilsington (MS.), A coppy-
registral of all such X'nings Marriages and Burials as have
been in.. Bilsington. 1885 Athenxum 26 Dec. 843/1 It will
contain copies of the registral acts of birth and death of all
the Foscolos.
Registrar (re-dgistrai). [f. REGISTER v. +
-AR 2 : cf. the earlier REGISTREH and REGISTHAHY.
The form is noted by Vesey, Decline o/ the Eng. Lang.
(1841) 82, as a 'novelty.. recently, within the memory of
persons now living, introduced '.]
1. One whose business it is to keep a register ;
an official recorder.
1675 BATHURST in Warton Life (1761) 136 The patent was
sealed and delivered, and the person admitted, sworne
before the public registrar. 1768 BLACKSTONE Contm. III.
xxvii. 451 The minutes of it are taken down, and read
openly in court by the registrar. 1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3)
XVI. 54/2 Registrar, an officer in the_ English universities,
who has the Keeping of all the public records. x8ia Act
52 Geo. Ill, c. 146 § 7 The Registrar of every Diocese in
England. 1835 Act 5 £ 6 Will. IV, c. 10 § 21 A due Return
should be made to the said Registrar of Merchant Seamen.
1865 DICKENS Mut, Fr. i. xi, There were the Inquests and
the Registrar's returns. 1868 FARRAR Silence $ V. iii.
("875) 57 Every great historian should be no dull registrar
of events.
b. Kegistrar general. (See GENERAL a. 10.)
1836 Act 6 4. 7 Will. IV, c. 86 § 6 The Registrar General
shall send.. a General Abstract of the Numbers of Births,
Deaths, and Marriages. 1863 A. YOUNG Naut. Diet. (ed. 2)
306 A general register and record office of seamen in the
mercantile marine, under the direction of a registrar-general.
2. = REGISTER sb^ 8 and 10.
1840 Penny Cycl. XVI. 492/2 (Organ), A shows the reser-
voir ; . . DD, the registrars, by which the equal rising of the
reservoir is ensured. 1879 in Sladen Gunnery App. ii, The
electro-magnet, B, sustains a shorter rod, F.., named the
' registrar '.
Hence Be'gistrarship, the office of registrar.
1 847 in WEBSTER. 1851 Tail's Mag. XIX. 622 His registrar-
ship of ;£ 10,000 a-year. 1891 Law Times XC. 419/2 A
mastership in lunacy, and a registrarship in bankruptcy.
Registrary1 (re-dgistrari). [ad. med.L. regis-
trari-us(Du Cange): see REGISTER st.1 and -ABY!.]
A registrar. Chiefly in University use, and now
retained only at Cambridge.
<r 1541 in Hearne Collect. 1 1 Dec. an. 1705 (O. H. S.) 1. 124
Tho. Key Registrarie of the University. 1625 LAUD Diary
10 Oct. in Hist. (1695) 24, I and my Company dined in
the open Air, in a place called Pente-Cragg, where my
Registrary had his Country- House. 1691 WOOD A th. Oxon.
I. i The publick Scribe or Registrary of the University of
Oxon. 1707 Land. Gaz. No. 4294/3 The several Lists of
Incumbents . . are reduced to An. 1700. by the present Regis-
trary. 1819 in Willis & Clark Cambridge (1886) III. 103
The Registrar's Office and Record Room. iBcjiCirca/ar,
Fellow of Trinity College, and Registrary of the University
from 1862 to 1891.
trans/. 1853 MERIVALE Rom. Rep. vi. (1867) 166 The
senate, reduced to the mere registrary of its haughty
champion's decrees.
t Re'gistrary 2. Obs. rare-1. [Cf. prec. and
-ARY! B. 2.] A register or registry.
1716 M. D\\-ies A then. Bril. II. 173 For, say they, Godwin
' transcribes out of Josseline and Masotij as if he had them
immediately from the Archives and Registraries '.
t Re'gistrate, pa. pple. (and a.). Sc. Obs.
Also 5-6 registrat (t, 6-7 regestrat. [ad. med.L.
registrat-us, pa. pple. of regislrdre, f. registrum
REGISTER st>J] Registered, recorded.
1425 A-. Acts J«s. 7(1814) II- J'/2 P? King.. has ordanit
bat all statutis Sc ordinance of bis parliament, .be registrat
in the kingis.Registir. 1543 Sc. Acts Mary (1814) II. 440/1
pat bis present contract be actit and registrat in be buikis
of parliament sessioun. 1588 A. KING tr. Canisius' Cateck.
118 b, Ye determination of Jouinian. .registrat in the buuk
callit the Code. 1639 Procl. Chas. I to Scot. 9 It is his
Majesties will, that this be insert and registrate in the books
of assembly, c 1680 DALLAS Stiles (1697) 472 By Vertue
of Arrestments founded upon Registrat Bonds, Decreets, or
the like. 175* J. LOUTHIAN Form of Process (ed. 2) 135
Persons charged upon Criminal Letters.. are.. denounced,
and registrate to the Horn.
fig. 1616 Sin W. fn.KXfiHDi.f( Alexis to Damarin Drum-
BEGISTHATE.
titond's H'ks. (1894) I. 183 Those madrigals we sung. .Are
registrate by echoes in the rocks.
t Re'gistrate, v. Obs. Chiefly Sc. [f. ppl.
stem of med.L. registrars \ see prec.] trans. To
register (in lit. and_/7^. uses).
1570 in Westm. Gaz. (1897) 16 June 10/2 Fame shall regis-
trate her princelie deeds. 1574 Reg. Privy Council Scot.
II. 359 Commanding our clerkis..to registrate the samyn.
1617 5V. Acts Jos. V/ (1816) IV. 546/2 To receave fra the
pairties thair euidentis and to registrat |>e same. 1676 W.
Row Contn. Blairs Aittobiog. xii. (1848) 372 They would
registrate that sense of it in the books of Parliament. 1776
T. NKILL 23 Senn. 60 These and other Young Saints God
hath registrated in his book.
Hence f Re'gistrated///. a.t -ating vbl. sb.
a 15518 ROLLOCK Sertn. Wles. 1849 I. 406 The registrating
of thair speiches is na thing to his schame. 1687 A. HAIG
in J. Russell Haigs xi. (1881) 331 Item. For registrating of
the signetor. ijyt E. KRSKISK Serrn, Wks. 1871 II. 146 It
is his registrated word : his sealed word.
Registration (redsistr^'fcn). [ad. med.L.
registration-emt n. of action f. registrars to RE-
GISTER. Cf. obs. F. registration (i6tti c.).]
1. The act of registering or recording.
Clause of Registration^ in Sc. Law, a clause in deeds
providing for their being properly registered.
?i$66 Acts Parl. Scot. (1814) II, Chron. Table 4/1 Anent
the registracione of letteris of newe infeftment confirmacion
&c. Ibid. 33/2 Registratioun of ane appunctuament be-
tuix my lord Governour and James Hammiltoun. c 1680
DALLAS Stiles (1657) 705 Remember, that immediately before
the Clause of Registration, ye insert the Faculty reserved by
the Father to himself, 1776 ADAM SMITH W. N.\. ii. II. 471
Duties upon registration [have become] extremely common.
1836 Act 6 $ 7 Will. fyt c. 86 § i So much of the said Acts
as relates to the Registration of Marriages. 1877 Nature
23 Sept. 421 The registration of temperature is one of the
most difficult of meteorological problems,
b. With a and//. An instance of this; an entry
made in a register.
1611 FLORIO, Registratione^ a registration, an enroulement,
a recording. 1617 Sc. Ac/s Jos. VI (1816) IV. 546/1 Cure
said souerane Lord..ordanis the same registeris and regis-
tratiounes foirsaidis to be insert thairin. i^xa PRIDEAUX
Direct, Ch.-ivardens (ed. 4) 97 A Page is filled with such
Registrations. 1741-* STACKHOUSB Hist. Bible vm. i. Objec-
tion (1752) II. 1260/1 Their [censors] Business was to make
a Registration of all the Roman Citizens. 1771 LUCKOMBE
Hist. Printing^* A register book of wills, .wherein registra-
tions are made.
c. attrib.) as registration art, court^ law, etc.
1843 Cox Registration of Voters Pref. i Practical experi-
ence in the registration courts. 1868 G. DUFF Pol. Sun'.
24 The Danish Government .. passed two new measurement
and registration laws. 1885 WILKINSON Cox fy Grady's
Law of Registration 3 Persons acting as town clerks under
the Parliamentary Registration Acts.
2. In organ-playing : (see quot.).
1881 Edin. Rev. Jan. 238 The awkward.. word Regis-
tration ', which is the only expression we have for the study
of effect and combination of tone on the organ, and means
the same in regard to it that ' orchestration ' means in regard
to the orchestra.
3. Printing, Adjustment.
iSsto JACOBI Printing 178 The sole object of points is lo
obtain perfect registration in backing.
Hence Beglstra'tional a.
1889 Lancet 30 Nov. 1135 The above-named exceptional
effort to obtain registrations! accuracy.
Re'gistrative, a. rare—1, [f. as REGISTRATE
v. +-IVE.] Of the nature of registration.
1863 J. BROWN Horse Subs. (ed. 2) 410 Looking is a volun-
tary act,, .seeing is a state, — passive and receptive, and at
the best, little more than registrative.
Re'gistrator. rare. [a. med.L. registrdtor^
agent-n. f. registrare to REGISTER. Cf. G. registrator^
F. rtgistrateur^\ One who registers, a registrar.
1802 12 BENTHAM Ration. Judic. Evid. (1827) I. 523 In
case of registration, .publicity serves as a security for the
correctness, .of the work of the registrator.
t Registrature. Obs. rare~~l. [ad. G. regis-
ti'atur = It. registratura : see REGISTRATE v. and
-URE.] A registry.
1763 tr. Buschings Syst. Geog. V. 432 The princely,
spiritual and temporal colleges, together with their chan-
ceries and registratures.
Re'gistrer. Now rare. Also 4 regystrere.
[Orig. a. AF. *registrere — OF. registreut : in later
use f. REGISTERS. + -ER1.] fa. One who registers ;
a registrar. Obs. b. = REGISTER sb.^ 10.
1377 LANGU P. PL B. n. 173 Erchdekenes and officiates
and alle jowre regystreres. 1^33 LYDG. ^5". Edmund in. 165
Burchardus . . Was his Registrer and also his notarye.
c 1450 — Secrees 436 Callyd Registrer of ther tresoury.
1576 FLEMING Panopl. Efzst. 59 Such as be the registrers
& writers of their owne actes. 1508 FLORIO, Registratore^
a registrer.., a remembrancer, a keeper of records. 1831
PALMER in PkiL Trans. CXXI. 209 Description of a
Graphical Registrer of Tides and Winds.
So f Registrour. Obs. rare"1.
1556 OLDE Antichrist 88 b, Platina (the most registrour of
the popes names),
Registry (jrd^Utri), [f. REGJST(EK) v. + -BY :
cf. REGISTERY.]
1. The act of registering, registration.
1589 PUTTENHAM Eng. Poesie I. x. (Arb.) 39 The memorial!
and registry of all great fortunes, the praise of vertue [etc.].
1653 in Somers Tracts (1748) I. 514 The whole City of
Bristol (as to the Place of Registry, and Matters to be
Registered^ is to be accounted Part of the County of Somer-
set. 1694 Act 6 ff 7 Will. Ill, c. 6 And if any undue
preference.. shall be made, either in point of Registry or
374
Payment [etc.]. 1789 Hist, in Ann. Rtg. 15 They had pre-
sumed to assert that no edict could be valid without their
registry. 1817 W. SELWYN Law Nisi Prius (ed. 4) II. 1282
note^ An action of trover for the certificate of registry itself.
1835 Act 6 Geo. /V, c. 110 § u At every Port where
Registry shall be made. Ibid. § 21 If. .the Master. .cannot
attend at the Port of Registry [etc.]. 1869 MOZLEY Univ.
Serin. i. (1876) 27 A great volume of time is now shutting,
the roll is folded up for the registry, and we must open
another.
2. A place where registers are kept.
1603 Constit. # Canons Eccles. cxxvi, Bishop's Registrie.
..All such Possessours. .shall once in euery yere exhibite
into the publike Registrie of the Bishop of the Diocesse..
euery original! Testament. 1711 PRIDEAUX Direct, Ch.-
ivardens (ed. 4) 64 Many Instruments of such Consolida-
tions may be seen in the Episcopal Registries of this
Realm. 1803 S. PEGGE Anecd. Eng. Lang. 284 The place
where such register books are deposited, .is the Registry.
1874 Act 37 # 38 Viet* c. 85 § 2 All documents.. shall be.,
sent to the registry of the Arches Court of Canterbury, .or
the registry of the Chancery Court of York.
3. A register, a book of record ; also, an entry in
a register.
i6u J. HUGHES St. Pauls Exerc. 7 A Chronicle, ora Regis-
trie, wherein all our workes are wntten. 01687 PETTY Pol.
Arith. i, (1690) 28 There hath been much discourse, about
introducing of Registries jnto England. 1770 Monthly Rev.
349 All registries agree in this, that the S.E. and N.W.
winds are nearly equal. 1817 W. SELWYN Law Nisi Prius
(ed. 4) II. 1282 The certificate may be proved to have been
granted to the plaintiff by the production of the registry,
from which it was copied. 1815 Act 6 Geo. /F, c. no § n
A Book shall be kept by the Collector.. and every Registry
shall be numbered in Progression. 1884 BROWNING Perish-
tah. Shah Abbas 45 Auseful registry,— Which therefore we
— ' believe'? 1891 MAYSTON Index Customs Gen. Ord. 194
Every entry in registry is to be signed.
f4. Registership. Obs. rare"1.
1727-38 CHAMBERS CycLs.v. RegistertTfa lord register,.,
before the union, was the fifth officer of state, and besides
the registry, was clerk of the parliament, treasury, ex-
chequer, and session.
5. attrib.t as registry Off, office^ ticket.
1836^/6*7 Wi7/./K,c.86 84 All Expences of carrying
on the Business of the General Registry Office. 1838
W. BELL Diet. Law Scot. 841 Registry Acts, that body of
enactments, .as to the enregistering of all ships which are to
have the privileges of British vessels. 1863 A. YOUNG Naut.
Diet. (ea. 2) 306 The registry tickets which for some time
were given to seamen are now abolished.
So t Beffisty. Obs. rare ~l. In qnot. attrib.
1561 Chi Id- Marriages 50 As., doth more plainelie appere
recorded in the registie boke within the parishe of Bunburye.
t Re'gitive, a. Obs. rare. \*.Q^.regitif,-ivet
prob. ad. med.L. *regitlvust irreg. f. regfre to rale :
see -IVE.] Ruling, governing.
Godef. explains OF. regtti/as'qui rejette, qui expulse',
app. in error,
a 1412 LYDG. Two Merchants 330 Whan nature of vertu
regittffThoruh malencolye is pressyd and bor doun. 1574
NEWTON Health Mag. 4 Nothynge is more hurtful to the
vertue regitive then cold. 1603 LODGE Treat. Plague iii,
Feeblenes and weaknes of the regitiue vertue of the body.
1659 Gent 1. Calling i. § 5 Their regitive Power over the
world, saith Gerson, is not so suitable an ingredient for a
Magnificat of their composing.
Regius professor : see PROFESSOR.
Regive («gi-v), z». [f. RE- + GIVE v.t perh.
after L. reddfre or F. redonncr^ trans. To give
again, give back, restore, give in return.
"575 G. HARVEY Letter-bit, (Camden) 90, I regive you a
pottle of howedyes. i6ai J. REYNOLDS GotTs Revenge i.
Hist. i. 21 Remembring the former courtesie he had re-
ceiued of Grand-Pre, in regiuing him his sword, hee . . vowes
now to requite it. 1658 J. WEBB Cleopatra VIM. i. 25 Corio-
lanus, to whom the Africans had re-given the name of Juba
his father. 1741 YOUNO Nt. Th. n. 309 Bid Daystand still,
..and reimport The period past, regive the given hour.
1815 WORDSW. Let. to Mrs. Clarkson% The Soul.. may be
re-given when it has been taken away, a 1863 FABEK
Hyntns (1875) 180 Not for worlds would I have him regiven.
Regla'ze (if-), v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To glaze
again. Hence Hegla'zing vbl. sb.
a 1618 SYLVESTER Job Triumphant n. 63 He dwels in
Houses.. By him, re-built, re-gilt, re-glost, re-glas'd. 1874
Contentp. Rev, Oct. 769 The windows require reglazing.
t Regie, sb. Obs. rare. [a. OF. regie (isth c.;
mod.F. regie)) ad. L. regiila rule: see REGULAB,etc.]
A rule, regulation.
1483 CAXTON G. de la Tour K v b, Worship is not kepte in
her ryght regie ne in her ryght estate. 1548 HOOPER
Comtnandm. i. Wks. (Parker Soc.) 275 From this right line
and true regie of God's word man erreth divers ways.
t Regie, reigle, v. Obs. [ad. F. rtgkr,
^reigler, ad. L. regulare to REGULATE.] trans,
To rule, regulate. Hence f He-gling vol. sb.
1591 J. ELIOT Disc. Warre 57 He is farre deceived, who,
to reigle himselfe well, regardeth what is. .wont to be done.
1637 Jf. WILLIAMS Holy Table 57 To reigle and direct the
English Churches, a 1661 FULLER Worthies^ Walts iv.
(1662) 9 All ought to regie their lives, not by the Popes
Decrees, but Word of God. a 1670 HACKET Ahp, Williams
i. (1692)92 My letter written to the Justices for the reigling
of the same,
Regie, obs. form of riggel RIGGALD.
II Re-gleineiit, t reiglement. [a. F.
ment, \ reiglement^ f. regler\ see REGLK v.]
fl. The act of regulating or controlling. Obs.
(Common in iyth c.)
1598 DALLINCTON Meth. Trtiv. Q iv, This Conseil tfEstat
was wont only to determine publike affaires, as., the Regie-
ment of Finances. 1625 BACON Ess., Usury (Arb.) 544 The
REGMA.
Reformation and Reiglement of Vsury. 1683 TEMPLE Mem.
Wks. 1731 1. 428 Offering privately, .such a Reglement of
Commerce as they could desire, a 1734 NORTH Lives (1826)
III. 367 They used all means. .to reduce this master under
the like reglement as the former.
2. A regulation. (Now only as French.)
1668 EnglatuTs Wants 24 In the Orders and Reglements
set forth oy his Grand Mareschals. 1673 SIR L. JENKINS
Let. in Wynne Life 11724) I- 88 The other two reglements
of trade in Indies they likewise passed over without making
any exceptions to them. 1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) XVI.
575/1 By that reglement she divided the whole empire into
43 governments. 1898 Schedule Articles Grk. Loan art. i,
The conditions of this Loan .. will form the subject of a
Reglement which will be sanctioned by a Royal Decree.
Regleme'ntary, a. rare. [ad. F. reglemen-
taire : see prec. and -ART.] Regular, according to
regulations.
1870 Daily News 20 Sept., Grumbling as the Parisians did
at the reglementary four hours daily drill. 1882 Mech.
World & Mar. 139 The reglementary alloy now adopted.
Reglet (re-glet), t riglet. [a. F. rigkt (i 4th
c.) : see REGLE sb. and -ET, and ci. It. regoletto]
1 1. A narrow division of a page of a book ; a
column. Obs. rare"1.
1576 HANMER Chronogr. in Anc. Eccl. Hist, i The fourth
rigjet contineweth the raigne of the Kings of Judaex
2. Arch. A narrow flat band used to separate
mouldings or other parts from each other.
The definition in Chambers Cycl. (1727-38), copied by
Bailey, Nicholson, Gwiltt etc., is translated from the Diet,
de Trtvoux.
1664 EVELYN tr. Freart's Archit. xvii. 44 He has. .made it
[the height of the cornice] less, and cut off three or four
small Reglets which renders it very dry and trifling. 1716
LEONI tr. Albert?* Archit. II. 34/2 The length of these
reglets [It. regolettf\ was twelve minutes, and the spaces
from one reglet [It. regolo\ to the other were eighteen. 1789
P. SMYTH tr. A Wrick's A rchit. 12 The fillet, or plat band..,
is a kind of plinth of a more oblong shape. From this the
reglet. .and the listel. . differ only by their being smaller.
78. A thin, flat piece or strip of wood used in
carpentry or frame- making. Obs. rare.
1678 MOXON Meek. Exerc., Joinery I. vi. 112 Riglet is
a thin square peece of Wood : Thus the peeces that are
intended to make the Frames for small Pictures, &c. before
they are Molded are called Riglets. [Hence in Holme
Armoury (1688), and Bailey (1731), vol. II.] 1683 /bid..
Printing iv, On the . . Fore-Rail . . is nailed a small Riglet
about half an Inch high, and a quarter and half quarter of
an Inch thick.
b. Printing. A thin, narrow strip of wood, used
(fas a head- or side-stick, etc., or) to make wide
blanks between the lines in a page (see quots.).
More rarely applied to pieces of metal of similar form
and use.
1683 MOXON Mech. Exerc. , Printing- n. 28 And Note,
that the Head and Side-sticks are called Riglets, if they are
not an English thick. Ibid. 207 The Compositor seeks
among the Furniture for a Riglet,. .or else he cuts a Riglet
to that length (this Riglet is called a Destributing-stick).
17*7-38 CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v., The reglets make the chief
part of what they call the furniture of the chase. 1771
LUCKOMBE Hist. Printing 278 Reglets.. are more proper
for Whites than Quadrats, because Reglets are capable to
interrupt the hanging and crookedness of Matter. 1898
SOUTHWARD Mod. Printing i. 82 Reglets, generally made
of oak or beech,, .vary in thickness from diamond up to
2- line great primer.
c. Collectively, or as a material. Also aftrib.t
as reglet plane.
1846 HOLTZAPFFEL Turning II. 487 The reglet plane.,
derives its name from being employed in making the
parallel slips of wood, or reglet, used by the printer for the
wide separation of the lines of metal type, a 1885 CASLON
Catal. Printing Material, Metal Reglet of the most beauti-
ful finish and accuracy, in yard lengths.
Reglorship : see RAGLEB.
Regie's s, -v. rare. £Rfi- 5 a.] trans. To put
a fresh gloss upon.
x6tw J.DAVIES Humours Heaven on Ear tkVf\ts. (Grosart)
I. 6 Grease. ., which so re-glosst the Sattens glosse that it
Was varnisht like their vaiies that turn the Spit, a 1618
SYLVESTER Job Triumphant n. 63 He dwels in Houses..
By him, re-built, re-gilt, re-glost, re-glas'd.
Reglow, sb. [RE- 5 a.] The act of glowing
again. So Reg-lowing vbl. sb.
1887 Proc. Physic. Soc. Apr. (1888) 116 There should be at
least two points at which a sudden reheating takes place ;
but not necessarily two sensible reglows. Ibid. 117 The
alternate darkening and reglowing. 1890 Nature 4 Sept.,
The phenomenon of recalescence or the re-glowing of.. iron
and steel at certain stages during the cooling process.
f Reglu'tinate, v. Obs. rare "~°. [f. L. reglu-
tinare : see RE- 2 a, a d and GLUTINATE.] trans.
To unglue (Cockeram 1623), or glue again
(Blount 1656). So f Beglirtination, an nngluing
(Cockeram); a gluing again (Phillips 1658).
Regm(e, obs. forms of REALM.
II Regma (re-gma). Bot. PI. re-gmata. [a.
Gr. >iJ77/<a a break or fracture.] Bot. In Mirbel's
classification, a dry fruit formed of three or more
cells which break open when ripe.
1839 LINDLEV Introd. Bot. (ed. 3) i. ii. 237 Retina. Three
or more celled, few-seeded,, .dry, the cells bursting from the
axis with elasticity into two valves. Ibid., Such regmata are
drupaceous. 1861 BENTLEYvT/a». Bot. $ig When a capsule
consists of three or more cells, which separate from the axis,
and burst with elasticity,, .it has been termed a Regma.
Regu, obs. form of REIGN.
Eegnacioune, -acyon, varr. REGNATION Obs.
REGNAL.
Regnal (re-gnal), a. [ad. med.L. regnalis, f.
regn-um kingdom, REIGN sb.]
1. a. Regnal year, the year of a sovereign's reign,
dated from the moment of his accession.
1612 HOPTON Concord. Years Ded. A iij, I obserued the
inconueniences.. occasioned., by the participation of euery
one Regnall yeare with two Ecclesian yeares. 1683
Chron. Jurid. Pref. in Nicolas Chronol. Hist. (1833) 272
Thirdly, there is what we call the year regnal i and that
beginneth on the day, and at the immediate moment, of the
decease of each last preceding king. 1833 NICOLAS Ibid.
272 The exact day from which the regnal year is calculated.
1876 FREEMAN Norm. Cony. (ed. 2) I. vi. 457 He dated his
public acts by the regnal years of the King.
b. Regnal day, the anniversary of a sovereign's
accession.
1877 C. GEIKIE Christ (1879) 55 On the regnal day of
Herod, in the year B. c. 14 the. .structure was consecrated.
2. Of or pertaining to a reign, kingdom, or king,
in various applications.
1643 PRYNNE Sov. Power Parlt. Ded. A iij b, The true
origmall grounds of Regal!, Regnall, Popular, or Parlia-
mentary Jurisdictions. 1846 McCui.LOCH Ace. Brit. Empire
(1854) II. Index 769/1 Regnal Table; from the Conquest.
1869 RAWLJNSON Anc. Hist. 32 An intentional duplication
of the regnal and other periods mentioned by Herodotus.
Re giiancy. rare~l. [f. L. regn-dre to REIGN :
see -ANCY.] The fact of reigning, predominance.
it 1834 COLERIDGE in Lit. Rem. (1838) III. 159 The third
and last cause, .is the presence and regnancy of a false and
fantastic philosophy.
Regnant (re-gnant), ///. a. [ad. L. regnant-,
pres. pple. of regnare to REIGN. Cf. F. regnant.]
1. Of sovereigns or other persons: Reigning,
ruling.
1600 W. WATSON Decacordon Pref. (1602) Aivb, Queene
Elizabeth our Soueraigne now regnant. 1670 G. H. Hist.
Cardinals n. in. 205 Giving Orders that he should be
treated like a Nephew of the regnant Pope. 1718 D'URFEY
Grecian Heroine n. Operas, etc. (1721) 112 A marbled
Caesar pinnion'd to a Throne, The People regnant, and the
Monarch Stone. 1856 C. R. KENNEDY tr. Demosthenes'
Leptines App. iv. Some time afterwards the power of
government passed from the regnant house into the hands
of the Eupatrida?. 1884 BROWNING Ferishtah, Shalt Abbas
49 Our liege, the Shah Happily regnant, hath become
assured [etc.].
of the regnant moon. 1875 M. COLLINS Sweet <$• Twenty \.
iv, A full moon was regnant over breadths of lawn.
b. Placed after the sb., esp. Queen regnant.
1632 H. SEILE A ug us tus 212 With th' one [face] looking
on the King Regnant ; with th' other, on the Prince suc-
cessive, a 1639 WOTTON in Rcliq. (1685) 168 There may be
reasonably supposed in Queens Regnant, a little proportion
of tenderness that way, more than in Kings. 1765 BLACK-
STONE Comni. I. iv. 212 The queen regent, regnant, or
sovereign, is she who holds the crown in her own right.
1818 CRUISE Digest (ed. 2) IV. 144 Neither the king, nor
a queen regnant, can convey in this manner, nor can a
corporation. 1859 WRAXALI. tr. A'. Houdin xix. 284 Each
of my performances was honoured by the presence of one or
more of the princes regnant of the Germanic Confederation.
2. Of things, qualities, etc. : Ruling, exercising
sway or influence, predominant, dominating.
1621 Bp. MOUNTAGU Diatribz 32 This humour being
Regnant in you, bred those Inuectiues of lazie Ignorance.
1687 WALLER Divine Love 65 The Law was regnant, and
confined his thought. 1799 SICKELMORE Agnes ff Leonora
II. 30 Her passion for controversy and reproach was so
regnant, that the most poignant misery would hardly subdue
it. 1847 EMERSON Poems, Musketaquid^ And by the order
in the field disclose The order regnant in the yeoman's brain.
1885-94 R- BRIDGES Eros tr Psyche Apr. vii, Their fames. .
Do battle with the regnant names of eld, To win their seats.
b. Prevalent, wide-spread.
1625 CHAS. I Sp. Wks. 1662 I. 560, 1 must mind you of the
Mortality now regnant in this City. 1676 WORLIDGE Cyder
Pref., Drunkenness.. is not now so regnant in this isle.
? 1757 H. I. (title) The Players Scourge, or a Detection of the
ranting prophanity and regnant impiety of stage plays.
1877 M. ARNOLD Last Ess. 25 The belief in witchcraft and
diabolical contracts which was regnant in his day.
t Regnard, obs. f. REYNARD. Hence f Keg-
n ardisra ; f Regmvrdizo v.
1602 CAREW Cornwall (1769) 22 Then Master Regnard
ransacketh every corner of his wily skonce. 1656 BLOUNT
Glossogr. [after Cotgr.], Rt'gnardism, Fox-like subtilty,
sliness, craftiness,. . ; and to Regnardise, to play the Fox.
I Reglia'tion. Obs. rare. Also 5 -acioune,
-aoyon. [a. OF. regnacion, -ation, or ad. med.L.
regnation-em, n. of action f. regnare to REIGN.]
Reign ; the act of ruling.
1418-20 J. PAGE Siege of Rouen in Hist. Coll. Citizen
Lond. (Camden) 27 Cryste for Hys Passyon Kepe hym in
Hys regnacyon ! 1422 tr. Secreta_ Secret., Priv. Priv. 182
In the begynnynge of his rcfiiiacioune, he was an oppres-
soure. i6«8 WILKINS Real Char. 397 The proper notion
expressed by this Character is Regnation,.. which is the
Substantive of Action, as King is of Person.
Regne, obs. form of REIGN.
tRegnee. Obs. rare-1, [a. OF. regnl (see
Godef.), f. regner to REIGN.] A kingdom.
c 1380 Sir Fertimb. 2386 pe Amyral clypede to him ban
Maubyn of egremolee ; A such bef as he was an was non in
his regnee.
t Re'gnicide. Obs. rare. [f. L. regni-, regtnim
kingdom + -CIDE i .] One who destroys a kingdom.
1607 Bp. J. KING Si-rrn. 5 Nov. 28 They.. become pari-
375
cides, Regicides, Regnicides at once. 1615 T. ADAMS Eng-
tantfs Sickness Wks. 1861 I. 4^18 Regicides are no less than
regnicides, . . for the life of a king contains a thousand thou-
sand lives.
t Re-gO, v. 06s.—1 [RE-.] To return, go back.
c 1640 J7 SMYTH Lives Berkeleys (1883) I. 369 Hee shall
regoe to his prison at the said time.
t Regelate, v. Otis. rare~l. [ac\.\i.regolare:—
L. reguldre] trans. To regulate.
1585 DYER Praise of Nothing Poems (Grosart) 78 We were
(as having our minds regolated by the good order of nature)
the lovers of virtue.
or f. RE- + GORGE v., perh. after L. regurgitare to
REGURGITATE.]
1. trans. To disgorge or cast up again ; to throw
or cast back. lit. and jig. t Also with of.
1605 M. SUTCLIFFE Brie/ Exam. 84 It is not much
material!, what is regorged out of such a gulfe of impieties.
1673 DRYDEN Marr. A la Mode i. i, When you have re-
gorged what you have taken in, you are the leanest things
in nature. 1727 Philip Quarll 27 Those Curses your
populous and celebrated Cities regorge of. 1804 R. W.
DlCKSON Pract. Agric. I. 386 That water.. must soon have
reached the bottom, and there have been regorged back
upon the soil. 1844 DISRAELI Coningsby II. i, Ever fearful
that they might be called upon to regorge their.. spoil.
absol. 1850 BROWNING Easter-Day xv, Then, each cleft
The fire had been sucked back into, Regorged.
b. intr. To gush or (low back again.
1654 EARL MONM. tr. Benlivoglio's Warrs Flanders 359
He therefore resolved to block up the Arches of the Bridg. .
so as the water might regorge back again into the fields.
1733 CHEYNE Eng. Malady n. viii. § 2 (1734) 193 The re-
f>rging Fluids, .struggling and labouring under the Animal
unctions. 1850 ALISON Hist. Europe (ed. 2) X. Ixvii. § 15.
217 The least east wind.. makes their waters regorge and
overspread a vast extent of level ground.
f o. intr. Of a place : To be flooded. Obs. -1
1621 MOLLE Camerar. Lrv. Libr. v. iii. 329 The Narses
ouerthrew. .so many of the Franci in a set battell, that the
territories about Capua regorged with humane blood.
2. trans. To engorge or swallow again, rare.
1700 DRYDEN Sigism. # Guise. 186 But as extremes are
short, of ill and good, And tides at highest mark regorge
the flood. 1894 WHISTLER in Speaker 10 Nov. 516, I ques-
tion if it be not without precedent that a writer ever before
so abjectly regorged his spleen.
Hence fBeg'oTg'ement, what has been regorged.
1641 R. BROOKE Eng. Episc. I. x. 58 But what he hath
done in that kind, he hath done many times by gathering
upthe regorgements of others.
Regorgitate, obs. variant of REGURGITATE.
tRegrrrt. Obs. rare-1. [tuOF.nger*(Gode£)>]
A deep place in the sea ; a gulf.
c 1477 CAXTON Jason 69 b, The noble arke was caste in a
meruayllous regorte of the see.
t Regra'ce. Obs. rare—1. [See next and GRACE
sb. 19, and cf. obs. F. retractation, med.L. regra-
tiatio.] pi. Thanks.
1463 Plumftan Corr. (Camden) 7 Right worshippfull my
singuler good mastre, as my dewtie is, with intier regraces
I recomend me unto you.
t Regra'Cy, v. Obs. rare. [ad. OF. regracier,
med.L. regratiare : see RE- and GRACE v.] trans.
To thank, give thanks to (one).
1483 CAXTON Gold. Leg. 438/2 Thus the creature shal
mowe thanke and regracye god by deuoute contemplacion.
ciSoo Melusine 23, I oughte to preyse to thanke and to
regracy the hertily in thy highe mageste.
t Regrada'tion. Obs. rare—1. [SeeREGRADE
v.2 and GRADATION.] Regression, retrogradation.
1607 Lingua in. vi, Starres, Orbes, and Flannels, with
their motions, The Orientall Regradations [etc.].
t Regra'de, v.1 Obs. [ad. L. regradare, f.
re- RE- + gradus GRADE.] trans. To degrade.
1605 SALTERN Anc. Laws I j b, Elutherius. .ordained that
none should be regraded b -.fore he were condemned.
Re grade (rigrf '-d), v.2 rare. [f. L. re- RE- +
gradi to go. The correct L. comb, is regretii : see
REGHEDE v] intr. To retire, recede, fall back.
1811 HALES New Anal. Chronol. II. 897 They saw the
darkness commence at the eastern limb of the sun, and
proceed to the western, till the whole was eclipsed ; and
then regrade backwards from the western to the eastern,
till his light was fully restored.
Regra-de (»-), z>.3 [RE- 5 a.] trans. To
grade again, in senses of the vb. Also absol.
1884 Century Mag. Mar. 649/2 The city was torn up from
one end to the other, and regraded. i88fr-7 Proc. Amer.
Instruct. Deafn\ You may start out. .with a class well
graded, and before you have been at work three months
you will find that you ought to regrade.
Regraft (rf-), v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To graft
again. Hence Eogra'fting vbl. sb.
1626 BACON Sylva § 45} It may bee, that oft Regrafting
of the same Cions, may likewise make Fruit greater. 1803
KNIGHT in Phil. Trans. XCIII. 282 When a large tree has
been deprived of its branches, to be regrafted, it often
becomes unhealthy. 1861 J. A. ALEXANDER Gosfel of Jesus
Christ xiii. 177 There U no regrafeing of exscinded boughs
into the heavenly olive-tree.
Regrait, var. of REGRATE sb^ and ».' Obs.
Regrant (rfgra-nt), sb. [RE- 5 a: cf. next.]
The act of granting again ; the renewal of a grant.
1617 MORYSON Itin. n. 10 MacMahown..had surrendered
this his Countrey. .into her Maiesties hands, and recemed a
regrant thereof, a 1734 NORTH Exam. in. viii. § 64 (1740)
6-J2 This was for Caution, lest some Customs or Duties..
might fall and not revive upon a Regrant. 1855 MACAULAY
REGRATE.
Hist. Eng. xx. IV. 427 As soon as it appeared that the
Old Company was likely to obtain a regrant of the monopoly.
1876 FREEMAN Norm. Cong. V. xxii. 16 As there had Deen
no forfeiture, no regrant was needed.
Regrant (tfgra-nt), v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To
grant (a privilege, estate, etc.) again.
1591 HORSEY Trav. (Hakl. Soc.) 169 [He] regrants priva-
leges..to towns. .and merchants, upon new composicion.
1617 MORYSON Itin. n. 6 He..surrendring his Inheritance
..had his land regraunted to him from the King. 1682
Land. Gaz. No. 1739/3 To the intent that Your Majesty will
be graciously pleased to regrant to the said Burrough their
said Messuages. 1750 CARTE Hist. Eng. II. 274 The King
had indeed regranted several privileges to the citizens.
1818 CRUISE Digest (ed. 2) V. 559 A surrender is a yielding
up of the estate by the tenant to the lord, for the purpose of
being regranted to some other person. 1876 DIGBV Kent
Prop. i. 35 A vast quantity of the land of the kingdom was
deemed to have bee_n forfeited or surrendered to the king,
and regranted by him.
Regratar(y, varr. of REGKATER(Y Obs.
t Regra'te, sb^ Sc. Obs. Also 5-6 regrait.
[f. REGHATE ».i, or a. OF. "regral, var. of regret
REGRET sb.]
1. Lamentation, complaint ; expression of grief,
distress, or sorrow. Also with a and //.
c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints xvi. (Magdalene) 468 pat gret pitte
wes to here his regrat & sorowfut chere. 1456 SIR G. HAVE
Law Artns (S. T. S.) 64 Thai maid grete regrate and
lamentacioun for the noble prince, c 1480 HENRYSON Test.
Cres. 397 Yit thay presumit, for hir hy regrait And still
murning, sho was of nobill kin. 1513 DOUGLAS rfLneis v.
xiii. 35 In the meyn sesoun Venus ,. Spak to Neptune with
sic peteous regrait. c 1614 SIR W. MURE Dido <$• sEneas I.
445 Such regrates vnable more to hear : ' Brave Trojane be
encourag'd ' Venus sayes. a 1653 BINNING Serrn. (1845) 299
The first word is, to the Heavens and to the earth : a weighty
and horrible regrate of this people. 1671 MACWARD True
Nonconf. 23 You still your . . regrate, for the neglect and
ruine of the work of God ; by the Consideration of Gods
Power and Providence.
2. Sorrow, regret.
1456 SIR G. HAVE Law Arms (S. T. S.) 55 Thai had sa
grete regrate to leve it, that all maid sik sorow. . that pitee
was to se. 1581 I. HAMILTON in Cath. Tract. (S. T. S.) 95
They brocht hir nienes in contempt of certane rebellious
subiectis to hir vnnaturall banishment, and gret regrait of
all treu Scottis-men. a 1639 SPOTTISWOOD Hist. Cfi. Scot.
VI. (1677) 373 They had expressed their great regrate for the
disappointment of his Preparations. 1704 Let. to Sc. Parlt.
in Land. Gaz. No. 4037/1 Animosities, lhat to Our great
Regrate we discovered among you.
tRegra-te, it.* Obs. rare-1. [?f. RE- +
GRATE v. ; cf. REGRATE v.t] Oppression.
1621 QUARLES Esther Introd. 116 Degenerate Cambyses
..Sits crowned King, to vexe the Persian state With heauy
burthens, and with sore regrate.
t Regrate, J/M [Of obscure origin.] Request.
c 1450 Craft of Lovers xii. in Stow Chaucer (1561) 341/2
Me semeth by fangage ye be some potestate . . What is your
name mekely I make regrate.
t Regrate, v.1 Sc. Obs. Also 7 regrait. [ad.
OF. regraler, var. of regreter, regreller to REGRET.]
1. trans. To lament, to feel or express grief or
sorrow at (some injury, loss, or event).
c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints xvii. (Martha) 24 Of )>at [town]
come pane bath Jung & aid, bare skath regratand. 1513
DOUGLAS ^Eneis I. iv. io6The petefull Eneas Regralis oft the
hard fortune and caisOf sterne Orontes new drownit in the se.
1581 J. HAMILTON in Cath. Tract. (S. T. S.) 74 Albeit this is to
be hauelieregratit . . yit all youre graces faythfull subiectis hes
confort. 1632 LITHCOW Trav. iv. 140, I cannot but regrate,
the great losse Sir Thomas Glouer receiued. 1671 W. RAIT
Vind. Reformed Relig. 252 You would father a contradic-
tion on me, because I regrate our rents [ = divisions], a 1712
T. HALYBURTON Five Serrn. (1721) 14 You have many on-
lookers, sin Satan and the world who regrate your prosperity.
b. With obj. clause introduced by that.
CI37J Sc. Leg. Saints xvi. (Magdalene) 455 [He] regratit
ofte be-twene, bat euir he had be magdelan sene. 1653
R. BAILLIE Dissuas. Vind. (1655) 77 You regrate that such
men as your self and other Anabaptists.. were misregarded.
1704 EARL SEAFIELD in Lond. Gaz. No. 4°37/j .It is to be
Regrated, that the Nation is in so low a Condition.
2. To lament or mourn for the loss or death of
(a person or thing).
»375 BARBOUR Brute xv. 233 Schir Eduuard . . regratit his
gret manhede, And his worschip with douchty dede. c 1375
Sc. Leg. Saints xii. (Mathias) 207 Regratand alswa hyr
husband bat ded. a 1649 DRUMM. OF HAWTH. Hist. Jos. IV
Wks. (1711) 78 He had .. a natural son, arch-bishop of
St. Andrew's, so much admired and regrated by Erasmus.
1685 Croc fan's Courtiers Orac. 258 The Phoenix it self
makes use of retirement and desire, to make it self to be
the more esteemed and regrated.
3. intr. To lament, mourn.
1616 SIR W. MURE Misc. Poems xi. 18 Eyes, by 30'
streames of silwer trickling teares, Regrait, since sche is butt
[ = without] remorce !
Regrate (rfgr^-t), »-2 Ott.VK.Sitt. [a. OF.
regrater, mod.F. regratter, usually regarded as f.
gratter to scrape, GRATE v., but the form of the
synonymous It. rigatlare (Florio), Sp. regatear,
makes this doubtful.]
1. trans. To buy up (market commodities, esp.
victuals) in order to sell again at a profit in the
same or a neighbouring market.
The practice was formerly regarded as hurtful to the com-
munity, and was forbidden by various enactments : see the
quots. here and under REGRATER, RFGRATING, REGRATOR.
1467 in Eng. Gilds (1870) 381 That linkers . . regrate no
corne commynge to the market, in peyne of lesynge xx.j.
REGRATE.
376
REGRESS.
1551-1 Act 5 $ 6 Edw. VI, c. 14 § a Whatsoever person . .
shall by any meanes regrate obteyne or gett into his . . pos-
session in any fair or market, anye come wyne fishe [etc.),
..and doe sell the same agayne in any fay re or markett
holden or kepte in the same place, or . . within fower myles
thereof, shalbe.. taken for a Regrator. 1612 T. TAYLOR
Comm. Titus i. 7 As by monopolies, enhansing, ingrossing,
and regrating corne or other commodities. 1697 in Strype
Stoics Surf. (1754) II. v. xxi. 413/1 No man shall regrate
any victuals in the Markets . . under pain of forfeiture of the
victuals so regrated. 1707 Ibid. (1720) I. Billingsgate 166/2
Without fail, they cause all Persons that . . shall Regrate
Fish (that is to say Buy Fish and Sell the same again in
the said Market) to be apprehended.
2. To sell again (articles so bought), to retail.
1582 N. LICHEFIELD tr. Castanheda's Cong. E. Ind. i. xliii.
99 His going thether was.. also for to regrate their gold,
and this was done in xxv. dayes. 1623 COCKERAM, Fore*
stallt to buy any Merchandize by the highway, ere it come
into the marquet for to regrate it againe. 1859 RILEV
Liber Albus Pref. (Rolls) I. p. Ixii, The keepers of ale-taverns
or ale-houses, who regrated the ale which they had purchased
from the brewery.
t Regrate, v.$ Obs. rare. [ad. med.L. re*
gratiare : see REGRATIATE z>.] trans. To reward,
repay, requite (a person).
c 1540 tr. Pol. Verg. Eng. Hist. (Camden No. 36) 146 That
cruell tyrants showlde bee regrated with juste penaltie for
there great im pie tie. Ibid. 166 To the ende he might seeme
to regrate Allmightie Godd for his victorie.
t RegTa'te, z*.4 Obs. rare. [app. f. RE- +
GRATE z;.1: cf. next.] a. intr. To grate on some-
thing, b. trans. To grate upon, offend (the eye).
1652 FELTHAM Low-Countries (1661) 62 Too much to re-
grate on the patience of but fickle Subjects, is to press a
Thorn till it prick your finger. 1713 DERHAM Phys.-Theol.
iv. xii. 224 Those that are the least beautified with Colours,
or rather whose Clothing may regrate the Eye. Ibid.* By
an incurious view it rather regrateth than pleaseth the Eye.
Regra'te, ^-5 rare—0, [ad. F. regrattert f.
grafter to GRATE v.l] (See qnot.)
1727-38 CHAMBERS CycL s.v. Regrater^ Among masons,
etc, to Regrate, is to take off the outer surface of an old
hewn stone, with the hammer and ripe, in order to whiten,
and make it look fresh again. [Taken from the Diet, de
Trivoux : hence in Crabb, Parker, Gwilt, and recent Diets.]
Regrater (r/gr^-tai). Also 5 St. -tar. [a. AF.
regrater m,, regratere f., =• OF. regratier 'Vii8o;
mod.F. regrattier)t f. regrater to REGRATE f.2: cf.
It. regattiere% Sp. regatero in the same sense. See
also REGRATOB.]
1. One who regrates victuals or other commodities;
a buyer-up for sale ; a retailer. Now chiefly Hist,
or with reference to France.
[1301 Rolls ofParlt. 1. 254/1 Agnes la Regratere . . in pane
venal. K\d. 1353 Act 27 Edw. ///, c. 3 Les hostelers des
herbergeries & autres Regraters de vitailles.]
1377 LANGL. P. PI. B. in. 90 Of alle suche sellers syluer to
take, . . Ringes or other ricchesse J>e regrateres to maynetene.
Ibid. v. 226 Rose the regratere was hir ri}te name, c 1450
Merlin 168, I ne knowe nought of the kynge that loueth
tresoure, and is regrater and a wyssher. a 1500 Iter C timer.
c. 19 in Acts Parl. Scot. (1844) I. 699 Of Regrataris . . j>ai
by gudis befor |>e lauchfull hour. 1537 CROMWELL in Merri-
man Life <$• Lett. ^1902) II. 75 The oversight, .of forstalers
and regraters . . within the town of Cambridge. 1592 Sc.
Acts Parl. (1597) c. 148 Forasmeikle as sindry acts of Par-
liament hes bene maid for punishment of fore-stallers and
regraters [etc.]. 1613 WELWOD Abridgan. Sea-La-wes 12
Against the forestallers, regraters, and dearthers of corne,
fish, drinke, fire-wood, victuals caried ouer sea. 1642 ROGERS
Naaman 257 The poore shall curse thee, Oh thou regrater,
Thou engrosser of corne, and raiser of prises. 1709-10
STEELE Tatler No. 118 F 10 The Scarcity caused by Re-
graters of Bread-Corn. 1837 CARLYLE Fr. Rev. I. i. i, To
them the great Sovereign is known mainly as the great re-
grater of bread. 1870 Daily News 3 Sept, 6 A police decree
. . preventing regraters from availing themselves of the extra-
ordinary measures taken to provide food for the city [Paris]
to make famine prices for their own profit.
fig. 1824 LANDOR Itnag. Cortv., Jos. I $ Casaubon, He is
. . no forestaller and regrater of manna from heaven, or of
palms from paradise.
2. One who collects commodities from the pro-
ducers and brings to market ; a middleman. (In
current use in south-western counties.)
1844 LD. BROUGHAM A. Lunel II. iii. 57 A middleman
between the publisher and the author, like a regrater
between the hop-grower and the hop-merchant or the
brewer. 1863 Reader 26 Aug. 236/2 ' Regraters ' (as the
Devon folk call them. .) travel round the villages, and buy
up fowls, and cream, and other delicacies.
fig- 1874 T. HARDY Far Jr. Mad. Crowd xxv, A sort of
regrater of other men's experiences of the glorious class.
Regrateress : see REGRATBESS.
t Regra'tery. Obs. rare. Also 4 -orie, 4-5
ry(e, 6 -ary. [ad. OF. regraterie (1218) : see RE-
GRATE z>.2 and -ERT.] The practice of regrating.
1361 LANGL. P. PI. A. HI. 74 Brewesters, Bakers .. recnet»
[v.r. richen] borw Regratorie \v.rr. regraterye, regratrye]
and Rentes hem bugge^. 1453 Cal. Anc, Rec. Dublin
(1889) I. 275 They shulde not go in to the contre to byge
corne in regratry of the market. 1581 LAMBARDE Eiren. i.
ix. (1602) 40 Of cappes and Hueries, forestallings,and regra-
taries, and of extorcions committed by Victualers.
t Regra-tiate, v. Obs. rare. [f. ppl. stem of
med.L, regratiare or -ant f. re- RE- + gratia GRACE :
cf. ingratiate and see also REGRATE Z/.^REGRACY v.~\
trans. = REGRATIPY v. Also absol.
a 1619 FOTHERBY Atheom. \. iv. § 5 (1622) 26 As the Gods
haue gratified Men, in receiuing some of them amongst
themselues into heauen : so Men haue regratiated them
againe, in receiuing of them into their Cities vpon earth.
1657 REEVE God's Plea 28 God doth not regratiate, because
we cannot ingratiate.
f Regra-tiatory. Obs. rare-1, [f. as prec. +
-ORY. Cf. med.L. regrdtiatorie adv.] Thanks.
15*3 SKELTON Garl. Laurel 431 So am I preuentid . . In
rendryng to you thankkis mentory, That welny nothynge
there doth remayne Wherwith to geue you my regraciatory.
t Regra'tify, v. Obs. [RE- : cf. REGRATIATE.]
trans. To gratify in return.
1570 FOXE A. fy M. (ed. a) 1131/2 The king to regradfie
them agayne, graunted to them a generall pardon of all
offences. 16x1 SPEED Hist. Gt. Brit. ix. xi. § 8. 555/2 The
decree, .was by the king, -suffered to passe ; and the king
was thereupon regratified with a Subsidie of the twentieth
part of the subiects goods. 1676 BEAL in Phil. Trans. XI.
585 Cherries and Plums make haste to regratify the Planter.
Regrating (r/gr^-tin), vbl. sb. [f. REGRATE v.2
+ -ING l.] The action of the vb.
01550 Vox Populi 41 in Hazl. E.P. P. III. 269 Suche
and suche, That of late are made riche, . . By grasyng and
regratinge. 1596 SPENSER State Irel. Wks. (Globe) 681/2
By such engrossing and regrating we see the dearthe that
nowe comonly raigneth heere in England to have bene
caused. 1630 BKATHWAIT Eng. Gentlem. (1641) 135 In
Courts are suits and actions of law;. .in the countrey in-
grossing and regrating of purpose to oppresse. 1745 De
Foe's Eng. Tradesman xxxviiL (1841) II. in All regrating
and forestalling of markets, is accounted so pernicious in
trade. 1799 BURKE Lett.* to A. 1 'oung (1844) IV. 453, 1 was
myself the person who moved the repeal of the absurd code
of statutes against the most useful of all trades, under the
invidious names of forestalling and regrating. 1844 Act 7 \
8 Viet. c. 24 (fitle\ An Act for abolishing the Offences of
forestalling, regrating, and engrossing. 1868 Daily News
4 Sept., Theatrical Forestalling and Regrating.— . .By
buying up the admissions to [Parisian] theatres which
dramatic or operatic authors are privileged to sign, and re-
tailing them to the public.
t Regra'tingly, adv. Obs. rare**, [f. RE-
GRATE z/.^] In a regrating manner ; after the manner
of a regrater.
c 1550 LYNDESAY Pedcr Coffeis 15 He lokis thame yp in to
his innis Vnto ane derth, and selUs thair eggis, Regraitandly
on thame he wynnis.
Regrator (r/gr^'t£i). Also 4-6 -our. [a. AF.
regratour = obs. F. regrattenr: see REGRATER.]
1. = REGRATER i. Now rare.
136* LANGL. P. PI. A. v. 140 Rose J>e Regratour Is hire
rihte name ; Heo ha^ holden hoxterye J>is ETleuene wynter.
1449 Rolls ofParlt. IV. 349/1 A fals craft of regratouris of
jern. 1467 in Eng. Gilds (1870) 396 That ther be no citezen
regratour of see ffysshe. 1500-20 DUNBAR Poems xiv. 43
Sic regratouris, the peure men to prevene. 1550 LEVER
Serin. (Arb.) 130 Take awaye leasmongers, regratorsand all
suche as by byinge and sellynge make thyngs more dere.
1551-2 [see REGRATE v? ij. 159* Sc. Acts Parl. (1597) c. 148
Quha gettis in his hand by buying, contract or promises, the
growand corne on the field, salbe repute a regratour. 1618
I)ALTON Countr. Just.cxv. (16^0)315 Forestallers Regrators
and Engrossers . . shall be imprisoned. 1697 in Strype $ 'tow's
Surv.(\754) II. v. xxi. 412/1 That they may self them in
Town dearer to Regrators than those that did bring them
in would do. 177* Statutes at Large VIII. 202 An Act for
repealing several Laws, .against Badgers, Engrossers, Fore-
stallers, and Regrators. 1859 [see REGRATRESS].
2. = REGRATER 2.
1807 VANCOUVER Agric. Devon (1813) 107 Some of them
become regrators, and attend constantly the Plymouth
market. 1884 Blackw. Mag. Oct. 502/2 They are thrown
into the hands of the regrator, who goes round with a cart
and buys their goods dirt-cheap.
Regratorie, variant of REGRATERY Obs.
Regra'treSS. Obs. exc. Hist. Also 7 regra-
teress. [f. REGRATER + -ESS : cf. AF. regrateresse
(i3-i4th c.).] A female regrater.
1611 COTGR., Regratiere,a,n Hucksteresse ; also, a Regra-
teresse. 1859 K\\xx Liber Albus Pref. (Rolls) I. p. Ixii, No
brewer or breweress, or regrator or regratress of ale [etc.],
1877 SKEAT Notes to Langlantfs P. PI. C. iv. 82 The baker
did not sell the bread to toe public, but to the regratresses.
Regratrye, variant of REGRATERY Obs.
t Regra-tulate, v. Obs. [RE- 2 a.]
1. trans. To return, make return for, repay.
1615 BRATHWAIT Strappado (1878) 8 They'le afterward
Regratulate thy loue (paying th'old skore). i6a8 FELTHAM
Resolves i. Ixviii. 63 Oh ! how should we regratulate his
fauours for so immense a benefit. . ?
2. To make a return to, gratify in return.
x6ai G. SANDYS Ovid's Met. xm. (1626) 266 Proue not so
ingrate. With slaine Polixena regratulate Our Sepulcher :
'tis she I couet most.
t Regratula'tion. Obs. rare. [RE- a a or
5 a : cl. prec.] a. pi. Thanks, expressions of
gratitude, b. (See quot. 1678.)
1650 A. B. Mutat. Polento 21 After our most humble re-
gratulations to his Grace for.. his affable and noble deport-
ment to us. 1678 PHILLIPS (ed, 4) and Suppl., Regratitlation,
a rejoycing again.
Regra've («"),». rare^Q. [RE- 5 a.] trans.
To engrave again, re-engrave.
1688 R. HOLME Armoury in. 151/2 Grave, or Re-grave,
to mend with the Graver those stroaks omitted or not eaten
with the Aqua-Fortis.
Regreatable, obs. form of REGRETTABLE.
Regrede (r/grrd), v. [ad. L. regredt to turn
back, f. re- RE- +gradl to go : cf. REGRADE v. and
REGRESS z/.J intr* To retrograde, go back.
1865 Chambers' Encycl. s.v. Perturbation, The effect of a
disturbing force continually directed towards the plane of
the ecliptic, is to make the node regrede. 1873 PROCTOR
Moon 163 Since.. the lunar nodes thus regrede, or, as it
were, meet the advancing moon.
t Kegre'dience. Obs. rare-1. [See next and
-ENCE.] Regression, return.
1648 HERRICK Hesper., Aphorism cxxi, No man comes
late unto that place, from whence Never man yet had a
regredience.
t Regre 'Client. Obs. rare-1. [^A.'L.regre-
dient-em, pres. pple. of r<£rrt// to REGREDE.] One
who retires. •
1612 W. PARKES Curtains Dr. (1876) 23 A thousand times
more might the pen of his direction discouer, who is the
vniversal ingredient and regredient, and Curtaine-drawer of
the whole World.
t Regree'n, v. Obs. rare-1, [RE- 5 a.] trans.
To make green again.
1598 SYLVESTER Du Bartas n. ii. i. Ark 66 As the
Sommer's sweet-distilling drops .. Re-greens the Greens, and
doth the Flowrs re-flowr.
t Regree't, sb.i Obs. [f. REGREET v.] A
(return of a) salutation or greeting.
1595 SHAKS. John in. i. 241 And shall these hands. . Vnyoke
this seysure and this kinde regreete? 1631 BRATHWAIT
Whimzies, Hospitall-man 44 With a friendly and brotherly
regreete one of another,, .they betake themselv's to their
rest. 1665 — Comment Two Tales 164 A proper Salute,
and as mannerly a Re-greet as an old Trot could afford.
b. //. Greetings.
1596 SHAKS. ^Merch. V. \\. ix. 89 His Lord, From whom he
bringeth sensible regreets. a 1639 WEBSTER Appius $ Virg.
in. i, Yet ere my self could reach Virginia's chamber, one
was before me, with regreets from him.
t Regree't, sb.* Obs. rare—1, [pern, a variant
spelling of regrete : see REGRET sb. J ? Protest,
a 1661 FULLER Worthies, Bucks. i. (1662) 141 He [Coke]
scrupuled to take the oath, pretending many things against
it,, .It was answered, that he had often seen the Oath given
to others without any regreet.
Regree't, v. Now rare. [f. RE- + GREET z^.i]
1. trans. To greet again or anew.
1586 MARLOWE ist Pi. Tamburl. in. i, And if, before the
Sun have measur'd heaven With triple Circuit, thou regreet
us not [etc.]. 1611 Tarlton*s Jests (1844) 27 In the city of
Glocester M. Bird of the chappell met with Tarlton, who,
joyfull to regreet other, went to visit his friends.
2. To greet (one) in return ; also simply, to greet,
give salutation to. (Freq. c 1 600.)
1593 SHAKS, Rich. //, i. iii. 67, I regreete The daintiest
last, to make the end most sweet. 1607 R. QAREW] tr.
Estienne's World of Wonders 119 Neither did he after-
wards sticke to regreet me with the said siluer salutation.
16*7 DRAYTON Agincourt, etc. 107 In like language, this
great Earle againe Regreets the Queene. 1864 LOWELL
Fireside Trav. 89 His hat rose, regreeting your own.
fb. To return (a salutation). Obs. rare~*.
1586 WARNER fAlb. Eng. t. vi, Presently she meetes With
Tha;seus and pirithous, whose salutings she regreetes.
f 3. intr. To exchange greeting with one. Obs.
rare—1. In quot.jig.
1604 AN. Sc. Daiphantus viiL in Arb. Garner VII, 388
Unmatched beauty with her virtue meeting : Proud that
her lowly 'beisance doth re-greet With her chaste silence.
Hence Begree'ting///. a.
1607 DAY Trav. Eng. Bro. (1881) 89 Their destinies
mutable command resse Hath never suffer 'd their regreeting
eyes To kiss each other at an enteruiew.
Regreetable, obs. form of REGRETTABLE.
t Regree'ting, vbl. sb. Obs.-1 f? var. of RE-
GRETTiNG,or f.GREETz/.2] Complaint, lamentation.
1632 LITHGOW Trav . vi. 269 [They] made in the beginning
pittifull, and lamentable regreetings.
Regress (r/'gres), sb. [ad. L. regressus, n. of
action f. regredt to go back : see REGREDE v., and
cf. egress, ingress."\
1. The act of going or coming back ; a return or
withdrawal ; re-entry to or into the place of issue
or origin. Freq. in the phrases (orig. legal) egress,
or ingress, and regress.
c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints xxi. (Clement) 629 Fra he had to
rome regresse [ L. venisset], & wyst J>e tyme cumyne was [etc.].
1477 Rolls ofParlt. VI. 191/1 Afore your moost victorious
regresse into this same your Reame. 1515 St. Papers Hen.
yilft II. 13 The Deputye, in his progresse and regresse,
oppresseyth the Kinges poore comyn folke. 1543-4 Act
35 Hen. VIII, c. 10 To haue free ingresse egresse and re-
gresse into all suche places. 1509 HAKLUYT Ifoy. II. i. 177
[The] abouesaid Christians will not quietly suffer their
egresse and regresse, into, and out of our dominions. 1632
LITHGOW Trav. x. 482, I remarked a perpetuall current,
flowing from the Ocean to the Mediterrene Sea without any
regresse. 01656 USSHER Ann. (1658) 773 Whose progresse
and regresse in this journey we here set down out of Strabo.
1696 TRYON Misc. i. 2 Where the Air hath not its free egress
and regress. 1748 RICHARDSON Clarissa (1811) I. xxxv. 259,
I have told him that he may indeed watch her egresses and
regresses. 1770 LANGHORNE Plutarch (1879) I. 192/2 The
Lacedaemonians would allow free egress and regress in their
city. 1822-56 DE QUINCEY Confess. (1862) 182 Every step
of my regress.. was bringing me nearer to the heath. 1856
STANLEY Sinai $ Pal. \. i. 38 Early travellers .. took one
route on their egress and the other on their regress.
fig. 1607-12 BACON Ess., Great Place (Arb.) 278 The
standing is slipery, and the regresse is either a downefall,
or. .an Eclipse. 1656 W. MONTAGUE Accompl. Worn. 17
It is necessary, that after we have surveyed many objects,
we should make a regress into our selves. 1836-7 SIR W.
HAMILTON Metaph. xxxviii. (1870) II. 372 We cannot con-
ceive the infinite regress of time. 1866 J. G. MURPHY
Comm., Exod. xxx. Introd., The progress and regress here
are the prophecy and the history of salvation.
2. Law. f a. - RECOURSE 4 b. Obs.
1479 Act. Audit. (1839) 94 Becauss be said henry allegeit
he had writtinge. . quharthrou he vnderstude he my* saufly
Intromet w1 the said gudis, (•' he haf Regress to him Insafer
REGRESS.
as law will. 1641 S. SMITH Herring Buss Trade 20 The
owners shall hold and keep their regresse to the steeres-
man, . . for to recover the value . . of the Herring so forfeited.
1755 MAGENS Insurances II. 99 Which Condition shall
preserve to the Owner of the Goods.. the Right of having
Regress upon the Master.
•f b. Return to possession ; re-entry. Obs. rare.
1597 SKENE De Verb. Sign. s.v. Recognition, The superiour
hes entresse & regresse to the property of the lands, and
may recognosce the samin. 1628 COKE On Litt. 319 Others
doe hold it all one in case of a recouery, and a regresse.
tc. Se. (Seequots.) Obs.
1597 SKENE De Verb. Sign. s.v. Reversion, Ane regresse is
giuen bee the superiour of landes to the annalier thereof,
quhairby hee promisis to receiue againe him, or his aires to
be his vassalles, as they were of before, quhen it sail happen
onye of them to redeeme the saidis landes. a 1768 ERSKINE
lust. Law Scot. ii. viii. § 18 (1773) 297 Letters of regress
were frequently obtained from the superior, by which he
became obliged to give the reverser his former vassal full
regress to the property, upon his redeeming the lauds.
d. Canon Law. (See quots.)
1710 tr. Duf in's Eccl.Hist. ibtk C. I. n. xiv. 75 note , Regress
is a Term in the Canon Law ; It is an Action by which the
Resignee may enter upon a Benefice upon a Resignation or
upon a Change. 1848 WATF.RWORTH Canons ff Decrees of
Trent (1888) 261 note, Regress, right of returning to a bene-
fice vacated in case of death &c., of the actual incumbent.
3. fa. Return to (or unto) a previous state or
condition. Obs.
"MS STEWART Craii. Scat. II. 73 Rome, .may neuir regres
half to sic gloir In to oure tyme as that it had befoir. 1610
HEALEY St. Aug. Citie of Cod 398 They love perfect im-
piety, from which there is no regresse unto piety.
b. The fact of going back from, or in respect of,
a state or condition. (Opp. to progress^)
1590 LODGE Rosalind 56 Thy progresse in loue is a regress
to losse. 1600 W. WATSON Decacordon (1602) 218 It is
neither the good beginning, nor progresse, nor regresse,..
that notifieth a man to be predestinate, or a reprobate. 1621
H. FARLEY St. Paul's E 2, As in Progresse, so in Regresse,
O, let vs euer pray. That God will blesse his Maiestie. 1697
G. BURGHOPB Divine Worship 138 Let him search into. .his
progress or regress in piety. 1891 Nation (N. V.) 3 Dec. 423/3
So we will wait and hope, and report progress or regress
after our Sicilian tour.
f4. Return to a subject. Obs. rare—1.
1578 BANISTER Hist. Man iv. 47 But to make regresse, it
followeth, yet further, .to describe the Muscles.
6. The act of working back in thought from one
thing to another, spec, from an effect to a cause.
1620 T. GRANGER Div. Logike 109 From the priualion of
the power or facultie there is no regresse to the habite.
1640 Bp. REYNOLDS Passions x. 93 There is another Refiresse
from the Object to the Appetite. 1704 NORRIS Ideal World
II. vii. 332 If so, then a double absurdity will follow; one by
way of direct progress from the cause to the effect, and
another by way of regress from the effect to the cause.
1825 COLERIDGE Aids Kefi. (1848) I. 209 The old axiom. .
applies with a never-ending regress to each several link, up
the whole chain of nature. 1877 E. CAIRD Phiios. Kant \\.
xv. 554 An endless regress from reason to reason is no
explanation of the world which satisfies the intelligence.
6. Astron. = RETBOGBAD ATION.
1641 H. MORE Songo/Souln. iii. lli.lxxi, In regresse and
in progress different Of the free Planets. 1715 tr. Gregory's
Astron. (1726) II. 534 The Regress of the Nodes is the
swiftest when they are in a Quadrature with the Sun. 1750
Phil. Trans. XLVII. 71 The regress, in a periodical month,
will be 5548".3, and the progress i6489"!8. 1838 Penny
Cyci.Xl. 383/2 The regress, when the line of apses is per-
pendicular to the line joining the earth and sun, is about 9°.
Regress (rfgre's), v. [ad. L. regress-, ppl.
stem ufregredi: see REOBEDB v.]
1 1. intr. To recede from ; to return to a subject
or place, or into a former state. Obs.
«5S2 Cat. Anc. Rec. Dublin (1889) I. 428 It redouns to
ther owen dishonestie and sham in regressing fro the said
order. 1570 FoxE^l. t, M. (ed. 2) 51/2 But this by thewaye of
digression, now to regresse again to the state of y« first
former times. 1593 BILSON Govi. Christ's Ch. 329 [This] we
haue alreadie scene, and may not now regresse thither againe
1646 SIR T. BROWNE Pseud. Ep. 11. i. (1650) 40 All which, ..
being forced into fluent consistencies, doe naturally regresse
into their former solidities.
2. To move in a backward direction. Chiefly
Astron.
1823 WOODHOUSE Astron. (ed. 2) II. 660 The node [of the
moon] may have regressed through several entire circuits of
the heavens. 1838 Penny Cycl. XI. 383/r When the moon
Regression (r?gre-jan). [ad.L. regnTsion-em,
n. of action f. regress-, regredt: see prec.]
1 1. Return to a subject. = REGRESS sb. 4. Obs
c ISM BARCLAY Jugnrlha (ed. 2) 20 Nowe wyll I make re
,_, ^ _ „._„ .*,6ti.oonjii( wiiiL.li ij) u rcLuming
back againe to our former speech interrupted by digression.
T A. Recurrence or repetition (of a word or state-
ment). Obs. rare.
«SS3 T. WILSON Rkef. 100 b, That is called regression,
when we repeate a worde eftsones, that hath been spoken,
and rehersed before. 1597 J. KING On Jonas (1618) 37
[is reason of flying to Tarshish, is againe specified, with
a regression in the end of the verse, that he might roe from
the presence of the Lord.
3. 1 he action of returning to or towards a place
or point of departure.
IS97 A. M. tr. Gmllemeaii's Fr. Chirnrg. sS b/i In such
accidents wherin is onlye required a regressione of bloode.
VOL. VIII.
377
1610 VENNER Via Recta viii. 179 Through the regression of
the spirits and heat into the interiour parts. 1682 SIR T.
BROWNE Chr. Mar. (1756) 44 Run not into extremities from
whence there is no regression. 1864 BOWEN Logic vii. 22
My going upstairs is my progress towards my object, am
my coming down is a regression.
b. Geom. Return of a curve.
dation. 1842 DE MORGAN Calculus 434 One sound writer,
has attempted to translate the words arete de rebroitssement
in English by ' edge of regression '. 1879 THOMSON & TAIT
Nat. Phil. \. i. § 148 When the number is infinite, and the
surface finitely curved, the developable lines will in genera
be tangents to a curve... This curve is called the edge 01
regression.
4. Return to or into a state or condition ; relapse ;
reversion to a less developed form. Cf. REGRESS 3 a.
1646 SIR T. BROWNE Pseud. Ep. (1650) 29 That essence,
which substantially supporteth them, and restrains their
from regression into nothing. 1822-34 Good's Stitdy Med.
(ed. 4) IV. 285 Dr. Home .. completed a radical cure in
fourteen of them, no relapse occurring notwithstanding the
frequency of such regressions. 1882 Nature XXVII. 170
The destructive process is identical. It is a regression from
the new^ to the old. 1889 GALTON Nat. Inheritance vii. 103,
I trust it will become clear . . that the law of Regression in
Stature refers primarily to Deviations.
6. Phiios. = REGRESS sb. 5.
I
(1889) xii. 472 Truths of science are made contingent on a
first cause, or are swallowed up in the mysteries of infinite
regression.
6. Astron. = REGRESS sb. 6.
1823 WOODHOUSE Astron. (ed. 2) II. 660 The annual re.
gression of the Moon's node will be found to be I9°.i9'.43".
1839 MOSELEY Astron. xxxyii. 121 This annual regression
of the equinoctial point . . is called the Precession of the
Equinoxes.
fires . . the disorder shew Of thy regressive paces here below.
i7»8 PEMBERTON Newton's Phiios. 218 This regressive
motion will be greatest, when the nodes are in the quarters.
1759 PULLEIN in Phil. Trans. LI. 22 This received a pro-
gressive and regressive motion by means of two wheels.
1812 WOODHOUSE Astron. x. 79 The equinoctial point would
have moved to the west, or have been regressive. 1865
MASSON Rec. Brit. Phiios. 100 The regressive or contractive
movement of the Absolute out of the finite .. back into
itself. 1888 WRIGHT tr. Brugwanrfs Coinpar. Cram. § 644
Transforming operations are far more frequent in a regres-
sive., than., in a progressive direction.
b. Moving back into an inferior condition ; de-
cadent, declining, rare"1.
1854 DE QUINCEY Templars' Dial. Wks. IV. 238 notet
Agriculture, as an art benefiting by experience, has never
yet been absolutely regressive, though not progressive by
such striking leaps.. as manufacturing art.
o. Acting in a backward direction; retroactive.
Regressive assimilation^ assimilation of a sound to one
following it, as in comp- from conp-,
1888 WRIGHT tr. Brugmanti's Compar. Gram. § 603 If a
monophthong arose from two vowels having a different
quality, the levelling was sometimes progressive.. ; some-
times regressive. 1889 R. T. ELY Pol. Econ. vi. ii. (1891)
308 Indirect taxes are said to be, in their effect on the
citizens, regressive.
2. Phiios. Proceeding from effect to cause, or
from particular to universal.
1836-7. SIR W. HAMILTON Metaph. ii. (1877) I- =6 The
affirmation of a God being thus a regressive inference, from
the existence of a special class of effects to the existence of
a special character of cause. 1877 E. CAIRO Phiios, Kant
i. 132 The regressive process whereby science discovers the
universal from the particular.
3. Med. Tending towards, of the nature of, de-
generation or decomposition.
cx86s Circ. Sc, I. 334/2 In the very tissues, a regressive
metamorphosis . . has already begun. 1898 Allbntfs Syst.
Med: V. 176 Before the patient's death regressive changes
have already set in.
Hence Begfre'ssively adv., Regre'ssiveness.
1854 DE QUINCEY War Wks. IV. 268 Twenty or thirty
years earlier still, they had been ascribed to Voltaire, and so
been said that Christianity is a progressive religion ; to
me its distinctive feature is its regressiveness.
Regret (rtgre't), sb. Also 6-7 regrete. [a. F.
regret, verbal sb. f. regretter to REGRET. Adopted
earlier in Sc. in the form REGRATE sb.^~\
fl. Complaint, lament. Obs. =REGHATE^.I i.
i<33 BELLENDEN Livy(S. T. S.) II. 167 Throw be mLserabil
sicht . . of bis man, and throw his pietuous regret [v.r.
regrate], raissanehuge noyis and clamoure. a 1547 SURREY
Mneid\\. 93 With this regrete [Douglas regrate] our hartes
from rancor moved.
2. Sorrow or disappointment due to some external
circumstance or event.
1590 SPENSER F. Q. i. vii. 20 When her eyes .. saw the
signes that deadly tydinges spake, She fell to ground for
sorrowfull regret. 1662 J.DAViEstr. Olearius1 Voy.Ambass.
278 [He had noped] that our Lives would be an example to
the Christians of the Country..; but that, to his regret, he
found the contrary. 1759 ROBERTSON Hist. Scot. n. Wks.
1813 I. 138 The protestants beheld with regret the earl of
Argyll, .still adhering to the queen. 1784 COWPER Task in.
710 Scenes that 1 love, and with regret perceive Forsaken,
or through folly not enjoyed. 1858 J. B. NORTON Topics 192,
REGRETFUL.
I I concur with the Collector of Moradabad, in thinking that
we have not cause to look on the fact with regret.
b. An intimation of regret for inability to do
something, esp. to accept an invitation.
1859 BARTLETT Diet. Amer. 359 Regret, a note declining
at the College. . . It is rather annoying, .only to find a ' regret '
posted in the College.
3. Sorrow or pain due to reflection on something
one has done or left undone.
1:1641 CHAS. I Reft. Stafford's Death in Somers Tracts
(1810) IV. 252, I never did bear any touch of conscienc"
with greater regret. 1667 Decay Chr. Piety vii. 150 A
passionate regret at Sin, a grief and sadness at its Memory,
more speciously pretends to enter us into Gods roll of
Mourners. 1727 DE FOE Syst. Magic i. i. (1840) 17 All wise
men looked back with regret upon those actions of their
lives which they have been drawn into, and in which they
have reason to see themselves mistaken. 1813 SHELLEY
Q. Mob v. 246 Pining regrets, and vain repentances. . pervade
1 heir valueless and miserable lives. i863GEO. ELIOT Romola
xi, A face only a little less bright than usual, from regret at
appearing so late.
4. Sorrow at, or for, some loss or deprivation
or a lost thing or person. Also const, of.
1647 CLARENDON Hist. Ret. i. § 64 And sure never any
prince manifested more a most lively regret for the loss of
a servant than his majesty did for this great man. 1693
PRIOR Death Q. Mary 100 Her piety itself would blame,
If her regrets should waken thine. ? 1709 LADY W. M.
MONTAGU Lett., to Mrs. He-wet Nov. (1887) I. 28 You know
people can never leave your company, or writing to you,
without regret. 1781 COWPER Charity 145 The sable
warrior, frantic with regret Of her he loves and never can
forget. 1820 SHELLEY Witch All. xiv, The feeling and the
sound are fled and gone, And the regret they leave remains
alone. 1871 R. ELLIS Catullus xcvi. 4 When for a friend
long lost wakes some unhappy regret.
t 5. Dislike, disinclination, aversion. Obs.— *
^ 1667 Decay Chr. Piety vii. 152 Is it a vertu* to have some
ineffective regrets to damnation, and such a Vertue too, as
shall serve to ballance all our vices ?
6. attrib., with the sense of ' expressing regret '.
1897 Westnt. Gitz. 26 Aug. 7/3 A sheaf of over seventy
'regret' telegrams. 1898 Ibid. 2 Apr. 6/1 Last night the
whole of the allotment letters and many of the regret letters
were posted.
b. Comb., as regret-laden, -worthy.
1871 H. B. FORMAN Living Poets 289 Both astonishing and
regretworthy. 1873 E. BRENNAN Witch of Nemi, etc. 225
As hence we're driven, regret-laden, To that mist-land.
Regret (rtgre-l), v. Also 5, 7 regrete. [ad.
F. regretter, OF. also rcgrcter and regrater: see
REGRATE z/.l
The ultimate origin of the Fr. verb is uncertain ; some
Romanic philologists are inclined to connect it with the
Teutonic stem represented in English by GREET v.z]
1. trans. To remember, think of (something lost),
with distress or longing; to feel (for express)
sorrow for the loss of (a person or thing).
13.. E. E. A Hit. P. A. 243 Art bou my perle bat I haf
playned, Regretted by myn one. . ? 1483 CAXTON G. de la
Tour C ij, He cam to hym mournyng and wepyng waylyng
and regretyng his wyf. 1611 FLORIO, Regrettare, to regret,
to condole. 1692 DRYDEN St. Euremont's Ess. 104 He died
at length regretted of all men. 1735 POPE Ep. Lady 234
Sure, if they catch, to spoil the Toy at most, To covet
flying, and regret when lost. 1784 COWPER Task iv. 777
Sad witnesses how close-pent man regrets The country.
1863 FAWCETT Pol. Econ. i. iii. 16 Employers were heard to
regret those days when there were no schools to corrupt the
industrial virtues of the workmen.
2. To grieve at, feel mental distress on account
of (some event, fact, action, etc.).
1553 Douglas' SEneis I. iv. 106 Eneas Regrettis oft the
hard fortun, and case Of Sterne Orontes, now drownyt in
the se. 1660 BOYLE New Exp. Phys. Mech. Wks. 1744 I.
72/2, I shall not regret the trouble my experiments have
cost me, if they be found in any degree serviceable to the
purposes.. to which they were designed. 1671 MACWARD
True Nonconf. 155 And we have already Doth acknow-
ledged, and regreted the grievous abuse, occasioned by that
latter practice. 1680 COTTON Death Earl of Ossory, Ah,
cruel Fate, thou never struck'st a blow By all Mankind re-
gretted so. 1732 BERKELEY Akiphr. l. S i What 1 most
regret is the corruption of his mind. 1781 COWPER Table
T. 176 Poets, of all men, ever least regret Increasing taxes
ind the nation's debt. 1822 SHELLEY tr. Calderon i. 201
Do you regret My victory? Who but regrets a check In
rivalry of wit? 1878 LECKY Eng. in iZtk C. I. L 124 Alone
imong the Spaniards the Catalans had real reason to regret
he peace.
Hence Regre'tting vol. sb. and ///. a.; also
Begre'ttingly adv.
1721 STRYPE Eccl. Mem. III. xxvii. 213 The main design
, . was to drive on Papal religion and in the mean while to
ecure the regretting people from rising. 1790 A. WILSON
n Poems fy Lit. Prose (1876) II. 195 Edina's crowd Should
tever have cost me one regretting sigh. 1826 SCOTT Jml.
4 Jan., Many were [thinking of me], undoubtedly ; and all
atner regrettingly. 1837 VERLANDER Vestal, etc. 88, I did
not think again to feel These vain regrettings of the past.
Regretable, variant of REGRETTABLE.
Regretful (r/gre-tful), a. [f. REGRET sb. +
FUL.J Full of sorrow or regret. Also const, of.
1647 R- FANSHAW tr. Past. Fido ill. i, Thou art return'd,
>ut nought returns with thee Save my lost joyes regretful!
lemory. 1743 SHENSTONE Elegies xix, Think not regretful
i survey the deed. 1791 PAINE Rights af Man (ed. 4) 164
The regretful manner in which he expresses himself. 1837
48
REGRETFULLY.
WHEELWRIGHT tr. Aristophanes II. 106 Hating the town,
regretful of my burgh. 1894 Du MAURIER Trilby II. 212
They soon forgot the regretful impressions of the day.
Regretfully (r/gre-tfuli), adv. [f. prec. +
-LY 2. J In a regretful manner.
1681 SIR T. BROWNE Chr. Mor. 122 Men who dye in
M
hi'
would wake up* regretfully. 1880 OUIDA Moths I. vi. 179
' She is rude ', she added regretfully.
So Regre-tfulness.
1870 E. MULFORD The Nation ix. 155 In the strict historical
school there is always a regretfulness..that there is now no
Hamilton and no Madison.
Regre'tless, a. rare. [f. REGRET sb. + -LESS.]
Feeling no regret.
1858 CARLYLE Fredk. Gt. vr. ix. (1872) II. 227 Wilhelmina. .
takes charmingly to him . . regretless of the Four Kings.
Regrettable (rfgre-tab'l),a. Also 7 regreet-,
regreat-, 9 regretable. [a. F. regrettable, f re-
gretable : see REGRET v. and -ABLE.] Deserving
of, calling for, regret : a. of occurrences, actions,
facts, etc. (Common in recent use.)
1603 FLORIO Montaigne m. ix. 586, I have scene some ..
hate their health because it was not regreetable. a 1693
Urquharfs Rabelais m. xlviii. 389 The loss of Osyris
was not so regreatable in Isis. 183* CARLYLE Misc. (1857)
III. 52 The fact of their existence is not the less certain and
regretable. 1867 VISCT. STRANGFORD Selection (1869) I.
118 It is, therefore, all the more regrettable to come upon
the traces of their vitality m French opinion. 1889 Times
31 Aug. 5/1 These raids are very regrettable.
b. of what is lost or no longer exists, rare.
1835 Tail's Mag, II. 454 The custom, we suspect, wasone
of the few regrettable observances of the feudal era. 1871
EARLE Philol, Eng. Tongue (1873) § 33 Our loss of this
most regrettable old pronoun [man].
Hence Regrettably otto.
1866 Pall Mall G. No. 379. 1349/2 As regrettably obvious
as ever. 1896 Naturalist 50 The writer's correspondence
with him (regrettably, yet naturally), .ceased.
Regretted (r/gre-ted), ppl. a. [f. REGRET z*.
+ -ED l.] Mourned, lamented ; viewed, or longed
for, with regret.
1781 COWPER Retirem. 371 Ah those regretted days, When
boyish innocence was all my praise ! iBioCR\BBK&or0uffJt
ii. 179 For then she thought on one regretted youth. 1861
tr. Montalembert 's Monks of West I. 53 One of their most
courageous and most regretted defenders.
Regre'tter. [-ER 1.] One who regrets.
a 1845 HOOD Public Dinner i, The Duke's a regretter, A
promise to break it. 1849 MILL Diss. fy Disc. (1859) !'•
41 * The illustrious prince ' . . has now Lord Brougham for
is only, or almost only, regretter and admirer.
Regretting, Regrettingly : see REGRET v.
Re grind (rfgrai-nd), v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To
grind again. Hence Begrrnding vbl. st>.
1859 DICKENS T. Tivp Cities i. v, Samples of a people that
had undergone a terrible grinding and re-grinding in the
mill. 1885 Machinery if Engineering Oct. 89/2 The twist
drill, .is reground, when blunted, with the greatest accuracy
and the least trouble.
Regrou p (r*--), v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To group
again. Hence Regroirping vbl. sb.
1885 Pall Mall G. 7 Oct. 1/2 Regrouping of parties might
begin under much more favourable auspices. 1889 Spectator
19 Oct., A happy knack of refurbishing and regrouping the
well-known properties.
RegrOW (r/gn?u-), »• [RE- 5 a.] intr. To
grow again. So Regrowth.
1868 LYELL Princ. Geol. HI. xliiL (1875) II. 483 The fre-
quent regrowth of supernumerary digits after they have
been cut off. 1871 W. READE Martyrdom of Man 411 The
plant or animal grows and re-grows from within by means of
a chemical operation. 1891 W. K. BROOKS Oyster 194
The regrowth of such a bed is, therefore, exactly like the
original formation of a natural bed.
t Regru'dging. Obs. rare-1, [f. RE-, after
reluctance, etc.] =GRUDGING vbl. sb. i.
01677 MANTON Exp. Lords Pr. Matt. vi. 12 Wks. 1870
1. 188 We may take comfort by this evidence, though there
be some reluctances and regrudgings of the old nature.
t Regua'rd, v. Obs. Also 7 regard. [RE-
5 a], a. trans. To guard (a garment) again.
Also fig. b. To guard doubly (with pun on prec.
sense). Hence Regua*rded ///. a.
c 1610 BEAUM. & FL. Philaster v. iv, Do the lords bow.
and the regarded scarlets.. cry 'We are your servants'?
r 1613 ROWLANDS Paire of Spy- Knaves 12 Crimson Veluet..
All garded and regarded with gold Lace. i6ax BRATHWAIT
Nat. Embassie (1877) 106" Pytheas a Lawyer.. Garded, re-
garded, dips his tongue in gold. 1624 HEYWOOD Captives
in. ii. in Bullen O. PI. IV. 162 We will see his fooles coate
guarded, ey and reguarded too from slipping out of our
fingers.
Reguardant, obs. form of REGARDANT.
i Regue'rdon, sb. Obs. rare. [a. OF. re-
guerdon (Godef.): see next and GUERDON sb.]
Recompense, reward.
1390 GOWER Conf. II. 206 He leith his yerde upon that on,
And seith the king hou thilke same The! chese in reguerdoun
be name. 1591 SHAKS. i Hen, K/, in. i. i^o Stoope then,
and set your Knee against my Foot, And in reguerdon of
that dutie done, I gyrt thee with the . . Sword of Yorke.
Regue'rdon, v. rare. [ad. OF. reguerdoner :
see RE- and GUERDON z;.] trans. To reward.
1390 GOWER Conf. I. 370 And thus was mere! reguerdoned,
Which he to Theucer dede afore. 153* Chaucer's Boethins
iv. pr. iii. Wks. 259b/i Of what mede shal he be reguerdoned.
378
Certes of right fayre mede and right great, abouen al medes.
1591 SHAKS. i Hen, /•'*/, in. iv. 2^ Yet neuer haue you tasted
our Reward, Or beene reguerdon'd with so much as Thanks,
Because till now, we neuer saw your face. 1814 GARY
Dantet Purg. xxv. 128 Still we heard The sins of gluttony,
with woe erewhile Reguerdon'd.
Hence f Regne'rdonment, reward. Obs, rare—1.
1599 NASHE Lenten Stuff* 34 In generous reguerdo[n]-
ment wherof he sacramentally obliged himselfe that . . he
would be the first man should set foot in his kingdome.
Reguide, v. rare—1. [RE-.] To guide back.
a 1618 SYLVESTER Mayden^s Blush 1685 This urg'd with
teares ; the Old man, overcome, Cryes, Go on God s name,
God re-guide you home.
II Regnla (re'gi/Ha). [L. regula a ruler, rule,
etc., f. regfoe to make or lead straight.]
1. Arch. A fillet or reglet ; spec, a short band,
with guttse on the lower side, placed below the
tsenia in Doric Architecture.
1563 SHUTE Archit. C iij, Vnder the Capital], is made
Astragalus, with his Regula.. .The which Regula, shalbe
halfe so much in height as the height of Astragalus. 1598
R. HAYDOCKE tr. Lomazzo i. 86 The other must be deuided
into three [parts] : give two to torus 1J : and the other to
regula C. 1664 EVELYN tr. FrearCs Arckit. 133 Where
they do frequently encounter and meet together with a
small Regula between them. >7»7-38 CHAMBERS Cycl.
1840 PARKER Gloss. Arckit. ; and in mod. Diets.
f2. A rule, norm. Obs. rare"-1.
1650 T. GOODWIN Wks. (1862) IV. 177 Their punishment
is made the regula of all other wicked men's.
Regulable (re'gWUb'l), a. [ad. L. type *re-
gulabilis, f. regiil-are to direct ; see REGULATE v.
and -ABLE.] Capable of being regulated.
1660 INGRLO Bentiv. $ Ur. \. (1682) 166 The Soul ac-
complish'd with many regulable Faculties is the Subject of
Vertue. a 1688 CUDWOKTH Treat. Morality (1731) 35 Will
. .as consider'd in it self, . . hath therefore the Nature of a
thing Regulable and Measurable. iSSaFiOGEON Engineers
Holiday I. 42 Furnished with coils of hot-water pipes whose
temperature is regulable at will.
t Re'gulant, a. Obs. rare~l. [ad. L. regu-
fant~emt pres. pple. of regulars to REGULATE.]
Directing, ruling.
1677 GALE Crt. Gentiles iv. 351 Libert ie in the divine wil
is absolute, precedent, regulant : libertie in the human wil is
conditionate, subsequent, and regulated.
Regular (re*gi/7liu), a.t adv.t and sb. Forms :
4-7 reguler, (4 -ere), 6 Sc. -ier; 6-7 regulare,
5- regular. [Orig. a. OF. reguler (mod.F. rtgu-
tier), ad. L. regularis^ f. regula RULE ; in later use
re-adopted from, or conformed to, the L. original.]
A. adj. 1. Eccl. Subject to, or bound by, a
religious rule ; belonging to a religious or monastic
order. (Opposed to secular?) In early use placed
after the sb., esp. in canon regular: see CANON 2 i.
1387 TREVISA Higden (Rolls) 1. 373 Patrik rered fc»ere a
chirche, and dede bere chanouns reguler. 14.. Why I
can't be a Nun 172 in E. £. P. (1862) 142 Thys day schalt
thow see An howse of wommen reguler. 15*8 ROY Rede me
(Arb.) 51 Of seculer folke he can make reguler, And agayne
of reguler seculer. 1535 STEWART Cron. Scot. 111. 16
Translatit it fra secular preistis syne To channonis regularis
of Sanct Augustyne. 1590 SWINBURNE Testaments 64 Of
Ecclesiastica.il persons there betwosortes, the one Regular,
the other Secular, 1631 WF.EVER Anc. Funeral Men. 128
These Priests were called Secular, and such as led a
Monasticall life Regular. And so Canons were both secular
and regular. 1766 BLACKSTONE Comm. II. 27 The intrigues
of the regular clergy, or monks of the Benedictine and other
rules, under arch-bishop Dunstan and his successors. 1836
Penny Cycl. VI. 373/2 Besides this auxiliary force, the
regular clergy, or monastic orders, take upon them many of
these functions. 1884 Catholic Diet. (1897) 212/1 The idea
of a Regular Clerk is that of a combination of functions.
absol. 1387-8 T. USK Test. Love m. i. (Skeat) 1. 131
Bothe professe and reguler arn obediencer and bounden to
this Margarite-perle.
b. Pertaining to, connected with, a monastic
rule or those subject to it. rare.
?i490 CAXTON Rule St. Benet 139 He that otherwise
doom shall be correct wyth reguler disclplyne. 1526
Pilgr. Per/. (W. de W. 1531) 840, All outwarde reguler
obseruaunces. 1691 tr. Emilianne's Frauds Rom. Monks
(ed. 3} 141 Their Churches are more adorned, and their
other Regular-places more comporting with the modern
way of Building.
2. Having a form, structure, or arrangement which
follows, or is reducible to, some rule or principle ;
characterized by harmony or proper correspondence
between the various parts or elements ; symmetrical.
1584 R. SCOT Discov. Witchcr. xm. xix. (1886) 258 The
regular, the irregular, the coloured and the cleare glasses.
c 1645 How ELL Lett. II. Ivi. 79 The English speech though
it be rich, copious, and significant, . . yet, under favour, I can-
not call it a regular language. 1667 MILTON P. L. v. 623
Mazes intricate, Eccentric, mtervolv'd, yet regular Then
most, when most irregular they seem. 1716 LADY M. W.
MONTAGU Let, to Ctess Mar 14 Sept., I cannot, however,
tell you that her features are regular. 1815 J. SMITH
Panorama Sc. # Art II. 292 In proportion as discoveries
were multiplied, the want of a regular and appropriate
nomenclature increased. 1840 tr. Cuvier's Aniitt. Kingd.
640 [Sea-urchins] are either regular or irregular, — the regular
ones having the mouth in the middle of the underside, and
the vent opposite. 1863 GEO. ELIOT Romola x, The con-
jurer., showed his small regular teeth in an impish.. grin.
b. Geom. Of curves, figures, and solids : (see
quots.).
1665 Phil. Trans. I. 105 If curve, whether regular or ir-
regular. 1679 MOXON Math. Diet. 130 Regular Figures are
those where the Angles and Lines or Superficies are equal.
REGULAR.
1704 J. HARRIS Lex. Techn. I, Regular Body, is a Solid
whose Surface is composed of Regular and Equal Figures.
Ibid.) Regular Curves, are such Curves as the Perimeters
of the Conick Sections, which are always curved after the
same Regular Geometrical manner. 17*7-38 CHAMBERS
Cycl. S.V., All other regular figures consisting of more than
four sides, are called regular polygons. 1813 H. J. BROOKE
Jntrod. Crystallogr. 137 Distinguishable from regular octa-
hedrons by the unequal inclinations of the plane. 1846
HOLTZAPFFEL Turning II. 777 The regular trapezohedron
may be sawn from the regular octangular prism.
C. Bot. Having all the parts or organs of the
same kind normally alike in form and size.
1785 MARTYN Rousseau's Bot. Hi. (1794) 34 One general
division of flowers is into regular and irregular. The first
are they whose parts all spring uniformly from the centre of
the flower, and terminate in the circumference of a circle.
1807 J. E. SMITH Pkys. Bot. 256 An equal Corolla is not
only regular, but all its divisions are of one size. 1876
HOOKER Bot. Primer 49 A regular flower is one in which.,
the members of each whorl are equal and similar.
3. Characterized by the presence or operation of
a definite principle; marked or distinguished by
steadiness or uniformity of action, procedure, or
occurrence.
1594 HOOKER Eccl. Pol. i. it § i No certain end could
ever be attained, unless the actions whereby it is attained
were regular ; that is to say, made suitable . . unto their end,
by some canon, rule or law. 1607 SHAKS. Timon v. iv. 61
Not a man Shall passe his quarter, or offend the streame Of
Regular lustice in your Citties bounds. 1690 STILLINGFL.
Serm. (1698) III. v. 184 True Courage must be a Regular
thing ; it must have not only a good End, but a wise Choice
of Means. 1722 QUINCY PJtys. Diet. (ed. 2) 380/2 Regular^
Constant and Uniform, in opposition to Irregular..; both
frequently applied to Diseases. 1761-1 HUME Hist. Eng.
Ixiv. (1806) IV. 720 The English parliament had now raised
itself to be a regular check and control upon royal power.
1797 Encycl. Brit. {ed. 3) II. 220/1 When it [the light] comes
from above, in such a regular, proportioned, and uninter-
rupted manner. 1867 W. W. SMYTH Coal $ Coal-mining
249 A bar to the regular working of colliery proprietors.
1871 JOWETT Plato 111. 133 He supposes the philosopher to
proceed by regular steps, until he arrives at the idea of good.
b. Recurring or repeated at fixed times.
1756 Boston News-Letter 26 Feb. 1/2 A regular monthly
Correspondence between Great Britain and His Majesty s
several Colonies. 1781 COWPER Retirem. 430 How regular
his meals, how sound he sleeps ! 1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3)
IV. 750/1 The lunisolar year .. was in use Jong before any
regular intercalations were made. 1844 DICKENS Chimes
i, * There's nothing ', said Toby, ' more regular in its coming
round than dinner-time, and nothing less regular in its
coming round than dinner1.
c. Taking place or recurring at short uniform
intervals.
1781 COWPER Table T. 530 Exact and regular the sounds
will be. 1815 SHELLEY Dxmon 34 Nor. .Doth Henry hear
her regular pulses throb. 1834 BYRON Juan xvi. cxiii, With
awful footsteps regular as rhyme. 1876 T. HARDY Ethel-
berta (1890) ii Quick regular brushings against the heather.
d. Habitually or customarily used, received,
observed, etc. ; habitual, constant.
1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) IV. 746/1 Even in the histories
of Herodotus and Thucydides, we find no regular dates for
the events recorded. 1838 DICKENS Nick. AYofr. vii, 'We'll
put you into your regular bedroom to-morrow, Nickleby ',
said Squeers. Ibid, xv, It's past my regular time for going
to bed. 1849 MACAULAY Hist. Eng, iii. I. 309 The regular
salary, however, was the smallest part of the gains of an
official man of that age. 1878 HUXLEY Physiogr. xxi. 370
The revolving globe is maintained in its regular orbit. 1885
Act 48 fy 49 Viet. c. 56 Preamble^ To permit electors in his
regular employ to absent themselves.
4. Pursuing a definite course, or observing some
uniform principle, of action or conduct ; adhering
to rule ; in mod. use esp. observing fixed times for,
or never failing in, the performance of certain
actions or duties.
1602 DANIEL Ep. Sir T. Egerton xxiv, Eu'n the Scepter
which might all command, Seeing her s1 vnpartiall, equal!,
regular, Was pleas'd to put it selfe into her hand. 1669
J. LEEKE (title) The Regular Architect, or the General
Rule of the five Orders of Architecture. 1693 DRYDEN Ep.
CoHgreve 58 So bold, yet so judiciously you dare. That your
least praise is to be regular. 1733 POPE Ep. Cobham 209
Nature well known, no prodigies remain, Comets are regular,
and Wharton plain. 1883 F. M. CRAWFORD Dr. Claudius
i, The Herr Doctor was a regular man, and always appeared
at his window at the same hour.
b. Orderly, well-ordered, well-behaved, steady.
1705 ADDISON Italy (1733) 54 The University of Padua js
of late much more regular than it was formerly, tho' it is
not yet safe walking the Streets after Sun-set. \ytfi Ansoris
Voy. ii. vi. 200 Their.. behaviour., was much more regular
than could well have been expected from sailors.. so long
confined to a ship. 1779-81 JOHNSON /,. /*., Smith Wks.
II. 473 He grew first regular, and then pious. 1800 MRS.
HERVEY Mourtray Fain, II. 124 Lead a more regular life
than you have done since you entered the army. 1879
Casselfs Techn. Educ. IV. 22/2 All they intend to send are
regular people, neither factious nor vicious in religion.
c. Acting at the proper intervals.
'783 J. HEYSHAM in Med. Commun. I. 435 Her belly is
regular. 1807 Med. Jrnl. XVII. 191 Her tongue was not
furred ; and her bowels were regular.
5. Conformable to some accepted or adopted rule
or standard ; made or carried out in a prescribed
manner ; recognized as formally correct.
1647 CLARENDON Hist. Reb. vn. § 291 That legal regular
convention of a sober and modest council, a 1680 BUTLER
Rem. (1759) 1. 232 In all Mistakes the strict and regular Are
found to be the desp'ratst Ways to err. 1688 NORRIS
Theory Lave n. iii. 117 To make our Self-love Regular and
according to order, we must take care not to mistake our true
REGULAR*
selves. 1731 C. CAMPBELL (title) Vitruvius Britannicus,. .
containing Plans, Elevations and Sections of the Regular
Buildings both Public and Private in Great Britain. 1753
CHAMBERS Cyd.Supp. s.v.Lcttf, The difference between the
regular and irregular leaps is, that the former are performed by
the voice, without any great difficulty or effort. 1797 Encycl.
Brit. (ed. 3) II. 234/2 There are eight regular mouldings in
ornamenting columns. i8p» JAMES Milit, Diet. s.v. A ttacb,
Regular Attack, is that which is carried on in form, according
to the rules of art. 1831 Society I. 273 Young ladies making
acquaintances so easily, without regular introductions. 1869
OUSELEY Counterp. xv. 95 The intervals between the notes
remain unchanged by the imitation. When such is the
case, the imitation is said to be strict or regular.
b. Gram. Of parts of speech, esp. verbs: Follow-
ing some usual and uniform mode of inflection or
conjugation.
1611 FLORIO Rules Hal. Tongue in Diet, 633 Amongst all
the Verbs some are vnder certaine orders, and are called
Regular. 1766 DEL PINO New Sp. Gram. 38 All Regular
Verbs, whose Infinitive is terminated in -art are conjugated
in the same manner. 1814 L. MURRAY Eng. Gram. (ed. 5)
1. 154 Verbs Passive are called regular, when they form their
perfect participle by the addition of d or edt to the verb.
1887 ROGET Introd. Old French ix. 117 The four conjuga-
tions of so-called Regular Verbs.
6. Properly constituted ; having all the essential
attributes, qualities, or parts ; normal.
1638 BAKER tr. Balzac's Lett. (vol. II) 49 Sir, Expect not
from me a Regular Answer to your letters, a 1687 PETTY
Pol. Aritk. iv. (1691) 70 Sufficient to victual Nine Millions
of Persons, as they are Victualled in Ships, and regular
Families, a 1708 BEVERIDGE Wks. (1846) VIII. 622 It always
was, and still is, practised in all regular parish churches.
1886 C. SCOTT Sheep-Farming 28 Thus a regular ewe stock
consists of four different ages. 1887 MOLONEY Forestry
W. Afr. tf> The ' regular ' oil . . is only subject to this
allowance if the water and impurities exceed 3 per cent.
b. Of persons: Properly qualified or trained;
specially or entirely given up to some occupation
or pursuit.
1755 JOHNSON s.v., A regular doctcr. 1836 W. IRVING
Astoria I. 244 Colter, with the hardihood of a regular
trapper, had cast himself loose from the party. 1883 ' ANNIE
THOMAS ' Mod. Housewife 46 Having had the strength of
mind to abolish the so-called regular cook'.
c. colloq. Thorough, complete, absolute, perfect.
iSzi SHELLEY Notes to Hellas Poet. Wks. (1891) 453/1,
I could easily have made the Jew a regular conjuror. 1833
R. H. FROUDE in Newman's Lett. (1891) I. 438 Perceval is
. .a regular thoroughgoing Apostolical. 1846 CLOUGH Let,
in Poems, etc. (1869) I. 108 On Wednesday we had a regular
flood, and it has been raining more or less ever since. 1885
T. PAYN Talk of Town I. 70 It was in this very fireplace
I made a regular bonfire of them.
7. Mil, Of forces or troops : Properly and perma-
nently organized ; constituting the standing army.
1706 LUTTRELL Brief R el. (1857) VI. 44 Squadrons of his
regular troops and militia. 1756-7 tr.Keysler's Trav. (1760)
I. 305 His majesty's regular forces at present consist of about
twenty-two thousand men. 1777 WATSON Philip //, xv.
(1839) 317 A thousand regular troops, together with two
thousand of the country people. 1849 MACAULAY ffist.
Eng. iii. (1890) I. 145 The regular army which was kept up
in England at the beginning of the year 1685. 1860 MOTLEY
Netherl. v, I. 270 Antwerp, . ,a city in which there was not
a single regular soldier.
B. adv. Regularly, steadily ; thoroughly.
1710 PALMER Proverbs 3 Another .. pursues close and
regular. Ibid. 82 'Tis impossible to judge well and act
regular, when the mind is rum"d. 1824 MRS. CAMERON
Marten^ * his Scholars iii. 20 Why, my lad, don't you bring
home tickets every day when you go regular? 1885 ' F.
ANSTEY' Tinted Venus 142 Oh, I'm regular jolly, I am 1
C. Comb,) as regular-bred, -built y -growing^
•shaped,
1769 ELLIS in Phil. Trans, I. IX. 145, I examined this
scum.., and could discover it to be full of regular-shaped
salts. 1775 SHERIDAN St. Fair. Day u. iv, I had rather
follow you to your grave than see you owe your life to any
but a regular-bred physician. 1802-12 BENTHAM Ration,
yutlic. Evid. (1827) I. 297 The implanting hand of the
regular-bred practitioner. 1827 SCOTT Jrnl. 31 Jan., English
boys, .are wail-bred, and can converse when ours are regular-
built cubs. 1882 Garden 23 Sept. 273/2 The blue Ash of
Michigan, .is a bold, regular -growing tree.
D. sb. f 1. Sc. A regulator. Obs, rare "*1.
1513 DOUGLAS sEneis i. Prol. 346 Venerable Chaucer, ,.
Hevtnlie trumpat, horlcige and reguleir.
2. Eccl. a. A member of a religious order observ-
ing a RULE ; one of the regular clergy. (Cf. A. i.)
1563 FOXE A. ff M, 593/1 Aboue twenty houses of begging
friers besydes a great nomber of regulars and irregulars.
1570 Ibid, (ed. 2) 1350/1 Who then Mowing y« rule of
S. Benet, were called regulars & votaries. 165? SPARROW
ok. Com. Prayer 140 The Regulars and those of the strictest
life did fast these weeks. 1683 Apol. Prot. France vi. 91
The Cardinals, the Bishops,, .all your Regulars, all your
Clergy of France. 1767 S. PATERSON Another Trav. I. 391
After high mass . . the regulars were marshalled in the choir.
1814 DOYI.E in Fitz-Patrick Life (1880) I. 68 Thus you see
how regularly the Regulars are at war. 1871 FREEMAN
Norm. Cong. IV. xvii. 82 Regulars and seculars strove
which should pay the highest honours to the returning hero.
*t*b. One who adheres to the usual religion.
\6yStarChamb. Cases (Camden) 172 If it had beene by
a Papist against a Protestant, or by a schismatick against
a regular.
f c. A properly appointed church -dignitary.
e 1645 HOWELL Lett. (1650) II. 40 Bishop Andrews and Sir
Henry Martin.. declar'd positively that he was not to fall
from his dignity or function, but should still remain a regular.
3. A regular noun. rare~l. (With pun on 2 a.)
1633 B. JONSON Tale of Tub in. iv, I hear there's com-
379
fort in thy words yet, Canon. I'll trust thy regulars and
say no more.
4. A soldier belonging to the standing army;
a member of the regular forces. Usu. //.
1756-7 tr. Keysler's Trav. (1760) I. 305 On these occasions,
they [the militia] receive the same pay as the regulars. 1706
STEDMAN Surinam I. iv. 85 Both the regulars and the
rangers .. behaved with unprecedented intrepidity. 1840
DICKENS Barn. Rudge Ixiii, The regulars and militia ..
began to pour in by all the roads. 1870 Spectator 20 Aug.
993/1 If he actually declared war with only his regulars in
the field, all is explained.
t b. A regular practitioner. Obs,
1764 FOOTK Mayor of G. i. Wks. 1799 I. 163 Lint. . . An
encourager of quacks, Sir Jacob. Str Joe. Regulars, Lint,
regulars. 1795 WOLCOTT (P. Pindar) Pindariana Wks. 1812
IV. 204 Nor Quack nor Regular the mark will miss.
C. A regular customer, contributor, etc.
1898 Daily News 27 Oct. 8/4 You see I has my regulars ;
mine aint no chance trade. 1901 Euz. L. BANKS News'
paper Girl xvii. 186 The * regulars ' are engaged on salary,
and receive their weekly salaries every Saturday night.
5. Cant. (See quot.)
iSii J. H. VAUX/%W& Diet., ReffMfar$,ont?s due share of
a booty &c., on a division taking place*
6. In mediaeval computation, one of a set of
fixed numbers used for ascertaining on which day
of the week each month began (solar regular}, or
of a set for finding the age of the moon on the first
of each month (lunar regular).
1841 HAMPSON Medii Mvi Col. II. Gloss. 331-2.
Regularity (regi«lsemriii). [f. prec. + -ITY,
perh. after F. rtgularitf (i4th c. in Littre).] The
state or character of being regular.
1603 HOLLAND Plutarch's Mor. 67 Reason .. causeth
Morall vertues not to be impassibilities, but rather medio-
crities and regularities. 1646 SIR T. BROWNE Pseud. Ep. 217
They.. conceive a regularity in mutations,, -and forget that
variety which Physitians therein discover. 1728 ELIZA
HEVWOOD tr. Mme. de Gomez's Belle A. (1732) II. 14 He
must.. have had no knowledge of the Regularity of that
Life she led at Rome. 1758 REID tr. Macquer's Chym. I.
21 Different methods.. have different effects on the figure
and regularity of the crystals. 1856 FROUDE Hist. Eng.
(1858) I. it. 175 [He was] present at the services in chapel
two or three times a day with unfailing regularity. 1884
F. TEMPLE Relat. Relig. * Sci, iv. (1885) 99 The regularity
of nature is the first postulate of Science.
Re^gulariza'tion. [a. F. rtgularisation, or
f. next + -ATION.] The act or process of making
regular j the state of being made regular.
1881 Edin, Rev. Apr. 360 The regularisation of the right
to take water from the irrigation canals. 189* Tablet 23
Apr. 656 He required St. Chad to submit to a process of
regularization.
iz), v. [f. REGULAR +
-IZK; cf. F. re~gulariser.] fa. (See quot. 1623.)
Obs. b. trans. To make regular. (Common in
recent use.)
i6«3 COCKERAM Eng. Diet. u,ToG0uemeor rule, Monar-
chize, Regularize, Predominate, Magistrate. 1833 MILL
Diss. <5- Disc. (1859) I- 64 Philosophy.. rarely sets aside the
old [classifications], content with correcting and regularizing
them. i88a W. S. BLUNT in \gtk- Cent. Sept. 335 It was
arranged that he should regularise his position by taking
office as Under Secretary for War.
Hence Regularized, Regularizing/*//, adjs.
1847 GROTE Greece^ n, xi. III. 209 The conception of
regularised popular institutions [etc.]. 1850 Ibid. Ixvii.
(1869) VIII. 143 The stirring and regularizing agent. 1871
LIDDON Eleni. Relig. v. 190 Law is only our way of con-
ceiving of His regularized working.
Regularly (re'girfliuli), adv. [f. REGULAK +
-LY '^.J In a regular manner.
1. At the proper times ; at fixed times or intervals ;
without interruption of recurrence ; constantly.
I5»6 PUgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 247 Whicbe seruyce or
houres canonical!, regularly we synge, rede, or saye in the
chirche. 1751 JOHNSON Rambler No, 141 F 10, I regularly
frequented coffee-houses. 1788 GIBBON Decl. 4- F. 1. V. 246
Till the third day before his death, he regularly performed
the function of public prayer. i8oa MAR. EDGEWORTH
Moral T. (1816) I. ii. 10 He passed through, .regularly
twice a-day, 1885 Manch. Exam. 10 July 5/2 The mine
was regularly worked with naked lights,
•\ b. Invariably ; in all cases. Obs. rare ~l.
1646 SIR T. BROWNE Pseud. Ep. in. xv. 141 Some have
foure stomacks..; but for the principall parts, the liver,
heart, and especially the braine, regularly it is but one in
any kinde or species whatsoever.
c. Steadily, equably.
18*5 J. NICHOLSON Operat. Mechanic 3 Now as its velocity
increases regularly, we may conclude, that [etc.].
2. In accordance with rule or established prin-
ciples ; in a proper or formally correct manner.
1570 FOXE A. ff M, (ed. 2) 84/1 After his death she is free
from the law, to mary to whom she wyll, so it be in the
Lord, that is, rcgitlaritcr, regularely. 1611 COTCR., Regu-
liercment, regularly, canonically, orderly, a 1665 J. GOOD-
WIN Filled w. the Spirit (1867) 36 A covenant or deed in
writing is made good in law by a seal, regularly affixed to it.
1769 Junins Lett. xvi.(i788) 97 It came regularly before the
house, and it was their business to determine upon it. 1849
MACAULAY Hist. Eng. vii. II. 193 He well knew that, if
the crown descended to his wife regularly, all its .preroga-
tives would descend unimpaired with it. 1868 FREEMAN
Norm. Cony. (1877) II. ix. 351 Spearhafoc..had been regu-
larly nominated to the bishopric.
b. In the usual or customary manner.
1807 Med. Jrnl. XXII. 517 One of the men servants ..
was infected from one of the pustules, and had the disease
regularly.
REGULATE.
3. In a methodical or orderly manner; with
observance of due order or method.
1668 DRYDEN Dram. Poesy Ess. (Ker) I. 73 If then the
parts are managed so regularly, that the beauty of the
whole be kept entire. 1689 BURNET Tracts I. 87 There was
..an Anthem sung by a set of Musicians very regularly.
1704 HEARNE Duct. Hist, (1714) I. 206 During the Life-time
of Jehoiada .. Jehoaash behaved himself regularly, and
governed well. 1810 WELLINGTON 24 Mar. in Gurw. Desf.
(1838) V. 593 They are bringing a battering train into Spam
from France, which looks like an intention to go regularly
to work. 1836 SIR W. HAMILTON Metapk. i. (1870) I. 9
This question has never, in so far as I am aware, been
regularly discussed.
4. In a symmetrical or harmoniously proportioned
manner ; with proper correspondence of parts, etc.
1695 DRYDEN tr. Dufresnoy's Art Painting- Qbserv, (1716)
130 Those great Painters, .had indeed made things more
regularly true, but withall very unpleasing. 1711 STEELE
Spect. No. 478 p 7 Shelves, on which Boxes are to stand as
regularly as Books in a Library. 1719 DE FOE Crusoe n.
xiii, The city . . is regularly built, the streets . . straight.
1860 TYNDALL Glac, u. xxvii. 379 The whole forming a
regularly laminated mass. 1894 Du MAURIER Trilby II. 89
Both had regularly- featured faces of a noble cast.
6. colloq. Thoroughly, completely. Chiefly with
participles.
1789 Triumphs of Fortitude II. 4'A young fellow. .who
is what may be called regularly dissipated. 183* J. H.
NEWMAN Lett. (1891) I. 274 Not that I expect to be regularly
well as long as I live. 1848 DICKENS Dombey xii, Your
father's regularly rich, ain't he? 1890 ' R. BOLDREWOOD ' Col.
Reformer (1891) 263 Glad to see you are regularly embarked
in squatting life.
So f Re-giilarness, regularity. Obs.
1648 NETHERSOLE Selj r-condemned (1649) 4 The equity and
regularnesse of.. the said proceedings. 167* BOYLE Virtues
of Gems 56 Long Christals . . that did emulate native Christal
as well in the regularness of the shape as in the transparency
of the substance.
Re'gulatable, a- [f. REGULATE v. + -ABLE.]
Capable of being regulated.
1874 MICKLETHWAITE Mod. Par. Churches xxv. 2*0 Fresh
air. .should be admitted only by pre-arranged and regulatable
channels. 1875 KNIGHT Diet. Meek. 1914/1 A device for
admitting steam in regulatable quantity.
tHe'gulate,///.a. Obs. [ad. late L. regulat-ust
pa. pple. : see next.] Regulated; regular.
a 1577 SIR T. SMITH Commw. Eng. \. viii. (1584) 7 The other
they call . . the Royall power regulate by lawes. 1603 FLORIO
Montaigne (1634) 262 Brute beasts are much more regulate
than we. 1644 CROMWELL Let. 10 Mar. in Cariyle, I know
you will not think it fit my Lord should discharge an Officer
of the Field but in a regulate way.
Regulate (re-gi#l^t), v. [f. late L, regnlat-t
ppl. stem of reguldre (5th c.), f. regula RULE.]
1. trans. To control, govern, or direct by rule
or regulations ; to subject to guidance or restric-
tions ; to adapt to circumstances or surroundings.
c 1630 MEAD in Ellis Orig, Lett. Ser. n. III. 263 A freind
of his sent him two or three Doctors to regulate his health.
1644 MILTON Areop. (Arb.) 50 If we think to regulat Print-
ing,,, we must regulat all recreations and pastimes. 168*
DRYDEN Prol. Loyal Brother 3 Critics would regulate Our
theatres, and Whigs reform our State. 1719 BUTLER Serin.
Wks. 1874 II. 8 Desire of esteem .. was given us. .to regulate
our behaviour towards Society. 179* Anted. W. Pitt I. iv.
75 Can freedom be regulated without being . . in some part
destroyed? 1836 J. GILBERT Chr. Atonem. ix. (1852) 296
Mercy must be in some way regulated by regard to righteous-
ness. 1877 SPARROW Serm. vi. 81 He that reduced the
material world to order, can regulate and direct the mind.
rejl. 167* MARVELLtVrr. Wks. (Grosart) II. 405 Having
received your letter. ., according to which I shall regulate
myselfe upon occasion. 1779 JOHNSON Let. to Mrs. Thrale
6 Apr., Does he direct any regimen, or does Mr. Thrale
regulate himself?
t b. To bring or reduce (a person or body of
persons) to order. Obs.
1646 FAIRFAX (title) Orders Established . . for Regulating
the Army. 1654 BKAMHAI.L Just Vind. yi. (1661) 127 He
might have.. called a Councel, regulated him, and reduced
him to order and reason. i68< LUTTRELL Brief R el. (1857)
I. 341 In other buroughs .. they have new regulated the
electors by new charters. 1687 Ibid. 421 There are 6
commissioners appointed, who are to inspect all the cor-
porations of England, and regulate them, by turning out
such as are against the taking away the penall lawes and test.
1839 Southern Lit. Messenger $3. S.) Mar. 220/1 They had
dropped hints of their intending, before long, to 'regulate
old Jerry Jackson', who, they said, had been stealing corn,
f c. To correct by control. Obs* rare.
a 1680 BUTLER Rem. (1759) I- «8 To regulate the Errors
of the Mind. 1682 WOOD Life 17 June (O.H.S.) III. 22 The
chancellor's letters for regulating the rudeness and mis-
carriage of the Masters in Convocation.
2. To adjust, in respect of time, quantity, force,
etc., with reference to some standard or purpose;
csp. to adjust (a clock or other machine) so that
the working may be accurate.
i66j J. DAviEStr. Olearius'Vcy.Antbass. 391 The Persians
.«. ..,„ ... .-egulating f
Mirr. Stones 33 The heat should be proportioned and regu-
lated by the mineral or effective virtue of the stone itself.
1800 tr. Lagrange's Chem. II. 50 Care must be taken to
regulate the fire properly. 1812-16 PLAYFAIR Nat. Phil.
(1819) II. 107 Clocks ought to be regulated by the mean
solar time. 1844 Penny Cycl. XX 1 1. 485/1 He can. . regulate
the throttle-valve by hand-gear placed within his reach.
reft. 1776 ADAM SMITH /(•'. N. w. i. i. II. 9 The quantity
of every commodity .. naturally regulates itself in every
country according to the effectual demand.
48-2
REGULATED.
t 3. To make regular or even. Obs. rare -'.
,649 BLITHE Eng. Improv. Impr. (1653) l8' The Corn with
much harrowing .. will be drawn into wants and uneven
places, and much regulated by the Harrow.
4. intr. To make regulations.
,895 Westm. Gaz. , May 2/2 If the Board of Trade has any
power to regulate on this point, we trust that it will use it.
Re'gulated,///. a. [f. prec. + -ED i.] Governed
by rule, properly controlled or directed, adjusted
to some standard, etc.
Also freq. in combs., as ladly-, ill-, well-regulated.
,64, W. T. (title) Regulated Zeal, or, An earnest request to
all Zealously affected Christians, to seeke the desired Re-
formation in a peaceable way. 1697 Jos. WOODWARD R 'elig.
Soc. London ii. (1701) 19 Those regulated Societies, which are
now conspicuous among us for many good works, a ,704
T. BROWN Satire Axlu-ntsVfks. 1730 I. ,6 These [verses]
..had regulated forms, that is regular dances and musick.
,766 Compt. Farmers.*. Surveying, Then may you measure
all the whole chains by your regulated chain, a ,790 ADAM
SMITH W. N. v. i. in. i. (Bonn) II. 253 When those companies
. .are obliged to admit any person, properly qualified, . . they
are called regulated companies. i8«8 SPEARMAN Brit.
Gunner (ed. 2) 336 They are fired with a regulated charge
of powder and shot. ,848 ALISON Hist. Europe n. 8 23 I.
121 Regulated freedom is the greatest blessing in life,
fb. Of troops: Properly disciplined. Obs. rare—1.
,690 Land. Gas. No. 2568/3 We hear likewise that the
French are in a great Allarm in Dauphine and Bresse, not
having at present 1 500 Men of regulated Troops on that side.
tRe'gulater. Obs. rare-1. [(. as prec.+
-ER!.] —REGULATOR.
,654 WHITLOCK Zootomia 285 He proceeding therein not
by striking of Minutes, but Seasons, as his Regulators in
administration of Remedies.
Regulating (re-gi;<l«'tin) , vol. sb. [f. as prec.
+ -ING l.] The action of the vb. REGULATE.
,65, HOBBES Leviath. n. xviii. 91 This is not repugnant
to regulating of the same by Peace. ,680 tomtit? Rochester
4fi As reasonable for God to prescribe a Regulating of those
appetites. ,7,1 PRIDEAUX Direct. Ch.-wardens (ed. 4) 51
He presides for the regulating and directing of this Matter.
1824 W. N. ELANS Excursion U.S. tr Canada 236 This
practice of Regulating seems very strange to an European.
Regulating (re-girfle'tin),///. a. [f. as prec.
+ -ING 2.] That regulates.
L Of principles, persons, etc.
With quot. 1768 compare REGULATOR i c.
,7,0 NORRIS Chr. Prud. \. 7 There is therefore a conducting
Rule, and a regulating Rule. ,768 Boston Chron. ,-8 Aug.
1315/1 The reforming or regulating people will not suffer
process civil or criminal, to be executed, but where, and
against whom they think proper. ,796 Instr. tt Reg. Cavalry
(1813) 27 The commanding officer of the regulating squadron
of the line. ,8,6 J. SCOTT Vis. Paris (ed. 5) 185 An attract-
ing and regulating body, that gives compactness and strength
to the commonwealth. ,850 M'CosH Div. Covt. in. 11. (1874)
364 Besides benevolence, there is needed.. a regulating
power of justice.
f b. Regulating captain or judge : (see quots.
1815-63). Ofis.
,758 J. BLAKE Plan Mar. Syst. 48 The regulating judge
to determine how far such man is obliged to serve. ,768
Woman of Honor II. 182 Recommended, him to a regulating
Captain 'as a fit person to serve the King'. ,815 BUKSEY
Falconer's Diet. Marine, Regulating Captain is an officer
stationed at the different royal ports, in time of war, to
examine the seamen intended for the navy. ,863 A. YOUNO
Naut. Diet. (ed. 2), Regulating Captaint in theNavy.'the
Officer appointed to superintend the raising of seamen, and
who examines them on their entry'.
2. Of mechanical contrivances.
,825 J. NICHOLSON Operat. Mechanic 201 The pipe_from
the steam-case.. has a regulating valve. Ibid. 314, L is the
regulating screw. ,838 Penny Cycl. XII. 303/1 The pendu-
lum-spring (also called the regulating-spring and hair-spring).
,877 RAYMOND Statist. Mines f, Mining 48 The tray which
receives the ore.. as fast as may be desired, a suitable
regulating-gate being employed.
Regulation (regi/a^'-Jsn). [f. REGULATE v.}
1. The act of regulating, or the state of being
regulated. Also, an instance of this.
,671 EARL ESSEX in E. Papers (Camden) I. 27 Till I had
them I would not venture one step in y regulation of
Corporations. ,676 TOWERSON Decalogue 501 The whole
duty of man.. as concerns the regulation of our manners.
,765 BLACKSTONE Comm. I. xviii. 459 The advancement and
regulation of manufactures and commerce. ,785 BURKE
Nabob of Arcofs Debts Wks. IV. 199 For the mteriour
regulation of India, a minute knowledge of India is requisite.
,849 MACAULAY Hist. Eng. viii. II. 334 From the records of
the Privy Council it appears that the number of regulations,
as they were called, exceeded two hundred. ,885 C. G. W.
LOCK Workshop Receipts Ser. iv. 316/2 Regulation is effected
by raising the pendulum bob to make the clock go faster.
2. A rule prescribed for the management of some
matter, or for the regulating of conduct ; a govern-
ing precept or direction ; a standing rule.
0,7,5 BURNET Own Time ill. (1724) I. 462 And thet
several regulations were made, chiefly the famed ones at
Clarendon. ,765 BLACKSTONE Comm. 1. vii. 263 1 he nature
of foreign trade, it's privileges, regulations, and restric
lions. ,774 KAMES Sketches n. x. (1807) II. 3'9. I heartily
approve every regulation that tends to prevent idleness
,788 (title) A Collection of Regulations, Orders, and Instruc
lions formed and issued for the use of the Army. '809-11
COLERIDGE Friend (1865) ,22 The regulations dictated by
prudence, .have passed away. ,870 DICKENS E. Drood II
It's against regulations for me to call at night.
3. attrib. a. That is prescribed by, or in accord
ance with, a regulation or regulations; such as i
required or insisted on under some regulation
hence, regular, usual, ordinary, common.
380
,8*6-9 DICKENS St. Boi, ParM iii, The regulation cap to
*hich the Miss Willises invariably restricted the .. tastes of
emale servants in general. 1838 — tt 'limit xvm, The
emulation mode of cutting the hair. 1848 THACKERAY Bk.
Snots xxix, He can't afford more than his regulation
hargers. 1865 MORLEV Mod. Charac. 168 Conversation is,
as a rule, reduced to a regulation level of decoroms flatness.
b. Regulation district, etc. (see quots. 1845).
Regulation movement (see REGULATOR I c). Regu-
lation roll, one of the rolls of the Court of Session,
containing a list of those cases in which no appear-
ince has been made for the defender.
,8.5 Act 6 Gee. IY, c. ,20 § 29 All the Actions above
enumerated, originating in the Court of Session, shall be
first enrolled in .the Regulation Roll. 1845 STOCQUELER
Handtk. Brit. India (1851) u, The presidency of Bengal
s divided into sixteen provinces, in seven of which .. certain
regulations prevail. .. The*e former are called regu ation
district's. Ibid. 123 Surat [etc.].. constitute the regulation
collectorates; Scindc, Sattarah,.. comprise the non-regula-
ion divisions. 1867 A. GREGG Hist. OIdCher<twsiy> Such,
lowever, was not the history of the Regulation Movement
on the Pedee. , _
Hence Begnlationist sb., one who advocates
regulation in some matter. Also as adj.
1886 Pall Mall G. a July ,3/2 Several cases where the
Regulationist party in America had been circumvented.
Regulative (re-gi«l«'tiv), a. [f. REGULATE v.
+ -IVK.1 Tending to regulate. Chiefly Philes.
1500 BuiNDEVlL^r/V e/Lofictev. i. ,16 The principles
rejmfatiuc of a Syllogisme be these two phrases of speech.
a 1834 COLERIDGE Marginalia in Blackw. Mag. (1882) Jan.
122 Plato had meant something higher and other than
regulative. 1847 LEWES Hist. Philos. (1867) II. 467 These
Ideas are simply regulative : they operate on concepts as
the Understanding operates upon sensations. 1874 BLACKIE
Self-Cult, g Logic is not useless ; it has a regulative, not a
creative virtue.
Hence Re-frnlatively adv.
1882-3 SCHAFF Entycl. Relir. Knovil. III. 1973 It ought
not to be hard to answer, whether a belief can be regulatively
true, but really false.
Regulator (re-gi^tsi). [agent-n. f. L. regu-
litre to REGULATE ; cf. F. rtgulateur, It. rtgoJatort.]
1. One who regulates.
1655 R. GARDINER Eng. Griev. Discov. To Rdr. A iv,
JuJfJudges as may be appointed Regulators of the great
abuses done thereunto. 1678 CUDWORTH InteU. Syst. I. iv.
REGTTLUS.
1704 J. HARRIS Lex. Techn. I, Regulator, a small spring
belonging to the Ballance in the new Pocket-Watches.
'793 HOLCROFT tr. Lavater's Physiogn. xxxi. 165 Foolish
people are like excellent watches which would go well, were
iDUses aone inereumu. ivyw \^uu"wn»«> ....•..-• ~j — - -- ---
183 He did not only assert God to be the Cause of Motion,
ut also the Governour, Regulator and Metnodizer of the
same. 1765 BLACKSTONE Cmiin. 1. 158 Such a spirit. . set
Same. 1705 DLALKJil vr»n w«"<. »• »3" uui— • — -f -- --- - -
the wheels of government in motion, which under a wise
regulator, may be directed to any beneficial purpose. 1846
ELLIS Elgin Mark. 1. 179 The directors or regulators of the
procession. 1875 HELPS Sac. Press, iii. 43 There is great
need that the regulator of the machine should be a living,
active, forcible creature.
b. Eng. Hist. A member of a commission ap-
pointed in 1687 to investigate and revise the con-
stitution of various boroughs, for the purpose of
influencing the election of members of parliament.
1688 LUTTRF.LL Brief Rel. (1857) I. 460 The regulators are
draweing into the several countries to manage the elections.
1600 J. HARRINGTON Def. Rights Univ. of Oxford n. 53
Some of them have been ready in surrendering their Charters,
and havesincebeenforward Regulators. <x,734 NoRTHZ.ro«
(1826) II. 16 There was an itinerant crew of the worst of
men. . . These were termed regulators. 1817 HALLAM Const.
Hist. xiv. (1876) 111. 74 New modelling corporations through
commissions granted to regulators. iMi Lo. BROUGHAM
Brit. Const, xvi. 248 Regulators of Corporations were com-
missioned to examine all their titles and all their acts.
c. U. S. A member of one of the bands formed
at various times in wild parts of the country, with
the professed object of supplying the want of the
regular administration of justice. The earliest and
most notable case was in the Carolinas, c 1767-71.
1767 LD. MONTAGU in A. Gregg Hist. Old Cheraws (1867)
136 Those licentious spirits that have so lately appeared in
the distant parts of the Province, and, assuming the name ol
Regulators, have . . illegally tried, condemned, and punished
many persons. 1768 Boston Chron. 18-25 J«'y 292/2 We
daily hear of new irregularities committed by the people
called regulators. 1771 Chron. in Ann. Reg. 123/2 A letter
from. . North Carolina, .says, 'Our Governor, at the head ol
25oomen, is going against the Regulators'. i8ia H.WILLIAMS
Hut. ff. Carolina II. 128 The insurgents in North Carolina,
who called themselves Regulators, lest they should be called
a mob, were in general of the poorest class of citizens. 1814
W. N. ELANS Excursion U. S. I, Canada 234 On such occa-
sions., all the quiet and industrious men of a district form
themselves into companies, under the name of ' Regulators .
1847 Harbinger (U. S.) 7 Aug. 136/1 The lynchers, or 'regu-
lators' as they are often called, soon find that their foes
organize also.
2. techn. A device for controlling machinery in
motion, or for regulating the passage of air,
electricity, gas, steam, water, etc.
1701 SAVERY Miner's Friend 15 The Handle of the Regu-
lator Z must be thrust from you. 1766 Compl. Farmer s.v.
Ventilator. There is an iron regulator .. fixed upright to the
end.. of the box. 1778 [W. MARSHALL] Minutes Agric.
6 Apr. an. 1775, The drill does its work well.. but the Regu-
lators do not yet please me. 1819 REES Qe/. XXIII. s.v.
Mill-work, For such cases, judicious mechanics have adopted
contrivances, or regulators... These regulators are usually
termed governors. 1838 N. WOOD Railroads 339 The regu-
lator, for increasing or diminishing the supplyof steam to the
boiler 1880 LOMAS Alkali Trade 312 Preceding this de-
composer comes the 'regulator', a brick and iron tower
packed with bricks, up which the gases are passed.
b. A device for adjusting the balance of a clock
or watch, in order to regulate its speed.
regulator.
3.
ulator.
. A clock or watch keeping accurate time, by
which other timepieces may be regulated.
1758 CLEGHOKN in Phil. Trans. LI. 258 Mr. Garret keeps
his clock very exact, by Glasgow's regulator, Christ-Church.
1804 Europ. Mag. XLV. 251/1 Every person to whom
minute mechanical accuracy was a matter of importance,
_ „„ , ipparatus for transmuting
reverse currents of electricity.
4. Something which regulates ; a regulating prin-
ciple or power.
17*6 Compl. farmrrs-v. Sheep,"lbe best regulator for this
work . . would be the state of vegetation. 1796 JEFFREY Let.
in Cockburn Life (1852) II. 27 You can have no better
regulator than your own successive opinions. 1855 MACAU-
LAY Hist. Eng. xx. IV. 437 The weakest Ministry lias great
power as a regulator of parliamentary proceedings. 1884
H. A. TAINE in Contemt.Rev. Oct. 518 The State stands..
as regulator and controller., of private possessions.
6. Comb., as regulator tax, cock, spindle, valve ;
also regulator-wise adv.
1663 M RQ. WORCESTER Water-Camm. Engine 1 5 A Primum
Motile, commanding both Height and Quantity Regulator-
wise. 1840 AIRY in Mem. R. Astron. Soc. XI. 252 1 he in-
equalities of motion of the regulator spindle. 1850 OCILVIE
s.v., Regulator valve. 1856 CRESY Encjid. Civ. Eng. n.xxi.
1 274 The Regulator Box . . was first constructed by Mr. Watt.
1875 KNIGHT Diet. Meek. 1015/1 The regulator-cock admits
oil or tallow for lubricating the faces of the regulator.
Hence Be'trnlatorship.
1837 Fraser's Mag. XV. 732 The regulatorship of reason
is indispensable. 1899 Daily News 28 Sept. 6/3, 1 am giving
up my regulatorship of priestly orders to my son.
Regulatory (re-girfltori), a. [f. REGULATE v.
+ -OKV.] Regulative.
1813 Blachv. Mag. XIV. 517 Some such code as I propose
—some regulatory system for men to wrong their neighbours
by. 1880 W. E. HALL Internal. Law i. i. 15 With their
definitive failure to establish a regulatory authority inter-
national relations tended to drift into chaos.
Re gulatress. rare-1. [See REGULATOR and
-ESS.] A female regulator.
1818 R. P. KNIGHT Symbolic Lang. (1876) 99 She equally
appeared to be the patroness and regulatress of nutrition
and passive generation.
Reguline (.re-gi/foin), a. Chem. [f. RKGUL-US
-f -INE 1. Cf. F. rfgulini\ Of or pertaining to, of
the nature of, regulus.
1669 W. SIMPSON Hydrol. Chym. 6 Antimony and its pre-
parations, viz. the crocus metallorum, or reguline part. 1694
SALMON Bate's Dispens. (1713) 43*/2 The Reguline or Metal-
line Part being more weighty, falls down to the bottom.
,754 HUXHAM in Phil. Trans. XI.VIII. 834 This reguline
subltance, or antimony properly so called, is a metallic sub-
stance, svi generis. ,781 KiRWANiAirf. LXXIII. 51 Metallic
substances, when freest from all foreign mixture, are obtained
either in a reguline state, or in that of a calx. 1819 H. BUSK
Veslriad iv. 252 Ah treacherous present of the glittering
mine, Fatal as calx, more fatal— reguline ! 1884 Public
Of in. 12 Sept. 336/1 Mr. Dudley.. has succeeded in obtain-
ing a bright reguline deposit of iridium on base metals.
Re'gulize, v. rare-0, [f. as prec. + -IZE.]
tram. ' To reduce to regulus or pure metal ; to
separate pure metal from extraneous matter ' (Web-
ster 1838-32).
II Regulus (re-girflfo). PL
[L., dim. of rig-, rex king.]
1. Astron. A bright star (a Leoms) in the con-
stellation Leo, called also Cor Lewis.
,559 W CUNNINGHAM Cosmogr. Glasse 108 Then I find by
that obseruation, the Mone to differ from regulus, j. degree
,3. min. 1704 J. HARRIS Lex. Techn. I. 17.7-38 CHAM-
BERS Cycl. s'v., The longitude of regulus, as fixed by Mr.
F*amSt«d, is 25°, 3.', 20". ,868 tocKYER Gmllem.ns
Heaven, (ed. 3) 325 H « « the lower extremity, .that
Regulus, a star of the first magnitude,, .shines. 1889 C. L,.
MARKHAM Hues' Treat. Globes 219 The lunar distances of
Regulus are given in the Nautical Almanac.
27 Chem. t a. The metallic form of antimony, so
called by early chemists, app. on account of its ready
combination with gold. 06s. b. The purer or
metallic part of a mineral, which sinks to the
bottom of a crucible or furnace and is thus sepa-
rated from the remaining matter, o. A product of
the smelting of various ores, as copper, lead, and
silver, consisting of metal in a still impure state.
IS94 PLAT /«<«/««. "• 45 Mixed with the Regulus of
An^monie. ,651 WITTIE tr. Primrose's Pot. Err.W The
Antimoniall Cup, or the Regulus out of which it is made.
1678 Phil. Trans. XII. 953 The first regulus of Gold being
separated from the Antimony, both were powdered apart.
1683 PF.TTUS Fleta Min. I. (1686) 26 A little Regulus of
Lead at the Bottom, which is to be separated. 1709 Phil.
Trans. XXVI. 379 Iron deprived of this sulphurous part,
melts into a Regulus. ,744 BERKELEY Sins § 169 J
ounces of regulus of antimony being calcined by a burning-
glass. ,796 KIRWAN Elem. Min. (ed. 2) II. 105 He places
These Reguli under a muffle. Ibid. 454 The purest Regulus
of Nickel. ,815 J. NICHOLSON Operat. Mechanic 757 11
is a great difference in the reguli of iron. ,868 JOYNSON
Metals 97 The metal [is] run into pigs, in the state known
technically as ' coarse metal ', or, more generally regulus .
byregurgi-
REGURGITANT.
1874 RAYMOND Statist. Mines ff Alining 306 Yielding a
regulus assaying 30 per cent, of copper.
attrib. 1859 SEVIN in }rnl. Geog. Soc. XXX. 40 The
mines produced last year 4,000 quintals of regulus copper.
1868 JOYNSON Metals 107 Then add 8 oz. regulus antimony.
3. A petty king or ruler.
1682 T. A. Carolina 36 They are divided into many
Divisions or Nations, Govern'd by Reguli, or Petty Princes,
which our English call Cacicoes. 1717-38 CHAMBERS Cycl.
s.v., In the archives of the cathedral of Worcester, Uthredus
sometimes styles himself regulus, and sometimes sub-regulus.
1807 G. CHALMERS Caledonia I. n. ii. 238 A very strong hill-
fort .. formed a secure residence for their reguli. 1867 BUR-
TON Hist. Scot. I. i. 5 Agricola cultivated the acquaintance
of a certain Regulus, prince, or chief of Ireland, driven forth
by political animosities.
4. The golden-crested (and fire-crested) wren.
Cf. KINGLET i.
[1706 PHILLIPS (ed. Kersey), Regulus, ..also a little Bird
calld a Wren. 1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) XII. 398/1
The regulus. or gold-crested wren, is a native of Europe.]
1824 SELBY in Mew. Wemerian Nat. Hist. Soc. V. 400, 1
have not yet ascertained whether the Reguli of the southern
parts of England were likewise observed to migrate. 1842
C. W. JOHNS_ON Farmer's Encycl. 1036/2 The golden crested
regulus or kinglet, .is most frequently to be observed in fir
plantations. 1851 J. M. WILSON Rural Cycl. S.V., The fire-
crested regulus, R. ignicapillus, is not so common as the
preceding species, and is about half an inch longer.
5. Geom. A ruled surface ; the locus of a singly
infinite system of lines, where the consecutive lines
do not intersect.
1879 CAYLEY in Encycl. Brit. X. 417/1. 1887 Ibid. XXII.
669/2 A quadratic surface is a regulus in a twofold manner,
for there are on the surface two systems of lines each of
which is a regulus.
RegUTgitant, ///. a. Path. [See next and
-ANT1.] Regurgitating; characterized i
tation.
1866 A. FLINT Prim. Med. (1880) 338 The first symptoms
proceeding from mitral obstructive or regurgitant lesions.
1876 BRISTOWE Th. ft Pract. Med. (1878) 522 In regurgitant
aprtic_ disease the _ surface., generally presents more or less
cicatricial thickening.
Regurgitate (ifgv-iA^l), v. [ad. med.L.
regurgitare,i.re- RE- + lateL.^w^Va^Cassiod.);
see GURGITATION, and cf. F. rtgurgiter (i6th cent.).
Florio (1611) has ' Regorgilare, to regorge, regorgitate '.)
1. intr. Of fluids, air, or gases : To gush, rush,
or pour back (again).
1653 H. MORE Antid. Ath. n. xii. § i (ScAol.) Nor does it
regurgitate into the same Ventricle. 1733 tr. Beltoste's
Hospital Surgeon II, 38 Which afterwards regurgitate in
the Veins. 1782 A. MONRO Coinfar. Aitat. (ed. 3) 60 The
bile.. must.. regurgitate into it. 1839 URE Diet. Arts 1186
The carbonic acid gas.. regurgitates into the apartment
through every pore in the stove. 1883 I. W. CLARK in
Nature 22 Mar. 491 A little common air had regurgitated
into the whistle when my grasp was relaxed.
fig. 1837 HERSCHEL in Babbage Bridgnv. Treat. App. I,
245 These notions had been fermenting and regurgitating in
the cavities of my brain.
b. trans/, of the containing vessel, rare -1.
1669 BOYLE Contn. Neiv Exp. n. (1682) 87 When my 3
Recievers did this day regurgitate with air produced from
the Paste, I kindled a perfumed cone.
2. trans. To pour or cast out again from a re-
ceptacle, esp. from the stomach.
I7S3 N. TORRIANO Gangr. Sore Throat 5 The Medicine
was regurgitated. 1773 T. PERCIVAL Ess. II. 142 Liquids
..when hastily drunk.. were quickly regurgitated. x8x6
KIRBY & SP. Entomol. xx. (1818) II. 179 When she returns
to the hive, she regurgitates it in this form into one of the
cells. 1898 Allbutfs Syst. Med. V. 975 In cases in which
very small amounts of blood are regurgitated into the auricle
from the left ventricle the consequences are inappreciable.
ahol. 1657 TRAPP Comm. Job xx. 15 The Whale that
swallowed Jonah found him hard meat, and for his own ease
was forced to regurgitate.
tram/, a 1640 JACKSON Creed XI. xxxvi. § 5 Methinks
flesh and blood should regurgitate his former murmurings
upon this motion made by Jeremiah. 1690 CHILD Disc.
Trade x. 174 (They] remove themselves from thence hither,
so long, until the City, .regurgitates and sends them back.
f3. To swallow again. Obs. rare ~°.
1674 BLOUNT Glossogr. (ed. 4), Regurgitate, to swallow
again. 1681 tr. Willif Rent. Med. Wks. Vocab., Regurgi-
tate, to swallow up again ; or to sup up again what it before
had parted with.
Hence Regu-rgitated, Regu-rgitating///. adjs.
1792 J. HUNTER in Phil. Trans. LXXXII. 177 Many
birds may be called regurgitating animals, and in them it is
for the purpose of feeding their young. 1837 CARLYLE Fr.
Rev. III. iv. ix, One regurgitating whirlpool of men and
women. 1876 URISTOWE Th. * Pract. Med. (1878) 395 The
entrance . . of regurgitated food . . into the larynx.
Regurgitation (r^wdgit^n). [ad. med.L.
rcgurgitation-cm, n. of action f. regurgitare : see
prec. and cf. F. regurgitation (i6th c.).]
The act of pouring or gushing back ; the fact
of re-issuing or being ejected again from a re-
ceptacle. Chiefly Med. with reference either to
the blood or to food.
•>. an )N nyarol. L/iyni. 73 Upon the regurgitation
of the menstrues. 1698 TYSON in Phil. Trans. XX. 131
A Regurgitation of the Faxes into the Stomach. 1747 tr.
As'.rnc s Fevers it The plentiful regurgitation of the blood
on the heart. 1781 A. MONRO Comfar. Anal. (ed. 3) 49
There seems to be no way of the bile getting into the gall
bladder but by regurgitation. 1835-6 Tonn Cycl. Anat. I.
539/1 Regurgitation is prevented by a semilunar valve at
381
the termination of each vein. 1850 Patent* Abridgments^
lie Making Machines (1877) 13 The valves in the induc-
tion pipes of the pumps ' do not close completely but allow
a partial regurgitation '. 1880 GARROD £ BAXTER Mat.
bled. 402 A patient, .who suffered from vomiting or regurgi-
tation after each meal.
transf. 1847 SIK H. TAYLOR Notes from Life (cd. 3) 75
When it begins wuh passion, there must needs he a period
of collapse and regurgitation. 1869 FARRAK fata, speech
ii. (1873) 79 In the case of this great Slavonic nation there
has been, as it were, a regurgitation of the Aryan wave.
f2. The act of swallowing again. Obs. rare"0.
1658 PHILLIPS, and some later Diets.
RegU'Sh, v. rare"1. [RE-.] To gush back.
1632 LITHGOW Trav. x. 467 The water regushed abundantly
from my mouth.
Regworme : see RINGWORM.
t Hegwort. Obs. rare ~l. Stinking gladdon.
c i45OvT#/H/a(Anecd. Oxon.)i64 S/>atula/(tida.,re%WQTc\»
Regyll, variant of REGAL j£.3, groove.
Regyon, -oune, etc., obs. forms of REGION.
t Ztegyre, v. Sc. Obs. rare. Also reiyre.
[ad, L. regyrare to turn about : see INGTKE v^~\
trans. To return, retort.
1606 BIRNIE Kirk-Bnriall vi. (1833) Bivb, Diogenes.,
being admonished,.. did reiyre a taunt. Ibid. xix. F iij b,
But this reason I may rightly regyre.
Regyster, obs. form of REGISTER.
t Reh, re?, rei, a. Obs. Forms: I hr6o(h),
hrfoh, 3 reh(}), reeh(5), reeih- ; re^-r rsej-,
rrei(5>, rei(3). [OE. Ar<fc// = OS. hrS9 of obscure
etym.] Rough, stormy ; fierce, violent ; troubled,
disturbed (in mind).
Beowulf 548 Hreo wseron yj>a. Ibid. 1307 J>a WEES frod
cyning..on hreon mode. c688 K. ALFRED Boeth. xli. § 3
Swa swa good scipstiora onjit micelne wind on hreore sae
aer a?r hit jeweoroe. a 1000 Boeth. Me ft: i. 71 Was him
hreoh sefa, ege from Sam eorle. a xxpo O. E. Chron.
(MS. D.) an. 1075, Heom on becom swi3e hreoh waeder.
c xaos LAY. 4062 pa oSere weoren rarhere \c 1*75 regerej.
Ibid. 6388 Ra;h he wes on fihte. a 1225 AY. Marker. 13 pu. .
art mi bro5eres bone, rufHnes of helle, be rehest ant te
readwisest of alle beo in helle. a 1175 Pray. /Klfred 682 in
O. E. Misc. 138 J>e luttele mon he his so rei, ne mai non him
wonin nei.
Hence f Be-hllche adv. ; f Be-hship. Obs.
c 1205 LAY. 8440 Euelin him raesde to, & hine rxhliche
grasp. Ibid* 9324 Hamun. .rehliche fleh, to his Rom-leode.
Ibid, 24943 Heore raehscipe seal heom seoluen to reoube
iwur5en.
t Reh.a*bile, -v. Sc. Obs.-1 [van of RE ABLE
z>.] trans. To rehabilitate.
>535 LVNDESAY Satyre 3938 Thay..Sal be degraithit of
thair Nobilitie, .. Vnto the tyme thay by [= buy] thair
libertie, Rehabilit be the ciuill magistrate.
Rehabilitate (rfhabHTte't), v. [f. ppl. stem
of med.L. rehabilitare\ see RE- and HABILITATE v.,
and cf. F. rthabiliter (i6th c. ; earlier reabiliter}.\
1. trans. To restore by formal act or declaration
(one degraded or attainted) to former privileges,
rank, and possessions ; to re-establish (one's good
name or memory) by authoritative pronouncement.
(In early use only Sc.}
1580-1 Rer. Privy Council Scot. III. 358 Oure Soverane
Lord . . rehabilitates and restoris the said Robert . . to hisgude
fame. 1586-? Ibid. IV. 154 Ay and quhill the said James,
sumtyme archiebischop of Glasgow, be fullelie restorit and
rehabilitat be oure said Soverane Lord. 1633 Sc. Acts
Ckas, I (1814) V. 56/2 His Majestic. .hes reliabilitat the
said francis [sometime Earl of Both well] his airs and sue-
cessorsagainestheact of dishabilitatioun. 1727-38 CHAMBERS
Cycl. s.v. Rehabilitation^ The king alone can rehabilitate
an officer noted, condemned, and degraded ; or a gentleman
who has derogated from his rank. 1706 SEWARD Anecdotes
III. 26 Pope Calixtus the Third, .rehabilitated her memory,
declaring her, by a Bull, a martyr to her religion. 1852
Miss YONGE Cameos (1877) II. xxxvi. 385 Not only was her
name j>ublickly rehabilitated, but the recordsof the examina-
tions in the archives of France guard her memory for ever.
1875 STUBBS Const. Hist. II. xvii. 563 Edward I again
seems to have considered that the judges, .were rehabilitated
by the payment of a fine.
b. To re-establish the character or reputation of
(a person or thing) ; to clear from unfounded accus-
ations or misrepresentations.
1847 Blackw. Mag. LXII. 354 We pass on.. to the chief
hero of these peasant wars, whom Mrs. Percy Sinnett under-
takes, in the French phrase, to rehabilitate — in other words,
to wash a little white. 1862 Lady Morgaifs Mem, II. 172
Whilst Lady Morgan was rehabilitating the name and
character of a man of genius. 1876 F. HARRISON Choice ti&s.
(1886) 396 A great many of these histories are written, .to
puff up, or, as it is now the fashion to call it, to 'rehabili-
tate ' a bad man.
rcfl. 1869 Latest News 26 Sept. 9 He hoped to rehabilitate
himself; and, if he should ever return here, to continue the
fight. 1873 PATER Stud. Hist. Renaiss. ii. 10 The older
gods had rehabilitated themselves, and men's allegiance was
divided.
2. To replace in a previous state.
<* 1691 SIR G. MACKENZIE Virtuoso xiii. Wks. 1716 I. 66
Why may we not say, that Man, if he were rehabilitated in
the former State of pure Nature, might .. foresee and
prophesy? 1731 Hist. Litteraria III. 253 This rehabili-
tates Dr. Boerhaave in his Name, and Honours.
3. To restore to a previous condition ; to set up
again in proper condition.
i845CARLYLBOw;/w£//(i87i) II. 226 The unwearied Lord
Lieutenant .. has been rehabilitating Courts of Justice in
Dublin. 1855 BAILEY Mystic 23 The fused orb rehabilitated
rolls As heretofore upon jiscudar path. 1859 RuJCOTTCtfMM.
BEHAKDEN.
Gal. Pref. (ed. 2) 15 The very admirable work of Winer ha*
completely rehabilitated the subject. 1875 H KLPS See. /'rest.
vii. 96 That dear boy George Smith had rehabilitated me
Hence Rehabilitated///, a.
1837 CARLYLE Fr. Rev. II. i. i, Thither may the wrecks of
re-habilitated Loyalty gather, if it will becomeConstitutional.
1843 MRS. CARLYLE Lett. I. 264 For three days his satisfac-
tion over the rehabilitated house lasted.
Rehabilitation (ifhibilit/^sn). [ad. med.
L. rehabilitation-em ; see prec. and -ATION. In
mod. use perh. partly after F. rehabilitation.]
1. The action of re-establishing (a person) in a
former standing with respect to rank and legal
rights (f or church privileges) ; the result of such
action ; f also, a writ by which such restoration is
made. (In early use chiefly Sc.)
'533-4 Act 25 Hen. VIII, c. 21 § i Relaxacions, writtes
called Perinde valerc, rehabilitacions, abolitions, and other
infinite series of buls. 1571-3 Krg. Privy Council Scot. II.
174 His Hienes rehabilitatioun to all and sindry thair landis
. .as in the same rernissioun and rehabilitatioun at mair
lenth is contenit. 1633 Sc. Acts Chas. I (1814) V. 56/2 The
letters of rehabilitatioun of francis Stewart sone to vmquhil
francis sometyme Erie of Bothwell. a 1639 SPOTTISWOOD
Hist. Ch. Scot. VI. (1677) 548 A Letter of rehabilitation,
whereby he might stand in judgment and plead against his
Forfeiture. 1696 PHILLIPS (ed. 5), Rehabilitation, an Act
whereby the Pope or the King, by Dispensation, or Letters
Patents, restores those that are grown low in the World.
1814 ELLIS Orig. Lett. Ser. i. I. 212 His remission and
rehabilitation under the Great Seal of Scotland was not
obtained till April i8th, 1497. 1850 MEKIVALE Rom. F.tup.
(1865) I. iii. 95 He pleaded the cause of his wife's brother-,.,
and obtained his rehabilitation with that of other Marian
_ exiles. 1875 POSTE Gains i. § 129 The status of his children
'is suspended by his right of retrospective rehabilitation, for
on escape from captivity a man recovers all former rights.
b. Reinstatement (of a person) in any previous
position or privilege.
1831 SOUTHEY in Q. Rev. XT.V, 173 Having resisted the
rehabilitation of the king after his attempted flight. 1841
TRENCH Parables (1860) 411 His rehabilitation in his
baptismal privileges.
c. Re-establishment of a person's reputation ;
vindication of character.
1876 Ch. Q. Rev. Jan. 337 We live in an age of rehabilita-
tions ; but the subjects selected to undergo that process
[etc.]. 187^9 J. C. MORISON Gibbon 160 A rehabilitation of
Theodora is not a theme calculated to provoke enthusiasm.
2. The action of replacing a thing in, or restoring
it to, a previous condition or status.
1858 SPENCER Ess. I. 198 Those who look sceptically on
this attempted rehabilitation of the earliest epochs of mental
development. 1861 Temple Bar I. 411 The work of Appu-
leius is a sort of 'rehabilitation ' of the story, with a religious
turn given to it.
b. Restoration to a higher moral state.
1868 W. R. GREG Lit. If Soc. Jttdgm. (1869) 379 There are
twot opposite directions in which the improvement and re-
habilitation of the Jamaica peasantry may be sought. 1873
PATER Stud. Hist. Renaiss. ii. 29 That rehabilitation of
human nature.. which the Renaissance fulfils.
So f Behabl-lity. Obs. rare—1.
'577 FuLKE/}«Kt>. Trite Christian 19 And so for all other
offences, with dispensations, inhibitions, rehabilities, licences,
relaxations, commutations, confirmation.
t Beliabita'tion. Obs. rare. [RE- 5 a.] The
action of re-inhabiting.
(Florio also gives ' Rihabitare, to rehabite '.)
'611 FLORIO, Rihabitanza, a rehabitation. 1633 Bp. HALL
Hard Texts, O. T. Ixv. 367 There shall bee a frequent re-
habitation of the whole land of Israel.
t Reha-le, v. Obs.-1 [RE-.] To drag back.
a 1618 SYLVESTKR Du Bartas, Hymn St. Lewis 193
Horatius . . Re-heartens His : re-haleth from the Foe Fair
Victory, ready with them to goe.
Keha-llow, v. [RE- 5 a.] To hallow again.
a 1711 KEN Psyche Poet. Wks. 1721 IV. 226 Mind was en-
lightned, Passions tam'd, My Powers rehallow'd. Will in-
flam'd. 1809 W. TAYLOR in Monthly Mag. XXVIII. 52
The lady, at the ceremony of rehallowing the church, filled
all the vessels with water. 1814 Aloitzo <$• Angioline
(Jod.), A thousand kisses warm and sweet Rehallow this
sublime retreat. 1855 LYNCH Rivulet XLI. x, Then be my
heart, my world, Re-hallowed unto Thee.
Kelia'iuuier, v. [RE- 5 a.] To hammer again.
1884 W. H. GREENWOOD Sttel 4- Iron xii. 233 The hollow-
fire .. employed for reheating the stamps for rehammering
and rewelding.
Beha-ndle, ». [RE- 5 a.] trans. To handle
again, in various senses of the verb.
'597 BEARD Theatre Gotfs Judgem. (1612) 461 Euen as
they dealt with others rigorously and by strength of weapons,
so shall they be themselues rehandled and dealt withall after
the same measure. 1768-74 TUCKER Lt. Nat, (1834) H- *75
Sometimes forced to rehandle my premises to fit them for a
further application. 1865 Cornh.Mag. May 608 Rehandling
the old themes of Jocasta, Thyestes, tEdipus, and Agamem-
non. 1879 DOWDEN Southcy iii 53 Out of a kind of gratitude
he rehandled the Joan again and again.
Hence Keha'ndling vbl. si.
1885 Pall Mall G. 28 May 5 We cannot turn up the
originals [of these stories], .so we must take the rehandlings.
1896 rob. Sci. Monthly Feb. 562 The author undertook a
thorough rehandling of the work.
Keha-ng, v . [|<E- 5 a.] trans. To hang again.
1813 ELMES Dilapidations (1829) App. 59 Ease and re-hang
the sashes, and re-instate the broken glass. 1849 THACKERAY
Pendennis xxxvii, He hung and re-hung the pictures. 1891
Pall Mall G. 6 July 1/2 The Dowdeswells have rehung
Iheir gallery partly with pictures of the French school.
Keka-rdeii, ». [RE- 5 a.]
1. trans. To make hard again.
REHARM.
1605 SYLVESTER Du Barlas 11. iii. til. Lowe 473 The King's
[Pharaoh's] repentance endeth with his pain. Hee is re-
hardned. 1677 MOXON Mech. Excrc. No. i. n You must. .
harden the»point of it.., because the heat of the Iron will
soften it fast enough, . . but then you must re-harden it. 1678
HOBBES Decant. Wks. 1845 VII. 131, I conceive now how a
hody which having [tie] been hard and softened again, may
be rehardened. 1843 HOLTZAPFFEL Turning I. 246 The
knife edges . . being found too soft . . were re-hardened.
2. intr. To grow hard again.
1829 J. L. KNAPP Jrnl. Nat. 7 That lime rehardens after
being made soft, as in mortar, is owing to [etc.].
Hence RehaTdening vbl. sb.
i67jWooDHEAD, etc. Paraph. St. Paul 35 That re-harden-
ing still of Pharaoh's heart.
t Xteha-rm, v. Oh. rare-1. [RE-.] Mr. To
do harm in return, to retaliate.
1592 WYRLEY Armorie, Ld. Chandos 107 Rare is the
vertue hurt not to reharme, Great fortitude offences to remit.
Reha rmonize, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To
bring again into harmony. Hence RehaTmoniz-
ing vbl. sb.
a 1711 KEN Hymns Fesliv. Poet. Wits. 1721 I. 193^ But
Great God-Man Nature re-harmoniz'd, And the lost Grace
of Hymning God repriz'd. 1855 BAILEY Mystic, etc. 123
The angels would not.. From holiest truths eliminate the
false, And thus with God's, man's mind re-harmonize. 1855
PUSEV Doctr. Real Presence Note Q 215 The re-harmonizing
of his being, the restoration of that state in which he was in
harmony with God and with himself.
b. Mus. (See HAKMONIZE v. 4.)
1883 Ch. Praise Pref. n Some tunes have been entirely
re-harmonized by him.
Reha-rness, v. [RE- 5 a.] To harness again.
1778 [W. MARSHALL] Minutes Agric. 10 Nov. an. 1775, He
was three months before he could be re-harnessed. 1853
KANE Grinnell Exp. 1. (1856) 486 They reharnessed the
dogs, and turned to the west.
Bella sh (r<-), sb. [f. RE- 5 a + HASH sf>. 2.]
A mere restatement in different words of opinions
previously expressed ; something served up afresh
under a different form or name.
1849 LEWIS Lett. (1870) 202 It is merely a re-hash of his
old opinions, seasoned with some new abuse of the Colonial
Office. 1881 Card. Chron. XVI. 779 That is largely a rehash
of what has been oft told in the gardening papers. 1883
Pall Mall G. i Oct. 3/1 To-day this rehash of the stale
commonplaces of last recess is simply unreadable.
Relia'sh, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To put into
a new form without real change or improvement
in the matter ; to restate (old ideas or opinions) in
new language. Hence Reha'shed ///. a.
( 1822 MAGINN Byron's Werner II. i. 148 note, Ulric is.,
the Giaour,, .rehashed and served up as a Bohemian. 1827
Q. Rev. XXXVI. 127 Great deal of that sort of nonsense —
the re-hashed ' grande pensee ' of the addle-headed consul of
Teflis. 1884 Manch. Exam. 21 May 5/1 All they did was to
rehash the old exploded arguments.
t Belxa'tor. Sc. Obs. rare. Also re-, raha-
tour. A term of abuse, of obscure origin and
meaning. (Cf. REHETOUK.)
1508 DUNBAR Flytingiv. Kennedie 244 Baird rehator, theif
of natour. 1508 KENNEDIE Flyting w. Dttnbar 401 Raw-
mowit ribald, renegate rehatour. 1513 DOUGLAS ^Eneis
xui. vi. 117 Now lat that ilk rahatour wend in hy The blak
hellis biggyngis to vissy.
t Ifceha've, v. Obs. [RE- 5 a, after med.L. re-
habere, or F. ravoir.] trans. To regain, to get
again. Hence f Reha-ving vbl. sb.
1472 Pastoti Lett. III. 60, I am in a greet agonye howe is
best ffor me to sue to hym ffor rehavyng off my place.
1541-1 Act 33 Hen. VIII in Bolton Stat. Irel. (1621) 228
Such lessees so rehaving their leases [etc.], a 1615 SIR H.
FINCH Law (1636) 210 So as vpon an appeale the partie
shall re-haue them. £1640 J. SMYTH Lives Berkeley: (1883)
I. 91, 2000 markes which hee owes the Kinge for the rehave-
inge of his Castle and landes. i6j8F.ARL MONM. Ir. Partita's
Wars Cyprus 81 By re-having the Kingdom of Cyprus,
vpoiipayment of. -great Tribute,
t Rehayte, v.1 Obs. rare—1. (Of obscure
origin and meaning; perh. a van of REHETE v.2)
1526 SKELTON Magnyf. 1677 Ye knowe wel, with hym I
can not be content. . I wyll haue hym rehayted and dyspysed.
t Itetayte. v.% Obs. rare. Also -heyte. [Of
obscure origin.] To behave noisily or riotously.
1526 in Househ. Ord. (1700) 153 Soe that no man doe
rehayte, nor use himselfe otherwise in the chamber than to
that place doth accord, a 1530 HEYWOOD Weather 475
(Brandl), What, ye come in reuelynge and reheytynge Euyn
as a knaue myght go to a beare beytynge.
Rehayte, variant of REHETE v.1 Obs.
Rehea r (n-), v. [RE- 5 a.]
1. trans. To hear again in a court of law or in
a judicial manner.
1686, 1702-3 [see REHEARING vbl. so.]. 1756 TOLDERVY
Hist. 2 Orphans IV. 102 The magistrate . . reheard the affair.
1781 S. PETERS Hist. Connecticut-US The first courtsuspends
from the communion ; the second re-hears the evidence, and
confirms or sets aside the suspension. 1818 CRUISE Digest
(ed. 2) II. 1 70 The cause was reheard; and Lord Hardwicke
. .changed his opinion. 1868 J. H. BLUNT Kef. Ch. Eng. I.
361 Delegates named by the Crown to re-hear the cause.
2. To hear (a sound) again.
382
1702-3 ATTERBURVi«/. Misc. Wks. 1739 1. 163 We. .renewed
our application for a re-hearing of the matter. 1768 BLACK-
STONE Comm. III. 391 A new trial is a rehearing of the cause
before another jury, but with as little prejudice to either
party, as if it had never been heard before. 1831 SCOTT
Abbot Introd., An author may be justified in using with
address, such selection of subject or title as is most likely to
procure a re-hearing. 1869 A tlienxum 27 Mar. 445/3 Each
rehearing of ' The Woman of Samaria ' deepens our con-
viction of its high merits. 1885 Law Times LXXIX. 156/2
The daughter took out a summons for a rehearing.
Rehearsal (rfb.5-.isal). Forms: 4-5 reher-
sayle, -sail(l(e, 5 -sayll, -sale, 5-7 -sal(l, 5 -eel,
6 -sell, -oeall, 6- rehearsal, (6-7 -sail), [f.
REHEARSE v. + -AL.]
1. The act of rehearsing ; a recounting or recital ;
a repetition of words or statements ; recitation.
(Very common c 1430-1650.)
c 1386 CHAUCER Can. Yeom. Prol. f, T. 299 Forgat I to
maken rehersaille Of watres corosif, and of lymaille. c 1430
LYDG. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 181 Whilom ther was in a
smal village, As myn autor makethe rehersayle [etc]. 1:1449
PECOCK Repr. i. vii. 36 Holi Scripture makith rehercel of
many treutnis. 1494 FABYAN Chron. \. xxiii. 18 For the
more party they . . make but a short rehersayll of these .v.
Kyngs. 1525 LD. BF.RNERS Froiss. II. ccxxviii. [ccxxiv.J 711
The erle of Derby spake certayne wordes. ., wenynge that
they shulde neuer haue ben called to rehersall. 1545 BRINK-
LOW Compl. xxv. (1874) 73 A brefe rehersal, conteynyng the
somme of all that is hetherto spoken. 1560 DAUS tr. Slei-
dane's Comm. 18 b, The rehersall of every sinne particularly
is not necessary. 1599 Warn. Faire Wont. i. 682, I can
make rehearsal of the words Did pass betwixt you, if I were
disposed. 1637 T. MORTON New Eng. Canaan (1883) 199
Now that I have made a rehearsall of the birds. . I will give
you a description of the beasts. 1697 DRYDEN Virgil, Life
(1721) I. 44 This Poem being now in greatforwardness, Caesar
..would needs be entertained with the rehearsal of some
part of it, 1708 DODWELL in Heame Collect. 23 Nov.
(O. H. S.) II. 152 His Rehearsals are full of excellent reason-
ing as well as wit. 1839 YEOWELL Anc. Brit. Ch. iii. (1847)
24 His rehearsals of their sayings, and of their accounts of
the discourses and miracles of the Lord. 1842 SHERIDAN
KNOWLES Rose of Arragonn. i, Many., made it a pretext
for rehearsal of old grievances. 1870 in Anderson Missions
Amer. Bd. II. xxiii. 192 The rehearsal of the tragedy of
Captain Cook's death.
attrib. 1592 GREENE Canny Catch. II. 15 West-ward they
goe, and there solemnly make a rehearsall sermon at tiborne.
1709 STRYHE Ann. Ref. I. xliii. 432 He made the Rehersal
Sermons at Paul's Cross ; repeating Memoriter the Spital
Sermons preached at Easter,
f b. A recital in a legal document. Obs. rare.
1628 COKE On Lilt. 19 b, The rehearsall or preamble of a
statute is to be taken for truth. 17I< M. DAVIES Athen.
Brit. I. 308 What opinion my Lord Coke was of, of Divines
interfering with Common-Law's rehearsals, is not so certain.
2. The practising of a play or musical com-
position preparatory to performing it in public;
a private meeting of actors or performers held for
this purpose.
1579-80 in Cunningham Revels Ace. (1842) 159 Rehersinge
of dyvers plaies..and their sondry Rehersells. igpoSHAKS.
Midt. N. in. i. 3 Here's a maruailous conuement place
for our rehearsall. 1671 VILLIERS (Dk. Buckhm.) Rehearsal
li. i, This morning is its last Rehearsal, in their habits,
and all that, as it is to be acted. 1728 GAY in Swift's
Lett. (1766) II. 95 The second part of the Beggar's
Opera.. was almost ready for rehearsal. 1759 JOHNSON
Idler No. 60 F 1 1 By degrees he was admitted to rehearsals.
1811 BUSBY Diet. Mus. (ed. 3) s.v., Rehearsals, especially of
new music, are indispensably necessary. 1846 DICKENS
Lett. (1880) I. 165 We have a rehearsal with scenery and
band. 1886 MABEL COLLINS Prettiest Woman vii, I will
call rehearsal for the next day.
attrib. 1863 GEO. ELIOT Romola Ivii, Could he not strip
himself of the past, as of rehearsal clothing, . . to robe himself
for the real scene ?
b. In rehearsal, in process of being rehearsed.
1709 STEELE Taller No. i F 6 The Town is at present in
very great Expectation of seeing a Comedy now in Rehearsal.
name of the nation '.
Rehea'ring (r?-), vbl. sb. [-ING!.] A second
or subsequent hearing, esp. of a cause or appeal.
1686 EVELYN Diary 12 Feb., My greate cause was heard
by my Lord Chancellor, who granted me a re-hearing.
hearsal, and the most trying time to dramatic or operatic
authors succeeded.
t Rehea'rse, sb. Obs. Forms : 4-6 reherse,
5-6 Sc. rehers(s, 5 Sc. raherss, -hress, 6 rehears,
Sc. -heirs, 6-7 rehearse, [f. the vb.]
1. = REHEARSAL i. (Chiefly Sc.)
£1375 Sc. Leg. Saints xviii. (Mary Egypt) 137 pai..
passyt, singand, with reherse of be todyr nocturne be
nrste verse. 1423 JAS. 1 Kingis Q. cxxvii, I haue wele
herd, and vnderstond, Be thy reherse, the matere of thy
gref. 6-1470 HENRY Wallace vin. 95 With out raherss
off actioun in that tid. Ibid. xi. 1134 Litill reherss is our
mekill off cair. 1535 STEWART Cron. Scot. III. 251 Quhen
this rehers befoir the paip wes maid. 1585 T. WASHINGTON
tr. Nicholay's Voy. i. vii. 7 A briefe rehearse of the founda-
tion, force, and situation of the citie of Alger. 1597 SKENE
De Verb. Sign. s.v. 'Recordum, The rehearse, reporte, or
testification of the execution of the summondes.
2. = REHEARSAL a.
1490 Coventry Ace. in Sharp Diss. Cov. Myst. (1825) 15
This is the expens of the furste reherse of our players in
ester weke. 1584 Ibid. 64 Payd ffor ffyve Reherses. .v1.
Rehearse (r/hS-js), v. Forms: 4-6reheree,
(5 -cy), rehers, (5-6 Sc. rahers), 4-7 reherse,
(5 rey-) ; 6 Sc. reheirs, -heirce ; 6 rehearce, 6-
rehearse. [a. OF. rehercer, -cier (late AF. re-
hearser), app. f. re- RE- + hercer, herser to harrow :
see HERSE sb^\
1. trans. To recite or repeat aloud in a formal
REHEARSE.
manner ; to say over, or read aloud, from beginning
to end.
c 1375 Lay Folks Mass Bk. (MS. B) 152 pi pater nosier
reherce alwaie, til deken or prest bo gospel rede, c 1400 in
Rule St. Benet 143 pe couent..sall reherce be same again
thrise, and 'Gloria patri'. 1463 Bury Wills (Camden) 18
After the gospel to.. reherse John Barettys name opynly,
saying De profundis for me. 1529 MORE Dyaloge I. Wks.
172/1 If we knew them in such wise.. as we coulde rehearce
them on oure fingers endes. 1590 SHAKS. Mids. N. v. ii.
404 First, rehearse this song by roate, To each word a
warbling note. 1612 BRINSLEY Pos. Parts (1669) 37 Rehearse
them Actively and Passively together. 1635 F. WHITE
Sabbath (ed. 2) 9 Often rehearsing the Lord's-Prayer. 1732
NEAL Hist. Purit. I. 255 He could readily rehearse in the
Greek language all St. Paul's Epistles to the Romans and
Galatians. 1781 COWPER Conversat. 7, Words learned by
rote a parrot may rehearse. 1784 — Task vi. 480 An ancient
..tale, By one of sound intelligence rehearsed. 1824 L.
MURRAY Eng. Gram. (ed. 5) I. 391 The same composition
may be rehearsed in a quicker or a slower time. 1872
HOWELLS Wedd.Journ. (1892) 102 Personal histories. .which
had been rehearsing to those that sat next the narrators.
b. To repeat, say over again (something pre-
viously said or heard).
1340 Ayenb. 220 perof anobre time we habbeb yspeke . . an
beruore hit ne behoueb na}t to reherci. c 1386 CHAUCER Prol.
729 Who so shall telle a tale after a man, He moste reherse,
as neighe as ever he can, Everich word, if it be in his
charge. 1411 Rolls of Parlt. III. 650/2 The forsaid Robert
schal reherce the wordes that he said to oure forsaide
liege Lord. £'1489 CAXTON Sonnes of Aymon x. 265 The
proverbe may well be reherced for a trouth, that sayth,
Often happeth evill for a good torne. 1335 COVERDALE
Ecclus. xhi. i Rehearse not a thinge twyse, and disclose
not the wordes, that thou hast herde in secrete. 1577
HANMEE Anc. Eccl. Hist. (1619) 28 In the Actes of the
Apostles, whence no doubt this is rehearsed. 1634 SIR T.
HERBERT Trav. no When these words were rehearsed to
the General!, he was mad with anger, a 1704 T. BROWN
Dk. ofOrmond's Recovery Wks. 1730 I. 48 The clifts and
hilts my echo'd thoughts rehearse. 1822 B. CORNWALL
Poems, To the singer Pasta, The critic brings thee praise,
which all rehearse. 1875 JOWETT Plato (ed. 2) IV. 159
Cephalus rehearses a dialogue which is supposed to have
been narrated.. by Antiphon.
t o. To say, utter, speak. Obs.
1362 LANGL. P. PI. A. iv. 134 Whon Resun to bis Reynkes
Rehersede beose wordes [etc.]. £1400 Rule St. Benet 887
Eng. 4- Fr. Heralds § 151 (1877) loo Yf you have any more
to saye, reherse it, and 1 voll answere you. 1567 Gttde^ ff
Godlie B. (S. T. S.) 84 Thir wordis to hir he did reheirs,
Haill Marie full of grace, The Lord God is with the.
2. To give an account of ; to relate, narrate, re-
count, describe at length. Now rare.
13.. SeuynSag. (W.) 1147 The tresoun he gan hem alle
reherse. a 1400-50 Alexander 21, 1 sail rehers.. A remnant
of his rialte. 1435 Indenture Fotheringhey in Dugdale
Monast. (1846) VI. 1415/1 When alle the werk abof written,
rehersyd and devised is fully fynisht. 1483 CAXTON Gold.
Leg. 1400/2 First we shal reherce here the birthe and
begynnyng of ludas. a 1533 LD. BERNERS Htton xlvi. 154
Thou hast so myche to suffer, that therein is none humayne
tonge can reherse it. i577VAUTROUiLLiKRZ.»M«»;0».fi'/>. Gal.
i There is yet an other righteousnes, ..the which we must
diligently discerne from the other afore rehearsed. 1620 J.
WILKINSON Coroners <$• Shert/es 2 The cause of his not
attendance or insumciencie must be rehearsed. 1712 Pol.
Ballads (1860) II. 122 But now your last and blackest deed
What mortal can rehearse? 1781 COWPER Table T. 178
Could you. .rehearse The mighty plan, oracular, in verse.
1851 LONGF. Gold. Leg. iii. Nativity, First of all we shall
rehearse . . The Nativity of our Lord.
•f- b. To relate, state, declare, horn, that, what,
etc. Obs.
1362 LANGL. P. PI. A. viu. 177 What [B how] bou dudest
day bi day be Doom be wol rehersen. Ibid, 186 pat . . Dowel
reherce pat.. we duden as he us hijte. c 1420 LYDG. As-
sembly of Gods 83, I shall reherse what thys creature Eolus
hath doon to me. c 1450 St. Cuthbert (Surtees) 1550 Bede
reherce[s] bat som boke sayes [etc.]. 1477 NORTON Ord. A Ich.
iii. in Ashm. (1652) 42 Chaucer reherseth how Titanos is the
same. 1339 BIBLE (Great) Mark iv. 15 Some be rehearsed
to be by the way side. 1585 T. WASHINGTON tr. Nicholay's
Voy. i. xv. 15 b. There was openly rehearsed, how that, .the
Turkes army hadd taken.. the castle. 1633 G. HERBERT
Temple, Peace vi, They that taste it do rehearse, That
vertue lies therein.
O. With omission of direct object, usually after as.
13.. K. Aiis. 1664 Herde ye havith, Y wol yow reherce,
How messangeris comen from Perce. 1399 LANGL. Rich.
Redeles III. 315 For, as reson and rith rehersid to me ones
[etc.]. £1410 HOCCLEVE Mother of God 125 Right in this
wyse, as I reherce can. ^1470 HENRY Wallace v. 124, I
bott rahers as my autour will say. 1535 LYNDESAY Satyre
begotten, as their works rehearse, By lean despair.
3. To recount in order ; to name or mention one
after another ; to enumerate, reckon up, t number.
1362 LANGL. P. PI. A. i. 22 Heore nomes bed neodful, and
nempnen hem I benke, Bi Rule and bi Resun Rehersen hem
her-aftur. 1387 TREVISA Higden (Rolls) I. 21 Here I write
and reherse J>e auctours names of be whiche bis cronycle is
..i-gadered. < 1420 LYDG. Assembly of Gods 1518 Whos
names reherse I wyll, as 1 can Bryng theym to mynde in
ordre. 1470-^5 MALORY Arthur i. viii. 45 Yrland and Scot-
land and moo reames than I will now reherce. 1532 ELYOT
in Gov. (1883) I. Life 77, I will reherce some other townes
as they laye in oure waye. c 1580 SIDNEY Ps. xxn. xi, My
bones might be rehearsed. 1612 BRINSLEY Pos. Parts
(1669) p. ii, I will first rehearse all the seven marks which
Socrates giveth. 16.. in Fuller Ch. Hist. HI. (1655) 80 In
nni
I.V
REHEARSED.
all cases afore rehearsed, the Spiritual Judg shall have
power [etc.]. 1738 GRAY Properties iii. i You ask, why thus
my Loves I still rehearse. 1791 COWPER Iliad II. 598, I will
rehearse the captains and their fleets. 1864 PUSEY Lett.
Daniel (1876) 320 Rehearsing exclusively the mercies oi
God to Israel.
t b. To mention, make mention of (a person or
thing) ; to cite, quote. Obs.
a 1400-50 Alexander 329 No}t as a prophet ne a prest I
rays sail pi selfe, Bot rehers f>e as hie5e gode. c 1402
,YDG. Compl. 131. Knt. 99 But this welle, that I here reherce,
So hoolsom was that it wolde aswage Bollen hertes. 1471
Will of T. Clement, I woll be a brother of the Gray freres
and be reherced by name. 1549 COVERIMLE, etc. Erasm.
Par. 2 Cor. 55 For this rehearse I the ready mindes of the
Macedonians. 156* TURNER Herbal ii. 101 b, As Plini
whome I haue aboue rehersed, teacheth there ryght playnly.
1578 [see REHEARSED/^/, a.].
1 4. intr. To give an account, or make mention,
cf something. Obs. rare.
1483 CAXTON G. de la Tour E viij b, Of the whiche yf I
wold I should reherce youof many of them, c 1500 Lancelot
2671 Of his manhed war merwell to rahers. 1549 Compl.
Scot. Ded. 7 The historigraphours rehersis of ane pure man
of perse.
6. trans. To go through or practise (a play, scene,
part, etc.) in private, in preparation for a more
formal or public performance.
1579-80 [see REHEARSAL 2]. 1590 SHAKS. Mids. N. in. i.
75 Sit downe..and rehearse your parts. Itid. III. ii. ir A
crew of patches . . Were met together to rehearse a Play,
Intended for great Theseus nuptiall day. 1738 GAY in
Swiff t Lett. (1766) II. 95 Rich received the duke of Grafton's
commands not to rehearse any new play whatsoever, till his
frace hath seen it. 1765 GOLDSM. Ess. vi. Wks. (Globe) 304/2,
. . studied the character, which was to be rehearsed the
next day. 1810 SHELLEY CEd. Tyr. it. ii. 72, I have re-
hearsed the entire scene, With an ox-bladder and some ditch-
water. 1865 J. HATTON Bitter Sweets xxxii, Let us rehearse
a waltz.
fig. 1834 L. RITCHIE Wand, by Seine 83 The habit of re-
hearsnig virtues in imagination leads us insensibly to practise
them in reality.
b. To exercise, train, or make proficient by
rehearsal.
1768 [W. DONALDSON] Life Sir B. Safskull I. ii. 13 To
prepare himself for the change, he had rehears'd his servants
in the alteration. 1795 S. ROGERS Words Mrs. Siddons 58
And, when her shattered nerves forbid to roam, In very
spleen — rehearse the girls at home. 1859 DICKENS T. Two
Cities in. xii, A wood-sawyer . . has been rehearsed by
Madame Defarge as to his having seen Her . . making signs
and signals to prisoners. 1898 Daily News 12 Mar. 6/3
Dickens rehearsed her in ' Bailey'.
6. To perform, practise, as in rehearsing, rare.
1700 DRYDEN Cock <$• Fox 337 Sometimes we but rehearse
a former Play, The Night restores our Actions done by Day.
1825 COLERIDGE Aids Refl. (1848) L 307 The poor ignorant
multitude, .rehearsed all the outrages that were acted in our
own times by the Parisian populace. 1856 KANE Ant. Expl.
I. xvii. 212 So he kept on rehearsing his limited solfeggio
..and crying and talking by turns.
7. intr. To recite ; to engage in rehearsal.
1693 C. DRYDEN in Dryden's Juvenal \\\. 107 All Rome is
pleas d, when Statins will rehearse, And longing Crowds
expect the promis'd Verse. 1739 CIBBER Apol. (1756) I. 150
When it came to my turn to rehearse, while others read
their parts from their books, I had put mine in my pocket.
1765 (JOLDSM. Ess. vi. Wks. (Globe) 304/2 We got together,
in order to rehearse. Ibid. 305/1, 1 rehearsed before them.
1819 SHELLEY Peter Bell yd vn. xi, Whether he talked,
wrote, or rehearsed, Still with his dulness was he cursed.
1886 MABEL COLLINS Prettiest Woman viii, She was per-
petually rehearsing to him.
Hence Behea-rsed ///. a., •)• (also with afore)
foresaid, afore-mentioned.
15.6 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 148 b, The trouble and
noyse of these rehersed people is so great. 1544 Exhort,
vnto Prayer A viij, Let vs eschewe in our prayers al the
afore rehersed vyces. 1578 BANISTER Hist. Man i. 26 The
Cannell bones fastened to the rehearsed Processe named
Acromion.
Rehearser (r/hsussj). [f. prec. + -ER i.]
1. One who rehearses, a reciter.
'53° PALSGR. 261/2 Reherser, recitevr. 1611 FLORID, Ripi-
tore, a repeater or relater and rehearser of a matter 1671
[H. STUBBE) Rosemary f, Bayes 6 This Rehearser seems of
another opinion. 1708 DODWELL in Hearne Collect. 23 Nov.
(O.H.S.) II. 152 Mr. Rehearser came from the Bath.. .His
Rehearsals are full of excellent reasoning as well as wit.
1775 JOHNSON West. Isl. 161 Nor was much credit due to
such rehearsers, who might obtrude fictitious pedigrees.
a. One who conducts rehearsals.
1901 Scribner's Mag. XXIX. 462/1 He was not a severe
rehearser, as far as long hours went.
Rehearsing (rflia-jsin), vbl. sb. [f. as prec.
+ -ING 1.] Rehearsal, recital.
a 1300 Cursor M ,9882 Saint ambros sais pat we sai thre
Rehercmg quen child sal houen be. c 1385 CHAUCER L. G. W.
1. 24 Othere sundery thyngis Of whiche I may nat make
rehersyngys. 1388 PURVEY Prol. Bible iii. F 5 The fyfthe book
. . is a rehersyng and confermyng of al the lawe biforegoyng.
CI440 Promf Pan. 427/2 Rehersynge, recitacio. 1535
COVERDALE i Chron. (heading), A rehearsynge of the genera-
cions. a 1652 J. SMITH Sel. Disc. vi. 238 It was not necessary
in the rehearsing of every particularity to reiterate that it
was in a prophetical vision. 1660 BOYLE New Exp. Phys.
mech xliu. TO2 As long as was requisite for the rehearsing
ot a 1 ater Noster. 1820 SCOTT Monast. xxxv, ' 111 hearing
makes _ill rehearsing', said the landlady.
Rehea-rten, v. [RE- 5 a.] Irons. To inspire
with fresh courage or confidence.
1611 FLORIO, Kin/rancare, ..to re-incourage or reharten
a 1618 SYLVESTER Du ISart.ts, Hymn St. Lewis 193 Horatins
..Rfrhoutw His; re-haleth from the Foe Fair Victory,
383
ready with them to goe. . 1883 J. H. BARROWS Sena, in
Chicago Advance 5 July, The httle company of Christians
..were reheartened by the arrivals from Fort Brady.
Rehea-t, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To heat again.
Hence Eehea"ted//>/. a.
1717 [see REHEATING vbl. sb.}. 1839 URE Diet, Arts 573
In making bottles we should, .reheat them as seldom as may
be absolutely necessary. 1884 W. H. GREENWOOD Steel $
Iron xvi. 357 They are now only very rarely employed for
reheating steel ingots. 1886 Century Mag. Oct. 941 Our
breakfast of reheated coffee and stale bread.
Reheate, variant of REHETE v.* Obs.
Rehea-ter. [f. REHEAT v. + -EB!.] An ap-
paratus for reheating.
1875 R. F. MARTIN tr. Havrez' Winding Mach. 98 Boilers
consisting of heaters and reheaters. 1897 Columbus (Ohio)
Disp. 7 Apr. 9/3 The result showed that when the reheater
was used a much greater amount of work was performed.
Reliea'tiiig, vbl. sb. [f. as prec. + -ING'.]
The action of imparting heat again to a substance;
also, the material by wnich this is effected.
1727 BRADLEY Fam. Diet. s.v. Garden, This Reheating will
reciprocally be kept up.. by the Neighbourhood of the two
adjoining Beds j but when the Bed is single, the Reheating
should be two Foot broad at least. 1842 Penny Cycl,
XXIII. 233/1 The principal object of the subsequent re-
heating in the granulator is to bring it into a favourable
state for removal to the moulds. 1884 W. H. GREENWOOD
Steel % Iron 359 During the reheating of piles or of ingots
they are moved about a little.
b. attrib., as reheating furnace, men, etc.
1839 JjRE Diet. Arts 168 There are two re-heating or
annealing furnaces. Ibid. 707 In the re-heating ovens, the
loss is from 8 to 10 per cent, on the large bar iron. 1884
W. H. GREENWOOD Steel <$• Iron 361 Reheating furnaces
burning gaseous fuel.
Relied, obs. form of REED sb?-
Reheite, variant of REHETE v.2 Obs.
t Rehe-lm, v. Obs. rare. [R.E- 5 a.] trans.
To supply or cover (one) again with a helmet.
1:1468 mArchaeol. (1846) XXXI. 338 W' out that it lyked
him to be rehelmed. 1535 LD. BERNERS Froiss. II. clxviii.
l8ob/2 But with the crossynge of their speares the erle was
vnhelmed. Than he retourned to his men, and incontynent
he was rehelmed, and toke his speare.
tRehe't, sb. Obs. rare-1, [a. OF. reheet, vbl.
sb. to reheter: see next.] Cheer, entertainment.
a 1400 Minor Poems fr. Vernon MS. 490/224 Sibbe was
schewed hem bi, Murbe and Munstralsy, And preyed hem
do gladly Wi|> Rial Rehet,
t Rehe-te, v.1 Obs. Also 4 rehayte, reheyit.
[ad.OF. reheter,-heiter, -haiter, ' to reuiue.reioyce,
cheere vp exceedingly' (Cotgr.), the stem of which
has been referred to the Teutonic *hait- HOTE : see
Skeat Notes Eng. Etym. (1901) 246.]
1. trans. To cheer, comfort, or encourage, esp.
by kind or friendly words and treatment.
a 1340 HAMPOLE Psalter ciii. 17 pat is, bat man rehete
his thou^t in grace of the holy gost. 13.. E. £. Allit. P.
Ii. 127 He wolde.. re-hay te rekenly be riche & be poueren,
& cherisch hem alle with his cher. c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints
xxix. (Placidas) 947 He..gaf hyme mony gyftis gret, hyme
& his men;e to rehet. la 1400 Morte Arth. 22r Thane be
conquerour kyndly carpede to bose lordes, Rehetede pe
Romaynes with realle speche. £1400 LOVE Bonavent. Mirr.
xv. (B. N. C. MS.) 46 b, [>ei reheteden and conforted her
lorde. c 1470 GoL <$• Ga-w. 1158 With kynde contenance the
renk couth thame rehete.
absol. a 1400-50 A lexander 3999 Porrus, as a prince suld,
. .Turnes him toward his tulkis & titely rehetis.
b. To strengthen (one) to do something, rarer- '.
a 1340 HAMPOLE Psalter xxii. 2 pe water of grace .. makes
vs to recouere oure strenght pat we lost in syn, and rehetis
vs to doe goed werkis.
2. To refresh (thirst), rare-'.
a 1340 HAMPOLE Psalter Ixvi. 6 He askis be watire of
godis blissynge, to kole and reheyit his thrist.
3. To entertain with choice food or drink.
c 1470 HARDING Chron. CXLH. xv. (1543), Some bookes sayen
he poysoned was to dead Of plummes. . With whiche a monke
there hym did rehete. c 1475 Babees Bk. 171 Yf. .vnto yow
goode mete be brouhte or sente, Withe parte of hit goodely
yee theym Rehete.
Hence fBehe-ting vbl. sb\, refreshing. Obs.
a 1340 HAMPOLE Psalter xxii. z On (>e watere of rehetynge
forth he me broght. 111400 Prymer (1891) 79 He hath
browjte me foorth up on the water of rehetynge.
t Rehe'te, z».2 Obs. Also 6 reheate, reheite.
[Of obscure origin; the relationship, if any, to
RAHATE and RATE ».2 is not clear.]
1. trans. To assail, attack, persecute. Hence
t Behe-ting vbl. sb?
14.. Chaucer's Troy/us HI. 349 (Harl. MS. 3943), Al be
ehetyng of his sikes sore, At ones bei fled ; he felt of hem no
more, c 1440 Partouope 5197 Crete synne haue ye Thus
vngodely to rehete me. 1 1440 York Myst. xxxiii. 364 Re-
hete hym I rede you with rowtes and rappes. c 1470 HARD.
ING Chron. cxxxvi. iii. (1543), But then the death hym felly
ganne reheate ; Wherfoor anone he satte vp in his seate.
b. To annoy, provoke, irritate, rare—1.
1447 BOKENHAM Seyntys (Roxb.) 78 Damysel quoth he thou
art to blame Thus att the begynnyng me to rehete.
2. To rebuke, rate, scold. Also intr. with at.
c 1420 Langlanifs P. PI. C. xtll. 35 To rehercen hit by
retoryk to a-rate [MS. T. rehete] dedliche synne. 1460
Paston Lett. I. 506 My Lord of Salesbury reheted hym,
callyng hym knaves son. Ibid., Sir Antony was reheted for
his langage. 1509 HAWES 1'ast. Pleas, xxix. (PercySoc.)
140 If it be knowen, than bothe you and I Shall be reheitcd
al full shamefully.
REID.
t Hebe-tour. Ol>s. rare. [Origin and precise
meaning obscure.] A servant of some kind
c 1380 WvcLiF .?«-,«. Scl. Wks. II. 229 If men token hede
to |>e service of be Chirche. ., it is al turned up so doun and
ypocritis ben maad rehetours, I bid. III. 346 pis stiward
ha(> chargid bis hous wib newe rehetours, to harm of it.
Reheyit, variant of REHETE z>.l 06s.
Reheyte, variant of REHAYTE ».2 06s.
t Rehibit, v. (? Error for EXHIBIT v. i.)
**°3 .H. CROSSE Verities Commm E iij b, For the foolish
antiquitie honoured men as gods after their deathes ; for
honour and reuerence is rehibited for some certainc cause.
Rehrnge, v. rare. [RE- 53.] trans. To
hinge again. (In qnot./^. : cf. unhinge.)
1660 YEOLSNEY Sf. to Monk,tx>\. 2 You have re-hing'd our
happynesse.
Rehi-re, sb. [RE- 5 a.] A renewed hiring.
1793 WASHINGTON Lett. Writ. (1891) XII. 295 Nor ought
there to be any transfer of the Lease, or re-hire of the negroes
Without your consent first had and obtained in writing.
Relu-re, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To hire again.
Also refl. Hence Behrring vbl. sb.
1863 M. HOPKINS Ha-waii 358 They generally re-hire
themselves at the expiration of their engagement. 1891
Law Times XCII. 94/1 A sale of its rolling stock and a
rehmng of the same rolling stock.
Rehoi'St, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To hoist again.
1773 R. CHANDLER Trati. Greece (1825) II. 180 We re-
hoisted our two adventurers. 1790 BEATSON Nav. t, Mil.
Mem. I. 198 Admiral Matthews quitted the Russel, and
re-hoisted his flag on board the Namur. 1888 Times 20 Nov.
5/1 The Italian consular flag was rehoisted here to-day.
Reho-nour, v. [RE-.] trans. To honour again
or in return.
1635 Pref. verse in I. Hayward tr. Biondfs Banish'd Yirg.,
The guerdon thou do'st merit's sure, for she Whom thou so
honoured'st will rehonour thee. 1899 Westm. Gaz. 2 Oct.
10/2 Smithfield martyrs' memories rehonoured.
t Iteho-pe, v. 06s. [RE- 5 a.] To hope again.
a 1618 SYLVESTER Job Triumphant 632 If that I say, I
will forget my Greife, Forgoe my wrath and yet re-hope
Reliefe.
Rehou-se, v. [RE- 53.] trans. To house
(a person, etc.) again ; to provide with other
houses. Also refl. Hence Behou'sing vbl. sb.
1820 COLERIDGE Lett. (1895) II. 709 [The suicide) may re-
house himself in a worse hogshead. 1883 Fortn. Rev. Oct.
599 Upon the principles here laid down the rehousing of the
poor in towns can be accomplished without expense. 1890
Spectator^ Jan., We must make that inquiry if the question
of rehousing is ever to be seriously dealt wilh.
Reht, obs. pa. t. REACH v.1
Rehmnanize, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To human-
ize again. Also refl.
1810 W. TAYLOR in Monthly Mag. XXX. 47 The souls of
the very bad are forbidden for a time to re-humanize them-
selves, and become devils. 1847 C. BRONTE J. Eyre (1857)
449 It is time some one undertook to rehumanize you. 1876
F. HARRISON Choice Bks. (1886) 446 There are forces at work
now. .to rehumanise the dehumanised members of society.
Rehvrmble, v. rare. [RE- 53.] trans. To
humble again.
SY
houres Re-humbled Paris to her Prince's yoake
Saint Clement's Parricidiall stroake.
Rehume-Ctate, v. rare-1. [RE- 5 a.] trans.
To moisten again.
1686 W. HARRIS tr. Lemery's Course Chem. (ed. 2) 138
Continue to rehumectate and rust this matter for twelve
several times.
Rehumilia-tion. rare-1. [RE- 53.] A
second or renewed humiliation.
1658 BP. REYNOLDS Lord's Supper xiii. Wks. 610 Without
any such gross and carnal descent, or rehumiliation of his
Glorified Body.
Rehypothecate, v. [RE- 5 a.] To hypo-
thecate again. Hence Rehypothecating vbl. sb.
1882 OGII.VIE. 1883 W. F. CRAFTS Successful Men 189 The
rehypothecating of trust funds — that is, the secret use of
trust funds for speculation. 1884 Law Times LXXVIII.
113 The proposed lender had . . never been in a position to
make the advance without re-hypothecating the security.
So Eehypo thecator.
1883 W. F. CRAFTS Successful Men 160 Those rehypothe
cators of trust funds for private speculations.
Rehje, variant of REIOH Obs.
Rei, sing, of REIS (Portuguese money).
Relate, variant of REALTY l Obs.
Reich(e, obs. Sc. forms of REACH.
Reick, obs. form of REEK v*
t Reid '• Sc. Obs. Also 6 reide, reyd. [var. of
RAID sb. 4, perh. directly a. Du. reede or LG. ride.]
A roadstead.
1561 Burgh Rec. Aberd,(\%l$ I. 334 Quhat sumewir schip
of gudis sellable arrywis to the port, hevin, or reyd. a 1578
LlNDESAY(Pitscottie)CAr0«. Scot. (S.T.S.) 1.104 Hisschippis
quhilk was lyand in the reid at that tyme. 1596 DALRYMPLE
tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. x. 287 Thay ouirthrew in the Reide
xvi scotis sbipis.
t Reid 2. Sc. 0/>s.-1 (Of obscure origin and
meaning : perh. a rendering of eccl. L. litania
major, the longer litany used on the Rogation days.)
c 1450 HOLLAND Hoivlat 698 Syne all the lentryne but leiss,
and the lang reid, And als in the ad went The Soland Stewart
was sent.
Reid(e, obs. ff. READ rf.1 and v , RED a., REDE
rf.l and v., REELI^.I Reidar, obs. Sc. f. READKR.
RE-IDENTIFICATION.
Re-identifica'tion. [RE- 5 a.] The action
of identifying again.
1882 SPENCER Princ. Social., Pol. Instit. 564 Where . .
military headship becomes in a measure separated from
political headship, continued warfare is apt to cause a re-
identification of them. 1884 MaiK/t. Exam. 29 Jeb. 4/6
The re-identification of imported yarns woven into tissues
would be impossible.
Reif (nf). Chiefly Sc. Forms : I riSaf, reof , 3 rsef,
reue, 5 ref, 5-6 reiff, 6 rieff, reife, reyf, raif,
reafe, 7 reaf, 5- reif. [Common W. Germ. : OE.
nfa/= OFris. r&f, OS. -rSf (Du. roof), MLG.
rdf (hence Sw. rof, Da. rmi), OHG. roub, roup
(G. raub) :-OTent. *rau1>om : see REAVE v. The
precise relationship of the OE. word to REAP,
garment, is not certain.]
f 1. That which is taken by force or robbery ;
spoil, plunder, booty. Obs.
C950 Littdisf. Gasp. Luke xi. 22 Alia woepeno his jenimeo
..& reafo [L. spofia] his todaelde. c 1000 Ags. Ps. (Th.)
cxviii. 162 Se be beorna reaf manije [L. spolia multa} meteo.
ciios LAY. 8612 [We scullen] semen bes fehtes..& laeten
ba raf liggen. 1375 BARBOUK Brnce v. 118 The King gert
be departit then All haill the reif amang his men. a 1557
Diurn. Occurr. (Bannatyne Cl.) 12 The erle of Angus
servandis maid ane prey and reif thairof.
2. The act or practice of robbery ; spoliation ;
reaveiy. Obs. exc. arch.
a 1250 Owl ti Night. 458 (Cotton), Ich fare horn & nime
leue, Ne recche ich no« of winteres reue Ijfesus MS. teone].
ci4oo Apol. Loll. 12 For be sacrilege bat bei do in reif of
goodis. 1456 SIR G. HAVE Law Arms (S. T. S.) 134 Injure
or violence.., as ar thift, ref, or sik thingis. £1470 HENRY
Wallace xi. 840 Throuch cowatice gud Alexander was lost ;
And Julius als, for all his reiff and host. 1500-20 DUNBAR
Poems ix. 121, I synnit als in reif and in oppressioun, In
wranguss gudis taking and posseding. 1540 Reg. Privy
Council Scot. I. 3<t All rnaner of reiffis, spul^eis, oppressions,
slauchteris, all«
GOMER1E SOWt.
agane. 1644 A
e'er attempted stealth or rief. 1815 SCOTT Guy M. iii, Saint
Michael and his spear, Keep the house frae reif and wear.
t b. Of reif, esp. Sc. in fowl of reif, bird of
prey or plunder. Obs.
c 1400 Apol. Loll. 104 pei are maad desseyuable ypocritis,
& lurkyng woluis of ref under a schepis flees, c 1450
HOLLAND Howlat 656 Thus assemblit. .All that war fowlis
of reif. 1457 Sc. Acts Jos. II, c. 32 (1814) II. 51/2 Anentis
rukis, crawys and vber foulys of reif.
Reif, Reifar, -er, Reifflng, obs. Sc. ff. REAVE
zi.1, REEVE sb.1, REAVER, REAVING.
Reification (r/iifiW'Jsa). [f. L. re-s a thing
(cf. REAL o.2) + -IFICATION.] The mental con-
version of a person or abstract concept into a thing.
1846 GROTE Greece (1851) I. 46^ note, Boiocalus would
have had some trouble to make his tribe comprehend the
re-ification of the god Helios. 1854 Eraser's Mag. XLIX.
74 A process of what may be called reification, or the con-
scious conversion of what had hitherto been regarded as
living beings into impersonal substances. 1882 J. B. STALLO
Concepts fy Th. Mod, Physics 269 The existence, or possi-
bility, of transcendental space is another flagrant instance
of the reification of concepts.
Reify (rf'ifsi), v. [f. as prec. + -IPT.] trans.
To convert mentally into a thing ; to materialize.
1854 Eraser's Mag. XLIX. 75 The gods of their final and
accepted polytheism were, in point of fact, only those
subhmer portions of nature which., they had not yet dared
to reify. 1882 Pop. Set. Monthly XXI. 151 When people
make or find a new ' abstract noun ', they instantly try to
put it on a shelf or into a box, as though it were a thing ;
thus they reify it.
t Reigh. Obs. Forms : I reoh(c)he, 3 reh^e,
rihje, 4 righe, 5 rejge, reyh(h)e, reygh(e,
reign. [ME. type re)e, reyAe:—OK *rehhe, reohhe:
the precise relationship to the ME. variant roje (see
ROUGH si.), and to the continental forms answering
to this, is not clear.] The fish called the RAT.
c ittSpSuppl.SElfric's Gloss, in Wr.-Wiilcker iSi/6Faauus,
reohhe. [1120 WILL. MALMESB. De Gcstis Pontif. n. (Du
Cange), Ut etiam caudas racharum vestibus eius affigerent ]
c 1205 LAY. 29557 Heo. .nomen tailes of relvjen and hangede
on his cope, c 1430 Two Cookery-Iks, n Take Haddok, Pyke,
Tenche, Re^ge, Codlynd, an pyke a-way |>e bonys. c 1440
Promp. Parv. 427/2 Reyhhe, fysche, ragadia. Ibid. 438/1
Rowhe or reyhe, fishe . . ragadies. 1480 CAXTON Chron.
Eng. xcvii, And for more despite they cast on hym the
guttes of reighes and of [1520 other] fissh.
atlrio. c 1205 LAY. 29583 An . . ban folke ba be rihjen tailes
hangede a ban clarkes. c 1330 R. BRUNNE Chron. Wace (Rolls
15196 Byhynd hym on his clobes bey henge, Righe tallies
[ F. ketta de rates] on a strenge. 1480 CAXTON Chron, Eng
xcvii, The paynyms.. hym scorned and cast on^hym^reigh
tallies, so that al his mantel was honged full of reign tallies.
Reigle, variant of REGAL sl>.3, groove.
Reign (rf'n), sb. Forms: a. 3-5 reyne, 4-;
reyn, reine ; 4-5 regn, 4-7 regne, reigne, (6
riegne), 5-6 reygne, 7- reign ; 5 raen, 6 raine.
rayn(e, raygne, 6-7 raigne, 7 raign, (raighne)
/3. 3-5 rengne, 5 ryngne. 7. 5, 6 Sc. renge
6 Sc. ring, ryng. [a. OF. regne, reigne, rai(g]ne
rengne, etc. (loth c. ; mod.F. regne), ad. L
regnum (whence also It. regno, Sp. reino], f. reg
?re to rule. The Sc. forms show a normal de-
velopment of gn into ng.]
384
1. Royal power or rule ; kingdom, sovereignty ;
also trans/, power or rule (of persons) comparable
o that of a king. Now rare (f formerly common
without article).
R. BRUNNE Chron. (1810) 65 Tille Harald, Godwyn sonne,
w regne wille best falle. £1386 CHAUCER Monks T. 221
King, god to thy fader lente Glorie and honour, regne,
tresour, rente. 1450-80 tr. Secreta Secret. 6 So that alle
tho that ben vndir his regne ben of oon obeyshaunce. 1534
WHITINTON Tullyes Offices I. (1540) 12 There is no sure
fellowship nor sure trust in hyghe reygne. 159° SPENSI
Boccalinfs Advts.fr. Parnass. i. xxiii. (1674) 26 Empires. .
which know not how to perfix bounds to their insatiate de-
sire of Reign. 1725 POPE Odyss. n. 265 He who like a
father held his reign. 1770 GOLDSMITH Du. VtU. 288 Some
fair female unadorned and plain, Secure to please while
youth confirms her reign. 1782 COWPER Heroism 90 In
Britain's isle, beneath a George's reign. 1813 SHELLEY
O. Mob i. 10 The gloomy Power Whose reign is in the
tainted sepulchres. 1851 THACKERAY Eng. Hum. iii. (1853)
nr In a British drawing-room, under the reign of Queen
Victoria.
b. trans/. Influence, dominion, sway, of some-
thing immaterial, f In reign, dominant.
ci4o2 LYDG. Compl. Bl. Knt. 5Io So that Dispyt now
holdeth forth hire reyne, Through hasty bileve of tales that
men feyne. 1567 Gude * Godlie B. (S.T.S.) 204 Lyke
Prince and King, he led the Regne, Of all Iniquitie. 1596
SPENSER F. Q. v. v. 28 She gan to stoupe, and her proud mind
Woman of Honor III. 131 The allodial sistem was in reign
before it was supplanted by the feodal one. 1781 COWPER
Hope 33 Would age in thee resign his wintry reign. 1821
SHELLEY Remembrance 10 The owlet Night resumes her
reign. 1867 DK. ARGYLL Reign of Law i. 5 The Reign of
Law in Nature is . . universal. 1883 Century Mag. Oct. 804/1
A country where both winter ana summer were debarred
full reign.
f 2. A kingdom or realm ; a territory ruled over
liy a king ; a monarchical state. Obs.
a 1300 K. Horn 971 Mi Rengne bu schalt welde. c 1385
CHAUCEK L. G. W. 992 Dido, This is the reyne of libie there
ye bin. 1412-20 LYDG. Chron. Troy I. vi. (1555), In your
repayre to your fathers reyne.. ye shall me with you lede.
c 1500 Lay Folks Mass Bk. 74 Ye sail pray for y prosperite
& wallfare of y« Reygne. 1571 Satir. Poems Reform.
xxxvi. 51 Dyuers duikis and kingis, . . Exylit from bair
countreis and thair ringis. 1613 LISLE Saxon Serm. Easter
day, There was slain on y* night in every house throughout
Pharaos reigne the first borne child. 17*5 POPE Odyss. iv.
12 A gorgeous train Attend the nymph to Phthia's distant
reign.
trans/. 1340-70
heuene holdeb & hab to his hole regne.
t b. The kingdom of heaven or of God. Obs.
1340 Ayent. 83 pe regne of heuene to wynne, and alle be
dyeuelen..to ouercome. £1386 CHAUCER Pars. T. T 5
Manye been the weyes espirituels that leden folk . . to the
regne of glorie. 1483 CAXTON Gold. Leg. 244 b/2, 1 shalle
drynke it newe wyth you in the regne of my fader. 1532
MORE Confut. Tindale Wks. 466/1 They shall . . awake at
the blast of the trumpe, and euer after hue with y« lorde in
his reigne. 1594 CAREW Tasso (1881) 29 Th' angels earst
banisht from the heau'nly raine.
o. poet. A place or sphere under the rule of some
specified person or thing, or having a specified
character. Now rare.
c 1398 CHAUCER Fortune 45 Thou born art in my regne of
variance. 1590 SPENSER F. O. n. vii. 21 A beaten broad high
way. .That streight did lead to Plutoes griesly rayne. Iliid.
in. iv. 49 Like as a fearefull Dove, which through the raine
Of the wide ayre her way does cut amaine. 1667 MILTON
P. L. I. 543 The universal Host upsent A shout that . .
Frighted the Reign of Chaos and old Night. 1697 DRYDEN
Virg. Georg. I. 38 Or wilt thou, Caesar, chuse the watry
Reign..? 1754 GRAY Poesy 9 Thro' verdant vales, and
Ceres' golden reign. 1817 SHELLEY Rev. Islam i. xlviii,
The ocean Which girds the pole, Nature's remotest reign.
T d. = KINGDOM 5. Obs. rare.
1748 THOMSON Cast. Indol. IL xi, The vegetable and the
mineral reigns. 1781 GIBBON Decl. 9f F. xviii. II. 90 The
venom was commonly extracted from the vegetable reign.
3. The period of a sovereign's rnle.
CI330 R. BRUNNE Chron. (1810) 28 pe ferth Jere of be
regne. .bese bre..Werredon Athelstan. 1389 in Eng. Gilds
(1870) I2i Of be regne of be kyng Richard be secunde, be
secunde $er. 1434 E. E. Wills 100 The reyn of our lege
lord the kyng Harre the sexte, ..the xj yer. 1556 Chron.
Gr. Friars (Camden) 3 Here beganne the rayne of kyng
Henry the third, sonne unto kynge John. 1583!'. WASHING-
TON tr. Nicholay's Voy, iv. xxix. 149 b, At the time of the
deluge . . & in the riegne of Ducalion. 1641 J. JACKSON
True Evang. T. I. 35 In the tenth yeare of his raigne, he
sent forth a generall Edict. 1711 STEELE Spect. No. 43 F 9
That Celebrated Poem, which was written in the Reign of
Eccl. Hist. i. x. 39 It was about the fifteenth year of the
reign of Tiberius. 1841 LANE A rob. Nts. I. 106 After a
reign of seventy years, he died.
transf. 1500-20 DUNBAR Poems xviii. 9 Sum cravis of Goo
to end my ring. 1697 DRYDEN Virg. Georg. in. 475 This
during Winter's drisly Reign be done. 1812 J. H. VAUX
Flash Diet., Reign, the length or continuance of a man s
career in a system of wickedness, which.. is saidt to have
been a long or a short reign, according to its duration.
REIGN.
t b- The ' life ' of a ship. Obs. rare — '.
1674 PETTY Dupl, Proportion 32 If no trading Ship be
;one time with another) above i/io of her whole reign under
sail, or 6 days in 60.
c. Reign of Terror : see TERROR.
Reign (r^n), v. Forms: a. 3-6 regn, 4, 6
rein-, 4-6 reygn-, 4-7 reyn-; 5, 6 Sc. rigne,
6 ryne; 5-6 rayne, (6 raygne), 5-7 raine, 6-7
raign(e, 7 rain; 4-7 reigne, 6- reign. £. 4-5
rengne, 4, 6 reyngne, 5 reingue. 7. 4 reng,
reyng, 4 Sc. reinge, 4-7 Sc. ring, (.s-6 ringe),
4-5 Sir. ryng (5 rynge). Pa. t. 5, 6 5c. rang,
6 Sc. rong ; pa. ppk. 5 5f. rongyn, 6 &r. rung.
[a. OF. «£»«•(! 2th c. ; mod.F. r(gner), ad. L.
regnare, (. regnum : see prec.]
1. »«/r. To hold or exercise the sovereign power
or authority in a state ; to rnle or govern as king
or queen ; sometimes in restricted sense, to hold
the royal office without being actual ruler, to have
a limited or nominal sovereignty.
a. 1197 R. GLOUC. (Rolls) 681 After king babulf leir is sone
was king & regnede britti },er. c 1325 Citron. Eng. no in
Ritson Metr. Rom. II. 274 He reignede after his fader fyn.
c 1400 Destr. Troy 5492 The richest renke, bat reigned in
Erthe. 1481 WARKW. Chron. (Camden) 10 Kyng Kerry
schuld. .regne as welle as he dyd before. 1513 CKOMWELL
in Merriman Life «t Lett. (1902) I. 31 The grete vexacionof
his subiectes. .by Francoys now raynyng there. 1591 SHAKS.
i Hen. yi, L ii. 31 During the time Edward the third did
raigne. 1657 AUSTEN Fruit Trees i. 13 This King raigned
a long time in Jerusalem. 1738 BOLINGBROKE Patriot King
(1749) 138 He must begin to govern as soon as he begins to
reign. 1788 GIBBON Decl. $ F. xlix. V. 128 She reigned in
her own name and that of her son. 1817 SHELLEY Rev.
Islam x. xli, But he.. The Princess shall espouse, and reign
an equal King. 1859 TENNYSON Guinevere 519 Worst of
the worst were that man he that reigns ! 1871 Daily News
15 Sept., A Monarch who desired to rule as well as to reign,
would soon bring government to a deadlock.
ft. a 1300 Cursor M. 7973 Dauid had rengnd . . A-but
winters tuelue and mare. 13. . E. £. A Hit. P. B. 1321 pat
ryche in gret rialte rengned his lyue. c 1410 Chron. yiiod.
St. 651 pe fyftenethe }ere of hurre brother rengnynge. 1534
in Lttt. Suppress. Monast. (Camden) 18 The rayn of the
kyng, how long he shall reyngne, as sayth a prophecy.
y. 01300 Cursor M. 2285 Lang he rengud in bat land.
1375 BAKBOUR Bruce \. 78 He suld .. lat him ryng that had
the rycht. c 1400 Sc. TroyJik. II. 2164 That Tewtere ren-
gand bare was. 1533 BELLENDEN Chron. Scot. l. (1541) Aj,
In this tyme rang in Egipt Pharo. a 1584 MONTGOMERY
Mia. Poems xlviii. 268 God blisse his Grace, and mak him
long to ring.
b. Const, over, t upon, (an).
c 1380 WYCLIF Wks. (1880) 23opat he & his children regne
long tyme vpon Israel, c 1400 Trevisa's Higden (Rolls) VI.
151 He regnede over be West Saxons. 1450 Rolls ofParlt.
V. 200/2 The honour.. of every Prynce reynyng uppon his
people. 1513 BRADSHAW St. Werturge i. 297 Wulfere,
A noble valyant prynce . . Reygnynge vpon the Mercyens.
01542 WYATT in Tottefs Misc. (Arb.) 224 He ruleth not
though he raigne ouer realmes. 1591 SYLVESTER Du Bartas
I. vi. 461 He should have made in vain So great a Prince,
without on whom to Reign. 1662 STILLINGFL. Orig. Sacral
I. i. § ifi They bring the poorer under their power, and reign
as Lords over them. 1726 POPE Odyu. xvlll. 127 Affright
the dogs, and reign A dreaded tyrant o'er the bestial tram !
1887 Times (weekly ed.) 7 Oct. 2/4 The English Sovereign
reigns over one-fifth of the whole human race.
O. trans/, or Jig. of God, Christ, etc.
1340 HAMPOLE Pr. Consc, 4200 In Capharnaum he [Anti-
christ] sal regne alswa. c 1380 WYCLIF Serm. Sel. Wks. I.
258 pel wolden not bat Crist rengnede on hem ; and nebeles
Crist . .regneb upon all bis world, c 1400 Apol. Loll. 2 pe
place of hem bat regnun in heuen wib Crist, c 1450 HOL-
LAND Howlat 474 Our Saluatouris sepultur, . .Quhar he raiss,
as we reid, richtuiss to ryng. 1516 Pilgr. Per/. (W. de W.
1531) 297 They bothe reygneth holy sayntes before god
perpetually. 1567 Cude ff Godlie B. (S.T. S.) no'Our God
forsuith Ringis in heuin full hie. 1633 P. FLETCHER Purple
fit. I. xxxii. Who reigned'st in thy heaven, yet felt'st our
hell. 1667 MILTON P. L. n. 814 That mortal dint, Save he
who reigns above, none can resist. 1788 COWPER Negro's
Compl. TV, Is there One who reigns on high 1 1817 SHELLEY
Rev. Islam I. xxvii, The Fiend did revel In victory, reigning
o'er a world of woe.
d. fig. of things (more or less personified).
1361 LANGL. P. PI. A. in. 271 Kuynde wit me taujte fat
Resun schal regne and Reames gouerne. 1390 GOWER
Con/. III. 113 Thus the Sonne is overal The chiefe Planete
..And thus betwen hem regneth he. 1553 BECON Reliques
of Rome ( 1563)143^ The Masse rained, ruled, ruffled, and
triumphed, as a moste puissant and mvghty Queene. 1592
SHAKS. Ven. $ Ad. 649 Where loue raignes, disturbing
iealousie Doth call him selfe affection's centinell. 1637
MILTON Camus 334 Disinherit Chaos, that raigns here In
double night. 1667 — P. L. iv. 765 Here Love his golden
shaft imploies, . . Reigns here and revels. 1782 COWPER Lily
$ Rose vii, The seat of empire is her cheeks, They reign
united there. 1817 SHELLEY Rev. Islam v. Song vi, While
Truth with Joy enthroned o'er his lost empire reigns ! 1871
B. TAYLOR Faust 2nd PL, I. i, While. .Reigns in pomp the
perfect moon.
2. Of persons : To exercise authority of any kind;
to hold sway ; to rule.
a. 1300 Cursor M. 28526 At wrestelyng. at wake, rengd
haf i. 136* LANCL. P. PI. A. II. 33 Alle bis Riche Reten-
aunce bat Regneden with Fals. c 1449 PF.COCK Repr. ill.
iv. 299 Than schulde no preest haue immouable godis in
lordschip. Forwhi thanne he muste nedis comaunde and
regne upon hise tenauntis. c 1470 HENRY Wallace ix. 1144
The Scottis at large out throu all Fyff thai rang. 1556
LAUDER Tractate 374 Quhat plagis..Sall fall wpon the
realmes and kyngis Quharin no faithfull lugisryngis. 1597
SHAKS. Lover's Compl. 127 He did in the general bosom
REIGN.
reign Of young, of old. 1640 B p. HALL Episc. i. § 16. 67
Saint Paul was the same . . that he was raigning in the
Pulpit, or disputing in the Schople of Tyrannus. 1671
MILTON P. R. n. 466 Yet he who reigns within himself, and
rules Passions, Desires, and Fears, is more a King. 1819
SHELLEY Prometh. Unb. I. 10 Me .. Hast thpu made reign
and triumph.. O'er mine own misery. 1864 TENNYSON En.
Ard. 764 [He saw] him, that other, reigning in his place.
transf. c 1374 CHAUCER Compl. Mars 43 Who reigneth
now in blisse but Venus, That hath this worthy Knyght in
gouernaunce? 1500-10 DuNBAR/tow-rxlviii. 33 LordEolus
dois in thy sessone ring. 1784 COWPER Task L 455 The
spleen is seldom felt where Flora reigns.
tb. To go on or continue in some state or
course of action. 06s.
c 1380 WYCLIF Whs. (1880) 68 Also generalyprelatis regnen
in symonye. 1443 Cursor M. 48 (Bedford MS.), Insampil
to hem I may say pat regneb in her reaut all way. c 1470
HENRY Wallace vm. 1359 Than rang I furth in cruell wer
and payn. 1556 LAUDER Tractate 184 The Liegis of the
vngodlie kyng In daylie trubbyll thay sail ryng.
t o. To flourish. Obs. rare.
? a 1450 Compettd. Old Treat, in Roy's Rede me (Arb.) 175
This Bede reygned in the yere oft cure lorde god .vij.
hundred and xxxij. 1450-80 tr. Secreta Secret. 38 In the
tyme of this flysnomyas reynyd the..doctour ypocras.
t d. To flourish in some respect. Obs. rare—1.
1546 tr. Gasser's Prognost. dvj,Yet shal theireigne in large
benefites and great renoume.
3. Of things (chiefly immaterial things) : To
have power, sway, or predominance ; to prevail or
be prevalent.
a. of qualities, conditions, etc.
a. 1340 HAMPOLE Psalter ix. 40 When antecrist is distroid
all goed sail regne bare in. c 1400 Rom. Rose 5793 For if. .
good love regned over-alle, Such wikkidnesse ne shulde
falle. c 1440 Gesta Rom. L xlvii. 196 (Harl. MS.), Wher so
euer he knewe bat eny discorde or vnrest was Regnynge.
1500-10 DUNBAR Poems xxxix. 44 Wirk for the place of
paradyce, For thairin ringis no covettyce. 1591 SHAKS.
Two Gent. I. ii. 15 Lord, Lord : to see what folly raignes in
vs. 1616 R. C. Times' Whistle iv. 1202 Insatiate Avarice
then first began To raigne in the depraved minde of man.
1687 A. LOVELL tr. Thevenofs Trav. i. 101 Letters are in
no vogue in that Country, and perfound Ignorance reigns
among them. 1705 ADDISON Italy (1733) 63 The great
Secrecy that reigns in their public Councils. 1764 GOLDSM.
Trav. 239 To kinder skies, where gentler manners reign,
I^turn. 18x8 JAS. MILL Brit. Ittditt II. v. v. 522 Dissen-
sion, improvidence, and pusillanimity reigned at Madras.
1871 JOWETT Plato iy. 35 The business of the legislator is to
clear up this., confusion which reigns in the minds of men.
b. of the planets, winds, seasons, etc.
c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints xxi. (Clement! 389 Thru be playnyt
bat regnyt ban hyre worthit be ane II wemane. 1579 E. K.
Gloss, in Spenser's Sheph. Cat. Nov. 16 The sonne reigneth,
that is, in the signe Pisces. 1613; SHAKS. Hen. VIII, v. iv. 43
Twenty of the Dog-dayes now reigne in's Nose. 1611 BACON
Hen. ^//(i876)io8 Now did the sign reign, and the constel.
lation was come, under which Perkin should appear. 1661
J. DAVIES tr. Mandelslo's Trav. 117 The South and South-
west winds reign here [Meliapour] from April to September.
1704 POPE Summer 22 In thy heart eternal winter reigns.
1716 SHELVOCKE Voy. round World 175 The land winds
reign all night. 1811 SHELLEY / would not be a King, The
path to power is steep and rough, And tempests reign above.
o. of diseases, troubles, etc.
1411 tr. Secreta Secret., Priv. Priv. 244 Somyr is hole and
dry, and therfor than regnyth reede colere. 1483 CAXTON
CatoCi), In that tyme.. reygned a grete pestylence. 1513
DOUGLAS Mneis x. xiii. 12 Sik distres rang amang mortale
wychtis. 1588 SHAKS. L. L. L. iv. iii. 96 A Feuer she
Raignes in my bloud, and will remembred be. 1617 MORY-
SON I tin. I. 270 The foule disease of lust, raigning in those
parts. 1697 DRYDEN Virg. Georg. in. 246 To shun this 111,
.. In bummer s Sultry Heats (for then it reigns). 1845 CAR.
LYLE -.Cromwell (1871) II. 179 Famine has long reigned.
f4. a. Of a class or kind of persons : To prevail,
to be numerous. Obs. rare.
a 1300 Cursor M. 2124 It hatt Europe quar mast to day
Regns o be cristen lay. 1560 DAUS tr. Sleidane"s Comm.
126 They [the Anabaptists] also reigne chiefly in those
places, wher the doctrine of the Gospell is prohibited.
tb. To range, extend. Obs. rare— l.
"393 LANGL. P. PI. C. xxm. 381 Ich wot by-come a pil-
gryme, And wenden as wide as the worlde regne)>
t c. Of an inanimate thing : To last. 06s.-1
±1 T. H[ALE] Ace. New Invent. 132 A Ship doth com.
y Reign about thirty years.
5. To hold a dominant position ; to be in the
majority.
1715 LEONI Palladia's Archil. (1742) I. 94 There might
reign a cornice the whole length of it on each side. 1885
fa™'-m Waggonette 35 The bank on one side is thickly
wooded, the firs chiefly reigning.
6. trans, f a. To rule, govern (a person, etc.).
' 1374 CHAUCER Troylus n. 379 Swich love of freend,
regneth al this toun.
379 Swich love of freendes
b. To put down by reigning, rare —l
1819 SHELLEY Prometh. Unb. ii.lv. 100 But who reigns
down Evil, the immedicable plague?
t o. To live out (a specified number of years) as
ruler. Obs. rare—1.
01841 BP. MOUNTAGU Acts * Man. (1642) 136 When he
had reigned out forty yeares, he died in winter.
-Keign, variant of RAIGN v. Obs.
t Beigaative, a. Obs. rare-1. [See REIGN
v. and -ATIVE.] Ruling, governing.
•387-8. USK Test. Love n. ii. (Skeat) 1. 83 Right so litel or
naught is worth erthely power, but if reignatif prudence in
needes governe the smale
.
t Bei-gner. Obs. [f. REIGN v.
who reigns, a ruler.
VOL. VIII.
-ERI.] One
385
1460 CAPGRAVE Chron. (Rolls) 52 Here leve we the mancre
of countyng used befor, where we sette evyr the regner in
his last jere. 1530 PALSGR. 261/2 Reigner in a kyngdome,
regnatevr. 1601 CAREW Cornwall 144 b, Not needing in the
Norman Kings new birth to be distinguished with the
Raigners number. 1617 SPEED Eng. etc. Abridged vi. § 9
Henry the third, the Normans longest Raigner.
Reigning (r^'-nin), vbl. sb. [f. as prec. + IN<3 1.]
The action of the vb. REIGN.
a 1300 Cursor M. 8515 His regnning was wit right resun.
c 1330 R. BRUNNE Chron. Wace (Rolls) 4105 For regnynge
of Tcynges straunge, ..langage men chaunge. 1439 E, E.
Wills 119 The xviij yere [? of the] Rengnyng of our souereyn
lord Kyng Harry. 1633 P. FLETCHER Elisa. I. xliii, There
doth it blessed sit, and looking down, . . Scorns earth, where
even Kings most serve by reigning. 1711 in loth Ref.
Hist. MSS. Comm. App. V. 120 The innocency of James
the Second in his reignemg. 1776 GIBBON Decl. fy F. xiii. I.
394 Of all arts, the most difficult was the art of reigning.
Beigning (r,?fnin), ///. a. [f.as prec. + -INQ 2.]
That reigns, m various senses of the vb.
1. Of persons : Ruling, governing.
1716 LADY M. W. MONTAGU Let. to Ctess Mar 17 Oct., I
have taken this little fatigue merely to oblige the reigning
empress. 1786 JEFFERSON Writ. (1859) I. 574 The reigning
party in the United Netherlands, and the government of this
country. 1828 SCOTT F. M. Perth xxxv. He sent him to
France to receive his education at the court of the reigning
sovereign. 1855 MACAULAY Hist. Eng. xx. IV. 444 The
Whigs were on principle attached to the reigning dynasty.
b. transf.
1705 ADDISON Italy g Pictures of the reigning Beauties in
the Court of France. 1711 STEELB Sped. No. 156 F i The
History of the reigning Favourites among the Women. 1849
THACKERAY Pendennis xxxi; The book was daintily illus-
trated with pictures of reigning beauties.
2. Of things : Prevailing, predominating, chief.
1642 ROGERS Naaman 154 The raigning and defiling and
deceiving power of it. 1685 EVELYN Mrs. Godolphin (1888)
oThe raigneing pestilence of Sixty-fiue. 1711 ADDISON Sped.
No. 13 T 6 To show what are at present the reigning Enter-
tainments of the Politer Part of Great-Britain. 1769 FAL-
CONER Diet. Marine (1780), Reigning-ivinds, a name given
to the winds which usually prevail on any particular coast
or region. 1817 CHALMERS Astron. Disc. ii. (1852) 63 The
reigning principle of this Discourse. 1873 ROGERS Orig.
Bible \\. (1875) 87 The reigning feature which from first to
last distinguishes this book from every other.
Beigni-te, v. [RE- 53.] trans. To ignite
again. So Beigni'tion.
1863 TYNDALL Heat iii. 51 The candle is reignited and
burns with vivid brilliancy. 1884 American VII. 222 The
momentary extinction and reignition of the light. 1892
Pall Mall G. 21 Apr. 4/3 He. .lit a match, and re-ignited
the fuse.
Reik, Sc. var. REACH ».i, REAK(S); obs. f.
REEK sb. and v. Beike, obs. f. RICK. Beikie,
obs. Sc. f. REEKY.
Reil(e, Belli, obs. ff. RAIL sb.\ REEL sb. and v.
Beiirume, v. [RE- 5 a : cf. RSLUME.] trans,
To light up again ; to reignite.
1703 WORDSW. Prose Wks. (1876) I. 5 To .. reillume the
torca of extinguished David, a 1811 SHELLEY Mother fy Son
v, The vital fire seemed reillumed. 1848 LYTTON Harold
v. i, It coils round the dry leaves and sere stalks, and a
touch re-illumes it. 1878 SYMONDS Sonn. M. Angela xi,
Reilluming memories that died.
Eeillumina-tion. [RE- 5 a.] The act of
reilluminating ; new illumination.
1611 FLORID, Ralluminatione, a re-illumination, 1891 T.
HARDY Test xxxv, But reillumination.. returned to him.
ReiHtrmine, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To illumine
again. Hence Beillu-mined ppl. a.
1813 SHELLEY Q. Mat VH. 180 A smile of godlike malice
re-illumined [later edd. reillumed] His fading lineaments.
1815 Zeluca II 1. 44 The . . solicitude of his re-illumined mind.
1875 JOWETT Plato (ed. 2) III. 145 A single glance at the
varying landscape would in an instant revive and reillumine
the extinguished spark of poetry.
II Reim (nm). S. African, [a. Du. nan.] A
strip of ox-hide, a thong, strap.
1865 in Churchman ii Jan. (1866) 26/2 [He] climbed up to
one of the bells, and, attaching a reim to it, quickly caused
the customary peal to resound. 1866 [see OUTSPAN v. b].
1891 RIDER HAGGARD Nada the Lily 2 There was a sound
of breaking reims and trampling hoofs.
Be-i'mage, v. [RE- 5 a.] To image again.
1813 SHELLEY Q. Mat vi. 8 The stainless mirror of the
lake Re-images the eastern gloom. 1814 — Ess. tf Lett.
(1852) 1. 168 He re-imaged with intense thought the minutest
recollections of the scene.
t Reimbale, v. Obs. rare—'1. [RE- 5 a : cf.
EMBALE z».] trans. To put up again in bales.
1613 St. Paters, Col. 163 Silk came so ill-conditioned for
want of reimbaling.
t Reimba-rge, v. Obs. rare-1. [RE- 5 a.]
intr. To embark again on a barge.
1681 T. JORDAN London's Joy 4 With his Retinue he
retreats agen To th' Water-side, and.. doth Re-im Large.
Reimbark, -ation, etc. : see RE-EMBARK, etc.
Reimbi'be, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To imbibe
(t or soak) again. Hence Beimbrbing vbl. sb.
Reimbody : see RE-EMBODY.
t Beimbo'sk, z>. Obs. rare-". [RE- 5 a : cf.
next.] trans. — KBKBOOBP.
BEIM-KENNAB.
1659 HOWELL Vocab. in. (Hunting), The deer is reim-
boskd,. .// s'est rembuscltf.
t Reimbo-SS, v. Obs. rare. In 7 re-imbosch,
-imbosce. [f. RE- 5 a + EMBOSS v* : cf. REIM-
BUSH ».] a. rejl. To hide (oneself) again among
bushes, b. intr. (See quot. 1656.)
1640 HOWELL Dodona's Gr. (1649) 14 The Ampelonian
satyr.. suddenly ran in, and re-imbosch'd himself. 1656
BLOUNT Glossogr., Re-imbosce, to lie again in ambush, or
return to the Wood.
Reimbraoe : see RE-EMBRACE.
Beinibu'r sable, a. [f. as next + -ABLE, or ad.
F. remboursable^ That is to be reimbursed, re-
payable.
1791 HAMILTON Wks. (1851) III. 342 Let the sum of
550,000 dollars be borrowed, . . reimbursable within five
years. 1866 H. MERIVALE in Life Whately I. 117 A measure
was devised (1835) for the payment of arrears to the clergy
by Government, reimbursable by a land-tax.
Reimburse (n,imbii-js), v. Also 7 -bourse.
[RE- 5 a, perh. after F. rembourser.]
1. trans. To repay or make up to one (a sum
expended).
1611 COTGR., Rembourser, to reimburse ; to repay, restore,
orgiuebacke, money spent, etc. 1671 EVELYN Diary z6 June,
The mony we laid out to be reimbours'd out of the contingent
monies set apart for us. 1733-4 BERKELEY in Fraser Life
vi. 218 You will also remember to take bonds for the money,
to be reimbursed for the Deanery-house. 1793 SMEATON
Edystone L. (ed. 2) Pref. 5 It will a good deal fall short of
reimbursing my expences. 1839 HALLAM Hist. Lit. m. i. § 8
The tardy sale of so voluminous a work could not have re-
imbursed the cost. 1871 YEATS Growth Comm. 231 The
capital .. he reckoned at 10,000,000 guilders, which four
prosperous trips would amply reimburse.
tb. To refund, disgorge. Obs. rare"1.
i«S RAMSAY Gentle Sheph. v. iii, I'll strip him soon of all
to ner pertains, And make him reimburse his ill-got gains.
2. To repay, recompense _(a person). Also const.
for, f of (the expenditure, e'tc.).
1637-50 Row Hist. Kirk (Wodrow Soc.) 112 The poore
men to be reimbursed. 1669 S. PEPYS in Pepys' Diary, etc.
(1879) VI. no, I will see you fully and thankfully reim-
bursed for what charges shall attend the same. 1672 DRYDEN
Assignation y. iii, You'll find occasion instantly to reimburse
me of my kindness. 1707 FARQUHAR Beaux' Strat. i. i,
They are willing to reimburse us a little. 1790 BEATSON
Nav. £f Mil. Mem. I. 266 The Colonists were reimbursed
by Parliament of all the expences incurred by them in this
expedition, a 1859 MACAULAY Hist. Eng. xxv. V. 251 They
had disbursed money largely, .. with the certainty that they
should never be reimbursed unless the outlay proved bene-
ficial to the public.
b. rejl. Also in transf. uses.
1714 SWIFT Drafier's Lett. Wks. 1755 V. n. 47 Hath he
saved any other kingdom at his own expence, to give him
a title of reimbursing himself by the destruction of ours ?
1818 SCOTT Hrt. Midi, ii, Wilson felt no scruple of con-
science in resolving to reimburse himself for his losses.
1850 GROTE Greece ii. Ixv. (1862) V. 539 Eager to reimburse
themselves for this humiliation, they now formed a con-
spiracy, .to seize the government.
3. With double object : (cf. i and a).
t 1614 CAPT. SMITH Virginia Pref. i The issue may well re-
- imburse you your sumtnes expended. 1687 A. LOVELL tr.
Thevenot's^ Trav. i. 257 Till he be reimbursed the money that
he hath laid out. a 1745 SWIFT Story of an Injured Lady
Wks. 1751 XIV. loo It was but reasonable . . to reimburse
him some of his Charges. 1803 WELLINGTON in Gurw. Desp.
(1838) I. 390 If he had consented to be reimbursed this ex-
pedition ne would have received bonds . . for this sum of
money. 1841 MACAULAY Ess., Hastings (1854) 655 His
friends in Leadenhall Street proposed to reimburse him the
costs of his trial.
Hence Heimbirrser, EeimbuTsing vbl. sb.
1611 COTGR., Rembourseur, a reimburser; repayer. Ibid.,
Remboursement, ..a reimbursing. 1717^-38 CHAMBERS
Cycl. s.v. Reimbursement, Reimbursing is also used for
paying the price a commodity costs its owner.
Beimbu-rsement. Also 7 re-em-, [f. as
prec. + -MENT, perh. after F. remboursement,] The
act of reimbursing, repayment.
i6u SPEED Hist. Gt. Brit. ix. xiii. 8 90. 606/2 The
King had restored Brest in Britaine to the Duke, vpon
reembursements of the money lent. 1661 T. DAVIES tr.
Olearius1 Voy. Ambass. 221 By way of re-emoursement for
the charges we had been at. 1761 GOLDSM. ,\'as/t g His
scanty commission could never procure him the proper
reimbursements. 1790 HAMILTON Wks. (1851) III. 9 He.,
took the risks of reimbursement upon himself. 1837 THIRL-
WALL Greece xxxii. IV. 235 The reimbursement of the 100
talents which they had advanced to the party of the city.
1878 LECKY Eng. in i8M C. II. viii. 494 For this expense
he promised a parliamentary reimbursement.
Reimbtrsh, v. rare — 0. [RE- 5 a, after F.
rembucher : cf. REIMBOSK and REIMBOSS.] trans.
To lodge again among bushes. Also Belmbirsli-
ment (see quots.).
1611 COTGR., Rembuscht, reimbushed ; lodged,- or put
among bushes. .. Rembuschement, a reimbushment ; the
place whereat wild beasts enter into a thicket after that
they haue preyed, or pastured. 1877 WRAXELL tr. V. Hugo's
Les Mistrables u. c, This manoeuvre is peculiar to the
tracked deer, . . in venery it is called a ' false reimbushment '.
Reime, obs. form of REALM.
Beini-kennar. psetido-arch. [app. formed by
Scott on G. reim rhyme + kenner knower.] One
skilled in magic rhymes.
1821 SCOTT Pirate vi, A Norwegian invocation, still pre-
served in the island of Unst, under the name of the song of
[he Reim-Kcnnar. Ibid, xxviii, They who speak to the
Reim-Kennar must lower their voice.
49
REIMMERGE.
Reimme'rge,~'. [RE- 5 a.] To immerge again.
1664 POWER Exp. Philos. \\. 92 If before the removal of
your thumb you reimmerge it again into the vessel'd Quick-
silver as before. 1761 London fy Environs IV. 86 The
great increase.. re-immerged the survivors into an abyss of
horror and despair.
Reimme'rse, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To immerse
again. So Beimme-rsion.
1718 DESAGULIERS in Phil. Trans. XXXV. 624 Then the
Point C being got to H is re-immersed, c 1865 G. GORE in
Circ. Sc. I. 215/2 They .. become covered with a film of
oxide, which considerably weakens the electric current on
their reimmersion. Ibid. 222/1 Reimmerse it repeatedly.
Rermmigrant. [RE- 5 a.] A returning
emigrant. So Beinimigra'tiou, return.
1864 KINGSLEY Rom. <$• Teut. 27 The Irish have just
established popery across St. George s Channel, by the aid
of re-immigrants from America. 1894 HUXLEY Evolution <v
Ethics, Prolegom. v, They., take measures to defend them-
selves from the re-immigration of either.
t Reimmi't, z>. Obs. rare— l. [RE- 5 a.] trans.
To insert again.
1669 BOYLE Contn. New Exp. n. (1682) 146, 1 therefore re-
im milled the same tube into the same gun.
Reimpa rk, v. rare -l. [RE- 5 a.] tram. To
confine again.
1615 J. STEPHENS Satyr. Ess., Jaylor (1857) '9a You may
..meet him.. riding post in mellancholy to re-irnpark his
wilde runnagates.
Reimpa-rt, v. [RE- 5 a.] To impart again.
1831 CARLYLE Sart. Res. i. ix, Thy unparalleled confession
(which we, even to the sounder British world . . grudge to
reimpart). 1857 GLADSTONE Homer, Proleg. (1858) I. 81
In thus reimporting a promiscuous character to the first
scenes of Grecian history.
Reimpe 1, v. [RE- 5 a.] To impel again.
1660 BOYLE New Exp. Phys. Meek, xxxix. 325 The
Water was presently re-impell'd to its former height. 1775
HARRIS Philos. Arrangem. Wks. (1841) 331 note, The im-
pelling power, for instance, is after a manner re-impelled.
1860 Cornh. Mag. II. 71 It repeats. .the signals transmitted
from London, re-impelling the message to Copenhagen.
Reimpla ce, v. Now rare. Also 7 rein-.
[RE- 5 a. Cf. F. remplacer.] trans. To put in
place again ; to replace.
a 1648 LD. HERBERT Hen. VIII (1683) 163 Taking the
Canons along with them, [they] reirn placed them, and so
departed. 1651 JER. TAYLOR Serm. for Year i. xix. 241
For the reimplacing the divine image.. God did a greater
work then the creation. 1719 LONDON & WISE Compl. Card.
293 You must continue to remove Strawberry Plants out of
your Nurserys, to reimplace those Tufts which are dead.
1890 H. M. STANLEY Darkest Afr. II. xxvii. 212 If Egypt
intended to cast him off., here was this offer of. .^1500
salary to reimplace Egypt
Reimpla'nt, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To implant
again. So Reimplanta'tion.
1656 Artif. Handsom. 45 How many grave and godly
matrons, usually graffe or re-implant on their . . browes, the
reliques, combings or cuttings of. .more youthful hair?
a 1676 HALE Prim. Orig. Matt. HI. vi. (16^7) 281 A Branch
torn from a Tree, .will resume Life by re-implantation and
the Solar Heat, a 1891 Medico/ Neivs LII. Advts. i.
(Cent.)j Relmplantation of a Trephined Button of Bone.
Rermpprt. sb. [RE- 5 a.] Reimportation.
1883 American VI. 244 The amount available for reimport
probably has been returned to us.
Reimpcvrt, v. [RE- 5 a. Cf. F. reimporter]
trans. To bring back ; spec, to import again to the
country exporting. So Reimportation.
174* YOUNG Nt. T/i. n. 308 Bid Day stand still, . .and re-
import The period past. 1776 ADAM SMITH W. N. iv. iv. 1 1.
90 In those cases in which the goods.. are really exported to
some foreign country ; and not clandestinely reimported into
our own. 1847 Lo. LINDSAY Chr. Art I. 117 Like the fire
of Prometheus, reimported from its sunny fountain in the
east. 1853 P- THOMPSON in Assoc.Archit.Soc. Rep.
\\ The w< '
II. 363 The wool of this country was.. dyed, sent abroad,
and reimported in the web. 1882 OGILVIE, Reimportation.
1883 American VI. 244 Making their reimportation illegal.
Reimpo'rtunate, v. : see next, quot. 1611.
Reimportirne, v. rare. [RE- 5 a.] trans.
To importune again.
1605 B. JONSON Volpone i. i, On first advantage .. will I
re-importune him Unto the making of his testament. 1611
COTGR., Reimportuner, to reimportune, or to reimpor-
tunate. 163* J. HAYWARD tr. Blond? s Eromena To Rdr., By
. .earnest solicitations to re-importune him to close up what
in these two remained unfinished.
ReimpO'Se, V. [RE- 5 a. Cf. F. rtimposer.]
1. trans. To impose (a burden, tax, etc.) again.
z6n COTGR., Reintposer, to reimpose, to recharge. 1675-6
in J.T. Wheeler Madras (1861) III. 418 Pretending to sell
the Kings paddy here customs free,. and to re-impose an
avaldar. x8xa SIR R. WILSON Priv. Diary (1862) I. 123
Russia .. scarcely even scrupled to re-impose the Turkish
yoke upon her allies, the Servians, 1855 BRIGHT Sp.,
Russia 7 June (1876) 262 We have commenced a career of
reimposing taxes. 1883 Manch. Exam. 26 Nov. 5/2 We
ought to. .reimpose the sliding-scale duty on corn.
b. To tax again, rare.
1776 ADAM SMITH W. N. v. ii. I. 463 If they complain and
make good their complaints, the whole parish is reimposed
next year, in order to reimburse them.
-f-2. To reprint. Obs. rare"1.
1686 J. ELIOT in Boyle's Wks. (1772) I. Life 213 My
humble request . . is, that we may again reimpose the Primer
and Catechism ; for though the last impression be not
quite spent, yet quickly they will.
Reimposrtion. [RE- 5 a. Cf. F. r&mposi-
tion.] The act of reimposing; also, an instance
of this, a reimposed tax.
386
1776 ADAM SMITH W. W. v. ii. I. 464 Such relmpositions
are always over and above the taille of the particular year
in which they are laid on. 1817 J. SCOTT Paris Revisited
(ed. 4)25 Abetting the re-imposition of what they know to be
imbecile, odious, and unjust. 1860 BRIGHT S/>., Ch. Rates
27 Apr. (1876) 540 They would never consent to a reim-
posilion of a Church rate. 1885 Manch. Exam. 6 Nov. 5/2
Meditating a reimposition of the tax on corn.
So Reimpo'sure.
1855 LYNCH Lett, to Scattered viii. 108 The stirrings of a
spring life that will shake oil old winter's yoke, and make
its reimposure impossible.
Reimpre gnate, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To
impregnate again.
1646 SIR T. BROWNE Pseud. Ep. 68 The vigor of the Load-
stone is destroyed by fire, nor will it be reimpregnated by
any other Magnete then the earth. 1669 WORLIDGE Syst.
Agric. (1681) 137 That the Sun, Frost, and Rains may. .re-
impregnate it again with its former fertile Juice. 1815 J.
NICHOLSON Operat. Mechanic 340 Iron . . can be reim-
pregnated with carbon, to a certain extent, without
materially injuring its malleable properties.
Reimpre'SS. v. [RE- 5 a.] To impress anew.
1667 Decay Chr. Piety v. F 13 Every particular command
. . tending to re-impress on us some part of that divine image,
a 1711 KEN Sion Poet. Wks. 1721 IV. 380 The lovely
Graces on dear Psyche's Breast Macario's Speech so deeply
re-imprest. 1770-^1 JOHNSON L. P.. Milton (1868) 63 Re-
ligion .. will glide by degrees out of the mind, unless it be
invigorated and reimpressed by external ordinances. 1838
LYTTON Alice \\. ii, The whole family were duly impressed
and re-impressed with her importance. 1860 PUSEY Aim.
Proph. 192 He reimpresses on them the one simple need of
the creature, seek God. 1883 V. STUART Egypt 217 The
deity having the power to reimpress the deceased with life.
Reimpre'ssion. [RE- 5 a. Cf. prec. and
F. r&mpression.]
1. The act of reprinting ; a reprint of a work.
1616 SPELMAN De non Temer.Eccl. (ed. 2} 174, I hitherto
by enlreaty with-held it from a reimpression. 1684 J. ELIOT
in Boyle's Wks. (1772) I. Life 210 This last gift of 4Oo/. for
the reimpression of the Indian Bible. 1787 Genii. Mag.
LVII. n. 1053/1, I began to read it as a re-impression of the
work which. .1 had perused and loved. 1816 SINGER Hist.
Cards 218 Whether this was a re-impression of Murner's
book, or a new one on the same model we know not. 1864
F. HALL in Lauder*s Tractate Pref. 5, I have entered into
particulars as to my reimpression of the present poem.
2. A renewed impression.
1665 BRATHWAIT Comment Two Tales 23 Fear, .wrought
strongly enough already on the Carpenter's Imagination, so
as it little needed any re-impression.
Reimpri'nt, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To imprint
anew ; to reprint. Hence Beimprrnted ///. a.t
Reimprrnting vbl. sb.
1566 ABK PARKER Corr. (Parker Soc.) 261 The reim-
printing of the late Geneva Bible. 1616 SPELMAN De non
Temer.Eccl. (ed. 2) 173, I haue beene often solHcited within
these two yeeres.. to reimprint this little Treatise. 0x631
DONNE 6 Serm, i. (1634) 14 This seal being reimprinted upon
us in our second Creation, a 1711 KEN Hyntnotheo Poet.
Wks. 1721 III, 77_ They inward Joys of Absolution feel, And
glory in their re-imprinted Seal.
Reinipri soil, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To im-
prison again. So Keimpri sonment.
1611 COTGR., Remprisonner% to reimprison. 1651 J.
WRIGHT tr. Camus' Nat. Paradox x. 244 If it be your
pleasure to re-imprison her in the same Castle. 1798 In-
vasion II. viii. 79, I even could scarcely help regarding my
re-imprisonment . . as a punishment inflicted upon me, for
yielding so inconsiderately. 1837 CARLYLE Fr. Rev. I. vi.
i, Till . . the Uncontrollable be got, if not reimprisoned, yet
harnessed.
Reimpro 'Yemeni. rare-1. [RE- 5 a.] A
renewed improvement.
1618 BP. HALL Contempt., N. T. i. ii, For the childe of
a virgin is the reimprovement of that power, which created
the world.
Rein (r/in), s&.1 Forms: 4-5 rene, 5 reene,
ren, 5-6 rean(e ; 4-7 reyn(e, rayne, rain(e, 7-8
reign, 6-7 reine, 6- rein ; 5-6 Sc. ren^e, reng^e.
[a. OF. rene (mod.F, r^ne\ regttc, raignet rainne,
etc., earlier resne and (AF.) redne, usually regarded
as repr. a Common Romanic *retina^ f. L. re-
tinere to RETAIN, whence also It. redinat -ine (Sicil.
retina)^ Pg. redea, Sp. rienda, Prov. and Catal.
regna ; but the divergences in the forms have not
been satisfactorily explained, and the correctness
of the etym., for OF. at least, is doubtful (see
Korting, under resinum and retina).']
1. A long narrow strap or thong of leather,
attached to the bridle or bit on each side of the
head, by which a horse or other animal is con-
trolled and guided by the rider or driver ; any
similar device used for the same purpose. (The
//. has freq. the same sense as the sing.t the two
halves being thought of separately.)
Fo - - * - r - ••-•"
REIN.
and also the true placing of his head, with the easie cariage
of his retne. 178* Cow PER Gilpin 88 That trot became a
gallop soon, In spite of curb and rein. 1805 SCOTT Last
AJinstr. u. xxxiv, The Dwarf the stirrup held and rein.
1856 ' STONEHENGE * Brit. Rural Sports 395/1 For those who
ride with a loose rein the snaffle is quite sufficient.
pi. *3-. Gaiv. fy Gr. Knt. 457 With a runisch rout be
raynez ne tornez. c 1384 CHAUCER H.Fame n. 443 He.Jat
the reynes gon Of hisliors. c 1450 Merlin 493 The horse all
quyk with-oute maister her reynes trailinge with the slrem.
1484 CAXTON Ordre ofChyttalry 66 To an horse is gyuen a
brydel and the raynes of ihe brydel ben gyuen in the hondes
of the knyght 1565-6 BLUNDEVIL Art of Riding x. 7
When to vse false Reanes, and when to leaue them. 1598
BARKCLEY Felic. Man (1631) 177, I have sent thee a paire
of reines of Scyttua. 1664 BUTLER Hud. \\. ii. 839 Quilling
both their Swords and reigns They grasp'd with all their
strength the manes. 1785 G. FORSTER tr. Sparrman's Voy.
Cape G. Hope I, 53 In this Country they never use reins to
their Oxen. 1817 SHELLEY Rn>. Islam vi.xxi.'Away ! away !'
j she cried, and stretched her sword... And lightly shook the
reins. 1875 JOWETT Plato led. 2) I. 50 If you want to mount
one of your father's chariots, and take the reins at a race.
transj. 1660 MRQ. WORCESTER Exact Def. 15 A Helm or
Stem with Bitt and Reins, wherewith any Child may guide,
order, and controul the whole Operation [of an engine].
b. To give (a horse) the rein(s\ to allow (it)
free motion (cf. a b). To draw reint to bring
one's horse to a stand ; to stop riding.
1611 BP. HALL Heaven upon Earth § 8 Give a free horse
the full reins, and he will soon tire. 1834 JAMES J. Marston
Hall x, We never drew a rein for twenty miles. 1838
LYTTON Leila v. i, He spoke, and gave the rein to his baro.
1889 DOYLE Micah Clarke xii, We gave rein to our horses.
2. jig. Any means of guiding, controlling, or
governing ; a curb, check, or restraint of any kind.
In later use freq. in the reins of government (cf. F.
le s rfaes du gouvernement).
c 1430 LYDG. Reas. £ Sens. 2263, 1 am guyed by hir reyne,
And she as lady souereyne [etc.]. c 1440 CAPO RAVE Life
St. Kath. v, 1467 What, art thou, dame, led on that rene ?
Thi witte counte I not worth a beene. 1560 DAUS tr.
Sleidane's Comm. 134 God. .hath not permitted him to have
the reignes at libertie. 1596 DRAYTON Legends ii. 119 This
held the reines which overrul'd his will. 1638 JUNIUS Paint.
Ancients 55 Both doe hold the raines of our hearts, leading
and guiding our Passions. 1667 MILTON /'. L. xi. 582 The
Men, though grave, ey'd them, and let thir eyes Rove with-
out rein. 1711 POPE Spect. No. 408 r 6 Never too strong for
the Reins of Reason and the Guidance of Judgment. 1777
WATSON Philip //, xiv. (1793) II. 177 The council of state
assumed the reins of government. 18117 HALLAM Const. Hist.
(1876) IH.xvi. 235 Anne herself, .kept in her own hands the
reins of power. 1879 FROUDE Caesar v. 44 The Senate had
dropped the reins, and no longer governed or misgoverned.
b. In various phrases, esp. to give (the) rein(s)
tot to allow full course or scope to.
1568 GRAFTON Chron. II. 927 A larger reyne of mischiefe
geuen to the vulgare people. 1588 SHAKS. L. L. L, v. ii. 663
Reine thy tongue. Lon. I must rather giue it the reine.
1607 R. C[AREW] tr. Estunne"s World of Wonders 58 Youth
is set at libertie, and haue the reine laid in their neckes to
runne at randon. 1611 SHAKS. Wint. T. u. iii. 51 When she
will take the raine, I let her run. 1638 JUNIUS Paint.
Ancients 226 Wee must rather give our Invention ihe full
banquet to bend the horse's neck ' (Chambers Cycl. 1727-38).
13.. K. /J/&. 786 Faste he sat, and huld the reyne. 1375
BARBOUR Bruce 11.415 Schir Philip the Mowbray. .Raid till
him. .And hynt hys reng^e. 61400 Destr. Troy 6417 His
horse in his bond held by the reyne. c 1450 Merlin 407 He
hilde the reyne of his bridtll in his lefte arme. c 1500
Lancelot 2828 Who may he be, ^hone knycht, So still that
hovith and sterith not his Ren? 1593 SHAKS. Ven. fy Ad.
264 The strong-neckt steed, being tied vnto a tree, Breaketh
his raine. 1618 M. BARET Horsemanship \. Pref. 2 If
they rightly consider the stayd seating of the Horses body,
will find our Knight.. give the Reigns to his Imagination.
1761 GRAY F. Sisters 33 We the reins to Slaughter give.
1807 OPIE Lcct. on Art iv. (1848) 332 No man ever more
completely laid the reins on the neck of his inclinations.
1865 M. ARNOLD Ess. Crit. ii. (1875) 82 To give it that
degree of prominence is to throw the reins to one's whim.
1885-94 R- BRIDGES Eros $ Psyche Nov. xxi, * And yet ',
thus gave she rein to jeer and gibe.
3. transf. The handles of a blacksmith's tongs.
1843 HOLTZAPFPEL Turning I. 200 Flat-bit tongs.. are..
always parallel ; and a ring or coupler, is put upon the
handles or reins, to maintain the grip upon the work.
4. attribute rein-knot, ~rope\ rein-arm, -hand,
that by which the reins are held in driving (also
fig.}\ rein-orchis, an orchis of the genus Jfa-
benaria> the Fringed Orchis.
Also in names of mechanical devices attached to or con-
nected with reins, as rein-holder^ .kookt -slide, -snap (Knight
Diet. Mech. 1875).
1844 H. STEPHENS Bk. Fartn 1 1. 446 Two or three rein-ropes
are useful, to fasten to the calf if necessary. i88a FLOVER
Unexpl. Baluchistan 60 The probability presents itself that
said rein-knot will come out. 1886 Pall Mall G. 2 Oct. 2/2
The surveyor, -cannot have his rein hand or his whip hand
pulled at, if he is to get over it successfully. 1891 T. HARDY
Tess viii, She clutched D'Urbervi lie's rein-arm.
Rein (i^'n), sb.% Also 6 rhen, 6-7 reen. [ad.
Da. or Sw. ren, ^reen, Norw. rein :-ON. hreinn\
see REINDEER. Hence also G. rein(er)t renn,
F. renne.] The reindeer.
"555 EDEN Decades iv. (Arb.) 301 [In Laponia] they tame
certeyne wild beastes which they caule Keen. Ibid. 331
called Reen, to drawe those their sleades. 1698 A. BRAND
Embassy intoChina 49 Their Cabans or Hulls are generally
made of the Skins of the Reens, or some other wild Beasts.
1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) IV. 305/1 They keep immense
herds of reins. Ibid., The flesh of the rein is the most
, coveted part of their food. 1854 A. MURRAY Ceog. Distrib.
i Mammals (1866) 150 Some authorities think fossil Rein
different from the living. 1896 Blackw, Mag. July 91 The
Lapps .. are great enemies of the wild rein.
Comb. 1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) IV. 305/1 In summer
they [the reindeer] feed on several plants ; but during winter
on the rein-Hverwort.
REIN.
Rein, kidney : see REINS.
Rein (r^'n), v. Forms: 4, 6-7 rayne, 6-7
rain, 7 raign; 4 reine, 5-6 reyne, 8 reign,
6- rein ; 5-6 rene, 6 Sc . renje. [f. REIN rf.l
Cf. F. rencr, which may have existed in AF.]
1 1. trans. To tie (a horse, or its head) to some-
thing by the rein ; to tie up in this way. Obs.
13 .. Sir Beues (MS. A) 1699 He reinede his hors to a
chesteine. £1435 Torr. Portugal 149 He Reynyd hys sted
vnto a stake, c 1470 Golagros <$• Gaw. 129 The knyght . .
Reynjt his palfray of pryde, Quhen he ves lightit doune.
1564 in Child- Marriages 101 The[y] light both ; and ther
horse was rayned in the midest of the Lane. 1592 SHAKS.
yen. Sf Ad. 14 Vouchsafe .. to alight thy steed, And rain his
proud head to the saddle bow.
2. To fit or furnish with a rein or reins.
1483 Cath. Angl. 303/2 To Reyn [v.r. Rene], halenare.
1598 BARRET Theor. Warres 141 A strong bridle, double
rayned, wherof one to be of wyer. 1717 POPE Iliad v, 448
Beside him stood his lance, . . And, rem'd with gold, his
foaming steeds before. 1715 — Odyss. vi. 86 Th'attending
train The car prepare, the mules incessant rein. 1795
SOUTHEY Lett. fr. Spain (1799) 30 The leaders and the
middle pair are without reins, and the nearest [mules] reined
only with ropes.
tb. transf. ?To fasten, make fast. Obs.-1
*549 Conipl. Scot. vi. 41 Than the master cryit, and bad
renje ane bonet.
3. To check or stop, by pulling at the rein.
1530 PALSGR. 678/2 As sone as we mette, he rayned his
horse and talked with me a good while. 1622 w. YONGE
Diary (Camden) 48 The King reined his horse so hard that
he came back upon him. a 17x3 ELLWOOD Autobiog. (1765)
231 Reigning my Horse, to let hers go before me. 1810
SCOTT Lady of L. n. xix, Sudden his steed the leader
rein'd. 1839 TENNYSON Enid 826 When Edyrn rein'd his
charger at her side, She shrank a little.
b. Jig. To put a check or restraint npon (some-
thing) ; to restrain from something.
1588 SHAKS. L. L. L. v. ii. 662 Sweet Lord Longauill
reine thy tongue. 1606 — Tr. * Cr. v. iii. 48 The venom'd
vengeance ride vpon our swords, .. reine them from ruth.
1717 GAY Fables I. Introd., My tongue within my lips I rein.
1819 SHELLEY Prometh. Unb. n. ii. 80 They ride on them,
and rein their headlong speed.
4. To govern, control, manage, or direct (also
const, to], by means of reins. Now rare.
1590 SPENSER F. Q. i. iv. 9 Like Phoebus fayrest childe,
That did presume Tiis fathers fyrie wayne, And flaming
mouthes of steedes . . with weaker hand to rayne. ci6n
CHAPMAN Iliadx. 341 The horse Pclides raignde, no mortall
hand could vse But he himselfe. 1697 DRYDEN JEneid vil.
1060 His Son, the Second Virbius, retain'd His Fathers Art,
ana Warrbur Steeds he rein'd. 1735 SOMERVILLE Chase
l. 108 To rein the Steed Swift-stretching o'er the Plain, to
chear the Pack. 1821 SCOTT Kenilw. xxx, A milk-white
horse, which she reined with peculiar grace and dignity.
x86x CATLIN Life amongst Indians 96 We will rein our
horses to them— don't be afraid.
b. fig. To rule, guide, or govern.
1581 SIDNEY Apol. Poetrie (Arb.) 28 They . . range onely
rayned with learned discretion, c 1614 SIR W. MURE Dido
ff SEneas i. 659 Lawes and statutes.. Wherby good subjects
easily are rain'd. 1663 COWLEY Verses ft Ess. (1669) 88 Wild
Ambition with imperious force Rides, rains, and spurs them
like th'unruly Horse. 1801 SOUTHEY Thalaba iv. xv, From
place to place, As his will rein'd the viewless Element. He
rode the Wind.
5. To pull up or back, to check and hold in, by
means of the reins.
IS5» HULOET, Bridle or rein vp,frzno. 1591 PERCIVALL
Sp. Diet., Arrendar, to rain vp a horse, . .frxnare. 1827
LYTTON Pelharn x, I was reining in my horse. 1870 BRYANT
Homer 1. in. 86 They reined their steeds back to the ranks.
fig- "594 HOOKER Eccl. Pol. iv. xi. § 8 The cause why the
Apostles did thus.. was to rein them in by this mean the
more. 1834 MACAULAY Ess., Pitt (1851) 299 The influence
which had yoked together and reined in so many turbulent
and ambitious spirits. 1891 Tablet 7 Nov. 743 Principles
cannot be reined up short of their logical term.
b. absol.
1796 Instr. f, Reg.Cavalry (1813) 65 When the Regiment
or Line wheels into open Column, either by reining back or
by wheeling back. 1809 J. MOORE Campaign in Spain 173
I he Colonel judiciously reined-in to refresh the horses.
l8l4 SCOTT Ld. of Isles vi. xviii, Rein up; our presence
would impair The fame we come too late to share.
P,
rea
ould impair The fame we come too late to share. 1831
rap. Reg. Instr. Cavalry n. 20 At the word ' March ! ' the
:ar rank reins back. 1888 W. D. LIGHTHALL Young
Seigneur 20 We reined in at last to a walk.
fig. 1836 MRS. SHERWOOD Henry Milner in. vi, None of
your practical jokes here, . .rein up, rein up, if you please.
c. To turn a horse by the reins, rare -1.
1897 RHOSCOMYL White Rose Arno 277 He had already
reined to his right, across the mead.
6. U.S. To preserve or keep enclosed from stock.
Also with up.
1799 WASHINGTON Writ. d893) XIV. 230 This field, after
16 fyer 5 , • ? eaten off fcy the she<=P> is to !* reined fr°m
stock of all kinds. Ibid. 231 The other part, .is to be equally
well enclosed, and reined up from stock.
7. intr. Of a horse : a. To bear, or submit to,
the rein ; to carry itself in a specified manner
when reined. Also fig.
IS65-6 BLUNDEVIL Horsemanship ii. (1580) 4 His long
slender head.. which maketh him to reine with the better
grace. 1580 LYLY Euphues (Arb.) 244 Youth neuer raineth
wel, but when age holrfeth the bridell. 1601 SHAKS. Twel. N.
in. iv. 358 Hee will beare you easily, and raines well. 1607
MARKHAM Caval. u. (1617) 205 When your horse standeth
in his best glory, and reyneth most comely and closest.
1814 SCOTT Wav. xlvii, If he had had a wee bit rinnin ring
on the snaffle, she wad ha' rein'd as cannily as a cadger's
pownie.
387
b. To move back, go backwards, (as) under the
influence of the rein. Also transf. of persons.
1627 Lisander Q Cat. ix. 182 Lisander. .rained back a
steppe or two. c 1720 GIBSON in Compl. Farmer (1766) s.v.
Pleurisy, Though in the beginning he makes many motions
to lie dow_n, yet afterwards Be reins back as far as his collar
will permit. 1833 Reg. Instr. Cavalry i. 73 The horse must
be tried to rein back.
Rein, obs. form of RAIN, REIGN.
Reinable, obs. form of RE-ENABLE.
Rei'nage. nonce-wd. [f. REIN w.i + -AGE.]
Reins collectively.
1863 P. S. WORSLEY Poems t, Trans, ii And placed the
glittering remage in his hands, And helped him to his throne
upon the car.
Reinald, obs. variant of REYNARD.
t Reina-nimate, v. Obs. rare. [f. RE- 5 a +
IN- n + ANIMATE v.] trans. To reanimate.
1626 DONNE Serin. xxi. 212 God. .shall recollect that dust,
. .and then re-inanimate that man.
Reiiiawgurate, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To
inaugurate afresh.
1857 MRS. GORE Castles in the Air xxx, I had no am-
bition to remaugurate myself by another [illness]. 1895
Current Hist. (U. S.) V. 298 To re-establish a protective
tariff and to reinaugurate a policy of unequal taxation.
Reinaugnra'tion. [RE- 5 a.] The action of
reinaugurating ; a fresh inauguration.
1655 FULLER Wounded Consc., Ornithologie (1867) 270 The
Eagle condescended that the day of his Re-inauguration
should not be stained with blood. 1833 I- TAYLOR Fanat.
L 9 The great work .., should it be. .the re-inauguration of
Christianity among ourselves ? 1871 FREEMAN Hist. Ess.
Ser. I. viii. 214 The re-inauguration of an Emperor whom
one Parisian revolution had set up again.
Rein-bone, obs. variant of RINGBONE.
t Reinca'merate, f. Obs. rare-1. [RE-sa:
see INCAMKRATION.] intr. To return to the papal
domain.
1672 MAHVELL Reh. Transf. n. Wks. (Grosart) III. 298
There is some condition annex'dj upon failure of which this
fiefe shall reincamerate.
Reiiica-mate, a. [RE- 5 a.] Incarnate again.
1882 MYERS Renewal of Youth etc., 213 Re-incarnate, un-
remembering, tread In the old same footsteps of himself long
dead.
Reinca-rnate, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans, and intr.
To incarnate anew.
1858 SEARS A than. in. iii. 272 The Pharisee believed that
..only apart of them [the dead] would be re-incarnated,
enter again into their former bodies. 1880 Contemp. Rev.
Feb. 199 A body which could appear and disappear, .by
being, as it were, re-incarnated at one time, and dis-in-
carnated at another. 1892 Pall Mall G. 13 Sept. 3/1 A man
dies ; his ' Ego ' passes to the ' spiritual planes ' of nature :
after a long interval . . it re-incarnates.
Hence Reinca'rnated, Reinca'rnating///. adjs.
1883 J. GILMOUR Mongols xvii. 199 Buddhism . . with . . its
crowds of constantly reincarnating living Buddhas. 1897
MARY KINGSLEY W. Africa x. 230 The idea I found regard-
ing reincarnated diseases, existent among the Okyon tribes.
Reincarnation. [RE- 5 a.] Renewed in-
carnation ; an instance of this.
ars ares ges re. 7 n must e gra
away . . in a series of reincarnations upon earth.
b. A fresh embodiment of& person.
1884 St. James's Gaz. 29 Aug. 5/2 The Imam is supposed
to be a reincarnation of a divinity formerly manifest in
Mahomet.
Hence Beinca.rna'tionist, a believer in reincar-
nation.
1881 Daily News 28 Mar. 5/3 The re-incarnationists hold-
ing, .that there was nothing to prevent Queen Elizabeth be-
coming Charles Dickens.
t Heince-ndate, a. Obs. rare-1, [f. RE-SB
+ INCEND v. + -ATE 2.] Heated again.
1471 RIPLEY Camp. Alch. iv. iv. in Ashm.(i6s2) 145 When
the Body with Mercury ys reincendat.
t Reince'nse, v.1 Obs. rare-1, [f. RE- 5 a
+ INCENSE u.l] trans. To make a return to (one)
with incense.
1654 GAYTON Pleas. Notes in. ii. 75 How shall I recom-
pence these high shewn favours? How ever re-incense you
for these savours ?
Reince'nse.f.- rare. [f.RE-5a + lNCENSE&.2]
1. trans. To incense (a person) again.
ISO* G. HARVEY Four Lett. iii. Wks. (Grosart) I. 182 Sir
lames Croft .. was cunningly incensed, and reincensed
against mee.
f2. To relight (a fire). Obs. rare-1.
1609 DANIEL Civ. Wars vm. i, She, whose beames do re-
incense This sacred fire.
Reinchain, obs. form of RE-ENCHAIN.
Rei'ncidency. rare—1. [RE- 5 a.] Relapse.
162* MABBE tr. Alt-man's Guzman d*Alf. n. 82, I would
haue this re*incidencie and relapse of theirs to be severely
punished.
Reinci'te, v. [RE- 5 a. Cf. F. riinciter
(Cotgr.).] trans. To incite again.
i6n COTGR., Reinciter, to reincite. 1645 MILTON Colast.
Wks. 1851 IV. 361 The deed of procreation ..is despis'd,
unless it bee cherisht and reincited with a pleasing conver-
sation. 1767 LEWIS Statius Xll. 1117 He reincites his Band
And makes the last Effort. 1801 CHARLOTTE SMITH Lett.
Selil, Wand. I. 284 The hurricane seemed to have been re-
incited instead of exhausted.
REINDEER.
Reinclo'se, v. [RE- 5 a.] To inclose again.
1611 COTGR., Renclorre, to reinclpse. 1761 MRS. F. SHERI-
DAN Sidney Bidulph III. 89 In this letter I re-inclosed her
bill. 1816 KIRBY & Si1. Entomol. xxv. (1818) II. 419 She
re-inclosed her brilliant guests in their place of confinement.
Reinclu-sion. [RE- 5 a.] Renewed inclusion.
1890 Spectator 10 May, Reforms which would lead to the
re-inclusion of the Free Kirk.
Reinco rporate, v. [RE- 5 a. Cf. F. riincor.
porer (i6th c.).] trans. To incorporate again.
1611 COTGR., Reincorporer, to reincorporate, reintegrate.
1663 BOYLE Use/. Ext. Nat. Philos. n. App. 338 Grind it
well again, that, .the Sal Anuoniack. . may be remcorporated
with the Colcothar. 1723 Land. Gaz. No. 6152/1 Those
Provinces ought.. to be deemed reincorporated with the
Ottoman Empire. 1774 Westm. Mag. II. 327 The King has
been pleased, .to reincorporate the borough of Saltash. 1777
Phil. Trans. LXVII. 62 All seemed to be re-incorporated
into the mass. 1860 FROUOE Hut. Eng. V. 73 The ' priory
and convent of Norwich '. .were reincorporated only with a
loss of manors and lands.
So Reinco- rporate a., Reincorpora'tlon.
1685 BAXTER Paraphr. N. T., Mark ix. ix John Baptist
was Elias J not the Soul of Elias reincorporate, but [etc.],
1863 N. $ Q. 3rd Ser. IV. 12/2 The circumstances which led
to the re-incorporation of the English Langue. 1884 Act
47 4- 48 Viet. c. 65 § 2 The dissolution of such district, and
. . the reincorporation of its area . . in the . . parishes [etc.].
Reincounter, variant of RE-ENCOUNTEB.
Reincourage : see RE-ENCOUBAGE.
Reincrea'se, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans, and intr.
To increase again.
1555 EDEN Decades 20 That they myght . . apply them
selues to reincrease the fruites of theyr countrey. 1596
SPENSER F. Q. vi. vi. 15 When they did perceave Their
wounds recur'd, and forces reincreast. 1611 COTGR., Re-
croistre, to reincrease ; to grow, or spring vp, againe. 1666
G. HARVEY Mart. Angl. in. (1672) 10 A copious afflux of
good blood, whereby the preceding diminish'd parts happen
to re-increase.
So f Reincrease sb. Obs. rare ~°.
1611 COTGR., Recroist, a reincrease ; a new. .growth.
t Reiner ew . Obs. rare -1. [? f. RECBEW after
reinforce] Recruit, reinforcement.
1627 D. HOLLES in Strafford Papers (1739) I. 41 Young
Soldiers for the Reincrew of our Army.
t Reincrudate, v. Obs. rare -l. [f. RE- 5 a
+ *incrudate^\ trans. To make crude again.
1670 CLARKE Nat. Hist. Nitre 70 That moysture which
reincrudates Gold.
So Reinornda'tion. rare.
1704 SWIFT T. Tub i. This Writer proceeds wholly by Re-
incrudation or in the Via humida. 1894 WAITE tr. Para,
celsus II. 378 It is also called reincrudation.
t Reincrude'scence. Obs. rare-1. [Cf.
prec.] Recrudescence.
1650 CHARLETON Paradoxes Prol. 15 If.. there immediately
arise a Reincrudescence of the Wound.
Rei-nctilcate, v. rare -'. [RE- 5 a.] trans.
To inculcate again.
1701 NORRIS Ideal World I. Pref. n He interposes what
was said before, reinculcating that the same was in the be-
ginning with God.
Reincivr, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To incur a
second time (Webster 1847).
Reindear : see RE-ENDEAB.
Reindeer (rei-ndi^). Forms : 4, 6-7 rayne-,
S reyn-, j, 7 reen-, 6 rane-, 7-8 rain-, 8-9
rhen-, 8- rein-. [Ultimately repr. ON. hreindyri
(mod.Icel. -dyr), {. hreinn the more usual name
for the animal (cf. REIN si.2) + dyr DEEB : hence
also Sw. rendjur, Da. rensdyr, Du. rendier, G.
rennlhier. The immediate source of the comb,
in Eng. is not quite clear: in OE. the simple
word occurs in the account of Norway obtained
by Alfred from Ohthere.
^893 K. ALFRED Oros. I. i. 18 He hzfde . . tamra deora
unbebohtra syx hund. pa deor hi hataft hranas; bara
wasron syx stadhranas.]
1. An animal of the deer kind, Rangifer tarandus,
havinglarge branching orpalmated antlers, formerly
common in Central Europe, but now confined to
sub-arctic regions, where it is used for drawing
sledges, and is kept in large herds for the sake of the
milk, flesh, and hides. The caribou of N. America
is a variety.
? a 1400 Morte A rth. 922 The roo and l>e rayne-dere rek-
lesse thare ronnene. c 1430 LYDG. Reas. tr Sens. 3728 To
chase at hem and homes blow,. .Atreyndereand thedredful
roo. c 1470 HENRYSON Mor. Fab. v. (Part. Beasts) xv, The
reyndeir ran throw reueir, rone, and reid. 1572 BOSSEWELL
Armorie II. 57 Tarandrus is a beaste in bodye like a great
Oxe. . . Of some hee is taken to bee a rayne deare. 1632 T.
NORTON New Eng. Canaan n. v. (1838) 52 A third sorte of
deare, lesse then the other (which are a kinde of rayne
deare). 1654 WHITELOCKE Sioed. Amtassy (1772) I. 428 A
Laplander and his sledde drawn by a rayne deer. 1712
STEELE Spect. No. 406 r 4 A Song . . addressed by the Lover
to his Rain-deer, which is the Creature that in that Country
supplies the Want of Horses. 1744 A. DOBBS Hudson's
Bay 47 The Country being mostly rocky, and covered
with a white Moss upon which the Rain-Deer or Cariboux
eed. 1774 GOLDSM. -A/ar". Hist. (17^76) III. 149 Of all animals
of the deer kind, the Rein-Deer is the most extraordinary
and the most useful. 1835 SIR J. Ross N.-W. Passagexvi.
252 The reindeer all came this way in April. 1863 1 .YELL
Antiy. Man 14 With these are mingled bones of the red.
deer and roe, but the rein-deer has not yet been found.
49-a
REINDENT.
b. Her. (See quot.)
1780 EDMONDSON Compl. Body Her. I J. Gloss., Rein-deer,
as drawn in armory, is a stag with double attires, two of
them turning down.
2. attrib. and Comb., as reindeer hair, horn,
milk, skin; reindeer-fly, a species of CEstrus
which attacks thereindeer; reindeer lichen, moss,
a species of lichen, Cladonia rangiferina, which
constitutes the winter food of the reindeer ; rein-
deer period (see quot.) ; reindeer tribe, a tribe
using the reindeer, esp.//. certain pre-historic tribes
inhabiting France and Belgium.
1759 B. STILLINGFLEET tr. Gedner's Use Curios, in Misc.
Tracts (1791) 165 When our president was gathering, and
describing the *rhen-deer-fly. 1896 Lloyd's Nat. Hist. 81
The nest is loosely made of dry grass and stalks, and the
inside.. is lined with willow-down or "reindeer-hair. 1857
DUFFERIN Lett. Higk Lat. (ed. 3) 258 Out of "reindeer horns
are made almost all the utensils used in his domestic economy.
1857 DUFFERIN Lett. High Lat. (ed. 3) 258 "Reindeer milk is
the most important item in his diet. 1753 CHAMBERS Cycl.
Suit., Keen inossa, a name used by some for the mountain
coralloids, or «rein deer moss. 1830 LINDLEY Nat. Syst.
Beit a« The Rein Deer Moss, which forms the winter food
of that animal. ja9SOu/itig(U.S.) XXVII. i6/2ln sheltered
places there are surprising growths of reindeer moss. 1881
J GEIKIE Prehist. Europe 101 M. Dupont recognises two
stages in the Palaeolithic Period, one of which is called the
Mammoth period, and the other, which is the more recent,
the "Reindeer period. 1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) IX. 569/2
Their shoes [are made] of the "rein-deer skin, with the hair
outwards. 1865 TYLOR Early Hist. Man. i. a The "Reindeer
tribes of Central France.
t Reinde'nt, v. Obs. rare. [f.RB- 53 + INDENT
z».l] trans. To provide with fresh teeth.
1611 COTGR., Rendenter, to reindent, or set new teeth vnto.
1654 GAYTON Pleas. Notes in. v. 101, I will re-indent my
mouth, and not see my selfe Tantaliz'd thus to my face, for
want of the most necessary Instruments of life.
Reindixt, v. [RE- 5 a.] To indict again.
1611 COTGR., Reitditer, to remdite, or frame a new Indict-
ment against. 1889 Columbus (Ohio) Disp. 18 Oct., What
was your object in having these men re-indicted ?
Reindo'rse, v. [RE- 5 a.] To indorse again.
1884 W. F. CRAFTS Savb. for Man (1894) 385 The Sabbath
of the 4th Commandment . . was republished by Moses,
reindorsed and explained by Christ.
Beindow, obs. form of RE-ENDOW.
Reindu ce, v. [Re- 2 a and 5 a.]
fl. trans. To bring back, reintroduce. Obs.
'595 DANIEL Civ. Wars I. xix, But now this great Sue-
ceedfer, all repaires And reinduc't that discontinued good.
1611 COTGH., Reinduire, to reinduce. 1630 W. SCOT Afol.
Narr. (1846) 287 To reinduce them [the Popish ceremonies]
is to disturb the peace of the Kirk. 1655 FULLER Ch. Hist.
in. i. § 20 There was a design, .to reinduce Secular Priests
into Monks places.
2. To induce anew or again.
1855 SPENCER Princ. Psychol. I. iv. ii. § 176. 512 The state
a again induces the state b, and is itself once more re-
induced. 1876 Trans. ClitticalSoc.lH.3g A mixed generous
diet.. has not reinduced the disease.
Hence Reindu'oing vbl. sb.
1637 C. Dow Answ. H. Burton 36 Their plot.. for the re-
inducing of Popery.
So Belndu-ction, f reintroduction.
1660 England's Monarchy 9 To heal the sores and wasting
divisions of the Nation, by a Reinduction of the known
ancient and fundamental Laws thereof.
Reillduev- [RE- 5 a.] trans. To put on again.
1884 ALLINGHAM Blackberries (1890) 5, I will not re-indue
The rags of overnight. 1886 STEVENSON Dr. Jekyll x, When
I shall again and forever reindue that hated personality.
JReine, obs. form of RAIN, REIGN.
Reined (re'nd), ppl. a.i [f. REIN v. + -ED!.]
1. Furnished with, guided or restrained by, reins.
Also reined-in, -up.
1483 Cath. Angl. 303/2 Renyd, haaenatus. 1513 DOUGLAS
sEneis x. v. 95 With renit lyonis jokkit to thi chayr. 1740
reined-up victim of luxury.
2. With preceding adv., or in combs., esp. well
reined, t well broken to the rein.
a 1533 LD. BERNERS Gold. Bk. M. Aurel (1546) Ccvb,
Thougne the knyghte passe his course, yet it is not his
faute, yf the horse be not wel reined. 1565-* BLUNDEVIL
wellrein'd Steed. 1856 STONEHENGE B~rit. Rural Sports
395/2 The snaffle.. usually called the single-reined bridle.
t Reined, ppl. a-2 Obs. -* [f. rein, sing, of
REINS -t- -ED a.] Having reins of a specified kind.
1523 FITZHERB. Husb. I 78 The fyrst [property] is to be
small mouthed, the seconde to be longe rayned.
Reines, var. RAINES Obs. ; obs. f. REINS
II Reinette (r^ine-t). Also 6 reinet, 8 rey-
nette. [F. reinetle ; the more usual form is RENNET,
q.v.] A variety of apple, the rennet.
1583 Rates of Customs A iij, Appuls called pippins or
reinets the bushel xijrf. 1706 LONDON & WISE Retir'i
Card. x. 43 The Frank Reynette is an old Apple, wel
known. laid. 44 Its Juice is very sweet, being more
pleasant to the Taste than the Reynette. 1731 MILLER
Card. Diet. (1733) s.v. Apple, Apples . . proper for a Desert
..Golden Reinette, ..La Reinette grise. Ibid., Such Apples
388
is are preferr'd for kitchen use, . . French Reinette, . . Mon-
trous Reinette. 1824 LOUDON Encycl. Card. (ed. 2) 691
lennets, Reinettes or Little Queens. 1862 ANSTED Channel
Isl. iv. xxi. (ed. 2) 488 The reinettes (or rennets) are a large
!TOUp.
Hence f Beinetting = RENNETING. Obs. rare-*.
1664 EVELYN Kal. Hart. (1729) 191 Apples . . Golden Doucet,
Apis, Reineting [etc.],
Reinfe-ct, v. [RE- 5 a-] trans- To m'ect
again. So Reinfe'ction ; Beinfe ctions a.
1611 COTGR., Reinfecter, to reinfect. 1696 PHILLIPS (ed. 5).
To Reinfect, to infect, to give a contagious Disease a second
time. 1818-31 WEBSTER, Reinfections (cites VAUGHAN Mett.
Refos.). 1881 Nature XXV. 440/1 The disease may break
out in a fresh-run salmon without re-infection. 1897 All-
butt's Sysi. Med. II. 741 Recurrences are extremely com-
mon ; and they are not always reinfections.
Reinfeofr, obs. form of RE-EN FEOFF.
Reinfe'St, v. [RE- 5 a.] To infest again.
1606 G W[OODCOCKE] Lives Emperort in Hist. Ivstine
Kkj, Vnderstandinge that the Saracens had re-infested
Calabria, hee speeded thither.
Reiufla'me, v. Also re-en-. [RE- 5 a. Cf.
F. renflammer (i6th c.), It. rinfiammare (Florio).]
trans. To inflame again.
1611 SPEED Hist. Gt. Brit. IX. xvi. $ 4. 651/2 That the
hatreds and enmities.. betweene the French and English
names, should . . be renued, and reinflamed. 1697 DRYDEN
Virr Past vlll. 92 To re-inflame my Daphnis with Desires.
1743 YOUNG Nt. Th. IX. 797 Re-inflam'd Thy luminaries
triumph. 1841 PARNELL C/iem. Anal. (1845) 267 Oxygen
[and] Nitrous oxide re-inflame a glowing taper.
Reinfla-te, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To inflate
again. So Beinfla'tion.
1853 SIR H. DOUGLAS Milit. Bridges (ed. 3) 261 The skins
maybe re-inflated in succession at any time. 1807 A llbutt i
Syst. Med. II. 245 Retaliation of lung under such conditions
. . is often impossible.
Reinfli'ct, v. [RE- 5 a.] To inflict again.
1673 Lady's Callings ii. § 10 When a man..reinflicts his
miseries upon himself by a grating reflection on his own
madness.
Rei-nflueiice, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To in-
fluence again.
01711 KEN Hymns Evaiig. Poet. Wks. 1721 I. 169 Our
Lord lib Dissolution had commenc'd, And Deity his Soul
reinfluenc'd.
t Reinfo'ld, v. Obs. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To
enfold again. Hence t Beinfo-lding vbl. sb.
1610 HEALEY St. Aug. Citit of God xn. xx. (1620) 437
infolding, a reinwraping.
Reinforce (r»iinf5»Ms), si. [f. the vb.j
tl. Mil. A reinforcement of troops. Obs. rare-*.
1648 EVELYN Diary (1857) HI. 29 The general sent to
Skippon for a re-inforce of 3000 horse.
2. A part (or one of two parts) of a gun next the
breech, made stronger than the rest in order to resist
the explosive force of the powder.
1769 FALCONER Diet. Marine (1780) s.v. Cannon, The first
reinforce.. includes the base ring. Ibid., The second re-
inforce begins . . where the first terminates. 1797 Encycl.
Brit. (ed. 3) VIII. 231/2 On the side of the gun upon the
first reinforce, are cast two knobs. i8oa JAMES Milit. Diet.
s.v., There are generally two in eachpiece, called the first and
second reinforce. 1863 Sat. Rev. 12 Sept. 357 The Parrott
guns are of cast-iron, with a wrought-iron reinforce. 1881
GREENER Gun 26 Other early guns that were mounted were
made with a loop underneath the barrel before the reinforce.
b. attrib., esp. reinforce ring, a flat ring or
moulding round a gun at the points where the re-
inforces meet or terminate. Also called reinforce
band. (Cf. Reinforced ppl. a.)
1769 FALCONER Diet. Marine (1780) s.v. Cannon, The first
reinforce.. includes.. the vent-astragal, and first reinforce
ring. 1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) VIII. 230/1 At the end of
the first reinforce ring. Ibid. 233/1 Reinforce-astragal and
fillets. 1801 JAMES Milit. Diet., Reinforce-ring. There
are three in each gun, called the first, second, and third.
1868 Ref. to Govt. U.S. Munitions War 130 A smooth-bore
cannon. This gun is constructed on the same principles as
the others, with steel re-inforce rings.
3. Any thing or part added to an object to
strengthen it. Also attrib.
1869 BOUTELL Arms <$• Armour x. 204 A remarkable
diversity is seen to have existed between the corresponding
reinforces or additional defences of the right and left sides.
Ibid., When the shoulders were covered by the reinforce-
plates, they were distinguished as pauldrons. 1875 KNIGHT
Diet. Meek. 1636/1 A reinforce or strengthening piece on a
fabric at a point of wear, or around a hole or eyelet. 1884
Ibid. Suppf. 235/1 A cup-shaped reinforce inside the head
of a cartridge to strengthen it.
Reinforce (ri'iinfoaus), v. [f. fj&-+inforce,
ENFOBCE v . ; cf. RJE-ENFOKCE v. and RENFOUCE.]
I. 1. trans. To strengthen (a military or naval
force) by means of additional men.
1600 E. BLOUNT tr. Conestaggio 318 Hauing reinforced the
point of his armie with Germame pikes. 16x7 MORYSON ///'*.
u. 204 They neede not reinforce their Companies with the
Irish. 1670 COTTON Espernon 1. 1. 40 Seasonably re-inforc-
ing the Garrison, with divers Gentlemen his particular
Servants, and a good number of Souldiers. 17*5 DE FOE
Voy. round World (1840) 74 Sending two and thirty of her
men on board the great ship, to reinforce the men on board.
1849 ALISON Hist. Europe V. xxvii. § 48. 40 Fresh troops
continually came up to reinforce those who were exhausted
with fatigue.
b. To strengthen or increase (a class or party)
by fresh additions to the number.
REIN FORCEMENT.
1849 MACAULAY Hist. Eng. v. I. 520 The Tory party, .in-
cluded the whole bench of bishops, and had been reinforced
. . by several fresh creations. 1874 GKEEN Short Hist. ii. § i.
60 The middle class, thus created, was reinforced by the
rise of a similar class in our towns.
o. To furnish with fresh supplies; to add to,
increase, the amount of (something).
1839 DE QUINCEY Rectll. Lakes Wks. 1862 II. 210 Some
subject of hope.. must be called in to reinforce the animal
fountains of good spirits. 1856 KANE Ant. Expl. I. xix.
230 The bears had. .destroyed our chances of reinforcing
our provisions.
2. To strengthen, make stronger; to furnish with
additional support.
a 1635 NAUNTON Fragm. Reg. (Arb.) 57 Bashfulnesse, and
a naturall modesty.. might have hindred_his progression,
. .. _.
the dust of those who first taught them. 1879 W. H. STONE
in Grove Diet, Music 1. 153/2 Bach uses it frequently, some-
times merely to reinforce the basses. 1897 RHOSCOMYL
White Rose Arno 86 Pengraig recounted what had been
agreed upon ; reinforcing the whole with evidence and proof.
tb. refl. To fix (oneself) more firmly. Obs.—1
1652 CoTTFRELLtr. Calprenede'sCassandrai. 51 The Prince
..reinforc'd himselfe all he could in his Saddle.
c. To strengthen (some material thing) by an
additional support or added thickness.
1691 RAY Creation u. (ed. 2) 119 The side of the Triangle
. . was reinforced with a Border. 1719 SHELVOCKE A rtillery
v. 379 These Pipes or Tubes shall be well reinforced witn
the Sinews of Beasts steeped in Glue. 1769 FALCONER Diet.
Marine (1780), Canon ren/orcf, a cannon whose breech is
reinforced, i.e. thicker than the calibre. 1771 C BUTTON
advisable.. to re-inforce the punch, l
nesses of cardboard.
3. To add to the force or strength of; to make
more forcible or cogent.
1619 QUARLES Argalus f, P. ii. Wks. (Grosart) III. 265
Give me leave (my Lord) to reinforce A virgin's suit, 1681
H. MOKE Poitscr. Glamtilfs Sadducismus 51 Angels . .
which minister to the Saints, and reinforce the Prayers of
good and holy men by joyning thereto their own. 1607
COLLIER Ess. Mor. Subj. i. (1709) 9 Since I like the Frank-
ness, and Tendency of your Argument, I'll try if I can Re-
inforce it. 1843 PRESCOTT Mexico it, ii. (1864) 79 It is said,
he reinforced the proposal by promising a liberal share of
the proceeds of it. i88» PEBODY Eng. Journalism xyi. 123
He liked to reinforce what they said by conveying in
anecdote some fragments of that rare knowledge.
b. To increase by giving fresh force to; also
simply, to increase, make greater.
1650 Gentl. Calling viii. § 7 The loud noise of roaring
Mirth is re-inforced to drown that poor whisper of Con-
science. 1674 PLAYFORD Skill Mus. i. ii. 43 Exclamation
properly is.. but the slacking of the voice to re-inforce it
somewhat more. 1684 R. WALLER Nat. Exfer. 80 We re-
inforced the Cold by a great quantity of fresh Snow and
Salt. 185* EMERSON Eng. Traits, Wealth, They have re-
inforced their own productivity by the creation of that
marvellous machinery. 1865 M. ARNOLD Ess. Crit, iv. (1875)
153 Religion had early possessed itself of this force of
character, and reinforced it.
4. intr. To obtain reinforcements, rare.
1611 SHAKS. Cymt. v. ii. 18 It is a day turn'd strangely;
or betimes Let's re-inforce, or fly. 1811 Henry f, Isabella.
I. 133 In the mean while the enemy reinforced, and pursued
the English.
II. t 5. To renew or repeat with fresh force.
1603 KNOLLES Hist. Turks (1638) 219 Re-inforcing the
charge, he with much adoe obtained the victory. 1653 H.
COGAN tr. Pinto's Trait, xx. 72 Rallying all into one body,
they re-inforced the fight, a 1662 HEYLIN Laud u. (1671)
238 The same offer was reinforced a fortnight after.
fb. To direct with renewed force. Obs.-1
a 1680 BUTLER Rem. (1759) V. 4 Cry'd strange !-then re-
inforced his Light Against the Moon with all his Might.
f 6. To enforce, or put in force, again. Obs.
1640 LENTHALL in Rushw. Hist. Coll. in. (1692) I. 19 To
manifest to the World, that Our retirements were to rein-
force a greater Unity and Duty. 1656 LD. WHITLOCK in
Burton's Diary (1828) I. 194 Let the old order be reinforced,
and Wednesday sennight be the day. 1667-8 MARVELL
Corr. Wks. (Grosart) 1 1. 239 [To] attend his Majesty, desiring
him to reinforce . . the laws against Conventicles.
1 7. To constrain or impel afresh. Obs.~l
1698 FRYER Ace. E. India f, P. 172 Till young Abdul was
reinforced to revenge his Father's Death.
Hence Beinfo-rced ppl. a.
RICHARDSON Clarissa (1768) I. 205 The reinforced orders
for this hostile apparatus. 1796 Instr. # Reg. Cavalry
(1813) 172 The reinforced flank or center which Is to attack,
is then ordered to advance. 1877 Daily News 27 Dec. 5/6
The Russian pursuing force .. could not possibly assail the
reinforced Turkish troops.
Reinforcement (r«|info«4Jsment). [f. prec. +
-MENT ; cf. RE-ENFORCEMENT and F. renforcement]
f 1. A renewal of force ; a fresh assault. Obs. '
1607 SHAKS. Cor. u. ii. 117 He. .aydelesse came off, And
with a sudden re-inforcement strucke Conoles like a Planet.
BEINFOBCEB.
2. The act of reinforcing with fresh troops.
1617 MORVSON I tin. ii. 187 We haue . . commanded . . the
said Sir Arthur himselfe to march vpwith a thousand of the
best men to your reinforcement in Mounster.
b. A fresh supply of men to assist or strengthen
a military or naval force.
1646 H. LAWRENCE Com.ty Warvi. Angels 187 Ifsouldiers
forcement from Flanders. 1731 LEDIARD Sctkos II. IX. 276
He .. had just receiv'd ..a reinforcement of 30,000 men.
1781 GIBBON Decl. fy F. xxvi. II. 6ia His army was
strengthened by a numerous reinforcement of veterans. 1816
SCOTT IVoodst. xv, The trooper, who goes to Oxford for
the reinforcement. 1847 PRESCOTT Peru (1850) II. 258
Francisco Pizarro had remained at Lima, anxiouslyawaiting
the arrival of the reinforcements which he had requested.
c. An additional supply or contribution.
1766 Cam p I. Farmer s.v. Madder, He was so kind as to
make me a present of an hundred sets of them ; and this
little reinforcement, added to what I had raised of my own
[etc.). 1889 PATER G. de Latour (1896) 192 Great reinforce-
ments of sympathy.
3. Augmentation of strength or force ; the act of
strengthening or increasing in any way.
1651 CROMWELL Let. 26 July in Carlyle, He hath lately
gotten great provisions of meal, and reinforcement of his
strength out of the North. 1667 MILTON P. L. I. 190 What
reinforcement we may gain from Hope. 1734 WATERLAND
Doclr. Trinity vii. Wks. 1823 V. 287 Their faith may be
both strengthened and brightened by this additional re-
inforcement. 1879 PRESCOTT St. Telephone 51 It was found
that each vowel position caused the reinforcement of some
particular fork or forks. 1882 SPENCER Princ. Social., Pol.
Inst. 349 This re-inforcement of natural power by super-
natural power.
4. The act of enforcing anew. Now rare,
1641 SMECTYMNUUS Ansrw. ii. (1653) 10 There are two
specious Arguments which this Remonstrant brings to per-
swade this desired re-inforcement. 1637 STALHAM (title)
The Reviler rebuked : or a Reinforcement of the Charges
against the Quakers. 1676 in Marvell Mr. Smirke Wks.
(Grosart) IV. 75 Openly to break so many known laws of the
Land, after so many reinforcements, is not this to be turbu-
lent? 1873 PHILLIMORE Ecd. Law I. 649 The following
canon, in the main of it, was only a re-inforcement of one of
the Lord Cromwell's injunctions.
Reiufo'rcer. [f. as prec. + -EB1.] One who
or that which reinforces.
1880 EARLE Philol. Eng. Tongue (ed. 2) 5 559 But this
signification being lost sight of, we find that round comes
naturally in as its reinforcer.
Reiiifo'rcing, vtl. sb. [f. as prec. + -ING *.]
The action of strengthening in some way.
1611 COTGR., Roboration, a. .reinforcing. 1631 J. HAY-
WARD tr. Biondfs Erometia 26 In reinforcing of the fleete
with more men and munition. 1641 SMECTYMNUUS /"/;;•/.
Answ. xiv. 176 Your confident re-inforcing of your com-
parison. 1868 Rep. to Gmit. U. S. Munitions War 131
The strongest argument which the advocates of re-inforcing
use in their favour is, 'that they prevent the gun from
bursting explosively'. 1869 BOUTELL Arms $ Armour x.
204 The system of adding secondary defences, or reinforcing,
appears in active operation.
So BeinfoTcing ///. a.
1848 BUCKLEY Iliad 288 Having a reinforcing army. 1869
BOUTELL Arms <$• Armour x. 197 A strong secondary re-
inforcing plate., was firmly fixed to one side of it.
ReinfoTni, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To inform
again ; to form anew ; to invest again with form.
1611 COTGR., Reinformer, to reinforme, to present with
new informations. 1672 Phil. Trans. VII. 5148 Especially
such (winds] as are re-mform'd by other auxiliary vapors as
they pass. 1687 in Hearne Collect. (O.H.S.) IV. 10 Let his
Loved Ashes rest, Till reinformed with Light immortall He
shall rise. 1887 STEVENSON Merry Men v. 202, I but re-
inform features and attributes that have long been laid . . in
the quiet of the grave.
Reinfranohise, obs. f. RE-ENFBANCHISE.
t Reinfirnd, v- Obs. rare-1. [Re- 5 a.] intr.
To pour in again.
1704 SWIFT T. Tub ix, The best part of his diet b the re-
version of his own ordure, which, expiring into steams,
whirls perpetually about, and at last re-mfunds.
Reinfu'Se, v. [RE- 5 a.] To infuse again.
1660 tr. Amyraldus' Treat, cone. Relig. III. ix. 498 To
reinfuse decayed strength in a moment, a 1677 OLDHAM
Dithyrainbick Poems (1684) 208 We nothing . . above our
selves produce, Till thou do'st finish Man, and Reinfuse.
1845 MILL Dia. # Disc. (1859) II. 248 The chiefs of the
barbarians could reinfuse life into a social order to which
[etc.]. 1887 BROWNING Parleyings,C. A visoniXj To re-infuse
..sleep that looks like death With momentary liveliness.
Reingage, obs. form of RE-ENGAGE.
Reinge, Sc. variant of RINSE v.
Reingender : see RE-ENGENDER.
Reing(n)e, obs. forms of REIGN v.
Rein goose, variant of RAIN-GOOSE.
1882 Standard 22 Aug. 2/5 Rein geese and brent geese
were seen.
Reingorge : see RE-ENGOKGE.
t Reingra'ff, v. Obs. [RE- 5 a.] = next.
1610 HEALEY St. Aug. Citie of God "p a, Re-ingraffed into
the peace-full stocke from whence his disobedience hath
torne him. 1651 BAXTER Inf. Bapt. 49 When they are re-
ingraffed into their own Church, their Infants must needs be
remgrafled with them. 1659 HOWELL Lexicon To tru Phi-
lologer, She did reingraffe upon divers words, as chiefly
upon chief, faulty upon fault.
Reingra-ft, v. Also 7 re-en-. [RE- 5 a.] trans.
To ingraft again. Hence Reingra'fting vbl. sb.
1625 DONNE Serm. VI. 69 As when my true Repentance
389
hath re-engrafted me in my God and Re-incorporated me in
my Saviour. 1758 WESLEY Wks. (1872) X. 245 This does
not imply the re-ingrafting of these Gentiles. 1885 Homi-
letic Rev. Feb. 106 The re-ingrafting of Israel into their own
olive tree.
Reingra'tiate, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans, (chiefly
re/1,) To ingratiate again.
1638 SIR T. HERBERT Trav. (ed. 2) 96 Fearing his force,
and that . . hee would re-ingratiate himselfe. 1669 CLAREN-
DON Life HI. (1760) I. 119 If He were once re-ingratiated to
his Majesty's Trust, a 1797 H. WALPOLE Mem. Geo. II
(1847) I. xi. 357 In order to reingratiate themselves with the
mobs. 1882 Athenxunt 28 Oct. 556/3 Tasso . . hoped to re-
ingratiate himself with the duke by complimenting him on
his third wedding.
Rei'ngress. [RE- 5 a.] Renewed ingress.
"535 STEWART Cron. Scot. I. 224 Auveragus ..And his
Iordis..Saw tha culd nocht haue reingres agane. 1670
EACHARD Cont. Clergy 68 Then there was an ingress, an
egress, and a regress, or reingress.
Reingro'SS, -v. [RE- 5 a.] To engross again.
In Heingro'ssing vbl. sb.
1679 Act 31 Chas. //, c. 3 (title) An Act for reingrossing
of the Records of Fines burnt or lost in the late Fire in the
Temple.
Reingtl'lf, v> [RE- 5 a.] To ingulf again.
i6zi COTGR., Rengloutirt to reglut, reingulfe, swallow vp
againe. 1648 Petit. Eastern A ssoc, 24 Designes, which have
. .reingulfed us in so many new feares. 1828 CARLVLE Misc.
(1857) I. 126 So long since reingulfed in the silence of the
blank bygone Eternity 1 1875 E. WHITE Life in Christ \.
i. (1878) 8 That this intellectual Eye. .should then be rein-
gulfed by the dead ruthless force which had given it birtb.
Reinlia-bit, v. [RE- 5 a.]
f 1. intr. To dwell again. Obs.
1538 LELAND /tin. (1769) VII. 10 One of the Richards ..
broughte the foresayde Monks agayne to Stratford, where
amonge the Marsches they reinhabytyd. 111638 MEDE
Daniel Wks. (1672) 700 A Commission to cause the people
to return and re-inhabite. 1736 CARTE Ormonde I. 504
They might be able to subsist and re-inhabit in the said
kingdom.
2. trans. To inhabit (a place, etc.) again.
1600 J. PORY tr. Leo's Africa iv. 210 After which time it
was reinhabited bycertaine people of Granada. 1670 MILTON
Hist. Eng. in. 130 Towns and Citties were not reinhabited
but lay ruin'd and wast. i8a$ COLERIDGE Aids Rcfl. 234
The individual soul cannot return to reinhabit the body.
Hence Keinha 'biting vbl. sb. ; Keinhabita'tion.
1611 COTGR.I Rehabitation^ a reinhabhation,reinhabiting.
1613 PURCHAS Pilgrimage vi. viii. (1614) 603 Elmahdi, an
hereticall Calipha who procured the reinhabiting thereof.
t Reinhea'rten, v. Obs. [RE- 5 a.] trans.
To give fresh courage to, rehearten.
1652 EARL MONM. tr. Bentivoglio's Hist. Relat. 29 The
Rebels were afterwards reinheartened by the Queen of
Englands protection. 1667 MRQ. WORCESTER in Dircks Life
xvu. (1865) 301 To reinhearten my distressed family.
Reiiilie'rit, v. [RE- 5 a.] To inherit again.
1647 WARD Simp. Cobler 47 Just it is that such as under-
sell them, should not re-inherit them in haste. 1895 St.
James's Gaz. 10 Sept, 12/2 He had been disinherited . . ; but
..reinherited his patrimonial estate.
Reini'tiate, v. [RE- 5 a.] To initiate again.
1653 Plea for Free State 4 [They] oppose so obstinately
the Publique Establishment, out of no more weighty reason,
then to reinitiate splendid Titles. 1866 MRS. H. WOOD
St. Martin's Eve ii, He.. was altogether re-initiated into
social life. 1897 Allbutt's Syst. Med. IV. 381 The disorder,
unless re-initiated by repetition of the cause, may long
remain quiescent.
Reinjoin, -joy, obs. ff. RE-INJOIN, -JOY.
Rei'nk, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To ink again.
Hence Bei'nking vbl. sb.
^ 1883 Athenaeum 22 Dec. 815/2 One ribbon will bear re-
inking several times.
Reinlarge, obs. form of RE-ENLARGE.
Reinless (r^-nles), a. [f. REIN sbl -t- -LESS.]
1. Without a rein or reins : a. of a horse.
1559 Mirr. Mag.t Dk. Clarence xxix, She tearms. .A wilfull
prince, a raynelesse raging horse. 1391 HARINGTON Orl.
Fur. xxiv. xxxix, Untill his rainlesse horse bare him away.
1801 SOUTHEY Thalaba vi. ix, The benignant Power, Who
sent the reinless steed, a 1881 ROSSETTI House of Life xc,
The void car, hurled Abroad by reinless steeds.
b. of a driver or rider.
1873 W. CORY Lett. <$• Jrnls. (1897) 326 If I had been blind
and reinless, I should have gone without a bump. 1892
Daily News 28 Dec. 5/4 The reinless rider acquires a firmer
seat.
2. trans/, and fig. Unchecked, unrestrained.
1566 DRANT Horace , Sat. I. vi, Diijb, Leuinus .. Through
lyfe corrupt, and rainlesse youth dyd worke his fames decay,
1771 Gent/. Mag. XLII. 240 The reinless fury Of the mad
whirlwinds. 1817 SHELLEY Rev, Islam vi. xix, With rein-
less speed A black Tartarian horse of giant frame Comes
trampling over the dead. i8s6RustciN Mod. Paint. III. iv.
vi. § 2 The reinless play of the imagination.
f Reinli'ghten, obs. variant of RE-ENLIGHTEN.
1627 FELTHAM Resolves I. xxviii. 26 Though God depriue
meot his presenceforatime,he will one day re-inlighten mee.
Reino'CUlate, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To inocu-
late again. So Beinoculatlon.
1804 Med. Jml. XII. 315 The two last children I reinocu-
lated was a few months after vaccination. 1896 Allbutt s
Syst, Med. I. 652 The occurrence of furuncles in successive
crops is due to reinocutation from the surface.
Reinquire, v. [RE-.] To inquire in turn.
1646 SIR T. BROWNE Pseud, Ep. vii. i. 34<> Unto him that
demanded on what hand Venus was wounded, the Philo-
sopher thought it a sufficient resolution to remquire upon
what leg King Philip halted.
REINSMAN.
So Reinqni'ry, renewed inquiry.
1830 IVestm. Rev. Oct. 437 Re-inquiries and Removals :
these, by whatsoever, name called — new trials. 1866 Pall
MallG. 21 Feb. 1/2 The first returns. .were sent back for
reconsideration and re-inquiry.
Reins (rfnz), //. Now arch. Forms: (i renys),
4reenes, -us, 4-7 reynes, (4reynyez, 5 reynys,
5, 7 reyns), 5-7 raynes, 6-7 raines, (6 rains),
reines, 4, 7- reins. Also sing. 7 reyn. [a. OF.
reins, rens, ad. L. renes pl.l
1. The kidneys.
[ciooo Sax. Leechd. III. 140 jif hyt byp of renys obber
ten lendene |>anne cumb ban blod of bara blaeddran.) 1387
TREVlSA.«Xf<fc;»(Rolls)VII. 360 He hadde afterward greet
penaunce in an evel bat hatte ilium and greve|> faste by \ie
reynes. c 1400 Lanfranc's Cirurg. 27 pei hangen & bynden
summe membris wib obere as be reynes to be rigge. 1450-80
tr. Secrela Secret. 31 Disese cometh in thi Reyns. 1586
COGAN Haven Health cl. (1636) 147 The Reynes or Kidneys
make grosse and ill bloud. 1596 BARROUGH Meth. Physick
in. xxxvii. (1639) 159 The reines are vexed with inflamma-
tion for diverse causes. 1667 MILTON P. L. vi. 346 Spirits..
Vital in every part( not as frail man In Entrailes, Heart or
Head, Liver or Reines. 1707 FLOYER Physic. Pulse-Watch.
353 So from the Reins the Liver is generated, from that the
Heart, from that the Stomach. 1870 BRYANT Homer \ I. xxl.
280 Eels and fishes came and gnawed The warrior's reins.
2. The region of the kidneys ; the loins.
1382 WYCLIF Ezek. ix. 2 O man . . clothid with lynnen, and
an ynkhorn of a wryter in his reynes. 1390 GOWER Con/.
III. 370 Sche hath my wounded herte enoignt, My temples
and my Reins also, c 1475 Partenay^ 4325 Gaffray gripte he
there faste by the raynes, Ech of thaim both suffryng there
hug[e] paynes. c 1531 Du WES Introd. Fr. in Palsgr. 1068
Gyrte thy raynes as a man, 157* WALSINGHAM in D. Digges
Complete Ainbass. (1655) 344 The Count de Retz is hurt in
the rains of the back with a harquebush shot out of Rochel.
1633 T. STAFFORD Pac. Hib. xiii. (1821) 150 Receeving a
blow with a Peece upon the reines of his oacke. 1687 A.
LOVELL tr. Thevenofs Trav. L 168 [The] Rock. .bears the
marks, as if a Body had been laid on the Back upon it, for
the form of the Reins appear there. 1814 GARY Dante,
Inf. xx. 13 Each..seem'd to be revers'd At the neck-bone,
so that the countenance Was from the reins averted. 1865
SWINBURNE Poems <$• Ball., Song in Time of Rev. 27 They
are girdled about the reins with a curse.
b. Arch. (See quot. 1727-38.)
After F. les reins d'ltne voute.
1717-38 CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v. Vault, Reins, or fillings up of
a Vault, are the sides which sustain it. 1751 LABELYE Westm.
Bridge 21 This upper Arch is. .thicker in the Reins, or to-
wards the Bottom, than at the Key or Top. 1872 SHIPLEY
Gloss. Eccl. Terms 184 The space between the crown and
the reins of the arch.
3. In or after Biblical use: The seat of the
feelings or affections.
13 .. E. E. A Hit. />. B. 592 For he is be gropande god, . .
Rypande of vche a ring jJe reynyez & hert. 138* WYCLIF
}'s. vii. 10 God serchende hertis and reenes. — Wisd. i. 6
Of the reenus of hym witnesse is God. 15x6 Pilgr. Perf.
(W. de W. 1531) 224, I am nere to theyr mouthes, but I am
ferre from theyr raynes [cf. Wyclif jfer. xii. 2). c 1580
SIDNEY Ps. vn. x, Thou righteous proofes to hartes and
reines dost send. 1603 T. M. Progr. Jos. I B 3 b, Griefe
seized euery priuate mans raynes. 1659 Gentl. Calling To
Bookseller, A Manual which, .will lively affect, and sit close
to the Reins, and penetrate the Heart of the Reader. 1738
WESLEY Ps. cxxxix. in. ii, Thy Hand my Heart and Reins
possest. 1896 A.E. HouSMAN.y/4n>/ 'shire Lad xxx, Through
their reins in ice and fire Fear contended with desire.
4. aitrib. and Comb., as t rein-guard, -gut; rein-
trying adj.
1382 WYCLIP 2 Sam. xx. 8 Joab was. .gird with a knyif
hongynge vnto the reyn gottys in the sheethe. 1813 CRABB
Technol. Diet., Rein-gitard (Mil.), that part of armour
which guarded the lower part of the back. 1817 POLLOK
Course T. x, Rein-trying, heart-investigating day.
Reins, variant of RAINES Obs.
Reinsert be, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To in-
scribe again.
1688 in Magd. Coll. * 7<w. // (O.H.S.) 260 He gave orders
to re-inscribe all the old [names). 1878 GROSART H. Mare's
Poems Mem. Introd. 46/1 To reinscribe the venerable name
of Henry More among our real Makers and Singers.
Reinse'rt, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To insert
again. Hence Keinse-rted ///. a.
1618 GAULE Pratt, The. 22 The most compendious La-
conicke with a reinserted Parenthesis. 1690 LmrstKLi. Srie/
Rel. (1857) II. 22 The inscription on the monument .., which
was defaced in the late kings time, is reinserting again
upon it. 1808 SOUTHEY Lett. (1856) II. 55, I have cut it
out of a good book, and shall be glad to reinsert it therein.
1853 RUSKIN Stones yen. II. viii. § 19. ?y6 The tablets ..
have been taken out and reinserted in the newer masonry.
1885 Maxch. Exam. 21 May 6/3 The clause was therefore
not reinserted.
So Beinse-rtion.
1828-32 in WEBSTER. 1885 Manch. Exam. 21 May 5/1 Mr.
Stuart succeeded in ousting the clause . . , and Lord Salisbury
has procured its re-insertion.
Reinsi'st, v. [RE- 5 a.] intr. To insist again.
1775 S. J. PRATT Liberal Of in. Iv. (1783) II. 162 Reinsist-
ing upon his acceptance as a debt due to him for his civility.
1891 Pall MallG. 30 Mar. 3/3 The Council then proceeded
..to reinsist upon its determination [etc.].
Reinslave, obs. form of RE-ENSLAVE.
Reinsmau (r<?!'nzmsen). U.S. [f. REIK s&.l +
-s- + MAN j*.1] One who is skilled in managing
the reins ; a driver. Also^f.
1855 in Voice (N.Y.) (1894) 8 Feb., Deeming themselves as
skilful reinsmen as those selected by the Boards of Excise.
187* TALMAGE Serni. 34 The expenenced reinsman checks
the fiery steed at the nrst jump.
REINSNARE.
390
REINTITLE.
t Reinsna-re, V. Obs. rare-1. [RE- 50.]
trans. To ensnare again,
1624 OUARLES Job sect, i, He that plants his Engines
euery- where, .and re-insnares The soule of man.
Reinspe'ct, v. [RE- 5 a.] To inspect again.
1826 SOUTHEY yind. Eccl. Angl. 323 A book that . . had
been inspected and reinspected by Angels, and approved by
God. 1858 HAWTHORNE Fr. $ It. Note-bks, II. 95 We went
to the Uffizi gallery, and reinspected the greater part of it.
So Rein spe'ct ion.
1828-32 in WEBSTER. 1856 WARTER Sovthey's Lett, I. Pref.
13 Possibly he might have found some on reinspection.
1894 Daily News 8 June 8/6 A re-inspection had been made
of 270 houses in Kensington.
Reinsphear, obs. form of RE-ENSPHEBE.
Reiiisprre, v. [RE- 5 a.]
1. trans. To inspire again, in various senses.
1624 HEYWOOD Gitnaik. u. 65 She renewes and re-inspires
the decayed life of a Poet. 1651 STANLEY Poems 54 This
silk-worm (to long sleep retired) The early year hath rein-
spired, rt 1711 KEN Hymns Evang. Pc-et. Wks. 1721 I.
172 We oft have heard that great Deceiver say, That he
would re-inspire his buried Clay. 1767 LEWIS .Statins v.
514 No Furies were at Hand to reinspire Heroic Thoughts.
1847 LD. LINDSAY Chr, Art I. 143 To be modified, filled up
and retnspired from their own original resources. 1867 M.
ARNOLD Rugby Chapel tgg Ye . . recall The stragglers, refresh
the outworn, Praise, re-inspire the brave 1
b. Const, with.
1657 BP. H. KING Poems 132 What man then would, who
on death's pillow slumbers, Be re-inspir'd with life. .? 1697
CONGREVE Mourn. Bride v. xii, O let me. .re-inspire thy
bosom With the breath of Love. 1718 POPE Iliad xv. 65
Phoebus hastes great Hector to prepare . . , His lab'ring bosom
re-inspires with oreath. 1799 Triumph of Benevolence \\.yji
Mrs. Mannington endeavoured to reinspire him with hope.
1861 J. G. SHEPPARD Fall Rome ii. 67 To re-inspire an effete
body with the vitality of youth. 1887 STEVENSON Merry
Men in. 119 The image of the dead dealer, reinspired with
cunning and hatred.
2. To breathe again into something, rare"1.
1681 FLAVEL Meth. Grace xxxi. 535 Regeneration, .is the
life of God reinspired into a soul alienated from it by the
power of sin.
Hence Reinspi'red ///. a.
1649 G. DANIEL Trinarch.* Hen. IVt cccxx, The French
..with re-inspired Sayles, Come to ayde Glendoure.
Reinspi rit, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To inspirit
anew. Hence Re in spiriting vbl. sb.
1659 Gentl. Calling viii. § 21 When it has despoyled them
of that false courage, .to permit it to reinspirit them with a
true one. 1815 Zclnca I. 396 A word was sufficient to rein-
spirit her. 1885 Fortn. in Waggonette 67 Refreshed and
reinspirited, on we go. 1889 PATER Appreciations^ Coleridge
98 That whole episode of the re-inspiriting of the ship's
crew.
Reinstall, v. [RE- 5 a.] To install again.
1597 BEARD Theatre God*s jndgem. (1612) 261 To rein-
stall him in his kmgdome which he was depriued of. 16*5
MILTON Ode Death Fair Inf. 46 Wert thou some Starr..
Which carefull Jove.. Took up, and in fit place did re-
install? 1671 — P. R. iv. 614 Adam and his chosen Sons,
whom thou A Saviour art come down to re-install. 1714 DE
FOE Mem. Cavalier (1840) 88 The king .. [did] reinstall his
son in the electorate. 1846 LASDOR Imag. Coftv.. Louis
XYIII % Talleyrand Wks. 1853 H. 190/1 Peterborough . .
would have reinstalled you at Hartwell. 1870 F. R. WILSON
Ch. Lindisf. 178 The.. east window was first reinstalled.
Reinsta Iment. [RE- 5 a.] Renewed in-
stalment.
1608 DAY Hum. out ofBr. v. ti, We ha yet performd but
the least part of duetie, Your reinstalment. 1610 HEALEY
St, Aug. Citie of God ni. xvi. 128 The Hetrurians assisted
Tarquinsendeauoursof re-instalment. 1728 MORGANA Igiers
II. v. 317 There is not abundance of Appearance of their
Re-instalment in these Realms. 1851 LYTTON Lett, to
y. Bull 2 Its reinstalment to office has not been resuscitation.
Reinstamp, obs. form of RE-ENSTAMP.
Reinstate (n,inste~'t), v. [RE- 5 a.]
1. trans. To reinstall or re-establish (a person or
thing) in a place, station, condition, etc. Also
const, on.
1628 in Crt. $ Times Chas. /(i848) II. 3 The said arch-
bishop is now reinstated in his majesty's favour. 1665 SIR T.
HERBERT Trav. (1677) *s6 Such a force as .. reinstated him
in his own. 1714 R. FIDDES Pract. Disc. II. 220 We may
reinstate reason in her throne. 1742 YOUNG Nt. Tk. it. 318
To. .reinstate us on the rock of peace. 1754 SHERLOCK Disc.
(1759) I. vi. 209 The Gospel has re-instated Nature in all her
hopes . -of Immortality. 1855 LYTTON Rienzi vit. ix, To re-
instate him in a power which he evinced the capacity to
wield. 1875 M«LAREN Serm. Ser. u. iv. 60 Before the
Apostle can be reinstated in his functions.
b. Without const. Also absol.
1599 B. TpNSON Cynthia's Rev. v. ii, Lady, with the touch
of your white hand, let me reinstate you. 1763 LD. BARRING-
TON in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. u. IV. 459 Nor is there any
appearance that they will ever be re-instated or recom-
pensed. 1835 I. TAYLOR Spir. Despot. H. § 2. 49 The .. in-
tention of the present volume is.. not to depress or exclude,
but to re-instate and corroborate. 1878 Bosw. SMITH Car-
thage 360 The senators could not reinstate him by force.
2. To restore lo or in a proper state ; to replace.
1793 SMEATON Edystone L. § 249 Everything being rein-
stated, it was some time before we met with any but the
ordinary interruptions. 1813 ELMES Dilapidations (1829)
App. 54 Re-instate the skirting, papering &c. where the
book-case formerly stood. 1833 Act 3 <J- 4 Will. IVt c. 46
§uo To reinstate the streets . . so opened by them. 1881
Encycl. Brit. XIII. 165/1 It is in the power of the company
to reinstate property rather than to pay the value of it.
3. To restore to health.
1810 SHELLEY Zastrozzi ii. Pr. Wks. 1888 I. 8 The crisis
of the fever, .being past, proper care might reinstate him.
Hence Reinstated ///. a., Reinsta-ting vbl. sh.
1727-38 CHAMBERS Cycl.t Reinstating^ the restoring of a
person or thing to its former stale or condition. 1766 Com-
plete Fanner s.v. Mole, To roll those spots after the re-
instated turfs are settled. 1890 [see Reinstator\.
Reiusta tement. [RE- 5 a.] The action of
reinstating; restoration, re-establishment.
1797 HOLCROFT tr. Stolberg's Trav. (ed. 2) II. xlvii. 120
The province .. was insufficient for the reinstatement of his
affairs. 1825-34 B. MONTAGUE tr. Bacons Wisd. Anc.
(Bohn) 223 The reinstatement and restoration of corruptible
things. 1880 MUIRHEAD Gaius iv. § 57 Nor is there here
any room for his reinstatement by the praetor.
b. The restoring or replacing of destroyed or
damaged property.
1813 ELMES Dilapidations (1829) App. 60 You are hereby
required to. . perform .. the folio wine repairs, and re-tnstate-
mentsof waste. 1881 Encycl. Brit. XIII. i6s/r The insured
has not the option of requiring reinstatement.
Reinsta'tion. [f. REINSTATE v. : see -ATION.]
Reinstatement.
1686 F.SPENCE tr. VariUas* Ho. Medicts 305 His Ally ..
treated with him for his reinstation. 1802 Noble Wanderers
I. 268 The little plan he had laid for the reinstation of the
deposed king. 1879 MEREDITH Egoist xxii, The half wager
about his reinstation in the service of the Hall.
So Reinsta'tor, one who reinstates.
1890 Sat. Rev. 2 Aug. 140/2 The reinstating goes on, and
Mr. Roden Noel, .is one of the reinstators.
Reiiastaura-tion. rare-1. [RE- 50.] A
second instauration.
1610 HEALEY St. Aug. Citie of God xv. xxvii. (1620) 536
Could not God, that taught this means of reinstauration,
repaire them as he had created them ?
t Reinstau're, v. Obs. rare ~l. [f. RE- 5 a +
instaure IXSTORE v^\ trans. To restore.
1609 HEYWOOD Brit. Troy xi. ci, The Greekes to quench
theyr fleet themselves dispose And re-instaure their Tents
whose spoile was great.
Reinsti'l, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To instil again.
tfi7ix KEN Hymnotheo Poet. Wks. 1721 III. 35 Others
they ply'd with doubts,. .Curs'd Infidelity to re-instil.
Rei'nstitute, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To in-
stitute again. So Reinstitrrtion.
1863 DEUTSCH Rent. (1874) 320 Ezra only reinstituted them.
1866 TELTON Anc. if Mod. Gr. I. I. iv. 58, ' I reinstituted for
the state the sacred chants ', says the king. 1867 BUSHNELL
Mor. Uses Dark Th. 304 There will never again be any re-
institution of slavery. 1882 SEELEY Nat. Relig. 217 Re*
institution of what was obsolete.
tReinsto'ck, v. Obs.-1 [f. RE- 5a + lN- +
STOCK v.] trans. To furnish with a fresh stock.
1673 R. HEAD Canting A cad. $& He may rob the Travailer
to Re-instock himself.
Reiiistru ct, v. [RE-.] trans. To instruct
again or in turn. So Heinstrn'ctlon.
1740 WATERLAND Regeneration iii. Wks. 1823 VI. 364
Being reinstructed in the faith and reclaimed in manners.
1863 TROLLOPE Orley F. I. 266 He must .. instruct that
attorney how to reinstruct him, and how to reinstruct those
other barristers who must necessarily be employed. 1888
Pall Mall G. 27 Jan. 13/2 A course of reinstruction in the
dry rudiments of knowledge.
Reinsurance. [RE- 5 a.] A renewed or
second insurance ; spec, one by which an insurer
or underwriter secures himself (wholly or in part)
against the risk he has undertaken.
1755 MAGENS Insurances II. 271 Every Insurer is per-
mitted to take out a Reinsurance on any Insurance he has
given. 1802 MARSHALL Insurance I. i.iv. § 3. 112 The new
insurers will be responsible to him in case of loss, to the
amount of the re-insurance. 1885 Law Rep. 15 Q. Bench
Div. ii Notice of abandonment need not be given to the
underwriters of a policy of re-insurance.
attrib. 1867 SMYTH Sailor's Word-irk. 568 A reinsurance
policy made on the same risk.
Reinsu're, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To insure
again ; spec, to devolve the risk of an insurance on
another insurer. Hence ReinsuTed///. a.
1828-3* »" WEBSTER. 1859 BARTLETT Diet. Amer. 360 It
is common with underwriters or insurance companies . . to
reinsure a part elsewhere. 1892 Law Rep., Weekly Notes
44/2 Before the reinsured obtained the benefit of his reinsur-
ance he must himself have paid on the original insurance.
Reinsu'rer. [-ER *.] One who reinsures.
1755 MAGENS Insurances II. 271 Yet shall he. .truly make
known to his Reinsurer all Advices which he . . has received
concerning the insured Ship. 1802 MARSHALL Insurance I.
113 There is no privity of contract between the original
insured and the re-insurers. 189* Law Rep., Weekly
Notes 44/1 Payment by the reinsurers to the reinsured.
Reintegrate, pa. pple. ? Obs. [ad. med.L.
reintegrate , pa. pple. of reintegrdre : see next.]
= REDINTEGRATE pa. pple.
1508 FISHER 7 Penit. Ps. cii. Wks. (1876) 169 That heuenly
cyte shall be restored and reintegrate with good crysten
people, a 1648 LD. HERBERT Hen. VIII (1683) 4^12 Our
King, .desired to be, if not reintegrate, yet at least in good
terms with the Roman Church.
.
Reintegrate (n'li-ntfgre't), v. [ad. med.L.
reintegrat- (Du Cange) : see REDINTEGRATE v.
and cf. F. rtinttgrer^ Sp. reintegrar^ It. -are.]
^\.refl. To reinstate (oneself). Obs.
1581 SAVILE Tacitus, Hist. HI. xxiv. (1591) 128 Here was
the fielde where they might reintegrate themselues in their
honour again. x6aa J. REYNOLDS God^s Revenge in. Hist.
xiit, He should.. rather seeke to reintegrate himselfe into
his Fathers favour, a 1648 LD. HERBERT Hen. VIII (1683)
418 Desiring the King, .to take hold of the present time and
to reintegrate himself with the Pope.
I 2. trans. •= REDINTEGRATE v. 2 b, ad. Now rare.
1605 BACON Adv. Learn, ii. vii. § i Heere I will make a
i request that . . I may reviue and reintegrate the missapplyed
! and abused name of Natural! Magicke. a 1648 LD. HERBERT
Hen. V1U (1683) 159 That all the followers of the Duke of
Bourbon should be reintegrated in their former possessions.
1869 BROWNING Ring fy Bk. XH. 692 The justice of the Court
j would presently Confirm her in her rights and exculpate,
I Re-integrate and rehabilitate.
3. — REDINTEGRATE v. i.
1626 BACON Sylva § 113 The Falling from a Discord to a
Concord .. hath an Agreement with the Affections, which
are reintegrated to the better, after some dislikes. 1798
1 JEFFERSON Writ. (1859) Iv- 225 The atmosphere alone will
j reintegrate a soil rested in due season. x868 SPENCER
i Princ. Psyckol. \. v. (1872) I. 86 The disintegrated mass
! quickly re-integrates itself from the materials brought by
| the blood. 1898 Nat. Rev. Aug. 904 The capital thus sunk
will neither yield an income nor be reintegrated*
b. Const, into, with.
1855 Miss COBBE Intuit. Mor. 174 The Law of Honour,
then, merits to be re-integrated into the moral Law. 1881
MORGAN Contrib. N. Atner. Ethnol. IV, 10 The eight
gentes of the Seneca- 1 roquois tribe were reintegrated into
two phratries 1888 J . T. GULICK in Linn. Soc. Jrnl., Zool.
XX. 231 The vast majority of the divergent forms arising
through Local Segregation are reintegrated with the sur-
rounding forms.
Reintegration (r/Vntfgr^jan). [a. F.^r/-
integration (I5th c.), or ad. med.L. ^integration-
em (Du Cange), noun pf action f. reintegrare :
see prec. and REDINTEGRATION.]
fl. Renewal of an enterprise. Obs. rare~*.
1605 BACON Adv. Learn, n. xxi. § z In theyr inceptions
progressions, recoyls, reintegrat ions, approches and atteyn-
tngs to their ends.
2. a. «= REDINTEGRATION 3. ? Obs.
1616 in Crt. $ Times Jos. I (1848) 1. 130 There is no great
opinion here of the reintegration of this worthy man into
his former honours and brightness, a 1631 DONNE Lett. 3
For re-integration to her Majestie's favour ; in comparison
whereof, another Circumstances are but as atomi. 179^ in
Ld. Auckland** C<wr. (1862) III. 299 To make a stipulation
in favour of the reintegration of the Stadtholder.
f b. « REDINTEGRATION 4. Obs. rare "*.
1656 HEVLIN Surv. France 214 During her Sons minority,
and after since her reintegration with him, she hath made
herself so absolute a mistresse of his mind [etc.].
3. = REDINTEGRATION i.
1818 COLEBROOKE Obligations 221 Entire restitution and
re- integration in the instance of agreements merely voidable.
1850 Taifs Mag. XVII. 701/1 Nothing could appease his
remorse but the reintegration of the victim's fame. 1890
MORRIS in Mackail Lije (1899) II. 241 It is not the dissolu-
tion of society for which we strive, but its re-integration.
Reinte'r, v. [RE- 5 a; cf. F. renterrer
(i6th c.).] trans. To inter again.
1611 COTGR., Renterrer^ to reinterre, to burie againe.
c 1645 HOWELL Lett. (1650) II. viii. 10 To Jerusalem.. they
convey the bones of their dead friends from all places to be
reinterred. 1675 MARVELL Lett. Wks. (Grosart) 1. 465 The old
King's body was to be taken up,, .and to be reinterred with
great magnificence. 1849 GRorvGreece u. Ii. (1862) IV. 413
The dead bodies were then exhumed and re-interred.
So Beinte-rment, a second interment.
Gen. Hist, in Ann. Reg. 66 An official order for
Ips to
Beinte'rpret, v . [RE- 5 a.] trans. To in-
terpret afresh.
z6n COTGR., Reinterpreier} to reinterpret, reexpound.
1831 CARLYLE Sart. Res. in. iii, It needs a scientific tele-
scope, it needs to be reinterpreted and artificially brought
near us. 1858 J. MARTINEAU Stud. Chr. 151 Revealed re-
ligion is ever passing into natural, and natural returning to
re-interpret the revealed.
So Reinterpretation.
1880 igtk Cent. Aug. 315 These are only specimens of a
characteristically commendable reinterpretation.
Reinte-rrogate, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To
interrogate again.
1611 COTGR., Reinterrogiter^ to reinterrogate, reexamine,
aske new questions of. 1802-12 BENTHAM Ration. Judii.
Evid. (1827) II. 214 For interrogated, say re-interrogated:
for., he must always have been interrogated in the first
instance. 1815 SCOTT Guy M. xxxii, He and Mrs. Mac-
Candlish were then re-interrogated, whether Brown had no
arms with him on that unhappy morning.
Beinthro'ne, v. [RE- 5 a ; cf. RE-ENTHRONE.]
To enthrone again. (Common c 1630-1750.)
1612 DRAYTON Poly-alb, viii. 151 With so effectual! speech
imploring their high grace That him they reinthron'd. 1640
HABINGTON Ediv. IV 59 On this marriage was agreed that
King Edward should be deposed, King Henry re-inthrond.
1660 INGELO Bentiv. ff Ur. n. (1682) 140 They saw Piety
re-inthroned, Righteousness restor'd. 1700 TOLAND Clito vi,
I'll.. Establish Justice, reinthrone the Laws. 175* YOUNG
Brothers iv. i, But his confession shall redeem my fame, And
re-inthrone me in my princess' smile. 1873 M. ARNOLD
Lit. fy Dogma Pref. 9 To re-inthrone the Bible as explained
by our current theology., is., impossible.
t Reinthro'nize, ». Obs. [RE- 5a; cf.
med.L. reinthrotiizdre (T)M Cange).] trans. =prec.
160* WARNER Alb. Eng. Epit. 372 The Danes thus outed
hence, and the West-Saxon or English blood-royall reinthron-
ized. £1645 HOWELL Lett. (1650) I. in. xxi, This Mustapha
they did remthronize and place in the Ottoman Empire.
Rei'ntimate, v. [K.fi- 5 a.] trans. To inti-
mate again.
1622 WOTTON Let. in Relig. (1685) 540 Yet withal, I was
not tender to re-intimate unto them, that [etc.].
Heinti'tle, z>. [RE- 50.] To entitle again.
REINTITTTLE.
1651 JER. TAYLOR Sertn. for Year i. xix. 241 For the re-
impUcing the divine image, for the reintitling it to the
Kingdoms of grace and glory.
Reinti'tule, v. [RE- 5 a.] To intitule again.
1600 W. WATSON Dccacordon (1602) 310 The foresaide
claime of heritage,.. whereby.. she is againe reintituled to
the same French kingdome and crowne.
Reinto'mb, v. [RE- 5 a.] To entomb again.
1594 CONSTABLE Diana vm. iv, When^ reintombing from
obhuius ages in better stanzas her surviving wonder.
Reintre'iich, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To en-
trench again.
1650 T. BAYLY Hcrba Parietis 22 They saw the prince
stand bulwarckt in the midst of so many slaughter'd Moores :
and re-intrenched about with his owne dead. 1899 Rev. of
Reviews Mar. 259 Masses of., troops reintrenched them-
selves.
ReintrodtTCe, z>. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To in-
troduce again. Hence Be introducing vbl. sb.
1664 H. MORE Myst. Inig. 281 The Empire which he se-
duced into Idolatry.. and so re-introduced the Image of the
slain Beast by this seduction. 1667 J. CORBET Disc. Relig.
Eng. 6 A continued succession and series of Treasons, for
the re-introducing of Popery. 1718 MORGAN Algiers II. v.
316, I may have occasion elsewhere, very probably, to re-
introduce the Maltese. 1765 Museum Rust, IV. 262 It has
been introduced. .for a long series of years ; but. .so little
noticed, that.. I had much ado to re -introduce it. 1817
COLERIDGE Biog. Lit. (Bohn) 77 The very words, objective
and subjective,. .1 have ventured tore-introduce. 1837 SYD.
SMITH Lett. Wks. 1859 II. 267/1 Their bills of last year—
which Lord John Russell stated his intention of re-introduc-
ing at the beginning of this Session. 1869 BROWNING Ring
$ Bk. x. 1855 To shake This torpor of assurance from our
creed, Re-introduce the doubt discarded.
Reintrodu'ction. [RE- 5 a.] The action
of reintroducing ; a renewed introduction.
1661 R. BAILLIE in Lauderd. Papers (Camden) I. 05 To
countenance] the Rein trod uct ion of bishops and books.
1717 Wodrow Corr. (1843) II. 277 They durst not for their
lives treat about the reintroduction of Prelacy into Scotland.
1769 BLACKSTONE Cotnm. IV. xxviii. 365 Since the re-intro-
duction of the Jews into England, in the time of Oliver
Cromwell. 1830 LYTTON P. Clifford xv, During this short
conversation the re-introduction of Mr, Clifford .. to Lucy
Brandon had been effected. 1863 H. Cox Instil, i. vi. 55 In
order to the reintroduction of the Bill, the session was
terminated by a prorogation.
Reintrrrsioxi. [RE- 5 a.] The action of
intruding again ; a renewed intrusion.
1848 LYTTON Harold, in. ii, He foresaw the necessary re-
intrusion of his wife upon the charm of his., solitude. 1858
CARLYLE Fredk. Gt. H. i. (1872) I. 52 The regress or the re-
intrusion of the circumambient hostile populations.
Reinva'de, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To invade
again or in turn.
1611 COTGR., Renvahir,\Q reinuade. a 1711 KEN Hymno-
theo Poet. Wks. 1721 III. 119 Thus I soon felt my flashy
Goodness fade, And Sin with greater Force me re-invade.
1895 FARRAR Gathering Clouds I. Pref. 7 To show how the
world reinvaded . . the nominal Church.
So Reinva'sion.
1886 STEVENSON Dr. Jekyll 40 Lamps, which.. had been
kindled afresh tocombat this mournful rein vasion of darkness.
Reinve'nt, v. [RE- 5 a.] To invent again.
1686 PLOT Staffordsh, 371 This not being the first time,
that the same thing has been reinvented. 1870 LOWELL
Among my Bks. Ser. i. (1873) 180 After Spenser. .had re-
invented the art of writing well. 1894 Brit. Jrnl. Photogr.
XLI. 69 This system . . has also been reinvented and patented
a year or two ago.
absol. 1888 H.S. HOLLAND Christ or Ecclesiastes 73 (The
mind] invents; ..it corrects; it reinvents.
So Reiuve ntion, Beiuve'ntor.
1719 Weekly Medley 28 Mar., An Art now so long lost, its
Loss so lamented, and its re-invention so much coveted.
185* HAWTHORNE Wonder-Bk. (1879) 118 My merit as a re-
inventor and improver. 1878 NEWCOMB Pop. Astron. H. i.
108 He., set himself to the reinvention of the instrument.
Reinve'rsion. [RE- 5 a.] The action of in-
verting again ; a second inversion.
1859 PARKINSON Optics (1866) 209 The re-inversion of the
image is sometimes effected by an eye-piece of three lenses.
So f Beinve'rse v. Obs. ; Beinve'rt v.
1660 BOYLE New Exp. Phys. Meek. xvii. 128 By reinvert-
ing the Tube you let that bubble return to the open end of
it. c 1720 S. WESLEY Hymn of Eitpolis 108 Whether various
nature play, Or reinversed, thy will obey.
Reinvest (rf,inve-st), v. [RE- 53; cf. It. re-
investire (Florio) and REVEST!]
1. trans. To invest again with or as with a gar-
ment. Const, with, rarely in.
1611 FLORIO, Reinuestire, to reinuest, 1629 WADSWORTH
Pilgr. 12 Then was I reinuested with a Doublet of white
Canuas. 1681-6 J. SCOTT Chr. Life (1747) 111.533 This
Earth, where the old Matter of those Bodies lies, wherein
they are to be re-invested. 1837 LOCKHART Scott V. ix.
221 That one or two poor half-pay officers, .might be. .re-
placed in Highland regiments, and so reinvested with the
untheatncal ' Garb of Old Gaul '.
b. To re-endow with a possession, power, etc.
1648 MILTON Tenure Kings Pr. \Vks. 1753 1.35! Gildas
..testifies( that the people, thus reinvested with their own
original right [etc.], a 1680 CHARNOCK Attrib. God (1834)
II. ^104 Since they never divested themselves of their
original integrity, they could not be re-invested with that
which they had never lost. 1738 NEAL Hist. Purtt. IV.
72 The General and his officers finding themselves reinvested
with the Supreme authority [etc.]. 1831 tr. Sismondfs
Itat. Rep. vi. 131 Galeazzo was recalled, and reinvested
with the lordship of Milan. 1863 J. G. MURPHY Cotnni.t
Gen. iii. 20 To undo what had been done for the death of
man, and so reinvest him with life.
391
2. To replace, re-establish. Const, in.
1617 BP. ANDREWES 96 Serm., Holy Ghost x. (1629) 708 A
restitution in intcgrtim ; a re-investing them in what they
were borne to, or were any waies possessed of. 1639 GLAP-
THORtiEArfaliis in. Wks. 1874 I. 36 To re-invest blest quiet
in his heart. 1686 tr. Chardin's Trav. Persia 136 The
Vice-Roy. .dispoil'd him of his Principality, and reinvested
in it Levan's Lawful Heir. 1854 MILMAN Lat. Chr. vil. i.
(1864) IV. 6 The German line of pontiffs had done much to
reinvest the papacy in its ancient sanctity.
T" 3. To vest again in a person or body. Ob$.~l
1760 in Picton L'pool Mimic. JRec. (1886) II. 150 The same
land shall, .be reinvested in the said Corporation.
4. To invest (money) again.
1848 MILL Pol. Econ. in. xiv. § 3 (1876) 339 They .. save
and re-invest their savings because they have nothing on
which they care to expend them. 1885 Law Rep. 29 Chanc.
Div. 209 The proceeds of sale have been . . reinvested in land,
b. intr. To make a fresh investment.
1890 'R. BOLDREWOOD' Col.- Reformer (1891) 259 To pay
off his ^purchase-money, or re-invest in stores.
Reinve'stigate, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To
investigate again.
1813 Gen. Hist, in Ann. Reg. 50 They ought as seldom as
possible to re-investigate the evidence. 1856 DOVE Logic
Chr. Faith i. i. § i. 35 Direct efforts, .to re-investigate some
. .department of knowledge. 1897 J. HUTCHINSON in Arch.
Surg. VIII. 240 When I acquainted my friends with these
facts he re-investigated the specimen.
So Heinvestiga'tion.
1847 in WEBSTER. I»M At/butt's Syst. Med, VI. 691 The
morbid anatomy demands reinvestigation.
Reinve'stiture. [RE- 5 a.] The act of re-
investing ; a second investiture.
1815 HOBHOUSE Substance Lett. (1816) I. 104 When the
people, .foresaw the re-investiture of the clergy [etc.]. 1841
TRENCH Parables (1860) 401 To trace the steps of his return,
from the first beginnings of repentance to his full re-investi-
ture in all the privileges of a son.
Reinvestment. [RE- 53.] A fresh in-
vestment. Also Beinve-stnxe.
1611 COTGR., Ravestissement, a readuesting, reinuesture.
Ibid., Revest, a reinuestment, reinuesture. 1828-32 WEB-
STER, Reinvestment. 1885 Law Rep. 29 Chanc. Div. 209
The costs incurred in such reinvestment may be charged for
according to the scale.
Reinvi'gorate, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To
give fresh vigour to. Also atsol.
1658 EVELYN Fr. Card. (1675) 179 When the weather is
ig the temperament of the debilitated parts,
vigorating the blood. 1746 HERVEY Medit. (1818) 80 As a
spacious held arrayed in cheerful green, relieves and rein-
vigorates the eye. 1807 G. CHALMERS Caledonia I. in. viii.
435 That rational reformer reinvigorated the episcopate.
1862 MRS. S. C. HALL Can wrong be right P II. 292 Some-
times his mind would return . . and reinvigorate the body.
Hence Reinvrgorated, ///. a.
1670 G, H, //:'$/. Cardinals ii. u. 162 All those reinvigorated
Families. 1884 SWINBURNE in T. H. Ward Eng. Poets III.
281 The revived and reinvigorated Lotos.Eaters.
Reinvigora-fcion. [RE- 5 a.] A fresh in-
vigoration.
1822-34 Good's Study Med. (ed. 4) I. 456 Tonics for that
[purpose] of both local and general re-mvigoration. 1841
TUPPER Twins vii. Volatile salts, a lady's maid, and all that
sort of reinyigoration. 1889 Times 3 Aug. 9/5 The ideas. .
of the Anglican Church have undergone . . much reinvigora-
tion and development.
Reiuvi'te, v. [RE- 53; cf. late L. reinvitdre.]
To invite again. Hence Beinvi'ting vbL sb.
i6ri COTGR., Reinviter, to reinuite, or bid once more.
z6n FLORIO, Rinuito, a re-inuiting. 1634 QUARLES Sion's
Sonn. xx. 17 Whose beautie reinvites My oft remembrance.
a 1711 KEN Christophil Poet. Wks. 1721 I. 431 Ardent
Pray'rs shall re-invite My Jesus to my longing Sight. 1862
LYTTON Str. Story xiii, Her sentiment of shame in reinviting
your opinion after having treated you with so little respect.
So Reiiwit.vtioii.
1651 BENLOWES Theoph. xin. Quoding), The Reinvitation.
ReinvO'lve, v. [RE- 5 a.] To involve again.
1641 MILTON Reform, u. Wks. 1851 III. 69 To re-involve
us in that pitchy Cloud of infernatl darknes. 1799 /'////.
Traits. LXXXIX. 269 The root of any power, being re-
involved, returns to the power from which it was extracted.
Reiooe, -ios(she, -lose, etc., obs. ff. REJOICE.
t Reir, v. Sc. 0/>s.~l [app. aphetic for amir
ARREAR v. 2.] intr. To retire, retreat.
1570 Henry's Wallace x. 355 The worthy Scottis, thay
reirtt [MS. weryt] far on bak.
Heir, obs. var. of RERE.
Reird, common Sc. form of RERD(E.
II Reis1 (r^s), sb.pl. Forms: 6 reyes, 6-7 reys,
8 rayes, 7-9 reis; 7-9 rees, 8 rez, 8-9 res, reas.
Sing. 8 re, 8-9 ree, 9 rea, rei. [a. Pg. reis pi. ;
the correct sing, is real (see REAL s6.1), of which
the normal pi. would be reaes.] A Portuguese
money of account of very small value (equal to
about one-twentieth of a penny in Portugal and
one-fortieth in Brazil), of which one thousand
form a MILREIS. (In India the rea was latterly the
four-hundredth part of a rupee.)
1555 EDEN Decades 348 Alowynge to hym in pension
seuen hundreth reys monethly. ntarg. Seuen hundreth reys
are .x. s. 1598 W. PHILLIP tr. Linschoten (1864) 165 The
Cooper hath three Duckets a moneth, and 3900 Reyes
fraught. 1662 J. DAVIES tr. Mandelslo's Trav. 107 The
Order there is to sell them at 400 Reis. 1691 LOCKE L<rmer.
Interest Wks. 1727 II. 59 In Portugal they count their
KEISSUABLE.
Money by Reys, a very small, or rather imaginary Coin.
1698 FRYER A cc. E. India 4- P. 207, 60 Rees make a Tango.
17*0 Loud. Gaz. No. 59ir/i The King of Portugal has. .laid
a Tax of 200 Reas (in English Money about 13 Pence Half-
penny) per Pound upon all Sugar. 1727 A. HAMILTON New
Ace. E. Ind. H. App. 6 Their Accounts [at Bombay] are
kept by Rayes and Rupees. [Cf. Yule & Burnell Anglo-lnd.
Gloss. (1886) s.v., Accounts were kept at Bombay in rupees,
quarters, and reas, down at least to November, 1834.] 1872
MARK TWAIN Innoc. Abr. v. jj The Portuguese pennies or
reis (pronounced rays) are prodigious. It takes one thousand
reis to make a dollar.
sing. 1706 PHILLIPS (ed. Kersey), Ret, a Portuguese Coin,
of which 40 make i Ryal or 6 Pence in English Money.
1727-38 CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v. Money, The good baruco is
equal to a Portuguese ree. 1816 • Quiz ' Grand Master v.
100 note. Area is the lowest coin in India. 1875 IEVONS
Money xiv. 184 The Portuguese unit of account, called the
rei, is worth only about the nineteenth part of an English
penny, and is probably the smallest unit in the world.
II Reis-, rais ("is, rais). Also 6 raiz, reiz, 7-8
reys. [a. Arab. u«-o, ra'ts (also ra'ts and
ra'is) chief, f. ras head: hence also F. rtfs, rais,
Pg. arraes, arrais, Sp. arraez.']
1. The captain of a boat or vessel.
1585 T. WASHINGTON tr. Nicholas's Voy. l. yii. The Rais
and Azappis of the gallies. Ibid, xvii, A Raiz of the gallie
and a lamssarie. 1599 HAKLUYT Voy. II. i. 291 The Reiz,
or Captaines of the Games. 1753 Scots Mag. XV. 16/1 A
rais, that is the captain of a corsair. 1775 R. CHANDLER
Trav. Asia M. (1825) I. 56 The rais was an obstinate hairy
savage. 1845 Mem. Lady H. Stanhope I. 269 He then was
entitled fully to the rank of Rais Hassan, or Captain
Hassan. 1863 PETHERICK Trav. in Afr. 4 May (1869) I.
322 The reis of our nugger came overland to the ' Kathleen '.
1886 SIR C. W. WILSON Fr. Korti to Khartum 137 The
reis or pilot with his assistants, who navigated the ship.
2. A chief or governor.
1678 J. PHILLIPS tr. Tavernier's Trav, I. v. 228 In every
Village or Borough there is a Reis , or chief of the place.
1849 E. B. EASTWICK Dry Leaves 62 When he found himself
degraded from his position of Rais, or Chief Amir.
b. Reis Effendi, the title of a former officer of
state in the Turkish empire, who acted as chan-
cellor and minister of foreign affairs.
1687 Land. Gaz. No. 2301/1 Solyman immediately sent
before to Constantinople, the Testerdar and Reys Effendi,
with the Seal and Standard of Mahomet. 1753 HANWAY
Trav. (1762) II. x. iv. 240 The reys effendi represented, that
the season was too far advanced. 1819 T. HOPE A nastasins
(1820) I. iv. 77 The conference between a certain Em-
bassador and the Reis Effendee would produce a new war.
t Reise, sb. Obs. Forms : 4-5 reys, 5 reyse,
6-7 reise; 5-6 raise. [ = OF. reise, raise (also
rese, rase, etc.) military expedition, raid (13-1 5th c.
in Godef.), a. MDu., MLG. or MHG. reise (OHG.
reisd) in the same sense, f. the stem *rais-, r^s-, to
RISE : hence also med.L. reisa, resa, etc. (see Du
Cange).] A journey ; spec, a military expedition ;
a hostile incursion or inroad ; a raid or foray.
[1390 Earl Derby's Exp. (Camden) 38 Expense hospicii
cum providenciis factis pro le Reys. Ibid. 53 Tempore quo
dominus stettt in le Reys.] c 1440 Partonope 748 This was
now a wondyr reys ; Whan he woke then fast by bloys
Aryued this yong Partanope. 1475 Bk. Noblesse (Roxb.) 40
He wanne at the first raise that he made over the see
[2,500] townes and castellis. 1494 FABYAN Chron. v. cxviii.
94 He lefte not contynually to make reyses and assaults
vpon y« Saxons. 1577-87 HOLIKSHED Chron. II. 48/1 The
successe was variable on both sides betwixt the lawfull
gouernors and these vsurpers, with dailie raises and skir-
mishes. 1600 HOLLAND Livy u. xlviii. 77 The Latines were
much troubled with the reises and rodes of the Aequians.
1609 — Anna. Marcell. 324 Sapor. .by way of open reises
and raising of booties wasted all Armenia.
t Reise,"1. Obs. In 4-5 reyse. [a.MDu.,MLG.,
or MHG. reisen (reysen) in the same sense, f.
reise : see prec.] intr. To go on a military ex-
pedition ; to make inroads or raids ; to travel,
journey. Hence f Rei'sing vbl. sb.
(1386 CHAUCER Prol. 54 A knyght ther was.. In Lettow
hadde he reysed and in Ruce. 1387 TREVISA Higden
(Rolls) VII. 327 Henry.. occupied Seynt Michel his mount,
and reysed [L incursavit] up ey^er brojier now uppon J>at
con, now uppon (>at o(>er. 1481 CAXTON Reynard (Arb.) 43
That men shold saye ye reysed and accompanyed your self
with a cursyd and perspne agrauate. 1494 FABYAN Chron.
vn. 388 Sir Rogier Clifforde wl other, whiche entended to
make a reysyng vpon y« Walshemen.
Reise, obs. f. RAISE v., var. of RICE, twig.
Reisen, obs. f. RAISE v., RAISIN. Reiskie, -y :
see REESKY a. Reiso(u)n, obs. ff. RAISIN,
REASON rf.1 Reisshe, obs. f. RDSH (the plant).
Reisner (rai-snaj). [f. the name of a German
artist in wood, of the time of Louis XIV.] Reisner-
work (also simply Reisner), a method of inlaying
in wood of different colours.
1833 LOUDON Encycl. Archil. Gloss., Reisner [printed
Reigner] work, ornaments made by inlaying wood in the
manner of buhl work, with leaves, &c., of different colours.
1846 HOLTZAPFFEL Turning II. 732 note, Boule work, and
reisner work, are considered by the virtuosi to apply ex-
clusively to the two celebrated ebenistes of those names.
1875 Ure's Diet. Arts (ed. 7) III. 700 Reisner, a process of
inlaying wood, like Parquetry.
Rei-ssuable, a. [RE- 5 a.] Of notes, bills,
etc. : That may be reissued.
1799 Act 39 Geo. Ill, c. ro? § r marg., On Promissory
Notes payable at the Place where issued and re-issuable, a
like Duty of zd. and ^d. 1813 Chron. in Ann. Reg. 250/2
REISSUE.
Daily
pro-
posed issue of i/. notes is that, .they shall be re-issuable.
Rei'SSue, sb* [RE- 5 a.] A second or renewed
issue; spec, in tie book-trade, a republication at
a different price or in a different form of part of an
impression already placed on the market.
1805 W. TAYLOR in Ann. Rep. III. 295 The re-issue could
easily be effected from a single centre. 1884 DOWELL
Taxation iv. iv. I. 70 The fifteenth granted to Henry III.,
in consideration of the reissue of the charters.
Rei'ssue, v. [RE- 5 a.] To issue again.
a. intr. a 1618 SYLVESTER Eleg. Ep. Sir W. Sidney 124
Heav'n maketh all things to re-issue well. 1786 JEFFERSON
It'ri/. (1859) II. 59 It re-issues into the ocean at the
northerly end of the Gulf. 1842 TENKYSON Godiva 77
Reissuing, robed and crown'd, To meet her lord. 1860
LD. LYTTON Lucile n. iv, § i. 77 From the dark tiring-
chamber behind straight reissue .. the old mummers.
b. trans. 1799 Act 39 Geo. Ill, c. 107 § i [A promissory
note] which may be re-issued from Time to Time. 1847
LD. LINDSAY Car. Art I. 73 These compositions.. were
finally reissued by those masters, more or less modified and
improved. 1884 Law Rep. 12 Q. Bench Div. 605 The notes,
when presented for payment, were cashed by the company,
and reissued by them.
Hence Bei'ssner.
1808 GROSART Pref. Greene's Selhttus 7 The re-issuers may
really have known that R(obert) G(reene) was the author*
Heist, obs. Sc. form of REST sb,
tRei'Ster. Obs. Also 6-8 reyster. [ad.
obs. F. reistre (mod.F. retire^ r&re)t ad. G. reiter
REITEB sb.] « REITEB sb.
1577 SIDNEY in Zurich Lett. (Parker Soc.) II..293 Offer
my services to Butrech, the best doctor among reistcrs, and
the best reister among Doctors. 1594 R. ASHLEY tr. Lays
le Roy 1 1 7 b, There is great reckoning made of the Albaneses
of Greece .. and of the Reisters of Germanic. 1607 R.
QAREW] tr. Estienne's World of Wonders \\ A Scot, who
being pursued by certaine Reisters. .leapt with his horse . .
into the Sea. 1641 BAKER Chron. (1053) 464 The French
King sent an Army., which consisted of nine hundred men
at armes. ., eight hundred Reysters (etc]. 1744 OZELL tr.
Brantdmt's Sp. Rhodoinontades 208 Now M. de Guise
who was a Thorough Soldier, made the Other forget his
Lesson, as also all his Reysters.
Reisty, variant of KEASTY a., rancid.
Reisun, obs. form of REASON sb.1
Reisyn(ef obs. forms of RAISIN.
t Reit. Obs. Forms : 6 reyte, 6-7 reite, 7 reet,
reit. [Of obscure origin: cf. REEK sb.'*] Chiefly
//. Sea-weed.
1538 ELYOT A?ga, reyte [1548 rehes] or wedes in the see.
1555 EDEN Decades 343 Weedes of the sea cauled reites or
ouse. 1603 HOLLAND Plutarch's Mor. 676 It hath gotten
about the keele a deale of mosse, rcits, kilpe, and tangle.
1610 — Camden's Brit. i. 184 With the Sea weede or reit
commonly called Orewood. 1655 BP. RICHARDSON Obs.
O. 7*., Exod. ii Calling it.the sea of weeds, or sedge, . . of
flag, or rush, tange, rack or reet} in Latin, algat.. which
reddish weeds in abundance grew in it. 1661 LOVELL Hist.
A Him. fy Min. Introd. b 7 The Squillae .. live in marine ..
places : their meat is oisters, and reites.
Reit-buck (rft-). Also riet-buck, riet-,
reit-bok. [ad. Du. rietbokt f. riet REED + bok
BUCK.] A South African antelope, Cervicapra
arundinacea (formerly Antilope eleotragus}.
[1785 G. FORSTER tr. Sparrman^s Voy. Cape G. Hope II.
xiv. 222 The riet, or reed ree-bok, I saw but once.] 1795
tr. Thunberg's Trav. (ed. 2) II. 44 Rietboks. .and Bonteboks
..frequented much these hilly and verdant fields. 1834
Penny Cycl. II. 80/1 The reit bok is not found in the imme-
diate vicinity of the Cape, but farther in the interior of the
country it is by no means uncommon. 1850 R. G. CUMMING
Hunter's Life S. Afr. (1902) 154/1 Here I found reit-buck,
which do not frequent the Limpopo in those parts which
I have visited. 1889 RIDER HAGGARD Allan's Wi/e.etc.
322 Out bounded a beautiful reit bok which had been lying
in the shelter. 1899 — Swallow iv, Up sprang two riet-buck.
Reiter (rai-taj), sb. Now only Hist. Forms :
6-7 reyter, 7 raiter, 8 reitter, 7-reiter. fa. G.
reiter rider, trooper, f. reiten to RIDE. Cf. REIS-
TEB.] A German cavalry soldier, esp. one of those
employed in the wars of the i6th and I7th c.
1584 Calendar Hatfield MSS. 85 The repaiement of cer-
taine monney owinge to him for the intelligence of the
Reyters. 1591 UNTON Corr. (Roxb.) 249 This daye the
Kinge departeth towards Gizors, .. to cfrawe his whole
armye of Reyters into those parts. 1617 MORYSON I tin.
L 32 When the Fayres of Franckfort draw neere, they
send out certaine Reyters, that is Horsemen .. which con-
duct the Merchants and their goods out of the Frontiers.
1670 COTTON Espernon i. u. 46 The Reiters which he had
rais'd in Germany could not come to him. 1727-38 CHAM-
BERS Cycl.t Reitterst an antient title given the German
cavalry. 1820 RANKEN Hist. FranceVll, 19 Not a man
of the Reiters or German infantry was spared. 1856 R. A.
VAUGHAN Mystics (1860) I. 257 A retinue of forty reiters
is a moderate attendance for a prelate out on a visitation.
t Rei'ter, v. Obs. rare. [ad. F. r&ttrer or L.
reiterare ; cf. ITER if.'] trans. To reiterate.
1577 FRAMPTON Joyfitl News in. 108 b, By reiteryng
[printed reteiryng] the wette Linnen clothe into the Bal-
samo it will bee healed. 1634 JACKSON Creed \\\. xxiii, The
same practise you have reitereu against St. Stephen.
Rei'terable, a. rare-1, [a. F. rtitSrablt
(i6th c.) : see REITERATE v. and -ABLE.] That
may be repeated.
1610 W. FOLKINGHAM Art of Survey iv. v. 84 In this
Action, sith it is not Reiterable, it is expedient to retriue
the vtmost Value and worth.
392
Rei'terance. [ad. L. type *reiterantia: see
next and -ANCE.] Repetition.
1871 in Spurgeon Trtas. Dav. Ps. Ixxxviii. 8 (1874) IV. 144
A tedious oft-told tale which comes with something of a dull
reiterance. 1880 SmmvfNEStmgs o/Sfring-t., Thalassiia
213 His heart, Singing, bade heaven and wind and sea bear
part In one live song's reiterance.
Keiterant (n'|i-terant), a. [ad. L. reiterant-
eni, pres. pple. of reiterare to KEITEBATE.] Re-
iterating, repeating.
1610 W. FOLKINGHAM Art o/ Survey rv. i. 79 Reiterant
31 In rleaven they said so ; and at Eden's g*c£— ™iw »«;iy,
reiterant, in the wilderness ! 1898 Expositor Oct. 266 It is
misleading to speak of the action in the Sacrament as merely
symbolical and not reiterant at all
Reiterate (r«,i-ter«),/o. fple. and///, a. [ad.
L. reiterat-us, pa. pple. of reiterare: see next.]
Reiterated, repeated.
1471 RIPLEV Comp.Alch. viii. vi. in Ashm. (1652) 172 Than
Heyyn uppon Ertn must be reitterate, Unto the Sowle wylh
the Body be reincorporate. 1561 T. NORTON Calvin's /rat.
ill. 201 Whether repentaunce may be oftentymes reiterate
for deadly sinnes. 1644 Bf LWER Chiron. 59 When the voyce
is reiterate by conduplication. 1669 W. SIMPSON Hydrol.
Chym. 105 Much of the blood is taken away, especially by
reiterate Dloodings. 1711 SHAFTESB. Charac. (1737) III.
Misc. v. i. 237 It belongs to mere Enthusiasts and Fanaticks
to plead the Sufficiency of a reiterate translated Text. 1814
SOUTHEY Roderick xxv, Over all predominant was heard,
Reiterate from the conquerors o'er the field, Roderick the
Goth ! z88o SWINBURNE Songs ofSpring-t., Card. Cymodoce
242 Through that steep strait of rock whose twin-clified
height Links crag with crag reiterate, land with land.
Reiterate (ri'ii'tere't), v. Also 6 reiterat,
reitterate. [f. L. reiterat-, ppl. stem of reiterare
to repeat, f. re- RE- + iterdre to ITEBATE. Cf. F.
riitirer (i4th c.).]
1. trans. To repeat (an action) ; to do over again.
iS»S TAYLOR in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. n. I. 335 That he . .
shulld within certeyn tyme reiterate and renewe them [acts].
1563 FOXE A. ff M. 890/1 The Masse priestes dooe reiterate
the sacrifyce of Christ 1581 J. BELL Haddon's Answ. Osor.
421 Then you make him an heretique whatsoever he be that
doth reiterate Baptisme. 1609 DANIEL Civ. Wars (1717) II.
41 The Ocean .. Reiterates his strange untimely Flows.
a 1674 CLARENDON Surv. Leviath. (1676) 66 Which Sentence
was barbarously executed, and afterwards reiterated upon
others. 1753 N. TORRIANO Gangr. Sore Throat 13 The
Bleeding in toe Foot was reiterated at Four . . in the After-
noon. 1816 SCOTT Woodst. xiv, You would have thought the
knocking was reiterated in every room of the palace. 1891
S. MOSTYN Cvratica 91 She had not meant me to reiterate
this tribute of respect, but only to offer it once.
absol. 1718 Entertainer No. 15. 100 Having once made
a Beginning with Success, they easily become prone to
reiterate.
fb. To repeat the use or application of (a
thing, esp. a medicine). Obs.
1580 FRAMPTON Joyful News in. (ed. 2) 108 b, By reiterat-
ing [1577 reitervng] the wette Linnen cloth in the Balsamo,
it will 'bee healed. i6aoSuRFLExCoutttrie Farrne I. xxv. 159
Marie must not be reiterated so oft as dung. 1643 J. STEER
tr. Exp. Chyrurg. vii. 28 This defensive is to be reiterated
two or three times every day. 1771 LUCKOMBE Hist. Print-
ing 330 Reiterating these lashes on the middlemost Notch
and Plattin hook.
fc. To re-excite (a disease). Obs. rare~ '.
1652 WHARTON Rothman't Chirom. Wks. (1683) 627 The
Moon, .being here Afflicted by the Quartile of Mars .. often
reiterateth small Fevers.
2. To repeat (a request, statement, word, etc.) ;
to give renewed expression to (a feeling).
1560 DAUS tr. Sleiaaru's Comnt, 186 b, The nobles re-
iterat their sute. 1599 NASHE Lenten Stuffe 36 With
what state he hath bene vsed from his swadling clouts,
I haue reiterated vnto you. i6za CALLIS Stat. Sewers (1647)
161 By reason this word Payment is reiterated three or four
times in this branch of the Statute. 1665 GLANVII.L Def.
Van. Dogm. A 2 b, Had I used another style I must have
been more diffuse in reiterating what I had said in the
opposed Essay. 1718 ELIZA HEYWOOD tr. Mine, de Gomez's
Belle A. (1732) II. 54 She now reiterated her Prayers, that
we would both avoid those dangerous Situations. 1782
Miss BURNEY Cecilia x. v, Cecilia re-iterated her assurances.
1815 Scorn Guy M. xxx, My father, .reiterated his orders,
that no one should presume to fire until he gave the word.
187* FARRAR Mario. Serm. i. 2 He reiterated again and
again . . the blessings and curses.
t b. To relate (a thing) again. Obs. rare—1.
c 1650 Don Bellianis 91 And so reiterating all his Exploits
(as heretofore set down).
f3. To walk over (a place) again. Obs. rare-1.
1648 HERRICK Heifer., Teares to Tamasis (1902) 293 No
more shall I reiterate thy Strand.
f4. intr. To occur again. Obs. rare—1.
1733 STACK in Phil. Trans. XLI. 141 This having reiterated
several times, a Son of hers . . perceiv'd [etc.).
Hence Kei'terating vbl. sb. sxAppl. a.
1641 SMECTYMNUUS Answ. ii. (1653) ™ The often and im-
pertment_ reiterating of the Lords Prayer. 1649 MILTON
Eikon. viii. Wks. 1851 III. 396 It was ill that som body
stood not neer to whisper him, that a reiterating Judge is
wors then a tormentor. 1694 SALMON Bate's Dispens. (1713)
a 3 Notwithstanding this seeming Repetition, or reiterating
of the very same Thing sometimes.
Reiterated (r^i-tere'ted), ///. a. [f. prec. +
-ED !.] Repeated : a. of actions, events, etc.
1643 MILTON Divorce I. viii, Wks. 1851 IV. 40 Against
reiterated scandals and seducements which never cease.
1678 CUDWORTH Intell. Syst. \. iv. 429 The Stoicks . . sup-
posed in the Reiterated Conflagrations, all the Gods to be
Melted and Confounded into One. 1768 BOSWELL Corsica
REJECT.
iii. (ed. 2) 228 The reiterated turmoils, which during a course
of ages, have shaken this island. 1817 STEU ART Planter's G.
(1828) 50 At each and all of these reiterated removals, the
Roots . .were shortened and pruned. 187* DARWIN Emotions
viii. 201 The anthropoid apes utter a reiterated sound,
corresponding with our laughter.
b. of words, statements, etc.
1677 HORNECK Gt. Law Consid. iv. (1704) 198 A frequent,
reiterated, lively representation of the danger of a sinful
life. 1795 BURKE Regie. Peace iv. (1892) 269 After their
reiterated oaths for our extirpation. 1829 SCOTT A tine ofG.
ii, The entreaties and reiterated assurances of his guide in-
duced him to pause. 1868 MILMAN .St. Paul's v. 105 Such
solemn and reiterated appeals to God.
Rei'teratedly , adv. [f. prec. + -LT 2.] In
a reiterated manner ; by way of reiteration.
1789 ELIZ. BLOWER Gco. Bateman III. 218 In which they
had reiteratedly enjoyed their endearing society. 1834 MAR.
EOGEWORTH Helen (Rtldg.) 332 'Lady Emily Greville's
carriage1 now resounded reiteratedly. 1866 Reader No. 170.
317/2 Reiteratedly dilates upon the diverse doctrines.
So Rei teratedness.
1830 BENTHAM Offic. Apt. Maximized, Further Extr. 18
Of the assertion, when orally delivered, the probative force
is as the loudness and reiteratedness of it.
t Bei'terately, adv. Obs. rare. [f. REITE-
BATE pa. pple. + -LY '*.] — REITERATEDLY.
1654-66 EARL ORRERY Part/ten. (1676) 702 He reiterately
vowed, .he would tell. 1794 St. Papers in Ann. Reg. 222
Apprehensions which his Imperial majesty has reiterately
manifested.
Reiteration (ri'iiter^-Jan). Also 7-8 ret-, [a.
F. riiteration (i6th c.), or ad. L. reiteration-em,
n. of action f. reiterare to REJTEBATE.]
1. The (or an) act of reiterating, repetition :
a. of actions, etc.
1560 BECON Nan Catech. y. Wks. 1564 I. 459 In thaltare
there is no reiteratyon or doing again of (chnstes) sacrifice,.
1604 EDMONDS Oosero. Cxsars Comm. 4 When they see
their best . . indeuours atchieue nothing, but a reiteration
of their labours. 1667 BOYLE in Phil, frans. II. 597 The
other . . Experiment . . needed a reiteration to confirm it.
1833 J. H. NEWMAN Arians n. iii. (1876) 163 That there is,
(so to express it,) a reiteration of the One Infinite Nature
of God. x8^a J. G. MURPHY Comm., Lev. viii. 35 A sacrifice
having atoning validity needs no reiteration.
b. of statements, etc.
1656 BRAMHALL Kef lie. 34 All that followes .. is but a
reiteration of the same things, without adding one more
grain of reason to enforce it a 1708 BEVERIDGE Thes. Theol.
(1710) I. 61 your Baptismal vow and promise, and .your
many reiterations of it. x8a8 SCOTT F. M. Perth xxiii, A
liar who endeavours by reiteration to obtain a credit for his
words. 1875 MCLAREN Serm. Ser. II. vi. 96 You will observe
the reiteration of the same earnest cry in all these clauses.
2. Typog. The action of printing on the back of
a sheet ; the impression thus made. Also attrib.
1683 MOXON Mech. Exerc., Printing xxiv. f 15 He folds it
again, as before, for a Token-sheet when he works the
Reiteration. Ibid., Having now turned the Heap, and
made Register on the Reteration Form, he Works off the
Reteration. 1727-38 CHAMBERS Cycl. S.V. Printing, When
the sheet is returned for an impression on the other side,
called the reiteration. 1771 LUCKOMBE Hist. Printing 333.
Reiterative (ri|i-terAiv), a. and sb. [f. as
REITEBATE v. + -IVE: cf. F. reittratif, -ive (i6th
c.).] a. adj. Characterized by reiteration, b. sb.
A word expressing reiteration.
a 1813 A. MURRAY Hist. European Lang. (1823) II. ^279
Reiterativesor verbs expressive of repeated or intense action.
1834 Fraser's Mag. IX. 76 Do away with the iterative and
reiterative plan altogether, and substitute an intellectual
one. 1868 LZGHTFOOT Comm. Phil. Introd. iv. (1873) °^ l^e
then urges his converts to unity in the strong reiterative
language which has been already noticed.
Hence Bei'teratively ado.
1619 Arraignm. Barnevelt § 23 Notwithstanding, that by
the States ofVtrecht, they were reiteratiuely willed and re-
quired to doe it. 1877 Fraser's Mag. XVI. 399 The title of
'successor of the successor * . . would soon have become
reiteratively inconvenient,
Keith, var. RETHE a. Obs. Reitter, obs. f.
REITEB. Reive, Reiver, etc. : see REAVE,
REAVER. Reijhte, obs. pa. t. REACH n.1 Reiz,
obs. f. RsisS.
t Rejag, sb. Obs. rare. [Cf. next and JAG
sb.1 1 : see also REJABG.] A sharp retort.
1554 tr. Latimer's Protest, in Strype Eccl. Mem. (1721)
IIlTApp. xxxiv. 92, I coulde. .not be suffered to declare my
faithe befor you.. without snakkes, reiagges, revilinges,
chekkes, rebukes, and tauntes. l8»S JAMIESON, Rejag, a
repartee. Loth[ianJ.
T Reja'g, v. Obs. rare. [f. RE- 2 a + JAG z/.i]
To controvert, refute ; to reply smartly.
c 1440 Promp. Pan. 427/2 Reiaggyn (or reprevyn), re-
darguo. 1825 JAMIESON, Rejag, to give a smart answer.
tReja'gged,///. a. Obs. rare— 1. [RE- 53.]
Jagged or torn repeatedly.
igaz SKELTON Why not to Court 603 Ye raynbetyn beggers
reiagged. Ye recrayed ruffyns all ragged !
tRejarg. Obs.-1 [?f. JARGV.] = REJAG sb.
1534 WHITINTON Tullyes Offices I. (1540) 26 Somtyme
reiarges and chydynges be specially vsed amonge louers and
frendes.
Reject (rfdje'kt),!*. [orig. an absolute use of
next ; in later use f. the vbj
f 1. One who is rejected ; a castaway. Obs.
a 1555 PHILPOT Exam, ff Writ. (Parker Soc.) 337 What if
that multitude of men were.. not of his elects, but of the
rejects? 1622 JACKSON Judah must into Caftivilie 4 The
reject of the Lord.
REJECT.
393
REJOICE.
2. A thing rejected as unsatisfactory.
1893 Nation (N. Y.) 16 Feb. 125/1 The rough-chipped
stones . . are simply * rejects '.
t Reje'ct, pa- ppte* and ///. a, Obs. [ad. L.
reject-its, pa. pple. of rejicere to REJECT.] Re-
jected ; cast back or away.
1431-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) IV. 283 These childer entend-
enge the dethe of here fader were reiecte, and putte a wey
from hym. 1491 CAXTON Vitas Pair. (W. de W. 1495) i.
xlii. 68 b/2 By the power of god whyche wythstode her, she
was reiecte and caste abacke from the yate. 1556 ROBINSON
More's Utop. n. (ed. 2) (Arb.) 82 vtarg., Husbandrie . . now
a dayes is reiect vnto a fewe of the basest sort. 1581
HKNTLEY Man. Matrones ii. 195 It is a manifest and great
token, that man is reiect from the mercie and fauour of God.
Reject (rrdje'kt), v. Also 6 Sc. rejekk-.
[f. L. reject-^ ppl. stem of reicfrc (rejicere} to throw
back, f. re- RE- + jacere to throw. Cf. also obs. F.
rejecter var.of rejetter, mod.F. rejeter: see jETz/.2]
1. trans. To refuse to recognize, (fallow,) ac-
qniesce in, submit to, or adopt (a rule, command,
practice, etc.) ; to refuse credit to (a statement).
1494 FABYAN Chron. vn. 351 Bothe those and other [or-
dinances] that were right necessary for ya common weale of
the cytie were reiected and put of. \qy$Act 11 Hen. K//,
c. 2 § 5 It be laufull to ij of the Justices, .to rejecte and put
aweycomen ale selling in Tounes. 1563 Vfiti^vT FoierScoir
Tkre Quest. Wks. (S.T. S.) 1. 127 Quhy reiect ?e and dispyssis
thesaminindirTerentHeas superstitious oridolatrical. . ? 1611
BIBLE Transl. Pref. P 4 It is a manifest falling away from
the Faith.. to reiect any of those things that are written.
1654 BRAMHALL Just Vind, ii. (1661) n The Court of Rome
would have obtruded upon us new articles of faith, [but] we
have rejected them. 1736 BUTLER Anal. Introd., Wks. 1874
I. 8 The whole method of government by punishments should
be rejected as absurd. 1784 COWPER Task vi. 981 Not that
he peevishly rejects a mode Because that world adopts it.
1839 THIRLWALL Greece VI. 275 Nor perhaps ought we to
reject the farther account.. as a groundless fiction. 1875
JOWETT Plato (ed. 2) V. 375 He who rejects the law must
find some other ground of objection.
b. absol. or intr. To be disobedient, rare"1.
1851 MAYHEW Land. Labour II. 349/2 If they resist and
reject, in what way do you force them up?
2. To refuse to have or take for some purpose ;
to set aside or throw away as useless or worthless.
1531 ELYOT Gov. n. xxv. 86 b, What is to be effectually
folowed or pursued, reiectinge the residue. 1585 T. WASH-
INGTON tr. Nicholay's Voy. Ep. Ded., Aristotle . . reiecteth
infantes and otde men as insufficient. 1611 BIBLE Matt. xxi.
42 The stone which the builders reiected, the same is
become the head of the corner. 1660 BARROW Euclid Pref.
(1714) i Having in a manner rejected and undervalued the
other seven [books]. 1697 DRYDF.N Virg. Georg. in. 598
Reject him, lest he darken all the Flock. 1774 GOLDSM.
Nat. Hist. (1776) III. 176 The cow.. eats two hundred and
seventy-six plants, and rejects two hundred and eighteen.
1813 SHELLEY Q. Mob in. 170 Nature rejects the monarch,
not the man; The subject, not the citizen. 1828 D'ISKAELI
Chas. /, II. iv. 87 At the present election, whoever had urged
the payment of the loan was rejected.
absol. 1850 BROWNING Easter-Day xxx. iii, So I ., Go
through the world, try, prove, reject, Prefer.
3. To refuse (something offered) ; to decline to
receive or accept.
1671 MILTON P. R. ii. 457 What if with like aversion I re-
ject Riches and Realms. 1697 DRYDEN l^irg: Past. vm. 2
The Love rejected and the Lover's pains I sing. 1766
GOLDSM. Vic. W. xxvii, Good counsel rejected, returns to
enrich the giver's bosom. 1822 SHELLEY tr. Calderon n. 21
Hear'st thou, Hell ! dost thou reject it ? My soul is offered !
1871 R. ELLIS tr. Catullus xxiii. 24 Such prosperity. .Slight
not, Furius, idly nor reject not.
•j* b. To refuse to be something. Obs. rare "~1.
1795 Fate ofSedley I. 124 Would you suspect that a little
rustic . . could possibly reject to be the wife of a man endowed
with rank, fortune and figure?
4. To expel from the mouth or stomach.
1667 MILTON P. L. x. 567 Bitter Ashes, which th' offended
taste With spattering noise rejected. 1733 ARBUTHNOT
Rules of Diet in Aliments, etc. 294 Tough Phlegm fre-
quently rejected by Vomiting. 1825 LAMB Elia ii. Barbara
.9— , When he crammed a portion of it [fowl] into her mouth,
she was obliged sputteringly to reject it.
b. absol. or intr. To vomit, rare.
1822-34 Good's Study Med. (ed. 4) I. 502 As soon as the
patient rejects, he may be allowed a little warm water, ad-
ministered to him sparingly.
f 5. To dismiss (a person) from some relation to
oneself; to cast off. Also const, from. Obs.
1530 PALSGR. 683/1 He was ones rejected, howe fortuneth it
that he cometh thus in favoure agayne? a 1548 HALL
Chron., Henry Vltl 200 b, That she should whole .xxij.
yeres and more serue him as hys wyfe. .and now to reiecte
her, what Princely maner is that. 1611 BIBLE i Saw. xv. 23
He hath also reiected thee from being king. — Jer. vii. 29
The Lord hath reiected, and forsaken the generation of his
wrath.
t b. To cast off, abandon (a principle or con-
dition). Obs.
1587 TURBERV. Trag. T. (1837) 127 As bee rejected quight
The faith he should have borne Her husband. 1616 CAPT.
SMITH Wks. (Arb.) 552 At last, rejecting her barbarous con-
dition, [she] was maned to an English Gentleman.
t o. To dismiss from one's mind. Obs.-1
1596 DALRYMPI.E tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. HI. 180 Casting. .
asyd the commoune effairis of the Realme, reiecteng the
commoune welth and contemneng the Nobilitie.
6. To repel or rebuff (one who makes advances of
any kind) ; to refuse to accept, listen to, admit, etc.
1561 DACS tr. Bullingeron Apoc. (1573) 182 Symon Magus
also did couet the same grace : but he was sore reiected of
S. Peter the Apostle. 1611 BIBLE John xii. 48 He that re-
VOL. VIII.
iecteth me, and receiueth not my words, hath one that
iudgeth him. 1671 MILTON Samson 760 Not to reject The
penitent, but ever to forgive. 1748 BUTLER Strtn. Wks.
1874 II. 315 Hospitals are often obliged to reject poor
objects which offer . . for want of room. 1788 GIBBON Decl.
ff F. 1. V._205 Whosoever hates or rejects any one of the
prophets, is numbered with the infidels.
b. Of a woman : To refuse (a man) as lover or
husband. Also with compl,, and absol.
1581 RICHE Farewell Mil. Prof. liiij Seyng you haue so
scornfully reiected me to be your loiall housbande. 1592
SHAKS. Ven. $ Ad. 159 Then woo thy selfe, be of thy
selfe reiected. 17x2-14 POPE Rape Lock i. 10 O say what
stranger cause, yet unexplor'd, Could make a gentle Belle
reiect a Lord? Ibid. n. 12 Oft she rejects, but never once
offends. 1858 LONGF. M. Standish vn. 8 Thus to be flouted,
rejected, and laughed to scorn by a maiden.
fc. To deny (one who makes a request). Obs~l
1611 BIBLE Mark vi. 26 The king was exceeding sory, yet
for his othes sake, .bee would not reiect her.
7. To refuse to grant, entertain, or agree to
(a request, proposal, etc.).
1602 MARSTON Antonio's Rev. in. i, She seemeth to reject
his suite, a 1648 LD. HERBERT Hen. VIII (i64Q) 545 But
this [proposal] was rejected ; both to exclude the Protestants
admittance [etc.]. 1726 SWIFT Gulliver in. i, I knew him
to be so honest a man, that I could not reject his proposal.
1837 THIRLWALL Greece xxxiii. IV. 305 The orders of Cyrus
he treated as a suggestion, which he might adopt or reject
at his discretion. 1874 GREEN Short Hist. iii. § 5. 139 The
demand was at once rejected by the baronage.
f 8. a. To refer (a matter or person) to another
for decision. Also const, into a place. Obs.
1533 BELLENDEN Livy v. x. (S.T.S.) II. 183 Eftir |>at t?is
mater was lang dispute afore be senate, It was reieckit to be
bischoppis, bat bai mycht decerne bareapoun. 1603 KNOLLES
Hist. Turks 637 Barbarussa thus rejected into Syria,., per-
ceived that it tended to his no small disgrace. Ibid., marg.,
Barbarussa rejected to Abraham the great Bassa.
•J* b. To cast (a fault, etc.) back upon a person.
Also const, to. Obs.
a 1555 PHILPOT Exam, $ Writ. (Parker Soc.) 402 Either
we reject the cause of sin upon God, other else do renew the
stoical destiny. 1581 N. BURNE Disfut. iv. 9 Ane man sould
not reiect the caus of his auin euil and vickednes to the
prescience of god, bot to him self. 1643 TRAPP Comm. Gen.
iii. 12 Here he rejects the fault upon the woman, and thorow
her, upon God. 1678 MARVELL Def. J. Hmve Wks. (Grosart)
IV. 170 They have found a nudity in the Creator, and did
implicitly reject their fault upon Him.
•f* c. To put (a thing) away into a place. 06s."1
1579 FULKE Hesktns' Parl. 70 The figures of Manna, and
the waters, he reiecteth into the third booke.
9. To throw or cast back ; f to repel, repulse
(an assailant), rare.
1603 KNOLLES Hist. Turks (1621) 281 Who fighting at too
much disadvantage, were by the Turks easily rejected. 1826
[see REJECTED /£*/. a. b]. 1869 PHILLIPS Vesu-v. ix. 252 The
sea is rejected from the shore, to return in mighty waves.
1889 SVMONDS in Fort n. Rev. XLV. 57 We can neither reject
ourselves into the past, nor project ourselves into the future,
with certainty sufficient to decide [etc.].
•\ b. To cut off (a person) from some resource.
1601 in Moryson I tin. (1617) n. 181 So [he would] bee
utterly rejected from having either credit or aides hereafter
from them. 1711 Fingall MSS. in loM Rep. Hist. MSS.
Comm. App. V. 137 His great officers., would have the Irish
..to be rejected from all expectation of recovering their
estates. 1737 WHISTON Josef hits ^ Antiq. xvi. iii. § 3 The
young men were intirely rejected from any hopes of the
kingdom.
Hence Beje*cting vbl. sb.
1589 RIDER Bibl, Schol.} Areiecttng, rejectio. a 1653 GOUGE
Comm. Heb. x. 29 This sin is a wilful rejecting of the means,
whereby the wounds of sin should be healed.
Rejectable (i/dge'ktab'l), a. [f. prec. +
-ABLE.] That may be, or ought to be, rejected.
1611 COTGR., ^£«jfa&>,reiectable,refusable. 1706 in PHIL-
LIPS (ed. Kersey). 1820 W. TOOKE tr. Lucian I, 229 Do you
understand the difference between acceptable and rejectable
objects..? 1847 CARLVLE in Froude Life in Land. xvii.
(1884) II. 18 Melancholy and rejectable spy-glasses.
Hence Beje'ctableness.
1853 PULSFORD tr. Mailer's Doctr. Sin I. 37 That, .a strong
consciousness is able to be distinctly realized of the reject-
ableness of evil.
t Reje'ctameiit. Obs. rare. [ad. mod.L. re-
jectamentum : see next.] a. Refuse, b. One who
is rejected.
1653 SCLATER Funeral Sertn. z$Sept. (1654) 7 That rejecta-
ment, which is scraped from the dirty pavement. 1681
COLVIL Whigs Suppltc. (1751) 153 Your majesty's wisdom
inherent , , Will not disdain to hear complaints Of us though
but rejectaments.
II Rejectamenta (rrd^ektame-nta). [mod.L.,
pi. of reject amentum : see REJECT v. and -MENT.]
1. Things rejected as useless or worthless ; refuse.
1816 KIRBV&SP. -£«£»«<>/. xxvi. (1818) 11.437 A scavenger,
whose business it is to sweep the streets and convey the
rejectamenta to one grand repository. 1849 D. J. BROWNE
Amer. Poultry Yd. (1855) 201 The rejectamenta of the
kitchen, .are. .accepted with eagerness. 1877 W. H. DALL
Tribes N. W. 45 Bones, shells, and all varieties of rejecta-
menta having been deposited here for centuries.
2. Wrack or rubbish cast up by the sea.
1819 SAMOOELLE Entoniol. Compend. 101 [He] found it . .
amongst rejectamenta of the sea. 1856 Zoologist XIV. 5309
It had been taken beneath marine rejectamenta at Exmouth. I
1866 TATE Brit. Mollusks iv. 155 /*»/* baaia is common
among the rejectamenta of our tidal rivers.
3. Phys. Excremental matter.
1879 PACKARD Zool. ii. (1881) 43 There being many pores
or mouths, and but a single outlet for the rejectamenta. i
tXtejecta'neons, a. Obs. [ad. L. rejectaneus
(coined by Cicero to render the Stoic dirowpor/^-
/teVoy), f. rejicere to REJECT ; cf. extraneous,
spontaneous^ etc.] Deserving rejection, rejectable.
(Common in H. More's works.)
1657 FARINDON Scrm. Pref. 22 Others are more forced,
and therefore Rejectaneous and unprofitable. 1678 GALE
Crt. Gentiles III. 93 A reprobate, spurious, drossie, vain,
adulterine, rejectaneous mind. 1734 BERKELEY Analyst § 28
Supposing the rejectaneous algebraical quantity to be an
infinitely small or evanescent quantity.
Rejected (r/dge-kted), ///. a. [f. REJECT v.
+ -ED1.] Refused, repudiated, cast out, etc.
1760-79 H. BROOKE Fool o/Qual. (1809) III. 57 The com-
mons can . . annex the rejected bills to their bill of aids. 1819
SHELLEY Cenei iv. iv. 151 Stain not a noble house With vague
surmises of rejected crime. 1856 KANK Arct. Ex£l. II. xix.
191, I lost some time in collecting such parts of his rejected
cargo as I could find.
b. Ent. Thrown back ; not admitted between
other parts.
1826 KIRBY & SP. Entomol. xlvi. IV. 332 An insect having
a visible Scutellum. a. Rejected. . . When, though visible, it
does not intervene between the elytra at their base.
Rejecter (rfd3e-kt3J). [f. as prec. -t- -ER1.
Cf REJECTOR.] One who rejects.
1570 FOXE A. (S- M. (ed. 2) 2134/1 To exhorte .. these
Agamistes and wilfull reiectersof matrimonie, to take them-
selues to lawfull wiues. 1675 BROOKS Gold. Key Wks. 1867
V. 411 However the rejecters of Christ may escape judgment
for a time. 1706 CLARKE Let. to Dod-well (1712) 12 It will
follow .. that neither Rejecters of the Gospel, nor wicked
Christians, .. shall be condemned to any other punishment.
a 1754 FIELDING Contiersat. Wks. 1771 VIII. 115 These re.
jecters of society borrow all their information from their own
savage dispositions. 1830 J. MARTINEAU Stud. Chr. (1873)
484 The motive of the rejecter is different.
t Reje'Ctible, a. and sb. Obs. *= REJECTABLE.
1702 S. PARKER tr. Cicero's De Pinions v. 353 Terms Un-
heard-of and Invented by themselves, Prodncta, for Instance,
and Rejecta (as if one shou'd say Promotables and Rejecti-
bles). 1748 RICHARDSON Clarissa (\%ii) I. 301 He would be
far from being rejectible as a companion for life.
Reje'ctingly, adv. [f. pres. pple. of REJECT
v. + -LT'A] In a rejecting manner.
1832 Blackw. Mag. XXXII. 503 He waved his hand re-
jectmgly. 1889 Daily News 4 Apr. 5/8 She jerks her hand-
kerchief rejecting! y at them until the chosen suitor arrives.
Rejection (r/d^e-kjon). [a. F. rejection (i6th
c.), or ad. L. rejection-em, n. of action f. rejicfre
to REJECT.] The action of rejecting or the state
of being rejected.
i«z in HULOET. 1553 T. WILSON Rhet. 99 b, Rejeccion
is then used when we lay suche faultes from us as our enemies
would charge us with all. 1597 HOOKER Eccl. Pol. v.
Ixviii. § 6 Vtter rejection of the whole Christian faith. 1647
CLARENDON Hist. Rcb. n. § 74 They who were for a rejec-
tion of the King's Proposition. 1744 HARRIS Three Treat.
Wks. (1841) 86 Were this neglected, what would become of
selection and rejection. .? 1835 MissMiTFORD in L'Estrange
Life (1870) III. iii. 36 We grieve over the rejection of the
Irish Church Bills last year and this. 1856 FROUDE Hist.
Eng. (1858) II. ix. 334 The Count.. left Paris with a decisive
rejection of the emperor's advances.
b. concr. That which is rejected ; excrement.
1605 VERSTECAN Dec. Intell. iv. (1628) 100 The sand
banckes or downes, which the reiection of the sea by little
and little hath raised and cast vp. 1839 Britannia 13 July,
Happy to sun himself and sleep on the basest rejections of
the public stable. 1896 Allbutt's Syst. Med. I. 898 The
later rejections are watery and copious.
t Rejecti'tions, a. Obs. [ad. late L. rejecti-
tiust f. rejice're to REJECT : see -ITIOUS, and cf. RE-
JECTANEOUS.] Deserving rejection ; rejected.
1615 W. HULL Mirr. Maiestie 60 The refuse and reiecti-
tious people of Israel. i64aCuDWORTH/?wc. Lord* s Supper
43 Those other Feria's, which have beene made Rejectitious
since, by that Calendar. 1653 WATERHOUSE Apol. 151 Per-
sons spurious and rejectitious, whom their Families and
Allies nave disowned.
Reje'ctive, a. [f. as REJECT v. + -IVB.] That
rejects, or tends to cast off (Webster 1828-32).
Rejectment (r^e'ktment). [f. as prec. +
-MENT. Cf. REJECTAMENT.]
fl. Rejection. Obs. rare.
a 1677 MANTON Christ** Tempt. Matt. iv. 7 Wks. 1870 I.
209 If Achitophel could not endure the rejectment of his
counsel [etc.]. 1690 Col. Rec. Pennsylv. I. 338 The Com-
mittee of This board presented the Promulgated bills with
Amendments and Rejectments.
2, concr. Rejected matter, excrement. Also //.
1828-32 WEBSTER (citing EATON). Rejectment, matter
thrown away. 1829 J. L. KNAPP Jrnl. Nat. 107 Originating
probably from the rejectments of birds.
Rejector (r&£Tkgb). [a- L. rejector, agent-n.
f. renefre to REJECT.] « REJECTER.
1752 WARBURTON Wks. (1788) IX. 269 The Rejectors of it
.. would do well to consider the grounds on which they
stand. 1857 KEBLE Ench. Ador. 40 The same sort of trial
..as the Holy Communion has evermore been to rejectors.
Rejekk-, obs. So. form of REJECT v.
f Reje*rk, v. Obs. [RE-.] trans. To jerk back.
1605 SYLVESTER Du Bartas u. iii. iv. CaptainfS 527 Smarter
then Racquets in a Court re-jerk Balls gainst the Wals of
the black-boorded house.
tRejoi'Ce, sb. Obs. Also 5-6 rejoyse, 6-7
rejoyce. [f. the vb.] Joy, rejoicing ; a cause of
joy. (Common in l6th c.)
c 1468 in Archaeol. (1846) XXXI. 329 He rejoisid, and in
his rejoyse in suche case, me thought, as Troylus was in.
50
REJOICE.
394
KEJOIN.
c 1530 L. Cox Rkct. (1899) 52, I have thought it a synguler
reioyse to me if I myght ones se you gadred to-gyther. 1581
BENTLEY A/on. Matrones Ep. Ded., To your euerlastmg
comfort, and the rejoice of Christian harts. i68a SIR T.
BROWNE Chr. Mor, \\. § 6 The Angels must not want their
charitable Rejoyces for the conversion of lost Sinners.
Rejoice (r/dgoi-s), v. Forms ; a, 4-6 reioyse,
(5 reioysse, reyjoysse, resjoysse, reyoyse,
5-6 reioys), reioyes-e, (6 Sc. -ioyis, -ioiyss) ;
4-6 reioise, (5 -sae, 6 Sc. reiois) ; 5-7 reioyce,
(7-8 rejoyce), 5 rejoice. £. 4 reioische, -sshe,
4-5 reioysche, -sshe ; 4-5 reios(c)he. 7. 5-6
reiose, (5 reypse), Sc. reios(s, -ioaz, 6 reioce.
[a. OF. rejoiss-, resjoiss-, lengthened stem of
rejoir (later rejouir> mod.F. rtjouir\ f. re- RE- +
joir to JOY v. : cf. REJOY. (See also JOISE z>.)]
f 1. trans. To enjoy by possessing ; to have full
possession and use of (a thing). Obs.
1303 R. BRUNNE Handl. Synne 2032 Swyche an eyre y
vnderstande Shal neuer wel reioshe hys lande. c 1350 Will.
P^alertte 4102 pat here spue.. 111131 reioische bat reaume as
ri$t eir hi kinde. 1424 in T. A. Beck Ann. Fumes (1844)
395 That he have and rejoise iiij." cartfulle of Turfes yerly
with in the place forsaide. 1494 FABYAN Chron. v. cviii. 82
He reioysed his reygne but shorte whyle. 1525 LD. BERNERS
Froiss. II. cci. [cxcvii.J 615 The duke of Lancastre is gone
into Acquytayne, to reioyce the gyfte that the kynge..hath
gyuen hym. 1577 FENTON Gold. Epist. 251 Many couetous
men do we see. .to whom God giues power to get riches..
but not libertie to reioyce and vse them.
f b. To have (a person) as husband or wife ; to
have for oneself; to enjoy (a woman). Obs.
1430-40 LVDG. Bochas in, xxvL (1554) 97 b, Dary cast ..
Her to reioyce agein hys father's wyll. c 1440 Generydes
3696 Sekerly this is the comon voyse, In all the courte
that he shall hir reioyse. 1470-85 MALORY Arthur vi. xv.
207 [The damsel said) sythen I maye not reioyce the to
haue thy body on lyue. c 1530 LD. BERNERS Arth. Lyt.
Bryt. (1814) 417 Who so euer shold haue the chaplet . . shoulde
in lykewyse reioyse my lady Florence, your doughter.
•f o. To enjoy (a condition or privilege). Obs.
1458 Pol. Poems (Rolls) II. 254 God hold hem longe..That
Anglonde may rejoise concord and unite. 1485 Act i Hen.
Vfli c. ii § i They have and rejoice such fredomes and
liberties as doth denesyns born within this realme*
2. To gladden, make joyful, exhilarate (a person,
his spirits, etc.).
c 1366 CHAUCER A. B.C. 101 We han noon ooj«r melodye
or glee Vs to reioyse in oure aduersitee. 1375 BARBOUK
Bruce ii. 551 Thar cummyng Reiosyt rycht gretumly the
king. £1430 LYDG. Min. Poems (Percy Spc.) 78 Than I
herd a voyce celestialle, Rejoysyng my spirites inwardly.
1513 BRADSHAW St. IVerburge \. 1724 All these hystoryes
noble and auncyent Reioysynge the audyence he sange with
pleasuer. 1578 LYTE Dodoens \\. Ixxi. 241 It reioyceth and
recreateth the spirites. a 1648 LD. HERBERT Hen. Vlff
(1683) 40 This, as it rejoyced the King, so it put him in
mind of the Vicissitude of all worldly things. 1712 ADDISON
Sped. No. 269 f 8, I love to rejoice their poor Hearts at this
season. 1774 KAMES Sketches ii. viii. (1807) II. 178 It
rejoices me, that the same mode is adopted in this island.
1863 COWDEN CLARKE Shaks. Cltar. xvii. 431 His body he
rejoices with sack-posset. 1885-94 R. BRIDGES Eros #
Psyche May vi, Too fair for human art, so Psyche thought,
It might the fancy of some god rejoice.
b. In passive. Const. a(, f /";;, f of, etc.
1375 BARBOUR Bruce xi. 269 To maynteym weill thair
franchiss, He wes reiosit on mony wiss. c 1430 LYDG. Min.
Poems (Percy Soc.) 3 For Davyd aftyr his victory Reyjoyssed
whas alle Jerusalem, c 1470 HENRY Wallace iv. 705 Off his
presence scho rycht reiosit was. 1523 LD. BERNERS Froiss.
I. 275 Of whose comynge the hole courte was greatly re-
joysed. 1567 Gude $ Godlie B. (S. T. S.) 58, I am reioysit
at my hart, To se his godlie face. 1666 PEPYS Diary 6 June,
All the Court was in a hubbub, being rejoiced over head and
ears in this good news. 1801 Lustgnan II. 94 You do not
..look half so rejoiced when we meet as I do. 1841 LANK
Arab. Nts. I. 105 The King was rejoiced at seeing him.
t O. Hunting. To reward (a hound). Obs.-1
c 1400 Master of Game (MS. Digby 182) x, J>enn J>e hunter
reioyseth his houndes for be explette of his houndes and
also for it is vermynn bat bei renne too.
3. refl. To make (oneself) glad or joyful ; hence
= sense 5. Now rare.
c 1386 CHAUCER Clerks T. 89, I me reioysid of my liberte.
c 1400 MAUNDEV. (1830) xxxi. 309 Thei rejoyssen hem hugely
for to speke there of. 1484 CAXTON Fables of Auian xv,
None oughte to reioysshe hym self of his worship. 1512
Helyas in Thorns Prose Rom. (1858) III. 91 Every person
rejoyced them in theyr degree. 1586 A. DAY Eng. Secretary
i. (1625) 14 Rejoycing my self on .. the hope I have to be re-
turned in safetie. 1876 RUSKIN Fors Clnv. Ixu. 60 Rejoice
myself with a glance at the volutes of the Erectheium.
transf. 1486 Bk. St. A loans Biv, Whan yowre hawke
hath slayne a fowls, and is rewarded as I haue sayde, let
hir not flie in no whise tyll y* she haue Reiosed hir.
1 4. To feel joy on account of (an event). Also
it is rejoiced^ there is rejoicing. Obs.
1468 Paston Lett. II. 325 My Lorde coude nat bileve it
but if he harde it, how it is rejoysshid in som place that he
is nat Chaunceleer. 1505 in Mem. Hen. VII (Rolls) 256
They that knowe your grace gretely do rejoyse the maryaje.
1534 MORE Treat, Passion Wks. 1279/1 His visitacion thei
reioysed not, but were afeard to come nere him. 1556 J.
HEYWOOD Spider fy F. Concl. 24 Let vs rather,. Lament
their false facktes then reioyce their foule falls. 1611 SHAKS.
Cytnb. v. v. 370 Nere Mother Reioyc'd deliuerance more.
5. intr. To be full of joy ; to be glad or greatly
delighted ; to exult.
CX374 CHAUCER Troylus v. 1165 It is not al for nought
That in myn herte I now reioyse thus, c 1410 HOCCLEVE
Mother of God 55 His precious deeth made .. cristen folk
for to reioisen euere. 1500-20 DUNBAR Poems xlviii. 158
Quhairfoir me thocht all flouris did reioss. 1554-9 in Songs
$ Ball. Phil. # Mary(iS6o) 5 Nothyng shall let us uowe to
rejoys and be fayne. 1610 SHAKS. Temp. v. i. 206 O reioyce
Beyond a common ioy. 1650 JER. TAYLOR Holy Living iv.
8 9 (1727) 281 He once suffered, and for that reason he re-
instance of tyranny resisted with success. 1817 SHELLEY
Rev. Islam vin. xxviii, As if the sea, and sky, And earth,
rejoiced with new-born liberty. 1859 TENNYSON Geraint
771 Never man rejoiced More than Geraint to greet her thus
attired.
b. Const, aty in, f of, over. Also to rejoice in,
to have or possess.
1483 LD. DYNHAM in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. n. I. 157 All
the comones of the Contre greitly rejoysshe therof. 1526
Pilgr. Per/. (W. de W. 1531) 41 That other gloryed & re-
ioysed in his power. 1530 PALSGR. 683/2, I have reioysed. .
at his prosperyte. 1535 COVERDALE Judith x. 9 That leru-
salem maye reioyse ouer the. 1605 BP. ANDREWES Serm.
(1841) I. 14 They rejoice of our good. x6»8 GAULE Pract.
The. (1629) 181, 1 shall once so reioyce in him, that I cannot
more reioyce at my selfe. 1716 BUTLER Serm. Rolls Chap.
v. 80 When we rejoyce in the Prosperity of others. 1784
COWPER Task v. 326 Rejoice in him, and celebrate his sway.
1842 MRS. CARLYLE Lett. I. 163, I have had a parasol of
Mrs. Buller's, who rejoices in two. 1864 TENNYSON En.
Ard. 127 Rejoicing at that answer to his prayer.
O. Const, with clause, usu. with that.
14.. Tundale"s Fw., etc. (1843) 112 They in hart rejoysed
not a lyte, On hym to loke that they have lybarte. 01530
WOLSEY in G. Cavendish Life (Ellis) 184 Lett us all rejoyse
and be glade, that [etc.]. 1611 SHAKS. VVint. T. v. L 30
What were more holy, Then to reioyce the former Queene
is well? 1667 MILTON P. L. xn. 475 Whether I should re-
pent me. .or rejoyce. .that much more good thereof shall
spring. 1784 COWPER Task i. 339 Once more I . . rejoice That
yet a remnant of your race survives.
d. Const, with inf*
1508 DUNBAR Flyting 106 Quhat ferly is thocht thow reioys
to flyte? i$6x WINJET First Tract. Wks. (S. T. S.) I. 8
Vtheris .. reioyses to be callit Gospellaris and cunning in
Scripture. 1603 SHAKS. Meas.for Af. in. ii. 249 Reioycing
to see another merry. 1819 SHELLEY Prometh. Unb. i. 253
Grey mountains, and old woods,.. Rejoice to hear what yet
ye cannot speak,
Hence Rejoi'ced///. a.
1801 tr. Gabri fllCs Mysterious Husb. IV. 12 Mrs. Horton
flung her arms round the neck of her still more rejoiced
husband.
Bejoiceful (rrd^oi'sful), a. Now rare. [f.
REJOICE sb. + -FUL.] Joyful, joyous.
1538 ELYOT, Laetaoilist gladde, or reioycefull. 1598 DRAY-
TON Heroic. Ep.t Alice to Bl. Prince Annot., Poems (1619)
150 To whose last and lawful! Request, the reioycefull Ladie
sends this louing Answere. 1611 SPEED Hist. Gt. Brit. ix. xx.
§ 52. 744 In the ineane while the King makes a reioicefutl en-
trance into Excester. 1650 Descr. Flit. Hist. Europe Pref,
8 The hands of his loving and rejoycefull Subjects. 1890
SARAH J. DUNCAN Social Departure 395 Tranquil beyond
all telling. ., with no rejoiceful tint of rose and gold.
Rejoicement (r/cl^oi'sment). [f. REJOICE z>.
-t- -MENT. Cf. OF. rejouissement.] Joy, exulta-
tion, rejoicing.
1561 T. NORTON Calvin's fnst. it. 70 So hath he ben ac-
cepted with the well liking reipycement..of all ages. 16x1
SPEED Hist. Gt. Brit. ix. xvi. § 69. 668 The reioicement
caused by this seeming peace . . was wonderfully great.
1670 Conclave "wherein Clement VI II was elected Pope 32
It was rather a stupefaction than a rejoycement 1837
B. D. WALSH Aristoph^Acharnians \. i, What pleasure had
I worth rejoicement? 1894 Catholic News 8 Sept. 8 His
execution took place amidst a scene of popular rejoicement.
Rejoicer (r/dgoi-saj). [f. as prec. + -ER!.]
1. One who rejoices.
1610 HEALEY St. Aug. Citie of Cod 720 As if hee were
one of the hopefull sufferers, and patient rejoycers. 1648
Ded. T. Shefpartfs Clear Sunshine of Gospel^ England
might bee stirred up to be Rejoicers in . . these promising
beginnings. 1700 SOOTHERNE Fate of Capita \. i, A kind
Rejoycer in our Growth and Strength. 1845 BROWNING
Souts Trag. n. Wks. 1896 I. 476/2 By the side of such a
rejoicer. 1882 STEVENSON Fam. Stud. Pref. 18, 1 made haste
to rejoice with the rejoicers,
2. One who or that which causes rejoicing.
i6ia Two Noble K. v. i. 121 Briefe, I am. .To those that
would, and cannot, a rejoycer. a 1834 COLERIDGE Hymn to
Earth 16 Sister thou of the stars, and beloved by the sun,
the rejoicer.
Rejoicing (rrdgoi-sin), vbl sb. [-ING*.]
1. The action of the vb. REJOICE; the feeling
and expression of joy.
1375 BARBOUR Bruce xi. 415 In hert he had gret reiosying.
^1468 in Archaeol. (1846) XXXI. 331 W' mellodieus myn-
stralsye..,castingeout of flowers, rejoising of the people [etc.].
1484 CAXTON Fables of SEsop i. xv, Men ought not to be
glad ne take reioysshynge in the wordes of caytyf folke.
1555 EDEN Decades 58 Yet receaued they it with muche re-
ioysinge. 1610 SHAKS. Temp. in. i. 93 My reioycing At
nothing can be more. 1667 MILTON P. L. vn. 180 Great
triumph and rejoycing was in Heav'n. 1855 MACAULAY
Hist. Eng. xix. IV. 274 He heard the sounds of rejoicing
from the distant camp of the allies.
b. With a and pi. : An instance, occasion, or
expression of rejoicing ; a festival.
a 1540 BARNES Wks. 11573! 312/1 Men sit and laugh at
them, & haue a great reioysing in them. 1593 SHAKS. Liter.
332 Like little frosts that sometime threat the spring, To
ad a more reioysing to the prime. 1707 FBEIND Peter-
borow's Cond. Sp. 200 The rejoycings upon this occasion
were of short continuance. 1774 BRUCE in Burney Hist.
Mus. (1776) I. 215 The sixth [instrument] is peculiarly an
attendant on festivity and rejoicings. i864SKEAT Uhlantfs
Proems OT Who is found to tell to-day What such rejoicings
signify?
f 2. A cause or source of rejoicing or gladness.
c 1386 CHAUCER Manciple's T. 142 To myn hert it was a
reioisinge To here thi vois. 1500-10 DUNBAR Poems Ixxxix.
15 Oure secrete rejoysyng frome the sone beme. c 1560 A.
SCOTT Poems (S. T. S.) viii. 20 ^e be, hairt, My hairtis re-
losing. 16x1 BIBLE Jer. xv. 16 Thy word was unto me, the
ioy and reioycing of my heart.
3. attrib.) as rejoicing day, fire •, night, etc.
1611 SHAKS. Cymb. HI. i. 32 The fam'd Cassibulan. .Made
Luds-Towne with reioycing- Fires bright. 1711 ADDISON
Sped. No. 85 P i, I met with several Fragments of it upon
the bonenre was made tor him. 1771 L.UCKOMBE Hist. Print-
ing 269 Sudden commotions of the mind, .upon lamenting,
or rejoicing occasions. 1X8$ Academy $ Sept. 147/1 In 1660 he
preached a rejoicing sermon on the restoration of Charles 11.
Rejoi'cing, ///. a. [-ING 2.] That rejoices.
1560 BIBLE (Geneva) Zeph. ii. 15 This is the reioycing citie
that dwelt carelesse. 1700 PRIOR Cartn. Seculare 192 He. .
dictated a lasting peace To the rejoicing world below. 1752
HUME Ess. fy Treat. (1777) II. 9 To bring light from ob-
scurity .. must needs be delightful and rejoicing. 1798
COLERIDGE France i, Thou rising Sun 1 thou blue rejoicing
Sky ! x86z TULLOCH Eng. Purit. I. L 56 An easy and re-
joicing hospitality, .had reduced the fortunes of the house.
Rejorcingly, adv. [f. prec. + -LY 2.] jn
a rejoicing manner.
XSS6 J. HEYWOOD Spider fy F. i. 22 Whiche I (reioysynglie)
herde and behelde. 1596 H. CLAPHAM Briefe Bible u. 153
Reioycinglie they would suffer any death at the handes of
the Romanes. x6s« FRENCH Yorksh. Spa iii. 36 A Fountain
. .doth at the sound of a pipe rejoycmgly exult and leap up.
1829 SOUTHEY Pilgr. Compostelta, Legend x, The Father
and Mother were last in the train; Rejoicingly they came.
1885 SWINBURNE Misc. (1886) 322 A fact to be thankfully
and rejoicingly accepted.
Rejoin (rrdsoi'n), v.1 Also 5-7 rejoyn, (7 -nd).
tad. F. rejoin-, rejoindre, f. re- RE- + joindre to
OIN. The sense, however, is not recorded in F.,
and was prob. developed in AF. legal rase.]
1. intr. Law. To reply to a charge or pleading ;
spec, to answer the plaintiffs replication. Hence
Bejorning vbl. sbj-
1456 in W. P. Baildon Sel. Cos. Chanc. (1896) 148 This is
the reioynyng of Nicholl Marshall vnto the replicacion of
Robert Bale. 1530 PALSGR. 683/1, 1 rejoyne, as men do that
answere to the lawe. 1885 L. O. PIKE Yearbks. 12 <J- 13
Ediv. Ill Introd. no Hyncley rejoined, again slating
matters of fact, which he was again 'paratus verificare *.
f2. To answer a reply; also more loosely, to
reply. Const, to, with. Obs.
X5S6 J. HEYWOOD Spider fy F. lix. 66 In reioyner and re-
ioyning with you, this I saie. 1568 GRAPTON Chron. II. 428
To this aunswere the Duke of Orliaunce replyed, and king
Henry reioyned. 1646 SIR T. BROWNE Pseud. Ep. Pref.,
Vnto whom.. wee shall not contentiously rejoyne. 1665
GI.ANVILL Def. Van. Dogm. 2 Several passages both of the
Preface and Body of the Discourse I am rejoyning to.
3. trans. To say in answer.
1637 GILLESPIE Eng. Pop. Cerem. in. v. 87 Knox rejoyndeth,
it is not enough. 1675 R. BURTHOGGE Causa Dei 5 You are
not to expect Profound, Uncommon, Deep, Elaborate No-
tions, .in what I shall rejoyn to your Letter. 1838 DICKENS
Nick. Nick. ivt 'If you'll have the goodness', rejoined
Squeers. 1859 KINCSLEY Misc. II. 99 It will be rejoined, of
course, that he was an altogether envious man.
f4. To answer (an assertion). Obs. rare—1.
x6oi BARLOW Def. 35 These two last are easily reioyned.
Rejoin (rf-, nd^oi'n), z>.2 Also 6-8 rejoyn,
(6-7 -joyne). [ad. F. rejoin- (see prec.), or f. RE-
5 a + JOIN v.~\
1. intr. Of things : To come together or unite
again. Also const, into.
1541 R. COPLAND Guydorfs Quest. Chirurg. L iij b, Whan
they be drye sewe them subtylly and the lyppes wyl reioyne
togydre. x6o6 SYLVESTER Du Bart as n. iv. n. Tropkeisjyj
In Soule and Bodie both, Hee cannot come, For they re-
ioyne not till the day of Doom, a 1705 RAY Disc. n. v. (1713^
293 Several Houses parted from each other, some rejoined,
others fell.
2. trans. To join again, reunite (persons or
things, or one to or with another).
1570 LEVINS Manip. 215/24X0 Reioyne, repangere. 1501
SPENSER Ruins Rome v, Her great spirite, rejoyned to the
spirite Of this great masse, is in the same enwombed. 1603
HOLLAND Plutarch's Mor. 188 As tin-soder doth knit and
rejoyne a crackt peece of brasse. 164* C. VERNON Consid.
Exch, 30 Tallies have been counterfei'.ed.. which could not
bee discovered before they were rejoyned with their foyles.
X707 Curios, in Husb. $ Card. 326 If we could rejoin to
them the other Principles. 1836 SOUTHEY Lett. (1856) IV.
448 The letters were written., to rejoin head, tails, and
betweenities, which Hayley had severed.
fb. To join, add to\ to combine with. Obs.
1582 STANYHURST Mneis in. (Arb.) 77 With stincking
poysoned ordure Thee ground they smeared, theartoo
skriches harshye reioyning. 1791 MRS. RADCLIFFE Rom.
Forest xviii, Such a proof of regard, rejoined with the en-
treaties of his own family, .was too powerful to be withstood.
O. To reannex. rare ~1.
1860 GEN. P. THOMPSON .4;«#./!#.cxvii. III. 54 If France
could quietly, and with the assent of the in-dwellers, rejoin
the Rhenish provinces,
3. To join (a person, company, etc.) again.
1611 FLORIO, Raggiunto, reioyned or ouertaken agame.
1737 PorE Hor. Epist. u. ii. 209 Thoughts, which . . I forgot,
Meet and rejoin me. a 1769 J. G. COOPER Estim. Life iii,
Receive the one, and soon the other Will follow to rejoin
his brother. 1802 JAMES Milit. Diet, s.v., He left his regi-
ment when it broke up camp, but rejoined it again. 1855
BROWNING Ep. Karshish 12 Whereby the wily vapour fain
would slip Back and rejoin its source.
E
REJOINDER.
absol. 1876 VOYLE & STEVENSON Milil. Diet, 224/2 If the
officer is not likely to rejoin soon.
Hence Bejoi'ning vl>l. sb.-, f reassembling.
1573 Xottinghaw Rec. IV. 147 The proclamasyon for
reioynyng of the Parlament.
Rejoinder (r/a^orndaj), sb. Also 5-6 re-
ioyner, 6 reioyndre, 7 rijoinder. [a. F. re-
joindre inf. used as sb. The sense is prob. from
AF. usage: see REJOIN w.i]
1. Law. The defendant's answer to the plaintiff's
replication.
1482 in I. S. Leadam Star Chamber Cos. (Selden Soc.) 14
This is the reioyner of John Attwyll .. to the replicacion of
John Tayllour. 1540 Act 32 Hen. VIII. c. 30 § i Re-
plycacyons, reioynders, rebutters, .and other pleadynges.
1588 FRAUNCE Lawicrs Log. i. ii. 10 In every count, barre,
replication, rejoynder, &c- 1649 W. M. Wandering Jew
(1857) 48 She has Demurs, and Replications, and Re-
juynders ; but my case hangs, a 1683 SCUOGCS Courts-leet
(1714) 168 If they proceed nor further by Replication, Re-
joinder, Surrejoinder. 1768 BLACKSTONE Comm. III. 310
The rejoinder must support the plea, without departing out
.if" it. 1885 Law Times Rep, L1I1, 486/1 Rejoinder of issue
was made.
2. An answer to a reply (f common in the titles
of books and pamphlets) ; also simply, a reply.
1566 HARDING {title) A rejoindre to Mr. Jewels Replie.
1609 R. PARSONS Quiet Reckoning title-p., In a large
Preamble to a more ample Reioynder promised by him.
1659 BI-. WALTON Consid. Considered 306, 1 shall promise to
deal in like manner with him, if any rejoinder shall be
found needful. 1716 POPE Odyss. xx. 231 Rejoinder to the
churl the King dlsdain'd. 1759 FRANKLIN Ess. Wks. 1840
III. 232 The assembly took the governor's reply. .into con.
sideration, and prepared a suitable rejoinder. 1877 FROUDE
Short tStud. (1883) IV. i. x. 125 An answer came in a form
to which in that age no rejoinder was possible.
b. Without article, in phr. in rejoinder.
'55* [see REJOIN ».' 2]. 1844 DE QUINCEY in ' H. A.
Page ' Life (1877) I- xv- 332 1° rejoinder to your note of
Wednesday morning, I wrote an answer.
So t Rejoi-nder v. intr., to reply. Obs. rare—1.
a 1660 HAMMOND Serin, xix. Wks. 1683 IV. 604 When
Nathan shall rejoynder with a Thou art the man, ..then
their hearts come to the touchstone.
t Rejorndure. Obs. rare -1. [prob. ad. F.
rejoindre (see prec. and JOINDEK), with ending
assimilated to -URE.] Reunion.
1606 SHAKS. Tr. # Cr. iv. iv. 38 Iniurie of chance.. be-
uiles our lips Of all reioyndure: forcibly preuents Our
lockt imbrasures.
tRejornt, v.1 06s. rare-1. [Of obscure
origin : cf. REJOLT z>.] trans. To upset.
1519 HORMAN Vulg. 160, 1 wyllhaue noneoyle inmysalet
for reioyntynge of my stomacke.
Rejornt (r/"-), v2 [RE- 5 a.] trans. To join
together again ; to reunite, or fill up, the joints of.
1677 BARROW Serin. Creed, Resurrect. Body Wks. 1686 II.
521 Ezekiel saw dry bones rejoynted and reinspired with
life. 1727-38 CHAMBERS Cycl., Rejointing, or Rejoynting,
in architecture, the filling up the joints of the stones in old
buildings, etc. when worn hollow by course of time, or by
weather. [Hence in Bailey (vol. II), Gwilt, Knight, etc.]
Rejois(s)e, obs. forms of REJOICE v.
t RejO'lt, so. Obs. [RE-.] A reacting shock.
1692 SOUTH Serm., Rom. i. 32 (1697) II. 201 As long as
these inward rejolts and recoilings of the Mind continue.
a 1711 KEN Hymnotheo Poet. Wks. 1721 III. 126 Fond Fool
at Death, who his stoll'n Feathers molts, And of his Folly
feels the dire rejolts.
Rejolt, v. [f. RE- + JOLT z>.]
1 1. intr. To rise again in the stomach. Obs.
1584 COGAN Haven Health liii. (1636) 69 As the Country-
man said, that had eaten fish fried with Lampe Oyle, they
will make the meat eftsoones to rejolt. [Hence In Coles
Adam in Eden (1657) cli. 231.]
2. trans. To jolt again, or back again.
1833 SIR F. B. HEAD Bubbles fr. Brunnen 273, I retraced
my steps, was rejolted homewards, and. .reached my peace-
ful abode.
Rejose, obs. form of REJOICE v.
I Rejotvnce. Obs. Also 6 reiounse. [f.
RE- + JOUNCE v.] intr. a. To occur or recur to
the mind after the manner of a bump or thump.
b. ? To be recalcitrant or refractory.
'556 J. HEYWOOD Spider t, F. Ivi. 27 Peace dawpates;
while I tell a thing now reiounst In my head, which to
g
lo
doe thy worst. Hah ! Dost thou rejounce? Thy Power's
curb d, and cannot work her end.
I Rejou-rn, v. Obs. Also 6 rejorue, re-
jurue. [f. RE- + (adjourn ; cf. med.L. radjour-
«a«,It. ra^-/o;-«ar«(Florio),andseeREADjouKN.]
1. trans. To adjourn, postpone, defer, put off.
1513 in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. 1. 1 . 96, I was . . avised by my
guyds to have rejorned my purpose. 1556 Chron. Gr.
friars (Camden) 66 Item the terme rejurnyd from the
Assencton unto Myhylmas. 1598 HARINGTON Orl. Fur.
xxxi. xxi, Renaldo wisht..the combat might be now re-
journ d, fill Phoebus were about, the world return'd. 1617
HIERON Wks. III. 84 This dutie..is most vnworthily re-
lourned into the last place. 1647 MAY Hist. Parl. (1854)
229 They cannot lay down arms, nor rejourn the Parliament
to any other place.
2. To refer (a person) to something, rare -'.
1621 BURTON Anat. Mel. i. i. n. ix, To the Scriptures
themselves I rejourn all such atheistical spirits.
3. intr. a. To return, rare-1.
1533 CKANMEK in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. i. II. 36 Thisdonne,
395
and after our reiornyng home agayne, the Kings Highnes
prepared al thynges convenient for the Coronacion.
b. To rejoin, reply, rare ~\
a 1641 BP. MOUNTAGU Acts ff Man. (1642) 463 Whereto I
rejourne, that .. the use of Christian Monks . . was much more
rigid then that of the Kssens.
Hence tRejoirrning vbl. sb. Obs.
1613 P. FORBES Comin. Revelation 36 (Jam.) The answere
hath m it a two-fold consolation against the reiourning of
the sought vengeance. 1642 (title) The Judges' Resolu-
tion on the Bench, .concerning His Majesties Proclamation
for the rejourning of the Michaelmas Term.
t Rejou'rney, v. Obs. rare-1. [RE-.] trans.
To journey over again.
1628 FELTHAM Resolves n. Ixxxvii. 252 Hee that does this,
may . . rejourney all his voyage, in his Closet.
t RejouTnment. Obs.-1 [f. REJOURN v. +
-MENT.] Adjournment,
1579-80 NORTH Plutarch, Cicero (1653) 713 The Prjetors..
had made so many rejournments and delayes, that they
had driven it off to the last day of hearing.
t Rejoy', v. Obs. Also reioy(e. [ad. OF.
rejoir (mod.F. rejouir) : see RE- and JOY v.]
1. intr. To rejoice, be joyful. Const, at, in.
c 1315 SHOREHAM in. 169 ?yf by wyl reioyeb more In
enyes kennes bynges..bou ne anourest god aryjt. f 1485
Digby Myst. (1882) iv. 1321 Therforin your harte [to] reioye
ye maybe fayn. 1662 in Cosin's Corr. (Surtees) H. 312 He
oflens will rejoy and jest at his expressions.
2. trans, (and reft.). To make joyful or happy ;
to cause to rejoice. Also const, of.
c 1374 CHAUCER Troylits v. 395 Let vs speake of lustie life
in Troy That we have lad,. .And eke of time coming vs re-
joy. a 1400-50 A lexander 3407 5e sail be glad of my degre
& gretly reioyd. c 1477 CAXTON Jason g b, Thenne began
the ladyes to reioye them silf. c 1500 Melusine 205 For to
make hym to forgete his losse, & forto reioye & haue hym
out of melencolye.
3. To enjoy as possessor.
1454 Paston Lett. I. 799 So that I may by your frendship
the more peasably rejoy my forsaid purchase. 1468 Ibid.
II. 331 That I and myn assignez may peasseble rejoie
theym. a 1500 in Arnolde Chron. (1811) 39 That they vse
hem full and reioye hem for euer.
Hence f Kejoying vbl. sb. Obs.
£1315 SHOREHAM v. 90 Elyzabet wel bat aspyde, Hou a
spylede onder hyre syde, And made hys reioyynge. 1486
Bk. St. Albans A v, Ther be ix. inestimable reioyngis in
armys. The ix. inestimable reioyngis of armys ben theys.
First is a gentilman to be made a knyght in the felde [etc.].
Rejoyee, -joyse, etc., obs. ff. REJOICE v.
Rejpyn(e, obs. form of REJOIN.
Rejirdge, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To judge
again, re-examine, pronounce a fresh judgement on.
1634 SANDERSON Serm. II. 286 They that judge others now
shall then be re-judged. 1732 POPE Ess. Man i. 122 Re-
judge his justice, be the God of God. 1769 GOLDSM. Hist.
Rome (1786) I. p. vii, It appears now too late to re-judge
the virtues or vices of those men. 1798 EDGEWORTH Pract.
Edttc. (1811) I. 389 We shall teach them the habit of re-
judging flattery. 1880 Plain Hints Needlework 12 If, after
the first course of judging be done, the best picked out of
each class be re-judged a second time.
Reju'infole, v. [RE-.] t a. intr. Of food :
To rise again, to ' repeat '. (Cf. REJOLTS. i.) Obs.
b. trans. To jumble, toss about, again.
1674 RAY N. C. Words 38 It rejumbles upon mystomack.
'755 YOUNG Centaur v. Wks. 1757 IV. 225 Wouldst thou
be rejumbled in this rough Thespian cart .. 1
Rejvrnction. [RE- 5 a.] Reunion.
1631 CHAPMAN Canary Pompey Plays 1873 III. 176 Vet
tis free and kept Fit for reiunction in mans second life. 1797
in Nicolas Disp. Nelson (1845) II. 333 After a partial can-
nonade which prevented their re-junction till the evening.
1831 LD. HERTFORD 15 May in Croker Papers (1884) II. 126
It did not even secure the reiunction of the Tories.
Rejvrvenant, a. [f. as next + -ANT.] Re-
juvenating.
1880 Pall Mall G. 22 Nov. 6/3 The stir for Beauty making
itself felt., like Nature's rejuvenant spring.
Rejuvenate (rftlga-vftwit), v. [irreg. f. RE-
+ L. juvenis young, perh. after F. rajeunir.]
trans. To restore to youth; to make young or
fresh again. Also absol.
1807 W. TAYLOR in Robberds Mem. (1843) II. aio It will
also rejuvenate the people. 1822 W. IRVING Braceb. Hall
II. 17 He.. had the air of an old bachelor trying to reju-
venate himself. 1862 R. H. PATTERSON Ess. Hist. % Art 89
The action of the soul upon its corporeal shrine (rejuvenating
it with joy, depressing it with grief). 1881 STEVENSON yirg.
Puerisqite 156 He will pray for Medea : when she comes,
let her either rejuvenate or slay.
Hence Heju-venated, -ating, ///. adjs. Also
Rejuvena'tion ; Beju venator.
1834 LYTTON Pompeii i. vii, All the zest and freshness of
rejuvenated life. 1871 NAPHEYS/Vm ffCtireDis. I. ix. 305
Rejuvenation in old age. 1880 igth Cent. VII. 275, I be-
lieve in the rejuvenation of worn-out institutions. 1885
L'pool Daily Post 4 Feb. 4/4 The only rejuvenating potion
for the country to quaff. 1889 Lancet 1 5 June 1 193/2 A great
beaulifier and rejuvenator of the complexion.
Rejuvenesce (rfdsttvfne-s), v. [ad. late L.
rejuvenesc-ere, f. re- RE- + juvenis young.] a.
intr. To become young again ; spec, in Biol. of
cells : To acquire renewed vitality, b. trans. To
impart fresh vitality to (a cell).
1879 tr. Pasteur's Ferment. 177 The dark, double-bordered
cells are those which were sown but did not rejuvenesce.
1889 GEDDES & THOMSON Ev»l. Sex xii. 163 The only cells
capable of being rejuvenesced are the eggs; the only cells ;
capable of rejuvenescing these are the sperms.
REKE.
Rejuvenescence (rftijav/ne-seas). Also 7,
9 -iscence. [f. as prec. + -ENCE.] A renewal of
youth, physical, mental, or spiritual. Also^.
a 1631 DONNE Serm. Ixxix. 815 With a re-juveniscence a
new and fresh youth. 1663 BOYLE Use/. Exp. Nat. Philos.
II. v. viii. 193 Whether Paracelsus and others deservedly
call such accidents . . a reall renovation or rejuvenescence.
J733 CHEYNE Eng. Malady n. i. § 2 (1734) ri4 If this could
be ..effected, the Cure would be a true Rejuvenescence.
1779-81 JOHNSON L. P., Dryden (1858) I. 285 The works
of Chaucer, upon which this kind of rejuvenescence has been
bestowed by Dryden, require little criticism. 1813 W.
TAYLOR in Monthly Mag. XXXV. 426 To restore the circu-
lation of our earlier classics produces, by infusion, a re-
juvenescence of the language. 1875 MERIVALE Gen. Hist.
Rome Ixxvi. (1877) 641 The Greek and Roman races. .had
lost, .all power of intellectual rejuvenescence.
b. spec, in Biol. and Sot. The process by which
a vegetative cell transforms itself into a new one.
1855 HENFREY Micrographic Diet. s.v. Cell, Cell-forma-
tion also occurs, without division, in cases where the entire
contents of a cell separate from the parent, and form a new
organism (rejuvenescence). 1875 BENNETT & DYER tr. Sachi'
Bot. 9 Hence the rejuvenescence of a cell .. must be re-
farded morphologically as the formation of a new one. 1878
!ELL Gegenbaur's Coinp. Anat. p. ix, It results in a simple
' rejuvenescence ' of the conjugating individuals.
t Rejuvene sceiicy. Obs. [-001.1 •= prec.
a 1661 FULLER Worthies, Northumbld. n. (1662! 309 The
Poetical fiction of Mson his Re-juvenesccncy in Medeas
Bath. 1666 J. SMITH Old Age (1676) 264 The whole Creation
now grown old expecteth and waiteth for a certain reju-
into generation.
Rejuvene'sceiit, a. [f. as prec. + -ENT.]
1. Becoming young again.
1807 SOUTHEY Espriella's Lett. I II. 160 It is a progressive
union of minds, for ever rejuvenescent. 1848 THACKERAY
Van. Fair xlv, The Crawley House in Great Gaunt Street
was quite rejuvenescent. 1879 FARRAR Christ (1881) 118
Come and see . . an aged world rejuvenescent.
b. spec, in scientific use.
1859 TodiTsCycl. Anal. V. 211/2 The rejuvenescent cell
becomes individualised and is transformed into the rudi-
ment of a new plant. 1885-8 FAGGE & PYE-SMITH Princ.
Med. (ed. 2) I. 114 In young adults.. the thymus is often
found persistent if not rejuvenescent-
2. Rejuvenating.
1763 LD. BATH in G. Caiman's Posth. Lett. (1820) 72, 1 was
not a very dangerous man when I left England, but the
Waters are rejuvenescent. 1837 HAWTHORNE Twice-told T.
(1851) I. xix. 278 Though utter sceptics as to its rejuvenescent
power, they were inclined to swallow it at once.
Rejuvenize (rfA&'rvi'nsiz), v. [Cf. REJU-
VENATE and -IZE.] trans. To rejuvenate, make
young again. Hence Eeju'veuized ///. a.
1816 T. TAYLOR in PaiiifhMeerVlll. 464 So the divisible
life of the soul, .isrejuvenizedin its subsequent progression.
1849 J. W. DONALDSON Theat. Greeks 250 The marvellously
rejuvenized lolaus, the comrade of Hercules. 1877 BLACK-
MORE Erema liii, That ancient and obsolete town, rejuve-
nized now by its Signor.
Rek, obs. form of REEK sb.1
Rekand(e, -anth, obs. varr. reckan RACKAN.
t Reke, sb. Obs. rare. [? Related to next : cf.
ON. reke, pursuit of a matter.] Haste, hurry.
c 1320 R. BRUNNE Medit. 821 A cumpany. .pe whych were
sente yn a Crete reke, pe dampned mennes legges to breke.
1:1330 Arth. fy Merl. 7894 (Kolbing), ?if we may owhar
abreke, Fie we hem wib gret reke !
t Reke, v> Obs. Pa. t. 4 rak(e. Pa. fple.
4 reke. [Of obscure origin : perh. f. reel, rekp,
3 sing. pres. ind. of OE. reccan RECCHE v. J
1. intr. To go, proceed, make one's way, esp.
rapidly or in haste ; to run.
It is doubtful if the first quot. belongs here.
a 1250 Owl fy Night. 1606 My_n heorte is neyh alemed pat
ic may vnnebe speke, Ac yet ic wile forburre reke. 13..
Guy Warw. (A.) 750 When Gij herd Felice so speke, He
tok his leue and gan out reke. 13. . Sir Benes 1686 Beues
is out of prisoun reke. Ibid. 3536 Whan Arondel herde what
he spak. Before be twei knijtes he rak. c 1380 SirFernmb.
2177 To be chambre so harde he rake bat byderward he ran.
a 1400 Octouian 182 When that sche myght out-breke, To
her sone sche gan to reke. c 1450 LONELICH Grail^ xxx. 642
Whanne he hadde power forto speke, thanne to his Meyne
he gan to reke.
D. Of plants : To shoot up. rare —'.
c 1420 Pallad. on Husb. i. 194 Deep lond also thou seke,
Olyuys grete out of that lond wol reke.
2. trans. ?To rule, govern, guide, rare—1.
a 1300 Cursor M. 11221 [He] pat al wroght and al mai reke,
And did (>e dumb asse to speke.
tReke, v* Obs. rare. Pa.t. 3 rack. [?a. ON.
relta in same senses.] trans. To drive ; to thrust.
£1275 LAY. 9320 Hamund .. his spere to his heorte rack.
13. . Guy IVanv. (A.) 2886 3if bou mijt me of hem wreke,
& be felouns out of mi lond do reke.
tReke, »-3 Obs. [= MDu. reken, MHG.
(and G.) rechen, OHG. rehhan, Goth, rikan to
heap up : see RAKE sb^\ tram. To cover up in
earth or ashes (cf. RAKE v. j) ; to bury. Also_/fc.
ci33pj4rM. fr Merl. 1027 (Kolbing), No schal ber neuer no
iustise pe bidelue..No in erbe bi bodi reke. 1340-70 Alex.
ff Dind. 594 jour bodies, .bettur riht hadde In roun erbe to
be reke to roten hure bonus, c 1386 CHAUCER Reeve'1 s Prol.
28 Yet in cure Asshen olde is fyr yreke. c 1412 HOCCLEVK
De Reg. Princ. 2408 In swiche lordes is vntrouthe I-reke.
[1530 PALSC;R. 684/1, I reke, I cover a thyng with asshes in
the fyre (Lydgate)J
50-2
EEKELS.
Reke, obs. f. RAKK, REACH v., RKCK v., REEK,
RICK. Rekelage, variant of RECOLAGE Obs.
Rekelness, obs. form of RACKLENESS.
t Re'kelS. Obs. Forms : a. 1 rebels, (-ils,
-eles, rceoels), rfoels, rycels, 3-5 reoles, (3 -less,
4 -lis) ; 3 rekles, 4-5 rekels, (4 -eles, -elis,
5 -ils, -yls), 4 rikels. 0. 3 recheles, -is, 5
ryohellys, richelle. [OE. recels and rlcels (for
*r ty els), f. recall to KKEK z>.l : see -ELS. ON.
reykelse is from OE.] Incense.
0. £950 Lindisf. Gasp. Matt. ii. n Gold, cursumbor &
recels. — Luke i. 9 [He] code pactte [he] roecels gesette.
c 1000 Sax. Leiclui. II. 56 Wi|> sea5an, recels lytel, swefl,. .
weax [etc.], c 1200 ORMIN 1744 patt recless batt te bisscopp
(>jer Biforenn allterr brennde. a 1300 E. E. Psalter cxl. 2
Mi bede be righted als rekles in bi sight, c 1325 Mttr.
Horn. 97 The tpther gift.. Was rekelis, for wel thai wiste,
That rekelis bisend bis goddhede. a 1400-50 Alexander
4977 Rase neuire of Aromitike sike rekils in erthe. c 1450
M. E. Med. Bk. (Heinrich) 225 Do ber to pouder recles of
resyn. 1483 Cat/t. Angl. 302/2 Rekels, jnccnsnin.
ft. c izoo Trin. Coll, HOIK. 45 Rechelis for his swetnesse
bitocneS inwardliche bedc. a m$ Ancr. R. 376 Mirre he
set biuoren, & recheles kumeS efter. 1:1440 Promf. Parti.
433/1 Rychellys (K. richelle), thai, incensum.
Hence t Bekel(s>fat, censer. Obs.
c 1000 ^ELFRIC Nutn. xvi. 46 Nim £in recelsfaeL c 1200
Trin. Coll. Horn. 133 Zacharie. -gede in be temple mid his
rechel fat. c isoo ORMIN 135 He toe hiss reclefatt onn hand,
c 1150 Gen. % Ex. 3782 For chore wel wiste oat Gret fier
wond vt of is reclefat.
t Re'ken, a. Obs. [OE. recen = OFris. rekon
and LG. reken (of a street) clear, open, unob-
structed (see Richthofen), perh. related to OS.
rekon to put in order. In Eng. only as a poetic
word of very lax application.]
1. Rapid, violent, terrible. (OE. only.)
c 900 CYNEWULF Christ 809 Blac rasetteS recen reada lej.
c 1000 Ags. Ps, (Th.) cv. 18 [God] worhte . . recene wundur
on bam Readan Sa3.
2. Of persons : Ready, prompt ; straightforward,
upright.
a loco Waldere ii. 26 Mass sije syllan se oe svmle byS recen
and raedfest. c i»5° Gen. q Ex. 3485 CumeS her foro, and
beS allc reken, And lereS wel quat he sal speken. a 1310 in
Wright Lyric P. v. 27 He is. .Rekene ase Regnas resoun to
rede. 13. . E. E. Allit. P. B. 738 If fyue faylen of fyfty be
noumbre, & be remnaunt be reken, how restes by wylle ?
13. . .y. Erkemuolde 245 in Horstm. A Itengl. Lrg. (1881) 271,
I was ry^twis & rekene & redy of be laghe. ? a 1400 Morte
A rth. 4081 The rekeneste redy mene of be Rownde Table.
b. Of language: ? Honest, sincere.
13. . E. E. Allit. P. B. 756, 1 schal my bro steke. .& my
ranker refrayne for by reken wordez.
3. Smooth, elegant, beautiful, gay.
13.. E. E. Allit. P. A. 5 So rounde, so reken in vche
araye, So smal, so smobe her sydez were. Ibid. 906, & bou
so ryche a reken rose. Ibid. B. 1082 Rial ryngande rotes
6 be reken fybeL
Reken(en, obs. forms of RECKON v.
t Re'keuly, adv. Obs. Forms : i (h)recon-,
recun-, ricenlice, 4 rekenly, 4-5 rokin-, re-
kynd-, rakenly. [OE. recenllce : see REKEN a.
and -LY 2.] a. Quickly, immediately, promptly.
b. Properly, fully.
c 950 Lindisf. Gosp. Matt. xxviiL 8 And [hia] eodun hrecon-
lice from byrxenne miS exe. — Mark i. 31 And rcconlice
[Kushw. ricenlice] forleort nia hal from februm. 13, . E. E.
Allit. P. B. 127 He wolde se be semble..& rehayte rekenly
(•e riche & be poueren. 13.. Gaw. ft Gr. Knt. 251 penn
Arbour . . rekenly hym reuerenced, for rad was he neuer.
a 1400-50 A le-tanderv$$$ Domystyne . .rekinly [zi.r.rakenly]
rase & rekyns bire wordis.
Rekenth, obs. variant of reckan RACKA.V.
Rekeny, obs. form of RECKON v.
Rekeouer, Rekeu(e)re,etc.,obs.ff. RECOVER v.
Rekil : see RICKLE v.
Reki'll, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To kill again.
1654 FULLER Comm. Ruth (1868) 146 Re-killing him with
their torments, fetch him again with comfortable things.
Rekils, variant of REKELS Obs.
Rekindle (rfki-nd'l), v. [RE- 5 a.]
1. trans. To kindle again, set fire to afresh.
(Freq. in fig. context.)
1593 NASHE faure Lett. Confut. Wks. (Grosart) II. 212
That thou shouldst . . rekindle against him the sparkes of
displeasure that were quenched. 1660 BOYLE New Exf.
Phys. Meek. xi. 79 The Coals began to be re-kindled in
several places, a 1711 KEN Urania Poet. Wks. 1721 IV.
(31 Soon as my sight Charissa bless'd, She Fire re-kindled
in my Breast. 1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) XIV. 627/1 The
phosphorus may be frequently rekindled by means of light.
1862 S. ST. JOHN Life Forests Far East II. 98 The ashes
of the fires were still warm, and we had no difficulty in
rekindling them.
b. ff. To inflame afresh, rouse anew.
1652 EARL. MONM. tr. Bentivoglio' s Hist, Relat. 10 When
news was brought that the kings anger was rekindled
against the Dutch. 1711 SHAFTESB. Charact. (1737) II. 361
Let me advise you.. that since you have rekindled me, you
do not by delaying give me time to cool again. 1781 GIBBON
Decl. <r F. xxxvi. 1 1 1. 481 Their ambition was soon rekindled.
1821 SHELLEY A donais ii, One, with soft enamoured breath,
Rekindled all the fading melodies. 1860 TYNDALL Glac. \.
xi. 80 Hirst now undertook the task of rekindling the guide's
enthusiasm.
2. intr. To take fire again ; alsoyf?-.
1597 BEARD Theatre God's Judgetn. (1612) 159 So the fire
rekindled, and consumed it to nothing. 1829 W. IRVING
Granada I. vi. 51 All his holy zeal and pious indignation
I
396
rekindled at the sight. 1878 B. TAYLOR Deukalion i. v. 41
No will rekindles, not to war with fate.
Hence Rekindled ///. a., Reki-ndling vbl. si.
and ppl. a. ; also Beki-ndlement, Beki'ndler.
1660 BOYLE New Exf. Phys. Mech. xiii. 85 The re-kindled
Match went out again. 1737 THOMSON To Pr. Wales ii,
Her rekindling eyes resume their fire. 1762-9 FALCONER
Shipwr. 11.712 Horrors, .rous'd to action his rekindling soul.
1838 POE A. G. Pym Wks. 1864 IV. 105 All the energy of
rekindled hope. 1846 MAURICE Relig. World i. iii. (1861) 70
The rekindler of feelings, which had been existing pre-
viously. 1855 BAILEY Mystic 49 At the great rekindling,
when the heavens Shall shine with souls in galaxies. 1883
Athenaeum 24 Feb. 244/3 The occasional rekindlement of
the flame by the renewal of ' sight and touch '.
Rekin(e, obs. forms of RECKON v.
Reki'llg, v. [RE- 5 a.] To make king again.
1586 WARNER Alb. Eng. m. xvi, You hassard lesse, re-
kinging him, Then I vn-king'd to bee.
Reki ss, v. [!<E- 5 a.] trans. To kiss again.
Hence Bekrssing vbl. sb.
1588 GREENE Alciaa Wks. (Grosart) IX. 47 Who receiving
it, kissed and rekissed it. 1651 T. STANLEY Poems 114 Yet
Me kisse thee dead, Kisse and rekisse thce. 1760-72 H.
BROOKE Foal o/Qual. (1809) I. 112, I.. kissed and re-kissed
her cold lips. 1885 W. P. BREED Aboard t, Abroad 156 At
Queenstown we. .saw the kissings and rekissings .. at the
separation of parents with daughters.
Rekke, obs. f. RACK sbl, RECK v. Rekken(e,
obs. ff. RECKON v. Rekles, obs. f. RECKLESS ;
var. REKELS Obs. Reknare, -ner, obs. ff.
RECKONER. Rekne(n, -nyn, obs. ff. RECKON v.
Jtekni't,». Also 7 -knette. [I<E-5a.] traits.
To knit (up) again, refasten.
1606 SYLVESTER Du Bnrtas II. iv. n. Tropheis 774 What
frantkk furie art thou mov'd with-all. To now re-knit my
broken thred of life? 1616 T. LANE Contn. Sqr.'i T. XII.
Proem, Canac the Falcon and Tercelets love reknettes. 1850
W. R. WILLIAMS Rclig. Progr. i. (1854) 200 The renewal of
the parental reknits the fraternal tie. 1875 MCL,AREN Semi.
Ser. ii. iv. 63 The old bonds are alt re-knit.
Reknow , v, rare. [RE-.] trans. •(• a. To
know in turn. Obs. b. To know again.
1606 DRUMM. OF HAWTH. AHSW. to Chaltctige'WVs. (1711)
233 Most tonitruous, astonishing Chevaliers, Re-know ye,
that we. .have ecchoed in the Vault of our Understanding,
the Volley of your Desires. 1846 BROWNING Lnria v, Old
memories reappear, old truth returns, Our slow thought does
its work, and all's re-known.
t Beknowledge, i>. Obs. [f. RE- + KNOW-
LEDGE v., after L. recognoscfre or F. reconnattrt :
see RECOGNIZE v.~\
1. traits. To acknowledge. (Common in i6th c.)
cmoAlph. 7a/«(E.E.T.S.) 331 pan bis wrichid womman
was conpuncte & reknowlegid hur selfe bat sho accusid bis
holye man of verray rancor & ill will. 1502 Ord. Crystcn
Men (W. de W. 1506) in. iii. O ij b, A noble man. .vnto his
goostly fader reknowleged and confessed vpon the loyalte
of his fayth that [etc.]. 1582 BENTLEY Man. Matrones 54
That falling maketh them . . to reknowledge the goodnesse
of God, and to come to him for . . helpe. 1625 PURCHAS
Pilgrims\\. 1129 The new Presbyter receiving of these Jews
friendly entertainment and reknowledged for their Lord.
2. Mil. To reconnoitre, examine. Also absol.
1582 N. LICHEFIELD tr. Castanhfda's Cong. E. Ind. 1. 1 1 b,
The Generall thought it necessarie to reknowledge or haue
notice of that Countrie. 1598 BARRET Theor. Warres 104
Hee is to rcknowledge hisquarters very well. Ibid. It then
concerned! him to reknowledge, foresee, and to prouide.
3. To recognize (a person), rare—1.
1611 ASTON Mann. All Nations ill. xxv. 463 Oftentimes
they take the children from their nurses, least mothers
should afterwards reknowledge their owne sonnes.
Hence f Keknowledging vbl. sb. ; also t Be-
kuowledgement, acknowledgement. Obs.
1549 COVERDALE, etc. Erasm. Par. Thess. Ded., As a
monument and reknowlaginge of my moste bounden duetie.
1579 FENTON Guiaiard. (1618) 120 The reknowledging of
the rights of such as aspired to it. 1598 BARRET Theor.
Ifarres 107 He missed and erred in the reknowledging
thereof. Ibid. iv. i. n8 That the souldiers doe obey their. .
officers with great humilitie, and reknowledgement.
Rekon, -oun, obs. forms of RECKON v.
Rekouer(e, -kower, obs. forms of RECOVER v.
Reky, obs. form of REEKY.
Rekyls, variant of REKELS Obs.
fRekyn, v. Obs. rare*1. [Of obscure origin.]
trans. 1 To control, keep still.
a. 1400-50 Alexander 21, I sail rehers, and ;e will, renkis,
rekyn jour tongis, A remnant of his rialte.
Rekyng(e, obs. ff. REEKING vbl. sb.
Rekyuer-, obs. variant of RECOVER v.
-rel, or -erel (also formerly -ral, -ril), a diminu-
tive and depreciatory suffix, in some cases repre-
senting OF. -erel (mod.F. -ereau) or -erelle, but in
the majority of instances attached to native stems,
or occurring in words of obscure origin : see the
etym. notes to cockerel, dotterel, hoggerel, mackerel,
pickerel; doggerel; gomerel, haverel, stammerel;
bedrel, custrel, gamphrel, gangrel, mongrel, scoun-
drel, wastrel; costrel, kestrel.
Rela'bel, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To label again.
1887 Pall Mall G. 5 Sept. n/i Goods, .shipped to Sheffield
and then relabelled so as to sell as Sheffield goods. 1896
itttt Rep. Dep. Kpr. Irel. 36 The Chancery Sealed Deposi-
tions in 580 causes have been relabelled.
Relaoe, obs. form of RELEASE sb.
Relacion, -cioun, -cyon, obs. ff. RELATION.
RELAPSE.
Rela de, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans, and intr. To
lade again.
1608 in Caft. Smith's Wks. (Arb.) 409 Captaine Smith
rather desired to relade her with Cedar. 1632 St. Papers^
Col., E. Indies 311 A want of stock to relade to the amount
aforesaid. 1643 Dcclar. Commons, Rebell. Ireland 48 Two
Ships . . to relade corn for the reliefe of the Protestant Armie
in Vlster. 1722 DE FOE Col. Jack (1840) 328 These galleons
relade for their return. ' 1776 PENNANT Brit. Zool. III.
174 (Jod.), A Ship of Hull to sail to Iceland, and there
relade fish and other goods. 1865 W. G. PALGRAVE Arabia
I. 8 We were aroused to relade our beasts.
Relame'nt, ;'. [l<E-5a.] trans. To lament
afresh. Hence Kelame'nted ppl. a.
1630 QUARLES Alph. Elegies ii. 'Tis knowne, They finde
enough to relament their owne [griefs]. 1636 — Elegie on Sir
jf. Cafsar, He.. whose relamented death Estates our griefe.
Rela lid, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans, and intr. To
land again. Hence Bela'nding vbl. sb.
a. trans. 1710 Act 8 Anne Pub. Gen. Acts 217 Great
Quantities of such Tobacco . . have been Privately Re-landed
in this Realm. 1710 Land, Gas. No. 4701/2 The re-landing
of Goods exported. 1759 Ann. Reg. 98 The sword-blades
i appeared, which were ordered to be re-landed at the
! custom-house. 1836 W. IRVING Astoria III. 155 That he
i should be relanded in October, at Astoria, by the Beaver.
1884 SmC. BOWEN in LcauRep. 130. B.Div.gi On her return
j thither the cargo was relanded and warehoused.
b. intr. 1773 Li/eN. frtnvdt 39 After they had delivered
their Cargo, and re-landed in the Port of London. 1829
H. MURRAY N. Atncr. I. v. 253 The passengers were obliged
to reland.
t Bela'nk, v. Obs. rare -1. [RE- 5 a.] inlr.
To become lank again.
1545 RAYNOLD Byrtk Mankynde H h iv, At the last [they]
haue voided such like lumps of blud . . where withal there
bellyes haue relanked and decreased agayne.
Rela-psablo, a. [f. RELAPSE v.] Capable of
i relapsing or liable to relapse (Ogilvie 1882).
t Belapsa-rian. Obs. rare-1, [f. RELAPSE
sb. + -arian : cf. INFRALAPSARIAN.] Theol. One
who believes in the possibility of relapse.
1700 C. NESSE Antid. Arinin. (1827) 70 The Arminians. .
[ may.. also be stiled relapsarians for saying that the elect
. may totally and finally fall away.
t Relapsa'tion. 06s. rare—*, [app. f. L.
relaps- (see RELAPSE v.) + -ATION, but perh. a mis-
take for relaxation.'] ? Falling away.
1569 R. ANDROSE tr. Alexis' Seer. iv. in. 36 To heale the
relapsation of the gummes.
B,elapse(rfla:-ps), rf.1 Also 6 relaps. [f. the
vb.; cf. LAPSE rf.]
1. A falling back into error, heresy, or wrong-
doing ; backsliding.
1533-4 Act 25 Hen. Vflf, c.i4 § 6 Yf they . . after abiuracion
i fallm relapse . . they shalbe . . burned. 1570 FOXE A . «, M.
' (ed. 2) 941/2 Not to departe thence without licence of the
j Prior for the tyme beyng, vpon payne of relapse, a 1628
i PRESTON Effect. Faith (1631) 69 When a sin is committed
' we should "labour to recover our selves out of that relapse.
1667 MILTON P. L. iv. ico Which would but lead me to a
! worse relapse, And heavier fall. 1713 STEELE Guardian
No. 19 t 3 His mind would be still open to honour and
virtue in spite of infirmities and relapses. 1784 COWTER
Task v. 626 A presage ominous, portending still Its own
dishonour by a worse relapse. 1869 J. BALDW. BBOWN
Misread Passages ix. 124 Relapse into idolatry . . was a very
pressing peril.
2. The fact of falling back again into an illness
after a partial recovery ; return of a disease or ill-
ness during the period of convalescence.
1584 COGAN Heaven Health ccxliii. (1636) 317 After that
time to sleepe and eat at pleasure, yet measurably for feare
of relaps. 1601 HOLLAND Pliny II. 391 Those agues which
by way of relapse vse often to return againe. 1631 GOUGE
God's Arrows i. Ded., A very dangerous disease . . further
increased by two relapses. 1652 GATAKER Antinom. Bij,
A..sicknesse, that brought me very low, and some relapses,
that kept me down. 1686 LUTTRELL Brief Rel. (1857) I.
390 The King of France hath had a relapse of his dis-
temper, a 1721 SHEFFIELD (Dk. Buckhm.) Wks. (1753) I. 36
In love, that languishing disease, A sad relapse we ne'er
recover. 1770 BURKE Corr. (1844) I. 228 It was a slow fever,
with frequent appearances of amendment, and frequent re-
lapses. 1840 DICKENS Old C. Shop xi, He was soon led on
by the malicious dwarf to smoke himself into a relapse.
1876 BRISTOWE Th. «r Pract. Med. (1878) 197 A second and
perhaps a third relapse succeed.
f 3. Failure to meet a claim within the proper
time. Obs. rare.
J593 NASHE Christ's T. 47 For a hundred pound com-
modity., he reamers, by relapse, some hundred pound a
yeere. 1631 HEYWOOD Maid of West v. Wks. 1874 II. 325 A
French merchant runne into relapse And forfeit of the Law.
4. The act of falling or sinking back again.
1876 SWINBURNE Erechtheus 1364 The lift and relapse of
the wave of the chargers. 1878 BROWNING Poets Crotsic
Ixiv Every dart of every aim . . That touches just, then seems,
by strange relapse, To fall effectless from the soul.
5. ? A rally, effort at recovery.
1817 SHELLEY Rev. Islam xii. xvi, One brief relapse, like
the last beam Of dying flames .. a blood-red gleam Burst up-
Kelapse (rHte-ps), so.2 and a. Now rare.
Also 7 relaps (sing, and pi.}, [ad. L. relaps-us,
pa. pple. of re/dot : cf. F. relaps m., relapse f.]
A. sb. A relapsed person ; one who has fallen
again into error or heresy. (Cf. RELAPSER.)
1546 Reg. Privy Council Scot. I. 61 The heretikis that ar
relapsis. 1592 NASHE P. Penilesse (ed. 2) 37 b, When a man
I is a relapse from God and his Lawes. 1606 WARNER Alb.
RELAPSE.
Eng. xiv. Ixxxix. 362 Although a Recluse yet to be a Re.
laps feare thou neuer. 1683 Apal. Prot. France iii. 2 The
Prisons in France are full of these pretended Relaps. 1699
BURNET 39 Art. xxv. (1700) 278 They never gave a second
Absolution to the Relapse. 1736 CHANDLER Hist. Persec.
266 If the Person accused is found a Relapse by his own
Confession, he can't escape Death. 1820 RANKEN Hist.
France VIII. n. ii. 274 They were commanded to receive no
converts nor relapses from the Catholic body.
B. adj. = RELAPSED ///. a. rare—1.
1683 Apol. Prot. France ii. 13 What was particular to
Ecclesiasticks and Relapse Protestants, is now become
universal to all Roman Catholicks.
Relapse (rflae'ps), v. Also 6 relaps. [f. L.
relaps-) ppl. stem of relabi to slip back : see RE-
and LAPSE z*.]
1. intr. To fall back into wrong-doing or error ;
to backslide ; spec, to fall again into heresy after
recantation. Const, into, to \ also without const.
1570 FOXE A. -V M. (ed. 2} 940/2 You be not onely . . im-
penitent, disobedient, . . and relapsed by this your . . hereticall
demeanour, but [etc.]. 1639 FULLER Holy War n. xxxix.
(1840) 102 These Maronites. .received the Catholic faith;
though soon after.. they relapsed to their old errors. 1651
HOBBES Leviath. i.xii. 59 The Children of Israel., relapsed
into the Idolatry of the Egyptians, a 1740 WATEKLAND
yieia Doctr. Justif. Wks. 1823 IX. 464 Then they enter
into the justified state, and so continue all along, unless they
relapse. 1773 MRS. CHAI-ONE Improv. Mind (1774) II. a
When you are your own mistress, you may relapse into ..
faults. 1824 J. H. NEWMAN Hist. Sk. (1873) II. n. i. 247
Cicero . . late in life . . relapsed into the sceptical tenets of his
former instructor Philo. 1855 BREWSTER N&vton II. xxiv.
357 The tendency of the Church of England to relapse into
Romish superstition.
2. To fall back into an illness after partial re-
covery or from a convalescent state.
1568 GRAFTON Chron. II. 858 He should be then cleerely
delyuered of his disease : Yet not so cleane rid of it, but
that he might shortly relaps. 1655 CuLPEPPER,etc, Riverius
i. ii. 15 They which have been troubled with any of these
Diseases.. do use many times to relapse and fal into the
same again. 1681 Loud. Gaz. No. 1586/3 The Prince of Parma
is relapsed, and has his Feavor again. 1706-7 FARQUHAR
Beaux' Strat. iv. i, Your Servant has been telling me that
you're apt to relapse if you go into the Air. 1778 JOHNSON
Let. to Mrs. Thrale 15 Oct., He was mending before he
went, and surely he has not relapsed. 1855 KANE A ret.
Expl. (1856) II. i. ii Mr. Wilson has relapsed. I. .took his
place at watch.
trans/. 1878 BROWNING Poets OvrVitf xlix, The red fire..
Rallies, relapses, dwindles, deathward sinks !
b. Of stock : To fall again in value.
1896 Daily News 15 Dec. 9/1 Home Railway stocks have
relapsed to-day.
3. To fall back or sink again into (for to) any
state, practice, etc.
1593 NASHE Christ's T. To Rdr., Into some splenative
vames of wantonnesse, heeretofore have I foolishlie relapsed.
1603 FLO KIO Montaigne (1634) 300 Our minde doth still re-
lapse into the same depth. 1643 PRYNNE Sov. Power Parlt.
ii. 36 So that . . he might more grievously relapse into the
said denounced sentence. 1716-7 BENTLEY Serm. iii. Wks.
1838 III. 265 He sustains them from relapsing into nothing.
1751 GRAY Lett. (1904) II. App. 297 The Chorus. .when
their vagaries are over, relapse again into common sense
and conversation. 1820 W. IRVING Sketch Bk. I, 44 When
he had relapsed into moody silence, I resumed the subject
gently. 1864 D. G. MITCHELL tSVv. Star. 55 He relapsed into
a musing mood.
fb. To fall aw3.y front a person. Obs.
1633 T. STAFFORD Pac. Hib. i. v. 35 Hee feared to run
into any such inconvenience, as might cause his friends
to relapse from him. 1687 DRYDEN Hind $ P. n. 486 You
slip your hold and change your side, Relapsing from a
necessary guide.
c. To fall again under some one's power, rare.
1847 OfooTK&WCtf B. xxxv. (1862) III. 251 Salamis relapsed
under the sway of its former despot Gorgus.
+ 4. To fall back from a height. Obs. rare~*.
1638 [see RELAPSING///, a,].
t o. trans. To cause to fall back. Obs.
1652 COTTERELL tr. Calprenede1 s Cassandra n. 86 Such
transportments of passion as were likely to have relaps'd
him into his former condition. 1668 H. MORE Div. Dial.
iv. xxxvii. (1713) 394 Whoever revives to him any hope of
recovery, relapses that Kingdom into the state of the first
Vial. 1773 J. Ross Fratricide i. 473 (MS.), Some Hellish
scheme to settle and relapse The spleen of Cain.
Relapsed (rrtae-pst),///. a. [f. prec. + -ED 1.]
Fallen back into a previous condition.
1570 FOXE A. ff M. (ed. 2) 943/1 Asked .. why he should
not.. be pronounced a relapsed hereticke. 1607 TOPSELL
Four-f. Beasts (1658) 145 They .. recover for a small time,
and then fall into a relapsed malady. 1683 Apol. Prot.
France ii. 13 The Prisons .. are at this present filled with
this sort of pretended Relapsed Persons. 1777 WATSON
Pkilip //, xx. (1793) III. 49 A relapsed heretic, and a deter-
mined enemy of their holy faith. 1850 O. WINSLOW Inner
Life 164 A relapsed state of the spiritual life.
Relapser (rfUe'psw). [f. as prec. + *ER 1.]
One who relapses, esp. into error or sin.
f c 1625 BP. HALL Sf. Paul's Combat i. Wks. 1837 V. 303
Those speculative relapsers that have . .abandoned a knowne
and received truth. 1636 FEATLY Clavis Myst. xl. 610 Back-
sliders and relapsers as ye are. 1685 EVELYN Diary 3 Nov.,
Forcing people to the Masse, and then executing them as
relapsers. 1745 WESLEY Wks. (1872) VIII. 224 The relapsers
were often so hardened in sin, that no impression could be
made upon them. 1882-3 SCHAFF Encycl. Relig. Knowl, I.
182/1 The relapsers, and those who refused to recant, were
expelled from the church.
Relapsing (r/'lEe'psirj), vbl. sb. [f. as prec. -t-
•iNGl.l The action of the vb. RELAPSE.
• 397
1611 SPEED Hist. Gt. Brit. ix. xvi. (1623) 834 Conuicted of
periurious relapsing. 1648 MILTON Tenure Kings Wks.
1851 IV. 477 The Presbyterians . . cannot with all their shifting
and relapsing, wash off the guiltiness from thir own hands.
177* PRIESTLEY in Phil. Trans. LXII. 194, I had instances
of the relapsing of this restored air to Us former noxious
state. 1865 Reader No. 124. 540/3 The relapsings and rally-
ings of Christendom.
Rela'psing, ppl. a. [-ING *.] That relapses.
1638 MAYNE Lucian (1664) zn Forced to roll relapsing
stones against steep hills. 1653 G. DANIEL Idyll.t Uccas.
Refl. 20 Dead wt& y^ Terror of relapsing crimes. 1864
PUSEY Lcct. Daniel vii. 456 God. .won Nebuchadnezzar, as
he does so many relapsing Christians.
b. Relapsing fever^ a fever characterized by
relapses.
1865 Morn. Star 20 Apr., Two forms of fever which are
known in this country as relapsing fever and typhus. 1877
ROBERTS Handbk. Mcd. (ed. 3* I. 131 Relapsing fever is an
acute specific disease,.. and it is highly infectious.
fKela'Sch, a. Obs. rare~\ [ad, F.
i. reldcher to relax.] Relaxed, careless.
1663 HEATH Flagelium^orO.CromwelK^yj1^ 31 Thereby
to beget in them a relasch and contemptuous neglect of so
base and despicable an Enemy.
Relatable (rfUHSbl^ a. [f. RELATE v. +
-ABLE.] a. That may be narrated, b. That may
be brought into relation with something else.
1825 HONE Every-day Bk. I. 1466 The compliments. .are
not relatable. 1807 Bookman Jan. 119/1 He does not seem
to have indulged in many relatable amusements.
Relate (r/l^'t), sb. Also 7 relat. [ad. L.
retains, -at -nm, pa. pple. of referrey taken sub-
stantively : see RELATE z>.]
1 1. A relation, relative. Obs.
1651 Fuller's Abel Red™., Beza (1867) II. 218, I am he
To whom an infant can no relate be. 1656 S. H. Gold. Law
75 Nor were his neer relates, Aaron and Miriam, favoured.
2. Logic. One of two objects of thought between
which a relation subsists.
1633 AMES Agst. Cerem. i, 31 All relates are mutuall
causes one of another, 1697 tr. Bnrgersdicius Logic i. vii.
23 If the Relation, .has a Name, one of the two is called the
Relate, to wit, that from which the Relation has its name ;
the other, the Correlate. 1883 OILMAN in Studies in Logic
108 The number of instances in which the relation P1 occurs
having a relate which is an object in the universe.
t Rela'te, ppl. a. Obs. rare ~l. [ad. L. relatus,
pa. pple. Qireferre: see next.] Related.
1658 PHILLIPS Myst. Love 269 The enunciate of a relate
quality is of this kinde, whose conjunction is the relation
itsdf.
Relate (rfl^-t), v. [f. L. relat-> ppl. stem of
referre to REFER. Cf. K. relater (i4th c,).]
I. trans, f 1. In pass. a. To be borne or thrust
in between things. Oh. rare ~!.
1490 CAXTON Eneydos xxii. 78 The more thicke & depper
ben his rotes spred wythin therthe, & related bytwyx the
harde roches.
t b. To be referred or put into a class. 0&s~l
1543 BECON Pathw. Prayer vii. Wks. 1564 I. 64 Who
would not haue thought thys holy religious father worthy
to be canonised and related into the nomber of Saynctes?
2. To recount, narrate, tell, give an account of
(actions, events, factSj etc.). t Also with dative
pron. (quot. 1652).
1530 PALSGR. 684/1, I woldenat relate the mater otherwyse
than I herde it for all the good in the worlde. 1582 N.
LICHEFIELD tr. Castanheda's Conq. £. Ind. i. i. 3 b, Letters
.. wherein hee related and fully declared .. what hee had
scene in the Indias. 1652 J. WRIGHT tr. Camus' Nat.
Paradox xn. 328 Hee took the pains to relate him every
particular that had pass'd since his imprisonment. 1695
WOODWARD Nat. Hist. Earth i. (1723) i Observations.,
both carefully made and faithfully Related. 1749 FIELDING
Tom Jones vin. x, If you desire .. to hear the story of an
unhappy man, I will relate it to you. 1820 W. IRVING
Sketch Bk, I. 42 He came to me one day and related his
whole situation. 1887 BOWEN Virg. &neid n. 548 Take
these tidings thou, and relate this news to my sire.
tb. With compl.; also const, inf. Obs. rare.
1622 DRAYTON Poly*olb. xxiv. 593 This man with those
before, most worthily related Arch-saints, as in their Sees
Arch-bishops consecrated. 1656 STANLEY Hist. Phitos. v.
(1701) iss/1 Plato was out of doubt an Athenian, nor are
they to be credited who relate him a Theban. 1660 F.
BROOKE tr. Le Blanc's Trav. 22 They relate Dalatia in
^Ethiopia, to be opposite to Meka.
t c. To give an account of (a person). Obs.
1653 HOLCROFT Procopius Pref., Procoplus .. impartially
discoursing of Justinian, and the great ones, doth as much
arraign, as relate them to posterity. 1667 MILTON/*. L. vii.
604 What thought can measure thee or tongue Relate thee.
fd. reft. To unburden (oneself) to. Obs.rare~l.
1625 HACON Ess.t Friendship (Arb.) 175 A Man were better
relate himselfe, to a Statua, or Picture, then to suffer his
Thoughts to passe in smother.
f 3. To bring back, restore. Obs. rare -1.
1590 SPENSER F. Q. in. viii. 51 Abate Your zealous hast,
till morrow next againe Both light of heven and strength of
men relate.
f 4. a. To refer (a person) to a book, etc, Obs.
1657 J- SERGEANT Schism Dispach't 355 Gulling the un-
wary Reader that all is pure scripture, .. relating us to a
place where the most important words are wanting,
fb. To adduce, cite (an authority). Qosr*
1604 T. WRIGHT Passions (1620) 31 1 Galen, to this purpose,
relateth Aesop, who said [etc.].
5. To bring (a thing or person) into relation to
another.
1697 J. SERGEANT Solid Philos. 455 But so does the Thing
BELATED.
infer the Word too, to which we., do relate it. 1833
CHALMERS Const, Mart i. iii. (1834) I. 139 The law which
relates an object, whether present or thought upon, to its
appropriate emotion. 1866 HOWKLLS I'cnet. Life 176 He
pretends to relate the truth you feel to certain moral and
religious conditions.
re/I. 1856 MASSON£"W. Biog. fy Crit. 22 How, then, did
Shakespeare relate himself to this concrete world of nature?
1879 M. ARNOLD Mixed Ess. 187 It is not fully clear how
they [words] relate themselves to the context.
b. To connect, to establish a relation between.
1771 LUCKOMBE Hist. Printing 267 A Point of more elcva-
tipn^than a Comma, which helps to relate the matter more
distinctly. 1846 GROVE Corr. Phys. Forces 38 Volta . . first
enabled us definitely to relate the forces ofchcmistry and
electricity. 1889 E. CAIRO Philos, Kant I. i. i. 273 If we
hold Kant to the distinction which he makes between per-
ception and conception, it seems impossible to relate them,
II. intr. 6. Law. To refer back) to have ap-
plication to an earlier date. (Cf. RELATION 4b.)
1596 BACON Max. A Use Com. Law \\. (1636) 41 It hath bcene
much doubted by the law bookes whether the lord's title by
escheat shall relate back to the time of the offence done.
1598 Terntes Laives 162 Petitions of parlement, to which
y° Queene assents on y* last day of parlement shal relate
and be of force from the first day of the beginning of the
Parlement. 1885 SIR J. F. STEPHEN in Lain Times Rep.
LI II. 781/1 A change of mind after an innocent taking doe^
not relate back to the innocent taking and make it felonious.
7, To have reference to.
1606 SHAKS. Tr. <fr Cr. i. iii. 323 This challenge that the
gallant Hector sends. .Relates in purpose onely to Achilles.
1641 HEYLIN Hist. Episc. i. (1642) 114 There was nothing
left at random which either did relate to government or
point of Doctrine. 1711 ADDISON Spect. No. 46 f 5, I shall
only give him the Letters which relate to the two last Hints.
X76z-7i H. WALPOLH Vertue's Anecd. Paint. (1786) III. 26
The following paragraph, relating to Cromwell. i8x» SIR
H. DAVY Chew. Philos. 12 A great variety of anecdotes re-
lating to the transmutation of metals. 1875 JOWETT Plato
(ed. 2j V. 499 Old persons are quick to see and hear all that
relates to them.
t b. To be of interest or importance to. Obs~*
1654-66 EARL ORRERY Par then. (1676) 565 Can you then
believe, whilst I have an existence, that your perpetual im-
prisonment would but relate unto your self?
f 8. Of persons : To make reference to. Obs.
1637 HEYLIN Antid. Lincoln. Pref. A 7 b, I relate onely in
this Antidote to the first Edition. 1655 FULLER Hist. Cambr.
2 The Poet, who herein seems to relate to the Hebrew and
Greek Professors founded in his dayes at Cambridge,
9. To be related, have relation, stand in some
relation, to another thing (f person or place).
1646 SIR T. BKOWNE Pseud, Ep. 105 Station is properly no
rest but one kinde of motion, relating unto that which
Physitians. .doe name extensive or tonicall. 1671 in Cosin's
Corr. (Surtees) II. 266 He diligent in searching your Audit-
books, and mquireing of all persons that related to my pre-
decessor. 1739 GIBBER Apol. (1756) II. 140 All who related
to the Black-friers, .are now dead and almost forgotten.
1742 POPE Dune. iv. 235 The critic Eye.. examines bit by
bit : How parts relate to parts, or they to whole.
tb. Of streams : To be united to larger rivers
or the sea. Obs. (Only in Walton.)
1653 WALTON Angler iii. 85 In divers Rivers, especially
that relate to, or be near to the Sea. i&filbid. i. xvii. (1881)
205 Case-worms, that are to be found . . in several little brooks
that relate to bigger rivers.
f 1O. To discourse ; to give an account. Obs.
1608 SHAKS. Per, in. Prol. 55, I nill relate, action may
Conveniently the rest conuay. 1667 MILTON P. L. vi. 373,
I might relate of thousands. Ibid. vin. 51 Adam relating,
she sole Auditress. 1747 CHESTERF. Lett. (1792) I. cxxviii,
343, I have Arguses. .who will watch you narrowly and re-
late to me faithfully.
f 11. To treat or negotiate with one. Obs~l
1631 WEEVER Anc. Funeral Mon. 758 The said Germane
Waldgraue related with Waldgraue of Northamptonshire,
concerning the marriage of his said daughter.
1 12. To appear, be evident. Obs, rare —1.
1668 CULPEPPER & COLE Barthol. Anat. Man. i. L 302 It
hath been most clearly manifested, .to that most ingenious
Venetian Paul Sarpias Fulgentius, as relates from his papers.
Related (r/l£'-ted), ///. a. (and sb.) [f. prec.
+ -ED i.] A. ppl. a.
1. Narrated, recited ; f referred to. rare.
Hind x. 291 Base Dolon . . neuer turnd to harme The Greeks,
with their related drifts.
2. a. Having relation to, or relationship with,
something else. Also attrib. without const.
i66a-3 PEPYS Diary 6 Jan., Saw Twelfth-Night acted well,
though it be but a silly play, and not related at all to the
name or day. 17*8 WOODWARD Fossils 33 The same Author
treating of a nearly related Species of Star-Stone. ., tells us
[etc.]. 1828 CARLYLE Misc. (1857) I- '59 These two classes
of works stand curiously related with each other. 1846
GROVE Corr. Phys. Forces 47 Electricity and magnetism are
quantitatively related to them. 1864 BOWEN Logic x. 336 Of
Ae countless Relations thus brought to our notice, many are
essential to an adequate knowledge of the related object.
b. Having mutual relation or connexion.
1671 MILTON Samson 786 Let weakness then with weakness
come to parl So near related, or the same of kind. 1690
LOCKE Hum. Und. n. xxv. § 4 The ideas of relation may be
the same in men, who have far different ideas of the things
that are related. 1756 BURKE SitM. $ B. in. xvii, The
beauty both of shape and colouring are as nearly related as
we can well suppose it possible. 1843 MILL Logic i. iii. § 10
Whenever two things are said to be related there is some
fact or series of facts into which they both enter. 1889 H.
PARRY in Grove Diet. Mus. IV. 141/1 Even chords belong-
ing to closely related keys are commonly used [etc.).
I
RELATEDNESS.
3. Of persons : Connected by blood or marriage
(to another, or with each other).
1701 J. PL-RCELL Cholick Ded., It was no sooner known
that I had the Honour to be Related to.. Your Grace, but
[etc ] 177" PRIESTLEY Inst. Retig. (1782) I. 319 He [John
the Baptist].. had no personal knowledge of Jesus, though
they were related. 1837 THIRLWALL Greece xxxiii. IV. 299
A Persian of the highest rank, related to the royal family.
1845 M. PATTISON Ess. (1889) I. 17 Persons related in the
degree in which Merovig and Brunchilde were.
t B. absol. as sb. = RELATE sb. 2. Obs.
1697 tr. Burgersdicim' Logic I. vii. 22 Relateds are said
either to be Synonimous, or of the same Name ; or Hetero-
nymous, viz. of a diverse.
Hence Rela'tedness, the state or condition of
being related.
1865 MASSON Rec. Brit. Philos. 114 Theories on the subject
of the relatedness or non-relatedness of the Cosmos. 1895
Dublin Rev. Apr. 315 The process of amalgamation was
favoured by relatedness of race and language.
Relater (rfl^'taj). [-ER!. Cf. RELATOB.]
1. One who relates ; a narrator, historian.
1613 PUKCHAS Pilgrimage (1614) 398 marg., The Amazons
are still on[e) Nation, further then the relaters or their
Authors haue trauelled. 1643 MILTON Divorce n. xv. \yks.
1851 IV. 100 The divine relater shews us not the least signe
of disliking what was done. 1719 BUTLER Sertu. Wks. 1874
II. 130 This is not founded upon supposition . . of a formed
design in the relater to deceive. 1740 JOHNSON Life Drake
Wks. IV. 380 It may easily be concluded that the relaters
did not diminish the merit of their attempts. 1818 KIRBY &
Sp. Entomol. xxiv. (ed. 2)!!. 384 The relater declares that he
had heard it with his ears, and seen it with his eyes. 1863
J. G. MURPHY Comm., Gen. xliii. 21 The relater is prone to
lump matters in the narration.
1 2. One who is related to a person. Obs. rare-1.
1701 Clarendon's Hist. Reo. v. § 189 Such were continually
preferred and countenanced, as were Friends, or Favourers,
or Relaters [1888 related] to the chief Authors and Actors of
that Arbitrary Power.
Belatif, obs. form of RELATIVE.
Relation (rfl^'-Jan), sb. Also 4-7 relacion,
(5 -cioun, 6 -oyon). [a. F. relation (1410 c.), or
ad. L. relation-em : see RELATE v. and -ION.]
1. The action of relating in words; narration,
recital, account ; report. In early use esp. in phr.
•)• to make relation.
1390 GOWER Conf. III. 77 Nectanabus. .relacion Makth to
the queene hou sche schal do. c 1430 LYDG. Min. Poems
(Percy Soc.) 36 A riche man who, by commoun relacioun,
Had gret power and myhte. 1461 Paslon Lett. II. ii2Thus
it was told me, and . . it is my part to geve you relacion
thereof. 1555 EDEN Decades 65 He knewe by relation of
owre men wherof owre swoordes were made. 1578 T. N. tr.
Cong. W. India 10 He brought perfect relation how the
Countrey was riche of gold and silver. 1601 SIR W. CORN-
WALLIS Ess. n. xlvii. (1631) 296, I like no Relation so well,
as what mine eye telleth me. 1671 MILTON Samson 1595
Give us if thou canst . . Relation more particular and distinct.
1715 DE FOE Voy. round World (1840) i Whatever success
they have had in the voyage they have had very little in the
relation. 1800 COLERIDGE Lett. (1895) I. 337 As to myself,
I am doing little worth the relation. 1866 G. MACDONALD
Ann. Q. Neighb. xii. (1878) 236 The early spring will detain
me with the relation of just a single incident.
Comb. 1687 A. LOVELL tr. Thevenofs Trav. d ii b, Those
who therein are called Relation-makers, nay and the ancient
Historians themselves.
b. Law. (See quots. and INFORMATION 5 b.)
1631 Star Chamb. Cases (Camden) 145 The Kings Attorney
generall against my Lord Viscount Savill and others by
relation of Sir John Jackson. 1710 Act 9 Anne c. 20 § 4
Informations .. at the Relation of any Person or Persons
desiring to sue or prosecute the same. 1798 DALLAS Amer,
Law Rep. II. 112 There is a distinction between inforrna-
398
cause. 1690 LOCKE Hum. Und. n. xxv. § 5 The Nature of
Relation consists in the referring or comparing two things
one to another. 1730 A. GORDON Mafeis A mphith. 328
Attorney-General at the relation of the Board of Works.
2. A particular instance of relating or narrating ;
a (or one's) narrative, account, statement.
1500-20 DUNBAR Poems xxx. 27 My brethir oft hes maid
the supplicationis, Be epistillU, sermonis, and relationis.
1560 DAUS tr. Sleidane's Comm. 125 The kyng of Englande
. . sent thether his Atnbassade, . . who in the begynning made
his relation. 1596 RALEIGH Discev. Guiana title-p., A rela-
tion of the great and Golden Citie of Manoa. 1653 H. MORE
Antid, At/i. lit. iii. § 6, 1 will only add one Relation more
of this nature. 171* STEELE Sped. No. 526 F 3, I heard this
Relation this Morning from a Gentleman who was an Eye-
Wttness. 1760-1 GOLDSM. Cil. W. cviii, Let them but read
the relations of their own travellers. i8oa MAR. EDGEWORTH
Moral T. (1816) I. 216 The countess .. related the circum-
stances. . . Albert heard her relation with astonishment. 1891
J. WINSOR Columbus i. i Of such, whether memoirs, rela-
tions, or letters, sixty-four are preserved in their entirety.
3. That feature or attribute of things which is
involved in considering them in comparison or
contrast with each other ; the particular way. in
which one thing is thought of in connexion with
another ; any connexion, correspondence, or asso-
ciation, which can be conceived as naturally exist-
ing between things.
1393 LANGL.P. PI. C. iv. 335 Thus ys mede and mercede
as two manere relacions. IHd. 344 Knowen ich wolde
What is relacion reel. 1413 Pilgr. Sowle (Caxton 1483) iv.
xxvi. 71 Somme manere of correspondence or relacion must
nedes ben bytwene the two that ben y lyke. 1589 PUTTEN-
HAM Eng. Poesie in. xxiii. (Arb.) 269 So as there be found
a iust correspondencie betweene them by this or that rela-
tion. 1597 MORLEV Introd. Mas. 76 To make your descant
carrie some forme of relation to the plaine song. i6ao T.
GRANGKH Dili. Logike 245 It is relation of time, or of the
The Manner how they were placed.. has a good deal of
relation with the Nature of the internal Form of the
Building. 1781 PRIESTLEY Corrupt. Chr. I. Pref. 20 Some
of my materials bear an equal relation to several . . subjects.
1805-17 R. JAMESON Char. Min. (ed. 3) 173 The nucleus
increases on its part, always preserving the same relation
with the entire crystal. 1851 RUSKIN Stones Ven. (1874) I.
Pref. 8 The relation of the life of the workman to his work.
1870 HARLAN Eyesight ix. 131 The size and form of the
desk, and its relation to the seat, are not without their effect
upon the welfare of the eyes,
b. In phr. in or with relation lo.
1594 HOOKER Eccl. Pol. I. viii. § 6 The diviner part in
relation to the baser of our souls. 1659 Genii. Calling vu.
8 8 In relation to such his Servants, he is of all other
Masters the most bountiful. 1680 MOXON Mech. Exerc.
No. x. 178 The heighth of the Legs with relation to the
intended work. 1714 A. COLLINS Gr. Ckr. Relig. 184 That
proves nothing in relation to the present Samaritans. 1771
MACKENZIE Man World n. xi, It is only with relation to
those we love that prosperity can produce happiness. 1818
COLEBROOKE Import Colonial Corn 7 It is not so in relation
to the more distant colonies. 1851 H. ROGERS Eel. Faitk
(1853) 2 Your nephew, .has in relation to religion at least,
become an absolute sceptic.
t o. By relation : by natural consequence, by
implication. Obs. rare~l.
1680 MORDEN Geog. Rect., Japan (1685) 426 They strictly
forbid their People to speak of Religion, and by Relation
as little to profess it.
4. a. To have or make relation : to have or
make reference or allusion to something.
1433 Rolls ofParlt. IV. 451/2 Yat yis saide worde Cloth
..have relation and understondyng to hole Clothes .. and
not to other Clothes. 1430 PALSGR. 353 Whan so ever we
use in our tonge ' the whiche '..makyng relacion to a sub-
stantyve or pronowne spoken of in the sentence next
goynge before. 1592 WEST ist Pt. Symbol. § 23 f, If not
certemly expressed, yet some relation is made to some
thing whereby it may be made certein. 1596 DANETT
tr. Comities (1614) 41 ntarg., These words haue relation to
the Earl of Charolois return into Flaunders. 1611 FLORIO,
Reltitizzare, to haue relation vnto. 1643 TRAPP Comm.
Gen. 1. 2 Some think the Apostle hath relation to this, in
that i Cor. 15. 20. 1810 BENTHAM Packing (1821) 237 Re-
lation being made to the state of the law on one hand.
1818 — Ch. Eng., Catech. Exam. 354 Relation being had
to certain inquiries, having for their object [etc.]. 1873
HELPS Anim. q Mast. iii. 60 It had relation to horses.
b. Law (in phr. lo have relation). Reference
or application to an earlier date (cf. RELATE v. 6).
1491 Act 7 Hen. I'll, c. 10 The seid Proviso had relacion
to the seid vj day of October the whiche was before the
same feoffement. 1641 tr. Perkins' Prof. St. i. § 0. 5 It
shall have relation unto the time from the first deliverie.
1766 BLACKSTONE Comm. II. 182 The use of the wife's
estate, .being then awakened, had relation back, and took
effect from the original time of creation.
to. A fiction of law by which two times or other
things are identified, and for legal purposes, re-
garded as one and the same. Obs.
1598 Termes Lawes 162 The thing subsequent is said to
take his effect, by relation, at the time preceding. i6a8
COKE On Lilt. in. xviii. (1648) 70 A relation which is but
a fiction in law, shall never make a man a felon. 1749
SALTHOUSE Wood's Conveyancing I. vi. § 8 (O) 712 In this
Case the Dower of the Woman shall be taken away by
Relation.
transf. 1605 BACON Adv. Learn. I. v. § 2 The propositions
of Euclyde . . being demonstrate, our mind accepteth of them
by a kind of relation (as the Lawyers speak) as if we had
knowne them before,
6. Connexion between persons arising out of the
natural ties of blood or marriage; kinship. Cf.
RELATIONSHIP.
1660 JER. TAYLOR Duct. Dubit. n. ii. rule 3 § 40 Affinity
makes conjunctions and relations equal to those of con-
sanguinity. 1671 MILTON P. R. iv. 519 The S_on of God
1 also am, or was, And if I was, I am ; relation stands.
1758 S. HAYWARD Serin, xvii. 531 The relation is as real as
that of husband and wife. 1818 CRUISE Digest (ed. 2) III.
397 In the maternal line, Hannah Willis and Susan Bates
stand in the same point of relation with the two above
named. 1838 LYTTON Leila iv, iii, Th«ir relation almost
seemed reversed, and the daughter to be a mother watching
over her offspring.
•(•b. Those related to one in this way; one's
kindred. Obs. rare.
x<>53 JER. TAYLOR 25 Serin, vi. 72 He hath need of a
great stock of piety, who is first to provide for his own
necessities, and then to give portions to a numerous relation.
1701 C. MATHER Magu. Chr. vu. (1853) H. 667 Some of
them had quite forgot their English tongue, and their
Christian name, and their whole relation.
C. A person related to one by blood or marriage ;
a kinsman or kinswoman ; a relative. Also freq. in
pi., kinsfolk, relatives.
1502 HEN. VII in Lett. Kings Eng. (1846! I. 191 His
cousin and relation the king of Spain. 1626 in Crt. <y Times
Chas. f (1848) I. 81 Dr. Smith, a man relation to Audley
End.. hath the mastership of Magdalen. 1641 W. HOOKE
New Eng. Teares 14 The bloody contentions of brethren ;
and, when relations turn opposites, nothing more opposite.
1697 DRYDEN Virg. Georg. iv. 374 Their Friends attend the
Herse, the next Relations mourn. 1713 STEELE Guardian
No. 17 F 8 He led her to a relation's house. 1773 GOLDSM.
Stoops to Conq^. n. i, I hope, cousin, one may speak to
| one's own relations, and not be to blame ? 1819 SHELLEY
Cenci I. ii. 69 He might bestow her on some poor relation.
1851 RUSKIN Stones Ven. (1874) I. App. 352 In the year
1434, the relations of Churchmen were declared ineligible to
the post of Ambassador at Rome. 1870 DICKENS E, Drood
ix, Rosa had no relation that she knew of.
RELATIST.
6. The position which one person holds with
respect to another on account of some social or
other connexion between them ; the particular
mode in which persons are mutually connected by
circumstances.
1650 T. B[AYLEY] Worcester's Apoph. 63 As it was co_m-
monly observ'd by all the Servants, that had nearest relation
to him. 1731 LAW Serioits C. xxiv. (ed. 2) 488 If . . our rela-
tion to God be our greatest relation. 1765 BLACKSTONE
Comm. I. ii. 142 The most universal public relation, by which
men are collected together, is that of government. 1849
MACAULAY Hist. Eng. i. I. 60 The opinions of the Puritan
concerning the relation of ruler and subject. 1867 FREEMAN
Norm. Cong. (1877) I. iii. 93 The relation of every man to
his lord was a relation of homage.
b. //. The aggregate of the connexions, or modes
of connexion, by which one person is brought into
touch with another or with society in general.
a 1687 WALLER Epit. Sir G. Speke, Just unto all relations
known, A worthy patriot, pious son. 1745 BUTLER Serm.
Wks. 1874 II. 276 They ought to be instructed.. in what is
suitable to the highest relations in which we stand. 1781
GIBBON Decl. ft F. xliv. II. 670 Our relations to each other
are various and infinite. 1796 BURKE Regie. Peace iii. Wks.
VIII. 278 There was an end of that narrow scheme of rela-
tions called our country. 1865 R. W. DALE Jew. Temp. xx.
(1877) 221 By the death of Christ new relations were estab-
lished between God and man. 1879 FROUDE Cxsar vi. 49
Between mother and child the relations had been affec-
tionate and happy.
O. //. The various modes in which one country,
state, etc., is brought into contact with another by
political or commercial interests.
1797 ADAMS in Amer. St. Papers (1833) I. 40 The minister
of foreign relations informed the recalled American minister
that [etc.]. 1818 Parl. Deb. 18 With respect to our foreign
relations, the treaties concluded with Spain and Portugal . .
formed a peculiar topic of congratulation. 1827 HALLAM
Const. Hist. vi. I. 358 His chief praise, however, was his
management of continental relations. 1861 M. PATTISON^'W.
(1889) I. 39 Our commercial relations with the Baltic cities.
Hence Bela'tion v. intr., to form relations.
1861 SPENCER First Princ. (1870) 86 Thinking being rela-
tioning, no thought can ever express more than relations.
Relational (rn^-Jsnal), a. [f. as prec. + -AL.]
1. Of or belonging to human relationship.
1663 GURNALL Chr. in Arm. verse 18. I. xlix. (1669) 412/1
What thy personal and what thy relational needs are?
a 173* T. BOSTON Crook in Lot (1805) 17 It may fall in the
relational part. Relations are the joints of society. 1709
W. TOOKE View Russian Emp. II. no One might easily
be tempted to take the two nations for relational stems.
1834 J. BROWN Lett. Sattctif. vi. 319 Be conscientious in the
relational duties to God and man.
2. Of, belonging to, or characterized by relation
in general.
1840 Penny Cycl. XVI. 336/2 The use of Relational words
increases in language in the same proportion as the power
of inflection diminishes. 1869 SPENCER Princ. Psychol. n.
v. (1870) I. 229 The most highly relational feelings are the
visual. 1899 C. F. DARCY Idealism fit Theol. Introd. 6 Its
primary qualities, .are essentially relational.
Hence Relationa'lity, Bela'tionally adv.
1865 BUSHNELL Vicar. Sacr. in. iv. (1868) 307 The close
relauonality of it is cross to our humanly selfish habit. 1867
— in Hours at Home Nov. 6 The objects of nature are re-
lationally..made.
Rela'tionary, a. [-ART i.] Relational.
1847-9 Toad's Cycl. Anat. IV. 622/2 To denote that..ar-
rangement of all the osseous pieces of an animal framework
in..relationary order. 1848 R. I. WILBERFORCE Doctr. In-
carnation v. (1852) jog Our Lord had an inherent and inde-
pendent, not merely a conditional and relationary existence.
Rela tionism. Philos. [f. RELATION si. +
•ISM.] a. The doctrine of the relativity of know-
ledge ; relativism, b. The doctrine that relations
have a real existence.
1858 W. R. PIRIE [ng. Hum. Mindiv. 251 The assumption
. . necessarily runs into nihilism or relationism. 1885 F. E.
ABBOT Sci. Theism Introd. ii. 25 Relationism or Scientific
Realism.. teaches that universals, or genera and species,
are, first, objective relations of resemblance among objec-
tively existing things.
Rela'tionist. [-IST.] One who maintains a
theory based on a relation between ideas.
1835 J. YOUNG Led. fntell. Philos. xxviii. 281 Dr. Brown
says, there must be a feeling of relation in these genera!
ideas,.. and says, that were he to take a particular name to
himself, he would call himself a Relatiomst.
Rela'tionless, a. [f. RELATION sb. + -LESS.]
Having no relations.
1822 LAMB Elia Ser. I. Old A ctors, The survivor stands
gaping and relationless as if it remembered its brother. 1873
Spectator 15 Feb. 213/2 One of them is a relationless orphan.
Relationship (r/V'JanJip). [f. as prec. +
-SHIP.] The state of being related; a condition
or character based upon this ; kinship.
a 1744 POPE Dune. n. 3 note. Our author let it pass un-
altered, as a trifle, that no way altered the relationship.
'773 GOLDSM. Stoops to Cong. ii. i, I want no nearer rela-
tionship. 1804 MITFORD Inquiry 345 The Welsh themselves
have been fond of claiming this relationship [for their
language]. 1853 WHEWELL Grotiits I. 309 Social ties are
to be extended more widely by diffusing our relationships.
1880 H AUGHTON Phys. Geog. 268 Teeth of a small Marsupial,
Microlestes,. .which show a relationship to Myrmecobius.
t Relatist. Obs.-1 [f. RELATE v.] a. A
relative, a thing related, b. One who relates.
1640 HOWELL Dodonti's Gr. 10 Which puts so large a
distance twixt the tongue and the heart, that they are
seldome relatists. 1656 BLOUNT Glossogr Relatist, one that
rehcarseth or relateth ; a reporter.
RELATIVAL.
Relatival (relatsi-val), a. Chiefly Gram. [f.
RELATIVE + -AL.] Of or pertaining to a relative or
relation.
1869 ABBOTT Shaks. Grain. 63 Relatival constructions, —
So as ; such which ; that as. 1879 FARRAR.SY. Paul II. 497
Then follows a chapter of parentheses, .. linked together
..by relatival connexions. 1899 11 Ult/i. Gaz. 21 Mar. 1/2
The new member has a relatival connexion with the House
of Lords in the Earl of Portsmouth.
Relative (re'lativ), a. and s6. [ad. F. relaiif,
-ive (ijth c.), or L. relativ-its : see RELATE v. and
-IVE.] A. adj.
1. Gram. Relating or referring to an antecedent
term ; esp. relative pronoun.
1530 PALSGR. 81 Of the pronownes relatives qui .. serveth
indifferently for all gendres and nombres. 1552 HULOET,
Relatiue or whiche hathe relation to a thynge precedyng,
relatinus. 1696 PHILLIPS, Pronoun, a Part of Speech. .of
which thereareFourSorts,Personal,..Relative[etc.]. 176*
KAMKS Elem. Crit. xviii. (1835) 268 In a natural style,
relative words are by juxtaposition connected with those
to which they relate. 1845 STODDART Gram, in Encycl.
Metrop. (1847) I- 66/1 The Greek had only the relative
Article 6, 17, TO, and was entirely destitute of our positive
Article. 1873 MORRIS Eng. Acrid, xii. § 188 The relative
pronouns are lulio, which, that, as. In OE. -who, which,
•what, were not relative, but interrogative pronouns.
2. Having mutual relationship ; related to, or
connected with, each other ; f correlative.
1594 BLUNDEVIL Exerc. i. xvi. (1636) 41 The Relative
[numbers] are those which have relation one to another.
1662 HOUSES Consid. 21 Protection and Obedience are Rela-
tive, 1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed.3)XII. 187/1 The relative modes
are such as the composer interweaves with the principal
in the flow of the harmony. 1858 HAWTHORNE Fr. fy It.
Note-bks. II. 146 Several different, yet relative designs.
b. Corresponding.
1849 RUSKIN Sev. Lamps iii. § 9. 71 The square and circle
..with their relative solids the cube and sphere.
c. Mus. (See quots. and B. 2 c.)
1818 BUSBY Gram. Mus. 133 [A transition] from the major
scale to its relative minor. 1848 Mus. Times II. 104 The
signature of Do minor is the same as that of Mi \> major,
which is therefore called its relative major. 1875 OUSELEY
Harmony v. 69 Every major key has a minor key con-
nected with it, called its ' relative minor '.
3. Having relation to the question or matter in
hand : pertinent, relevant.
1602 SHAKS. Ham. n. ii. 633 He haue grounds More Relatiue
then this. 1676 I. MATHER K. Philip's War (1862) 161
There are judicious persons, who upon the consideration of
some relative circumstances, .. have concluded [etc.J. 1734
tr. Ratlin's Anc. Hist. (1827) II. iv. 272 Giving his answers
in such ambiguous terms that let the event be what it
would they contained a relative meaning. 1809 SOUTHEY
Lett. (1856) II. 157 All relative matter, not absolutely
essential to the subject, should go in the form of supple-
mentary notes, 1866 Daily Ne^vs 12 Feb. 5/6, I would give
no credk to such an assumption without some more relative
and positive proof.
fb. Of a person : Concerned in a thing. Obs.— '
a 1613 OVERBURY A Wife, etc. (1638) 102 She is relative in
all ; and he without her, but halfe himself.
4. Arising from, depending on, or determined
by, relation to something else or to each other;
comparative.
1611 FLORIO Diet., Rules for Italian Tongue 64 r The
second respectiue, relatiue, or limited Preterimperfect tence,
which doth euer eyther expressiuely or inclusiuely answere
or regard the former. 1673 .V 'too him Bayes 37 No more does
it follow that Geneva, .must change from North to South,
the place of her Relative Situation. 1793 SMEATON Edystone
L. § 235 They were . . so marked, that . . they could again be
restored to the same relative position. 1822 IMISON iV. It Art
I. 447 Relative motion is the degree and direction of the
motion of one body, when compared with that of another.
1860 TYNDALL Clac. n. xv. 308 The point to be decided is
the relative importance of his idea. 1881 WESTCOTT & HORT
Grk. Test. Introd. § 39 Relative date affords a valuable
presumption as to relative freedom from corruption.
b. Constituted, or existing, only by relation to
something else ; not absolute or independent.
relative thing, founded in the particular Associations and
Habits of each People. 1826 COLERIDGE in Lit. Rtm. (1838)
111.55 Certainty is positive, evidence relative. 1875 JOWETT
P'at° (ed. 2) IV. 238 A votary of that famous philosophy in
which all things are said to be relative.
5. a. Of worship : Offered indirectly by means
of or through an image.
tr. Chardin s Trav. Persia 98 They adore 'em not with
Relative Adoration, but pay their Devotion to the Materia
Substance. 1833 «• S. FABER Kecafit. Apostasy 14 The
Jews and Mohammedans .. derived from the Law and the
Koran an immortal hatred to graven images and all relative
worship 1884 Catholic Diet. (1885) =39/1 The same idea is
expressed by Cyril of Alexandria when he speaks of the
relative veneration and cultus of honour '.
t b. (See quot.) Obs. rare -'.
1710 NORRIS Uhr. Prud. i. 2 Truths of importance are
relative 1 ruths, that have an Order or Reference to some-
thing farther.
0. Of terms, etc. : Involving or implying rela-
tion ; depending for meaning or significance upon
some relationship of things or persons.
1678 RUNYAN Come f, \Velc. 18 To call God by this relative
lltle [Father] was rare among the Saints in Old-Testament
399
times. 1696 PHILLIPS s.v., In Logick, Relative Terms are
when there is a kind of Opposition, yet such a one, that the
one cannot be without the other: as Father and Son, Hus-
band and Wife. 1704 J. HARRIS Lex. Techn. I, Relative
Propositions, are those that include some Comparison, add
some Relation, thus : Where the Treasure is, there is the
Heart. 1843 MILL Logic i. ii. § 7 A name is relative when,
being the name of one thing, its signification cannot be ex-
plained but by mentioning another. 1869 B. HARTE Ten-
nessee's Part. Wks. 1880 II. 135 Tennessee's Partner, whom
we never knew by any other than this relative title.
7. Having, or standing in, a relation to something
else ; correspondent or proportionate to.
1660 JER. TAYLOR Duct. Dubit. n. ii. rule 6 § 65 If it be a
reason that is not relative to times and persons. 1732 POPE
Ess. Man i. 52 Whatever wrong we call, May, must be
right, as relative to all. 1793 SMEATON Edystone L. § 154
The firmness of all the material parts, as relative to the
force to be employed. 1866 ROGERS Agrie. ff Prices I. xxiii.
595 The market value will always be relative to its demand.
1877 E. R. CONDER Has. Faith iv. 141 All knowledge must
be relative to mind.
b. In relation or proportion to something.
ciy&9GiBBOitAut<>t>i0g. (1896) 268 Naples, themost populous
of cities relative to its size.
8. Having application or reference to a thing.
1765 HARRIS Three Treat, n. Note 362 Things relative to
immediate Want, such as the grinding of Corn by Mills.
1828 STARK Elem. Nat. Hist. II. 238 Certain ideas, .relative
to their wants and the employment of their organs. 1863
H. Cox Instil, in. v. 658 Powers and duties relative to
harbours and navigation.
b. Relating to a matter of fact, event, person,
etc. ; with reference to.
1763 HARRIS in Lett. Lit. Men (Camden) 401 The letter
relative to Charles's death. 1804 NELSON Lett. (1814) II. 62,
I write to the Admiralty relative to my health. 1853 LYTTON
My Novel vm. xiii, A letter to Egerton, with whom he
wished to consult relative to a very important point.
p. Conveying a reference or allusion to some
thing or fact.
"774 J- BRYANT Mythol. II. 417 The Ox's head with the
Egyptian modius between his horns, relative to the circum-
stances of his history.
B. sb. 1. Gram. A relative word ; esp. a rela-
tive pronoun. Also_/ijf. (quot. 1393).
1388 WYCLIF Pro!. 57 A relatif, which mai be resoluid into
his antecedent with a coniunccioun copulatif. 1393 LANGL.
P. PI. C. iv. 357 Man ys relatif reel yf he be ryht trewe.
1520 WHITINTON Vul%. (1527) 2 The relatyue of substaunce
shall accorde with his antecedent. 1579 FULKE Heskins*
Parl. 148 He appealeth to the grammarian for the nature of
a Relatiue. 1658 EVELYN Diary 27 Jan., The government
and use of relatives, verbs, substantives. 1762 Bp. LOWTH
Introd. Eng. Gram. 103 Who, which, ivhat, and the Relative
that,, .are always placed before the Verb. 1824 L. MURRAY
Eng. Gram. (ed. 5) I. 194 Relatives are not so useful in
language, as conjunctions. 1875 WHITNEY Life Lang. v. 96
The relatives . . are an agency we could hardly afford to miss.
fb. Applied to a demonstrative pronoun. Obs.~l
1677 GARY Chronol. 235 Jochanan begat Azariah ; he it is
that Executed the Priests Office, &c. This Relative [He]
may have reference either to Jochanan, or Azariah.
2. A thing (f or person) standing in some rela-
tion to another.
1426 LYDG. De Guil. Pilgr. 3057 Thys .. ys the ryght-ful
relatyff, To whom, with-oute noyse or stryff, Thow art soget.
1570-6 LAMBARDE Peramb. Kent 408 After the husbands
and the wife, there followeth .. the childe and his Gardein,
whom also (since they be Relatiues, as the other be . .) [etc. ].
1606 WARNER Alb. Eng. xv. c. 394 Religion and Subjec-
tion be each th' others Relatiue. 1660 JER. TAYLOR Duct.
Dubit. n. ii. rule i § n The band of marriage is Eternal,
but it dies with either of the relatives. 1784 J. BARRY in
Led. Paint, ii. (1848)^3 The mere., opposition of the several
colours, proper to his object, and to the relatives which
accompanied it. 1862 SPENCER First Princ. i. iv. § 24 (1867)
81 An Absolute which existed not alone but along with other
Absolutes, would no longer be an absolute but a relative.
b. A relative term. (See A. 6.)
"55' T. WILSON Logike 22 b, Relatiues are those, whiche
are comprehended with other, or the whiche are named, one
with another, and (as a man would say) haue a mutuall
respect, one to another. 1588 FRAUNCE Lawiers Log. \. xi.
48 Relatiues are contraries, .. yet there may bee in other
respects a mutuall consent and reciprocal! relation betweene
them, wherevpon they bee called Relatiues, as father, sonne,
husband, wife, &c. 1648 MILTON Tenure Kings (1649) 31
We know that King and Subject are relatives, and relatives
have no longer being then in the relation. 1697 J. SERGEANT
Solid Philos. 252 Some Terms which seem Absolute are
Relatives. 1855 SIR W. HAMILTON Metaph. (1859) H. 536
Thus relatives are severally discriminated ; inasmuch as the
one is specially what is referred, the other specially what is
referred to.
c. Mus. (See quots. and A. 2 c.)
1811 BUSBY Diet. Mus. (ed. 3) s.v.( Every major-key is
called the relative of such minor key, and every minor.key
the relative of its third above, taken in the major-mode.
1818 — Gram. Mus. 51 Major and Minor keys thus agreeing,
are denominated relatives.
3. One who is connected with another or others by
blood or affinity ; a kinsman. Cf. RELATION 5 c.
1657 GAULE Sap. yust. 43 In respect of proximate Parents
and of relatives yet living. 1660 JER. TAYLOR Duct. Dubit.
II. ii. rule 3 § 76 Cosens would do better not to marry (says
another) . . that one person may not be a double Relative.
a 1703 POMFRET Prospect Death 81 Our friends and relatives
stand weeping by, Dissolv'd in tears, to see us die. 1793
Minstrel I. 24 St. Julian was. -a relative to the duchess of
York. 1825 THIRLWALL Crit. Ess. 125 While he is yet speak*
ing his relatives are announced to him. 1860 TVNDALL Glac.
I. xvii. 121 He had received intelligence of the death of a
near relative.
transf. 1856 KANE A ret. Expl. I. xxiii. 305 Flitting and
hovering.., like their relatives.. Mother Carey's chickens.
RELATOR.
1 4. A relationship. 06s. rare.
o& Lo GAATFORD. in E- D- Neill Virginia Carolorum
1886) 278 A practice.. abominated of all men that know
(
eithei
5. The relative, that which is relative (in sense
4 b of the adj.).
the relative to the abs'olute.
Relatively (re-lativli), adv. [f. prec. + -LT 2.]
1. In a relative manner, in relation to something
else ; comparatively : a. with vbs.
'??' T. NORTON Calvin's fnst. i. xiii. (1634) 58 The name
of God is there relatively taken, and therefore restrained to
tJhe Person of the Father. 1591 PERCIVALL S}. Diet. E iv,
Ihis word La is often vsed relatiuely, and yet hath no
agreementwithanyantecedent. i66pR.CoKE Justice Vind.
49 Here we must look upon Grotius either naturally or
relatively. 1701 NORRIS Ideal World i. v. 243 The essence
of God may be considered either absolutely or relatively
«794 PALEY E-vid. 11. ix. § 2 (1817) 239 Not only absolutely
but.. relatively, in comparison, that is with those among
whom they exercise their office. 1849 MACAULAY Hist. Eng.
v. I. 585 But, though they have positively advanced, they
have relatively gone back. 1861 PEARSON Early f, Mid.
Ages Eng. (1867) I. 15 Arts and sciences can only be talked
of relatively among a people such as the Britons were.
b. with adjs. (Sometimes hyphened.)
1825 BENTHAM Offic. Apt. Maximized, Indications (1830)
78 note, Justice, . . denied to the relatively poor, . . sold at an
enormous price to the relatively rich. 1862 SPENCER first
Princ. n. xiii. § 104 (1867) 301 Parts which.. consist of rela-
tively-simple molecules, are seats of but Httle structure.
1884 L. J. JENNINGS Croker Papers I. iii. 85 It was very
difficult to induce.. the public to regard them as worth the
relatively small sum . . paid for them.
2. In relation, or with reference, to something.
1646 SIR T. BROWNE Pseud. Ep. 191 These lateralities in
man are not onely fallible, if relatively determined unto each
others, but made in reference unto the heavens. 1678 CUD-
WORTH Ittiell. Syst. i. i. ii Those Sensible things .. are all
generated or made Relatively to the Sentient. 1726 P.OLINI .-
BROKE Study Hist. ii. I. (1752) 38 They saw the measures
they took singly, and unrelatively, or relatively alone to
some immediate object. 1822 J. H. NEWMAN Lett. (1891) I.
69 They know very little of me. .who think I do not put a
valueon myself relatively toothers. 1873 MAXWELL Electr.
6 Magn. (1881) I. 47 In a conductor the electrification is
free to move relatively to the conductor.
b. In proportion to.
1869 TOZER HighL Turkey I. 257 All should be ready to
serve, considering the length of the frontier they have to
defend relatively to their numbers.
So Relativeness, relativity.
1673 H. MORE App. to Antid. agst. Idolatry™ Since this
Relative Latria (because of its Relativeness) is incompatible
to God. 1886 A mer. Jrnl. Philol. VI 1. 444 For a later period
. .the expression 'dialect1 is one of peculiar relativeness.
Relativism. Philos. [f. as prec. + -ISM.]
The doctrine that knowledge is only of relations.
1885 SETH Scot. Philos. 183 Hegel alone of all meta-
physicians lifts us completely clear of Relativism. 1892
Atheuxum 20 Aug. 247/1 Many will be pleased with the
attack on thoroughgoing relativism.
Re lativist. Philos. [f. as prec. + -IST.] One
who holds the doctrine of relativism.
1863 SPENCER Ess, III. 302, 1 diverge from other relativists
m asserting that the existence of a non-relative is . . a positive
deliverance of consciousness. 1898 Pop. Sci. Monthly LIU.
850 Agnostics, relativists, and all others must agree with him.
Hence Belativl'stic a.
1886 Encycl. Brit. XXI. 382/2 The elaborate presentation
of sceptical and relativistic arguments.
Relativity (relati-viti). [f. as prec. + -ITY.
Cf. F. relativity.'] The fact or condition of being
relative, relativeness.
a 1834 COLERIDGE in Lit. Rent. (1839) IV. 213 In every
religious and moral use of the word, God,.. a relativity, a
distinction in kind.. is so essentially implied [etc.]. 1867
LEWES Hist. Philos. (ed. 3) I. p. xxiv, Those who hold the
doctrineof the relativity of knowledge. iSSgMivART Truth
258 The relativity of beauty is an accidental relativity.
Relator (r^l/'-t(?j). Also 7 -our. [a. L. relator,
agent-n. f. relat- : see RELATE v. Cf. F. relatcur,
Sp., Pg. relator, It. relatore.]
1. A relater, narrator. (Common c 1600-1750.)
1591 Garrard's Art Warre 126 The description by draught
beeing well knowen, accompanied with the liuely voice of
the Relator. 1624 F. WHITE Repl. Fisher 562 You are an
vnfaithfull Relatour of the practise of the Primitiue Church.
1660 BOYLE New Exp. Phys. Meek. ix. 72 A faithful Relator
of Experiments. 1703 MAUNDRELL Journ. Jerus. (1721) 15
The Relators of this istory . . were doubtless fully perswaded
of the truth of it. 1759 JOHNSON Rasselas xxxvi[i], Imlac..
was not very confident of the veracity of the relator. 1846
TRENCH Mirac. iii. (1862) 130 It will cause little wonder
that two or three relators have in part seized diversely the
culminating points of a story.
t b. (One's) informant. Obs. rare.
1607 TOPSELL Four-f. Beasts (1658) 349 It may be that he
or his relator had seen them playing together as Goats do
? 1610 DONNE Lett. Wks. 1839 VI. 338 When this place
affords anything worth your hearing, I will be your remtor.
f o. The historian of a. place. Obs. rare~l.
1691 WooD/IM. Oxon. II. 641 Of that little Parish. .he
was in effect the Relator.
2. Law. An informer ; spec, one who supplies
the materials for an information by the Attorney
General (see RELATION i b).
BELATBIX.
400
RELAXATION.
1603 OWEN Pembrokeshire i. (1892) 6 Especiallye pro-
moters newelye named Relatours, a generackm hated both
of the good and badd people. 163* Star Chamh. Cases
(Camden) 96 Sr John Finch for the relator this day replyed.
1674 N. Riding Rec. VI. 222 This Court doth approve of,
admit, and allow Alex. Dixon to use, exercise and follow
the office of a Relator. 17x0 Act 9 Anne c. 20 § 4. 1768
BLACKSTONE Comm. III. 427 The attorney general, at the
relation of some informant, (who is usually called the
relator) files ex officio an information in the court of
chancery. 18*3 Act 4 Geo, IVt c. 76 § 23 To the Know-
ledge or Belief of the Relator or Relators so making Oath.
1865 Pall Mall G. 29 May 6 The relator . . is a descendant
of a brother of the second wife of the testator.
f3. A relative. Obs. rare—1. (Cf. RELATEB a.)
1665 SIR T. HERBERT Trav. (1677) 246 The Arch-Hamen
carried the holy Fire, attended by the Priests and three
hundred sixty five Youths who were their relators.
Rela'trix. [a. late L. relatrix (5th c.), female
agent-n. f. rclat- : see RELATE z/.] Law. * A female
relator or petitioner* (Ogilvie 1882, citing Story).
Relaunch. («-),». [RE- 5 a.] To launch again.
a 1745 BROOHK Poews, Horace Ode i The merchant.. soon
relaunches from the shore. 1885 WARREN & CLEVERLY
Wand. Beetle 13 We hauled the boat over, and relaunched
her on the other side.
t Bela-x, sb. Obs. [f. the vb.]
1. Relaxation ; an instance of this.
1627-77 FEI.THAM Resolves n. Iviii. 282 'Tis not denyed, but
labors and cares may have their Relaxes and Recreations.
1643 MILTON Divorce 11. xiv. Wks. 1851 IV. 97 The first
"~J\ consequence of such a relaxe will be the justifying of
force, reliev'd by short relax I
2. A device for releasing some part of a machine.
1676 Phil. Trans. XI. 716 As the Relax gives way, the
Weight will adjust the motion of the hand to the Index E.
Hela'x, a. rare. [f. the vb., on anal, of LAX a.]
1. Lax, wanting in strictness.
1609 BIBLE (Douay) Jitdg, xxi. comm., Lest either justice
be over sharpe, or mercie too relaxe. 1790 BEATSON Nav. <$•
Mil. Mem. II. 198 He was so relax in discipline, that the
garrison .. were seldom in a condition to do their duty
properly. 1802 tr. Ducray-Ditminil's Victor III. 228 We
determined first to visit France and to consider Germany,
the police of which was more relax than in other countries.
1 2, Relaxed, slack. Obs.
1626 BACON Sylva § 381 The motion and activity of the
body consisteth chiefly in the sinews, which, when the
southern wind bloweth, are more relax.
Relax (rto'x), v. [ad. L. relaxare, f. re- RE-
+ laxus LAX a. Cf. F. relaxer (i4th c.).]
I. trans, f 1- To make (a thing) less compact
or dense ; to loosen or open up by separation of
parts. Also refl. Obs.
f t 1420 Pallad. on Husb. \\. 140 Ragston & thinges hard,
in cold and hete Relaxed, bereth vyneyerdes grete. 1664
POWER Exp. P kilos, i. 77 When the Atoms wherewith the
Liquor is fully impregnated do relax and open themselves.
1667 MILTON P. L. vi, 599 But now Foule dissipation
follow 'd and forc't rout ; Nor serv'd it to relax thir serried
files. 1676 CONIERS in Phil. Trans. XI. 717 At that time it
relaxes or swells the Deal for about two or three hours.
b. spec. To render (a part of the body) less
firm or rigid ; to make loose or slack ; to enfeeble
or enervate. Also v&jlg. context,
1620 VENXER Via Recta Hi. 68 It mollifieth and relaxeth
the stomacke, taketh away the appetite. 1664 POWER Exp.
Philos. i. 68 The Optick Nerve being by successful means
disobstructed and relaxed. 1781 GIBBON Decl. $ F. xxv.
II. 529 The nerves of discipline were relaxed, and the high-
ways were infested with robbers. 1808 Med. jrnl. XIX. 247
The speedy and prompt administration of every remedy
tending to relax the surface. 1860 TYNDALL Glac. i, xi. 84
.The heat relaxed my muscles.
absol. 1718 QUINCV Contpl. Disp. 1 13 They are very mucila-
ginous, and therefore soften, relax, and heal. 1753 CHAM UI-.KS
Cycl. Supp. s.v. Malache^ Such ointments as relax and
mollify.
c. To diminish the force or tension of; esp. to
loosen (one's hold or grasp).
1781 COWPER Conversat. 812 Charity may relax the miser's
fist. 1790 BURKE Fr. Rev. (ed. 2) 03 This distemper . . re-
laxes and wears out., the spring of that spirit. 1841 BORROW
Zincali i. iii. n, 267 Owing to the civil wars, the ties which
unite society have been considerably relaxed. 1859 TENNY-
SON Guinevere 454 When.. their law Relaxed its hold upon
us. x866 DK. ARGYLL Reign Law vii. (1871) 389 False con-
ceptions of the truth . . may and do relax the most powerful
springs of action.
2. To make less strict, severe, or rigid ; to miti-
gate, tone down, modify.
1662 GUNNING Lent Fast 69 An austerer course of life is
relaxed through the frailty of the flesh. 1718 POPE Iliad
xv. 78 Not till that Day shall Jove relax his Rage. 1769
Juntas Lett. x». (1788) 81 We have seen the laws sometimes
scandalously relaxed, sometimes violently stretched beyond
their tone. iSao SCOTT Abbot ii, The old woman seemed
somewhat to relax her tone of severity. 1870 FREEMAN
Norm. Cong. (ed. 2) I. iv. 173 The rule had clearly been
relaxed before the reign of the Great William.
absol, 1768 TUCKER Lt. Nat. II. in. xxiv. 39 No man can
fix so perfect an idea of that virtue [justice] as that he may
not afterwards find reason to add or relax therefrom.
b. To slacken, abate, diminish (an effort, etc.).
1774 GOLDSM. Nat. Hist. (1776) II. 64 From the moment
the necessity of learning new words ceases, they relax their
industry. 18x7 SHELLEY Rev. Islam vi. xx, [The horse] re-
laxed its course as it approached me. 1843 BETHUNK Sc.
Fireside Star, 29 Having business of importance which de-
manded his presence elsewhere, [he] began to relax his
attention.
C. To cause to abate in zeal or force, rare.
1660 SECKER in Spurgeon Treas. Dan. Ps. xliv. 17-19
Neither the persecuting hand of men, nor the chastising
hand of God, relaxed ancient singular saints. 18x4-98 LAN*
VQKdtat.Snaks. Wks. 1846 II. 286 Whether we have not
. .acted as if we believed that opposition were to be relaxed
and borne away by self sufficiency.
d. refl. To unbend (oneself) ; to take relaxation.
1762-71 H. WALPOLE Virtue's Anecd. Paint. (1786) V. rjs
The philosophic warrior, who could relax himself into the
ornament of a refined court, 1772-84 Cook's Voy. (1790) IV.
1489 They relax themselves oy conversation and other
amusements.
3. t a. To remit (a rent). Obs. rare-1.
15*8 Gahvay Arch, in icM Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App.
V. 403 It was condessendid by the . . Comens to relax to the
said Willam Marten.. the rent that he owith of the tenne-
ment to the Comens.
b. To give up, stop (a process).
1883 Law Rep. n Q. B. Div. 554 He must apply to the
Court for an order to release him, and the Court must order
the process to be relaxed.
4. a. Sc. (now only Law.} To free or discharge
(a person) from restraint, legal process, or penalty.
Also absol. To procure a relaxation.
1546 Reg. Privy Council Scot. I. 29 Ordanis lettres to be
direct to relax James Twedy..fra the proces of the home led
upon him. a 1578 LINDESAY (Pitscottie) Chron. Scot.
(S.T.S.) I. 26 Quhou schir James Steuart and his brother
was put in presoune,..And hou they war relaxit againe.
1640 K. BAILLIE Canterb. Self-Convict. 115 He must have
no lesse censure then the great excommunication, from
which he must never be relaxed but by the Bishops own
mouth. 175* J. LQUTHIAN Form of Process (ed. 2) 141 That
. .ye. .relax the said [persons].. from the Process ofDenoun-
ciation led against them. 1701 KAMES Diet. Decisions (ed. 2)
XI. 329 He who relaxes and registers not, cannot alienate,
being still holden and repute rebel. 1838 W. BELL Diet.
Law Scot. 844 Letters passing the signet whereby a debtor
was relaxed from the horn, that is from personal diligence.
b. Of the Inquisition : To hand over (heretics)
to the secular power for execution. [Sp. relaxar.]
1838 PRESCOTT Ferd. $• Is. i. vii. I. 377 Those who were to
be relaxed, as it was called, were delivered over, as impeni-
tent heretics, to the secular arm. 1853 W. STIRLING-MAX-
WELL Cloister Life Chas. K, 209 Dr. Cazalla was one of
fifteen heretics who were ' relaxed ', or, in secular speech,
burnt in May 1559 at Valladolid.
C. To set fat from labour, rare ~*.
1762-9 FALCONER Ship-tor . i. 336 Relax 'd from toil the
sailors range the shore.
H. intr. 5. To become loose or slack ; to grow
less tense or firm.
1720 POPE ///ju/xxi. 309 Tired by the tides, his knees relax
with toil. 1858 LARONER Hand-bk. Nat. Phil. 128 The
piston descends, therefore, and the spring relaxes.
b. Of the features : To become less rigid or
stern. Also const, from, into.
1797 MRS. RADCLiFFE//rt/m«iv, His features relaxed from
their first expression. 183* HT. MARTINEAU Ireland iii. 40
Presently the knit brow relaxed, the fierce eye was tamed.
1840 DICKENS Barn. Rudgt ii, His features would relax
Into a look of fondness.
6. To abate in degree or force.
1701 ROWE Amb. Step-Moth, iv. i, This raging Fit of
Honour will relax. 1813 J. BADCOCK Dom. A tnusem. 47When
our warm weather comes on early, and does not too soon
relax. 1834 DISRAELI Rev. Eptck n. xxiii, This emprise Will
not relax until the sun shall rise On men who bless his birth.
7. To become less severe, strict, or exacting ; to
grow milder. Also const, from.
1749 H. WALPOLE Let. to Mann 4 Mar. (1857) II. 14^ The
mutinous were likely to go great lengths, if the Admiralty
had not bought off some by money, and others by relaxing
in the material points. 1789 KKLSHAM Ess. II. xli. 523 It was
hoped, .the Court would relax in its opposition. 1818 JAS.
MILL Brit. India II. v. ii. 368 The Colonel proposed to relax
in the affair of Basslm, and to ask for something else in its
stead. 1850 MRS. BROWNING Prometh. Bound -2.16 Thou art,
sooth, a brave god, And, for all thou hast borne.., Nought
relaxest from scorn !
b. Of persons : To become less stiff or distant ;
to assume a friendlier manner. Also const, into.
1837 DICKENS Pickw. ii, He gradually relaxed, and re-
verted to thesubjectof the ball. 1837 DISRAELI Venetia. in.
ii, Lady Annabel relaxed into conversation beyond her
custom. 1879 HOWELLS L. Aroostook (1883) I. 200 It seemed
to him as if. .she relaxed towards him as they walked.
8. To slacken in zeal or application (also const.
into} ; to seek or take relaxation from work or
occupation.
ty6o~* GOLDSM. Cit. W. ix, I once more, therefore, relax
into my former indifference with regard to the English ladies.
1774 — Retal. 79 Here Douglas retires from his toils to re-
lax. 1796 C. MARSHALL Garden, xxii. (1813) 448 He cannot
relax in his duty without his neglect being manifest by
serious consequences following it. 1833 CRUSE tr. Eusebins*
Eccl. Hist. vi. lit 222 He did not however relax in his per-
severance.
f 9. To slacken in respect </ something. Obs.
1775 Tender Father II. 69 No sooner was this effected,
than I relaxed of my tenderness and regard. 1797 MRS. A. M.
BENNETT Beggar Girl (1813) II. 66 The stately brow of
Mrs. Buchanan relaxed of its asperity.
t Bela-xable, a. Obs. rare~l. [f. prec. +
-ABLE.] Admitting of remission.
a 1677 BARROW Wks. (1686) II. 501 Who doth so render
himself obnoxious, that if he derogate from a creature, he
may not suppose it to be relaxable to him by some pardon?
Rela'xant, a. and sb. Med. [ad. L. relaxant-
em^ pres. pple. of relaxare to RELAX.]
A. adj. Causing, or distinguished by, relaxation.
I 1771 T. PERCIVAL Ess. (1777) I. 129 When received into
! the stomach it is highly debilitating and relaxant. 1822-34
Good's Study Med. (ed. 4) I. 309 Where the pain and tension
' are very distressing, relaxant cataplasjns and fomentations
, are generally advisable.
B. sb. A practice or drug serving to produce
relaxation.
1832 J. THOMSON Life IV. Cullen I. 406 He considered
the practice of warm bathing the most powerful Emollient
and the most considerable Relaxant. 1898 AllbntCs Syst.
Med. V. 996 In such cases good may result from the ad-
ministration of arterial relaxants.
f Rela-xate, v. Obs. [f. ppl. stem of L. re-
laxare : see RELAX v. and -ATE '\] To relax.
1. trans, a. = RELAX v. \ and i b.
J597 A. M. tr. Gvillemcait's Fr. Chirurg. 4ob/a We
Cauterize alsoe the Eyeliddes which are relaxated. 1655
T. VAUGHAN Euphrates 46 The centrall and caelestiall
Luminaries have, by their mutual! mixture and conflux of
beames relaxated and dilated the Pores of the earth. 1694
MOTTEUX Rabelais\\. Ixvu. (1737) 275 The retentive Faculty
of the Nerve, .was relaxated.
absol. 1657 TOMLINSON Renou's Disp. 698 This Unguent
. .relaxates, leniates and mollifies.
b. -= RELAX v. 2 and a b.
1664 H. MORE Myst. Iniq. vii. 125 What can more re-
laxate those .. hearty aspirings of our Souls.. then such
corrupt conceits as these t 1680 — Afocal. Apoc. 209 The
..zeal.. and strictness of Discipline will be much relaxated.
O. To release, set free (cf. RELAX v. 4 a).
681 H. MORE Exp. Dan. 103
relaxate your Captivity. Ibid.,
1681 H. MORE Exp. Dan. 103 Cyrus, King of Persia, will
te your Captivity. Ibid., The
relaxate his people from the Captivity of Sin.
Messias. .will come to
2. intr. = RELAX v. 5-7.
1597 A. M. tr. Guillemeau's Fr. Chirurg. sab/2 The face
waxeth pale, the Belly reloxateth, and the speech fayleth.
1655-82 H. MORE App. Antid. (1712) 218 If they euer re-
laxate into mirth, . . it is foolishly antick and deformed. x68x
— Exp. Dan. Pref. 68 Our zeal has relaxated against the
Church of Rome.
Hence t Belaxating vbl. sb. Obs.
1647 HAMMOND Power of Keys iv. 51 The word .. is used
again for loosing in our sense, relaxattng of, or freeing from
a censure of excommunication.
Relaxation (re-lseks^-Jan). [ad. L. relaxa-
tion-em, n. of action f. relaxare : see prec. and
RELAX v., and cf. F. relaxation ([314).]
1. Partial (f or complete) remission of some
penalty, burden, duty, etc. ; f also, the document
granting such remission.
1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 42 The plenary re-
myssyons ben ever referred communly to relaxacyon of
payne. 1533-4 Act 25 Hen. K///, c. 21 § i Licenses,
faculties, grantis, relaxacions, writtes called Perinde valeret
rehabilitacions, abolitions, and other infinite sortes of buls.
16x3 PURCHAS Pilgrimage vin. x. (1614) 792 He . . procured
a relaxation of tribute from his father in law. 1655 FULLER
Ch. Hist. in. ii. § 3. 19 Others conceive this relaxation in-
dulged in favour to some great offenders. 1727-38 CHAM-
BERS Cycl. s.v., In this sense we say the relaxation of an
attachment in the court of admiralty. 1791 BURKE Corr.
(1844) 111.362 Hitherto all relaxation of penalties proceeded
on principles of union. 1844 H. H. WILSON Brit. India II.
405 Some relaxation was admitted in regard to the tributes.
b. Sc. Law. Release from a judicial penalty,
| esp. from a sentence of outlawry.
1546 Reg. Privy Council Scot. I. 50 His grace sail nowther
gin respect nor remissioun, supersedere nor relaxatioun, to
na maner of persoun . . that sal happin to committ slauchter.
1601 Acts Sederunt (1790) 34 Na relaxatioun .. sail be
;rantit to ony rebell lawful lie denunceit to the home. 1752
. LOUTHIAN Form of Process (ed. a) 140 Follows the
Betters of Relaxation on the foresaid Petition and Inter-
locutor. 1791 KAMES Diet. Decisions (ed. 2) I. 262 The
Lords found that relaxations must be executed at the head-
burgh of that same shire where the denounciation was made.
1838 W. BELL Diet. Law Scot. 844 In criminal prosecutions,
one who has been outlawed may appeal.. for letters of re-
laxation, reponinghim against the sentence.
O. Release from captivity; restoration to freedom.
1609 BIBLE (Douay) 7,r<x.xxxii. comm., The fiftpart. Of the
captivitie and relaxation of the kingdom of Juda.
d. (See quots. and RELAX v. 4 b.)
1826 Blackw. Mag. XX. 84 Relaxation is the act by which
the Inquisitors deliver over a person convicted of heresy to
the royal judge ordinary, that he may be condemned to a
capital rjunishment. 1894 Month Mar. 335 The sentence of
'relaxation* comprised three parts; the judgment of the
Inquisition, the verdict of the secular magistrate, and the
execution — all this on the same day.
2. The action of unbending the mind from severe
application ; release from ordinary occupations or
cares ; recreation.
1548 UDALL Erasin. Par. Luke ix. 84 b, For of suche sorte
ought the pasty me & relaxacion of suche men as are
followers of the apostles to bee. 1597 HOOKER Eccl. Pol.
v. Ixx. § 3 Those poore and needle, .. at these times made
partakers of relaxation and ioy with others. x66^ COWLEV
Verses $ £ss.t Ode Liberty ii, To thy bent mind some
relaxation give, And steal one day out of thy life to live.
17X2 ADDISON Sfect. No. 487 F 3 In this case Dreams look
i like the Relaxations and Amusements of the Soul. x8x8
i HAZLITT Eng. Poets ii. (1870) 45 The genius of his poetry
; . . is inspired by the love of ease, and relaxation from
' all the cares and business of life. 1876 LOWELL Among my
I Bks. Ser. n. 137 It is no marvel when even their relaxations
were such downright hard work.
transf. 1756 BURKE Sitbl. fy B. iv. x, [The eye] has a sort of
relaxation or rest. 1784 COWPER Task I. 81 But relaxation
of the languid frame. .Was bliss reserv'd for happier days,
fb. Respite, rest. Const, of. Obs.rare~l.
1728 ELIZA HEY WOOD tr. Mnte. de Gomez's Belle A. (1732)
II. 256 The little Walk would give. .Julia some Relaxation
of Speech, and the better enable her to continue her Recital.
BELAXATIVE.
3. Path. A loosening or slackening of the fibres,
nerves, joints, etc., of the body; diminution o:
firmness or tension.
1616 BACON Sylva § 730 Bathing or Anointing give a Re-
laxation or Emollition. 1661 LOVELL Hist, Anim. ff Min
289 The head is heavy with sleepe, and there is a relaxation
of the nerves and ligaments. 1704 F. FULLER Med. Gymn.
Pref., It [is) impossible to remove some Diseases of the
Limbs, without an universal equal Relaxation. 1808 BAR-
CLAV Muscular Motions 303 That state of relaxation which
a muscle exhibits in the dead body. 1857 BULLOCK Cazeaux'
Midwif, 129 The relaxation of the pelvic symphyses is
a frequent occurrence.
4. Diminution of, release or freedom from, strict-
ness or severity.
a 1616 W. SCLATER Exp. 4/A ch. Rom. (1650! 116, 1 .. can
but wonder, How the severity of Laws against Popish
Seminaries hath gotten relaxation. 1656 EARL MONM. tr.
Boccalinfs Advts. fr. Parnass. i. v. (1674) 5 Wholesome
Institutions, which after a relaxation, are at last quite
forgotten. 1771 Jimius Lett. Pref. (1788) 16 These are not
times to admit of any relaxation in the little discipline we
have left. 1835 THTRLWALL Greece viii. I. 298 The root of
the evil lay in the relaxation of the royal authority. 1873
SVMONDS Grit. Poets iv. 104 The relaxation of Ionian life. .
rendered the development of satire in Ionia more natural.
b. Extension of meaning.
1858 GLADSTONE Homer III. 20 This relaxation in the
sense of BatrtAevt is no inconsiderable note of change.
5. Abatement of intensity, vigour, or energy.
1695 WOODWARD Nat. Hist. Earth in. i. (1723) 142 Re-
laxation of the Heat. 1756 BURKE SuU. <fr B. iv. xx, Dis-
posing to an universal relaxation, and inducing . . that species
of it called sleep. 011781 WATSON Philip III, in. 244 It
might occasion too great a relaxation of the vigour which
you have been so long accustomed to exert. 1875 LYELL
Print. Geol. (ed. 12) I. II. xx. 514 The grassy covering of the
sloping talus marks a temporary relaxation of the erosive
action of the sea. 1882 PKBODY Eng. Joiirnalismx\.%-$Slmn
complains, .of his dilatoriness, of his relaxation of energy.
Rela'xative, a. and st. [f. RELAX v., after
LAXATIVE. Cf. RELAXANT.]
A. adj. Tending to relax ; of the nature of re-
laxation, rare.
^1611 FLORIO, Rilasciatiuo, laxatiue or relaxatiue in opera-
tion. 1731 Gentl. Mag: I. 289 Relaxative diversions, he
thinks, fall properly under the considerations of a Saturdays
entertainment. 1891 H. C. HALLIDAY Someone must suffer
III. xi. 197 Grudgingly, .has Mrs. Felix ever countenanced
these relaxative measures.
•fB. st. A means of relaxing; esp. a relaxing
medicine. Obs.
,163* B. JONSON Magn. Lady in. iv. It is a pursiness, a
kind of stoppage, .that you are troubled with :. .and therefore
you must use relaxatives. 1671 L. ADDISON W. Barbary
217 The Moresco Festivals seem not so much Commemorative
of received Mercies as relaxatives of Corporeal Labors.
So Kela'xatory a. rare.
1581 J. BELL Haddon's Answ. Osor. 402 They would
fraunt plenary remission of Sinnes : and would make out their
ulles relaxatory. 1801-12 BENTHAM Ration. Judic. Eviii.
(1827) V. 430 Two plaintiffs, one of them has been cleared
of legal interest, .by the relaxatory purge.
Relaxed (rrtas-kst), ///. a. [f. RELAX V.]
1. Freed from restraint or restrictions ; not strict
or precise, t esp. in observing a religious rule.
1638-48 G. DANIEL Eclog. v. 234 The Florentine prescribes
to duller fooles ; But Stronger flow from all relaxed Soules.
1671 WOODHEAD St. Teresa n. xxxii. 200 He had been
Visitor of the Relaxed Fathers of the Province of Castile.
1768 BOYEH Diet. Royal I. s.v. Grain, Catholique a gros
grain, a relaxed Catholick. 1797 Encyd. Brit. (ed. 3) II.
686/1 Augustinians are . . divided into rigid and relaxed.
1818 HAZLITT Eng. Poets iii. (1870) 74 Shakspeare .. is re-
laxed and careless in critical places. 1855 PUSEY Doctr.
Real P res. Note S 704 That ye., may neither yourselves be
relaxed, regardless of the fear of God, nor [etc.].
b. Slackened, mitigated, or modified in respect
of strictness.
1671 WOODHEAD St. Teresa n. xxx. 183 A Monastery of
our Lady of Carmel of the Rule relaxed. 17915 MORSE
Amir. Geog. I. 87 The women wear no more covering than
the most relaxed modesty seems absolutely to require. 1858
GLADSTONE Homer III. 19 It seems very doubtful, .whether
. . the relaxed sense ever appears as a title in the singular
number. 1881 FROUDE Short Stud. IV. n. i. 168 When
the law has become relaxed, public opinion takes its place.
2. Path. Of parts of the body : Deprived to
some extent of the usual firmness ; rendered soft
or feeble.
1646 . SIR T. BROWNE Pseud. Ef. 127 This part in Deere.,
sometimes becomes so relaxed and pendulous, it cannot be
quite retracted. 1733 CHEYNE Eng.Malady i. xi. § i (1734)
99 Those who have weak, loose, and feeble or relax'd Nerves.
1799 Med. Jrnl. 1 1. 284 When the body is warm and relaxed,
as during sleep, or after fatigue. 1843 LYTTON Last liar.
I. iv, MIS hands were small and delicate, with large blue
veins, that spoke of relaxed fibres. 1865 DICKENS Let.
6 Nov., I have been unwell with a relaxed throat.
o. In other senses of the vb.
1815 J. NICHOLSON Operat. Mechanic 500 The relaxed
'£""? T fv£ lymg m a sP'ral form- l84« ELLIS Elfin
At if L/4 PUSV movement,and relaxed effort. 1856 KANE
, r"; f-'Pl. '• vi. 57 There must be either great areas of re-
laxed ice or open water-leads along the shore.
Hence Bela xedly adv. ; Bela xedness.
1818 SHELLEY Rosal. f, Helen 1170 His mien Sunk with
the sound relaxedly. 1855 PUSEY Doctr. Real Pres. Note S
704 I hat ye. .may neither, .look about hither and thither,
nor roll about, relaxedly and vulgarly. 1860 — Mia. Prof I,.
3 An extreme relaxedness, on the borders of further sin.
Rela xer. rare. [f. as prec. + -ER l.] One
who, or that which, relaxes or loos
VOL. VIII.
• loosens.
401
1671 SALMON Syn. Med. in. xvi. 361 Relaxers are such as
loosen any member distended through cold, dryness, or re-
pletion of wind, &c. 1870 Miss BROUGHTON Red as Rose
(1878) 229 The pliant relaxer of soft limbs.
Relaxing (rHjE-ksirj), vbl. sb. [f. as prec. +
-ING l.] The action of the vb. RELAX.
i6it FLORIO, Relasso,. .a relaxing. 16*7 LOWER in Phil
Trans. II. 545 The Belly falls by the Relaxing of the same
(diaphragm). 1734 WATERLAND Script. V 'indie. Concl.,
Wks. 1825 VI. 169 The destroying or relaxing of the other
[motives] is so far destroying or relaxing virtue and morality
1884 Aaunmttm 16 Aug. 204/2 The fourteenth and fifteenth
centuries saw a considerable relaxing of the severities of the
Cistercian rule.
Rela-xing, ///. a. [f. as prec. + -mo 2.] Caus-
ing or producing relaxation ; enervating.
x6n FLORIO, Rilasciante medicina, a relaxing medicine.
\1T) Gentl. Mag. XLIX. 79 Ointment of Marsh Mallows, I
imagine from its name is understood to be of an emollient
relaxing disposition. 1815-9 MRS. SHERWOOD Lady of Manor
xiii. (1860) II. 120 A climate so peculiarly relaxing as that
of Bengal. 1841 JAMES Brigand \, All the relaxing joys ol
an hour's idleness. 1883 ' ANNIE THOMAS ' Mod. Houseiuife
95 You will neither go to the bleak Norfolk coast nor to the
relaxing air of, Bournemouth.
Hence Rela-xingness.
1883 Miss BROUGHTON Belinda II. n. v. 55, I have been
advised.. to try the effect of a more bracing air, as a cor-
rective to the extreme relaxingness of Oxbridge.
tRela'xion. Obs. rare-1, [irreg. f. RELAX
v. + -ION.] Remission (of a penalty).
1528 Galway Arch, in ip/A Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App.
V. 403 The which relaxion was gyvin to Willam in re-
compence of the slaght and saut of Thomas Marten.
Belay (ril?-). sb. [ad. OF. relais (i3th c.),
hounds or (in later use) horses held in reserve, f.
relayer to RELAY.]
1. A set of fresh hounds (and horses) posted to
take up the chase of a deer in place of those already
tired out ; f also, the place where these are posted.
Obs. exc. arch.
c 1410 Master of Game (MS. Digby 182) Pro!., And whan
he shall comm ayenn to the semble or metynge, thenn hath
he moste to done, forto ordeyne his fynders and the relaies.
laid, xxxiii, And at euery relay suffiseth ii. couple of
houndes or iii. atte moste. a 1500 Chaucer's Drcme 362
A great rout Of hunters, and eke of foresters, And many
What relays set you? John. None at all ; we laid not In
one fresh dog. 1651 DAVENANT Gondibert i. n. xxviii, [They]
now dispose their choice Relays Of Horse and Hounds, each
like each otherfleet. i735SoMERviLLECArt«iii. so6Press'd
by the fresh Relay, no Pause allow'd, Breathless and faint,
he faulters in his Pace. 1841 SIR H. TAYLOR Edwin i vi
Oh, the best bitch ! She holds them all together, Relay or
vauntlay, 'tis the same to her.
attrib. 1706 PHILLIPS (ed. Kersey) s.v., The Cry, or Kennel
of Relay-Hounds.
2. A set of fresh horses obtained, or kept ready,
at various stages along a route to expedite travel.
1659 HOWELL Vocab. xxlx, A horse of relay or return.
1706 PHILLIPS (ed. Kersey), Relays, is also sometimes taken
for fresh Horses, or the Stage where they are kept. 1713
Land. Can. No. 5137/8 [They] came hither. .with three Re-
lays of Horses. 1763 SMOLLETT Trav. (1766) 1.137 It was
as disagreeable to him as to me to wait for a relay. 1843
LYTTON Last Bar. iv. i, Relays of horses are ready, night
and day, to bear you to the coast. 1879 A. R. WALLACE
Australasia xvi. 327 A traveller may have relays of horses
to carry him day and night at the rate often miles an hour.
transf. and fig. 1709 MRS. MANLEY Secret Mem. II. 42
It is impossible for Virtue to subsist without the Relay of
Vice. 1741 YOUNG Nt. Th. n. 250 Who call aloud ..For
change of follies, and relays of joy. To drag your patient
through the tedious length Of a short winter's day. 1860
MAURY Phys. Geog. Sea (Low) xii. § 552 Thus we are en-
titled to regard the Mediterranean, the Red Sea, and Persian
Gulf as relays, distributed along the route of these thirsty
winds. .to supply them with vapours.
b. The place where a fresh relay is obtained.
I7o6 [see above], 1834 JAMES J. Marston Hall xxi, I
rode on as fast as possible to the next post relay. 1873
BROWNING RedCott. Nt.-cap iv. 9 How the mind runs from
each toeach relay, Town after town, till Paris' selfbe touched.
c. Relay-horse, a fresh or reserve horse.
i8o» JAMES Milit. Diet., Relay-horses in the artillery are
spare horses that march with the artillery and baggage, ready
to relieve others. 1818 JEFFERSON Writ. (1830) IV. 447
Couriers and relay-horses by land, and swift-sailing pilot-
boats by sea, were flying in all directions.
3. A set of persons appointed to relieve others in
the performance of certain duties ; a relief-gang.
1808 HAN. MORE Calebs I. 346 Nicholas Ferrar .. had
relays of musicians every six hours to sing the whole Psalter
through. 1840 CARLYLE//<wj(i858)233 They have mosques
where it [the Koran] is all read daily ; thirty relays of priests
take it up in succession, get through the whole each day.
1881 JOWETT Thucyd. I. 144 The army was divided into
relays, and one party worked while the other slept and ate.
attrih. 1886 Telegraphist (Dec.) 14/1, I beg to call your
attention to the anomalous position of relay clerks.
4. An instrument used in long distance telegraphy
:o enable an electric current which is too weak to
influence recording instruments, or to transmit
a message to the required distance, to do so in-
directly by means of a local battery brought into
connexion with it.
1860 G. PKESCOTT Electr. Ttlegr. 81 The relay is a very
:ssential a
PREECI _. r
more largely used are called polarized
lal apparatus in Morse's telegraphic system. 1876
:E & SIVEWRIGHT Telegraphy 60 The forms of relay
RELEASE.
attrio. 1875 KNIGHT Diet. Mech. 1915/2 By means of the
relay magnet. 1878 STEWART & TAIT Unseen Univ. vii
§ 256. 261 As it were by some relay battery of the universe
Re-lay (n-), sb. [RE- 5 a.] A re-laid oyster.
1889 Pall Mall G. 1 8 June 3/1 Not one in twenty knows
that the majority of so-called real Whitstable natives are
imported relays.
Relay (rfl^-). v. [ad. F. relayer (i3th c.), of
obscure origin.]
1 1. trans. Of a hunter : To let go (the fresh
hounds) upon thetrack of thedeer. AlsoaAro/. Obs.
c 1410 Master of Game (MS. Digby 1 82) xxxiii, He shuld
lat |>e deere passe and go to l>e fues. .and relay his houndes
vpon pe fues. Ibid., If it so be, )>at be hunter (at ha(>e re-
layed, se M be deere is lickely to fall in daunger, . . he shuld
whan he hath relayed, stonde still in |>e fues and halowe be
houndes.
t b. To hunt (a deer) with relays. Obs. rare -'.
c 1410 Master of Game (MS. Digby 182) xxxiii, When he
hath be so wele ronne to and enchased and retreved and
softe relayed and vanleyed to, .. penne turneth he his heed
and stondeth at abaye.
2. To place in relays : to provide with, or re-
place by, fresh relays.
1788 EARL MALMESBURY Diaries $ Corr. II. 427 The emis-
saries of this Cabal had been relayed (if I may use the
expression) on the road. 1883 Pall Mall G. 18 Dec. 4/2
Our human ponies were not relayed. 1883 Daily Neivs
3 Jan. 5/6 Those who watched in the mortuary room were
relayed every ten minutes.
3. intr. To get a fresh relay.
1829 COL. HAWKER Diary (1893) II. 4, [I] relayed with a
horse at Winchester that . . could only toddle along, a 1868
M. J. HIGGINS Ess. (1875) 158 He endeavours to make up
for the time lost in relaying by what he calls 'fousser les
postilions.'
Relay, obs. form of RELT vl
Re-lay («-),». Also relay. [RE- 5 a.] trans.
To lay again, in various senses. Also with out.
Hence Ke-laying vbl. sb.
1590 SIR T. COKAINE Treat. Hunting C ij, All Huntsmen
are to helpe any hound that is cast out to relay him in againe.
"5.97 A. M. tr. Guillemeau's Fr. Chinirg. 16/2 If theguttes,
with these remedyes, will not relaye ther swellinge. 1700
Providence (R. I.) Rec. (1893) IV. 197 The second part of
the said land now relaid out is a peece of swampey land.
1796 W. BROWN Chancery Rep. III. 91 He alone received the
5oo£, and . . no part of it was relaid out in other securities.
1804 NELSON 18 Apr. in Nicolas Disp. (1845) V. 502 Perhaps
the hawser-laid rope, .may if the hemp is good be relaid and
made serviceable. 1858 GREENER Gunnery 143 This neces-
sitates the relaying of the gun after every discharge. 1894
Daily tinvs i Sept. 6/1 The re-binding of the volumes, the
displacement of ' titles ', and their * re-laying ', entailed an
immense amount of labour.
b. esp. To lay or put down again (something
previously taken up).
1757 SMOLLETT Hist. Eng. HI. xii. (L.), As to damaged
pavements,.. to cause it to be effectually relayed with good
materials at their expense. 1829 ELMES Dilapidations
(ed. 3) App. 66 Take up and relay the Portland stone coping.
l86a Calal. Internat. Exhib. II. x. 34/2 It is useful. .where
a main is being re-laid with the gas or water in the same.
1886 TUCKER E. Europe 185 The cloth was re-laid, and due
regard was paid to the cravings of the famished party.
Rele, obs. form of REEL.
t Relea'ge, v. Ol>s.rare~\ [ad. L. releg-are
or F. releguer : see RELEGATE v.'] To banish.
1691 J. WILSON Belphegor v. ii, I releage, and confine ye,
to your dismal Lake, for a thousand Years, yet more, than
were ever decreed ye.
Relea-rn, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To learn again.
.1.1711 KEN Edmund Poet. Wks. 1721 II. 213 He in Re-
ligion nurtur'd from his Youth, In Wisdom's House relearn'd
all sacred Truth. 1850 Westm. Rev. Apr. 80 The world has
never to re-learn its lesson. 1000 GORE Ep. Romans II. 100
We must relearn the lesson that St. Augustine is for ever
insisting upon.
Releas, variant of RELISH sb.2 Obs.
Relea-sable, a. rare. [f. RELEASE ».i +
-ABLE.] Admitting of release or dispensation.
1611 COTGR., Remissible, remittable, . . releasable. 1612
SELDEN Illustr. Drayton's Polyolb. xi. 350 He discharged
all monasteries and churches of all. .taxes, . .excepting such
as were . . not releasable. 1854 Fraser's Mag. L. 318 A re-
ligious congregation forming simple, i.e. releasable vows.
tRelea-sant. Obs. rare-1, [irreg. f. RE-
LEASE v.1 + -ANT1.] Release.
1592 Nobody 4- Sotneb. in Simpson Sch. Shaks. (1878) 1. 343
What, shall I never from this servitude Receive releasant ?
Release (rflj-s), si.1 Forms: 4-5 reles(e,
-lees, 5-6 -lease, (4 -leisehe, 5 -5V. -leache ;
5 -lece, -leese, 6 Sc. -leis) ; 5 relensse, 6 -leace,
6- release, [a. OF. reles (izth c.), var.of relais,
vbl. sb. from relesser, relaisser : see RELEASE v.1']
1. Deliverance or liberation from trouble, pain,
sorrow or the like.
c 1315 SHOREHAM I. 1067 Be nau}t lob To do penaunce
here ; For }et her hys here som reles So nys nau^t ine be
uere Areyned. c 1400 Rotn. Rose 4440 For Love . . Seide,
that Hope, wher-so I go, Shulde ay be relees to my wo.
c 1400 Chron. R. Clone. (Rolls) App. Q. 2 Wo & sorewe to
tis lond is cominge..ne wor(>e neuere reles. 4:1440 York
Myst. xxxvii. 288 Nowthir frende nor foo Shulde fynde
reles in helle. c 1560 A. SCOTT Poems (S. T. S.) v. 48 In May
sowld men of amoure go To serf thair ladeis..Sen thair
releis in ladeis lyis. 1794 MRS. RADCLIFFE Myst. Udolpho
xxv, Emily had no opportunity of seeking a release from
ler terrible suspense concerning her aunt. 1819 SHELLEY
Prometh. Unb. in. i. 64 No pity, no release, no respite !
1840 Miss MITFORD in L'Estrange Life (1870) III. vii. 108
51
RELENT.
agree, the onely meanes to ouercome is to relent. 1667
MILTON P. L. vi. 790 To convince the proud what Signs
availe, Or Wonders move th' obdurate to relent ?
f c. To slacken, abate ; to cool. 06s. rare ~ '.
c 1560 INGELEND Disobed. Child C iij b, As for my loue yt
doth neuer relente, For of you I do dreame. 1589 RIDER
Bibl. Schol. 1206 To Relent as heate, tepesco.
t 3. trans. To dissolve, melt, soften. Obs.
c 1420 Pallad. on Husb. in. 1142 In water first this opium
relent, Of sape vntil hit ha similitude, c 1450 M. E. Med.
Bk. (Heinrich) 161 Let do hem to be fuyre ajen, tyl bey ben
relented. 1509 HAWES Conv. Swearers xl, Lyke asPhebus
dothe the snowe relente. 1547 BOORDE Introd. Knowl. viii.
(1870) 147 Butter is good meate, it doth relent the gall.
i6ta WOODALL Surf. Mate Wks. (1653) =8 This Emplaster
..dissolved or relented with oyl of roses or elders [etc.].
1661 LOVELL Hist. Anita. 4- Min. 50 Fractures.. may be
helped by Calves glue, relented in water.
t b. To soften (one's heart, mind, etc.) ; to
cause (a person) to relent. 06s.
1509 HAWES Past. Pleas, xxxn. (Percy Soc.) 159 These
men.. A maydens herte coude ryght sone relente. 1590
SPENSER F. Q, in. vi. 40 Yet pitty often did the gods relent.
c 1614 SIR W. MURE Dido t> JEneas 11. 543 How dar he
this his enterprise reveale To furiows Dido ? now her minde
relent ? 1787 BURNS Young Peggy iii, Were Fortune lovely
Peggy's foe, Such sweetness would relent her.
f 4. To abate, lessen ; to slacken. 06s.
1535 LVNDESAY Satyre 391, I am hot schent, Without scho
cum, . . My heauie langour to relent. 1590 SPENSER F. Q. u.
xi. 27 Oftentimes he would relent his pace, That him his foe
more fiercely should poursew. Ibid. in. iv. 49 Nothing
might relent her hasty flight,
t b. To relinquish, abandon, give over. 06s.
'556 ]• HEYWOOD Spider fr F. liii. 40 To here him speak,
ere he his life should relent. 1565 STAPLE-TON tr. Bede's
Hist, Ch. Eng, 54 b, After the death of their father they
began .. openlie to folowe idolatrie, which while their father
liued, they seemed somewhat to have relented. 1586 A.
DAY Eng. Secretary i. (1625) 142 The disgrace that quickly
you shall sustaine, if betimes you relent not these euils. 1684
BUNYAN Pilgr. u. 181 There's no Discouragement Shall make
him once Relent His first avow'd Intent,
tc. To depart this life. 06s. rare-1.
1587 Mirr. Mag., Albanact Iv, My father. .Perceau'd hee
must by sicknesse last relent.
t 5. To repent (an action, etc.). 06s. rare—1.
1590 SPENSER F. Q. in. vi. 25 Shee inly sory was, and gan
relent What shee had said.
fb. refi. To repent (oneself) of a. thing. 06s.-1
1640 SANDERSON Setm. II. 175 We shall not have much
cause to relent us of our choice,
to. To pity. 06s. rare—1.
1622 MABBE tr. Aleniatfs Guzman d'Alf.i. 18 Shee that
kept the house, seeming to relent her paine, and to be much
grieued for it. .sorrowfully reply'd.
f d. To bewail (a thing) to a person. 06s.—1
1655 tr. Com. Hist. Francion in. 74, I could find nothing
at all, and relenting my misfortune to my companion [etc.].
Hence f Rele'nted ppl. a. Also fKele-ntance;
t Rele-ntful a.
c 1420 Pallad. on Husb. iv. 105 In the roote Relented
dong yputte on, doth hit boote. « 1586 SIDNEY Arcadia u.
(1613) 164 [She] with a relented countenance thus sayd vnto
him. 1611 HEYWOOD Gold. Age in. i. Wks. 1874 HI. 42 The
heauens That make me their relentfull minister. 1634 T.
JOHNSON Parey's Chirurg. xxi. iv. (1678) 465 The relented
bloud of such beasts as feed upon Scammony..purgeth
violently. 1635 JACKSON Creedw\\. xii. § 9 This may be the
probable reason of his relentance.
t Kele'nt, z>.2 06s. rare -'. [Of obscure for-
mation.] intr. To return.
c 1485 Digby Myst. (1882) u. 259 But now, serys, lett vs re-
lente Agayne to caypha and anna, to tell this chaunce.
Relenting (rne'ntirj), vbl. s6. [f. RELENT i/.1]
The action ofthe vb., in various senses.
i6oa PLAT Delighles/or Ladies Rec. iii, If you feare their
relenting, take the Rose-leaues about Candlemas, and put
them once again into a sieue. 1694 KETTLEWELL Cowf.
Persecuted 161 Make it to work. .Relenting and remorse in
their Persecutors. 1703 ROWE Ulyss. IV. i, What means
this soft Relenting in my Soul ? 1849 MACAULAY Hist. Eng.
viii. II. 354 The Saturday.. passed over without any sign of
relenting on the part of the government. 1888 MRS. H.
WARD R. Elsmere xxxvii, The relenting grew upon him.
b. With a and//. An instance of this.
a 1586 SIDNEY (I.), I have marked in you a relenting truly,
and a slacking of the main career. 1600 C'TESS ESSEX in
Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. i. II. 58 Vouchsafe a relentinge to the
not urginge. .of that fatell warrant for Execution. 1649 ' '•
DANIEL Trinarch., Hen. IV, cccxviii, Strange relentmgs
teare the womb Of Nature. 1709 STANHOPE Paraphr. IV.
65 Whose Sins though they be more, yet our Relentings for
them are slighter, .than Theirs. 1761-8 HUME Hist. Eng.
Ixvi. (1806) V. 57 But Charles next day felt a relenting in
this assumed vigour. 1854 EMERSON Lett. <$• Soc. Aims,
Resources \tks. (Bohn) III. 203 In the first relentings of
March., these osiers hangout their joyful flowers.
Rele'uting, ///. a. [f. as prec. + -ING 2.]
That relents, in various senses of the vb.
1593 SHAKS. 2 Hen. VI, in. i. 226 As the mournefull Cro-
codile With sorrow snares relenting passengers. 1630 PRYNNE
Anti-Armin, 179 The Scriptures indeed doe binde all faith-
full, all relenting sinners to belieue. 1679 J. GOODMAN
Penitent Pant. n. i. (1713) 142 The first essay of Repentance
is a relenting thoughtfulness. 1701 ROWE Tamerl. I. i. Like
relenting Heav'n He seems unwilling to deface his Kind.
1781 COWPEK Charity 608 Relenting forms would lose their
power, or cease. 1828 D'IsRAELl Chas. /, II. vi. 141 The
Bishop, .had put forth the signs of a relenting sympathy to
his former masters.
Hence Rele ntingly adv.
1611 FLORIO, A'/Ar«/<7,.. relentingly. 1842 MRS. BROWNING
Grk. Chr. Pacts (1863) 56 What if, relentingly, we declare
404
her innocent..? 1845 JANE ROBINSON Whitehall xxvii,
Ramona. .turned relentingly towards the cavalier.
Relentless (rHe-ntles), a. [f. RELENT v.1 +
-LESS.] Incapable of relenting ; pitiless.
1592 GREENE Groat's W. WiV(i6i7) 3 Death is relentlcsse,
and will not be intreated. 1602 MARSTON Antonio's Rev. i.
iv, _Strike me quite through with the relentlesse edge^Of
raging furie. 1667 MILTON P. L. IX. isoOnelyin destroying
I nnde ease To my relentless thoughts. 1702 POPE Sappho
104 In vain he lov'd, relentless Pyrrha scorn'd. 1795 SOUTHEY
Joan of Arc II. 248 Relentless Henry bade his troops Drive
back the miserable multitude. 1798 EDGEWORTH Pract.
Ediic. I. 380 Few things can be more terrific . . to the young
writer, than the voice of relentless criticism. 1856 EMER-
SON Eng. Traits, Times, A relentless inquisition drags
every secret to the day. 1878 LADY BRASSEY Voy. Sunbeam
xv. 268 An island, .which the fiery waves seemed to attack
unceasingly with relentless fury.
Rele'ntlessly, adv. [f. prec. + -LY 2.] In
a relentless manner ; pitilessly.
1815 SHELLEY Alastor 292 For sleep, he knew, kept most
relentlessly Its precious charge. 1870 ANDERSON Missions
Amer. Bd. IV. xlii. 417 The Papal ecclesiastics . . grew re-
lentlessly cruel where they had power.
Rele'ntlessness. [f. as prec. + -NESS.] The
quality of being relentless.
1808 SOUTHEY Lett. (1856) II. 86, I devoted a week to the
corrections, weeding them with righteous relentlcssness.
1883 H. WACE Gospel <j- Witnesses iv. 86 The relentlessness
with which it exposes the fatal vice.
Relentment (rfle-ntment). Now rare. [f.
RELENT v .! + -MENT.] The act of relenting ; soften-
ing of rigour. •(• Also const, of ( = on account of).
1628 tr. Mathietfs Power/nil Favorite 65 Did he thinke
that this Prince who had so little relentment of the death of
his sonne, would care for that of his seruants. 1695 J. SAGE
Cyprianic Age Wks. 1847 II. 71 There should be some re-
lentment of the fury of the persecution. 1793 W. TAYLOR
Goethe's Iph. in Tauris u. 46 Relentment ceas'd from pity
when I came, And Custom whets again the rusted knife.
18*5 SINGER Cavendish's Wolsey I. 200 note, The rejection
of the bill may be justly ascribed to the relentment of the
king.
t b. Dissolution. 06s. rare -1.
1658 SIR T. BROWNE Hydriot. 9 Some . . thought it most
equal to submit unto the principle of putrifaction, and con*
elude in a moist relentment.
t Rele'S. 06s. Also 5 releoe. [app. a. OF.
reles, var. of relais remainder (see Godef.), £ re-
laisser to leave behind, but the senses of the Eng.
word are not recorded in OF. The later form
(from the i6th c.) is RELISH.] a. ?The sensation
or impression left behind by anything, b. Taste,
aftertaste, or relish, o. Odour, scent.
r 1320 Sir Tristr. 1356 A maiden of swiche reles Tristrem
may to be bring, c 1320 Cast. Love 509 Mi word ou^te ben
of good reles, For bou art kyng and prince of pes. 1390
COWER Conf. III. 10, 1. .take a drauhte of such reles, That
al mi wit is herteles. c 1400 Land Troy Bk. 11267 Another
vessel thenne ther stode, Ful of baume ffresche & gode, And
kest vpward his gode reles. c 1410 Sir Cleges 208 After a
chery the reles was The best that euer he ete in place.
1420-22 LVDG. Thebes (MS. Laud 557) If. 64 Nor of be
gvmmes in be flame spent To make be eyre swetter of reles
As frankensence myrre & aloes. c 1440 Promp. Paw.
362/1 Odowre, or relece, odor. Ibid. 429/1 Reles, tast or
odowre, odor. 1604 [see RELEASE jA.2].
Reles(e, obs. forms of RELEASE sb.1 and z/.1
tRele-sch, v. Sc. 06s. rare-1. [Of obscure
origin: ?cf. RELISH v.z] intr. To sing, carol.
1513 DOUGLAS JEneis xll. Prol. 246 The larkis, lowd re-
leschand in the skyis, Lovys thar lege with tonys curyus.
Relesche, obs. Sc. f. RELEASE sb.1 and ».i
Release, obs. form of RELEASE s6.1 and v.1
Rele ssee'. Law. rare. [RE- 53; cf. RE-
LEASEE.] One to whom a release is executed.
1766 BLACKSTONE Comm. II. xx. 325 The occupancy of
the relessee is a matter of sufficient notoriety already.
Rele-ssor. Law. rare. [RE- 5a; cf. RE-
LEASOB.] One who executes a release.
1766 BLACKSTONE Comm. II. xx. 324 There must be a
privity of estate between the relessor and the relessee.
t Relent, v. Obs. rare -l. [app. f. RE- + LET
v., perh. after obs. F. relaisser.] trans. To remit.
"554-9 Songs $ Ball., Phil, f, Mary (Roxb.) 3 What
great lovyng kyndnes dyd God show in thys cacel-.That
yt so pleased hym to relet owr excyle.
Re-le-t (r*-), v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To let again.
Hence He-le'tting vbl. sb.
1812 SINCLAIR Syst. Husb. Scot. ll. 60 To give an in-
dustrious., tenant a preference, when the farm is to be re-let.
1872 Spectator 5 Oct. 1267/1 When the landlord relets..
those farms on which the old tenants were not willing to
pay for the improvement. 1897 Daily News 15 Oct. 3/1 The
re-letting of premises in Finsbury-circus.
Re'levance. [See next and -ANCE.] Relevancy.
1733 INNES View Laws Scot, n The Relevance being
determined, . . the Probation proceeds in the next Place. 1865
LECKY Ration. (1878) II. 98 The main principle upon which
the relevance of this species of narrative depends. 1890
Spectator 19 Apr. 536/2 What relevance had such a fact to
the duty ofthe hour?
Relevancy (re'lfvansi). Also 6 St. reliv-.
[ad. L. type *relevantia : see next and -ANCY.]
The quality or fact of being relevant : a. in Law,
esp. Sc. Law.
1561 Kef. Privy Council Scat. I. 173 Of the law it is re-
quirit to the relevancie thairof that ather of the partis.. be
relevant in the self, utherwyise the haill to be nocht relevant.
1575-6 Ibid. II. 487 The relivancy of the said allegeance.
RELEVATOR.
1693 STAIR Instit. iv. xxxix. § 12 (ed. 2) 66_5 The meaning of
Relevancy (which is more accustomed with us, than else-
where) imports the Justice of the point, that is alledged to
be Relevant, a 1715 BURNET Own Time vn. (1734) II. 521
Then the Matter of the Charge, which is there called the
Relevancy of the Libel, was to be argued by Lawyers.
1746-7 Act_ 20 Geo. ll, c. 43 § 41 After the debate of the
relevancy is ended, the.. procurators.. shall give in to the
clerk informations in writing. 1786 BURKE Art. agst. W.
Hastings Wks. 1842 II. 107/1 The competence, or credibility,
or relevancy of any of the said affidavits, or other attesta-
tions. 1818 SCOTT Hrt. Midi, xxii, The presiding Judge
next directed the counsel to plead to the relevancy. 1838
W. BELL Diet. Law Scot. 844 The relevancy of the libel is
the justice and sufficiency of the matters therein stated to
warrant a decree in the terms asked. 1883 Law Rep. 1 1
g. B. Div. 594 He failed to satisfy me that in a case in which
is strict relevancy could not be proved the advocate would
not be protected.
b. in general use.
1826 Sheridaniana 49 His answer . . would thus come
with more relevancy and effect. 1839 HALLAM Hist. Lit.
ll. vii. § 3 note, It is of no relevancy to the history of litera-
ture. 1878 SIMPSON Sch. Shaks. I. 95 His Irish enterprise
had lost its appositeness and relevancy.
Relevant (re'lfvant), a. Also 6 Sc. relivant.
[ad. med.L. relevant-em (1481 in Du Cange), pres.
pple. of L. relevare to raise up, etc. (see RELIEVE
v.} : cf. It. rilevante ' auailefull, of importance, of
worth, of consequence ' (Florio), F. relevant (i?th
c. in Littre').]
1. Bearing upon, connected with, pertinent to, the
matter in hand. (Rare before 1800.)
1560 ROLLAND Crt. Venus I. 498, I sail the schaw ane
answer releuant. 1646 CHAS. I Lett, to A. Henderson
(1649) 55 1'° determine our differences, or, at least, to make
our Probations and Arguments Relevant. 1646 R. BAILLIE
Anabaptism (1647) 143 It is very relevant if it were true.
1707 J. FRAZER Disc. Second Sight 15 It seems truly to be
founded on relevant grounds. 1782 fowhu. Study Antiq.
140 A positive regulation respecting marriage, relevant to
a like regulation of the institution of the theocracy. 1827
STEUART Planter's G. (1828) 78 If we either admit those
objections as relevant, or obviate them as unfounded. 1851
GLADSTONE Glean. (1879) VI. xxiii. 15 The advantage most
relevant of all to the present purpose. 1875 JOWETT Plato
(ed. 2) IV. 4 Many things in a controversy might seem
relevant, if we knew to what they were intended to refer.
b. Correspondent or proportional to something.
1868 ROGERS I'ol. Keen. viii. (1876) 76 Population and the
supply of food must be exactly relevant. Ibid. xiv. 191 The
value . . is absolutely relevant to the demand for them.
2. Sc. Law. Legally pertinent or sufficient.
1561 [see RELEVANCY]. 1644 MAXWELL Prerog. Kings 107
If they can make no relevant endictment.. against them.
1723 in Maclaurin Argt. ty Decis. Cases (1774) 70 [They] find
the libel relevant to infer the pains of law. 1753 Stewart's
Trial 149 [They] remit the pannel, with the libel as found
relevant, to the knowledge of an assize. 1818 SCOTT Hrt.
Midi. xxii. The defence, that the panel had communicated
her situation to her sister, was a relevant defence. 1838
W. BELL Diet. Law Scot. 273 The exception of fraud, or
force and fear, is not relevant against all actions.
1 3. Relieving ; remedial. Obs. rare.
1730 BAILEY (folio), Relevant, relieving. 1762 ASTON in
Bnrte's Corr. (1844) I. 38 They ever pursued vindictive
rather than relevant measures.
Hence Be 'le vantly adv.
1561 Reg. Privy Council Scot. I. 180 In respect of the
libell relevantlie fibellit ag^anis the said Thomas Kennedy.
1883 Law Rep. 1 1 Q. B. Div. 601 Parties and witnesses who
make statements without malice and relevantly.
t Relevate, v. (and pa. pple.) Obs. [f. ppl.
stem of L. relevare to RELIEVE; in some cases
suggested by F. relever or It. rilevare, or the pa.
pples. of these.]
1. trans. To raise the spirits of (a person) ; to
restore to cheerfulness.
1597 A. M. tr. Gvillemeau's Fr. Chirurg *iij, Recreate the
afflicted, relevate and conforte the depressed and humbled.
1603 Mirr. Worldly Fame in Hart. Misc. (Malh.) II. 526
Cato, being cumbered with the cares of the commonwealth
was wont to relevate his mind with wine. 1708 Brit. Apollo
No. 72. 2/2 Tis a place Created Fit To Relevate the Sons
of Wit.
2. To raise, elevate. Hence Ke-levated///. a.
1623 tr. Famine's Theat. Hon. I. v. 40 The third [crown] was
. .releuated with Pales, Piles or Stakes. 1635 J. HAYWARD
tr. Biondfs Banish'd Virg. 148 Two relevated flanks. 1661
MORGAN Sph. Gentry in. v. 45 The Esquires helmet hath the
Beaver a little relevated. 1^58 Scots Mag. XX. 299/1 The
upper circle [of the crown] is relevate or heightened with
ten crosses floree.
3. intr. To rise up. rare ~*.
1661 MORGAN Sph. Gentry HI. iv. 34 Crowns of Gold,
whereof the Navall was made, with a circle of gold rele-
vating like prowes and poupes of Ships.
t Releva'tion. Obs. [a. OF. relevacion
(Godef.), or ad. L. relevalidn-cm, n. of action f.
relevare to RELIEVE.] The action of raising, lift-
ing up, supporting, relieving, etc.
c 1400 Btry* 3687 [She] thanked God. .Of hir relevacioun
from woo into gladness. 1433 Rolls of Parlt. IV. 445/1
Yn relevation ofthat charge. 1451 Ibid. V. 222/2 In releva-
tion of oure Navie, and supportation of the grete charges of
the same. 1471 in Gross Gild Merck. II. 262 Payng for
theire stondynge..i. d., in releuacion of the kynges ferme.
1606 J. CARPENTER Solomons Solace xxxiii. 136 The worde
which the King here vseth . . hath tediousnesse and no releua-
tion, it hath sorrowfull despare. 1658 PHILLIPS, Relevation,
a raising or lifting up again.
So Be levator, one who raises.
1865 N BALE Hymns Paradise 32Thouinfallmy Relevatoi .
RELEVAVITH.
t B.eleva'vith. Obs. rare. [ad. L. relevavit
' he has relieved ', yd sing. perf. indie, of relevare :
see RELIEVE v. 8.] = RELIEF 2 j. Also/^-.
1546 Slate Papers Hcu. Vlll, I. u. 840, I see not any
greate lightlywod, that any good sumnie will comm in, tyl
after Christmas, and then no more then the releuauithes
Urinted relevainthes). 1561 J. HEYWOOD Prmi. f, Efigr.
D iij, The one knaue now croucheth, while thother craulth.
But to shew what sbalbe his releuauith [etc.].
Keleve(n, obs. forms of RELIEVE v.
t Bele'vy, -f*-1 Obs. rare. [ad. med.L. re-
levi-tim.] = RELIEF 2 I.
a 1500 in Arnolde Chron. (1811) 214 Yf..ye heir of hym
were of full age and owe releuy, haue he his heritage by
olde releuy. 1610 HOLLAND Cautdcn's Brit, I. 168 Let the
Heriots or Relevies be so moderate, as that they may be
tolerable.
t Rele'vy, ^.2 Obs. rare —'. [ad. It. rtltevt,
pi. of rilicvo RELIEVO.] Relief.
1673 RAY Journ. Lmu C. (1738) II. 433 It is cut smooth
and plain, without any sculpture and engraving, or any
relevy and imbossment.
tBele'vy, v. Obs. rare—1, [irreg. ad. L.
relevdre or F. relever : see RELIEVE z/.] trans. To
raise or set up again.
1621 CALLIS Sta.1. Seivers (1647) 205 If any such annoyance
be done, it shall be pulled down, and that he which shall
relevy such annoyance, .shall incur the penalty.
Kelewe, obs. Sc. form of RELIEVE v.
Belewyt, Keleyit, obs. Sc. pa. pple. of RE-
LIEVE v.
Reliability (rHaiabi-liti). [f. next + -ITY.]
The quality of being reliable, reliableness.
1816 COLERIDGE Lett. (1895) II. 667 Either in the taste, cour-
tesy, or reliabilityof his judges. 1817 — Biog^Lit. iii. (Bonn)
33 Perfect consistency, and (if such a word might be framed)
absolute reliability. 1847 in WEBSTER. 1856 pEO. ELIOT Ess.
(1884) 126 An air of seriousness and reliability. 1860 ADM.
FITZROY in Merc. Marine Mag. VII. 355 The reliability
and the universality of the lawsof storms. 1887 Spectator tf,
Tune 827/2 We want doctors to bear a stamp of reliability,
like the coinage.
Reliable (rnai-ab'l), a. [f. RELY s.l + -ABLE.]
That may be relied upon ; in which reliance or
confidence may be put ; trustworthy, safe, sure.
In current use only from about 1850, and at first perhaps
more frequent in American works, but from 1855 freely
employed by British writers, though often protested against
as an innovation or an Americanism. The formation has
been objected to (as by Worcester in 1860) on the ground of
irregularity, but has analogies in available, dependable^
dispensable, laughable (Webster 1864). The question has
been fully discussed by F. Hall in his work On Englisk
Adjectives in -able, "with special reference to Keliable(i%jT).
1560 Reg. Privy Council^Scot. I. 667 Thair deliverance. .
and jugement to be als raliabill . . as gif the samyn wer geyin
..be the Lordis of Sessioun. 1624 Bp. MOUNTAGU in Cosin's
Corr. (Surtees) I. 34, 1 knowe not two honester, abler men,
and reliable indeed of their ranke and state. 179* B. S.
BARTON in M. Cutler's Life, etc. (1888) II. 288, I have
lately used the root, and find it a very reliable medicine.
1800 COLERIDGE Ess. awn Times (1850) II. 296 The best
means and most reliable pledge of a higher object. 1830
W. IRVING in Life $ Lett. (1864) IV. 70 You have built it up
with a care that renders it reliable in all its parts. 1851
HINTON in Hopkins Life q Lett. (1878) 87, I think your
feelings on subjects of religion are infinitely more reliable
than Mr. — 's views. 1857 GLADSTONE in Oxford Ess. 49
He seems to think that the reliable chronology of Greece
begins before its reliable history. 1876 TREVELYAN Life
Macaulay (1883) 11. 431 Macaulay may not have been a
reliable guide in the regions of high art.
b. ai'sol. as sb. A reliable thing.
1890 Antluinys Phot&gr, Bull. HI. 133 Experiment with
all the new things that appear, but do not ' lose your grip '
on the old reliables.
Reliableness, [f. prec. + -NESS.] The
quality or state of being reliable.
1847 in WEBSTER. l86» MILL Logic n. vii. (ed. 5) I. 303 The
number of steps in an argument does not subtract from its
reliableness, if [etc.]. 1863 HAWTHORNE Old Home (1883)
I. 52 There is a certain sturdy reliableness common among
them. 1871 SMILES Charac. i. 8 Thus reliableness becomes
a passport to the general esteem and confidence of mankind.
Reliably (rflai-abli), adv. [f. as prec. + -LY.]
In a reliable manner.
1864 in WEBSTER. 1865 Daily Tel. 18 Sept. 3/6 The action
of the Government is reliably attributed to a note [etc.].
1876 MILL in W. G. Ward Ess.Pli.ilas. Theism (1884) 1. 304
An intuition, .is simply an intellectual avouchment, reliably
declaring as immediately evident some truth [etc.].
Reliance (rHai-ans). [f. RELY z;.1 + -ANCE.]
1. The (f or an) act of relying ; the condition or
character of being reliant ; dependence, confidence.
a. Const, on, upon, or in.
1607 SHAKS. Timm n. i. 22 My reliances on his fracted
dates Haue smit my credit. 1687 tr. Sallust (1692) 241 All
these things are their Security and Protection, while my
Relyance is only upon my self, a 1713 ELLWOOD Autolnog.
siderable reliance. 1813 SOUTHEY Nelson II. 34 A man.,
upon whose sagacity. .he could place full reliance. 1813 —
Penins. War I. 216 Don Pedro de Labrador . . in whose
talent^ he had great reliance. 1865 TENNYSON Captain 57
Those in whom he had reliance.. Sold him unto shame. 1877
FROUDE Short Stud. (1883) IV. i. viii. 88 In such a labyrinth
of lies little reliance can be placed on statements uncon-
firmed by writing.
b. . Without const.
405
a 1728 WOODWARD (J.), That pellucid gelatinous substance,
whicn he pitches upon with so great reliance and positive-
ness. 1850 ROBERTSON Serin. Sen HI. ii. (1872) 16 Not by
merit nor by works, but by trust or reliance only.
2. That on which one relies or depends.
1798 CHARLOTTR SMITH Yng. r kilos. I. 78 She seemed to
have no protection or reliance on earth but him. 1848
W. H. BARTLETT Egypt to Pal. iii. (1879) 44 The chief
direct reliance is the main river. 1856 KANE Arct. Expl. I.
xx. 251 The dogs, the indispensable reliance of the party,
were in bad working trim.
Reliant (rflai-ant), a. [f. as prec. + -ANT *.]
Having reliance or confidence ; confident, trustful.
(Cf. SELF-RELIANT.) Also const, on.
1856 KANE Arct. Expl. II. v. 63 My mind is hopeful and
reliant. 1859 GEO. ELIOT A. Bede Iii, Dinah was too
reliant on the Divine will to attempt to achieve any end by
a deceptive concealment. 1878 B. TAYLOR Deukalion i. v.
41 Seem not reliant, — loose thy clinging hand.
Relic (re'lik). Forms : 3-7 relike, 4-6 re-
lyk(e, relik, 4-7 relicke, (5 -likke, -lykke, 6
realycke), 6-8 relick, 8- relic ; 6 rellick, -ycke,
Sc. -yk, 7 rellike ; 4-5 relek, 5 -leek, -leke ; 4
reliqe, 5 relyque, 5- relique. [a. F. relique
(nth c.), ad. L. reliquise pi., remains: see RELI-
QULE. OE. had reliquiae directly from Latin ; and
the comb, relic-gong occurs in a text printed in
Cockayne's Shrine pp. 74, 79.]
1. In religious use, esp. in the Roman Catholic
and Greek Churches : Some object, such as a part
of the body or clothing, an article of personal use,
or the like, which remains as a memorial of a
departed saint, martyr, or other holy person, and
as such is carefully preserved and held in esteem
or veneration.
The plural sometimes denotes the whole remains (i.e. the
body or parts of it) of the person in question ; see sense 2.
a 1225 Ancr. R. 18 A last to be o3er onhcnesses, & to ower
relikes cneoleS, ober luteb. £1290 S. Eng. Leg. I. 17/567
pe bischop wuste bis holie blod ase relikes riche and guode.
£1330 R. BRUNNE Chron. Wace (Rolls) 14559 Abbotes bat
reliqes had . . away beym lad, & manye in be erthe pey
dalC c\yi$Sc. Leg. Saints iv. (James) 255 His printes..
stal away pe body, .and bai aryvyt with pat relik of spanje
in-to be kynrik. £1430 LYDG. Mi*, Poems (Percy Soc.) 19
The abbot afftyr..Amonges the relykkes the septure ought
he soughte Of Seynt Edward, c 1489 CAXTON Sonnes of
Aymon iii. 112 Bryng afore me your reliques and hallowes,
that I shall swere [etc.]. 1532 Dial, on Laws Eng. n. xxx.
78b, Than shal he suspende the churche & take awaye
the relikes. 16x7 MOKYSON I tin. i. 175 The Friars keepe
for a holy relike the Thorne wherewith Christ was crowned.
1673 RAY yovrn. Lo^v C. 243 In this City are many..
Churches.. furnished with rich Altar-pieces, Reliques,. .and
other Ornaments. 1756-7 tr. Key sterns Trav. (1760) IV.
396 The only part wanting in their relic is the middle finger
of the right-hand. 1844 LINGARD Anglo-Sax. Ch. (1858) II.
xiv. 304 A supply of relics for the foundation of churches.
1850 MRS. JAMESON Leg. Monast. Ord. 79 His copy of Am-
brose,, .covered with his blood, was exhibited, .as a relic.
trans/. 1594 DRAYTON Idea. 788 You.. whose deare re-
membrance in my Bosome lyes, Too rich a Relique for so
poore a Shrine*
t b. Applied to the sacred objects of the ancient
Jewish and pagan religions. Obs.
a 1300 Cursor M. 6513 He taght him tables o be lai,..
Quen he him taght suilk a relik [etc,], c 1374 CHAUCER
Troylus i. 153 Thei hadde a relyk hight Palladion, That
was hire tryst a bouen euerichon. 1513 DOUGLAS Mneis
xiu. x. 96 O happy cite .. With quham sa gret rellykis re-
mane sail. 158* STANYHURST Inez's n. (Arb.) 49 Vf this
rellick by you to the cittye wer haled, Then, loa, the stout
Troians in wars should glorye triumphing. 1606 G. W[OOD-
COCKE] Hist. Ivstine xxiv. 90 The Priests of all the Temples
. .with.. the sacred reliques in their hands.
f c. A precious or valuable thing. Obs. rare.
ciiSs CHAUCER L. G. W. Prol. 321 What dostow here So
nygn myn ovne floure so boldely? . . Yt is my relyke, digne
and delytable. c 2400 Destr. Troy 13678 He. .has riches full
ryfe, rehkis ynow. c 1470 Gol.fy Gaiy. 887 Armyt in rede gold,
and rubeis sa round, With mony riche relikis, riale to se.
d. Something kept as a remembrance or souve-
nir of a person, thing, or place ; a memento.
1601 SHAKS. fal. C. n. H. 89 Great men shall presse For
Tinctures, Staines, Reliques, and Cognisance. 1664 MAR-
VELL Corr. Wks, (Grosart) II. 145 He, blessed Prince, . .even
as to this matter had prepared a Letter which I yet preserve
among His other Reliques. 1719 DE FOE Crusoe i. xix,
When I took Leave of this Island, I carry'd on Board for
Reliques the great Goat's Skin Cap I had made, my Um-
brella, and one of my Parrots. 1751 JOHNSON Rambler
No. 83 P 9 This regard, which we . . pay to the meanest
relique of a man great and illustrious. 1838 Murray's
Hand-bk. N. Germ, 385/1 Luther's .. apartment .. contains
his portrait, bible, and other relics. 1861 STANLEY Jew. Ch.
(1877) I. vii. 141 Two objects of interest were laid up .. in
front of it, both relics of Sinai. 1880 Marine Engineer
i July 84/1 A Relic of Her Majesty's Ship * Orpheus '.
2. pi. The remains of a person ; the body, or
part of the body, of one deceased. (Sometimes
implying sense i.)
a 1300 Cursor M. 21215 Pa' did sent andru relikes and him
Bring to constantinopolim. 1483 CAXTON Gold. Leg. 237/2,
I shalle ensigne the of eueriche by symylitude to knowe the
tombes and reliques of eche of us. 1596 DALRYMPLE tr.
Leslie's Hist. Scot, 1. 1 10 The reliques of S. Andro. . quhilkes
out of Grece he brocht. 1658 SIR T. BROWNE Hydriot. Ep.
Ded., Men took a lasting adieu of their interred Friends,. .
having no old experience of the duration of their Reliques.
1691 WOOD Atk. Oxon. I. 156 How long he lived after that
year, I cannot tell, nor where his refiques were lodg'd.
17x8 PRIOR Solomon m. 591 Say; shall our Relicks second
RELIC.
Birth receive? 17*5 POPE Odyss. xiv. 156 He.. welters on
the wave, Or food for fish, or dogs, his reliques lye. 1775
ADAIR Anter. Ind. 183 They go along with those beloved
relicks of the dead . .till they arrive at the bone-house. 1813
SHELLEY Q. Mab vii. 188 All around The mouldering relics
of my kindred lay. 1854 MILMAN Lat. Ckr. in. v. I. 381 The
reliques of those martyrs whom the Romans burned with fire.
b. sing, in the same sense, rare.
1635 PACITT Christianogr. in. (1636) 93 The taking up of
the Relique of Editha thirteene yeare after her death.
i68a KEN Serm. Wks. (1838) 126 This poor*elique of clay,
which in a few minutes must be restored to its native earth.
1814 MRS. J. WEST Alicia de Lacy IV. 258 Those neglects
to which this unse^ulchred relic of his illustrious father
bore a shameful testimony.
3. pi. That which remains or is left behind, in
later use esp. after destruction or wasting away ;
the remains or remaining fragments (of a thing) ;
the remnant, residue (of a nation or people). Also
occas. in sing, of a single thing or person.
a 1325 Prose Psalter xxxvi[i], 40 [38] pe vnrijtful forspbe
.sli nl ben desparplist, and be relikes of be wicked shut dien.
138* WYCLIF Isa. xiv. 30 To dien I shal make in hunger thi
roote, and thi relikes I sbal slen. 1480 CAXTON Ckron. Eng.
ci. 52 b, The reliques of his body shall bene brought fro
Rome, and translated in Britaigne. 1566 GRAFTON Chron.
II. 458 Diuers Frenchmen repayred to the battayle. .to take
the reliques which the Englishmen had left. 1596 SPENSER
State Irel. Wks. (Globe) 627/2 Whatsoever rehckes there
were left of the land-bredd people. 1615 G. SANDYS Trav. 194
An hundred paces farther . . there are the relikes of a Church.
1656 RIDCLEY Pract. Physick 271 The reliques of the Quick-
silver will stick to the gold. 1703 POPE Thebais 602 Dust
yet white upon each altar lies, The relicks of a former sacri-
fice. 1788 GIBBON Decl. % F. xlix. III. 143 After a bloody
conflict of eight years. ., the relics of the nation submitted.
1817 BYRON Manfred in. iv, I stood within the Coliseum's
wall, 'Midst the chief relics of almighty Rome. 1851 D.
WILSON Preh. Ann. in. vi. (1863) II. 152 It is only in this
last period . . that we find the relics of the war-chariot
among the contents of the tomb. 1865 LIVINGSTONE Zambesi
vi. 148 He brought the relics of our fugitive mail.
sing, a 1676 HALE Prim. Orig. Man. (1677) 298 This
Elementary portion of Earth and Water seems to be as it
were the sediment and relique of the Massa Chaotica. 1774
PENNANT Tour Scot 1. in 1772, 9 The priory. .stood near the
bridge, but not a relique exists. i8ai GALT Provost xxxii.
(1868) 95 He was a relic of some American-war fencibles.
1834 HOGG Let. in Sotheby's Sale Catal. 22-6 Feb. (1897)
42 He is . . the only relic I know of the real intimate ac-
quaintances of Burns.
b. The remains of a meal or of food ; remnants,
scraps, broken victuals. Now rare.
1576 FLEMING Panopl. Epist. 75 We would haue had no
fragments or broken scraps left. But now. .wee haue sore
a dbo about those reliques, a 1601 W. PERKINS Cases
C0nsc.(i6ig) 327 Gather vp the broken meate.. these reliques
and fragments are part of the creatures. 1682 SIR!'. BROWNE
Chr. Mor. i. § 4 Treat the poor, as our Saviour did the
Multitude, to the reliques of some baskets. 1816 SCOTT
Antiq. ix, His sister hastened to silence his murmurs, by
proposing some of the relics of the dinner. 1830 HERSCHEL
Stud. Nat. Phil. 2 His food [being] worms. .varied with
occasional relics, mangled by more powerful beasts of prey.
4. A surviving trace of some practice, fact, idea,
quality, etc. In early use chiefly//.
a 1586 SIDNEY Arcadia in. (1622) 259 Doubting some
reliks of the late mutiny. i6ia T. TAYLOR Comm. Titus i.
13 An infirmitie is a rellike of sinne. 1678 R. BARCLAY
ApoL Quakers iv, § 2. 101 There were some Reliques of the
Heavenly Image left in Adam. 1712 BUDGELL Spect. No.
365 F 3 A Relique of a certain Pagan Worship. 1794 PALEY
Evid. i. vii. (1817) 124 No reliques appear of any story sub-
stantially different from the present. 1824 W. IRVING T.
Trav. I. 349 It is a rich relique of a more poetical age.
1865 TYLOK Early Hist. Man. i. 2 A relic of a ruder mental
condition.
b. A surviving memorial of some occurrence,
period, people, etc.
1695 WOODWARD Nat. Hist. Earth i. 35 Others., thought
that they [shells] were only Reliques of some former great
Inundations of the Sea. 1778 PENNANT Tour Wales (1883)
I. 84 Immense beds of iron-cinders, . . the reliques of the
ancient times have also been discovered decorated with
coloured glass beads. 1855 MACAULAY Hist. Eng. xx. IV.
522 The swords were rusty reliques of Edge Hill and
Marston Moor. 1871 FREEMAN Norm. Cong, xviii. (18^6)
IV. 212 Those great roads which abide as the noblest relics
of the days of Roman dominion.
6. An object invested with interest by reason
of its antiquity or associations with the past.
1596 DRAYTON Legends iii. 542 A goodly Table of pure
Massie Gold, A Relike kept in Windsor many a day. 1601
SHAKS. Twel. N. in. iii. 19 What's to do? Shall we go see
bignesse. 1787 JEFFERSON Writ. (1859) II. 317 The good,
old and venerable fabric, which should have been preserved
even as a religious relique. 1841 SpALDiNG//a/y ^ It. !sl. I.
200 The crowds of reliques which, .have reappeared to adorn
the modern galleries.
1 6. An example left by a person. Obs. rare.
1610 BOYS Exp. Domin. Ep. fy Gosp. Wks, (1622) 133 Here
then is a notable relique for women to behold. Ibid. 555
This her relique is worth our observing also.
7. attrib, and Comb.^ as relic-box, building,
-chest) -hunter, -hunting, -monger) -shrinet -vender,
-veneration^ -worship ; relic-covered adj. ; relic-
like adv. ; relic-knife, a knife containing in its
handle a relic of a saint ; f Relic Sunday, the
third Sunday after Midsummer, on which, the
BELICABY.
406
BELIEF.
relics preserved in a church were specially vene-
rated ; t relic water, water in which relics have
been dipped.
§i PERCIVALL Sfl, Diet., Relicario^ a *relicke boxe.
GERBIER Counsel d iij, The reformation of a Gotis
;k building. <• 1450 St. Cuthbert (Surtees) 4248 He
vnclosid |>c *reliks kyst, And gaf parte to a f reticle. 1796
Mod. Gulliver 2 For want of a cradle, as soon as born, I was
popped into a relique chest. 1807 SYD. SMITH Lett.
Catholics (1808) 28 The *relic-covered jacket of a Catholic.
1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) XVI. 59/1 The . . knavery of the
Greeks found a rich prey in the stupid credulity of the
Latin * relic- hunters. 1893 KATE SANBOKN Trttthf. Worn.
S. California 54 The plaster statues have been disgracefully
mutilated by relic-hunters. 1891 A. J. FOSTER Ouse 139
These were the days of *relic-hunting. 1854 Jrnl, Bnt.
Archzol. Assoc. X. 89 The knife .. is of an earlier period,
and may perhaps be regarded as a *relic knife. 1593-
1601 DONNE Sat. 11. 84 The snuffe Of wasting Candles..
*ReIique-like [1633 rehquely] kept, perchance ouyes wed-
djng-geare. 1854 H. MILLER ScA, $ Schm. vi. (1857) I33
Though not much of a * relic- monger, I would hesitate to
exchange it. 1808 SCOTT Mann, n. iii, The *relic-shrine
of cost, With ivory and gems emboss'd. 1461 Paston
Lett. II. 28 Wretyn at London, on *Relyk Sonday [12
July], i«;ao in Arnolde's Chron. (1811) p. xlvi, On Relyk
Sonday, in the aftyr none, was a grete thondre and tem-
pest. 1581 J. BELL H addon* & Answ. Osor. 323 b, The
feasts.. of the patrone of the church, dedication day, and
Relicksonday. 1709 Riders Brit. Merlin^ Fair on Relique-
Sunday (being the Sund.- fortnight after Miilsum.), 1848
LYTTON Harold v. i, Edward was left alone to his monks
and "relic-venders. 1848 J. H. NEWMAN Loss $ Gain IL
xix. 284 The doctrine and practice of *relic- veneration.
156* Homilies ii. Idolatry in. (1859) 236 Our idolaters
found too much vantage of reliques and *relique water to
follow St. Chrysostom's counsel. 1871 TYLOR Prim. Cult.
xv. II. 139 The conception, .would give a rational explana-
tion of much *relic-worship otherwise obscure.
Re'licary. rare. [ad. Sp. relicario\ see RE-
LIQUARY.] A shrine for relics.
1796 SOUTHEV Lett.fr. Spain (1808) I. App. a88 Whatever
remains of such Catholic sufferers she could procure she
shrined with her own hands,.. and she labelled the relicaries
in which they were placed. 1829 — in For. Rev. $ Cant.
Misc. III. 32 Philip II sent for some of the perspiration, to
be placed among the other treasures of his relicary.
Re-lick, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To lick again.
1607 NORDEN Sttrv. Dial. A vii, This simple rude lumpe,
of which, if some more skilful), will bestow the re-licking, &
bring it to his true shape [etc.].
tBe'licly, adv. Obs. rare-1, [f. RELIC +
-LY 2.] As a relic ; carefully.
1633 [see relic-like under RELIC 7].
Relict (re-likt), s&. [ad. L. relict-its, -a, -urn,
pa. pple. of relinqufre to leave behind, RELIN-
QUISH ; in sense a more immediately ad. med.L.
relicta sb. or OF. relicts (i4th c.).]
1. = RELIO i , i d, and 5. Now rare or Obs.
1535 LYNDESAY Satyre 2231 Cum, win my pardon; and
kiss my relicts, to. 1:1540 in Prance Addit. Narr. Pop.
Plot (1679) 36 Steryngt them with all perswasions . . to dead
Images and counterfeit Relicts. 1631 LITHGOW Trav. v.
195 The Apple is. .yearely transported for Constantinople.,
and there is reserued for a relict of the fruit of the forbidden
tree. 1681 R. KNOX Hist. Ceylon 80 Each of these Gods
hath a Pallenkine .. in the which there are several pieces of
their superstitious relicts. 1717 A. HAMILTON Nciu Ace. E.
Ind. I. xxvii. 344 For want of a better Image or Relict to
adore, they worship a Monkeys Tooth. 1735 HILD. JACOB
Wks. 411 In the Statues, Bas-relieves and precious Relicts
of the great Masters of old. 1817 Miss SEDGWICK H.
Leslie (1872) I. 37 The relicts and gifts of a woman whom he
had loved.
2. The widow of a. man.
IMS Kff. Privy Council Scot. I. o Dame Jonet Stewart
the relict of umquhile Johne Muir of Caldwell and now
spous to Thomas Kirkpatrick. c 1610 SIR J. MELVIL Mem.
('735) 25<> He married the Earl of March's Relict, a 1659
OSBORN Observ. 7V<r£.r Wks. (1673) 303 Such cries as are
made by the Relicts and Children of slain Souldiers. 1718
HICKES & NELSON J. Kettlewell n. xxvii. 129 This Gentle-
woman, the Relict of so Worthy a Man. 1776 FOOTE
Bankrupt in. Wks. 1799 II. 129 There has been. .no less
than three proposals of marriage already made to my relict.
1804 EUGENIA DE ACTON Tale without Title II. 214, I am
ordered by the relict of my late master., to inform you that
she [etc.]. 1871 FREEMAN Norm. Cong. xvii. (1876) IV. 59
Nothing could be further from William's purpose than in any
way to disturb the relict of his revered predecessor.
b. Without const. Now rare.
1640-1 Kirkcudbr. War-Comm. Min. Bk. (1855) 89 To..
confess his fault in declameing, by words, of the gude name
and fame of the said relict. 170* STEELE Funeral \. (1734)
15, 1 never yet could meet with a sorrowful Relict, but was
herself enough to make a hard Bargain with me. 1776 T.
PERCIVAL Ess. III. 347 To the great prejudice of a poor re-
lict and her helpless child. 1873 BROWNING Red Cott.
Nt.<ap i. 808 She, sad relict, must drag residue Of days,
t C. The surviving partner of a. person. Obs.~~l
a 1667 JER. TAYLOR Wks. (1835) II. 84 (Cent.), Though the
relict of a man or woman have liberty to contract new
relations, yet [etc.].
3. //. Remains, remnants, residue. Also sing.
a surviving part ; ta survivor.
1598 BARRET Theor. Warres iv. i. 116 Hee gathered
together the reltctes of the defeated armies. 1638 SIR T.
HERBERT Trav. (ed. a) 304 In as many places are Christians,
or relicts of that holy profession. 1654 R. CODRINGTON tr.
tustine xxn. 319 The Carthaginians sent Commanders.. to
prosecute the relicts of the war. 1718 MORGAN Algiers
I. i. 10 He tbere seems to speak of the Relicts of the Pceni.
1817 COLERIDGE Bio$. Lit. vi. I. 112 The ideas (or re-
licts of such impression) will exactly imitate the order of
the impression itself. 1856 GKOH; Greece u. xcviii. XII.
638 Isolated relicts of what had once been an Hellenic
aggregate.
sing. 1630 B. JONSON AVw Inn Argt., The eldest daughter,
Frances,, .is the sole relict of the family. 1679 M. RUSDEN
Discov. Bees 99 The relict of a good Colony that hath had
several Hives taken off. 1764 FOOTE Patron in. Wks.
1799 I. 359 My /Eneas ! my precious relict of Troy !
D. A surviving trace, survival.
1646 SIR T. BROWNE Pseud. Ej>. v. xxl 265 To breake the
eggeshell after the meat is out. .is but a superstitious relict.
1761 HUME Hist. Eng. UL III. 320 This parliament took
into consideration .. the taking away of tithes, which they
called a relict of Judaism. xSai J. Q. ADAMS in C Davies
Metr. Syst. m. (1871) 271 The Winchester bushel is the only
existing relict of the old English system.
O. //. The remains of one deceased, rare*
a 1649 DRUMM. OF HAWTH. Poems Wks. (171 1) 45 The
blushing hyacinth and rose Spred on the place his relicts do
enclose. 1704 NELSON Fest. 4- Fasts xxxi. (1739) 386 A . .
Means to entice the People to . . a superstitious Worship of
his Relicts. 1807 G. CHALMERS Caledonia I. n. vii. 320
note. The original church of Dunkeld..was built.. for the
reception of the relicts of St. Columba.
t4. a. A deserted or discarded person. Obs. rare.
159* WARNER Ala. Eng. vii. xxxvi. 156 Her too much
wronged Relict might (as well he might) be greeu'd. 1601
Ibid. xi. IxviiL 287 Him blesseth he to whom doth he one
of his Relicts giue.
fb. //. That which is left beh hid or rejected;
leavings; refuse. Obs. rare.
1687 A. LOVELL tr. Thevenofs Trav. L 107 Salt meats are
relicts to them, and they feed on nothing but Beans, Pease,
Eggs and Bisket. 1748 Anton* s Voy. u. iv. 167 The broken
jars, ashes, and fish-bones, .being doubtless the relicts of the
cruisers stationed off that Port.
1 5. A thing left to one by inheritance. Obs.~*
1736 in H. Campbell Love-lett. Mary Q. Scots (1824) 18,
I. .look on myself but as the steward of a glorious relict.
t Reli'ct, n. Obs. [f. as prec. ; cf. DJBBELICT.]
Left, in various senses,
1. Allowed to remain untouched or undisturbed.
c 1420 Pallad. on Husb. x. 198 A vyne whos fruyt humour
wol putrifie Pampyned is to be by euery side, Rehcte on hit
oonly the croppis hie. c 1450 tr. DC Imitation* in. Ix. 140
In asmuche as his mevinge lafte & relicte to himself drawi|>
euere to euel & to lowe binges.
2. Left by death, surviving. (Cf. RELICT sb. a.)
1649 BP. HALL Cases Consc. iv, u. (1654) 310 If upon the
departure of an unbeleeving or hereticall yoke-fellow the
relict party must be tyed up. a 1661 FULLER Worthies,
Lincolnshire u. (1662) 159 His Relict Lady .. lived long in
Westminster.
3. Of lands : a. Left by the recess of the sea.
b. Abandoned, deserted.
a 1676 HALE Dt Jure Marts i. iv. in Hargrove's Law
Tracts (1787) I. 14 No answer is given to the title of in-
formation for lands relict, for these were of several natures.
a 1687 PETTY Pol. Aritk. iv. (1691) 68 If the Relict Lands,
and the immovables left behind upon them, may be sold.
So fBeli-cted a.; fReli'ctipn. Obs.
a 1676 HALE De Jure Marts i. vi. in Hargrave's Law
Tracts (1787) I. 31 Custom cannot intitle the subject to
relicted lands, or make it part of a manor. Ibid. 36 Acquests
bythe reliction or recess of the sea.
.Relie, obs. form of RELY z/.l
t Relie'f I. Obs. Forms : 3-5 relef, (5 -leff, 6
-leffe), 4-5 relif, -lyf, (4 //. -lyves), releif, 5 re-
lefe, -leue, (//. -leues, -y«), 4-6 releef, (6-leefe) ;
5 relyef, 6 relief(e. [a. OF. relef, relief (also
relit* relier} ' the remnant . . of meat left at a
meale1, also 'rubbidge, or the ruines of ouer-
throwne houses ' (Cotgr.) ; cf. Prov. releu, Sp. re-
lieve, It. rilevOj rilievOj vbl. sb. corresponding to
RELIEVE v.t and literally meaning 'that which is
lifted or removed '.
The cognate forms appear to establish the connexion of
the F. word in sense 2 with relever^ but the Eng. evidence
suggeststhatOF. (orAF.)hadalsoaform*r^/;/representing
L. relioit-um (compare OF. anti/:—L. anttqu-um} from
which the senses placed under i are directly derived. The
writer of the Ancren Riwle clearly associated the word
with relinqulre^ and in Wyclif and Trevisa it usually
renders reliquix and frequently interchanges with relic.}
1. a. That which is left or given up by one.
rtiais After. J?. 168 pe vifte reisun is, noble men &
wummen makieS large relef. Auh hwo makien largere
relef bene be oSer? lbid.> N is bis large relef? Nis bis
muchel loaue ?
b. The remains of a thing; remainder; residuum.
1381 WYCLIF Isa. x. 19 And the releef of the wode of the
wilde wode for fewenesse shul be noumbred. 1387 TREVISA
lligden (Rolls) I. 97 lerom seib l>at of be releefof bis citee
were i-buld two grete citees. IbieL IV. 155 Also Silla be
consul.. was in Campania forto destroye al be relif of pe
bataille bat heet [bellum] sociale. c 1440 Prom*. Parv.
101/1 Cracoke, relefe of molte talowe or grese. Ibid. 428/3
Releefi or brocaly of mete (or blevynge).
c. The remainder, remnant, or surviving portion
of a people or company.
1387 TREVISA Higden (Rolls) III. 113 Whan he hadde
. .i-brou^t be relyf of Israel and of ludaoutof Egipte. Ibid.
V. 251 pe poure relyf bat was i-left of be Britouns. 15*0
MaiinaeviF$Chron,Eng.\\\. 24/2 [Antiochus] toumed to y«
pore releues of y» Jewes. a 1548 HALL Chron.t Hen. VIII
26 b, Wednesday the .xxvj. daye of July the releffe of the
speres brought in askry.
d. The remains, or some part of the remains,
of a person deceased ; a relic, rare.
c 1449 PECOCK Repr. \. xix. 114 Pjacis in whiche holi men
han lyued . . or in whiche the relins or the relikis of hem
abiden. Ibid. H. viii. 182 Where the bodi or bonis or eny
releef or relik of a Seint mai be had.
I 2. The remains of food left after a meal ; leav-
ings, scraps.
a 1300 Cursor M. 13512 \>e releif gadir bai in bepes, And
fild bar-wit tuelue mikel lepes. 1381 WYCLIF Exod. viii. 3
Froggis that shulen steyn vp. .in to the relyuesof thi metis.
1426 LYDG. De Gut'/, Pilgr. 4570 Be cause ye Axen the
releff Off hys dyner, on & alle. 1483 CAXTON G. de la Tour
G vb, His wyf brought hym mete whiche she gate and was
gyuen to her of the releef of other. 1553 HULOET, Reliefe,
or broken meate, f ragmen* Jragmentum. 1581 BENTLEY
Man. Matrones ii. 10 Pouertie hath taken me,.. compelling
me to eate the reliefe of swine. 1589 RIDER Bib I. Schol. 1206
Reliefe after dinner, relig-uiae prandij.
Belief- (r/lrf). Forms : 4-6 relef, (6 -leffe),
relefe, 5-6 releef, 5-7 releefe, -leif, (5 -leyf,
Sf. raleiff, -leyff, 6 releief), 6-7 releife ; 5-6
relyef(e, 5-7 reliefe, 6- relief; 5 relyf, relijf,
6 relyfe. Also 4-6 releue, -leve, (6 Sf, -lieve),
5 relyue ; pi. 5-6 releves, -is, -ys, 5-7 relieves,
[a. OF. relief* vbl. sb. from relever to RELIEVE.
The general senses in Eng. are rare in French, and
the word had prob. a greater currency in AF.
than on the Continent.]
1. A payment, varying in value and kind ac-
cording to rank and tenure, made to the over-
lord by the heir of a feudal tenant on taking
up possession of the vacant estate. Now only
Hist, except in Sf. Law. (Cf. RELIEVE v. 8 a.)
So OF. relief (Godef.), med. L. relevium, reltvantentum,
relevatiO) etc. (see Du Cange).
4:1330 R. BRUNNB Chron. (1810) 314 Of wardes & relefe
[F. gardes et rele/s} bat barons of him held. Ibid., Tille
ilk a lordyng suld ward & relefe falle. 1375 BARBOUK
Bntce xn. 320 Gif ony dels in this battaill, His air, but
ward, reletf, or tail!, On the first day his land sail weild.
£14*5 WYNTOUNOW*. HI. v.?82 [HeJ gert bairn at .. halde
bar lande of hym in cheyff Fra bine wibe serwice and
raleyff. 148* Rolls of Parlt. VI. 207/2 The Kyng, his
heires, ana the Quene severally shall have Relieves after
the deth of such Auncestres as soo held of thaim. 1503-4
Act 19 Hen. Vff, c. 15 Preamble^ Lordes of whom . . tene-
mentes be holden in socage [be defrauded] of ther relefles.
1597 SKENE De Verb. Sign. s.v. Recognition, The superiour
may recognosce, and reteine the samin [lands] vntil securitie
be maid to him for payment of the relieue. 1647 N. BACON
Disc. Govt. Eng. i. Hi. (1730.) 91 The Relief of the Country,
man is the best Beast that is in his possession ; and of him
that farmeth his Lands, a year's rent. 1766 BLACKSTONE
Comm. II. 65 Relief. .was before mentioned as incident to
every feodal tenure, by way of fine or composition with the
lord for taking up the estate. 1776 in Stonehouse Ax holme
(1839) 144 On surrender, the Lord is not entitled to any
henots or reliefs. 1818 CRUISE Digest (ed. 2) I. 34 The
doctrine of reliefs was also adopted from the laws of
Normandy. 1838 W. BELL Diet. Law Scot. 844 The
casualty of relief is a sum exigible from an heir on his entry
with the superior. 1874 STUBBS Const. Hist. ix. I. 261 The
change of the heriot to the relief implies a suspension of
ownership, and carries with it the custom of livery of seisin.
b. Hist. Formal acknowledgement of feudal
tenure made by a vassal to his lord. rare.
c 1330 R. BRUNNE Chron. (1810) 202 Merschalle & stiward
berfor about dos senile, & homage & feaute he askes &
releue [rime chefel. 1515 LD. BERNERS Froiss. II. 295 The
bysshop. .counsayled that every man shulde be newe
sworne, and renewe their releves. Ibid. 559 There the erle
of Armynake and the Erie of Rodays made their reliefe &
homage to thekynge. 1828-40 TYTLER Hist. Scot. i. (1864)
I. 28 No crown-vassal, widow, orphan, or ward of the crown
was to be under the necessity of performing their homage
or relief out of the kingdom.
2. Ease or alleviation given to or received by
a person through the removal or lessening of some
cause of distress or anxiety ; deliverance from
what is burdensome or exhausting to the mind ;
mental relaxation ; f hence also, entertainment,
sport (quot. 1575).
i39oGowER Ccnf. III. 23 Thus for the point of his relief
The coc which schal his mete arraie [etc.], c 1400 Leg.
Rood (1871) 06 Ful grete grace was bore schewd And grete
releue to lerdand leude. 1509 H AWES Past. Pleas, xxxn.
(Percy Soc.) 159 They hoped for to have releve Of theyr
imprison which did them so greve. a 1547 SURREY in
TotteVs Misc. (Arb.) 26 That man is farre from blisse, That
doth receiue for his relief none other gayn but this. 1575
LANEHAM Z.f/. (1871) 18 If he wear taken one/, then what
shyft..he woold woork too wynde hym self from them ..
waz a matter of a goodly releef. 1593 SHAKS. 3 Hen. VI*
in. iii. 20 Tell thy griefe, It shall be eas'd, if France can
yeeld reliefe. 1601 ?MARSTON Pasquil ff Kath. (1878) n.
361 That's the best reliefe To drowne all care, and ouer-
whelmeall griefe. 1 1640 MiLiottSonn., To Nightingale \?
Thou from yeer to yeer hast sung too late For my relief.
1716-8 LADY M. W. MONTAGU Lett. I. xxxi. 107 She is young,
and her conversation would be a great relief to me. 1781
COWPER Truth 455 The soul, reposing^ on assured relief,
Feels herself happy amidst all her grief. 1818 SHELLEV
Julian 565, I sought relief From the deep tenderness that
maniac wrought Within me, 1857 BUCKLE Civiliz. I. vii. 412
It is a relief to turn from so painful a subject. 1876 E.
MELLOR Priesth. viii. 372 There is.. a great relief in un-
burdening to a friend the sins and sorrows of one's life.
b. Ease from, or lessening of, physical pain or
discomfort.
1691 RAY Creation i. (1692) 83 The Warming-stone, .hath
been found to give ease and relief in several Pains and
Diseases. 1704 T. FULLER Med. Gymn. (1711) 3 Most Men
indulge themselves in the Expectation of., sudden Relief.
1789 W. BUCHAN DOM. Med. (1790) 451 No lasting relief can
be procured till these [humours] are either corrected or
expelled. 18x0 SHELLEY Horn. Merc. ii. Now when . .
Heaven's tenth moon chronicled her relief, She gave light
to a babe all babes excelling. 1879 J. C. MOKISON Gibbon
RELIEF.
172 He underwent another operation and as usual ex<
peiienced much relief.
c. An agreeable change of object to the mind
or one of the senses, esp. that of sight.
1712 ADDISON Sped. No. 333 F 23 He has.. interspersed
several Speeches, Reflections, Similitudes, and the like
Reliefs, to diversify his Narration. 1833 HT. MARTINEAU
Brooke Farm i, 4 A clump of beeches, .were a relief to the
eye. 1870 F. R. WILSON Ch. Litidisf. 81 The north walls
. .were built as plain lengths of masonry, without buttresses,
windows, mouldings, or relief of any kind.
d. A gradual widening in the bore of a gun-
barrel towards the muzzle.
1824 COL. HAWKER Shooting (ed. 3) 8 This relief has the
effect of making the gun shoot as close as it can do. 1858
GREENER Gunnery 306 The relief in the muzzle of a gun has
a tendency, by allowing a gradual expansion laterally, to
keep the charge of shot better together.
3. Aid, help, or assistance given to a person or
persons in a state of poverty or want ; now spec.
assistance in money or necessary articles given to
the indigent from funds administered under the
Poor Law or from parish doles.
c 1400 Christ's Conifl. 268 in Pol. Kel. t, L. Poems (1903)
207 My seruantis suffren hungir & coolde, Releef of bee jit
haue |>ei noon, c 1412 HOCCLEVE De Reg. Princ. 901 If bou
hcer-after come vn-to swych pref, Thow wolt ful sore
triste [v.r. thurste] after releef. 1472-3 Rolls ofParlt. VI.
48/2 To the verrey honour and worship of God, and grete
releyf and sustenaunce of pore people. 1548 LATIMER
Ploughers (Arb.) 23 They woulde bequeth greate summes
of money towarde the releue of the pore. 1599 SHAKS.
Hen. V, i. i. isToreliefeof Lazars, and weak ageOf indigent
faint Soules. -A hundred Almes-houses. 1632 SANDERSON
Serm. 384 The competent releefe of the orderly poore. 1669
W. MONTAGU in BuccleuchMSS. (Hist. MSS. Comm.) I. 446
The Church charities and the secular reliefs. 1743 J. MORRIS
Serm. ii. 47 They.. cruelly refuse to the distressed .. relief.
1794 BURKE Lett., to Mrs. Crnve (1844) IV. 257 In their idea
of relief, there is always included something of punishment.
1849 MACAULAV Hist. Kng. Hi. I. 421 The men, women, and
children who receive relief are. .one tenth of the inhabitants.
1865 Pall Mall G. 13 May i If there is to be parochial
relief _ at all . . there must be some law to determine the
question by whom that relief is to be given.
t b. Sustenance. Obs.
c 1440 Chron. R. Glouc. (Rolls) 827 Pur meseise him buder
drof & defaute of biliue [MS. S, relyue]. 1483 Rails of
Parlt. VI. 260/1 Greate Games of Swannes of ther owne, by
the whiche the greateste pane of their relyf and ly vyng hath
be susteyned in longe tyme passed. 1575 GASCOIGNE
Flowers Wks. 23 With gonnes we kill the Crowe, For
spoyling our releefe. 1613 PURCHAS Pilgrimage iv. viii,
(1614) 382 There is a faire Stone-Hospitall . ., allowing three
daies reliefe for horse and man freely.
t c. Support, sustentation of* place. 06s. rare.
1463 Bury Wills (Camden) 35, [I bequeath] to the nunnys
of Thetford, eche nunne vjrf. and to the releef and comfort
of the place xi. 1464 Paston Lett. II. 146 Every man to do
his part to the well fare, socour, and releve of our monasteri.
1601 Act 43 Eliz. c. 4_ § i Landes, Tenements, [etc.], .given
. . for or towardes Reliefe, Stocke or Maintenance for Howses
of Correction.
t d. A fresh supply or supplies of some article
of food or drink. Obs.
'575 LANEHAM Let. (1871) 45 Cam thear in a too dayz
space, from sundry friendz, a releef of a xl. tunn, till a nu
supply was gotten agayn. 1613 PURCHAS Pilgrimage ix.
xiv. (1614) 911 Besides this reliefe of Fowles, they had
plentie of Tortoise egges. 1725 DE FOE Voy. round World
(1840) 108 Frequent relief of fresh water, of plants, fowl, and
fish, if not of bread and flesh.
4. Assistance in time of danger, need, or difficulty;
aid, help, or succour.
c 1500 Melusine 270 Many of them for theyre relyf sup-
posed to haue entred into thadmyral shipp & they were
drowned. 1529 WOLSEY in Four C. Eng. Lett. (1880) u,
I with all myn shal not onely ascrybe toys my relef unto
ou, but (etc.). cisSS CTESS PEMBROKE Ps. LXII. ii, To
eadlong him their thoughtes devise, And past reliefe to
tread him down. 1603 R. JOHNSON Kingd. ,$• Comumi. 3 In
sodame hurliburlies of warre it is commonly seene, that
courage affoorde more reliefe then policie. 1659 HAMMOND
On Ps. cii. 6 For any relief from man, I am as distitute and
hopeless of it. 1698 FRYER Ace. E. India % P. 184 At
night Boats and Pilots went off to her Relief. 1773 GOLDSM.
Stoops to Cony, y, Prudence once more comes to my relief.
1817 BROUGHAM in Parl. Deb. 754 Though the measure did
not embrace the relief of the agricultural districts, it was
hoped to afford a temporary relief to that species of distress
which [etc.]. 1846 J. BAXTERZtfn Pract. Agric. (ed. 4) 1.
215 Ihe soil is the only resource of permanent relief.
b. Aid or succour rendered to persons or places
endangered by war ; in later use esp. deliverance
of a. besieged town, etc. from the attacking force.
a 1548 HALL Chron., Hen. VIII 90 Where as we entended
the relief and reskue of you and our sayd subiectes and citie
of Turnay. 1596 DALRYMPLF. tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. u. 173
Agncola .. sayles into Britannie w< a chosen and waled
armie, in releife of the Romanis. 1617 MORYSON I tin. H. 107
Ihe warre, which is farre from the reliefe of any friend.
y
h
... <•'**- itnti ui me muniiM uuy. 1010
WELLINGTON in Gurw. Desp. (1838) VI. 257, I . . have been
t o. A body of men coming to the relief of
a person or place. Obs. rare.
1647 N. BACON Disc. Govt. Kng. \. Ixiv. (1739) 137 [She]
retired with the Prince to a relief which they brought from
beyond Sea. 1670 COTTON Espemon 594 He gave advice
to fright the Relief so soon as ever it began to appear.
407
fd. Assistance towards saving or effecting
something. 06s. rare.
1659 LEAK Waierwks. 26 A rare and necessary Engin, by
which you may give great reliefe to Houses that are on
Fire. 1662 STILLINCFL. Orig. Sacrx i. iv. § 3 We are like
then to have little relief for finding out of truth in the
Poetick Age of Greece.
5. Release from some occupation or post of duty ;
in later use spec, of the replacing of a sentinel or
watch by a fresh man or body of men. Also fig.
1513 DOUGLAS sEneis vni. Pro!. 20 Luffaris langis only to
lok in thair lace Thair ladeis lufely, and louk but let or
releifis. 1602 SHAKS. Ham. i. i. 8 For this releefe much
thankes. 1633 EARL MANCH. Al Mondo (1636) 61 In Warres
we often releefe the Watch. Life is a Warfare, yet hath no
releefe but Death. 1799 Instr. f, Reg. Cavalry (1813) 273
The number of men necessary for the relief of the videts (or
sentries), are then to be marched off. 1799 WELLINGTON in
Gurw. Desp. (1838) I. 27 Between foraging parties and
outline picquets, we have not men enough left to give
a relief. 1847 Infantry Man. (1854) 101 All advanced
piquets must have three reliefs. 1889 Infantry Drill 285
See that the sentries are visited every hour between reliefs.
b. One who relieves another on duty; esp. a
soldier or body of soldiers relieving another man
or company on guard. Also transf. of animals.
1822 Regtil. $ Orders Army 219 Officers on Guard.. are
to inspect all Reliefs, both on going out to their Posts, and
returning from them. 1826 SCOTT Woodst. xv, We are to
have a relief from Oxford to-morrow. 1836 KANE Arct.
Expl. II. i. 19 McGary, my relief, calls me. 1889 Infantry
Drill^ 271 The reliefs are kept separated a few yards from the
remainder of the piquet, to avoid disturbing them.
transf. 1882 FLOYER Unexpl. Baluchistan 145, I gave
orders., that the present set [of donkeys] should not be
abandoned until their reliefs came.
c. A dish succeeding another.
1824 BYRON yuan xv. Ixiii, 'Soupe a la Beauveau ', whose
relief was dory.
6. Deliverance (esp. in Law) from some hard-
ship, burden, or grievance ; remedy, redress.
1616 in Cary Rep. Chancery (1650) 122 The Judges of the
common Law. .cannot give any remedy or reliefe for the
same, either by error or attaint, or by any other meanes.
1670 Modern Rep. (1682) I. 305 You give relief every day
where there are express Clauses, that there shall be no relief
in Law or Equity. 1743 Miner's Abridgm. XVIII. 328
Release of all Demands will bar a Demand of a Relief,
because the Relief is by reason of the Seigniory. 1761
in Struthers Hist. Relief Cn.iSj A presbytery for the relief
of Christians oppressed in their Christian privileges. 1771
Junius Lett. hx. (1788) 318 No successful attempt has ever
been made for the relief of the subject in this article. 1817
W. SELWYN Law Nisi Prius (ed. 4) II. 113: The court
refused to grant relief. 1867 Chambers' Encycl. s.v. United
Presb. Ch., Never were forced settlements more shameless.
. . Relief was felt to be a necessity.
b. Sc. Law. Release from an obligation ; also, a
right, under certain circumstances, to reimbursement
of expenses incurred by some obligation. Freq. in
bond, claim, clause, etc. of relief.
c 1680 DALLAS Stiles (1697) i If there be two or moe
Cautioners, and that there be a mutual Relief, then the same
must be immediatly before the Clause of Registration, and the
Clause of mutual Relief conceived as follows. 1797 Encycl.
Brit. (ed. 3) IX. 692/1 The cautioner, who binds himself at
the desire of the principal debtor, has an actio mandati or of
relief against him. 1838 W. BELL Diet. Law Scot. 131 The
cautioner's claim is for relief from the principal obligation,
with the interest and expenses paid by him.
C. Church, etc. , of Relief , or the Relief: (see o a).
17«4 Scots Mag. XXVI. 289/r The presbytery generally
known by the name of the presbytery of Relief. 1766 Ibid.
XXVIII. 274/2 Now settled minister of the church of Relief
at Edinburgh. 1767 /Wrf.XXIX. 285/2 Another minister, and
a preacher,., have., gone into the Relief. 1794 Z. YEWDALL
in Arminian Mag. Aug. (1795) 371 Here I found a large
Ibid., The overture proposed onlyintercourse with the Relief
as a sister Church.
7. Alleviation of some pain, burden, etc. ; remis-
sion of& tax. rare.
1526 Pilgr. Pcrf. (W. de W. 1531) 26 b, But also it is relefe
and remyssyon of payne to y» soules in purgatory. 1535 in
Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. in. II. 340 That I may haue. .some
releeve of the greate charge wiche the words of the Kyngs
Lettres importe. 1667 MILTON P. L, x. 976 What thoughts
in my unquiet brest are ris'n, Tending to som relief of our
extremes. 1860 WHITE Maltster's Guide 157 Full directions
for applying for relief of malt duty in the case of damage.
t 8. Hunting, a. Of the hare or hart : The act
of seeking food ; feeding or pasturing. (Cf. RE-
LIEVE v. 2 e.) Also^. of persons. Obs.
c 1410 Master of Game (MS. Digby 182) xxxiv, For gleidly
she will not be here as she bathe pastured, but in tyme of
releefe. 1575 TURBERV. Venerie 75 He muste take good
beede that he come not too eareiy into the springs and
hewtes where he thinketh that the harte doth feede and is
at reliefe. Ibid. 171 Houndes will haue better sente of an
Hare when shee goeth towards the reliefe, than when shee
goeth towardes hyr Forme. 1637 ?' JONSON Sad Sheph. u.
vii, A Witch., will be found, or sitting in her fourme? Or els,
at releife, like a Hare. 1668 DRYDEN Even. Love iv. ii, What,
Are you going to reliefe by Moonshine ?
t b. The giving of food to young hounds after
a successful chase. Obs.rare~i.
1500 COKAINE Treat. Hunting Cj, A good Huntsman
ought to. .carry with him a peece of bread in his sleeue to
wet in the bloud of the Hare for the reliefe of his whelps.
•)• C. (See qnots.) Obs. rare.
1602 znd Pt. Return fr. Parnnss. II. v. 854 When you
come to your stately gate, as you sounded the recheat before,
RELIEF.
so now you must sound the releefe three times. Ibid. 857
O sir, but your reliefe is your chiefest and sweetest note that
is sir, when your hounds hunt after a game vnknowne
9. attrib. a. Relief Church (cf. 6 c), a Scottish
ecclesiastical body, founded by Thomas Gillespie
and others in 1761 in assertion of the right of con-
gregations to elect their own ministers and in protest
against the aggressions of the General Assembly ;
in 1847 it amalgamated with the United Secession
to form the United Presbyterian Church. So Relief
minister, presbytery, synod, etc.
1767 Scots Mag. XXIX. 499/! Three more ministers have
been settled in Relief Congregations. Ibid., At the Relief
Lhurch at Edinburgh. 1768 Ibid. XXX. 277 A sentence
was pronounced against Mr. William Cruden,..now Relief
Empire (1854) II. 296 The Relief Synod ..now comprises
10 presbyteries, including 109 congregations.
b. in various senses, as relief bill, boat, duty,
fund, guard, line, pallet, train, valve.
1846 J. BAXTER Libr. Pract. Agric. (ed. 4) I. p. viii, His
Grace did oppose the *Relief Bill in every stage of its
progress. 1897 KIPLING Captains Courageous 167 They
were turned into 'relief-boats to carry fish. 1818 W BELL
n;~j T c t TV; r . „ . * "11.1.
— . — H_ -— ^— «"~,.*...-.. *.(.«• *^U
Who had come as a 'relief guard from fertile Ascania. 1878
F. S. WILLIAMS Midi. Railtu. 94 The benefit of a through
•relief line for their main traffic to and from the north. 1881
C. A. EDWARDS Organs 52 Perhaps the most simple and
ingenious of these peculiar pallets is one termed the 'relief
pallet. 1883 Leisure Hour 282/2 The "relief train came up.
1840 WEALE Diet. Terms, * Relief-valve, a valve belonging
to the feeding apparatus of a marine-engine.
Belief3 (rfl»--f). Also 7 releue, releiue, re-
leave, 7-8 relieve. [Orig. ad. It. rilievo ' raised
or imbossed worke' (Florio), f. rilevare to raise,
elevate; afterwards a. the synonymous F. relief:
see prec. and RELIEVO.]
1. In the plastic arts, the elevation or projection
of a design, or parts of a design, from a plane
surface in order to give a natural and solid appear-
ance ; also, the degree of such projection ; the part
which so projects.
High (t or great}, Imi, and middle relief: see the articles
ALTO-, BASSO-, MEZZO-RELIEVO, and BAS-RELIEF ; also HIGH
a. i b, Low a. i b.
a. 1606 B. JONSON Hymenxi D iv b, Two great Statues . .
bearing vp the Cloudes, which were of Releue, embossed,
and tralucent, as Naturalls. a 1634 T. CAREW Coelum Brit.
(1640) 209 A great vaze of gold, richly enchased, and beauti-
fied with Sculptures of great Releiue. 1691 RAY Creation
l. (1692) 82 Pillars and Statues and other carved Works in
relieve. 1726 LEONI tr. Albertfs Archit. II. 16/2 Mosaic
work in relieve.
ft. 1662 EVELYN Chalcogr. (1769) 107 In bold or faint
touches, so as may best express the relief. 1687 A. LOVELL
tr. Thevenot's Trav. i. 94 The Castle with three Towers,
and the Eagle of stone in relief, which are the arms of the
Justinian! Genoese Lords. 1702 ADDISON Dial. Medals Wks.
1721 I. 539 You find the figures of many ancient Coins rising
up in a much more beautiful relief than those on the modern.
1762-71 H. WALPOLE Vertue's Anecd. Paint. (1786) II.
243 note, A wreath of enamelled flowers in relief, executed
by Giles Legare. 1839 URE Diet. Arts 215 The face of the
block.. is carved in relief into the desired design. 1851
D. WILSON Preh. Ann. iv. ii. (1863) II. 247 Floriated patterns
in relief. 1879 H. PHILLIPS Notes Coins 4 A remarkable
difference exists between ancient and modern coins, the
former being of extremely bold execution and high relief.
b. A composition or design executed in relief.
ok 1682 WHELER Journ. Greece v. 381 In a Relieve below
the cornish . . is a Triumphal Chariot. 1726 LEONI tr.
A Ibertfs Archit. 1 1. 15/2 The mold itself is taken . . from any
relieve, by pouring some liquid plaister over it.
ft. 1717 BERKELEY Jrnl. Tour Italy 20 Jan., Wks. 1871
IV. 529 The reliefs with which the outside of the Pillar is
covered from top to bottom, c 1820 S. ROGERS Italy,
Fountain 3 Richly wrought with many a high relief. 1834
LvrroN Pompeii I. i, Upon its surface of bronze were
elaborately wrought.. reliefs of the Olympian games. 1875
FORTNUM Maiolica viii. 68 Some pieces with reliefs and
imitation Chinese marks also occur.
2. The appearance of solidity or detachment
given to a design or composition on a plane sur-
face by the arrangement and disposition of the
lines, colours or gradations of colour of which it
is composed ; hence, distinctness of outline due to
contrast of colour.
1789 P. SMYTH tr. AldriMs Archit. (1818) 28 The painted
cornices still of a relief that deceived every unapprized
spectator. 1797 Encycl, Brit. (ed. 3) XVI. 60/1 Relief, in
painting, is the degree of boldness with which the figures
seem, at a due distance, to stand out from the ground of the
painting. 1820 W. IRVING Sketch Bk. II. 8r A church with
its dark spire in strong relief against the clear cold sky.
1875 CLEHY Min. Tact. ii. (18^7) 21 To prevent their being
seen in relief against the sky line.
b. fig. Vividness, distinctness, or prominence
due to contrast or artistic presentation.
1781 COWPER Conversat. 127 His evidence .. For want of
prominence and just relief, Would hang an honest man. 1839
DE QUINCF.Y Recoil. Lakes Wks. 1862 II. 74 The combina-
tion of worldly prosperity . . forced into strong relief and fiery
contrast this curse written in the flesh. 1878 Bosw. SMITH
Carthage 53 The horrors perpetrated by the Carthaginians
. . are brought out into full relief by Diddorus.
3. a. Fortif. (See qnots.)
1834-47 J. S. MACAULAY Held Fortif. ii. (1851) 42 The relief
RELIEFER.
of a work is the height of its interior crest above the bottom
of the ditch. 1879 CasseWs Techn. Educ. I. 104/2 The
relief is the difference of level between the crest of the
parapet and the bottom of the ditch.
b. Phys. Geog. The contour of some part of
the surface of the earth considered with reference
to variations in its elevation.
1865 LUBBOCK Preh. Times xi. (1878) 373 Assuming the pre-
existing relief or excavation rather of the surface. 1878
HUXLEY Physiogr. xvii. 299 The observer would find bolder
reliefs than he has met with in the Thames valley in the
almost mountainous hills of Wales.
4. attrib. and Comb, (senses I and 2), as relief-
block, -plate, portion, -print, -printing, -process,
-stamper, -tablet.
1878 ABNEY Photogr. (1881) 183 *Relief-block making is
essentially difficult in almost every stage. 1884 KNIGHT
Diet. Meek. Suppl. 749/2 Joyce's method of producing *relief-
'graphs
than the light-prints. Ibid., It appears that the *rehef-
' •' '. ISJOLEITCH
Larger corn-
printing gives the shades and dark parts better. 1850 LEITCH
tr. C. O. Mailer's Anc. Art § 415 (ed. 2) 579 '
positions were introduced.. on *relief-tablets.
Relic fer. rare-1, [f. RELIEF 2, 6c + -EB'.]
= REUEVEB i c.
1798 ALEX STEWART in Memoir (1^33) 124 Let Churchmen
or Dissenters, Reliefers or Seceders be in the right or in the
wrong, that can be no rule to us.
Relie'fful, a. rare—1, [f. RELIEF2 + -FDL.]
Giving or affording relief.
1748 RICHARDSON Clarissa (1768) V. 77 Never was there a
more joyous heart., ready to burst its bars for relief-ful ex-
pression.
Relie fless, a. [f. as prec. + -LESS.] Devoid
of relief.
c 1730 SAVAGE Et. Sir R. Walpolt 166 The tale pathetic
speaks some wretch that owes To some deficient law reliefless
woes. 1852 Meanderings of Mem. I. 23 Alone reliefless in
thy cold distress. 1860 RUSKIN Mod. Paint. V. ix. ii. § 18.
216 Hopeless, reliefless, eternal, the sorrow shall be met.
Relier (rflai-ai). rare. [f. RELY ».l + -EB l.]
One who relies (on a person or thing).
'593 SHAKS. Lucr. 639 To thee, to thee, my heau'd vp
hands appeale, Not to seducing lust thy rash relier. a 1616
BEAUM. & FL. Woman's Prize i. iii, My friends [are] no
reliers on my fortunes. 1665 T. SERGEANT Sure Footing 12
To give the reliers on them all the security [etc.],
Relievable (rtlrvab'l), a. [f. RELIEVE v.]
1. a. Capable of receiving, admitting of, legal
relief; also const, against.
1670 Modern Rep. (1682) I. 304 A Father may settle his
Estate ; so as that the Issue shall be deprived of it for Dis-
obedience, and not be relievable in Equity. 1768 BLACK-
STONE Comm. III. 104 Neither can this court. .hold plea of
any such word, or thing, wherein the party is relievable by
the courts of the common law. 1818 CRUISE Digest (ed. 2)
IV. 502 If a woman about to marry, gives away a part of
her property, . . they are relievable against in Chancery. 1817
HALLAH Const. Hist. xiii. (1876) III. 33 An original com-
plaint, .relievable in the ordinary course of law.
b. That may be relieved or assisted.
1707 NORRIS Treat. Humility vi. 252 Being loth to be
thought in a releivable condition. 1794-6 E. DARWIN
ZOOH. IV. 79 The maniacal idea is so painful as not to be
for a moment relievable by the exertions of reverie. 1893
Jos. STRONG New Era xiii. 282 Relievable suffering, wrongs,
violations of law, ignorance.
1 2. Ready to give relief. Obs. rare ~l.
a 1693 AUBREY Lives (1898) I. 281 The poor were more
relievable, that is, he recieved more kindnesse from them
than from the rich.
t Relie'vant. Obs. rare-1, [f. as prec. +
-ANT l.] One who receives relief.
1587 in Arber Eng. Garner VIII. 345 First 100 Relce-
vants, poor old women, for the most part widows.
Relieve, sb., obs. variant of RELIEF 2 and 3.
Relieve (rflfv), v. Forms: 4-6 releue,
-leve, (5 -levy-e, -levyn, Sc. -lewe), 4-7 releeue,
-leeve, -lieue, (5 -lyeve), 6-7 releiue, -ve, 4-
relieve ; 5-6 relyue, -ve, 6-7 reliue, -ve ; Sc.
and north. 5 relef(e, -leff(e, -leef(e, 5-6 releife,
5-7 releif, (5 -S), 6 relyf; 5 raleiff, 6 -lef.
[ad. OF. relever (nth c.), ad. L. relevare to raise
again, assist, etc., f. re- RE- + levdre f. levis light
(cf. RELEVATE and ELEVATE). The more etymo-
logical senses of the word are in Eng. somewhat
later, and less usual, than the secondary.]
I. trans. 1. To raise (a person) out of some
trouble, difficulty, or danger ; to rescue, succour,
aid or assist in straits ; to deliver from something
troublesome or oppressive. Now somewhat rare.
13.. E. E. Allit. P. C. 323 pou schal releue me renk,whil
by ryjt slepcz, bur? myjt of >y mercy. 1377 LANCL, P. PI.
B. xv. 592 [The Jews] hopen pat he be to come bat shal
hem releue. £1430 LYDG. Milt. Poems (Percy Soc.) 206
Releeve the porail fro fals oppressioun Of tyrannye. 1500-20
DUNBAR Poems xxii. 28 Jour legis quhy will }e nocht releif,
And chereiss eftir thair degre ? 1567 G-ude 8r Godlie B.
(S.T. S.) 113 God .. sail releue All Israel of thair distres.
1601 SHAKS. Tiuel. N.m. iv. 395 This youth . . I snatch 'd
one halfe out of the iawes of death, Releeu'd him with such
not relieve you, all is lost. 1813 BYRON Giaour viii, The
rock relieves him from mine eye. 1836 J. GILBERT Chr.
Atonem. viii. (1852) 228 No ingenuity, how subtle so ever,
408
can relieve the case from the difficulty. 1841 ELPHINSTONE
Hist. hid. II. 131 Who had called in the aid of the king of
that country to relieve him from the control of Shir Kh.iii.
absiil. £1366 CHAUCER A. B. C. 6 Help and releeue, |>ou
mihti debonayre. 1677 OWEN On Jvitif. ix. Wks. 1851 V.
332 It is said that this [argument] will not relieve ; for [etc.].
T b. To assist or succour in battle. Obs.
1375 HARBOUR Bruce xi. 347 The kyng, that behynd thaim
was, Suld . . relief thaim with his baneir. c 1400 Deslr. Troy
0737 Mayntene youre manhode & your men helpe, Fans
into fight your folke to releue. c 1500 Lancelot 3200 Wondir
well thai have in armys prewit, And with thar manhed oft
thar folk relewit. 164011-. Verdere'sRom.ofRom. i.8s[They]
could not relive them, being too far engaged in their combat.
C. To bring assistance to (a besieged town, etc.) ;
to free from siege. (Cf. RELIEF st.'2 4 b.)
1586 EARL LEICESTER Carr. (CamdeiO =59 If he take it
[Berges] not in 3 dayes.,1 will warrant we will rcliucit well
enough. 16x7 MORVSON I tin. 11.148 The Spaniards attempted
againe to relieue the Castle, a 1671 LD. FAIRFAX Mem.
(1699) 82 Soon after Prince Rupert came to relieve the Town
We raised the siege. 1781 GIBBON Decl. 4 f.xxxl. III. 259
Aries.. must have yielded to the assailants, had not the city
been unexpectedly relieved by the approach of an Italian
army. 1855 MACAULAY Hist. Eng. xii. III. 228 Kirke had
arrived from England with troops, arms, ammunition, and
provisions, to relieve the city. 1874 GREEN Short Hist. v.
I i. 221 It was not till Philip had failed to relieve it that the
town was starved into surrender.
d. Law. To free or clear (one) from an obli-
gation ; to give (one) legal relief. Also absol.
156* Reg. Privy CouttcU Scot. I. 221 The said William
Gordoun [shall be] oblist to releve his said souerte. 1616
in Cary Rep. Chancery (1650) 134 Where their case de-
served to be relieved in course of Equity by suit in our
Court of Chancery, they should not be abandoned. 1670
Modern Rep. (1682) I. 305 You relieve against them, and
look upon tnem to be void. Ibid. 306 What if two of the
Trustees had died, should she never have married ? Surely
you would have relieved her. 1838 W. BELL Diet. Law
Scot. 845 If one of two co-obligants..pay the whole debt,
he is entitled to be relieved to the extent of the other's share.
Ibid., The obligation to relieve holds in those cases [etc.].
rtfi. 1655 tr. SoreVs Com. Hist. Francion VIM. 28, I will
obtain therefore Letters Patents sealed with the great Seal
to relieve my self, because I have consented to give six
Souses for that which is worth but four.
2. To assist (the poor or needy) by gifts of
money or necessary articles ; to help in poverty or
necessity. (Cf. RELIEF2 3.)
c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints vi. (Thomas} 334 pe apostile .. vith
bat tresoure he had tane, pouer men relewit mony ane.
(1450 Knt. de la Tour (1868) 136 Alle suche pepille..she
releued and comforted with almesse. 1491 Act 7 Hen. Vll,
c. 22 Preamble, Suche as have no goodes they may comme
heder and be releved. 1586 EARL LEICESTER Corr. (Camden)
378 He hath had 4,000 florins in monie of me, beside other
helps, and, as I am able, I will reliue him. 1653 HOLCROFT
Procopius, Goth. Wars I. 30 There being no means to re-
leive them ; Belisarius. .appointed them a daily pay. 1690
CHILD Disc. Trade 73 The Poor.. will be immediately re-
lieved or set on work where they are found. 1737 POPE
Hor. Epist. ii. i. 226 Behold the hand that wrought a
Nation's cure, Stretch'd to relieve the Idiot and the Poor.
1795 Act-ifiGeo. 7//,c. 2354 All such. .Poor.. Persons shall
be provided for and relieved in . . the same Manner as before
the.. passing of this Act. 1^64 Spectator 31 Dec. 1489 Lord
Wharncliffe's proposal to relieve the Confederate prisoners
in the Northern prisons.
absol. 1731 POPE Ep. Batkurst 269 Is any sick J the Man
of Ross relieves. 1811 SHELLEY Q. Mob ill. 159 Withered
[is] the hand outstretched but to relieve.
fig. c 1385 CHAUCEK L. G. W. ProL »8 Now hadde the
tempre sonne al that releuyd And clothede hym in grene
al newe a-geyn.
t b. To assist with provisions or munitions of
war ; to furnish with fresh troops. Also, to renew
the stock of (ammunition). Obs.
255 That he geueth them free and safe recourse throughe hys
counlrey, and releeue them with victualles. 1568 GRAFTON
Chron. II. 366 All the Hauens and Fortes. .were relieued
wyth men of armes and archers. 1588 SIR J. HAWKINS in
Laughton Def. Sp. Armada (1894) I. 359 We spent a great
part of our powder and shot, so as it was not thought
good to deal with them any more till that was relieved.
refl. 1601 in T. Stafford Pac. Hit. n. iv. 150 The Rebels
..doe releeue themselves with such warlicke provisions as
they need.
t c. To provide or furnish with something. 06s.— '
c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints xl. (Ninian) 161 He can hym ma
bischope with his handis twa .. & with relykis cane hym
releife.
t d. To feed ; to supply with food or nourish-
ment. Obs.
c MO Master of Game (MS. Digby 182) i, In the euetyde
when thei be releued ; in the moruetyde when thei silte in
forme, c 1410 Pallad. on Husb. xn. 375 Til the lamb be
strengthed to pasture, Hym first and last his modir mylk
releue. 1590 COKAINE Treat, Hunting C ii. Your Hunts-
man., must be very careful that if any of his hounds bee
missing, he keepe somewhat to relieue them withall. 1614
RALEIGH Hist. World ii. (1634) 222 They reserved them,
both for the milke to releeve the children withall, and for
breed to store themselves.
te. intr. Of a hare: To feed. Obs. rare-1.
1575 TURBERV. Venerie 168 An Hare hath greater sent . .
when she feedeth and relieueth vpon greene corne, then at
any other time of the yere.
o. To ease or free (a person, the mind, etc.)
from sorrow, fear, doubt, or other source of mental
discomfort.
1:1374 CHAUCER Troylns v. 1042 And eek, the bet from
sorwe him to releve, She made him were a pencel of hir
RELIEVE.
sieve. 1390 GOWER Con/. 1. 45 Hot so was I nothing relieved,
For I was further fro my love. 15. . Frutefull Treatysc
title-p., Howe they are to be releved and comforted, whose
deare frendes ar departed out of thys worlde. 1568 GRAFTON
relieu'd by praier. 1671 MILTON Samson 460 This only
hope relieves me, that the strife With me hath end. 1746
WESLEY Princ. Methodist 50 To think or say, ' There are
Demoniacks now, and they are now reliev'd by Prayer ', is
Enthusiasm. 1801 Lusignan IV. no Relieve me, I conjure
you, from this cruel incertitude 1 1847 PRESCOTT Peru
(1850) II. 336 There was one.. who relieved his bosom by
revealing the whole plot to his confessor. 1860 TYNDALL
Glac. ii. xxvii. 390 Proofs which should relieve my mind of
all doubt upon the subject.
b. To give (a person, part of the body, etc.)
ease or relief from physical pain or discomfort.
<"'37S Sc. Leg. Saints xxxviii. (Adrian) us J>e tyme
cunus. .quhene nane sal vthir relefe,. .as for to les bame of
bar payne. 1548-9 (Mar.) Bk. Com. Prayer, Visitation of
Sick 141 O Lorde ..beholde, visile, and releue this thy
seruaunte. 1561 TURNER Herbal ii. 108 Peares .. rested or
sodden, relefe and lighten the stomak. 1595 SHAKS. John
v. vii. 45 O, that there were some vertue in my teares, That
might releeue you! 1746 HERVEY Medit. (1818) So As a
spacious field arrayed in cheerful green, relieves and re-
invigorates the eye. 1841 A. COMBE Physiol. Digestion
(ed. 4) 368 Where . . the bowels are unable to act sufficiently
to relieve the system. 1857 BUCKLE Civiliz. I. xiv. 825 It
is even possible to relieve a function while we continue to
employ it.
O. To widen or open up ; to ease (some mechani-
cal device) by making slacker or wider.
18*4 COL. HAWKER Shooting (ed. 3) 8 There are two good
ways of boring ; the one is, to form a cylinder for about
three-fourths of the barrel, and let the remaining part be
gradually relieved to the muzzle. 1846 HOLTZAPFFEL Turn-
ing II. 586 The principle of chamfering, or relieving the
taps, must not.. be carried to excess.
4. To ease or mitigate (what is painful or oppres-
sive) ; to render less grievous or burdensome.
« 1410 LYDG. Assembly of Gods 1 3 So leyde I me downe my
dyssese to releue. c 1500 Lancelot 3364 Al perell, al harmys,
and myschef, In tyme of ned he can tham al ralef. 1567
Satir. Poems Reform, vi. 114 Set your cure For till relief
the greit penuritie Off laubouraris. 1601 SHAKS. Tiuel. N.
II. iv. 4 That old and anticke song we heard last night, Me
thought it did releeue my passion much. 1630 BRATHWAIT
Eng. Gentlem. 149 Would you further the poore mans cause,
and see his wrongs releeved ? 1660 BLOUNT Boscobel II.
(1680) 32 Glad to releive the necessities of nature with a
messe of milk. 1719 BUTLER Serm. Wks. 187} II. 70 The
final cause of compassion is much more to relieve misery.
1788 GIBBON Decl. 4 F. L V. 197 A wealthy and generous
citizen, who relieved the distress of famine. 1843 R. J.
GRAVES Syst. Clin. Med. xx. 234 Chronic cough and long-
continued congestion .. were more effectually relieved by
the use of sulphureous waters, a i86> BUCKLE Civiliz. (1873)
III. v. 308 To relieve poverty increases it, by encouraging
improvidence.
b. To make less tiring, tedious, monotonous, or
disagreeable, by the introduction of variety or of
something striking or pleasing.
1771 Juntas Lett. xlix. (1788) 269, 1 mean now and then
to relieve the severity of your morning studies. 178* G.
STUART Hist. Scot. vi. II. 211 He relieved .. the cares of
ambition with the smiles of beauty. 1817 COLERIDGE Biog.
Lit. (Bohn) 282 The ingredients too are mixed in the
happiest proportion, so as to uphold and relieve each other.
1837 DISRAELI Venetia i. vi, Large black eyes which . .
agreeably relieved a face.. somewhat shy and sullen. 1869
I. MARTINEAU Ess. II. 303 No great work relieved the
barrenness of the time.
5. Chiefly Sc. To set free, release. Now rare.
1554-9 Songs ^ Ball. Phil, fy Mary (Roxb.) 3 The rawnsom
for ower synns, wherby we ware relyfft. 1571 MORTON in
yrl Kef. Hist. MSS. Comm. 418/2 The Maister of Forbes
. .is sa straitlie deteneit captive as upoun na band can he be
gottin relevit. a 1657 SIR W. MURE Sonn. iv, I expected
grace, To snair myselfe in hope to be reliued. 1684 WOOD
Life (O.H.S.) III. 103 Mr. Sheldon, who would.. releive
several! of his books that were then pawned for ale. 1774
MACLAURIN Argt. 41 Decis. Remark. Cases 33 A tuilzie or
ri.ru. in which they mixed themselves to relieve a youth in
the defunct's grips. 1815 BURNEY Falconer's Diet. Marine
s.v. Reliever, It is used, on searching a gun, to relieve one or
other of the springs of the searcher that may have hitched
into the cavity.
b. spec. To release (one) from guard, watch, or
other duty by becoming or providing a substitute.
1601 HOLLAND Pliny I. 427 How late soever he sat up. .
overnight, he would be sure to relieve the morning watch
& sentmell 1684 tr. Siege Luxembourg 9 The Besieged (at
the time we went to releive the Trenches) set Fire to the
Houses. 1743 BULKELEY & CUMMINS Voy. S. Seas 10 At
Six, being reliev'd by the Master, he could not see the Com-
modore's Light. 1823 F. CLISSOLO Ascent Ml. Blanc 20 A
most laborious employment, in which the guides relieved
each other every ten minutes. 185* THACKERAY Esmond
I. iv, Her dependants one after another relieved guard.,
and took the cards turnabout. 1856 READE Never too Late
xi, In an hour another turnkey came and relieved Hodges.
absol. 1788 J. MAY Jrnl. <$• Lett. (1873) 96 In rowing we
relieved regularly and frequently.
c. To set (one) free from, to ease (one) of, any
task or burden.
1671 MILTON Samson 5 When any chance Relieves me
from my task of servile toyl. 1838 DICKENS Nich. Nick.
xxii, Let me relieve you of that bundle. 1844 H. H. WILSON
Brit. India I. 295 General Sir Samuel Auchmuty relieved
General Hewett from his duty.
d. To replace (a dish) by another, rare.
1741 tr. D'Argens' Chinese Lett. xxv. 183 These Dishes
are relieved by others, twenty or twenty-four times. 1824
BYRON Juan xv. Ixiii, Relieved with ' dindon h la Parigeux '.
BELIEVE.
II. f 6. To lift or raise up again. 06s.
1377 LANGL. P. PL B. xvm. 141 And bat deth doun brou}t
delh shal releue. 1:1450 Merlin 214 Whan the saisnes
saugh Sonygreux at erthe, thei . . pressed to releve the kynge
Sonygreux. c 1477 CAXTON Jason 124 The king Eson . .
releued her and leyde her on a bed that was there. a 1533
LD. BERNERS Huon xx. 56 He knelyd downe . . but Huon
releuyd hym incontynent. 1575 Ckr. Prayers in Priv.
Prayers (1851) 441 Adam, being tumbled down.. into the
dungeon of shame, was releved and lift up again by thy
hand, O Saviour. 1610 SHAKS. Temp. n. i. 121 Th' shore, that
ore his waue-worne basis bowed As stooping to releeue him.
refl, c 1530 LD. BERNERS Arth. Lyt. Bryt. 136 Whan he
had thought to have releved him selfe agayne out of the
water, a 1533 — Huon xvi. 42 Than venturously they re-
leuyd them with ther swordys in ther handys, & so aprochyd
eche to other,
t b. To restore, bring back into a state. Ofo."1
1483 CAXTON Gold. Leg. 434 b/2 Alle vi were there by the
merites of saynt aulbyn releuyd into their good helthe.
t c. To set up or erect again. Obs. rare —*.
1464 Rolls of Parlt. V. 569/2 He that releeved any such
nusaunce and were thereof attaynted, sbuld renne in the
payne of a c Marc,
f d. refl. To essay, presume. Obs. rare~*.
1390 GOWER Conf. II. 215 What man that wole himself re-
lieve To love in eny other wise, He shat wel finde [etc.].
f7. inlr. a. To rise again. Also in pass., to
have risen from childbed. Obs.
1393 LANGL. P. PI. C. xxn. 161 Thus cam hit out bat crist
ouer-cam rekeouered and lyuede [v.r. releuede]. a 1450
Knt. de la. Tour(i86B) 125 Bi the praier of the said holy man
the child resuscited and releued ayen from dethe to lyffe.
c 1450 Merlin 397 He ouer-threwe hym a-gein. .and at eche
tyme that he tinkle releve, he smote him with his swerde to
grounde. c 1500 Melusine 103 Whan the lady had ended
the terme of her childbed, and that she was releuyd. a 1533
LD. BERNERS Gold. Bk. M. Aurel. (1546) C vj, Yf by fortune
he falle, he wyll neuer releue agayne.
t b. To return or rally in battle (cf. RELY v.1
3 a and 3 b). Const, on, upon, to. Obs.
c 1400 Sowdone Bab. 329 Wenynge it hade be Sauarye.
Relevinge fro the hethen stour. c 1400 Rowland # O. 1081
Appon hym also releyede a sarazene wighte. c 1450 HOL-
LAND Hcnvlat 523 Feile of the fals folk, that fled of befor,
Releyit in on thir twa. 1470-85 MALORY ;4r*Awrxviii. xxiv.
769 The knyghtes of the round table refeued euer vnto kynge
Arthur. 1513 DOUGLAS dZneis xi. xiv. 16 Thai that dreyyn
war abak and chaste Relevis agane to the bargane in haist.
•)• c. To return to a previous state. Obs. rare ~\
11550 Treat. Galaunt 219 in Hazl. E.P.P. III. 160 O
Knglonde, remembre thyne olde sadnes ; Exyle pryde, and
relyeve to thy goodnes.
t 8. trans, a. To take up or hold (a feudal estate)
from the superior (cf. RELIEF2 i). Obs.
c 1489 CAXTON Blanchardyn li. 196 The barons of the lande
made their homage vnto sadoyne, and toke and releued their
lordshippes of hym. 1533 LD. BERNERS Froiss. I. 91 He had
relyved the duchy of another lorde than of the Frenche
kynge, of whom he ought to holde it.
absol. 1535 LD. BERNERS Froiss. II. 589 The prince of
Wales said to the erle of Foiz that last dyed, that he ought
to releve of him.
t b. To recover, regain. Obs. rare—1.
1596 DALRYMPLE tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot, n. 168 Nocht onlie
to releiue quhat thair he had loste, hot to subdue quhat was
nocht 5it subduet.
III. t 9. To bring (a matter) into prominence;
to make clear or evident. Obs. rare.
'S33 BELLENDEN Liiy n. i. (S.T.S.) I. 131 For bir ressouns
he was constrenit to releve [v.r. Reveill) fie mater, quhilk he
wajd neuer haue done [etc.J. 1566 LETHINGTON in Burnet
Hist. Ref. (1679) I. Rec. in. 269 An Instrument to relieve
the Truth, ana to confound false Surmises.
1 10. To raise up, make higher. Obs. rare.
1661 MORGAN Sph. Gentry in. v. 45 The adorning of the
Helmet with Crest or Cognizance.. being releived and raised
up to be known in fight.
11. To make (a thing) stand out; to render promi-
nent or distinct ; to bring into relief. Also^/ff.
1778 SIR ]. REYNOLDS Disc. viii. (1876) 485 To Ariadne
is given (say the critics) a red scarf, to relieve the figure
from the sea which is behind her. a 1797 H. WALPOLE
Mem. Ceo. II (1822) 1. 420 The letter. . did not want its faults,
but he knew not how to relieve them ; his awkward acrimony
defeated his own purpose. 1838 PRESCOTT Ferd. 4- Is. (1846)
I. yiii. 372 The style of poetry., must be raised or relieved,
as it were, upon the prevailing style of social intercourse.
tragedy.
b. intr. To stand out in relief.
Hence Relieved///, a.
1814 COL. HAWKER Shooting (ed. 3) 9 This has not the
effect of throwing the shot quite so close as the relieved
cylinder. 1869 Spectator 26 Jan., If the relieved man earns
his relief, he will spend it as well as he does his wages.
1874 H. GARDENER Unoff. Patriot 276 One of the relieved
pickets.
t Belie-vement. Obs. Also 5-6 releue-,
7 releeue-. [a. OF. releve-, relievement, i. relever
to RELIEVE.] The act of relieving; relief.
1443 Wart Eng. in France (Rolls) I. 435 We graunted
unto oure saide cousin, in relievement of him.. the gavel of
1J. m1. mewes of salt. 1490 CAXTON Eneydos xxix. 113 The
falle well vnderstande, well assoylled & defiended may welle
haue releuement. 1583 STOCKER Civ. ll'arres Lome C. IV.
44 All Exceptions, Graces, Priuiledges, Releuements, and
VOL. VIII.
409
generally all other benefites of Lawes. 1613-18 DANIEL Call.
Hist. Eng. (1626) 44 To purchase [the Crown] . . by large
conditions of releeuements in generall, and profuse gifts in
particular. 1631 WEEVER Anc. Funeral Man. 278 Hee kept
his word with the State, concerning the relieuement of
Tributes.
Believer (rfU-vaj). Also 6 -or. [f. RELIEVE v.]
1. One who relieves, in senses of the verb.
1483 CAXTON Chat. Gt. 240 Defendour of crysten men. ., Re-
leuer of chyrches. 1589 WARNER Alb. Eng. Prose Add.
(1602) 336 If we should proue so vngratefull as to resist our
Relieuors. 1633 T. STAFFORD Pac. Hib. n. iii. (1821) 243 It
grieved him that the Lord President should suspect him to
bee a Releever of James fits-Thomas. 1670 DRYDEN \stPt.
Cony. Granada n. i, If there appear relievers from the field,
The flag of parley may be taken down. 1776 ADAM SMITH
W. N. v. i. in. iii. II. 395 The comforters of their distress,
and the relievers of their indigence. 1865 DICKENS Mut.
Fr. iv. vii, Borrowing an hour or so, to be repaid again when
he should relieve his reliever.
t b. Among the Brownists, a deacon appointed
to administer relief to the poor. Obs.
1581 BROWNE Booke which Shmieth Def. 54 The Releeuers
or Deacons, which are to gather and bestowe the church
liberalitie. Ibid., The Releeuer is a person hauing office of
God to prouide, gather, and bestowe the giftes and liberalitie
of the church, as there is neede. 1610 Bp. HALL Apol.
against Brownists § 20 Is there no remedie but you must
needs haue such Elders, Pastors, Doctors, Releeuers . . i
c. A member of the Relief Church.
1895 British Weekly 7 Feb. 258/1 In this life of yesterday
the seceders and ' relievers ' were great, though plain. 1897
H. CALDERWOOD in Metn. Jubilee Synod U. P. Church 100
Seceders were soon followed by Relievers, and organised
Churches grew up.
2. f a. An instrument consisting of an iron ring
fixed at right angles to a handle, used in gun test-
ing to release the searcher when fixed. Obs.
1800 NavalChron. IV. 54 Take a searcher with one prong,
and a reliever. 1802 JAMES Milit. Diet.
b. A device to ease the working of a lock.
1801 Trans. Soc. Arts XIX. 291 The reliever works so
very easy, that the door is made fast.
c. A device for attaching the wire stays of a
yacht to the hull in such a way as to lessen the
strain on them. (Knight Diet. Mech. Suppl. 1884.)
3. slang. (See quot.)
1850 KINGSLEY Cheap Clothes n In some sweating places
there is an old coat kept called a 'reliever', and this is
borrowed by such men as have none of their own to go out in.
Hence Belie'veress. rare —'.
1631 Celestina xL 127 Thou ease of my passions, thou
relieveresse of my paine.
Relie'ving, vbl. sb. [f. as prec. + -real.]
The action of the vb. RELIEVE, in various senses.
a. trans. £1380 WYCLIF Wks. (1880) 279 pat be wast
tresour . . be wisly spendid in defence of be rewme, & re-
leuynge of be pore comouns. 1482 Monk of Evesham (Arb.)
91 Sche seyde also that sche hathe resceuyd mekyl releuyng
and helpe of her peynys. 1551 GARDINER Presence in Sacra-
ment 14 The auctor vttereth a great meny wordes . .declaryng
spiritual! hungre and thurst, and the releuyng of the same.
1633 P. FLETCHER Etisa n. x, To losses old new losse is no
relieving. 17*4 DE FOE Mem. Cavalier (1840) 209 This re-
lieving of Gloucester raised the spirits, .of the parliament
forces. linRcgul. t; Ord. Army 51 When General Officers
..pass Guards while in the act of relieving, both Guards
are to salute.
b. intr. c 1530 LD. BERNERS Arth. Lyt. Bryt. 424 He fel
on his hprs necke ; and, in the relevynge, he strake at Hector.
Relie'ving, ///. a. [f. as prec. + -INQ *.]
1. That relieves or gives relief.
1681 FLAVEL Meth. Grace xv. 291 In him the relieving
promises are made to believers. 1788 JOB SCOTT Jrnl.
(1797) viii, 258 The meeting continued for some consider-
able time longer, in a very open and relieving manner.
1811-34 Good's Study Med. (ed. 4) I. 166 Relieving sweats
break forth, sometimes accompanied with an efflorescence.
1897 SIR E. WOOD Achievements of Cavalry i. 14 A re-
lieving force coming out, the ' Rally ' was sounded.
2. Relieving officer, an officer appointed by a
parish or union to administer relief to the poor.
1851 MAVHEW Land. Labour II. 249/2 The relieving
officer . . would have given him a pair of shoes and half-a-
crown. 1876 Act 39 ft 40 Viet. c. 61 § 19 A. .warrant., may
be issued upon the information of any relieving officer of
the guardians stating that relief has been applied for.
fig. 1865 DICKENS Mut. Fr. in. viii, She heard the tender
river whispering,. .' I am the RelievingOfficer appointed by
eternal ordinance to do my work '.
b. slang. (See quot. 1 88 1.)
1857 G. LAWRENCE Guy Liv. iii, Every one, drawn on by
the current, had a stone to throw at his relieving officer.
1881 BLACKMORE Christmvcll xliv, The relieving officer — as
the male parent was called in those days at our great
universities.
3. techn. a. Relieving tackle : (See quots.).
1769 FALCONER Diet. Marine (1780), Reliemng-tackles,
two strong tackles used to prevent a ship from overturning
on the careen, and to assist in bringing her upright after
that operation is completed. . . Relieving-tackle, is also a
name sometimes given to the train-tackles of a gun-carriage.
1815 BURNEY Falconer's Diet. Marine, Relieving tackles,
are those which are occasionally hooked to the tiller . . in bad
weather, or in action, when.. the wheel or tiller-rope is
broken or shot away. 1840 R. H. DANA Bef. Mast xxv. 84
Once the wheel-rope parted, which might have been fatal to
us, had not the chief mate sprung instantly with a relieving
tackle to windward, and kept the tiller up till a new one
could be rove. 188* NARES Seamanship (ed. 6) 222 The
relieving tackles are fitted as luff tackles.
b. Relieving arch : (See quots.).
1850 PARKER Gloss. Archit. (ed. 5) I. 166 Relieving Arch,
or Arch of Construction ; an arch formed in the substance
BELIGHT.
of a wall to relieve the part which is below it from the
superincumbent weight. 1875 KNIGHT Diet. Mech. 1916/1
Relieving-arch, an arch at the back of a revetment or re-
taining wall, to relieve the pressure of the bank upon the
wall, and act as a tie or interior buttress. 1883 CONDER &
KITCHENER Survey W. Palestine III. 133 The door of the
crypt has a lintel, with a relieving arch above.
Hence Belie vingly adv.
'793 JOB Scon
feel a door of en...
Jrnl. IX. 354 Sybil soon relievingly interposed that it was
t time to dress.
Relievo (rfli-vo). Also 1 releuo, 8 releivo,
8-9 rilievo. [ad. It. rilievo (nlyfvo): see RE-
LIEF 3, and cf. ALTO-, BASSO-, MEZZO-BELIEVO.]
1. = RELIEF 3 i.
i6« SIR T. ROE in Michaelif Anc. Marbles (1882) 189
Twelue tables of fine marble, cutt into historyes, some of a
very great releuo. 1641 EVELYN Diary i Sept., Several
rusticall instruments so artificially represented as to deceive
an accurate eye, to distinguish it from actual relievo. 1713
CHAMBERS tr. Le Clerc's Treat. Archit. I. 79 The Foliages
and other Ornaments., by their Relievo seem to increase its
bigness.
trans/. 1704 SWIFT T. Tub viii, The wind and vapours
issuing forth.. distorted the mouth, bloated the cheeks, and
gave the eyes a terrible kind of relievo. 1796 W. TAYLOR in
Monthly Rev. XXI. 491 The comic features have more
relievo, than most other productions of the author.
b. In relievo, in relief.
1665 Phil. Trans. I. 99 A new kind of Maps in a low
Relievo. 1703 MAUNDRELL Journ. Jens. (1721) 137 On
that part .. are to be seen Carvings in Relievo. 1789 E.
DA_RWIN Bot. Garden n. ii. 177 Round the white circlet in
relievo bold A serpent twines his scaly length in gold. 1831
G._R. PORTER Porcelain fy Gl. in In works where different
objects appear in relievo, these are made separately. 1847
SMEATON tiuilder*s Man. 213 The walls are covered with
gigantic figures sculptured in relievo.
trans/. 1769 BURKE Late St. Nation 60 Two of them stand
out in high relievo beyond the rest. The first is a change in
the internal representation of this country.
2. = RELIEF 3 i b.
1627 SIR T. ROE in Michaelis' Anc. Marbles (1882) 200
My agent. .hath brought me. .some heads and small re-
leuo's, antient and good worke. 1731 Gentl. Mag. I. 499
In one of which [grottos] they found 40 Urns cover'd with
Relievos. 1753 HANWAY Trav. (1762) I. vii. xcv. 440 The
ornaments of the architecture, and the relievo in the fron-
tispiece, are after the Chinese and japan manner. 1845
FORD Handbk. Spain I. 475/2 Her chapel is very rich m
red marbles, Corinthian pillars, and poor sculptured relievos
of her history.
3. Painting. = RELIEF 3 2.
1685 AGLIONBY Painting llltntr. i. 19 To give that Round-
ness to the Figures, which the Italians call Relievo, and for
which we have no other Name. 1738 R. SMITH Of licks
not of so high a relish for relievo and hue.
Relif, obs. form of RELIEF * and 2.
Beli'ft (rf-), v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To lift again.
Hence Heli'fting vbl. sb.
1844 H. STEPHENS /?£. Farm I. sipTherelifting of a drain
that has blown . . is a dirty and disagreeable business for
work-people. 1898 T. HARDY Wessex Poems 134 The passion
. . Her death-rumour smartly relifted To full apogee.
Re ligate, v. rare. [f. L. religat-, ppl. stem
of religare to bind up or back : see RE- and LIGATE
z».] trans, f a. Surgt To bind up (a vein). Obs~l
b. To bind together or unite (people). C. To
constrain. Also absol. Hence Ee-ligating///. a.
1597 A. M. tr. Cmllemeaits Fr. Chiritrg. 17 b/a The needle
wherwith we may stitch, when we desire to religate a Vayne.
1651 C. CARTWRICHT Cert. Relig. i. 36 They are not religated
within the same Communion. 1656 BLOUNT Glossogr.^ Reli-
gaie, to tye hard or again, to binde fast. 1807 COLERIDGE
in Cottle Early Recoil. (1837) II. 84 It is not even religion,
it does not religate, does not bind anew. 1876 GLADSTONE
Gleanings (1879) *U- T3° Religion . . , with a debased worship
appended to It,. .but with no religating, no binding power.
Religate, obs. form of RELEGATE v.
Religa tion. rare. [ad. L. religation-em, n.
of action f. religare : see prec. and -ATION.] The
action of tying or binding up (//'/. andy^f.).
1617 COLLINS Def. Bp. Ely 11. ix. 354^ Though S. Austen
had. .onely told vs of religation, or of binding, it had been
enough to shew that S. Austens meaning was, that relligious
worship belonged onely to God. 1664 H. MORE Myst. Iniq.
2i Origen speaks of the religation of these daemons near
their statues. 1807 COLERIDGE m Cottle Early Recoil. (1837)
II. 84 If this be not true, there is no religion, no religation,
or binding over again.
Religeous(e, -ens, obs. forms of RELIGIOUS.
Reli'ght (rf-), v. [RE- 5 a.]
1. trans. To illumine, kindle, or ignite again.
1645 EVELYN Diary [8 Feb.] A torch being extinguished
neere it, and lifted a little distance, was suddainely relighted.
17*5 POPE Odyss. ix. 600 His pow'r can heal me, and re-
light my eye. a 1802 E. DARWIN in J. G. Strutt Sylva Brit.
(1822) 3 You, who have seen . . Ten thousand times yon moon
relight her horn. 1856 KANE A ret. Expl. I. xxxiL 450
Our only hope of heat was in re-lighting our lamp. 1872
AUBREY DE VERB Leg. St. Patrick^ Strii'ing^ Nor of his
victory had he joy . . Nor of that heaven relit.
2. intr. To take fire again, rekindle. Also fig.
1849 C. BRONTE Shirley xviii, The desire, .relit suddenly,
and glowed warm in her heart, c 1865 ]. WYLDE in Circ. Sc.
I. 314/1 It will immediately re-light.
Religieus, obs. form of RELIGIOUS.
52
RELIEFER,
of a work is the height of its interior crest above the bottom
of tbe ditch. 1879 Cosset? s Techn. Educ. I. 104/2 The
relief is the difference of level between the crest of the
parapet and the bottom of the ditch.
b. Phys. Geog. The contour of some part of
the surface of the earth considered with reference
to variations in its elevation.
1865 LUBBOCK Preh. Times xi. (1878) 373 Assuming the pre-
existing relief or excavation rather of the surface. 1878
HUXLEY Physiogr. xvii. 299 The observer would find bolder
reliefs than he has met with in the Thames valley in the
almost mountainous hills of Wales.
4. attrib. and Comb, (senses I and a), as relief-
block, -platt) portion^ -print, -printing^ -process,
stamper ', -tablet.
Diet. Meek. Suppl. 749/2 Joyce's method of producing *r
plates for printing. 1839 URE Diet. Arts 1162 The
tuberantor *relief portion of the die. 1875 tr. VogeFsChem.
Light xv. 245 * Relief-prints are much more like photographs
than the light-prints. Ibid^ It appears that the belief-
printing gives the shades and dark parts better. 1850 LEITCH
tr. C. O. Mullens Anc. Art § 415 (ed. 2) 579 Larger com-
positions were introduced.. on *relief-tablets.
Belie fer. rare-1, [f. REUEP2, 6c + -En'.]
= RELIEVER i c.
1798 ALEX STEWART in Memoir(\foz) 124 Let Churchmen
or Dissenters, Reliefers or Seceders be in the right or in the
wrong, that can be no rule to us.
Belie fful, a. rare—1, [f. RELIEF 2 + -FUL.]
Giving or affording relief.
1748 RICHARDSON Clarissa (1768) V, 77 Never was there a
more joyous heart, .ready to burst its bars for relief-ful ex-
pression.
Belie fless, a. [f. as prec. + -LESS.] Devoid
of relief.
c 1730 SAVAGE Ef. Sir R. Watyole 166 The tale pathetic
speaks some wretch that owes To some deficient law relieftess
woes. 1852 Meandering! of Mem. I. 23 Alone reliefless in
thy cold distress. 1860 RUSKIN Mod. Paint. V. ix. ii. § 18.
216 Hopeless, reliefless, eternal, the sorrow shall be met.
Belier (r/lai'ai). rare. [f. RELY z/.l •*• -ER 1.]
One who relies (on a person or thing).
1593 SHAKS. Lucr. 639 To thee, to thee, my heau'd vp
hands appeale, Not to seducing lust thy rash relier. a 1616
BEAUM. & FL. Woman* s Prize i. Hi, My friends [are] no
reliers on my fortunes. 1665 I. SERGEANT Sure Footing 12
To give the reliers on them all the security [etc.].
Believable (rflrvab'l), a. [f. RELIEVE v.}
1. a. Capable of receiving, admitting of, legal
relief; also const, against.
1670 Modern Rep. (1682) I. 301 A Father may settle his
Estate; so as that the Issue shall be deprived of it for Dis-
obedience, and not be relievable in Equity. 1768 BLACK-
STONE Comm. III. 104 Neither can this court. .hold plea of
any such word, or thing, wherein the party is relievable by
the courts of the common law. 1818 CRUISE Digest (ed. 2)
IV. 502 If a woman about to marry, gives away a part of
her property, . . they are relievable against in Chancery. 18*7
HALLAM Const. Hist. xiii. (1876) III. 22 An original com-
plaint, .relievable in the ordinary course of law.
b. That may be relieved or assisted.
1707 NORRIS Treat. Humility vi. 252 Being loth to be
thought in a releivable condition. 1794-6 E. DARWIN
Zoon. IV. 79 The maniacal idea is so painful as not to be
for a moment relievable by the exertions of reverie. 1893
Jos, STRONG New Era xiii. 282 Relievable suffering, wrongs,
violations of law, ignorance.
f2. Ready to give relief. Otis, rare"-1.
a 1693 AUBREY Lives (1898) I, 281 The poor were more
rolievable, that is, he recieved more kindnesse from them
than from the rich.
t Belie* vant. Obs. rare-1, [f. as prec. +
-ANT 1.] One who receives relief.
1587 in Arber Eng. Garner VIII. 345 First TOO Relee-
vants, poor old women, for the most part widows.
Relieve, sb.9 obs. variant of RELIEF2 and 3.
Believe (r/lrv), v. Forms : 4-6 releue,
-leve, (5 -levy-e, -levyn, Sc. -lewe), 4-7 releeue,
-leeve, -lieue, (5 -lyeve), 6-7 releiue, -ve, 4-
relieve ; 5-6 relyue, -vef 6-7 reliue, -ve ; &
and north. 5 relef(e, -leff(e, -leef(e, 5-6 releife,
5-7 releif, (5 -ff), 6 relyf ; jj raleiff, 6 -lef.
[ad. OF. relever (nth c.), ad. L. relevare to raise
again, assist, etc., f. re- R%- + Ievdre f. levis light
(cf. RELEVATE and ELEVATE). The more etymo-
logical senses of the word are in Eng. somewhat
later, and less usual, than the secondary.]
I. trans. 1. To raise (a person) out of some
trouble, difficulty, or danger ; to rescue, succour,
aid or assist in straits ; to deliver from something
troublesome or oppressive. Now somewhat rare.
13.. E. E. Allit. P. C 323 pou schal releue me renk, whil
by ryjt slepez, bur? my^t of >y mercy. 1377 LANGL. P. PI.
B. xv. 592 [The Jews] hopen bat he be to come bat shal
hem releue. c 1430 LYDG. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 206
Releeve the porail fro fats oppressioun Of tyrannye. 1500-20
DUNBAR Poems xxii. 28 Jour legis quhy will }e nocht releif,
And chereiss eftir thair degre ? 1567 G-ude ff Godlie B.
(S.T. S.) 1 13 'God .. sail releue All Israel of thair distres.
1601 SHAKS. Twel. N. in. iv. 395 This youth .. I snatch 'd
one halfe out of the iawes of death, Releeu'd him with such
sanctitie of loue, 163* LITHGOW Trav. HI. 100 Vpon the
fourth day.. there came Fisher-boates to relieue vs. 1719
WATERLAND Vind. Christ's Div. 195 You are straining hard
for some odd, peculiar Sense of the word,., and if this does
not relieve you, all is lost. 1813 BYRON Giaour viii, The
rock relieves him from mine eye. 1836 J. GILBERT Chr.
Atonem. viii. (1852) 228 No ingenuity, how subtle so ever,
408
can relieve the case from the difficulty. 1841 ELPHINSTONE
Hist. Ind. II. 131 Who had called in the aid of the king of
that country to relieve him from the control of Shir Khan.
aisat. cij/K CHAUCER A. B. C. 6 Help and releeue, l>ou
mihti debonayre. 1677 OWEN On Justif. ix. Wits. 1851 V.
322 It is said that this [argument] will not relieve ; for [etc.],
t b. To assist or succour in battle. 0/>s.
1375 BARBOUR Bruce xi. 347 The kyng, that behynd thaim
was, Suld . . relief thaim with his baneir. c 1400 Dettr. Tny
9737 Mayntene youre manhode & your men helpe, Fans
into fight your folke to releue. c 1500 Lancelot 3200 Wondir
well thai have in armys prewit, And with thar manned oft
tharfolkrelewit. 1640 tr. yerdere'sRom.o/Kam. 1.85 [They]
could not relive them, being too far engaged in their combat.
C. To bring assistance to (a besieged town, etc.) ;
to free from siege. (Cf. RELIEF ;t>.* 4 b.)
1586 EARL LEICESTER Corr. (Camden) 255 If he take it
[Berges] not in 2 dayes..! will warrant we will reliue it well
enough. 1617 MORVSON I tin. n. 148 The Spaniards attempted
againe to relieue the Castle, a 1671 LD. FAIRFAX Mem.
(1699) 82 Soon after Prince Rupert came to relieve the Town
We raised the siege. 1781 GIBBON Decl. H F. xxxL 111.259
Aries., must have yielded to the assailants, had not the city
been unexpectedly relieved by the approach of an Italian
army. 1855 MACAULAY Hist. Eng. xu. III. 228 Kirke had
arrived from England with troops, arms, ammunition, and
provisions, to relieve the city. 1874 GREEN Short Hist. v.
§ i. 221 It was not till Philip had failed to relieve it that the
town was starved into surrender.
d. Law. To free or clear (one) from an obli-
gation ; to give (one) legal relief. Also absol.
1561 Reg. Privy Council Scot. I. 221 The said William
Gordoun [shall be] oblist to releve his said souerte. 1616
in Cary Kef. Chancery (1650) 134 Where their case de-
serveth to be relieved in course of Equity by suit in our
Court of Chancery, they should not be abandoned. 1670
Modern Kef. (1682) I. 305 You relieve against them, and
look upon them to be void. Ibid, 306 What if two of the
Trustees had died, should she never have married ? Surely
you would have relieved her. 1838 W. BELL Diet. Law
Scot. 845 If one of two co-obligants..pay the whole debt,
he is entitled to be relieved to the extent of the other's share.
tl'id.. The obligation to relieve holds in those cases [etc.].
refl. 1655 tr. Sorett Com. Hist. Francion Vlll. 28, I will
obtain therefore Letters Patents sealed with the great Seal
to relieve my self, because I have consented to give six
Souses for that which is worth but four.
2. To assist (the poor or needy) by gifts of
money or necessary articles ; to help in poverty or
necessity. (Cf. RELIEF 2 3.)
CI37S Sc. Leg. Saints vi. (Thomas) 224 J»c apostile .. vith
bat tresoure he had tane, pouer men relewit mony ane.
< 1450 Knt. de la Tour (1868) 136 Alle sucbe pepille..she
releued and comforted with almesse. 1491 Act ^ Hen. Vll,
c. 22 Preamble, Suche as have no goodes they may com me
beder and be releved. 1586 EARL LEICESTER Corr. (Camden)
378 He hath had 4,000 florins in monie of me, beside other
helps, and, as I am able, I will reliue him. 1653 HOLCROKT
Procopius, Goth. Wars l. 30 There being no means to re-
leive them; Belisartus.. appointed them a daily pay. 1690
CHILD Disc. Trade 73 The Poor.. will be immediately re-
lieved or set on work where they are found. 1737 POPE
Hor. Epist. n. L 226 Behold the hand that wrought a
Nation's cure, Stretch'd to relieve the Idiot and the Poor.
1795 Act 36 Geo. Ill, c. 23 $ 4 All such . . Poor . . Persons shall
be provided for and relieved in., the same Manner as before
the.. passing of this Act. iSA+Spectatory Dec. 1480 Lord
Whamctifife's proposal to relieve the Confederate prisoners
in the Northern prisons.
absol. 1732 POPE Ep. Batnvrst 269 Is any sick ? the Man
of Ross relieves. 1813 SHELLEY Q. Mob m. 159 Withered
[is] the hand outstretched but to relieve.
fig. c 1385 CHAUCER L. G. W. ProL 128 Now hadde the
tempre sonne al that releuyd And clothede hym in grene
al newe a-geyn.
f b. To assist with provisions or munitions of
war ; to furnish with fresh troops. Also, to renew
the stock of (ammunition). Obs.
X375 BARBOUR Britci iv. 456 On this wiss lames of Douglas,
. . War weill releyit [v.r. relewyt] with armyng, With vittale
als, and with clething. 1560 DAUS tr. Sleidane's Coinm.
255 That he geueth them free and safe recourse throughe hys
countrey, and releeue them with victualles. 1568 GRAFTON
Chron. II. 366 All the Hauens and Fortes. .were relieued
wyth men of armes and archers. 1588 SIR J. HAWKINS in
Laughton De/. Sf. Armada (1894) I. 359 We spent a great
part of our powder and shot, so as it was not thought
good to deal with them any more till that was relieved.
reft. 1601 in T. Stafford Pac. Hib. n. iv. 150 The Rebels
..doe releeue themselves with such warlicke provisions as
they need.
•t c. To provide or furnish with something. Obs.~l
c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints xl. (Ninian) 161 He can hym ma
bischope with his handis twa .. & with relykis cane hym
releife.
f d. To feed ; to supply with food or nourish-
ment. Obs.
c 1410 Master of Game (MS. Digby 182) i, In the euetyde
when the! be releued ; in the moruetyde when thei sitte in
forme, c 1440 Pallad. on Huso. XII. 375 Til the lamb be
strengthed to pasture, Hym first and last his modir mylk
releue. 1590 COKAINE Treat. Hunting Cii, Your Hunts-
man..must be very careful that if any of his hounds bee
missing, he keepe somewhat to relieue them withall. 1614
RALEIGH Hist. World n. (1634) 222 They reserved them,
both for the milke to releeve the children withall, and for
breed to store themselves.
te. intr. Of a hare: To feed. Obs. rare-1.
'575 TURBERV. Venerie 168 An Hare hath greater sent.,
when she feedeth and relieueth vpon greene corne, then at
any other time of the yere.
3. To ease or free (a person, the mind, etc.)
from sorrow, fear, doubt, or other source of mental
discomfort.
c 1374 CHAUCER Troylns v. 1042 And eek, the bet from
sorwe him to releve, She made him were a pencel of hir
BELIEVE.
sieve. 1390 GowEnCV«/CI. 45 Bot so was I nothing relieved,
For I was further fro my love. 15.. Frutefult Treatyse
titte-p., Howe they are to be releved and comforted, whose
deare frendes ar departed out of thys worlde. 1568 < IRA i ION
Ckron. II. 714 King Edward .. was releeued of the most
part, of his pricking feare, and inwarde suspicion. 1610
SIM KS. Temp. Epil. 16 My ending is despaire, Vnlesse I be
relieu'd _by praier. 1671 MILTON Samson 460 This only
you, from this cruel incertitude I 1847 PRESCOTT Peru
(1850)^11. 336 There was one.. who relieved his bosom by
revealing the whole plot to his confessor. 1860 TYNDALL
Glac. n. xxvii. 300 Proofs which should relieve my mind of
all doubt upon the subject.
b. To give (a person, part of the body, etc.)
ease or relief from physical pain or discomfort.
c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints xxxviii. (Adrian) 115 J>e tyme
cumis. . quhene nanc sal vthir relefe,. .as for to les t>ame of
bar payne. 1548-9 (Mar.) Bk. Com. Prayer^ Visitation of
Sick 141 O Lorde .. beholde, visile, and releue this thy
seruaunte. 1561 TURNER Herbal u. 108 Peares. .rested or
sodden, relefe and lighten the stomak. 1595 SHAKS. "John
v. vii. 45 O, that there were some vertue in my teares, That
might releeue you ! 1746 HERVEY Medit. (1818) 80 As a
spacious field arrayed in cheerful green, relieves and re-
invigorates the eye. 1842 A. COMBE Physiol. Digestion
(ed. 4) 368 Where.. the bowels are unable to act sufficiently
to relieve the system. 1857 BUCKLE Civiliz. I. xiv. 825 It
is even possible to relieve a function while we continue to
employ it.
C. To widen or open up ; to ease (some mechani-
cal device) by making slacker or wider.
18*4 Cou HAWKER S/tooting (ed. 3) 8 There are two good
ways of boring ; the one is, to form a cylinder for about
three-fourths of the barrel, and let the remaining part be
gradually relieved to the muzzle. 1846 HOLTZAPFFEL Turn-
ing II. 586 The principle of chamfering, or relieving the
taps, must not . . be carried to excess.
4. To ease or mitigate (what is painful or oppres-
sive) ; to render less grievous or burdensome.
c 14*0 LVDG. Assembly of Gods 13 So leyde I me downe my
dyssese to releue. c 1500 Lancelot 3364 Al perell, al harmys,
and myschef, In tyme of ned he can tham al ralef. 1567
Satir. Poems Reform, vi. 114 Set your cure For till relief
the greit penuritie Off laubouraris. 1601 SHAKS. Twel. N.
n. iv. 4 That old and anticke song we heard last night, Me
thought it did releeue my passion much. 1630 BRATHWAIT
Eng. Gentlem. 149 Would you further the poore mans cause,
and see his wrongs releeved ? 1660 BLOUNT Boscobel u.
(1680) 32 Glad to reletve the necessities of nature with a
messe of milk. 17*9 BUTLER Serm. Wks. 1874 II. 70 The
final cause of compassion is much more to relieve misery.
1788 GIBBON Decl. ff F. L V. 197 A wealthy and generous
citizen, who relieved the distress of famine. 1843 R. J.
GRAVES Syst. Clin. Med. xx. 234 Chronic cough and long-
continued congestion .. were more effectually relieved by
the use of sulphureous waters, a i86a BUCKLE Civiliz. (1873)
III. v. 308 To relieve poverty increases it, by encouraging
improvidence.
D. To make less tiring, tedious, monotonous, or
disagreeable, by the introduction of variety or of
something striking or pleasing.
1771 Jimius Lett. xlix. (1788) 269, 1 mean now and then
to relieve the severity of your morning studies. 178* G.
STUART Hist. Scot, vi. II. 211 He relieved .. the cares of
ambition with the smiles of beauty. 1817 COLERIDGE Biog.
Lit. (Bohn) 282 The ingredients too are mixed in the
happiest proportion, so as to uphold and relieve each other.
1837 DISRAELI Venetia i. vi, Large black eyes which.,
agreeably relieved a face .. somewhat shy and sullen. 1869
J. MARTINEAU £ss. II. 303 No great work relieved the
barrenness of the time.
5. Chiefly Sf. To set free, release. Now rare.
1554-9 Songs ff Ball. Phil, ff Mary (Roxb.) 3 The rawnsom
for ower synns, wherby we ware relyfft. 157* MORTON in
•$rd Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. 418/2 The Maister of Forbes
. .U sa strait lie deteneit captive as upoun na band can be be
gottin relevit. a 1657 SIR W. MURE Sonn. iv, I expected
grace, To snair myselfe in hope to be reliued. 1684 Woou
Life (O.H.S.) III. 103 Mr. Sheldon, who would.. releive
several! of his books that were then pawned for ale. 1774
MACLAURIN Argt. $ Decis. Remark. Cases 33 A tuilzie or
rixa, in which they mixed themselves to relieve a youth in
the defunct's grips. 1815 BURNEY Falconer's Diet. Marine
s.v. Reliever^ It is used, on searching a gun, to relieve one or
other of the springs of the searcher that may have hitched
into the cavity.
b. spec. To release (one) from guard, watch, or
other duty by becoming or providing a substitute.
1601 HOLLAND Pliny I. 427 How late soever he sat up. .
overnight, he would be sure to relieve the morning watch
& sentmelL 1684 tr. Siege Luxembourg g The Besieged (at
the time we went to releive the Trenches) set Fire to the
Houses. 1743 BULKELEY & CUMMINS Voy. S. Seas 10 At
Six, being rehev'd by the Master, he could not see the Com-
modore's Light. 1813 F. CLISSOLD Ascent Mt. Blanc 20 A
most laborious employment, in which the guides relieved
each other every ten minutes. 1852 THACKERAY Esmond
I. iv, Her dependants one after another relieved guard.,
and took the cards turn about. 1856 READE Nwertoo Late
xi, In an hour another turnkey came and relieved Hodges.
absol. 1788 J. MAY Jrnl. ff Lett. (1873) 96 In rowing we
relieved regularly and frequently.
c. To set (one) free from, to ease (one) of, any
task or burden.
1671 MILTON Samson 5 When any chance Relieves me
from my task of servile toyl. 1838 DICKENS Nick. Nick.
xxii, Let me relieve you of that bundle. 1844 H. H. WILSON
Brit. India I. 295 General Sir Samuel Auchmuty relieved
General Hewett from his duty.
d. To replace (a dish) by another, rare.
1741 tr. D'Argens' Chinese Lett. xxv. 183 These Dishes
are relieved by others, twenty or twenty-four times. 18*4
BYRON yuan xv. Ixiii, Relieved with ' dindon a la Parigeux '.
RELIEVE.
II. t 6- To lift or raise up again. 06s.
1377 LANOL. P. PI. B. xvm. 141 And t>at dcth doun brou?t
deth shal releue. £1450 Merlin 214 Whan the saisnes
saugh Sonygreux at erthe, the! . . pressed to releve the kynge
Sonygreux. c 1477 CAXTON yason 124 The king Eson . .
releucd her and leyde her on a bed that was there, a 1533
LD. BERNERS Huon xx. 56 He knelyd downe .. but Huon
releuyd hym incontynent. 1575 Chr. Prayers in Priv.
Prayers (1851) 441 Adam, being tumbled down. .into the
dungeon of shame, was releved and lift up again by thy
hand, O Saviour. 1610 SHAKS. Temp. 11. i. 121 Th' shore, that
ore his waue-worne basis bowed As stooping to releeue him.
refl. £153° LD. BERNERS Arth. Lyt. Bryt. 136 Whan he
had thought to have releved him selfe agayne out of the
water, a 1533 — Huon xvi. 42 Than venturously they re-
leuyd them with ther swordys in ther handys, & so aprochyd
eche to other,
f b. To restore, bring back into a state. Obs.—1
1483 CAXTON Gold. Leg. 434 b/2 Alle vi were there by the
merites of saynt aulbyn releuyd into their good helthe.
t o. To set up or erect again. Obs. rare ~'.
1464 Rolls of Parlt. V. 569/2 He that releeved any such
nusaunce and were thereof attaynted, shuld renne in the
payne of a c Marc.
•)• d. refl. To essay, presume. Obs. rare-*.
1390 GOWER Coiif. II. 215 What man that wole himself re-
lieve To love in eny other wise, He shal wel node [etc.].
t7. intr. a. To rise again. Also in pass., to
have risen from childbed. Obs.
1393 LANGL. P. PI. C. xxn. 161 Thus cam hit out J>at crist
ouer-cam rekeouered and lyuede [v.r. releuede]. a 1450
Knt. de la 7V&r(i868) 125 Bi the praier of the said holy man
the child resuscited and releued ayen from dethe to lyffe.
c 1450 Merlin 397 He ouer-threwe hym a-gein..and at eche
tyme that he didde releve, he smote htm with his swerde to
grounde. c 1500 Afelusine 103 Whan the lady had ended
the terme of her childbed, and that she was releuyd. a 1533
LD. BERNERS Gold. Bk. M. A arel. (1546) C vj, Yf by fortune
he falle, he wyll neuer releue agayne.
t b. To return or rally in battle (cf. RELY v.1
3 a and 3 b). Const, on, ttpon, to. Obs.
c 1400 Sowdone Bab. 329 Wenynge it hade be Sauarye.
Relevinge fro the hethen stour. c 1400 Rowland q 0. 1081
Appon hym also reieyede a sarazene wighte. c 1450 HOL-
LAND Htnulat 523 Feile of the fals folk, that fled of befor,
Relevit in on thir twa. 1470-85 MALORV A rthur xvm. xxiv.
769 The knyghtes of the round table releued euer vnto kynge
Arthur. 1513 DOUGLAS sEneis xi. xiv. 16 Thai that dreyyn
war abak and chaste Relevis agane to the bargane in haist.
•)• C. To return to a previous state. Obs. rare ~l.
a 1550 Treat. Galaunt 219 in Hazl. £. P. P. III. 160 O
Englonde, remembre thyne olde sadnes ; Exyle pryde, and
relyeve to thy goodnes.
f 8. trans, a. To take up or hold (a feudal estate)
from the superior (cf. RELIEF 2 i ). Obs.
c 1489 CAXTON Blanchardyn li. 196 The barons of the lande
made their homage vnto sadoyne, and toke and releued their
lordshippes of hym. 1523 LD. BERNERS Froiss. I. 91 He had
relyved the duchy of another lorde than of the Frenche
kynge, of whom he ought to holde it.
absol. 1525 LD. BERNERS Froiss. II. 589 The prince of
Wales said to the erle of Foiz that last dyed, that he ought
to releve of him.
tb. To recover, regain. Obs. rare*1.
1596 DALRVMPLK tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. 11. 168 Nocht onlie
to releiue quhat thair he had loste, bot to subdue quhat was
nocht ?it subduet.
III. t 9. To bring (a matter) into prominence;
to make clear or evident. Obs. rare.
iS33BELLENDEN£jVyn. i. (S.T.S.) I. 131 For b!r ressouns
he was constrenit to releve [v.r. Reveill] be mater, quhilk he
wald neuer haue done [etc.]. 1566 LETHINGTON in Burnet
Hist. Ref. (1679) I. Rec. in. 269 An Instrument to relieve
the Truth, and to confound false Surmises.
1 10. To raise up, make higher. Obs. rare.
1661 MORGAN Sph. Gentry in. v. 45 The adorning of the
Helmet with Crest or Cognizance .. being releived and raised
up to be known in fight.
11. To make (a thing) stand out; to render promi-
nent or distinct ; to bring into relief, tdsnfig.
1778 SIR J. REYNOLDS Disc. viii. (1876) 485 To Ariadne
is given (say the critics) a red scarf, to relieve the figure
from the sea which is behind her. a 1797 H. WALPOLE
Mem. Geo.II (1822) 1. 420 The letter, .did not want its faults,
but he knew not how to relieve them ; his awkward acrimony
defeated his own purpose. 1838 PRESCOTT Ferd. # Is, (1846)
I. viii. 372 The style of poetry. . must be raised or relieved,
as it were, upon the prevailing style of social intercourse.
1851 RusKiN Stones Vett. (1874) I. Pref. 6 The twilight
relieving in purple masses the foliage on the Island. 1873
SWINBURNE Ess. Chapman 27 To relieve against the broad
mass. .of outer life the solitary process of that inward.,
tragedy.
b. intr. To stand out in relief.
1811 Examiner 25 May 328/1 Brilliant lights relieving
from a large proportion of half tints. 1883 Harper's Mag.
Aug. 401/1 Relieving dark against their white walls were
lines of troops.
Hence Kelie-ved///. a.
1824 COL. HAWKER Shooting (ed. 3) p This has not the
effect of throwing the shot quite so close as the relieved
cylinder. 1869 Spectator 26 Jan., If the relieved man earns
his relief, he will spend it as well as he does his wages.
1874 H. GARDENER Uiiojf. Patriot 276 One of the relieved
pickets.
t Relie'vement. Obs. Also 5-6 releue-,
7 releeue-. [a. OF. releue-, relievement, f. re/ever
to RELIEVE.] The act of relieving; relief.
"443 Wars Eng. in France (Rolls) I. 435 We graunted
unto oure saide cousin, in relievement of him . . the gavel of
U. mi. mewes of salt. 1490 CAXTON Eneydos xxix. 113 The
mile well vnderstande, wellassoylled& deffended may welle
haue releuement. 1583 STOCKER Civ. Warres Ltrwe C. iv.
44 All Exceptions, Graces, Priuiledges, Releuements, and
VOL. VIII.
409
generally all other bench" tes of Lawes. 1613-18 DANIEL Coll.
Hist. Eng. (1626) 44 To purchase [the Crown] . . by large
conditions of releeuements in generall, and profuse gifts in
particular. 1631 WEEVER A nc. funeral Man. 278 Hee kept
his word with the State, concerning the reheuement of
Tributes.
Reliever (rfl/'vai). Also 6 -or. [f. RELIEVE z>.]
1. One who relieves, in senses of the verb.
1483 CAXTON Ckas. Gt. 240 Defendour of crysten men. ., Re-
leuer of chyrches. 1589 WARNER Alb. Eng. Prose Add.
(1602) 336 If we should proue so vngratefull as to resist our
Relieuors. 1633 T. STAFFORD Pac. Hib. H. iii. (1821) 243 It
grieved him that the Lord President should suspect him to
Bee a Releever of James fits-Thomas. 1670 DRYDEN \stPt.
Cong. Granada u. i, If there appear relievers from the field,
The flag of parley may be taken down. 1776 ADAM SMITH
W, N. v. i. m. iii. II. 395 The comforters of their distress,
and the relievers of their indigence. 1865 DICKENS Mut.
Fr. iv. vii, Borrowing an hour or so, to be repaid again when
he should relieve his reliever.
•}• b. Among the Brownists, a deacon appointed
to administer relief to the poor. Obs.
1581 BROWNE Booke "which Sheweih Def. 54 The Releeuers
or Deacons, which are to gather and bestowe the church
liberalitie. Ibid.t The Releeuer is a person hailing office of
God to prouide, gather, and bestowe tne giftes and liberalitie
of the church, as there is neede. 1610 BP. HALL Apol.
agaitist Brownists § 20 Is there no remedie but you must
needs haue such Elders, Pastors, Doctors, Releeuers . . ?
C. A member of the Relief Church.
1895 British Weekly 7 Feb. 258/1 In this life of yesterday
the seceders and ' relievers' were great, though plain. 1897
H. CALDERWOOD in Mem. Jubilee Synod U. f. Church 100
Seceders were soon followed by Relievers, and organised
Churches grew up.
2. f a. An instrument consisting of an iron ring
fixed at right angles to a handle, used in gun test-
ing to release the searcher when fixed. Obs*
1800 NavalChron. IV. 54 Take a searcher with one prong,
and a reliever. i8oa JAMES Milit. Diet.
b. A device to ease the working of a lock.
1801 Trans. Soc. Arts XIX. 291 The reliever works so
very easy, that the door is made fast.
c. A device for attaching the wire stays of a
yacht to the hull in such a way as to lessen the
strain on them. (Knight Diet. Meek. Suppl. 1884.)
3. slang: (See quot.)
1850 KINGS LEY Cheap Clothes 11 In some sweating places
there is an old coat kept called a ( reliever ', and this is
borrowed by such men as have none of their own to go out in.
Hence Belie'veress. rare —1.
1631 Celestina XL 127 Thou ease of my passions, thou
relieveresse of my paine.
Relic "ving, vbl. sb. [f. as prec. + -ING1.]
The action of the vb, RELIEVE, in various senses.
a. trans. £1380 WYCLIF Wks. (1880) 279 pat l>e wast
tresour . . be wisly spendid in defence of ^e rewme, & re-
leuynge of J?e pore comouns. 1482 Monk of Evesham ( Arb.)
91 Sche seyde also that sche hatne resceuyd mekyl releuyng
and helpe of her peynys. 1551 GARDINER Presence in Sacra-
went i4The auctor vttereth a great meny wordes. .declaryng
spirituall hungre and thurst, and the releuyng of the same.
ig of Gloucester raised the spirits.. of the parli ____
forces. 1822 Regul. <$• Ord.Army$\ When General Officers
..pass Guards while in the act of relieving, both Guards
are to salute.
b. intr. c 1530 LD. BERNERS Arth. Lyt. Bryt. 424 He fel
on his hors necke ; and, in the relevynge, he strake at Hector.
Relie'ving, ppl. a. [f. as prec. + -ING *.]
1. That relieves or gives relief.
1681 FLAVEL Meth. Grace xv. 291 In htm the relieving
promises are made to believers. 1788 JOB SCOTT yrnl.
(1797) viii. 258 The meeting continued for some consider-
able time longer, in a very open and relieving manner.
18x1-34 Good's Study Med. (ed. 4) I. 166 Relieving sweats
break forth, sometimes accompanied with an efflorescence.
1897 SIR E. WOOD Achievements of Cavalry i. 14 A re-
lieving force coming out, the ' Rally ' was sounded.
2. Relieving officer, an officer appointed by a
parish or union to administer relief to the poor.
1851 MAYHEW Lond. Labour II, 240/2 The relieving
officer . . would have given him a pair of shoes and half-a-
crown. 1876^4^/39 -5- 4oFirV/.c. 61 § 19 A. .warrant., may
be issued upon the information of any relieving officer of
the guardians stating that relief has been applied for.
Jig. 1865 DICKENS Mut. Fr. in. viii, She heard the tender
river whispering,. .' I am the Relieving Officer appointed by
eternal ordinance to do my work '.
b. slang. (See quot. 1 88 1.)
1857 G. LAWRENCE Guy Liv. iii, Every one, drawn on by
the current, had a stone to throw at his relieving officer.
1881 BLACKMORE Christmvell xliv, The relieving officer — as
the male parent was called in those days at our great
universities.
3. tec/in, a. Relieving tackle : (See quots.).
1769 FALCONER Diet. Marine (1780), Relieving-tackles,
two strong tackles used to prevent a ship from overturning
on the careen, and to assist in bringing her upright after
that operation is completed. . . Relieving-tackle> is also a
name sometimes given to the train-tackles of a gun-carriage.
1815 BURNEY Falconer's Diet. Marine^ Relieinng tackles,
are those which are occasionally hooked to the tiller . . in bad
weather, or in action, when.. the wheel or tiller-rope is
broken or shot away. 1840 R. H. DANA Bef. Mast xxv. 84
Once the wheel-rope parted, which might have been fatal to
us, had not the chief mate sprung instantly with a relieving
tackle to windward, and kept the tiller up till a new one
could be rove. 1882 NARES Seamanship (ed. 6} 222 The
relieving tackles are fitted as luff tackles.
b. Relieving arch : (See quots.).
1850 PARKER Gloss. Archit. (ed. 5) I. 166 Relieving Arch,
or Arch of Construction ; an arch formed in the substance
RELIGHT.
of a wall to relieve the part which is below it from the
superincumbent weight. 1875 KNIGHT Diet. Mech. 1916/1
Relieving-arch) an arch at the back of a revetment or re-
taining wall, to relieve the pressure of the bank upon the
wall, and act as a tie or interior buttress. 1883 CONDER &
KITCHENER Survey W. Palestine III. 133 The door of the
crypt has a lintel, with a relieving arch above.
Hence Relie-vingly adv.
'793 JOB SCOTT Jrnl. (1707) xi. 300 He that speaks .. must
feel a door of entrance in the people's minds, or it is very
difficult to get safely and relievingly forward. 1858 Chamb.
jfrnl. IX. 354 Sybil soon relievingly interposed that it was
time to dress.
Relievo (rHrvo). Also 7 releuo, 8 releivo,
8-9 rilievo. [ad. It. rilievo (nly^vo) : see RE-
LIEF 3, and cf, ALTO-, BASSO-. MEZZO-HELIEVO.]
1. = RELIEF 3 i.
i6a< SIR T. ROE in Michaelis* Anc. Marbles (1882) 189
Twelue tables of fine marble, cutt into historyes, some of a
very great releuo. 1641 EVELYN Diary x Sept., Several
rusticall instruments so artificially represented as to deceive
an accurate eye, to distinguish it from actual relievo. 17*3
CHAMBERS tr. Le Clerc's Treat. Archit. I. 79 The Foliages
and other Ornaments, .by their Relievo seem to increase its
bigness.
transf. 1704 SWIFT T. Tub viii, The wind and vapours
issuing forth.. distorted the mouth, bloated the cheeks, and
gave the eyes a terrible kind of relievo. 1796 W. TAYLOR in
Monthly Rev. XXI. 491 The comic features have more
relievo, than most other productions of the author.
b. In relievo, in relief.
1665 Phil. Trans. I. 99 A new kind of Maps in a low
Relievo. 1703 MAUNDKELL Jonrn. Jerus. (1721) 137 On
that part .. are to be seen Carvings in Relievo. 1789 E.
DARWIN Bot. Garden n. ii. 177 Round the white circlet in
relievo bold A serpent twines nis scaly length in gold. 1832
G. R. PORTER Porcelain <$• Gl. in In works where different
objects appear in relievo, these are made separately. 1847
SMEATON Builder** Man. 213 The walls are covered with
gigantic figures sculptured in relievo.
transf. 1769 BURKE Late St. Nation 60 Two of them stand
out in high relievo beyond the rest. The first is a change in
the internal representation of this country.
2. » RELIEF 3 j b.
1627 SIR T. ROK in Michaelis* Anc. Marbles (1882) 200
My agent. .hath brought me. .some heads and small re-
leuo's, antient and good worke. 1731 Gentl. Mag. I. 499
In one of which [grottos] they found 40 Urns cover'd with
Relievos. 1753 HANWAY Trav. (1762) I. vii. xcv. 440 The
ornaments of the architecture, and the relievo in the fron-
tispiece, are after the Chinese and japan manner. 1845
FORD Handbk. Spain i. 475/2 Her chapel is very rich in
red marbles, Corinthian pillars, and poor sculptured relievos
of her history.
3. Painting. = RELIEF 3 2.
1685 AGLIONBY Painting Illustr. i. 19 To give that Round-
ness to the Figures, which the Italians call Relievo, and for
which we have no other Name. 1738 R. SMITH Opticks
Pref. 5 The effect of a large concave speculum in heightening
the Relievo of Pictures. 1784 J. BARRY in Lect. Paint, vi.
(1848) 225 The style which Titian afterwards adopted . . was
not of so high a relish for relievo and hue.
Relif, obs. form of RELIEF * and 2.
Reli'ft (n"-), v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To lift again.
Hence Relrfting vbl. sb.
1844 H. STEPHENS Bk. Farm I. 510 The relifting of a drain
that has blown . . is a dirty and disagreeable business for
work-people. 1898'!. HARDY Wessex Poem s 134 The passion
. . Her death-rumour smartly relifted To full apogee.
Ke'ligate, v. rare. [f. L. religat-% ppl. stem
of religare to bind up or back : see RE- and LIGATE
v.] trans, fa. Surg. To bind up (a vein). Obs~l
b. To bind together or unite (people), c. To
constrain. Also absol. Hence Re'ligating///. a.
1597 A. M. tr. Guillemeau's Fr. Chirurg. 17 b/a The needle
wherwith we may stitch, when we desire to religate a Vayne.
1651 C. CARTWRIGHT Cert. Relig. i. 36 They are not religated
within the same Communion. 1656 BLOUNT Glossogr., Reli-
gate, to tye hard or again, to binde fast. 1807 COLERIDGE
in Cottle Early Recoil. (1837) II. 84 It is not even religion,
it does not religate, does not bind anew. 1876 GLADSTONE
Gleanings (1879) III. 130 Religion . ., with a debased worship
appended to it,.. but with no religating, no binding power.
Religate, obs. form of RELEGATE v.
Beliga'tion. rare. [ad. L. relig&tion-emj n.
of action f. religare : see prec. and -ATION.] The
action of tying or binding up (lit. and ,/£".).
16x7 COLLINS Def. Bp. Ely n. ix. 354 Though S. Austen
had. .onely told vs of religation, or of binding, it had been
enough to shew that S. Austens meaning was, that relligious
worship belonged onely to God. 1664 H. MORE Myst. /nig.
21 Origen speaks of the religation of these daemons near
their statues. 1807 COLERIDGE in Cottle Early Recoil. (1837)
II. 84 If this be not true, there is no religion, no religation,
or binding over again.
Religeous(e, -eus, obs. forms of RELIGIOUS.
Bell-gilt ("-), v. [RE- 5 a.]
1. trans. To illumine, kindle, or ignite again.
1645 EVELYN Diary [8 Feb.] A torch being extinguished
neere it, and lifted a little distance, was suddainely relighted.
17*5 POPE Odyss. ix. 600 His pow'r can heal me, and re-
light my eye. a i8oa E. DARWIN in J. G. Strutt Sylva Brit.
(1822) 2 You, who have seen . . Ten thousand times yon moon
relight her horn. 1856 KANE Arct. ExpL I. xxxu. 450
Our only hope of heat was in re-lighting our lamp. 187*
AUBREY DE VERB Leg. St. Patrick, Strivit
victory had he joy ..Nor of that heaven relit.
2. intr. To take fire again, rekindle. Also fig.
1849 C. BRONTE Shirley xviii, The desire, .relit suddenly,
and glowed warm in her heart, c 1865 J. WYLDE m Circ. Sc.
I. 314/1 It will immediately re-light.
Religieus, obs. form of RELIGIOUS.
52
RELIGIEUSE.
410
RELIGIONER.
II Religieuse (wl«wz). f Also as //. [F.
religieuse fern, of next.] A woman bound by re-
ligious vows, or devoted to a religious life ; a nun.
1796 Mod. Gulliver 3 That there might be a pair of chaste
examples ever before the religieuse, to fix their ideas the
right way. 1815 Chron. in A nn. Reg. 101 During the whole
night the religieuses of the hospital prayed near the body.
1847 C. BRONTE J. Eyre xiii. A convent full of religieuses,
1893 \§th Cent. Nov. 754 1 had been given to understand
thatlane Clermont was a very fervid religieuse.
II iteligieux (wljajyb"). Now rare or Obs.
Also 8-9 erron. rcligieuse (sing, and //.). [F.,
ad. L. religiosus RELIGIOUS.] A man vowed to a
religious life ; a monk.
1654 LD. HATTON in Nicholas Papers (Camden) II. 114, 1
am told . . that the Academy was this day full of the Duke
of Gloucester's] conversion and being a Religieux. 1719
DE FOE Crusoe IL 141 He rather desir'd me to converse
with him as a Gentleman, than as a Religieuse \ed. 1761
religieux]. 1827 ROBERTS Voy. Centr. Anter. 28 Inhabited
by the few thousands of Spanish religieuse and Creole
descendants of Spanish adventurers.
Religio-, mod. combining form of RELIGION
or RELIGIOUS, as in religio-educational% -magical^
-military^ -philosophical, -scientific, etc.
1894 H. SPEIGHT Nidderdale 169 There were two orders
of the religio-military brotherhood. 1806 W. ST. JOHN
BOSCAWEN Bible <$• Monum. 171 One of the litanies of the
religio-magical creed.
ligion (rrtrdgon). Forms: 3-4religiun(e,
4-5 -ioun(e, 5-6 -yon(e, -ione, 7 relligion ; 3-6
relygyon, 4 -un, -ioun, 5-6 -ion ; 4 riligioun ,
6 relegiouue; 3- religion, [a. AF. rdigiun
(nth c.), F. religion^ or ad. L. religion-cm, of
doubtful etymology, by Cicero connected with
relegere to read over again, but by later authors
with religdre to bind, RELIGATE (_see Lewis and
Short, s. v.) ; the latter view has usually been
favoured by modern writers in explaining the force
of the word by its supposed etymological meaning.]
L A state of life bound by monastic vows ; the
condition of one who is a member of a religious
order, esp. in the Roman Catholic Church.
c 1200 Vices ($• Virtues 43 Do 5e Sese swikele woreld habbeS
forlaten and seruiS ure drihten on religiun, hie foljiS Daniele,
<Je hali profiete. a 1300 Cursor M. 23049 l>ai..went ^aiui
in to religiun, . . For to oeserue vr lauerd dngnt. 1362 LANGL.
P. PI. A. ix. 82 Dobet . . is Ronnen in-to Religiun . . And
prechep pe peple seint poules wordes. 1390 GOWER Conf.
III. 31^ In blake clothes thei hem clothe,. .And yolde hem
to religion, c 1449 PECOCK Repr. v. ii. 484 In oon maner re-
ligioun is. .a binding yp or a bynding a5en of a mannys fre
wil with certein ordinauncis, . . or with vowis or oothis.
c 1500 Lancelot 1300 Non orderis had he of Relegioune.
15*8 ROY Rede me (Arb.) 66 Ware thou never in religion?
Yes so god helpe me and halydom, A dosen yeres continually.
1586 A. DAY Eng. Secretary \. (1625) 126 Forsweare thou
nothing good, but building of Monasteries and entring into
Religion. 1663 H. COGAN tr. Pinto1 s Treat, xxviii. 1 1 1 Those
of the country [China] repute him for a Saint, because he
ended his dayes in Religion. 1765 H. WALPOLE Otrantoiv,
My father.. was retired into religion in the Kingdom of
Naples. i8a$ SOUTHEY in Q. Rev. XXXII. 364 We must
enter into religion and be made nuns by will or by force.
1886 H. N. OXENHAM Mem. R. de Lisle 6 The two others
. .are in religion ; the former entered the Order of the Good
Shepherd in 1863.
trans/. 1535 LYNDESAY Satyre 3673 Manage, be my
opinioun, It is better Religioun, As to be freir or Nun.
t b. Man, etc. of religion, one bound by mon-
astic vows or in holy orders. Obs.
c MOO Trin. Coll. Horn. 49 J?is loc ne haueS non to offren
bute pese Hf-holie men of religiun. a 1300 Cursor M, 29285
Qua smites preist or clerk,. .or ani man of religion, ..he is
cursd. 13.. £. £. Allit. P. B. 7 Renkez of relygioun fat
reden & syngen. ^1380 WYCLIF Wks. (1880) 7 3if bei seyn
pat pei ben most holy and best men of religion. 1426 LYDG.
De Guil. Pilgr. 3192 Somme folkys of relygyon. 1485 CAX-
TON Paris 4- V» (1868) 12 To become a man of religion.
f c. House* etc. of religion^ a religious house,
a monastery or nunnery. Obs.
13. . SirBeues (MS. A) 4613 An hous he made of riligioun,
For to singe for sire Beuoun. 1340 Ayenb. 41 Huanne me
bernp ober brekb cherches . .ober nous of relygioun. ?<* 1400
Arthur 488 In Abbeys of Relygyoun pat were cristien of
name, c 1460 FORTESCUE Abs. ff Lim. Mon. xix. (1885) 155
OJ>er kynges haue ffounded bjjshopriches, abbeys, and oper
bowses off relegyon. £1535 in Speed Hist. Gt. Brit. ix.
cxxi. § 95 (1611) 773/1 Spoiled in like maner. .as the housys
of Religion hath bene. 1568 GRAFTON Chron. II. 144 Many
houses of relygion within the Citie . . were searched for
goodes of aliauntes.
2. A particular monastic or religious order or rule;
f a religious house. Now rare.
a 1225 Ancr. R. 4 Rihten hire & smeSen hire is of euch
religiun, & of efrich ordre |>e god, & al be streng5e. c 1390
6". Eng. Leg. I. SM/tW Seint Edward cam. .To an holi man
pat bere was neij in an ojmr religion. 13.. £. E. Allit.
P. B. 1156 His fader forloyne . . feched hem wyth strenjje,
& robbed pe relygioun of relykes alle. 4:1400 Rom. Rose
6352 Somtyme am I prioresse, . . And go thurgh alle re-
giouns, Sekyng alle religiouns. 1483 CAXTON Gold. Leg.
426/1 Saynt Rygoberte . . ordeyned a relygyon of chanounes
and clerkes. 15*8 CROMWELL in Merriman Life $ Lett.
(1902) I. 322 The exchaunge to be made bitwene your col-
ledge in Oxforde and his religion for Saundforde. a 1548
HALL Ckron., Hen. VII f 143 This priest .. was receiued
into euery Religion with Procession, as though the Legate
had been there. 1568 GRAFTON Chron. II. 19^ This Re-
ligion of Saint lohns, was greatly preferred, by the fall and
suppression of the Templers. 1631 WEEVER Anc. Funeral
Mon. 114 If any professed in the said Religion were negli-
f gently forgotten. 1687 A. LOVELL tr. Tkevtnofs Trav. i.
12 A Dagger, which the King of Spain sent as a Present to
the Religion. 1769 Ann. Reg. 147 Some ships of the re-
ligion of Malta. 1858 FABER Foot of Cross (1872) 70 There
were several false and counterfeit religions, which had
troubled the church about this time.
trans/. 1497 BP. ALCOCK Mons Perfect. B iij, As hymself
for his pryde and enuy was cast out of the holy relygyon of
heuen.
f b. collect. People of religion. Obs.
1297 R. GLOUC. (Rolls) 2812 panne pe religion & holi chirche
wprp ef sone ybrost al adoun. 1375 BARBOUR Bruce xx. 162
Till religioune of seir statis, For heill of his saul), gaf he
Siluir in-to gret quantile. c 1450 HOLLAND Howlat 190
Alkyn chennonis eik of vther ordouris, All maner of re-
ligioun, the less and the mair.
*t* c. A member of a religions order. Obs.
13.. Cursor M. 22001 (Gott.), Quatkin man sum euer it es
..Or laued or religiun. 1303 R. BRUNNE Handl. Synnt
7557 Specyaly bat comandeb he. .to bysshopes, and persones,
I'o prestys, an ou|>er relygyons. c 1315 Chron. Eng. 527 in
Ritson Metr. ROM. II. 292 That on panic he sende-.To
thilke that were povre in londe ; That other to povre re-
ligiouns ; The thridde to povre cleregouns.
3. Action or conduct indicating a belief in. re-
verence for, and desire to please, a divine ruling
power ; the exercise or practice of rites or obser-
vances implying this. Also //., religious rites.
Now rare, exc. as implied in £.
(7 1225 Ancr. R. 10 Cleane religiun.. is iseon & helpen
widewen & federlease children & from be world witen him
cleane & unwemmed. 6-1250 Kent, Serm. in O.E.Misc,
ZQ per were vi. Vdres of stone.. wer po gius hem wesse for
clenesse and for religiun. a 1300 Cursor M. 12676 pis iacob
. . was o gret religiun, Hali Hue he ladd al-wais. 1381 WYCLIF
Lev. xvi. 31 The holiday forsothe of restyng it is, and ?e
shulen traueil ;oure soules thur? perpetuel religioun. 1553
EDEN Treat. Newe Ind. (Arb.) 27 i'heyeate that fleshe with
great religion. 1577 VAUTROUILLIER Luther on Ej>. Gal.
151 They that trust in theyr owne righteousnest thinke to
pacific the wrath of God by their. . voluntarie religion. 1613
PUKCHAS Pilgrimage in. i. (1614) 232 They vsed yet some
Religion in gathering of their Cinamon,.. sacrificing before
they beganne [etc.). 1667 MILTON P. L. i. 372 The Image
j of a Brute, adorn 'd With gay Religions full of Pomp and
Gold. 17*6 LEONI tr. Albertis Archit. II. 21/2 The Ancients
used to found the Walls of their Cities with the greatest re-
ligion, dedicating them to some God who was to be their
guardian. 1788 GIBBON Decl. 4- F. xlix. V. 89 The public
religion of the Catholics was uniformly simple and spiritual.
1900 R. W. DIXON Hist. Ch. Eng. xxxvi. (1902) VI. 5 The
religions of the religious orders . . were swept away under
the condemnation ofsuperstition and abuse.
t b. A religious duty or obligation. Obs.
1537 St. Papers Hen. VIII. I. n. 557 Thei thoght a reli-
gion to kepe secret, betwene God and them, certayn thmges.
1549 LATIMER $th Serm. bef. Edw. VI (Arb.) 135 The dutye
betwene man and wyfe, whiche is a holy religyon, but not
, religiouslye kepte.
4. A particular system of faith and worship.
a 1300 Cursor M. 18944 In }>at siquar was in pat tun Men
of alkin religioun. 1340 HAM POLE Pr. Consc. 4522 J>e lewes
and cristen men,.. Sal pan.. Assent in Crist als a religion.
: 1560 DAUS tr. Sleidane's Comm. 92 b, They neyther allure
nor compelle any man unto their Religion. 1594 HOOKER
, Eccl. Pol, w. XL § 2 The church of Rome, they say(..did
1 almost out of all religions take whatsoever had any fair and
i gorgeous show. 1625 B. JONSON Staple ofN. u. i, I wonder
what religion he is of. i66a STILLINGFL. Orig. Sacrseii. vi.
§ 15 Whereby we plainly see what clear evidence is given to
the truth of that religion which is attested with a power of
miracles. 1733 BERKELEY Alciphr. iv. § 25 The Christian
Religion, which pretends to teach men the knowledge and
worship of God. 1791 PAINE Rights of Man. fed. 4) 79 If
they are to judge of each others religion, there is no such
thing as a religion that is right. 1849 MACAULAV Hist, Eng.
vi. II. 65 All religions were the same to him. i86a MAX
MULLER Chips (1880) I. ix. 186 All important religions have
sprung up in the East.
transf. 1849 LONGF. Kavanagh xvi. 78 The memory of
that mother had become almost a religion to her. 187*
LIDDON Elem. Relig. i. 23 We hear men speak of a religion
of art, of a religion of work, of a religion of civilization.
tb. The Religion [after F.] : the Reformed
Religion, Protestantism. Obs.
1577 F. de Lisle' s Legendarie G viij, There was a noise
raised that the Admiral had endeuoured to expel the Masse,
1642 HOWELL For. Trav. (Arb.) 46 They of the Religion,
are now Town-lesse and Arme-lesse. a 1674 CLARENDON
Hist. Reb. xv. § 153 Those of the Religion possessed them-
selves with many arm'd Men of the Town-House.
5. Recognition on the part of man of some higher
unseen power as having control of his destiny, and
as being entitled to obedience, reverence, and wor-
ship ; the general mental and moral attitude result-
ing from this belief, with reference to its effect
upon the individual or the community ; personal or
1 general acceptance of this feeling as a standard of
! spiritual and practical life.
c 1535 in Burnet Hist. Ref. (1679) I. Rec. in. 140 That true
' Religion is not contained in Apparel,. . singing, and such
j other kind of Ceremonies; but in cleanness of mind [etc.].
1560 DAUS tr. Sleidane's Comm. 46 b, Amonges the Suyces
encreased dayly contention for Religion. 1597 HOOKER
Eccl. Pol. v. Ixv. § 16 The tribe of Reuben . . were . . accused
of backwardness in religion. 1613 PURCHAS Pilgrimage
(1614) 20 True Religion is the right way of reconciling and
reuniting man to God. 1651 HOBBES Leviath, i. xii. 52
There are no signes. .of Religion, but in Man onely. 1704
NELSON Fest. <$• Fasts ix. (1739) 587 It keeps a lively Sense
of Religion upon our Minds. 1776 ADAM SMITH \V. N. v.
ii. (1869) II. 459 So slender a security as the probity and
religion of the inferior officers of revenue. 183* HT.
MARTINEAU Hillff V alley \\\.. 45 The best part of religion
is to imitate the benevolence of God to man. 1849 MACAULAY
Hist. Eng. ii. I. 176 About two thousand ministers of re-
ligion..were driven from their benefices in one day. 1877
SPARROW Serm. vii. 90 True religion, in its essence and in
kind, is the same everywhere.
Personified. 1597 SHAKS. Lover's Conipl. 250 Religious
love put out Religion's eye. 1607 — Timon m. ii. 83 Reli-
gion grones at it. (1652 MILTON Sonn. to Sir H. Vanc>
Therfore on thy firme band religion leanes In peace, &
reck'ns thee her eldest son. 1717 POPE Elol'sa 39 There
stern Religion quench'd lh' unwilling flame. 1781 COWPER
Expost. 492 Religion, if in heavenly truths attired, Needs
only to be seen to be admired. 1844 A. B. WE LBV Poems
(1867) 72 'Tis then that sweet Religion's holy wing Broods
o'er the spirit.
b. 7o get religion : see GET v. 12 d.
fc. Awe, dread. Obs. rare*1.
a 164* BEDELL Erasmus in Fuller Abel Rediv, (1867) I. 78
He took a general view of most parts of Italy as far as
Cumae, where (not without some religion and horror).. he
beheld the cave of Sibylla.
6. transf. f a. Devotion to some principle ; strict
fidelity or faithfulness ; conscientiousness ; pious
affection or attachment. Obs.
1592 SHAKS. Rom. <$• Jul. i. ii. 93 When the deuout re-
ligion of mine eye Mamtaines such falshood, then turne
teares to fire. 1600 — A. Y. L. iv. i. 201 Ros. . .Keep your
promise. Or/. With no lesse religion, then if thou wert
indeed my Rosalind. 1630 B. JONSON New Inn i. i, Out of
a religion to my charge, And debt profess 'd, I have made a
self-decree. 1640 HABINGTON Ediv, IV 182 The ancient
league observ'd with so much Religion betweene England
and the Low Countries. 1691 WoooXM. Oxon. I. Pref.,
An old Word is retain 'd by an Antiquary with as much Re-
ligion as a Relick.
b. In phr. to make (a) religion of QT to make (#)
religion to% to make a point of, to be scrupulously
careful (*t* not) to do something.
(<*) >599 B. JONSON Cynthia's Rev. v. ii, Let mortals learn To
niake religion of offending heaven. i6aa PEACHAM Compl,
Gent. 44 Nor bee so foolish precise as a number are, who
make it Religion to speake otherwise then this or that
Author.
(6) 1606 SHAKS. Ant. $ Cl. y. ii. 199 By your command
(Which my loue makes Religion to obey) I tell you this.
1869 W. M. BAKER New Timothy 109 (Cent.), Its acidity
sharpens Mr. Wall's teeth .., yet, under the circumstances,
he makes a religion of eating it.
•\ 7. The religious sanction or obligation of an
oath, etc. Obs.
a 1619 FOTHERBY Atheom. i. vi. § 2 (1622) 42 Vnder the re-
ligion of an Oath, c 1645 HOWELL Lett. (1650) II. 117 Ac-
cording to the rules and religion of friendship, a 1694
TILLOTSON Serm. (1742) II. xxii.6s If the religion of an oath
will not oblige men to speak truth, nothing will. 1704 J.
BLAIR in W. S. Perry Hist. Coll. Amer. Col. Ch. (1870) I.
107, 1 shall under the same religion of an oath acquaint your
Lordships with.. what I remember.
8. attrib. and Comb.> as religion-dresser , -making,
-mender f monger ,shop\ religion-infectious^-masked^
•raptured adjs. ; t religion man = sense i b.
a 1640 DAY Peregr- SchoL (1881) 72 This new vicker was
made put of an olde ffrier that had bene twice turnd at
a *Religion-dressers. 1706 A. SHIELDS Ing. Ch. Communion
('74?) 51 Such as are. ."religion-infectious, like to spread
and leaven all in communion with such a congregation.
1888 MRS. H. WARD R. Elsmere xlix. We are in the full
stream of *religion-making. c 1430 LYDG. Min. Poems
(Percy Soc.) 57 *Religioune men alwey wonnyng in the
Court, . . It may wele ryme, but it accordith nought. 1633
FORD 'Tis Pity v. iii, Your *religion-masked sorceries.
1824 W. E. ANDREWS Crit. Rev. Fox's Bk. Mart. I. 380
The irreligious and blasphemous pretentions of those ^re-
ligion-menders. 1698 I*RYER Acc. E. India 4- P. 366 The
Antiquaries, .who have searched more narrowly into this up-
start *Religion-Monger. 1718 Entertainer 255 The Fathers
[are represented as].. a Parcel of old passive Religion-
Mongers. 1796 SOUTHEY Lett. fr. Spain 341 The fervid
soul of that blest Maid,* Religion -rap tur'd. 1811 Miss HAW-
KINS Countess •$• Gertrude (1812) II. xxvii. 79 Well may
scoffers talk of the ^religion-shops of London.
Religionary (rHi-d^anari), a. and sb. [f. prec.
+ -ART, or ad. F. religionnaire, It., Sp. religionario
sb., Protestant, Calvinist] A. adj. Relating to
religion ; religious. Now rare.
a 1691 BP. T. BARLOW Rem. 638 His Religionary Pro-
fessions in his last Will and Testament. 1715 M. DAVIES
Athen, Brit. I. 219 His Religionary Pamphlets for that
purpose were these. 1867 BARING-GOULD Cur. Myths I.
viii. 164 It is a strange instance of religionary virulence.
B. sb. f a. A person * in religion '. Obs. b.
[See etym. note.] A Protestant. ? Obs.
1663 H. COGAN tr. Pintos Trav. IxiiL 256 Seven and
thirty women, the most of them old, and Religionaries of
this temple. 1683 Apol. Prot. France iy. 35 The gathering
together of the Factions of the Religionaries. 1716 M.
DAVIES Athen. Brit. III. Diss. Drama 6 Those Protestant
Religionaries and Popish Sectaries. 1760 Ann. Reg. \\.
176/1 To distinguish them from the Protestants, who are
called Religionaries.
t Reli gionate, v. Obs. rare"1, [f. as prec.
+ -ATE 3.J trans. To make religious.
1676 MARVELL Mr. Smirke I iij b, There have been
Martyrs for Reason,, .but how much more would men be so
for reason Religionated and Christianized !
Religioner (rf li-dganaj). [f. as prec. + -EB 1.]
a. A person ' in religion '. b. = RELIGIONIST.
zSia SOUTHEY Omniana I. i Pope Innocent X appointed
a religioner of great virtue, discretion, and experience,
secretly to visit the nunneries. Ibid. II. 230 All the re-
ligioners of both sexes. 1820 SCOTT Monast. xxv, These
new-fashioned religioners have fast-days, I warrant me.
RELIGIONISM.
1852 H. NEWLAND Led. Tractar. 164 Those very externals
of divine worship which so many of our. .religioners call
mummery. 1896 ' Q.' (QuiLLER COUCH) Story of Sea II.
xx. 387 The religioners who embarked for the service of the
fleet .. were 180, consisting of Augustinians, Franciscans,
Dominicans, and Jesuits.
Religionism (rfli-dgsniz'm). [f. as prec. +
-ISM.] Marked or excessive inclination to religion;
exaggerated or affected religious zeal.
1791-1823 D'ISRAELI Cur. Lit. (1866) 390/2 The coinage of
a novel and significant expression, as this of Professor
Dugald Stewart— political religionism. 1817 Bp. JEBB Let.
in C. Forster* Life Ixi. 573 This work has been carried on
rather uncouthly : not religion, but religionism, having been
the compressing power. 1833 I. TAYLOR Fanat. v. 131 The
germs of malignant religionism . . are not wanting even in
Basil 1856 R. A. VAUGHAN Mystics (1860) I. 23 They call
in the aid of an imaginative religionism to people their
solitude with its glories. 1881 THOROLD Gospel of Christ
I'M f., Surely it is a morose religionism that fears knowledge,
or distrusts science.
Religionist (nli-dganist). [f. as prec. + -IST.]
One addicted or attached to religion ; one imbued
with, or zealous for, religion. Sometimes in bad
sense, a religious zealot or pretender.
1653 H. MORE Antid. Atk. in. i. § 3 Religionists having
for pious purposes forged so many false Miracles, .they have
thereby with the Atheist taken away all belief of those
which are true. 1671 CROWNE Juliana Ded., If I may
have leave from our rigid religionists, to prosecute the
metaphor. 1697 G. BURGHOPE Disc. Relig. Assemb. 4 As
for the moderate, rational and intelligent religionists, they
are so few. 1711 SKAFTESB. Charac. (1737) III. Misc. in. L
_. IT_ 1 ___ Lf_ __ : ___ ._ f\ * • __ T>-1" r _' i^ -.1. _
ge
B
Nat. Hist. Relig. (1817) II. 308 These pretended religionis
are really a kind of superstitious atheists. 1812 J. HENRY
Camp, agst. Quebec 214 A dispassionate, placid, and mild re-
ligionist. 18^3 WORDSW. Prose Wks. (1876) III. 169 A
Savant, who is not also a poet in soul and a religionist in
heart, is a feeble and unhappy creature. 1865 LIGHTFOOT
Comm. Gal. (1876) 369 The external service of the religionist
. .is pronounced [by St. James] deceitful and vain.
Hence Keligionrstic a,
1889 Bp. W. B. CARPENTER Perm. Elem. Relig. v. 192 The
religionistic spirit lowers the moral tone.
Religionize (rfti-dgsnaiz), v. [f. as prec. +
-IZE.] a. trans. To imbue with religion, to ren-
der religious, b. intr. To be addicted to, to
affect, religion. Hence Helrgiouized, -izing.
1716 M. DAVIES Athen. Brit. III. piss. Drama 32 About
every one's Thinking and Religionizing as he will. 1830
I. TAYLOR Logic in Tlieol., etc. (1859) 104 Our own enlight-
ened and religionized country. 1843 J. H. NEWMAN Lett.
(1891) 1 1. 384 His great object is the religionizing of the State.
1853 S. H. Cox Intei-views Mem. $ Useful 138 (Cent.) How
much religionizing stupidity it requires in one to imagine
[etc.]. 1869 W. P. MACKAY Grace If Truth (1874) 168 The
ritualist tells us that man is to be religionised.
Religionless (Wli-djanles), a. [f. as prec. +
-LESS.] Destitute of religion.
1750 WARBURTON Julian n. 192 The gross body of the
Jews . . returned home religionless as they came. 1829 J. H.
NEWMAN Lett. (1891) I. 204 The upper classes will be left
almost religionless. 1848 THACKERAY Van. Fair xiv, A
worldly, selfish,.. religionless old woman. 1889 J. STRONG
in Minutes Coiigreg. Council (U. S.) 364 Teaching a re-
ligionless morality.
tReli'giose, sb. Obs. rare-1, [ad. Sp. re-
Kgiosa.] = RELIGIEUSE.
1697 tr. Ctas D 'Annoy" 's Trav. (1706) 82 The keeper of
the Castle askt me, whether I would see the Religioses,
whose Convent is adjoyning thereunto.
Religiose (rHidgiifu-s), a. [f. as RELIGIOUS
+ -OSE.] Religious to excess ; unduly occupied
with religion ; morbidly or sentimentally religious.
1853 CLOUGH Let. in Poems, etc. (1869) I. 196 Some of my
companions are too much in the religiose vein to be always
quite wholesome company. 1885 L'faol Daily Post 23 Oct.
4/7 Qualities not specially congenial to the theological or
religiose mind.
Religiose, obs. form of RELIGIOUS.
Religiosity (rflMsVifti). [ad. late L. religio-
sitas : see RELIGIOUS and -ITY. Cf. F. religiosity
(i5th c.), and RELIGIOUSTY.]
1. Religiousness, religious feeling or sentiment.
1382 WYCLIF Ecclus. \. 17 The drede of the Lord [is]
rehgiosite of kunnyng. Hid. 18 Religiosite shal kepen,
and mstefien the herte. 1483 CAXTON Gold. Leg. 245/1
Inere is treble generacion spmtuel of god, that is to saye,
ties. 1846 I. MARTINEAU Misc. (1852) 188 Our author argue
from the religiosity of man to the reality of God. 18872. A.
RAGOZIN Chaldea iii. 149 Man has all that animals have, and
'*? ™™C whlch tney nave not— speech and religiosity.
b. Affected or excessive religiousness.
1799 W. TAYLOR in Robberds Mem. (1843) I. 283 Great
:klers tor feminine purity, or prudery, or religiosity. 1829
SOUTHEY Sir T. More II. ,02 A feverish state of what may
better be called religiosity, than religion. 1873 MORLEY
Kotustm I. ix. 317 It is hard to imagine a more execrable
emotion than the complacent religiosity of the prosperous.
c. With//. A religious service, rare—1.
1834 SOUTHEY Doctor ix. (1848) 26 The soporific sermons
which closed the domestic religiosities of those. .days.
1 2. « RELIGION i and 2. Obs. rare.
' '449 PECOCK Repr. iv. vi. 453 Religiosite of mannys
ordmaunce is lecfuL.and ech such order or dignite and ech
such seid religiosite mad bi man [etc.].
411
Religions (rfli-dgas), a. and sb. Forms : 3-5
religius(e, 4-5 -lose, 4-6 -iouse ; 4, 6 -eous(e,
5 -eus ; 4 -yus, 5 -yous ; 4 relygiouse, 6 -i(o)us;
5 -ecus ; 4-6 -y(o)us, 5 -youx, -yows, 6 -youse;
4 relegiouse ; 4- religious, (7 rell-). [a. AF.
religius, OF. religious, -eus, etc. (i2th c. ; mod.F.
religieux m., -euse f.), or ad. L. religios-us : see
RELIGION and -ous.]
A. adj. 1. Imbued with religion ; exhibiting
the spiritual or practical effects of religion ; pious,
godly, god-fearing, devout.
a 1225 Alter. K. 74 jif eni wene5 bat he beo religius, & ne
bridleaT nout his tunge, his religiun is fals. 1388 WYCLIF
Dan. iii. 90 Alle religiouse men, olesse }e the Lord, God of
goddis. 1398 TREVISA Earth. De P. R. XVH. clxxiv. (Bodl.
MS.), Holy men & religious b1 be nou^t defouled. 1432-50
tr. Higden (Rolls) II. 231 Thei were religious men . . hauenge
glorious vertues. 1542 BECON Path™. Prayer vii. Wks.
1564 I. 64 Who would not haue thought thys holy religious
father worthy to be canonised..? 1559 SHAKS. Hen. V,\\.\\.
130 Seeme they religious ? Why so didst thou. 1642 ROGERS
Naarnan 144 Earthly Selfe so scrues and mixes it selfe with
religious, that oft-times the soule markes not the difference.
1667 MILTON P. L. xi. 622 That sober Race of Men, whose
lives Religious titl'd them the Sons of God. 1715 DE FOE
Fam. Instruct. I. iv. (1841) I. 81, I think I am religious
enough in all conscience. 1787 JEFFERSON Writ. (1859) ^'
154 He is. .very limited in his understanding, and religious,
bordering on bigotry. 1841 MYERS Cath. Th. iv. § 23. 293
A man may be Moral without being Religious, but he can-
not be Religious without being Moral. 1877 E. R. CONDER
Bas, Faith \. 13 The Apostle John and Benedict Spinoza
were both intensely religious persons, but it would be
difficult to say what their religious feelings had in common.
transf. 1591 SYLVESTER Du Bartas I. iii. 254 The Jewes'
religious River Which every Sabbath dries his Channell
over ; keeping his waves from working on that Day.
b. Most religious, used as an epithet of royalty.
(Cf. CHRISTIAN a. i b.)
1662 Bk. Com. Prayer, We humbly beseech thee..for the
High Court of Parliament, under our most religious and
Gracious King, at this time assembled. 1820 SHELLEY (Ed.
Tyr. 1. 137 The chaste Pasiphae . . Wife to that most religious
King of Crete.
fC. Holy, sacred. Obs. rare-1.
i6n CORYAT Crudities 77 Pictures of Christ and the
Virgin Mary, and many other religious persons.
2. Of persons : Bound by monastic vows ; belong-
ing to a religious order, esp. in the Church of
Rome. (Cf. B. i.)
a 1300 Cursor M. 29374 pe thrid es men religius, bat has
bair ouer man in hus. 1303 R. BRUNNE Handl. Synne 7383
PC fourbe synne ys more perylous, Wyb man and wommane
relygyus. £1400 Rom. Rose 6149 Religious folk ben ful
,«,. r—r—, --= , — eyreseruyc
hys owne tyme. 1500-20 DUNBAR Poems xxxiii. 10 A re-
ligious man he slew, And cled him in his abeit new. 1551
ROBINSON tr. More"s Utop. n. (1895) 145 How ydle a
companye ys theyr of prystes. and relygyous men, as they
call them? 1590 HAKLUYT Voy. II. i. 59 The said city is as
big as two of Bononia, & in it are many monasteries of
religious persons, al which do worship idols. 1633 T. STAF-
FORD Pac. Hib. I. v. (1821) 73 With a competent number of
three thousand Souldiers, Pioners, and religious persons.
1680 DRYDEN Span. Friar n. ii, There's a huge, fat, re-
ligious gentleman coming up, Sir. 1745 A. BUTLER Lives
of Saints (1836) I. 192 The supei intendency of all the houses
of religious women in his kingdom. 1796 SOUTHEY Lett.fr.
Spain (1799) 415, I remember a religious society was
established at Lisbon, calling themselves the Order of
Divine Providence. zSio — Kehama^ yn. iv, Never yet did
form more beautiful . . Bless the religious Virgin's gifted
sight.
b. Of things, places, etc: Of, belonging to,
or connected with, a monastic order.
c 1330 R. BRUNNE Chron. (r8io) 80 Whan bei to Durham
they done had not an old knyghte come amonge them in
Relygyous clothyng. 1538 STARKEY England I. ii. 43
Settyng themselfe in relygyouse housys, ther quyetly to
serue God. 1581 N. LICHEFIELD tr. Castanheda's Cong. E.
Ind. Ixxiii. 151 note. An hermitage, or such lyke pore kind
of solitary religious place. 1664 DRYDEN Rival Ladies n.
t, If you will needs to a Religious House. 1674 WOOD Life
(O. H. S.) II. 301 Those religious places that are neare
Oxford. 1711 ADDISON Sped. No. 164 f 4 A shaved Head,
and a religious Habit. 1742 CHESTERF. Lett. (1792) I. xciii,
262 He dissolved the monasteries and religious houses in
England. 1856 FROUDE Hist. Eng. x. II. 438 The religious
system, in its technical sense, he believed to have become
a nursery of idleness. 1888 BERNARD Fr. World to Cloister
i. 5, 1 believe .. that the religious life is one.. instituted by
God, that is substantially in its three vows.
3. Of the nature of, pertaining or appropriate to,
concerned or connected with, religion.
1538 STARKEY England i. ii. 38 Yf his mynd were not
ryghtly set wyth relygyouse honour towards God. 1627
MAY Lucan in. 447 A sad religious awe The quiet trees
vnstirr'd by winde doe draw. 1632 MILTON Penscroso 160
Storied Windows richly dight, Casting a dimm religious
light. 1651 HODBES Leviath. iv. xiv. 361 They made it for
a Religious use. 1715 POPE Ep. Addison 12 Some felt.,
hostile fury, some religious rage. 1788 GIBBON Decl, fy F.
\. V. 202 From his earliest youth, Mahomet was addicted to
religious contemplation. 1835 J. H. NEWMAN Par, Serm.
(1837) I. xi. 163 Prayer is the most directly religious of all
our duties. 1853 LVNCH Self.Improi>. iii. 72 Books least
religious in letter and phrase may be most religious in effect.
1877 C. GEIKIE Christ xlix. (1879) 584 Jerusalem was the
religious centre of the Jewish nation.
RELIGIOUSLY.
b. (Chiefly poet.) Regarded as sacred.
1618 Hist. Perkin Warbcck in Select. Harl. Misc. (1703)
59 Even the name of Mortimer and York was sanctified and
religious amongst them. 1648 HERRICK Hesper., ToPerilla,
Bring Part of the creame from that Religious Spring. 1700
DRYDEN Wife of Bath's T. 212 Lonely the vale, and full of
horror stood, Brown with the shade of a religious wood.
1746 COLLINS Ode to Liberty, Thy Shrine in some religious
wood. <ri82o S. ROGERS Italy, Fire-Fly 22 Those trees,
religious once and always green.
4. trans/. Scrupulous, exact, strict, conscientious,
t Also const, in, of.
1599 PORTER Angry Worn. Abingd. (Percy Soc.) 37 A
man deuoted to a man, Loyall, religious in loues hallowed
vowes. 1601 SHAKS. T-wel. N. in. iv. 424 A Coward, a most
deuout Coward, religious in it. 1618 BOLTON Florin To
Rdr., Translated.. with a religious ayme to his meaning,
howsoever it may be many times mist. 1697 DRYDEN /Eneid
I- 7*9 Religious of his Word. 1711 HEARNE Collect. (O.H.S.)
III. 109, 1 must confess that I am so religious in that Affair
[of editing], that I transcribe the very Faults. 1760-2 GOLDSM.
Cit. W. civ, His library is preserved with the most religious
neatness. 1798 WELLINGTON in Gurw. Desp. (1838) I. 5 On
my part, you will always meet with a religious adherence to
every article of the treaties subsisting between us. 1856
KANE Arct. Expl. I. xvi. 191 We were led to footsteps;
and following these with religious care [etc],
t b. Of an oath : solemn. Obs. rare ~ *.
1723 STEELE Consc. Lovers u. i, The Religious Vow I have
made to my Father.
B. sb. 1. As//. Those bound by monastic vows
or devoted to a religious life according to the
principles of the Church of Rome.
121225 Aner. R. 10 Code religiuse beoS i be worlde,
summe nomeliche prelaz & treowe prechures. 1303 R.
BRUNNB Handl. Syune 8639 Also relygyous are to wyte, bat
for maystry wyl gladly smyte. c 1380 WYCLIF Wks. (1880) 2
3if cure newe religious bee in bese same synnys..bei ben
cursid of god. ci42o Sir Amadace (Camden) xxiv, Go,
pray alle the religius of this cite, To morne that thay wold
dyne with me. 1483 CAXTON Cato G ij b, An abbot . . sette
and made his relygyous or monkes for to werke. 1546
Supflic. Poore Commons (E. E. T. S.) 65 The monkes,
friers, and other the supersticious religious. 1597 BEARD
Theatre GooTs Judgem. (1612) 405 There grew so great
quarrels and 'discontentments betweene the townesmen and
the ^religious. 1631 WEEVER Anc. Funeral Man. 271 The
Religious of those times were as thankfull to their Bene-
factours. 1674 MARVELL Corr. Wks. (Grosart) II. 424 You
know the Religious were in that [conspiracy] too with
Rohan against the K[ing] of France. 1711 :AoDisoN Sped.
No. 164 F ii The Letters, .are yet extant in the Nunnery
where she resided; and are often read to the young
Religious. 1768 BOSWELL Corsica ii. (ed. 2) 88 They also
brought with them some religious, of the order of St. Basil.
1813 HOBHOUSE Journey (ed. 2) App. 1123 Those Italian
religious who were destined to the service of the mission.
1875 MANNING Mission H. Ghost xii. 339 Were these words
. . spoken to recluses, to men living in a desert, or to re4igious
in cloisters ?
b. With reference to other religions.
I5*S T. WASHINGTON tr. Nicholay's Voy. in. xv. 99 b, These
iolly louing religious. 1596 DALRYMPLE tr. Leslie's Hist.
Scot. in. 179 Ethodie. .was brocht vpe amang the religious in
the yle of man. 1604 E. G[RIMSTONE] D'Acosta's Hist. Indies
v. viii. 348 The priests and religious of Mexico (who lived
there with a strange observance). 1687 A. LOVELL tr.
Thevenofs Trav. i. 54 They have several sorts of Religious,
among whom the Dervishes are the most familiar and
polite. 1738 [G. SMITH] Cur. Relat. II. 372 There being
great Numbers of those Religious at Ispahan, these Monks
go always armed. 1860 PUSEY Min. Proph. 152 They had
also true Nazarites . . ; and they felt the weight of these
Religious against them.
2. A person given up to a religious or monastic
life, esp. in the Church of Rome, t In ME- with
pi. in -es.
c 1330 R. BRUNNE Chron. (1810) 136 To bo religiouses bat
were in Gascoyne, He gaf a bousand mark. 1340 HAMPOLE
Pr. Consc. 1888 Dede wil na frendshepe do . . til na religiouse.
ne til na seculere. 1377 LANGL. P. PI. B. x. 317 pere shal
come a kyng, and contesse gow religiouses. c 1400 HYLTON
Scala Per/.(W. de W. 1494) i. Ixi, Ryght soo shalte thou
stonde as. .a religyous in the sorte of relygyon. 1490 CAX-
TON How to Die 10 These demaundes and questyons ought
to be sayd as well to religyouses as to seculers. 1577 HEL-
LOWES Giteuara's Chron. (1584) 175 You send him newes as
a Chronicler, . .and counsel his conscience as a religious.
1600 W. WATSON Decacordon (1602) 23 Infamous libels put
— *"* • . one religious against another. 1688 COLLIER Several
Disc. (1725) 288 Theodoret..at the End of the Lifeof every
famous Religious, desires the Benefit of their Prayers. 1720
DE FOE Capt. Singleton xiv. (1840) 249 He met with a kind
of religious, or Japan priest- 1765 BLACKSTONH Comm. 1. 132
A monk or religious was so effectually dead in law, that a
lease, .determined by such his entry into religion. 1793
W. HODGES Trav. India 112 A small district within a
larger ; it was at this time in the hand of a Gosine, or
Hindoo Religious. 1813 EUSTACE Class. T0ur(i&2i) III.
viii. 311 An Italian Religious, and a Mahometan dervise
are.. placed by many nearly upon a level. 1888 BERNARD
Fr. World to Cloister \. 2 The idea of your., adopting the
hard life of a religious was one which never occurred to me.
t b. A religieuse ; a nun. Obs. rare.
The form may be intended to represent the F. fern.
1491 CAXTON Vitas Pair. (W. de W. 1495) i. v. 9/2 There
were x. M. men, & xx. M. virgynes in that cite religyous &
religiouses. 1512 Helyas in Thorns Prose Rom. (1828) III.
101, I wyll shortly go and yelde me a nune or religiouse in
some nonery.
Religiousete, -ite, -ity, varr. RELIOIOCSTY.
Religiously (rfli-djasli), adv. [f. RELIGIOUS
a. + -LY •'.'] In a religious manner.
1. With religious feeling or conduct ; in accord-
ance with the principles of religion; piously,
reverently, devoutly.
52-2
RELIGIOUSNESS.
1381 WYCLIP 2 Mace. xii. 43 Wele and religiously bythenk-
ynge of ajein rysyng. c 1450 tr. De Imitatione i. iii. 6 At
f>e day of dome, it shal not be asked . . what good we haue
seide, but hou religiously we haue lyued. 1538 STARKEV
England I. i. 13 They relygyously worschyppyd and
honowryd the name of God. 1588 SHAKS. L. L. L. iv. ii.
153 Sir you haue done this in the feare of God very
religiously. 1613 PURCHAS Pilgrimage ill. x. (1614) 294 In
their Fast or Lent they abstains very religiously. 1687
BOYLE Martyrd. Theodora viii. (1703) no The first of those
who are recorded to have religiously deceased. 1744
BERKELEY Sirit § 183 In old Rome the eternal fire was
religiously kept by virgins. 1853 LYNCH Self-Improv. ii. 32
People who would find a religion must seek it religiously.
trans/. 1600 Weakest goeth to Wall (1618) G iij b, Lady,
I affirme it constantly, I love the gentleman religiously.
Comb. 1614 B. JONSON Earth. Fair i. i. Wks. (Rtldg.)
312/1, I would be satisfied from you, religiously-wise,
whether a widow [etc.].
fb. Solemnly, ceremoniously. Obs.
1576 FLEMING Panopl. Epist. 96, I protest vnfainedly.and
promise religiously, that I will be wholy in your iurisdic-
tion. 1595 SHAKS. John in. i. 140, I, . .from Pope Innocent
the Legate heere, Doe in his name religiously demand [etc. ].
1631 GOUGE God's Arrows in. § 94. 359 Such as would not
. -by solemne and sacred oath religiously subscribe thereto.
1 2. In the manner of a ' religious ' person, in
accordance with a monastic rule. Obs.
J a 1400 Plowman's Tale 23 He n'as not aye in cloister
pent, Ne couthe religiousliche lout. 1450-1530 Myrr. our
Ladye 62 For a relygyous persone oughte to be gouerned
relygyously ouer all. 1483 CAXTON Gold. Leg. 360/2 A
woman which was relygyously clad, whiche was his lauender.
3. Faithfully, strictly, exactly, conscientiously,
scrupulously.
1579 E. K. Gloss Spenser's Sheph. Col. June 25 The opinion
of Faeries, .sticketh very religiously in the myndes of some.
1605 CAMDEN Rem. 105 These distinctions of locall names
..were religiously observed in Records vntill about the
time of king Edward the fourth. 1663 COWLEY Ycrses
. . 51/1 One thing
served very religiously. 1776 GIBBON Decl.fr f' xiii. I. 385
The image of the old constitution was religiously preserved
jn the senate. 1846 Edin. Rev. LXXX1V. 70 This legend
is universally and religiously believed by the Arab Tribes.
1891 G. S. LAYARD C. Keene iv. 80 He had religiously
tramped all the way home through the deserted streets.
4. In a religious sense ; from a religious point
of view ; with respect to religion.
1833 J. H. NEWMAN Arians v. i. (1876) 358 Their own
piety enabled them to interpret expressions religiously,
which were originally, .evasions of the orthodox doctrine.
1834 L. RITCHIE Wand, by Seine 90 When the [leper] was
thus religiously dead, he was taken out of the town. 1841
J. AITON Domest. Econ. (1857)314 Every minister ought to
feel that he stands religiously accountable on this score.
1872 LIDDON Elem. Relig. i. 15 The worthlessness, re-
ligiously speaking, of unfruitful knowledge.
Religiousness (ri'li-djasnes). [f. as prec. +
-NESS.] The state or character of being religious ;
t religious or careful attention.
1450-1530 Myrr. our Ladye 46 Relygyousness shall kepe
the harte, and make yt ryghtefull. 1548 UDALL, etc. Erasm.
Par. John xviiL 105 For all that thei pretende religious-
nesse of very feare, lest y8 iudge should foorthwith haue
punished them. 1561 T. NORTON Calvin's Inst. i. v. (1634)
xi In things of so great weight and to which is due
a singular religiousnesse. 1599 SANDYS Europx Spec. (1632)
8 What religiousnesse soever is in the peoples minds, may
wholy or chiefly be attributed to their Sermons, a 1639 W.
WHATELEY Prototypes i. xi. (1640) 98 A vertue in Abraham
was religiousnesse. 1691 WOOD Ath. Oxoit. I. 154 He
could not abide any thing that appertained to a goodly
religiousness, or monastical life. 1859 C. S. HENRY Dr.
Oldham's Talks viii. (1860) 72 He mistakes sanctimony for
saintliness, strictness for religiousness. 1877 SPARROW Serm.
xxii. 292 This religiousness in man is no accident : it comes
of his weakness and dependence.
t Relrgiowsty. Obs. In 4-5 -to, 5 -tee, -ete,
-ite, 6 -ity. [f. RELIGIOUS + -(I)TY. : cf. RE-
LIGIOSITY and obs. F. religieusiti!.']
L Religiousness ; religious life.
1388 WYCLIF Ecclus. i. 17 The drede of the Lord is reli-
giouste of kunnyng. Religiouste schal kepe . . the herte.
c 1400 tr. Secreta Secret., Gov. Lordsh. £9 In foure maners.
bat ys to say [in] religiousite, in Frendschipe, in Curtasye, and
reuerence. £1430 HOCCLEVE New Canterb. T. (E.E.T.S)
17/40 Lyuynge in vertuous religioustee. 1475 Bk. Noblesse
(Roxb.) 82 Men of religiouste and spirituelle.
2. Persons of religion, rare ~l.
c 1530 Crt. of Love 686 A figge for all her chastity, Her
law is for religiousity.
Religius, e, -y(o)us, obs. forms of RELIGIOUS.
Relik(e, -likke, obs. forms of RELIC.
Reli'mb, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To provide
with new limbs.
1855 SINGLETON Virgil I. Pref. 21 An awkward attempt is
made to relimb the unhappy trunk.
Reli'mit, v. Law. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To limit
anew. (See LIMIT v. I.) So Belimita'tion.
1884 Law Times 9 Feb. 262/2 He executed . . the re-
settlement. . . The estate was thereby re-limited to uses
under which the plaintiff took only a life interest. 1886
Law Rep. 31 Chanc. Div. 255 Cases of. .clerical error, such
. .as the insertion of a wrong name in a relimitation.
Reli ne («-), n.1 [f. RE- 5 a + LINE z/.i]
trans. To line again, to provide with a fresh lining.
Hence Relrning vol. sb.
1851 MAYHEW Lend. Labonr\\. 321/2 A portion of a black
silk dress may be serviceable to re-fine the cuffs of the better
kind of coats. 1884 W. H. GREENWOOD Steel ft Iron 488
A stoppage for the relining, drying, and warming-up of
412
a converter. 1894 Daily News 17 Sept. 2/7 The blasting-
in-stack has been relined with fire bricks.
Reli'ne (rf.), z>.2 [f. RE- 5 a + LINE ».2] trans.
To mark with new lines; to renew the lines of.
1875 VOYLE & STEVENSON Milit. Diet. 330/1 The guns
have still to be reamed out preparatory to being relined.
1877 Academy 24 Nov. 495/1 It was M. Hopman's late
father and himself who relined .. Rembrandt's so-called
Night Watch.
t Reli'nqtie, ?>. Obs. rare. [zd.OF.rehnyutr
or L. relinqulre: see RELINQUISH.] trans. To
leave, abandon. (In Caxton only.)
1483 CAXTON Gold. Leg. 423/2, I haue relynqued and lefte
my londe and my parentes. 1484 — Fables o/SEsop in. iv,
They whiche relynquen and leue theyr owne lordes for to
serue another straunger. .ben wel worthy to be punysshed.
Reliuquent (rfli-rjkwent), a. (and sb.} rare.
[ad. L. relinqtienl-em, pres. pple. of relinqulre :
see next, and cf. DELINQUENT.] a. adj. Relinquish-
ing ; vanishing, b. sb. One who relinquishes.
1847 in WEBSTER. 1884 R. BUCHANAN Foxglove Manor
II. xvi. 48 Knowing something of the relinquent fancies of
young vestals, he rejected the idea.
Relinquish (rrti-rjkwij), v. Also 5-6 relin-
quys, -lynquysshe, -lenquyssh, etc. [ad. OF.
relinquiss-, lengthened stem of relinquir, relen-
quir (i 2th c. in Godef.) :— L. relinqulre, i. re- RE-
+ linquere to leave.]
fl. trans. To withdraw from, desert, abandon
(a person). Obs. rare.
1471-3 Rolls ofParlt. VI. 22/1 Yf he wold have relinquyst
and departed fro youre moost noble persone. c 1500 Melusine
s6t That he was not parfytte frend, who that relenquysshed
hys cousyn at hys nede. 155* Bk. Com. Prayer, Ordering
rf Deacons, I from hencefurth shall vtterlye renounce, re-
fuse, relinquish, & forsake the bishop of Rome,
fb. To abandon in fleeing. Obs. rare-1.
a 1548 HALL Chron., Edw. /F 218 The Erie of Warwycke
..was now aduised by the Marques his brother, to relyn-
quishe his horse.
fo. To give up as incurable. Obs. rare~l.
1601 SHAKS. All's Well\\. iii. 10 To be relinquish t of the
artists, . . Of all the learned and authenticke fellowes. .That
gaue him out incureable.
2. To give up or give over, to abandon, desist
from (an idea, action, practice, etc.) ; to cease to
hold, adhere to, or prosecute.
1497 BP. ALCOCK Mans Perfect. D j/2 Who so euer pro-
fessyth relygyon, & he. .not relynquysshyth his owne wyll
[etc.]. 1539 in Lisle Papers VIII. 41 (MS.), The Bishop of
Canterbury . . willed him to declare the truth and to relinquish
his opinions. 1597 HOOKER Eccl. Pol. v. Ixv. § 21 Touching
therefore the sign and ceremony of the Cross, wee no way
find ourselues bound to relinquish it. 1666-7 PEPYS Diary
21 Jan., He might be got to our side and relinquish the
trouble he might give us. 1766 FORDYCE Serin. Yng. Win.
(1767) I. i. 39 When will you relinquish delusive pursuits?
1781 GIBBON Decl. f/ F. xviii. II. 109 Alarmed by this intel-
ligence, he hastily relinquished the siege. 1805 Med. Jrnl.
XIV. 43 Every hope of recovery was abandoned, and her
(1880) II. 105, I altogether abandon and relinquish the idea,
fb. To leave to another to deal with. Obs.—1
1547 BOORDE Brev. Health Pref. sb, Wherfore I do omyt
and leue out manye thynges, relynquyshynge that I haue
omytted to doctours of hygh Judgement.
c. To desist from putting forward or support-
ing for office, rare •"*.
a, 1797 H. WALPOLE Mem. Geo. It (1822) I. 388 He.. offered
to omit the primate, provided Lord Kildare would.. offer
to relinquish the Speaker too.
3. To give up, resign, surrender (a possession,
right, etc.). Also const, to.
1560 DAUS tr. Sleidane's Comm. 456 b, They wyll not re-
linquishe theyr Byshoprike. z6ia DAVIES Why Ireland,
129 King Lucius.. is said to have relinqi -
and passed over into Bavaria. 31717 NEWTON Chronot.
Amended 11728) 36 Sabacon, after a Reign of 50 years, re-
linquishes Egypt to his son. 1781 Miss BURNEY Cecilia I.
i, 1 he Deanery, indeed, she was obliged to relinquish. 1813
WELLINGTON in Gurw. Desp. (1838) X. 565 They know my
disinclination to relinquish the command. 1849 MACAULAY
Hist. Eng. ii. I. 202 He consented . . to relinquish a large
part of the territory which his armies had occupied. 1874
GREEN Short Hist. viii. § 5. 517 An offer to relinquish ship-
money failed to draw Parliament from its resolve.
above, appears to have just relinquished. 1865 DICKENS
Mut. Fr. in. xv. He once more put her hand to his lips, and
then relinquished it.
f 4. To leave behind ; also, to leave in a specified
condition. Obs. rare.
1582 STANYHURST SEncis ill. (Arb.) 79 Thee Pheacan turrets
foorth with from sight we relinquish. 1597 A. M. tr. Guil.
lemean's Fr. Chirurg. 51/1 All diseases relinquish some badde
reliques in the parte, wherthrough they may the easyer re-
turne agayne. 1679 J. SMITH Narr. Pop. Plot Ded. Bb,
To render your People happy while you live, and relinquish
them safe when you dye.
1 6. intr. To disappear, pass away. Obs. -1
1599 B. JONSON Cynthia's Rev. iv. i, I'll ensure you they
will all relinquish : they cannot endure above another year.
1 6. trans. To cancel, do away with. Obs. rare.
BELIQUIJ9E.
t7. To release. Const, of. Obs. rare-1.
1671 R. MONTAGU in Buccleuch MSS. (Hist. MSS. Comm.)
I. 503 He did relinquish him of his promise of sending any
land forces.
Hence Relinquished ///. a., Relinquishing
vl>l. sb.1 ; also Keli ntjuisher.
1611 COTGR., Delaissement, a .. relinquishing, or giuing
ouer. Ibid., Relinqueun, a relinquisher, leaner, quitter.
1622 CALLIS Stat. Sewers^ (1647) 9 The Lease expired. C.
enters, the Prince ejects him, and the King seizeth this Re-
linquished ground.
Reliuq.uish.ment (rni-rjkwijrnent). [f. prec.
+ -MENT.J The act of relinquishing; abandon-
ment, giving np, surrender (of a practice, possession,
attempt, etc.) ; •)• renunciation (of a person).
1594 HOOKER Eccl. Pol. iv. iii. § i This is the thing they
require in vs, the vtter relinquishment of all things popish.
1597 Ibid. v. Ixiii. § 3 Two couenants there are. ., the one
concerning relinquishment of Satan. 1613-18 DANIEL Coll.
Hist. Eng. (1626) 6 All . . from Lucius to Vortigern (who
succeeds this relinquishment) were Roman gouernours. 1680
S. MATHER Iren. 13 If any shall require and insist upon the
relinquishment of it. 1796 MORSE Amer. Geog. I. 584 From
this relinquishment by the United States the following tracts
of land are explicitly excepted. 1839 JAMES Louis XIV,
III. 259 The disgrace which might attend the relinquish-
ment of rights which he had asserted. 1867 FREEMAN Norm.
Coxa. (1877) I. App. 583 The relinquishment of Edinburgh
by the English may have been less wholly an act of free wilL
b. U. S. A tract of abandoned land.
1897 Outing (U.S.) XXIX. £70/2 He had come late in the
previous summer, bought a relinquishment up the river [etc.].
Reliqe, obs. form of RELIC.
II Reliqnaire (relikweou). [F.] = RELIQUARY.
1769 H. WALPOLE Let. to G. Montagu 17 Sept., We were
shown some rich reliquaires, and the corpo santo that was
sent to her by the Pope. 1813 SCOTT Rokeby vl. vi, While
from the opening casket rolled A chain and reliquairc of
gold. 1848 LYTTON Harold ix. vii, ' In witness of tnat oath
thou wilt lay thine han4 upon the reliquaire ', pointing to a
small box that lay on the cloth of gold.
Reliqua'rian, «. noncc-wd. [f. as RELIQUARY
a. + -AN.] Pertaining to relics.
•&&$ Athenaeum 8 Nov. 585 Miss Austen is just the one
whose letters might be expected to have a value only (if we
may coin a word) reliquanan.
Reliquary (re-likwari), sb. [ad. F. reliquaire
(i4th c.) = Sp. relicario: see RELIC and -AKY 1,
and cf. It. reliquiario, med.L. reliquiarium, -tare,
i. reliquiae.] A small box, casket, shrine, or other
receptacle, in which a relic or relics are kept.
1656 BLOUNT Glossogr., Reliquary (Fr. Reliquaire), a
Coffin, Casket, or Shrine, wherein Relicks are kept [Hence
in Phillips (1658) and Bailey (1721).] 1739 GRAY Let. to
West 12 Apr., We stopt at St. Denis, saw . . crucifixes and
vows, crowns, and reliquaries of inestimable value. 1841
BLOXAM Gothic A re/tit, (ed. 2) 202 A small stone reliquary
or shrine of the fourteenth century was discovered a few
years ago. 1851 Miss YONGE Cameos (1877) I. xv. 108 Then
she hung a reliquary round his neck, and sent him to arm
for the decisive combat. 1874 GREEN Short Hist. vii. § i.
346 Fresh orders were given to fling all relics from their
reliquaries.
trans/, a 1849 POE Coliseum, Rich reliquary Of lofty con-
templation left to Time by buried centuries.
attrit. 1877 W. JONES Finger-ring 142 In the possession
of Lady Fitz Harding is a remarkable reliquary nng.
Re'liquary, a. rare. [See prec. and -AEY 1.]
Belonging to a relic or relics.
1816 G. S. FABER Diffic. Romanism (1853) 164 The two
most curious specimens of reliquary superstition. 1854
PATMORE Angel in Ho. 1. 1. ix, I paced the Close, its every
part Endowed with reliquary force To heal and raise from
death my heart.
t Bieliqua'tion \ nonce-wd. [irreg. f. relique
RELIC + -ATION.] Devotion to relics.
1617 COLLINS De/.Bp. Ely n. ix. 367 To resist your Rel-
liquations (the true bankruptures of reiligion) is wlsdome to
Victor, and to the auncient Christians that liued before him.
t Reliqua"tion -. Obs. rare. [zA.'L.reliqua-
tion-em arrears, balance of a debt, n. of action f.
reliquari to be in arrears.] Balance, residue,
remaining matter.
[i6s8 PHILLIPS, Reliquatim, remains, or a being in arrear-
age.] a 1670 HACKET^*/. Williams 11. (1602) 197 The re-
liquation of that which preceded is, it looks not all like
Popery that Presbyterism was disdained by the King.
Reliqua'tion 3 (rf-). Renewed liquation.
1839 URE Diet. A rls 1 127, 4. the liquation ; 5, the reliqua-
tion (ressuage),
Relique, variant of RELIC.
t Reliqued, a. Obs. rare-1. li.rtUfUt'RsilO
+ -ED, or irreg. f. L. reliqti-us.'] Remaining, left.
i6z8 FELTHAM Resolves n. xix. 60 The Soule hath the re-
liqu'd Impressa's of diuine Vertue, still so left within her.
II Reliquiae (rfli'kwiiO, //. [L,, f. reliqu-us
remaining, f. re- RE- 2 e + liq-, linqulre to leave.]
1. Remains of any kind ; spec, in Geol. remains
of early animals or plants.
1840 Trans. Ceol Soc. VI. 444 No distinction .. can be
observed, whereby the human can be separated from the
other reliquia;. 1853 KANE Grinnell Exp. xxi. (1856) 165
,,oft animals as Starfish. 1887 A. M. BROWN Amm. Alkal.
Introd. 15 The ptomaines .. are the vital reliquiae or residue
material, .which may become the cause of disease.
2. Hot. (See quot.)
1835 LINDLEY Introd. Bat. (1839) 113 The withered remains
EELIQUIAL.
of leaves, which, not being articulated with the stem, cannot
fail off, but decay upon it, have been called religuix.
Hence Beli-cjuial a. nonce-wd.
1888 G. MACDONALD Elect Lntty xxx. 284 His interest in
philology, prosody, history, and reliquial humanity.
t Relrquiau, a. Obs.-1 [f. .L. reliqutse (see
KELIC) + -AN.] Of the nature of a relic or relics.
1629 R. HILL Pttthw. Piety (ed. Pickering) I. 149 A great
ship would not hold the Reliquian peices of Christs Cross,
which the Papists have.
t Re'liquies, pi. 06s. rare. [ad. L. religuise :
see above, and RELIC.] Relics ; remains.
1513 DOUGLAS SEneis v. ii. 11 Sen that the reliquies and
boriis in feir Of my divyne fadir we erdit heir. 1517 TORK-
INGTON Pilgr. (1884) 7 The Reliquies at Venys canne not
be nowmbred. 1563 T. GALE Inst. Chirvrg. 41 b, The
dregges and reliquies of yll, and vicious humours.
Re'liquism. nonce-wd. [See RELIC and -ISM.]
The veneration of relics.
1841 MACKAY Mem. Pop. Delusions I. 155 The principle
of reliquism is hallowed and enshrined by love.
Relish (re-lij), sb?- Also 6-7 rellish, 7 rellice,
rallish. [Later form of RELES, with shifting of
stress (cf. rellesde s.v. RELISHED) and assimilation
of the ending to -ISH 2.]
1. A taste or flavour; the distinctive taste of
anything.
1530 PALSGR. 261/2 Rellysshe, a sauour, govst. 1594 T. B.
La Primaud. Fr. Acad. II. 109 God. .hath giuen such
relishes to meates and drinkes, whereby, .all liuing creatures
can presently know by their taste what things are good to
eate and drinke. 1601 HOLLAND Pliny II. 349 As for the
cheeses made in France, they taste like a medicine, and
haue an aromatic.il relish with them. 1687 A. LOVELL tr.
Thevenot's Trav. i. 178 We ate Fish.. as broad and as
thicke as Carpes, and of as good a rellish. 1742 HUME£SS.,
Orig. Ideas (1817) II. 18 A Laplander or Negro has no
notion of the relish of wine. 1821 SCOTT Pirate iv, The salt
relish of the drift which was pelted against his face. 1842
TENNYSON Will Waterproof 98 Whether the vintage, yet
unkept, Had relish fiery-new.
b. fig. or in fig. context.
I59» G. HARVEY New Letter Wks. (Grosart) I. 266 What
pleasanter relish of the Muses, then the Verse of the Other ?
1615 BRATHWAIT Strappado (1878) 108 If sweet, let th'relish
of my poems moue That loue in thee, to thank me for my
loue. a 1653 J[. SMITH Sel. Disc. IX. viii. (1859) 442 A mind
that . .hath its inward senses affected with the sweet relishes
of divine goodness, a 1677 BARROW Serin. Wks. 1716 I. 267
Neither indeed hath any thing a more pleasant and savoury
relish than to do good. 1723 WATERLAND Serin. Eccl. vii.
14 Wks. 1823 VIII. 459 The fruits of liberty have the more
grateful relish after the uneasy hours of a close and tedious
confinement.
o. transf. A trace or tinge of some quality ;
a suggestion ; a sample or specimen ; a small
quantity.
1597 SHAKS. 2 Hen. IV, I. ii. in Your Lordship, .hath yet
some smack of age in you ; some rellish of the saltnesse of
Time. 1602 — Hatn. in. iii. 92 Some acte That ha's no rellish
of Saluatipn in't. 1620 E. BLOUNT Horx Suds. 255 The
name carried with it a remembrance and rellish of the ciuill
warres. 1697 DRYDEH Virg. Past. Pref. (1721) I. pa The
Style.. should have some peculiar Relish of the Ancient
Fashion of Writing. 1776 BURKE Corr. (1844) II. 98 With-
out a shadow, a relish, a smutch, a tinge, anything, the
slightest that can be imagined, of anger. 1809 W. IRVING
Knickerb. v. ii. (1849) 265 Let us have a relish of thy art.
1844 H. STEPHENS Bk. Farm II. 702, 1 never saw a relish
of salt produce such an effect.
1 2. An individual taste or liking. Obs.
1607 SHAKS. Cor. n. i. 206 We haue Some old Crab-trees
here at home, That will not be grafted to your Rallish.
1653 H. MORE Antid. Ath. in. xvi. § 17, I do not here
appeal to the Complexional humors or peculiar Relishes of
men that arise out of the temper of the Body. 1711 STEELE
Sped. No. 114 F 7 This Way of Thinking, which is so
abstracted from the common Relish of the World. 1758 S.
HAYWARD Serm. xvi. 466 Certain austerities in religion
which by no means suit their relish.
3. An appetizing or pleasing flavour ; a savoury
or piquant taste. (In quots. chiefly_/^.)
1665 BOYLE Occas. Refl. vi. i, To .. make his whole Meal
of what was meant onely for Sauce, to give a Rellish to
what he rejects for it. 1701 W. WOTTON Hist. Rome i. 7
Rhetoric and Grammar . . soon lost their relish with Marcus.
was not of so high a relish for rilievo and hue. 1801 STRUTT
Sports «f Past. n. ii. 68 At the commencement of the seven,
teenth century, these pastimes seem to have lost their re-
lish among the higher classes of the people. 1868 E.
EDWARDS Ralegh 1. iv. 73 No amount of favour has relish
for the Earl [of Essex], if his rival has favour too.
b. A savoury addition to a meal ; an appetiser.
1798 Sporting Mag. XI. 162 To call at a public house . .
for a relish. 1831 MRS. F. TROLLOPE Dam. Manners A mer.
(1901) II. 41 The herrings.. are excellent 'relish', as they
call it, when salted. 1851 MAVHEW Load. Labour I. 329/1
Beef-steaks, eggs, or something in the shape of a relish.
1875 JOWETT Plato (ed. 2) III. 28 A relish they shall have-
salt and ohves and cheese.
fig. 1841-4 EMERSON Ess., Love Wks. (Bohn) I. 74 When
happiness was not happy enough, but must be drugged by
the relish of pain and fear.
4. Enjoyment of the taste or flavour of some-
thing ; the pleasure of tasting or enjoying some-
thing agreeable ; liking, zest. (In quots. chiefly fig?)
1649 JER. TAYLOR Gt. Exctnp. ii. Ad § 10. 9 Our refishes
are higher after a long fruition, than at the first Essayes.
1667 MILTON P. L. IX. 1024 Much pleasure we have lost,
while we abstained From this delightful Fruit, nor known
till now True relish, tasting. 1672 MARVELL Kelt. Transf.
413
Wks. (Grosart) I. 42 Ever since their mouths have been so
in relish, that the Presbyterians are., the very canibals of
capons. 1791 Gentl. Mag. LXI. 20/2 The clergy would,
from the calls of their profession, if not from natural relish,
keep up their classical acquirements. 1833 HT. MARTINEAU
Vaadtrfut fy S* v. 83 She returned to "her spiced baked
eels and glass of liqueur with a new relish. 1882 J. H.
BLUNT Ref. Ck, Eng. II. 148 Cranmer pronounced the
sentence of deprivation ; and . . seems to have done this with
great relish.
b. Const, for, of (now rare), f/0.
1665 BOYLE Occas. Reft. iv. ix, If we go from God's
Ordinances with a love to them, and a rellish of them. 1709
STEELE Tatler No. i F 6 The true Relish for Manly Enter-
tainment. .is not wholly lost. 1713 — Guardian No. 14 p i
That which I observe they have most relish to is horses.
1784 COWPER Task i, 141 [My years] have not .. yet Impaired
My relish of fair prospect. 1820 HAZLITT Led. Dram. Lit,
14 Our admiration does not lessen our relish for him. 1834
Cut T to P. Fitzgerald Lamb (1866) 184 Do they gather round
and praise Thy relish of their nobler lays? 1872 MORLEY
Voltaire 7 A moral relish for veritable proofs of honesty,
"ense of taste ; power of relishing, rare — *.
774 GOLDSMITH Retaliation ui_Of_ Praise a mere
6. Sense of taste ; power of relishing, ra
1774 GOLDSMITH Retaliation in Of Praise _
glutton, he swallowed what came . . Till his relish grown
callous, almost to disease, Who pepper'd the highest was
surest to please.
t Relish, sb? Mus. Obs. Also 6 relise, re-
leas, 7 rellish. [Of obscure origin : perh. ulti-
mately the same as prec., but the connexion is not
clear. See also RELISH z>.2] A grace, ornament,
or embellishment.
i«;6i T. HOBY tr. Castiglione's Courtyer i. E iv, A musitien,
yf in singing he roule out but a playne note endinge in a
dooble relise wyth a sweete tune. 1575 LANEHAM Let. (1871)
61 My doobl releas, my by reachez, my fine feyning, my
deep diapason. 1608 HEYWOOD Lucrece Wks. 1874 V.
200, 1 ha not the power to part from you, without a rellish,
a note, a tone. 1616 J. LANE Contn. Sqr.'s T. XH. 287 The
kjnge..sunge so glorious musickes. -with relishes and tre we
divisions. 1657 R. LIGON Barbadoes (1673) 12 A song,
which he performed .. no Graces, Double Relishes, Trillos,
Gropos, or Piano forte's, but plain as a packstaflf. 1668
SHADWELL Sullen. Lovers in, He has the best double Rellish
in Gam-ut of any man in England.
itelish(re'lif), sb$ rare. Also 7 rell-. [ad.
OF. relais (isth c. in Godef.) a projection of the
masonry at the base of a wall.] A projection,
now spec. vn. Joinery (see quot. 1875).
Cf. also East Anglian rally *a projecting ledge in a wall
built thicker below than above, serving the purpose of
a shelf (Forby).
1611 COTGR., Forjecty a lulling, or leaning oul, or ouer ; a
rellish, or out-footing. 1679 MOXON Mech. Exerc. 171
Hellish^ see Prefecture. [Projecturet is a jetting over the
upright of a Building.] 1875 KNIGHT Diet. Meek. 1916/1
Relish, (Joinery) the projection of the shoulder of a tenoned
piece beyond the part which enters the mortise.
Relish (re'lij), z/.l Also 6-7 rellish, 7 rallish.
[f. RELISH sb^\ cf. disrelish, and see also RE-
LEASE z;.2]
1. trans, a. To give or impart a relish to (a
thing) ; to make pleasant to the taste. Alsoy*^.
1586 B. YOUNG Guazzo"s Civ. Conv. iv. 185 So supper
began, which was enterchangeablie relished with sundrie
sweet and pleasant speeches. 1613 PURCHAS Pilgrimage I.
xvi. (1614) 84 Earthly happinesse . . is neuer meere and vn-
mixed, but hath some sowre sauce to rellish it. 1660
INGELO Bentw. fy Ur. i. (1682) 155 Hunger and Thirst are
our best sauce . . ; we still keep some to relish pur next meal.
c 1720 RAMSAY $th Ep. Hamilton 8 Your herrings, Sir, came
hale and feer. . ; They relish fine Good claret wine. 1791 W.
BARTRAM Carolina 349 Excellent coffee, relished with
bucanned venison, hot corn cakes, excellent butter and
cheese. iSsoMACAULAY in Trevelyan Life $ Lett. (1880)
II. 286, I have also a novel.., to relish my wine. 1872
BROWNING Fifine xcii, Gust and smack which relished so
The meat o'the meal folks made some fifty years ago.
fb. To have a taste, tinge, or trace of (some
quality or thing), to partake of. Obs.
1604 T. WRIGHT Passions v. § 4. 192 In amplifications all
conceits should relish a certaine greatnesse and carie with
them some sort of excesse. a 1637 B. JONSON Discov.
Wks. (Rtldg.) 764/2 This was theatrical wit, right stage
jesting, and relishing a play-house. 1656 [?J. SERGEANT]
tr. T. White's Peripat. Inst. 147 But these and many such
like seem rather to rellish the nature of vapours. 1702
tr. Le Clerc's Prim. Fathers 4 His Style.. doth not much
relish the Neatness and Elegancy of the Alhenian Writers.
c. To provide with something relishing; to
please, gratify, delight. ? Obs.
1603 DEKKER Wonderful Year D iv, To rellish the pallat
of lickerish expectalion. .you must belieue [etc.]. 1608 in
Capt. Smith True Relat. Wks. (Arb.) 103 To make a feast
or two with bisket, pork, beefe, fish, and oile, to relish our
mouthes, 1626 L. OWEN Running Register 63 They send
her many dainty dishes. .to rellish her palale. 1692 SIR
T. P. BLOUNT Ess. Pref., If it relishes not tby gusto, the
only way to be even with me, is for thee to turn Author.
1794 A. BELL in Southey Life (1844) I. 470 It relishes me
much to listen to your counsel of meeting soon.
t 2. To taste, take a taste of (also^.); to dis-
tinguish by tasting. Obs. rare.
1594 NASHE Unfort. Trav. K 3 b, Strongpoyson . . so mingled
..that when his Grand-sublimity-taster came to relish it,
he sunke downe stark dead. 1599 B. JONSON Ev. Man out
of Hum. iv. iv, Friend 1 is there any such foolish thing in the
world, ha? 'slid, I never relished it yet. 1623-33 FLETCHKR
& SHIRLEY Night-Walker i. iv, One that knows not neck-
beef from a pheasant, Nor cannot rellish Braggat from
Ambrosia.
tb. To feel. Obs. rare''1.
1610 SHAKS. Temp. v. i. 23 Shall not my selfe, One of their
kinde, that rellish all as sharpely Passion as they [etc.]?
RELISH.
3. To enjoy, take pleasure or delight in.
1605 SHAKS. Lear i. ii. 51 This policie, and reuerence of
Age..keepes our Fortunes from vs, till our oldnesse cannot
rellish them. 1633 G. HERBERT Temple, Flower vi, I once
more smell the dew and rain, And relish versing. 1759 DIL-
WORTH Pope 61 Highly capable of relishing beauties in the
performances of others. 1784 COWPER Task v. 783 Thine
relish carrion. 1837 HALLAM Hist. Lit. i. i. § 92 His fine
taste taught him to relish the beauties of Virgil and Cicero.
1861 M. PATTISON Ess. (1889) I. 46 The German relished for
his breakfast the good things. .here provided.
refl. 1599 B. JONSON Cynthia's Rev. iv. i, O, I am rapt
with it,. .1 never truly relish'd myself before.
b. To like, have a liking for ; to care for, be
pleased or satisfied with ; to approve of.
1594 DRAYTON Idea 338 Foraine Nations rellish not our
Tongue. 1632 SANDERSON Serm. 124 Taxing the Abuses
with such Freedome, as (it may be) some will not rellish.
1748 Anson's Voy. n. xi. 253 These speculations were not
relished [ed. 5 adopted] by the generality of our people.
1777 WATSON Philip II, i. (1793) I. 14 He was too much a
Spaniard to relish anything that was not Spanish. 1832
R. & J. LANDER Expcd. Niger III. xviii. 134 This mode of
proceeding I did not relish at all. 1865 DICKENS Mut. Fr.
I. ii, It is questionable whether any man quite relishes being
mistaken for any other man. 1885 Manch. Exam, ii June
4/7 They do not relish the prospect before them.
C. To take or receive in a particular manner.
Now rare.
c 1600 DRAYTON Miseries Q. Margaret liii, The duke . .
must cast and cunningly contrive, To see how people
relished the same. 1643 PRYNNE Sov. Power Parlt. i.
(ed. 2) 17 Which insolent speech the English Bishops
relished so harshly, that they [etc.]. 1670 COTTON Espernon
n. vi. 245 The Duke of Espernon, whom the King began
now much better to relish. 1762 SYMMER in Ellis Orig.
Lett. Ser. n. IV. 450 How this will be relished at the
Prussian Court, I wish I could say, I know not. 1884
Nonconf. * Indep. 16 May 469/1 His opening address . . was
evidently well relished by the audience.
t d. To appreciate, understand. Obs. rare.
1602 MARSTON Ant. $ Mel. i. Wks. 1856 1. 14 Fooles relish
not a ladies excellence. 1611 SHAKS. Wint. T. \\. i. 167 If
you, or stupified, Or seeming so, in skill, cannot, or will not
Rellish a truth, like vs.
4. intr. To have a (or the) taste of something ;
to savour or smack of, have a touch or trace of.
1602 SHAKS. Ham. HI. i. 120 For vertue cannot soinnoccu-
late our old Stocke, but we shall rellish of it. 1650 JER.
TAYLOR Holy Living (1727) 242 It will make everything
relish of religion. 1684 Scanderbeg Rediv. i. 3 Streams
NOLDS Disc. xii. Wks. 1797 I. 258 Those ideas only which
relish of grandeur and simplicity. 1850 L. HUNT Autobiog.
II. x. 31 His piety .. relished of everything that was sweet
and affectionate.
5. To taste in a particular way ; to have a speci-
fied taste or relish. Also in. fig. context.
1605 CHAPMAN^// FootesViks. 1873 I. 139 Doe not his
kisses relish Much better then such pessants as I am? 1654
FULLER Comm. Ruth (1868) roi Afflictions relish sour and
bitter even to the palates of the best saints. 1751 Affect.
Narr. of Wager 97 A Couple of Dogs, .relished then as
well to our Palates, as the best Mutton we had ever eaten.
1822 HAZLITT Table-t, Ser. ii. i. (1869) i A glass of old port
or humming ale hardly relishes as it ought without the
infusion of some lively topic. 1836 W. IRVING Astoria II.
266 A feast of fish, of beaver, and venison, which relished well
with men who had so long been glad to revel on horse flesh.
1866 WHITTIER Marg. Smith's Jrnl. Prose Wks. 1889 I. 13
The supper, .relished quite as well as any I ever ate in the
Old Country.
b. transf. ory^. in various contexts (cf. next).
1600 DEKKER Fortunatus Wks. 1873 I. 92 How sweete
your howlings rellish in mine eares ? 1652 NEEDHAM tr.
Selden's Mare Cl. 340 These antient Customs seem so to
relish, as if those Islands had been subject to our Kings.
1665 SIR T. HERBERT Trav. (1677) 89 One discommodity it
hath, making all the other relish badly. 1719 DE FOE
Crusoe i. (Globe) 219 This Part of Friday's Discourse began to
relish with me very well. 1809 MALKIN Gil Bias xn. i. P 2
That precaution relished well with his excellency. 1827
HOOD Hero * Leander ii, Was it that spectacles of sadder
plights Should make our blisses relish the more high ?
1 6. a. fig. To be agreeable or pleasant ; to find
acceptance or favour (with one). Obs.
1594 LYLY Moth. Bomb. i. iii, Nothing can relish in
their thoughtes that sauours of sweet youth. 1611 SHAKS.
Wint. T. v. ii. 132 Had I beene the finder-out of this
Secret, it would not haue rellish'd among my other dis-
credits. 164^ Bp. HALL Cases Consc. (1650) 248 Then
will the Christian faith begin to relish with them. 1681
TATE Lear Prol., He hopes since in rich Shakespear's
soil it grew 'Twill relish yet, with those whose Tasts are true.
1697 COLLIER Ess. Mor. Subj. i. To Rdr. (1709) 182 Indeed,
if a Man sets up for a Sceptick, I don't expect the Argument
should Relish. 1740 J. CLARKE Educ. Youth (ed. 3) 33 If
that relishes with tbe Publick.
f b. To have a pleasant relish or taste. Obs.
1706 WATTS Horse Lyr. i. Remember your Creator iv, No
more the blessings of a feast Shall relish on the tongue.
(71728 EARL OF AILESBURY Mem. (1890) 714 One finds some
dishes that relish amongst a quantity of very ill ones.
Hence Ee'lishing vbl. sb.
170* Eng. Theophrast. 198 Friendship tastes very flat and
insipid after the relishing of love.
t Be'lisli, w.2 Obs. Also 6 ralish, rellish.
[app. f. RELISH jA2, but see also RELESCH.] trans.
fo sing, to warble.
1591 SHAKS. Two Gent. ii. i. 20 First, you haue learn 'd ..
RELISH.
to rellish a Loue-song, like a Robin-red-breast. 1593 —
- Liter. 1126 Ralish your nimble notes to pleasing cares.
1608 HEVWOOD Lucrece Wks. 1874 V. 179 Whils't the King
his willfull Edicts makes . . Hee s in a corner, relishing
strange aires.
Relish, (re-lij), z>.3 rare. [Cf. RELISH j£.3]
•f 1. intr. To project, jut out. Obs. rare — °.
1611 COTGB., Forjettert to iut, rellish, cope, leane out.
2. trans. To make shoulders on (wood) in shap-
ing tenons. Hence Relishing machine (Knight).
1884 KNIGHT Diet. Meek. Suppl. 749/2 Such stuff is relished
at one operation and handling.
Re lishable, a. [f. RELISH vJ- + ABLE : cf.
irrelishable (1608).] Capable of being relished;
enjoyable.
1618 T. ADAMS Bad Leaven Wks. 1862 II. 346 By leeven
soured we make relishable bread for the use of man. 1633
— Exp. 2 Peter i. 8 The gospel calls for relishable fruits.
1706 in PHILLIPS (ed. Kersey). 1751 EARL ORRERY Remarks
Swift (1752) 151 Lord Bacon is the first author, who has
attempted any style that can be relishable to the present
age. 1847 Blackiv. Mag. LXI. 333 A peculiarly relishable
bit of news. 1887 CLARK RUSSELL Frozen Pirate II. i. 3
Several relishable sea-pies, cakes, and broths.
t Re'lished, a. Obs. Also 6 rellesde. [f.
RELISH sb± + -JCD*.] Having a (specified) relish;
(well, ill, etc.) tasted or flavoured.
1567 DRANT Horace^ Ep. Evj, Then do I hope to drinke
Lyuely and myldlie rellesde wynes. 1594 CAREW ff varies
Exam. Wits ix. (1596) 123 He could not skil to speake with
ornament and sweet and well relished tearms. 1638 JUNIUS
Paint. Ancients 315 An ill-relished gallamaufrey or hodge-
podge. 1653 R. SANDERS Physiogn. 279, I . . have suffi-
ciently waded in this various, yet pleasant relisht Doctrine.
1707 MORTIMER Hush. (1721) II. 283 The John Apple. .is
a good relished sharp Apple the Spring following.
Re 'Usher, rare. [f. as prec. + -ER*.] a.
One who relishes or enjoys, b. — RELISH sb^ \ b.
1788 SHIRREFS Poems (1790) 120 What grand advantages
from reading flow None, but the happy refishers, can know !
1888 Ramsay's Scot. <y Scotsmen in i8/& C. II. 82 Salt
herrings were set down as a relisher.
Relishing, ///. a. [f. as prec. + -ING*.]
Having or giving a relish.
1655 MOUFET & BENNET HcaltKs Imfrov. (1746) 178
Heath-cocks, whilst they are young, are little inferior to a
Pheasant, very well relishing. 1673 KIRKMAN Unlucky
Citizen 278 The Hangman had given them a Relishing
taste of his Office. 1719 LONDON & WISE CornpL Card. 292
Any Relishing Plants, as Garlick, Onions. 1791-1823
D'IsRAELi Cur. Lit. (1866) 284/2 An experienced caterer of
these relishing morsels. 1856 KANE Arct. Expl. I. xxix.
395 Our Esquimaux dogs . . regarded them with relishing
appetite. 1866 GEO. ELIOT F. Holt (1868) 27 Asking if there
were any relishing sauces in the house.
Hence Be'li shingly adv.
1698 [R. FERGUSON] View Eccles. 123 The whole of what
is Rellishingly divertive. 18*4 Examiner 307/1 It savours
relishingly of historic feeling. 1880 MEREDITH Tragic COM.
iv, She drank her glass relishingly, declaring the wine
princely.
t Re'lishsome, a. Obs. rare-1, [f. RELISH
sbl + -SOME.] Full of relish.
J593 NASHE Christ's T. (1613) 116 So to sweeten the
poyson. .that it shold be more relishsome and pleasant.
Re'lisliy, a. rare. [-Y 1.] Appetizing.
1864 D. G. MITCHELL Sev. Stor.t My Farm Edgnvood
147 Its freshness too, gives it a virtue, and a relishy smack.
Re-lrsten, v. [RE- 5 a.] To listen again.
1855 TENNYSON Brook 18 The brook.. seems, as I re-listen
to it, Prattling the primrose fancies of the boy.
Relivant, obs. Sc. form of RELEVANT.
Relive («li-v), v. [f. RE- 5 a + LIVE v.t in
early use on the analogy of revive.]
f 1. trans. To raise or restore again to life ; to
resuscitate. Obs.
1548 UDALL, etc. Erasm. Par. Mark 38 b, As thoughe he
had not bene able to reliue her, if she bad bene deade in
deede. 1590 SPENSER F. Q. in. iv. 35 Had she not beene
devoide of mortall slime, Shee should not then have bene
relyv'd againe. 159* SYLVESTER Tri. Faith iv. xii. By
Faith, Saint Paul did Eutichus relive.
2, intr. To come to life again ; to live anew.
1548 UDALL, etc. Erasm. Par. Mark 34 b, Yf he had saved
that he shoulde shortely haue bene slayne of the lewes, but
woulde anon after reliue. 1579 E. K. Gen. Argt. in Spenser's
Sht>ph. Cal. § 3 The plesaunce thereof, being buried in the
sadnesse of the dead winter now wome away, reliveth.
1608 SHAKS. Per. v. in. 64 Will you deliuer how this dead
Queene reliues? 1842 TENNYSON Locksley Hall 107 Can I
but relive in sadness? 1851 C. L. SMITH tr. Tasso in. Ixviii,
Thou, though dead to us, re-liv'st on high.
3. trans. To live (a period of time) over again.
01711 KEN Hymnotheo Poet Wks. 1721 III. 114 O that
my mi spent Years I might relive. 1797 SOUTHEY Lett.fr.
Spain (1799) 160 Memory's mystic power Bids me re-live
the past, a 1849 POE Marginalia Wks. 1864 III. 528 It is
assumed that the aged person will not re-live his life, 1872
AUBREY DE VERB Leg. St. Patrick, Epil.% Those blessed
years I would re-live.
reft. 1899 J. CM^oFundam. Ideas Chr. II. xix, 239 No
other life has so triumphed over death, has so gone on as
His has done, reliving itself through the ages.
Hence Reli-ving vbl. sb.
1548 UDALL, etc. Erasm. Par. Mark 34 b, The myrthe and
ioye whiche was made for her relyuyng.
t Reli'Ver, v. Obs. rare. [ad. OF. relivrer
(i3th c.) ; see RE- and LIVER v.\ trans. To give
tip again, restore.
1456 in W. P. Baildon Sel. Cas.Chanc. (1896) 139 That the
sayde John be ajugged to relyuere to hym the sayde dedes.
1472-3 Rolls of Parlt. VI. 40/2 That then the forseid
414
sommei .. be restored and relyvered to the paiers of the
same. 1603 SHAKS. Meas. for M. iv. iv. 6 Why meet him
at the gates and reliuer our authorities there ?
Hence f Bell-very, restoration. Obs.— l
1464 Rolls of Parlt. V. 566/1 To make relyvere of the seid
suertees to the seid marchaunt.
Rellesde, obs. f. RELISHED. Rellice, obs. f.
RELISH sbl Rollick, obs. f. RELIC. Relligion,
-ous, obs. ff. RELIGION, -ous. Rellike, obs. f.
RELIC. Rellish, obs. f. RELISH.
t Re'll-mouse. Obs.—1 [ad. G. rellmaus or
Du. relmuis, of unknown etym.] The dormouse.
1752 I. HILL Hist. Anim. 521 The White-bellied Mus,
with a blackish back, and long body. The Rell-Mouse.
Rellolacean : see RELOLLACEAN.
Rellyoke, Rellyk, obs. forms of RELIC.
Beloa'd (r*-), v. [RE- 5 a.]
1. trans. To make up again as a load; to fur-
nish with a fresh load, etc.
1778 [W. MARSHALL] Minutes Agric. 18 July 1776, Two
men would re-load three loads a day. 1841 Penny Cycl.
XIX. 260/1 [The engine] is thereby prepared for moving
the train back again when reloaded. 187* Daily Nevus
i Aug., The Belgic coal . . is perhaps too friable for reloading
and despatch by railway. 1884 Manch. Exam. 7 Oct. 5/6
Alexandria complains it cannot get trains returned to reload.
2. a. absol. To put in a fresh gun-charge.
1784 Cook'sydVoy. vi. v. II. 306 It is impossible for them
to reload, as the animal is seldom at more than twelve or
fifteen yards distance, when he is fired at. 1837 W. IRVING
Capt. Bonneville I. 126 In an instant his rifle was levelled
and discharged. . . While he was reloading, he called to
Campbell. 1895 SCULLY Ka-fir Stories 147 He reloaded with
some [cartridges] which Langley passed over to him.
b. To load (a fire-arm or cartridge) again.
'853 READE Chr. Johnstone 270 Marech.il, reload Mr.
Catty's pistol. 1874 J. W. LONG ,-/««>•. Wild-fowl \. 10 The
chief superiority of the breech-loader lies in its capability of
being so quickly reloaded. 1891 GREENER Breech-Loader
176 Cartridge-cases do not pay to reload \ it is false economy
in England to reload paper cases.
Hence Heloa'ded ///. a. \ Reloading vbl. sb.
(also attrib.).
i8aa Regul. ff Ord. Army (1844) 51 A Salute that may
require the reloading of the guns. 1874 J. W, LONG Amer.
Wild-fnvl L 20 The providing or reloading of a sufficient
number of metallic shells. 1884 KNIGHT Diet. Meek. Suppl.
750/1 Reloading Tools^ for reloading spent capsules of
or eech -loading fire-arms. 189* GREENER Breech-Loader
157 Use the very best cartridges .., and by no means employ
reloaded cases.
Relocate (rf-), v. U. S. [RE- 5 a.]
1. trans, a. To allocate or assign afresh.
1847 in WEBSTER. 187* RAYMOND Statist. Mines fy
Mining 14 The district was located in 1856 for.. quartz and
placer mining... Since then it has been relocated in 1863.
1879 H. GEORGE Progr. $ Pov. vii. v. (1881) 347 If this work
were not done, and one could re-locate the ground [etc.].
b. To locate, find the place of, a^ain.
1885 Harper's Mag. May 835/2 Some individuals were
able to relocate some of the old diggings,
2. intr. To settle again.
1894 Chicago Advance 31 May, The congregation is pre-
paring to re-locate in the north part of the city.
Relocation (rebk^-Jan, rf-). [In sense I, f.
late L. rehcare to relet ; cf. F. relocation (1585).
In sense 2, f. RE- 5 a + LOCATION (cf. prec.).]
1. Sc. Law. Tacit relocation, the implied renewal
of a lease when the landlord allows a tenant to
continue without a fresh agreement, after the
original lease has expired.
1746-7 Act 20 Geo. //, c. 50 § 21 Any lease or tack . . made
in writing, or by verbal agreement, tacit relocation, or other-
wise. 1754 ERSKINE Princ. Sc. Law (1809) 251 In tacks of
teinds, as of lands, there is place for tacit relocation. 1838
W. BELL Diet. Law Scot. 582 When the term of the lease is
expired it is in the power of the landlord and tenant to
continue the lease from year to year by tacit relocation.
1886 Act 49 4; 50 Viet. c. 50 § 3 Any lease, tack, or set,
whether constituted by writing or verbally, or by tacit
relocation.
2. The action of locating afresh ; a new allocation.
1877 RAYMOND Statist. Mines <$• Mining 221 Some reloca-
tions have been made under the act of 1872 and its amend-
ments. Ibid.) All these relocations and new discoveries.
Relo Ck (n-), v. [RE- 5 a.] To lock again.
1797 MRS. RADCLIFFE Italian xii, He concluded with a
laugh of derision, and was re-locking the door. 1870 Miss
BRIOGMAN R. Lynne I. xvi. 282 He..relocked the desk.
RelO'dge (n-), v. [RE- 5 a.] To lodge again.
1805 SOUTHEY Madoc in Azt. xxii, Till in her mortal
tenement relodged Earthly delights might win her to remain.
t Relolla-cean, a. Obs. rare-1. In 7rellol-.
[f. mod.L. relolleumt app. invented by Paracelsus,
and defined as a * virtus ex complexione * : cf. Waite
tr. Paracelsus II. 178 ff.] Arising from, or pertain-
ing to, the ' complexion ' or natural constitution of
things. So also Belolla'ceous a., Belolleons a.
1654 WHITLOCK Zootomia 406 Would we could light on
some nobler principles that might sublime us from these
Rellolacean Principles, .. dead, low, beggarly Elements.
i66a J. CHANDLER Van HelmonfsOriat.^ Premonition^^
. . vital Air of the Body wherein its Diseases Radically dwel,
& not in Relolleous qualities, nor in feigned Elementary
complexions. 1894 WAITE tr. Paracelsus II. 180 Here,
however, we are speaking of cold and heat in cherionic not
in relollaceous matters. Ibid. 184 Those things which are
not intensified at all, of which kinds are snow and ice, by
reason of their relolleous nature.
RELUCTANCE.
t RelO'Ug, v. Obs. rare. [ad. OF. ralonger
(mod.F. rallonger), f. re- RE- + allonger\ see
LONG a.] trans, a. To extend, b. To postpone.
IS»3 LD. BERNERS Froiss. I. ccxii[ij. 108/2, 1 thynke it were
good, that the trewce were relonged vnto the rest of saynt
John Baptist next folowynge. 15*5 Ibid. II. Ixi. 79/1
Comaundynge that the iourney & batayle..sholde be re-
longed tyl his comynge to Parys.
ReloO'k, v. [RE- 5 a.J intr. To look again.
1833 S. AUSTIN Charac. Goethe I. 186 After looking and
re-looking, blinking with one eye and then with the other.
1860 DARWIN in Life ff Lett. (1887) II. 291 Wollaston mis-
represents .. some passages in my book. He reviewed,
without re-looking at certain passages.
t Relo- ve, v. Obs. [f. RE- + LOVE v. ; cf. L.
redamare.] trans, and intr. To love in return.
c 1530 tr. Erasmus' Serm. Child Jesus (1901) n For how
many causes Jesus is to be loued of vs ; nay to be reloued
rather ; for he loued vs not yet created. 1604 T. WRIGHT
Passions v. § 4. 211 Love causeth Love, and the beloved re-
loving augmenteth the originall Love. 1619 W. SCLATER
Exp. i Tness. (1630) 236 To reloue [God] is our happinesse.
a 1694 J. Scorr Wks. (1718) II. 386 This must render his love
more valuable and consequently augment our obligation to
relove him.
Hence f Belo*ved ///. a. Obs.
1605 A, WOTTON Ansiv. Pop. Pantph. i Louing and re-
loued friend, I haue received your courteous letter.
t RelU'Ce, v. Obs. rare. [ad. L. reliicere : see
RELUCENT.] intr. To shine back, cast back light.
1413 Pilgr. Scnvle (Caxton 1483) iv. xxviii. 74 In euery
creature .. ther relucith a beme of this bryght heuenly
myrrour. 1484 CAXTON Fables of A If once ix, The Foxe ..
shewed to the wulf the shadowe of the mone whiche reluced
in the well.
t Rehrcence, -ency. Obs. rare. [See next
and -ENCE, -ENCY,] The quality of being relucent.
1611 FLORID, Rilncenza, a shining or relucency. 17x7 J.
HOG in E. Fisher's Marrenv Mod. Divinity (1781) Pref. 15
The relucence of gospel-light has been the choice mean.,
for the effectuating of great things.
Relucent (rn»w-sent), a. Now rare. [ad. L.
reliiccnt-em, pres. pple. of reliicere to shine back ;
cf. LUCENT.] Casting back light ; shining, gleam-
ing, bright, refulgent.
f 'S0? y**stes of May $ June 32 In HazL E. P. P. II. 114
Theyr armure clen relucent without ruste. 1575 LANEHAM
Let. (1871)48 Az it wear the Egiptian Pharos relucent vntoo
all the Alexandrian coast. 1626 T. H[AWKINS] tr. Canssin**
Holy Cri. 172 Heauen sheweth it selfe wholy relucent in
Starrs and brightnesse. 1676 HOBBES Iliad xxn. 135 As
flaming fire relucent was the brass. 17*7-46 THOMSON
Situnner 142 In brighter mazes the relucent stream Plays
o'er the mead. 1883 Harper's Mag: Jan. 182/2 A greater
number of relucent points became visible.
transf. and fig. isia Helyas Prol. in Thorns E. Eng.
Prose Rom. (1858) III. 15 Of such as were relucent in ver-
tuous feates. a 1539 SKEI.TON f*. Sparowe 1159 Such relu-
cent grace Is formed in her face. i6ia R. SHELDON Serm.
St. Martinis 17 [He] might contemplate the very diuine
attributes, to be in an admirable sort relucent and resplen-
dent, in the very humanitie of Christ. 1671 MACWARH
True Noticonf. 393 The grace and principle of zeal which
. .is therein conspicuously relucent.
Reluct (rflirkt), v. Also 6 reluck-. [ad. L.
reluct-drT, f. re- RE- + luctarl to struggle : but in
later use (see 2 b) prob. a back-formation from
reluctance^ -ant,]
T L intr. To strive or struggle to do something.
1526 Pilgr. Per/. (W. de W. 1531) u8b, The more that
ony persone relucketh, wrestleth, or stryues to ouercome
these .. temptacyons. 1633 EARL MANCH. Al Mondo (1636)
72 At that instant [of death] Nature will reluct to keepe
still her being, unto which death is repugnant, life pleasing.
2. To struggle, strive, or rebel against, to show
dislike, to revolt at, to offer opposition to, a thing.
1547 BOORDE Brev. Health Ixviii. 19 b, A power of the
soule the whiche doth reluct agaynst vycesandsynne. 1639
WALTON Lives, Donne (1670) 8 1 He was by nature highly
passionate, but more apt to reluct at the excesses of it. 1637
W. MORICE Coenaqnasi Koivij xvi. 262 Infirmities, which he
that knows their hearts . . may know they reluct against.
1675 Art Contcntm. xi. x, Our souls will more acquiesce in
the accomplishment of the Divine will, then our flesh can
reluct to any severe effects of it. a 1734 NORTH Lives (1826)
I. 157 Against which she did not seem to reluct, but held her-
self very reserved. 1784 P. OLIVER in T. Hutchinson Diary
(1886) II. 398, I may possibly create a nausea, which your
appetite may reluct at. i8ai LAMB Elia Ser. i. New Year's
Eve. I care not to be carried with the tide, .. and reluct at
the inevitable course of destiny. 1849 Escape fr. Toil 8/2
He is apt to reluct against the oppression of task masters.
b. Without prep. : To oner opposition ; to mani-
fest or express reluctance ; to object.
1648 Hunting- of Fox 42 They murther with the Sword of
Justice, if in the least we doe reluct, 1671 WOODHEAD St.
Teresa IL xxxii. 203, I conceived, it would be necessary for
me to go there,.. though my nature relucted much. 1683
HICKES Case Inf. Bapt. 75 They relucted to confess their
Sins. 1756 J. ADAMS Diary 15 Mar., The girl relucted a
little, upon which he gave her three guineas. 1871 M.
COLLINS Pr. Clarice viii, Clarice wanted to go on the river,
but Josephine relucted. 1890 HOWELLS Ragged Lady 357,
'I don't know as I should like it very much', his wife relucted.
Hence Helu'cting ///. a.
1655 FULLER Ch. Hist. in. ii. § 38 A few there were, whose
relucting Consciences remonstrated against the least Com-
pliance with King Stephen. 1659 Lady's Call. n. iii. § 7 To
wrest the child from the relucting Mother.
Reluctance (rHzj-ktans). [f. RELUCTANT :
see -ANCE, and cf. F. reluctance (rare and objected
to by purists), It. reluttanza^
RELTTCTANCY.
1. The act of struggling against something ; re-
sistance, opposition, (f Also//.) Now rare.
1641 M. FRANK Semt., Call. Peter (1672) 483 The body
itself . . by continual reluctances against it [the soul], and
perpetually throwing off the commands of it . .seems to wish
it gone. 1660 MILTON Free Commw. Wks. 1851 V. 448 The
Reluctance, I may say the Antipathy, which is in all Kings
against Presbyterian and Independent Discipline. 1667 —
P. L. ii. 337 What peace can we return, But, to our power,
hostility and hate, Untam'd reluctance, and revenge . . '! 1764
Mem. G. Psalntanazar 68 In spite of all reluctance from
pride and self-love. 1882-3 SCHAFF Encycl. Relig. Kn<nul.
III. 2094 Thus only can we understand the reluctance of
the latter against the traditional system.
b. The property, in a magnetic circuit, of op-
posing to a certain extent the passage of the mag-
netic lines of force. (Cf. RESISTANCE.)
1888 O. HEAVISIDE in Electr. Papers (1892) II. xxxtx. 168,
I would suggest that what is now called magnetic resistance
be called the magnetic reluctance; and when referred to
unit volume, the reluctancy (or reluctivity). 1893 A. E.
KENNELLY KlectrO'Dyn, Machinery I. iii. 25 Reluctance is
thus the analogue, in the magnetic circuit, of resistance in
the galvanic. 1896 BEDELL Princ. Transformer 249 The
co-efficients of induction vary inversely as the reluctance ;
their ratios are independent of the reluctance.
2. Unwillingness, disinclination. Freq. in phr.
with (or without} . . reluctance, (f Also rarely//.)
1667 Decay Chr. Piety viii. P 50 With what dismal reluc-
tances shall we come to pay for these, of which we have
made no advantage ? 1710 in Somers Tracts II. 24^ *Tis not
without Reluctance that he consents to part with some
Persons. 1712 ADDISON Spect. No. 512 p i There is nothing
which we receive with so much Reluctance as Advice.
a 1740 WATERLAND Wks. (1823) IX. 383 Lay we aside all
inveterate prejudices and stubborn reluctances, as soon as
ever we have light enough to see that we have been in an
error. 1777 PRIESTLEY Philos. Necess. Pref. 31 Like Dr.
Hartley, I gave up my liberty with great reluctance. 18*5
JEFFERSON Autobiog. Wks. 1859 I. 108 This silenced my
reluctance, and I accepted the new appointment. 1875
STUBBS Const. Hist. xiv. II. 115 Their reluctance delayed
proceedings for nearly a year.
b. Const, at, to, and with inf.
1740 GIBBER Apol. Ded., Your reluctance to put the vanity
of an author out of countenance. 1759 ROBERTSON Hist.
Scot. v. Wks. 1813 I. 367 He discovered a reluctance at
undertaking that office. 1788 MRS. HUGHES Henry $ Isa-
bella IV. 136 The lady to whom these proposals were
directed, appeared to feel no reluctance to the thought of
accepting them. 1844 H. H. WILSON Brit. India II, 281
The Cover nor- General's reluctance to the restoration of the
Raja. 1871 R. W. DALE Commandm, i. 38 Our strange
reluctance to have to do with God is not an accident.
C. Recoil/n7;# something. rare~l.
1871 HOWELLS Wedd. Journ. no This absurd reluctance
from facts.
t 3. A struggle or qualm of conscience. Obs." l
1666 PEPVS Diary (1879) III. 402 My nature., will esteem
pleasure above all things, though yet in the middle of it, it
has reluctances after my business which is neglected.
*!J 4. Regret, sorrow. (Cf. RELUCTANCE 4.) Obs.
A misuse, through association with L. luctits grief.
1706 HEARNE Collect. (O. H, S.) L 266 His untimely Death
happen'd to y« great Reluctance of all good and learned
Men. 1710 Ibid. II. 369 He died at Rome .. to the great
Reluctance of all that knew him.
Beluctancy (tflzrktansi). Now rare. [See
RELUCTANT and -ANCY, and cf. prec.]
•f- L An internal or mutual struggle or contest ;
a mental struggle. Obs.
1621 BURTON Anat. Mel. i. i. n. xi. 45 Lust counsels one
thing, reason another, there is a new reluctancy in me.
c 1645 HOWELL Vote in Lett. (1650) II. 128 The humors stil
are combating for sway (Which wer they free of this
reluctancie And counterpoised, man would immortal be).
1651 LILLY Chas. I (1774) 219 Also he had many reluctancies
in himself, for preferring so unworthy a scornful fellow.
1652-62 HEYLIN Cosntogr. To Rdr., I cannot think thereof,
without much affrightment ; nor intimate thus much of it.
without great reluctancies.
f2. Resistance or opposition of one thing to
another. 06s.
1640 WILKINS NewPlatut ix. (1707) 250 The Followers of
Ptolemy, . deny the Heavens to be capable of any reluctancy
to Motion, a 1665 J. GOODWIN Filled iv. the Spirit (1867)
247 Nor is^there any contrariety, or averseness, or reluctancy
to the motion discerned in these fresh waters.
t b. Resistance or opposition on the part of per-
sons against or to something. Also//. Obs.
1650 CHARLETON Paradoxes Ep. Ded. 5 My obstinate
reluctancy, against the Advisoes of my Honoured Friends.
:yaga
Divine pleasure !
C. = RELUCTIVITY. ,888 [see RELUCTANCE i bj.
d. Aversion, disinclination, unwillingness. Freq.
in phr. with (or without} . . reluctancy.
1634 HABINGTON Castara (Arb.) n3 For he who suffers
want without reluctancie, may be poore not miserable.
1680 BEVER.DGE Sena. (1729) II. 545 You must not give
your alms with any reluctancy or unwillingness. ?74o
CIBBER /OW. (1756) ft. 80, I yet feel a reluctancy to drop the
comparison ,826 E. IRVING Babylon II. vi. 69 The slow-
»SS ="d *e|uctancy with which errors yield to conviction.
1871 M. COLLINS Jlfrf. \Merch. II. v. 133 Ascribing Amy's
reluctancy to her. .youth.
11 4. Regret. (Cf. RELUCTANCE 4.) Obs.
1654 WOOD Life 25 July (O. H. S.) 1. 186 Hussey & . . Peck
.. were nangdin the Castle-yard in Oxon. to the great reluc-
jncy of the generous royalists. 1691 — A th. O.ron. I. 9
ne gave way to fate at Galloway.. to the great reluctancy
of all learned Men.
415
Reluctant (rflzvktant), a. [ad. L. reluciant-
em, pres. pple. of reluclari to straggle against,
f. re- RE- + luctSrf to straggle : cf. LUCTATION.
Hence also F. reluctant (rare), It. riluttante^
1. Struggling; writhing, rare.
1667 MILTON /". Z. x. 515 Down he fell A monstrous
Serpent on his Belly prone, Reluctant, but in vaine. 1820
SHELLEY Liberty xv, Disdain not thou. .To set thine armed
heel on this reluctant worm.
b. Offering resistance or opposition to some-
thing, rare.
1716 POPE Oifyss. xix. 597 A while, reluctant to her pleasing
force, Suspend the restful hour with sweet discourse. 1796
MORSE Awer. Geog. I. 382 The soil on the sea coast is hard,
and reluctant to the plough.
to. Repugnant, distasteful, to one. Obs.~l
i66a WINSTANLEY Loyal Martyrol. (1665) 13 Having eaten
up most of the Horses . . and whatsoever . . could afford them
Nourishment, though most reluctant to Nature.
2. Unwilling, averse, disinclined.
1706 J. MATTHEWS Sertn. at Tewkesbury 8 They must. .
do some things with a trembling hand, and reluctant heart.
I766GOLDSM. Hermit xvii, From better habitations spurned,
Keluctant dost thou rove ? 1777 WATSON Philip II (1839)
479 Mayenne was now as solicitous to persuade the duke. .
as he had been formerly reluctant and averse. 1858 LONGF.
M. Standish n. 91 Taking the hand of his friend, who still
was reluctant and doubtful. 1874 GREEN Short Hist. iv. § 3.
184 Edward was still reluctant to begin the war.
b. transf. of things.
1667 MILTON P.L. vi. 58 Reluctant flames, the signe Of
wrauth awak't. 1713 BLACKMORE Creation in. 119 Did not
Industrious Man . . Extort his Food from the reluctant
Soil . . 7 1774 PENNANT Tour Scott, in 1772, 306 Here a wet
sky brings a reluctant crop. 1706 SCOTT William fy Helen
lix, Reluctant on its rusty hinge Revolved an iron door. 1864
TENNYSON En. Ard. 378 [They] bent or broke The lithe
reluctant boughs to tear away Their tawny clusters. 1890
* R. BOLDREWOOD ' Col. Re/ortner (1891) 305 The enormous
treasure-pile .. won from the reluctant earth.
f O. Tardy, dilatory, slow. Obs. rare ~ *.
1797 HOLCROFT Slotterg's Trav. (ed. 2) III. !xxi. So The
..bones. .may be those of persons who were too reluctant in
their night.
3. Characterized by unwillingness, disinclina-
tion, or distaste.
1725 POPE Odyss. i. 21 Calypso in her caves constrain'd
his stay, With sweet, reluctant, amorous delay. 1786 BURKE
Art. agst. W. Hastings Wks. 1842 II. 219/2 Which late
and reluctant consent and authority were extorted from
him. 1849 MACAULAY Hist. Eng. ii. I. 171 He had been
compelled to give reluctant attendance at endless prayers
and sermons. 1856 KANE Arct. Expl. I. xiii. 150 Thus
fastened to the sledge, he commenced his reluctant journey.
Belu'ctantly, adv. [f. prec. + -LY2.] in a
reluctant manner ; unwillingly.
1678 CUDWOKTH Inttll. Syst. i. v. 866 Not Willingly, but
Reluctantly. 1766 GOLDSM. Vic. W. xxx, Finding it im-
possible to resist, he reluctantly complied. 1790 KEIR in
Phil. Trans. LXXX. 382 A solution of copper . . was very
reluctantly and slowly precipitated. 1856 FROUDE Hist.
Eng. ii. (1858) I. 115 A dispensation was reluctantly granted
by the pope, and reluctantly accepted by the English
ministry. 1873 JOWETT Plato (ed. 2) 1. 177 To that he very
reluctantly nodded assent,
Reluctate (rflzrktc't), v. [ad. L. rehictat-,
ppl. stem of reluclari: see RELUCTANT.]
1. intr. To offer resistance ; to strive or struggle
against something ; to show reluctance.
i*43 T. GOODWIN Return of Prayers 109 Halfe thy heart
can take pleasure in sinning,.. the other halfe reluctates,
grieves for it. i6« FULLER Ch. Hist. v. ii. § 27 Having.,
something within him, which reluctated against those super-
stitions. 1810 SILLIMAN Tour fr. Hartford to Quebec 104
It would be shameful to reluctate at going where a man of
seventy-five would lead. 1848 H. ROGERS Ea. (1874) I. vi.
325 The sophist, .strongly reluctates against, .vulgar illus-
trations of so ' noble ' a subject. 1871 H. W. BEECHER in
Chr. World Pulpit II. 95/1 The child is commanded to do
the thing that is right. He reluctates. He is punished.
b. To feel reluctance to do something, rare — *.
1835 I. TAYLOR Sfir. Despot, iv. 148 Every dispassionate
mind reluctates to admit a principle that seems so pregnant
with mischief.
o. U.S. To recoil/ram a thing, rare—1.
a 1865 WAYLAND in Life (1868) II. x. 239 (Funk), I reluc-
tate from all plans, especially all wise ones.
2. trans. To strive against, refuse, reject, rare.
1681 FLAVEL Meth. Grace \. 12 That man's soul, whose
thoughts reluctate, decline, or nauseate so holy and pure an
object. 01703 BURKITT On N. T. John xxi. 19 Human
nature in Christ's ministers, as well as in other men, reluc-
tates sufferings. 1854 HICKOK Mental Sci. iii. 101 The
mind, that reluctates any emotion, directly evades all
occasion for bringing that object into consciousness.
Hence Belvrctating^//. a.
1667 Decay Chr. Piety xvi. r 10 Men are fain to devise argu-
ments and colours to delude their reluctating consciences.
Reluctation (relDktei'Jsn). [ad. late L. re-
luctation-ein (Quicherat) ; see prec. and -ATION.]
1. Struggle, resistance, opposition, of or in the
case of things or persons. Somewhat rare.
1605 BACON Adv. Learn, i. vi. § 6 There being then no
reluctation of the creature, nor sweat of the browe, mans
employment must..haue ben matter of delight. 41648 Lo.
HERBERT Hen. VI 1 1 (1683) 518 He had gotten in the present
Parliament, not without much reluctation, one tenth. 1651
BIGGS Neiy Disp. f 210 Impedited in her reluctation and
conflict with the forren invasion of the disease. 1794 G.
ADAMS Nat. ft E.rf. Pliilos. IV. xlix. 348 If this fluid
resided within bodies in an indolent and passive state, it
could exert no reluctation on any mechanical force. 1876
DOWDEN Poems 12, I was mingled wholly with the sound
V. +•
RELUSANT.
Of tumbling billow and upjetting surge, Long reluctation,
welter and refluent moan. 1887 E. GURNEY Tertiittn Quid
II. 76 The hush and fury, the crises and contrasts, the on-
sets and reluctations, of musical movement,
t b. Med. With ref. to the bodily organs. Obs.
;6j» tr. Bruel's Praxis Med. 67 This [motion] is done not
without much reluctation and paine. 1650 H. BROOKE
Conscrv. Health 114 The Stomock upon their Ingestion
doth not firmly close, but with some sort of Reluctation.
t 2. Internal or mental struggle ; reluctance, un-
willingness. Also//. Obs. (very common in I ythc.)
1605 BACON Adv. Learn. II. xx. 8 5 In the distinction
between vertue with reluctation, and vertue secured. 1611
W. SCLATEE Key (1629) 265 Because with the whole heart
he smneth not, but hath euer some reluctation against the
temptation. 1647 J- VICARS Coleman-st. Conclave Visited
as. I for my part . . verily hoped (but yet with no little
reluctation of spirit, fearing the contrary) he would [etc.].
1*7.4 J- B[RIAN] Hani. Home viii. 51 If still we find a reluc-
tation, And that we are loth to depart, as yet,
pi. 1617-77 FELTHAM Resolves i. xxv. 44 Those [pleasures]
which carry the most pleasing lasts, fit us with the largest
reluctations. 1671 FLAVEL Fount. Life x. 28 By a sweet
and secret efficacy overcome all its Reluctations.
t b. Aversion to cruelty. Obs. rare.
1618 FLETCHER Loyal Sutj. HI. vi, Thou hast no tender-
nesse No reluctation in thy heart. 16*3 — Sea Voy. iv. i,
Turn all those pities, Those tender reluctations that should
become your sex, To stern anger.
Relucting, ///. a. : see RELUCT v.
Reluctivity (relokti-viti). [f. as RELUCT v.
-IVE + -ITT.] Degree of magnetic reluctance.
1888 [see RELUCTANCE i b). 1896 S. P. THOMPSON Dynamo-
Electric Mack. (ed. 5) 119 The reluctance or resistance of
a circuit in such case is proportional . . to the reluctivity or
resistivity of the material.
t Relue*. v. 06s. rare. [ad. I* reluere to redeem,
but in first quot. associated with lucre to wash.]
trans. To set free again, rescue, deliver.
1413 Pilgr. Somle (Caxton 1483) I. xxvii. 31 He remitted
his rigour, descending downe to the erthe, to helpe wesshe
and relue his peple. Ibid. 54 And why may they not be
reluyd by other, which that by other were falsely begyled ?
Relume (rtVii-m), v. [f. RE- + -fame (see
ILLUME), perh. after late L. reluminare (cf. RJE-
LUMINE) or F. rallumer (OF. ralumer).]
1. trans. To relight, rekindle (a light, flame,
etc., lit. or fig.} ; to cause to bum afresh.
1604 SHAKS. Oth. v. ii. r3, I know not where is that Pro-
methean heate That can thy Light re-Lume. 1736-46
THOMSON Winter 838 They once relum'd the flame Of lost
mankind in polish'd slavery sunk. 178* V. KNOX Ess. xxxiv.
(1819) I. 182 To relume the lamp of virtuous love. i8or
SURR Splendid Misery I. 84 Oceana . . stole from her place
of concealment, and relumed the taper. 1864 SWINBURNE
Atalatita 1590 Flame that once burnt down Oil shall not
quicken or breath relume.
b. fig. in various applications.
1716-46 THOMSON Winter 491 Aratus, who a while relum'd
the soul Of fondly-lingering Liberty in Greece. 1758 H.
WALPOLE Let. to Mann ii Jan., Sure this is not a reason
to relume heats, when tranquillity is so essential. 1831
TRELAWNY Adv. Younger Son II. 76 This delicious poison
relumed my expiring hopes. 1857-8 SEARS A than. vi. 43
Paul when he wrote to relume the faith of those who wept
for them that had fallen asleep.
2. To make clear or bright again.
1746 W. THOMPSON Sickness iv. 182 The festers of the
wounded soul, Corrupted, black, to pristine white relume.
1814 CARY Dante, Inf. x. 77 Not yet fifty times shall be
relumed Her aspect, who reigns here queen of this realm.
1819 SOUTHEY All/or Love ix. v, Pale she was, but faith
and hope Had now relumed her eyes. 1860 J. P. KENNEDY
Horse Shoe Robinson vii. 88 [They] gradually relumed their
father's countenance with flashes of cheerful thought.
3. To light up again, to re-illuminate ; to shine
upon anew.
1786 J. COURTENAY Poet. Rev. Char. Johnson 18 And
Shakspeare's sun relumes the clouded stage. 1814 SOUTHEY
Roderick xi. When the sun Relumed the gladden'd earth.
1851 C. L. SMITH tr. Tasso I. Ixv, Soon as to-morrow's dawn
relumes the sky.
/if. 1799 CAMPBELL Pleas. Hope i. 267 Lo, nature, life, and
liberty relume The dim-eyed tenant of the dungeon gloom.
1831 LANDOR Misc. Wks. 1846 II. 619 O when will Health
and Pleasure come again, . . And wandering wit relume the
roseate bowers. .?
t Relumina'tion. Obs. rare-1, [ad. late
L. relfimindtion-em : see next and -ATIOS.] Fresh
illumination.
1603 HOLLAND Plutarch's Mor. 1309 Her [the moon's]
ecclipse and defect of light: which the sunne doth remedy
by relumination of her streight waies.
Relu'mine, v. rare. [ad. late L. relfiminare:
see RE- and ILLUMINE.] trans. = RELUME.
1784 COWPER Task i. 442 His eye relumines its extin-
guished fires. 1801 CHARLOTTE SMITH Lett. Solit. Wand.
I. 161 To relumine the obscured and almost extinguished
honours of his family, a 1835 HOGG Tales $ Sk. (1837) 1 1. 23
' She has extinguished our light '. . . ' We will try to get it
relumined '. 1853 TALPOURD Castilian in. ii, A lonely
throne ; whence she shall rise In majesty relumined 1
Hence Helvrmined ppl. a.
a 1743 SAVAGE Recov. Lady of Quality 40 Each beauty
brightens with re-lumin'd fire. l8ix HOOD Departure of
Summer iv, Time's relumined river. 1823 LAMB Eliti
Ser. I. Praise Chimney Sweepers, The expired and not yet
relumined kitchen-fires.
t Relusant, a. Obs. rare. Also 5 Sc. -and.
[a. OF. reluisant, pres. pple. oirehiire : see next.]
Relucent.
13.. E. E. A I/it. P. A. 159,1 se? by-jonde bat myry mere,
A crystal clyffe fill relusaunt. 1456 SIR G. HAVE Lavi
RELTJYSE.
Arms (S. T. S.) 6 Ouhen he sawe him self sa faire sa noble
and sa relusand before all the lave he miskend himself.
fJteluyse, v. Obs. rare— lt [ad. F. reluis-,
reluire :— L. relueere : see RELUCE v. and RELU-
SANT.] intr. To shine forth.
1474 CAXTON Chesse 141 The royame that reluyseth and
shyneth in the kyng and in the quene.
Rely (rnai-)» z/.1 Also 4-7 relie, relye, 5 Sf.
rele-. [ad. OF. relier to bind together, etc. :— L.
religdre, f. re- RE- + ligdre to bind ; cf. RELIGATE.]
fl. trans. To gather (soldiers, followers, etc.)
together ; to assemble, to rally. Obs.
c 1330 R. BRUNNE Chron. Wace (Rolls) 1001 His folk he
relyea [v.r. relied bam] hym to, For to assay eft what
bey might do. — Chron. (1810) 317 Of knyght & of
burgeis an oste he did relie. 1375 HARBOUR Bntce in. 34
His men till him he gan rely, c 1400 Laud Troy Bk. 16889
Pan[ta]salye hir men relies, c 1450 Merlin 553 The Duke
.. cried his signe with high voyce, and relyed his peple
>un. 1591 Fr „ , ...
in hast, K. lohn relyes his men. 1608 HEYWOOD tr. Salusfs
lug. War (1609) 50 He gathered his troopes into one battal-
lion, he relieth the rankes and faceth the adverse footmen,
f b. refl. To come together (again) ; to rally ;
also, to betake (oneself) to a place (cf. 3 b). Obs.
c 1330 [see i]. c 1380 Sir Ferunib. 3094 J>e Sarsyns relied
hymen ageyn & meteb with our barouns. 1577-87 HOLIN-
SHED Scot. Chron. (1805) II. 238 The manfull courage of the
earl of Warwike. .whereby he caused them to stay and relie
themselves again. 1596 DANETT tr. Comities (1614) 44 A
few of the Liegeois after they were put to flight relied them-
selues together at their cariage. 1641 EARL MONM. tr.
Biondfs Civil Warms v. 148 The King and Queene were
perswaded to relie themselves to Kill ing worth.
t 2. intr. To assemble, to rally. Obs.
c 1330 R. BRUNNE Chron. (1810) 224 To Lyncoln bei drowe,
& her bei suld relie. 1375 BARBOUR Bruce xx. 440 All the
chassaris turnyt agane ; And thai relyit with mekill mayne.
? a 1400 Morte Arth. 1882 Thane relyez the renkez of the
Rounde Table, c 1450 Merlin 393 Whan these saugh hem
comynge thei relien and closed hem to-geder.
•f* b. Hunting. (Meaning not clear.) Obs. rare.
c 1410 Master of Game (MS. Digby 182) xxxiii, As ofte as
he fyndeth be fues..he sholde saye lowde: . sy . va. sy. va.
sy.va., and relie with his. Ibid, xxxiv, If J>e houndes
fynde what so it be, he shall relye and jopeye, till he haue
seen it. c 1420 Anturs of Arth. 58 And tille baire riste
raches relyes [v.r. releues]"one baire raye.
1 3. a. To rally to (attack) an enemy. 06s.-1
c 1400 Laud Troy Bk. 12620 The Troyens sone that aspied,
And to the Gregeis thei sone relied.
t b. To rally or retire to one*s friends or to a
certain place. Obs. rare.
V a 1400 Morte Arth. 1391 Than a ryche mane of Rome
relyede to his byerns. c 1450 Merlin 281 And eche hadde
a baner wher-to thei sholde relye whan thei were medled
with the saisnes. 1600 W. WATSON Decacordon (1602) 18
[Priests] destitute of all place of relying vnto [errata upon].
f o. To trust to a person or thing. Obs.
1571 CAMPION Hist. Irel. (1623) 67 About the young Earle
were servants and counsellours . . to whom he most relyed.
a 1604 HANMER Chron. Irel. (1809) 335 Cambrensis (herein
whom I must relie unto) being then in Ireland. 1616 S. WARD
Balm Jr. Gilead Serm. (1862) 107 Instead of apologies and
captation of good will, he relies to this fort, passetb not for
man's day.
f d. To be devoted tot to pertain or belong to,
a thing or person. Obs.
1582 STANYHURST sEtieis n. (Arb.) 57 A man too pietee, to
iustice whoalye relying. Ibid. in. 72 Theare stands a
plentiful Island Too the dame of myrmayds, too Neptune
Princelye relying. Ibid. 78 Anchises .. On Gods heunlye
cryeth, to ther hest with duitye relying.
•f4. a. (Also reft.) To adhere tot associate (one-
self) with, another. Obs. rare.
1586 J. HOOKER Hist. Irel. in Holinshed II. 82/1 Kildare
cleauing to Yorke, and Ormond relieng to Lancaster. 1600
HAKLUYT Voy. (1810) III. 320 My purpose was to have re-
lied myselfe with Menatouon.
tb. To hold of, be a vassal or subject of,
another. (Cf. RELIEVED. 8 a.) Obs. rare.
1586 T. B. La Primaud. French Acad. (1589) 587 Princes,
Dukes .. who possesse .. Townes, Castels, with vassals
holding and relieng of [F. releuans de} them by fealtie and
homage. 1591 HARINGTON Ariosto, Life 418 For countries
sake, and of his gratefull nature he was euer relying of the
duke of Ferrara.
5. To depend on a person or thing with full
trust or confidence ; to rest upon with assurance.
1574 R, SCOT Hop Card, 2, I, for my part, relye not upon
other mens opinions. 1596 BP. W. BARLOW Three Serm. \\\.
102 The lewes relyed much vpon the prayers of the fayth-
fulL 1638 JUNIUS Paint. Ancients 34 Such as relie too
much upon them, imitate, .what is worst in their workes.
1667 MILTON P. L. ix. 373 Go in thy native innocence, relie
On what thou hast of vertue. 1697 DRYDEN Virg. Georg.
n. 452 The tender Twig shoots upward to the Skies, And
on the Faith of the new Sun relies. 1748 Attson's Voy. in.
x. 404 None of the Chinese . , employed as Linguists, could
be relied on. 1769 Junius Lett. xxxv.(i788) 180 Upon what
part of your subjects would you rely for assistance ? 1837
DICKENS Pickw. ii, Can I rely upon your secrecy? 1856
STANLEY Sinai fy Pal. Advt. (1858) 11 On his accurate
observation and sound judgement I have constantly relied.
188$ CLODD Myths fy Dr. i. iv. 65 The only authority on
which the Chroniclers relied was tradition.
b. With reference to facts or statements. (Cf.
DEPEND 5 and 5 b.)
1809 GERMAIN LA VIE in G. Rose's Diary $ Corr. I. 260
You may rely that any communications you may be pleased
to make to me shall be held sacred. 1844 GLADSTONE Glean.
416
(1879) V. 144 ^or ^r' Ward maV re'y UP°" '' '^a'' whether
or not he will allow belief to appeal to understanding, un-
belief will appeal to it. 1858 DICKENS Lett. (1880) II. 83
You and it will travel thither in company, rely upon it.
t O. To rest upon a support. Obs.
1609 J. DAVIES Holy Rood* E j, Ah see how his most holy
Hand relies Vpon his knees, to vnder-prop his Charge.
1631 QUARLES Samson xxiii, Two sturdy Fillers . . whereon,
relied The weighty burthen of her lofty pride. 1683 NORRIS
Wks. (Grosart) 67 So to th' unthinking boy the distant sky
Seems on some mountain's surface to rety.
fig. 1611 SPEED Hist. Gt. Brit. ix. xxiii. (1623) 1143 (His)
life vntill this time, wee will briefly run ouei — so many
dependances of story relying vpon him. 1639 SALTMARSH
Policy Ded. 6 There your designes, your projects, may rest
and relie.
6. To put trust or confidence in a person or
thing. Somewhat rare.
1606 G. W[OODCOCKE] Hist. Ivsline v. 54 Those aides and
nsistances . . in which they for the most part trusted and
relyed. 1654-66 EARL ORRERY Parthen. (1676) 186 Asdrubal
placed his Gauls (in whom he least rely'd) in the Left Wing.
1875 DASKNT Vikings III. 112 If there was anyone in whom
he might think he could rely, it was Kark, his thrall,
t b. To rest, consist, in something. Obs. rare.
1594 CAREW tr. Huarte's Exatn. Wits (1616) 300 The
natural! Philosophers . . hold, that a man receiueth the con-
ditions of his soule, at the time of his forming..; but not his
substance, wherein the whole life relieth. 1641 J. EATON
Honeys. Free Justif. fa Therein relies the very glory of the
Godhead of Christ.
f7. reft, and trans. To repose (oneself, one's
soul, faith, etc.) on, upon, or in some person or
thing. Obs. (freq. in early I7th c. use.)
1598 R. BERNARD tr. Terence 194 Who, relying himselfe
vpon your judgement, hath made me an actor. i6ia
(?) BRETON PasquH's A7.-£rt/p6No faith her husband doth in
her relie. 1617 R. FENTON Treat. Ck. Rome 38 Should wee
relye our soules upon so narrow, so new, and so perplexed
a divine? a 1641 Bp. MOUNTAGU Acts ft Man. (1642) 503
Not to rest upon bare words, wee must proceed to enquire
what moved them to.. rely themselves upon that answer,
t b. To rest (a proceeding) on something. Ol>s.~l
i6»7 E. F. Hist. Edv>. II (1680) 78 A ground work on
which he might rely his false proceedings.
Hence Belying ///. a.
1836 BROWNING & FORSTER LifcStraford (1892) 155 His
more relying friend the archbishop of Canterbury.
t Hely, v.2 Obs.-1 [perh. ad. ONF. *rtleier:—
L. re/egare to RELEGATE.] trans, ? To assign.
a 1400 St. John 6 in Horstm. Altengl. Leg. (1881) 467 To
life ay in lykynge t>at lorde be relyede That in Bedleme
was borne.
Relyf(e, obs. ff. RELIEF. Relygeous, -ioun,
-ious, etc., obs. ff. RELIGION, -lous. Relyk.e,
-ykke, -yque, obs. ft RELIC. Relyn, obs. inf. of
REEL ».l Rel;ie, obs. Sc. form of RAIL v.*
Rem, obs. f. RAVEN si.1, REAM s6.1, so.2, REALM.
Rema de (n-). ppl. a. and sb. [RE- 5 a : cf.
REMAKE v.] Made again or anew. Also sb., an
article which has been made over again.
1743 YOUNG A7. Th. iv. 471 The Son of heav'n t The double
Son ; the Made, and the Re-made ! 1897 Westtn. Gaz. 8 Jan.
10/1 ' Remades ', or balls that have been played with before,
. .receive none of his. .attentions.
Rema-gnetize, v. [RE- 53.] trans. To
magnetize again. Also IRemag-netiza'tion.
1849 NOAD Electricity (ed. 3) 430 The weak needle is then
remagnetized by passing a small bar magnet a few times
along it from end to end. 1873 MAXWELL Electr. <J- Magn.
(1881) II. 85 If the force ..acts in the positive direction it
will begin to remagnetize the iron. 1876 PREECE & SIVE-
WRIGHT Telegraphy 87 It renders a fresh adjustment or
remagnetisation necessary.
Remaid, variant of remeid REMEDE Obs.
t Remarle. Obs. rare ~'. [app. a. F. rimaille
(not found, however, before i6th c.), f. rime RHYME.]
Rhyming, verse.
13.. Evaiig, Nicod. in Archivneu. Sfr. LIII. 391 A clerk
ofyngland In his remaile Jnis redes.
Remain (rfnvi-n), rf.i Forms: 5 Sc. re-,
ramayn, 6 Sc. remane, 6-7 remaine, -mayne,
6- remain, [a. OF. remain, vbl. sb. f. remaindre :
see REMAIN v. Now chiefly //., the singular
being common only in sense 4 b.]
I. fl. Those left, surviving, or remaining out
of a number of persons; the remainder or rest. Obs.
c 1470 HENRY Wallace vm. 922 Than thai consent, the
ramayn that was than 1558 PHAER jEneid L Bivb, O
quene that in our woes (alone) such mercy dost extend To
vs the poore remayne of Troy. 1617 MORVSON I tin. \\. 202
Don lean and the remaine of the Spaniards at Kinsale, were
all embarked ready to be gone. 1651 CROMWELL in H. Cary
Mem. Gt. Civil War (r832) II. 580, I believe the number of
these sent will be about a hundred; the remain also being
forty or fifty. 1671 EACHARD Obs. Atiyw. Cont. Clergy 102
Thinking themselves the onely poor remain of people, that
can dispense the word profitably.
t b. The remaining representative of a family.
1591 WARNERS! Ib. Eng. vli.xxxiv. (1602) 163 This Henrie,
Earle of Richmond, now poore Lancasters remaine.
2. That which remains or is left (unused, unde-
stroyed, etc.) of some thing or quantity of things ;
also, that which remains to be done. Now rare
(common in i6-i7th c.).
1529 Act 21 Hen. VIII, c. 13 § 8 Only the Remain and
Overplus above their Expences of their Housholds. 1579-80
NORTH Plutarch, Theseus (1676) 9 Those which then re-
turned with Theseus, did seethe in a great brasse pot all the
remain of their provision. 1606 SHAKS. Cymb. in. i. 87, I
REMAIN.
know your Masters pleasure, and he mine : All the Remaine
is welcome. 1626 in Rushw, Hist. Cotl. (1655) '* 23°' ' nave
been so frugal of making use of the old remain, that there is
no need of ammunition, or other necessaries. 1687 renal
Laws 32 This .. is the antient Remain of the Soveraign
Power and Prerogative of the Kings of England. 1716
POPE Lett. (1735) I. 290 Chagrins, more than their small
Remain of Life seem'd destin'd to undergo, c 1825 BKDOOKS
Epitaph Poems (1851) 203 This is the remain Of one best
union of that deathless twain.
fb. Arith. = REMAINDER 1 4 a. Obs.
1571 DIGGES Pantom. n. xji. N iij. The square of the side
Af1 yeldeth 190104, and this diuided by 160 prpduceth in
the quotiente 1188, and the remayne is 24. 1614!'. BEDWELL
Nat. Geom. Numbers ii. 22 The Remaine or difference of
144, and 148,1$ 4. 1674 jEAKE^r/V/t. (1696) 301 The Greater
subtracted from the Lesser, the Remain will be so much
too short.
fo. (Also//.) The balance or unpaid remainder
of a sum of money. (Cf. REMAINDER * 4 b.) Obs.
1565 COOPER Thesaurus s,v. Religuns, Camillas writeth
that he hath receiued the remaines due vnto me. Ibid.,
ReliquatiO). . arrearage and remaynes. 1627 EARL MANCH.
in Buccltitck MSS. (Hist. MSS. Comm.) I. 267 These loans
have brought in 240,0001. at least ; therefore the remain
must needs be got up, which is not past 50,000^ 1669 Land.
Gaz. No. 367/4 The said Officers, .shall proceed to tne pay-
ment of the ensuing Orders, as the remain of that Taxe
and the remaines of the [other] Taxe shall come in.
3. A remaining or surviving part or fragment of
something. Now rare.
were not 300 Natives left, and a very small remaine in the
other Hands. 1665 SIR T. HERBERT Trav. (1677) 139 At the
stair-head there is some remain of the Gate. i7_ox ROWE
Amb. Step~Moth. in. ii, A large remain of Glory is behind.
1763 MRS. F. BROOKE Laiiy J. Mandeville (1782) II. 53
1 his sacred deposit, this little remain of what their tender
care had left me. a 1806 H. K. WHITE Christiad i. ix, No
sweet remain of life encheers the sight 1843 KEMBLE
Poetry Codex Vercell, Pref. 6 A series df publications
which, .will give to the world of scholars every yet inedited
remain of Anglosaxon.
t b. A remainder of stock or stores ; also, a list
or inventory of military stores taken at the appoint-
ment of a new storekeeper. Obs.
1677 COLLINS in Rigaud Corr. Sci. Men (1841) II. 21 A
stationer., having bought a remain of above two hundred of
Horrox's Astronomy. 1802 JAMES Milit. Diet. s.v,, In
foreign parts a remain is taken only on the appointment of
a new storekeeper.
t c. A surviving trace of some feeling. Also
ellipt. with adj. Obs.
1702 VANBRUGH False Friend iv. i, She has still love
enough for you, not to be displeas'd with the utmost proofs
you can give that you have still a warm remain for her.
1756 BURKE Subt. $ B. i. Hi, When this remain of horror
has entirely subsided. 1807 tr. Three Germans I. 72 To
overcome that small remain of fortitude which yet animated
and sustained him.
4. (With //.) a. A survival; a relic of some
obsolete custom or practice; a surviving trait or
characteristic. Now rare.
a 1641 BP. MOUNTACU Acts -V Men. (1642) 346 And, as a
remaine of ancient custome, this continued among Pagans.
1757 MRS. GRIFFITH Lett. Henry fy Frances (1767) IV. i
'TIS a Remain of judicial Astrology. 1819 LADY CHARLE-
VILLE in Lady Morgans Autobiog. (1859) 254 Lady Crewe
. . had mind and heart, and indeed some fine remains of a race
that has passed away. 1883 Ch. Times XXI. 333/3 A
traditional remain of his office of server.
b. A material relic (of antiquity, etc.) ; an
ancient monument, building, or other structure;
an object which has come down from past times.
1687 A. LOVELL tr. Thevenofs Trav. 1. 123 There are such
fair remains to be found among the Ruines, as easily show
that this has been a . . rich . . Town. 1691 tr. Emiliannfs
Observ. Journ. Naples 235 The only Remain of Antiquity
they shew one is, the Remainder of an Old Steeple. 1769
De Foe's Tour Gt. Brit. (ed. 7) L 161 This ancient Remain
is situated about a Quarter of a Mile to the right of the
great Road leading from Rochester to Maidstone. 1779
ABERCROMBV Mirror No. 52 p 6 Every remain of Roman
greatness attracted my attention. 1848 W. H. BARTLETT
Egypt to Pal. xvL (1879) 335 Already we had fallen into the
region of ancient remains. 1864 J. H. LUPTON Wakefield
Worthies 242 The supposition . . that Low Hill is a Druidical
remain.
f c. A literary relic. Obs. rare.
1720 STRYPB Stow's Surv. (1754) I. i. xxxi. 329/2 Meeting
vith such a choice remain of this brave London merchant
f d. A relic of a person. Obs. rare—1.
1798 W. FERRIER in A. Ferrier Mem. 4- Serm. (1841) iv.
336 Elisha gathered it up as a precious remain.
H. //. 5. Surviving members of a company,
family, or other body of persons. Also rarely of
a single person.
1456 SIR G. HAVE Law Arms (S. T. S.) 62 He . . ordanyt
him to passe in Spayne, for Pompees remaynis of his men
maid syk deray thare. 1601 SHAKS. Jitl. C. v. v. i Come
poore remaines of friends, rest on this Rocke. 1609 BIBLE
(Douay) Jer. xi. 23 Their sonnes and their daughters shal
die in famine. And there shal be no remaines of them.
1738 C'TESS POMFRET in J. Duncombe Lett. (1773) II. 124
There are still some remains of that abdicated court. 1781
JUSTAMOND Prh>. Life Lewis Xl^t IV. 9 After having been
at once a husband, a brother, and a father, he was the only
remains of his family, which was entirely buried in the
REMAIN.
grave along with him. 1839 YEOWELL Anc. Brit. Ch, ix.
(1847) 93 The remains of the
persecuted.
Druidiual order were not
.
fb. The remainder ; the others. Obs. rare— l.
1x649 DRUMM. op HAWTH. Hist. Jos. /, Wks. (1711) 6
Many were executed, the remains in peaceful manner sent
home, the king having graciously exhorted them to a life
according to the law of God and man.
6. The remaining parts a/ some thing or things ;
all that is left of something ; articles remaining
from a store or stock ; fine rest of z, period.
1500-20 DUNBAR Poems Ixxix. 18, I trowit,..That lang in
burgh I sould haue bruikit [the money] ; Now the remanes
are eith to turss. 1609 BIBLE (Douay) i Mace. vi. 53 They
that had remayned in Jurie of the Gentils, had consumed
their remaynes, that had bene layd up. 1687 A. LOVELL tr.
Thevenot's Tray. I. 18 Seven old Galleys .. the remains of
their Fleet which escaped from the Battel of Lepanto.
1726 CAVAI.LIER Mem. m. 242, I wanted some Rest for the
Remains of Winter. 1770 Jutting Lett, xxxvi, (1788) 190
If you would hope to save the wretched remains of a ruined
reputation. 1803 NELSON 3 June in Nicolas Disp. (1845) V.
78 You are . . on no account . . to supply any of his Majesty's
Ships, .with Naval Stores without being furnished with the
Boatswain's and Carpenter's Supplies, Expenses, and Re-
mains. 1855 MACAULAY Hist. Eng. xvii. IV. 71 The shop-
keepers, -stole away with the remains of their stocks to the
English territory. 1868 LOCKYER Elem. Astron. ii. § 9(1879)
52 Coal is the remains of an ancient vegetation.
b. Const, of the destroying force, rare.
1715 POPE Iliad i. 82 Tis time to save the few remains of
war. 1737 WHISTON Josephus, Hist. (1777) Pref. § n More-
over, what the Romans did to the remains of the war.
C. Const, as sing.
1801 Litsigitan III. 145 Do you then envy me this short
remains of happiness 7 1833 R. H. FROUDE Rein. (1838) I.
286 In one place there is the remains of an Ionic temple.
1874 S. WILBERFORCE Ess. (1874) I. 89 The tendency .. was
really a remains . . of the extraordinary and odious instinct
which bad possessed them.
7. a. The literary works (tsp. the unpublished
ones) left by an author ; also, the fragments of an
ancient writer.
165* (title) Herberts Remains, or sundry pieces of..
Mr. George Herbert, now exposed to publick light. 1681
TATE LearDed., Nothing but. .my Zeal for all the Remains
of Shakespear, cou'd have wrought me to so bold an Under-
taking. 17*4 A. COLLINS Gr. Chr. Relig. 172 Celsus, who
seems the oldest Heathen author, whereof we have any re-
mains. 1774 J. BRYANT Mythol. II. 176 He left behind him
many valuable remains, which Bion Proconnesius is said to
have translated. 1873 H. ROGERS Orig. Bible viii. (1875)
354 The remains of Clement and Polycarp and such frag-
ments of Ignatius as criticism pronounces, .genuine.
b. That which is left of a person when life is
extinct ; the (dead) body, corpse.
1700 DRVDEN Ovid's Met. xit. 816 Of all the mighty man
the small remains A little urn, and scarcely fill'd contains.
a 1771 GRAY Dante 18, 1 grop'd About among their cold Re-
mains..often calling On their dear Names. 1797 MRS.
RADCLIPFE Italian xi, I saw, also, her poor remains laid at
rest in the convent garden. 1818 SHELLEY Rosal. fy Helen
1295 With deep grief and awe The pale survivors followed
her remains. .Up thecold mountain. 1855 MACAULAY Hist.
Eng. xviii. IV. 242 The remains of Hastings and Carter
were brought on shore with every mark of honour.
c. Substances of organic origin preserved in the
earth in a fossilized condition.
1799 KIRWAN Geol. Ess. 36 Trees.. have been found in
great depths in our modern continents, . . and often mixed
with marine remains. 1840 Penny Cycl. XVI. 491/2 Thus
employed, ' organic remains ' become a clue to many of the
darkest pages in the antient history of our planet.
t Bemai-n, s/>.2 Obs. rare. [f. the vb.] Slay.
CI470 HENRY Wallace ix. 615 Laynrik was tayn.. ; So
Lundy than- mycht mak no langar remayn. 1605 SHAKS.
Macb. iv. iii. 148 A most myraculous worke.. Which often
since my heere remaine in England, I haue seene him do.
Remain (riW'n), v. Forms : 5-6 remeyne,
-mayne, -mane (Sc. ra-),6 remene, 6-7 remaine,
6- remain, [a. AF. remeyn-, remayn-, etc.,
stressed stem of OF. remanoir (also remaindre) :—
L. remanere, f. re- RE- + manlre to stay.]
1. intr. To be left after the removal or appro-
priation of some part, number or quantity. Also
const, to.
f '375 Se. Leg. Saints xxxiii. (George) 674 pat bar tempil
. .sa cleynely suld be distroit, pat na thing suld remayn of It.
c 1460 FORTESCUE Abs. f, Lim. Man. viii. (1885) 126 Yff any
parte off be revenues beroff remayne ouer the paiement of
the same ordynarie chargis, ^at so remaynynge is the kynges
owne money. 1483 CAXTON G. de la Tour G v b, He lost all
that he had and no thyng remayned to hym sauf only his
body. 1535 COVERDALE Josh. x. 40 Thus losua smote all
the londe . ., with all their kynges, and let not one remaine
ouer. 1594 BLUNDEVIL Exerc. I. iii. (1636) 8 Then I say
take 10 out of 17 and there remaineth 7, which I set downe.
1641 tr. Perkins' Prof. Bk. ii. § 136. 60 But if this part [of
the seal] which remaines to the deed hath not any print,
then the deed is insufficient. 1697 DRYDEN j&neid v. 528
My chill Blood is curdled in my Veins, And scarce the
Shadow of a Man remains. 1707 Curios, in Husb. S, Card,
53 There is not Sap enough remaining to nourish the Leaves.
1784 COWPER Task v. 71 One only care Remains to each,
the search of sunny nook. 1821 SHELLEY Hellas 83 Free-
dom so To what of Greece remaineth now Returns. 1859
IENNYSON Elaine 594 Now remains But little cause for
laughter. 1873 JOWETT Plato (ed. 2) V. 68 He is willing to
allow himself and others the few pleasures which remain to
them.
2. To be left over and above what has already
been done or dealt with in some way.
c ?375 Sc. Leg. Saints xiii. (Mark) Prol. 13 Sa remanyt
vthire twa [evangelists], of quhame I wel here menyng ma.
VOL. VIII.
417
1481 Monk ofEvesham (Arb.) 56 Nowe let vs schewe as we
maye thoes thynges that remaynyn of the thyrde place the
whyche we sawe and behylde. 1538 STARKEY England i.
iii. 82 Yet ther ys a nother dysease remenyng behynd, wych
gretely trowblyth the state of the hole body. 1600 SHAKS.
A. Y. L. i. i. 179 Nothing remaines, but that I kindle the
boy thither. 1667 MILTON P. L. vi. 37 The easier conquest
now Remains thee. 1711-14 POPE R.Lock v. 29 What then
remains but well our pow'r to use..? 1738 GRAY Tasso 31
What length of sea remains, what various lands. 1819
SHELLEY Prometk. Unb. \. 617 Worse things, unheard, un-
seen, remain behind.
b. Const, with inf. (passive or active).
1538 STARKEY England i. ii. 68 Many and grete fautys
ther be.. wych now remayne. .to be sought and tryed out.
'593 SHAKS. 3 Hen. VI, iv. iii. 60 What now remaines my
Lords for vs to do. .? 1819 SHELLEY Cenci i. L 100 But that
there yet remains a deed to act [etc.]. 1830 TENNYSON Talk.
Oak 204 A thousand thanks for what I learn And what
remains to tell. 1863 FAWCETT Pol. Econ. i. vi. 81 The head-
lands will remain to be ploughed separately.
c. // remains that or to (with inf.).
1540 BIBLE (Cranmer) i Cor. vii. 29 It remayneth, that
they whych haue wyues, be as thoughe they had none.
1607 SHAKS. Cor. \\. iii. 147 Remaines, that in th' Official!
Markes invested, You anon doe meet the Senate. 1611
BIBLE Transl. Pref. p 17 It remaineth, that we commend
thee to God. 1773 Junius Lett. Ixviii. (1788) 362 It remains
only to apply the law, thus stated, to the fact in question.
1811 PINKERTON Petral. I. 599 It now remains to attempt
a clear classification and description of the Accidential.
1864 J. H. NEWMAN Apol. iv. § 2 (1904) 133/1 In the
interval of which it remains to speak.
1 3. a. To fall to a person as a REMAINDER. Obs.
1439 E. E. Wills (1882) 123 Aftir hir discesse, all the saide
maners, londes and tenementes, rentes and reuersions, to re-
mayne to his next heire. 1482 WARKW. Chron. (Camden)
jo And if it appenede that he disceysed witheoute heyres . .
thenne schulde the kyngdome.. remane unto George, the
Duke of Clarence. 1493 Act n Hen. VII, c. 52 § i Here-
ditamentis whiche to him discended, remayned, or reverted.
t b. To continue to belong to one. Obs.
1511 FABYAN Will in Chron. (i8ti) Pref. 7 Also I will
that my chalice . . w' my best aulter clothis and best vest-
ment,., which before dales I gave to my wif, remayn styll
to her. a 1548 HALL Chron., Hen. VIII 185 That the
realme of Napels should for euer remain to the Emperour.
1605 SHAKS. Lear i. i.8a To thee, and thine hereditane euer,
Remaine this ample third of our faire Kingdome.
4. To continue in the same place (or with the
same person) ; to abide, stay.
1439 E. E. Wills (1882) 124 That thos same maners,
londes & tenementes. .remayne and abyde in the feefes
handes. c 1500 Lancelot 2347 Bot shit the king hir prayt
on sich wyss, That sche remanit whill the thrid day. 1530
PALSGR. 684/2 Suffer no fylthe to remayne on thy nayles.
1560 DAUS tr. Sleidane's Comm. 7 He was commaunded by
his prince to remain at home. 1613 PURCHAS Pilgrimage
vi. xi. (1614) 632 Causing (as the Moors report) that the
bullets should still remaine in the Pieces when they were
discharged. 1671 MILTON Samson 587 Why else this
strength Miraculous yet remaining in those locks ? 1769
ROBERTSON Chas. V, in. Wks. 1813 VI. 100 Charles re-
mained six days in Paris. 1776 Trial of Nundocomar 68/1
You have for a long time had my money ; it shall remain no
longer with you. 1841 LANE Arab. Nts. I. 97 Thus shalt
thou remain in this sea to the end of time. 1890 GARDINER
Hist. Eng. 13 Aulus Plautius remained in Britain till 47.
t b. To have one's abode ; to dwell. Obs.
c 1450 HOLLAND Howlat 946 And ilk fowle..Held hame
to thar hunt, and thar berbery, Quhar thai war wont to
remane. 1535 STEWART Cron. Scot. II. 226 Within the
toun . . Ane Brit thair wes remanand in the tyme. 1583
RICH Phylotus (1835) 10 In the gallant citty of Naples,
there was remaining a young man, called by the name of
Alberto. 1611 SHAKS. Cymb. iv. iii. 14 But for my Mistris,
I nothing know where she remaines.
•(• c. To consist ; to reside or lie in something.
c 1450 HOLLAND Howlat 265 Thai weraly awysit . . the
mater, and how it remanyt. 1539 ABP. HETHE in Strype
Ann. Ref, (1824) I. App. vi. 309 What . . spiritual! govern-
ment is, and in what pointes it dothe cheffely remaine.
5. With complement : To continue to be.
1509 HAWKS Past. Pleas, xxvn. (Percy Soc.) 132, I made
mine othe..Unto them all for to remayne full true In sted-
fast love. 1533 GAU Richt Vay (S. T. S.) 32 It sal ewer
remane in blyndnes and ingnorance. 1582 N. LICHEFIELD tr.
Castanheda's Cong. E. Ind. \. xxii. 57 b, Not [to] disclose,
that the Factour with the others did remaine prisoners.
l6n SHAKS. Cymb. i. iv. 173 If shee remaine vnseduc'd, you
not making it appeare otherwise [etc.]. 1667 MILTON P. L.
in. 124, I formed them free, and free they must remain.
1736 BUTLER Anal. i. i. Wks. 1874 I. 20 Men may lose
their limbs, their organs of sense,, .and yet remain the same
living agents. 1791 COWPER Retired Cat 66 The sun
descended, And Puss remained still unattended. 1821
SHELLEY tr. Calderon i. 188 Which of the two Will remain
conqueror? 1875 JOWETT Plato (ed. 2) IV. 256 Amid the
conflict of ideas, .the impression of sense remained certain
and uniform.
b. / (t will) remain, etc., as the concluding
formula of a letter.
1600 C. PERCY in S/taks. C. Praise 38, I will ever remain
Lett. (1792) II. 269 And so I rest or remain^ Yours &c.
'7.93 COWPER Let. to jf. Hall ro Dec., I remain, my dear
friend, Affectionately yours, W. C. 1873 E. FiTzGKRAl.u
Let. to F. KemMe Nov., Here is my Letter done, and I re-
maining yours always sincerely, E. F. G.
c. To continue in the same state ; to lie un-
touched or undisturbed.
1839 URE Diet. A rts 1268 Draw out the fire, and let it [japan]
remain until morning ; then boil it until it rolls hard. 1853
SOYER Pantrogh. loo Stir this mixture . . for three days or
more, then let it remain for some time.
REMAINDER.
6. To continue to exist ; to have permanence ; to
be still existing or extant. (Sometimes also im-
plying sense I or 2.)
1398 TREVISA Earth. De P. R. i. (1495) 3 After the noble
..doctryne of wyse. .Philosophers lefte and remaynyng w'
vs in wrytyng. 1555 EDEN Decades To Rdr. (Arb.) 49
There remayneth at this daye no token of the laborious
Tabernacle which Moises buylded. 1585 T. WASHINGTON
tr. Nicholay*s Voy. iv. xiii, Vsing in their fightes many
guyles and craftes, which are remained to them from their
auncestors. 1638 JUNIUS Paint, Ancients 267 The same
admiration remaineth from what side soever you doe looke
upon her. 1697 DRVDEN Virg. Georr. iv. 304 Th' immortal
Line in sure Succession reigns, The Fortune of the Family
remains. 1738 GRAY Propertius iii. 101 A little Verse my
All that shall remain. 1781 COWPER Cotmcrsat. 678 The
stench remains, the lustre dies away. 1813 SHELLEY O. Mab
iv. 141 Soul is the only element, the block That for un-
counted ages has remained. 1874, GREEN Short Hist. iii.
§ 5. 139 The abbey church of Westminster .. remains a
monument of his artistic taste.
fb. To stick in the mind. Const, with. 06s.-1
1607 SHAKS. Timon in. vi. 30, I hope it remaines not vn-
kindely with your Lordship, that I return'd you an empty
messenger.
o. To continue with (one). rare~*t
1671 MILTON Samson 1126 In a little time while breath
remains thee, Thou oft shalt wish thy self at Gath.
7. t a. To be left with a responsibility. Ot>s.—1
c 1470 HENRY Wallace vnr. 506 Gyff thow will nocht,
ramayne with all the charge.
*t* b. Sc. To await on ( = for) a thing or person.
1513 DOUGLAS &neis i. iv. 84 Be stout, on prosper fortune
to remane. 1546 Reg. Privy Council Scot. I. 55 That we
may provide sum way for our selfis,and ye to remane upoun
the finale ansuer. a 1557 Diurn. Occurr, (Bann. Cl.) 38 The
Inglismen past towardis Berwickj and the Governour come
to Melross and remanit on his freindis.
c. To await, be left for (one), rare.
1579 SPENSER Sheph. Cal. May 304 And such end, perdie,
does all hem remayne, That of such falsers friendship bene
fayne. 1390 — F, Q. n. ix. 6 Were your will her sold to
entertaine. .Great guerdon, well I wote, should you remaine.
1667 MILTON P. L. \\. 443 If thence he scape. ., what re-
mains him less Then unknown dangers and as hard escape.
d. To be left with one in the end, as the result
of some action.
1861 ROSSETTI tr. Dante's Vita Nuova (1904) 145 Seeing
that in the battle of doubts, the victory most often remained
with such as inclined towards the lady of whom I speak.
•j* 8. To stay, stop, cease. Obs» rare — '.
1480 CAXTON Ovid's Met. xiv. xi, Som supposed that the
warre sholde remayne bycause of this mervayll, but Turnus
hade no wylle to leve it.
•f-9. trans. To abide, await (an event). Obs.~l
1588 LAMBARDE Eirtn. iv. xiv. 552 Such persons, .must.,
remayne the comming of the lustices of Gaole deliuerie.
tRemai'nant, a. and sb. Obs. Also 5 re-
maynand(e, Sc. ra-), 6 remeynant, -maynent.
[Alteration of REMENANT, after prec., or f. prec. +
-ANT.] Remaining ; remainder ; //. remains.
1438-9 £. E. Wills (1882) 130 The remaynande of the
torgis to x of the nedyest paryschirches, 1456 SIR G. HAVE
Law Anns (S.T. S.) 269 To fornys the remaynand of the
bataill. £• 1470 HENRY Wallace HI. 401 The ramaynand
agayne turnyt that tide. 15*3 FITZHERB. Sun?, xxiv. (1539)
48 Kygge all the remeynant upwarde. ? 1577 Conversion
Sinner 5 b, So muche as is remaynent of their mortal life.
163* LITHGOW Trav. i. 16 The remamants of that auncient
Amphitheatre. 1658 Virginia. Stat, (1823) I. 466 To the
great prejudice and damage to their neighbours and the loss
of the remainants cattell.
Remainder ' (rftn^'ndai). Also 5-6 -main-
dre, (6 -maender), -mayndre, (5 -dore), 6-7
-maynder. [a. AF. remainder (sb.) — OF. re-
maindre inf. (;—*remanfre}, var. of remanoir :— L.
remanere : see REMAIN v. and -EB *.]
1. Law. The residual or further interest remaining
over from a particular estate, coming into effect
when this has determined, and created by the same
conveyance by which the estate itself was granted.
When the residual interest, instead of being devised to
another, is reserved by the grantor, it is called a REVERSION.
Contingent remainder: see CONTINGENT A. 9.
1424 E. E. Wills (1882) 60 The remaindre of J>e maner of
Steneby..[I bequeath] to Thomas my son and heir. 1535
Bury Wills (Camden) 125 Item I gyve and bequethe vnto
my cosyn John Drury..my best gylte goblet, wl the couer
as y t ys, the remaynder ther of to be to my godsone, Robert
Drury. 1544 tr. Littleton** Tenures (1574) 95 b, If a lease
bee made to a man for terme of life, the remaynder unto
another for terme of life, the remaynder unto the thirde in
taile, the remainder unto the fourth in fee [etc.]. 1601
SHAKS. All's Well iv. iii. 313 Sir, for a Cardecue, he will
sell the fee-simple of his saluation, the inheritance of it, and
cut th'intaile from all remainders, and a perpetual! succes-
sion for it perpetually. 1685 PETTY Last Will p. vii, I have
in Ireland, without the county of Kerry, in lands, remainders,
and reversions, about sioo/. per ann. 1766 BLACKSTONE
Cotnm. II. 164 An estate then in remainder maybe defined
to be, an estate limited to take effect and be enjoyed after
another estate is determined. 1818 CRUISE Digest (ed. z)
II. 304 Thomas Cary devised to Peter Cary and the heirs
male of his body, remainder in the same manner to his
other sons, 1876 DIGBY Real Prop, v. 227 A remainder is
created by express words at the same time as the particular
estate, and is so limited as to come into enjoyment or
possession so soon as the particular estate comes to an end.
b. So remainder over. Sometimes -* a further
remainder.
1544 tr. Littleton's Tenures (1574) 13 Yf a man let landes
..for terme of yeres, the remainder ouer to an other for
terme of lyfe. 1628 COKE On Lift. 142 b, If a man .. will
53
REMAINDER.
giue lands in taile, the remainder ouer in fee simple without
deed [etc.]. 1766 BLACKSTONE Comm. II. 164 This makes
A tenant for years, with remainder to B for life, remainder
over to C in fee. 1818 CRUISE Digest (ed. 2) V. 331 Lands
were given to an alien in tail, remainder over to another in
fee. 1891 Laia Times XCI. 3/2 Although the deed pur-
ported to bar the remainders over, its legal effect was to
pass merely a base fee.
C. Cross remainders, estates in remainder arising
where lands are devised to two or more persons in
tail, with remainder to either upon failure of the
other's issue.
1766 BLACKSTONE Comm. II. 381 Here A and B have cross
remainders by implication, and on the failure of either's
issue, the other or his issue shall take the whole. 1818
CRUISE Digest (ed. 2) VI. 435 Cross remainders will not be
raised between two persons without words creating a neces-
sary implication. 1858 Lu. ST. LEONARDS Handy-Bk. Prop,
Law xvii. no The common settlement.. is.. then to the
daughters, as tenants in common in tail, with cross-re-
mainders in tail.
d. Remainder man, the person to whom a re-
mainder is devised.
1743 Swinburne's Wills (ed. 6) 180 Provided that if any of
the Remainder Men alien the Land, his Estate shall cease.
1766 BLACKSTONE Comm. II. 166 The remainder-man is
seised of his remainder at the same time that the termor is
possessed of his term. 1818 CRUISE Digest (ed. 2) VI. 41
It divests the remainder or reversion,, .leaving only in the
remainder-man or reversioner a mere right of entry. 1881
Times 14 Apr. 10/1 With extended facilities and provisions
for the security of the remainderman, many encumbered
Irish properties would now be willingly disposed of.
e. transf. The right to succeed to a title or posi-
tion on the decease of the holder ; esp. the right of
succession to a peerage expressly assigned to a
certain person or line of descent in default of
male issue in the direct line.
1809 Mottos Peers Scot I. Errata, James, Earl of Hopetoun,
was created an English peer.. with remainder to the issue
male of the body of his father. 1827 HALLAM Const. Hist.
in. (1876) I. 123 Henry had exercised the power with which
his parliament . . had invested him, by settling the succession
in remainder upon the house of Suffolk. 1893 Bitrke's
Peerage 1481 He was advanced to a viscounty 1885, with
remainder, in default of his male issue, to his daughter with
remainder to her male issue.
attrib. 1893 ^ * <?• 8th Ser- Iv.* 461/2 In the event of
any future Earl of Cromartie becoming Duke of Sutherland,
the Cromartie honours should at once pass to the next
remainder heir.
2. a. Those still left out of a number of persons ;
the remaining ones ; the rest (f also in //.).
01547 SURREV &neid iv. (1557) Eivb, Troy and the
remainder of our folke Restore I shold. 1588 SHAKS. Tit. A.
v. iii. 131 Where you behold vs now, The poore remainder
of Andronici. 1656 HEYLIN Surv. France ii Of the In-
habitants. .9000 and upwards are of the Reformation, . .the
remainders are Papists. 1663 H. COGAN tr. Pinto' s Trav, i. 2
The remainder of us they left at night in the Road. 1737 [S.
BERINGTON] G. de Lucca's Mem. (1738) 30 We drove the
Remainder headlong off the Deck.
b. That which is left when part has been taken
away, used, dealt with, etc. ; the residue.
1560 DAUS tr. Sleidane's Comm. 139 The remainder to be
restored when the warre is finished. 1601 SHAKS. Airs
Well iv. til. 272 Not that I am afraide to dye, but that my
offences beeing many, I would repent out the remainder of
Nature. 1665 BOYLE Occas. Rejt.^ Occas. Medit. iv. iv, He
gave away more out of the Remainder of his Estate, than
every liberal Man would have done out of the Whole. 1726
SWIFT Gulliver in. i, I took out my small Provisions, and,
after having refreshed myself, I secured the Remainder in a
Cave. 1781 GIBBON Decl. <J- F. xxxi. III. 233 He should be
permitted to pass the remainder of his life in.. exile. 1836
J. GILBERT Chr. Atonem. iii. (1852)68 Was it not.. expected
from them, that they should fill up the remainder of the
sufferings appointed oy their master. .? 1875 JOWETT Plato
(ed. 2) IV. 25, 1 will reserve the analysis of the remainder
for another occasion.
3. fa. A single person, or a few persons, re-
maining out of a number. Obs.
1579 FENTON Guicciard, (1618) 233 In the end .. they had
recourse to the remainders of the family of the Manfredi
their ancient Lords. 1592 KYD Sol. if Pers. u. L 303 Ah,
Ferdinand, the stay of my old age, And cheefe remainder
of our progenie. 1615 G. SANDYS Trav. 119 That three
dayes battell .. maintained by a poore remainder of the
Mamalucks. 1686 tr. Chardin's Trav. Persia 54 Ibrahim
that was the only Remainder of the Ottoman Family. 1697
POTTER Antiq. Greece \\. vi. (1715) 261 After they had utterly
routed all the remainders of Xerxes's numerous Army.
b. A remaining (f or still existing) part or frag-
ment ; chiefly //. = remains, esp. of ancient build-
ings. (Common in I7th c.)
1604 E. G[RIMSTONE] D\Acosta*s Hist. Indies vr. xiv. 459
The Edifices and Buildings, .were many in number, .as
doth appeare at this day by their ruines and remainders.
1653 H. MORE Antid. A th. u. ii. § a Seeming Ashes may be
no Ashes, that is, no Remainders of any Fewel burnt there.
iyoi W. J. tr. Bruyifs Voy. Levant iii. p With an Inten-
tion, as I said before, of visiting all the remainders of
Antiquity m that Place. 1878 T. HARDY Ret. Native iv.
vii, The remainders, being cut into lengths and split open,
were tossed into the pan.
C. A remaining trace of some practice, quality,
feeling, etc. (Cf. REMAIN sbl 3 c.) Now rare.
1641 MILTON Animadv. Wks. 1851 III. 211 If you have
any remainders of modesty or truth cry God mercy. 1668
OwEN_in Hearne CW/ft:A 26 Nov. an. 1705(0. H. S.)I. 99 The
Remainders of Indwelling-Sin in Believers. 1755 S.WALKER
Serm. 5 Deliver me from the Remainders of Corruption that
dwell in me. 1818 JAS. MILL Brit. India I. in. iv. 580 With. .
a remainder of disgust in the breasts of some of the Omrahs.
418
4. a. Arith. The number which remains after
subtraction of a lesser from a greater ; the differ-
ence between two numbers ; the excess after a pro-
cess of division. (Cf. REMAIN sbl ab, REMAINER 2.)
1571 DIGGBS Pantom. u. xxiii. P ij b. The roote quadrate
of the remaynder is the perpend iculare falling from the
greatest angle to the greatest side. 1594 BLUNDEVIL Exerc,
i. v. (1636) 14 The third number is called the Quotient,, .and
the fourth number is called the Remainder, if any be. 1656
HOBBES Six Lessons Wks. 1845 VII. 231 The remainder
after subtraction is the measure of proportion arithmetical.
1696 Bp. PATRICK Comm. Exod. xxxviii. (1697) 708 Three
thousand, dividing 301775 will produce an Hundred and
leave 1775 in Remainder. 1708 J. HUTTON Course Math.
I. 12 To prove Subtraction, add the remainder to the less
number. 1875 Encycl. Brit. II. 528 When the number of
times is not exact, the excess of the dividend over the divisor
. .is called the remainder,
tb. = REMAIN sbl 2 c. Ohs. rare~*.
1593 SHAKS. Rich. //, I. i. 130 My Soueraigne Leege was
in my debt, Vpon remainder of a deere Accompt.
5. In the book-trade : A number of copies re-
maining unsold out of an edition (esp. after the
demand for it has fallen off or ceased), and fre-
quently disposed of at a reduced price.
1873 CUR WEN Hist. Booksellers 391 T egg,, visited all the
trade sales, and bought up the * remainders', i.e. surplus
copies of works in which the original publishers had no
faith. 1888 Athenaeum 32 Dec. 850/2 His main dealings
before this having been in ' remainders ', and his one solitary
publication a failure.
6. aitrib. passing into adj. Remaining, left over ;
reserve.
1567 LD. HERRIES in Robertson Hist. Scot. (1759) II. App.
51 He hoped the remainder noblemen of their party . . would
come to the same conformity. 1^79, G. HARVEY Letter-bk.
(Camden) 83 Lett us not be so imurious to remaender anti-
quitye as to deprive y«fardist of[f]ofhisdue commendation.
1600 SHAKS. --J. Y. I,, ii. vii. 39 His braine. .is as drie as the
remainder bisket After a voyage. 1824 LAMB Elia Ser. u.
Capt. Jackson, He would sometimes finish the remainder
crust, to show that he wished no savings. i8»j HOOD Mids.
fairies xxiv, Their memories are dimm'd and torn, Like
the remainder tatters of a dream. 1856 KANE Arct. ExpL
I. xv. 181 All my tired remainder-men were summoned.
t Remai'iider -. Obs. rare. [f. as prec. : c£
REMAIN sb£\ Stay; time of staying or remaining.
1594 NASHE Unfort. Trav. 56 During my remainder there
[in Rome]. 1646 SIR T. BROWNE Pseud. Ej>. 123 The first
[reason] is that of Aristotle, drawne from, .the small time of
its remainder in the wombe.
Remainder-man: see REMAINDER1 i d.
H/emai'ndersliip. Law. [f. REMAINDER * i.]
The possession of a remainder ; the fact of there
being a remainder.
1865 Sat. Rev. 7 Jan. 18/1 The law of entail enables a
landowner . . to give to a person yet unborn the remaindership
of his estate. 1893 N. <y Q. 8th Ser. IV. 461/2 This unusual
series of remainderships.
So f Remai'ndery. Obs. rare ~*.
1490 Plump ton Corr. (Camden) 97 A state & feftment . . of
lands & tenementes. .for terme of his lyfe, the remaynderie
to the ryght heire of William Plompton knight.
•( Remai ndment. Law. Obs. rare—1, [irreg.
£ REMAINDER1.] A remainder.
1596 BACON Max. $ Use Com. Law (1635) 52 warg.t A
recovery barreth an Escheat taile and all reversions and
remaindments thereupon.
t Remarner l. Obs. Also 5 remaner, 5-6
remayner, 7 remainor. [a. ONF. remaneir,
— OF. remanoir inf.: see REMAIN v. and -ER4.]
1. Law. a. ? S=REMANET 2 a. rare~~l.
1454 Paston Lett, 1. 294 Mastere Pownyngs hath day tille
the next terme by a remayner,
b. = REMAINDER! i.
1473 Rolls of Par It. VI. 75/2 Nor to cure seid moost
derest Wife, nor to her heires or assignes, in, to, or for the
remaner. .of the premisses. 1510 SIR R. ELYOT Will in
£lyofs Gov. (1883) App. A, Notwithstanding the said en-
tailles and remayners afore declared.
2. => REMAINDER 143.
I54J RECORDE Gr. Aries (1575) 96 The Remayner is a sum
left after a due Subtraction made. 1588 J. MELLis^lrzM.
S iij b, I haue herein alwaies driuen my remayners(or broken
partes) into whole numbers. *66g STUKMV Mariner1 s Mag.
vi. iil 106 The Sun enters Gemini May n ; which Substract
from 12, the Remainer is i.
3. = REMAINDER 2 b.
1617 MS. Ace. St. John's Hasp., Canterb., The remainor
[of the money is] in the boxe. a 1625 FLETCHER, etc. Fair
Maid Inn in. ii, The lesse remainer Is dowry large enough.
1644 NVE Gunnery u. (1647) 23 From which stick cut off its
just length^ the remainer you may use upon the base ring.
Remai'ner -. rare. [f. REMAIN v. + -ER ».]
One who remains or stays.
1565 T. STAPLETON Fortr. Faith 16, I wil be a remainer
in thy tabernacle for euer. 1637 in Cramond Ann. Banff
(1891) I. 79 Ane daylie remainer fra the Kirk in tyme of
dyvyne worschip.
Remaining (r/m/l'nirj), vll. sb. [f. REMAIN
v. + -ING!.]
f 1. That which remains ; a remainder. Obs.
c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints viii. (Philip) 89 Prestis & deknys
frare mad he . . al be remaynyne to do bat efferyte bare
ordyr to. Ibid, xviii. (Mary Egypt) 855 J>e remaynynge
J?ane of bat day I sped me faste one myn way. c 1586
C'TBSS PEMBROKE Ps. u. i, Clense still my spotts . . Till
staines and spotts in me leave noe remaynings. i6ax LADY
M. WROTH Urania 174 They went to eate that poore re-
maining that there was left them. 1624 CAPT. SMITH
Virginia (1629) 212 Such like as they spare of the remainings.
REMAND.
2. The fact of staying or continuing in a place
or state ; t a*so» place of staying or residing.
XS49 Compl. Scot, Prol. 8 The prouest of the prouince
quhar ther remanyng vas. 1575 Reg. Privy Council Scot.
II. 447 The saidis Margaret and Issobell wer in the cumpany
and remaning of the said George. 1796 Instr. $ Reg.
Cavalry (1813) 114 Unless the intended and immediate
formation of the line requites their remaining where they
are. 1855 PUSEY Doctr. Real Presence Note A. 31 The
remaining, then, of the ' elements in their natural substances '
was an open question.
Remai-ning, ///. a. [f. as prec. -f -JNG 2.]
That remains, in various senses.
1513 DOUGLAS sEneis in. ii. 38 We the beseik that..thou
grant ws eik successioun, And for to duell in ane remanand
toun. 1645 EVELYN Diary 23 Jan., The 3 remaining foun-
taines which give denomination to this Church. 1683
MOXON Meek. Exerc.t Printing xxiv. F 19 He. .doubles the
loose half of the Leather over the remaining Nail'd-on half.
1748 HARTLEY Observ. Man i. i. § 2. 57 These remaining
Sensations grow feebler and feebler, till they vanish. 1776
GIBBON Decl. 4- F. xii. I. 334 The remaining actions he
intrusted to the care of his lieutenants. 1855 MACAULAY
Hist. Eng. xv. III. 506 A treason, the consciousness of
which threw a dark shade over all his remaining years.
1885 Athenaeum 4 July 9/1 With . . increasing injuries to the
few remaining defences.
Reiua'ke (r*~-)> v- Also re-make. [RE- 5 a.]
1. trans. To makeover again, reconstruct. Also
refi. and absoL
a 1635 NAUNTON Fragtn. Reg. (Arb.) 55 The mcreasement
of Estate and Honour, which the Queen conferred on him,
together with the opportunity to remake himself. 1671
WOODHEAD St. Teresa u. xxvi. 160 Blessed be thou. .who in
an instant destroyest a Soul, and again remakest it. 1799
W. TAYLOR in Monthly Rev. XXVIII. 512 It must be re-
made over and over again. 1836 J. GILBERT Chr. Atonem.
ix. (1852) 274 Could not He who first made all creatures
perfect, remake us? 1864 BROWNING Rabbi Ben Ezra x,
Maker, remake, complete,— I trust what Thou shalt do !
1880 MUIRHEAD Cains ii. § 143 Lest.. a carefully executed
testament be set aside when it is no longer possible to re-
make it.
2. To make again into something.
1880 FROUDE Bunyan 63 When the law had for a time re-
made Dissent into a crime.
Hence Rema'king vbl. sb. ; also Rema ker.
1778 [VV. MARSHALL] Minutes Agric, 18 July an. 1776, Re-
making in large cock may help hay which is under-made.
1841 EMERSON Misc. (1855) 200 What is a man born for but
to be a Reformer, a Re-maker of what man has made.. ?
1889 'MARK TWAIN 'Krt«£« a* O/. K. Arthur iq\ If I had
the remaking of man, he wouldn't have a conscience.
Re-ma-n, v. [UK- 5 a.]
1. trans. To equip (a fleet, etc.) with fresh men ;
to man (a gun, etc.) anew.
1666 Loud. Gaz. No, 77/3 To Re-man our Fleet,.. resolu-
tion is taken of reducing 20, or 25 Companies of Foot. 1804
LARWOOD No Gun Boats n One will refit, re victual, and
re-man his forests of Flotillas. iS^SouTHEY Penins. War I.
408 For a moment the citizens hesitated to re-man the guns.
1850 GROTE Greece u. Ixi. (1862) V. 329 These last five [tri-
remes] had been re-manned with Chian crews.
2. To make manly or courageous again ; to make
again into a man.
iSao BYRON Mar. Fal. in. ii. 500 Re-man your breast; I
feel no such remorse. 18*7 HARE Guesses Ser. i. (1873) 181
First unmanning and then re-manning ourselves, each to
serve a turn. 1860 BROWNING Ring^ $ Bk. xi. 2393 Un-
manned, remanned : .. With something changeless at the
heart of me To know me by.
Remanand, -ant, -aunt(e, obs. ff. REMENANT.
Remaiia tioii. rare —1. [f. L. remdnare
(Lucr.) to flow back, after emanation^ Flowing
back, reabsorption (of a soul in the universe).
1880 S. LANE-POOLE in Macm. Mag. Apr. 497 Its pan-
theistic doctrine of emanation and remanation.
Rema ncipate (n~-), v. Roman Law. [f. ppl.
stem of L. remancipare : see RE- and MANCIPATE
v.] trans. To restore (a thing or person) to the
mancipant. Also absol.
1656 BLOUNT Glossogr.^ Remandpate* to sell again any-
thing to him who first sold it to us. 1880 MUIRHEAD Gains
\. § 133 When the son has been mancipated the third time,
his father ought to take care that the mancipee remancipates
to him. Ibid. 133 a, Unless they have been remancipated
by the mancipee to their father or grandfather.
So Remancipa-tion.
1658 PHILLIPS, ^emancipation, a returning back a com-
modity into the hands of him of whom it was first bought.
1850 MERIVALE Rom. Emp. xxii. (1865) III. 31 Coemption,
or the fictitious purchase of the wife from her parents,
admitted of re mancipation. 1880 MUIRHEAD Gaius i. § 134
One mancipation is sufficient, which may or may not be
followed by emancipation to the parent.
Remand (r/mcrnd), sb. [f. the vb.]
1. The act of remanding, or the fact of being
remanded ; now spec, recommittal of an accused
person to custody (see the vb. 2 b).
1771 MRS. HARRIS in Lett. Ld. Malmesbury (1870) I. an
You will remain at Madrid till the messenger with your
remand arrives, and save yourself the fatigue of a double
journey. 1852 DICKENS Bleak Ho. liv, There was enough
against him to make it my duty to take him and get him
kept under remand. 1864 Daily Tel. 30 Aug., A notorious
thief.. brought upon remand. iti&^Manch. Exam.w May
5/1 Evidence was taken simply to justify a remand.
attrib. 1897 Westm. Gaz. 19 Aug. 2/1 All the men you
see in this yard are remand prisoners.
2. A remanded prisoner.
1888 Pall Mall G. 25 Sept. 4/1 It would be more merciful
in most cases to order the. .remand a sound birching.
REMAND.
Remand (rftnu-nd),z<. Also 5-6 -maund. [ad.
F. remaiider (i2th c.), or late L. retnanddre to
send back word, to repeat a command : see RE- and
MANDATE. Cf. It. rimandare, Sp. remandar.]
1. trans. To send (a thing) back again to a
place ; to reconsign ; also, to remit, consign.
1439 Rolls of Par-It. V. 30/1 That the saide Rolles..be
remaundid and send ayeine unto the said Places, c 1500
Melusine 221 They remanded to hym theire wylle with
grete yeftes of ryches. 1630 PRYNNE Anti-Armin. 276 Let
vs once more remaund, adiudge and sinke it to the very
depths of Hell. 1653 H. MoREAntid. .-l///.n.ii. §9 Awonder-
ful Power is required to curb it, regulate it, or remand it back
to the Earth and keep it there. 1733 FIELDING Quix. I'M
Eng. Pref, Both dissuaded me from suffering it to be repre-
sented on the stage ; and accordingly it was remanded back
to my shelf. 1842 TENNYSON Lave fy Duty 86 Should my
Shadow cross thy thoughts . . remand it thou For calmer
hours to Memory's_ darkest hold. 1888 BAIN in Mind Oct.
536 The ethical writer is not likely to remand to Psychology
proper the analysis of Conscience.
fb. Law. To remit (a prisoner, indictment,
record, etc.) back to a court or jndge. Obs.
1514-5 Act 6 Hen. VIII, c. 6 The justices of the Kinges
Benche . . have full auctoritie . . to remaunde and send downe,
as well the bodies of all felons and murderers .. as their
inditements. 1542-3 Act 34 # 35 Hen. VIII, c. 27 § 88
Which triall so before him had, he shall remaunde with the
hole recorde vnto the justice, before whom y" said plee or
voucher was pleaded.
2. To send back (a person) ; to command or
order to go back to a place.
1588 in Hart. Misc. (Main.) II. 75 Some came., near
London, whom she remanded to their countries, because
their harvest was at hand. 1650 FULLER Pisga.fi n. xiii. 273
The Jews were . . remanded to wander another way many
years, for the punishment of their infidelity. 1677 W. HUB-
BARD Narrative (1865) I. 94 Captain Henchman was sent
down to the Governour and Council to know what they
should do : they presently remanded him to Pocasset, and
ordered him to stay there if there were need. 1712 BLACK-
MORE Creation 306 Where their report the vital envoys
make, And with new orders are remanded back. 1771 MRS.
HARRIS in Prcv. Lett. Ld. Malmesbury (&-]&) I. 214 As you
have reason to be fond of Spain and it's inhabitants, you
may not be sorry at being remanded. 1802 MAR. EDGE-
WORTH Moral T. (1816) I. 224 If . . the prisoner is guilty, I
am to remand him to the castle of Spandau.
b. Of a court or magistrate : To send back (a
prisoner) into custody, now spec, in order that
further evidence on the charge may be obtained.
1643 PRYNNE Sov. Power Parlt. iv. 27 And if they bring
an Habeas Corpus, .they shall notwithstanding be remanded
and remain prisoners all their dayes. 1748 SMOLLETT Rod.
Rand. xxx. heading, Morgan is sent back into custody,
whither also I am remanded, after a curious trial. 1772
Jmtius Lett. Ixviii. (1788) 359 If the cause of commitment
had been expressed for treason or felony, the court would
then have done right in remanding them. 1794 in Bloom-
field Amer. Law Rep. 29 The said A. is remanded into
custody. 1858 A. FONBLANQUE Hoiu we are Governed 185
The .magistrate has the power of remanding him, or sending
him back to prison for eight days.
c. To refer (one) back to a passage in a book,
or to a period of time, rare .
1676 TOWERSON Decalogue 50 [On this] I have discoursed
already in the foregoing discourse, and must therefore re-
mand you thither. 1866 Direct. Angl. (ed. 3) p. vi, We are
remanded back to a stated period when the aforesaid ' orna-
ments ' were in use in this Church of England.
3. To call or summon back, to recall. Now rare
or Obs.
iS»5 LD. BERNERS Froiss. II. ccvi, Whan he sawe that he
coulde nat atcheue his busynesse, he sygnyfied his estate to
the duke of Orlyance, wherevpon he was remaunded, and so
he retourned to Parys. 1592 WARNER A It. Eng. vn. xxxvi.
156 With weeping heart he her remands to be with him at
one. a 1656 USSHER Ann. (1658) 569 He remanded his own
[men) from the pursuit. 1692 LUTTRELL Brie/ R el. (1857)
II. 482 Captain Wren . . can only hear of 2 French men of
war there, the rest being remanded home to Brest. (11711
KEN Hymns Evang. Poet. Wks. 1721 I. in Jealous grown,
[he] Remands all Guardians to defend his Throne. 1807
J. BARLOW Columb. in. 190 Groan not, my child, thy God
remands thee home.
t b. To countermand, fetch back. Obs.
1676 Land. Gas. No. 1050/2 Quantities . . are already
Shipped in parts beyond the Seas for England, and cannot
be Remanded without great loss to the Owners thereof.
1772 MRS. SCOTT Test Filial Duty II. 171 The baggage
was remanded, the captain satisfied for the loss of his
passenger [etc.].
1 4. To demand back from another. 06s.
1602 WARNER Alb. Eng. ix. xlviii. 224 Each birde shal
then remaunde her Plumes. 1640 I. ELLISTONE Bekmaft
Epistles d886) xxxv. § 10 If some Jesuits should come and
icmand the church from Luther again. 1677 BAKER in
Rigaud Corr. Sci. Men (1841) II. 2r> If after the perusal it
may be thought fit to have it printed, I shall remand it from
him, and give it another dress.
Hence Hema-nded ///. a., also Jtema-ndment,
'a remandment or ordering back' (Webster, 1847,
citing Jefferson).
1888 Pall Mall G. 17 Sept. 2/1 He wore the dark-blue
dri--ss of remanded prisoners.
Rernaneiice (re'manens). [ad. L. type *re-
manenlia : see REMANENT a. and -ENCE.]
1. That which remains ; residuum, rare.
419
Stand. Electr. Diet., Remanence, the residual magnetism
left after magnetic induction, expressed in lines offeree per
square centimeter.
2. The fact of remaining ; permanence, rare—1.
1810 COLERIDGE in Lit. Rem. (1838) III. 318 Neither
St. Augustine nor Calvin denied the remanence of the will
in the fallen spirit.
So f Re'manency. Obs.
_i647 JER. TAYLOR Lib. Proptt. ii. 22 No salvation was con-
sistent with the actual! remanency of that error. 1656 —
Anew, to B£. of Rochester 20 The remanency of concupi-
scence or Original Sin in the Regenerate.
t Re'nianent, sb. Obs. [See next.]
1. The remainder, the remaining part, the rest :
a. of a thing or number of things.
1414 Rolls of Parlt. IV. 22/2 That ever it stande in the
fredom of your hie Regalie to graunte whiche of thoo
[things] that you luste, & to wernne the remanent. 1463 in
Somerset Med. Wi//.s(iooi) 199 The remanent restith in the
kepyng of thabbat of Glasten. 1582 STANYHURST s&neis
I. (Arb.) 23 Beholding, .yf that knight Antheus haplye Were
frusht, or remanent of Troian nauye wer hulling. 1597
A. M. tr. Guillemeau's Fr. Chirurg. *v b, I will pursue
and addresse the remanent of my studyes. Ibid. 23 b/i We
must cut of the threde, and cure the remanent of the wound.
1640-1 Kirkcudbr. War-Comm. Min. Bk. (i8ss) 167 The re-
manent of hir said husband's rentes and estaite.
b. of a number of persons. (Also//.)
1478 Liber Niger in S. Pegge Cur. Misc. (1782) 78 The re-
manent of their servants to be at their livery in the Country.
1509 BARCLAY Shyp of Folys (1874) II. 324 The remanent
assayle him with envy. 1549 Compl. Scot. ix. 76 He sleu
men, vemen, ande chiidir, . . the remanent of the pepil var
constrenseit to fle. 1571 CAMPION Hist. Irel. n. lii. (1633)
75 To settle the Realme of Ireland, King lohn . . banished
the Lacyes, . . subdued the remanents, tooke pledges [etc.].
1651 BARKSDALE Nymplia, Libethris (1816) 34 The female
remanent, with observant eye, I'd have to learn her mother's
housewifery.
2. A remaining part or amount ; a remnant ; //.
remains.
a 1483 Liber Niger in Househ. Ord. (1790) 58 On the next
morning, .in every office of household, theremanentes must
be taken. 1570 GRINDAL Let. to Cecil Wks. (Parker Soc.)
325, I am informed . . that among the people there are many
remanents of the old [religion]. 1579 FULKE Heskins' Parl.
252 Some remanents that were kept to be eaten. 1632
LITHGOW Trav. vi. 273 The remanents of that house.. is
turned ouer for a shelterage to sheepe.
b. A continuation, rare—1.
1482 WARKW. Chron. (Camden) i Referre them to my
copey, in whyche is wretyn a remanente lyke to this for-
seyd werke.
3. Arith. A remainder.
CI43P Art of Nombryngc (E. E. T. S.) 5 [The number]
wherof me shalle with-draw [is] 24. The nombre to be
with-draw, 6. The remanent, 18. 1559 W. CUNNINGHAM
Cosnwgr. Glasse 91 The remanent shallbe the iust eleuation
of the Pole.
Remanent (re-manent), a. Now rare. [ad. L.
remanent-em, pres. pple. of remanere to REMAIN.]
1 1. In predicative use : Remaining, staying,
abiding ; continuing to exist. Obs.
1432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) II. 425 Thei were chaungede in
to other similitudes, . . the mynde of man remanente in
theyme. Ibid. III. 143 Kynge Astiages toke a grete hoste
to this Arpagus, to fijhte ageyne men of Persides, hym selfe
remanent in Medea. 1513 BRADSHAW St. Werbnrge u.
488 The faith of Christ . . In the citie of legions was truely
remanent. 1549 Compl. Scot. \. 23 Remanent vitht in the
plane mane landis far vitht in oure cuntre. 1649 JER. TAY-
LOR Gt. Excmp. Disc. iv. § 18 There is no effect remanent
upon the body.
2. Left behind, remaining, when the rest is re-
moved, used, done, etc. Now rare.
1432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) I. 15 Gedrenge the eres of
cornes remanent. Ibid., The fragmentes of the cophinnes
remanent. 1633 T. ADAMS Exp. 2 Peter ii. 7 The very
remanent snuff of original goodness must languish out in a
stinking dissoluteness. 1651 JER. TAYLOR Clerus Dam. 30
This being.. the onely remanent expresse of Christs sacrifice
on earth. 17^15 tr. Pancirollus" Rcntm Mem. 1. 1. iv. 12 Its
no strong heat to make it sublime into finely figured
crystals without a remanence at the bottom. 1893 SLOANE
carnalized her heart. 1880 Nature XXI. 436/2 The remanent
magnetism.. seems weakened.
b. (Chiefly Sc.} Remaining over and above;
other; additional.
c 1449 PECOCK Repr. i. viii. 39 Bi an huge gret quantite
ouer the remanent parti of the same la we. 1533 BELLENDEN
Livy^ n. ii. (S.T.S.) I. 135 J>ai and he remanent conspira-
touris. .began to commoun of mony hie materis. 1597
A. M. tr. Guillemeau's Fr. Chirurg. 53/1 Corrodent bones
doe alter and permutate the remanent part of bone. 1682 in
Scott. Antig. (1901) July 8 Chancelor of the said wniversaty
and.. the remanent members of the said facultie. a 1691
SIR G. MACKENZIE in yd Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. 421/1, I
have sent your Grace the remanent sheets of the first part
of my Criminalls. 1774 in A. M"Kay Hist. Kilmarnock
App. iii. 305 Remanent counsellors above named. 1823
M'CLATCHIE Douglas III. xvii. 227 The Earl, .went out to
give the remanent orders of the day to his troops. 1884
Chr. World 5 June 426/1 The Moderator, and 'remanent
members ' of the Assembly.
3. Law. = REMANET 2a(seequot. 1829). Hence
He-maneutoy, the adjournment of an action.
1808 BENTHAM Sc. Reform 76 By the terrors of rcmanentcy,
as above explained, the plaintiff consents to accept a part of
what is his due, giving up the rest.
Remaner, obs. form of REMAINER.
Remanet (re-manet). Also 6 remaneth. [L.,
3rd sing. pres. indie, of remanere to REMAIN.]
1. A remainder.
REMARK.
15" Hoiiseh. Bk. Dk. Korthumbld. (1770) 2 Divers Vitalls
and Stuffs remaynynge. . , as it aperith more playnly by a bill
of the same Remaneth signed with my hand. 1540 Cliurchw
Ace. St. Giles, Reading (ed. Nash) 58 A remanet for broken
plate sold viijj. c 1640 J. SMYTH Hund. Berkeley (1885) 89
The Remanet paid into the Exchequer is 51* 8rf q. by the
Collector. 1874 MRS. H. WOOD Mast. Greylands xix. 221
The intimacy., must be a sort of remanet of that friendship,
meaning nothing. 1891 H. MATTHEWS in Law Times
XCII. 96/1 Convicts serving remanets of former sentences.
2. a. Law. A cause or suit of which the hearing
is postponed to another day or term.
a 1734 NORTH Lives (1826) I. 436 For the causes, left one
day, are remanets to the next. 1829 BENTHAM Justice f,
Cod. Petit. 83 The other part [of suits] remain unheard and
are called remanets or remanents. 1870 Daily News 12
Dec., The list contains in cases, 28 of which are remanets.
attrib. 1829 BENTHAM Justice * Cod. Petit. 80 If it
happens to it to be on the remanet list. 1888 Evening
Post 23 Nov. 2/6 The remanet witness had been in the box
all the morning.
b. A parliamentary bill left over till another
session.
1870 Daily News 22 July 6The law on the Press. .is im-
pudently made a remanet, and will hang over till next
session. 1887 Edin. Rev. Jan. 284Thequestionof'remanets'
at the close of each session.
t Rema'nsion. Obs. rare. [ad. L. reuian-
sion-em, i. remanere to REMAIN : cf. MANSION.]
The act of remaining.
"597 A. M. tr. Guillemeau's Fr. Chirurg. 53/1 Corrodent
1 matter or bones, by theire remansione in that place, doe also
corrupte the finitimate partes. 1657 TOMLINSON Keaou't
Disp. 67 Because of the discussion of the volatile Sulphur
..and the remansion of the fixed saltness.
Reuiamifa-cture, sb. [RE- 5 a.] The act,
process, or result, of manufacturing again.
1796 W. TAYLOR in Monthly Ren. XX. 336 The capture. .
of outward-bound,. vessels occasions the re-manufacture or
re-exportation of goods like those with which they were
freighted. 1851 MAYHEW Land. Labour II. 30/1 These
garments are inferior to those woven of new wool . . ; but in
some articles the re-manufacture is beautiful. 1892 Daily
News 8 Feb. 2/8 Old rails for remanufacture.
So Beiuaiuifa'cture v. trans.
1825 J. NICHOLSON Operat. Mechanic 338 These are sold
to the manufacturer to be remanufactured.
Re-manu're, v. [RE- 5 a.] To manure again.
1823 BYRON Age of Bronze v, Clashing hosts, who strew'd
the barren sand To re-manure the uncultivated land.
Remaynand;e, -ent, varr. REMAINANT Obs.
Rema'rch (n-), v. [RE-.] trans, and intr. To
march back or again.
1642 SUNGSBY Diary (1836) 88 We remarchd y« first night
to Sherif Hutton and there lay 2 nights. 1815 HOBHOUSE
Substance Lett. (1816) I. 156 Hearing that the Duke of
Treviso had remarched the garrison into the town. 1805
Outing (U. S.) XXVI. 445/2 Here Cornwallis and Clinton
marched and remarched.
So RemaTch sb.
1884 Mancli. Exam. 19 Dec. 5/5 There had been a march
and remarch of the Forty Thieves.
RemaTgin, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To furnish
(a leaf of a book) with a fresh margin.
A common term in booksellers' catalogues.
1891 Kerr $ Richardson's Catal. Nov. 26/1 Some leaves
remargined.
Remark (rftna'jk), s6.l Also 7 remarks,
remarque. [ad. K. remarque, i. remarquer to
REMARK.]
1 1. The fact or quality of being worthy of notice
or comment. In phr. of (. .) remark. Obs.
1654 H. L'EsTRANGE Chas. I (1655) 201 To prepare a
charge against the Archbishop of Canterbury, as one of
prime remarque in forming of these Canons. 1680 MORDKN
Geog. Red. (1685) 410 Some Relations make mention of the
Naiques of Madure . . but give us little of Remarque with
Certainty. 1702 W. J. tr. Brityn's I'oy. Levant Ixiv. 237 In
which there were three Women, but of no great remark.
2. Observation, notice ; comment.
1680 OTWAY Orphan n. vi, Pass not one circumstance
without remark. 1680 MORDEN Geog. Rect. (1685) 123 The
Arsenal, the College of the Jesuits . . are worthy of Remarque.
1781 COWPER Table T. 205 The cause, .may yet elude Con-
jecture and remark, however shrewd. 1827 HOOD Mids.
Fairies Ixxvii, Roots, like any bones of buried men, Push'd
through the rotten sod for fear's remark. 1830 HERSCHEL
Stud. ffat. Phil. n. iv. (1851) 132 The grand discovery . .
originated in his casual remark of the disappearance of one
of the images. 1885 Manch. Exam. 15 May 5/3 Lord R.
Churchill's latest escapade, .is the theme of general remark.
Comb. 1834 A. CUNNINGHAM Brit. Lit. 19 It is remark-
worthy that the most natural and impassioned songs in.,
our literature were written by a ploughman-lad.
b. Air of observation ; look, rare —1.
1748 THOMSON Cast. Indol. i. Ivii, Of all the gentle tenants
of the place, There was a man of special grave remark.
3. a. An act of observing or noticing ; an obser-
vation. Now rare, t Also const, of.
1660 F. BROOKE tr. Le Blanc's Trav. 41 For a clearer in-
telligence of the worthiest remarkes we made in that great
journy. 1676 GREW Exper. Luctalhn iii. § 56 If a diligent
remarque be made of all those various Colours, Smells [etc.],
1690 LEYBOURN Curs. Math. 448 b, The principal Remarks
of this illustrious Planet, made by the Ancients, were these
following. 1711 ADDISON Spectator No. 50 p 8 As for the
Women of the Country, not being able to talk with them,
we could only make our Remarks upon them at a Distance.
1779-81 JOHNSON L.P., Butler Wks. II. 1 88 He had watched
with great diligence the operations of human nature. . . From
such remarks proceeded [etc.]. 1855 BROWNING Fra Lippo
128, I had a store of such remarksTbe sure, Which, after I
found leisure, turned to use.
REMARK.
b. A verbal or written observation ; a comment ;
a brief expression of opinion or criticism.
1673 [R. LEIGH] Transp. Reh. 4 That we may better
understand the pertinency of this Remarque. 1608 NORKIS
Pract. Disc, IV. 123 This is what I intend ; only I have one
Remarque to make upon the two other Heads before I pro-
ceed to treat of this. 1716 (title) Weekly Remarks and Re-
flections upon the most material news, foreign and domestic.
1791 MRS. RADCLIFFE Rom. Forest ii, Which drew from him
a remark that the style of this apartment was not strictly
Gothic. 1820 B. S i LLI MAN Tourfr. Hartford to Quebec (1824)
63 The numerous manuscript remarks and annotations on
the blank leaves and margins of the books. 1883 F. M.
CRAWFORD Dr. Claudius iv, He could not bear to hear Mr.
Barker's chaffing remarks.
attrib. 1867 SMYTH Sailor's Word-Ik. 568 Remark-Book.
This contains hydrographical observations of every port
visited, and is sent annually to the admiralty. _
t c. A mark or record of an observation. Oftf.
1789 G. KEATE Pelew Isl. 271 He took a piece of line,
which he had brought with him for the purpose of making
remarks, and tied a knot thereon as a remembrance of the
circumstance.
f4. A sign, mark, indication of something nota-
ble. Obs.
1663 HEATH Flagellum (1672) i Fate . , brought him [Crom-
well] into the world without any terrible remark of his por-
tentuous Life. 1676 I. MATHER K. Philip's War (1862) 64
This day deserves to have a Remark set upon it. 1709
STRYPE Ann. Re/. I. lit 520 That which gave a greater Re-
mark to this favourable Providence of God to the Nation.
f b. A mark or indication of a quality ; a re-
maining trace (/something. Obs,
1667 WATERHOUSE Fire Loud. 108 It was not possible
almost to wish better or more remarks of Christian Devo-
tion. 1676 WISEMAN Snrg. I. xxv. 140 She.. is not so freed
of that Disease, but that she hath sometimes little Re-
marques of it. 1686 GOAD Celest. Bodies \. Hi. 7 God him-
self hath pleased to give it as a remarque of his power that
He causes it to rain on one City, and not on another.
f C. A marked physical feature. Obs. rare.
1660 WATERHOUSE Arms $ Arm. 20 So also some have
been named from bodily remarks, as. .Fairfax from their faire
bush of haire. c 1661 Mrg. A rgyle's Will, in Harl, Misc.
(1746) VIII. 29/2 Lest the Remarks of his Face should
fright fanciful People like a Spectre.
t d. A remarkable object. Obs. rare.
1675 OGILBY Brit. Introd. i The more obvious and con-
siderable Remarques of a City. 1678 (title) England's Re-
marques, giving an exact account of the several shires,
counties, and islands in England and Wales.
Remark (rfmauk), s
cized form of REMARQUE.
Alsore-mark. Angli-
Also attrib.
1880 Academy 18 Dec. 449/1 The remark proof carries a
very good dry-point portrait of the painter. x88x A tkenxum
15 Jan. 100 A new etched plate by Mr. Samuel Palmer, of
which a re-mark proof is before us... The re-marks on our
impression are [etc.].
Remark (r/'mauk), v. Also 7 remarque.
[ad. F. remarquer : see RE- and MARK vJ]
f 1. trans. To mark out, distinguish. Obs.
1633 FORD 'TYj Pity ii. v, Thou art a man remark'd to
taste of mischief. 1651 J ER. TAYLOR Serm. for Year n . Ep.
Ded., Those blessings and separations with which God hath
remarked your family and person. 1671 MILTON Samson
1309 His manacles remark him, there he sits.
•f b. To point out, indicate. Obs.
1649 JER. TAYLOR Gt. Exemp. Disc, xviii. § 5 This effect of
power does also remark the Divine wisdom, who hath or-
dained such symboles. 1660 F. BROOKE tr. Le Blanc's Trav.
1 1 They yet remark the RockMoses miraculously drew water
out of. 1740 tr. De Mouhy"s Fort. Country-Maid \ij 41) II.
61 [She] remarked to me a very handsome Man, who had
his Eyes continually upon us. 174* FIELDING & YOUNG tr.
Aristophanes' Plutits in. iii. notet This is literal from the
Greek, and the beauty of it need not be remarked.
2. To observe, take notice of, perceive.
1675 R. BURTHOGGE Causa Dei 35 A Passage in the
accurate Pausanias, which I could not but Remarque when
I read it. 1718 Free-thinker No. 62. 45 It was customary
. .to send out a Slave to remark what was said in the Streets.
1765 H. WALPOLE Otranto v, Has not your highness re-
marked it? 1791 CHARLOTTE SMITH Desmond\\\. 156, 1 re-
mark him every day pass by the windows of the house.
1849 THACKERAY Pendennis xx, The looks of gloom and
despair which even Mr. Morgan had remarked. 1875
JOWETT Plato (ed. 2) V. 120 In the Laws, we remark a
change in the place assigned by him to pleasure and pain.
b. With obj. clause.
1768 G. WHITE Selborne xxi, I shall be very curious to
remark whether they will call on us at their return in the
spring. 1832 MRS. F. TROLLOPS Dom. Manners Amer. xx.
(1839) 184, I remarked that it was not very unusual at
Washington for a lady to take the arm of a gentleman.
3. To say, utter, or set down, as an observation
or comment.
(11704 LOCKE (J.), It is easy to observe what has been re-
marked, that the names of simple ideas are the least liable
to mistakes. 17x9 WATERLAND Christ's Div. ii. Wks. 1823
II. 33, I shall only remark, that when this text U away [etc.].
1781 COWPER Hope 429 The writer well remarks, a heart
that knows To take with gratitude . . is all in all. i8»6
DISRAELI V"£p. Grey i. ii, 'Oh, my Lord 1' carelessly re-
marked Vivian, 'I thought it was a mere on dit !' 1849
LYTTON Caxtons xi. i, As I have had occasion before to re-
mark, Sphinx and Enigma are nouns feminine. 1875 JOWETT
Plato (ed.a) IV. 12 The modern philosopher would remark
that the indefinite is equally real with the definite.
b. intr. To make a remark on a thing.
1859 DARWIN Orig; Spec. xii. (1001) 313 We can.. under-
stand the singular fact remarked on by several observers
that [etc.]. 1861 LEVER One of Them xviii, Remarking on a
little tinted sketch at the top of the letter.
Hence Remarking vbl. sb,
420
i«i HARRIS Hermes 11. i. (1765) 233 In English likewise
it deserves remarking, how the Sense is changed by changing
of the Articles. 1854 W. JAY Autobiog. ix. pi Nothing in
my estimation and remarkings ever being able to atone for
the want of consistency.
Re-mark (nmauk), v. [RE- 5 a.] irons. To
mark again. Hence Re-ma-rking vbl. si.
1611 COTCR., Renotcr, to renote, remark. 1837 HT. MAR-
TINEAU Soc. Anter. III. 220 His works.. are marked, re-
marked, and worn. 1870 Miss BRIDGMAN R. Lynnc II.
iii. 55 He insisted on his wife re-marking the whole of
the . . wardrobe. 1894 Daily News 19 July 8/2 This re-
marking is done almost daily at the railway stations and
public docks here.
Remarkabi'lity. [f. next + -ITT. j Remark-
ableness.
1838 MRS. HAWTHORNE in N. Hawthorne I, Wife (1885) I.
193 He.. said he thought 'women were always jealous of
such a kind of remarkability ' (that was his word) ' in their
own sex '. 1880 Cornh. Mag. Feb. 183 The most ordinary
of dogs has a sort of remarkability.
Remarkable (rftnaukab'l), a. and sb. Also
7 remarqueable. [ad. F. remarquable (i(i\h c.) :
see REMAKK v. and -ABLE.]
A. adj. 1. Worthy of remark, notice or observa-
tion ; hence, extraordinary, unusual, singular.
1604 R. CAWDREY Table Alfh., Remarkable, able or
worthy to be marked againe. 1606 SHAKS. Ant, «/ Cl. IV.
xv. 67 The oddes is gone, And there is nothing left remarke-
able Beneath the visiting Moone. i6i> SELDEN Iltustr.
Draytoti's Poly-oik, iii. 262 The last andHenry of Huntingdon
reckon onely foure remarqueable. 1664 BURNET Own Time
SuppL (1902) 91, 1 heard him preach, and had an interpreter
sit by me that explained the remarkablest passages of his
sermon. 1705 ADDISON Italy 5 The Gulf . . is very remark-
able for Tempests and Scarcity of Fish. i76a-7i H. WAL-
POLE yertiu'sAnccd. J'ain/. (1782) 1.227 The next is a very
remarkable picture on board at Kensington. 1845 CARLYLE
Cromwell (1871) II. 225 One of the remarkablest State
papers ever published in Ireland. 1880 GEIKIE rhys.Geog.
iv. 262 The river swells and falls again with remarkable
slowness and uniformity.
1 2. Perceptible ; admitting of being observed or
noted. Obs.
i6u MEADE in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. I. III. 132 The king
heard our Comedie on Wednesday, but expressed no re-
markable mirth thereat. 1674 FAIRFAX Bulk f, Selv. 82
Then let us suppose in the stead of an Angel, some remark-
able body. 1x704 T. BROWN Two Oxford Scholars Wks.
1730 I. 5 A demure look, and some other remarkable signs
of grace. 1766 Coinpl. Farmer s.v. Surveying, Draw a re-
markable line with ink, or rather with a black-lead pen quite
over your paper.
fb. Likely to attract attention; conspicuous,
noticeable. Obs.
1716 SHELVOCKE Voy. round World 97, I sent the pin-
nace ashore with a bill to be fixed on the door of some
remarkable Indian house. 1801 CHARLOTTE SMITH Lett.
Solit. Wand. II. 212 On the stranger's observing to her
that their conference was becoming remarkable.
B. sb. A noteworthy thing or circumstance ;
something extraordinary or exceptional. Chiefly
in //. Now arch.
1639 FULLER Holy War II. xlvi. heading, Jerusalem
wonne by the Turk, with wofull remarkables thereat. 1653
H. MORE Antid. Ath. n. xi. § 12 The other Remarkable,
and it is a notorious one, is the Cavity on the back of
the Male. 1679 MANSELL ffarr. Popish Plot 102, 1 was
willing to adde a few Remarkables, which I . . purposely re-
served for this place. 1741 RICHARDSON Pamela (1824) I.
l.xxxix. 457 The places and remarkables you will see, will be
new only to yourself. 1776 J. ADAMS Wks. (1854) IX. 395
Be so good as to write me any remarkables in the legislature
or the courts of justice. 1817 SCOTT 17 Mar. in Fam. Lett.
(1894) I. xiii. 421 Two remarkables struck me in my illness.
1856 HAWTHORNE Eng. Note-bks. (1870) II. 148 After lunch
to-day we. .set forth to see the remarkables of Oxford.
Rema-rkableness. [f. prec. + -NESS.] The
fact or character of being remarkable.
a 1658 DURHAM Exf. Revelation VI. xiii. (1687) 323 Con-
sider the remarkablenesse of Gods judgements on these
persecutors. 1666 J. SMITH Old Age (1676) 164 They do
agree in their eminency and remarkableness ', they are both
of them most signal things. 1851 WARDLAW Zechariak x.
(1860) 191 The remarkableness of the fulfilment of the pre-
dictions. 1889 J. M. ROBERTSON Ess. Crit. Meth. 12 Fresh
literature, of which the remarkableness . . will long justify
the tribute paid to its less permanently valuable parts.
Rema-rkably, adv. [f. as prec. + -LY 2.]
L In a remarkable manner ; notably, strikingly,
conspicuously : a. with verbs.
1638 A. READ Chirurg. i. 8 If the braine be remarkably
wounded, the party remaineth foolish. 1671 MILTON P. R.
n. 106 Oft to mind Recalling what remarkably had pass'd.
1748 HARTLEY Observ. Man I. iii. § 5. 387 This agrees re-
markably with the perpetual Impressions made upon the
optic Nerves. 1817 JAS. MILL Brit. India I. Pref. n note,
Those particulars . .on which the results in question appeared
more remarkably to depend. 1878 LECKY Eng. in iStA C.
vii. II. 389 The treatment of Bedell. .and the Act. .exhibit
very remarkably this aspect of the Irish character.
b. with adjs.
1711 ADDISON Spect. No. 261 T ^ If you marry one remark-
ably beautiful. 1749 FIELDING Tom Jones xvni. xi, He was
now as remarkably mean, as he had been before remarkably
wicked. 1840 BARHAM Ingol. Leg. Ser. i. Look at the
Clock, [He] had one darling vice ; Remarkably partial to
any thing nice. 1880 GEIKIE Phys. Geog. ii. 84 Hailstorms
are sometimes remarkably destructive.
f2. In an obvious manner. Obs. rare.
1666 Pr.pvs Diary 15 Aug., If I do but my duty remark-
ably from this time forward, I may be as well as ever I was.
Remarked (rfmaukt), ///. a.1 [f. REMARK v.
+ -ED !.] Marked, conspicuous, noted.
REMARRY.
1613 SHAKS. Hen. V11I, v. i. 33 Now, Sir, you speake of
two, The most remark'd i' th' Kingdom. 1771 LUCKOMBE
Hist. Printing 53 Being remarked for his piety and learning.
1816 ' Quiz ' Grand Master i. 13 The captain's clerk.. Paid
one of them remark'd attention. 18*7 DISRAELI Krzr. Grey
v. xi, A man, who. .is always a remarkable, and a remarked
character, wherever he may be.
Hence Rema'rkedly adv.
1871 MATEER Travancore 363 The discipline and general
good deportment which is remarkedly observable in you.
Rema'rked,///. a.2 [f. REMARK sb. 2 + -ED^.]
Of an engraving : Characterized by the presence of
a remarque.
1883 American VII. 120 The work is nearly finished, and
a remarked proof is now on exhibition.
Remarker (r/hiauksa). Now rare. [f. RE-
MARK V. + -ER '.]
fl. One who makes or publishes remarks on
a literary work ; a reviewer or critic ; also, an
author of ' Remarks ' on some subject. Obs. (com-
mon c 1685-1790).
1684 H . MORE A ttfu>. 214 The Remarker had better have let
things alone. 1695 in Macfarlane Genealog. Co llect. (S.H.S.)
425 The Remarker says that the Son of N orman was Simon.
1737 FRANKLIN Ess. Wks. 1840 II. 309 To follow the re-
marker, through all his incoherencies and absurdities, would
be irksome. 1756 JOHNSON Introd. Sir T. Br<nvne's Chr.
Mor. 51 It was observed by some of the remarkers on the
Religio Medici [etc.]. 1795 BURKE Rtgic. Peace iv. (1892)
326 The Remarker. .seems aware that this arrangement . .
leaves us at the mercy of the new Coalition.
2. One who makes or utters observations; an
observer, commenter. Now rare.
a 1684 LEICHTON Comm. \st Pet. Wks. (1868) 197 My re-
markers David calls them, they that scan my ways. 1704
STEELE Lying Lover in, She pretends to be a Remarker,
and looks at every body. 174* RICHARDSON Pamela IV. 271
The Scandal which some severe Remarkers are apt to throw
upon the Wives of Parsons. 1788 MME. D'AHBLAY Diary
Jan., With those keen remarkers .. there is a zest in con-
versing that gives a spirit to every subject. 1810 B. SILLI-
MAN Jrnl. Trav. (1820) III. 35 They are thinking of their
dinners (said the remarker) and not of your passports.
II Remarque (remark). [F.: cf. REMARK rf.2]
In Engraving, a distinguishing feature indicating
a certain state of the plate, usually consisting in
the insertion of a slight sketch in the margin.
Also attrib. in remarquc-proof.
1883 Artist i Feb. 58/2 A remarque on a plate is an evi-
dence of the artist's caprice. 1889 Pall Mall G. 12 Mar. 3/1
The print-buying world is becoming daily more and more
aghast at the encroachments of the remarque.
Hence Rema-rque v., to insert as a remarque.
1884 Pall Mall G. 12 Mar. 3/1 Lane's portrait of Dickens
and George Cattermole's large portrait so largely ' re-
marqued 'beneath.
Remarque, obs. form of REMARK rf.i and v.
Rema'rriage (rf-)- Also re-marriage. [RE-
5 a.] A second or subsequent marriage.
1620 Br. HALL Hon. Mar. Clergy\. § 18. 101 The lewes. .
with whom Polygamie and re-marriages, after vniust di-
uorces, were in ordinarie vse, 1679 EVELYN Diary 6 Nov.,
Was this evening at the re-marriage of the Dutchesse of
Grafton. 1815 Ckron. in Ann. Reg. 61 A re-marriage . .be-
tween their royal highnesses the duke and duchess of
Cumberland. 1856 FROUDE Hist. En%. 1 1. 501 On the death
of Jane Seymour, the council urged immediate remarriage
on the king. 1891 TENNYSON Attar's Dream note, Akbar
ordained that remarriage was lawful
Rema'rry (r«-), v. Also re-marry- [RE- 5 a.]
1. intr. To enter again into matrimony.
1525 LD. BERNERS Froiss. II. cxi. [cvii.] 320 Thoughe the
erle than remary againe the seconde tyme, and haue issue
by the seconde wyfe. l6ia WEBSTER While Devil v. i,
Neere trust them, they'le re-marry Ere the worm peirce
your winding sheete. 1673 Lady's Call. 11. iii. § 16 It is
not therefore to be expected that many will.. be diverted
from remarrying. 1752 CARTE///J/. Eng. III. 155 The king
lost no time in making use of the liberty of remarrying. 1819
SOUTHEY Sir T. More (1831) II. 78 It being forbidden by
the canon law. .to remarry.. without a special dispensation.
1870 FARRAR St. Paul II. 71 Widows might re-marry if they
liked.
b. Const, to (now rare) or with.
c 1630 RISDON Surv. Devon § 145 (1810) 161 The duchess
remarried to sir Thomas St. Leger. 163* SIR T. HAWKINS
tr. Mathieu's Unhappy Prosperitie n. 238 Robert remarry-
ing with Sancha. 1709 MRS. MANLEY Secret Mem. (1736)
I. 174 He re-marry'd to an Heiress. 1895 Daily News
14 Nov. 6/2 Upon her mother's remarrying with . . an army
surgeon. 1901 Westm. Gaz. 30 July 4/3 Although she had
remarried to a commoner.
2. trans. To unite again in marriage. Chiefly
pass. ; also const, to.
1513 LD. BERNERS Froiss. I. xxi. 12/2 They aduysed by
their counsel! that the king shulde be remaryed agayne.
1611 SPEED Hist. Gt. Brit. vii. xi. 260 After his death.,
shee was remarried to Egfrid. 1631 WEEVER Anc. Funeral
Mon. 740 After the death of his wife Elisabeth, hee was
remarried vnto Violenta. 1727-38 CHAMBERS CycL s.v. Re-
marrying, Uncanonical marriages are deemed null; and the
parties are to be re-married in form. 1830 Miss MITFORD
Village Ser. IV. (1863) 202 She is now, however, re-married
to a Mr. Browne. 1853 GROTE Greece n. Ixxxiv. XI. 119
When his property was confiscated and his wife re-married
to another. 1888 BARBIE Avid Licht Idylls xii, Tammas
had himself married by Jimmy Pawse, . . and after that the
minister re-married them.
Jig. 1647 Standard of Equality § o When the King
shall be remarried to the State, a 1711 KEN Hymns Eyang.
Poet. Wks. 1721 I. 171 There each good Soul remains in
Widdow'd State, In Longings till remarried to its Mate.
3. To take (a person) as a second husband or wife.
REMASS.
1638 FORD Lady's Trial v. ii, This gentleman, Benatzi,
Disguised as you see, I have re-married. 1859 SALA Tw,
roundClock (1861) 170 She., had married a very foolish rich
old banker, and at his death, remarried a more foolish and
very poor duke.
Hence Bema'rried ///. a.
1848 Blackw. Mag. Apr. 447 note, In the middle ages re-
married queens lost their title.
Bema'SS, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To mass
together again.
1839-48 BAILEY Festus x. 105 The hour . . When all shall be
remassed in one great creed, All being shall be rebegotten.
Remass, variant of KAMASS v.1 Obs.
Rema-st, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To fit with
a new mast or masts.
1781 Westm. Mag. IX. 265 While the Bedford was re-
masting. 1804 LARWOOD No Gun Boats 18 The prefects of
the ports will re-ship their rudders, re-mast the Flotilla.
Rema-sticate, v. [RE- 53.] trans. To
masticate again. Hence Kema'sticated ///. a.
1828-33 in WEBSTER. 1840 tr. Cvvier's Anim. Kingd.
135 The aliment thus remasticated descends directly into the
third stomach. 1843 OWEN Lect. Cottipa.r. Anat. ix. (1846)
1. 105 When it is presented to them in its remasticated state.
So Remastica-tion.
1828-32 in WEBSTER. 1837 YOUATT Sheep 423 After it has
been returned for remastication, . . and reduced to a pulta-
ceous mass. 1859 Todfs Cycl. A nat. V. 538/1 The softened
bolus . . is destined to receive a thorough . . remastication.
Rema'tch, v. [RE- 5 a.] To match again.
1856 MASSON -£M., Tkeor. Poetry 421 Who walks amid
Nature's appearances, divorcing them, rematching them,
interweaving them. 1871 DAKWIN Desc. Man II. xiv. (1890)
408 [He] has repeatedly shot.. one of a pair of jays, ..and has
never failed.. to find the survivor re-matched.
t Remanldit, «. Obs. rare-1, [ad. OF. re-
maulJit, pa. pple. of remau(l}dire : cf. MALEDICT
a.] Accursed.
1471 CAXTON Rccuyell (ed. Sommer) 498 O deyanyra ryghte
remauldyt vnhappy and moste cursid serpente.
Remaynand(e, variants of REMAINANT Obs.
t Remayne, v. 06s. rare. [ad. OF. re-
mainer, -me(t)ner, etc., f. re- RE + mener to lead :
cf. mod.F. ramener.] trans. To lead or bring back.
1481 CAXTON Myrr, L xii. 37 Musyque accordeth alle
thinges that dyscorde . . & remaynefth] them to concord-
aunce. Ibid. 38.
Remaynent, variant of REMAINANT Obs.
t Reuiba'r, v. Obs. rare, [ad. F. rembarrer :
see KAMBAKRE.] trans. To shut out, repel.
1588 A. KING tr. Canisiits' Catech. 53 b, Quha according
to thair authoritie suld and may rembar the wolues, defend
the sheip. 1600 O. E. [M. SUTCLIFFE] Repl. Libel n. Pref. i
Sufficient hath bin saide . . to rembarre the malice of N. D.
his encounters.
Rembarbe, erron. f. reubarbe RHUBAKB.
Remberge, variant of RAMBAKGB.
1867 SMYTH Sailor's Word-bk. 568.
II Remblai (ranblf). Also in pi. form rem-
blais. [F., f. remblayer to embank, f. re- RE- +
emblayer to heap up : see D£BIAI.]
1. Fortif. The earth used to form a rampart,
mound, or embankment.
1794 Amer. State Papers, Mil. Aff. (1832) I. 99 (Stanf.),
The demolition of the old fort very much advanced, and
very little remblais made. 1802 JAMES MHit. Diet., Kent-
blai (Fr.), earth collected together for the purpose of making
a bank, way, &c. 1828 J. M. SPEARMAN Brit. Gunner (ed. 2)
215 The earth obtained from the ditch forms the remblai,
or elevation. 1876 VOYLE & STEVENSON Milit. Diet. 337/1
In general, the number of cubic feet contained in the
remblai has been furnished by the deblai, so as to balance
each other.
2. Mining. Material used to fill up the excava-
tions made in a thick seam of coal.
1867 W. W. SMYTH Coal <j- Coal-mining 138 The remblais
or stowage is found to be so closely packed as to form a
very good roof for driving under.
Re'mble, v. dial. [Of obscure origin.] trans.
To move, stir. Hence Be Tabling vbl. sb.
1579 W. WILKINSON Confut. Familye of Loue 56 They
must take heede that in the rembling thereof they crush
not all their bones in sunder. 1674 RAY N. C. Words 38
To Remble : Lincoln, to move or remove. 1864 TENNYSON
North. Farmer I. viii, I stubb'd 'um oop wi' the lot, an'
raaved an' rembled 'um out. Ibid, xv, A weant niver give
it. .to Robins — a niver rembles the stoans.
f Remblere. Obs. rare—1. A puzzle, riddle.
1599 NASHE Lenten Stuffe 30 Whiles I am shuffling and
cutting with these long coated Turkes, would any antiquarie
would explicate vnto mee this remblere, or quidditie .. ?
Rembnand, obs. form of REMNANT sb.
Rernbraildtesque (rembrante-sk), a. [f.
the name of Rembrandt, the great Dutch painter
and etcher (1608-1669), +-ESQUE.] Resembling
the manner or style of Rembrandt.
1879 Encycl. Brit. IX. 324/1 Life-size figures full of anima-
tion in the faces, ' radiant with Rembrandtesque colour.'
1888 LIGIITHALL Yng. Seigneur 121 The windmill was one
of those rembrandtesque relics [etc.].
Re-nibraiidtish, a. [f. as prec. + -ISH.] Some-
what after the style of Rembrandt.
c 1860 STANNARD Examples Art 211 Desirous of rescuing
..some Rembrandtish etching. 1880 E. FlTzGERALD/,(r#.
(1889) I. 459 With some Rembrandtish Light and Shade.
So Re'mbrandtlsm, the style of Rembrandt.
1849 RUSKIN Scv. Lamps iii. § 13. 77 Rembrandtism is
a noble manner in architecture, though a false one in
painting.
421
t Rembu-rsement. Ofar1 [a.Y.rembourse-
ment : see REIMBUUSEMENT.] = REIMBURSEMENT.
1586 BURGHLEV m Leicester's Corr. (Camden) 358 The
states would not agree to make the rembursement of these
(hinges, if your lordships warrant had not past for the same.
t It erne, sbl Obs. rare. [ad. L. remus (It.,
Sp. remo).~\ An oar.
a 1300 K. Ho-.
u. 4300 K. Horn 1623 (Harl. MS.), J>e see bigan to flowen
ant hy faste to rowen, hue aryueden vnder reme in a wel
feyr streme. 1511 Guylforde*s Pilgr. (Camden) 13 Armour
was first ther [in Candia] deuysed and founde, ..so was y*
makyng of remys, and rowynge in bootes.
tReme, sb.* Obs. rare-1. [? var. of RlM j^.1 ;
see also RYME.] Surface.
a 1300 Cursor M. 4779 He sagh a-pon J>e watur reme [v.r.
reime] Caf flettand dunward [with] pe strem.
t Reme, z'-1 Obs. Also 7 reem. [OE. hrg-
man, hryman (for ^hriynari), i, hrtam REAM $bl
Both fireman and hryman are normal forms in OE. : the
former is distinct from the rarer hriinan to boast, = OS.
krdmian^ OHG. (ji}ruoman etc. (G. ruhmen}.\
1. intr. To cry, call out, shout ; also, to cry out
in grief or pain, to scream, yell ; to lament, weep.
cSgy K. jELFRED Gregory's Past. C*. Iv. 429 Se cliopaS
[L. cum voce\ se 3e dearninga syn^aS ; ac se hreimS [L. cum
clamore\ se 3e openlice .. synjaS. £950 Lindisf. Go$p,
John xi. 31 Hia .. gaas to 5aem byrxenne beetle hreme Ser.
c 1000 JELfRic Expd. xxii. 23 5if ge mm deriad, big hryma3
to me, and ic jehire hira hream. c 1200 Trin. Coll. Horn.
89 po be after him comen remden lude stefne. c 1*75
Sinners Beware 167 in O. E. Misc. 77 Remen heo schule and
grede Deope in helle grunde. 13. . Sir Beues (MS. A) 1592
pe gailers bat him scholde seme, Whan hii herde him bus
reme [etc.]. 13.. E. E. Allit. P. A. 858 5e remen for
raube wyth-outen reste. c 1400 Laud Troy Bk, 2902 Whan
that thei herd wymmen so remed, Thei hadde meruayle
what it myght be. 2 a 1500 Chester PI. (Shaks. Soc.) I. 229
This frecke begmes to reme and yole. 1674 RAY N. C.
Words 38 To Reem, to Cry : Lancashire.
2. trans, a. To utter (a shout), b. To call out
(something), rare.
c 1220 Bestiary 664 Danne remen he alle a rem, so homes
blast o5er belles drem. a 1225 After. /?. 242 3if me remde
lude fur ! fur ! bet te chirche bernde !
t Reme, &•'* Obs. rare. [var. (in SE. dialects)
of ME. ryme\— OE. ryniani see RIME v., and cf.
REAM v.%]
1. trans, a. To leave, depart from (a land), b.
To clear (a place) ^/"persons.
a 1300 K. Horn 1364 (Camb. MS.), PU makedest me fleme,
And pi lond to reme. c 1330 Art A. <$• Merl. 4398 (Kulbing),
.viii. bousand bo hadde Lot, pat wele him holpe . . pe
waies & be pabes 5eme, & of be Sarrains hem reme.
2. intr. To clear a way ; to make way (for one).
13.. K. Alls. 3347 He is the furste with sweord that
remith, Thou art the furste with hors that flemeth. 1:1400
St. Alexius (Trin. MS.) 505 RemeJ> me [Laud MS. siueb
me roum], for godis lone, And lete^ me go to my sone.
Reme, obs. form of REALM, REAM st>.2t RIM.
t Re'meable, a. Obs. rare—*-, [ad. L. reme-
abilisy f. remeare to return.] Capable of returning.
1610 CP. ANDREWES 96 Serrrt., Holy Ghost iii. (1629) 626 So
is the Spirit best titled, made remeable, and best exhibited
to us.
Remeable : see REMEVABLE.
t Remeal, -mel, variants of RAMEAL sb. Obs.
1622 R. HAWKINS Voy. S. Sea. (1847) 96 In Brazill . . they
eate this meale mingled with remels of sugar, or malasses.
1662 S£at. Irel. (1765) II. 412 Melasses or remeals the
hundred weight.
Remeant (rf-mzant), a. rare. [ad. L. re-
meant-em} pres. pple. of L. remeare , f. re- RE- +
viedre to pass : cf. permeate^\ Returning.
1848 KINGSLEY Saint's Trag. n. ix, Most exalted Prince,
Whose peerless Knighthood, like the remeant sun, After
too long a night, regilds our clay.
Remea'sure («-), v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To
measure again, in various senses of the vb.
1590 SPENSER F. Q. in. vii. 18 Her wearie Palfrey.. she
freshly dight, His late miswandred wayes now to remeasure
right. 1600 W. WATSON Decacordon (1602) 9 With like
measure to his brother giuen, it should be remeasured to
him againe, 1651 BAXTER Inf. Baftt. 238 Their Faith and
Integrity in re-measuring (or reforming) the Temple of God.
a 1711 KEN Anodynes Poet. Wks. 1721 III. 396 Assur'd of
Supplemental Years, By your re-measuring the Spheres.
1785 G. A. BELLAMY Apology II. 204 This obliged me to re-
measure back the roaa I had just come. 1814 SCOTT Wav.
xv, Measuring and re-measuring, with . . tremendous strides,
the length of the terrace. 1874 BEDFORD Sailor's Pocket
Bk. v. 119 The line should be .. re-measured in the boat.
So Remea'surement.
1895 Daily News 10 Sept. 3/1 The re-measurement will
increase Defender's time allowance by two seconds.
t Re'med, v. 06s.-1 [See REMEDE, REMEDY
v., and cf. REMEDLESS a.] trans. To remedy.
1590 FENNE Fnites^ etc. Gg ij b, And how to remed wrong
with right the man had no respect.
Reiuede, remeid (r/mrd), sb. Now arch.
Forms : 5 remed, remmede, remyde, 5-6
ramed(e, 6 -meid), 5- remeid, (6 -meide,
-maid), 6-8 -mead, 6-9 -meed, 4-remede. [a.
OF. remede, remide (i2th c. ; mod.F. rtmMs\
ad. L. remedium REMEDY. After the I5th c. only
a Sc. form.] Remedy, redress.
Remeid of Law (Sc.), the obtaining of justice by appeal
from an inferior to a superior court (see Jamieson, s.y.).
RE-MEDIATE.
agane is no remed. 1423 JAS. I Kingis Q. cxxxviii, Lat me
se Gif ihy remede be pertynent to me. 1466 Piumpton
Corr, (Camden) 17 Therfore provide by your wisdome such
remmede in his behalfe, as you semes best. 1549 Cotnpl.
Scot. Prol. 13 Ane desolat prince, distitute of remeide, ande
disparit of consolatione. 1585 JAS. 1 Ess. Poesie (Arb.) 42
Ane greif to them, who mereits it indeid: Yet for all thir
appearis there some remeid. 1649 Bp. GUTHRIE Mem. (1702)
7 They resolv'd upon Application to his Majesty for
remeed. 1711 RAMSAY On Maggy Johnstoun xiii, We
must .. when we're auld return to dust, Without remead.
1785 BURNS Prayer to Sc, Repr. xviii, Strive, wi' a* your
wit and lear, To get remead. 1828 Blackw. Mag. XXIV.
015 The matter was .. past all earthly remede. 1868 G.
MACDONALD R. Falconer I. 306 He made one remorseful
dart after the string,.. but it was gone beyond remeid.
t b. Coining. = REMEDY sb. 4. Obs.
1565 Act. Dom. Cone. 22 Dec. in Keith Hist. Ch. Scot.
(1734) App. 118 That thair be cunzeit ane Penny of Silvir..
of Weicht ane Ur.ce Troce-weicht, with twa Granes of
Remeid. 1^91 Reg. Privy Council Scot. IV. 620 All the
saidis assayis keipit the just fynnes..and past nocht beneth
the granis of remeid prescrivit in the same Actis.
Remede, remeid (r/mrd), v. Sc. Obs. exc.
arch. Forms : 5 reined, 6-7 remeid, (6 -maid),
7-8 remeed, 8 remead, 5, 9 remede. [ad. OF.
remedier'. see REMEDY vJ\ trans. To remedy,
cure, redress, amend. Also absol.
13.. in Wyntoun Cron. vii. 3625 Succoure Scotland and
remede, That stad is in perplexyte. c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints
vii. (James less] 94 Mannis sonne fra pe ded Js rysine al
synnys to remed. Ibid. xxxi. (Eugenia) 284 Scho .. prayt
hyme parcheryte to remed hyr Infyrmyte. 1500-20 DUNBAR
Poems xxii. 56 May nane remeid my melady Sa weill as ^e.
Ibid. Ixxiii, 5 Remeid in tyme, and rew nocht all to lait.
1579 Reg. Privy Council Scot. III. 155 Without his Hienes
peiifullie considder lhair caise and remeid the same. 1596
DALRYMPLE tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. i. 24 It is gude. .to kure
and to remeid diuers dolouris of the skin. 1640 R. BAILLIE
Canterb. Self'Convict. 103 To remeed their wicked follies,
the English expressely ordained their communion Table to
stand in the body of the church. 1711 Countrey-Man's Let.
to Cnrat 22 They desire him .. to remeed the Enormities
among the Corrupt Conformists. 1752 E. ERSKINE Serin.
Wks. 1871 III. 480 What would remead these evils? [1847
EMERSON Poems, Monadnoc^ Thou dost succour and remede
The shortness of our days.]
Reme'deless, a. and adv. In 9 remead-,
remeid-. [f. REMEDE sb.] Remediless(ly).
a 1849 J. C. MANGAN Poems (1859) 457 That dusk realm
where all is ended, Save remeadless dole. 1850 BLACKIU
I. 231 Spit not your rancour On this fair land
re meid less.
tReme'der. Sc. Obs. rare~\ In 6 remeidar.
[f. REMEDE v. + -EB *,] One who remedies.
1535 STEWART Cron.Scot. 11.487, I pray to God, remeidar
of all thing, Gif I mycht se in my tyme sic ane king.
Remediable (r/mrdiab'l), a. Also 5 -medy-,
6 -mode-, [a. F. remediable (i5th c.), or ad. L.
remediabilis curative, curable, f. remediare to
REMEDY : see -ABLE.]
•f* 1. Capable of remedying ; remedial. Obs.
i 1491 CJiast. Goddes Chyld. 46 Suche medycynes may be
spedefull and remedyable. 1596 DALRVMPLB tr. Leslie's
Hist. Scot. x. 397 Layng medicine remedeable to her wark-
ing woundis.
2. Capable of being remedied or redressed.
1570 LEVINS Manip. 4/9 Remediable, rccuperabilis. 1600
E. BLOUNT tr. Conestaggio 311 Labouring to remedie that
which he thought remediable. 1641 H. AINSWORTH Ortk.
Found. Relig. 37 Mans misery is remediable through the
mercy of God. 1707 SLOANE Jamaica \. p. Ixxxii, They..
were, when remediable, chiefly cured by the infusion of
goose-dung. i758_JoHNSON/<f/<rr No. 3 f7 This want.. may
seem easily remediable by some substitute or other. 1828
SOUTHEY in Q. Rev. XXXVII. 540 It is an evil.. which will
be found remediable, if the proper and obvious remedies are
..applied. 1875 JOWETT Plato (ed. 2) V. 135 Where in-
justice, like disease, is remediable, there the remedy must
be applied in word or deed.
Hence Reme'diableness (Bailey, 1727, vol. II) ;
Reme-diably adv. (Webster, 1847).
Remedial (rftnrdial), a. [ad. L. remedialis,
i. remedium REMEDY : see -AL.] Affording a
remedy, tending to relieve or redress.
1651 N. BACON Disc. Goi>t. Eng. n. xviii. (1739) 96 These
Laws were but penal, and not remedial for the parties
wronged. 1707 CHAMBERLAVNE Pres. St. Eng. n. xiv. 189
This Court proceeds, .ordinarily . .granting out Writs Man-
datory and Remedial. 1765 BLACKSTONE Comm. I. 55 The
remedial part of a law is so necessary a consequence of the
former two [etc.]. 1770 BURKE Pres. Discont. Wks. 1842 I.
135/1 Every good political institution must have a preventive
operation as well as a remedial. 1830 McCosH Div. Govt.
iv. il (1874) 473 The Gospel professes to be remedial, and
remedial of an evil affecting the laws of God. 1861 GOUL-
BURN Pers. Relig. in. ix. (1873) 236 That suffering is a
medicine, remedial though bitter.
Hence Reme'dially adv.
1796 BURKE Regie. Peace i. (1892) 83 It is, preventively,
the assertor of its own rights, or remedially, their avenger.
1840 ARNOLD in Stanley Life (1844) II. ix. 175 Before any-
thing is ventured remedially. 1875 E. WHITE Life in Christ
v. xxxi. (1878) 534 It is God acting, no longer according to
the course of law,., but remedially above law.
t Reme'diate, "• Obs."1 [?f. L. remedial-,
ppl. stem of remediare to REMEDY.] Remedial.
(Perh. an error fat remedial at remedtant.)
1605 SHAKS. Lear iv. iv.i? (Qq.), All you vnpublisht verities
of the earth Spring with my teares, be aydant, and remedial
\\st Fol. -ate] In the good mans distress.
Re-mediate, v. [RE- 5 a.] To mediate again.
a 1651 BROHE Mad Couple in. i, 1 will re*mediate for you
to the Widow.
REMEDIATION.
Remediation (rflnfdij/l<j*n). rare. [n. of
action f. L. remediare to REMEDY.] The action
of remedying.
1818 BENTHAM Ch. Eng. Pref. 54 On this subject, and on
this state of things, remediation, .requires that something
should be said. 1816 — in Westm. Rev. VI. 499 Towards
remediation, a disposition has of late been expressed by those
on whom it depends.
Remediless (re'mftliles, rfine'diles), a. (and ;
adv.) Forms: 5-7 remedyless, (8 remedie-),
6 reraeadi-, 6 (Sc.) 7 remidi-, 7 remeedi-, 6-
remediless. [f. REMEDY sb. + -LESS : cf. RE-
MEDELESS and REMEDLESS. The orig. stressing
was reme'diless, with the e long.]
1. Of persons, etc. : Destitute of remedy ; having
no prospect of aid or rescue. Now rare or Obs.
14. . MS. Cantab. Ff. i. 6, If. 131 (Halliw.), Thus welle y i
wote y am remedylesse, For me no thyng may comforte
nor amend. 1531 MORE Confiit. Tindale Wks. 602/1 He
shall for lacke of such preuencion and help, fall into such
raylyng and blasphemy, and then is he remedilesse. 155*
J. HF,YwoOD.S><VrVrcfr/-'. ii. 158 Being cleare remediles from
cure Of all my paines. c 1591 MARLOWE J,tu of Malta \. ii,
I'll rear up Malta, now remediless. 1611 DeNNE Serin, xv.
149 When the last enemie shall watch my remed.lesse body
and my disconsolate spule. 1757 W. THOMPSON R. N.
Advoc. 21 Poor remediless, aggrieved and tortured Men.
1786 BURKE Charges agst. If. Hastings Wks. 1813 XII.
243 He demanded these in such a manner that being ' re-
mediless ' I was obliged to comply with what he required.
b. Destitute of legal remedy.
1500 SWINBURNE Testaments 169 It seemeth..vniust also,
that they, especially the creditors, should be remedilesse all
that while. 1616 in Cary Rep. Chancery (1650) 122 Whither
the Chancery may relieve B. . . or else leave _him utterly
remedilesse and undone. 1667 Ormonde MSS. in loM Rep.
Hist. MSS. Comm. App. V. 59 Your petitioner is herein al-
together remedylesse. 1670 in Phenix (1721) I. 393 Such
Judgments on Jurors leaue them remediless of relief. 1700
Col. Rec. Pennsylv. I. 577 Finding y petitioner to be left
remedieless by y° Courts.
t C. In quasi-orff. use : Without or beyond all
remedy. Obs. (common in i6th c.)
£1485 Digby Myst. (1882) iv. 1124 It is bot in vayn Thus
remedilesse to mak compleyn. 1531 TINDALE Exp. i John
(1537) 18 The same synneth agaynste the holye gooste re- ,
medylesse. 1541 UDALL Erasm. Apofh. 82 Sir, ye must
remedylesse be obediente to me, and rewled by me. 1567
Glide I; Godlie B. (S. T. S.) 147 We ar exilit remediles. 1601
HOLLAND Pliny I. 46 Whosoever drinketh, is sure to die of
it, remedilesse, and yet without paine. 1674 HlCKMANj2i««-
fuart. Hist. (ed. 2) 86 They maintain not, that any is left
remediless in a state of damnation.
2. Of trouble, disease, etc. : Not admitting of
remedy; incapable of being remedied, cured,
or redressed. (Very common in 16-171(1 c.)
1513 BRADSHAW St. Werburge \. 3160 Alas, remedylesse is
our lamentacyon. 1548 CRANMER Catech. 115 b, He is able
to delyuer us out of al troubles.., although they seme to
mans reason remediles. 1581 MULCASTER Positions xxxiii.
(1887) 119 In all these measure is a mery meane, and im-
moderatenesaremeadilesseharme. i64oR. B.\lLLiECftntcrrb.
Self-convict. Pref. u It were better by much, before the
remeedilesse stroke be given, to be well advised. 1671
FLAVF.L Fount. Life x. 29 This renders their misery the
more remediless. 1715 M. DAVIES Athen. Brit. I. 66 Those ]
more inward Resentments, .seem almost remediless and irre-
concileable. 1775 MASON Mem. Gray in G's Poems 156 |
Such persons as die of that most remediless . . of all distempers,
a Consumption. 1791 COWPER Iliad xvn. 189 So, at once
Shall remediless ruin fall on Troy, a 1811 SHELLEY Prose
ll'ks. (1888) I. 404 There is no terror in the countenance, ;
only grief— deep, remediless grief. 1875 E. WHITE Life in '
Christ in. xix. (1878) 254 The law is and will be, that re- '
mediless suffering shall follow sin.
f 3. Of vices, etc. : Incurable, incorrigible. Obs.
1604 T. WRIGHT Passions iv. ii. § 6. 138, I must say this
vice in them to be remedilesse, because it hath bene in euery
age. .and neuer amended. 1615 JACKSOS Creed v. xliv. § i
It is the remediless remainder of our first parents' pride.
1675 BAXTER Cath. T/ieot. n. y. 83 We hold also that his
vicious necessity of disposition is curable, and not remediless
and desperate. 1690 E. GEE Jesuit's Mem. 99 Sharp exe-
cution of Justice upon the obstinate and remediless.
1 4. adv. Remedilessly. Obs. rare — l.
a 1614 D. DYKE Myst. Self-deceiving (ed. 8) 50 It makes
him twice, yea, remedilesse miserable.
Remedilessly (see prec.), adv. Now rare.
[f. prec. + -LY '*.] Without or beyond remedy.
(Common in I7th c.)
1556 OLDE Antichrist 74 b, We must remidilesly confesse
them to be voide of all charitie. 1596 DRAYTON Legends
iii. 409 Like one whose House remedilesly burning [etc.].
1609 Bp. HALL Dissuuas. Poperie Wks. (1627) 642 A cruell
religion, that sends poore infants remedilesly vnto the
eternal! paines of heft. 1611 DRAYTON Poly-olb. xiv. 30
Remedilesly drown'd in sorrow day and night. 1669 CLAREN-
DON Ess. Tracts (1727) 126 The government of it is actually
and remedilessly altered. 1747 Col. Rec. Pennsylv. V. in
Thus remedilessly exposed to any Attempts the Enemy
shou'd be pleased to make. 1808 W. TAYLOR in Monthly
Mag. XXVI. in Yet to these clerks of the magistrates, .all
the objects of national commiseration are thus remedilessly
to be consigned. 1868 MIALL Congregationalism Yorks. 66
My place was remedilessly lost.
Remedilessness. Now rare or Obs. [f. as
prec. + -NESS.] The state or condition of being
remediless ; incurableness.
1601 DENT Pathw. Heaven 364 Concerning the torments
of hell, I do note three things.. the extremity, perpetuity,
and remidilesnesse thereof. 1684 HOWE Redeemer's Tears
Wks. (1846) 88 They show the remedilessness of thy case.
a 1758 EUWARDS Hist. Redemption II. i. (1793) 200 The
422
remedilessness of their disease might by long experience be
t Reme'diously, adv. Obs. rare -'. [f. as
REMEDY sb. + -ous + -LY 2.] Remedially.
1659 Dibliotheca Regia Pref. 9 His last sleep took from
him most remediously all the arts of government.
t Re-medist. Obs. rare-1, [f. REMEDY sb.
+ -IST.] One who seeks out medical remedies.
1716 M. DAVIES At/ten. Brit. III. Din. Physick 12 Such
were call'd . . Magists . . , Prophylactists Remedists [etc.].
Reme-ditate, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To me-
ditate (on) again.
1855 LYNCH Rivulet IX. vii, Let me remeditate the truth,
That Christ did for and with us bleed.
So RemecKta tion. f Const, of.
1641 W. PRICE Strm. 28 In a kind of remeditation of what
obscenities he hath beene a spectator. 1676 Life Father
Sarpi in Brent's Counc. Trent 26 (He) gave himself to a
remeditation of what he had formerly observed.
tRe-medless, a. Obs. rare. [Cf. REMED v.
and REMEDELESS.] Remediless.
1590 FENNE f rules, etc. Ff iij b, In vaine it is to vexe thy
self where cause is remedies. Ibid. Gg iij, 'Tis past with us
and remedies, wherefore no longer mourne.
Remedy (re-mWi),rf. Also 6 remeady. [a.
AF. remedie, remedy ( = OF. remede REMEDE s/>.),
ad. L. remedium, (. re- RE- + med- stem of mederi
to heal : cf. medical, medicine.}
L A cure for a disease or other disorder of body
or mind; any medicine or treatment which alleviates
pain and promotes restoration to health, t Also
without article.
<iui5 Alter. R. iio Lo her ajeines wreSSe monie kunnes
remedies, & frouren a muche vloc, & misliche boten. a 1340
HAMPOLE Psalter xv. 3 He bat felis him seke he sekis
remedy, c 1386 CHAUCER Prol. 475 Of remedies of loue she
knew perchaunce. 1398 TREVISA Berth. De P. R. vll. lix.
(Bodl. MS.), Ajenste venemouse postemes . . men schal
ordeyne a remedy warlich and sone. c 1440 Gestti Rom. i. 2
(Harl. MS.), I pray be tell me if ber be ony remedye aycnst
my deth. 1484 CAXTON FaMa of Poge x, [He] mynistyred
alwey his pylles to euery man that came to hym for ony
remedy. 15*0 DAUS tr. Sleidane's Cumin. 91 For verely
tyme itselfe wyl at laste bring remedy also unto moste
daungerous diseases. 1577 B. GOOGE HeresbacKs Hnsb. n.
REMEDY.
b. There is no remedy ( = way out of it, help
for it, alternative) but, etc.
c 1386 CHAUCER Knt.'s T. i2i6Thernasnoonoother remedic
ne reed, But taketh his leue, and homward he him spcdde.
1513 LD. BERNERS Froiss. 1. 72 Ther is no remedy but to
fight, & to abyde fortune. 13*8 GRAKTON Citron. II. 293
There was no remedy but he must fight with him. 1641
ROGERS Naaman 20 There had beene no remedy, but he
must have dyed upon his owne sword. 1719 DE FOE Crusoe
(Globe) 267 We had no Remedy, but to wait and see what
the Issue of Things might present.
t o. No remedy, unavoidably. Obs.
1538 BALE Thre Lames 1700 Yet must it geue place to
Gods worde, no remedye. 1550 CROWLEY Epigr. 242 The
vengeaunce of God muste fall, no remedye, Vpon these
wicked men. 1598 SHAKS. Merry W. n. ii. 127 You must
send her your Page, no remedie. 1617 Kp. ANDREWF.S 96
Serin., Holy Ghost x. (1629) 706 In default of this (no remedie)
the common hammer must come.
t d. What remedy? what help for it ? Ol>s.
1500-10 DUNBAR Poems xv. 43 The lord sumtyme rewaird
will it; Gife he dois not, quhat remedy? 1598 SHAKS.
Merry W. v. v. 250 Well, what remedy ?.. what cannot be
eschew'd, must be embrac'd. 1608 ARMIN Nest ff inn. (1842)
2: Now you must be hanged says the king... What remedie I
sayes hee. 1618 EARLE Microcosm. (Arb.) 35 He sayes it
must not bee so, [yjit is strait pacified, and cryes what remedie.
3. Legal redress.
1450 Pasloit Lett. I. 174, I pray you requyre hym on my
Lord ys behalf to compleyn to Justice ..[for a] remedie.
1583 STUBBES Anat. Alms. n. (1882) 10 To go to lawe, and
spende all that euer he hath, and yet come by no remedie
neither. 1651 HOBBES Leviath. n. xxii. 118 Left to the
remedie, which the Law of the place alloweth them. 17*6
BLACKSTONE Comm. II. 199 Even this right of property will
fail, or at least it will be without a remedy, unless 1 pursue
cian without remedies. 1697 DRVDEN Virg. Georg. in. 701
This Remedy the Scythian Shepherds found. 1701 J. PUR-
CELL Cholick (1714) 181 The only Remedy is to lay the Bone
open. 1830 SCOTT Dcmonol. v. (1831) 140 The Scottish law
did not acquit those who accomplished, .remarkable cures
by mysterious remedies. 1875 H. C. WOOD Theraf. (1879)
688 Whenever it is desired to give a powerful remedy in in-
creasing doses until its physiological effect is produced, it
should always be given by itself.
b. trans/, or fig. in various uses.
a 1300 Cursor M. 27816 Again bis sin [sloth] remedi es
[v. r. best medcyn is] — Haf gastli loi and hope o blis. 1340
HAMPOLE Pr. Consc. 3394 Ilk man here lyghtly may Swilk
remedys thurgh grace wyn, pat may fordo al veniel syn.
1387 TREVISA Higden (Rolls1 IV. n Alisaundre was i-poy-
soned . . and axede a tool to slee hymself in remedie of sorwe
[L. in remedium dolons}. 1485 CAXTON Chas. Gt. 244 For
y« remedye of theyr soules themperour gaf . . for almesse
xii Cvncesof syluer. 1576 FLEMING Panopl. Epist. 25 Your
wisedome and knowledge are remedies available, to cut off
the course of suche an infecting canckar. 1607-11 BACON
Ess., Counsel (Arb.) 318 For which inconveniences the
doctrine of Italy.. hath introduced Cabanett Councelles, a
remedy worse than the disease. 1693 DRVDEN Juvenal xvi.
(1697) 386 Withdraw thy Action, and depart in Peace; The
Remedy is worse than the Disease. 1718 PRIOR Solomon u.
352 Our griefs how swift ! our remedies how slow ! 1781
COWPER Truth 273 God replies, ' The remedy you want I
freely give: The book shall teach you'. 1819 SHELLEY
Cyclops 88 Can you show me some clear water spring, The
remedy of our thirst? a 1861 BUCKLE Civitiz. (1873) 11.
viii. 582 The only remedy for superstition is knowledge.
t c. By remedy of, by the help or means of. Obs.
1398 TREVISA Earth. De P. R. xvii. Ixi. (Bodl. MS.), A
fige tre is made to bere wele frute bi remedie of a trc bat is
icleped Caprificus. 1579 LYLY Euphues (Arb.) 108 If women
be not peruerse tbeyshafl reap profile by remedye of pleasure.
2. A means of counteracting or removing an out-
ward evil of any kind ; reparation, redress, relief.
a i»5 Ancr. R. 180 We schulen nu speken of be uttre
vondunge, & techen be bet habbeS hire, nu heo muwen,..
ivinden remedie, bet is elne, a^eines hire. 1x1340 HAMPOLE
Psalter cxix. 3 pe rightwis man sekis remedy of god, how
bere ill lippis may be amendid. 1413 Pilgr. Sowle iv. xiii.
(Caxton 1483) 63* Now seye me what the semeth in this
mater that we may ordeyne a remedy for this grete meschyef.
1483 CAXTON G. de la Tour C ij, Sith it pleseth yow that I
shall dye withoute remedye and withoute mercye. a 1500
Sir Beues 57/966' (Pynson), Certys, nowe wol he by hyr lye,
But if ye fynde some remedy. 1560 DAUS tr. Sleidane's
Comm. 388 He fleeth to the last remeady which until! that
time he had purposelye reserved. 1585 T. WASHINGTON tr.
Nicholay's Voy. IV. xxxv. 158 lupiter was honored amongst
them for a remedy of stormes and tempests. 1634 SIR 1'.
HERBERT Trav. 35 The Nobles, when they saw no remedie,
..submitted to Curroon. 1687 A. LOVELL tr. Thevenot's
Trav. H. 186 The human remedies which Sea-men use
against Spouts, is to furle all the Sails, and to fire some
Guns with shot against the Pipe of the Spout. 1747 Col.
Rec. Pennsylv. V. 93 Such a Defect in the Government as
stands in need of the most speedy Remedy. 1774^ BURKE
Corr. (1844) I. 473 Popular remedies must be quick and
sharp, or they are very ineffectual. 1837 GORING& PRITCHARD
Microgr. 168 In this respect.. we have a remedy against
those optical deceptions. 1851 CARLYLE Sterling l. i, It by
no
Ste
.
means appeared what help or remedy any friend of
rling's.. could attempt in the interim.
Cent. Dec. 857 Where injury to character takes the form of
aspersion, the primary remedy is in a court of law.
4. Coining. The small margin within which coins
as minted are allowed to vary from the standard
fineness and weight. (Cf. REMEDE so. b.) Also
called tolerance.
1413 Rolls ofl'arlt. IV. 257/1 As touching ye remedie of
\\d of the round of Troie, the Kyng will be avised. 1675
R. VAUGHAN Coinage 24 The remedies do make so small a
difference that it is not considerable. 1805 EARL OF LIVER-
POOL Treat. Coins Realm 102 They authorised a large
remedy to be taken, .and did not require the Officers of the
Mint to make their coins as perfect as possible, but author-
ised or suffered them to coin just within the remedy. 1867
Chamb. Jrnl. 16 Feb. 106/2 For silver coin, the 'remedy'
or margin of error is fixed at one pennyweight per pound
Troy. 1875 KNIGHT Diet. Mech. 1916/1 The remedy on
United States silver coin is i i grains to the piece.
5. At various schools (as still at St. Paul's and
Winchester) : A time specially granted for recrea-
tion ; a half-holiday.
1518 COLET Statute in Gardiner Regist. St. Pauts School
(1884) 381, I will also they shall haue noo remedies— yff the
maister graunteth eny remedies he shall forfeit xli. . . Except
the kyng or a arche bisshopp or a bisshopp . . desyre it.
1580 in Boys Hist. Sandwich (1792) 228, I ordeine, that the
master, .shall not give remedie or leave to plaie aboue once
in a week. 1593 Rites f, Mon. Ch. Durh. (Surtees) 75 To
recreat themselves when they had remedy of there master.
1656 in Gardiner Regist. St. Paul's School (1884) 382 note,
[At Newport.. it was provided that] each Thursday after-
noon . .shall be a remedy or time of recreation. 1860 MANS-
FIELD School-Life at Winchester (1870) 49 Remedies were
not a matter of right, but were always applied for . . on
Tuesday or Thursday. 1893 Ch. Times 22 Dec. 1331/2 His
lordshipafterwards(the/Vi«7j«* reports), .exercised his privi-
lege of desiring a ' remedy ' (or half-holiday) on Wednesday.
Remedy (re-mfdi), v. Also 6 remydy. [a.
OF. remedter (cf. REMEDE v.~), or ad. L. remediare,
i. remedium REMEDY sb.']
1. trans, t a. To grant (one) legal remedy ; to
right (one) in respect of a wrong suffered. Obs.
1414 Rolls of Parlt. IV. 57/1 Byfore hene [=any] of the
persones that weren.. Commissioners upon mynenditement,
.. I mygbte not have been remedied. Ibid. To have been
remedied oflhewronges that we have had. 1454 in Ellis Orig.
Lett. Ser. n. I. 120 That they shuld be remedyed, and he
remedyed them not. 1549 LATIMER -$rd Serin, lief. Ediv.
F/(Arb.) 92 There is one [Judge] .. wyll remedye you, if
you come after a ryghte sorte vnto him. a 1661 HEYLIN
Laud i. (1671) 113 Of which Indignity he complained to the
Duke, . . and was remedied in it.
b. To bring remedy to (a person, diseased part,
etc.) ; to heal, cure, make whole again. Now rare.
1470-85 MALORY Artkurxm. viii. 622 It shal so heuye me
at their departynge that . . there shal no manere of loye
remedye me. 1501 Ord. Crysten Men (W. de W. 1506) I. iv.
E j b, The synner. .is fro y° moost gretest payne remedyed.
1541 R. COPLAND Cafyeu's Tcrap. H h iij b, When the party
y' shuld be holpen & remydyed is hyd in the dypenes of the
body. 1590 SPENSER F. Q. in. v. 32 Into the woods. .shee
went, To seeke for hearbes that mote him remedy. 1607
TOPSELL f'our.f. Beasts (1658) 271 If one Horse do die of it,
all his fellows that bear him company will follow after, if
they be not remedied in time. 1795 SOUTHF.Y Joan of Arc
I. 57 Some pious sisterhood, Who. .may likeliest remedy
The stricken mind.
2. To cure (a disease, etc.) ; to put right, reform
(a state of things) ; to rectify, make good.
1411-10 LVDG. Chron. Troy I. v. (1555', There is a lawe
ysette . . that may not be yletle Nor remedyed. Ibid, vi,
All her ill was holpe and remedyed. 1469 Paston Lett. II.
375 With Goddys grace it schall be remedyed well inow.
1509 HAWES Past. Pleas, xvni. (Percy Soc.) 81, I thanke
you for your love,.. But 1 your cause can nothing remedy.
1567 MAPLET Gr. Forest 37 It being wrought and tempered
REMEET.
423
REMEMBER.
. .remedieth all kinde of swelling. 15516 DRAYTON Legends
iii. 389 They tooke up Armes to remedie their wrong, 1651
N. BACON Disc. Gffvt. Eng. \\. ii. (1739) 14 The House of
Lords shall remedy all offences contrary to the Law of
Magna Charta. 1654 BRAMHALL Just Vind. ii. (1661) 7 A
sharp fit of a feuerish distemper, which a little time .. will
infallibly remedy. 1754 SHERLOCK Disc. I. i. 49 They
cannot remedy the Corruption that has spread thro' the
Race of Mankind. 1768 GOLDSM. Good.n. Man in. i,
That shall be remedied without delay. 1814 SOUTHEY
Roderick xxi. 417 Repentance taketh sin away, Death
remedies the rest. 1853 BRIGHT Sp., India 3 June (1876) 8
A great deal has been done to remedy the deficiency. 1858
J. H. NEWMAN Hist. St. (1873) III. v. i. 436 Evils which
threaten to continue we try to remedy.
f3. absol. To provide a remedy. Const, for, of.
c 1440 LYDG. Hors, Shepe ff G. 387 For ache of bonys &
also for brosoure It remedieth & dooth men ese ful blyve.
c 1477 CAXTON Jason 42 Ye be seke of the maladye of loue
wherof no man may remedye but youre lady.
Hence Ke'medying vbl. sb.
1570 FOXE A. $ Af. (ed. 2) 1221/1 For the remediying and
redressyng of those foresayd iniuries. 1597 A. M. tr. Guille-
meau's Fr. Chirurg. 30 b/2 To the remedyinge and curinge
of the which, we ought to tye the Arterye. 1641 WILKINS
Math. Magich i. iii. (r648) 18 For the remedying of such
abuses the Ancients did appoint divers officers.
LOVEDAY Lett. (1663) ii When I re-met with them they had
been so lost to my memory, that [etc.]. 1859 F. MILLS in
Athenaeum 9 July 49 Ere the shining valves remeet.
Hence Remee'ting vbl. sb.
1648 HERRICK Hesper., Parting Verse, 'Tis to be doubted
whether I next yeer, Or no, shall give ye a re-meeting here.
1684 Land. Gaz. No. 1994/3 A< tne remeeting of the said
States . . these Points will be farther spoken of.
Remeeving, -mefe, obs. varr. REMOVING, RE-
MOVE. Remold : see REMEDE sb. and v. Kernel,
see REMEAL and RIMMEL. Remelant, var. Kii-
MENANT 06s.
Reme'lt (»-), v. [RE- 5 a.] To melt again.
a. trans. 1626 BACON Sytva§ 771 The Crude Materialls of
Glasse, mingled with Glasse, already made and Re-moulten.
1775 R. CHANDLER Trav. Greece (1825) II. 180 They re-
melted the old dross and scum, and found ore. 1833 LYELL
Princ. Gfol. III. 185 If the lavas could be remeltecL 1857
Allbutfs Syst. Med. II. 038 Those who remelt the pig
brass, and are called ' founders '.
b. intr. 1793 SMEATON Edystone L. § 274 It was per-
ceived to re-melt and unite with the fresh metal. 1863
MASSON Rec. Brit. Philos. 78 Into what Empyrean will it
remelt when the separating film bursts ?
Hence Reme'lted///. a., Reme'Hing vbl. sb.
1796 PEARSON in Phil. Trans. LXXXVI. 431 Perhaps
metals in general are rendered purer.. by remelting. 1839
URE Diet. A rts 1 127 The roasting of the mattes . - and their
treatment by four successive re-meltings. 1861 FAIRBAJRN
Iron 142 Molten crude iron, or. .remeltedpigor refined iron.
Remember (rftne-mboj), v. Forms : 4-6 re-
membre, (5 -menbre), 5-6 remembyr, (5 -bur,
6 -bar, Sc. -bir), 6- remember, (6 Sc. ra-). [ad.
OF. remembrer (nth c.), = Prov. and Sp. re-
membrar, It. rimembrar :— late L. rememordri, {.
re- RE- + mentor mindful : see REMEMOBATE v.]
I. 1. trans. To retain in, or recall to, the
memory ; to bear in mind, recollect (a thing, per-
son, fact, event, saying, etc.).
c 1330 R. BRUNNE Chron. (1810) 327 Edward may remembre
J>e trauaile £ be pyn. 1382 WYCLIF Tobit ii. 6 Remembrende
that woord, that the Lorde seide by Amos, c 1420 LYDG.
Assembly of Gods 154 Remembre your name was wont to be
egall. 1484 CAXTON Fables of jEsop I. xviii, Euer I shal
remembre the grace whiche thou hast done to me. 1560
DAUS tr. Steidane's Comm. 80 b, They should remembre
themselves to be earth and asshes. 1600 HOLLAND Amm.
Marcell: 217 A thing that no man could remember done
since Dioclesian and Aristobulus time. 1678 BUNYAN Pilgr.
I. (1900) 35 Let this mans misery be remembred by thee.
"750 JOHNSON A'aw/Ww No. 26P2, Iwas..left by my father,
whom I cannot remember, to the care of an uncle. 1833
TENNYSON Dream Fair Worn, xx, The times when I re-
member to have been Joyful. 1873 JOWETT Plato (ed. 2)
IV. 130 We must remember the place held by Parmenides
in the history of Greek philosophy.
fig. 1732 POPE Hor. Sat. II. ii. 73 The stomach . . Re-
members oft the School-boy's simple fare. i833TENNYSON
Two Voices 423 My frozen heart began to beat, Remember-
ing its ancient heat.
b. With inf. To bear in mind, not to forget, to
do something.
CI430 LYDG. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 12 Remembryng
the highe lord to queme. 1461 Paston Lett. II. 27 Re-
membre to take a wryht to chese crowneres in Norffolk.
»535 LYNDESAY Satyre 3054 My Lords, .. Remember to re-
forme the consistorie. 1610 SHAKS. Temp. HI. ii. 99 Re-
member First to possesse his Bookes. 1733-4 BERKELEY in
Fraser Life vi. 218 You will also remember to take bonds
for the money. 1781 COWPER Conversat. 103 But still
remember. .To press your point with modesty and ease,
t C. Const, with oneself. Obs. rare.
1563 B. GOOGE Eglogs, etc. (Arb.) 86 As ofte as I remembre
with my self, The Fancies fonde [etc.]. 1613 DAY Festivals
yiu. (1615) 240 That you remember with your selves, who it
is that hath made you Fathers of Children.
t d. Remember your courtesy, be covered. Obs.
(The precise origin of the phrase is not clear ; compare
leave your courtesy in Mids. N. iv. i. 21, and the following
passage : c 1560 WEVER Lusty Juventus C ij, Well sayd
maister doctor... I pray you be remembred, and couer your
head.)
1588 SHAKS. L. L, L. v. i. 103, I doe beseech thce remember
thy curtesie. I beseech thee apparell thy head. [Cf. 11 ami.
v. ii. 108.] 1598 B. JONSON Ev. Man in Hum. I. i, Pray
you remember your court'sy. .Nay, pray you be covered.
2. To think of, recall the memory of (a person)
with some kind of feeling or intention.
1381 WYCLIF Isa. Ixii. 6 >ee that remembren the Lorde, ne
beth stille. 1490 CAXTON Eneydos xix. 69 So shall I re-
membre elysse as longe as lyffe shall abyde wythin me.
1535 COVERDALE Eccl. xii. i Remembre thy maker in thy
youth, or euer the dayes of aduersite come. 1560 DAUS tr.
Sleidant's Comm. 314 We must also remember the dead.
1671 MILTON P. R. in. 434 Yet he at length .. Remembring
Abraham by some wond'rous call May bring them back.
1791 BURNS Lament for Glencairn x, I'll remember thee,
Glencairn, And a' that thou hast done for me 1 1841 LANE
Arab. Nts. I. in, I will do thee an act of kindness for
which I shall be remembered.
b. To bear (a person) in mind as entitled to
a gift, recompence, or fee, or in making one's will ;
hence, to fee, reward, ' tip *.
1470 Paston Lett. II. 407 Also my brother Edmonde is
not yet remembryd. He hathe not to lyff with, thynk on
hym. 1563 BP. SANDYS in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. i. II. 195 This
Contrie . . bringith nothing forth lit t to remember youe withall.
1599 Aberdeen Regr. (1848) II. i88The..counsall. .lykvayes
ordanis Mr. Peter Blakburne, minister, to be rememberit
for the interteneing of the said Mr. George. 1605 SHAKS.
Macb. ii. iii. 23 Anon, anon, 1 pray you remember the
Porter. 1801 MAR. EDGEWORTH Moral T. (1816) I. xi. 93
He assured the hostler, that he would remember him the
next day. 1871 Punch 16 Sept. 113/1 Mr. Keane Hunter
is manoeuvring to be remembered in Alderman W.'s will.
t3. To record, mention, make mention of (a
thing, person, etc.). Obs. (common c 1430-1660).
c 1430 LYDG. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 73 Remembryd by
scriptures we fynde and rede, Holsum and holy it is to
thynke and pray. 1483 CAXTON Gold. Leg. 261/1 Her deth
and . . her assumpcion wherof the Scripture remembryth
no thynge. 1577-87 HOLINSHED Chron. III. 963/2 About
the same time that the armie before remembred, was set
forward into Scotland. 1620-55 I- JONES Stone-Heng(nt$) ^
History hath not remembred the Ruins of any ancient
Buildings digged up in Anglesey. 165* NEEDHAM tr.
Si'tden's Mare Cl. 62 The Carians possessed the Sea.
Their Sea-Dominion is remembred by Diodorus Siculus.
1749 FIELDING Tom Jones in. iv, That phenomenon in the
face of the former which we have above remembered.
•)• b. To commemorate. Obs.
1430-40 LYDG. Bochas i. xiy. (1554) 30 This knightly man
. . Set up pillers for a memorial! Which remembred his con-
quests. 1535 COVERDALE Numb. v. 15 It is.. an ofieringe of
remembraunce, that remembreth synne. 1610 SHAKS. Temp.
i. ii. 405 The Ditty do's remember my drown'd father. 1658
Whole Duty Man iii. § 17 His mercies, especially those re-
membred in the Sacrament, his giving Christ to die for us.
f c. To mention by way of reminder. Obs. rare.
1621 ELSING Debates Ho. Lords (Camden) 36 L. Ch.
Justice moved whether to proceed against Michell,.. and
remembred the message to the Lower House to sytt as a
House this afternoone.
d. To (have mind of and) mention (a person,
his condition, etc.) in prayer.
1602 SHAKS. Ham. ill. i. 90 Nimph, in thy Orisons Be all
my sins rememberd. 1613 — Hen. Vlll, v. i. 73 In thy
Prayres remember Th* estate of my poore Queene. 1836
SIMEON in Carus Life (1847) xxxiii. 794, I intreat the favour
of you to remember at the throne of grace one, who [etc.],
4. absol. or intr. To have or bear in mind ; to
recall to the mind ; also, to exercise or possess the
faculty of memory.
1390 GOWER Con/. III. 122 Which yifth men cause to re-
membre, If any Sor be left behinde. 14.. Tundale's Vis.,
etc. (1843) 101 In verrey sothe, as I remembur can. 1548
EI.YOT, s.v. Memoria, Sens any manne coulde remembre.
1588 SHAKS. L. L.L.I, i. 258 That shallow vassal!, .which as
I remember, hight Costard, a 1631 DONNE Poems (1650) 22
So, in forgetting thou remembrest right. 1690 LOCKE Hum.
Und, I. iv. § 20 To remember is to perceive any thing with
memory, or with a consciousness, that it was known or per-
ceived before. 1752 GRAY Lett., to Walpole (1900) I. 219
As I remember, there were certain low chairs, that looked
like ebony. 1812 COLERIDGE Lit. Rent. (1836) I. 336 Beasts
and babies remember, that is, recognize : man alone recol-
lects. 1819 SHELLEY Prometh. Unb. i. 561 Past ages crowd
on thee, but each one remembers.
b. To have mind, memory, or recollection of
something. Now rare (in later quots. Sc.).
CI3S6 CHAUCER Pars. T. f 85 At euery tyme bat I re-
membre of be day of doom, I quake, c 1440 Partonope 3502
Remembring of the Joy he had before. 1523 LD. BERNERS
Froiss. I. ccxxxvii. 339 Sir Johan Chandos remembred of a
knyfe that he had in his bosome. 1613 SHAKS. Hen. Vlll,
I. ii. loo, I remember of such a time, being my sworn seruant.
The Duke retein'd him his. 1642 MILTON Apol. Smect.
Wks. 1851 III. 285 And yet he can remember of none but
Lysimachus Nicanor, and that he mislikt and censur'd.
1760-72 H. BROOKE Fool o/Qual. (1809) II. 54 Among ..
female fashions. . I remember but of one [etc.]. 1808 SCOTT
Mem. in Lockhart i. (1842) 6/1, 1 remember of detesting the
name of Cumberland. 1851 H. STEPHENS Bk. Farm (ed. 2)
I. 594/1, I remember of another case in which there was no
appearance of a lamb,
f c. Const, on or upon. Obs.
c 1386 CHAUCER Nun's Pr. T. 213 Remembring on his
dremes that he mette. 1430-40 LYDG. Bochas ix. xiv. (1558)
26 He gan remembre anone..Vpon a verse written in y
Sautere. 15.. Impeachm. Wolsey in Furniv. Ballads fr.
MSS. I. 352 Remembyr on Thomas of Canterbury. 1588
A. KING tr. Canisius1 Catech. 9 b, Remember on me, o lord.
fd. To make mention of a thing. Obs. rare-1.
1531 ELYOT Gov. n. xiii, Plinie remembreth of a dogge
whiche .. assaulted the murdrer of his maister.
5. re/I. To bethink or recollect, fto think or re-
flect upon (oneself). Now rare.
^1386 CHAUCER Pars. T. F 135, I wol remembre me alle
the yeres of my lyf, in bitternesse of myn herte. c 1440
Gcnerydcs 583, I may not ease my hert ../That doth me
hariue whanne I remembre me. 1484 CAXTON Chivalry 10
And thenne he remembryd hym a lytyl and after sayd [etc.].
a 1548 HALL Chron., Hen. VIU 194 The Cardinal some-
what remembred hym selfe and sayd, wel my lord I am
content to obey. 1502 SHAKS. Rom. 9t Jul. i. iii. 9 Nurse
come backe againe, I haue remembred me, thou'se heare
remembered herself. ' That's only a momentary feeling '.
•(• b. Const, of or on; = 4 b, 4 c. Obs.
13. . E. E. A Hit. P. C. 326 penne I remembred me ryjt of
my rych lorde. c 1386 CHAUCER Melib. p 33 Remembreth
yow upon the pacient Job. £1450 LONELICH Merlin 581
(Kolbing*, Sche hire remembrid of fadyr and modyr bothe.
1545 St. Papers Hen. Vlll, \. 11. 806, I cannot remember
me of any others [fit to be captains]. 1622 MABBK tr.
Alemafis Guzman cCAlf. II. 308, 1 remembred my selfe of my
Hostesse. 1651 tr. De-las-Coveras' Don Fenise 94 Re-
membering himselfe of the recitall which Rufine had made
him. 1760-72 H. BROOKE Fool of Qual. (1809) III. 88, I
remembered me of my gallant messmates.
c. With obj. clause. (Cf. sense I.) Now arch.
c 1374 CHAUCER Troylus i. 384 Remembring him, that love
to wyde y-blowe Yelt bittrefruyt. 1428 Lett. Marg.Anjau
ff Bp. Beckington (Camden) 43 Treuly, I can not remembre
me, that ever Iwrotetpyow. 1470-85 MALORY Arthur\\\\.
ii. 275 The kyng merueilled why she dyd soo, and remembryd
hym how her sone was sodenly slayne with poyson. 1589
Hay any Work 48 O now I remember me, he has also a
charge to prouide for. a 1648 LD. HERBERT Hen. Vlll
(1683) 39 Remembring himself, that it was time to visit his
Army. . he takes leave of the Ladies. 1700 CONGREVE Way
of World 11. ix, Now, I remember me, I'm married. 1817
BYRON Manfred in. iv. 8, I do remember me, that in my
youth . . I stood within the Coliseum's wall.
6. a. impers. {It} remembers me [after OF. (il)
me rememtre], I remember. Now arch.
£1374 CHAUCER Compl. Mars 150 What his compleynt
was, remembreth me. c 1386 — Wife's T. 469 Whan that it
remembreth me Up-on my yowthe. 1484 CAXTON Fables of
SEsop i. iv, I am certayne & me remembreth wel that the
dogge lend to her a loof of brede. 1814 CARY Dante, Par.
xx. 137 It doth remember me, that I beheld The pair of
blessed luminaries move. 1831 SCOTT Cast. Dang, i, It may
remember you that I undertook . . to temporize a little with
the Scots.
t b. Of a thing : To recur to (one). Obs.-1
1608 Yorksh. Trag. i. ix, When the dread thought of death
remembers you.
c. To be remembered, to remember ; also const.
of. Now obs. exc. dial, (common c 1450-1600).
ctyfiGcnery desk-it) Ther is a land I am remembryd wele,
Men call it Perse. 1470-85 MALORY Arthur ix. xxi. 370
Soo whan the quene loked vpon sir Tristram she was not
remembryd of hym. 1509 BARCLAY Shyp of Folys (1570) 46,
I am remembred that I haue often sene Great wordly riches
ende in pouertie. c 1590 MARLOWE Faust, x, Are you re-
membered how you crossed me in my conference with the
Emperor? 1605 ist Pt. leronimo in. ii. 53 Are you remem-
bred, Don, of a daring message, And a proud attempt?
1828 Craven Gloss. s.v., An ye be remembered, i. e. if you
remember.
II. 7. To remind (a person) ; esp. to put (one)
in mind of a. thing or person. \ Also const, upon,
with. Now arch, or dial.
c 1386 CHAUCER Frankl. T. 515 This was as Ihise bookes
me remembre The colde frosty seson of Decembre. c 1449
PECOCK Rcpr. i. iv. 22 Thouj he wplde reherce tho poiniis
. . of the lawe forto remembre the iugis and the peple ther
upon. 1451 PastonLett. I. 190 Item.to remembre I'.Denyes
of the tale that Fyncheham told. 1530 PALSGR. 685/1, I
shal remembre him of it whan he gothe to bedde. 1604 T.
WRIGHT Passions vi. 320 These.. I thought good briefly to
set downe. .to remember the Reader, that hereafter he may
benefit himselfe of them. 1641 R. MARRIOT Serin. 25 The
tliird was a Golden letter, which remembred him with the
joyes of Heaven. 1745 Fortunate Orphan 68 Emanuel . .
remember'd Azem of his Promises. 1808 Edin. Rev. Jan.
285 He takes care to remember us of Dr. Johnson's saying.
a 1850 RossETTl Dante «t Circ. L (1874) 98 She remembered
me many times of my own most noble lady.
b. With inf. or obj. clause. Now dial. (Very
common in I7th c., esp. with that.)
c 1449 PECOCK Repr. I. iv. 21 If abischop. .wolde remembre
hem, exorte hem, and stire hem . . forto kepe certeyn moral
venues. 1474 Rolls of Parlt. VI. 113/1 Remembryng us
that it appered unto us [etc.]. i54°-i ELYOT Image Gov.
(1556) 48 b, Fyrste he wolde remembre hym for what cause
he hath called hym. 1596 NASHE Saffron Walden n Let
me remember thee to do this one kindnes more for me.
1638 CHILLINGW. Relig. Prat. i. iii. f 77. 1771 I am to re-
member you, that many Attributes in Scripture, are not
notes of performance but of duty. 1670 BAXTER Curt Ch.
Div. Pref. i, I write it to remember the leacners ot
Churches, what principles they have to preach. 1703 J.
SAVAGE Lett. Antients xxvii. 88 Remembring him that
Liberality to Friends is the best way of hoarding Treasure.
1748 RICHARDSON Clarissa (1811) II. 239 The edge of the
opened door, which he ran against, remembered him to
turn his welcome back upon me. 1877- in dial, glossaries
(Lanes., Chesh., Lines., Warw., Shropsh.).
f 8. To recall (a thing or person) to a person.
Also with double object, obj. clause, and without
const. Obs.
1382 WYCLIF John xiv. 26 He schal. .schewe, or remembre,
to jou alle thingis. ri44o CAPGRAVE Life St. Kath. lit.
1379 Lokc on jour ryng ! It wyll remembyr ?ow }our
gloryous weddyng. .11470 TIPTOFT Tulle on Friendsh.
(Caxton 1481) Aij, Syth my master Seuola remembrid unto
me how Lelius hath resouned with him. 1531 ELYOT Gov. I.
iv, Remembryng to hym the daunger of his iuell example.
1617 WITHER Fidelia in Juvenilia (1633) 456 Every several!
object that I see Doth severally (methinkes) remember
thee. 1649 M ILTON Eikon. Pref., By onely remembring them
RE-MEMBER.
the truth of what they themselves know to be heer miss-
affirmed. 1671 Mede's Wks. p. xl, I remembred to him, how
often I heard him wonder [etc.],
fb. To mention (one's affection, respect, etc.)
by way of message to another. Obs.
1586 A. DAY Eng. Secretary II. (1625) 63 Sir, my humble
dutie remembred unto you and my good Rfistresse, you may
please to understand [etc.] 1615 USSHER in Lett. Lit. Men
(Camden) 132, I pray remember my hearty affeccion unto
my Lord of Landaff. 1671 MARVELL Corr. Wks. (Grosart)
II. 408 Pray remember my respects to your Partner.
c. To mention (a person) to another as sending
a friendly greeting. Also without const.
1560 GRESHAM in Burgon Life I. 302 To whom it may
please you, I maye be remembered. 1613 SHAKS. Hen. VIII,
iv. ii. 160 Remember me In all humilitie vnto his Highnesse.
a 1674 CLARENDON Surv. Leviath. (1676) 6 To remember me
kindly to Mr. Hobbes. 1713 STEELE Guardian No. 171 f> 3
Remember me to the lion. 1780 Phil. Trans. LXX. 452
He begs to be remembered to you with best compliments.
1804 in G. Rose'sDiaries(i%(fD II. 86 Mrs. Tomline desires
to be most kindly remembered. 1872 BLACK Adv. Phaeton
xxvi. 353 Katty Tatham desires to be remembered to you all.
Re-me'iuber, "'• nonce-wd. [RE-sb.] trans.
a. To put together again, b. To supply with
i new member.
cross 389 A British tar.. a true heart of oak, re-membered
also in the same fine material.
Renie'inberabrlity. [f. next + -ITY.] The
fact of being rememberaole.
1839 J. ROGERS Antipopopr. x. f 2. 255 The easy remember-
ability of the Bible system.
Rememberable (rftne'mbarab'l), a. Also
remembr-. [f. REMEMBER v. + -ABLE: cf. obs.
F. remembrat>le.~\ Capable or worthy of being
remembered. (Common in igth c.)
1611 COTGR., Memorable, memorable, remembrable, worthie
of memorie. 1800 HAZLITT Pol. Ess. (1819) 399 When all is
done, nothing rememberable has been said, a 1842 ARNOLD
Serm. Chr. /,(/<: (1845) 296 A change. .of any rememberable
kind. 1881 SHAIRP Asp. Poetry v. 143 More rememberable
than any blank verse since Milton's.
Hence Beme-mberably adv.
1800 SOUTHEY Lett. (1856) 1. 133 The moral features of the
people [are] more accurately and rememberably painted.
1809 Ibid. II. 157 Say what you have to say as perspicu-
ously . . and as rememberably as possible.
Rememberance, obs. form of REMEMBRANCE.
Remembered (rtoe-mbaad), ///. a. [-ED i.]
•f 1. Already mentioned. Obs. rare.
c 1425 Found. St. Bartholomew's (E. E. T. S.) 31 Whan the
remembrid priour was ?it a-tyue. 1589 PUTTENHAM Eng.
Poesie (Arb.) 115 Besides all the remembred points of
Metricall proportion, ye haue yet two other sorts.
2. Recalled to or kept in memory. Also in
combs., as sad-, well-remembered.
1638 JUNIUS Paint. Ancients 17 That the Artificer after a
well-remembred knowledge, should invent something of his
owne. 1745 Matrimony pro <$• con 3 O ! to recall the sad-
remember'd Day. 1754 RICHARDSON Grandison (1811) I.
xxxiii. 253 As dear to me . . as her brother from his remem-
bered bravery. 1805 WORDSW. Prelude I. 161 Nolittleband
of yet remembered names. 1863 GEO. ELIOT Romola ix, Far
in the backward vista of his remembered life.
Rememberer (r/me-mbaraj). [-ER1.] One
who, or that which, remembers (t or reminds).
c 1449 PECOCK Repr. u. vi. 171 Bi this rememoraunce the
remembrer . . schal be the more stirid. a 1542 WYATT in
Tottel s Misc. (Arb.) 45 Forgetter of payn, remembrer of my
wo. 1579 G. HARVEY Letter-bk. (Camden) 61 Lett this if-
favorid letter suffize for a.. remembrer in that behaulfe.
1614 RALEIGH Hist. World m. (1634) 89 Artaxerxes called
Mnemon, that is to say the Mindful or the Rememberer.
'754 RICHARDSON Grandison (1781) IV. vii. 62 What a re-
memberer, if I may make a word, is the heart ! 1809 SVD.
SMITH Wks. (1859) I. 174/1 The maker of verses and the
rememberer of words. 1876 F. HARRISON Choice Bks. (1886)
396 The recollections are very often the inventions of the
rememberer.
Reme inhering, vil. si. [-ING 1.] The action
of the vb. REMEMBER ; an instance of this, t fit
remembering, in remembrance or memory.
c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints xl. (NMan) 532 Of bat merwale in
remembryng. c 1449 PECOCK Repr. v. xii. 547 Into the re-
membring of persones not being religiose. 1521 J. T. Prol.
Bradskaufs St. Werburge 40 Who on this wolde haue re-
membryng.. wolde dispise all thynges..mundayne, 1583
T. WASHINGTON tr. Nicholay's Voy. Ep. Ded., Doth it not
deserue diligent marking and remembring? 1673 True
Worship of God 51 A Remembring and Renewing of our
Baptismal Vow. 1740 I. CLARKE Educ. Youth (ed. 3) 88
The Matter is well worth the remembring. 1846 MASKELI.
Man. Kit. I. p. clxxxv, Wearying the reader with continued
rememberings of much, which we might have wished away.
Reme-mbering, ///. a. [-ING 2.] That re-
members (t or reminds) ; f mindful of a. thing.
c 1449 PECOCK Repr. v. xii. 546 Wherfpre it is resonable,. .
that her outward habit be mad to hem into such, .a remem-
bring signe. c 1586 C'TESS PEMBROKE Ps. cxix. G. i, Grave
deeply in remembring mind My trust, thy promise true.
1625 BACON Ess.j Great Place (Arb.) 293 Be not too sensible,
or too remembring, of thy Place, in Conversation, a 1676
HALE Prim. Orig. Man. (1677) 21 Touching the knowledge
of Brutes, touching their remembring Faculty. 1790 PEN-
NANT London (1813) 498 Death .. shaking his remembering
hour-glass. 1822 OALT Provost xxix, During the remember-
ing prayer, Mr. Pittle put up a few words for criminals
under sentence of death. 1886 SWINBURNE Death Sir If.
Taylor in Athenxnm 10 Apr. 488/1 Clothed round with
reverence of remembering hearts.
424
Remembir, obs. Sc. form of REMEMBER.
Remembrance (rftne'mbrans), sb. Also 4-6
-aunoe, 5 -a(u)nse, -ans, 6 -auns, 4-8 remem-
ber-, [a. F. remembrance (i ith c. ; AF. -ounce) :
see REMEMBER and -ANCE, and cf. It. rimcmbranza."\
1. (Without article.) Memory or recollection in
relation to a particular object, fact, etc. In early
use esp. in phrases to have in r., to call to r. (see
CALL z>. 20 b).
13 .. Coer tie L. 69-26 Whoso hadde sene hys cuntenaunse,
Wolde euer had hym in remembraunse. 1390 GOWER Conf.
I. 5 He schal drawe into remembrance The fortune of this
worldes chance, c 1450 Merlin 49 The moste remembraunce
that I shall haue, shall be vpon yow, and on yowre nedes.
1530 PALSGR. 351 Here is to be called to remembraunce
euer bound the Church vnto him, in a debt of speciall re-
membrance. 1667 MILTON P. L. in. 704 Worthiest to be all
Had in remembrance alwayes with delight. 1725 POPE
Odyss. vni. 501 This ever grateful in remembrance bear. 1826
J. G. STRUTT Sylva Brit. (1830) 5 Secured to remembrance
by the pencil. 1871 R. ELLIS tr. Catullus Ixiv. 231 Look
that . . deep-laid in steady remembrance These our words
grow greenly.
b. Const, of, f inf., or t clause. Formerly freq.
in phrases to have r. of, to put (one) in r. of.
£1386 CHAUCER Knt.'s T. 188 This maked Emelye han
remembrance To do honour to May. — Monk's T. 728
Of honestee yit hadde he remembraunce. 1465 Paston Lett.
III. 482 This might.. put him in remembrance what time
he hath lost. 1555 EDEN Decades 43 You put me so often
in rememberance of your departure. 1586 A. DAY Eng.
Secretary it. (1625) 38 His presence I am resolved shall no
more disquiet me, by hearing or remembrance of him. 1623
BINGHAM Xenophon lot Yet it is honest, .that remembrance
be had rather of that which is good, than of the bad. 1678
CUDWORTH Intell. Syst. i. v. 693 Though all Learning be
not the Remembrance of what the Soul once before actually
understood in a Pre-existent State. 1784 COWPER Task VL
352 What he views of beautiful or grand . . Prompts with re-
membrance of a present God. 1816 J. WILSON City of
Plague u. ii. 231 Remembrance rises faint and dim Of
sorrows suffer'd long ago.
2. That operation of the mind which is involved
in recalling a thing or fact; recollection. Freq.
personified, or in fig. context.
CI374 CHAUCER A net. I, Arc. 21 1 So thirllethe with the
poynt of Rememberaunce be swerde of sorowe_..Myn hert
Dare of blisse. 1500-20 DUNBAR Poems Ixxii. 105 Than
rudelie come Remembrance Ay rugging me, withoutin rest.
1595 SHAKS. John v. vi. 12 Vnkinde remembrance: thou, &
endles night, Haue done me shame. 1671 MILTON Samson
952 Not for thy life, lest fierce remembrance wake My
sudden rage. 1690 LOCKE Hum. Und. n. xix. § i The same
Idea, when it again recurs without the Operation of the like
Object on the external Sensory, is Remembrance. 1785
REID Intell. Powers i. i. 16 When the word perception is
used properly, .it is never applied to things past And thus
it is distinguished from remembrance.
t b. Faculty or power of remembering or re-
calling to mind. Obs. (Cf. next.)
c 1420 LYDG. Assembly of Gods 998 To whom Vertew sent
embassatours three, Reson, Discresion, & Good Remem-
braunse. 1509 FISHER Funeral Serm. C'tess Richmond
Wks. (1876) 291 She was good in remembraunce & of holdyng
memorye. 1538 Bury Wills (Camden) 133, 1, Barbara Mason,
. . beyng . . in hooll mynd and good remembrauns, make this
my present testament. 1577 NORTHBROOKE Dicing (1843)
143 The witte thereby is made more sharpe, and the re-
membrance quickened. 1610 SHAKS. Temp. \\. i. 232 This
Lord of weake remembrance. 1631 WIDDOWES Nat. Philos.
52 The wittie excell in remembrance, the dull in memorie.
3. With possess, pron. (One's) memory or re-
collection; also, in later use, (one's) power of
remembering (cf. prec.).
c 1374 CHAUCER Troylus ill. 919 (968) Can I not seyn . . If
sorow it put out of her remembraunce. c 1410 HOCCLEVE
Mother of God 45 Fecche that lady in thy remembrance.
1490 CAXTON Eneydos xxii. 80 Come to her remembraunce
the grete iustyces-.vnto her tolde. 1x1533 L0- BERNERS
Huonl. 167 Call to your remembraunce how that.. Adam
& Eue was dyffendyd fro y" etinge of fruyte. 1604 E.
G[RIMSTONE] D'Acosta's Hist. Indies v. xxv. 401 Theyjnust
confesse themselves of all the sinnes they have committed,
to their remembrance. 1660 Trial Regie. 44 To the best of
my remembrance, he sate there four days together. 1754
RICHARDSON Grandison (1781) IV. x. 87 The obliging wife
would banish from his rememberance the petulant mistress.
1819 SHELLEY Cyclops 145 Pour: that the draught may
fillip my remembrance. 1864 SKEAT Uhlatids Poems 170
But now is my remembrance weak with eld.
b. The point at which one's memory of events
begins, or the period over which it extends.
1565 COOPER Thesaurus, Memoria patrutn, in the time
and remembrance of our fathers. 1601 SHAKS. All's Well
iv. iii. 126 Fro the time of his remembrance to this very
instant disaster. 1667 MILTON P. L. vni. 203 Thee I have
heard relating what was don Ere my remembrance. 1771
SMOLLETT Humph. Cl. 2 June, Let. ii, I know but one other
method .., which .. has been practised successfully more than
once in my remembrance.
4. The memory (f or thought) which one has of
a thing or person.
1:1386 CHAUCER Pars. T. F 157 The fourth point, that
oughte make a man have contrition, is the sorweful remem-
brance of the good dedes that he hath lefte to don here in
erthe. 1490 CAXTON Eneydos xxii. 78 Anguishe & calamyte,
..wherof y" remembraunce greued hym ryght sorowfully.
1551 ROBINSON tr. More's Utop. it. (1895) 302 The remem-
braunce of theire poore indigent and hegerlye olde age
kylleth them up. 1590 SHAKS. Mids. ft. Iv. i. 164 My loue
To Hermia .. Seems to me now as the remembrance of an
REMEMBRANCE.
idle gaude. 1655 GURNALL Chr. in Ann. verse n. I. iii.
(1669) 27/1 These add to his sin, and the remembrance of his
sin., will adde to his torment. 1725 POPE Odyss. xni. 224
Yet had his mind thro' tedious absence lost The dear re-
membrance of his native coast. 1792 WORDSW. Descrip.
Sketches 519 Why does their sad remembrance haunt the
mind? 1849 MACAULAY Hist. Eng. vii. II. 229 Between
him and the court was interposed the remembrance of one
terrible event.
b. With a and//. A recollection, reminiscence.
1601 SHAKS. Alts Wellt. iii. 140 By our remembrances of
daies forgon. 1610 — Temp. v. i. 138 How sharpe the point
of this remembrance is. [1706-7 &ARQUHAR Beaux' Slrat.
iv. ii, But cussen Mackshane, vil you not put a remembrance
upon me ?] 1788 GIBBON Decl. f, F. xlix. V. 158 A faint re-
membrance of their ancestors still tormented the Romans.
1809 CAMPBELL Gertr. Wyom. i. i, Although the wild-flower
on thy ruined wall, .a sad remembrance bring. 1810 SHEL-
LEY Peter Bell yd v. x, These obscure remembrances
Stirred such harmony in Peter,
o. The surviving memory of a person.
1579 W. WILKINSON Confut. Familye ofLoue, Brief Descr.,
Kyng Edward the vi., a Prince of blessed remembrance.
1611 BIBLE Exod. xvii. 14, I will vtterly put out the re-
membrance of Amalek from vnder heauen. 1698 TATE &
BRADY Ps. cxii. 6 The sweet Remembrance [1696 Memorial]
of the Just Shall flourish when he sleeps in Dust. 1812
SOUTHEY Omniana I. no He might have secured for himself
a lasting and respectful remembrance.
d. //. Greetings expressive of remembrance.
1789 COWPER Let. to Newton i Dec., With our joint affec-
tionate remembrances to yourself and Mrs. Newton. 1804
in G. Rose's Diaries (1860) II. 87 Kindest remembrances to
all our good friends, c iSytAraa. Nts. (Rtldg.JjaS He bid
me also be sure and give his kindest remembrances to you.
5. fa- In (into, rarely for) remembrance, as a
memorial or record ; to put in remembrance, to
put on record. Obs.
1390 GOWER Conf. III. 183 Into remembrance He dede
upon him such vengance. Ibid. 294 Thei for evere in re-
membrance Made a figure in resemblance Of him. 1426
LYDG. in Pol. Poems (Rolls) II. 132 To put his title in re-
membraunce, Whiche that he hath to Inglond and to
Fraunce. 1490 CAXTON Eneydos vi. 24 Of which were
fourmed lettres for to write. . in remembraunce perpetual be
thinges that [etc.]. 1511 Guylfordcs Pilgr. (Camden) 27 By
token of a fayre stone Jayde for remembraunce. IS3S COVER-
DALE Zech. xiii. 2, I will destroye the names of Idols out off
the londe : so that they shal nomore be put in remembraunce.
b. In (f the} remembrance of, in memory of.
c 1400 MAUKDEV. (Roxb.) xxxiv. 153 peroff he drinkez..In
remembraunce of his fader. 1483 CAXTON Cato F vij, It is
sayd that there is as yet in the same place a pytte in mynde
and remenbraunce of the sayd myracle. la 1500 Wycket
(1828) 6 Do ye this in the remembrance of me. 1581 PETTIE
tr. Guazzo's Civ. Com. n. (1586) 105 That the.. life of the
people of Arpines, should be spared in the remembraunce of
TulTie. 1613 PURCHAS Pilgrimage i. xiii. 63 The day in re-
membrance thereof [was] ycerely solemnized with fasting
the Euen. 1697 DRYDEN SEncid\\. 680 In remembrance of so
brave a Deed, A Tomb, and Fun'ral Honours I decreed.
1 6. Mention, notice. Obs.
1375 BARBOUR Bruce lit. 558 Quhen that he herd mak re-
membrance Off the perellys that passyt war. 1300 GOWER
Conf. I. 156 As the bok maklh remembrance, Alphonse was
remembrance that it was used of auncient tyme. 1607 TOP-
SELL Four-/. Beasts (1658) 497 He saith he found the re-
membrance of it in the Grecian books. 1631 WEEVER Anc.
Funeral Man. 650 This towne . . requireth some large re-
membrance from mee.
•(• b. A commemorative discourse or mention ;
a memorial inscription. Obs.
1509 FISHER Funeral Serin. C'tcss JUcnmmdWks. (1876)
289 Here after foloweth a mornynge remembraunce had at
the moneth mynde of the noble prynces Margarete. 1598
BARNFEILD Poems (Arb.) 119 A Remembrance of some
English Poets. 1599 SHAKS. Hen. Y, i. ii. 229 Lay these
bones in an vnworthy Vrne, Tomblesse, with no remembrance
ouer them.
t 7. The act of reminding or putting in mind.
Book of remembrance, a memorandum-book, a
record. Kingofremembrance(%eK<\uoi.i6c,g}. Obs.
1461 PastonLett. II. 64 It is not for no lak of remembrans,
for I sent to hym thryis or fowyr tymys ther for. 1465 Ibid.
202 He sent me word that Wyllyam Worceter had a boke
of remembraunce of recaytys. 1535 COVERDALE Num. v. 15
It is .. an offeringe of remembraunce, that remembreth synne.
1565 COOPER Thesaurus, Memoriajis liber, a^ booke of re-
heard it, & a booke of remembrance was written before him.
1659 HOWELL Vocab. xxxiv, A ring of remembrance, viz.
two or three interchain'd [cf. COTGR., Souvenance,. .a Ring
with many hoopes, whereof a man lets one hang downe
when he would be put in mind of a thing).
altrib. a. 1626 W. SCLATER Comm. Mai. (1650) 186 He
hath also, then, his remembrance-book, his register, for the
t°b. Bill of remembrance, a royal letter of
authority. Obs.
1481 in Muniment. Magd. Coll. Oxf. (1882) 15 Dayly to
atende tyll I myte haue T. S. at leysere and than breke y
matere and schew to hym y» byll of remembranse. 1580
HOLLYBAND Treas. Fr. Tong, Vn placet, a bill of remem-
braunce to an Officer from the prince, a bill of processe.
1582 N. LICHEFIELD tr. Castanheda's Cong. E. Ind. 69 He
gave him other possessions and rents and a bill of remem-
braunce to make him Lorde.
fo. Clerk of the Remembrance, = REMEM-
BRANCER i a. Obs.
The Act cited by Cowell is one establishing tin Clerc de
la remembrancie.
REMEMBRANCE.
1607 COWELL Interpr. s.v. Remembrancer, These [Re-
membrancers of the Exchequer] anno 37 Ed. 3. Cap. 4. be
called clerks of the Remembrance. [Hence in later Diets.)
t 8. A note or entry serving as a record or re-
minder ; a memorandum. Obs.
1430-1 Rolls ofParlt. IV. 376/1 Make oute a remembrance
under her seall . . resityng ye issue yat is joyned. 1465 Paston
Lett. 1 1. 202 As for such bokys as he hath hyre at horn he
wol doo loke yf any remembraunce canne be founde therof.
1586 A. DAY Eng. Secretary n. (1625) 63, I haue laden for
your account . . according to your remembrance sent vnto me
for the same, ..seuen Buts of Sack. 1601 HOLLAND Pliny
II. 172 Set down vnder the hand of the sayd prince, in a
priuat note-book of remembrances, a 1676 HALE ( J.), Those
proceedings and remembrances are in the Tower, beginning
with the twentieth year of Edward I.
t b. A reminder given by one person to another ;
a remark of this nature. Obs.
1597 SHAKS. z Hen. /I', v. ii. 115, I do commit into your
hand, Th'vnstained Sword.. With this Remembrance; That
you vse the same [etc.]. 1612 WOODALL Surg. Mate Wks.
(1653) i Brief remembrances touching the particular instru-
ments for the Surgeons Chest. 1638 CHILLINGW. Relig. Prat.
I. v. § 29. 264 But let the understanding Reader, take with
him three or four short remembrances.
c. A reminder given by some thing or fact;
a thing or fact serving to remind one of something.
Now rare.
1617 MORYSON It in. \. 107 The Orange trees., are greene
in winter, giuing at that dead time a pleasant remembrance
of Sommer. 1663 GERUIER Counsel 21 To knock their head
against that of the doore, for a remembrance, that they were
not to passe the threshold. 1739 WESLEY Wmt, (1872) I. 174,
I was not suffered to conclude my subject ; a good remem-
brance that I should, if possible, declare, at every time, the
whole counsel of God. 1789 [see REMARK sl>.1 3 c]. 1806-7
J. BERESFORD Miseries Hum. Life (1826) i. Introd.,\Vhat..
[are] dressing and undressing but stinging remembrances of
the privileged nakedness of the savage?
9. An article serving to remind one person of
another ; a keepsake, souvenir ; a token.
1415 E. E. Wills (1882) 63, I wil bat lohn Ondeley haf a
coueryd pece of siluer..for a remembraunce of me. 1463
Bury Wills (Camden) 34, iij of my beste gownys. .for a re-
membraunce to thinke vpon me. c 153* Du WES Introd.
Fr. in Palsgr. 1023 Do nat you bryng me some remembraunce
or token from them? 1611 TOURNEUK Ath. Trag. n. i, Here's
the sad remembrance of his life, Which, for his sake, I will
for euer weare. 1714 in Swift 's Lett. (1768) IV. 13, I desire
your acceptance of a ring, a small remembrance of my father.
b. A memorial or record of some fact, person,
etc. Now rare.
1:1470 HENRY Wallace XI. 1458 Go nobill buk,. .Now byd
thi tym, and be a remembrance, a 1533 LD. BERNF.RS Gold.
Bk. M. Aurel. (1546) G, His wordes and counsels remayne
for a remembraunce. 1590 SPENSER F. Q. i. i. 2 On his brest
a bloodie C'rosse he bore, The deare remembrance of his
dying Lord. 1607 TOPSELL Four-f. Beasts (1658) 192 That
figure which is engraven at Rome in a Marble pillar, being
a remembrance of some Triumph. 1822 B. CORNWALL Dram.
Scenes, Rape Proserpine, And is this fountain left alone For
a sad remembrance.
•(•c. A heraldic device. Ois. rare~l.
1470-85 MALORY Arthur ix. xxx. 384 Tristram .. com- •
maunded. .his seruaunt to ordeyne hym a blak sheld with
none other remembraunce therin.
Remembrance, -'. rare. [f. the sb. : cf.
RE.MEMBRANCING vbl. sb.] trans. To remind.
»593 NASHE Christ's T. Wks. (Grosart) IV. 261 Let vs
looke for the sworde next to remembrance and warne vs.
1656 G. COLLIER AHSVI. 15 Quest. Ded., The best return I
am able to make you, is, remembrancing you of your duty.
Remembrancer (rftne-mbranssj). [a. AF.
remembrancer : see REMEMBRANCE sb. and -EB l.]
1. f a. A local official of some kind. Obs. rare—1.
1430-1 Rolls o/Parlt. IV. 386/1 Robt. Holme Esquyer,
Remembrauncer of Guyen..suyng for the good of the
Corone of oure Soverayn liege Lorde the Kyng, and for the
parties of the Duche of Guyen.
b. The name of certain officials of the Court
of Exchequer.
(a) The King's (or Queen's) Rememoraitcer, an officer
responsible for the collection of debts due to the sovereign ;
now an officer of the Supreme Court, (b) The Lord Trea-
surer's Remembrancer. Now only Hist, (abolished by Act
3 & 4 Will. IV, c. 99 I 41). (c) The Remembrancer of the
First fruits, responsible for the collection of all composi-
tions for first fruits and tenths. Now only Hist, (abolished
by Act i & 2 Viet. c. 20 § i).
[1354 Rolls of Parlt. II. 271/2 Que come en 1'Escheqer
soient diverses offices & places, Gardein de la Pipe, & de la
8 Elii. c. 16 § 2 Her or their Graces Officers of Remem-
brauncer and the Treasourers Remembrancer. 1607 COWELL
InU'rpr, s.v., Remembrancers of the Exchequer (Rcmemo-
ratores) be three officers, or clerks, one called the Kings
Remembrancer... The third is called the Remembrancer of
the first fruites. 1662 Act 14 Chat. //, c. 21 § 3 That
the several Remembrancers of the said Court.. make true
and perfect Copies of.. such other Seizure and Inquisicion
1724 SWIFT Draper's Lett. Wks. 1755 V. n. 68 The lord
Palmerstown is first remembrancer, worth near 2cW. per
__ — . Remen.
brancers. 1838 Act i ^-2 Viet. c. 20 § n Henry Warre
Esquire, the present Remembrancer of First Fruits and
lenths. 1887 POLLOCK Land Lams 8 note, These rents are
now received by the Queen's Remembrancer a few days
before the beginning of Michaelmas term.
t C. Qtitmi's Remembrancer, an officer having the
administration of the Queen Consort's affairs. Obs.
[? 1644 Cal. St. Papers Chas. I, Dom. (1890) 212 There
VOL. VIII.
425
has always been an officer called the Remembrancer to the
Queens of this nation.] 1647 HAWARD Crown Rev. 5 Clerke
in the Office of the Queenes Remembrancer.
d. An official of the Corporation of the City of
London, whose chief duty now is to represent that
body before Parliamentary Committees and at
Council and Treasury Boards.
' From the records of the City of London, in the Town
Clerk's Office, it appears that the office of Remembrancer
was instituted in 1570-1 ' (Archaeologiat 1855, XXXVI. 106).
i7io J. CHAMBERLAYNE.SY. Gt. Brit. it. in. 631 Mr. John
Johnson, Remembrancer [of the City of London]. 1770 in
Examiner (1812) 4 May 286/1 Lord Denbigh came up to
the City Remembrancer. 1802-12 BENTHAM Ration. Judic.
Evict, (1827) II. 590 notet In the official establishment of the
city of London there still exists one officer, the remembrancer
[etc.]. 1837 fchmicip. Corporations (Eng. & Wai.) ind AV/.,
London 45 The Remembrancer is elected by the Common
Council. 1882 Times i Mar. 9/6 Mr. Robarts..was elected
City Remembrancer in 1878, at a salary of i,5oo/. per annum.
2. One who reminds another ; in former use, esp.
one engaged or appointed for that purpose. (Com-
mon in i6-i7th c.)
1523 SKELTON Gar/. Laurel 864 To be your remembrauncer,
madame, I am bounde. 1571 GQLDIHG Ca/vz'n en Ps. xxxix.
13 God knoweth welynough without a remembrancer, that
men have but a short journey to walk upon earth. 1645
DURYE Israel's Call 28 You have put me in this place, to
be your remembrancer in the name of the Lord. 1687 R.
L'ESTRANGE Answ. Diss. 22, I think it would not do Amiss,
if the Dissenter should Counter-Advise his Remembrancer
upon Two or Three of these Last Points. 1771 SMOLLETT
Humph. Cl. 28 Apr., Let. n, If I had not been an ass, I
should not have needed a remembrancer. 1835 BROWNING
Paracelsus 11. 42 What does this Remembrancer set down
concerning life? 1865 Examiner 18 Mar. 161 It is his
chosen office to be Remembrancer of all wrongs.
3. Jig. of things ; also, a thing serving to remind
one ; a reminder ; a memento, souvenir.
1589 G. tlMMVi Pierces Supererog. Wks. (Grosart) II. 138
Consideration is a good Counsellour : & Reading, no badd
Remembrancer. 1594 KYD Cornelia m. i. 13 Sweet teares
of loue, remembrancers to tyme. 1607 DONNE in Four C.
Eng. Lett. (1880) 62 No searching vehemencies. .made you
need so shadowy an example or remembrancer. 1666 J.
DAVIES Hist. Caribby Isles 297 Their stomacks are their
Clocks and Remembrancers. 1778 [W. MARSHALL] Minutes
Agric.) Digest 144 This Diary is the basis of the other
accounts, and serves as an almost-infallible Remembrancer.
1809 MALKIN Gil Bias x. ii. F 10, 1 fell dangerously ill there ;
and that timely remembrancer was the cause of bringing
back your son to you. 1867 HOWELLS ItaL Journ. 252 A bit
of the sacred wood for a remembrancer.
b. A reminder £/" something.
ci6ioSiR J. MELVIL^T/^W/. (1735)286, I had indited a long
Letter, .as a Remembrancer of his former Promises. 1682
WHELER Joum. Greece m. 263 There are some Remains of
noble Structures, Remembrancers of their prosperous State.
1766 GOLDSM. yic. W. iii, Premature consolation is but the
remembrancer of sorrow. 1829 SOUTHEY Sir T. More(&-$\)
II. 253 You have in them speaking remembrancers of mor-
tality. 1851 HAWTHORNE Ho. Sev. Gables v, The. .freckles,
friendly remembrancers of the April sun and breeze.
c. Used as the title of a book or pamphlet
1585 HIGINS (////*) The Nomenclator, or Remembrancer of
Adrianus lunius. ., conteining proper names and apt termes
for all thinges. ^ 1628 WITHER (title) Britain's Remem-
brancer, containing a Narration of the Plague lately past.
1670 BARKSDALE (title) A Remembrancer of Excellent Men.
1749 H. WALPOLE Lett. (1846) II. 288 There was a Remem-
brancer on that subject ready for the press. 1788 (title)
Egerton's Theatrical Remembrancer, a list of all dramatic
performances. 1867 (title) The Churchman's Daily Remem-
brancer, Meditations from Standard Divines.
t d. A register or record. Obs.
1671 N. PmLiPOT(tztte) Reasons .. for a Registry or Remem-
brancer of all Deeds and Incumbrances of Real Estates.
8. A memorandum-book.
1842 THACKERAY Fitz-Boodle Papers^ Dorothea^ Taking
from her waist a little mother-of-pearl remembrancer, she
notes them down.
f 3. One who sends remembrances to another.
1700 PEPYS Let. 8 Feb., Captain Hatton, who was my
guest to-day and your kind remembrancer.
4. One who seeks to remember.
1798 EDGEWORTH Pract. Educ. (1811) II. 245 Here are
things mentioned which will much assist the young remem-
brancer.
Hence Berne ' mbr a ncer ship, the office of remem-
brancer.
1882 Times i Mar. 9/6 The Court of Common Council
looked upon the Remembrancership as a post given for the
term of a year only.
Reme'inbrancing, vbL sb. [See REMEM-
BRANCE sb. and v.] The act of remembering or
reminding ; a reminder.
c 1449 PECOCK Repr. ii. viii. 188 That men visile and
haunte for the seide eendeof solempne remembrauncing tho
placis and tho ymagis, which it is sure God to chese. 1627
W. SCLATER Exp. 2 Thess. (1629) 290 Minding, Remem-
brancing, putting in minde of dutie. 1800 COLEKIDGE Pic-
colont, i. ii. 134 This is no more than a remembrancing That
you are now m camp. 1825 LAMB Elia, Ser. 11. Barbara
S , [These little books] were precious to her for their
affecting remembrancings.
t Reme'mbrative, a. and sb. Obs. [f. RE-
MKMBKK V. +-ATIVE ; cf. REMEMORATIVE.]
A*, adj. Mindful; keeping in, or bringing to, mind.
14 .. Pol. Rel. ff L. Poems (1866) 38 Riche is it nat, ..
Saue an hert [that] is reme[m]brntyf to you in eueriatoande.
c 1449 PECOCK Repr. v. xii. 546 No more conuenient, redier,
and ofter seen .. remembratijf signe .. couthe be founde.
1662 J. CHANDLER I 'an Hetmonfs Oriat. 269 Where that
remembrative memory is not a distinct act.
REMEN ANT.
B. sb. A memorial, reminder.
?ci47<> G. ASHBV Active Policy ii Ye had lafte to vs..
sum remembratife Of a personne Icrned & Inuenlif.
Remembre, -bur, -byr, obs. ff. REMEMBER.
t Reme'morable, a. Obs. rare-1. [Cf. RE-
MEMOKATE v.} Memorable.
a 1641 HP. MOUNTAGU Acts ty Man. (1642) 316 Many
excellent and rememorable acts.
t Renie'morance, Obs. [a. OF. remtmor-
ance (,13th c.) : see next and -ANCE, and cf. It.
rimemoranza (Florio).] Remembrance.
c 1449 PECOCK Repr. 11. vi. 171 Bi this rememoraunce the
remembrer, if he wole, schal be the more stired to araie and
dispose him thidirward. -1470 HARDING Chron. LXIII. v,
Nowe menne it call, by all rememoraunce, Constantyne
noble. 1349 Compl. Scot. L 21 Is nocht that nobil toune
extinct furtht of rememorance?
t Reme morant, a. Obs. rare-1, [ad. L.
rememorant-em, or a. F. remimorant : see next and
-ANT.] Mindful.
1549 Compl. Scot. xx. 175 Than thir tua armes past to
githir in gude accord, nocht rememorant of there deidly aid
fede that vas betuix them.
t Renie'morate, v. Obs. [ad. ppl. stem of
late L. rememorari (Tert, Vulg.), -are: see RE-
MEMBER, and cf. F. remimorer (i6th c.), It. rime-
morare!\ a. trans. To remind, put in mind (of).
Also absol. b. intr. To remember. Hence t He-
me'morating vbl. sb.
!46o-7oinC. Innesi'^. Early Sc.Hist.App. (1861) 506 Pleis
it your lordchypis to be rememmorat the vrangous occupa-
tioun ofourlandis. 1606 BRY5KETrCiv.Lf/e 121 Whether our
learning be but a rememorating of things which we knew
formerly, or else a learning a new. Ibid. 128 We shall euer
find the like difficulties, whether we rememorate or learne
anew, a 1670 HACKET Cent. Serm. (1675) 691 Ascension-
day. . rememorates every year that He is gone up into
heaven. 1685 Gracian's Courtiers Orac. 68 To inform, is
far better than to put in mind. Sometimes we are to re-
memorate, sometimes advise.
Reinemora'tion. Now rare. [ad. late L.
rememoration-em (Vulg.) : see prec. and -ATION,
and cf. F. remimtration (i4th c.).] The action of
remembering (f or reminding) ; an instance of this,
t a recalling to mind.
£1449 PECOCK Repr. n. viii. 182 The rememoracioun or the
remembraunce of thilk thing.. must needis be the febler.
'597 J' KING On Jonas (1618) 4^31 The same word of the
Lord againe repeated in my text tieth mee to a rememoration
of the same particulars. 1624 Bp. MOUNTAGU Gagg-$i& The
Protestants, .use them for hdps of piety, in rememoration,
and more effectual! representing of the Prototype. 1654
JER. TAYLOR Real fres. 129 A representing of nis body
crucified, a rememoration of his crucifixion. 1893 SALTUS
Matiam Sapphira 172 In unconscious rememoration of the
famous retort.
t Reme morative, a. and sb. Obs. [f. as
REMEMOKATE v. + -IVE, perh. after a med.L. *re-
inemorativus : cf. F. nmlmoratif '(1527).]
A. adj. Serving to remind. Also const, of.
(1440 PECOCK Repr. n. ii. 136 The setting Vj3 of ymagis in
chirchis and the vsmg of hem as rememoratijf or mynding
signes. 1625 Bp. MOUNTAGU App. Cxsar 287 Only [a] re-
presentative, rememorative, and spiritual) Sacrifice, a 1641
— Acts Sf Mon. (1642) 90 'lo-ropiKOf, Rememorative of
actions done.
B. sb. A reminder.
1624 Bp. MOUNTAGU Gagg 31$ This Serpent.. was a Re-
memorative of salvation extended by the Sonne of God.
1676 Life Father Sarfi in Brent's Counc. Trent 39 With
little Notes of his own . . , but so short, . . that one may easily
perceive that . . he wrote to himself alone for rememoratives.
t Reme'morize, v. Obs. rare—1. [Cf. RE-
MEUOBATE ».] trans. To recall to mind.
1634 SiRT. HERBERT Trav. no Melek Bahaman perceives
the Tosse of his liberty when past recovery, rememorizes his
sonnes advice [etc.].
Re-nie'inorize (r/~-),rr. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To
commit again to memory.
1869 A. J. ELLIS E. F.. Pronunc, n. vi. § 3. 618 Even
those who employed it would have to re-memorize every
word in the language.
t Reme'mory, sb. Obs. rare—1. [Cf. RE-
MEMORANCE.] Remembrance.
c 1470 HARDING Citron, xiv. ii, He made theim wryten, for
longrememory, To rule the Isle by theim perpetually.
t Re'menant. Obs. Forms: a. 4-6 remen-
ant(e, -aunt(e, (4 -ont, 5 -ent), 4-5 -and, 5 re-
munaunde, remynaunte. ft. 4-6 remanant,
5-6 -aunt(e, 5 north, and St. -and, -aunde, (5 Sf.
ra-). 7. 5 remelant, -aunt, -awnt, remulaut.
[a. OF. remenant, remanant (AF. -aunt), pres.
pple. of remenoir, remanoirto REMAIN. See also
REMAINANT and REMNANT.]
1. The rest or remainder of a number of persons
or (rarely) things ; the others. Also//.
a. 13. . K. Alis. 5707 The remenaunt than Heigh on hast,
Bisiden into ariche cite, c 1385 CHAUCER L. G. W. Prol. 304
Fyrst sat the god of loue&thanne this queene..And sithyn
al the remenant by & by. c 1400 MAUNDEV. (Roxb.) xi. 42
J>e remenaunt he putte in presoun. 1471^5 MALORY
Arthur i. iii. 39 Kyng Vthers men .. slewe many peple &
putt the remenaunt to flight. 1546 Supplic. Poore Commons
(E. E. T. S.) 63 Not withstandynge that the remenaunt of
the sturdy beggers..do daylye. .stere vs thereunto.
pi. c 1330 R. BRUNNE Citron. Wace (Rolls) 3338 Belyn &
Brenne..wente ..To .. take truage of be remenauntz [v.r.
heue trewage at Remanans].
54
REMEND.
/5. c 1330 Arth. ff Mcrl. 6210 (Kulbing), A bousand & mo
bai slowen, pe remanant of hors drowen. 1375 BARBOUR
i'-rnce vii. 337 Till thar host the remanand fled, c 1400
MAUNDEV. (Roxb.) vii. 27 Twa of Jam er wonder hie and
wyde also, and J>e remanand er no?t so hie. c 1470 HENRY
Wallace in. 185 The ramanand apon thaim folowit fast.
1534 MORE Treat. Passion Wks. 1310/2 He myghte thereby
haue giuen occasyon of enuye. .to ludas, or peraduenture
grefe to the remanant. 1573 J. TYRIE in Cath. Tract,
(S. T. S.) 17 Ye and the remanant of your propheites ar
alluterlie separat from the trew kirk,
2. The rest or remainder of a thing or aggregate
of things ; that which, or all that, is left over.
a. CJ315 SHOREHAM i. 1060 Beter hys J>at hy a lyte do
her.. And foluelle J>at remenaunt Ine purgatoryes tense.
\a 1366 CHAUCER Rom. Rose 1024 Hir nose, hir mouth, and
eye and cheke Wel wrought, and alle the remenaunt eke.
£•1400 MAUNDEV. (1839) xxi. 230 In alle the remenant of the
World, ne myghte a man fynde a more reverent man. 1430
E. E. Wills (1882) 87 All the Remenent of my gode it
Catell y bequeth to my wif. 1473 in Arnolde Ckron. (181 r)
245 The whiche I reserue to the performyng of the remen-
aunt off my legates conteyned in this mi testament. 1536
Act 28 Hen. VIII, c. 1 1 § 1 1 Suche rent and seruyces, as for
the remenaunt of the sayde yere, shall vppon euery suche
lease be due. 1560 DAUS tr. Sleidane's Comm. 54 Claude,
Duke of Guise.. had gathered up the remenaunt of the
dys -r-w. « »,
Spend wele, therefore, the remanant of the day. 1477 EAKL
RIVERS (Caxton) Dictes 68 A wyseman ought, .to kepe wele
the remanaunt of his good. 1566 in Peacock Eng. Ch.
Furniture (1866) 88 The Remanaunt to the poore.
v. c 1440 York Myst. xxvii. 23 The remelaunt parted
schall be. 1462 Paston Lett. II. 98, ij c. and 1. mark to
bene payed at this Estern and the remulant at Mihelmasse.
And of the remulant the Kyng shuld be answered.
b. = REMAINDER i. rare~l,
1544 tr. Littletons Tenures 51 Yf the lorde wil graunt
the homage of his lande by his dede to another, sauynge
to hym the remenaunt of the seruyces.
3. A remaining tiling or part ; a remnant.
c 1330 R. BRUNNE Ckron. (1810) 16 The tothere remenant
(F. le remanaunt} of the north son salle thei nomen. 1406
E. E. Wills (1882) 13 All the remenauntys of my godys, y
wyll they be preysyd & parttyd in thre. Ibid1. 37 Also ij
remenauntz of the Lynne bed. 1433 Rolls of Parlt. IV.
452/1 The same Clothe to be sold for a remenaunt . . and nat
for a Clothe.
4. A remenant, for the future, henceforward.
£-1330 R. BRUNNE Ckron. (1810) 115 %e wite wele a re-
menant [ F. desore\ & forsoth ;e kenne, pat Inglis & Normant
be now ons men.
Remenbre, obs. form of REMEMBER.
Reme'iid (r*-)» y- [RE- 5 a.] To mend again.
1592 WYRLEY Armoriet La. Chandos 73 What harme they
should His countriedo, that he remend it would.
t Reme ne, v. Obs. [pern. a. OF. remencr
to bring back ; but the senses are app. not OF.,
and may be based upon those of MEAN v^\
1. trans. To make mention of; to commemorate ;
to recall to mind.
13 . . Caw. $ Gr. Knt. 2483 Mony a-venture .. pat I ne
ty^t, at bis tyme, in tale to remene. c 1400 tr. Secreta
Secret.^ Gcv. Lordsh. 56 He shal turne hym to be poeple to
prayse hem., and remene {pr. remeue]& recomend her gode
maneres. c 1440 Macro Plays (E. E. T. S.) 67/960 Put yt,
Lorde, in-to my thowte ! 1'hi olde mercy, let me remene.
2. To compare ; to apply by way of comparison
or illustration. Const, to.
1377 Pol. Poems (Rolls) I. 216 This good ship I may
remene To the chivalrye of this londe. 1387 TRKVISA Higden
(Rolls) II. 371 pat by |>e tale bat is i-feyned be sooj? by
tokenynge may be remened [/>7«/£</remeued : L. referatur\
to bat |>at is so^eliche i-doo in deede. 1390 GOWER Conf.
I. 51 To thi matiere Of love I schal hem so remene, That
thou schalt knowe what thei mene. [Cf. II. 348.) ("1440
York Myst. xii. 50 pe dewe to be gode halygaste May be
remened [printed remeued] in mannes mynde.
3. To interpret, expound, explain. Also absol.
1383 WYCLIF Nek. viii. 9 Esdras-.and the Leuitus, re-
menyng [1388 expownynge ; L. interpretantes} to al the
puple. Ibid. 13 That he remene to them the woordis of the
lawe. c 1440 CAPGRAVE Life St. Kath. iv. 2271 This same
figure oure clerkis thus remene.
Hence f Beme'ning vbl. sb. ; also f Berne 'nonr,
interpreter, translator. Obs.
1382 WYCLIF Ezra Pro!., Leuende the sens of scripture he
folewide the errour of eche remenour. — Prov. Pro!., The
remenyng .. of the thre volumes of Salomon. Ibid., The
translacioun of the seuenty remenoures. — Ecclits. xlvii.
18 In prouerbis, and comparisouns, and in remenyngus.
Remenent, -ont, varr. REMENANT Obs.
Rement, obs. form of RAIMENT.
f Rementimuta-tion. nonce-wd. A second
or fresh change of mind.
1650 B. Discolliminium 45, I and my Friends shall be
allowed the full benefit of all the variations, interpreta-
tions,., mentimutations, rementimutations,.. that I and my
Mare can devise or possibly Imagine.
t Rente rce, v. Obs. rare -1. [app. f. RE- +
-merce as in COMMERCE z>.] trans. To ransom.
1559 BALDWIN Mirr. Mag., Earl Northumbld. G v, And
that we might this matter set on fyre From Owens iayle,
our cosin we remerst.
t Re me 'raiment. Obs. rare. [a. F. remerct-
ment, f. remercier : see REMERCY v.\ pi. Thanks.
1654 FLECKNOE Ten Years Trav. iv. 8 To whom I answered
(after my most humble remerciments for so high a favour)
That as I yet wanted nothing [etc.]. 1777 C'TESS OSSORY
in Jesse Seliyyn $ Contetnf. (1844) III. 189 Begging you to
accept our kindest remercimen[t]s for your good company.
426
•f Reme'rcy, s&. 06s. rare. [Cf. next and
MERCY. ] Thanks. Also pi.
154* UDALL Erasm. Apoj>k. 163 b, Persones by hym con-
quered and subdued, who did. .not rendre thankes ne saie
remercies for that they had been leat. .to escape. 1600 B.
JONSON Cynthia's Rev. v. ii. Wks. (Rtldg.) 95/2 Remercie,
madame, and these honourable censors. 1606 Sir G. Goose-
capfie m. i, Remercy, my more then English pages.
t BiCmeTCy, v. Obs. [ad. F. remercier (isth
c.), f. re- 'Rxr + mcrci thanks, MKBCY.] To thank.
CI477 CAXTON Jason a8 b, Thenne Jason remercyed and
thanked the noble Quene Myrro. 1484 — FablesofAlfonce
xii, I remerc>'e and thanke yow gretely. 1568 in Maskell
Mon. Rit. (1846) II. 264 Wyth al my hert I remercye and
thanke thee. 1590 SPENSER F. Q. \\. xi 16 She him re-
mercied as the Patrone of her life. 15991 WYRLEY Armorie
115 With thanks rewards reinercied was our paine.
RemeTge («-), v. [RE- 5 a.] To merge again.
1850 TENNYSON In Mew. xlvii, That each, who seems a
separate whole,, .should fall Remerging in the general Soul.
1901 Spectator 17 Aug. 221/2 A remoter realm, out of which
we emerged, and into which we again remerge.
Remetaiuo-rphose, v. Also 7 -ise. [RE-
5 a.] trans. To change back again.
1598 J. DICKENSON Greene in Cone. (1878) 138 When
Vhsses mates turn'd from men to beastes.. they would in no
sort be remetamorphosed. 1636 HEYWOOD Loves Mistress
i. i. Wks. 1874 V. 92 If men be growne thus savage, oh you
powers, Remetamorphise mee into an asse.
ReniC'te, ?'. rare—^. [R*-] trans. To mete
out in return.
1647 TRAPP Comm.) Matt. vit. 2 God delights to give men
their own,, .to re-mete them their own measure.
Remeue, obs. variant of REMOVE v.
t Renie vable, a. Obs. [f. remevet var. RK-
MOVE v. + -ABLE.] Capable of being moved ; liable
to remove, or to be taken away.
1412 tr. Stcreta Secret.^ Priv. Priv. 215 Thoures [ =
towers] of trees reme[v]able then shake I-have ouer al, and
Knyghtes there-in wel armyd. c 1430 LYDG. Min. Poems
(Percy Soc.) 193 The world so wyd( the air so remevable,..
The fyr so hoot and sotil of nature. 1461 Rolls of Parlt.
V. 493/2 Afore tyme they were datyf and remevabill.
Remove, obs. variant of REMOVE v.
t Reiue'vemeilt. Obs. rare. [f. retrieve, var.
REMOVE v. + -MF.NT.] Removal, transference.
M37 Rolls of Parlt. IV. 510/1 Withoute en y remevement
to be hadde of him into the seld prison. 14319 Ibid. V. 29/2
The. .delyverance and remevement of the said Recordes.
Remewe, obs. variant of REMOVE v. ; variant of
REMUE v. Obs.
I! Remex (iTmeks). PI. remiges (re-imdgfz).
[L. remext f. rtmus oar.]
f 1. A rower. Obs. rare ~l.
1674 PETTY Disc. Du6l. Proportion 57 If one Remex or
Skullermove[aboatofj. .3 inches draught 12000 feet forward
in 3600 seconds : then 4 like Rowers [etc.].
2. Ornith. One of the principal feathers of a
bird's wing, by which it is sustained and carried
forward in flight; a wing-quill. Chiefly//.
1767 G. WHITE Selbomex\it Peculiar crimson tags, .at the
ends of five of the short remiges. 1797 Encycl, Brit. (ed. 3)
XIII. 505/2 The primary and secondary wing-feathers are
called remiges. 1874 COUES Birds N. W. 269 The wings. .
have but six remiges, in addition to the ten primaries. 1887
Atkeuseum 16 Apr. 517/3 The absence. .of the fifth cubital
remex, its coverts only being developed.
Reineynant, variant of REMAINANT Obs.
Remiform (re'mif^im), a. rare~°. [f. L.
remus oar.] Shaped like an oar.
1860 WORCESTER (citing Smart, but app. by mistake for
renifonn) '. hence in later Diets.
t Re'migable, a. Obs. rare-1. [t.'L.remig-
are \ see next and -ABLE.] That one may row over.
1685 COTTON tr, Montaigne xxx. (1869) 167 Where steril
remigable marshes, now Feed neighb'ring cities, and admit
the plough.
Re migate, v. rare. [f. ppl. stem of L. ri-
migdre, f, remex REMEX.] intr. To row.
is rowing).
Remiga'tion. rare. [ad. L. remigation-em :
see prec. and -ATION.] The action of rowing.
Erroneously defined by Cockeram and Blount, through
association of the initial letters with the prefix re-.
1623 COCKERAM, Remigation^ a rowing backe. 1656
BLOUNT Glossogr., Remigation, a rowing or sailing back-
again. 1842 Blackiv. Mag. LII. 726 A man, versed in Latin
and Greek, is not, therefore, acquainted with the mechanic
laws of remigation or of shipbuilding.
Remi'gial, a. rare. [f. L. remigi-um rowing,
or (in mod. nse) f. remig-es (see REMEX) + -(I)AL.]
Serving to propel ; now Orttitk., of or pertaining
to the remiges of a bird's wing.
159* R. D. Hypnerotomachia 21 His hands tooke fast
hould upon the remigiall bones of the Eagles pinions. 1879
NEWTON in Encycl. Brit. X. 712/1 In this the remigial
streamers do not lose their barbs.
t Reniigrable. Obs. rare~^. [See next and
-ABLE.] Capable of changing back again.
1669 W. SIMPSON Hydrol. Chym. 255 They themselves are
yet remigrable into a more simple element.
Remigrate (re'migre't, rflnai'grtf*t)»f, [frig,
(with stress re'inigrate} f. ppl. stem of L. remigrare ;
in later use f. RE- 53 + MIGRATE v.]
fl. intr. To change back again. Obs.
REMINDFUL.
1601 CHESTER Love's Mart., etc. (1878) 177 Ought into
nought can neuer remigrate. 1651 Bices New Disp. p 288
Whatsoever that is truly vital hath once degenerated . .
never remigrates again from the winter of its privation.
1680 BOYLE Scept. Chew. n. 126 The rest, which is incom-
parably the greater part of the Liquor, will remigrate into
Phlegm.
2. To migrate again or back.
1623 COCKERAM, Remigrate^ to returne vnto his first
dwelling. 1790 BEWICK Hist. Quadrnp. 104 In autumn,
the Deer, with the fawns bred during the summer, remigrate
northward. xSoa MONTAGU Ortiitk. Diet. (1831) 523 The
Turtle[dove] . . re-migrates the beginning of September. 1893
F. ADAMS New Egypt 40 It is not tilK.asultan re-migrated
from Tunis to the East, that Egypt once more found herself
the seat of empire.
Remigra'tion. [See prec. and MIGRATION.]
The action of remigrating ; return.
1608 WILLET Hexapla Exod. 35 The Pythagoreans and
Platonists . . dreame of the renugration and returne of the
soule to the bodie. a 1676 HALE Prim. Orig. Man. n, x.
(1677) 233 There was a Return of the Jews under Cyrus,
which continued in Partial Remigrations for some time
after. 1759 B. MARTIN Nat, Hist. Eng. I. ijonote, The Time
of their Remigration is soon after Harvest. 1859 DARWIN
Orig. Spec. xu. (1878) 531 The first migration when the cold
came on, and the re-migration on the returning warmth.
Remile, variant of RIMBL Obs.
Re -mimic, v. [RE- 5 a.] To mimic again.
1856 DE QUINCEY Confess. 98 The scene in the poem,
that had been originally mimicked by the poet from the
sky, was here re-mimicked and rehearsed to the life.
Remind (r/inai'nd), v. Also 7 re-mind, [f,
RE- 5 a-f MIND #.]
1. trans. To recall (a thing) to one's own mind ;
to remember, recollect. Now rare or Obs.
1645 WITHER Vox Pacif. 189 Let him re-minde, what
Attributes were given. 1675 R. BURTHOGGE Causa Dei 194
Whosoever seriously Reminds the Circumstance of Time
wherein the Apostle wrote .. will easily agree that [etc.J.
1706 WATTS Horx Lyr. \ \. Victory of Poles over Ostnan,
This the fierce Saracen wore, (for, when a boy, I was their
captive, and remind their dress). 1788 SHIRREFS Poems
(1790) 167 Ye'll now remind the happy show'r <>' rain. 1826
ANDERSON Poems 36 (E. D. D.), i'heir merry home-fair I
remind. 1859 BARTLETT Diet. Arner., To Remind^ for
remember ; as ' the company will please remind '. A New
York vulgarism.
fb. To bring to mind, to recall to another's
mind. Obs. rare.
1647 N. BACON Disc. Govt. Eng. i. Ivii. (1739) 104 The
issue whereof may remind, that too much countersecurity
from the King to the people, is like so many Covenants in
Marriage. 1669 EARL ORRERY Black Prince in, O ! do not
wound me by reminding 1'hings Which rather Trouble than
Repentance brings.
2. To put (one) in mind of something. (Also
ellipt. with omission of personal obj.)
>66o JER. TAYLOR Duct. Dubif. i. i. rule i $ 16 It hath no
other force upon the Conscience but that it re-minds us of
a special obligation to thankfulness. 1675 R. BUBTHOGGE
Causa Dei 91 This Re-minds me of the second thing which
I propounded to be evinced. 1697 J. SERGEANT Solid Philos.
C ij, By re-minding them often of such Important Truths.
1751 ELIZA HEYWOOD Betsy Thoughtless II. 39, 1 must in-
treat you will give me leave to remind you ot the conse-
quences. 1791 MRS. RADCLIFFE Rom. Forest ix, You do well
to remind me of this. 1847 MARRYAT Childr. N. Forest xi,
They would always have reminded me of such a melancholy
accident. 1884 F. M. CRAWFORD Rom. Singer I. 19 It
reminds me of him and his ways.
ellipt. 1887 Pall MallG. 1 1 Jan. 14/1 Many of the names
remind of celebrated episodes. 1887 E. JOHNSON Antigua
Mater 260 Little but the mere name Chnstus to remind of
the current beliefs of Judaism.
b. Const, with inf. or obj. clause.
1662 H. MORE Philos. Writ. Pref. Gen. (1712) 5 That the
High Priest., might be re-minded not to do. .any thing
contrary to the laws thereof. 1670 H. STUBBE Reply Def.
Roy, Soc. (1671) 14, I must remind this Adversary that the
person I designed to accompany, .was a Carmelite. 1675
EARL ESSEX Lett. (1770) 206, 1 must also again remind you
(Ed. Tyr. II. L 78 Allow me to remind you, grass is green.
1867 DICKENS Lett. (1880) II. 287 The time of year reminds
me now the months have gone. 1875 JOWETT Plato (ed. 2}
IV. 408 We may be reminded that in nature there is a centri-
petal as well as a centrifugal force.
Hence Remi-cdal, the act of reminding.
1883-8 BP. WAI.SHAM How Comm. N. T. (S. P. C. K.)
Matt. xxii. 3 The remindal and summons to the feast were
made by John the Baptist.
Reminder (r/mai-ndaj). [f. prec. + -EK '.]
Something which reminds, or is intended to remind,
one ; mention made for the purpose of reminding.
1653 H. MORE Antid.Ath. i. v. I 2 There is an active and
actuall Knowledge in a man, of which these outward Objects
are rather the re-minders then the first Begetters or 1m-
planters. 1831 ARNOLD in Stanley Life (1844) I. vi. 270,
I know it is good to have these sobering reminders. 1838
DICKENS Lett. (1880) I. n Your .. reminder of the subject
of a pleasant conversation. 1880 MEREDITH Traffic Com.
(1881) 211 Time passed, whole days: the tender reminder
had no effect on him !
b. Path. mpl. Secondary syphilitic symptoms.
1897 Atlhttt's Syst. Med. II. 260 They escape the class cf
phenomena grouped as ' reminders ' (the intermediate stage)
and are to all appearance cured. 1897 J. HUTCHINSON in
Arch. Surf. VIII. 230 In 1880 a mild attack of syphilis
occurred, not, however, followed by reminders.
Bemi-ndful, a. [f. as prec. + -FUL.]
1. Mindful, retaining the memory, of.
1810 SOUTHF.Y Kehama xi. i, Remindful of revengeful
KEMINDING.
thoughts, n 1845 HOOD Riaacit's Dream xxxii, Meanwhile,
remindful of the convent bars, liianca did not watch these
signs in vain. 1891 MEREDITH One ofonr Cony. III. x. 209
He was in some amazement at himself, remindful of the
different nature of our restraining power [etc.].
2. Reminiscent, reviving the memory, of.
1864 R. A. ARNOLD Cotton Fain. 85 The dropping patter
so remindful of their blameless inactivity. 1867 E. YATES
Forlorn Hope xiv, A thousand little reminiscences . . each
touchingly remindful of something pleasant.
Reiui nding, ppl. a. [-ING 2.] That reminds.
Hence Hemi'ndingrly adv.
1887 A, AUSTIN Pr. Lucifer iv. ii, The stroke of the re-
minding hour when I Should from your voice be willing to
depart. 1890 'ANNIE THOMAS' On the Children III. I. 8
' You've forgotten ',. . Florence said remindingly.
t Remi-ndless, a. Obs.-1 [-LESS.] Forgetful.
1657 W. MORICE Coena quasi Koipij x. 119 Those remind-
less persons, whom we sometimes see to go about to seek
that which they carry in their hands.
tBe'ming, vbl.sb. Obs. [f. REME vl + -ING 1.]
Calling, crying, lamenting, etc.
c 1200 Trin. Coll. Hottt. 197 pat hie ne muge heren here
remenge, ne here gal. c 1220 Bestiary 666 For here mikle
reining rennande cumeS a gungling. a 1400 Pol. Rel. &
L. Poems (1903) 252 Fletus, Anglice Reminge. 6-1400
Destr. TriySsn He hade norutheofhorremyng,neberank
teris. f n 1500 Chester PI. (E.E.T.S.) 448 To. .putt them into
great Torment, wher Reeminge, Grinninge were fervent.
Bemi'ngle, v. [RE- 5 a.] To mingle again.
1853 C. BRONTE VilMU xxv, That slight rod of Moses
could, at one waft, release and re-mingle a sea spell-parted.
1866 FELTON Anc. 4- Mod. Gr. 1. 1. v. 76 A backward move-
ment commenced by sea, and remingled. .Greeks with those
from whom they had been severed.
Reminisce (remini-s), v. [Back-formation
from next : still somewhat colloquial or jocular.]
1. trans, and intr. To recollect, remember.
1829 [J. R. BEST] Pers. SF Lit. Mem. 304 Some of my
readers may reminisce — the word shall never enter my
vocabulary — a political squib, let off towards the conclusion
of the American war. 1896 A. LANG in Longni, Mag. June
219 She could not have remembered much of Keats. ..How
do people remember anything? How do they reminisce?
2. To indulge in reminiscences.
1882 Pall Mall G. 8 Sept. 4 There is probably no reason
why old Bohemians as well as other people should not
'reminisce '. 1892 M'CuiE Public Worship Presbyt. Scot.
i. 48 Before his wife's death, so he reminisced, he always
went to church.
Reminiscence (reminrsens). Also 6 -oeus,
1 -cienoe. [a. F. reminiscence (i4th c.), or ad.
late L. reminiscenlia (Tert.), f. reminisci to re-
member, f. re- RE- + *men- (see MIND).]
1. The act, process, or fact, of remembering or
recollecting ; sometimes spec, the act of recovering
knowledge by mental effort (cf. recollection).
1589 PUTTENHAM Etig. Pocsie in. xxv. (Arb.) 312 By long
and studious obseruation rather a repetition or reminiscens
natural). 1639 N. N. tr. Du Bosq's Compl. Woman it. 84
There are those who teach on Plato's grounds, that Inclina-
tion comes from a certain Reminiscence. 1655 STANLEY
Hist. Philos. in. (1701) 78/1 Thus is all her Learning only
reminiscence, a recovery of her first knowledge. 1692 SOUTH
Serm. (1697) I. 361 The other part of memory, called
Reminiscence : which is the Retreiving of a thing, at pre-
sent forgot, or but confusely remembred. 1744: BERKELEY
Siris § 315 The Peripatetics themselves distinguish between
reminiscence and mere memory. 1791 COWPER Four Ages
23 Knows he his origin ? can he ascend By reminiscence to
his earliest date? 1867 LEWES Hist. Philos. (ed. 3) I. 291
The ingenious doctrine of the soul's reminiscence of a former
apprehension of truth. 1879 CALDERWOOD Mind <$• Br. 266
Embryology presents us with a modification of Plato's
doctrine of reminiscence.
2. (Chiefly //.) a. A recollection or remem-
brance, as a mental fact.
1813 SHELLEY Q. Mat vn. 52 Vague dreams have rolled,
And varied reminiscences have waked. 1836 J. GILBERT
Chr. Atonem. i. (1852) 5 The passive indolence which ..
easily mistakes its mere reminiscences for the result of in-
quiry. 1887 LOWELL Democr. 94 Memory which at my time
of life is gradually becoming one of her own reminiscences.
b. A recollection or remembrance of some past
fact or experience related to others; freq. (in //.),
the collective memories or experiences of a person
put into literary form.
1811 L. M. HAWKINS Ctess q- Gertr. 1.96 Till his feelings
were ascertained .. his friends were not wanting in these
reminiscences. 1843 PRESCOTT Mexico (1850) I. 248 As he
listened to these reminiscences of the sailors. 1868 FARRAR
Seekers Introd. 3 Contemporary reminiscences of that day
of desperate disaster.
3. An expression, feature, fact, etc., which re-
calls something else.
1860 PUSEY Min. PropJi. 153 Other reminiscences of the
the bony skull. 1876 HUMPHREYS Coin-coll. Man. xxvi. 396
[ 1 he Saturnalia] of which the vivid reminiscence stdl exists
in the modern Carnival.
Hence Reminiscence v., to 'reminisce'; Be-
mini-scencefnl a. ; Reinini scencer.
1888 FKITH Autoliiof. III. iii. 30 The. .reminiscencer who
is fond of talking of matters that can be of no interest to
anyone but himself. 1889 Edin. Rev. Jan. 64 The reflective
reimniscenceful character common to all the writings of the
Apocrypha. 1890 SARA J. DUNCAN Social Depart. 327
Orthodocia was delightful when she reminiscenced.
t Remini'scency. Obs. [See prec. and
-ENCY.] The faculty of reminiscence.
427
1655-87 H. MORB App. Ant id. (1712) 205 If you'll say that
Memory is in the Brain, but Reminiscency in the Conarion
[etc.]. 1666 S. PARKER Free <$• Impart. Censure (1667) 38
In his Phaedo, he fairly argues for the Souls Immortality
from its presupposed Reminiscency. 1731 Hist. Litteraria
IV. 206 The Rules of Reminiscency require, that [etc.].
Remmi'scent, sb. [f. as next.] A relater or
writer of reminiscences.
1822 C . BUTLER Reminisc. (ed. 3) 1. 4 No one ever discovered
a passion for literature at an earlier hour in his life than the
Reminiscent. 1837 Blackw. Mag, XLI I, 76 This reminiscent
is not a good converser. 1869 BAGEHOT Lit. Stud. (1879)
11.331 It is the excellence of a reminiscent to have a few good
stories.
Reminiscent (remini-sent), a. [f. L. re-
miniscent-em, pres. pple. of reminisci ': see RE-
MINISCENCE.]
1. Pertaining to, characterized by, reminiscence.
1765 Universal Mag. XXXVII. 356/2 Men, in their
sentient, imaginative, and reminiscent part, . . are . . subject
to diseases. 1837 SOUTHEY Doctor cxxix. (1848) 327 The
Biographer, or Historian,, .or rather the reminiscent relator
of circumstances. 1855 BAGEHOT Lit. Stud. (1879) 1. 1 The
evident fiction of reminiscent age — striving and failing to
remember. 1890 ' R. BOLDREWOOD' Miner's Right (1899)
146/2 The most careful reminiscent accuracy.
D. Having reminiscence 0/" something.
1830 Frasers Mag. I. 151 A more perfect state of being —
a state of which it is reminiscent and anticipant. 1836-7
SIR W. HAMILTON Metatih. xxxiv. (1859) II. 278 Some other
state of existence, of which we have been previously con-
scious and are now reminiscent.
2. Of the nature of reminiscence or reminiscences.
1863 Cornh. Mag. VII, 391 Some of the charms of youth
reminiscent in the grey dignity of acknowledged age. 1883
J. BURROUGHS in Century Mag. Nov. 103/2 There is .. a
pensive, reminiscent feeling in the air itself. 1892 Inde-
pendent 25 Nov. 220/2 The talk on the way was reminiscent.
3. Evoking a reminiscence 0f& person or thing.
1880 Academy 13 Nov. 352 He is strangely reminiscent
of Millais. 1891 Speaker 2 May 527/2 The verse., is..
reminiscent of the style of Rowe.
Hence Keminrscently adv.
1891 COTES 2 Girls on a Barge 23 ' The Cadet *, quoth
Girton, reminiscently, ' did that rather well '.
Reminisce 'utial, a. [f. REMINISCENCE: cf.
essential^ Of the nature of, pertaining to, re-
miniscence ; of a reminiscent character.
1646 SIR T. BROWNE Pseud. Ef. Pref. An'j, Would Truth
dispense, we could be content, with Plato, . . that Intellectuall
acquisition were but Remimscentiall evocation. 1682 —
Chr. Mor. in. § 10 Trust not too much unto suggestions
from reminiscential Amulets, or artificial Memorandums.
1853 LOWELL Moosehead Jrnl. Pr. Wks. 1890 I. i At the
sound of the name, no reminiscential atoms .. stirred and
marshalled in my brain. 1869 MRS. H. WOOD Roland
Yorke^ III. 70 Just as Roland Vorke had seen them in his
reminiscential visions. 1891 W. C. HUDSON Man with a
Thumb i. 7 As the old man indulged his reminiscential vein.
Hence Reminisce 'utially adv. (In recent Diets.)
t Remini'Scion. Obs. rare, [irreg. f. L. re-
minisci + -ION.] Reminiscence.
1607 CHAPMAN Bussy tfAmbois Plays 187^3 II. 85 This
strange vision.. stir[s] my thoughts With remmiscion of the
Spirits promise. 1688 R. HOLME Armoury u. 415/2 Re-
miniscion is the remembering a thing out of mind.
Remiiii' scitory, a. rare ~l. [f. as prec. +
-ITORY.] Of the nature of reminiscence.
1827 LYTTON Pelham Ixxiii, I still bore a reminiscitory
spite against Mr. Job Jonson.
Remrnt («-), v. [RE- 5 a.] To mint again.
x8*3 DE QUINCEY Lett, to Yng. Man Wks. 1860 XIV. 84
In other cases, when there happen to exist double expres-
sions for the same notion, he called in and reminted them as
it were. 1896 SIR R. P. EDGCUMBE Pop. Fallacies Bi-
metallism 121 When the western nations of Europe agree
again to remint silver upon a fixed ratio.
Remiped (re'miped), sb. and a. Zool. [ad.
F. r^mipede^ f. L. remus oar + ped-j pes foot.]
a. sb. One of an order of coleopterous insects
having tarsi adapted for swimming (Brande Diet.
Set, 1842) ; also, a crustacean of the genus Remipes
(Webster 1847). b. adj. Having feet that are
oar-shaped, or used as oars (Webster 1864).
So Re'mlpede sb.
1826 KIRBY & SP. Entomol. xxix. III. 170, I have some
suspicion that.. the remlpedes, Notonecta, Sigara, &c. may
find their prototypes among the Crustacea.
I Remi'se, sbJ- Obs. Also 5 remysse, 7 re-
myse, [a. F. (in early use prob. AF.) remise^
vbl. sb. f. remettre to remit : cf. late L. remissa
remission (of sins).]
1. Law. A transfer of property.
1473 Rolls of Parlt. VI. 75/1 Any Graunte or Grauntes,
Ratifications, Confirmations, Remysse or Releases to hym
..made. 1485 Ibid. 342/2 Annexions, Remises, Releases or
Pardones, to theym .. made or had. 1766 BLACKSTONE
Comm. II. App. iv. § 3. p. xv, This recognition, remise,
quit-claim, warranty, fine, and agreement.
2. A remission or cessation of sickness. rare~l.
1603 FLORIO Montaigne m. xiii. 653, 1 have notwithstanding
some remyses or intermissions yet.
3. ? Return, recompense.
a 1578 LINDESAY (Pitscottie) Ckron. Scot. (S.T. S.) I. 136
We come now . . to thai [ = thy] maiestie to gett support,
promiss and richt remise \i'.r. riche revenues] thairfoir.
4. The act of remitting money ; a remittance.
1667 TEMPLE Let. Wks. 1731 11-39 They have remitted by
this Ordinary to his Excellency a hundred and thirty
thousand Crowns, which is the third Remise of about that
REMISS.
Sum. 1682 SCARLETT Exchanges 16 Its necessary that the
Remise be confirmed by the following Post. 1689 Myst.
Iniq. 38 In order whereunto great Remises of Mony were
already ordered him from the French Court.
II Remise (wm/z), sb£ [F. ; see prec.]
1. A house or shelter for a carriage ; a coach-house.
1698 W. KING tr. Sorbiere's Jonrn. Lond. 4 Divers of the
Citizens ^Houses, have Port-cochezs to drive in a Coach, or
a Cart either, and Consequently have Courts within, and
mostly Remises to set them up. 1768 STERNE Sent. Joum.
I. 62 The Remise Door. Ibid. 73 (The Remise}, Mons.
Dessein came up with the key of the Remise in his hand,
and forthwith let us into his magazine of chaises. 1841
LADY BLESSINGTON Idler in France II. 135 In former days
sledges were considered as indispensable in the winter
remise of a grand seigneur in France.
b. (Ellipt. for voiture de remise.} A carriage
hired from a livery- stable, of a better class than
the ordinary hackney-carriage.
1698 M. LISTER Joum. Paris (1609) M* Many of the
Fiacres or Hackneys, and all the Remises, have one large
Glass before. 1753 A. MURPHY Gra^s Inn Jrnl. No. 45
Without the Expence of a Remise, you may visit Boileau.
1818 LADY MORGAN Autobiog. (1859) 200 We got into our
remise — that special French carriage which never breaks
down, drawn by horses that never tire.
2. Fencing. A second thrust made after the first
has missed and while still upon the lunge ; the act
of making a thrust of this kind.
1823 ROLAND Art Fencing 86 The Remise is made upon
your adversary's quitting your blade to make a feint as a
return too soon after having parried your attack. 1861
CHAPMAN Review Art Fencing \. 20 The remise is provoked
by opportunities afforded in the adversary's play, and in
that respect differs essentially from the Reprise, a redoubling
of the Attack.
3. In some card-games, as quadrille and reversis :
a. (See quot. 1830.) b. A stake in the pool.
1830 ' EIDRAH TREBOR ' Hoyle made familiar 36 Remise
is wnen they who stand the game do not make more tricks
than they who defend the pool, and then they lose by
remise. Ibid. 40 Should, .there be three remises, or stakes,
in the pools, then it is at the option of any player to take a
card or not. 1830 Hand-bk. Games (Bohn) 309 One of the
players making the reversis . . would then prevent your
having the remises out of the pool.
t Remise, #• Obs.""1 [a. F. remi$(e9 pa. pple.
of remettre: see next.] Delayed, postponed.
c 1510 BARCLAY Mirr. Gd. Manners (1570) B v, In sentence
remise is lesser iniury, Then in headling sentence pro-
nounced hastely.
Remise (r/marz), v.l Also 5-6 remyse. [f.
F. remis(ey pa. pple. of remettre :— L. remittee to
REMIT. Cf. REMISS z/.]
1 1. trans. To put back again in or into a place,
state, etc. ; to replace ; to convert again into ; to
send back to a place. Obs. (freq. in Caxton).
1481 CAXTON Godfrey Prol. i Tadresse and remyse theym
in theyr auncyent Fraunchyses and lyberte. 1485 — Chas.
Gt. 181 Floryoes remysed the relyques in the coffret. c 1500
Melusme xxvi. 207, 1 remyse hym in your pocession. 1512
Helyas in Thorns Prose Rom. (1828) III. 76 They saw the
king and the quene remised and set in good love and unite
of hert togither. Ibid. 82 To five of them he remised the
chaynes about theyr neckes. 1598 SYLVESTER Du Bartas
i. ii. 164 Yet think not that this Too-too-much remises Ought
into noughts ; it but the Form disguises. 1633 BINGHAM
JCenophon i His Mother made intercession for him, set him
at libertie, and remised him to his gouernment.
tb. To bring together again; to lead back
again. Obs. rare.
c 1500 Melusine 134 The king, .remysed hys folke togidre,
and made to withdraw them al the lytH pas. Ibid. 137 He
full wel remysed hys folke into the tounne.
2. Law. To give up, surrender, make over to
another, release (any right, property, etc.).
1487 Rolls of Parlt. VI. 390 Ye remysed and relessed . . all
the residue of the said Fee Ferme. 1491 Act 7 Hen. F//,
c. 18 Your seid suppliant.. them remised and quite claymed
. .unto the seid late pretended Kyng. 1612 in O* Flaherty's
West Connaught (1846) 258 Wee. .have remised, released,
and .. quitt claimed .. all that our right.., interest, [etc.].
1655 FULLER Waltham Abb. 10 Peter Duke of Savoy
remised and quit-claimed from him and his Heirs . . the right
and claim he had. 1766 BLACKSTONE Comtn. II. xx. 324 The
words generally used therein are ' remised, released, and for
ever quit-claimed'. 1841 Penny Cycl. XIX. 375/2 The
operative words of release are remise, release, renounce,
and for ever quit claim.
f 3. To remit or send (a letter or reply). Obs.
1633 T. STAFFORD Pac. Hib. i. viii. 62 Remising therefore
onely this Answer, that he despised their Forces. Ibid. u.
vi. 164 AH which may appeare bya Letter remised from the
said lames unto him.
Remi'se, ^.2 Fencing, [f. REMISE s&.2 2.]
intr. To make a remise.
1889 Fencing (Badminton Libr.) 96 It is wrong to remise
on a riposte made by a disengagement in the low line.
t Remi'SS, sb. Obs. -l [Cf. REMISE ^.1] Re-
euery countrie breedeth great store of.
Remiss (rftni's), a. Forms : 5-6 remys,
-ysse, (6 -yshe), 5-7 remisse, (6 -is, -isshe,
7 -ish), 6- remiss. [ad.L. remiss-its^ pa. pple. of
remitters to REMIT.]
fl. a. Dissolved, liquid. Obs. rare.
c 1420 Pallad. on Husb. i. 1126 White wax, hard picche,
remysse [L. remtssum] ammonyake— This iij commyxt there-
fore is good to take. Or thus : ammoniak remysse and figis.
64-2
REMISS.
428
REMISSION.
*t* b. Med. Weakened in consistency or colour ;
dilute. Obs.
? 1x412 LYDG. Two Merck. 323 His vryne was remys, at-
tenuat, By resoun gendryd of frigidite. 1547 BOORDE Brev,
Health Ixxiii. 25 bt An uryne that is pale of colour, .yf it be
remyshc, then there is great coldnes in the body. 1625
HARTx4«a/. Ur. n. iv. 69 The vrine became of a remisse
and light colour, such as it was wont to be.
to. Of sounds: Weak, soft, low. Obs.
1530 PALSGH. Introd. 16 They gyve.. unto theyr conso-
nantes but a sleight and remisshe sounde. 1650 BULWER
Anthro/iomet, 203 Instruments which have a more acute or
treble sound when the strings are stretched, and a lower
and more remisse when they are loosened. 1653 R. SANDERS
Physiogn. 246 The voice acute and smooth, or remiss, with
a little trembling.
fd. Of taste: Faint, slight. Obs. rare-1.
1655 CULPEPPER, etc. Riverius v. iii. 126 The Taste .. is
lessened when it scarce perceiveth remiss savors and strong
savors but a little.
2. Of persons : Slack in the discharge of a task
or duty ; careless, negligent.
c 1450 tr. De hnitatione \. xxiii. 20 pou shall gretly sorwe
bat £ou hast be so remysse [L. remissus] & so negligent.
1472-5 Rolls of Parlt. VI. 155/2 If any Custumer or Comp-
trollour of any Porte, be necligent or remisse in noon pak-
kyng of the same Clothes, c 1510 BARCLAY Mirr. Gd. Man-
ners (1570) D ij, If thou be in office. . Be not more remis, do
not thy duetie lesse. 1567-8 Reg. Privy Council Scot. I.
610 Certifeing the personis-.that beis fund remysse or negli-
gent in the premissis. x6o* WARNER Alb. Eng. xu. Ixxi. 296
As well as too remisse in choyce, we may be too precise.
1660 YOUNG Table of Statutes 44 Officers remisse to collect
rates. 1696 BENTLEY Boyle Lect, ix. (1724) 346 Who can
tell, if. .they might not in long tract of time have grown re-
miss in the duties . . of Religion ? 1776 C LEE in Sparks Corr.
Atner. Rev. (1853) I. 158 Though I confess I am naturally
remiss, I have not neglected my duty in this point. 1838
THIRLWALL Greece IV. 55 The satrap . . had become as re-
miss as before in making the stipulated payments. 1893
Academy 10 June 497/1 He was a very remiss correspondent.
b. Of conduct, actions, etc. : Characterized by
carelessness, negligence, or inattention.
1501 ATKYNSON tr, De Imitatione i. xxiii. 173 Than shake
thou repent full sore of thy remysse and neclygent lyfe.
1509 BARCLAY Shyp of Folys 206 b, Idylnes By wayes remys
and dranynge neglygence Of all other synne is rote. 1656
KARL MONM. tr. Boccalinfs Advts. fr. Parnass. i. xxxviii.
(1674) 50, 1, in the beginning of my Principality seemed to
be of a remiss spirit, and totally incapable of the great
affairs of State. 1675 TRAHERNE Chr. Ethics 169 To exert
almighty power in a remiss and lazy manner, is infinitely
base and dishonourable. 1712 ADDISON Sfect. No. 471 p6
Hope, .keeps the Mind awake in her most Remiss and In-
dolent Hours. 1817 JAS. MILL Brit. India II. v, viii. 663
[He] was appointed, under the. .expectation that he would
supply what had been remiss in the conduct of his predecessor.
1886 lilnstr. Land. News 20 Feb. 194/2 It was remiss in
Aunt Louisa not to have offered to be her chaperon.
f C. Idle; free from labour. Obs. rare—*.
1566 ADLINGTON Apuleius 45 With great lamentation was
ordained a remisse time for that day.
8. Characterized by a lack of strictness or proper
restraint ; lax, loose. ? Obs.
CI450 tr. De Imitatione \. xxv. 37 He bat euermore sekib
bo Binges bat are most laxe and most remisse, shal euer be
in anguissh. 1540-1 ELYOT Image Gov. Pref., By the las-
ciuiouse and remisse educacion of Varius Heliogabalus, he
trewe to be a person moste monstruouse in Huyng. 1583
TUBBES Anat. Abus. I. (1879) 76 This ouer great leuitie and
remisse libertie in the education of youthe. 1624 in Rushw.
Hist. Coll. (1659) 1. 160 So dangerous it is for Princes by are-
miss comportment, to give growth to the least Error. 1651-3
JER. TAYLOR Serm.for Year (1678) 224 A seldom restraint,
— a remiss discipline. 1751 JOHNSON Rambler No. 157 r 3
Many among my_ fellow-students took the opportunity of a
more remiss discipline to gratify their passions.
f b. Not strict or severe in punishing ; lenient.
1568 GRAFTON Chron. II. 927 They were gentle and remisse
jects to use no conniuencie, or remisse proceedings toward
such offenders. 1651 N. BACON Disc. Govt. Eng. n. xxiL
(1739) 102 Coming in by the people's favour, he was obliged
to be rather remiss than rigorous.
4. Free from vehemence or violence ; also, defec-
tive or lacking in force or energy.
1550 T. NYCOLLS Thncidides 14 The one is more vehemente
for to moue mens hartes, the other more remys and gentle.
1586 B, YOUNG Guazzo's Civ. Conv. iv. 189 Euen so after
meate,..our will prone to wickednesse, is become more re-
misse and temperate. 1644 BULWER Chiron. 32 The Hand
restrained and kept in is an argument of modesty., sutable
to a mitde and remisse declamation. 1695 WOODWARD Nat.
Hist. Earth, iv. (1723) 210 Its Motion becomes more languid
and remiss. 1707 FLOYER Physic. Pulse-Watch 364 A remiss
Pulse, is when it is small and slow. 1751 HUME Ess. $
Treat. (1777) I. 179 The passion must neither be too violent
nor too remiss. 1837 SIR W. HAMILTON Metaph. xlv. (1870)
II. 493 Pain or dissatisfaction experienced, when the energy
elicited is either inordinately vehement or too remiss.
fb. Not intense or strong; moderate, mild.
Obs. (common in i7th c., esp. of heat and cold).
i573 P- MORE Almanack E vj, But all euills shall seeme
more remisse and tolerable than they were the laste yere.
1610 HOLLAND Camden'sBrit. i. 2 The cold with us is much
more remisse than in some parts of France and Italic. 1654
H. L'ESTRANGE Chas. I (1655) 123 The King fell sick of the
Small- Pocks, but the malignity was very remisse, and gentle.
1686 GOAD Celest. Bodies \. ix. 28 Her Warmth is so remiss
and slack, that she seemeth to befriend a Cold Influence.
fc. Moderate, low, slight (degree). Obs.
1610 T. GRANGER Div. Logike 104 Note that these middles
haue contrariety in them in the remisse, or remote degree.
1657 AUSTEN Fruit Trees n. 18 Distinct and severall works
of Nature, in moderate and remisse degrees, are all promoted
at the same time. 1670 \V. SIMPSON Hydrol. Ess. 104 Re-
taining the same, .properties in a remiss degree.
f 5. Diminished in tension ; slack, loose, relaxed.
1623 JAS. I in Rushw. Hist. Coll. (1650) 1. 115 Not alwayes
to use his spurs and keep strait the rein, out sometimes to use
the spurs and suffer the reins more remiss. 1644 BULWER
Chiron. 37 The turned up Hand, (the Thumbe bent in, and
the other Fingers remisse). 1667 MILTON P. L. vi. 458
What availes Valour or strength,.. quelld with pain Which
all subdues, and makes remiss the hands Of Mightiest.
Remiss (rftni's), v. rare. [f. L. remiss^ ppl.
stem of remittee to REMIT; cf. REMISE z/.1] trans.
fl. trans. To remit; to resolve or dissolve; to
mitigate ; to let go, pass over. Obs.
c 1500 Melnsine 335 Al that ye shal doo with good wyll I
remysse it to your penaunce. 1541 R. COPLAND Gnlyen's
Terap. H h iij b, It behoueth asmoclie to intende & augment
the vertue of the said medycament, as it shulde be remyssed
& dymynysshed in y! depth of the body. 1573 P. MOKE
Almanack F j b, Oftentymes the drought shall be remyssed
and tempered with shoures. 1605 DANIEL Philotas iv. H,
Words, if they proceed of leuity Are to be skornd, . . or of
injury To be remiss'd or vnacknowledged. 1656 S. H.
Gold. Law 103 Once, yea twice have 1 spoken, but for future
wil be wiser, and so compress and remiss it.
f2. To assign, adjudge. Obs. rare-1.
15*5 LD.BERNERS Froiss. II. ccix, [ccv.] 643 The herytage
was remyssed and iudged into the handes and possessyon
of the Erie of Brayne.
f3. To send back (an answer). Obs. rare—1.
1633 STAFFORD Pac. Hib. \. xix. 113 Answere was remissed
by the President, that the State was well perswaded of his
loyal tie.
4. Law. = REMISE v.l 2.
1809 R. LANGFORD Introd. Trade 108, I, A. B. . . having
remissed, released, and for ever quit claim to C. D. . . of all
. .debts, dues, duties.
Hence t Bemi ssable a., remissible. Obs.—1
a 1550 Image Hypocr. in Skelton"s Wks. (1843) II. 425/1 It
is. .synne. .Ageynst the Holy Gost, That is not remissable.
tRemrssal. Obs. rare. Forms: 5 remys-
saylle, (-moss-), 6 -aile, remissaile, 7 remis-
sal. [a. AF. *remissaille : see prec. and -AL.] //.
That which is left over; remains; esp. the remains
of a meal.
1387-8 T. USK Test. Love Prol. (Skeat) 1. 108 Thealmoigner,
that hath dra*
iwe up in the cloth al the remissailes, as tren-
chours, and the relief, to bere to the almesse. c 1430 Starts
Pner 48 Laade nat thy trenchour withe many remyssailes.
c 1444 LYDG. in Pol. Poems (Rolls) II. 220 The poore man
stant hungry at the gate, Of remossaylles he wold be part-
able. ;i 16x8 RALEIGH Rent. (1644) 114 Death hath. .left
you now to be Lees, and remissalls of your wearyish and
dying dayes.
Reinrssful, a. rare. [f. REMISS v. or a.]
1 1. Full of remission ; merciful. Obs. rart~l.
1603 DRAVTON Bar. Wars i. xi, As though the heauens, in
their remisfull doome, Tooke those best lou'd, from worser
daies to come.
2. Full of remissness; careless, negligent.
1836 Tail's Mag. III. 569 Taking up a vial of physic from
the table, he tapped his remissful patient on the shoulder.
1892 Field 3 Dec. 880/1 The outlay for road repair under
such remissful management.
Remissibi'lity. [See next and -ITT.] The
state or condition of being remissible.
1698 NoKRisPract. Disc. IV. 146 Those places of Scripture
. . must and ought to be understood not of Actual Remission
..but of a Remissibility or State of Pardon. 17*9 STACK-
HOUSE Body Divin. iv. i. § 2 (1776) II. 423 That which is
previous to repentance consists in a bare remissibility of sin.
1780 BENTHAM Princ. Legist, xvii. § 25 The eleventh and
last of all the properties that seem to be requisite in a lot of
punishment is that of remissibility.
Remissible (rftni'rfb'l), a. [a. F. remissible
(i5th c.), or ad. L. remissibilis \ see REMISS v. and
-IBLE,] Capable or admitting of remission ; that
may be remitted.
1577 FULKE Answ. Trite Christian 90 Thou wouldest
vouche safe to pardon, and to make it remissible, a 1594
R. GREENHAM Wks. (1509) 70 If you turne to the Lord . .
your sin is remissible. 1627-77 FELTHAM Resolves i\. ix. 177
Some sins, .they allow. .to be such as deserue Punishment,
although.. remissible. 01703 BURKITT On N. T. Heb. Jx.
22 Though man had repented,, .yet his sins could not have
been remitted, had not this blood made it remissible. 1875
POSTE Gaiusni. (ed. 2) 452 An obligation remissible by the
private individual whose primary rights are violated.
Hence Remfssibleness, remissibility.
a 1658 O. SEDGWICK (fitU\ The Anatomy of secret Sins,
[etc.],.. Together with the remtssibleness of all sin.
Remission (rtmrjan). Also 4 remis(s)iun,
4-6 remissioun, -yssio(u)n, 5-6 -issyon, -ys-
(s)yon, etc. [a. OF. remission, ad. L. remis-
sion-em % n. of action f. remittee to REMIT. The
order in which the senses appear in English differs
widely from their natural development: cf. the
note to REMIT v.]
1. Forgiveness or pardon of sins (cf. 2) or other
offences.
a 1225 Ancr. R. 346 In remission, & in uor^iuenesse of aile
bine sunnen. a 1300 Cursor M. 20048 J>ai sal haue . . crist
aun beniscun, And o hair stn remisiun. c 1580 WYCLIF to/.
Wks.\\. ii And Jooncam. .preching be baptism of penaunce
in remission of synnes. 1447 BOKENHA.M Seyntys (Roxb.) 7
Of myn old and newe transgressyoun That I may haue a
plener remyssyoun. 1483 CAXTON Cato 5 Of the sacryfyse
that thauncyentes made to god for to haue remyssion of
theyr synnes. 1560 DAUS \x.Sleidatie*s Comm. 4 If he repent
of his owne accorde, and desyre remission of his offence.
i 1651 HOBHKS Lei'iath. in. xxxviii. 245 In .. Scripture, Re-
j mission of Shine, and Salvation from Death and Misery, is
the same thing. 1788 GIBBON Decl. <J- F. xlix. V. 123 The
gift which he had conferred on the Roman pontiff for the
remission of his sins. 1846 BROWNING Lett. (1899) II. 212
As naughty children punished by mistake are promised
a remission of next offence. 1884 Catholic Diet. (188^) 5/1
Absolution from Sin is a remission of sin which the priest..
makes in the Sacrament of Penance.
2. (Without of.) Forgiveness or pardon granted
for sins or offences against divine law ; the cancel-
ling of, or deliverance from, the guilt and penalties
of sin ; t also, power of obtaining such pardon.
c 13x5 Chron. Eng. 634 in Ritson AJetr. Rom. II. 396 The
, spere That Charlemayne was wonet to bere To-fore the holy
legioun, That is of gret remissioun. xj6a LANGL. P. PI. A. xi.
277 Arobbere hadde remission raberej>anne \>e\ aile. 1 1430
' LYDG. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 239 O blissed Jhesu \ do
\ remissioun To aile that axe mercy on ther kne \ 1500-20
| DUNBAR Poems viii. 28 Pray now for him . . Unto the Lord
. .To gif him mercie and remissioun. 1579 LYLY Enphites
(Arb.) 174 Remember, .how he sweat water and bloud for
thy remission. 1614 RALEIGH Hist. World\\. (1634) 250 In-
gratitude and rebellion after his so many benefits, so many
remissions, so many miracles wrought. 1685 BAXTER
rarafhr, N. T. Acts ii. 39 The Messiah with his Grace of
Remission, and the Spirit, is promised. 1715 DE FOE Fam.
Instruct. (1841) I. 25 He gives repentance and remission.
b. Pardon for a political, legal, or other offence.
Now only Hist.
1429 Pol. Poems (Rolls) II. 145 Be rightful juge, . . Thy
right ay sugre with remyssioun. 1535 LVNDESAY Satyre 4093
But doubt, ge salbe hangit, But mercie or remissioun. 1568
GRAFTON Chron. II. 863 Sir Thomas Broughton . was at
hande. . vtterly dispairing of pardon and remission. 1591
SHAKS. Two Gent. \. ii. 65 My pennance is, to call Lucetta
backe And aske remission, for my folly past. 1613 PURCHAS
Pilgrimage viii. xii. 671 If any were found dishonest, they
were put to death without remission. 1687 A. LOVELL tr.
Thevenofs Trav. i. 95 Whosoever are taken stealing of
Mastick, are without remission sent to the Galleys. 1864
KIRK Chas. Bold 1. viii. 376 They entreated, therefore, that
letters of remission might be granted to them for this fault,
t C. Se. With a and //. A formal pardon ;
a document conveying this. Obs.
1456 SIR G. HAYF. Law Arms (S. T. S.) 52 That all maner
of man, that had bene before tyme banist out of Rome,
suld cum agayne, and thai suld . . have remissiounes. 1535
LYNDESAV Satyre 1132, I dreid, without je get ane remis-
sioun,. .The sprituall stait sail put ;ow to perditioun. 1546
Reg. Privy Council Scot. I. 34 The remissioun grant it to
the Capitane of Dumbertane, and all his complices .. sail
presentlie be past throw the signet. 1609 SKEMS&K Maj.
158 Gif he quha is accused, alledges ane remission, he sail
produce the samine in judgement.
fd. An inclination towards pardon. Obs. rare—1.
1603 SHAKS. Meas.for Af. v. i. 503, I finde an apt remis-
sion in my selfe ; And yet heere's one . . I cannot pardon.
f3. a. Release from a debt or payment. Obs.
1362 LANGL. P. PI. A. VH. 83 To ha Reles and Remission on
f>at Rental I be-leeue. 1382 WYCLIF Deut. xv. i To whom
is owed eny thing,, .he shal not mowe a?en aske it, for ^eer
of remyssioun of the Lord it is. 1607 SHAKS. Cor. \.\\. go
Though I owe My Reuenge properly, my remission lies In
Volcean brests. 1608 WILLET Hexapla Exod. 838 They. .
only went vp..in the seuenth yeare of remission twice.
tb- Release, liberation, deliverance, from cap-
tivity, etc. ; respite. Obs.
1432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) II. 291 From whiche victory of
Abraham, somme men say the yere of lubile to haue taken
originalle, for that remission of captif men. 1582 N. T.
(Rhem.) Luke iv. 10 To preach to the captives remission,
. . to dimisse the bruised unto remission. 1635 PAGITT
Christiauogr. \. iii. (1636) 162 For remission of soules the
Patriarch graunts no Indulgences. 1761 GOLDSM. Misc.
Wks. (1837) I. 471 Some remission from the war gave them
leisure to form schemes of future prosperity.
fc. Release from work or exertion. Obs. rare.
1382 WYCLIF i Mace. x. 34 Aile solempne days.. be aile
dais of ynmunite. .and of remissioun, to aile Jewis that ben
in my rewme. — 2 Cor. viii. 13 Forsoth not that it be
remyssioun, or slouthe, to othere, . . to jou tribulacioun.
4. The action of remitting or giving up partially
or wholly : a. of a debt, tax, etc.
1382 WYCLIF Prol. Bible iii. 6 Also in the vij. }cer shal be
remissioun of dette to citeseynes and kynnesmen. a 1719
ADDISON (J.), Not only an expedition, but the remission of a
duty or tax, were transmitted to posterity after this manner.
1841 ELPHINSTONE //w/./w/. 11.491 His re missions [of taxes],
as far as they were carried into effect, were productive of
great inequality. 1889 Law Rep. 9 App. Cases 624 He does
not ask for any remission of any portion of his obligation.
b. of a penalty or punishment. Also attrib.
1736 BUTLER Anal, i. iii. Wks. 1874 I. 58 Circumstances of
aggravated guilt prevent a remission of the penalties. 1741
BETTERTON Eng. Stage ii. 51 Queen Mary.. immediately
granted.. a Remission of her Father's Execution for that of
Transportation. 1797 MRS. RADCLIFFE Italian xxvi, The
consequence of this confession was a remission of punish-
ment. 1861 PEARSON Early $ Mid. Ages Eng, 177 This was
an illegal remission of an important part of the penalty. 1884
Catholic Diet. 442/1 The indulgence . . was no mere remission
of canonical penance. 1893 Daily News 9 Mar. 6/7 He [a
convict] was punished by the forfeiture of remission marks,
fc. Law = REMISE sb.^ i. Obs. rare*1.
c-nepGodstoioRcg. (E. E.T. S.) 100 He remytted to them
and quyte-claymed. - . And for |»is knowlechyngj remission,
fyne, and accorde [etc.].
f5. Relaxation; lessening of tension; slackening
of energy or application. Obs.
1579 LYLY £w/^«« (Arb.) 112 As too much bending break-
eth the bowe, so too much remission sppyleth the minde. 1580
Ibid, 383 As the Musitians tune their strings, who.. either
by intention or remission, frame them to a pleasant consent.
1614 RALEIGH Hist. World v. iii. § 18. 474 Such accompt of
REMISSIONABY.
winnings past, is commonly in Gamesters that are at the
height of their fortune, a cause of remission and careless-
nesse. 1638 JUNIUS Paint. Ancients 22 Among the mani-
fold remissions of our minde, among our idle hopes,, .these
Images do follow us. .close. 1690 LOCKE Hum. Utid. n. xix.
§ 4 This difference of intention and remission of the mind
in thinking. .every one. .has experimented in himself. 1741
MIDDLETON Cicero^ I. i. 41, 1 used to speak without any
remission or variation.
f b. Lowering or bumbling (of mind). Obs. rare.
a 1628 F. GREVIL Sidney (1652) 35 This is that true remis-
sion of mind, whereof I would gjadly have the world take
notice. Ibid. 159 So far was his true remission of mind
transformed into ejulation.
6. Diminution of force or effect; lowering or de-
crease of a condition or quality, esp. of heat or cold.
(Cf. INTENSION 3.)
1601 HOLLAND Plutarch's Mor. 69 Moral! vertue . . tem-
pereth the remission and intention, and. .taketh away the
excesse and defect of the passions. 1625 N. CARPENTER
Gcog. Del. I. x. (1635) 224 They haue extreame cold Winters,
and in stead of Summer a small remission of cold. 1642
HOWEI.L For. Trait. (Arb.) 35 For then when the heate
beginneth in Spaine, the violence thereof lasteth a long time
without intension, or remission, or any considerable change.
1696 lip. PATRICK Comm. Exod. xix. 16 When their tremb-
ling was abated, by the Remission, .of the Sound of the
Trumpet. 1784 JOHNSON Let. to Mrs. Thrale 9 Feb.,
The remission of the cold did not continue long enough to
afford me much relief. 1795-1814 WORDSW. Excurs. It. 799
Darkness fell Without remission of the blast or shower. 1879
St. George's Hasp. Rep. IX. 14 Marked morning remissions of
temperature. 1897 SINGER & BERENS Unrecog. Laws Nat.
390 The fundamental belief that gravity admits of neither
intension nor remission.
b. Path. A decrease or subsidence (esp. a tem-
porary one) in the violence of a disease or pain :
also transf. of violent emotions.
1685 tr. Willis' Lond. Pract. Physick 549 A Continual
Fever, .has its times of remission and exacerbation, but none
of intermission. 1741-} WESLEV Extract ofjml. (1749) 19,
I had a clear remission in the morning : but about two in the
429
1797 M. BAILLIE Morb. Anat. (1807) 59 Empyema maybe
distinguished . . by rigors having taken place, by a remission
of the pain [etc.], 1849 MACAULAY/rYj/. Eng. ii. I.i88 It is the
law of our nature that such fits of excitement shall always be
fallowed by remissions. 1899 Alltutt's Syst. Med. VIII.
297 One very marked character . . is the tendency of the
symptoms to periodicity, remission and relapse.
attrib. 1897 AUlmtt's Syst. Med. II. 407 This will furnish
..nourishment during the febrile and remission periods.
fc. Gram. (See quot.) Obs. rare.
1797 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) VIII. go Adverbs of intension
and remission, or of quantity continuous ; as moderately,
•vastly, exceedingly, &c.
7. The action of remitting or sending (back), in
various senses ; a remittal. rare.
1724 SWIFT Cone. Weavers Wks. 1841 II. 85/1 The remission
of a million every year to England. 1741-2 STACKHOUSE
Hist. Bible in. i, The Poets' Fiction of the Loss of Eurydice,
and her Remission into Hell. 1883 Law Rep. 8 Probate
Div. 194 A remission under the seal of Her Majesty's Court
of Appeals., commanding the Official Principal., to resume
the cause into his hands.
t Remi-ssionary. Obs. rare-0, [ad. F. re-
missionaire : see prec. and -ARY 1.] One ' whose
offence is remitted ' (Blount Glossogr. 1656).
Remissive (r/ini-siv), a. Also 6 remyssyve.
[ad. med.L. remissivus (Du Cange) : see REMISS
v, and -IVK.]
fl. Of a letter: Sent in reply. Ol'S.rare—1.
1432-50 tr. Higdcn (Rolls) V. 135 Constantyne did write
un to his moder a letter remissive.
1 2. Careless, negligent, remiss. Obs. rare.
1514 'n Eng. Gilds (1870) 146 As aft tymes as the seid
Maister and kepers .. shalbe remyssyve, negligent, and
forgitt to syng the seid..obite. 1606 WARNER Alb. Eng.
xv. c. 396 Taxe England, fertill in good lawes. . For that it
so remissme in their Execution is. 1640 O. SEDCWICK
Ckrists Counsellitfr You did fall into your decayed estate
by remissive operations or actings.
3. Inclined to, of the nature of, productive of,
remission or pardon. Now rare.
1611 SPEED Hist. Gt. Brit. vi. L § 13. ,76 Punishing
seuerely the poore Souldier for small offences, but remissiue
to the faults of their Captaines and Leaders. 1629 N. CAR-
PENTER A cliitophelm. (1640) 142 Absolons case was desperate,
. .Davids remissive pardon unlikely. 1649 JER. TAVLOR Gt.
hxemp. Disc. viii. 79 No contrition alone is rei
1686 GOAD Celest. Bodies \. xii. 56 Fog. "doth betray"a
Cause remissive of Cold. 1718 POPE Iliad XI. i. 887 A train
of heroes. . bore by turns great Ajax' sev'nfold shield, When-
e er he breath d, remissive of his might.
Characterized by remission or abatement.
1686 GOAD Celest. Bodies n. ix. 285 [They] brought more
days of excessive Heat, than of remissive Warmth. l8»
OOOD Study Med. III. 585 Remissive lethargy. Withshort
remissions or intervals of imperfect waking.
Hence t Beml'ssively adv., leniently ; laxly.
'537 .Bp. LEE in Froude Hist. Eng. (1858) III. 417 If your
lordship w,n that I shall deal remissively herein .. I shall
gladly follow the same. (21628 PRESTON Breastpl. Love
('631) 147 Trust not in Christ by halves, remissively and
imperfectly, and weakely, but trust perfectly.
Remissly (rftnrsli), adv. [f. REMISS a. + -LY-'.]
1. In a remiss, lax, or indifferent manner ; care-
lessly, negligently, slackly.
. '53*-3 Act 24 Hen. VIII, c. n Them that remisly or
insufficiently shall hereafter mainteyne the same pauement.
1594 HOOKER Eccl. Pol. I. xi. § 4 It is not in our power not
to do the same ; how should it then be in our power to do
it coldly or remissly? 1628 HOBDES Thiicyd. (1822) 94 Yet
we that live remissly undertake as great dangers as they.
1665 MANLEY Grotins' Lorn C. Warres 613 It is hardly to
be believed, how negligently and remissly that Nation..
took these Things. aiyis BURNET Own Time III. (1724) I.
425 Lord Danby.. could not give much credit to it, and
handled the matter too remissly. 1752 CARTE Hist. Eng.
III. 423 Presenting the matter at first with a seeming
eagerness, but proceeding afterwards more remisly. 1805
WORDSW. Prelude in. 322 The months passed on, remissly,
.. in vague And loose indifference. 1839 KEIGHTLEV Hist.
Eng. I. 50 At the same time they acted very remissly
against their foreign kinsmen.
1 2. Faintly, indistinctly. Obs. rare.
1530 PALSGR. 24 The consonant shalbe but remissely
sounded. 1577 DEE Rclat. Stir. i. (1659) 95 He pro-
nounceth the i so remissely, as it is scarce heard.
1 3. Gently, feebly ; without vigour. Obs.
1642 R. CARPENTER Experience v. xviii. 314 And therefore
it will worke in them awhile though at length weakly and
remissely. 1691 RAY Disc. 142 Being very much deaded . .
and burning very remisly in Summer time and hot Weather.
f4. Moderately, slightly. Obs. rare—1.
1684 tr. Sonet's Merc. Coinpit. m. 112 In hot Diseases
simply Cold things are no way expedient, but things
remisly hot.
Remissness (rftni-snes). [f. REMISS a. +
-NESS.] The quality of being remiss.
1. Carelessness, negligence ; laxity.
_ 1570 FOXE A. ft M. (ed. 2) 2040/1 He litle regarding their
inconstancie and remisnes in Gods cause or quarel. 1598
BARRET Thtor. Warres iv. i. 98 The disorders of souldiers
do many times grow through remissnesse . . of officers. 1615
G. SANDYS Trav. 7 Encouraged to villanies by the remis-
nesse of their lawes. 1644 MILTON Areop. (Arb.) 51 Im-
punity and remissenes, for certain are the bane of a Common-
wealth. 1685 EVELYN Diary 2 Oct., The Reformed Churches
in Christendom, now weaken'd and neere ruin'd thro' our
remissenesse. 1728 MORGAN Algiers II. v. 316 The order
[of Knights] rather dreads the Remissness and wonted Luke-
warmness of the Catholic Potentates. 1760-2 GOLDSM. Cit.
W. xl[i], The remissness of behaviour in almost all the
worshippers.. struck me with surprize. 1838 THIRLWALL
Greece xlii. V. 225 This remissness of the Athenians en-
couraged Charidemus openly to renounce the treaty.
T D. Relaxation ; ease. Obs. rare.
honest can indulge themselves in remissness or repose.
1 2. Weakening, diminution, decrease or lack of
force or intensity. Obs.
1608 WILLET Hexapla Exod. 259 Nor yet do I consent to
them, that thinke Moses still continued his prayers, but that
this remisnes was only in his strength. 1659 STANLEY Hist.
Philos. xill. (1701) 624/2 The shortness makes amends for
the greatness [of the pain], the remissness for its length.
1669 W. SIMPSON Hydrol. Chym. 315 According to the
intenseness or remisness of the air. 1711 ADDISON Sped.
No. 249 F 5 Laughter.. slackens and unbraces the Mind,
weakens the Faculties, and causes a kind of Remissness and
Dissolution in all the Powers of the Soul.
Remissory (rftni-sori), a. rare. [f. as REMISS
v. + OBT.] Tending to, of the nature of, remission.
1548 LATJMER Serin. Ploughers (Arb.) 33 Propitiatorie,
expiatorie, remissorie, or satisfactorie . . signifie all one
thynge in effecte. 1592 WEST ist Pt. Symbol. § 46 f, An
Instrumenttremissory, is an Instrument vnder the parties
hand describing & testifying some precedent contract of
a debt, duty or fact to be paid, performed, done, released or
discharged. 1824 MvmcKAntient Annour II. 4 The use
of these thongs we learn from a letter remissory, dated 1358.
Remit (r/mi-t), sb. Chiefly Sc. [f. the vb.]
•fl. Remission, pardon. Obs. rare.
'423 JAS. I Kingis Q. cxcv, Quho sal be thare to pray for
thy remyt? 1565-6 Reg. Privy Council Scot. I. 422 [He]
hes alswa obtenit remit and discharge of the said deforce-
ment. 1589 Ibid. IV. 388 A remitt for the said cryme.
f 2. A reference from one part of a book to an-
other. Obs. rare~l.
1688 DALLAS Stiles Index, This Fourth Part is divided in
four Branches . . j and when any of them are in the First
Part of the Work, there is a Remit to it, and the Page Cited.
3. The consignment or reference of a matter to
some other person or authority for settlement, esp.
in Law, the transfer of a case from one court or
judge to another, or to a judicial nominee.
1719 Wodraw Corr. (1843) II. 448 This day the Assembly
\ met, and went through their ordinary business; many, many
remits to the Commission. 1816 SCOTT Antiq. ii, Let there
be no remits from the inner to the outer-house. 1833 Act
3 <r 4 Will. IV, c. 46 § 92 The amount . . shall be ascertained
by such magistrate, .by means of a remit to persons of skill.
1880 MUIRHEAD Gaius n. § 378 note. The procedure was.,
before the consul,, .without any remit to a index.
Remit (rfmi-t), v. Also 4-6 remyt, 5-6
-mytte (5 -myght), 5-7 remitt(e. [ad. L. re-
mill-Zre, f. re- RE- + mittHre to send; cf. admit,
commit, etc. In Eng. use the secondary senses
appear earlier and are more prominent than the
primary: cf. REMISSION.] I. trans.
1. To forgive or pardon (a sin, offence, etc.).
.CI375 Sc- Leg. Saints vii. (James less) 209 Lord, remyt
bis gilt bam to. Ibid. xxx. (Theodora) 698 He hyrreconsalyt
..& remyted hyre al hyr syne. £1440 Gesta Rom. Ixxviii.
399 (Add. MS.), Afterwarde the kyng made men to seke the
queen, ..and all that was done was remytte. 1503-4 Act
19 Hen. VII, c. 37 Preamble, It pleased your Highnesse. .
to pardone remitte & forgyve unto your seid Subgiect all
REMIT.
the seid Mesprisions. 1535 COVEKDALE John xx. 23 Whose
synnes soeuer ye remytte they are remytted vnto them.
1608 HIERON Wks. I. 695 Bee pleased . . for His sake to remit
my former yngratefulnesse. 1708 J. CHAMBERLAYNE^/. Gt,
Brit, i. in. viii. 254 The English being easily to be reconciled,
to pardon and remit Offences. 1833 SCOTT Peveril xl, Your
Majesty was pleased to remit his more outrageous and inso-
lent attempt upon your royal crown. 1884 A. R. PENNING-
TON Wiclif'vx., 297 It is impossible for the priest to remit the
sins of any unless they are first remitted by Christ,
t b. To spare, pardon, or forgive (a person).
1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W.de W. 1531) 78 He wolde not his pre-
late to shewe ony mercy on hym, nor to remyt or spare hym
in ony thynge. 1549 COVERDALE, etc. Erasm. Par. John
44 For God remitteth not hym that forgeueth not his brother.
1583 STUBBES Anat. Abus. n. (1882) 13 Can man pardon or
remit him whom God doth condemne? 1633 BP. HALL
Hard Texts, N. T. 79 Bee comforted in God who hath
remitted thee.
t2. To give up, resign, surrender (a right or
possession). Obs.
c 1450 Godstow Reg, (E.E.T.S.) 42 Milo Basset remitted and
furthermorequyte-claymed..totheabbesseofGodestowe..,
all the right and clayme that he had. i47»-3 Rolls of
Parlt. VI. 6/1 That it may please youre seid Highnes. .to
remitte and release.. to us.. all youre right. 1588 SHAKS.
L, L, L. v. it 439 Qu, Will you haue me, or your Pearle
againe? Ber. Neither of either, I remit both twaine. 1647-8
COTTERELL Davila's Hist. Fr. (1678) 12 He was led. .to re-
mit his whole authority into the hands of allies. 1654 tr.
Scudery*s Curia Pot. 96 If Queen Elizabeth had not believed
..she would not have, .remitted her Scepter to my hands.
1670 DRYDEN Tyran. Love \\\. i, IV ^Egyptian Crown I to
your hands remit.
3. To abstain from exacting (a payment or ser-
vice of any kind) ; to allow to remain unpaid (or
unperformed).
1463 Rolls of Parlt. V. 498/2 To pardon and remitte unto
the seid Commons the seid vi M Ii. 1560 DAUS tr. Sleidane's
Comm. 60 It is reason that the lordes remit some part ther-
of [sc. rent], c 1645 HOWELL Lett. (1713) 16 All this his
Majesty remitted, and only took the Principal, a 1661
FULLER Wort/ties (1840) II. 508 The Queen, .rigorously de-
manded the present payment of some arrears which Sir
Christopher did not hope to have remitted. 1701 W. WOT-
TON Hist. Rome vi. 109 She remitted the Arrears that were
owing. 1783 BURKE Rep. Aft India Wks. 184211.18/1 They
remit, by the like authority, the duties, to which all private
trade is subject. 1817 JAS. MILL Brit. India I. in. iy, 575
The rents of the husbandman, and other taxes, were remitted.
1863 FAWCKTT Pol. Econ. m. iii. 323 Let it be assumed
that every farmer has the rent of his farm remitted for the
next thirty years.
b. To refrain from inflicting (a punishment) or
carrying out (a sentence) ; to withdraw, cancel ;
to grant remission of (suffering).
1483 Rolls of Parlt. VI. 250/2 Oure said soveraigne Lorde
..remitteth and woll forbere the greate punysshement of
atteynder. 1553 T. WILSON Rket. 15 b, The whole citie
thought to remitte the necessitie of his punishment for the
honour of his father. 1616 R. C. Times' Whistle iv. 1344
The officer deputed for th* offence Will winck at smale
faultes & remit correction. 1693 LUTTRELL Brief Rel.
(1857) III. 118 The queen remitted the quartering of his
body.^ 1754 SHERLOCK Disc. I. i. 46 God may freely forgive
the Sins of the World, and remit the Punishment. 1807
CRABBE Hall of Just. 3 Remit awhile the harsh com-
mand. _ 1841 JAMES Brigaudxxx\\\, Wecome tobeseechyou
to remit the sentence of this unhappy young gentleman.
1857 BUCKLE Civiliz. I. xii. 673 The exile which followed
the imprisonment seems to have been soon remitted. 1868
BROWNING Ring <$• Bk. vi. 127 How does lenity to me Remit
one death-bed pang to her ?
C. To exempt from confiscation, rare*1.
1741 MIDDLETON Cicero I. ii. 104 Verres for a valuable
consideration sometimes remitted the ship.
d. To allow as a respite, rare*1.
1813 BYRON Corsair n. xiv, I will, at least, delay The
sentence that remits thee scarce a day.
j4. To discharge, set free, release, liberate (a
person). Also const, of, to. Obs.
1467-8 Rolls of Parlt. V. 576/1 To be remitted, ac-
quited or discharged of eny somme or sommes of money.
a 1548 HALL Chron.t_ Hen. VIII 169 b, Wee clerely remitted,
and deliuered hym into his countrey. 1575 R. B, Appius
$ yirg. D j b, If treason none by me be done, or any fault
committed, Let my accusers beare the blame, and let me be
remitted. 1634 GARRARD in Strafford^s Lett. (1739) I. 373
Mr. Seldon is remitted of those Fetters that lay upon
him. 1647 CLARENDON Hist. Reb. vi. § 35 His Lordship was
committed to the Tower..; and though he was afterwards
remitted to more Air, he continued a Prisoner to his death.
II. 5. To give up, lay aside (anger, dis-
pleasure, etc.) entirely or in part.
c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints vii. (James less) 635 {>are-for his
malancoly to bat man he remyttyte J>are. 1393-4 Rolls of
Parlt. III. 314/1 Hit forthynketh me, and byseche yowe of
your gode Lordship to remyt me ^our mautalent. 1413
Pilgr. Sowle (Caxton 1483) i. xxvii. 31 This blessid lord
(1619) 180 [He] would not thus much have remitted his
tyranny, had he not been compelled. 1667 MILTON P.L.
if. 210 Our Supream Foe in time may much remit His
anger. 1761 HUME Hist. Eng. I. App. ii. 258 That he
would remit his displeasure. 1810 SHELLEY (Ed. Tyr, ii. ii.
99 Remit, O Queen I thy accustomed rage !
b. To give up or give over, abandon, desist from
(a pursuit, occupation, etc.).
1587 R. HOVENDEN in Collect, (O.H.S.) I. 220 The Ladi
Stafford was resolved to remyt hir suite. 1608 WILLET
Hexapla Exod. 60 They . . caused them to remit their workes.
1687 LADY R. RUSSKLL Lett. I. Ii. 123 It seems I must remit
seeing you, as you once kindly intended. I7»6 POCK Odyss.
xxiv. 286 Who digging round the plant still hangs his head]
REMIT.
Nor ought remits the work. 1880 KINGLAKE Crimea VI.
vi. 159 Engaged, .in a siege which they could not remit
6. To allow (one's diligence, attention, etc.) to
slacken or abate.
c 1510 MORE Picas Wks. 15/1 Ye shall not think, that my
trauaile and diligence in study is any thing remitted or
slacked. 1590 MARLOWE Ed™. II, n. v, He that the care of
his realm remits [etc.]. 1741-3 LD. HERVEY in Johnson's
Debates (1787) II. 409 To make the attainment of it more
and more difficult, that they may insensibly remit their
ardour. 1780 JOHNSON Let. to Mr. Thrale 30 May, Do not
remit your care. 1803 MAR. EDGEWORTH Manuf. ii. (1832)
101, 1 have never remitted my attention to business. 1817
HALLAM Const. Hist. (1876) I. iii. 143 Nor did the voluntary
exiles established in Flanders remit their diligence in filling
the kingdom with emissaries.
b. To admit or manifest an abatement of some
quality. ? Obs.
1621 BURTON Anat. Mel. t. L I. i, When he .. remembred
that he was but a man, and remitted of his pride. 1628
HOBBES Thucyd. (1822) 8 To try if the Athenians.. would
yet in some degree remit of their obstinacy. 170* Eng.
Theophrast. 342 The strongest passions sometimes remit of
their violence. 1775 S. J. PRATT Liberal Opin. v. (1783) I.
84 At the end of aliout two months, the severity of my fate
began to remit of its rigour.
o. To mitigate, diminish, or abate. ? Obs.
1615 G. SANDYS Trav. 39 Stifle winter which no spring
remits. 1656 RIDGLEY Pract. Physick 316 When the heat,
pain, Feaver are remitted. 1658 ROWLAND tr. Mou/efs
T/ieat. Ins. 979 The light by little and little is remitted and
slackned. 1750 JOHNSON Rambler No. 17^5 Every man has
experienced how much of this ardour has been remitted,
when a sharp, .sickness has set death before his eyes.
1 7. To relax, relieve from tension. Obs.
c 1510 BARCLAY Mirr. Gd. Manners (1570) D j, Ceassc not,
perseuer, knock & stande, Remitte not thine armes by
knocking fatigate. 1668 CULPEPPER & COLE Barthol.
Anat. n. iii. 92 When the Breath is drawn in the Midriff is
stretched, when it is blowne out, it is remitted or slackned.
a 1676 HALE Prim. Orig. Man. i. L (1677) 29 'Tis by this.,
the Lungs are intended or remitted. 1711 tr, Werenjelsius'
Logotnachys, Disc. Meteors Stile 192 Let the Judgment . .
sometimes remit, and sometimes contract the Reins.
III. 8. To refer (a matter) for consideration,
decision, performance, etc., to a person or body
of persons, now usu. to one specially empowered
or appointed to deal with it ; also spec, in Law, to
send back (a case) to an inferior court.
£1400 MAUNDEV. (1839) xxxi. 315 Oure holy Fadir..re-
mytted my Boke to ben examyned and preved be the Avys
of the seyd Conseille. 1455 Paston Lett. I. 321 Wheche
mater I remytte..to youre ryght wyse discrecion. 1484
CAXTON Fables of A I/once ix, They remytted the cause to
be discuted or pleted before the Juge. ic«3 FITZHERB.
Httsb. § 7 The spirytuall constructyon of this texte, I re-
mytte to tne doctours of dyuynitie. 1586 T. B. La Primand.
Fr. Acad. I. (1594) 514 Let them remit the judgement and
deciding of their controversies to the arbitrement of some
good men. 1654 tr. Martini's Cong. China 14 He remitted
the business to the chief Governors and Commanders.
1762 FOOTE Orators I. Wks. 1799 I. 203 We shall. .remit
the examination of the ignoble ones to the care of subaltern
artists. 1863 P. BARRY Dockyard Econ. 59 The task and
job question was remitted to the Commissioners on the
Civil Affairs of the Navy. 1884 Law Times Rep. L. 174/1
The defendants gave notice of their motion to set aside and
remit the report [of the special referee],
absol. 1838 W. BELL Diet. Law Scot. 52 The circuit
judge. .may recall the judgment appealed from, and remit
to the inferior court with instructions.
b. To send (a person) from one tribunal to an-
other for trial or hearing, rare.
1538 STARKEY England n. ii. 190 At London the jugys
schold admyt non in sute, but such only as, for some reson-
abul cause, were remyttyd to them by the gentylmen of the
scyre. 1740 HOWE in Johnson's Debates (1787) I. 31 If we
remit this offender, .to any inferior court [etc.].
to. To commit (a person) to the charge or
control of another. Also reft. Obs.
1681-6 J. SCOTT Chr. Life (1747) III. 126 God. .wholly re-
mitted his People to the Conduct of the Priests and Levites.
1741 RICHARDSON Pamela (1883) I. 407 As he knew best
what befitted his own rank and condition, I would wholly
remit myself to his good pleasure.
fd. reft. = REFER v. 5. Obs. rare-1.
1674 Govt. Tongue^ 18, 1 dare in this remit me to themselves,
and challenge, .their natural ingenuity to say [etc.].
8. To refer (one) to a book, person, etc., for in-
formation on some point.
1417 HEN. V in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. in. I. 62 We remitte
hem to have ful declaracion and verrai knaweleche of you
in that matere. c 14*5 WYNTOUN Cron. n. 1346 (Wemyss
MS.), Gif je of bat thing mare will wit, To Ovidis buke I
3,ow remytt. 1533 MORE Debell. Salem Pref., Wks. 931/1
And some suche places yet as I had happed to finde, I haue
remitted the reader vnto in myne apologye. 1590 SIR J.
SMYTH Disc. Weapons 49 To the particularities whereof . .
1 remit those that are disposed to see and consider. 1650
FULLER Pisgah n. iv. 113 Well might profane persons be re-
mitted to this river, thereby to be instructed in the Sabbaths
due observation. 1714 Elhuood'sAittobiog. Pref., Much of
this being already done in the ensuing Pages, I chuse to
remit the Reader thither. 1769 ROBERTSON Chas. V. vii.
III. 16 The Emperor.. without deigning to answer a single
word, remitted him to his ministers. 1835-8 S. R. MAITLAND
Dark Ages (1844) J56 Let us hear Du Cange, to whom
Robertson remits us.
ellift. c 1410 Master of Game (MS. Digby 182) x, Of be
remenaunt of his nature I remytte to Milbournn be kynges
Otyr hunter. 1523 FITZHERB. Husb. Prol., I remytte [?to]
that boke as myn auctour therof.
tb. To direct (one) to a task. Obs. rare—1.
1544 Snfflie. Hen. VIII (1871) 51 Remyttynge byshops
to attende their offyce and vocacyon by God. .appoynted.
430
10. a. To send (a person) back to prison, or to
other custody ; to recommit. Now rare.
1414 Rolls o/Parlt. IV. 57/2 Whan I was remitted to the
Prison of Flete. 1474 Ibid. VI. 103/1 The seid Chaunceller
there remitted the seid Thomas Buysshop ageyn. 1653 IjD-
VAUX tr. Gftieans St. Paul 300 The Captain . . remittea him,
with the rest of his prisoners, into the hands of the Prefect
of the Pretorium. ITOO DRYDEN Sigisni. <$• Guise. 287 The
prisoner was remitted to the guard. 1837 HALLAM Const.
Hist. (18760 I. vii. 383 Whether such a return was sufficient
in law to justify the court in remitting the parties to custody,
t b. To send in return ; to send took. Obs. rare.
1461 Pasttm Lett. II. 67 Remitte me summe letter, by the
bringer her of, of all thes maters. 1660 F. BROOKE tr. Le
Blanc's Trav. 113 He gave them freedom, and remitted
them ransomlesse, sent them all back again.
fc. To emit or send out again. Obs. rare—1.
1700 DRYDEN Ovid's Met. xv. 522 Whether Earth's an
Animal, and Air Imbibes; her Lungs with coolness to
repair, and what she sucks remits.
11. t &• Law. To restore to a former and more
valid title : see REMITTERS i. Ots.
1544 tr. Littleton's Tenures 141 In so much the wyfe is in
her remytter, he is remitted to his reuercion. 1632 Women*
Rights xix. 156 The eldest daughter is remitted, that is
remaunded and setled in the ancient estate. 1768 BLACK-
STONE Coinm. III. ii. 21 If the issue in tail be barred by the
fine . . of his ancestor, and the freehold is afterwards cast
upon him ; he shall not be remitted to his estate tail.
b. To put back into, to admit or consign again
to a previous position, state, or condition.
1591 SPENSER M. Hiibberd 1254 He bad the Lyon be re-
mitted Into his seate. 1649 FULLER Holy $ Prof. St. u.
xxii. 142 Thus his indiscretion remitted him to the nature
of an ordinary person. 1654 EARL MONM. tr. Bentivoglio's
Warrs Flanders 186 It was a long while ere it (the city]
could be remitted into its former condition. 1671 MILTON
Samson 687 Nor only dost [thou] degrade them, or remit To
life obscur'd which were a fair dismission. 17*1 New Comf.
Fest. 4- Fasts xxxvi. 5 t. 353 When death . . is making his
near approach to.. remit us to darkness and oblivion. 1863
BRIGHT Sf.,Amer. 30 June (1876) 142 You propose to remit
to slavery three millions of negroes.
12. To postpone, to put off or defer.
1635 ]. HAYWARD tr. Biondtt Banish' d Virg. 166 Willingly
would hee have knowne then presently the story, .but. .he
remitted it till after supper. 16*3 GERBIER Counsel 62 Re-
mitting setting of walls untill the next Spring after. 1769
CoLDsuMist. Roi>ie(sj86) II. 25 The conspirators.. remitted
the execution of their design to the ides of March. 1786
present remit our reply to that part of our subject.
fb. To defer the reception of (a person). Ot>s.~l
1663 H. COGAN tr. Pinto's Trav. xliv. 175, I hold it fit to
remit him unto some other time, when as he may be better
acquainted.
13. To refer, assign, or make over to a thing or
person.
1641 I'ind. Smectytnnuus vi. 78 That which Hierome
speakes in the present tense, .he would remit to time past.
1710 WATKRLAND AHSTII. Whitby's Reply 58 You., object
farther, .that Christ would not suffer Himself to be called
Good, but remitted that Title to the Father only. 1788 REID
Aristotle's Log. iv. § 6. 89 He thinks that the doctrine
of modals ought to be banished out of logic and remitted to
grammar. 1837 G. PHILLIPS Syriac Grant. 9 The vowel in
such places is remitted to the preceding letter, if it has been
previously without one.
•)• b. To enter or insert in (or into) a book. Obs.
c 1670 WOOD Life (O. H. S.) II. 204 This book he gave
A. W. because he had, in his great reading, collected some
old words for his' use, which were remitted therein. 1716
M. DAVIES Athen. Brit. II. 219 Which Examinations.,
were . . remitted by John Fox into his Book of Martyrs.
14. To send or transmit (money or articles of
value) to a person or place.
1640 HOWELL Dodona's Gr. 98 [He] makes one of her
proudest Cities his Scale, for remitting his Moneyes to
Leoncia. 1690 in J. Mackenzie Siege London-Derry 54/1
You are to receive and dispose of the Thousand pounds
which shall be remitted to you, to the best advantage. 1758
JOHNSON Idler No. 62 r 4 We parted ; and he remitted me
a small annuity. 1787 JEFFERSON Writ. (1859) II. 149 This
has prevented the treasury board from remitting any money
to this place. i84oMACAULAY Ess., Clive (1852) III. 61 He
had recently remitted a great part of his fortune to Europe,
through the Dutch East India Company. 1861 GOSCHEN
For. Exch. 91 Was it probable.. that in a time of great
national emergency the New York bankers would remit
their capital for employment to Europe..?
absol. 1681 [see Remitted, below). 1705 ADDISON Italy
471 They oblig'd themselves to remit, after the rate of Twelve
Hundred Thousand Pounds Sterling per Annum. 1809
BYRON Let. to Mrs. Byron 12 Nov., I expect Hanson to
remit regularly.
IV. intr. 15. To abate, diminish, slacken.
1629 Drayner Con/. (1647) C, The whole masse of waters
continue upon the face of the Fenne till those windes remit.
1643 MILTON Divorce (1645) 39 The vigor of his Law
could no more remit, then the hallowed fire on his
altar could be let go out. 1695 WOODWARD Nat. Hist.
Earth iv. 198 Till such time as its motion begins to remit
and be less rapid. 1770 GOLDSM. Des. Vill. 16 How often
have I blest the coming day, When toil remitting lent its
turn to play. 1850 L. HUNT Atitobiog. 1. viii. 309 The
fishermen's wives . . seemed equally determined not to let
the intention remit. 1870 BRYANT Iliad II. xui. 23 Mean-
time the valor of Idomeneus Remitted not.
b. of pain, fever, etc. Also in Jig. context
1683 tr. Willis' Land. Pract. Pkysick 533 If upon sore
Lips the Fever does not remit, it will prove of long con-
tinuance and severe. 1737 WHISTON Josephits, Antiq. 11.
iii. § 4 Neither did his pains remit by length of time. 1747
tr. Astntc's Fevers 195 The fever thus treated, remits
REMITTENCY.
generally towards the sixth or seventh day. 1783 JOHNSON
Let, in Boswell 30 Sept., I have been, .much harassed with
the gout ; but that has now remitted. 1887 Pali Mall G.
17 Feb. 13/2 The 'Otello1 fever at Milan seems at last
a little inclined to remit.
16. To relax from labour; to give over.
1760-78 H, BROOKE FoolofQual. (1809) I. 84 They remitted
from their toil. 1841 EMHRSON Ess.% Mart Ike Reformer
Wks. (Bohn) II. 240 Their enemies will not remit ; rust,
mould, vermin.. all seize their own.
Hence Re mi 't ted ///. o.
i68a SCARLETT Exchanges 65 Every Remitter that remits
not directly, but designs to draw in the remitted Sum again
[etc.]. 01700 KEN Hymnotheo Poet. Wks. 1721 III. 130
The happy symptoms of remitted sin. 1806 DE WINDT
New Siberia iv. 50 There is also a graduated scale of what
are called remittea sentences. 1897 westm, Gaz. 13 Apr. 2/1
But it is not merely in respect of these remitted actions that
the County Courts have weighty and important functions.
t Kemrtigate, v. Obs. rare—1. [RE-; cf.
obs. F. remtttgiter (Godef.).] trans. To mitigate.
1671 MACWARD True Nonconf. 387 The apparent singu-
larity of any circumstance remitigated by another extra-
ordinary occurrent.
Remitnient (r/mi-tment). [f. REMIT z/.]
fl. Remission, pardon. Obs.
16x1 COTGR., Ahsoutc, a generall absolution, pardon, for*
giuenesse, remitment of offences. 1645 MILTON Tetrach.
34 God's Law especially grants every where to error easy
remitments. 1670 — Htst. Eng. \\. 63 The Procurator en-
deavour'd to bring all their goods within the compass of a
new confiscation, by disavowing the remittment of Claudius.
2. Remitting of money; remittance.
1678 Trans. Crt. Spain, 100 [He] makes it his business to
perswade the people, that Your Majesty has remitted vast
sums of money to the Emperour, and hath discovered a great
part of the remitment. 1706 PHILLIPS (ed. Kersey), Remit-
ment or Remittance^ a return of Money, &c. 179* JEFFER-
SON Writ. (1859) III. 410 The debtor who endeavored to
make a remitment of his debt, or interest, must have done it
three times. 1894 Columbus (Ohio) Disj>. 7 Dec. 1/8 An
order. .for the remitment to the township poor fund.. [of]
six-tenths of the amount of Dow liquor tax.
f 3. The act of remitting to custody. Obs*
J755 in JOHNSON.
xtemrttable, a. ran. [f. REMIT v. + -ABLE.]
Capable of being remitted.
1611 COTGR., Remissible, remittable, pardonable, forgiue-
able. 1844 H. H. WILSON Brit. India III. 313 Partly by its
discharge, and partly by its transference to a remittable
loan, at 5 per cent.
Remittal (rfmi-tal). [f. REMIT v. + -AL,]
1. Remission for sin, or of a debt, penalty, etc.
1596 BELL Surv. Pofery in. vi. 309 Not to procure any
remittall for her sins. 1617 MORYSON Itin. n. 24 He agreeth
to a fine. ,} yet praying the Lord Lieftenant to be a meanes
to her Maiesty for the remittal thereof, c 1694 SIR P. PETT
in Lett. Eminent Persons (1813) I. 60, I should be glad to
hear.. that his Lordship shewed any good nature to you in
the remittal of the costs you were condemned in. 1854
MILHAN Lat. Chr. vn. vi. (1864) IV. 192 A remittal of those
acts of penance which the Church commuted at her will.
2. Law. The act of referring a case from one
court to another.
1808 BENTHAM Sc. Reform 107 To regulate concerning
the remittal of causes from Division to Division. 1884 Law
Times LXXVII. 407/1 The option of .. decision by the
official arbitrator or remittal to the High Court.
Hemittance(r/mi-tans). [f. REMITS. + -ANCE.]
1. A sum of money sent from one place or per-
son to another ; a quantity of some article sent in
this way ; also, the act of sending money, etc., to
another place.
1705 ADDISON Italy 471 A Compact among private Persons
furnish'd out the several Remittances. 1711 Lond. Gaz.
No. 4808/2 The Swedish Commissary, .has. .received a Re-
mittance of one hundred thousand Crowns. 1769 ROBERT-
SON Chas, y,y.i. III. 310 His remittances into England had
drained his treasury. 1840 MACACLAY Ess., Clive(i%$2) III.
63 He had invested great sums in jewels, then a very common
mode of remittance from India. 1867 SMILES Huguenots
Eng. xviiL (1880) 328 A distant relative.. took possession of
the family estate, and further remittances.. were stopped.
1880 MARKHAM Peruv. Bark 408 The Dutch Government
bought a portion of the remittance of C. Calisaya seeds.
2. Remittaiue-man, an emigrant who is sup-
ported or assisted by remittances from home (cf.
REMITTANCER). So remittance-farmer.
1886 Pall Mall G. 10 Feb. n/i He was what is called in
the colonies a 'remittance man*. 1894 C. L. JOHNSTONE
Canada 30 The Canadians divide the English gentlemen
settlers into * farmers who work, remittance farmers, and
buckboard farmers '. 1897 Miss B. HARRADEN Remittance-
Men 185 Remittance men never do any good.
Hence Remi'ttancer, (a) one who sends a re-
mittance ; (£) a remittance-man.
1806 R. CUMBERLAND Mem. 435 Your Memorialist was
stopped and arrested at Bayonne by order from his remit-
tancers at Madrid. 1894 E. B. HODGE Keith Kavanagk
p. v, A l Remittancer ' or ' Remittance Man ' is, in colonial
parlance, a Ne'er-do-well living in the colonies on quarterly
remittances received from friends 'at home*.
Remittee (r/mi tr-). [f. REMIT v. + -EE *.]
One to whom a remittance is made or sent.
1766 W. GORDON Gen. Counting-ho. 339 The porteur or
remittee to whom the bill is remitted for acceptance. 1798
W. TAYLOR in Monthly Rev. XXVII. 490 A deposit be-
longing to the drawer, and successively confided to the re-
mittees. 1885 Law Rep. 14 Q. B. Div. 612 Remittances are
sent . .to cover drafts of the remitter accepted by the remittee.
Renii'ttency. [See next and -ENCY, and cf.
F. rtmittence^\ The quality of being remittent.
REMITTENT.
1820-6 F. L. GALT in Orton Andes $ Amazons it. xliy.
(ed. 3) 602 The symptoms, .had a remittency about them in
most instances. 1898 P. MANSON Trap. Diseases ii. 37 The
fact of intermittency or remittency being more or less a
matter of accident.
Remittent (rftnrtent), a. and sb. [ad. L.
remittent-em, pres. pple. of remittfre to REMIT :
cf. F. rimitlent]
A. adj. That remits or abates for a time : spec.
in Path, of a type of fever, the symptoms of which
undergo at intervals a marked abatement or diminu-
tion (without disappearing entirely as in the
intermittent type).
1693 Phil. Trans. XVII. 726 The Cortex makes as certain
a Cure in the Remittent Fever as in the Intermittent. 1776-84
CULLEN First Lines Physic xxvi. Wks. 1827 I. 487 They
suffer.. a considerable abatement or Remission. .. This con-
stitutes what is called a Remittent Fever. 1791 BOSWELL
'Johnson (1831) I. 309 Yet nine years elapsed before it saw
the light. His throes in bringing it forth had been severe
and remittent. 1804 MITCHILL & MILLER Med. Repos. 178
note, The more common form of the disease [yellow fever]
was the 'bilious' and 'remittent' fever. 1877 ROBERTS
Handbk. Med. (ed. 3) I. 217 The malarial fevers of hot
climates often assume a remittent type.
B. sb. 1. Path. A remittent fever.
1693 Phil. Trans. XVII. 726 Almost all Epidemical, Au-
tumnal and Camp- Fevers are either Genuine or Spurious
Remittents, a 1776 R. JAMES Diss. Fevers (\n&) 96 It would
be ridiculous and cruel, if a physician were to refuse the
bark to a patient in a genuine remittent or intermittent.
a 1817 T. DWIGHT Trav. New Eng., etc. (1821) II. 452 The
shores of lake Champlain are generally subject to the fever
and ague, and to bilious remittents. 1897 MARY KINGSLEY
W. Africa. 53 Fever in Fernando Po. .having rjeriodic out-
bursts of a more serious type than the normal intermittent
and remittent of the Coast.
2. One who remits money.
1855 LORENZ tr. Van der Keessets Select Theses dlxxiv,
In that kind of exchange, .there generally are. . four parties ;
first the person who gives the value or money, and who is
called the remittent [etc.].
Remitter 1 (rftni-tai). [f. REMIT v. + EB 1.]
1. One who forgives or pardons, rare.
One who sends a remittance.
1682 SCARLETT Exchanges 32 The Drawer and Remitter
should also. .note the Mackelers or Brogers Name to every
Parcel. 1743 De Foe's Eng. Tradesman xxviii. (1841) I. 279
It looks like a forwardness to take the remitters money
without giving him a sufficient demand for it. 1757 Jos.
HARRIS Coins 120 note, Dealers in bills of exchange are in
general terms usually called remitters. 1861 GOSCHEN For.
E-rch. 47 The premium is so high, that remitters will become
indifferent whether they buy bills or send gold. 1884 Law
Times Rep. LI. 390/1 As regards those remittances,. the re.
milters were entitled to have them specifically appropriated.
Remitter2 (rftni-tai). [See REMIT z<. and -ER*.]
1. Law. a. A principle or operation by which
one having two titles to an estate, and entering on
it by the later or more defective of these, is ad-
judged to hold it by the earlier or more valid one.
(Cf. REMIT v. ii a.)
1544 tr. Littleton's Tenures 137 Remytter is an auncyent
terme in the lawe, & it is where a man hath ii lytles to
landes or tenementes . . the lawe adjudgeth hym to be in by
force of the elder tytle. 1599 FULBECKE Prepar. Study of
La-w (1620) 57 They wrote of Fines, Vouchers, Remitters.
a 1615 SIR H. FINCH Law (1636) 194 If he. .haue the Freehold
cast vpon him by a new title, he shall be in of his ancient
title : which is termed a remitter. 1668 HALE Pref. Rolle's
Abridgm. a ij b, The Titles of Discontinuance and Remitter
are great and large Titles, and indeed full of curious Learn-
ing. 1768 BLACKSTONE Comm. III. ii. 21 The operation of
the remitter is exactly the same, after the union of the two
rights, as that of a real action would have been before it.
b. The act of remitting a case to another court
for decision.
1726 AYLIFFE Parergon 78 If the Judge a Quo has once
admitted and yielded Obedience unto an Appeal, he cannot
afterwards proceed in that Cause without a Remitter. 1808
BENTHAM Sc. Reform 106 Cases of remitter excepted, . . no
removal of a suit from division to division.
fc. Remission, exemption. Obs. rare~l.
1726 AYLIFFE Parergon 267 'Tis a Rule in Law, that in
every general Remitter, it is never to be understood, that
Fraud and Deceit is thereby remitted.
2. Restoration to rights or privileges, or to a
previous state; fa position to which one is re-
stored. Also const, to. rare.
1623 in Crt. $ Times Jos. /(i848) II. 373 The Lord of
St. Albans is in his old remitter, and come to lie at his old
lodgings in Gray's Inn. 1652 NEEDHAM tr. Selderis Mare
Cl. 15 The Laws about proclaiming War, Ambassie, Prisoners
of War, Hostages,. .Remitter upon return from Captivitie
[etc.]. 1663 in Modern Reports (1682) 1. 132 Confession and
promise of future Obedience, ought to precede her remitter,
or restitution to the priviledges of a wife. 1857 SIR F.
PALGRAVE Norm. Sf Eng. 1 1 . 548 Could Louis have recovered
the ancient royal residence, such a visible remitter to his
pristine royal estate would have been very advantageous.
t Remi'ttible, a. Obs. rare -'. [f. REMIT v.
+ -IBLE.] Admitting of remission.
J55^ J- HEYWOOD Spider fy F. Ixx. no Clemencie That
doth allway most clementlie encline, To haue regard to re-
mittible disipline.
Remitting, vbl. sb. [f. REMIT v. + -ING l.]
The action of the vb. in various senses.
c 1450 Godstow Reg. (E. E.T. S.) 42 For this remyltyng and
quyte-claymyng the forsaid abbesse . . yaf to hym viij. mark.
431
i53° PALSGR* 145 Some [adverbs] betoken remytting or
slacking of a dede. 1577 HANMER Anc. Eccl. Hist. (1619)
506 After the remitting of your faults, there reigned in you
no lesse fortitude. 1608 WILLET Hexapla Exod, 259 The
remitting of his hands. 1651 HOBBES Leviath. \\\. xlii. 274
Eternall life, .is recovered by the Remitting of mens Sins.
1671 R. MONTAGU in Buccleuch MSS. (Hist. MSS. Comm.)
I. 501 Now is the time of proposing, .the remitting of our
levies of four thousand men, to which the treaty binds us.
1840 FREESE COMM. Class-bk, 60, To order a sum of money
to be received, by sending a Bill of Exchange to another
person is called remitting.
Remi'tting, ///. a. [f. REMIT v. + -ING 2.]
That remits ornas remission ; remittent.
1693 Phil. Trans. XVII. 728 When a Remitting Fever is
turning Malignant, a 1704 T. BROWN Satire^ Quack Wks1.
1730 I. 65 [They] never know The least remitting interval of
woe. a 1776 R. JAMES Diss. Fmer (1778) 82 Remitting or
intermitting fevers may be excited by as many different
causes as continual. 1822-34 Goods Study Med, (ed. 4) I.
480 Two children who diea in a few days of a remitting
dyspnoea. 1853 KANE GrinnellExp. xiv. (1856) 103 Against
this margin, the great 'drift' through which we had been
passing exerts a remitting action. 1899 A llbutCs Syst. Med.
VII. 72 This chronic progressive mode .. is next in frequency
of occurrence to the chronic remitting mode.
Remi'X, #. [Rfi- 5 a.] trans. To mix again.
1662 MERRETT Nert's Art of Glass \. xxvi, Mix the glasse
and powder with diligence, let them stand two hours, then
remix them. 1884 L. F. ALLEN New Amer. Fann Bk. 80
It may then be overhauled and re-mixed with more earth.
So Bemi'zture.
i8ox W. TAYLOR in Monthly Mag. XII. 98 After a re-
mixture of the separated clans. 1831 T. HOPE Ess. Origin
Man I. 164 Those [upper regions] in which electricity, from
less interference of and remixture with other forces.., re-
mains most pure.
Remlande, -lant, etc. : see next.
Remnant (repmnant), sb. and a. Forms : a.
4-6 remnaunt, (5 -e), 4 rembnand, 5 remnaund,
-ond, 4- remnant. £. 5 remlande, 5, 9 dial.
remlant, (5 -lawnt, 6 -launte), 9 dial. remlin(g,
-lit, rimlet. [Contracted form of REMENANT.]
A. s6. 1. With the. That which remains or is
left of a thing or things after the removal of a
portion ; the remainder, rest, residue. Now ap-
plied only to a small remaining part (cf. 2).
a. c 1350 Leg. Rood m. 789 pe thrid part bai hewed oway,
And of ^>e rembnand haue pai made A large cros. 13..
E. E. Allit. P. A. 1159 To start in J>e strem schulde non me
stere, To swymme be remnaunt. 1411 E. E. Wills (1882) 19
PC remnaund to be payid of my godes bat leuyth. 1469
raston Lett, 11.364 Thes leud wordds greveth me and her
grandam as myche as alle the remnawnte. 15315 COVERDALE
Lev. xiv. 17 As for the remnaunt of the oyle in his hande
[etc.]. 1595 SHAKS. John v. iv. 36 Where I may thinke the
remnant of my thoughts In peace. 1633 G. HERBERT Temple^
Life i, Here will I smell my remnant out, and tie My life
within this band. 1700 DRYDEN Pal. fy Arc. i. 27 The rem-
nant of my tale is of a length To tire your patience. 1784
COWPER Task v. 36 Smooth as a wall the upright remnant
stands. 1838 THIRLWALL Greece V. 251 His account of the
small remnant of his patrimony which his guardians rendered
to him. 1865 GROTE Plato I. i. 22 By Ens was understood
the remnant in his mind, after leaving out all that abstrac-
tion., could leave out.
ft. 1434 Test. Ebor. (Surtees) II. 41, I will yat all my
dettes be payed, and also I will yat ye remlande of my gude
be partid in thre. a 1460 How Wise Man. taught Son 32
in HazL E. P. P. I. 170 This lyfe in mesur that thou lede,
And of the remlant thou ne rech.
b. The remainder or rest of a number of per-
sons (or animals). Chiefly, and - now only, of
a small number (cf. 2 b).
c 1350 Will. Palerne 2901 Redli al bo remnant of be rude
bestes for fere be-gunne to fle. c 1400 Destr. Troy 14000
All the Remnond of Renkes, bat raght fro be toune, With
Eneas afterward etlid to see. 1513 MORE in Grafton Chron.
(1568) II. 775 She sawe the Lorde Cardinall more redier to
depart than the remnaunt. 1535 COVERDALE Neh. i. 3 The
remnaunt of the captiuyte are there in the londe. 1568
GRAFTON Chron. II. 675 The remnaunt returned to thearmie
with small gaine. 1606 G. W[OODCOCKE] Hist.Ivstine xxyin.
08 Seeing the remnant were few, to whom his mercy might
be manifest. 1651 JE.R. TAYLOR Senn./or Year 11. xix. 244
Many millions did die accursedly, and the small remnant
became vagabonds. 1800 WELLINGTON in Gurw. Desp. (1838)
1. 181, I wrote to the chiefs of the remnant of Goklah's force.
1862 STANLEY Jew. Ch. (1877) I. xv. 301 The remnant of the
insurgents takes refuge in the lofty tower.
2. With a and //. A (small) remaining quan-
tity, part, or piece.
1624 BURTON Anat. Mel. i. iv. i. i. (ed. 2) 184 The open
parts were cleane, yet there was. .in the chinckes a remnant
of gold. 1664 POWER Exp. Philos. n. 117 The Spontaneous
Dilatation, .of that little remnant of Ayr skulking in the
rugosities thereof. 1697 DRYDEN Virg. Georg. in. 474 Where
basking in the Sun-shine they may lye, And the short Rem-
nants of his Heat enjoy. 1715 M. DAVIES A then. Brit. I.
14 All which numerous Volumes contain, .nothing but little
Treatises and small Remnants. 1774 PENNANT ToitrScotl.
in 1772, 254 A small remnant of the cloister is left. 1815
J. JENNINGS Obs. Dial. W. Eng. 177 Wi1 remlets o' tha
Saxon tongue, That to our Gramfers did belong, 1856
STANLEY Sinai $ Pal. vi. (1858) 260 Thinly studded with
trees, the remnants, apparently, of a great forest. 1888 F.
HUME Mme. Midas i. Pro!., The remnants of their pro-
visions on the voyage,
b. A small remaining number of persons.
1611 BIBLE Isa. x. 22 For though thy people. .be as the
sand of the sea, yet a remnant of them shall returne. 1613
PURCHAS Pilgrimage ix. viii. (1614) 872 Some remnants
of them haue been christened. 1630 PRYNNE A nti-A rmin.
128 They are but a Remnant, a seede, a little flocke. 1713
AUDISON Cato i. i, A feeble army, and an empty senate.
KEMODIFICATION.
Remnants of mighty battels fought in vain. 1784 COWPER
Task i. 340 Once more rejoice That yet a remnant of your
race survives. 18x4 SCOTT Ld. of Isles iv. xx, When, after
battle lost, Muster the remnants of ahost. 1874 L. STEI-HEN
Hours in Library (1892) I. ix. 314 A few remnants of the
aborigines were settled on a township granted by the colony.
c. Of a single person : A survivor, rare.
1594 SHAKS. Rich. ///, i. ii. 7 Thou hloodlesse Remnant of
that Royall Blood. 1642 ROGERS Naauian Ep. Ded., The
onely remnant of that family. 1804 J. GRAHAME Sabbath
464 One hapless man, the remnant of a wreck.
3. A remaining trace or survival 0/"some quality,
belief, condition, or state of things.
1560 DAUS tr. Sleidant*s Comm. 271 1 he remnaunt of that
doctrine remayned in the mindes of many. 1561 T. NORTON
Calviifs Inst. m. 173 Thys is not the question among them,
whether fayth be yet wrapped with many remnants of
ignorance. 1613 PURCHAS Pilgrimage \. vii. (1614) 40 The
Arke . . , the remnant of the elder, and Seminarie of the new
world. 1699 BURNET 39 Art. xxii. 244 It was a Remnant
both of Judaism and Gentilism, that the Souls of the Mar-
tyrs hovered about their Tombs. 1703 MAUNDRELL Journ.
Jems. (1721) App. i This Place has no remnants of its
Ancient Greatness. 1813 SHELLEY Q. Mob vii. 221 No rem-
nant of the exterminated faith Survived. 1821 J. Q. ADAMS
in C. Davies Metr. System m. (1871) 127 Every remnant of
the original uniformity of proportion has disappeared.
b. //. Traces of a. fact. rare^1.
1826 SCOTT Woodst. i, A jerkin, which, .had once been of the
Lincoln green, and showed remnants of having been laced.
4. A fragment, a small portion, a scrap.
a 1400-50 Alexander 22, I sail rehers..A remnant of his
rialte, 1592 SHAKS. Rom. <$• Jnl. v. i. 47 About his shelues
..Remnants of pack thred, and old cakes of Roses were
thinly scattered. i6ai BURTON Anat. Mel. in. ii. m. [iv.] i,
If he get any remnant of hers, a buske-point, a feather of
her fanne. 1766 BLACKSTONE Comm. II. 259 Not of any
particular estate carved out of it ; much less of so minute
a remnant as this. 1876 GEO. ELIOT Dan. Der. xxxv, That
remnant of a human being.
b. spec, among drapers and clothiers : An end
of a piece of goods, left over after the main por-
tion has been used or sold.
1433 [see REMENANT 3]. 15^1 Wills fy Inv. Dark. (Surtees)
I. 362, j. pece of worssett . . iiij yeardes in Remlauntes. 1583
STUBBES Anat. Abus. n. (1882) 39 They buy remnants of
silks, veluets, satins. 1634 FORD Perk. Warbeck \\. iii, I was
ever confident, when I traded but m remnants [etc.]. 1681
Land. Gaz. No. 1665/4 A parcel of Grey Searge, Yard and
Nail broad, and two Remnants of strip'd Grape. 1758 JOHN-
SON Idler No. 26 P n A couple that kept a petty shop of
remnants and cheap linen, a 1845 HOOD United Family
xix, No remnant can sufficient be For our united family.
1882 CAULFIELD & SAWARD Diet. Needlework 421 Remnants
of any piece of material, as well as those of ribbon, are always
sold at some reduction of the original price.
fis- *596 SHAKS. Tam.Shr. iv. iii. 112 Away thou Ragge,
thou quantitie, thou remnant.
nants, 1609 — Sil. Worn. in. v, Could your grauitie forget
so olde and noted a remnant, as, lippis •$• tonsoribtts notum.
t d. A blow. Obs. rare —1.
1580 LUPTON Sivqila 49 Then she reached him suche a
remnant, that he had a cause to remember hir.
f5. Law. A remainder. Obs. rare—1.
1544 tr. Littletons Tenures 10 b, The chylds mother
entreth in the remnant, and it occupyeth as gardyne or
wardyne in Socage.
B. adj. Remaining.
1550 COVERDALE Spir. Perle xii. (1560) 132 The time that
is remnant of the flesh. 1594 WILLOBIE Avisa a Diana
deckt the remnant partes, With fewture braue. 1648
DAVENANT On Death Lady Winchester, Our remnant love
let us discreetly save. 1718 PRIOR Power 868 Act through
thy remnant life the decent part. 1751 COWPER Iliad xix.
299 Attended laden with the remnant gifts. 1807 J. BARLOW
Columb. iv. 595 Break those remnant rocks that still im-
pede My current, a 1854 H. REED Lect. Brit. Poets vi.
(1857) 204 His mind held communion with all the remnant
glory of classical poetry.
Remocion, variant of REMOTION Obs,
ReiliO ck,r rare-1. [RE-.] t To mock in turn.
171* BLACKMORE Creation 352 How much the Judge, who
does in Heav'n preside, Remocks the scoffer, and contemns
his pride 1
Re mo del (n-), v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To model
again, reconstruct. (Common in I9th c.)
1789 Gen. Hist, m Ann. Reg:. 9/2 That assembly was
wholly incompetent to the task of re-modelling the constitu-
tion. 1830 LYTTON P. Clifford xix, A stray trinket or two
—not of sufficient worth to be re-set or re-modelled. 1849
MACAULAY Hist. Eng. \. I. 121 From the time when the
army was remodelled to the time when it was disbanded.
1879 M. PATTISON Milton 46 All traditions were being ques-
tioned, and all institutions were to be remodelled.
Hence Bemo'delled///. a., Bemo'delUng vbl.
sb. ; also Bemo'deller, Bemo'delmcnt.
1846 GROVE Corr. Phys. Forces 4, I will pass to Bacon,
the great remodeller of science. 1847 BUctm. Mag. LXI.
633 The other remodelments are trash. 1849 MACAULAY
Hist. Eng. i. I. 119 At Naseby took place the first great
encounter between the royalists and the remodelled army.
Ibid. vi. II. 23 The remodelling might require money. 1869
E. S. FFOULKES Roman Index 17 The well-known con-
stitution of Benedict XIV. issued for its remodelment.
Remodifica'tion («"-). [RE- 5 a.] The action
of modifying (again) ; a further modification.
1831 T. HOPE Ess. Origin Man III, 321 Nor from any
subsequent difference of situation derives [it] any diversity
of re modifications. 1875 RUSKIN Fors Clav. lix. 306 The
substance of it being in re-modification for Mornings in
Florence.
REMODIFY.
Remo-dify (»-), v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To
modify (again), to make a change in.
1830 LYELL Princ. Gtol. I. 458 Unless some earthquake
shall remodify the surface of the country. 1831 T. HOPE
Ess. Origin Man II. 407 Before America was remodified by
the arts of Europe.
Remofe, Remoife, obs. Sc. ff. REMOVE v.
II Remolade (remolad). rare. [a. F. rttnolade,
rimoulade, ad. It. remolata, of obscure origin.
Used only in translations of French works.] An un-
guent used in farriery.
1701 SIR W. HOPE tr. SMcyselFs Compl. Horseman n.
xiii. 267 marg., A Remolade for a Blow, c 17*0 W. GIBSON
Farriers Disfens. HI. xiii. (1721) 265/2 Charge the Foot
with a Remolade made of half a Pound of Burgu
[etc.]. 1849 CHERRY tr. Solleyseir* Shoeing Horses*) Horses
r a Pound of Burgundy-pitch
eir* Shoeing Horses 9 Horses
which have feet in which a nail cannot be driven without
bending, by reason of their hardness, should have them
moistened with remolades or softeners.
Remole st, v. [RE- 5 a.] To molest again.
1611 COTGR., Rennttytr, to remotest. 4x700 KEN Edmuwt
Poet. Wks. 1721 II. 294 The King to martial Business then
return'd, . .While the fierce Danes his Frontiers remotest.
Re 'melinite. Min. [f. (Los) Remolinos in
Chili, one of its localities.] A former synonym
of ATACAMITE.
BROOKE & MILLER Phillips' Introd. Min. 619 Analyses
of remolinite .. from Chile by Klaproth. 1868 WATTS Diet.
Chem. V. Index 1098/1 Remolinite (s. Atacamite I. 429).
t RemO'llient, sb. and a. Obs. [ad. L. re-
mollient-em, pres. pple. of remollire to soften
(again): see RE- and MOLLIENT.] a. sb. An
emollient, b. adj. Softening, emollient.
1612 Enchir. Med. III. 145 An Incessus may be prepared
with the foure remollients, with Camomel, Nasturtium,
Penniryoll. 1684 tr. Bonefs Merc. Comfit, in. 62 Her
Physician . . applied remollient, heating and drawing things.
1717 BRADLEY fata. Diet. s.v. fat. Particularly as to ano-
dine and Remollient Fats.
t Remolli tion. Obs. rare-1, [ad. L. type
*remollilion-em, n. of action f. remollire : see prec.
and cf. EMOLLITION.] Softening.
1590 BARROUGH Meth. Physick vn. xxi. (1639) 409 In
Oedema . . it is necessary to have remollition with discussion.
t Remo'llitive, a. and sb. Obs. rare. [See
EMOLLITIVE and REMOLLIENT.] a. adj. Emollient.
b. sb. An emollient.
1580 Well_ of Woman Hill, Aberdeen Aiijb, It is discus-
siue, laxatiue. remollitiue, and vomitiue. 1590 BARROUGH
Meth. Physick 384 If the person be strong, take other re-
mollitiues or discussiyes. Ibid. vn. iv. (1639) 386 51 the
foure kinds of remollitives, or molUlicatives.
Remolten, pa. pple. of REMELT v.
t Remo-narcnize, v. 06s. rare. [RE- 5 a.]
trans. To rule over again as monarch.
1591 WARNER Alt. Eng. vin. xliii. (1612) 206 He that K-
monarchiz'd our He, King Athelstone. 1606 Ibid. xv. xcv.
378 Great Britaine, sith a Briton doth remonarchize thy
Throne, Remaund thy name.
Remcriietize, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To re-
store (a metal or other substance) to its former use
as full legal tender. So Bemonetiza'tion.
1878 N.Amer.Rev. CXXVI. 315 If silver is remonetized,
for instance, no number of states could nullify the law. 1878
F. A. WALKER Money xii. 241 We see.. an active agitation
for the remonetization of silver in the United States.
t ReniO'nish., v. Obs.—1 [ad. L. remonere : \
see RE- and MONISH ».] trans. To admonish again, j
1563 NOWELL Horn. Just, of God in Litvrg. Serv. Q. Eliz.
(Parker Soc.) 492 When the Jews were monished.remonished,
prayed, threatened, so oft by so many prophets.
t Remo-nstrable, a. Obs. [See REMON-
STRATE v. and -ABLE.] Demonstrable.
1604 Sufplic. Masse Priests § 33 If the Church were or
could be invisible or not remonstrable. 1618 T. ADAMS Bad
Leaven Wks. (1629) 712 Was it such a sinne for Adam to
eate a forbidden Apple ? Yes; the greatnesse is remonstrable
in the euent.
Remonstrance (rftnfnstrans), s!>. [a. OF.
remonstrance (isth c. ; mod. remontrance}, — med.
L. remonstrantia : see REMONSTRATE and -ANCE. In
1609 (sense 3) stressed on first or third syllable.]
f I. An appeal, request. Obs. rare.
c 1477 CAXTON Jason 60 Whan the noble Jason had made
his remonstraunce unto the quene Ysiphile . . she withdrew
her aparte. 1490 — Eneydos xxii. 78 By many exhortacions
& pyetous remonstrances excytatiue of all well wyllyng.
f2. Demonstration, proof, evidence, manifesta-
tion of some fact, quality, etc. ; also, a ground of
some belief. Obs. (common in ijrth c.)
1597 HOOKER Eccl. Pol. v. Ixxvi. § 6 The manifest oddes
. . are remonstrances more then sufficient how all our welfare
. . dependeth wholly vpon our Religion. 1603 BRETON
Packet Mad Lett, i, The remonstrance of your loue towards
me, makes mee glory in so exquisite a friend. 1649 JER.
1698 FRYER Ace. E. 'ItMa. If P.
61 As a Remonstrance of their Credulity, they bring for
proof [etc.], a 1774 GOLDSM. tr. Scarron's Com. Romance
1 1. 38 Leander and she caressed only with their eyes, leaving
farther remonstrances of kindness to a private meeting,
t b. A representation, resemblance. Obs. rare.
1640 SHIRLEY Imposture I. ii, Our virgins. .Shall.. make in
Each garden a remonstrance of this battle, Where flowers
shall seem to fight. 1644 Bp. MAXWELL Prerog. Chr. Kings
xi. 119 If you. .parallel them with our times, you will find
a full ujroTuirwffis, remonstrance and resemblance with us.
432
f 3. A (written or spoken) demonstration, state-
ment, account, or representation. Usu. const, of
(the matter declared or brought forward). Obs.
1585 T. WASHINGTON tr. Nicholay's Voy. i. vii, [I made]
ynto them protestations and remonstrances of the wrong and
iniurie they did too our Ambassador. 1609 DANIEL Civ.
Wars iv. xxviii, The King . . was glad, Both by his remon-
strances well composed, And with his sword . . provide To
right himselfe. 1609 BIBLE (Douay) Gen., Comm., A briefe
Remonstrance of the state of the Church. 1641 HINDE
(title) A Faithfull Remonstrance of the Holy Life and
Happy Death of John Bruen. a 1716 SOUTH Serin. (17*4)
IX. m. 78 The atheist is too wise in his generation, to make
remonstrances and declarations of what he thinks. 1760-7*
fi. BROOKE FoolofQitaL (1809) IV. 99 Our remonstrances
to my late lord of the . .services you had rendered.
b. A formal statement of grievances or similar
matters of public importance, esp. the Grand Re-
monstrance presented by the House of Commons
to the Crown in 1641. Now only Hist.
i6a6 in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. i. III. 236 The Commons
had made a Remonstrance to his Majesty, but would not
grant him any supply. 1647 CLARENDON Hist. Reb. iv.
48 note, At the beginning of the Parliament, or shortly after,
. .a committee was appointed to prepare a Remonstrance of
the state of the kingdom, a 1674 Ibid. xi. § 200 Their army,
which had merited so much from them by the Remonstrance
which they had so lately published, 1770 Junius Lett.
xxxvii. (1788) 197 The King's answer to the remonstrance of
the city of Lonclon. 1831 MACAULAV Ess.. Hatttjden Wks.
1898 II. 157 That celebrated address to the King. .known
by the name of the Grand Remonstrance.
c. Eccl. Hist. A document presented in 1610
to the States of Holland by the Dutch Arminians,
relative to the points of difference between them-
selves and the strict Calvinists.
a i66a HEYLIN Laud (1668) 81 In the year 1610 the Fol-
lowers of Arminius address their Remonstrance (containing
the Antiquity of their Doctrines, and the substance of them)
to the States of Holland. 1674 HICKMAN Quinquart. Hist.
(ed. 2) 96 Of this Remonstrance, .at length a Copy was got,
and a Contra-remonst ranee made. 17*1 tr. Brandt's Hist.
Reform. II. 79 The Committee of the States, after having
duly weighed this Remonstrance and Petition, deputed two
of their body to the Classis of Leyden.
4. The action of remonstrating; expostulation.
1603 HOLLAND Plutarch's Mor. 10 Children must be
trained and brought to their duety in all lenity, by faire
words, gentle exhortations, and inilde remonstrance. 1748
JOHNSON Van. Hum. IVishes 93 Through freedom's sons
no more remonstrance rings. 1769 Jnnius Lett. (1788) 173
monstrance on the indiscretion of braving the night air.
1874 GREEN Short Hitt. via. § 2. 465 The book was sup-
pressed on the remonstrance of the House of Commons.
b. With a and//. An instance of this.
a 1729 ROGERS (I.), Importunate passions.. will not suffer
him to attend to the remonstrances of justice. 1774 JEFFER-
SON Autobiog. Aprj., Wks. 1859 I. 132 The remonstrances of
the people were disregarded. 183* LVTTON Eugene A. i.
vi, The youth.. seemed to yield to the remonstrances of his
uncle. 1870 DICKENS E. Drood viii. We had better not say
anything having the appearance of a remonstrance.
6. R. C. Ch. A monstrance.
1656 BLOUNT Glossogr.^ Remonstrance, . .an instrument so
called by the Romanists, and made of silver or gold, to
expose the blessed Sacrament on the Altar. 1670-98 LASSELS
Voy. Italy II. 170 The Remonstrance to expose the B.
Sacrament in, is made like a sun. 1846 G. OLIVER Monast.
Dioec. Exon. 261/1 He bequeathed a remonstrance or osten-
soir..to the college. 1873 J. B. BAGSHAWE Threshold Cath.
Ck. (1883) 211 A vessel called the * Monstrance' or some-
times, though not so correctly, the ' Remonstrance '.
t Remo'nstrance, v. Obs. rare-1, [f.prec.]
trans. To demonstrate.
x6ai BP. MOUNTAGU Diatribx 75 To remonstrance the
pious disposition of our Saxon Ancestors.
t Reiner nstrancer. Obs. [f. prec. sb. or vb.
+ -EB i.] One who remonstrates ; spec. = RE-
MONSTRANT B i.
1618 Barnevelt's Apol. E, The dissensions growing betwixt
the Remonstrancers, and Contra-remonstrancers. 1650 R.
HOLLINGWORTH Exerc. U&urped Powers 32 As the Re-
monstrancer acknowledge^. 1716 M. DAVIES A the*. Brit.
III. Dm. Drama 4 The discontented Schematists of all
States and Churches; such as Jacobites,.. Remonstrancers.
Remonstrant (remonstrant), a. and sb. [ad.
med.L. remonstrant-em, pres. pple. of remonstrdre
to REMONSTRATE. Cf. Y. remontrant (1560).]
A. adj. 1. Eccl. Hist. a. Of or belonging to
the Arminian party in the Dutch Reformed Church.
This may also be taken as an attrib. use of the sb.
1618 CARLETON in Hates' Gold. Rem. in. (1673) 177 Three
Remonstrant Preachers .. have renounced their Doctrine.
1674 HICKMAN Qntnqitart. Hist. (ed. 2) 2 Whether the Re-
monstrant or Contra-Remonstrant opinions be most agree-
able. 1736 CHANDLER Hist. Persec. 335 His Excellency.,
deposed those Magistrates who were of the Remonstrant
Persuasion. 177* FLETCHER Logica Genev, p. v, Giving you
a more favorable opinion of your remonstrant brethren. 1840
Penny Cycl. XVII. 376/2 The wicked and cruel persecutions
to which the Remonstrant party were subjected in conse-
quence of the synod of Dort.
b. Remonstrant synodi (see quot. 1846).
1839 Penny Cycl. XIII. 25/1 The synod of Munster and
Remonstrant synod, among whom Unitarian opinions are
prevalent. 1846 M'CuLLOCH Ace. Brit. Empire (1854) II.
307 The Remonstrant Presbyterian synod was formed in
May, 1830, in consequence of the separation of 17 ministers,
with their congregations, from the General Synod of Ulster.
2. That remonstrates or expostulates.
REMONSTRATE.
1641 MILTON A nimadv. Wks. 1851 III. 208 Is it not. .to
bee wondred that such a weaknesse could fall from the pen
of such a wise Remonstrant Man? 1847 LD. T. RUSSELL in
Ashweil Life Bp. Wticr/brce (iBSo) I. xi. 459,! must repeat
the observation I made in my letter to the remonstrant
Bishops. 1863 KINGLAKK Crimea (1876) I. xiii. 213 The
principle of a peaceful coercion applied by the whole of the
remonstrant Powers. 1867 TROLLOI-E Chron. Barset I. xviii.
155 The deep angry remonstrant eyes.
B. sb. 1. Eccl. Hist. A member of the Ar-
minian party in the Dutch Reformed Chnrch, so
called from the Remonstrance of 1610.
1618 CARLETON in Hales* Gold. Rem. in. (1673) 177 They
did the synod wrong to make this distinction of contra-
remonstrants and remonstrants. 1678 R. BARCLAY Apol.
Quakers v. ix. 129 The Remonstrants (as they are commonly
called) do generally themselves acknowledge, that without
the outward knowledge of Christ there is no Salvation.
1736 CHANDLER Hist. Persec. 335 They were presently sus-
pected, .as persons that favoured the Remonstrants, a 1819
G. HILL Ltd. Dzvin. (1821) III. 192 Grotius favoured the
principles of the Remonstrants. 1886 Encycl. Brit. XX.
379/2 The Remonstrants are now a small body, but respected
for their traditions of scholarship and liberal thought.
2. One who remonstrates ; f tne author, or a
supporter, of a remonstrance (in senses 3 a, 30).
1641 MILTON Animadv. Wks. 1851 III. 187 Wee had not
thought that Legion could have fumisht the Remonstrant
with so many brethren. 167* [see Remonstrating vol. sb.J.
1705 T. HEARNE Collect. 22 Nov. (O. H. S.) I. 93 He was a
feirce Remonstrant. 1755 MAGENS Insurances II. 83 The
Remonstrants, .concluded to apply to Us, praying that we
would please to approve and ratify the said Statute. 1800
COLERIDGE Piccolom. iv. vii, Necessity, impetuous remon-
strant. 1838 DK MORGAN Ess. Probab, 171 A want, .which
no government ever will attempt to supply until increasing
knowledge .. creates an influential body of remonstrants.
1875 STUBBS Const. Hist. II. xiv. 138 If. .the king wished to
go to Flanders, the remonstrants were of opinion that they
were not bound to serve in that country.
Hence -f Hemo-nstrant v. intr.t to protest against
a thing; t Hemo nstranter, a remonstrant ; t Re-
monstra'ntical a., belonging to the party of the
Arminian Remonstrants. Obs.
1619 BALCANQUAL in Hales* Gold. Rem. 11. (1673) 128 It was
answered, that both the Consistory and Classis of Camps
were altogether Remonstrantical. 1650 R. BAILLIE Lett. $
Jrnls. (1842) III. uolf great words would, .make them sub-
mit to the commands of our Remonst ranters [etc.J. 1654
E. JOHNSON Wond.-wrkg. Preuid. 105* They remonstrant
against all Acts of Parliament that passe without their Vote.
Remo'nstrantly, adv. [f. prec. adj. + -LY 2.]
In a remonstrant manner.
1876 GEO. ELIOT Dan. Der. liii, * Mother *, said Deronda,
remonstrantly, ' don't let us think of it '. i88a C. C. HOPLEY
Snakes i. 28 Its legs, .kicking remonstrantly.
Remonstrate (r/m^-nstr^it), v. [ad. med.L.
remonstrat-t ppl. stem of remonstrdre to demon-
strate, f. re- RE- + monstrare to show. Cf, OF. re-
monstrer (i4th c. ; mod.F, remontrer}.]
fl- trans. To make plain or manifest, demon-
strate, exhibit, show. Also const, to a person.
Obs, (common in 1 7th c.)
1599 B. JONSON Cynthia's Rev. v. ii, But I will remon-
strate to you the third dor, which is not. .indicative, but de-
liberative. 1604 T. WRIGHT Passions n. i. 54 Wee may aptly
remonstrate, how inordinate Passions cause and ingenerate
in the soul all those vices. 1658 R. FRANCK North. Mem.
(1821) p. xxvii, Let my writings therefore remonstrate my
experiments and my experiments manifest my zeal for soli-
tudes. 1682 H. MORE Annot. Glanvili's Lux O. 98 That
he may remonstrate the Soul of the Messiah to be his most
special Favourite. 1742 YOUNG Nt. Th, LX. 1636 With what
authority it gives its charge, Remonstrating great truths in
stile sublime.
t b. To declare or represent that, etc. Obs.
1647 in Neal Hist. Purit. (1754) II. ix. 296 The house of
commons having remonstrated .. that it was far from their
purpose to abolish this government, but only to regulate it.
1680 AUBREY in Lett. Eminent Persons (1813) III. 364 Mr.
Edw. Wood was the spokes-man : remonstrated that they
were Oxon. scholars. 1755 MAGENS Insurances I. 164 It
was remonstrated to the Assured that it was necessary to
see the Invoice of the Cost of. .the Cargo.
f2. To point out (a fault, etc.) to another by
way of reproof, disapprobation, or complaint ; to
protest against (a wrong). Also const, to. Obs.
1627 LisanderffCal. iv. 75 Shee only gently remonstrated
unto her her fault. 1642 FULLER Holy <$• Pro/. St. 121 If
the conscience of a Counsellour or commander in chief
remonstrates in himself the unlawfulnesse of this war re, he
is bound . . to represent to his Prince his reasons against it.
1709 STANHOPE Paraphr, IV. 89 At this Bar.. he remon-
strated the Illegality of the Violence offered to him. 1723
Pres. St. Russia II. 104, I also remonstrated to you the
Dissatisfaction your Conduct has given me. 1751 ELIZA
HEVWOOD Betsy Thoughtless I. 287 Remonstrating to miss
Betsy, in the most serious terms, the great error she was
guilty of.
t b. To point out, state, or represent (a grievance,
etc.) to some authority. Also const to. Obs.
1647 N. UACON Disc. Govt. Eng,\. Ixvi.(i739) 156 The Parlia-
ment sent but six or seven, to remonstrate their complaints.
1690 J. MACKENZIE Siege Londott-Derry Pref. A iij b, Till
they had remonstrated their danger to the Government.
1709 STEELE Toiler No. 18 F 2 The Merchants of Lions
have been at Court, to remonstrate their great Sufferings by
the Failure of their Publick Credit. 1740-1 in Johnsons
Debates (1787) I. 189 It is doubtless our duty.. to remon-
strate to his majesty the distresses of his subjects, and his
own danger.
f3. intr. To raise an objection to a thing; to
address a remonstrance to a person. Obs.
REMONSTRATING.
1666 S. PARKKR Free ff Impart. Censure (1667) 241 You
know I have long since remonstrated to these common
ceremonies of the World. 1691 BEVERLEV Thorn. Years1
Kingd. Christ 4 The boldness of the Censure of Dissenters
. . I humbly Remonstrate to in these Particulars. 1749
FIELDING Tom Jones \. xiii, The doctor remonstrated to
him privately concerning this behaviour. 179* BUDWORTH
Fortn. Ramble 93, I in vain remonstrated to the landlord.
f b. Const. inf. To make a strong request to
a person not to do something. Obs. rare—1.
1713 Pres. St. Russia II. 277 The Ambassadors remon-
strated to him not to be so troublesome to the said Persons.
4. To urge strong reasons against a course of
action, to protest against; to expostulate with a
person, on or upon an action. Also absol.
1695 J. EDWARDS Perfect. Script. Ded., You with the
utmost zeal .. remonstrated against this practice. 1711
WATERLAND Snfpl. Arian Stioscript. Consid. 4 It is the
proper Business of a Divine.. to remonstrate against any
growing Corruptions. 1759 STERNE Tr. Shandy II. xv,
Corporal Trim, oy being in the service, had learned to obey,
—and not to remonstrate. 1838 THIRLWALL Greece xxxviii.
V, 59 Spartan envoys were sent to Athens, to remonstrate
against the proceedings of Timotheus. 1863 GEO. ELIOT
Romola xlvi, Tito and Romola never jarred, never remon-
strated with each other. 1890 Daily News 20 July 6/3 A
friend remonstrated with Mr. W. . .on his giving up all the
proceeds, .to a charity.
6. trans. To say, assert, or plead in remonstrance.
Also const, to or with a person.
1758-65 GOLDSM. Ess. v, In spite of what is every day
remonstrated from the press — our very nobility.. have the
assurance to frequent assemblies. 1784 BURNS Prayer
Prospect Death 8 If I have wander d . ., As something,
loudly, in my breast, Remonstrates I have done. 1844
DICKENS Christmas Carol ii, ' I am a mortal*, Scrooge re-
monstrated, 'and liable to fall*. 1845 Miss STRICKLAND
Queens of Engl. VIII. 33 When those in his household re-
monstrated with him that this name, .had become very un-
popular to English ears. 1873 BROWNING Red Cott. Nt.-cap
in. 810 Remonstrate to yon peasant in the blouse That [etc.].
6. To persuade (one) out ofx. design, rare—*.
1817-18 COBBETT Resid. U.S. (1822) 144 My men had re-
monstrated me., out of my design to transplant six acres of
Indian Corn.
Hence Bemo'nstrating vbl. sb. and ///. a. ; also
Kemo'nstratingly adv.
1660 J. SHARP in Lauderd. Papers (Camden) I. 57 Most
of the remonstrating party pursue the fatal way. 167*
MARVELL Reh. Transp. \. 144, I do not like this Remon-
strating nor these Remonstrants. 1829 Examiner 161/2
He remonstratingly exclaimed, *Too much help 1' 1863
J. C. MORISON St. Bernard in. iv. 348 He wrote a remon-
strating letter to Guido. i88a J. PAYN Thicker than Water
Hii* Now. .do be reasonable', he continued remonstratingly.
demonstration (rem^nstrf'-Jan). [a. obs. F.
remonstration ^ or ad. med.L. remonstration-em, n.
of action f. remonstrare to REMONSTRATE.]
1. The action of remonstrating, remonstrance, ex-
postulation ; an instance of this.
The early examples may strictly belong to sense a.
c 1489 CAXTON Blanchardyn xvii. 53 How the proude
pucelle in amours, after dyuers and many remonstracions
made by her maystres vnto her, bygan to wexe moderate.
1491 — Wtas Pair. (W. de W. 1495) n. 180/2 The brother
by these remonstracyons toke at his herte so grete contrycyon
that he obteyned the mercy of god. 1834 in Spirit Pub.
Jrnls. (1825) 254 They went down stairs to the bar, and
began a remonstration with the landlord. 1828 LANDOR
ftttaf. Conv., Victor Saez $ Netto III. 39 Where demon-
strations come in the van, remonstration s come in the rear.
1882 Harper's Mag. Tan. 243/1 He went many times over
the case of his wife, . . his own repeated remonstration.
t 2. Demonstration ; an instance of this. Obs.
1586 WHETSTONE Eng. Mirr. 116 The remonstration of
the civill warres, bloudshed and many grievous calamities,
which .. afflicted this small kingdome. 16*9 WADSWORTH
Pilgr. iii. 12 They begun a remonstration of their rules, and
orders, and observations, a 1640 JACKSON Creed x. ii. £ 3
The deduction, or remonstration of this demonstrative
inference is clear to any artist, to any reasonable man.
Bemonstrative (r/m^nstrativ), a. [f. as
REMONSTRATE v. + -IVE.] Of or characterized by
remonstrance, expostulatory.
1614 JACKSON Creed in. xxvii. § 4 The Churches proposal!
hath the very remonstratme roote and Character of the
immediat and prime cause. 1647 Case Kingd. 16 Puling
down al others with Remonstrative or Petitionary Out-cries.
1660 T. M. Cl. Walker's Hist. Independ. iv. 63 A remon-
strative address from the Army. 1706 in Pa. Hist. Soc.
Mem. X. 133, 1 wrote a remonstrative letter to the Governour.
1871 Yng. Gentleman's Mag. 114/2 'Another stop for a
chimbley' he muttered, with a remonstrative growl. 1882
J. HAWTHORNE Pr. Saronfs Wife (1884) II. 13 Saroni gave
a short, remonstrative laugh.
Hence Bemo-nstratively, adv. (Ogilvie Suppl.
1882).
Remonstrator (rfmp-nstar't^t). [f. REMON-
STRATE v. + -OR.] One who remonstrates; a re-
monstrant.
1653 NICHOLAS in ff. Papers (Camden) II. 9 The Remon-
strators (as I think he calls them) have declared that they
will have none of the present Government. 1679 PENN
Addr, Prot, 64 For Accommodation in some particulars
with the Remonstrators or Free-willers. 1736 CARTE Or*
Monde II. 419 The Lord Lieutenant was not moved by any
thing that could be said in favour of the remonstrators.
1889 Columbus (Ohio) Disp. 4 Dec., Remonstrators having
the privilege of filing their objections and appealing to the
courts. 1899 Daily News 20 July 6/3 The actor-manager
looked at the remonstrator half quizzically.
attrib. 1660 Lauderd. Papers (Camden) I. 59 To doe
favours to some of the remonstrator way. 1693 Apol. \
Clergy Scot. 16 Severals of the Remonstrator Presbyterians.
VOL. VIII.
433
Remo'nstratory, a. [f. as prec. + -ORY 2.]
Expostulatory.
z8»3 Examiner 790/2 It is right to listen.. to all contend-
ing and remonstratory interests. 1866 RUSKIN Eth. Dust
(1883) 23, Remonstratory whispers, expressive of opinion
that the Lecturer is becoming too personal.
Remontant (rfmfrntant), a. and sb. [a. F. re-
montant, pres. pple. of remonter to REMOUNT.] a.
adj. Of roses : Blooming a second time or oftener
in a season, b. sb. A hybrid perpetual rose bloom-
ing more than once in a season.
1883 Century Mag. July 350/1 Beautiful white roses,
whose places have not been filled by any of the usurping
remontants. Ibid. 350/2 The Baronne Prevost..is now the
oldest type among hybrid remontant roses. 1901 Chambers'
Encycl. VIII. 806/1 The Perpetual, or Remontant rose, as
the French more correctly term it,.. affords a succession,
more or less continuous,., of bud and bloom.
II Bemontoir (r^montwar.) Also -oire. [F.,
f. remonter to REMOUNT.] Clock-making. A de-
vice by which an exactly uniform impulse is given
to the pendulum or balance. Also attrib. with
escape(ment)j spring, wheel, etc.
1801 Trans. Soc. Arts XIX. 335 It requires no more
power than any other Remonto'ire Escapement. Ibid. The
strength of the remontoire-spring. 1835 J. NICHOLSON
Operat. Mechanic 519 A remontoire escape which possesses
considerable merit. 1875 J. W. BENSON Time $ T.-tellers
(1902) 126 This arrangement, which is called the remontoir, is
supplemented in this clock by a double lever escapement
1878 LOCKVER Stargazing 322 The remontoire wheel, .re-
laxes its pressure against a friction -wheel.
Hence Bemo'ntoiring- ppl. a., performing the
function of a remontoir.
1803 Trans. Soc. Arts XXI. 409 Pressed against the teeth
of the spring wheel, by remontoiring springs.
RemoO'r, v. [RE- 5 a.] To moor again.
1800 Hull Pilotage Act 14 The pilot, .shall be paid for. .
remooring such ship.
Remoo't, v. [RE-.] trans. To moot again or
in answer.
1676 Doctrine of Devils 172 To that which is said by the
Debater.. It is remooted, indeed [etc.].
Reniora (re'mora). [a. L. remora delay, hin-
drance (f. re- RE- + «0nz delay), also occurring in
Pliny Nat. Hist, xxxii. i as the L. name of the
fish called ex^ijts by the Greeks (but modern edd.
prefer the reading mora) : hence It., Sp., and Pg.
remora, F. rtmora, remore (i6thc.).]
1. The sucking-fish {Echeneis remora}, believed
by the ancients to have the power of staying the
course of any ship to which it attached itself.
1567 MAPLET Gr. Forest 84 The fish Echeneis or Remora,
staisnip, amazeth also. .the beholder by his hid and occult.,
vertue. 1591 SPENSER Vis. World's Van. ix, There clove
unto her keeie A little fish, that men call Remora, Which
stopt her course. 1601 HOLLAND Pliny II. 426 The said
stay-ship Echeneis or Remora (call it whether you will).
1640 in Harl, Misc. (Main.) IV. 301 With much more likeli-
hood than that the remora stays vessels under full sail.
1666-7 DENHAM Direct. Paint, i. xii, Smith to the Duke
doth intercept her way, And cleaves t' her closer than a
Remora. 17x1 Phil. Trans. XXVII. 348 Fig. 12 is a rare
sort of Remora, or Stop-Ship, with a very taper Body. 1706
STEDMAN Surinam II. xxx. 385 The remora, or sucking-fish,
is frequently found sticking to sharks, and to ships bottoms.
1846 LANDOR Imag. Con-v., Marcus ff Quinctus Cicero Wks.
I. 244 Like the remora, of which mariners tell marvels, it
counteracts, as it were, both oar and sail. 1876 Beneden's
A nim. Parasites Introa.iS The fish which, through idleness,
attaches itself, like the remora, toa neighbour who swims well.
attrib, 1801 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) ^Jupp. II. 400/2 If the
two white fish, .be of the remora species, as he is inclined to
think [etc.].
b. In fig. and allusive expressions.
1601 B. JONSON Poetaster m. ii, 'Death, I am seaz'd on
here By a Land-Remora. 1605 BACON Adv. Learn, n. vii.
§ 7 They are indeed but Remoraes and hindrances to stay and
slugge the Shippe from furder sayling. 1627 DONNE Serm.
v. $3 This was a Rock in his Sea and a Remora upon his
Ship. 1643 TUCKNEV BalmeofG. 29 What unhappy remora
or Anchor under water not yet seen, hath stopt us in this
happy course?
c. Her. (See quot.)
1780 EDMONDSON Heraldry II. Gloss, s.v., In blazoning
the figure of Prudence, which is represented as holding in her
hand a javelin entwined with a serpent proper, such serpent
is expressed by the word Remora.
2. An obstacle, hindrance, impediment, obstruc-
tion. (Common in i7-i8th c.)
1604 EDMONDS Obser-u. Carsar's Comm. 100 That authentic
..was as a Remora to diners other nations of Gallia from
shewing that defection by plaine and open revolt. 1641 H.
L'ESTRANCE God's Sabbatk 59 We have at last shaked off
those remora's which retarded our arrivall at the Christian
Sabbath. 1673 W. DE BRITAINE Dutch Usurp. 19 There is
no such Remora to Grandeur, as a coy and squemish Con-
science. 1740 LADY M. W. MONTAGU Let. to C'tess Pom/ret
4 June, My stay here .. shall be as short as these remoras
will permit. 1793 COWPER Let. to Rev. Great keed 27 July,
These numerous demands are likely to operate as a remora,
and to keep us fixed at home. 1820 C. COLTON^ Lacott cxli.
I. 80 The great remora to any improvement in our civil
code. 1864 J. H. NEWMAN Apol. 407 A sort of remora or
break in the development of doctrine.
attrib. c 1629 LAYTON Syons Plea (ed. 2) 26 The Remora-
Prelats..so blocked up the way, that the said Acts could
not pass.
3. Med. Stoppage or stagnation, rare"1.
178* A. MONRO CoMpar. Anat. (ed. 3) 9 Too long a
rt'»tora of the juices might occasion the worst consequences.
REMORD.
4. Sui-g. An instrument used to retain bones or
other parts in place, rare ~°.
1688 HOLME Armoury in. xii. 434/2 A Remora, which
is an Instrument used for the helping of a dislocated
Shoulder. 1691 tr. Blancard"s Phys. Diet. (ed. 2), Reniora,
a Chyrurgical Instrument, to reduce a broken Bone. 1875
KNIGHT Diet. Mcch. 1916/1. 1897 Syd. Soc, Lex.
Hence f Be-mora v. 06s, rare—1. To delay.
1686 in Ellis Corr. (1829) I. 8 That his Excellency should
be remora'd at such a cold harbour.
t Re-moral, a. Obs. rare-*, [f. prec., or L.
remora delay + -AL.] Given to delay, dilatory.
a i6aj COPE in Gutch Coll. Cur. (1781) 1. 132 Their private
affections do oftentimes yield to their publique judgements,
and make them remoral in their friends suits.
t Re'rnorate, v. Obs. rare. [ad. L. remoral-,
ppl. stem of remordri to hinder, delay, f. re- RE-
+ morarl to delay ; cf. prec.] trans. To detain,
delay, obstruct Hence f Be -morating ppl. a.
1638 RIDER Horace, Odes in. v, Yet he no otherwise His
remorating kindred did adjourne. 1657 TOMLINSON Renou's
Disp. 302 Its long, .roots remorate the oxen in ploughing.
Remorce, obs. form of REMORSE.
t Remo'rd, sb. Obs. rare. [a. OF. remord,
var. of remors REMORSE; or independently f. the
vb.] a. An impairment or taint, b. Blame, re-
buke, c. A touch of remorse.
1456 SIR G. HAVE Law Arms (S.T.S.) 13 The thrid
[manner] is carnale..; that takis of the mortell flesch a re-
morde, sa that it may nocht perfitely understand south-
fastnes of haly scripture, a 1529 SKELTON Sp. Parrot 300
But now, for your defence Agayne all remordes arme yow
with paciens. 1655 tr> Sorefs Com. Hist. Francion n. 50
Their insensibility robs them of Remords, and fils their
vaine hearts with joy,
t Remo'rd, v. Obs. (exc. as nonce-tod.~) Also
4-5 pa.t. and pa. pple. remord (e. [ad. F. re-
mordre (nth c.) :— Rom. *remord?re=\^. remordere
to vex, disturb, f. re- RE- + mordere to bite, sting,
attack, etc. : see MORDANT. In later use chiefly
Sc. ; re-formed by C. Reade in igth c. (see 2 b).]
1. trans. To visit with affliction. rart~l.
c 1374 CHAUCER Boeth. iv. pr. vi. 109 (Camb. MS.) God. .
remordith [L. remordet] some folk byaduersite, for they ne
sholde nat wexen prowde by longe welefulnesse.
2. To afflict (a person, the mind, etc.) with re-
morse or painful feelings.
13. . E. E. A Hit. P. A. 364 My herte waz al with mysse
re
di
this oure the aght remord, That standest exiled oute fro
charite. 1513 DOUGLAS /Qzneis vn. vii. 140 Geif ony thocht
remordis ;our myndis-.Of the effectuus piete maternalL
1567 Gude f; GodlieB. (S.T.S.) 120 My sinfull lyfe dois me
remord. [1628 Sin W. MURE Doomsday 820 A consort
sweet.. Allayes all mind-remording cares.]
b. To afflict (one's own conscience, oneself, etc.)
with remorseful thoughts ; also, to unburden with
contrition ; to examine in a penitent spirit.
C14SO Pol. Rel.t(L. Poems (1903) 138 Noght euere-ilke
man. .sal hafe J»i blise, his consciencz bot he remorde. c 1470
HENRY Wallace iv. 590 Wallace to God his conscience fyrst
remord. Ibid. x. 9 In sum part than he remordyt his thocht,
The kingis commaund becaus he kepyt nocht. 1560 ROL-
LAND Crt. Venns in. 843 That thay wald pance and prent,
Considder weill, . . Remord thair mindis quhidder gif Chestitie
[etc.], a 1378 LINDESAY (Pitscpttie) Citron. Scot. (S.T.S.) I.
406 He began to remorde his conscience. [1857 READE
White Lies III. ix. 124 Others thought he must at some
part of his career have pillaged a church ; . . and now was
committing the mistake of remording himself about it.]
3. To recall to mind with remorse or regret.
13.. Gam. ft Gr. Knt. 2434 When I ride in renoun, [I
shall] remorde to myseluen pe faut & be fayntyse of l>e
flesche crabbed. ^1470 HENRY Wallace x. 541 Sadly the
Bruce than in his mynd remordyt Thai wordis suth that
Wallace had hym recordyt. 1570 Satir. Poems Reform.
xxii. 94Remord in mynd thy greit madnes.
b. To recall, remember, record.
c 1450 HOLLAND Howlat 654 So mekle was the multitud
no mynd it remordis. 1501 DOUGLAS Pal. Hon. i. xlv,
Diuers vthers quhilks me not list remord. c 1507 Justes
May «( June 266 in Hazl. E. P. P. II. 130 It was done but
onely for the sake Of kynge Henry... And of the pryuce, who
lyste it to remorde.
c. To meditate, ponder, rare—1.
1535 STEWART Cron. Scot. II. 384 He wes nothing content,
. .And in his mynd remordit oft and knew, Richt suddanelie
that he suld him persew.
4. inlr. To feel remorse.
c 1440 A li>h. Tales 42 He remordid in his conciens & said ;
' Nowder of bies two did itt, I did it my selfe '. 1491 CAXTON
Vitas Pair. (W. de W. 1495) n. 278/1 A relygyous man
ought not to suffre that his conscyence remorde ne grudge
of ony thynge. 1531 ELYOT Cm. n. v, Beyng meued either
with loue or pitie, or other wyse his conscience remording
against the destruction of so noble a prince, c iffo A. SCOTT
foetus (S.T.S.) xiii. 38 Remord & rew, and pondir weill
my parte. ^1570 Satir. forms Reform, xiv. 73 Quhair
thair was mys he gart remorde. 1614 [see remording].
b. To awaken remorse, rare — *.
157 a Satir. Poems Reform, xxx. 210 Trew Preicheours
speikis it to jow plane, 3it neuer mercy in your mynd re-
mordis.
5. trans. To blame, rebuke.
1513 SKELTON GarL Laurel 86 If so hym fortune to wryte
true and plaine, As sumtyme he must vyces remorde.
a 1519 — Col. Cloute 983 Squyre, knyght, and lorde, Thus
the Churche remorde. i6jg SIR W. MURE True Crucifixe
55
REMORDENCY.
434
REMOTE.
624 Yet from his lips not one intemperat word, His merci-
lesse tormenters doth remord.
absot. 15*1 SKELTON Why not to Court 1055 Remordynge
and bytynge, With chydyng and with flytynge.
Hence tKemo-rding///. a. 06s.
c 1430 Piljgr- LyfManhode i. Iv. (1860) 33 It is so cruelle,
and so prikinge, so remordinge, and so persinge. 1614
EARL STIRLING Domesday i. xv, O what a terrour wounds re-
mording soules. a 1700 KEN Hymnotltco Poet. Wks. 1721
III. 129 The poor Wretch, whose Body shook all o re,
While his remording Conscience trembled more.
t Remo'rdency. Obs. rare—1, [f. as next +
-ENCY.] Compunction, remorse.
1717 KILLINBECK 18 Serm. 175 This is what the Schools
call Pcena datnni\ that remordency of Conscience, that
extremity of grief, they feel within themselves.
Remcvrdent, a. rare. [ad. pres. pple. of L.
remordere*. see KEMORD v.~\ Biting in return.
18170.8. Fwm. Eight Dissert, (1845)!. 87 A man treading
with his heel upon the head of a remordent snake. 1819
— Dispensations (1823) I. 325 That the Seed of the woman
should bruise the head of the remordent serpent.
t Remo'rder. Obs, rare-1, [f. REMORD v. +
-EE *.] One who blames.
a 1529 SKELTON Sp. Parrot 368 Wherfor your remorders
ar madde. . Yow to remorde erste or they know your mynde.
t RemOTe, sb. Obs. rare. [Anglicized or Fr.
form of REMOKA : cf. next. In both examples
printed remove.] Hindrance, delay.
i6»7 BEAULIEU in Court <$• Times Chas. I (1848) I. 239
Somewhat stayed him behind, . .1 think, as I hear, that his
true reinore hath been want of money. Ibid, 260 Want of
money is a great remore to our endeavours.
t Remtvre, v. Obs. rare—1, [f. L. remor-art,
or perh. f. REMORE sb.] trans. To hinder, delay.
1641 BROME Joviall Crew i. Wks. 1873 III. 370 We have
no debt or rent to pay ; . .Or if we had, should that remore
us, When all the world's our own before us.
t ReiUO rpllize, v. Obs. rare, [irreg. f. RE-
5 a, after metamorphize] trans. To restore to the
original form.
1603 HARSNET Pop. Impost. 102 That worthy memorable
Story of Saint Macarius. . who..did remorphize an olde
Woman that had beene turned into a Mare. Ibid. 133.
Remorse (rfinpus), sb. Forms: 4-5 remors,
(6 rernorrs), 5-7 remorce, 4- remorse, [a. OF.
remors (mod.F. rewords) t ad. late L. remorsust
vbl. sb. f. remordere : see REMORD #.]
1. Remorse of conscience (or mind] =next. Now
somewhat rare and arch, f Also with //. (cf. a b).
c 1374 CHAUCER Troylns i. 554 Or hastow som remors of
conscience..? 1387 TREVISA Higden (Rolls) VII. 171 pis
pope, .havynge remorse of conscience J>at he was som what
put yn by |?e emperoure lefte the popehede. 1483 CAXTON
Cato Dj, He is euer in doubt and in remors of conscience.
1559 SACKVILI.E Induct. Mirr. Mag. xxxii. And first within
the portche and iawes of Hell Sate diene Remorse of con-
science. 1600 E. BLOUNT tr. Conestaggio 104 Onely for the
remorse of his conscience, preferring the seruice of God be-
fore all other respects. 1670 G. H. tr. Hist. Cardinals n.
I. no Perhaps not without some scruples and remorses of
Conscience. 1704 Lond. Gaz. No. 4029/2 One of these
Lieutenants having a Remorse of Conscience, discovered
the . . Mater. 1729 LAW Serious C. xxiii . 467 A man may . .
go on.. without any remorse of mind, or true desire of
amendment 1808 LEMPRIERE Univ. Biogr. s.v. Annoy, One
of his three accusers afterwards through remorse of con-
science confessed the charge to be false.
2. A feeling of compunction, or of deep regret
and repentance, for a sin or wrong committed,
Also const, at^forj \of(\ht thing done).
c 1400 Destr. Troy 1698 pan a sorow full sodenly sanke in
his hert, A Remorce of maters, bat hym mys lyket. 1494
FAUYAN Chron. vii. ccxxix. 260 By this monycion he toke
remorce in his conscyence. 1526 Pilgr. Per/. (W. de W.
153') '73 Vndoubted theyr conscyence sholdenaue remorse.
1577 VAUTROUILLIER Luther on Ep. Gal. 19 The hypocrites
. . although they feele the remorse of sjnne [etc.]. 1597
HOOKER Eccl. Pol. v. Ixxii. § 16 The fruit of our own ill-
doing is remorse. 1641 BAKER Chron. (1653) 97 The remorse
for his undutifulnesse towards his Father, was living in him
till he dyed, a 1656 BP. HALL Rent. Wks. (1660) 162 Another
teaches that there.. is no hell but remorse. 1719 DE FOE
Crusoe i. (Globe) 89 When again I was shipwreck'd,,.! was
as far from Remorse, or looking on it as a Judgment. 1780
COWPER Progr. Err. 43 Pleasure brings as surely in her
train Remorse and Sorrow and vindictive Pain. 1821
SHELLEY Fragment on Keats, Death, in remorse for that fell
slaughter,., flew Athwart the stream. 1868 BROWNING Ring
$ Bk. in. 180 We have her own confession at full length
Made in the first remorse.
t b. With a and //. A fit of remorse. Obs.
1652 J. WRIGHT tr. Camus' Nat. Paradox 1. 17 To possess
unjustly another's means with continual! Remorses and in*
ternall Reproaches. 170* Eng. Theophrast. 123 Our re-
pentances are generally not a remorse for the ills we have
done. 1720 MANDEVILLE/-VW Thoughts 126 So at one time
or other they are troubled with Remorses. 17^61 HUME Hist.
Eng. II. xl. 399 His remorses gradually diminished.
fc. ? Hesitation, scruple. Obs. rare"1.
a 1599 SKELTON Agst. Garnesche ii. 19 As wytles as a
wylde goos, ye haue but small remorrs Me for to ehalenge.
1 3. Sorrow, pity, compassion ; also //. signs of
tender feeling. Obs.
a 1547 SURREY SEneid iv. 574 This latter grace, Sister, I
crane, haue thou remorse of me. 1568 Jacob <$- Esau v. iv,
Well, nature pricketh me some remorse on thee to haue.
1590 SPENSER F. Q. n. iy. 6 The noble Guyon, mov'd with
great remorse, Approching, first the Hag did thrust away.
1639 G. DANIEL Ecclus. xii. 54 His Eyes shall be Stor'd wlh
false tears, in remorse of thee. 1667 MILTON P. L. v. 566
How shall I relate.. without remorse The ruin of so many
glorious once. . ? 1691 DRVDEN Cleowenes v. ii, Womanish
sighs and tears, and kind adieus, And those ill-timed re-
morses of good nature. 1700 — Pal. $ Arc. n. 345 Curse
on th' unpard'ning Prince, whom Tears can draw To no
Remorse : who rules by Lions Law.
f b. Remorse of 'equity ', a disposition to relax the
strict application of a law. Obs.
1597 HOOKER Eccl. Pol. v. Ix. § 6 Remorse of equitie hath
moued diuers of the school diuines . . ingenuouslie to grant . .
that God all-merciful [etc.]. [1878 PATMORE iSAllegrot
Those gentle and unsanction'd lines To which remorse of
equity Of old hath moved the School divines.]
f c. Without remorse^ without mitigation or
intermission. Obs.
1579 SPENSER Sheph, Cal. Nov. 131 The heauens doe melt
in teares without remorse. Ibid. 171. 1600 SHAKS. Tivel.
N. u. iii. 98 That ye squeak out your Coziers Catches with-
out any mitigation or remorse of voice.
f4. Regretful or remorseful remembrance or
recollection of a thing. Obs.
a 15*9 SKELTON Knolege, aquayntance, etc. 29 Remorse
haue I of youre most goodlyhod. 1570-6 LAMBARDE Peramb.
Kent (1826) 295 Sundry of the Noble men, partly upon re-
morse of their former promise made,.. made defection to
Maude. 1695 TEMPLE Hist. Eng. (1699) 578 Either the
Fame of his fr orces . . or Remorse of his Duty, prevail'd with
Duke Robert to offer again his Submissions.
t b. Consideration or regard to a matter, etc.
151*4 in Strype Eccl. Mem. (1721) I. App. iv. 8 That it
may please his Highness to have Consideration & Remors
to this before rehearsed, in considering [etc.]. 1515 St.
Papers Hen. VIII, VI. 416 The Kinges Highnes hauing
most tendre remorce and respect unto the premisses [etc.],
fc. A solemn obligation. Obs. rare—1.
1604 SHAKS. Oth. in. iii. 360 Let him command, And to
obey shall be in me remorse. What bloody businesse euer.
f 5. A matter for regret ; a pity. Obs. rare.
1548 GEST Pr. Masse in H. G. Dugdale Life (1840) App.
i. 76 Is it not a deadely remorse to respect the worthy
Clerkes in thys realme. .and yet not one to wryte agaynste
hyr? 1576 HUMPHREY in Strype Ann. Re/. (1709) I. xliii.
431 That it was a remorse to seem, by sundry apparel, to
sunder himself from those brethren.
f6. Biting or cutting force. Obs. rare—1.
1596 SPENSER F. Q. iv. ii. 15 Their speares with pitilesse
remorse Through shield and mayle and haberjeon did wend.
7. Comb., 2^ remorse-smitten^ stirred t -stungadjs.
1777 ELIZ. RYVES Poems 60 Tis not th1 accumulated store
Of sparkling gems . . Can a remorse-stung mind appease.
1816 SCOTT ll'oodst. xlv. inotto, Be it the working Of the
r e morse- stirr'd fancy. 1897 MARY KINGSLEY W. Africa 514
Over the side the doctor went, to the horror of the remorse-
smitten sea-captain.
t Remo rse, v. Obs. [f. remors-, ppl. stem of
L. remordere : see prec. and REMORD z».J
1. trans. To affect with remorse.
1483 CAXTON Gold. Leg. 106 \>/2 Her conscience remorsed
hir and [she] fyl doun to nir feet in requyryng pardon. 1563
FOXE A. fy M. 1703/1 lilaxton .. fel in such a quake, &
shaking (the conscience belyke remorsing him). 1593
NASHE Christ's T. (1613) 62 Now {dissembhngly remorsed)
they would needs.. set vp another [high priest].
2. intr. To feel remorse.
1530 PALSCR. 685/2, I have remorced more in my con-
scyence than all men knewe of. 1557 Tottefs Misc. (Arb.)
194 Your hart must nedes remorce of right To graunt me
grace. 1690 LOCKE Hum. Und. i. iii. § 9 They remorse in
one place, for doing or omitting that which others, in another
place, think they merit by.
Hence t Reino'rsed ///. a., of the nature of,
affected by, remorse. Obs.
a 1586 SIDNEY Arcadia in. Wks. 1724 II. 691 Wrong stirs
remorsed Grief. 1617 J. MOORE Mappe Mans Mart. in.
viii. 235 They be reputed to come from a remorsed soule for
sinne. 1649 BP. HALL Cases Consc. in. ix. 334 The soule of
the remorsed draweth neare to the grave.
Remorseful (rftnp'jsful), a. [f. REMORSE sb.]
1. Affected with or characterized by remorse;
impressed with a sense of, and penitent for, guilt.
159* Nobody fy Someb. in Simpson Sch. Shaks. (1878) I.
313, I know his penitentiall words proceede From a remorce-
full spirit. 1611 W. SCLATER Sick Souls Salve 20 An heart
of flesh, remorsefull for sinne^ 1679 J. GOODMAN Penit.
Pard. n. iii. (1713) 204 A contrite and remorseful confession
of his former sins, a 1763 SHENSTONE Economy H. 165 From
a blacker cause Springs this remorseful gloom? 1828
CARLYLE Misc. (1857) I. 223 Many a bitter hour and year of
remorseful sorrow. 1881 lilackw. Mag. CXXIX. IQI The
remorseful philanthropist did all in his power to console him.
f2. Compassionate, full of pity. Obs.
1591 SHAKS. Two Gent. iv. iii. 13 Thou art a Gentleman :
. . Valiant, wise, remorse -full, well accomplish'd. 1610 NICOLS
Eng. Eliza xcvi. in Mirr. Mag. 802 The Briton Maid
remorsefull of their woes. rx6zi CHAPMAN Iliad\in. 208 To
this euen weeping king did loue remorsefull audience giue.
f3. Pitiable. Obs. rare-1.
1615 CHAPMAN Odyss. x. 331 Eurylochus straight hasted
the report Of this his fellowes most remorcefull fate.
Hence BemoTsefully adv., Remo'rsefulness.
1617 HIERON Wks. I. 370 How good in Gods sight was
the remorseful nesse of that poor soule. 1842 TENNYSON
Morte D'Arth. 171 Him Sir Bedivere Remorsefully regarded
thro* his tears. 1887 Old Man's Favour^ I. n. ii. 229 * It
might be best for you ', muttered her lover in sudden gloomy
remorseful ness.
Remorseless (r/mpusles), a. [f. as prec. +
-LESS.] Devoid of remorse; pitiless, cruel.
1593 SHAKS. 3 Hen. VI^ i. iv, 142 Women are..p'ittifull.. ;
Thou, sterne, obdurate, flintie, rough, remorselesse. 1612
DRAYTON Poly~olb. viii. 349 Whilst we in sundry Fields our
sundry fortunes prov'd With the remorseless Pict. 1631
MILTON Epit, Marchioness Winchester 20. Atropos .. with
remorsles cruelty, Spoil'd at once both fruit and tree. x686
tr. Chardin's Coronat. Solyman 31 They are a sort of
People endued with savage and remorseless Souls. 1718
MORGAN Algiers II. iv. 274 All this the remorseless Basha
imputed to obstinacy and guilt. 1812 BYRON ( '//, Har. \.
Ixxxvit, So may such foes deserve the most remorseless
deed! 1853;. H. NEWMAN Hist. 5*. (1873) II. i. L 22 They
felt., the resistless crushing force of a remorseless foe. 1873
MOZLEY Univ. Sertti. viii. (1876) 164 The page of history is
stained by the dark acts of.. remorseless superstition.
b. quasi-rtcfe'. Without remorse.
*S93 SHAKS. a Hen. VI, in. i. 213 As the Butcher takes
away the Calfe, ..Euen so remorselesse haue they borne
him hence. 1741 YOUNG fit. Th. i. 255 Want, and incurable
disease, ..On hopeless multitudes remorseless seize.
RemoTselessly, adv. [f. prec.
a remorseless manner; without remorse.
1612 T. TAYLOR Cotnm. Titus i. 6 Such a one . . prc-
stituteth himselfe remorselessly vnto all lewdnes. 1647
TRAPP Cotnm. Matt. vii. 5 Those pollutions he had remorse-
lessly wallowed in. a 1716 SOUTH Serm. (1744) X. vi. 172
[He] remorselessly and unworthily took his fellow by the
throat for an hundred pence. 1814 SOUTHEY Odes i. vi,
A merciless oppressor hast thou been, Thyself remorselessly
oppress 'd meantime. 1883 GILMOUR Mongols xviii. 242 This
religion, which . . remorselessly pollutes and crushes man.
R-enio'rselessness. [f. as prec. + -NESS.]
The state or quality of being remorseless.
1648 BEAUMONT Psyche ix. cxxxix, Never with such
fell remorselessness She rag'd in any Breast, as now in His.
1664 H. MORE Myst. Iniq. 257 The Remorse I esness of
Conscience which men easily fall into in both sins. 1834
CAMPBELL Life Mrs.Siddons\\. ii. 45 The inhuman serenity
of her remorselessness. 1855 MILMAN Lat. Chr. xiy. v. (1864)
IX. 206 He has all the stern remorselessness of an inquisitor.
t Remo rsive, a. Obs. rare~l. [f. as RE-
MORSE v. + -IVE.] Remorseful, pitying.
1606 WARNER Alb. Eng, xiv. xcii. 371 With ruinating fire
and swords remorsiue vnto none.
Remosion, obs. form of REMOTION.
Remote (r/mJu't),rt'.(and j<5.) [ad. L. remfft-tts9
pa. pple. of removerc to REMOVE. Cf. obs. F.
remotj -mote (i5~i6thc. in Godef.).]
A. adj. 1. Placed or situated at a distance or
interval from each other ; far apart.
c 1410 Pallad. on Husb. vi. 47 Yf thaire be treen, . .Her
oon, ther oon, to leue afer remote I holde hit good. 1601
SHAKS. Phoenix 29 Hearts remote, yet not asunder. 1726
LEONI tr. Albert?* Archit. I. 16/1 They ought.. not.. to
stand nearer or more remote than Use and Necessity
requires. 1776 J. LEE Introd. Bot. Explan. Terms 381
Kentota, remote, placed at some Distance from each other.
1823 IMISON Sc. fy Art I. 69 The nearer the mill-stones are
to each other, the finer the corn is ground, and the more
remote from one another the coarser. 1861 J. R. GREENE
Man. Anim. Kingd.^ Ccelent. 204 In Aulopora the some-
what remote coral lites are connected by means of a basal
creeping coenenchyma.
Comb. 1867 SOWERBY Eng. Bot. VII. 163 Statice Bahusi-
ensis. . . Remote- flowered Sea Lavender. 1880 HOGG &
JOHNSON Wild Fl. XI. PI. 871 Carex remota... Remote-
flowered Sedge.
2. Far away, far off, distant from some place,
thing, or person ; removed, set apart. (In lit. and
fig. uses.)
(-1586 CTESS PEMBROKE Ps. cv. iv, Soe remote from wrong
of meaner hand That kings for them did sharp rebuke
endure. 1588 SHAKS. L. L. L. v. ii. 806 Some. .Hermitage,
Remote from all the pleasures of the world. 1602 MANSION
Ant. $ MtL v. Wks. 1856 I. 63 The nigher it is to the
flame, the more remote (ther's a word, remote), the more
remote it is from the frost. 1664 POWER Exp. Philos. lit.
177 If a Pistol be shot off in a head remote from the eye of
a pit, it will give but a little report 1719 DE FOE Crusoe
n. (Globe) 370 That was the remotest Thing from their
Thoughts could be imagin'd. 1770 GOLDSM. Des. Vill. 143
Remote from towns he ran his godly race. 1797 MRS. RAD-
CLIFFE Italian xiii, The lake lay so remote from the
immediate way to Naples. 1828 DISRAELI Chas. /, I. vii.
217 The principle of actions often lies remote from the actions
themselves.
b. Widely different or divergent ^w» something
else. (Cf. 4.)
1659 HAMMOND On Ps. xii. 8 Passing by all these, as
remote from the meaning of the place. 1675 PENN Eng.
Pres. Interest 6 There cannot well be anything more remote
from Arbitrariness. 1734 tr. Rollins Anc. Hist. IV. ix.
275 So remote were they in this respect from the character
of the ancient Greeks. 1788 REID Aristotle 's Logic iv. § 5.
89 Conclusions may be drawn very remote from the first
principles. 1849 MACAULAY Hist. Eng. iii. I. 415 That this
calculation was not remote from the truth we have abundant
proof. 1854 THOREAU Walden (1884) 140 These small
waves raised by the evening wind are as remote from storm
as the smooth reflecting surface.
t e. Foreign or alien to a thing. Obs. rare~~l.
1719 DE FOE Crusoe \. (Globe) 34, I was gotten into an
Employment quite remote to my Genius, and directly
contrary to tho Life 1 delighted in.
3. Far-off, far-distant.
1590 SPKNSER F. Q. in. iv. 6 So forth she rode,. .Searching
all lands and each remotest part. 1595 SHAKS. John v. ii. 31
To grace the Gentry of a Land remote. 163* LITHCOW Trao.
x. 425 By home-bred Robbers, and remote Savages; five
times stripd to the skin. 1664 POWER Exp. Philos. L 78
Our Posterity may come by Glasses to out-see the Sun, and
Discover Bodies in the remote Universe. 1683 Brit. Spec.
118 To spread its bright Beams upon this remote andfrozen
Island of Britain. 1726 SWIFT (title) Travels into Several
Remote Nations of the World,., by Lemuel Gulliver. 1780
HARRIS Philol. Eng. Wks. (1841) 521 Marc Paul.. travelled
into those remote regions as far as the capital and court of
Cublai Chan. 1818 SHELLEY Eugan, Hills 261 Once remotest
nations came To adore that sacred flame. 1838 PRESCOTT
Ferd. fy Is. (1846) I. Introd. 11, Volunteers from the remotest
parts of Christendom. 1880 GEIKIK Phys. Geog. Introd. i
EEMOTE.
As we gaze into these depths [of space] still remoter and
feebler twinkling points appear.
b. Out-of-the-way, retired, secluded.
i6u SHAKS. Wint. T. HI. iii. 31 Places remote enough are
in Bohemia, There.. leaue it crying, a 1667 COWLEY Agric.
Wks, 1710 II. 725 The Company was gone Into a Room re-
mote. 1719 DK FOE Crusoe i. (Globe) 266, I sent. .one of
the three.. to my Cave, where they were remote enough,
and out of Danger of being heard or discover'd. 1784
COWPER Task ni. 117 With few associates, in remote And
silent woods I wander. 1835 LYTTON Rienzi \. i, The path
they had selected was remote and tranquil. 1865 TROLLOPE
Belton Est. i. 2 The place is remote and the living therefore
cheap.
c. In quasi-dwfo. use : At a distance, far off.
1667 MILTON P.L.\\. 477 Thir rising all at once was as the
sound Of Thunder heard remote. 1715 POPE Iliad \v, 424
Can'st thou, remote, the mingling Hosts descry..? 1765 T.
HUTCHINSON Hist. Mass. I. 134 Living very remote at
Springfield. 1781 I. MORISOM in Sc. Parapkr. xxi. i Attend
ye tribes that dwell remote ; ye tribes at hand give ear.-
d. Distant in (past or future) time.
1711 ADDISON Sped. No. 273 P 12 ^Eneas [was] the remote
Founder of Rome. 1781 COWPER Table T. 492 When
remote futurity is brought Before the keen inquiry of her
thought. 1823 J. BADCOCK DOM. Amusem. 15 The antiseptic
qualities of smoke were known to remotest antiquity. 1875
JOWETT Plato (ed. 2) III. 165 The inheritance of disease or
character from a remote ancestor.
e. (Also in compar.) Further.
1814 SCOTT Ld. of Isles in. xxiv, For our separate use,
good friend, We'll hold this hut's remoter end. 1862
SPENCER First Princ. i. iv. § 26 (1875) 95 On thinking of
a piano, there first rises in imagination its visual appearance,
to which are instantly added., the ideas of its remote side
and of its solid substance.
4. Far off, or distant, in various transf. uses : esp.
not immediately or closely related to, connected
with, bearing upon, or affecting something else.
1599 BLUNDEVIL Art of Logike m. iii, When is a Proposi-
tion said_to consist of matter remote or vnnatural ? When
the Predicat agreeth no manner of way with the Subject :
as, a man is a horse. 1620 T. GRANGER Div. Logike 104
Note that these middles haue contrariety in them in the
remisse, or remote degree. 1679 C. NESSE Antichrist 188,
I would distinguish them from remoter providences. 1699
DRYDEN St. Euremont's Ess, 357 A Soul that disperses
it self upon all remote Actions, and applys it self properly
to nothing. 1764 REID Inquiry \. i. 43 The external thing
is the remote or mediate object. 1781 COWPER Conversaf.
154 Their nimble nonsense takes a shorter course, .. And
gains remote conclusions at a jump. 1860 TYNDALL Glac.
11. vii. 257 Newton thus applies this apparently remote fact
to the blue of the sky. 1869 OUSELEY Counterp. xxiii, 181
The student is strongly recommended not to modulate ..
into extremely remote keys in this style of composition.
b. Of causes, operations, effects, etc.
i6ao T. GRANGER Div. Logike 49 Cause, is neere, or
remote, idestt further of. 1664 POWEK Exp. Philos. \\. 192
It is but a sensible expression of Effects, dependent on the
same (though more remote) Causes. 1790 BURKE Fr. Rev.
90 That which in the first instance is prejudicial may be
excellent in its remoter operation. 1823-34 Good's Study
Med. (ed. 4) I. 550 Proximate and remote causes are rather
terms of recent, than of ancient writers. 1844 THIRLWALL i
Greece VIII. 59 They had not foreseen how the remoter I
consequences would affect their own safety. 1874 CARPENTER
Ment. Pkys. \. ix. (1879) 415 The remoter effects which our ;
actions are likely to have [etc.].
fc. Far-fetched; unusual. Obs. rare.
1670 DRYDEN Tempest Pref., As his Fancy was quick, so
likewise were the Products of it remote and new. 1770-81
JOHNSON L. P., Dryden Wks. II. 386 Words too familiar
or too remote, defeat the purpose of a poet.
d. Not closely related by blood or kinship.
1760 FOOTE Minor i. Wks. 1799 I. 239, I will.. trust for
the support of my name and family to a remoter branch.
1845 S. AUSTIN Ranke's Hist. Re/. I. 421 Family alliances,
near or remote, which either already existed, or were now
concluded. 1871 FREEMAN Norm. Conq. xvii. (1876) IV. 96
John was a remote kinsman of the Ducal house.
f6. Antecedent; ultimate. Obs. rare.
1610 B. JONSON Alch. it. iii, 'Twere absurd To think that
nature in the earth bred gold Perfect In the instant : Some-
thing went before. There must be remote matter. 1697 tr.
Burgersdicius' Logic 11. vi. 21 The remote Matter of Syl-
logism are three Terms, to wit, two Extremes, major and
minor, . . and one Middle.
6. Slight, faint. In later use esp. not the re~
molest, not the slightest, not the least (idea, etc.).
1711 ADDISON Sped. No. 119 f 5 Every thing that had the
most remote Appearance of being obscene. x8x6 SINGER
Hist. Cards 225 One of th« standing figures has no remote
resemblance to some of the effigies of Erasmus. 1861
M. PATTISON Ess. (1889) I. 31 It had a bearing— remote
indeed, but real— on what is being done now. 1864 MRS.
CARLYLE Lett. III. 228 What I have done to deserve alt
that love I haven't the remotest conception.
f7. Ulterior. Obs. rare-1.
1736 BUTLER Anal. i. iii. 74 Good offices will be done him,
from regard to his character, without remote views.
B. sb. a. A remote descendant, b. A remote
region, nonce-uses.
c 1653 G. DANIEL Idyll \. 41 'Twas Shame First taught vs
cloths ; we peccant, put a blame To each Remote ! 1838
b. BELLAMY Betrayed 15 It was a drear and mountainous
remote, as earth's last fugitive retreat it were.
tRemp'te, v. Obs. rare-^. [f. ppl. stem of
L. removZre : cf. prec.] trans. To remove.
1600 TOURNEUR Trans/. Metamorph. xxvi, Because she.,
did remote Her heart from heauVs book, where her name
was wrote.
t Remq'ted, a. Obs. [f. as REMOTE a. + -ED.]
Remote, distant ; removed.
0580 SIDNEY Ps. xxii. xvii, From earthes remotedbt
435
border. zfo/HKvwooD Worn. Killed vj. Kindn. Wks. 1874
II. 152, I must now go and wander. . In forraigne Countries
and remoted climes. 1638 JUNIUS Paint. Ancients 19 The
things, .are full of deformed disproportions, and far remoted
from., true beautie. 1683 VILLIERS (Dk. Buckhm.) Re.
hearsal HI. i. (ed. 4), In a strong Castle, remoted from thee.
Remotely (rfm^-tli), adv. [f. REMOTE a.]
1. In a remote manner ; distantly ; in a far-off
degree.
1598 FLORIO, Rimotamente* remotely, separately. 1617
MORYSON /tin. n. 51 The Glynnes.. being in the hands of
the Obyrnes and O Tooles (and more remotely of the
Cauanaghs). a 1676 HALE Prim. Orig. Man. i. iv. (1677)
104 The most remotely distant Man in that vast Period of
Eternity. 1768 TUCKER Lt. Nat. I. n. 379 We have, .found
that all our motives derive either immediately or remotely
from our own satisfaction and complacence of mind. 1801
A. HAMILTON Wks. (1886) VII. 248 Every attempt to do
this, is, remotely, a stab at the union of these States. 1873
WHITNEY Life Lang. ii. 8 Among . . remotely kindred or
wholly unrelated dialects.
•j-2. To, from, or at a (great) distance. Obs.
1646 SIR T. BROWNE Pseud. Ep. 294 It is commonly
opinioned..that the Earth was thinly inhabited, at least not
remotely planted before the Floud. 1683 TRAVESTIN Siege
Newheusel 27 For this reason, whilst we battered them
remotely, they valued us not. 1750 JOHNSON Rambler
No. 14 F 16 Remotely, we see nothing but spires of temples,
. .and imagine it the residence of splendor.
Remoteness (r/m^-tnes). [-NESS.] The
state of being remote, in various senses.
a 1613 OVERHURY Observ. 17 Prov. (1626) 2 The remotenesse
of their Master from them. 1643 MILTON Divorce 8 The
absence and remotenes of a helper. 1666 DRYDEN Ann.
Mirab. Let. Sir R. Howard, Anything that shows re-
moteness of thought or labour in the writer. 1702 ADDISON
Dial. Medals ii. 141 His obscurities .. generally arise from
the remoteness of the Customs, Persons, and Things he
alludes to. 1744 BERKELEY Sin's § 25 The timber, by its re-
moteness from water carriage, is of small value. 1776 ADAM
SMITH W. N. v. ii. II. 433 The term.. ought not to be a great
deal longer than what was necessary for that purpose; lest
the remoteness of the interest should discourage too much
this attention. 1830 HERSCHEL Stud. Nat. Pkilos. 279 The
same reasoning which places the stars at such immeasurable
remoteness, exalts them.. into glorious bodies. 1883 BLACK
Shandon Bells xxvi. The papers.. seemed a little sad some-
times.. .There is a kind of remoteness about them.
Remotion (r/m^u-Jan). Now rare. Also 5
remosion, 5-6 -cion, -cyone, etc. [a. obs. F.
remotion (i5~i6thc.), or ad. L. r emotion- etnt n.
of action f. removere to REMOVE.]
1. Remoteness. Now rare.
1412 20 LYDG. Chron. Troy n. xx. (1555), That lande is
called inuisyble By cause onely of his remosion. 1625
BFATHWAIT Five Senses (ed. 2) Table, He aggravates.. the
infelicity of it in her remotion from Sion. 1640 BP. REY-
NOLDS Passions xv. 160 To signifie some length, distance,
and remotion between a Mans Mind and his Passion. 1731
Gent/. Mag. I. 145 To remark their Remotion from, or
Proximity to the Earth. 1847 DE QUINCEY Milton Wks. 1857
VII. 321 The sense of its utter solitude and remotion from
men or cities.
2. The action of removing j removal j putting or
taking away.
1449 RollsofParlt. V. 167/1 As sone as that Office [comes]
to your hand. .by deth, cession, amocion,. .remocion [etc.],
1464 Ibid. 561/2 For the remocion of such ydelnes, and the
preferment of labour. 1537 St. Papers Hen. VfIL, I. 540
We thinke it shalbe mete that some ordre be taken for the
remotion of the monkes. 1581 LAMBARDE Eiren. ii. vii. (1588)
285 The other point.. is the carying away, or remotion of
the thing that was feloniously taken. 1646 SIR T. BROWNE
Pseud. Ep. (1650) 12 To conclude, .from the remotion of the
consequent to the remotion of the antecedent, a 1676 HALE
Prim. Orig. Man. (1677) 290 A Conclusion deducible by
Reason .. by the remotion of all other means as incompatible
and insufficient for such a production. 1757 MRS. GRIFFITH
Lett. Henry fy Frances (1767) II. 287 Like ideas, which
arise and vanish in the memory, without the mind being
able to account for their abduction, or remotion. 1817
COLERIDGE Biog. Lit, vii. I. 118 This again is the mere
remotion of one absurdity to make way for another. 1830
KATER & LARDNER Meek. \. 8 When force is manifested by
the remotion of bodies from each other, it is called repulsion.
1895 L. CAMPBELL Plato's Republic II. 52 This is in entire
keeping with the remotion of the actual from the ideal.
fb. Rhel. (See quot., and cf. Cicero De In-
ventione ii. 29, 86.) Obs.
c 1530 L. Cox Rhet. (1809) 82 Remocion of the faute is
whan we put it from vs and lay it to another, 1753 CHAMBERS
Cycl. Supp. App.
f C. The process of arriving at some conception
(spec, that of God) by removal of everything which
is known not to be included in it. Obs,
1587 GOLDING De Mornay iv. 49 That man may bee said
to bee most skilfull in that behalfe, which knoweth most
Negatiues or Remotions (as they terme them). 1677 GALE
Crt, Gentiles iv. it. 303 In the consideration of the Divine
Essence the way of Remotion is chiefly to be used.
f3. a. A motion or inclination to something,
a 1450 Mankind 14 (Brandl), I beseche you . .with humylite
and reuerence to haue a remocyone To pis blyssyde prynce.
fb. Commotion, disturbance. Obs. rare—*.
162* MABBE tr. Alemans Guzman dAlf. (1630) I. 19
Fearing lest they might cause some remotion [Sp. reniocion]
or alteration in her body, whereby qualmes might arise.
t 4. The action of removing or departing. Oh.
1605 SHAKS. Lear \\. iv. 115 This act perswades me, That
this remotion of the Duke and her Is practise only, a 1660
HAMMOND 19 Serm. xi. Wks. 1684 IV. 636 It is the perversest
remotion and turning away of the soul from God. 169* SIR
T. P. BLOUNT Ess. 165 Those [places] that by the several
REMOUNT.
Remotions and Approaches of the Sun have different Con-
stitutions of Air.
t5. Recurrent motion. Obs. rare—1.
1631 CHAPMAN Caesar $ Pompey Plays 1873 III. 151 To
put them still In motion and remotion, here and there.
Remo'tive, a. rare. [f. L. remot- (see RE-
MOTE V.) + -IVE.]
fl. Bot. Characterized by removal of the epi-
sperm from the sheath of the cotyledon. Obs.
1819 LINDLKY tr. Richard's Observ. Fruits $ Seeds 69 We
may reduce to three principal heads the different modifica-
tions of generation in Endorhizse ; i. Immotive. 2. Admo-
twe. 3. Remotive.
2. That may be removed.
1834 GentL Mag. June 597 The benefice was formerly
vested in the College.., which did not appoint a perpetual
Vicar, but only a clericns coriduititius, or curate remotive.
Remould (r/-), v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To
mould again, to fashion or shape anew.
a 1700 KEN Hymnotheo Poet. Wks. 1721 III. 166 This to
a God-like Love re-molds the Heart. 1768-74 TUCKEK Lt.
Nat. (1834) II. 400 God. .could have remoulded him [man]
into a perfect creature. 1790 HAMILTON Wks. (1851) III. 31
It is. .of the greatest consequence that the debt should, .be
remoulded into such a shape [etc.J. 1847 HARE Guesses
Ser. i. (ed. 3) 6 To remould a government and frame a con-
stitution anew are works of the greatest difficulty and
hazard. 1876 BLACKER Lang. $ Lit. Highl. Scot. ii. 74 The
immense mass of traditional materials moulded and remoulded
into popular song.
Hence Kemou'lding vbl.sb.
1864 PUSEY Lect. Daniel vi. 356 The first words . . are
themselves a re-moulding of a doctrinal statement in the
Pentateuch. 1883-3 SCHAFF Encycl. Relig. Knowl. 521 The
so-called Suabian Concordia— a remoulding of his famous
six sermons.
Remount (if-, r/mau-nt), sb. Mil. [f. the vb.]
1. a. (See quot. 1802.)
i8oa JAMES Milit. Diet., A Remount means a supply of
good and serviceable horses for the whole or part of a
cavalry regiment. 18x0 WELLINGTON in Gurw. Desp. (1838)
VII. 35, I also beg leave to recommend that about 50 or 60
horses or mares, .should be purchased, .asa remount for the
Officers of the cavalry. 1876 VOYLE & STEVENSON Milit.
Diet. 413/1 By a late order the name of stud has been
changed to that of remount.
b. A horse used to replace another which is
worn out or killed.
1829 NAPIER Penins. IVar II. 262 He made every exertion
to obtain . . remounts for the cavalry. 1876 VOYLE & STEVEN-
SON Milit. Diet. 337/1 The general age of remounts varies
from 3-5 years old.
2. attrib., as remount depot , horse > stable^ etc.
1812 Examiner 28 Dec. 822/1 General Bourier has. .more
than 20,000 remount-horses. 1876 VOYLE & STEVENSON
Milit. Diet. 191/2 The latter.. are offered for sale to the
government stud or remount depot. 1880 GILLMORE On
Duty 26, I visited the camp and remount stable.
Remount (n-, rfmou-nt), v. [ad. OK. remonter^
f. re- RE- + monter to MOUNT. In later use partly
a new formation on RE- and MOUNT v.~\
I. trans, fl. To raise or lift up again; to
restore to a former state. Obs.
c *374 CHAUCER Boeth. in. pr. L 49 (Camb. MS.) Thow
hast remounted and norysshed me with the weyhte of thy
sentenses. 1486 Bk. St. Albans C j, Who so puttith hir in
mew lene, it will be long or she be remounted. 1530 PALSGR.
685/2, 1 remounte, I reyse up(Lydgate),/£ wonte,je eslieite.
1577 FENTON Gold. Epist. 309 If we stumble or fall, he may
lend vs his hand eftsoones lo remount vs.
b. To set up in place again ; esp. to mount (a
gun) again.
1627 CAPT. SMITH Seaman s Grain, ii. 6 Which is the best
.. for ..remounting any dismounted peece. 1685 TRAVESTIN
Siege Newheusel 20 This night the besieged .. remounted
several Cannon upon the new Batteries. 1748 Anson's Voy,
i. vi. 63 To remount such of their guns as had formerly.,
been ordered into the hold. 1794 G. ADAMS Nat. <V Exp.
Philos. II. xvi. 238 The upper ball thus remounted shall
roll out of its box.
c. To mount, put together, again.
1888 igtk Cent. June 853 One man takes to pieces the
syringes,, .burns the leathers, disinfects the metal parts, and
sends them to the instrument-maker to be remounted.
2. a. To replace, to assist or enable (one) to
mount again, on horseback.
c 1400 Laitet Troy Bkf 6162 His hertgretangur surmounted,
That Achilles was remounted. '1450 Merlin 159 Belias
and flaundryns. .peyned hem for to remounte hem on her
horse. < 1489 CAXTON Blanchardyn xxiv. 86 His men,.,
wy th right grete peyne, . . remounted hym on his hors. a 1548
HALL Chron., Edw. IIS 8 b, When he was remounted, he
made a countenaunce to assayle hys aduersarie. 1603
KNOLLES Hist. Turks (1638) 152 One of his faithful!
followers remounted him vpon his pwne horse. 1685
THAVESTIN Siege Newheusel 10 The Prince .. was in great
danger, a Cannon-bullet having taken off one of his Horses
legs, but he was presently remounted. 1759 STERNE Tr.
Shandy n. x. This accident happened so near the house as
not to make it worth while for Obadiah to remount him.
b. To provide (cavalry) with fresh horses.
1688 Lond. Gaz. No. 2332/3 It is added, . . That the Cavalry
of Catalogue is to be re-mounted. 1704 Ibid. 3987/1, 700
Worses came . . to remount the Regiments of Dragoons. 17*6
Ibid. 6438/1 The King has given Order to the Officers of his
[Cavalry to remount tneir Troops. 1816 F. H. NAYLOR^/J^.
Germany II. xxi. 290 This sum., proved of incalculable
>enefit to the Swedes, because it enabled them to remount
heir cavalry. 1892 in A. E. Lee Hist. Columbus (Ohio) II.
182, I was to make an extensive raid, .to capture horses to
assist in remounting Grierson's cavalry.
3. t a. To rise again to, regain (a state or point).
1486 Bk. St. Albans Ciij, When ye se yowre hawke may
55-2
•V.
REMOVABILITY.
not endew her meete nor remounte her astate. 1647 WARD
Simp. Cobler (1843) 50 He remounts his proper pitch,
b. To ascend or go up (a place or thing) again.
i6»G. SANDYS Ovid's Met. xi. (1626) 233 Iris with-drew;..
And by her painted Bow remounts the skies. 1687 DRYDEN
Hind # P. HI. 600 The Sun. .That week the virgin balance
shou'd remount, a 1711 KEN Psyche Poet. Wks. 1721 IV.
274 Both wing'd and i ob'd in Cloud, remount the Skie. 1784
T. HUTCHINS Descr. Louisiana^ etc. 5 He afterwards re-
mounted that river, and returned to Canada. x8xa W.
TAYLOR in Monthly Rev. LXVIII. 503 Literature was
destined to remount the ladder of instruction . . with as
gradual and lingering a progression. 1884 Manch. Exam.
16 Aug. 4/8 We must beg them to remount the stream to
its ancient source.
O. To mount (a horse, etc.) again.
1788 GIBBON Decl. 4- F. \. V. 211 He. .descended to Jeru-
salem, remounted the Borak [etc.]. 1806-7 ]• BERESFORD
Miseries Hunt. Life (1826) n. xxvi, Your horse will afterwards
keep you dancing for an hour.. before he will suffer you to
remount him. 1868 O. VICTORIA Life Highl. 38 Albert got
off. ., walked on a little, and then remounted his poney.
II. intr. 4. To mount, rise, or move upwards
again ; to make a fresh ascent.
1490 CAXTON Eneydos xxiii. 85 She can..tarye & areste
sodaynli the flodes & grete ryuers, . .and make their bygge
stremes rennyng to remounte vpwarde. a 1533 LD. BERNERS
Gold. Bk. M. Aurcl. (1535) Cb, It is necessarie, by time to
remount to very hie thinges, lest it bow vnto lowe and yl
thinges. 1590 SPEVSER F. Q. i. i. 44 He backe returning
by the Yvorie dore Remounted up as light as chearefuU
Larke. 163* J. HAYWARD to.Bionai's Eromena v. 144 Hee
gave them no time to remount aboord their Galleyes. 1684
R. WALLER Nat. Exfer. 03 This Liquor. . began to remount
m the Neck of the Vessel. 1717 BRADLEY Fatn. Diet. s.v.
Conserve^ There will stick to the Scummer. .a small thread
or Filament, which remounts. 1816 BYRON Ck. Har. in.
Ixxiii, To sorrow I was cast, To act and suffer, but remount
at last With a fresh pinion.
5. To get on horseback again, f Also const, to.
1590 SPENSER F. Q. in. ix. 15 Tho hastily remounting to
his steed He forth issew'd. 1660 F. BROOKE tr. Le Blanc's
Trav. 236 Three . . of his train alight from horse . . and so the
Gentlemen remount. 1776 R. CHANDLER Trav. Greece ^1825)
II. 208, I remounted, intending to inquire at Marathon.
1851 GROTE Greece n. Ixx, (1862) VI. 265 Xenophon then
remounted and ascended the hill on horseback.
6. To go back, in the course of an investigation
or study, to a certain point, period, etc.
1738 BOLINGBROKE Patriot King Wks. 1754 III, 44 The
shortest and the surest method of arriving at real knowledge
is. .to remount to first principles. 1776 ADAM SMITH IV. N.
ni. iv. (1869) I. 413 Without remounting to the remote
antiquities of either the French or English monarchies, we
may find in much later times [etc.]. 1837 SIR W. HAMILTON
Metaph. xtv. (1870) II. 495 In detail, we can rarely account
for anything ; for we soon remount to facts which he beyond
our powers of analysis and observation. 1884 Law Times
Rep. LI. 531/2 Without remounting to the Roman law, or
discussing the refinements of scholastic jurisprudence.
b. To go back in time to a certain date.
1831 BREWSTER Nat. Magic xit. (1833) 301 The kindred
art of walking on burning coals .. remounts to the same
antiquity. 1844 LINGARD Anglo>Sax. Ch. (1858) I. vii. 301
A practice which remounts to the first ages of Christianity.
O. To go back to a source.
1839 tr. Lamartine"s Trav. East 17/1 This life thus
remounts directly to the source from whence it emanates.
1855 w* H. MILL Applic. Panth. Princ. (1861) 211 The
Mosaic law of levirate or adoption.. certifies that all must
remount to the same natural parent.
Hence Bemoirnting vbl. sb.
1714 Fr. Bk. of Rates 208 The bringing In Horses for the
remounting of their Troopers.
Bemo:vabi'lity. [f. next: see -ITT.] The
state or condition of being removable.
1828-32 in WEBSTER, 1836 FONBLANQUE Eng. under 7
Administr. (1837) III. 323 The responsibility of Ministers
is their removability. 1870 Pall Mall G. 3 Sept. 5 The
mechanism is now somewhat more exposed to the eye by the
removability of the outer mask.
Removable (r/mw'vab'l), a. (and sb?) Forms :
6-7 remoueable, (6 -mooue-), 7-9 removeable ;
6 remou-, 6- removable. See also REMEVABLE.
ff. REMOVE v. + -ABLE.]
1. Subject to removal from an office, jurisdiction,
holding, etc.
1534 Act 26 Hen. VI 11, c. 3 § 8 The priours of such celles
be named and remouable from time to time. 1574 Reg.
Privy Council Scot. II. 401 To beir publict office removable
of judgement within this realme. 1602 WARNER Alb. Eng.
xii. Ixxiii. 302 In this estate of Consuls (Two remoueable
each yeere) Rome flourished. 1679 Providence Rec. (1895)
VIII. 47 It is generally sayd yl ye Collony would remove
such Courts as are remoueable according to Charter. 1716
AYLIFFE Parergon 165 Such Curate is removeable at the
Will and Pleasure of the Rector of the Mother Church.
1790 BURKE Fr. Rev. 41 Servants, the essence of whose
situation is to obey the commands of some other, and to be
removeable at pleasure. 1855 MACAULAY Hist. Eng, xxi.
IV. 603 The judges who had laid down this doctrine were
removable at the royal pleasure.
b. sb. A removable resident magistrate in
Ireland.
1888 Pall Mall G. 20 Apr. 4/1 Sentences passed by the
Removables are being increased on appeal by the county
court judges.
2. Capable of being removed (from one place to
another, or altogether).
1564 J. RASTELL Confut. Jewetfs Sertn. 162 b, The . . table
. .was remoueable vpp and downe. 1589 PUTTENHAM Eng.
Poetic i. xvii,(Arb.) 51 Which carts were floored with bords
and made for remouable stages to passe from one streete of
their townes to another. 1668 H. MORE Div. Dial. in. xl.
436
(r/»3) *8o. All Matter, or whatever else b removeable. a 1687
PETTY Pol. Arith. v. (1691) 87 That the Impediments of
Englands greatness, are but contingent and removable. 1765
BLACKSTONE Comm. I. 364 Unless they are. .living in an
annual service ; for then they are not removeable. 1859 LANG
Wand. India 261 They carried away every marble tablet
therein erected, and removeable without much difficulty.
1885 Spectator 8 Aug. 1041/2 The evils of a bad system were
not removable by attacks upon those who administered it.
Hence Semo'vableness.
1862 F. HALL Hindu Philos. Syst. \\\. ix. 268 The re-
movableness of ignorance by knowledge, &c., would never
have been suggested to them.
Removal (rrtnw-val). Also 6-7 -all, 7 re-
moou(e)all, -moveall. [f. REMOVE v. + -AL.]
1. The act of taking away entirely.
1507 HOOKER Eccl. Pol. v. Ixv. § IQ No redresse can well
be hoped for without remouall of that wherein they haue
ruined themselues. a 1601 W. PERKINS Cases Consc. (1619)
67 The remooueall of such reasons and doubts. 1665 MANLEY
Grotius" Low C. IVarres 505 First of all, the Priests and
Nobility, intreat the Removal of this miserable Destruction
from their Possessions. i7»s N. ROBINSON Th. Physick 163
It is a most dangerous Disease, and .. demands the best
Assistance that can be given . . for its Removal. 1745 WESLEY
Answ. Ch. 43 You look upon both the Disorders and the
Removals of them to be supernatural. 1843 J. H. MARKLANO
Remarks Eng. Ch. 25 Good taste would suggest the re-
moval of the wainscoting altogether. i8oo~i WOODBURY
Encycl. Photogr. 608 Removal of Film. — The gelatine films
may be removed from the glass plate [etc].
b. The act of 4 removing ' a person by murder.
1655 Cal. St. Papers, Dom. (1881) 355, I think with you
that he [Cromwell] will die a violent death, . . for his removal
is the only way to settle his Majesty in his 3 Kingdoms. 1897
Hearth «fr Home 14 Jan. 378/1 It is true that isolated ' re-
movals ' have small apparent effect, but they are invaluable
as a demonstration of our power.
2. Dismissal from an office or post ; also, trans-
ference to another office, etc.
1647 CLARENDON Hist. Reb. i. S 96 He was advanced to be
Keeper of the Great Seal of England . . upon the removal of
the Bishop of Lincoln. 1661 COWLEY Cromwell Wks. 1710
II. 641 Without disputing . . the Causes, either of the Re-
moval of the one, or the Preferment of the other. 1743
BULKELEY & CUMMINS Voy. S. Seat 3 Captain Norris of the
Gloucester having obtained Leave to return to England,.,
occasioned the above Removals. 1800 J. ADAMS Wks. (1854)
IX. 47 When I came into office, it was my determination to
make as few removals as possible. 1863 H. Cox Instit. in.
vi. 667 The appointment and removal of magistrates is left
to the Lord Chancellor.
3. The act of conveying or shifting to another
place ; the fact of being so transferred.
a 1639 WOTTON in Rcliq. (1651) 117 Not many minutes after
the fall of the body, and removall thereof into the first room.
1690 LOCKE Hum. Und. \\. XXL § 1 1 The sitting still even
of a paralytic, whilst he prefers it to a removal, is truly
voluntary. 1764 BURN Poor Laws 108 It hath been generally
understood, that removals [of the poor] were first ordained
by the 13 & 14 C. 2. 1818 SHELLEY Julian 252 He would
not bear Removal, so I fitted up for him Those rooms. 1888
F. HUME Mme. Midas \. ii, Slivers had pushed all the . .
loose papers away, and was writing a letter in the little
clearing caused by their removal.
t b. Chess. A move. Obs. rare.
x66a J. DAVIES tr. Olearius1 Voy_. Ambass. 298 Philometer
invented the Game of Chesse, which, .discover'd to him the
duty of a Prince towards his Family and Subjects, by shewing
him the removals of the several pieces.
4. The act of changing one's ground, place, or
position ; esp. change of habitation.
1641 MILTON Apol. Smect. Wks. 1851 III. 288 All the
judicious Panegyricks in any language extant are not halfe
so prolixe. And that well appears in his next removall.
1791 MRS. RADCLIFFE Rom. Forest i, Such had been the
precipitancy of this removal. 18x1 Miss MITFORD in
L 'Estrange Life (1870) I. v. 136 This removal will cause you
some additional trouble, my dear Sir William. 1899 Green's
Encycl. Sc. Law XII. 236 Removal from urban tenements I
is regulated by custom.
attrib. x88x Act 44 £ 45 Viet. c. 39 § i This Act may be '
cited as the Removal Terms. .Act. 1886 W. A. HARRIS
Techn. Fire-Insur. Diet., Removal-damage is allowed by
Offices in cases where their agents authorise such removal
Remove (r/hiK-v), sb. Also 6-7 rem(o)oue,
-moove, 7 -mouve. [f. the vb.]
1. The act of removing a person from a position
or office; dismissal. Now rare.
i«3 [see REMOVE v. 3 b]. 1559 Mirr. Mag. D iii, The two
dukes. .On whose remove fro beyng aboute the king We all
agreed. 1607 Statutes in Hist. Wakeficld Gram. Sch. (1892)
68 The causes and maner of the ushers remove, a 1641 Up.
MOUNTAGU Acts $ Man. (1642) 341 At length, with much
adoe, they procured his remove, and Porcius Festus suc-
ceeded. 171* SWIFT Wks. (1883) XV. 486 It is still expected
that the duke will be out, and that many other removes will
be made. 1799 in Spirit Pub. Jrnls. III. 363 We shall find
sundry brisk removes of many in public honour.
f b. The act of removing a person by death ;
murder. Obs.
1592 KYD Sp. Trag. it. i. 136 Lets goe, my Lord; your
staying staies reuenge. .. Her fauour must be wonne by his
remooue. i6oa SHAKS. Ham. iv. v. 81 He most violent
Author Of his owne iust remoue. 1653 A. WILSON Jos. I
89 Intimating, .that Overburies untimely remove had some-
thing in it of retaliation.
t C. The raising of a siege. Obs. rare~l.
1607 SHAKS. Cor. i. ii. 28 If they set downe before 's, for
the remoue Bring vp your Army.
2. -f a. The act of taking away, or doing away
with, a thing. Obs.
1597 BACON Coulers Good fy Evill Ess. (Arb.) 147 The.,
blossome is a positiue good, although the remoue of it to
giue place to the fruhe be a comparattue good. 1661 GLAN-
REMOVE.
VILL Van, Dcgin. 71 That which is early received,.. as it
were grows into our tender natures, and is therefore of
difficult remove. 1676 WORUDCE Cyder (1691) 57 A three-
fold want of sap. .occasioned by the remove of the root.
b. Farriery. The act of taking off a horse's shoe
in order to dress the hoof and replace the shoe in a
proper manner on the same or another foot : hence,
an old shoe used over again. Now dial.
1594 GREENE & LODGE Looking Gl. G.'s Wks. (Rtldg.)
138/2 If you want a shoe, a remove, or the clinching of a
nail, I am at your command. 1636 H EYWOOD Love's Mistress
iv. i, Phoebus fore-horse Must have two new shooes, calk'd,
and one remove. 1688 R. HOLME Armoury m. 90/1 A
Remove is, when a shooe is taken off, and set on again
with new Nails. 17*9 SWIFT Direct. Serv. v. Wks. 1751
XIV. 62 His horse wanted two Removes; your Horse
wanted Nails. 1821 A. WELBY Visit N. Amer. 94 The price
I paid to a blacksmith for eight new horse-shoes,.. and eight
removes. 1880 Antrim <$• Down G/oss., Remove^ the re-
shoeing of a horse with the old shoes.
C. The act of taking away a dish or dishes at
a meal in order to put others in their place; hence,
a dish thus removed, or brought on in place of
one removed.
1773 JOHNSON (ed. 4) Remove, a dish to be changed while
the rest of the course remains. 18*0 Hermit in London IV.
161 Two courses and removes, consisting of about 30 dishes.
1828 Lights Hf Shades I. 236 A very genteel dinner,.,
with a remove, and an excellent dessert. 1852 THACKERAY
Shabby Genteel Story iii, The maid . . brought in that remove
of hashed mutton.
3. The act of removing or shifting a thing from
one place to another.
1581 N. LICHEFIF.LD tr. Castanheda's Cong. E. Ind. i. vii.
17^0 as the Moores should not burne them,, .which now by
their remooue was preuented. 1615 W. LAWSON Country
H&usew. Card. (1626) 15 This short cutting at the remoue,
saues your Plants from winde. 1660 F. BROOKE tr. Le
Blanc's Trow. 237 Having gotten an Elephant for the re-
move of our baggage and commodities, we left Moulgas.
1683 MoxotiMecA.gxtrc., Printing xxiv.Ti$ Five or six such
motions, or rather removes of the Balls. 1791-18*3 D'!SRAELI
Cur. Lit. (1866) 437/1 The birth of the Pretender is repre-
sen ted by the chest.., perhaps alluding to the removes of the
warming-pan.
fb. Fencing. A thrust made while withdrawing
the foot. Obs. rare.
1595 SAVIOLO Practise H iijj If your enemy be first to
strike at you, and if at that instant you would make him
a passata, or remoue, it behoueth you to be very ready with
your feet and hand.
T c. Chess, A move. Obs.
1645 City Alarum n Like two ill Gamesters at Chesse,
who make many remooves to little purpose. 1656 BEALE
Chess Aivb, He which loseth shall have a palpable reason
for every remove he maketh.
fig. 1676 MARVELL Mr. Smirke 55 Alexander perciev'd by
them that this Pawn-bishop had made all his removes right.
•f4. The act of transferring a person from one
office or post to another ; the fact of being so
transferred. Obs.
1610 in Crt. <$• Times Jos. I (1848) 1. 107 Upon the remove
of the Bishop of Gloucester to Worcester, Dr. Tooker..had
thought to have succeeded. 1665 SIR T. HERBERT Trav.
(1677) 34 By this failer the Master of our Ship had a remove
into the Vice-Admiral. 1701 W. WOTTON Hist. Rome 270
After a short remove to the Quxstorshm of Sardinia, he
was appointed to go as Legate. 1751 Affect. Narr. Wager
ii His Request being comply'd with, occasioned some
Removes: For. .our Captain, Kidd, was remov'd to the Pearl.
b. Promotion, at school, of a pupil from a class
or division to a higher one.
1747 CHESTERF. Lett. (1792) I. xcvi. 272 Every remove,
(you know) is to be attended by a reward from me, besides
the credit you will gain for yourself. 1768-75 in Maxwell
Lyte Hut. Eton Coll, (1877) 319 The time allowed for trying
boys for their removes is not to be in a school hour. 1857
HUGHES Tom Brown i. vii, Tom.. was praised, and got his
remove into the lower fourth. 1894 WILKINS & VIVIAN Green
Bay Tree I. 43 Surprising I didn't get my remove this term.
c. At some schools, as Eton and Charterhouse :
A certain division of the school.
[1718 in Maxwell Lyte Hist. Eton Coll. (1877) 288 The
successive forms were called .. First Form, Lower Remove,
Second Form, ..Fourth Form, Remove, Fifth Form.) 1733
Ibid. 305 He has been examined . . and is placed in the
4th form, last remove, till further trial. 1844 DISRAELI
Coningsby \. ix, Some unhappy wight in the remove, wander-
ing about . . , seeking relief in the shape of a verse. 1860
Cornh. Mag. Dec. 648 To act as policeman to my remove, to
mark the boys in and out of chapel, to collect their maps
and exercises (etc.], 1873 E. COLERIDGE in Ornsby Mem.
J. R. Hope-Scott (1884) I. 20 He was placed in the lower
Remove of the Remove in September.
6. The (or an) act of changing one's place, esp.
one's place of residence; departure to another place.
Now rare (very common ^ 1590-1 760).
(1586 C'TESS PEMBROKE Ps. cv. xi, Quailes in whole
beavies each remove pursue. 1589 PUTTENHAM Eng . Poesie
HI. xix. (Arb.) 240, I call him.. the flitting figure, or figure
of remoue, like as the other before was called the figure of
aboade. 1601 SHAKS. All's Well v. iii. 131 Here's a petition
from a Florentine, Who hath for foure or fiue remoues
come short, To tender it her selfe. 1609 HOLLAND Amm,
Marcell. 5 Speeding themselves in great nast, for to prevent
all rumors of their remove. 1630 S. CLARKE^CC/. Hist. i. (1654)
169 Faustus was constrained by frequent removes to hide
himself. 170* C. MATHER Magn. Chr. \. vi. 24/1 The next
Year there was a great Remove of good People thither. 1757
FRANKLIN Ess. Wks. 1840 II. 97 Three removes are as bad
as a fire. 1772 PRIESTLEY Inst. Relig. (1782) I. 235 Death. .is
..a remove for the better. 18*0 CLARK fiurat Life? All old
favourites- .Griev'd me at heart to witness their removes.
T b. A signal for departure. Obs. rare.
REMOVE.
1581 SAVILE Tacitus,Hist. i. Ixii. (1591) 35 When al was in
order ready to march, they cal to sound the remoue. 1622
F. MARKHAM Bk. War v. iii. 171 All things being assured,
he may then cause the Drummc-maior to beat a remoue.
tc. A period of absence from a place. Obs.—1
1603 SHAKS. Meat, for M. \. i. 44 In our remoue, be thou
at full, our selfe.
6. The space or interval by which one person or
thing is remote from another, in time, place, con-
dition, etc.; distance.
1628 FELTHAM Resolves 11. [i.] xiv. 41 The soules Per-
spective glasse: whereby, in her long remoue, shee dis-
cerneth God. 1686 GOAD Celest. Bodies u. xii. 329 A Sign
lhat h is more frigid than U , by reason of his greater
remove. 1771 WESLEY Wks. (1872) V. 385 A giddy, careless
temper is at the farthest remove from the whole religion of
Jesus Christ. 1845 R. W. HAMILTON Pop. Educ. iv. (ed. 2)
66 He would see that scale recede from him to as distant
a remove as that where it now stands. 1876 MEREDITH
Bcaiich. Career xxxii, As mountains gather vastness to the
eye at a certain remove.
b. A step or stage in gradation of any kind ;
especially in phr. but one (or a} remove from.
1633 G. HERBERT Temple, Jordan ii, Must all be vail'd,
while he that reads, divines, Catching the sense at two
removes ? 1668 R. STEELE Husbandman's Calling ix. 225
How can I glorifie my Maker, that am but one remove from
a piece of. . sinful earth? 1741 RICHARDSON Pamela (1824) I.
123 It might be well enough if you were . . but a remove or
two from the dirt you seem so fond of. 1850 M'CoSH Div.
Govt. (1852) 193 Events are explained by other events
separated from them by a thousand removes. 1864 BRYCE
Holy Rom. Emp. viii. (1875) 126 Yet nascent feudality was
but one remove from anarchy.
0. A degree in descent or consanguinity.
1766 GOLDSM. Vic. W. \, Our cousins, too, even to the fortieth
remove, all remembered their affinity, without any help from
the heralds' office. 1789 HUNTER in Phil. Trans. LXXIX.
161 These puppies are the second remove from the Wolf
and Dog. 1852 DICKENS Bleak Ho. \, I am not prepared to
inform the Court in what exact remove he is a cousin.
7. attrib., as remove-ticket.
1805 NELSON 26 Apr. in Nicolas Disp. (1846) VI. 416, I
directed Captain Schomberg to make out the proper Remove-
Tickets for the wages due to the said men.
Remove (rftna-v), v. Forms: a. 4-5 remeeve,
4-6 remeue, -meve, (5 -mevyn, -mewe, -mefe,
-meflf). P. 4-7 remoue, (5 -mouyn), 6-7 re-
mooue, 7 -moove, 5- remove ; 4 remo(u(n,
remuve (8 St.), 4-5 remow(e, 5 Se. ra-), 5
remown(e ; also north, and Sc. 5 remofe, -muf(f,
5-6 -mufe, 6 -moif, 5-6 ramuff, -muif. [a.
OF. remeuv-, remouv- and remov-, the stressed
and unstressed stems of remouvoir :— L. removere,
f. re- RE- + movere to MOVE. On the variation of
form see MOVE z>.]
1. trans. 1. To move or shift from or out of
the place occupied ; to lift or push aside ; to lift
up and take away ; to take off.
The precise connotation varies to some extent with the
nature of the object and the intention of the moving.
a 1300-1400 Cursor M. 17288 + 99 (Cott.), Who sal vus heljpe
to remou fcat heuy stone ? c 1400 MAUNDEV. (Roxb.) xxxni.
150 pe tendre erthe was remowed fra his place and bare
become a valay. c 1460 Towneley Myst. xxvu 369 Which
shall of us systcrs thre remefe the stone? 1530 PALSGR.
685/1 Remeve this thynges out of the waye. 1535 COVER-
DALE Job vi. 17 When they be set on fyre, they shalbe re-
moued out of their place. 1611 BIBLE Transl. Pref. p 5
Translation it is.. that remooueth the couer of the well, that
wee may come by the water. 1669 STORMY Mariner's
Mag. n. vi. 65 On the other Edge make a Line of Equal
Parts, with an Ear in like manner to remove at pleasure.
1683 MOXON Mech. Exerc., Printing xxiy. p 19 A Spring
in the Tympan removes the Paper in this interval of Time.
177S S. J. PRATT Liberal Opin. Ixxxi. (1783) 1 1 1. 101 Having,
as the tea-equipage was removing, some intention to take
his leave. 1837 DICKENS Pickw. ii, 'What's that?' he
inquired, as the waiter removed one of the covers. 1843
YOUATT Horse (1848) 313 The shoe having been removed,
the smith proceeds to rasp the edges of the crust.
b. To take away, withdraw, from a place, per-
son, etc. ; ft° raise, abandon (a siege). Also refl.
to betake oneself away.
c 1415 WYNTOUN Cron. in. v. 769 He. .hym ramowit ban in
by, And agane hayme in Medy. 1530 PALSGR. 685/1 Remeve
you from thence, my frende. Ibid., I remeve my selfe out
of the place I am in. 1560 DAUS tr. Sleidane's Comm. 90
So were the warders removed from the gates the same day.
1585 T. WASHINGTON tr. Nicholay's Voy. i. xv. 16 They
resolued to remoue their siege, and to imbarke themselues
with their ordinance. 1648 MILTON Ps. Ixxxviii. 69 Lover
and friend thou hast remov'd And sever'd from me far. 1667
— P. L. viii. 119 God to remove his wayes from human sense,
Plac'd Heav'n from Earth so farr. 1697 DRYDEN Virg.
Gfor^. i. 201 Jove .. Remov'd from Humane reach the chear-
ful Fire. 1729 LAW Serious C. xv. 273 We can.. remove
ourselves from objects that inflame our passions. 1819 SCOTT
Ivanhoe i, [The swine] made . . no haste to remove them*
selves from the luxurious banquet of beech-mast and acorns.
1850 M'CosH Div. Govt. iv. i. (1874) 464 The Epicureans
removed their Gods far above the care and supervision of
human affairs.
c. To take or convey away from a place ; t to
keep apart, separate. Also removed, taken away
by death.
1459 Test. Ebor. (Surtees) II. 227 Y' thei. .delyuere vn to
George Chaworth..alle his stuffe that he hath at Alfreton,
..he to remeve them at his awne wille. 1596 SHAKS.
i Hex. IV, 11. ii. ii That Rascall hath remoued my Horse,
and tied him I know not where. 1610— Temp. n. i. no She
too, Who is so farre from Italy remoued, I ne're againe shall
see her. 1633 P. FLETCHER Purple lil. iv. xi, A border
437
citie these two coasts removing. 1748 Anson's Voy. u.
vi. 195 Mr. Brett had hitherto gone on in collecting and
removing the treasure without interruption. 1816 SOUTHEV
Ess. (1832) 1. 191 The latter was early removed from a world
which his Talents.. were.. fitted to adorn. 1850 TENNYSON
In Mem. Prol. 37 Forgive my grief for one removed, Thy
creature, whom I found so fair.
d. To put (a person) ont of the way ; to assas-
sinate, murder.
1653 A. WILSON jfas. T 65 The Prince, .being removed, the
EarTof Salisbury (another obstacle) dying six moneths after
the Prince (etc.). 1055^6 T. Ross in Cat. St. Papers, Dom.
(1882) 10, I cannot divine how, except by removing Crom-
well, to which one of them had specially devoted himself.
1880 Times (weekly ed.) 31 May 6/2 An elaborate article
to-day, declares that Dr. Cronin was ' removed ' by the Clan-
na-Gael after trial and conviction.
e. In pass. Of dishes : To be replaced or fol-
lowed by, after removal.
1840 LADY C. BURY Hist, of Flirt iv, There was fish and
soup, removed by boiled chickens and bacon. 1853 THACKERAY
Shabby Genteel Story iii, Boiled haddock, removed by hashed
mutton.
2. To move, shift, transfer or convey from one
place to another; to change the place or situa-
tion of (falso with place as obj.) ; t to lead (a force)
to another place.
13. . Guy Wanu. (A.) ccxcvi, Letc him be stille, Neuer more
remoun him y nille, No do him hennes lede. 1388 WYCLIF
2 Sam. xx. 12 He remouyde Amasa fro the weie in to the
feeld. £1400 Destr. Troy 3113 Ho..beckonet hym boldly
..his place to Remeve. 1:1420 Pallad. an Husb. n. 177
Letuce is to be sette in lanyueer. ., the plantes to remeue In
Feueryeer. 1494 FABYAN Chron. vi. clxxi. 166 Than he
remeuyd his people, and in sondry places faughte with the
Danys. 1523 FITZHERB. Husb. § 129 If thou wylte remoue
& set trees gete as many rotes with them as thou can.
01548 HALL Chron., Edw. IV 215 He politiquely .. de-
termined in great haste to remove his whole army. 1560
i DAUS tr. Sleidane's Comm. 301 You ought not to have
removed or chaunged the place without the consent of the
Emperour. 1613 PURCHAS Pilgrimage in. it (1614) 234 Their
tents, which with themselues, their flockes, and substance,
they remoued vp and downe from place to place. 1703
MOXON Meek. Exerc. 343 Then removing the string the
space of 15 degrees in the Quadrant. 1765 Museum Rust.
IV. 170 This row being thus planted, the line was removed
two feet forwards. 1815 J. SMITH Panorama Sc. f; Art
1 1. 178 Remove the needle from the situation P to the situa-
tion R. 1830 KEIGHTLEY Hist. Enf. II. 25 Elizabeth was
now removed to Canterbury. 1876 HOLLAND Scv. Oaks xi.
151 [He] is about to remove his residence from among us.
refl. c 1375 Lay Folks Mass. Bk. (MS. B) 301 po prest wil
after in hat place Remow [v. r. remo] him a litel space.
absol. 1615 W. LAWSON Country Housew. Card. (1626) 17
The onely best way. .to haue sure and lasting Sets, is neuer
to remoue : for euery remoue is an hinderance.
frj. Law. To transfer (a cause or person) for
trial from one court of law to another. Also refl.
1507 Cal. A nc. Rcc. Dublin (1889) I. 394 Writes of privelage
to remowe pie othir pies owte of the cowrt of the citte. 1607
COWELL Interfr. s.v. Habeas Corpus, is a writ the which a
man.. may haue out of the Kings bench, thereby to re-
mooue himselfe thither . . and to answer the cause there.
1617 T. POWELL (title) The Attornies Almanacke, provided
. . for . . all such as shall have occasion to remove any person,
cause or record, from an inferior Court to any the higher
Courts at Westminster. 1744 [see REMOVER '' 2].
tc. Chess. To move (apiece). Msoaisot. Obs.
1502 ROWBOTHUM Playe of Cheasts Bij, Oftentymes the
game is lost by remouinge the Rookes Paune or Knyghtes
Paune one roume. 01585 MONTGOMERY CAerrie $ S/ae 215,
1 gat sik chek, Quhilk I micht nocht remuif nor nek, Bot
eyther stall or mail.
3. To send or put (a person) away ; to compel
(one) to go from, or quit, a place.
ci38o WYCLIF Serm. Set Wks. I. 401 Jif->" have a
wickide servaunt.., putte him out of his office and remeeye
him fer awey. c 1415 WYNTOUN Cron. n. xvi. 1416 Of neid
bairn behuffit To be banyst and ramowyt Fra bar _gud, t>ar
kyn, bar kytht. 1432-50 tr. Higdcn (Rolls) VIII. 329 A
knyjhte. .promysede to brynge an hoste of Scottes to remove
hym from that sege. 1567 Gude «, Godlie B. (S. 1. S.) 86
From thy face thow sail thame swyith remufe. 1581 Reg.
Privy Council Scot. III. 396 Thay on nawyse suld. .molest,
rais or remove any of the auld tennentis. ci«oo SHAKS.
Sonn. xxv, Then happy 1 that loue and am beloued Where
I may not remoue nor be remoued. 1667 MILTON P. L. XI.
96 To remove him I decree, And send him from the Garden.
£1768 ERSKINE Inst. Law Scot. n. vi. § 49 (1773) .273
I Warning must be used in order to remove a tenant in a
: common lease. 1838 W. BELL Diet. Law Scot. 848 The
tenant is . . entitled to continue his possession . . , until legally
removed by the landlord. . .
b. To put (one) away from, or out of, a position
or office ; to depose, dismiss.
1388 WYCLIF i Kings xv. 13 He remouyde Maacha,..that
I sche schulde not be princesse in the solempne thmgis. 1433
Rolls of Parlt. IV. 477/2 That the seid Sergeauntz be
remeved at the ende of every Yere. 1502 ARNOLDE Chron.
(1811) 36 The Aldermen of the forsayd cite that eueri yere
they ben remeued . .and that they so remeued be not chosen
ayen the next yere. 1520 Cantons Chron. f-.ng. 111.20 0/2
BEHOVE.
the see to remeue the sege of rochel. 1586 MARLOWE ist
Pt. Tamburl. iv. iii, Let us.. hasten to remove Damascus1
siege. 1640 YORKE Union Hon. 245 He was sent . . to
remove the siege of the City of Rochel in France,
f d. To clear off, dispose of. Obs. rare.
1609 HOLLAND Amm. Marcell. 131 In the high tops
whereof were balists fitly placed, which removed the
j defendants that kept lower. 1652 NEEDHAM tr. Selden's
Mare Cl. 168 Having thus refuted, or upon good ground
removed som Opinions of antient Lawyers.
4. To take away (from a person), to relieve or
free one from, some feeling, quality, condition, etc.,
esp. one of a bad or detrimental kind; fto do
away with, put an end to (a practice).
c 1374 CHAUCER Troylus i. 691 And for -thy wolde 1 fayn
remeve Thy wrong conceyte. c 1400 tr. Secreta Secret.,
Gov. Lordsh. 108 Gouerne hem wel, and.. remowe fro hem
all baire wronges. c 1449 PECOCK Repr. 11. ix. 196 Wherbi
is excludid and wilned of Crist to be removed, that eny man
schulde worschipe God bi eny outward ymagis. Ibid., Crist
in the same chapiter.. removed pilgrimagis. 1567 Gude Hf
Godlie B. (S. T. S.) 74 Lord.. Remufe fra me all fraward-
ness. 1596 SHAKS. Tarn. Shr. I. ii. 72 She moues me not,
or not remoues at least Affections edge in me. 1610 — Temp.
ll. ii. 79 If hee haue neuer drunke wine afore, it will goe
neere to remoue his Fit. 1667 MILTON P. L. xn. 290 When
they see Law can discoversin, but not remove. 1770 Junius
Lett, xxxix. (1788) 217 In the repeal of those acts. .the par-
liament have done everything but remove_ the offence. 1809
Med, Jrnl. XXI. 260 That general debility .. which time
and attention will in all probability very speedily remove.
1874 GREEN Short Hist. vii. § 6. 405 The death of Norfolk
and Northumberland removed the dread of civil war.
fb. To put away (a feeling, thought, etc.) from
oneself; to set aside. Obs.
1388 WYCLIF Eecl. xi. 10 Do thou awei ire fro thin herle,
and remoue thou malice fro thy fleisch. c 1440 Alph. Tales
106 It is impossible to remofe ill thoghts fro be with other
i mens prayers. 1535 COVERDALE Eccl. xii. i Put away dis-
pleasure out of thy hert, & remoue euell from thy body.
[1611 (xi. 10) Therefore remoue sorrow from thy heart, and
put away euill from thy flesh]. 1703 EARL ORRERY As you
\ Find it ill. i, You had best remove this Scruple quickly.
1 5. To change, transform, into something. Obs.-1
£1430 Pilgr. Lyf Manhodc \. xii. (1869) 25 And therfore
j I haue wrethe in myn herte whan ye remeeuen [F. muff]
it in to quik flesh.
1 6. To go away from, to quit (a place or posi-
tion). Obs. rare.
CI440 Generydes 3223 Too all his ost he gave a special!
charge, . . They shuld remeve that place ij myle large, c 1450
St. Cuthbert iSurtees) 7514 Ane [bishop] be whilk by symony
be se gat ; with in sex moneths remoued he bat.
f7. To move or stir (a part of the body). Obs.
The church that day was so full of noblenesse, that a man
might nat a remoued his fete. 1585 T. WASHINGTON tr.
Nicholay's Voy. n. xxi. 58 b, Pulling and remouing your
ioyntes as before is said.
1 8. To move or persuade (one) out of or from
a purpose or resolve. Also without const. Obs.
1483 CAXTON Gold. Leg. 184/2 He wold haue comen unto
our presence but that hys conscyence hath remeuyd hym.
1523 LD. BERNERS Froiss. 1. ccxxxi. 314 They coude nat
remoue him out of that purpose. 11548 HALL Chron.,
Edw. IV 24 b, All the tounes round about, were permanent
and stifle on the parte of kyng Henry, and could not be re-
moued. 1647 MAY Hist. Parl. i. viii. 94 But the King was
hard to be removed from his resolution. 1654 tr. Martini s
Conq. China 167 Nor would he ever be removed from this
unhumane sentence.
fb. To move, affect (the heart). Obs. rare-1.
? 1600 LYLY Love's Metam. iv. ii, Men, whose loues are
built on truth, and whose hearts are remoued by curtesie.
II. intr. 9. To go away or depart from a place ;
to move off to somewhere else.
a 13 . K. Alls. 7238 He with-seith alle homage.. And
bad you remeve out of his lond. a 1400-50 Alexander 1975
Remefeagayntobirealmor bou sail it rewe. £1450 Merlin
61 They seide ' Sir, we haue no talents to remeve fro hens .
1405 Trevisa's Earth. De P. R. VIII. xviii. xij/2 The mone
j makyth a man vnstable chaungeable & remeuynge abowte
fro place to place.
V. c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints xviii. {Mary Egypt) 1090 pu sal
na mychtfiaf to remofe [from the abbey). <: 1400 Rowland
* O. 730 The Oste remowede & forthe thay Jede,. .To baire
lournaye bay hye. c 1470 HENRY Wallace xi. 315 Wallace
off France a gudly leift can tak. 1 he kyng . . Gret langour
tuk quhen Wallace can ramufl. 15*8 GRAFTON Chron. II.
378 From thence they remoued to Saint Albons, and came
thether on Christmai Euen. 1585 T. WASHINGTON tr.
Nicholay's Voy. I. xv. 16 [He] remooued..to assiege the
istkof Tripoli. i6«, J. COLE Of Death 5. Hee wou d
?her chuseP,o stay Eere, and live in the same , earlh y
ayen e nex yere. . ..
The Trybunes were remeved every yere. 1553 '" Hakluyt
1 Voy (1886) III. 18 And the person so remoued not to be . .
i accepted.. from the time of his remoue, any more for ar
fficer. 1775 BUKKE Sp. COM. Amer. 87 That the said
Mef Justle and other Judges. .shall hold his and their
ffice, and shall not be removed therefrom but when [etc.].
•
offi
CM
, no e rem
1874 STUBBS Const. Hist. xii. (1896) I. 51; «<./<•, None of the
sheriffs now removed were employed again.
t c. To raise (a siege). Obs. (bee RAISE Ki8.)
,387 TREVISA Higden (Rolls) VIII. 329 Wllham de Reeth
. .£&» be kyng £l he wolde..bryng be oost of Scottes to
rcmevc be seece of Berwyk. 1480 CAXTON Chron. Eng.
ccxxxv.257ilsVa,neSe,e>.hekin7withagretehoStentred
b. spec. To change the place of one's (temporary
j or permanent) residence ; also ol a tenant, to quit
' a house or holding.
1390 LANCL. Rich. Redeles m. 301 A new bine bat noyeth
nedy men and ober, Whanne realles remeveth and ndith
bora tounes. 1478 Paston Lett. III. 229 My Lord of
Suffolk is remevyd in to Suffolk, .and my lady purposed to
remeff after on tnys day. ,530 P.*"™- '85/.,_ ' remevf ;.«
remoue fra landis mylnis fischingis and possessiouns quhat.
sumeuer. 1633 FORD Broken II. u. i, This house, methinks,
stands somewhat too much inward; we'll remove tsearer
REMOVED.
the court. 1697 DRYDEN Virg. Georg. i. 57 Proserpine.,
importun'd by Ceres to remove, Prefers the Fields below to
those above. lyza DE FOE Plague (1754) 6 This French-
man. . was one who, having Hv'd in Long-Acre, .had removed
for fear of the Distemper. 1756 Act^ of Sederunt 14 Dec.,
Where the tenant hath not obliged himself to remove with-
out warning. 1838 W. BELL Diet. La-w Scot. 848 In order
to authorise judicial removing, the tenant . . must be warned
by the landlord to remove. 1855 BREWSTER New ton II. xxi.
252 Newton received this letterwhen he was removing from
Jermyn Street to Chelsea.
f c. To shift one's place or position. Obs.
1340 HAMPOLE Pr. Consc. 7365 In belle salle be ban swa
gret thrang, pat nane may remow for other ne gang, c 1475
RaufCoilyar 86 1 The tenth of ane rude braid he gart him
remufe. a 1533 LD. BERNERS Huon Iv. 186 He remoued no
more for the stroke then it had ben a strong walle. 1562
ROWBOTHUM PlayeofCheastsA.\\). Their office is not to
remoue but in necessitie, and chiefelye for the succoure of
theyr kynge. 1595 SAVIOLO Practise H ij b, Remoue with
EJUI- right foot a little back toward hts left side. 1656
EALE Chess 8 The King removeth but one house at a time.
10. Of things : To change place ; to move off or
away ; to depart, disappear, etc.
1423 JAS. I Kingis Q. clxxxviii, In perfyte loy, that neuir
may remufe. 1481 CAXTON Myrr. i. vi. 29 There cheualrye
contynued long, And frothens after it remeuid in to Fraunce.
1535 COVERDALE Isa. liv. io The mountaynes shall remoue,
& the hilles shal fall downe. c 1586 C'TESS PEMBROKE Ps.
ni.ix, My trust on his true love Truly attending Shall never
thence remove. 166* STILLINCFL. Orig. Sacrx in. ii. § 17
Those particles will necessarily remove into that empty
space. 1704 POPE Autumn 29 Ye trees that fade when
autumn-heats remove, a 1792 BURNS Posie vii, I'll swear . .
That to my latest draught p' life the band shall ne'er remove.
1839-48 BAILEY Festtts xviu. 174 And sigh That truth from
that Heaven should ever remove. 1896 A. E. HOUSMAN
Shropshire Lad xxxvi, But ere the circle homeward hies
Far, far must it re.Tiove.
fb. To change into something, Obs. rare~l.
1674 PLAYFORD Skill flfus. IIL 5 That which is an eighth
shall remove into a fifth.
f 11. To move, stir ; to be in motion. Obs.
<? 1400-50 Alexander 2943 Sir Dary..Rerys hym vpp &
remevys in hys sete riche. a 1450 Knt, de la 7Vwr(i868) 37
She might not stere nor remeue more thanne a stone. 1509
HAWES Past. Pleas, xxiv. (Percy Soc.) 108 These are the
v. wyttes remeuing inwardly. £1555 HARPSFIELD Divorce
Hen. K/// (Camden) 251 The head thus being above, the
body beneath in water, wagging and removing to and fro.
1601 HAKLUYT tr. Galvano"s Discov. 46 There is further
a kinde of herbe there growing, which followeth the sunne,
and remooveth after it.
Removed (r/m/J-vd), ppl. a. [f. prec. + -ED!.]
1. Distant in relationship by a certain degree of
descent or consanguinity.
Properly denoting a degree in descent, z&fit-st cousin once
removed— a, cousin's child; but in later use freq. employed
in vague designations of distant relationship, as cousin seven
times removed.
a 1548 HALL Chron., Hen. V 53 Barbara doughter to
therle of zilie cosyn germain removed to kyng Henry. 1594
PARSONS Confer. Success, n. iv. 75 Edmond was but nephew
remoued, that is to say, daughters sonnes sonne to the said
king Richards other uncle. 1611 SHAKS. Wint. T. iv. iv.
802 Those that are lermaine to him (though remou'd fiftie
times) shall all come vnder the Hang-man. 1687 MIEGE
Gt. Fr. Diet. H. s.v. Cortsin, A Cousin once removed,
Cousin tssn de^ germain. 1738 SWIFT Pol. Conversaf, 62
He's my Cousin-German, quite remov'd. 1748 SMOLLETT
Roderick Randotn xviii, My grandfather's brother's daugh-
ter., rabbit it ! I have forgot the degree; but this I know
that he and I are cousins seven times removed. '1841
LYTTON Money i. vii, Cousin to the deceased, seven times
removed. 1852 DICKENS Bleak Ho. i, He is a cousin, several
times removed.
trans/. 1600 SHAKS. A.Y.L. v. iv, 71 Vpon a lye, seuen
times remoued.
2. f a. Remote ; retired, secluded. Obs.
1600 SHAKS, A. Y. L. m. ii, 360 Your accent is something
finer, then you could purchase in so remoued a dwelling.
1609 DOWLAND Omithop. Microl. 54 Imperfection is made
not only by the neere part of the Notes, but also by the re-
moued part. 1639 MILTON Penseroso 78 Or if the Ayr will
not permit, Som still removed place will fit.
t b. Separated by time or space. Obs. rare.
1601 SHAKS. Twel. N. v. i. 92 His false cunning.. grew a
twentie yeeres remoued thing While one could winke. 1628
FELTHAM Resolves n. [i.] xxxiii.ios They haue the aduant-
age of being beleeued, before a remoued friend.
fc. Segregated or set apart. Obs. rare~l.
1611 BIBLE Ezek. xxxvi. 17 Their way was before me as
the vncleannesse of a remooued woman.
d. Lifted or taken away.
1625 [see HARDLY adv. io]. 1683 MOXON Mech. Exerc.t
Printing xxiL r8 He removes the other Transpos'd Page
into the place of the first remov'd Page. 1688 R. HOLME
Acad. i. ui. 22/1 If the under Chief had been the colour of
the Field, then it had been termed a Chief removed, or
fallen out of its place, a 1716 SOUTH Serin. (1823) V. 281
Nobody.. languishes with the remembrance of a removed
sickness. 1748 RICHARDSON Clarissa. (1768) I. 93 He took
the removed chair, and drew it.. near mine.
3. In predicative use : Remote, separated, or dis-
tant/^;// something, in lit. and^. senses.
1617 MORYSON I tin. i. 214 He was like neuer to be re-
deemed, being farre remoued from Christians, who onely
trade vpon the Coasts. 1690 LOCKE Hum. Und. \. iii. § i
They are farther removed from a title to be innate. 1756
C. LUCAS Ess. Waters I, 172 [He] is not, in knowledge or
rationality, three degrees removed from the brute. 1864
BRYCE Holy Rom. Emp. vi. (1875) 77 A corrupt tongue,
equally removed from Latin and from modern French.
Hence Xtemo'vedness.
1604 SHAKS, Wint, T. iv. ii. 41, I haue eyes vnder my
seruice, which looke vpon his remouednesse. 1845 Blackiv.
438
Mag. LVII. 147 It has a middle removedness or estrange*
ment from the ordinary speech of men. 1892 Temple Bar
Jan. 59 The impressions this garden gave were of removed-
ness, of light and shadow, of grass and roses.
t Remcrveless, a. 06s. rare—1, [f. REMOVE
sb. or v. + -LESS.] Incapable of being removed.
c 1592 MARLOWE Massacre Paris ii. iv, As now you are,
so shall you still persist, Removeless from the favours of
your King.
Remcrvement. [f. REMOVE v. + -MENT.]
1 1. The act of removing from place to place.
1630 /?. Johnson's Kingd. fy Commw. 49$ In their travels
and removement they are governed by their Stars, and ob-
serving the North pole, they settle according to its motion.
2. The act of taking, or the fact of being taken,
away ; removal.
1845-6 TRENCH Huls. Lect. Ser. n. v. 223 All the allevia-
tions and removements of pain and disease. 1862 DARWIN
Fertil. Orchids L 48 The derangement in the complex
mechanism had hindered the removement of the pollinia.
t RemO'vent, a. Obs. rare—1, [ad. L. remo-
vent-eni) pres. pple. of removere to REMOVE.] Pro-
ducing removal.
1625 Debates Ho. Commons (Camden) 86 To shew . . the
remedyes both removent and promovent.
Remover 1 (rftnw-vaj). [f. REMOVE v. + -IB1.]
1. One who, or that which, removes or takes
away; spec, in modern use, a furniture- remover.
1594 SOUTHWELL M. Magd. Funeral Teares 56 b, Where
the thing remooued was remoouer of it selfe. 1607 HIERON
Wks. I. 367 I f the desirer of our saluation, and the remoouer
of all hinderances to it, do yet leaue sinne behind. 1624 T.
SCOTT Vox Regis 23 Which Court was the onely . . discouerer
and remoouer of all such mightie enormities. 1860 GOSSE
Rom. Nat. Hist. 108 We must see them.. engaged as the
scavengers of the forest-wilds of the tropics ; the removers
of fallen trees. 1861 HUGHES Tom Brown at Oxf. III. 264
Grey had discovered a benevolent remover of furniture.
fb. jig. A poison. Obs. rare~~l.
1625-6 SHIRLEY Mat if s Revenge in. ii, Shar. A rat ! give
him his bane. . . .// «j. Pray let me see a remover at twelve
hours ; I would be loth to kill the poor thing presently.
2. One who changes his place ; a restless or
stirring person, rare.
ci6ooSHA.K$.S0nn. cxvi, Loue is not loue Which alters
when it alteration findes, Or bends with the remouer to re-
moue. 1607-12 BACON £ss.t Fortune (Arb.) 378 An haslye
Fortune maketh an Enterpriser, and Remover (The French
hath it better Entreprenant^ or Remuant\
fb. A hive from which the bees are made to
remove. Obs. nonce-use.
1609 C. BUTLER Fern. Mon. (1634) 153 Having first placed
these two stalls, the Remover (that is driven) and the Re-
ceiver, as near as may be to one another.
t Remo'ver2. Obs. rare. [f. as prec. •*• -ER 4.]
1. The act of moving ; movement, rare—1.
1663 H. COGAN tr. Pinto's Trav. xxv. 95 At the first sight
of him, he would have turned back out of the remover of
conscience, and true repentance.
2. Law. (See quot. and REMOVE v. 2 b.)
1744 JACOB Law Dict.t Remover is where a Suit or Cause
is removed out of one Court into another.
Removing (rtfauS'vin), vbL sb. [-ING*.]
1. The action of removing from a place ; removal
to another place or residence j talso, change,
alteration.
1340 HAMPOLE Pr. Consc. 6365 pe son sal ban in be este
stande, With-outen removyng, ay shynande. c 1430 Pilgr.
Lyf Manhode I. xlli. (1869) 25 Many oothere remeeuinges
[F. remuemens\ of which were to longe to holde parlement.
remoouinge as the nature of warre requyreth. 1620 T.
GRANGER Div. Logike 108 Vegetation, and locomotion are
powers of growing, augmentation, moouing,remoouing. 1719
DE FOE Crusoe \. (Globe) 268 We waited a great while, though
very impatient for their removing. 1750 MRS. DELANY Life
fy Corr. (1861) II. 566, I have not heard from my brother a
great while ; I suppose his removing has hurried him.
attrib. a 1601 LAMBARDE Diet. Angl. Top. (1730) 48 Ba-
tarsey, the removinge House of the Byshoppes of Yorke.
1684 E. CHAMBERLAYNE Pres. St. Eng. \. (ed. 15) 177 There
is the Removing Wardrobe, which always attends upon the
Person of the King.
2. The action of removing, shifting, taking or
putting away ; also, an instance of this.
1426 LVDG. De Gut'/. Pilgr. 6372 With-outen any remowyng
Off the Eyen in myn hed Into myn Eryn. 1535 COVER-
DALE Heb, xii. 27 No doute that same . . signineth the re-
mouynge awaye of those thinges. 1563 HYLL A rt Garden.
(1553) 127 The better also they wil prosper, if after euery re-
moouing..the blades bee cut 1642 DRUMM. OF HAWTH.
Skiarnackia'W\is.(ijii) 193 Such particulars, as .. will much
conduce to the removing of all these mistakes. 1712 J.
JAMES tr. Le Blond's Gardening 116 The Transporting and
Removing of Earth is a vast and excessive Charge. 18x8
in Willis & Clark Cambridge (1886) I. 573 The removing of
the present walk with the two trees. 1882 E. C. ROBERTSON
in Proc. Berw. Nat. Club IX. 507 The removing of the
earth brought to view an immense collection of skeletons.
3. Sc. Law. The removal of a tenant by, or at
the instance of, the landlord ; t also, a notice re-
quiring a tenant to remove.
1555 "Sc. Acts Mary (1814) II. 494/1 Na forther laying
furth of stressis and remowing vpone wednisday to be vsit in
tyme to cum. 1588 Reg. Privy Council Scot. IV. 270 The
executioun of ane precept of removing. /£«/., He putt the
copy of the removing. .in the said John is bosome. 1683
Acts Sederunt (1790) 156 Act appoynting Advocations and
Suspensions of Decreets of removeing. a 1768 ERSKINE
Inst. Sc. Law n. vi. § 51 (1773) 274 A landlord's title to
REMUE.
prosecute a removing.. cannot be questioned by a tenant
who derives his possession from him. 1838 W. BELL Diet.
Law Scot. 848 In order to authorise judicial removing, the
tenant.. must be warned by the landlord to remove.
So Remo'virjg^>/. a.
1643 [ANGIER] Lane. Vail. Achor 22 Desire to see this
Forreiner. .ted some of note and worth into a teadious and
removing captivitie. 1870 Daily News 5 Sept. 6 Sometimes
upon a pile of mattresses or bedding. .were to be seen the
removing householder himself and his wife and family.
Remow, obs. form of REMOVE v.
t Kemp, v. Obs. rare. [Of obscure origin.]
intr. To act hastily; to hasten.
e9yj K. ALFRED Gregorys Past. C. xx. 148 Oft mon biS
swioe rempende, & raeso swi6e dollice on jelc weorc & hrad-
lice. c 1330 R. BRUNNE Chron. Wace (Rolls) 3492 pe
Bretons sawe her syde jede lowe, pey rempede bem to reste
a browe.
t Reinpa're, v. Obs. rare. Also renpayre.
[ad. F. remparer: see RAMPIRE v.] trans. To
strengthen, fortify. Also absol.
1525 LD. BERNERS Froiss. II. cxiii. 336 Than he newe ren-
payred the towne, and furnished it with newe men of warre.
1549 EDW. VI yrnt. tRoxb.) 236 The gates of the hous to
be rempared ; peple to be raysed. x$8x MULCASTF.R Positions
xxxvii. 148 Our state then must reiect the multitude, and
rempare with the cunning.
II Rempli (ranpli), a. Her. Also 8 remply.
[F., pa. pple. of remplir to fill up.] (See quots.)
1725 COATS Diet. Her., Remplyt that is, fill'd up, denoting
that all the Chief is fill'd up with a square Piece of another
Colour, leaving only a Bordure of the proper Colour of the
Chief about the said Piece. 1780 EDMONDSON Compl. Body
Heraldry II. Gloss, s.v., When a chief is filled with any
other metal, or colour, leaving only a border round the chief
of the first, it is then called a Chief Reinpli.
1" Remuable, a. Obs. rare. [a. OF. remuable
(i4th c.) : see REMUE v. and -ABLE.]
1. That may remove ( = depart) or be removed ;
changeable, unstable.
4:1374 CHAUCER Troylns iv. 1633 (1682) And this may
length of yeres nought fordo, Ne remuable fortune deface.
1390 GOWER L'onf. III. 256 For where honour is remuable,
It oghte wel to ben avised. f 1430 LVDG, Min. Poems
(Percy Soc.) 122 In this world here is none abidyng place,
But that it Is by processe remuable.
2. Capable of movement.
''1374 CHAUCER Boeth. v. pr. v. 131 (Camb. MS.) The
ymaginacion comth to Remuable [L. mobilibus} beestis, bat
semyn to han talent to fleen or to desiren any thing.
t Remnant, a. Obs. rare. Also 7 -ent. [a. F.
remtiant, pres. pple. of remuer to REMUE.] In-
clined to remove ; restless, changeable.
1625 W. B. True School War 12 Those Busibodies, or as
the French haue it better, those Remuant spirits, that . .
haue rather defaced than built. 1654. Nicholas Papers
(Camden) II. 92, I protest I am so pationatly troubled for
the remuant humour of our frend that I know not what to-
say. 1659 O. WALKER Oratory 66 Fixing his fancy (re-
muent, and volatile) upon one object.
I Remue', sb. Obs. rare~l. [a. OF. remue
(Godef.).] Movement forward, advance, progress.
1433 LYDG. St. Edmund in. 1217 [They] stood stylle as
ston, sore in themsylff amasyd . . Fro ther werk myhte no
re mews make.
t Remue*, v . Obs. Forms : 3-4 remuwe, 3-5
remue, (4 -u, -uye), renrwe; 3-7 remew, 4-5
remewe, (4 -eue). [a. OF. remuer (nth c.), f.
re- RE- + mueri—L. miitare to change: cf. It.
rimufare, med.L. reimitare (Du Cange). It is
sometimes not clear whether the forms retneue and
remewe belong here, or to remeve^ obs. variant of
REMOVE v.]
1. trans. To remove, shift, or transfer, to an-
other place ; to move from a, place.
1297 R. GLOUC. (Rolls) 5522 Remwe in to anober stude \>i
pauilon. ^1325 Chron. Eng. 744 in Ritson Metr. Rom. II.
301 Afterward.. That he hade leyen..Sixti wynler under
molde, An abbot him remue wolde. c 1386 CHAUCER Sqr.'s
T. 172 The hors of bras bat may nat be remewed It slant as
it were to the ground yglewed. c 1420 Pallod. on Hnsb. n.
280 Sette ek noon almaundes but grete and newe ; And hem
is best in Feueryeer remewe. 1600 FAIRFAX Tassoxm. Ixx,
That faith wherewith he could remew The stedfast hils.
reft, c 1380 Sir F crumb. 77 He stynte & bo3te no?t remuye
hem t = him] bere til he ha fo^t is fille. 1430-40 LVDG.
Bochas ix. v. (1558) 23b/i And secretly he gan him selfe
remue, To be bathed in a preuy stue.
b. To remove to a distance; to pnt, take, or
keep awayy9w//.
13.. E. E. Allit. P. B. 1673 pou, remued fro monnes
sunnes, on mor most abide, c 1400 tr. SecretaSecrt-t.^Gov,
Lordsh. 93 All bare-by is vnderstandant, and neghys negh,
bat bat ys remued of farre. c 1420 Pal/ad. on Hnsb. i. 777
Yet is the chalk or cley lond forto eschewe, And from the
rede also thy garth remewe.
2. To remove (a person) from a position or
office; to pnt away, dismiss.
1297 R, GLOUC. (Rolls) 11455 pis tueie erles acorded were
here pat iremewed [v.r. yremuwed] at clene be frenssemen
were, c 1330 R. BRUNNE Chron. (1810) 312 To be we pleyn
vs here, H tin for to remue borgh comon assent. 1390 GOWER
Conf. I. 318 Witt and resoun conseilen..that I scfiolde will
remue And put him out of retenue. 1412-20 LYDG. Chron.
Trey n. xii. (1555) G v b, She can make a man for his wel-
fare,.. Whan he least weneth, for to be remewed.
b. To raise (a siege), rare—1.
c 1330 R. BRUNNE Chron. (1810) 100 perfor be duke him
dight, as man of grete value, Roberd Bellyse with myght,
be sege Jjci wend remue.
REMTJING.
3. To remove entirely; to take or clear away.
1297 R. GLOUC. (Rolls) 11613 ^ruSSen h" kreke oueral, hii
ne bileuede ssip non..J»at hri ne remuede echon. f 150
St. Peter 197 in Horstm. Altengl. Leg, (1881) 51 He
4446, I remewe, in especial, Clene with-outen & with-Inne,
The fylthe of euery maner synne.
4. To transfer, translate ; to change, alter.
c 1330 R. BRUNNE Chron. IVace (Rolls) 164 Geffrey . . fro
Breton speche he did remue & made it alle in Latyn. 1340
Ayetib. 104 Wyboute him to chongi, wyboute him remue
ine none manere. c 1403 LYDG. Temple Glas 1182 Vices
eschew,.. And for no tales thin hert not remue.
5. intr. To move off or away, to depart, to go.
1340-70 Alt*, ff Dind. 137 {heading) How alixandre re-
mewid to a flod J»at is called phison. c 1400 MAUNDEV.
(1839) v. 38 And whan hem lyst, they remewen to other
Cytees. c 1430 Hymns Virgin (1867) 20 POUJ we wolden from
J>ee remewe, In ech place bou art present. 1482 WARKW.
Chron. (Camden) 2 Kynge Edwardes hooste. .remewed from
the sege, and were affrayed.
6. To stir, to alter one's position, to move.
a 1350.57. Stephen 519 in Horstm. Altengl. Leg. (1881) 34
pe body remude-.And left to saint Steuen half \>e graue.
1300 GOWER Conf. II. 316 As if a goshauk hadde sesed A
briil, which dorste noght for fere Remue. c 143/0 Syr Gener.
(Roxb.) 5559 He hath (brbede-.That noon of hem shul re-
mew, Him to help or reskew.
Hence f Renuring vbl. sb., removal. Obs. rare.
13.. K. Alts. 7821 Theo lewed folk prayed theo kyng, Of
him to make remuwyng. 1497 Naval Ace. Hen. K//(i8o6)
229 Payed, .toe men., attendyng about the remewyngofthe
Regent.
Remuent, variant of REMUANT Obs.
Remuf\e, -muff, obs. Sc. forms of REMOVE v.
RemiTgient, a, rare-1, [f. pres. pple. of L.
rctniigirC) f. re- RE- + mfigire to bellow.] Re-
sounding, rebellowing.
1660 H. MORE Myst. Godl. m. iii. 63 Trembling and
tottering Earth-quakes accompanied with remugient Echoes
and ghastly murmurs from below.
Remulant, variant of REMENANT Obs.
fRemuled, a. Obs.-1 [ad. OF. remuU, found
only in the passage here translated.] Mutilated.
1481 CAXTON Godfrey li. 93 Atyns was a Greke. .the moost
fals, vntrewe man that euer was. And so he welsemed, ffor
he had his nosethrellys remuled and tourned.
Remunaunde, variant of REMENANT Obs.
Remu' Her able, a. rare. [See next and -ABLE.]
That may be rewarded ; deserving of reward.
1593 NASHE Christ's T. (1613) 134 Shall he not (of all
other) doe him the most remunerablest seruice? 1641 J.
JACKSON True Evang. T. \\. 159 The righteousnesse of the
cause.. is as necessary to remunerable suffering, as fuell to
make a fire. 1716 M. DAVIES At/ten. Brit. III. 31 [A
neutrality] which how plausible soever to the Commonalty
of sure Cards or Self-Interests, is yet scarce sufferable,
much less promotable or remunerable Alibi.
Hence Remnner ability. rare~~\
1659 PEARSON Creed (1816) I. 570 If there were no other
consideration, but . . of the liberty and remunerability of
human actions.
Remunerate (riiniw'neVt), v. [f. L. remii-
nerat-, ppl. stem of remunerari (later -are}, to
reward, f. re- RE- 4- munus a gift ; cf. F. re"mun£rer^\
1. trans. To repay, requite, make some return
for (services, etc.).
1523 CROMWELL in Merriman Life fy Lett. (1902) I. 313
Emending to remembre and also remunerate the olde ac-
quayntaunces. 1594 J. DICKENSON AritfatliBjS) 37, 1 will
remunerate your kindnesse with most ample recompence.
1607 DEKKER^V T. Wyat Wks. 1873 III. 90 She no doubt,
with royall fauour will remunerate The least of your
desertes. 1612 T. TAYLOR Cotnm. Titus ii. 13 That was to
teach righteousnesse, but this to remunerate it.
2. To reward (a person) ; to pay (one) for services
rendered or work done,
1588 SHAKS. Tit. A.\.'\. 398 Is she not then beholding to
the man..? Yes, and will Nobly him remunerate. 1606
WARNER Alb. Eng. xiv. Ixxxii. 343 Should Succession fault
in not remunerating thee With such a Monument, a 1661
FULLER Worthies (1840) II. 534 The king remunerated
them both, the former with an addition of honour, the
latter with an accession of estate. 1849 THACKERAY Pen-
dennis xiv, The great Hubbard had acted legitimate
drama for twenty nights, and failed to remunerate anybody
but himself. 1855 MACAULAY Hist. Eng. xx. IV. 526 Dry-
den. .received thirteen hundred pounds for his translation
of all the works of Virgil, and was thought to have been
splendidly remunerated.
refl. 1838 DICKENS Nick. Nick, ii, To remunerate them-
selves for which trouble. . , they only charged three guineas
each man.
b. Of things : To recompense or repay (one).
1849 COBDEN Speeches 34 The principle that our exclusive
trade with the colonies remunerates us for the expense of
colonial establishments. 1867 H. MACMILLAN Bible Teach.
ix. (1870) 188 There are few plants that remunerate so
largely the labours of the husbandman.
1 3. To give as compensation. Obs. rare~*.
1595 Locrine n. iii, For your houses burnt We will re-
munerate you store of gold.
Hence Renurnerated ppl. a.\ Remxrnerating
vbl. sb. and ppl, a.\ also Remu-ueratee*, one
who receives remuneration.
1611 COTGR., Remuneration, a remuneration, remuner-
ating. 1816-30 litNTHAM OJfic. Apt. Maximized, Extr.
Const. Code (18^0) 14 The benefit of it diffuses itself among
any, who. .are in anyway connected with the remuneratee.
1825 Ibid^ Obscrv. Peel's SJ>. (1830) 32 The very field for
439
which it is proposed to engage their remunerated services.
1843 MARRYAT M. Violet xliv, Objects that bring no re-
munerating value. 1846 J. BAXTER Libr. Pract. Agric.
(ed. 4) I. 272 The farmer. .would get a more remunerating
crop from his land than he would obtain under a system of
thinner sowing.
Remuneration (rftniflndr/ijan). [a. F. r£-
muneration, or ad. L. remuneration-em^ n. of
action f. remunerari: see prec.] Reward, re-
compense, repayment ; payment, pay.
1477 EARL RIVERS (Caxton) Dictes 6 He shal gyue re-
muneracion to the goode for theyr goodnesse. c 1500
Melusine 39 For the salary & remuneracioun of alle the
seruyse that euer ye dide vnto his fader. 1590 SWINBURNE
Testaments 147 So it bee doon in regard of good will, and
affection, and not in hope of gaine or remuneration. 1606
SHAKS. Tr. <$• Cr. in. iii. 170 O let not vertue seeke Re-
muneration for the thing_ it was. a 1653 GOUGE Comm.
Heb. iii. 5 To be faithfull in the trust that is reposed in one
. .deserveth much commendation, and procures also re-
muneration. 1726 AYLIFFE Parergon 188 When such Grant
or Donation is liberally and freely bestow'd without any
Prospect of an evil Remuneration. 1832 HT. MARTINEAU
Ireland ii. 26 The remuneration of the Catholic clergy in
Ireland being principally derived from marriage fees. 1853
J. H. NEWMAN Hist. Sk. (1873) II. i. ii. 83 The indignant
author would accept no remuneration at all.
Remunerative (r/mi»-neVtiv), a. [f. as
REMUNERATE v. + -IVE : cf. mod.F. rtmune'ratif.]
fl. Inclined to remunerate. Obs. rare"1.
i6a6 Disc. Pr. Henry in Select. Harl. Misc. (1793) 262
That remunerative he was of services, and con side rat ive of
those that deserved and needed.
2. That remunerates or rewards.
a 1677 M ANTON Exp. Lord's Pr. Matt. yi. n Wks. 1870 I.
154 Not from his strict remunerative justice, but out of his
grace. 1678 CUDWORTH Intell. Syst. i. v. 690 Men . . become
nt objects for remunerative justice to display itself upon.
1833 I. TAYLOR Fanat. ii. 40 Our acquiescence in retributive
proceedings as well penal as remunerative.
3. That brings remuneration ; profitable.
1859 SMILES Self-Help viii. 209 He advanced by degrees
to more remunerative branches of employment. 1865 H.
PHILLIPS Atner. Paper Curr. II. 72 The scheme did not
prove remunerative nor a source of revenue. 1880 C. R.
MARKHAM Pcrtcv. Bark. 334 Although chinchona cultivation
is a remunerative public work, .the experiment is still in its
infancy.
Hence Remuneratively, Bern truer ativeness.
1653 GAULE Magastront. 27 But remuneratively let your
starres and planets not onely signe, but cause good fortune
or reward. 1877 Eraser's Mag. XV. 39 Their time is more
remuneratively occupied. 1895 Manch. Guard. 14 Oct. 5/5
Of the remunerativeness of the enterprise there can be no
doubt, apart from the net gain to the cultivators.
Remtrnerator. rare. [a. late L. remune-
rator, or f. REMUNERATE v. + -OR. Cf. F. r&nu-
ntrateur (i6th c.).] One who remunerates ; a re-
warder, recompenser.
1688 BOYLE Final Causes Nat. Things ii. 84 The children
of God will by their most bountiful remuneralor be thought
fit to inhabit the New world. 1828 LANDOR I mag. COHV.,
Rousseau •$• Malesherbes, You have no right, sir, to be the
patron and remunerator of inhospitality.
Kemu'neratory, a. [f. as REMUNERATE v. +
-OUT: cf. F. rgmuneratoire (i6th c.).] Serving
to remunerate; affording remuneration.
1586 A. DAY Eng. Secretary i. (1625) 22 Remuneratorie,
being a gratefull relation of courtesies, benefits or good
turnes receiued. 16x7 MORYSON I tin. in. 219 The gift of
vtensile goods, .is of so little force, as with death it is not
confirmed, except it be remuneratory. 1751 JOHNSON
Rambler No. 145 p 4 Remuneratory honours are propor-
tioned at once to the usefulness and difficulty of perform-
ances. 1765 BLACKSTONE Comm. I. 56 Human legislators
have for the most part chosen to make the sanction of their
laws rather vindicatory than remuneratory. 1844 M. HEN-
NELL Soct Syst. 118 Legislation, .will be remuneratory, and
distribute the honour and glory due to pre-eminent virtue.
Reniurmur (rftni>Mmi;.i), v. Chiefly poet.
[ad. L. remurmurare \ see RE- and MURMUR v.]
1. intr. a. To give back or give forth a murmuring
sound ; to resound with murmurs.
1697 DRYDEN Virg. Georg. iv. 667 The Realms of Mars re-
murmured all around. 1718 MOTTEUX Quix. (1733) II. 276
A pleasant Rivulet, .remurmurs over the whitest Pebbles.
g47 T. GIBBONS Elegy Col. Gardiner v, Heav'ns high
ystal Domes remurmur with the Sound. 1870 BRYANT
Iliad II. xxi. 279 The banks around Remurmured shrilly.
b. To answer with murmurs to a sound.
1697 DRYDEN Mueid xi. 695 A jarring Sound. .Like that
of Swans remurm'ring to the Floods. 1703 POPE Thebais
166 Eurota's banks remurmur'd to the noise. 1769-9 FAL-
CONER Shipwr. i. 34 Yonder cave, Whose vaults remurmur to
the roaring wave.
O. Of sounds : To echo in murmurs.
1717 POPE Iliad x. 563 A low groan remurmur'd through
the shore. 1790 A. WILSON in Poems fy Lit. Prose (1876) II.
17 Crying and sighing Remurmured through the glen.
2. trans. To repeat in murmurs.
1704 POPE Winter 64 The trembling trees.. Her fate re-
murmur to the silver flood. 1789 J. WHITE EarlStrongbow
I. 202 The woods, the valleys, the mountains around., daily
remurmur the effusions of my misery.
Hence RemuTmuring ///. a.
1740 SOMERVILLE Hobbinol \\. 464 While thy remurm'ring
Streams Danc'd by, well pleas'd. 1757 DYER Fleece \. 608
Deep remurmuring cords Of th'ancient harp.
t Re murmur a' t ion. Obs. rare. [ad. late L.
remurmuration-em : see prec. and -ATION.] The
action of murmuring or protesting.
1611 W. SCLATER Key (1629) 214 So see we many practis-
ing vsui ie, without any remurmuration of conscience, through
RENAISSANCE.
errour of Judgement. 16*3 R. CARPENTER Conscionablc
Christian 58 To him.. there is no condemnation, or remur.
muration of conscience for sinne.
Remuta'tion. rare-1. [RE- 5 a.] The
action of changing back again.
a 1843 SOUTHEY Doctor ccxvii. (1848) 584 The mutation or
rarefaction of water into air takes place by day, the remu-
tation or condensation of air into water by night.
Remynaunte, variant of REMENANT Obs.
Remyssale, variant of REMISSAL Obs.
Remyt, obs. form of REMIT sb.
t Ren, sb. Obs. rare. [f. rennet obs. f. RUN v. ;
cf. Du. ren, G. rennt ON. renna.] A run, course.
c 1250 Gen. gf Ex. i Man og to luuen Sat rimes ren, oe
wisseS wel 5e logede men [etc.], c 1386 CHAUCER Reeve's T.
159 The wyf cam lepynge Inward with a ren. c 1440 Promp.
Parv. 429/1 Ren, or rennynge, cursits.
tRen, v. Obs.-1 [?for renei-QE. renian,
regnian to set in order.] trans. To clear a way for.
4^1340 HAMPOLE Psalter Ixxxiv. 14 Rightwisnes of pen-
aunce for oure syn sal ga bifor him in vs, that is, it sail ren
his cumynge in til vs.
Ren, obs. form of RAIN sb.l, REIN jd.i, RUN v.
Renable (re-nab'l), a. Obs. exc. dial. Also
5 reuabel, -abulle, -abyll, resnabyl, 7 ren-
nible, gdial. -able, runnable. [a. OF. renable,
resnable (AF. also rednable}, reis-, raisnable, etc.,
:— L. rationabil-em reasonable, RATIONABLE. The
sense of ' eloquent ' appears to be characteristic of
AF. In later use prob. assoc. with renne RUN v.]
1. Of persons: Ready of speech, eloquent : speak-
ing or reading fluently or distinctly ; t esp. in phr.
renable of tongue. (Cf. REASONABLE a. 3.)
c 1290 Beket 1336 in S. Eng. Leg. I. i44'Non of heom ^ar
nas, ]>at he preisede muche f?is hei;e man for he so renabte
was. x»97 R. GLOUC. (Rolls) 8572 Renable nas he no^t of
tonge, ac of speche hastif. 1377 LANGL. P. Pi. B. Prol. 158
A raton of renon most renable of tonge. 1387 TREVISA
Higden (Rolls) VIII. 25 He was. .resonabel [v.r. renable,
renabel] of speche [L. eloquens], and wel i-lettred. 1:1400
Ywaine fy Gaiu. 209 Of long sho was trew and renable, And
of hir semblant soft and stabile, c 1460 Towneley Myst.
xxi. 1 10 Men calle hym a prophete, a lord fulle renabyll.
1781 J. HUTTON Tour to Caves (ed. 2) Gloss., Renable,
loquacious, and never at a stop or inconsistent in telling a
story. 1868 SEDGWICK Mem. Cowgill Chapel 72 (E. D. D.),
Some lassie who was bright and renable was asked to
read for the amusement of the party.
b. Of speech, etc. : Ready, fluent, plain.
1387 TREVISA Higden (Rolls) I. ii Noble spekers, bat ..
faire facounde and resonable [v.r. renable] speche folowed
and streynede all her lyf tyme. c 1400 tr. Secreta Secret. ,
Gov. Lordsh. 103 pe fiyfte [virtue], bat he be curtays..and
. . of renable speche. a 1450 MYRC 1008 Hast bou also
prowde I-be..for bow hast a renabulle tonge? 1643 BP.
tt.*\A. Devout Soul\\. (1646) 5 Not [he] that hath the most ren-
nible tongue (for prayer is not so much a matter of the lips,
as of the heart). 1674 N. FAIRFAX Bulk $ Selv. 33 We
choose the renablest words belonging to the former, where-
with to set forth the latter. 1895 E. Anglian Gloss*, Ren-
tta&Je, plain, easy to be understood.
f2. Reasonable, moderate. Obs. rare"1.
1340 Ayenb. 95 pyse ^ri binges byeb nyeduolle to alle ^e
Binges bet in b« erf>e wexe^. Guod molde, wocnesse noris-
synde, and renable hete.
Re'nably, adv. Obs. exc. dial. Also 4 ren-
ab(le)liche, 9 dial, runnably, [f. prec. + -L\' 2.]
1. Fluently, readily.
13. . Sir Beues (A.) 2974 Forjj l>er com on red! reke, pat
renabliche koube frensch speke. c 1386 CHAUCER Friar's T.
21 1 Som tyme we . . speke as renably and faire and wel As to
the Phitonissa dide Samuel. 1895 ^* dngtfan Gloss., Run-
nably^ currently ; smoothly ; without hesitation. Often
Renably in Suffolk.
f2. To a reasonable extent; moderately. Obs.~l
c 1315 SHOREHAM m. 19 pou schel haue..mete and clones
renableliche, And lyf ine herte blisce.
Renagado, obs. form of RENEGADO.
Renaissance (r/h^-sans, F. r^ngsaiis). [F.(
f. renaitre to be born again, after naissance birth:
cf. RENASCENCE.]
1. The great revival of art and letters, tinder the
influence of classical models, which began in Italy
in the I4th century and continued during the I5th
and i6th ; also, the period during which this move-
ment was in progress.
1845 FORD Handbk, Spain n. 745 At the bright period of
the Renaissance, when fine art was a necessity and per-
vaded every relation of life. 1854 LOWELL Keats Prose Wks.
1896 I. 244 In him we have an example of the renaissance
going on almost under our own eyes. 1873 PATER Renais-
sance 2 The word Renaissance indeed is now generally used
to denote. -a whole complex movement of which that revival
of classical antiquity was but one element or symptom.
b. etlipt. The style of art or architecture de-
veloped in, and characteristic of, this period.
1840 T. A. TROLLOPE Summer in Brittany II. 234 That
heaviest and least graceful of all possible styles, the * renais-
sance ' as the French choose to term it. 1851 RUSKIN
Stones Ven. I. i. 23 This rationalistic art is the art commonly
called Renaissance, marked by a return to pagan systems.
1859 JEPHSON & REEVE Brittany 268 The cathedral front
is a huge mass of barbarous Renaissance.
C. attrib. with architecture, building etc.
1851 RUSKIN Stones Ven, I. App. xi. 370 A choice little
piece of description this, of the Renaissance painters. 1857
— Pol. Econ. Art ii. 103 Verona possesses .. the loveliest
Renaissance architecture of Italy. 1860 G. A. SPOTTIS-
WOODE in Vac. 'I 'our 98 We. .contented ourselves with what
we saw of its heavy-looking renaissance buildings. 1882
RENAISSANT.
CAULFIELD & SAWARD Diet. Needlework, Renaissance
ISraid Wort.—'n\K is also known as Renaissance Lace.
2. Any revival, or period of marked improve-
ment and new life, in art, literature, etc.
1873 MORLEY Voltaire 4 Voltairism may stand for the
name of the Renaissance of the eighteenth century. 1883
Atltenxum 23 Dec. 857/2 The most satisfactory among the
signs of a theatrical renaissance.
Reiiai'ssant, a. rare. [a. F. renaissant, pres.
pple. of renallre : cf. RENASCENT.] = prec. i c.
1864 Miss COBBE Italics 14 The great artistic ages, classic
and Renaissant. 1886 Ch. Times 17 Sept. 686 Gothic is
most appropriate for ecclesiastical buildings and Renaissant
for gin-shops, theatres and restaurants.
Renal (n-nal), a. and sb. [a. F. rtnal, or ad.
late L. renalis, f. ren kidney : see REINS.]
A. adj. Of or pertaining to the reins or kidneys.
1656 BLOUNT Glossogr. s.v. Vein, Renal veins, the kidney
veins. 1704 J. HARRIS Lex. Techn. I, Renal Artery, is
27 By its ext ,
cleanses the renal passages. 1788 BAILLIE in Phil. Trans.
LXXVIII. 357 The renal capsules had undergone no change.
1840 E. WILSON Anat. Vade M. (1842) 309 The Renal
arteries are two large trunks given off from the sides of the
aorta. 1873 HUXLEY Physiol. v. 105 The renal excretion
has naturally an acid reaction.
B. sb. A renal artery.
1899 Allbntt's Syst. Med. VI. 274 In ten [cases] the upper
extremity lay between the inferior mesenteric and the renals.
t Re'naldry. Obs. rare~l. [f. Renaid, obs.
var. REYNARD + -KY : cf. obs. F. renarderie.]
Guile, cunning, craft.
16x3 tr. Passenger of Benvenuto \. iv. 269 She vsed all
malitious Renaldrie [It. volpina malitia] to the end I might
stay there this night.
Rename (r;-), v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To name
again ; esp. to give another or new name to.
a 1660 HAMMOND Serin. (1850) 423 By that odious re-nam-
ingof sin. 1665 J. WEBB Stone-Hengdj^di It isscarcely
worth re-naming, much less answering to. 1675 SHERBURNE
Sphere Manillas 66 [Philippi] afterwards renamed from
Philip.. its Reedifier. 1869 TOZER HigU. Turkey II. 354
The features of the district were renamed. 1897 Atlantic
Monthly LXXIX. 36 Then must we have a new vocabulary
and re-name the professions.
Re'nardine, a. rare—1, [f. Renard var. REY-
NARD.] Pertaining to Reynard the Fox. So f B«'-
nardism = REGNARDISM (Mount 1661).
1886 Athenxum ^ Aug. 165/2 There has been much learn-
ing expended.. on the question of why the lion was king in
the Renardine tales.
Renascence (rfn»-s£ns). Also 9 re- (n-).
[See RENASCENT and -ENCE.]
1. The process or fact of being born anew ; re-
birth, renewal, revival.
1737 EARBERY tr. But-net' s St. Dead 187 The Souls have
a kind of Renascence, or iroAiYY<f«fto, a new Life, a new
World, and all things new. 1837 COLERIDGE in Lit. Rent.
(1839) IV. 390 The perpetuity and continued re-nascence
and spiritual life of Christ.
2. = RENAISSANCE i.
1860 M. ARNOLD Cult, fy An. 159 The great movement
which goes by the name of the Renascence. [Note] I have
ventured to give to the foreign word Renaissance an English
form. 1874 GREEN Short Hist. vii. 390 Here, as elsewhere,
the Renascence found vernacular literature all but dead.
trans/. 1873 MORLEY Voltaire 5 The four-score volumes
which he wrote, are the monument, .of a new renascence.
t Rena'scency. Obs. [See next and -ENCY.]
= RENASCENCE i.
1664 EVELYN tr. Frearfs Archil. Ep. Ded. 34 This
[science] of Architecture.. ows her renascency amongst Us
to Your Majesties encouragements. Ibid, II. i. 91 A re-
nascency from his own Ashes like the Phoenix. 1683 SIR T.
BROWNE Chr. Mor. in. § 25 Job would not only curse the
day of his Nativity, but also of his Renascency.
Renascent (rfaarsent), a. and sb. [ad. L.
renascent-em, pres. pple. of renasci, f. re- RE- +
nascl to be born.] A. adj. That is being born
again, reviving, springing up afresh.
1737 BAILEY (vol. II), Renascent, springing up, or being
born again. 1747 Gentl. Mag. XVI 1.212/2 Caremust also be
taken to prevent any external impression on the renascent
bark. 1773 J. Ross Fratricide VI. 552 (MS.) To console
her cares, And give renascent vigour to her frame ! 1813
SOUTHEY Omniana II. 95 These are the first rudiments of
the renascent plant. 1849 THACKERAY Pendennis Ivi, Pen's
renascent desire to sec his little conquest again. 1883
SYMONDS Shaks. Predec. ii. (1900) 22 The genius of youth-
fulness, renascent,.. was dominant in that age.
B. sb. One who takes part in a renaissance.
1898 Amer. Jrnl. Philol. Apr. 115 This we owe to the
Greek renascents and to their maintenance of the best
standards— the three stars of Attic tragedy.
Rena-scible, a. rare-*, [f. L. renasc-t (see
prec.) + -IBLE.] Capable of being born or pro-
duced again (Johnson 1755). Hence Benasei-
bi'lity (Bailey 1721); Bena'seibleness (Bailey,
vol. II, 1727).
t Renash, v. 06s. rare-1. [Of obscure origin.]
intr. ? To toss the head.
c 1475 in A rchaeologia (1814) XVII. 293 A rayne of lethir
hungry tied fro the hors hede unto the girthis beeneth
betwene the ferthir bouse of the hors for renasshyng.
Renat(e, obs. forms of RENNET sb?-
tRena'te, ppl. a. Obs. rare. [ad. L. renat-us,
pa. pple. of renasci."\ Reborn, reincarnate.
440
I5?o I.KVINS Manip. 39/43 Renate, miatut. ri6l4
FLETCHER, etc. Wit at Scv. Weap. I. ii, And to confirm
yourself in me renate, I hope you'll find my wits legitimate !
1660 STANLEY Hist. Philos. ix. (1701) 428/2 So one man often
renate, is named /Uthalides, Euphorbus, Hermotimus,
Pyrrhus, and lastly Pythagoras.
tRena'te, v. Obs. rare. [f. L. renal-, ppl.
stem of renasci: see RENASCENT.] a. pass. To
be born again, b. intr. To form again.
c 1546 JOYE in Gardiner Declar. Joye (1546) 91 b, Thus we
electe, called & renated of the Spirit, know y" father in
Christ, a 1548 HALL Chron., Hen. yil 32 A pernicious
fable and ficcion..to feyne a dead man to be renated and
newely borne agayne. 1578 BANISTER Hist. Man vill. 104
The watrie humor being effused may renate or grow agayne. |
Bena-vigate, v. rare~°. [RE- 5 a.] To navi-
gate again. So Benaviga'tion (Phillips 1658).
1611 COTCK., Renavigcrt to renauigate, sayle backe, or
sayle ouer againe. 1613 in COCKERAM. 1711- in BAILEY
and later Diets. 1838-33 WEBSTER S.Y., To renavigate the
Pacific Ocean.
t Itenay, sb. Obs. Also reney, renye. [ad.
OF. reneit, pa. pple. of rentier: see next.] A
renegade, apostate.
13.. CoerdeL. 4070 Quod the renay: 'Mercy I crye ! '
1340 Ayenb. 19 He ys wel renay, |>et bet land |>et he halt of
hislhorde de(> in-to \x hond of his uyende. Ibid., Ine (>ri
maneres is man ycleped reney and uals cristen. f a 1400
Marie Arth. 2795 The renye relys abowte and rusches to
\K erthe, Roris fulle ruydlye, hot rade he no more.
t Renay, reny, v. Obs. Forms: a. 4 re-
nai(e, -aye, 4-6 renay, (5 renn-, reyn-) ; 4 re-
neie, 4-6 reney(e, 5 reneyhe. /3. 4-6 reny(e, |
6 rente, [a. OF. rentier, renter (rentier , etc.) :—
pop. L. rtnegare : see RENEGUE, and cf. DENY v.]
1. trans. To renounce, abjure (one's faith, God,
lord, etc.).
«. a tyMCursorM. 8995 Leuedis he luued,..pat did him
drightin to renai. a 1330 O lull 524 Me ne slant noujt of be
swich awe, fat (>ou sschalt make me reneie mi lawe. 1377
LANGL. P. PI. B. xi. 121 Though a Crystene man coueyted i
his Crystenedome to reneye [etc.]. c 1400 MAUNDEV. (Roxb.)
xi. 42 pe emperour lulyan Appstata, whilk reynayd and !
forsuke Cristen fayth. c 1440 CAPCRAVE Life St. Kath. iv. I
976 We haue heere a mayde whiche with obstinacye Re-
neyeth [v.r. reneyhithe] oure lawes. c I47S Parlenay 2173
Me moste here-After our lord to renay, And in sarisine lau
beleue. 1534 MORE Com/, agst. Trib. ill. Wks. 1212/1 Hee
. . geueth . . parte to suche as willinglye will reney their faith.
(1900 RALEIGH Milton 219 He renayed his ancestry.]
absol. 1340 Ayenb. 19 Albaa he by be his zigginge cristen,
he renayb be dede. c 1380 WYCLIF Sel. Wks. III. 371 Lest
I . . be drawen to renaye, and sey, Who is Lord ?
ft. 1375 BARBOUR Bruce ix. 739 Thow has a quhill renyit
thifay. c iqooSomdone Bab. 1254, 1 shalle.. make the to renye
thy laye. 1483 CAXTON Gold. Leg. 20/2 It is redde in this-
toryes, whan he renyed and forsoke our Lord [etc.]. 151 x
Guylforde's Pilgr. (Camden) 44 He shall be compelled m-
contynentlye to renye his fayth and crystendome. 1579
J. STUBBES Gaping Gulf C iv, The king of Nauarre.-had I
felt the poynt thereof if he had not to hys honour, .renied
hys God. 1603 WARNER Alb. Eng. xi. Ixix. 285 For that
thow should'st reny thy Faith, and her thereby possesse,
The Soldan did capitulat.
reJI. 1549 CHALONER Erasm. on Folly M ij b, They dishort
vs from sinne, but I renie myselfe, if euer they coulde cun- i
ningly diffine, what that should be, we call sinne.
b. To recant (an opinion). Also absol.
a 1539 SKELTON Replyc. 87 Fayne were ye to reny, And
mercy for to cry, Or be brende by and by. c 1533 Song in
Strype Eccl. Mem. (1721) I. App. xliv. 121 Which opynions
wer good for thee to renay.
2. a. To deny, disown (an utterance). rarc~*.
c 1440 Partonope 1835 That I haue sayde In no wyse for
me shall be renayed {printed remayedj.
b. To deny the truth of (a statement).
1510-10 Compl. too late maryed (1862) 16 For to saye that
therin is servage In maryage, but I it reny, For therin is
but humayne company. 1513 Helyas in Thorns Prose Rom.
(1828) III. 66 She blusshedall red, ..but not withstandinge
she wende well assuredly to have renied al the case.
3. a. To refuse, decline (a gift), rare.
13. . Gain. If Gr. Knt. 1821 Ho ra}t hym a riche rynk [ =
ring], .Bot be renk hit renayed, &. .sayde, ' I wil no giftez
for gode '.
D. To refuse to do something, rare ~I.
c 1480 SKELTON Death Earl Northumbld. 78 The commons
renyed ther taxes to pay Of them demaunded and asked by
the kynge ; With one voice importune they plainly sayd nay.
t Renayed, renred, ///. a. Obs. [f. prec.
+ -ED1, after OF. reneit: see RENAY sbl\ Apo-
state, renegade.
a 1300 Cursor M. 23111 Wreches mistruand, pat renaid ar
traiturs and fals. 13.. St. Erkenwolite n in Horstm.
Altengl. Leg. (1881) 266 }>ene wos this reame renaide mony
ronke jeres. c 1380 Sir Ferunib. 4673 If Fyrumbras may
beo taan, bat ilke false reneyed man. a 1400 Pistill of
Susan 198 po Ros vp with rancour J»e Renkes reneyed. 1585
T. WASHINGTON tr. NJcholay's Voy. I. xi. 13 b, This Caddi
was a renyed Christian. 1590 SIR I. SMYTHE Disc. cone.
Weapons 41 b, The lanissaries . . being Christian mens
children renied.
t Renaying, vbl. sb. Obs. [f. RENAY v. +
-ING 1.] The action of renouncing or abjuring.
a 1300 Cursor M. 29406 If he in renaijng lijs, efter bat
he es monest thris. £1386 CHAUCER Pars. T. F 719 Reney-
ing of god and hate of his neighebors. c 1440 Jacob's Well
131 On.. is renaying ; whan a man forsakyth god, & be*
comyth a iewe or a sarazene. 1519 MORE Dyaloge II. Wks.
179/1 It was a plaine renaying of Christes faith to doo anye
obseruaunce therto.
t Renayrie, renoyrie. Obs. rare. [a. OF.
reneierie, renoierie : see RENAY v.] Apostacy.
RENCOUNTER.
1340 Ayenb. 17 He him to-delt> in (iri little bo?« . . be bridde
[isjrenoyrye. Ibid. 19 pe Jiridde ontreube (>ct com(> of
prede ys renayrie.
Rence, Sc. variant of RAINES Obs.
Hence, rench, obs. or dial, forms of RINSE v.
Rench, obs. form of WRENCH v.
t Re'ncian. Obs. rare. [a. OF.rentten (Godef.),
of obscure origin.] Some kind of cloth.
a 1373 Luite Ron 106 in O. E. Misc. 96 Ne byt he wi(> f>e
lond ne leode, Vouh ne gray ne rencyan. c 1375 Serving
Christ 70 in O. E. Misc. 92 Ne geyneb vs..pe robes of
russet ne of rencyan.
Rencky : see RENKY a.
Rencontre (renkp'ntai, F. rankontr'),si. Also
8 -countre, 9 -center, [a. F. rencontre (ijth c.),
vbl.sb. f.rencontrer: seenext and cf. RENCOUNTERS*.
The form is given by Blount (1656, etc., copying Cotgrave),
but later Dictionaries down to the Webster of 1864 recognize
only rencounter.]
1. — RENCOUNTER *i. 3.
1619 in Eng. fy Germ. (Camden) 95 The nice termes his
Ma'l standeth in with the French King . . makes it necessary
to acquaint you with a rencontre I had at Antwerp. 1705
VANBRUGH Country House \. iv, Baron. We have not seen
one another since we were schoolfellows before. Marquis.
The happiest rencontre I i788MME.D'ARBLAYZ>/ary2 Aug.,
One of the letters.. was written just after I had communi-
cated to her my singular rencontre with this lady. 1845
STOCQUELER Handbk. Brit. India (1854) 82 The accidental
rencontre of a vessel homeward bound awakens family re-
collections. 1884 ' H. COLLINGWOOD ' Under Meteor flag
117 The rencontre was disagreeable, and, to shorten it as
much as possible, Isabel .. turned back.
b. Her. (See quots.)
The existence of the use in Eng. is doubtful ; quot. 1727-
38 is ultimately derived from the Diet. Unrversel of
Furetiere (1690).
1735 COATS Diet. Her., Rencontre, or au Rencontre, is a
French Phrase signifying, that the Face of a Beast stands
right forward, as if it came to meet the Person before it.
1727-38 CHAMBERS Cycl., Rencountre or rencontre, in
heraldry is applied to animals when they show the head in
front, with both eyes, etc. Ibid., He bears sable, in ren-
countre, a golden fleece.
2. = RENCOUNTER sb. i.
1688 in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. 11. IV. 154 Then had happened
a rencontre betwixt a party of his Majesty's Army and that
of the Prince of Orange. 1803 MRQ. WELLESLEY in Gurw.
Wellington's Desp. (1838) II. 609 note, I have not yet dis-
covered whether the battle was occasioned . . by an acci-
dental rencontre of the armies before the truce had com-
menced. 1834 SILLIMAN Tourfr. Hartford to Quebec (ed. 2)
157 note, Lord Howe. .was killed near Ticonderoga. .in a
renconter the day preceding the. .assault.
b. = RENCOUNTER sb. i b.
1754 RICHARDSON Grandison (1781) III. xxviii. 293, I re-
ferred to my known resolution of long standing, to avoid a
meditated rencontre with any man. 1773 Chron. in Ann.
Reg. 125/2 A rencontre has just happened . . between the
Marquis de Fleury..and an officer. .. They fought with
pistols. i8»6 SCOTT Woodst. xxyii, Perhaps there mingled
with his resolution a secret belief that such a rencontre
would not prove fatal. 1848 THACKERAY Van. Fair Iv,
The secret of the rencontre between him and Colonel
Crawley was buried in the profoundest oblivion.
c. = RENCOUNTER sb. i c.
1666-7 PEPYS Diary 18 Feb., He was mighty witty, and
she also making sport with him very inoffensively, that a
more pleasant rencontre I never heard. 1874 C GEIKIE
Life in Woods xxi, I was very much amused at a rencontre
between the ' captain '..and one of the passengers( who.,
had come on board without having money to pay his fare.
3. = RENCOUNTER sb. 2. 1 0bs.
1677 GALE Crt. Gentiles iv. 11. ix. I. 476 The affaires of
war : wherein oft the most inconsiderable rencontres or
occurrences produce the greatest changements. 1770 in
Jesse Selmyn <J- Contemp. (1844) III. 3 By the. .despair and
misery which the poor waggoner testified on this unlucky
rencontre, I guessed we had done some great mischief.
t RencO'ntre, i>. Obs. rare. Also 7 -ter.
[ad. F. rencontrer: see RENCOUNTER V.] trans.
a. Toencounter.tomeetwith. b.To oppose, reverse.
1654 Nicholas Papers (Camden) II. 67, I was sloped be
the manie disorders and deficulties that I rencontred at my
first commine. 1680 HICKERINGILL Ceremony-Monger v.
Wks. 1716 II. 427 To Ranconter and Ruffle the whole
course of Nature, and make Heaven a Pair of Stairs to HelL
Rencounter (renkau'ntai), sb. Also 6 ren-
conter, -eountre, 7 rancounter, -tre. [ad. I" .
rencontre : see prec. and cf. RE-ENCOUNTEB rf.]
L An encounter or engagement between two
opposing forces ; a battle, skirmish, conflict.
1533 LD. BERNERS Froiu. I. Ixxxiv. 106 At the first ren-
counter many were ouerthrowen. 1563 J. SHUTE tr. Cam-
bints Turk. Wars 56 Amorathe and Aladino..m the ren-
countre that they had with Selim [etc.]. 1588 ALLEN
Admon. 59 Recounte all the .. rencounters of a very fewe
Catholikes against the heretikes and rebelles in Flanders.
1633 LITHGOW Trav. ix. 419 Tartars are not .. so manly
as the Polonians, who counter-blow them at rancounters.
1683 LUTTRELL Brief R el. (1857) I. 169 There lately hap-
pened a rancounter between some forces of the French.,
and some Spaniards. 1709 STEELE Taller No. 28 T 8 There
are mentioned several Rencounters between . . Detachments
of the Swedish and Russian Armies. 1781 JEFFERSON Corr.
Wks. 1859 I. 288 Three little rencounters have happened
with the enemy. 1865 CARLYLE Fredk. Gt. xxi. iv. (1872) X.
36 The Russian Armies had only to show themselves to beat
the Turks in every rencounter.
b. A hostile meeting or encounter between two
adversaries; a duel; t sometimes spec, (after French
usage) distinguished from a regular duel by being
unpremeditated. Also without article.
RENCOUNTER.
1590 SPENSER F. Q. in. i. 9 He gan to feare His toward
perill, . .Which by that new rencounter he should reare.
1676 D'UkFEY Mme. Fickle n. i, Pox on't, a Rencounter is
nothing when thou art us'd to't. 1709 STF.ELE Tatler
No. 39 F 7 A Rencounter or Duel was. .far from being in
Fashion among the Officers that serv'd in the Parliament-
Army. 1753 HANWAY Trav. (1762) II. i. i. 3 Duelling is
often deemed a rencounter, and as such is pardoned. 1816
SCOTT Antiq. xx, We will dine together and arrange matters
for this rencounter. I hope you understand the use of the
weapon. 1838 PRESCOTT Ferd. fy fs. (1846) I. viii. 359 The
latter were wont to repair to Granada to settle their affairs
of honour, by personal rencounter.
transf. 1652 NEEDHAM tr. SeMtn's Mare Cl. Ep. Ded.,
Our late Wars, wherein the Pen Militant hath had as many
sharp rancounters as the Sword. 1665 D. LLOYD State
Worthies (1766) II. 528 There had been before some ran-
counters or pen combats betwixt him and Dr. Heylin. 1681
HICKERINGILL Def. FnlhuoofCs Leges Anglise 16 Now for
the Rancounter, as thy war-like word is.
o. An encounter or contest of any kind ; in early
use, esp. a contest in wit or argument.
1632 LITHGOW Trav. ix. 386 The Sycilians..are full of
witty sentences, and pleasant in their rancounters. 1660
JER. TAYLOR Duct. Dubit. i. ii. rule 3 § 10 The witty ren-
counters of disputing men. 1672 MARVELL Reh. Transp.
I. 166 If so I should, as often it happens in such Ren-
counters, not onely draw Mr. Bayes, but J. O. too upon my
back. 1755 J. SHEBBEARE Lydia (1769) I. 47 We have a
right to lard our history with rencounters and conquests of ,
these voracious animals. 1830 N. S. WHEATON Jrnl. 69 \
Few quarrels and rencounters happened among the boys.
1880 MEREDITH Tragic Cow, (i860 6 That unequal ren-
counter between foolish innocence and the predatory.
fig. 1785 MMF. D'ARBLAV Let. 17 Dec., My next business
..was to be presented [to the king].. I had only to prepare
myself for the rencounter.
td. Antithesis. Obs. rare*1.
1589 PUTTENHAM Eng. Poesie HI. xix. (Arb.) 219 Ye haue
another figure.. which.. we may call the encounter [marg-n
Antitheton, or the renconter].
f 2. The fact of meeting or falling in with some-
thing unpleasant ; an unpleasant experience. Obs.
1600 BIBLE (Douay) i Kings v. 4 But now our Lord my j
God hath geven me rest rownd about : there is no satan, nor !
it rencounter. 1632 LITHGOW Trav. n. 62 The Turkes.. !
were mind full to giue vs the new rancounter of a second
alarum. 1682 SIR T. BROWNE Chr. Mor. in. § 23 Our hard
entrance into the World, our miserable going out of it, our
..sad Rencounters in it.
3. A chance meeting of two persons, or of a per-
son with a thing. Also transf. (quot. 1685).
1631 LITHGOW Trav. x. 488 My formalists durst neuer
attempt, .any passing countenance in our rancounters. •
1685 CROWNE Sir C. Nice in. 30 My eyes and the picture j
had never any rencounter since. 1718 MORGAN Algiers II. <
v. 31^ Millions of People dre.id the Rencounter of an
Algerme as they would that of a crew of Daemons. 1748
SMOLLETT Rod. Rand, xvi, I was so well pleas'd with this
rencounter.. that I forgot my resentment. 1794 GODWIN
Cal. Williams 46 At sight of Mr. Tyrrel in this unexpected
rencounter, his face reddened with indignation. 1816 SCOTT
Old Mori, iv, The casual rencounter had the appearance of
a providential interference. 1876 T. HARDY Etkelberta
(1890)408 Perhaps at this remote season the embarrassment
of a rencounter would not have been intense.
b. A meeting of two things or bodies ; an im-
pact, collision. Also without article, and transf.
Now rare or Obs.
1662 STILLINGFL. Orig. Sacrae \\\. i. § 8 By their frequent
rancounters and justlings one upon another, they at last link
themselves together. 1691-8 NORRIS Proct. Disc. (1711)
III. 38 In the various Rencounter of Bodies knocking and
jostling one against another. 1704 SWIFT T. Tub xi, My ;
nose and this very Post should have a Rencounter. 1723
CHAMBERS tr. Le Clerc's Treat. Archit. I. 67 Projecting ,
Bodies, just at its own height.. seem to menace the Eye
with a Rencounter. 1779 MANN in Phil. Trans. LXIX.
619 When two equal currents of homogeneous fluids meet in
opposite directions, there is first a swelling and rising up ,
of them at the point of rencounter. 1794 SULLIVAN View \
Nat. I. 92 In this theory, Doctor Hutton wisely steers clear
of a rencounter with the sun.
f4. (Also vessel of 'rencounter.} A retort. Obs. \
1694 SALMON Bates Dispens. (1713) 180/1 Cover the '
Cucurbit with a Vessel of Rencounter, luting it well. 1727
BRADLEY Fain. Diet. s.v. Age, Fit a Rencounter to the long
Neck, lute the Junctures very close.
Rencounter (renkau*ntai), v. Now rare.
Also 6-8 rancounter. [ad. F. rencontrer: cf. prec.
and REENCOUNTER &."]
1. trans. To meet or encounter (an army, person,
etc.) in hostile fashion ; to engage (one) in fight.
*$03-4 Act 19 Hen. VII, c. 34 Preamble, With the Kinges
hooste roialL.they were rencountered, vaynquesshed, dis-
persed. 1590 SPENSER F. Q. i. iv. 39 But thl Elfin knight,.,
him rencountring fierce, reskewd the noble pray. 1620-55
I. TONES S/pw-//^ (1725) 31 Boadicia.. bearing down all
before her till rencountred by Suetonius. 1684 Scanderbeg
Rediv. iv. 90 Forced him to return back into the Battel,
where General Sobieski with a party Rencountred him.
t b. intr. To encounter each other in battle.
."59" J[AS. I Lepanto n Betwixt the baptiz'd race And
circumcised Turband Turkes, Rencountring in that place.
2. trans. To meet or fall in with (a person, etc.).
1549 Compl. Scot. Ded. 7 The historigraphours rehersis of
ane pure man of perse, quha be chance rencountrit kyng
danus. 1574 Reg. Privy Council Scot. 1 1. 404 A schip of the
toun of Tweisk..and ane uther schip. .wer in thair dew
cours rancounterit and takin be a schip of weare. 1672
SHADWELL Miser v. iii, I wonder who those fellows were we
rancounter'd last night. 1696 AUBREY Misc. 72 A Minister
walking over the Park to give Sir John Warre a visit, was
rencountred by a venerable old man. 1889 STEVENSON
Master of B. 97 On the occasion I had the good fortune to
rencounter you at Durris-deer.
VOL. VIII.
441
fb. intr. Const, with. Qhs.
1632 LITHGOW Trav. vii. 330 To my great contentment, I
rancountred here with a countrey Gentleman of mine.
Ibid. vin. 373 Vpon theseauenth day, wee rancountred with
another soyle. 1644 SIR W. MURE Let. Wks. (S.T. S.)
Introd. 16 We are now lying before Newcastle engaiged
anew to rancounter wl new dangers. 1676 Row Contn.
Blairs Autobiog. xii. (1848)475 The English rencounters
with the Dutch Smyrna fleet . .and takes some of them.
O. To meet each other.
1802 LD. CAMPBELL £*/. in Life (1881) I. \oo They had
arrived before me, but through some misunderstanding we
never rencountered.
T 3. trans. To come into contact or collision with.
1671 R. BOHUN Wind 38 The Repulse or Antiperistasis,
which the hot and dry exhalations meet with by ran-
countring the cold Clouds. 1685 J. SCOTT Chr. Life \\. 146
Men wander about in the dark, and justle and rancounter
one another. 1695 BLACKMORE Pr. Arth. vir. 544 Swords
clashing Swords, and Shields rencountring Shields.
b. intr. To come together, collide. Obs.
1712 BLACKMORE Creation i. (ed. 2) 8 Could stupid Atomes
. . From Regions opposite begin their Flight, That here
they might Rencounter, here Unite? 1794 G. ADAMS
Nat. <y Exj>. Philos. II. xvi. 239 The balls will seem to
rencounter and pass over each other.
f 4. To move counter to something. Obs. rare~l.
1689 T. PLUNKET Char. Gd, Commander 28 Ran-counter
to the counter-part, and you Perchance some un-expected
thing may do.
Hence Rencoirntering vbl. sb. and ppl. a.
1632 LITHGOW Trav. x. 505 There is a certaine place of sea,
where these destracted tydes make their rancountering Ran-
deuouze, that whirleth euer about. 1720 SWIFT Mod. Educ.
Wks. 1755 II. n. 35 What a figure he would make at asiege
or blockade or rencountering.
t Rencq, obs. variant of RANK sb.^
1585 Q. ELIZABETH in Four Cent. Eng. Lett. (1880) 29 It
becometh, therefor, all our rencq to deale sincerely.
Rend, sb. [f. the verb : cf. RENT sb^\
1 1. A rent, split, division. Obs. rare.
1670 BAXTER Cure Ch. Div. 381 O what rends and ruins
had it prevented in the Christian world ? a 1674 CLARENDON
Hist. Rcb. xiv. § 99 There appeared such a rend among the
Officers of the Army, that the Protector was compelled to
displace many of them.
2. techn. (See quots.)
1704 J. HARRIS Lex. Techn. I, Rends in a Ship, are the
same as the Seams between her Planks, c 1850 Ritdim.
Navig. (Weale) 140 Rends, large open splits or shakes in
timber, .by its being exposed to the wind and sun.
Rend (rend), v± Pa. t. and pa.pple. rent.
Forms : i rendan (hrendan), 3-4 renden, 4-5
rende, (4 reende, 5 -yn, reynd), 6- rend.
Pa. t. 3 rend(d)e, 3-6 rente, 4- rent. Pa.pple.
3 i-rend, 6-7, 9 rended; 5-6 rente, 4- rent.
See also RENT i>. [OE. rendan ="t)Fris. reneta,
randa (mod.Fris. renne, ranne), not represented
in the other Tent, languages.]
1. trans, a. To tear, to pull violently or by
main force, off, out of, or from a thing or place ;
to tear off or away.
£-930 Lindisf. Gosp. Mark xi. 8 O<5ero..3a twiggo..^ebu-
gun vel rendon of 'fcem trewum. a 1225 Ancr. R, 148 Heo
haue3 bipiled mine figer— irend of al J?e rinde. 13.. Gaw.
ff Gr. Knt, 1332 Sy|?en rytte bay be foure lymmes, & rent of
l>e hyde. c 1386 CHAUCER Wtffs Prol. 635 He smoot me
ones. . For bat I rente out of his book a leef. c 1400 Destr.
Troy 8518 pen Andromaca for dol. .rent of hir clothis. 1573
TUSSER Hiisb.(\ty%) 123 Not rendfisSo rent]off,but cut off,
ripe beane with a knife. 1596 SPENSER F. Q. v. v. 6 As if she
had intended Out of his breast the very heart have rended.
a 1661 FULLER Worthies (1840) III. 94 Being so rudely rent
off, it hath.. defaced his monument. 1697 DRYDEN l^irg.
Georg. i. 455 The Rocks are from their old Foundations
rent. 1760-72 H. BROOKE Fool ofQual. (1809) I. 27 He ..
began to cut and rip and rend away the lacings of his suit.
1807 WORDSW. White Doe i. 124 Altar, whence the cross was
rent. 1863 HAWTHORNE Our Old Home (1870) 362, 1 seemed
to rend away and fling off the habit of a lifetime.
fig. 1613 SHAKS. Hen. VIII, i. ii-93 We must not rend our
Suoiects from our Lawes, and sticke them in our Will.
b. To take forcibly KWVfJrom a person.
1611 BIBLE i Kings xi. n, I wil surely rend the kingdome
from thee. 1632 LITHGOW Trav. ix. 394 This Kingdome
after it was rent from the Romanes, remained in subiection
vnderthe French. 1x1730 SEWEL///^. Qnakers{-i^^\. iv. 341
So shall thy government be rent from thee and tny house.
c. To rap (or rive) and rend: see RAP v.3 i b
and RIVE v.
2. To tear, wrench, drag up or down.
a 1225 Leg, Kath. 2152 [He bade] burhdriuen hire titles
WiS irnene neiles, & renden ham up. . wiS be breoste roten.
£1386 CHAUCER Knt,*$T. 132 Hewan the Citee..And rente
adoun bothe wall and sparre and rafter. £1400 Destr. Troy
12511 Cut down [were] f>ere sailes, Ropis al to rochit, rent
vp the hacches. c 1485 Digby Myst. (1882) in. 1083 Pe fowle
wedes and wycys, I reynd vp be J>e rote. 1513 DOUGLAS
s&ntis ii. viii. 16 Troianis agane, schaipand defence to mak,
Rent turrettis doun. 1650 FULLER Pisgak ii. 56 God rent
them up by the roots in the days of Pekah. 1733 BUDGELL
Bee IV. 437 Whose daring Sons, by wild Ambition driv'n,
Rent up the Hills, and lifted Earth to Heav'n.
3. To tear apart (asunder} or in pieces.
c 950 Lindisf. Gosp. Luke xiii. 7 HrendaszW scearfaS. .hia
[Rushw. ceorfas vel rendas ; L. succidite illfini\. 1297 R.
GLOUC. (Rolls) 5871 Lute vuel J>o3te he. bo me is wombe
rende. a 1300 K. Horn 727 pe fiss M bi net rente, i*. .
E. E. Allit. P. C. 527 For he M is to rakel to renden his
Cleopatra^ He rent [=rendeth] the seyl with hokys lyk
BEND.
I a sithe. £1420 Antur* of Arth. 317 For him |>at rewfully
rase(< and rente was one rude, c 1450 Merlin 26 Than
j Vortiger . . made hem to be rente and drawen a-sonder.
XS3S COVERDALE i Sam, xv. 27 He gat him byy8edgeofhis
garment & rente it. 1591 SPENSER M. Hubberd 1370 Upon
! those gates.. he fiercely flewe, And, rending them in pieces
[etc.]. 1645 HOWELL Twelve Treat. (1661) 331 The graue
Venerable Bishop . . fetcht such a sigh, that would haue
rended a rock asunder. 1697 DRYDEN Virg. Georg. in. 422
She tears the Harness, and she rends the Rein. 1720 POPE
Iliad XVIL 363 The Telamonian lance his belly rends. 1784
COWPER Task vi. 411 Through generous scorn To rend a
i victim trembling at his foot. 1820 W. IRVING Sketch Bk. I.
I 17 At times the black volume of clouds over head seemed
, rent asunder by flashes of lightning. 1860 TYNDALL Glac.
i. vi. 42 The glacier, .is rent by deep fissures. 1872 MORLEY
i Voltaire (1886) 7 A banner that was many a time rent but
! was never out of the field.
t). To tear (one's clothes or hair) in token of
I r^ge, grief, horror, or despair.
a 1225 Juliana 70 pa be reue iseh bis, he rende his claSes.
c 1330 King of Tars 99 Whon the soudan this iherde . . His
robe he rente adoun. c 1385 CHAUCER L. G. W. 870 Thisbe%
Who koude write., how hire heere she rente. £1450 Merlin
195 Than a squyer that saugh hym . . com cryinge and betynge
his hondes to-geder, and rendinge his heer. a 1591 H. SMITH
Wks. (1867) IT 65 The man of Benjamin came .. with his
clothes rent, and dust upon his head, in token of heaviness.
1730 YOUNG Par. Job 17 His friends.. In anguish of their
, hearts their mantles rent. 17*59 SIR W. JONES Palace For-
tune Poems (1777) 29 She rends her silken robes, and golden
hair, a 1839 rRAED Poems (1864) II. 308 Lo, they will weep,
and rend their hair.
C. To wear out (clothes) by tearing, rare—1.
1596 SHAKS. Merck. V. n. v. 5 Thou shalt not gurmandi/e
..And sleepe, and snore, and rend apparrell out.
d. techn. To make (laths) by cleaving wood
along the grain into thin strips ; also, to strip
(trees) of bark.
1688 [Implied in lath-render]. 1825 J. NICHOLSON Opcrat.
Mechanic 612 The following is the method of rending or
splitting laths. 1859 T. L. DONALDSON Handbk. Specifica-
tions 137 The laths are to be rended out of the nest.. fir
timber. 1893 BARING-GOULD Curgenven xiv, The stools of
coppice . . were of some five years* growth since last ' rended '
for bark.
4. To tear apart or in pieces, Vfrfig. applications;
in later use, esp. to split into parties or factions.
£•1380 WYCLIF Sel. Wks. III. 441 Fals men multiplier!
mony bokes of pe Chirche, nowe reendynge byleve, and
nowe clowtyng heresies. 1531 ELYOT Gov. HI. xxii, He ther-
fore was rente with curses and rebukes of the people. 1591
SHAKS. Two Gent. v. iv. 47 For whose deare sake, thou didst
then rend thy faith Into a thousand oathes. 1610 DONNE
Pseudo-martyr 285 Hereupon arose such a schisme, as rent
that country into very many parts. 1697 DRYDEN Virg.
Georg. iv. 309 The Commons live, by no Divisions rent.
a 1715 BURNET Own Time \\, (1724) I. 274 He saw both
Church and State were rent. 17^7 BURKE Abridgm. Eng.
Hist. Wks. X. 421 Popes and anti-popes arose. Europe was
rent asunder by these disputes. 1838 PRESCOTT Ferd. $ Is.
(1846) I. v. 246 Navarre .. still continued to be rent with
those sanguinary feuds. 1876 HOLLAND Seu. Oaks xiv. 195
While men are about to rend each others reputations.
b. Used to denote the effect of sounds, esp. loud
noises, on the air.
1602 SHAKS. Hant. 11. ii. 509 Anon the dreadfull Thunder
Doth rend the region. 1667 MILTON P. L. xii. 182 Thunder
mixt with Haile . . must rend th' Egyptian Skie. 1697 DRYDEN
i Yirg. Georg. \. 557 Then, thrice the Ravens rend the liauid
Air. 1738 GRAY Propertius iii. 47 While the vaulted Skies
: loud los rend. 1844 THIKLWALL Greece Ixiv. VIII. 318 A
shout of joy rent the air.
c. To lacerate (the heart, soul, etc.) with painful
feelings.
a 1591 H. SMITH Serin. (1637) 614 His heart is not rent, his
mind is not troubled. 1666 BUNYAN Grace Ab. § 104 That
Scripture did also tear and rend my soul. 1766 GOLDSM.
Hermit xl, The sigh that rends thy constant heart Shall
break thy Edwin's too. 1877 ' RITA ' Vi-vienne ni. vii, His
strong frame rent and shaken by a storm of emotion. 1891
E. PEACOCK N. Brendan II. 87 Her heart was rent by con-
tending emotions.
5. absol. To tear; to act by tearing.
£•1250 Gen. .5- Ex. 3506 Ne slo 5u nogt wi5 bond ne wil,
Ne rend, ne beat nogt wiS vn-skiL 1388 WYCLIF Jer. xv.
3 A swerd to sleeynge, and doggis for to reende. 1:1400
Destr. Troy 10209 He hurlit of helmys, hedis within, Rent
thurgh ribbis. 1607 SHAKS. Cor. in. i. 248 Whose Rage doth
rend Like interrupted Waters. 1641 MILTON Ch. Govt. i. vi.
Wks. i SsiIH. i aa If schisme parted the congregations before,
now it rent and mangl'd. 1818 SHELLEY yttlian 357 The
dagger heals not, but may rend again. 1876 BLACK IE &?*(£?
Kelig. <$• Life 240 Never cast your pearls to swine, Who turn,
and rend and trample.
6. intr. To burst, split, break, or tear. Alsoyff.
c 1205 LAY. 7849 Scipen gunnen helden, bosmes J>er rendden,
water in wende. £1470 Golagros 4- Gaw. 691 Ryngis of
rank steill rattilHt and rent. 1578 T. PROCTOR Gorg. Gallery
B iij, I should . . heale that hart that rendes. 1589 R. HARVEY
PL Perc. (1590) 25 My shoe shall rend. 1611 BIBLE i Sam.
xv. 27 He laid hold vpon the skirt of his mantle, and it
rent. 1632 LITHGOW Trav. vi. 268 The Rocke, which (as
they say) rent at his crucifying. 1705 HICKERINGILL Priest'
cr. i, Wks. 1716 III. 59 Samuel's Cassock, made of rotten
black Cloath, perhaps, or else it would not have rent. 176*
FALCONER Shifwr. n. 245 The mizen rending from the bolt-
rope flew. 1830 W. TAYLOR Hist. Surv Germ. Poetry I.
277 The veil of the temple rends; an earthquake is felt.
1840 LYELL Princ. Geol. II. ii. vii. 79 The walls of tene-
ments rending and sinking, until a deep chasm . . was formed.
Hence Re'uded///. a.lt torn, rent.
1856 R. A. VAUGHAN Mystics (1860) I. 116 Bernard had
farther the satisfaction .. of sewing together .. the rended
vesture of the papacy. 1872 YEATS Techn. Htst. Comm.
305 Straw for plaiting has recently been supplemented.. by
the rended leaves of palms.
56
BEND.
Bend, ».2 Obs. exc. dial. [f. rend-, stem of F.
rendre RENDER v. 1 7 a : cf. RAND v .* and RIND z>.]
toww. To melt; to produce by melting. Hence
Be-nded///. a.2
a 1340 HAMPOLE Psalter cv. 19 pe kalfe bat rendid, be
ydolTai made. 1558 Wills f, Inv. N. C. (Surtees r835) 167, ,
lj great cakes of rended tallowe xxxim. llljrf. 1641 BEST
Farm. Bks. (Surtees) 30 In makinge of your salve, yow are
first to rendc or melte your tallowe in a panne.
Bender (re-ndw), sbl [f. REND ».l + -ERl.J
One who rends or tears. (Cf. lath-render^
1586 A. DAY Eng. Secretary n. (1595) 92 wh>e do« y°u thus
vngratefullie . . become . . wretched renders and tearers of your
mothers bowels? 1634 CANNE Necess. Sefar. (1849) 92 The
most part of Israel judged them to be renders of the unity
of the kirk. 1660 GAUDEN Bnwnrig 240 Our renders will
needs be our reformers and repairers.
Bender (re-ndaj), sb? Also 4 rendre, 8 Sc.
rander. [f. RENDER z>.]
fl. A lesson, repetition. Obs. rare-'1.
ci3»5 in Rel. Ant. I. 292 Qwan i kan mi lesson [to] mi
meyster wil i gon, That heres me mi rendre.
•f 2. The act of rendering up, or making over to
another; surrender (of a person or place). Obs.
In the Digby Jlfyst. (1882) iv. 301 sure render is prob. a |
mistake for surrender.
1548 GEST Pr. Masse in H. G. Dugdale Life (1840) App. i. \
98, I meane the applyall and render of the benefyghtes of ,
Christis deth and resurrection, c '600 SHAKS. Sonn. cxxv, ,
Take thou my oblacion, poore but free, Which, .knows no
art But mutuall render, onely mee for thee. 1611 SPEED
Hist. Gt. Brit. ix. xii. § 107. 580/2 Hee also tooke sundry
places of speciall importance, some by render, some by
assault. 1650 R. STAPYLTON Strada'sLowC. Warres vni. 2
The enemies conquest was followed with the present surrender
of Middelburg.. .By which Render Mondragonio gained
such honour as we seldome read parallelled, c 1670 HOBBES
Dial. Com. Laws (1681)65 If any Man would render himself
to the Judgment of the King, where the King hath com-
mitted all nis power judicial to another, such a render
should be to no effect
3. Law. a. (Usu. grant and render : cf. the vb.
3 b.) A return made by the cognizee to the cog-
nizor in a fine ; a conveyance of this nature.
For legal details see esp. Cruise Digest (:8i8) V. 1076".
[1581 KITCHIN Le Covrte Leete, etc. 153 Fine sur graunt
& render, per que le conisee graunt & render al conisour
les terres en taile.] 1594 WEST ind Pt. Symbol. § 52 A
Tenant for life may not without danger to lose his estate,
be cognisor in a fine upon grant and render. 1618 COKE
On Lift. 353 Here it is proved by Littleton, that the grant
and render, .is not void. '651 tr. Sir J. Dames' Abridg.
Reports n. 41 A fine with grant and render implies a con-
sideration in it selfe. i7»7-3* CHAMBERS Cycl. s. v., A fine
with render is that whereby something is rendered back
again by the cognisee to the cognisor. 1773 SALKELD
Reports s.v. Fines 3 G, Fine and Render is a conveyance at
Common Law and the Render makes the Conusor a new
Purchaser. 1818 CRUISE Digest (ed. 2) V. 108 In a fine
of this sort, the render must be made of the lands demanded
in the original writ, or of something issuing out of those
lands.
b. A return in money or kind, or in some service,
made by a tenant to the superior.
1647 N. BACON Disc. Govt. Eng. i. xxxi. (1739) 47 With a
render of rent, which in those days was of Corn or other
Victual. 1765 BLACKSTONE Comm. I. 221 It is frequent in
domesday-book, after specifying the rent due to the crown,
to add likewise the quantity of gold or other renders reserved
to the queen. 1766 Ibid. II. 290 This render.. in socage..
usually consists of money, though it may consist of services
still, or of any other certain profit. 1848 PETRIE tr. A.-S.
Chron. 458/2 They swore. .that they would. .make such
renders from the land as had been done before to any other
King. 1897 MAITLAND Domesday $ Beyond 169 Payments
in money and renders in kind,
fc. In render: (see quot. 1607). Obs.
1607 COWELL Interpr. s. v. Render, Also there be certaine
things in a maner.. that lie in Render, that is, must be
deliuered or answered by the Tenent, as rents, reliefes,
heriots, and other seruices. 1741 T. ROBINSON Gavelkind i.
3 AH Socage Services whatever which lie in Render. 1741
VINER Abridgment XIV. 136 If a Thing which lies in
Render be granted to another and his Heirs annually, the
Non-Payment of it in one Year shall not be any Discharge.
d. The act of performing a service.
1831 AUSTIN Jurispr. (1879) I. vi. 325 If each of us promise
the other to render the other a service, but the render of
either of the services is not made to depend on the render
of the other.
f 4. The act of rendering an account, statement,
etc. ; an account of expenses. Obs.
z6ix SHAKS. Cymb. iv. iv. it Newnesse Of Clotens death. .
may driue vs to a render Where we haue liu'd. Ibid. y. iv.
17 If of my Freedome 'tis the maine part, take No stricter
renderofme, thenmyAll. a 1734 NORTH Lives(\1,i6) III.
177 At the young lord's full age the books themselves, in
which stood every farthing accountable in proper place, were
exhibited for a render of his accounts. 1768 Ross Helenore
113 The squire ordain 'd nae rander to be kept.
5. The first coat of plaster or the like applied to
a brick or stone surface.
1833 LOUDON Encycl. Archil. 221 One hundred and fifty
yards of render and set. 1858 Skyring's Builders' Prices 80
Rough render in cement and sand, per yard.
Bender (re-ndaj), v. Also 4-8 rendre, 6-7
Se. reudir, ran(n)der. [a. OF. rendre :-pop.
Lat. *rendSre (also found in med.L.) an alteration,
on anal, of prendSre, of class.L. reddSre to give
back, f. red- RE- + dare to give.]
I. 1 1- trans. To repeat (something learned) ;
to say over, recite ; ? to commit to memory. Obs.
442
In quot. 1362 the reading rewired is supported by the
alliteration and the later versions: cf. also A. IX. 82.
£13*5 in Rel. Ant. I. 292, 1 donke upon David til mi tonge
talmes ; I ne rendrede nowt, sithen men beren palmes.
1361 I.ANGL. P. PI. A. v. 125, I drouj me a-mong |>is
drapers my Donet to leorne .. Among bis Ricbe Rayes
lernde I [v.r. I rendrit) a Lessun. 1393 Ibid. C. xvni. 322
Til bei coube speke and spelle . . Recorden hit and rendren
hit. c 1400 Rom. Rose 4800 It is so writen in my thought,. .
That all by herte I can it render. 1530 PALSGR. 685/2,
I rendre my lesson, as a chylde dothe. 1560 ROLLAND
Crt. Venus I. 48 With orisounis . . I randerit ouir to God
Omnipotent. 1565 COOPER Thesaurus, Decantare, .. to
render or repete,
tt>. Without: To relate, narrate. Obs. rare— l.
c 1400 Beryn 450 Kit be-gan to rendir out al thing as it
was.
2. To give in return, to make return of. Now
somewhat rare.
<: 1477 CAXTON yason 18 He salwed her and she rendrid
to him his salewe. 1484 — Fables of Msop v. iv, Men
ought not to rendre euylle for good. 1509 HAWES Past.
Pleas. XI. (Percy Soc.)46 In thyyouth the scyence engender
That in thyne age it may the worship render, a 1548 HALL
Chron., Hen. VIII 171 D, He sheweth himself ingrate and
vngentle, and for kyndnes rendereth vnkyndnes. 1581
STANVHURST /Eneii II. (Arb. ) 54 Scant sayd I theese speeches,
when woords to me dolful he rendred. x6w T. TAYLOR
Canon. Titus i. 8 It is iust with God (saith Paul) to render
tribulation to those that afflict his Saints. 1671 MILTON
Samson 1232 Can my ears unus'd Hear these dishonours,
and not render death ? 1715 POPE Iliad n. 423 Till Helen's
woes at full reveng'd appear, And Troy's proud matrons
render tear for tear. 1784 COWPER Tost vi. 959 Receiving
benefits and rendering none. 187$ JOWETT Plato (ed. 2)
III. 15 Ought we to render evil for evil at all..?
b. To return (thanks).
1484 CAXTON Fables of Msop in. i, Al maner of folke
ought to rendre and gyue thankynges-.totheyr good doers.
a 1533 LD. BERNERS Huoti Ixii. 218, 1 can not render thankes
to your holynes for y« good that ye haue done to vs. 1552
Bk. Coin, Prayer, Morn. Prayer, To rendre thankes for
the greate benefytes that we haue receyued at his handes.
1600 SHAKS. A . Y. L. 11. v. 29 Me thinkes I haue giuen him
a penie, and he renders me the beggerly thankes. 1667
MILTON P. L. VIIL 6 What thanks sufficient, or what
recompence Equal have I to render thee ? 1730 A. GORDON
MaffeCs Amphith. 127 The rendering Thanks for the
Victory. 1851 TENNYSON Ode Dk. Wellington 48 Render
thanks to the Giver,
f c. To recompense, requite. Obs. rare.
1560 BIBLE (Genev.) Judg. ix. 56 Thus God rendred the
wickednes of Abimelech . . in slaying his seventy brethren,
•f d. absol. To make return or recompense. Obs.
1560 BIBLE (Genev.) Job xxxiv. n For he wil rendre vnto
man accoiding to his worke.
3. To give (for hand) back, to restore. Also
with again or back.
1513 DOUGLAS JEneis xit. Prol. 92 Rendryng..the gers
pills thar hycht Als far as catal..Had in thar pastur eyt
and knyp away, a 1533 LD. BERNERS Hiton lix. 203,
I render agayne to you ail your londes. 1581 N. T. (Rhem.)
Luke iv. 20 When he had folded the booke, he rendred it to
the minister. 1611 BEAUM. & FL. King eV No K. in. ii,
I beseech your Lordship to render me my knife again. 1667
MILTON P. L. x. 749 Desirous to resigne, and render back
All I receav'd. 1791 COWPER Iliad m. 347 Then Troy shall
render back what she detains. 1879 R. T. SMITH Basil t/te
Great viii. 99 The Lord ..rendering back to man again the
grace which he.. had lost.
abiol. 1561 A. SCOTT Poems (S.T. S.) i. 146 Reddie
ressauaris, bot to rander nocht.
b. Law (psa.. grant and render). Ofacognizee:
To make over as a return to the cognizor in a fine.
(Cf. the sb. 3 a.)
'594 WEST 2«rf Pt. Symbol. § 58 None can take by the
first estate granted or rendred by a fine, but some of the
parties named in the writ. 1607 COWELL Interfr. s.v. Render,
A fine is either single, by which nothing is graunted, or
rendred backe againe by the Cognizee, to the Cognizour :
or double. 1653 tr< Kitckin's Courts^ Leet, etc. (ed. 2) 299 A
Fine upon grant and render, by which the Conisee grants
and renders to the Conisor, the Lands in taile. 1766 BLACK*
STONE Comm. II. xxi. 354 The cognizee, after the right is
acknowledged to be in him, grants back again, or renders to
o. To give back, return (a sound, image, etc.)
by reflection or repercussion. Also with back.
a 1600 MONTGOMERIE Misc. Poems vm. 30 The rochest rings,
and rendirs me my cryis. 1606 SHAKS. Tr. 9f Cr. nl- "i. I22
Who. .like a gate of steele, Fronting the sunne, receiues and
renders backe His figure, and his heate. 1697 DRYDEN
Virg. Georg. iv. 69 Hollow Rocks that render back the
Sound, And doubled Images of Voice rebound. iSaa
SHELLEY When the lamp is shattered ii, The heart's echoes
render No song when the spirit is mute.
fig. 1596 SHAKS. > Hen. 1^, in. ii. 82 [They] rendred such
aspect As Cloudie men vse to doe to their aduersaries.
4. To reproduce or represent, esp. by artistic
means ; to depict.
1599 SHAKS. Hen. V, I. i. 44 List his discourse of Warre ;
and you shall heare A fearefull Battaile rendred you in
Musique. 1762-71 H. WALPOLE Verttie's Anecd. Paint.
(1786) IV. 195 Devoid of imagination.. he could render no-
thing but what he saw before his eyes. 1839 TENNYSON
Elaine 797 The strange-statued gate Where Arthur's wars
were render'd mystically. 1870 MAX MULLER Sc. Relig.
(1873) 276 A name that should approximately or metaphori-
cally render at least one of its most prominent features. 1885
Truth 28 May 848/2 The spray is rendered with much
lightness and delicacy.
BENDER.
W. JONES Ess. Imit. Arts Poems, etc. 198 Some intervals,
which cannot easily be rendered on our instruments. 1867
FREEMAN in Stephens Life If Lett. (1895) I. 381 The services
were magnificently done — ' rendered ' I suppose I should
say. 1893 Daily News 25 May 5/3 The band and muffled
drums rendering the Dead March in ' Saul '.
1 5. To represent or describe (a person or thing)
as being of a certain character or in a certain state ;
to give or make (one) out to be. Obs.
1600 SHAKS. A. Y. L. iv. iii. 123 O, I haue heard him
speake of that same brother, And he did render him the
most vnnaturall That liu'd amongst men. 1601 — All's
Well\, iii. 236 There is a remedie..To cure the desperate
languishings whereof The King is render'd lost. 1641 find.
Smectymnuvs Pref., He endeavours to render us to the
Reader as destitute of all learning. 1705 in Pennsylv. Hist.
Sec. Mem. X. 81 He has taken the liberty to render thy
keeping a coach.. to be not at all with the appearance of
a Quaker. 17*6 Col. Rec. Pennsylv. III. 255 That to do
right is not so difficult a Task as some would render it.
tb. To show, demonstrate. Obs. rare— '.
1678 BUNYAN Filer. I. 205 Thou.. hast such an opinion of
thyself, and of what thou doest, as plainly renders thee to
be one that did never see a necessity [etc.].
6. To reproduce or express in another language,
to translate. Also const, into.
1610 T. LORKIN in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. H. III. 221 Two
other houres he spends in French ; one in reading, the other
in rendring to his teacher some part of a Latine author by
word of mouth. 1631 R. BYFIELD Doctr. Salb. 102 That
place in Exo. 23. 12... is abusively rendred by you. 1661
BOYLE Style of Script. (1675) 10 A skilful interpreter may
happily enough render into his own language a great part
of what he translates. 1714 A. COLLINS Gr. Chr. Relig.
212 He., takes them from the Hebrew, ..and not as the
Septuagint has rendered it. 1798 FERRIAR Illustr. Sterne
i. 13 The oldest [edition] which remains was rendered into
1 beau langage '. 1855 PUSEY Doctr. Real Presence Note S.
338, 1 have rendered the whole [inscription] without doubt,
as addressed to the Christian. 1875 JOWETT Plato (ed. 2) I.
3 The word has been rendered in different places either
Temperance or Wisdom.
b. To make out, succeed in reading, rare—1.
1864 EMILY DICKINSON Lett. (1894) II. 311 Can you render
my pencil? The physician has taken away my pen.
H. 7. To hand over, deliver, commend, or com-
mit, to another ; to give, in various senses, f to
grant, concede.
c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints xxx. (Theodora) 406 pat scho mycht
bare resawit be, & tak be habyt, &. .rendryt be to bame as
bruthyre. 1547-64 BAULDWIN Mor. Philos. (Palfr.) 104 b, By
pacience we are rendred unto god and proved amongest men.
1596 SHAKS. Merck. V.m. iv. 49 Take this same letter, And
. . see thou render this Into my cosin's hand. 1607 — Cor. I.
ix. 34 Of all the treasure in this field atcheiued. .We render
you the Tenth. 1616 CHAPMAN Homer's Hymn Apollo 117
To render the effect Of mens demands to them, before they
fall. 1671 MILTON P. R. in. 369 It shall be my task To
render thee the Parthian at dispose. 1766 BLACKSTONE
Comm. II. 450 The contract of sale shall not bind him so as
that he shall render the price. 1816 KIRBY & SP. Entomol.
xl. IV. 101 Organs that secrete the gastric juice and render
it to the stomach. 1859 TENNYSON Geratnt 452 Affirming
that his father left him gold . . which was not render'd to him.
absol. 1606 SHAKS. Tr. I, Cr. iv. v. 36 In kissing doe you
render, or receiue ? Pair. Both take and giue.
trans/. 1670-98 LASSELS Voy. Italy II. 31 These stairs
render you up at the Great Hall.
8. To give np, surrender, resign, relinquish. Also
with up.
citoo Destr. Troy 13069 Then prinses . . Saydon Orestes
be right shuld render his londes. And be exilede. 1494
FABYAN Chron. vi. ccxvii. 236 Accordynge to his othe, he
shulde render the lande, or delyuer it vnto the possessyon of
William. 15*3 LD. BERNERS Froiss. I. ccxii. 258 The frenche
kynge . . shall rendre and delyuer to the sayde kynge of Eng-
lande.. the honours, regalities, obeisaunce, homages [etc].
1567 Gude tf Godlie B. (S. T. S.) 162 My spreit I rander in
thy handis, Eternal God of veritie. 1590 SHAKS. Midt. N.
n. i. 185 He make her render vp her Page to me. 1606 —
Ant. fy Cl. iv. xiv. 33 She rendred life, Thy name so buried
in her. 1673 £' too him Bayes 29, 1 render my cause, as the
sword-men would have it. 1697 DRYDEN Virg. Georg in.
744 The thriven Calves . . render their sweet Souls before the
plenteous Rack. 1703 ROWE Ulysses iv. i, I have learnt to
hold My Life from none, but from the Gods who gave it,
Nor mean to render it on any Terms. 1810 SHELLEY Liberty
xiv, Tomb of Arminius 1 render up thy dead. 1868 GEO.
Oueen Mo
b. To play or perform (music).
01676 HALE Prim. Orig. Man. (1677) 66 As the Organ
Pipe renders the Tune which it understands not. 1777 S
Sin
the arts . .seemed to render up the supremacy.
b. esp. To surrender (a stronghold, town, etc.)
to the enemy.
1481 CAXTON Godfrey cxliii. 214 They alleshold..bere with
them suche goodes as they had, and rendre and gyue ouer
the dongeon. a 1548 HALL Chron., Hen. VI 11 84 There
was a mutteryng that the toune of Caleys should be ren-
dred into the Frenche kinges handes. 1560 DAUS tr.
Sleidane's Comm. 90 When the toune was ones rendred,
the Byshop of Rome, Clement, chopped of the heades of
certen of the Senatours. 1606 SHAKS. Ant. <$• Cl. in. x. 33
To Caesar will I render My legions and my Horse. 1661
J. DAVIES tr. Mandelslo's Trav. 96 After he had held out
six dayes, he was forc't to render it and himself up at mercy.
'759 Hat. War in Ann. Reg. 42/2 The capital of French
America was rendered to the English, after a most severe
campaign. '8« BYRON ?na» VIIL Ixxxvii, The city's taken,
but not render'd ! 1865 TRENCH Gustavus Adolphus ii. 79
In the city rendered by compact, and not taken by storm.
c. reft. To give (oneself) np ; to surrender.
1549 Compl. Scot. xiv. 113 Sa mony castellis and tounis
quhilkis hed randrit them be trason to Annibal. 1602 SHAKS.
Ham. I. v. 4 My hower is almost come, When I to sul-
phurous and tormenting Flames Must render vp my selfe.
RENDER.
ft 1671 LD. FAIRFAX Mem. (1609) 33, I thought it not fit now
. .to bid the rest to render themselves to me. 1701 Land.
Gaz. No. 3885/1 Such Seamen.. who.. shall Render them-
selves.., snail not be Prosecuted before a Court Marshal.
*75* J- LOUTHIAN Form of Process (ed. 2) 179 Those that
are in default till the Exigent in Treason, tho' they render
themselves to Justice, forfeit their Chattels. 1821 SHELLEY
Helios 386 Then said the Pacha, ' Slaves, Render yourselves
—they have abandoned you '. 1863 MRS. A. E. CHALLICE
Heroes, etc. Louis XVI* II. 247 Lord Cornwallis and his
army rendered themselves prisoners of War.
f d. intr. — prec. Obs.
15*3 St. Papers Hen. VIII, VI. 213 They renderyd be
such appoinctement, that they went in ther schyrtes with
stykkcs in ther handes. 1589 Late Voy. Sf. fy Port, (1881)
85 Upon the first Fire thereof he rendered, and compounded
to goe away with his baggage and Armes. 1632 LITHGOW
Trav. n. 60 The passengers gaue counsel!, rather to render,
then fight. 1688 SHADWELL Syr. Alsatia iv. i, I am ready
to render on Discretion.
f 9. To sendyi?rM properly provided. Obs.-1
1390 GOWER Conf. III. 314 Al only at his oghne cost Sche
schat be rendred forth with hire.
t b. To give out, emit, discharge. Obs.
1481 CAXTON Godfrey clxxii. 254 Without the toun..ben
founden somme fontaynes, but they be but fewe and they
icndre but lytil water. 1483 — G. de la Tour H iv, Her
holy body rendrid holy oyle. c 1500 Melusine 317 They al
lamented. .& rendred teerys in habundance. isxi[ DOUGLAS
JEncis ix. x. 65 Qubayr as the quhissyll rendris soundis
seyr. 1607 TOPSELL Four-f. Beasts (1658) 80 Although it
were a male, yet it did render his urine backward. 1659
LEAK Waterwks, 16 A Vessell. .to receive the Water.. and
to render it by the Pipe 7. 1705-30 S. GALE in Nichols
Bibl. Topogr. Brit. (1790) III. 7 The whole of cedar, which
renders a fine fragrancy.
fo. To bring forth (young). Obs. rare—1.
1607 TOPSELL Four-f . Beasts (1658) 18 In thetwelfemoneth
after their copulation, they render their foles.
10. To give (an account, reason, answer, etc.) ;
to submit to, or lay before, another for considera-
tion or approval ; also, in mod. use, to send in (an
account) to a customer or purchaser.
1481 CAXTON Myrr. \. v. 22 And there eche rendred his
reson of that he had found and lerned. 1548-9 (Mar.) Bk.
Com. Prayert Of Ceremonies, Here be certayne causes
rendered, why some of the accustomed Ceremonies be put
awaye. 1509 SHAKS. Muck Ado iv. i. 337, 1 will challenge
him : . . By this hand, Claudio shall render me a deere account.
generall answer for them all. 1662 STILLINGFL. Orig. Sacra*
in. ii. § 14 To see how well he acquits himself in rendring an
account of the Origine of the Universe. 1753 JOHNSON Diary
3 Apr. in Boswell^ When I shall render up, at the last day,
an account of the talent committed to me. 1795 NELSON in
Nicolas Disp. (1845) II. 76 It is with the greatest pain
I have to render so long a list of killed and wounded. 1838-0
FR. A. KEMBLE Resid. Georgia (1863) 42 At the head of each
gang [of negroes] is a driver,. .who renders an account of
each individual slave and his work every evening to the
overseer. 1842 TENNYSON Morte dArth. 74 Thou hast
betray'd thy nature and thy name, Not rendering true
answer, as beseemed Thy fealty.
fb. To declare, state. Obs. rare.
1611 SHAKS. Cytnb. n. iv. 119 Render to me some corporall
signe about her More euident then this. Ibid. v. v. 135
My bopne is that this Gentleman may render Of whom he
had this Ring.
11. To pay as a rent, tax, or tribute, or other
acknowledgement of dependence. (Cf. the sb. 3 b.)
1516 TINDALB Prol. Matt. Wks. (1573) 35/1 The husband-
men..would not render to the Lorde of the fruit in due
tyme, and therfore [it] was taken from them. 1611 BIBLE
Mark xii. 17 Render to Cesar the things that are Cesars.
1641 tr. Perkins' Prof. Bk. v. § 434. 187 If the tenant had
been by fealtie and a horse to be rendred yearely. 1717-38
CHAMBERS Cycl s.v. Render sb,, Other [things] which lie in
render, that is, must be rendered or answered by the tenant,
as rents, reliefs, heriots, and other services. 1809 BAWDWEN
Domesday Bk. 317 It is soke, and it is waste, and it renders
a pair of spurs. 1874 GREEN Short Hist. iv. § i. 158 The
successors.. swore to observe the old fealty and render the
old tribute to the English Crown.
fig. 1588 SHAKS. Tit. A. \. i. 160 My tributarie teares,
I render for my Bretherens Obsequies,
t b. To bring in, yield (a revenue). Obs—1
1687 A. LOVELL tr. Thevenot's Trav. i. 16 The Jesuites
have a Garden, full of Fruit-trees of all sorts, which render
them a considerable Revenue yearly.
12. To give, pay, exhibit, or show (obedience,
honour, attention, etc.) ; to do (a service).
1588 J. CRAIG in Cath. Tract. (S, T. S.) 249 The honour of
God to whilkes al christien men ar oblesed .. to rander
obedience. 1630 R. Johnson's Kingd. $ Commw. 123
Fealty and homage ; . . which he hath ever since the time of
Francis the first, denied to render. 1649 BP. REYNOLDS
Hosea v. 8 Our mouthes wide opened in rendring honour
unto him. 1847 MARRY AT Childr. N. Forest xvii, I feel in-
debted to you for the service you have rendered me. 1853
C. BRONTE Viltette xv, There were personal attentions to be
rendered. 1880 L. STEPHEN Pope liL 78 Two friends who
were to render him some undefined assistance.
fi&> '59? SHAKS. Much Ado v, iii. 33 And Hymen now
with luckier issue speeds, Then this for whom we rendred
vp this woe.
13. reft. To present (oneself), take steps to be at
(for in} a certain place. Hence intr. to be
present ; to hold, obtain (rare}.
1619 in Eng. .$• Germ. (Camden) 82 In regard of the great
diligence he is to make to render himself in Germany with
all speede possible. 1640 tr. Verderc's ROM. of Rom. i. i
AH those Princes, .rendred themselves at the Tent of the
Emperour Amadis of Greece. 1709 MRS. MANLEY Secret
Mem. II. 79 Rendring himself at the Garden-gate, by Virtue
443
of his Key, he open'd it. 1754 FRANKLIN Plan of Union
Wks. 1887 II. 361 The most distant members, .may probably
render themselves at Philadelphia in fifteen to twenty days.
1821 SHELLEY Set. Lett. (1882) 173 The tocsin of the Con-
vent sounded, and it required all the efforts of the Prioress
to prevent the Spouses of God from rendering themselves
..to the accustomed signal. 1852 MRS. CARLVLE Lett. II.
166, 1 rendered myself at Paddington station on Friday
morning. 187$ COUES Birds N. W. 374, I believe that
some such quality.. renders in the whole order.
•(• b. trans. In similar use. Obs. rare.
a 1637 B. JONSON Forest iv, To World viii, What bird or
beast.. That fled his cage, ..wull Render his head in there
againe 1 c 1645 HOWELL Lett. (1650) I. 89 Every soldier
. . costing him near- upon 100 crowns before he could be
rendered in Flanders.
c. To infuse (a quality) into a thing, rare—1.
a 1887 R. JEFFERIES The Of en Air (1893) 243, 1 wonder
the painters, .do not sometimes take these scraps of earth
and render into them the idea which fills a clod with beauty.
III. 14. To bring (one) into a state or condition
(pbs.) ; also, to cause to be in a certain state, rare.
1490 CAXTON Eneydos ix. 37 That it maye playse the.. to
rendre theym from theyr lacyuyte in-to . .shamefastechastyte.
1633 FORD Broken H. iv. i, Quiet These vain unruly passions
which will render you Into a madness, a 1676 HALE Print.
Orig. Man. (1677) 67 He is rendred into a capacity, i. Of
knowing Him: 2. Of knowing his Will. 1707 Curios, in
Huso. <y G^ard. 305 Homberg, whose great Capacity . . has
render'd him in mighty Esteem with all the Learned. 1810
S. GREEN Reformist I. 137 The visionary schemes of
fanaticism rendered the thoughts of Percival in continual
terror of all worldly pleasure.
fb. To present or expose to, to bring under,
something. Obs.
1642 FULLER Holy ff Prof. St. iv. xv. 312 Her private
virtues rendring her to the imitation .. of all. 1647 N.
BACON Disc. Govt, Eng. i. xxxviii. (1739) 57 Twelve men
enquired of the fame and ground thereof; which if liked,
rendred the party under the spot of delinquency, a x66x
FULLER Worthies (1840) I. 276 His having a prince's mind
imprisoned in a poor man's purse rendered him to the con-
tempt of such who were not ingenuous.
16. To make, to cause to be or become, of a
certain nature, quality, etc. (Cf. MAKE v. 48.)
1560 DAUS tr. Sleidane^s Comm. 197 It was ones possessed
of Englysh men, but it was rendred Frenche, in the tyme
of Charles the first. 1596 SHAKS. Merch. V. in. ii. 88 These
assume but valors excrement, To render them redoubted.
1601 — Jul. C. ll. i. 303 O ye Gods 1 Render me worthy of
this Noble Wife. 1654 H- L'ESTRANGE Chas. I (1655) 146
That [testimony] once rendred in-valid, the Bishop could
easily prognosticate his own ruine. 1671 MILTON Samson
1282 He..Thir Armories and Magazins contemns, Renders
them useless. 1705 ADDISON Italy 2 The Desarts that haue
been render'd so famous by the Penance of Mary Magdalene.
1771 Jttnius Lett, bcvii. (1788) 340 note, He had a friend. .
whose advice rendered all their endeavours ineffectual. 1818
CRUISE Digest (ed. 2) VI. 357 Cases in which superadded
words of limitation may control the word heirs, so as to
render them words of purchase. 1844 H. H. WILSON Brit.
India III. 66 The total silence.. rendered it probable, that
the Burmas had not awaited the assault. 1860 TYNDALL
Glac. ii. xix. 334 The absorbed heat is expended in render-
ing the substance viscous. 1886 R. C. LESLIE Sea-painter's
Log 120 The big hybrid screw liners had already rendered
H.M.S. Queen an obsolete type.
reft. i6s» HOWELL Giraffi's Rev. Naples n. 85 The
Spaniards also having rendred themselves masters of so
many Posts. 1698 FRYER Ace. E. India <$• P. 271 From a
Salvage Prince [he] rendred himself a tame Follower of
the Patriarch. '
t b. Const, with as or to be. Obs.
1663 GERBIER Counsel 51 The Tiler.. renders the Noble
mans roof, as a beggars Coate. 1665 J. WEBB Stone-Heng
(1725) 15 So many Segments.. as are taken away, renders
the Figure inscribed to be a so-many-sided Figure. 1719
W. WOOD Surv. Trade 137 By this means we render Foreign
Colonies and Plantations, to be in effect the Colonies and
Plantations of Great-Britain. 1796 MORSE Amer. Geog. II.
8 1 The great reformations introduced . . , as well as the dis-
coveries made, render former accounts to be but little
depended on.
1 10. To cause, produce (a feeling). Obs. rare~l.
1654 tr. Scudery's Curia Pol. i This action is of such an ..
extraordinary nature, as may render astonishment to the..
most capeable understandings.
IV. 17. techn. a. To melt (fat, etc.) ; to obtain
or extract by melting; to clarify. Cf. REND v.z
c 1375- [see RENDERED/^/, a.], 1688 R. HOLME Artnoury
in. 102/2 Render the Tallow, is to poure it through a
Strainer, to keep the Dross from the pure Tallow. 1823 J.
BADCOCK Dotn. Amusetn. 149 The fat. .being rendered, or
melted down. 1844 H. STEPHENS Bh. Farm II. 243 Hog's
lard is rendered in exactly the same manner as mutton suet.
1875 Ure's Diet. Arts (ed. 7) III. 4^3 It is understood that
twelve hours suffice to render the oil.
b. Plastering. To cover (stone or brickwork)
with a first coating of plaster. Cf. RENDER-SET.
1750 Wren's Parentalia 309 St. Andrew's Wardrobe
Church, .was. .built of Brick, but finished or rendered over
in imitation of Stone. 1756 in Willis & Clark Cambridge
(1886) II. 530 For rendring the walls of the Stair-cases
and ceilings of the same. 1826 GWILT Rudiments Archil.
Gloss. s.v., The first of three Coat work upon laths, or on
brick work, which has been previously rendered. 1843
Jrnl. K.Agric. Soc. IV. 11.363 Of outside wall. .208 square
yards, which must be ' rendered ' within if built with stone.
1847 SMEATON Builder's Man. 128 Rendering is the first
coat upon a naked wall ; thus we say, rendered and set. . .
Render, float, and set, is three-coat work.
c. Naut. (See quots. and RENDERING Mi. so. 3 b.)
1841 R. H. DANA Seaman's Man. 120 Render, to pass a
rope through a place. A rope is said to render or not,
according as it goes freely through any place. 1867 SMYTH
Sailors Word.lk. 568 Any rope, hawser, or cable it ' ren.
BENDER-SET.
Renderable (re-ndarab'l), a. rare. [f. prec.
+ -ABLE.] Capable of being rendered.
a 1734 NORTH £rV«(i8z6) III. 176 So that at all times the
books were an account renderable of every branch. 1900
W. W. PEYTON in Contemf. Rev. Oct. 528 The word is
renderable only by a phrase.
Rendered (re-ndaid), ///. a. [f. RENDER v.
1 7 a + -ED l.] Molten, or melted.
CI37S Cursor M. 23314 (Fairf.), In hate brimstane & ren-
dered lede bai salle be sette in bat prisoun. 1541 Lane.
Wills (Chetham Soc.) I. 81 Hole cakes of rendred tallow
. . and oder tallowe unmelted. 1725 BRADLEY Fam. Diet.
s.v. Swine, The Offal of rendred Tallow, which will not
melt. 1758 GOLDSM. Mem. Protestant (1895) II. 255 The
whole Keel is.. rubbed with rendered Tallow. 1806 A.
HUNTER Cnlina (ed. 3) 94 Fry them with dripping, or
rendered suet, until the fish become of a light brown.
Renderer (re-ndarsj), sb. [f. RENDER v. +
-EH !.] One who renders, in senses of the vb.
c 1460 Tovjneley Myst. xxx. 146 Here is a bag fulle . . Of
flytars, of flyars, and renderars of reffys. a 1691 BOYLE
Chr. Virtuoso I. App., Wks. 1772 VI. 679 The Heathen
astrologers and Tenderers of oracles wisely forbore to venture
on such predictions. 1695 J. EDWARDS Perfect. Script. 528
He is a most exact renderer of the true sense. 1821 SCOTT
Pirate v, Mrs. Baby, as we have described her, was no will-
ing renderer of the rites of hospitality. 1865 MASSON Rec.
Brit. Philos. 91 Wordsworth here is but a renderer of the
Transcendentalism of Plato.
Rendering (re-ndarirj), vbl. sb. [-ING!.]
1. The action of restoring, surrendering, yielding,
giving, etc. ; also, that which is yielded or given.
c 1440 Promp. Parv. 429/2 Renderynge, reddicio. 1474
CAXTON Chesse 95 God at the lenyng & the deuyll atte
rendryng. 1568 GRAFTON Chron. II. 605 To intreate or
speake of the rendering of thys towne. 1646 EVANCE Noble
Ord. 20 The rule of Gods rendrings to the Creature, is ac-
cording to our workes. c 1685 P. HENRY in M. Henry Wks.
1853 II. 746/2 Alas ! our renderings are nothing to our
receivings ; we are like the barren field. 1879 RUSKIN
Eagle's N. § 213 Love itself is, in its highest state, the
rendering of an exquisite praise to body and soul. 1889
Times 10 Dec. 9 Trie rendering in chromic acid is much
higher for the Macedonian mineral.
2. a. Translation, interpretation.
1641 J. JACKSON True Evang. T. Hi. 217 Those .. Trans-
lators., put no more difference betwixt their rendring of
Davids Hebrew word, and S. Peters Greek word, but pursue,
and ensue, a 1647 FILMER Patriarcha ii. § i (Rtldg.) 22 In
the rendering of this place the elder translations have been
more faithful. 1774 J . BRYANT Mythol. (1775) I. 8 By which
is meant the land of Metzor, a different rendering of Mysor.
1863 D. WILSON Preh. Ann. II. iv. iv. 286 Some of them
are open to conjectural renderings of diverse significance.
1883 M. ARNOLD in igtk Cent. XIII. 589 Correct rendering
is very often conspicuously absent from our authorised ver-
sion of the Old Testament.
b. Reproduction, representation, performance.
1862 S. LUCAS Secularia 67 Almost all the copyists of
history hitherto have been more or less mistaken in their
rendering of the past. 1881 Athenatum 10 Sept. 347/2 The
rendering of the cantata, .was excellent. 1893 Timess^Apr.
13/3 The painter has shown himself extremely skilful in his
rendering of curious effects of light.
3. techn. a. The action of plastering with a first
coat ; the work so done ; the plaster thus applied.
Also (in Ireland), a coating of mortar used on the
underside of slating to keep the slates firm.
1659 HOWELL Vocab. Ii, Lime, oxhair, . . rendring, clear
lime. 1663 GERBIER Counsel Si The workmanship only in..
rendering two pence a yard. 1667 PRIMATT City fir C. Build.
89 For Plaistering, Lathing and Rendring at one shilling a
ceiling, which is plastering on laths ; and rendering, which
is plastering on walls. 1825 J. N ICHOLSON O feral. Mechanic
613 By set is denoted a superficial coat of fine stuff or putty
upon the rendering. 1889 2irf Rep. Dep. Kpr. Ircl. 18
The dust and broken mortar, which accumulate owing to
the fall of the rendering from the roof.
b. Chiefly Naut. Yielding, slipping, or running
out of tackle or lines.
1769 FALCONER Diet. Marine (1780), Rendering, as a sea-
term,, .is usually expressed of a. . tackle, laniard, or lashing,
. . in contra-distmction to sticking or jamming. 1875 KNIGHT
Diet. Mech. 1916/1 To rack a tackle is to seize the parts to-
gether and prevent rendering. 1894 Outing (U.S.) XXIV.
227/2 Placing the thumb lightly upon the spool [of the
fishing-rod] to control the rendering of the line.
c. Extracting or melting of fat, etc. Also attrtb.
c 1865 LETHEBY in Circ. Sc. 1. 94/1 Another mode of render-
ing is to submit the melted tallow to the action of steam.
1875 KNIGHT Diet. Mech. 1916/2 Rendering apparatus, an
apparatus for extracting oil or lard from fatty animal matters.
Re-ndering, ///. a. rare. [f. RENDER v +
-ING 2.] t a. Giving a reason, b. Yielding. Oos.
a. 1571 GOLDING Calvin on Ps. Ix. 13 The copulative (and)
is almost by the consente of all men turned here into the
rendering particle (for). 1636 B. JONSON Eng. Gram. i. Jcxn,
Of Conjunctions. .Rendering are such as yield the cause of
a thing going before ; as for, because.
b. a 1600 MONTGOMERY Misc. Poems xxviu. 33 The
rendring reid, whilk bouis with euerie blast.
Render-set, v., a., and sb. [See RENDER v.
I7b.] a. vb. trans. To cover (a wall, etc.) with
two coats of plaster, b. adj. Consisting of two
coats. C. sb. Plastering of two coats.
1833 LOUDON Encycl. Archit. § 80 To lathe . . the ceilings
of the kitchen, bed-room, .. render set the walls and parti-
tions. Ibid. § 89 One hundred and twenty-one and a third
66-2
RENDEZVOUS.
444
RENDITION.
yards of render-set plastering. Ibid. § 246 One hundred
and fifty-five yards of floated render set. 1842 GWILT A rchit.
§ 12248 The following materials are required for 100 yards of
render set.
Rendezvous (re'ndevw, rafktevw ),.$•£. PL ren-
dezvous ; formerly also rendezvouses. Forms :
a> 6-7 rendez vouz, 7 vous, -vous, -vows, ren-
desvouz, rendizvouse, 7-8 rendesvous, ren-
dezvouz, (7 -vouze, 8 -vouse), 7- rendezvous ;
6-8 rendevous, -vouz(e, 7 -vouez, 7 rendevou,
-vow, ren-de-vou. 0. 7 randez-, 8 randiz-
voua ; 6-7 randevous, 7 -vouce, -vouze, -vowes,
randivous, -voze, randavus, 9 dial, randi-
voose, -vooze ; 7 randevow, -voo, randavou,
-vow, 9 dial, randivoo, -ibo. [F., subst. use of
rendez votts ' present or betake yourselves,' and
pi. pres. imper. of rendre to RENDER.]
1. Mil. A place appointed for the assembling of
troops or armed forces.
1591 CONINGSBV Siege Rouen, in Camden Misc. (1847) I. 22
Our army was marched, .within a myle of Roan, where the
rendevous was appoynted. 1600 HOLLAND Lh'y x. xxxiii.
375 He proclaimed the Rendez-vous at Sora, for his Soldiers
there to meete. 1625 SIR T. DUTTON in Fortescne Papers
(Camden) 212 So remote a place as Giteringberke assigned
for our randevowes at this tyme of the yeare. 1630 M.
GODWYN tr. Bp. Hereford's Ann. Eng. 19 Alnewike is
appointed the rendez-vous where all the troupes should
meete at a set day. 173* LEDIARD Sethos II. vn. 19 It was
highly necessary to have a place of arms, a place of defence,
and a rendezvous. 1771 SIMES Milit. Guide (1781) n The
order of the march of the troops must be so disposed, that
each should arrive at their rendezvous, if possible, on the
same day. i8a6 SCOTT Woodst. xxii, I have .. commis-
sioned arms, levied money, appointed rendezvouses. 1874
FROUDE En$. in Irel. III. x. i. 357 Every man who could
shoulder a pike was off to the rendezvous.
b. A place or port fixed upon, or suitable, for
the assembling of a fleet or number of ships ; also,
instructions concerning a rendezvous (quot. 1813).
1600 HAKLUVT Voy. (1810) III. 188 Such harbors of the
Newfoundland as were agreed for our Rendez-vouz. 1655
Nicholas Paters (Camden) 1 1. 180 For the fleet . . Niewport
writte that they had their randevous at the Barbados. 1745
P.THOMAS Jrnl.Anson's Voy.6$ All the Ships had Orders,
in case of Separation, for several Rendezvouses. 1798
NELSON in Nicolas Disp. (1846) VII. p. cli, I hope to find
all the Frigates on the Rendezvous. 1813 WELLINGTON in
Gurw. Desp. (1838) XI. 162 It does however appear to me
extraordinary that any master of a transport should think
of running to any port not in his rendezvous. 187* YEATS
Growth Comm. 221 The Dutch West India Company.,
found its bay an invaluable rendezvous for the fleet cruising.
t O. A station for the supply of men to the navy.
Obs. Also attrib.
1770 Ckron. in Ann. Reg. 169/1 All the rendezvous-
lieutenants attended the Lord-Mayor . . in order to have
their warrants new backed for pressing. 1771 Ibid. 71/2
Hearing he was on board the Oxford at Chatham, she
entered at the rendezvous in London, for the same ship.
2. In general use : An appointed place of meeting
or gathering ; a place of common resort.
1594 LYLY Moth. Bomb. 11. v, A tauerne is the Randeuous,
the Exchange, the staple for good fellowes. 1613 OVER.
BURY A Wifet etc. (1638) 297 The bed is the best Rendevou
of mankind. 1663 GKRDIER Counsel 99 Foul creatures, who
as soon gotten into a Court make it their rande vouze. 1691
WOOD Ath. Oxon. I. 500 During his stay in the University
of Oxford, his Chamber was the rendezvouz of all the
eminent Wits. 1715 POPE Odyss. xvm. 377 Hence to the
vagrant's rendezvous repair. 1777 ROBERTSON Hist.Amer.
(1778) II. v. no His quarters became the rendezvouz of the
malcontents. 1818 SCOTT Hrt. Midi, xi, The place which
he had named as a rendezvous.. was held in general to be
accursed. 1869 TOZER Highl. Turkey I. 308 They have..
the power of meeting on their own account, in which case
their rendezvous is a church.
b. transf.
1608 E. GRIMSTONE Hist. France (161 1) A ij b, This citie of
Paris... the Rendez-vous of the greatest miracles in the
world. 1647 HARVEY Schola Cordis viL 8 Thy body is
disease's rendevouze. 1679 Lond. Gaz. No. 1406/1 Field-
Conventicles, those Rendezvouses of Rebellion.
t3. A place of individual resort; a retreat,
refuge. Oos.
1596 SHAKS. i Hen. IV^ rv. i. 57 A Randeuous, a Home to
flye vnto. 1599 — Hen. V, v. i. 88 Newes haue I that my
Doll is dead . . and there my rendeuous is quite cut off. 1641
H. THORNDIKE Govt. Churches 34 This was a convenient
rendez-vous for the Apostle, in the mean while, to preach
the Gospel in the parts of Epirus. c 1645 HOWELL Lett.
(1650) 1. 1. ii, I must make my addresse to you, for I haue
no other Rendevous.
•j- b. A last resort or shift. Obs. rare "~*.
1599 SHAKS. Hen. V% n, i, 18 When I cannot Hue any
longer, I will doe as I may: That is my rest, that is the
rendeuous of it.
t o. A depot or store of provisions. Obs. ~l
1608 CAPT. SMITH True Rclat. 35, 16 daies provision we
had. .besides our randevous we could, and might, haue hid
in the ground.
1 4. To make or keep (one's) rendezvous, to meet,
or be in the habit of meeting, in or at a place. Obs.
X599. SANDYS Eurotx Spec. (1632) 244, Good companions
and time-serues, who.. make their Rendez-vows always
where the best Cheere is stirring. 1624 GEE Foot out of
Snare v. 38 The feminine and softer sex. .keep there their
Rendeuouz. 1657 Norths Plutarch, Dionysius 946 To
make their rende-vous with their Armes at a day set down
at theTowne of the Leontines. 1749 FIELDING Tom Jones
VHI. xiii, The tavern where we kept our rendezvous.
t b. transf. of things. Obs. rare.
i6» J. REYNOLDS Got?* Revenge HI. Hist, xv, The Lake
of Geneva . . payes its full tribute, and makers] its chiefest
Rendezvous before that City. 1633 LITHGOW Trav. x. 505
There is a certaine place of sea, where these destracted
tydes make their rancountering Randeuouze.
6. A meeting or assembly held by appointment
or arrangement; false, an assemblage or gathering
of persons thus brought together.
1600 FAIRFAX Tasso i. xix, The captaines cald foorthwith
from euery tent, Vnto the Rende-vous he them inuites.
16*8 WITHER Brit. Rememb. iv. 211 Her great Hall, wherein
So great a Randevow had lately bin. 167* CAVE Prim.
Chr. in. ii. (1673) 263 Here was a whole randezvouz of
Cripples. 1683 Brit. Spec. 78 Here he commands a general
Rendezvouz of all his Naval Forces. 1718 Bp. HUTCHINSON
Witchcraft 43 She met a Rendezvous of above Sixty
Witches. 1771 SMOLLETT Humph. Ci. 17 May, He would
not fail to gtve him the rendezvous at the hour he men-
tioned. 1819 SCOTT IvanJwe ii, Some rendezvous which
had occupied the hours of darkness. 1865 DICKENS Mitt.
Fr. in. vii, As if they had all been out.. and were punctual
at a general rendezvous to assist at the secret.
attrib. 179* A. YOUNG Trav. France 57 Music, chess,
and the other common amusements of a rendez vouz-room.
f b. The assembling, or an assemblage, of things.
1651 J. HALL Height of Eloquence p. xxii, It appears not
a single passion, but a conflux and general rendez vouz of
them all. 1662 STILLINGKI.. Orig. Sacrse in. ii. § n All the
account we have of the Origine of the world, is from this
generall Rendes-vous of Atoms in this infinite space. 1680
MORDEN Geog. Rect. Introd, (1685) 6 The Ocean is a general
Collection or Rendezvouz of all Waters.
6. Without article, vt\ place (point, port, etc.) of
rendezvous.
1600 J. PORY tr. Le<fs Africa 45 A place of Rendeuous or
meeting for all such as trauell in Carauans from Tombuto.
1658 W. BURTON I tin, Antonin. 70 Their place of recourse,
or rendezvous, when they acted their seeming extasies. 17x1
STEELE Sped. No. 49 P 4 The Coffee-house is the Place of
Rendezvous to all that live near it. 1748 Anson"s Voy. \.
vi. 57 The first place of rendezvous should be the bay of
port St. Julian. 1833 HT. MARTINEAU Charmed Sea vi. 99
The one chosen by the Poles for their point of rendezvous.
1847 DE PUINCEY Sp. Mil. Nun. x. Wks. 1853 III. 20 St.
Lucar being the port of rendezvous for the Peruvian expedi-
tion. 1856 R. A. VAUGHAN Mystics (1860) II. 101 They
themselves indicate neither name nor place of rendezvous.
Rendezvous (re-ndevw, -v/7z, rand^vtt), v.
Forms : a. 7 rendevoze, -vooze, -vouze, 7-8
-vouz, 8 -vous; 7-8 rendcs-. rendezvouz(e, 7-
rendezvous (7 -vouse; pa. t. -voued). 0. 7
randevous, randezvouse. [f. prec.]
1. intr. To assemble at a place previously ap-
pointed; also generally, to assemble, come to-
gether, meet : a. of troops, fleets, etc.
c 1645 T. TULLY Siege of Carlisle (1840) 28 They suborn'd
great Companies, .to come and rendevoze at Penrith. 1665
Surv. Aff. Netherl. 74, 2800 sail of ships Rendesvouzed in
the Sea-towns of Holland. 1678 HICKES in Ellis Orig. Lett.
Ser. it. IV. 46 Thereupon they resolved to rebel and in
order thereto rendezvous this day in the Stewartry of Gallo-
way. 1707 E. CHAMBERLAYNE Pres. St. Eng. i. hi. 16 Spit-
head . . is a Road where the Navy-Royal does frequently
Rendevouz. 1780 JEFFERSON CVrr.Wks. 1859 I. 250 Our new
recruits will rendezvous in this State between the loth and
25th instant. 1817 JAS. MILL Brit. India II. iv. L 38 After
rendezvousing at Batavia, the united fleet appeared on the
coast of Coromandel. 1885 G. S. FORBES Wild Life in
Canara 20 They were also instructed to rendezvous promptly
..at any point which might be threatened. .
b. of persons in general, animals, or things.
1661 STILLINGFL. Orig. Sacrae HI. ii. § 17 Particles, which
will, .never rest till they come to that empty space, where
they may again Rendezvous together. 1665 PEPYS Diary
13 Sept, Here we rendezvoused at Captain Cocke*s, and
there eat oysters. 1679 EstabU Test 25 In a place remote
from his quarter, he rendevouzes with his fellow adventurers.
iTOoBLACKMOREPara/Ar., 34<A ch. Isa. 264 The vultures
there and all the eagle kind Shall rendezvous. 1771 G.
WHITE Selborne xlvn, They [swallows] rendezvoused in
a neighbour's walnut tree. 1834 MARRYAT P. Simple (1863)
46 The Blue Posts, where we always rendezvoused, was
hardly opened. 1858 CHAMBERS Inform, (ed. 4) I. 709/1
That the herring do not rendezvous even in the deeper
parts of our own seas. 1887 STEVENSON Merry Men, etc, 285
The fugitives rendezvous'd in the arbour.
C. To band together, rare ~~l.
1813 MAR. EDGEWORTH Love $ Law i. ii, They have all
rendezvous'd to drive me mad.
1 2. Of a commander : To assemble his troops or
fleet. Obs.
1653 C B. STAPYLTON Herodian 130 There at first he
should have rendevoz'd. 1704 HEARNE Duct. Hist. (1714)
I. 384 Caesar.. rendevouz'd at Brundusium, shipped off his
twelve Legions, and sailed to Epirus. 1745 H. WALFOLE
Lett. (1846) II. 85 The Duke.. will rendezvous at Stone.
3. trans. To bring together (troops or ships) at
a fixed place. Now only 17.S.
1654-66 EARL ORRERY Parthen. (1676)672 Having Rendez-
vous'd on the Banks of the River Calpes thirty thousand
Foot, .. he order'd them to move. 01700 KEN Edmund
Poet. Wks. 1721 II. 179 Their Naval Strength o'er all their
Ports diffus'd, They at a Day appointed rendezvous'd. 1780
JEFFERSON in Sparks Corr. Atner. Rev. (1853) III. u, I
think the men will be rendezvoused within the present
month. 1895 J. WINSOR Mississ. Basin 404 Amherst . . had
rendezvoused at Oswego about eleven thousand men.
b. To bring together, collect, assemble (per-
sons or things). ? Obs.
1670 EACHARD Cont. Clergy 34 [He] minces the Text so
small, that his Parishioners, until he rendevouz it again, can
scarce tell what's become of it. a 1680 CHARNOCK A ttrib. God
(1834) II. 371 What legions of angels might he have ren-
dezvoued from heaven. 1719 J. T. PHILIPPS tr. Thirty.foitr
Confer. 310 If all Men are to be rendevouz'd in a General
Assembly to receive severally every one his Final Doom ?
rejl. 1674 TILLOTSON Sernt. \. (1678) 41 How the innumer-
able blind parts of matter should rendezvous themselves into
a world. 1684 T. SMITH in Phil. Trans. XIV. 443 The
publick Coflee-houses . . where the malecontents used to
rendezvouz themselves.
t 4. To crowd about, hem in (a person). Obs. ~l
a 1661 FULLER Worthies (1840) II. 526 A gentleman, .was
so rendezvoused about with beggars in London, that it cost
him all the money in his purse to satisfy their importunity.
Hence f Re'udezvouser, an associate. Obs."1
a 1734 NORTH Lives (1826) I. 309 His lordship retained
such a veneration for the memory of his noble friend and
patron, .that all the old rendezvousers with him were so
with his lordship.
Rendezvousing, vbl. sb. [-ING*.] The
action of the vb. RENDEZVOUS.
1679 KING in G. Hickes Spirit of Popery 31, I am.. far
from acknowledging that the Gospel Preached that way, is
a Rendezvouzing in Rebellion. ij&Descr. Thames Index
289 Rendezvousing of the Herrings and Cod annually. 1798
Hull Advertiser 8 Sept. 2/3 The General was attacked on
the very point of rendezvousing.
attrib. 1707 Vulpone 22 The rendevouzing Clause of their
Act of Security. vjiq Free-thinker No. 108. 11, 1 discovered
her, Three Rendezvousing Nights successively, at the
Haunted House.
t Re ndible, o.1 Obs. rare. [ad. F. rendable :
see RENDER v. and -ABLE, -IBLE.] That may be
given up, or translated.
1611 COTGR., Rendable, rendiblet renderable, yeeldable,
restorable. 1650 HOWELL Lett. Addit. xxi. 35 Evry language
hath certain Idiomes, proverbs and peculiar expressions of its
own which are not rendible in any other but paraphrastically.
Re'ndible, a* rare-0, [f. REND v, + -IBLE.]
That may be rent (Worcester 1860).
Rending (re'ndirj), vbl. sb. [f. REND z>.* +
-TNG *.] The action of the vb. ; also with a and
//., an instance of this.
c 1400 Chaucer's Knt:$ T. 1976 (Harl. MS.), At troye alias
be pile J»at was |?ere, Cracchyng of cheekes, rendyng eek of
here, c 1440 Front}. Parv. 429/2 Rendynge a-sundyr,
laceracio. 1530 PALSGR. 262/1. 1635 SWAN Spec. M. v. § 2
(1643) 117 A noise like to the rending of broad cloth. 1651
BAXTER Inf. Bapt. 151 The vilest Heresies and rendings of
the Church, way BRADLEY Fam. Diet. s. v. Arsenick,
It causes great Pains, Rendings, ..violent Vomitings. 1813
BAKEWELL Introd. Geol. (1815) 241 Virgil refers to the
rending of rocks as one of the common effects of lightning.
1899 AllbutCs Syst. Med. VI. 370 The rending or otherwise
yielding of the coats of the vessel was accompanied by
severe pain.
attrib. 1832 Quarterly Jrnl. Agric. III. 651 The next
proceeding [in hurdle-making! is rending the different
pieces : this is done at the rending frame.
b. A rent piece or fragment. In quot. fig.
1859 I. TAYLOR Logic in Theol. 234 Men who. .bring
them bits and rendings of their academic whims.
Re'nding, ppl. a. [f. as prec. + -ING 2.] That
rends : a. In transitive senses.
c 1374 CHAUCER Boeth. i. met. t, For lo Rendyng Muses of
poetesenditentomethingestoben writer). i68^TRYON Way
to Health 402 Being of a terrible, rending, tearing, devilish,
fierce Nature, a 1693 Urqnhart's Rabelais IIL xxxii. 270
Their stinging Acrimony, rending Nitrosity. 1760-7* H.
BROOKE FoolofQual. (1809) IV. 79 He speaks peace to the
storm of rending passions. 1843 MANNING Serin, vii. (1848)
I. 101 We have no rending choice to make. 1899 Alllnttt's
Syst. Med. VI. 47 It [anginal pain] may be most acute and
agonizing, of a rending character.
b. In intransitive senses.
1718 ROWE tr. Lucan \. 289 Darts the swift Lightning
from the rending cloud. 1738 BEATTIE Elegy 82 O happy
stroke, that. .Darts through the rending gloom the blaze of
day. 1839^5* BAILEV Festus 58 The world shall stand still
with a rending jar. 1840 K. H. DANA Bef.Mast xxxii. izo
With a creaking and rending sound.
Rendition (rendi'Jan). [a. obs. F. rendition
( = Sp. rendition}^ i. rendre to RENDER.]
1. The surrender of a place, garrison, possession,
etc. (Common in iyth c.)
1601 Q. ELIZ. in Moryson Itin. (1617) n. 200 We receiued
(with much contentment) the newes of the rendition of
Kinsale. 1675 G. TOWERSON Decalogue 267 Where the
Throne becomes empty, as it is by the Rendition of those
that before sate in it. 1691 WOOD Ath. Oxon. II. 703
After the rendition of Oxford to the Parliament forces, he
lived for some time in the Middle Temple. 1711 Fingall
MSS. in lo/A Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. V. 169 To
freighten . . that puissant garrison to a rendition. i8a6 SCOTT
Mai. Malagr. i, Not in right of conquest, or rendition.
1894 Athenaeum 26 May 678/1 He then discusses .. the
rendition of Mysore.
fig. x68a FLAVEL/><W 54 Fear.. treats with the tempter
about terms of rendition.
b. The surrender of a person.
1649 MILTON Eikon. Wks. 1851 III. 367 His rendition
afterward to the Scotch Army. 1670 TEMPLE Let. Wks.
1731 II. 212 Their Answer was, That there was no need of
distinguishing the Renditions of the Colony. 1860 S. ELIOT
in Encycl. Brit. (ed. 8) XXI. 442/2 The rendition of fugitive
slaves by the Northern States. 1864 SALA in Daily Tel.
13 Sept., Mr. Seward can scarcely place any obstacles in
the way of the rendition of this man.
fc. The giving up or back of something; return,
restoration. Obs.
1652 KIRKMAN Clerio fy Lozia 148 She lost her speech,
which love soon made rendition of unto her. 1666 J. SMITH
Old Age 46 They have assigned unto it [memory] three
operations, viz. Reception, Retention, and Rendition.
2. Translation, rendering. Now U. S.
1659 PEARSON Creed (1839) 231 It is.. acknowledged that
the most ancient interpreters were divided in their rendi-
ng with
spoyle. 1611 FLORIO, Rinegalo, ..a renegade, a foresworne
man, or one that hath renounced his religion or country.
1645 PACITT Heresiogr. (1662) Ep. Bed., Some of the watch-
men ought to have been watched themselvs, who ..in con-
clusion run over and turned renegads. 1711 BLACKMORE
Creation Pref. (ed. 2) 20 Renegades and Deserters of
Heaven, who renounce their God for the Favour of Men.
1814 SOUTHEY Roderick vm, How best they might evade
The Moor, and renegade's more watchful eye. 1873 SMILES
Huguenots Fr. i. vii. (1881) 147 Like all renegades, he was
a bitter and furious persecutor.
2. One who deserts a party, person, or principle,
in favour of another ; a turn-coat.
M< MANLEY Grotius' Low C. Warres 127 Not a few
tnghsh turning Renegades, and being contemned by the
Spaniard. 175! Affect. Narr. of Wager 31 For if these
Renegades had formed such a Conspiracy, what hindered
'heir accomplishing it? 1817 MOORE Lalla R., Veiled
Prophet 690 Must he. .be driven A renegade like me from
Love and Heaven? 1849 MACAULAY Hist. Eng. iv. I. 451
The renegade soon found a patron in the obdurate and
revengeful James. 1871 C. GIBBON For the King ii, The
past makes me seem in my own eyes, and in the eyes of
Others — a renegade.
RENDLES.
lions, a 1716 SOUTH Serin. (1744) VII. 27 The Jews., charge
Paul as a perverter of the prophet's meaning, in a false
rendition of the sense of the place. 1858 in Bartlett Diet.
Anier. (1859) 3.6° '1 ne closest possible rendition of the mean-
ing of the original text of the Scriptures into English. 1875
STEDMAN Victorian Poets 275, I will not omit mention of
Calverley's complete rendition of Theocritus.
3. U.S. The action of rendering, giving out or
forth, acting, performing, etc.
1858 in Bartlett Diet. Amcr. (1850) 360 On the rendition
of the verdict, the large audience present manifested
enthusiastic approbation. 1877 H. H. FURNESS Handet I.
Pref. 14 In their rendition of Hamlet by the Messrs.
Devrient. 1880 L. WALLACE Ben-Hur (1887) 266 When he
spoke, the account seemed to have rendition from both of
them jointly.
4. U. S. The amount produced or rendered ; the
yield (of silk). 1889 in Funk's Stand. Diet.
Rendiz vouse, obs. form of RENDEZVOUS si.
E/e'ndles. Obs. exc. dial. Forms : 5 renne-
lesse, renlys, 6 renlesse, renels; 5 rendlys,
6-7 -les, 8 -less ; 7 rindles, 9 dial, rindless,
(-lass, -lis). [prob. repr. an OE. *rynels = Flem.
ren-, rin-, runsel (Kilian), Ger. dial, rensel, rinsel
(Diefenbach) : see RUN v. and -ELS. Palsgrave
gives also the form ronnelles.] Rennet, runnel.
c 1440 Promp. Para. 429/2 Renlys, or rendlys, for mylke
[Jf. rennelesse, P. renelsj, coagulum. 1530 PALSGR. 262/1
Rendles for a chese, presure. [bid., Renlesse to make
cheese with, presure. 1601 HOLLAND Pliny I. 486 As white
as milke, and as good as rendles to giue the forme to
cheese. Ibid. II. 166 It will cruddle milke as wel as rennet
or rindles. 1784 TWAMLEY Dairying 10 Collecting the Curd
at the bottom of the Tub or Pan, after the runnel or rendless
has done its duty. 1879 Miss JACKSON Shropsh. IVord-bk.
352 The rindless obtained from a calf wliose ( nursing
mother ' grazes the pasture common to the dairy stock.
Rendle-wood. dial. [app. f. REND z/.i 3 d.]
Barked oak. Also attrib.
1887 T. HARDY Woodlanders III. iv. 67 A heap of rendle-
wood— as barked oak was here called, a 1900 — Tess xii,
She was kindling 'rendlewood* (barked-oak) twigs under
the breakfast kettle.
t Re'ndling, vbl.sb. Obs. rare~\ [1. rendle,
back-formation on RENDLES.] Curdling, setting.
1784 TWAMLEY Dairying 33 The rendling of Cheese
causeth a very great Fermentation.
Rendoun, obs. form of RANDOM.
Rendrock (re'ndrpk). [f. REND p.1 + ROOK si.]
A kind of explosive.
1880 Libr. Univ. Know!. (N. Y.) II. 628 The explosives
were dynamite, rendrock and vulcan powder. 1881 LOCK
Spans' Encycl. III. ooi A number of semi-solid mixtures,
such as dynamite, . . giant powder, rendrock.
t Re'ndry. Obs. [f. RENDEB v. + -(R)Y : cf.
surrendry.] Surrender.
1600 HOLLAND Livy xxvi. xvii. 596 Touching the rendrie
and deliverie of the fortresses in every cittie. 1615 CHAP-
MAN Oifyss. xxl. 26 For whose just And instant rendry old
Laertes sent Ulysses his ambassador.
t Ro'ndy. Obs. rare. [app. ad. F. rendez in
rendezvous RENDEZVOUS.] A rendezvous ; also, an
arrangement or disposal of troops.
1581 SJYWARD Mart. Discipl. H. 134 Staie thee neere thy
trench till thou hast viewed thy selfe and the rendies of the
enimies; that U, how manie battailes, how they are placed,
of what condition, and where they are disposed to fight.
1596 DRAYTON Piers Gaveston Wks. (174^8) 212 The Barons
then from Bedford setting on, (Th'appomted rendy where
they gather'd head).
t Rene, obs. form of REAN, furrow, balk.
c 1410 Pallad. on Husb. I. 61 Withouten moold admyxt,
ner sondy lene, Nor hungry cley, ner stonys ful vche rene.
Ibid. 159 Sette not out thi landis faat or lene To hym whos
lond adioyneth on thy rene.
Rene, obs. form of RAIN si.1, REIN si.
Reneg, var. of RBNEGUE sb. and v.
Renegade (re-nfg^d), si. (and a.) Also 6 Se.
rannu-, rannigard, 7 renegad. [Anglicized form
of RENEGADO : see -ADE 3 b.]
1. An apostate from any form of religious faith,
esp. a Christian who becomes a Mohammedan.
1583 Leg. Bp. St. Androis 10 Ane fals, forloppen, fenyeit
freir, Ane rannugard [v.r. rannigard] for greed of geir. 1598
BARCKLEY Felic. Man (1631) 232 The renegades in place of
defending the king joyned with them [the Turks] in th
445
3. attrib., passing into adj.
1703 ARBUTHNOT Coins, etc, (1727) 242 If the Roman
Government subsisted now, they would have had renegade
Seamen and Ship-wrights enough. 1837 W. IRVING Capt.
Bonneville II. 6 Kosato, the renegade Blackfoot, had re-
covered from the wound. 1870 LOWELL Among my Bks.
Ser. I. (1873) 98 The renegade Christian must forswear the
true Deity.
Hence Re'negadism, the practice of deserting
one's religion or party.
1859 Black™. Mag. Apr. 455/2 We. .tacitly acknowledged
renegadism.. as the standard of moral feeling. 1877 GLAD-
STONE Glean. (1879) IV. 3rs This population was liable to
be thinned by renegadism and constant war.
Re negade, v. [f. prec.J intr. To turn
renegade ; to go over front a religion, party, etc.
1611 COTGR., Maranist', marranized, renegaded. 1716 M.
DAVIES Athen. Brit. II. 316 Which last [rivalling] both
High and Low, do Precaution themselves against .. more
than against their Converts Renegading or Starving. 1861
MEREDITH Evan Harrington 111. xv. 236 That was before
he renegaded. 1893 LELAND Mem. II. 140 Johnson had
renegaded from the Confederacy.
Renegado (remg^-do), sb. (and a.) Also 6
renigado, 7 rennegado, renegador. [a. Sp. re-
negado, ad. med.L. renegatus : see RENEGATE.]
1. •= RENEGADE i.
1599 HAKI.UYT Voy. II. i. 186 He was a Renegado, which
is one that first was a Christian, and afterwards becommeth
a Turke. 1624 Bp. MOUNTAGU Gagg 238 The body of
Babylas made the oracle mute, in despight of Julian that
renegado. 1681 LUTTRELL Brief Ret. (1857) I. 185 The
Engfish renegado, who is interpreter to the Morocco
ambassador. 1717 A. HAMILTON New Ace. E. Ind. I. vii.
to the Church of England. 1814 SOUTHEY Roderick ix, Might
I meet That renegado, sword to scymitar, I n open field. 1850
MRS, JAMESON Leg. Monast. Ord. (1863) 348 The last to
whom he was sold was a renegade.
2. = RENEGADE 2.
1600 HOLLAND Livy 11. xi. 39 By the information of a
renegado. 01635 SIBBF.S Confer. Christ % Mary (1656) 33
They were renegadoes, having all left him. a 1680 BUTLER
Rent. (1759) II. 408 A Rebel is a voluntary Bandit, a civil
Renegado. a 1734 NORTH Exam. i. ii. § 9 (1740) 35 He out
of pure Malice to the Government of his Country, prefers
that of Holland, and in that Respect writes like a Renegado.
1780 in Sparks Corr. Amer. Rev. (1853) II. 437 Many rene-
gadoes from the different Indian nations are collected at the
..towns. 1837 CARLYLE Fr. Rev. III. in. vii, Federalists in
the Senate, renegadoes in the Army, traitors everywhere 1
b. transf.
1646 J. HALL Poems I. 68 A Renegado to all Poetry. 1654
WHITLOCK Zootomia 62 A Renegado from some Trade or
Profession. 1689 PHILOPOLITES Grumble. Crew 2 But our
Male-Contents, .are such Renagado's from Common Sense,
that [etc.]. 1715 M. DAVIES At/ten. Brit. I. Pref. 43 Even
Canus accuses Cajetan for being a Renegado to the Fathers.
X7.48 J. GEDDES Composition Antients 12 The most deter-
mined renegado to the interests of society. 1802 MAR.
EDGEWORTH Irisk Bulls 193 To such would be renegadoes
we prefer the honest quixotism of a modern champion for
the Scottish accent.
fc. Used vaguely as a term of abuse. Obs.
1611 BEAUM. & Fu Philastcr n. iv, To bring these
Renegados to my Chamber, At these unseason'd hours.
f3. A variety of the game of ombre. Obs.
1680 COTTON Compl. Gamester vii. 69 There are several
sorts of this Game called L 'Ombre, but that which is the
chief is called Renegado, at which three only can play,
4. attrib., passing into adj.
1635 PAGITT Ckristianogr. Ded., The Turkes Janissaries,
and Basha's, are most of them renegado Christians. 1653
GREAVES Seraglio 96 All the Eunuchs in the Seraglio, .are
chosen of those Renegado youths. 1677 W. HUBBARD
Narrative 59 The scouts brought in one Joshuah Tift,
a Renegado English-man. 17.. in Swift's Lett. (1768) IV.
ill An English renegado slave translated Ejffendi Soif for
them. 1798 BRAGGE in Anti-Jacobin (1852) 62 The recreant
peer or renegado priest. 1829 W. IRVING Granada (1850)
154 He singled out a renegado Christian, a traitor to his
religion and his king. 1839 JAMES Louis XIV, IV. 67
Pelisson . . busied himself with renegado zeal in buying
proselytes to the faith of the court.
Hence Reiiega'do v. intr., to turn renegado.
1704 J. PITTS Ace. Mokammetans ix. (1738) 200 Who after
he was ransomed, . .renegado'd.
t Renegant, a. Obs. [ad. L. renegant-em,
pres.pple. ol renegare: see RENEGUE v .] Renegade.
1549 ConM. Scot. viii. 74 The ingjis men sal neuyr cal
you ane vthir vord hot renegant scottis. 1614 W. PARSONS
in Lismore Papers Ser. n. (1887) I. 207 This is a soure and
renegant tyme. 1615 T. ADAMS Black Devil z Cast . . your
minds upon the renegant Jewes.
Renegate (re-n/g/'t), si. (and a.) Obs. exc.
dial. Forms: 4 ranegate, renagat, 6 renna-
gat(e, Sc. reuigat(e, rennigatt, 6-7 rennegate,
4-7 renegat, 4-7 (9 dial.) renegate ; 5 renogat,
6 ren(n)ogate. See also RUNAGATE, [ad. med.L.
renegat-us, subst. use of pa. pple. of renegare : see
RENAY and RENEGUE, and cf. It. rinegato, F.
rcnigat, Sp. renegado RENEGADO.]
1. A renegade, deserter.
(•1375 xi Pains HM 63 in 0. E. Misc. 212 Bynd..
ranegates with raueners. . And cast ham in be fuyre. c 1385
CHAUCER L. G. W. Prol. 401, I not where he be now a
renagat. c 1400 MAUNDEV. (1839) viii. 84 Julianus Apostate
..forsoke his Law, and becam a Renegate. 1483 CAXTON
Gold. Leg. 288/2 Now I shalle be callyd the wyf of a rene.
Catc and transgressour. 1535 COVERDALE i Mace. vii. 24
He wente forth, .and punyshed those vnfaithfull rennagates.
RENEGUE.
1565 T. STAPLETON Fortr. Faith 123 Whose first Apostles
and preachers were al for the most part wicked rennagats.
1600 HOLLAND Livy xxill. xxvi. 491 1 hese fugitiue renegates
had first practised to raise troubles and insurrections. 1662
J. DAVIES tr. Olcarius' Voy. Ambass. 220 tnarg.. Our
Persian Interpreter proves a Renegat. 1829 BROCKETT
N. C. Gloss, (ed. 2), Renegate, a reprobate.
2. attrib., or as adj.
c 1485 Digby Myst. (1882) in. 238 Alle renogat robber. .to
put hem to peyn I spare for no pete. 1508 KENNEDIE
Flyting lu. Dunbar 401 Rawmowit ribald, renegate re-
hatour. 1534 MORE Com/, agst. Trib. in. Wks. 1212/2
Manye other contumelies & dispightes, that the Turkes and
. . .
. .for the which they are become a renegate people now
loco years together.
Renegation (renfg^-Jsn). [ad. L. type *rene-
gation-em, n. of action f. renegare: see next.]
The action of renouncing or renegading.
1615 T. ADAMS T-woSonnes 89 Let us reclaime our impudent
and refractory renegations by a serious meditation. 1837
CARLYLE Fr. Rev. III. v. iv. From far and near.. come
Letters of renegation. 1896 SAINTSBURY His t. vjth C. Lit. ix.
392 The hour of triumph was the hour, .of opposition and
renegation.
Reue'gue, si. Also 7 -neg, 9 -nege. [f. the
vb. (sense 4).] An instance of reneguing at cards.
1654 GAYTON Pleas. Notes iv. ix. 235 Now they are for
their Tibs who had plaid faire, and made never a Reneg
all the time. 1897 Foster's Complete Hoyle 622 Revoke,
failure to follow suit when able to do so, as distinguished
from a renounce or renege.
Reuegne (r/hrg), v. Forms : 6-7, 9 reneague,
7-9 renegue, (6 ri-, 7 -neigue, 9 dial, -nague); 7,
9 reneg, (9 dial, -neeg) ; 6-7, 9 renege, 6-7 re-
neage, 9 dial. rena(i)ge. [ad. med.L. reneg-dre,
f. re- RE- + negare to deny : cf. RENAY ».]
1. trans. To deny, renounce, abandon, desert
(a person, faith, etc.). Now arch.
1548 UDALL Erasm. Par. Luke Pref. 12 Reneague thou
and forsake Christ. 1597 I. KING On Jonas (1618) 46 That
not onely he reneged his obedience in this particular action,
but changed the whole trade of his life. 1626 L. OWEN
NICHOLLS Answ. Naked Gospel 51 Even by those who in
other things reneg its Authority. 1817 COLERIDGE Ess. own
Times (1850) III. 957 He himself retains the opinions and
principles which theother had reneged. 1867 Miss BROUGHTON
Not Wisely (1868) 239 Though he had deserted her and
reneged the situation of spiritual guide and teacher,
t b. To recant. Obs. rare-1.
1679 Hist. Jetzer 29 He would spend his dearest blood
before he would renege one Syllable.
1 2. intr. or absol. a. To make denial. Also
with dependent clause. 06s.
1548 UDALL Erasm. Par. Luke xxii. 167 b, Whyle Petur
reneagueth, while he sweareth naie, ..the cocke crewe the
secounde tyme. 1575 Mirr. Mag.. King Bladud Iviii, Shall
I renege I made them then? Shall I denye my cunning
founde? 1605 SHAKS. Lear n. ii. 84 Such smiling rogues as
these.. Renegue {printed reuenge], affirme, and turne their
Halcion beakes, With euery gall, and vary of their Masters.
1689 HICKERINGILL Ceremony Monger \. Wks. 1716 II. 389
But if he reneages. .and is forc'd to answer, that he bows to
nothing ; then beg him for a Fool.
tfo. To apostatize. Obs. rare~l.
a 1734 NORTH Lives (1826) III. 58 The Turks give all the
kindest invitations that can be to Christians to renegue and
become Turks.
3. To refuse, decline, rare.
1582 STANYHUUST ^Enfis n. (Arb.) 64 Too Hue now longer,
Troy burnt, hee flatlye reneaged. a 1734 NORTH Exam. i.
i. § '3 (1740)21 The Author will needs nave, .the good King
at the head of them by his Reneguing to become the
Guarantee. 1757 MRS. GRIFFITH Lett. Henry ty Frances
(1767) IV. 207 Our Postillion, with the thorough Consent
of his Horses, renegued going farther. 1866 KENNEDY Leg.
Fictions 29 How shabby it would look to reneague the
adventure.
4. a. Card-playing. To refuse or fail to follow
suit ; to revoke. (But see also the sb., quot. J 897.)
Now local and U. 3.
1680 COTTON Compl. Gamester x. (ed. 2) 82 Reneging or
renouncing, that is, not following suit when you have it in
your hand, is very foul play. Ibid. 87 You are bound to
follow suit, and if you renounce or renege, you lose the
whole Game. 1891 rail Mall G. 21 Jan. 2/1 At games of
cards renege (spelled renague in Ireland) is almost always
used instead of revoke, and bears the same meaning. 1897
Fosters Complete Hoyle 277 This privilege of reneging is
confined to the three highest trumps.
b. dial. (See quots.)
1872 WHYTE MELVILLE Satanella I. i. 12 If iver she
schames with ye, renaming [note refusing] or such like . . I'll
be ashamed to look a harse . . in the face again ! 1890 Gloitc.
Gloss., Reneague, to renounce a job. 1893 Wilts Gloss.,
Reneeg, renegitc, to back out of an engagement, to jilt.
Hence Bene'gned///. a., renegade; Bene'gnlngr
vbl. sb. ; also Bene'guer.
i£94 R. ASHLEY tr. Loys le Roy 106 The Marnmelvcs,
being al Christians reneaged, and of seruile condition. 1597
J. KING On Jonas (1618) 187 The relinquisher of his owne
life is more to be punished, than a reneger of his seruice in
warre. 1600 O. E. (M. SUTCLIFFE) Kepi. Libel Ep. Ded.,
Your selfe and other rinegued English, that adhere vnto
them. 1632 J. FEATLY Hon. Chast. n Correct the fury of
it by a pious reneaguing. 1659 GAUDEN Tears Ch. I. iv. 57
These modern Renegers, Separates, and Apostates.
BENEBVATE.
Benels, obs. variant of RENDLES, rennet.
Bener, obs. form of RUNNER.
Bene'rvate,^1. rart~~l. [Cf. next and ENER-
VATE z>.] intr. To get renewed vigour.
1801 Lnsignan IV. 129 His strength began to renervate.
Bene'rve, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To put fresh
nerve into, to strengthen again.
165* BENLOWES Theoph, xti.cxviii, Draught of Promethean
fir'd air took Renerves slack joynts, and ransacks each
phlegmattick Nook. 1807 J. BARLOW Columb. v. 702 War
and Washington renerve the soul. 1817 BYRON Mazeppa
xvii, The sight re-nerved my courser's feet. 1855 LYNCH
Rivulet i. v, Up from the dust the enfeebled start, Armed
and re-nerved for victories.
absol. 1889 SKRINE Mem. E. Thring 89 It was a vitalising
joy which touched us, not to soothe, but to renerve.
Benet, obs. form of RENNET sbl
Benette, obs. form of RENNET sb.z
t Renew*, sb. Obs. Also 5 Sc. renewe. [f. the
vb.] Renewal, new invention.
14,13 JAS, I Kingis Q. cxxv, And there we sawe the perfyte
excellence, The said[?mirf sad] renewe, the state, the
reuerence. .Offhir court. 16x5 BRATHWAIT Strappado, etc.
(1878) 247 That both loue and hate, May make you happy
loners by renew. 1631 — ly/timzies, ExchangC'tnan 33
Who bray their braines in a mortar, to produce some usefull
renew, some gainefull issue for their thriving master.
Renew (rthi«*)t f.1 Also 4-5 renuwe, 4-6
renewe, 5 Sc. ranew, 5-7 renue, 7 reniew. [f.
RE- + NEW a.t after L. renovdre to RENOVATE.
Cf. RENOVEL and RENULE.]
I. trans, fl. To do over again, revise. Obs.~~l
c 1374 CHAUCER To Serin. 5 So offt a daye I mot by werk
renuwe, It to corect and eke to rubbe and scrape.
2. To make new, or as new, again ; to restore to
the same condition as when new, young, or fresh.
138* WYCLIF Ps. ciii[i]. ,30 Thou shalt renewe the face of
the erthe. c 1430 Pallad. on Husb. i. 770 Let make a stewe
With rayn watir, thyn herbis to renewe. 1494 FABYAN
Chron. ii. xxxviii. 27 He renewyd and repayred al olde
Temples thorough his Realme. 1535 COVERDALE 2 Chron.
xv. 8 And [Asa] renued the Lordes altare. 1578 TIMME
Calvin on Gen, 229 Souls are chosen, .as a Seed purged from
all dross, to renue the Church. 1596 SHAKS. Merck. V, v. i.
14 In such a night Medea gathered the inchanted hearbs
That did renew old Eson. 16x3 PURCHAS Pilgrimage (1614)
9 This Light . . perfecteth, renueth, and preserueth all things.
1697 DRYDEN Virg, Georg. in. 521 The cool Evening -breeze
the Meads renews. 1781 COWPER Charity 395 'Ihe soul
whose sight all-quickening grace renews. 18*3 S. ROGERS
ltaly> Bergamo 54 His long suit of black Dingy and thread-
bare, though renewed in patches Till it has almost ceased
to be the old one. 1833 TENNYSON Millers Dau. 27 Would
God renew me from my birth I'd almost live my life again.
1866 RUSKIN Crown Wild Olive Pref. 20 To dip them-
selves for an instant in the font of death, and to rise renewed
of plumage.
rf/f. 1490 CAXTON Eneydos xv. 54 Alle thynges renewen
them at his commynge. 1535 COVERDALE Lam. iii. 23 His
faithfulnes is greate, and renueth itself as the mornynge.
1607 SHAKS. Cor. v. vi. 49 Therefore shall he dye, And lie
renew me in his fall. i8ai SHELLEY Hellas 348 Even as
that moon Renews itself— Shall we be not renewed !
b. To make spiritually new ; to regenerate.
1381 WYCLIF 2 Cor. iv. 16 That man that is withinne forth
[1388 the ynner man] is renewid. — Eph. iv. 23 Be ge
renewid by spirit of ?oure mynde. c 1440 Macro Plays
73/1142 Ande be renuyde in Code knpwynge a-geyn. 15*6
Pilgr. Per/. (W. de W. 1531) i Man is renewed, .by the vij
folde graces of the holy goost. 1548-9 (Mar.) Bk, Com.
Prayer, Collect Christmas Dtty> Graunt that we . . maye
dailye be renued by thy holy spirite. 1607 HIERON Wks. I.
158 God is strong, able to pardon vs, able to renue vs. 1740
WATERLAND Regeneration Wks. 1823 VI. 352 Man renews
himself at the same time that the spirit renews him. 1866
NEALE Sequences $ Hymns 123 The Paraclete that shall
renew you.
C. To assume anew, to recover (one's original
strength, youth, etc.).
1481 CAXTON Myn: n. yi. 78 Thus [he] reneweth his age
as a wyse best that he is. 1560 BIBLE (.Genev.) Isa. xl. 31
They that waite vpon the Lord, shal renue their strength.
c 1600 SHAKS. Sonn. Ivi, Sweet loue renew thy force. 1667
MILTON P. L. vi. 783 Heav'n his wonted face renewed.
iSax SHELLEY Epipsych. 468 Dew, From which its fields and
woods ever renew Their green and golden immortality.
1860 TENNYSON Tithonus 74 Thou wilt renew thy beauty
morn by morn. 1875 JOWETT Plato (ed. 2) V. 236 In age
we may renew our youth, and forget our sorrows,
t d. To reopen (a wound). Obs. rare.
1308 FISHER 7 Penit. Ps. cxxx. Wks. (1876) 229 His woundes
were so renewed that the blode yssued out afresshe. 1541
R. COPLAND Galyens Terap. Ccivb, He estemeth yl the
vlcerate place must be renewed. Than whan yl it is made
as a fresshe wounde [etc.J.
e. refl. To refresh (oneself), nonce-use.
1858 HAWTHORNE Fr. $ It. Note-bks. (ity-i) I. 30 We..
renewed ourselves, at the close of the banquet, with a plate
of Chateaubriand ice.
3. To restore, re-establish, set up again, bring
back into use or existence.
1381 WYCLIF i Sam. XL 14 Cometh, and goo we into Gal-
gala, and renewe we there the rewme. 1401 Pol. Poems
{Rolls) 11.75 Josie shal.. make an ende of suche fendes, and
Cristis reule shal renue. 1480 CAXTON Chron. Eng. iv. (1520)
38/3 Crysten men had leve to renewe the servyce of god
that was defended afore. 1533 BELLENDEN Livy n. xvi.
(S. T. S.) I. 191 pe romanis war makand bare provjsioun to
renew be grete playis mony ?ere before hantit in bare ciete.
1738 JOHNSON London 25 We kneel, and . . In pleasing dreams
the blissful age renew
446
t b. To re-enact, put in force again. Obs.
1494 in Eng. Gilds (1870) 187 Thies ben the ordinaunces,
Actes, and Statutes, made, .by the Founders of the Gylde. .;
nowe renewed, and affermed. 1553 BECON Reliques of Rome
(1563) 05 b, This decree did Pop^e Eugenius the third renue.
4. To take up again or "afresh; to resume; to
begin again, recommence.
c 1400 Sowdone Bab. 2200 Laban nolde not forgete The
saute to renewe. 2490 CAXTON Eneydos xv. 54 The byrdes
I renewen theyre swete songe gracyouse. 1535 COVERDALE
; i Mace. xii. 16 We. .sente them vnto the Romaynes, for to
renue the olde bonde of frendshipe and loue with them.
1560 DAUS tr. Sleidane's Comm. 74 They renewe the warres
againe w« all their force and power. 1585 T. WASHINGTON
tr. Nicholay's Voy. i. xix. 22 The Turkes .. renued their
, batterie with great force and 8. peeces at once. 1661 J.
j DAVIES tr. Olearius' Voy. Ambass. 206 We. .renew'd among
i our selves the friendship, which we had before mutually
' promis'd. 1671 MILTON P. R. iv. 19 As. .surging waves
• against a solid rock, Though all to shivers dash't, the assault
I renew. 1771 Junius Lett. lix. (1788) 317 She will be ready
I to receive him whenever he thinks proper to renew his
; addresses. 1790 COWPER Mothers Pict. 116, I seem. .To
have renewed the joys that once were mine. 1817 EARL OF
DUDLEY Lett. (1840) 162, I.. was beginning to think that it
was high time our correspondence should be renewed. 1821
1 SHELLEY Adonais xviii, The airs and streams renew their
i joyous tone. 1875 JOWETT Plato (ed. 2) I. 112 Socrates
renews the attack from another side.
b. To resume (a speech, subject, etc.).
1667 MILTON P. L. ix. 1133 Adam . . Speech intermitted thus
! to Eve renewd. Ibid. xi. 499 Adam., scarce recovering
words his plaint renew'd. 1791 COWPER Stanza v. 22 Con-
science oft Her tale of guilt renews. 1797 MRS. RADCLIFFE
Italian xiii, He ventured to renew the subject nearest his
heart.
C. To say in resumption.
1687 DRYDEN Hind % P. \\. 401 Then thus the matron
modestly renewed : ' Let all your prophets and their sects
be viewed '. 1853 LYTTON My Novel ix. xvi, ' And ', he re-
newed, after a pause,—' and you ascribe this fear of seeing
me ' [etc.].
6. f a. To go over again, to repeat, relate afresh.
14.. Sir Beues (MS. M) 868 losyan, that was so trewe,
Thought she wold her love renewe. £1450 HOLLAND Howlat
254 It neidis nocht to renewe all myn vnhele, Sen it was
menit to ?our mynd, and maid manifest. (Cf. ibid. 708, 872.]
! c 1530 Crt. of Love 495 To turn, and sigh and gronc, . . And
i eke renew the wordes all that she Bitween you twain hath
seid. 1549 LATIMER $th Serm. bef. Edw. VI (Arb.) 137
i Here I wyll renewe that whyche I sayed before of the styf-
i necked lewes. 1596 SPENSER F. Q. iv. viii. 64 Then ganpe
I all this storie to renew, And tell the course of his captivitie.
b. To repeat (a promise, vow, etc.) ; to make
or utter again.
1509 FISHER Funeral Serm. Ctess Richmond Wks. (1876)
294 She . . promysed to lyue chaste,., whiche promyse she re-
newed after her husbandes dethe. 1596 SPENSER f, Q. v.
xi. 45 They turne afresh, and oft renew their former threat.
1710 STEELE Tatler No. 266 r 3 The Lady renewed her Ex-
cuses. 1817 SHELLEY Rev. Islam iv. xxi, Lovers renew the
vows which they did plight In early faith.
C. To do over again, to repeat (an action), rare.
1599 SHAKS. Hen. V, i. ii. 116 Awake remembrance of these
valiant dead, And with your puissant Arme renew their
Feats. 1781 J. MORISON in Sc. Paraphr. xxxv. iii, Oft the
sacred rite renew Which brings my wondrous love to view.
1864 TENNYSON En. Ard. 161 Many a sad kiss by day by
night renew'd.
6. To replace by some new or fresh thing of the
same kind ; to restore by means of substitution or
1 a fresh supply ; to fill (a vessel) again.
1439 in Ancestor (1004) July 16, I woL.that the tapres be
• renewed til the month be endet. c 1530 H. RHODES Bk.
• Nurture in Babees Bk. (1867) 67 Loke the cup of Wyne
\ or ale be not empty, but ofte renued. 1585 T. WASHINGTON
[ tr. Nicholay's Voy. i. xiii. 14 b, We renewed our beuerage
i out of certaine cesternes. 1586 T. B. La Primaud. Fr.
i Acad. i. (1594) 632 They create the duke and the eight
governors of the commonwealth, who are renued from two
yeeres to two yeeres. 1687 A. LOVELL tr. ThevenoCs Trav.
! i. 157 These Hangings aie renewed every seven Years by
the Ottoman Emperours. 17*6 POPE Odyss. xix. 590 She to
I the fount conveys the exhausted vase : The bath renew'd
! [etc.]. 1784 COWPER Task i. 434 Beneath the open sky she
spreads trie feast ; 'Tis free to all— 'tis every day renewed.
0=1796 BURNS You're welcome, Willie Stewart 6 Come,
bumpers high, . . The bowl we maun renew it 1821 SHELLEY
Hellas 1062 The earth doth like a snake renew Her winter
weeds outworn. 1860 TYNDALL Glac. \. xxi. 146 The con-
densed vapour incessantly got«a way, but it was ever renewed.
T" b. To change, make a change in. Obs. rare.
c 1530 LD. BERNERS Arth. Lyt. Bryt. (1814) 471 Thei wer
Sarasyns borne, but as than thei had renewed theyr byleue,
and were crystened in Fraunce. a 1533 — Huon clxi. 619
Fyrste ye muste renewe your law and byleue in y* lawe of
Mahomet, on whome I do byleue.
c. To repair, make up for. rare"1.
1768 TUCKER Lt, Nat. II. i. 136 Though the corporealists
can find nothing to renew the decays of motion.
7. To revive, reawaken (a feeling).
1484 CAXTON Fables of Alfonce xi, My fayre Frend,
! renewe not my sorowe. 1494 FABYAN Chron. vi. clxx. 164
1 The kynge was ascertayned therof ; the whiche renued his
heuynesse. a 1533 LD. BERNERS Huon Ixx. 238 The auncyent
hate. .wasTenewed in his hert. 1615 ^'R.WWN t*\i Strappado ^
etc. (1878)266 Renewing griefe with each renewing morrow.
1697 DRYDEN Virg. Georg. HI, 509 The Sun's sultry Heat
their Thirst renews. 1820 SHELLEY Let. Maria Gisborne
174 Quenching a thirst ever to be renewed.
D. To revive, resuscitate, in various uses.
1535 COVERDALE Ps. l[ij. 10 Make me a clene hert fp God)
and renue a right sprete within me. 1560 DAUS tr. Sleidane^s
Comm. 30 Thou renewest [L. resttscitas] the errours therin
condemned. 1648 MILTON Ps. Ixxxv. 28 Thy saving health
to us afford And life in us renew. 1660 R. COKE Power #
BENEWAL.
Subjf 259 It u, his Majesties pleasure to have the memory of
things rather buried in oblivion then renued. 1716 ATTER-
BURY Serm. I. vi. 235 (I have] endeavour *d to renew a faint
Image of her several Virtues.. upon your Minds.
fo. To strike afresh. Obs. rare—1.
1609 BIBLE (Dou&y)Eccfas. xxxviii. 30 [28] Thenoyseofthe
hammer reneweth his care, and his eye is against the simili-
tude of the vessel.
8. To grant anew, esp. to grant or give (a lease,
bill, etc.) for a fresh period ; to extend the period
or application of; also, to take afresh, to obtain
an extension of.
1617 MORYSON I tin, n. 94 His Lordship to settle the
Country the better, refused to renew any protections. 1667
MILTON P, L. xi. 116 Intermix My Cov'nant in theWomans
seed renewd. 1671 — Samson 1357 Shall I . . so requite
Favour renew'd? 17*7-8 BERKELEY Let. to Prior 20 Feb.,
Mr. Petit Rose writes me. .about renewing his lease. 1867
MRS. RIDDELL Far above Rubies II. xii. 295 Arthur never
insisted on a settlement of their accounts, never objected to
renew bills. 1887 RUSKIN Prxterita II. 391 The lease
expired . . and she did not care to renew it. 1896 Law Times
C. 488/1 The trustees on its expiration at the end of a year,
refused to renew this ticket.
b. absol. To give a fresh lease or bill.
1688 WOOD L^fe 19 Nov. (O. H. S.) III. 283 He hath had
a good yeare lately for renewing and hath received 800/1.
1837 THACKERAY Kavenswing i, ' Won't the party renew?'
' Impossible— it's the third renewal '. 1875 W. S. GILBERT
Tom Cobb i, I suppose I have renewed oftener than any man
aloive !
9. intr. To grow afresh, become new again.
1414 BRAMPTON Penit. Ps. (Percy Soc.) 43 Out of here
handys I may nojt fle, But jyf thi grace in me renewe.
c 1430 LYDG. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 243 Whan blood
renewyth in every creature, Som observaunce doyng to
nature. 1473 Paston Lett. III. 103, I praye yow be ware
that the olde love of Pampyng renewe natt. 1508 DUNBAR
Tua Mariit Wemen 116 Quhen that the sound of his saw
sinkis in my eris, Than ay renewis my noy. 1549-62 STERN-
HOLD & H. Ps. cm. v. Like as the Eagle castes her bill,
Wherby her age renueth. 1578 LYTE Dodoens 310 Causing
the heare to renewe and growe againe. 1607 SHAKS. Timon
iv. iii. 68 Renew I could not like the Moone. 1621 lip.
MOUNTACU Diatribx 299 But come wee to Primitlas^ re-
nuing and growing euery yeere. 1697 DRYDKN Virg. Past.
x. 106 Callus, for whom my holy Flames renew Each Hour.
1715 POPE Odyss. viu. 569 Thus while he sung, Ulysses1
griefs renew. 1766 Corn f I. Fanner s.v. Tan, If the tan is
forked up,, .the neat will renew again.
t b. To change by growth. Obs. rare.
1413 Pilgr. SowU (Caxton 1483) iv. ii. 58 These pepyns
myght nought kyndely as they shold renewen in to a good
Appeltree. c 14*0 Pallad. on Husb. I. 116 Out of their
lond eek seedis wol renewe And chaunge hem si!f.
f 1O. To begin a fresh attack, to return or come
back, upon one ; to renew the fight. Obs.
c 1470 HENRY Wallace v. 289 Sad men in deid wpon him
can renew. Ibid. vn. 707 Ynglis archaris apon thaim can
ranew. 1606 SHAKS. Tr. fy Cr. v. v. 6 Renew, renew, the
fierce Polidamas Hath beate downe Menon. a 1656 BP.
HALL Rent. Wks, (1660) 35 My former Complaint renewed
upon me.
t b. To return (to one) ; to come back. Obs.
£1470 HENRY Wallace x. 691 Feill scalyt folk to thaim
will son ranew. 1697 DRYDEN Virg. Georg. in. 448 Time is
lost, which never will renew, While we too far the pleasing
Path pursue.
11. To begin again, recommence.
1533 LD. BERNERS Froiss. I. cccxxviL 511 Howe the
warre renewed bytwene the french kyng, and the kyng of
Nauerre. 1583 STOCKER Civ. Warres Lowe C. \. 37 b, This
tumult and trouble was supressed, yet renued it agayne.
1640 tr. yerdere's Rom. of Rom. in. 223 Whereupon the
combat renewed with more cruelty than before. 1744
HARRIS Three Treat, in.ii. (1765) 184 Our former Conversa-
tion insensibly renewed. 1771 GOLDSM. Hist. Eng. II. 6a
The battle renewing at the dawn of the ensuing day. 1801
MARIAN MOORE Lascelles III. 161 Their intimacy renewed,
and Mrs. Carisbrooke was as communicative as [etc.].
1 12. To resume relations with a person. Obs.
1768 Woman of Honor I. 175 She sincerely detests any
thought of renewing with him. Ibid. II. 134 If he had seen
the least glimpse of an opening to renew with you.
t Renew, v.2 Obs. rare"1, (ad. F. renouer
(•f ~nuer^ -noer) to tie again, f. re- KE- + noiter to
tie.] trans. To tie (a horse) to a thing.
c 1400 Sowdone Bab. 1126 Where he was light and toke
his rest, His stede renewed til a grene tre.
Reiiewabi'lity. [f. next + -ITY.] The quality
of being renewable (Worcester 1860).
Renewable (r/hi/7-ab'l), a. [f. RENEW z/.i +
-ABLE.] Capable of being renewed.
1717 BRADLEY Fam. Diet. s. v. Diascorditun, The Colour
is indeed renewable by a little fresh Bole. 1775 Sylpk II.
174 Heaven, who has given us renewable affections. 1817
JAS. MILL Brit. India I. it. v. 192 The great estates, in
Ireland for example, let under leases perpetually renewable.
1864 BRIGHT S/., Permits. Bill 8 June (1876) 512 The
licence is renewable from year to year. 1874 MOTLEY
Bamevcld xiii. II. 104 A twenty years' peace, renewable by
agreement.. had been negotiated.
Renewal (r/hizral). [f. as prec. + -AL.] The
act of renewing, or the state of being renewed;
also, an instance of this.
1681^6 J. SCOTT Chr. Life (1747) III. 227 He continued all
along in that particular Renewal that was made of it to the
People of Israel. 1695 Eng. A nc. Const. Eng. 34 A Renewal
of this original contract. 1735 BOLINGBROKE Diss. on Parties
xviii. (ed. 2) 218 The Revolution was. .one of those Renewals
of our Constitution that We have often mentioned. 1796
C. MARSHALL Garden, xii. (1798) 164 A renewal every three
or four years will produce finer fruit, 1838 DICKENS Lett.
(1880) 1. 1 1 Your handwriting came like the renewal of some
RENEWANCE.
old friendship. 1874 GREEN Short Hist. vi. § 2. 377 A return
of the King's malady brought the renewal of York's
Protectorate.
b. attrib., as renewal 'premium, shoot; Renewal
Sunday (see quot.).
186* NEALE Hymns East. Ch. 53 St. Thomas's Sunday,
called also Renewal Sunday : with us Low Sunday. 1886
W. A. HARRIS Techn. Diet. Fire In sttr. , Renewal Premiums.
1897 WILLIS Flower. Pl.ll. 335 In the leaf-axils are formed
the ' renewal '-shoots which last over the winter.
1 Renew ance- Obs. rare-1, [f. as prec. +
•ANCE.] Renewal.
1630 LORD Banians 31 Giving a fresh renewance of glad-
nesse to their parents (when their joy grew stale).
Renewed (rlmu-A),pfl. a. [f. as prec. + -ED 1.]
Revived, re-established, etc.
a 1400-50 Alexander 2819 Rodogars be riche bat renewid
[v. r. reuerent] lady pe dere dame of Dari. 1483 Cath.
Angl. 303/2 Renewyd,..rettouatus. 1604 SHAKS. OH. ii.i.
81 Giue renew'd fire to our extincted Spirits. 1650 FULLER
Pisgah H. .\ii. 243 Before his feet (in his renewed kingdoms)
were firmely fastened on the throne of authority. 1746
HERVEY Medit. (1818) 259 Are we become a renewed people,
. .zealous of good works? 1781 COWPER Hope 35 Renewed
desire would grace with other speech Joys always prized.
1821 SHELLEY Adonais xix, The beauty and the joy of their
renewed might. 1863 GEO. ELIOT Rontola xxiv, His strong
voice had alternately trembled with emotion and risen again
in renewed energy.
Hence Reuewedly adv., Renew edness.
a 1660 HAMMOND Wks. (1683) IV. 663 The Apostle. .sets
up an inward sanctity and renewedness of heart. 1748
RICHARDSON Clarissa (1811) II. 336, I declare renewedly
my firm resolution to give up the man. 1838 CHALMERS
Wks. XIII. 115 Renewedness of mind, however awkward
a phrase, is perhaps the most nearly expressive of it. 1854
ABBOTT Napoleon (1855) II. xii. 200 He was. .treated with
unblushing perfidy, renewedly assailed without warning.
Renewer (r/ni«-sj). [f. as prec. + -EB 1.] One
who or that which renews, restores, etc.
a 1547 SURREY in J ottel s misc. (Arb.) 14 u place of blisse,
renuer of my woes. 1589 COOPER Admon. 105 The first
renuers and restorers of the Gospell in this latter age. 1615
BRATHWAIT Strappado (1878) 179 Protectors of our peace,
And sole renewers of our hopes encrease. 1740 WATERLAND
Regeneration Wks. 1823 VI. 352 He is not his own regenerator
. . : he is, however, his own renewer. i86z TRENCH Ep.
7 Churches Asia 127 Everywhere setting forth himself as
the only renewer of all which sin had made old. 1884
Western Morn. News 10 Sept. 4/5 The ' Renewer ', that
portion of the Electric Telegraph by means of which long
cable telegraphy has been made possible.
Renewing (rthi«-irj), vbl. sb. [f. as prec. +
-INQ l.] The action of RENEW v.1 in various senses ;
also, an instance of this.
. . . _ , . .s sa urny now or te r
of new lordschip. 1483 Cath. Angl. 303/2 Renewynge,
renouacia. 1516 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 72 In the
renewynge of the inwarde man. 1577 B. GOOGE HeresbacKs
Huso. iv. (1586) 190 b, Cardamus greatly commendeth this
hearbe, for the comforting and renuing of a decayed
memorie. 1618 WITHER Brit. Rememb. in. 219, I gained
some renewings of that rest. 1679 DRYDEN Pref. to Tr. ft
Cr. Ess. (Ker) I. 205 The quarrel.. concludes with a warm
renewing of their friendship. 1740 WATERLAND Regenera-
tion Wks. 1823 VI. 342 The words of the original may be
rendered, by the laver of regeneration, and by the renewing.
1899 Athcmtum 21 May 670/2 [Herbaceous plants] will
require much renewing.
Renewing,///.,?. [-INGS.] That renews.
1601 CAREW Cornwall n They sink a Shaft downe thither
.. to admit a renewing Vent. ZTIS CHAPPELOW Right way
la be rick (1717) 141 You may take t'other look at it. .every
renewing look enhanses the value and worth of it. 1848
R. I. WILBERFORCE Doctr. Incarnation xiv. (1852) 383 These
. .are the renewing principles of human society.
Renewle, variant of RENULE v. Obs.
Renewment. Now rare or Obs. [f. RENEW
v.1 + -MENT.] Renewal.
1571 GOLDING Calvin on Ps. xviii. 44 It was an incredible
renewment, that he did not only soodeinlyset vp the people
agein [etc.]. 1637 R. HUMPHREY tr. St. Ambrose Pref, The
renewment of the heart is proper to the spirit. i8iz G.
CHALMERS Dom. Eton. Gt. Brit. 204 The renewment of our
commercial treaty with Russia.
Reney(e, etc., obs. forms of RENAT.
t Renfie'rce, v. Obs. rare -'. [app. f. FIERCE
a., on anal, of next.] trans. To render fierce.
1590 SPENSER F. Q. H. viii. 45 Whereat renfierst with
wrath and sharp regret, He stroke so hugely [etc.].
t Renfo-rce, v. Obs. Also 6 renforse, re'n-
foree, r'inforce, 6-7 r'enforce. [ad. F. renforcer:
see RE- and ENFORCE v., also RE-ENFORCE v.,
REINFORCE z».]
1. irons. To reinforce, strengthen.
1515 LD. BF.RNERS Froiss. II. cxiv. [ex.] 327, I am yet
wyllynge to treate of this matter more at lengthe, to ren.
force this hystorye. 1549 Compl. Scot. Ep. Bed. 6 He ren-
forsit the toune vitht victualis, hagbutaris, ande munitions.
1589 PUTTENHAM Eng. Poesie ill. xxv. (Arb.) 309 Arte is an
ayde and coadmtor to nature.. by renforcing the causes
wherein shee is impotent and defectiue. 1601 SEGAR Hon.
mil. AT Ctv. i. xvi. 23 Having omitted opportunitie to ren.
force a place of strength called Petra. a 1651 BROME Co-
Tent Garden v. iii, R'enforce the Ranks that are broken.
2. To compel (one) again to do a thing, rare ""'.
1590 SPENSER F. Q. n. x. 48 Yet twise they were repulsed
backe againe, And twise renforst backe to their ships to fly.
447
Hence t Benfo-rolng vbl. sb. ; also t Benfo-roer.
1566 PAINTER Pal. Pleas. I. 92 Erasistratus feling the
renforcing of the poulce to proue howe long it would con-
tinewe,. .still helde his fingers vpon the beating of the
poulces. 1589 PUTTENHAM Eng. Poesie HI. xvifi]. (Arb.)
194 marg., Emphasis, or the Renforcer. 1604 EDMONDS
Observ. Cxsar's Comm. 4 The benefite . . consisteth chiefly
in the renforcing, or., the redoubling of such troupes.
t Renforcee. Obs. Also 7 ranforeee, ren-
foree. [a. F. (ttoffe) renforcde, pa. pple. of ren-
forcer: see prec.] A strong make of silk.
1688 Abridgm. Spec. Patents, Weaving d86i) r Invencion
of making, dressing, and lustrateing silke, called black plain,
alamodes, ranforcees, and lutestringes. 1698 Land. Gaz.
No. 3366/4 A considerable parcel of narrow and broad
Allamodes, Renforcees and Lustrings.
Ren-forst : see rain-frost, RAIN so.l 5 a.
Reng, obs. f. REIGN v., var. RENGE sb'.1 Obs.
Rengaile, variant of RANGALE. Obs.
t Renge, si-1 Obs. Also 4 reng, rengge,
5 reenge. [a. OF. renge (Godef.), related to
renger, -ier, to RENGE. The var. range was also
adopted in ME., and finally became the standard
form : see RANGE sb.] A rank, row, line, esp. of
fighting men.
13.. Sir Benes (A.) 3807 pekinges soneof Asie.. Out of be
renge he com ride, c 1330 R BRUNNE Chron. Wace (Rolls)
5021 Cesar, .arraied bem in renges right, & assigned whiche
bataille first schold fight, c 1386 CHAUCER Knt.'s T. 1736
In two renges faire they hem dresse. 1:1450 Merlin 588
Merlin that rode fro oo renge to a-nother ascride hem often
'ore auaunt '. 1481 CAXTON Myrr. n. vi. 77 Wythin the
ryuer & flode of ynde named Ganges goon the eeies by
grete renges whiche ben . c.c.c . feet long. 1530 PALSGR.
262/1 Renge, rot'te, ranc.
t Renge, sb.i Obs. Also 4 reynge. [Of
obscure origin; cf. RANGE so.2] A sieve or strainer.
c 1361 Durham Ace. Rolls (Surtees) 566 Pro uno reynge
emp. pro pistrina xviij d. c 1430 Two Cookery-bks. 38
perow a crees bunte syfte hem, & for defaute of a bonte,
take a Renge. 1506 Yatton Churck-W. Ace. (Som. Rec.
Soc.) 128 For botomyng of y8 clensyng renge. .iiijrf. 1697
G. DAMPIER in Phil. Trans. XX. 50 Powder it, and pass it
through a Renge or fine Seive.
Renge, obs. Sc. f. REIGN sb., obs. f. RING v.,
var. RINK man. Obs.
t Renge, v. Obs. Also 5 rengne. [ad. OF.
renger to set in rank or line, to roam : see RENGE
s6.1 and cf. RANGE ».i]
L intr. a. To move hither and thither, roam,
stray, b. To draw up in line or rank.
a 122$ AHO: R. 164 pe helle Hun rengeS & reccheS euer
abuten . . soule uorte uorswoluwen. c 1330 R. BRUNNE
Chron. (1810) 40 His Danes wild he venge Ageyn him in
bataile, to renne & to renge. c 1410 Master of Game (MS.
Digby 182) xvi, Commonliche bei go byfore her maister
rengeynge and playnge with hir taile. c 1420^7/0:1-. Arth.
vii, The raches comun rengnyng him by, And bayet him
fulle boldely. c 1450 Merlin 198 Than thei rode forth and
renged close that wey where as the childeren foughten.
2. trans. To set in order, put in array.
13. . Coer de L. 4443 Her folk wer rengyd in that playn.
c 1330 R. BRUNNE Chron. (1810) 159 Richard was perceyued,
bei were renged redie, & how |>er pencels weyuecu ? a 1366
CHAUCER Rom. Rose 1380 With many high laurer and pine,
Was renged [F. fuepUs] clene all that gardine. c 1410
Master of Game (MS. Digby 182) xxiv, Alle be oj>er tyndes
gret and longe, wele sette and wele renged. Z475 Bk.
Noblesse (Roxb.) 70 He had devised and ordeined the her-
bers to be compassed, rengid, and made. £1489 CAXTON
Blanchardyn xxix. 105 The two barons.. camen to the
felde, where they fonden their folke renged to-gydre. 1530
PALSGR. 685/2, I renge, or set in array, or in order one by
another,yi? arrengie.
refl. £1330 R. BRUNNE Chron. Wace (Rolls) 8237 To
renne on pe [bey] schul bem renge. c 1450 Merlin 127
Than two of hem renged hem and priked after the messa-
gers. c 1500 Melusine 352 Thenne armed hym euery man,
And.. came & renged them before the bataylles.
Hence f Renged ppl. a. Obs.
1609 HEYWOOD Brit. Troy xiv. xiv, Now mongst their
renged Squadrons Troylus flings.
tRe-nger. Obs. rare-0. [Cf. RENGE sb2 and
RANGER 2 J A sieve.
1530 PALSGR. 262/1 Renger for a baker.
Rengge, variant of RENGE sb.l Obs.
Rengne, obs. f. REIGN sb. and v. ; var. RENGE v.
t Rengra-de, v. Obs. rare-1, [f. ren- (as in
renforce) + grade, after DEGRADE v.] trans. To
restore from degradation.
1589 WARNER Alb. Eng. v. xxiv, His flight Scotch-qwened
his Sister, she rengraded Englands blood.
t Rengre'ge, v. Obs. rare -'. [ad. F. ren-
gi-tger (isth c.) : see RE- and ENGREGE ».] trans.
To aggravate.
1600 BP. W. BARLOW Sernt. Paul's Cross (1601) Bviij,
Titles, that . . imputeth to men faultes which they haue not
committed, or doth rengrege or amoinder, that is, make
greater or lesse the faults committed.
Reni-, comb, form of L. ren kidney (see REINS),
used in some scientific terms, as renicapsular,
-cardiac, etc.
1858 MAYNE Expos. Lex., Renifolius, having reniform
leaves,. .renifolious. Renipmtitlatus, marked with spots in
the form of kidneys : renipustulate.
t Reni'ant. Obs. rare. Also renyant. [a.
F. reniant, pres. pple. of renier : see RENAY z/.]
A renegade.
1387-8' T. USK Test. Love I. iii. (Skeat) 1. 118 A renyant
RENITENT.
[lg6o reniant] forjuged hath not halfe the care. 1674
BLOUNT Glossogr., Reniant, a Revolter, a Runnagate.
Renidifica-tion. [RE- 53.] The action of build-
ing a nest a second time (Webster 1864, citing
Bulwer). So Beni-dify, v. to make another nest
{Cent. Diet. 1891).
Reniew, obs. form of RENEW tv.i
Reniform (rrnifjam), a. [ad. mod.L. rent-
formis : see REINS and -FORM, and cf. F. rtni-
forme.] Having the form of a kidney; kidney-
shaped. (Chiefly in scientific use.)
I7S3 CHAMBERS Cycl. Suff. s.v. Leaf, Reniform Leaf, one
of the shape of a kidney. 1796 KIRWAN Elem. Min. (ed. 2)
II. 78 [Pyrites is] found reniform. 1819 G. SAMOUELLE
Entom. Compendium 8r Shell reniform, velvety, and
stools with reniform seats. i88o'HuxLEY"Cr<xwfii v.°237
The cornea! substance of the eye is reniform.
Comb. 1847 W. E. STEELE Field Bot. 113 Leaves reni-
form-cordate, glabrous.
Renigat(e, obs. Sc. forms of RENEGATE.
t Reni'OUsly, adv. Obs. rare-1, [irreg. f.
reny, RENAY sb. + -ous + -LY a.] Like a renegade.
IS" Stai. Order of Garter ? 2 in Ashm. (1672), He that
then reniously and cowardly flieth or departith away from
thens, ought to be estiemed .. never worthi to be electe
Knyght, or Felow of the said Company.
Re'nish, a. Obs. exc. dial. Forms : 4 ren-
ischohe, 4-5 renysch,7<zVa/. rennish, 9ran(n)ish;
4-5 renyst, renishit, ? 7 renisht. [Of unknown
origin : cf. RUNISH. The sense in early examples is
often obscure.] Strange, uncouth ; fierce, wild, etc.
13.. E.E.Allit.P. B. 96Wehafbro3t..Monyrenischche
renkez & jet is roum more. 111400-50 Alexander 387
Quen he had wro;t all his will.. with a renyst reryd (>is
reson he said. Ibid. 2943 Ser Dary. . Rysys him vp renysch
& re^t in his sete. ? a 1600 King Estmere viii. in Child
Ballads II. 52/1 Thus the renisht them to ryde, Of twoe
good renisht steeds. 1691 RAY N. C. ]¥ords (ed. 2) 58
Rennish, furious, passionate : a rennish Bedlam. 1866
BKOGDEN Prov. Words Lines., Ranish, rash, precipitate,
giddy, wild. 1889 A". W. Lines. Gloss.,Rannish,iasb, violent.
Hence Re nislily adv., strangely, roughly.
13.. E. E. AlIit.P.'Q. 1724 pe fyste with befyngeres. .pat
rasped renyschly be woje with be ro3 penne. a 1400-50
Alexander 4931 The renke within be redell. .Rymed him
full renyschly & rekind bir wordis.
Alexander 4931 The re
full renyschly & r
Renishe, obs. form of RHENISH.
t Renita'tion. Obs. rare-1, [irreg. f. L.
renitl (see next) + -ATION.] = RENITENCY I.
1597 A. M. tr. Gnillemeau's Fr. Chintrg. 21 b/i If there
be greate quantitye it causeth such a renitatione or stretch-
inge out, as a bottle which is full, and closelye stopped.
t Reni'te, v. Obs. rare -'. [ad. L. renitl, f. re-
RE- + mil to struggle.] intr. To offer resistance.
1647 WARD Simp, Coblcr 28, I dare say, they that most
renite, will least repent.
I Renitence. Obs. [a. F. renilence (i6thc.,
Pare) : see RENITENT and -ENCE.] =next.
1652 CHARI.ETON Darkn. Atheism 265 An exclusion of all
coaction, violence, renitence or imposition. 1676 H. MORE
Remarks 14 The weight of Lead . . had crammed the Sand
together, .that it stuck by renitence of its irregular parts,
one against another. 1743 HON. C. YORKE in Warburton's
Unpiibl. Papers (1841) 140 A man would not do amiss to
shut up his books ; and without the least renitence roll in
the vortex of dulness.
Renitency (rftwi'tensi, re-nitensi). Now rare.
Also 7 -ancle. [See prec. and -ENCY.]
•(•1. Physical resistance, esp. the resistance of a
body to pressure. Obs.
1613 M. RIDLEY Mctgn. Bodies 2 Freed from all obstacle
and renitency. 1634 T. JOHNSON Parey's Chirurg. vii. xvii.
(1678) 183 The signs of such a Tumour are a certain renitency
or resistance. 1681 GLANVILL Sadducismus 157 It neces-
sarily and by an insuperable Renitencie expels and excludes
all other Matter. 1704!. HARRIS Lex. Techn. \, Renitency,
is that Resistence which there is in solid Bodies when they
press upon, or are impelled one against another.
2. Resistance to constraint or compulsion, oppo-
sition, reluctance. Now rare.
1626 PRYNNE Perpet.-Kegcn. A/fin's Est. 324 There is
a reluctancie, renitancie [pr. reuitancie], dislike and hatred
of it in his soule. 1668 R. STEELE Husbandman's Calling
vi. (16781 157 His oxe.. suffers the sharp visits of the goad
without renitency or opposition. 170* C. MATHER Magn.
Chr. iv. iv. (1852) 96 The obstruction which the renitencies
of that gentleman threatened. 1761 STERNE Tr, Shandy
III. xxxiv, Nature has form'd the mind of man with the
same happy backwardness and renitency against conviction.
1802 PALEY Nat. Theot. ix. (1819) 129 We have here no
endeavour, but the reverse of it ; a constant renitency and
reluctance. 1844 H. ROGERS Ess. (1855) III. 109 This re-
nitency of Mr. Gladstone's to accept, .the consequences of
his Church Principles.
Reuitent (r/hsi-tent, re'nitent), a. Now rare.
[a. F. rinitent (i6th c., Pare'), or ad. L. renitent-tm,
pres. pple. of renitl : see RENITE ».]
1. That offers physical resistance ; resisting pres-
sure, hard.
1701 RAY Creation n. (ed. 3) 245 An inflation of the
Muscles whereby they become both soft, and yet renitent
like so many Pillows. 1755 B. MARTIN Mag. Arts 4 Sc.
305 The electrical Matter, -can go no further, by Reason of
the renitent Quality of the silken Strings. 1889 J. M.
DUNCAN Clin. Ltct. Dis. Worn, xxvii. (ed. 4) 213 The right
ovary was swollen, renitent, as big as a walnut.
2. Recalcitrant.
f
stieped in the milk or renet whiche you shall find in the
ma wes of them. 1610 VENNER Via Recta v. 88 That it bee
not tart of the rennet, is far wholsomer. 1676 HOBBES Ilitul
(1677) 82 As quickly as the milk is turn'd to curd, When
with a proper rennet it is mixt. 17*7-38 CHAMBERS Cycl.
s.v. Cheese, Cheese . . being a preparation of milk curdled by
means of rennet, and afterwards dried, and hardened. 1797
Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) IV. 360/3 No people take less pains
with the rennet than the Cheshire farmers. 1845 TODD &
RENIX(B.
18^7 PRANDI tr. CautA's Reform. Eunft I. 257 [He] con-
strained the people to go to moss, and punished the renitent
with imprisonment and confiscation. i88a Edin. Rev. July 8
The gaps left by renitent warriors were rapidly filled by
intending plunderers.
t Reni'x.e. Obs. rare. [ad. L. type *renixus
(after nixus) for actual renisus, f. reniti : see
RENITE v.] A backward effort.
1666 G. HARVEY Morb. Angl. iv. 31 The blood by expansion
and turgency making a potent renix. 1689 — Curing Dis.
by Expect, xxii. iSi A strong pressure upon the Arteria
magna, which by a potent reiuxe did duplicate its force of
Pulsation.
fRenk1. Obs. rare— '. [a. F. rcnc.] =RANK sb.'1
c 1530 Lo. BERNERS Arth. Lyt. Bryt. xxviii. (1814) 81 As
Arthur wente searchynge the renkes [printed renkthes ; F.
les runes] and preses, he encountred the Erie of Foys.
Renk-. Coal-mining. [?var. of RANK or
RINK.] (See quots.)
1851 GREENWELL Coal>trade Terms, Northumb. fy Durk.
2 Renkt. .a standard distance of 60 or 80 yards (called the
irst renk), upon which a standard price is paid for putting
a score of coals. 1860 MiningGloss. (Weale) Renk (Newc.)»
The average distance the coals are brought by the putters.
Renk, var. RINK man Obs. ; obs. f. RING sb.,
RINK course.
t Benke, ? for renge, obs. f. REIGN sb.
c 1440 York Myst. xxix. 17, 1 haue be renke and be rewle
of alTbe ryall.
t Renkning, obs. Sc. var. RANKING vbl. sb.
1581 Sc. Acts Jas. VI U8i4) III. 233/1 The samyn was
remittit togidder with the renkning and placeing of the haill
burrowis within this realme to the commissionaris.
Be'nky, a. dial. Also 7 rencky, renty. [Of
obscure origin.] Large and well-made. (See also
Eng. Dial. Diet.)
1683 G. MERITON Yorks. Dial, n There is a Rencky
Cow, that beats all th' rest. 1691 RAY N. C. Words (ed. 2)
58 Renty, handsome, well shaped, spoken of Horses,Cows&c.
t Renla'rge, v. 06s. rare-1, [f. RE- + EN-
i ABGE v. • cf. RE-ENLARGE n.] trans. To set free
or open up again.
1616 J. LANE Cont. Star's T. vi. 88 B'entreatinge Manor j
Lordes, folkes lesse to flize, commons renlarge, restore thold I
colonies.
Renlesse, obs. var. RENDLES rennet. Renlett,
obs. f. RUNLET. Renlys, obs. var. RENDLES.
Rennagat(e, obs. ff. RENEGATE. Rsnnare, obs.
f. RUNNER. Renne, obs. f. RUN v. Renne-
gado, -gate, obs. ff. RENEGADO, -GATE. Renne-
lesse, obs. var. RENDLES rennet. Renner(e,
obs. ff. RUNNER.
Rennet (re-net), si.1 Also 5 renniet, 6 ren-
nette, rennit, 6-7 renet j see also RUNNET. [f.
renne, obs. form of RUN v., or perh. repr. an OE.
*rynet: cf. RENDLES, EARNINGS, and G. rentte.]
1. A mass of curdled milk found in the stomach
of an unweaned calf or other animal, used for
curdling milk in making cheese, etc. ; also, a pre-
paration of the inner membrane of the stomach
used for this or other purposes.
14.. Lai. tf Eng. Vx. in Wr.-Wulcker 501/19 Lactis,
rennet, or rennynge. 1477 NORTON Ord. A left. v. in Ashm. !
(1652) 79 Milk, & also Blood, And Renniet which for Cheese
is good, c 1550 LLOYD Treas. Health D iij, The rennet of an 1
hare . . healith the faulyng Kuril. 1563 J. HEYWOOD Proi1.
448
Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) IV. 369/2 The veil, maw, rennet-bag
(or by whatever name it is called). 1897 A ilbutt's Syst. Med.
III. 295 The "rennet ferment is the most constant of all the
active constituents of the gastric juice. 1873 THUDICHUM
Chent. Phys. 10 The many little *rennet glands situated in
the walls of the stomach secrete a liquid termed the gastric
juice. 1889 tr. Clans' Zoot.* Mollusca to Man 317 The
food enters the fourth stomach . . the longitudinally folded
"rennet stomach or abomasum. 1855 OGILVIK Sufipl.,
*Rennet--wkty1 the serous part of milk, separated from the
caseous, by means of rennet. It is used in pharmacy. 17*7
BKADLEY Country Housewife (1728) 76 To make an artificial
Rennet, .that is, to boil the Cliver, or as some call it Goose-
grass, or others "Rennet- Wort, in Water.
Rennet (re-net), sb.'i Forms : 6, 8 runnet,
6-8 renate, 7 renat, 7- rennet, (8 ren(n)ette,
9 rennett). [ad. F. reinetle (see REINETTE), app.
f. reine queen (cf. QUEEN sb. 9 c), but sometimes
written rainette as if f. raine frog, in allusion to
the spots which appear on some varieties. Hence
also Du. renet, G. and Da. renctte, Sw. renelt. The
obs. Eng. form renate was by some writers ex-
plained as from L. renattts.] One of a large class
of dessert apples of French origin, of which the
most esteemed varieties are round or flattish in
shape, small or medium sized, firm fleshed, and
good for keeping ; f also formerly applied to a
pippin grafted on a pippin-stock (quots. 1612-42).
a 1568 ASCHAM Scholein. \. (Arb.) 36 A childe will chose a
meeting. .and refuse a Runnet, because it is than grene,
viscus in wine, and to call the liquid thus formed, as well as
the prepared stomach, rennet.
fig. 1651 CHARLETON Ephes, <$• Cimin. Matrons n. (1668)
14 The Bawd, who was the very Renet of Concupiscence.
2. Anything used to curdle milk, esp. the plant
Galium verum, Lady's Bedstraw (cf. CHKESE-
RENNET).
1577 B. GOOCE Hereslach's Husb. n. 109 b, In the Figge
tree it [the sap] is milkie, Whiche serueth as a rennet for
Cheese. 1578 LYTE Dodoens 540 The herbe [Gallion] may
serue for Rennet to make Cheese. 1678 SALMON Pharm. \
Land. 59 Gallium, .is used for Rennet or Runnet to make
cheese with. 1750 ELLIS Mod. Husb. III. i. vii. iro The
Cliver, or Rennet or Curd-wort, . . is also pernicious in
curdling Milk in the Cow's Bag. 1851 C. A. JOHNS Flowers
of Field I. 304 The Highlanders use the roots .. and the
rest of the plant [Gali»m vernm] as rennet to curdle milk.
1889 N. f, Q. 7th Ser. VIII. 231/2 It is likely enough that
Galirtm..\s still used as rennet in some neighbourhoods.
3. attrib., as rennet ferment, gland; rennet-
bag, the stomach of a calf used as rennet ; rennet
stomach, the fourth stomach of a ruminant ; ren-
net whey (see quot.) ; rennet wort, the plant
Galium aparine.
1611 COTGR., ^/«/«#<%..themawof a Calfe ; which being
dressed is called the »Renet-bag. 1727 BRADLEY Country
Housewife (1728) 84 Cheese .. may be strengthned, by
putting . . Spice into the Rennet Bag, as Pepper. 1797
which though first it from the Pippin came, Growne through
his pureness nice, assumes that curious name. 1649
FULLER Holy «V Prof. St. 11. xxiv. 149 When a Pepin is
planted on a Pepin-stock, the fruit growing thence is called
a Renate, a most delicious apple. 1688 R. HOLME A rmoury
n. 48/1 The Rennet is a fine lasting Apple,.. the Lincoln
Rennet is reputed best. 1707 MORTIMER Husb. (1721) II.
264 The Golden Runnet is the most certainest Bearer of any
Apple I have met with. 1767 ABF:RCROMBIE Er. Man his
(nun Card. (1803) 671 English rennet, .. Tender rennet,..
Spanish rennet [etc.]. 1815 HONK Every-day Bk. I. 908
The true ' golden rennet ' can only be heard of at great
fruiterers. 1843 J. SMITH Forest Trees 156, 1 may observe
that all the rennetts are highly flavoured.
attrib. I7ia tr. Pomefs Hist. Drugs I. 143 A Fruit of
the Size of our Rennet Apple.
t Re'nnet, rf.a Obs. rare-1, \&&.?.renetie,
rainette (1690).] A farrier's tool, used for probing
the hoof of a horse.
1715 BRADLEY Fam. Diet. s.v. Retracts, Then with your !
Rennet search the Hole, penetrating to the end of it, where
the Nail was rivetted to the Hoof.
t Re'nnet, v. Obs. rare. [f. RENNET sb.v\ \
trans. To curdle (milk) with rennet ; to supply ;
with rennet.
c 1614 CHAPMAN Batrachom. 59 Nor Cheesecakes, . . Lyur- i
ings, (white-skind as ladies :t nor the straines Of prest milke, '
renneted. 1648 HERRICK llesfsr., To his Boot, Come thou
not neere those men, who are like Bread O're-leven'd ; or
like Cheese o're-rennetted.
t Re-niieting. Obs. rare. Also 8 rennetting.
[f. RENNET sit* + -ING 3 ; cf. QUEKNING, and Flem.
renetting (De Bo).] = RENNET sb*
1707 MORTIMER Huso. 595 Ripe pulpy Apples, as Pippins,
Rennetings, &c. that are of a syrupy tenacious nature.
Ibid. Kalendar Jan., Winter Queenings, . . Rennetting.
Rennible, obs. form of REN ABLE.
Renniet, obs. form of RENNET si.i
Rennigat(e, -gatt, obs. Sc. ff. RENEGATE.
Rennin (re-nin). rhysiol. [f. RENN-ET sb
-IN l.] The specific milk curdling enzyme of rennet.
Hence Kennrnogen, the zymogen which produces
rennin (Syd. Soc. Lex. 1897).
1897 AllbuttsSyst. Med. III. 287 In addition to pepsin
the gastric-juice contains another ferment, namely ' rennin ',
a milk-curdling ferment.
t Re nning. Obs. rare. [f. renne RUN v. +
-ING!.] =RENNET^.I (See also CHEESE-RUNNING.)
RAY N. C. Words (ed. 2) 57 Race, Rennet or Renniiig.
Renning, -yng(e, obs. ff. RUNNING. Rennish,
a. : see RENISH. Rennit, obs. f. RENNET rf.l
Rennogat(e, obs. ff. RENEGATE.
t RenO'ble, v. Obs. rare. [f. RE- 5 a + NOBLE <z.]
trans. To ennoble again.
I607TOPSELL Four-/. Beasts (165%) 266 Neither [will] their
books imprinted be any way disgraced or hindered, but
rather revived, renobled, and honoured. 1731-1 SAVAGE
On Her Majesty's Birth-Dny 61 Renobled thus by wreaths
my queen bestows, I lose all memory of wrongs and woes.
Renocero, obs. form of RHINOCEROS.
t Renodate, v. Obs. rare —°. [ad. ppl. stem of
L. renodare to untie: see RE- and NODE.] 'To !
undo, or unknit a knot ; also to knit fast or again ' j
(Blount Glossogr. 1656). So t Benoda'tion ' an |
unknitting or undoing of a knot' (Phillips 1658);
also fBeno'de v., 'to vnknit' (Cockeram 1623).
Renogate, obs. form of RENEGATE.
t Reno 'me. Obs. [ad. F. renom, later form of
renon RENOWN sb. Earlier examples of the spell-
ing belong to RENOMEE.] Renown.
1513 LD. BERNERS Froiss. I. cxlvi. 175 Do nat a thyng
RENOUNCE.
that shulde blemysshc your renome. £1557 ABP. PARKER
Ps. Ijxviii. 118 In ages still to come To ryse and sprede
..God's actes to hys renome. 1561 T. NoKTON^Ca/ww'i
lust. in. 289 Neither doth Jacob this bicause he is careful
for the enlarging of the renome of his name.
t Renome,//^£. Obs.rare~l. [OF.] =next.
'•1330 R. BRUNNE Chron. (1810) 204 Of Mount Morice
Maun a baron renome. •*
t Reno'ined, ///. a. Obs. Also 4 renumed,
5-6 renommed, (Sc\ -it, -yt). [ad. OF. renumt,
renontt (later renommt}, pa. pple. of renoiner, f.
re- RE- + nomer to name.] Renowned.
13.. Cursor M. 13763 (Cott.), pis ilk water .. Was mikel
renumed in J»aa dais, c 1374 CHAUCER Boeth, \\\. pr. ii, pat
al }>ing )>at is ry^t excellent, .seme^ to be ryjt clere and re-
npmed. 1390 GOWER Conf. I. 131 To him which thenkth
his name avance And be renomed of his dede. c 1430 LYDG.
Mfn. Poems (Percy Soc.) 47 Famous poetis. .In Grece and
Troye renomed of prudence. 1485 CAXTON St. Wenefr. 9
This place as longe as the world shalle endure.. shalfe be
renommed by grete fame. 1523 LD. BERNERS Froiss. I. xvii.
19 These two lordes were renomed as chief in all dedis of
armes. 1588 A. KING tr. Canisins' Catt-ch. 109 Quhat order
is maist renommed in the haly kirk?
t Itenomee*. Obs. Also 4-5 renome, (5 -nom-
ine), renommee, 5 -y(e. [a. OF. rcnomee, later
renommtCt f. renomer : see prec.] Renown. (Very
common in Caxton's works.)
c 1386 CHAUCER Wife's T. 303 For gentilles&e nys but re-
nomee Of thyne auncestres, for hire heigh bountee. 1390
GOWER Conf. II. 43 Hire name was Rosiphelee; Which tno
wasof gretrenomee. c 1430 Afertift i$6 Renomeethatthurgh
alle the worlde renneth yede so thourgh euerylonde. 1464
Rolls of Pdrit. V. 561/1 The fame of renommy of the honour
and pollicie therof. c 1489 CAXTON Sonnes of Ay man xxiv.
521 The renommee therof is flowen over alle the worlde.
Reno-inmate, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To
nominate for a second term of office.
1864 FREMONT in Daily Tel. 21 June, If Mr. Lincoln should
be renominated. 1899 Daily A'ftvs 17 Apr. 7/2 He stated
that Mr. Croker refused to renominate him.
Renomina'tion. [KK- 53: cf. prec.]
1. Renewed nomination.
1855 HAWTHORNE Eng. Note-oks. (1870) I. 339 He thought
the President had a fair chance of re-nomination. 1891
Times ii Feb. 5/2 The gravity of the situation has induced
him to accept renomination.
2. A change of name, rare "~l.
1885 Antiquary Mar. 96/2 He follows up the intricate
history of the companies, and tracks their devious courses
through changes, exchanges and renominations.
Renommed, renommee : see REKOMED, -EE.
Renonse, obs. form of RENOUNCE v.
Reuoperica-rdial, a- Physiol. [f. reno- as
comb, form of L. ren kidney.] Pertaining to the
kidneys and pericardium.
1883 E. R. LANKESTER in Encycl. Brit, XVI. 676/2 Reno-
pericardial orifice placing the left renal sac.. in communica*
tion with the viscerc-pericardial sac.
Renoume, -noumpne, obs. varr. of RENOWN.
Renounce (rfaainis), sb. [ad. F. renonce, f.
renoncer to RENOUNCE.]
1. Card-playing. An act or instance of renounc-
ing (see the vb., sense 7).
1747 HOVLE Quadrille 33 No person is to be beasted for
a Renounce, unless the Trick is turn'd and quitted. 1792
A. THOMSON Whist 119 (T.)t If with these cards you tricks
intend to win, Prevent renounces, and with trumps begin.
1830 ' EIDRAII TREBOR ' Hoy It Matte Familiar 39 If any
one renounce, he is basted for each renounce if detected ;
but a renounce is not made till the trick is turned. 1863
'CAVENDISH' Laws of Whist (ed. 5) 13 If a renounce is
corrected after any of the subsequent players have played,
they are at liberty to withdraw their cards.
b. A chance of renouncing, by having no cards
of a particular suit.
1830 ' EIDRAH TREBOR * Hoyle Made Familiar 24 Never
force your partner but when you are strong in trumps, unless
you have a renounce yourself. 1874 GIBBS Ombre 82* He
rashly tries, having a renounce already in Diamonds, to
clear his hand of Clubs, and so, having a renounce in that
suit also, to give himself a better chance.
f2. Renunciation. Obs. rare— '.
1779 BURGOYNE Maid of the Oaks v. i, From this moment
I renounce it. Grov. And you never made a better re-
nounce in your life.
Renounce (r/nau*ns), v. Forms: 4 renonce,
4-5 renonse, 4-6 renounse ; 4, 6-8 Sc. renunce,
5 renownce, 4- renounce, [ad. F. renoncer (OF .
also renuncer) :— L. renuntiare {-dare} to an-
nounce, proclaim, also to disclaim, protest against,
f. re~ RE- + nuntiart to make known, report : cf.
announce, denounce, etc.]
I. 1. trans. To give up, to resign (•)• to an-
other), to surrender ; esp. to give up in a complete
and formal manner.
c 1380 WYCLIF Sel. Wks. III. 475 Eche of ?ow bat schal
not renounce alle bingus }>at he has in possessioun may not
be my disciple, c 1400 Destr. Troy 13629 My ryght I re-
nonse to |>at rynk sone. 1447 BOKENHAM Seyntys (Roxb.) 95
Ther renowncyd he All hys hy astate and eke hys dignyte.
1494 FABYAN Chron. v. cxiv. 88 If they wylfully wold re-
nounce the sayd place and put them in his grace, he wolde
vtterlye pardon theyr trespace. 1530 PALSGR. 686/1 He hath
naught to do withall nowe, no more than you have, he hath
renounced his tytle. 1560 DAUS tr. Sleidane's Comm. 69
He shall renounce Naples, Milan, Gene, Aste and Flaunders.
1605 in Goudie Diary J. Mill (S. H. S.) 193 The said
William Bruce.. renunceis, quit claimis and dischairgisand
ouer gives to the said nobill lord the said twa last of land.
RENOUNCE.
1667 MILTON P. L. u. 312 These Titles now Must we
renounce, and changing stile be call'd Princes of Heil ? 1697
DRYDEN Virg. Georg. in. 748 The Victor Horse. .The Palm
renounces, and abhors the Flood. 1718 LADY M, W. MON-
TAGU Lett. (1887) I. 240 The parents. .renounce all future
claim, a 1768 ERSKINE Inst. Law Scot. u. vi. § 44 (177^3) 270
A tack ceases.. if. .the tenant renounce his possession to
the landlord. 1776 GIBBON Decl. ff F. xii. I. 333 They soon
ejtperienced, that those who refuse the sword, must re-
nounce the scepter. 1856 KANE Arct. Exfl. I. xxvi. 351,
I should require them.. to renounce in writing all claims
upon myself and the rest. 1875 MANNING Mission H. Ghost
i. 29 Whatsoever Thou forbiddest I will renounce.
b. To renounce the world) to withdraw from
worldly interests in order to lead a spiritual life.
'1450 tr. De Imitations in. xi. 78 pei renounce be worlde
and take a Religious lif. 1494 FABYAN Chron. vi. clxiv. 157
Vpon .viii. yeres after that Lothay re . . renounsyd the pompe
of y° world. 1657 SPARROW Bk. Com. Prayer (1661) 290
We renounc'd the world when we were baptized. 1779
COWPER Love of World 25 Renounce the world — the
preacher cries. 1841 ELPHINSTONE Hist. Ind. II. 410 De-
claring his own intention of renouncing the world and
indulging his love of devotion in retirement at Mecca.
c. To abandon, cast off, repudiate; to decline
to recognize, hold, observe, etc.
a 1533 LD. BERNERS//«O« lxxxii.253, 1 shall, .renounce his
law, and beleue in Mahounde. 1560 DAUS tr. Sleidane's
Comm. 86 b, He required them to renounce the protestation
of the yeare before, c 1645 MILTON Forcers Consc. 2 You
have thrown of your Prelate Lord, And with stiff Vowes re-
nounc'd his Liturgje. 1665 SIR T. HERBERT Trav. (1677)
307 After which imprecation the wretch holds up one
Finger, thereby renouncing a Trinity. 1713 ADDISON Cato
i. i, Our father's fortune Would almost tempt us to renounce
his precepts. 1757 BURKE Abridgm. Eng. Hist. Wks. X.
466 To drive the Pope to extremities by wholly renouncing
his authority. 1847 EMERSON Repr. Men, Napoleon Wks.
(Bohn) I. 368 Napoleon renounced, once for all, sentiments
and affections. 1895 SIR N. LINDLEY in Law Times Rep.
LXXIII. 691/1 It is competent for anybody to renounce or
disclaim a trust, and to have nothing to do with it.
t d. refl. To give up (oneself), esp. in a spirit
of resignation. Obs.
1588 A. KING tr. Canisius* Catech. 96 We confess yat we
glaidlie embrace ye Croce of Christ, renuncis our selfs [etc.].
1594 T. B. La Primaud. Fr. Acad. u. 541 Hee must re-
nounce himselfe, and become like to the bruite beast. 1611
T. WILLIAMSON tr. Contorts Wise Vieillard 128 Wee
should renounce our selves, .because we are not our owne
but Gods. 1649 Bounds Pnbl. Obed. (1650) 24 These
Authors have read but of few lonases, who voluntarily
renounce themselves to settle a Tempest.
2. To abandon, give up, discontinue (a practice,
action, habit, thought, intention, etc.).
1484 RICH. Ill in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. u. 1. 123 To re-
nounce the wering and usage of the Irisshe arraye. 1508
DUNBAR Flyting 54 Renunce, rebald, thy ryming. c 1590
MARLOWE Faustus vi, I will renounce this magic and repent.
i6.ii BIBLE 2 Esdras xiv. 13 Now therefore set thine house
in order, and. .renounce corruption. 1665 MANLEY Grotius*
Low C. Warres 463 When the Romans renounced all right
and fair dealing, these.. opposed them. 1759 DILWORTH
/V/te73 He renounced all thoughts of paying attendance at
Court. 1781 COWPER Reiirem. 293 That tongue is silent
now ; . . Renounced alike its office and its sport. 1838
THiRLWALL/rYr/. Greecex\\\. III. 7 A calamity befel them by
which they were forced to renounce this design. 1849 GROTE
Greece n.x\v\\\, (1862) IV. 253 He was compelled to renounce
the attempt. 1887 BOWEN &neid iv. 319 If a prayer can
move thee, renounce this purpose of thine.
b. To abandon or give up (a belief or opinion)
by open profession or recantation.
1535 LYNDESAY Satyre 1133, 1 dreid, without SG. .renunce
5our new opiniones, The spirituall stait sail put Jow to per-
ditioun. 1590 SPENSER F. O. u. viii. 51 If thou wilt re-
nounce thy miscreaunce, . . Life will I graunt thee. 1769
BLACKSTONECtwww. IV. 56 All others must, .submit and re-
nounce their errors. 177^0 Jitnius Lett, xli. (1788) 224 We. .
do not begin to detest him until he affects to renounce his
principles. 1841 ELPHINSTONE Hist. Ind. II, 87 On his
refusing to renounce his tolerant maxims, [he] put him to
death. 1860 TYNDALL Glac. u. xxvii. 380 Professor Forbes
..renounced the theory, and substituted another.
3. To disclaim or disown obedience or allegiance
to (a person). ? Obs.
1502 Ord. Crysten Men (W. de W. 1506) i. Hi. C vij b, And
whan one hathe hym named, than he demaundeth him,
renounces! thou Sathan. 1500-20 DUNBAR Poems xxxiv. 10
Thow art my clerk, the Devill can say, Renunce thy God
and cum to me. 1551 Bk. Com. Prayer^ Ordering of
Deacons^ I from hencefurth shall vtterlye renounce, refuse,
relinquish, & forsake the bishop of Rome. 1593 SHAKS.
3 Hen. K7, m. iii. 194 To repaire my Honor lost for him, I
heere renounce him, and returne to Henry.
b. To cast off, disclaim relationship to or
acquaintance with (a person) ; f also const, from.
1581 STANYHURST Mneis it. (Arb.) 55 Thee Gods haue
flat I ye renounst vs, Oure state that whillon preserud. 1594
\st Pt. Contention (1843) 24, I here renounce her from my
bed and boord. 160* MARSTON Ant. fy Mel. iv. Wks. 1856
I. 54, I renounce thy blood, If thou forsake thy valour. 1700
T. BROWN Amtatm, Ser. fy Com. 15 Tho' you presented
him in the Morning, he will forget you at Night, and utterly
Renounce you the Day following. 1797 MRS. RADCLIFFE
Italian xui, I never can renounce you, while you are un-
changed. 1838 DICKENS Nick. Nick, xxxiii, Your kindred
renounce you. 1865 — Mitt. Fr. u. xv, My brother has
quarrelled with me. .and renounced me.
t c. In passive with complement. Obs. rare -'.
i66x CRESSY Refl. Oaths Snprem. ff Alleg. 23 Can the
King be acknowledged, .a Head of Churches of which he
renounces, and is renounced the being so much as a member ?
1 4. To refuse to do a thing. Obs. rare ~l.
1581 STANYHURST Mneis \\. (Arb.) 68 This sayd, shee
VOL. VIII.
449
vannisht, and thogh that I sadlye requyred Too confer
further, yeet shee too tarrye renounced.
t b. With double obj. To refuse. Obs. rare ~l.
1582 STANYHURST sEneis i. (Arb.) 35 On sands they re-
nounce vs an harboure. They doe bid vs battayl.
t C. To refuse to carry out ; to repudiate (an
obligation). Obs. rare -1.
1617 MORYSON I tin. in. 255 Lewis the twelfth, after the
league for yeers was expired, renounced the payment of all
publike or priuate pensions.
t 5. To deny (a suggestion or accusation). Obs.
1596 HARINGTON Met am. Ajax I j b, If you will say there
is salte in it, I will acknowledge [ = admit] it; but if you will
suspect there is gall in it, I renounce it. 1597 BEARD Theatre
Goas Judge™. (1612) 305 When manie were suspected of
the murder, and all renounced it [etc.].
6. intr. or absol. \ a. To make renunciation.
Const, to (the thing renounced). Also Sf. to dis-
pense with (a thing). Obs.
c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints xviii. (Mary Egypt} 683, I sal re-
nunce but delay to bis fals warld bis ilke day. i39oGow£R
Con/. III. 46 Babilla with hir Sones sevene, Which hath re-
nonced to the hevene. 1502 Ord. Crysten Men (W. de W.
1506) i. iii. C viij, He renounceth specyally vnto thre synnes.
That is vnto pryde, to couetyse, and vnto lechery. 1687
DRYDEN Hind ty P. m. 147 He of my sons who fails to make
it good, By one rebellious act renounces to my blood. 1728
RAMSAY Last Sp. Aftserxxtl thought. .That chiel a very
silly duncej That could not honestly renunce With ease and
joys., to win an unce Of yellow boys.
b. Law. To make formal resignation of some
right or trust, esp. of one's position as heir or
executor.
?i6o4 in Morison Diet. Dec. XXXI. (1806) 13807 The
Lords found, That he., might renounce to be heir, albeit he
. .were decerned as lawfully charged, not having renounced
debito tempore. 1695 VENTRIS Reports (1701) I. 303 There
is no Book which proves the Acts of an Administrator void,
where there is a Will and the Executor renounces. 1743
Swinburne's Wills (ed. 6) vi. § 12. 444 Then two of the
Executors of the Son died, and Hay the surviving Executor
renounced. 1806 MORISON Diet. Dec. XXXI. 13001 [The]
Heir, before he renounce, must purge the Estate of his
proper debts. 1870 W. D. CHRISTIE Mem. Dryden in D.'s
Wks. (Globe) p. Ixxix, Dryden died without a will, and his
widow having renounced, his son Charles administered on
June 10.
c. To make a renunciation of something.
1868 GEO. ELIOT Sp. Gipsy in. 243 But you, dear Juan,
Renounce, endure, are brave. 1872 — Middlem. Ixvii, Since
providential indications demand a renunciation of me, I re-
nounce.
7. Card-playing. To fail to follow suit, to play
a card of a different suit from that which has been
led ; originally implying the possession of, but now
usually the want of, a proper card. In the former
case REVOKE is now the current term. (Cf. RE-
NOUNCE sb. i and RENEGUE sb. and v. 4 a.)
1656 HOBBES Lib. Necess. $ Chance (1841) 194 In the same
manner as men in playing turn up trump, and as in playing
their game their morality consisteth in not renouncing. 1676
WYCHERLEY PL Dealer v, i, Since my lover has played the
card, I must not renounce. 1728 SWIFT jfrnl. Mod. Lady
Wks. 1755 III. u. 197 Madam, you have no cause to flounce,
I swear I saw you thrice renounce. 1747 HOYLE Quadrille
33 If any Person renounces and it is discover'd, ..all the
Parties are to take up their Cards and play them over
again. 1787 Minor 92 He frequently renounced, and sel-
dom returned her lead. 1830 'EIDRAH TREBOR* Hoyle
Made Familiar $i The player who holds the same has a
right to renounce in every suit during the whole game.
1862 'CAVENDISH' Whist (1879) II2 A suit >n which he
knows that both you and the fourth player renounce.
t II. 8. trans. To announce, declare, proclaim,
pronounce. Obs.
a 1450 Knt. de la Tour (1868) 97 Tille..that the squier
herde of the speche, and how it was renounced that he had
leide .v. eggis. 150* Ord. Crysten Men (W. de W. 1506)
iv. v. Pvij, He [the curate] it ought to renounce unto his
souerayne, as is the bysshop of the dyoses. 1596 DAL-
RYMPLK tr, Leslie's Hist. Scot. x. 352 Joanna, the Dukes
dauchter.., [as] Quene of Jngland al man in publick re-
nunced. 1613 PURCHAS Pilgrimage 11. xx. 179 They.,
renounced Anathema to him, that should set downe the time
of his [the Messiah's] coming.
Hence Renoxrnced ppl. a.
1717 L. HOWEL Desiderins 9 Too many of the most re-
nounc'd Asceticks were celebrated for doing what was next
to nothing. 1769 Oxford Mag. II. 144/1 In her renounced
companion's breast. 1781 COWPER Retirem. 474 He., feels
.. A secret thirst of his renounced employs.
Kenoirnceable, a. rare-1, [f. prec. + -ABLE.]
That may be renounced.
i86a CARLYLE Fredk, Gt. xiv. viii. (1872) V. 259 She re-
nounces her engagement. . . Prussian agent answers that it
is not renounceable.
Renouncement (r&au-nsment). [a. F. re-
noncement (isth c.) : see RENOUNCE v. and -MENT.]
The act of renouncing ; an instance of this, a re-
nunciation, f Const, to (cf. RENOUNCE v. 6 a).
RENOVATE.
Renonncer (rrnau-nsai). [f. RENOUNCE v. +
-EB 1.] One who renounces.
1586 A. DAY Eng. Secretary i. (1625) 134 Seeing you are
in so great an errour.,if you become not repentant, and
a renouncer betimes [etc.]. 1676 Doctrine of Devils 131
Renagadoes, Renouncers, Apostates, from the.. Truths of
Christian Religion. 1724 SWIFT Drafter's Z-^^/.v.Wks. 1755
V. ii. 101 He was ready to renounce as much as they pleased.
..I am not so thorough a renouncer. 1841 EMERSON Misc.
(1855) 200 A Re-maker of what man has made ; a renouncer
of lies. 1844 DICKENS Mart. Ckuz. xn, He renounce me !
Cast your eyes on the Renouncer, Pinch, and be the wiser
for the recollection !
Renounciation, obs. form of RENUNCIATION.
Renouncing (r/hau-nsin), vbl. sb. [f. RE-
NOUNCE v. + -ING!.] The action of the vb., in various
senses ; renunciation. Also, an instance of this.
c 1380 WYCLIF Set. Wks. III. 235 How God undirstondes
bis renunsynge teches he by lif of Crist. 1494 FABYAN
Chron. vii. (1516) T t iv/i The Archebysshop. .shewyd vnto
them seryously the voluntary renounsynge of the Kyng.
1562-3 Reg. Privy Council Scot. I. 230 Befoir the conclud-
ing of the caus and renunceing of farther probatioun. 1599
SANDYS EnropxSpec. (1605) P iv, Those desperate Atheismes,
those Spanish renouncings, and Italian blasphemings. 1660
MILTON Griffith** Semi, Wks. 1851 V. 390 To charge him
most audaciously and falsly with the renouncing of his own
public Promises. 17*4 SWIFT Drafter's Lett, v. Wks. 1755
V. ii. 101 When Sir Charles Sedley was taking the oaths,
where several things were to be renounced, he said he loved
renouncing. 1897 Westm. Gaz. 9 Sept., To this renounc-
ing of the wide sleeve we have been coaxed little by little.
t Renotrnsal. Obs. rare—1. [i.renounse^obs.
f. RENOUNCE v. + -AL.] Renouncement.
1646 EARL MONM. tr. Biondfs Civil Warres ix. 188 All
France (which falling upon his person by naturall Inherit-
ance ; not by anothers Renounsal, was his legal Patrimony).
Renounse, obs. form of RENOUNCE v.
t Re'novant, ///. a. Obs. rare. [ad. L. reno-
vant-em> pres. pple. oirenovare : see RENOVATE z».]
Renewing ; increasing by renewal.
1610 W. FOLKINGHAM Art of Survey iv. ii. 81 Perquisites
may be diuided into Renouant and Dormant. Renouant
Perquisites are Accrewments acquired by Increase and
Casualty.
Re novate, pa. pple. and ppl. a. [ad. L. reno-
z>dtust pa. pple. of renovdre : see next.] Renewed.
c 1520 BARCLAY Jugurt/ia (ed. 2) 6 The name and glorle of
our household by your manhode is renouate and renewed.
a 1548 HALL Chron., Hen, K/7 17 b, To shewe that the warre
was renovate without hys knowledge and assente. 1568
GRAFTON Chron. 1 1. 940 The k jng openly sware to keepe the
new renouate league and amitie. 1873 BROWNING Red Cott.
Nt-cap i. 744 Of use to the community? I trust Clairvaux
thus renovate and regalized. .Answers that question.
Renovate (re-nov^t), v. [f. L. renovat-t ppl.
stem of renovdre, f. re- RE- + novdre to make new,
f. novus NEW.]
f 1. trans. To renew, resume (an action or pur-
pose). Obs.
IS3S CROMWELL in Merriman Life $ Lett. (1902) I. 416
That., ye take som occasion at conuenyent tyme..to re-
novate the saide communycacyon..with the Frensh kyng.
1599 HAKLUYT ISoy. II. i. 37 Then prince Edward renouat-
ing his purpose, tooke shipping againe. 1656 m BLOUNT
Giossogr. 1796 [see Renovated belowj.
fb. To renew in effect, to revive. Obs. rare~l.
1553 LATIMER Serm. Lord's Prayer\\\, (1562) 51 b, Whoso-
euer. .wittinglydoth the selfesame sin againe: herenouateth
by so doyng al those sinnes which before times were for-
giuen him.
2. To renew materially ; to repair ; to restore by
replacing lost or damaged parts ; to create anew.
a 1552 LELAND I tin. (1768) II. 42 Ethelwolde..did clerely
renovate and augmentid this Abbay. 1604 R. CAWDREY
Table A?ph.t Renpvate,\Q renew, or repaire. 1768 TUCKER
L/. Nat. II. i. vii. § 8. 140 Secondary qualities, .are con-
tinually destroyed and_ renovated according to the changes
made in that order by motions of the component parts. 1796
H. HUNTER tr. St.- Pierre's Stud. Nat. (1799) I. 213 The
ices of the Poles, then, renovate the waters of the Sea, as
the ices of mountains renovate those of the great rivers.
1813 SHELLEY Q. Mab v. 4 Surviving still the imperishable
change That renovates the world. 1857 WOOD Comm. Obj.
Seashore u If he thoroughly renovates his blood by expel-
ling all the impure air. 1878 HUXLEY Phy&iogr. 187 These
movements must be of great service in renovating the surface
of the earth.
b. To restore to vigour ; to refresh.
1671 J. WEBSTER Metallogr. viii. 125 It renovateth old
Trees that of twenty years have brought forth no fruit.
1794 MRS. RADCLIFFE Myst. Udolpho iv, The spirit of St.
Aubert was renovated. 1807-8 W. IRVING Salmag. xviii.
(1860) 408 A little warm nourishment renovated him for
a short time. 1837 [see Renovated below].
C. To renew on a higher level ; to regenerate.
1800 COLQUHOUN Comm, Thames ix. 281 The great object
of renovating the morals of the labouring classes. 1817
CHALMERS Astron. Disc. v. (1852) 131 The Gospel.. will
renovate the soul. 1876 HUMPHREYS Coin-coll. Man, xiii.
157 The art displayed on the Persian coinage seems to have
been renovated.
3. To restore (a person) to office, rare—1.
i8i66V«. Hist, in Ann. Reg. 641 They were also to renov-
ate the members of the councils-general of department.
4. intr. To revive, recover, rare.
1790 Bystander 13 [Like a fountain] scattering its trans-
lucent pearls on the drooping flowers, which renovate at
their touch. i8ia Henry fy Isabella II. 258 His exhausted
mind and body would here renovate in repose.
Hence Re'novated///.a. ; Be-novater (Ogilvie
Sttppl. 1855).
1796 BURKE Regie. Peace \. (1892) 56 A very active pre-
57
RENOVATING.
paration for renovated hostility. 1837 W. IRVING Caft.
Bonncville II. 217 The travellers now moved forward with
renovated spirits. 1843 J. MARTINEAU Chr. Life I. ix. 125
Christ.. indulging in no dreams of a renovated world with-
out, till [etc.]. 1853 KANE Grinnell Exp. xxxviii. (1856) 352
Today,. the gulls were flying over the renovated water.
Renovating (re-nav^tirj), ppl. a. [f. prec. -*-
-ING2.] That renovates.
1641 MILTON Animadv. Wks. 1851 III. 219 As if a man
should taxe the renovating and re-ingendring Spirit of God
with innovation. 1786-46 THOMSON Winter 704 All Nature
feels the renovating force Of Winter. 18x1 W. R. SPENCER
Poems 39 The world has felt thy renovating rays. 1830
D'lsRAELi C/tas. /, III. in. 22 Charles probably meditated to
infuse a renovating vigour into his languid administration.
1856 KwEArct. Expl. II. v. 62 The renovating blessings of
animal life and restoring warmth.
b. Renovating spring (see REMONTOIB).
1835 J. NICHOLSON Operat, Mechanic 519, E is the reno-
vating or remontoire spring, fixed to the same stud.
Hence Re'novatingly adv.
1885 MEREDITH Diana xxxix, Her fall had brought her re-
novatingly to earth.
Renovation (renav^i-Jan). [a. F. renovation
(iSth, c.), or ad. L, renovation-em , n. of action
f. renovare to RENOVATE.]
1. The action of renovating, or the condition of
having been renovated ; renewal ; restoration ; an
instance of this, a change effected by renewal.
i43*~5° tr- Higden (Rolls) III. 117 In whiche yere he see
also the renouacion of the temple. 1555 EDEN Decades 87
The water therof beinge dronk . . maketh owld men younge
ageyne. Marg. The renouation of age. 1577 tr. Bullinger's
Decades (1592) 599 They.. do hartily reioyce..for the re-
nouation of true religion. 1603 HOLLAND Plutarch" 3 Mor.
1301 The dismembring of Osiris, and the resurrection or re-
novation of his life. 1645 MILTON Tetrach. Introd., Wks.
1851 IV. 143 To expect, .glorious changes and renovations
both in Church and State. 1681 tr. Belon's Myst. Pkysick
Introd. 13 Remedies for Conservation and Renovation of
Health. 1730-46 THOMSON Autumn 1189 How long Shall
prostrate Nature groan beneath your rage ; Awaiting re-
novation ? 1784 COWPER Task VI. i24Theregular return of
genial months, And renovation of a faded world. 1834
SOUTH EY Doctor (1862) 383 Both the innovations or renova-
tions which Spenser introduced were against the grain.
1875 JOWETT Plato (ed. 2) V. 36 To the good man, education
is of all things the most precious, and is also in constant
need of renovation.
tb. Renewal of the body atthe resurrection. Obs.
1513 BRADSHAW St. Werburge \. 3509 Greatter was the
hope of the eterne renouacion In her body resolued to
natural! consumption. ? 1554 COVERDALE HoAe Faithf. xxii. '
Wks. (Parker Soc.) II. 195 Of our bodies The renovation.
Therefore is this My expectation. 1667 MILTON P. L. xi.
65 Wak't in renovation of the just.
2. Theol. Renewal wrought by the Holy Ghost ;
the creation of a new spirit within one.
«543 Necess. Doctrine d iij, In our battaile aforesayde, in
..our dayly spiritual renovation. 1555 EDEN Decades 43
To poure vppon his electe the grace of renouation. 1624
GATAKER Transubst. 66 The thing that is there wrought, to
wit, regeneration and renovation, is a thing intelligible.
1684 BUNYAN Pilgr. n. 79 How doth God the Holy Ghost
save thee? By his Illumination, by his Renovation, and
by his Preservation, a 1708 BEVERIDGE Thes. Theol. (1711)
III. 225 External reformation is nothing without internal
renovation. 1841 TRENCH Parables (1860) 116 For the true
renovation is ever thus from the inward to the outward,
t b. Reformation. Obs. rare ~l.
1S*>3 FOXE A. fy M. 542/2 Concernynge mioynynge of
penance I know of none-.excepte renouation of liuinge in
casting a parte olde vyce, and taking them vnto new vertue.
-f*3. The renewal or resumption of an action,
agreement, condition, etc. Obs.
1535 COVERDALE i Mace. xii. 17 Oure lettres, concerninge
the renouacion of oure brotherhode. 1569 Reg. Privy
Council Scot. I. 667 Na quietnes bot renovatioun of dis-
plesour and troubilf may arryise. 1610 HEALRY St. Aug.
Citie of God 125 Why should I particularize the often renov-
ation of these warres under so many several kings..? 1686
tr. Chardiris Trav. Persia 15 To attend the Grand Signior
..in order to the Renovation of the Articles. 1774 J.
BRYANT Mythol. II. 433 The Bull of Perilluswas. .designed
for a renovation of some cruel rites. 1798 W. BLAIR Soldier's
Friend 77 The renovation of pain that is the necessary con-
sequence of chirurgical treatment.
Re'novative, a. rare ~l. [f. as RENOVATE v.
+ -IVE.] Renovating.
1839-52 BAILEY Festus 475 A fountain of divine delight,
And renovative nature.
Renovator (re-n^vd't^j). [a. L. renovator,
agent-n. f. renovare to RENOVATE; cf. F. rtno-
•vateur] One who renovates.
1839 I. TAYLOR Ancient Chr. I. 367 As often as any stern
and fanatical renovator came into the management of these
religious houses. 1840 MILL Diss. <$• Disc. (1875) I. 427 The
barbarian conquerors were the renovators, not the de-
stroyers of its civilisation;
1 Reno've, v. Obs. [ad. OF. renover, renou-
ver, or L. renovare : see RENOVATE z».j trans, and
intr. To renew.
1432 tr. Secreta Secret^ Priv. Priv. 243 In that tyme al
thynnges begynnyth to renoue and wix newe, and returne
Into estate, c 1440 LOVE Bonavent. Mirr. xliii. (Gibbs
MS.) If. 92 And so he nowe renoued [v. r. renewed] be brid
tyme be brusures and be woundes. 1588 A. KING tr. Cam-
sins' Calech, 62 b, Be Baptisme we ar regenerat and renouit.
t Reno'vel, v. Obs. Also 4-5 renouel. [ad.
OF. renoveler (mod.F. renouveler}, f. L. re- RE-
+ noveltus NOVEL a. Cf. RENULE z>.] To renew.
a. trans, c 1315 SHOREHAM i. 1826 J>er..Scel be renoueled
bet a-gonne hijs, And ayber fol;y ober. 1340 HAMPOLE Pr.
450
Ctmsc. 7474 And als oft renoueid salle be ilk payne, Als he
turned new tylle ilk syn ogavne. c 1386 CHAUCER Melib.
F 879 To do som thing, by which he may renovele his good
name. 1446 Lvoc. Nightingale \. 23 Meued of Corage be
vertu of the seson, In prime-tens renoueled yere be yere.
1473 Rolls o/Parlt. VI. 65/1 The oold frendelyhode also
betwixt theym to be renpvelled in such wise, as it may abide.
1537 CROMWELL in Merriman Life ty Lett. (1902) 1 1. 104 His
Maieste hath commaunded you efisones to renovel the said
Ouerture of mediacion vnto him.
b. intr. c 1374 CHAUCER Boetk.ui. pr. xi, All things renov-
elen . . with seed imultiplied. c 1386 — Pars. T. r 953 Oones
a yer alle thinges in the erthe renovelen.
Hence t KenoTrelling vbl. sb. ; also f Beuo'v-
elanoe [OF. renovelance]t f Beno-velment [OF.
renovelement~\t f Beno-velty [OF. renoveleti\^
renewing. Obs.
1413 Pilgr. Sejvfc (Caxton) i. xxii. (1850) 23 The counseyles
conteined in the gospels of Criste, whiche ben in a maner
renoueilynges of the forsayd pertes. c 1384 CHAUCER H.
Fame u. 185 And also moo renoveilaunces Of olde for-leten
aqueyntaunces. c 1477 CAXTON Jason 45 It is a grete abuse
to me for to thinke and haue a renouelement of payne.
Ibid. 123 Peleus..cam unto the kyng in the renouellite of
this noble respyrement. 1501 in Lett. Rich. 111$ Hen. VI f
(Rolfs) 1. 154 Overture.. for the renovelling of thesaidamitie.
Keno-ve'Sical, a. Path. [f. reno- as comb,
form of L. ren kidney.] Connected with the
kidneys and bladder.
187* ANSTIE in Practitioner VIII. 243 Reno-vesical Cant ha-
ridi-.ni, and the Remedies in General use for its Relief.
Renown (rfnairn), sb. Forms : a. 4-7 re-
noun^, 5 Sc. ra-), 5-6 renovne, 6 -nounn ; 4-5
renon(e ; 4-7 renowne, (5 Sc. ra-), 5 renownn,
rennowne, 5- renown. 0. 5-7 renoume, (6 Sc.
-mne), 6 renowm, 6-7 renowme. [a. AF. re-
noun, renun, = OF. renon, later renom (see RE-
NOME sb.)t f. renomer to make famous, f. L. re-
R&- + n0mindreto name : cf. RENOMEE. The form
renowme is prob. an assimilation to the earlier
form of the verb, or to later F. renom.]
1. Of renown, of fame or distinction ; widely
known or celebrated, f Occas. in //.
a. 13. . Coerde L. 689 Sir Foulke Doyly of renoun. Ibid.
1682 Hys barouns, Eerfes and lordes off renouns. 1377
LANGL. P. PI. B. Prol. 158 A raton of renon most renaole
of tonge. 14** tr. Secreta Secret.^ Priv. Priv. 121 The
moste wyse clerkes and Maysteris of renoune that haue
beyn afor vs in al tymys. a 1500 Bemardus De Cura 183
That men may say, aon man is of renowne. 1535 LVNDESAY
Satyre 1206 Lo ! quhair thair sits ane Priores of renown.
1613 MILTON Ps. cxxxvi. 62 In bloody battail he brought
down Kings of prowess and renown. 1781 COWPER Gilpin 2
John Gilpin was a citizen Of credit and renown.
ft. 1560 BIBLE (Genev.) Gen. vi. 4 Mightie men, which in
olde time were men of renoume. a 1592 GREENE AlAhonsns
Wks. (Rtldg.) 228/1 He marcheth on unto our chietest seat,
Naples, I mean, that city of renowm.
D. So of great (high) etc.) renown.
.
Leg. Saints xxx. ( Theodora) 40 A man of gud renone.
c 1400 Melayne 21 In Tuskayne townnes gon he wyn . . This
lorde of grete renownn. c 1450 Merlin 106 Ther was noon
but . .seide that he sholde be of high renon. 1551 ROBINSON
tr. Morels Utop. (1895) p. xciv, A prince of much renowne
and immortall fame, a 1600 Song in Shaks. Oth. u. iii. 96
He was a wight of high Renowne, and thou art but of low
degree. 1784 COWPER Taskv. 601 Asif, like him of fabulous
renown, They had indeed ability [etc.]. 1841 TENNYSON
You ask me 10 A land of just and old renown.
p. 1413 Pilgr. Sowlff (Caxton) iv. xxxviii. (1859) 63 A noble
kynge that hyght Poeticus, of grete power, and wonder
frete renoume. 1470-85 MALORY Arthur i. xvi. 57 Yonder
see . . the man of the most renoume. 1596 DANETT tr.
Comities (1614) 263 Which had been of so great estimation
and renowme through all Christendome.
t c. With great renown^ with much distinction
or display. Also without adj. Obs.
c 1375 Cursor M. 14725 (Fairf.) As men dos $et in toun
per faire is balden wib grete renoun. c 1440 York Myst.
xxv. 207( I rede we make vs redy bowne,..And hym res-
sayue with grete rennowne. c 1575 Raid o/Keidswire iii.
in Scott Minstr. Scot. Bord. (1802) I. 98 The Rutherfoords,
with grit renown, Convoy'd the town of Tedbrugh out.
? a 1800 Lord Saltoun xi. in Child Ballads IV. 348/1 Then
out spake her father, he spake wi renown.
2. The fact or condition of being widely cele-
brated or held in high repute; celebrity, fame,
honourable distinction.
a. 1340-70 A lex, 4- Dind. 369 We no recche of no ricchesse
no renoun of landus. c 1420 Anturs ofArth. 293 Ther salle
the Rownde Tabille losse the renowne. a 1533 LD. BERNERS
Huon Iviii. 197 Huon. .had grete desyre too attayne to good
renowne. 1600 SHAKS. A. Y. L. v. iv. 151 Honor, high
honor and renowne To Hymen. 1659 HAMMOND On Ps.
Ixxii. 17 His memory and honour, .shall descend upon his
posterity, as a mark of renoun. c 1683 WALLER On St.
"James's Park n 'Tis of more renown To make a river, than
to build a town. 1751 JOHNSON Rambler No. 146 p 8 Who-
ever claims renown from any kind of excellence, expects to
fill the place which is now possessed by another. 1784
COWPER Task in. 59 Forsaking thee, what shipwreck have
we made Of honour, dignity, and fair renown ! 1821 SHEL-
LEY Adonais xlv, The inheritors of unfulfilled renown Rose
from their thrones. 1833 TENNYSON Lady C. V. de Vere 2
Of me you shall not win renown.
/3. 1538 ELYOT s.v. Celebro, to celebrate or brynge in re-
noume. a 1583 SIR H. GILBERT Q. Eliz. Acad. (1869) 12
Better it is to haue Renowme among the good sorte, then to
be lorde over the whole world. 1586 T. B. La Primaud,
Fr. Acad. i. (1594) 69 Great and proud armies may by
BENOWNE(E.
notable victories procure to themselves renowm and glorie.
1604 R. CAWDREY Table Alph^ Renojtmet credite, fame.
b. With poss. pron. or genitive : The fame or re-
putation attaching to a particular person, place, etc.
°- CI374 CHAUCER Troylus n. 248 (297), I.. love as wele
your honour and renoun, As creature in al this world yborn.
c 1440 Ifomydon 1 500 Thus Caymys rode toward the towne,
Whan he had lost all his fcnowne. 1508 DUNBAR Ball.
Ld, B.Stewart 50 Throw Scotland. .Fleys on weyng thi
fame, and thi renoune. 1580 SIDNEY Ps. ix. iii, Their re-
nown, which seem*d so like to last, Thou dost put out. 1638
JUNIUS Paint. Ancients 219 Artificers,. . if they be not known
by the ancient renowne of their shoppes [etc.]. 17*6 SWIFT
Gulliver i. v, The Emperor, .the Renown of whose Virtues
had. .filled the whole World with Admiration. 1849 MAC-
AULAY Hist. Eng. vi. II. 123 His renown had spread even
to the coffeehouses of London and the cloisters of Oxford.
1874 GREEN Short Hist. vii. § 6. 403 The renown of the
Spanish infantry had been growing.
ft. I4S5-6 >n Househ. Ord. (1790) 15 It shold be to his
singuler renoume, fame, and laude. 1540-1 ELYOT Image
Gov. 7 To his most noble and immortall renoume. 1587
GOLDINC De Mornay Ep. Ded., [To] hold him back from
seeking to intarge his renowme.
t c. Of renown^ in respect of fame or distinc-
tion. Obs. rare.
c 1330 R. BRUNNE Chron. Wace (Rolls) 14753 Westsex [was]
be brydde of renoun. c 14*5 WYNTOUN Cron. n. xvii. 1664
Off Venes he made be gret towne ]?at }hit is ryalle of ra-
nowne. 1508 DUNBAR Gold. Targe 88 Rich to behald, and
nobil of renounn.
t8. Report, rumour. (Sometimesimplyingsense a.)
c 1330 R. BRUNNE Chron. Wace (Rolls) 5003 Renoun ran
[v.r. tydynges ronne], bat ouer al reches, To ilk a man
mad bei speches. c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints xii. (Mathias) 189
[Of] f>at sad ded J>e ranowne sowne rane throw al be towne.
£1385 CHAUCER L. G. W. 1054 Dido, Swich renoun was
there sprongyn of hire goodnesse. c 1450 Merlin 176 And
so com the renoun in to the hoste, that tnei durste not ride
that wey with-oute grete foyson of peple. 1610 SHAKS.
Temp. v. i. 193 Of whom, so often I haue heard renowne,
But neuer saw before.
t b. Reputation of a specified kind. Obs, rare,
c 1330 R. BRUNNE Chron. (1810) 73 Abbot & prioure..Wer
priued of bar office, of woulfes had renoun. 1540-1 ELYOT
Image Gov. (1540) 12 From that tyme he had the renoume
of Constance and grauitee. 1603 SHAKS. AlPs \l'cil\\, iii.
19 A young Gentlewoman. .of a most chaste renown. 1608
— Per. w. vL 42 That dignifies the renowne of a Bawd,
to. Good name, reputation. Obs. rare~^.
1611 SHAKS. Cymb. v. v. 202 To make the noble Leonatus
mad, By wounding his beleefe in her Renowne.
fcL Commendation of a. person. Obs. rare~l,
1631 CHAPMAN Caesar $ Pomfe y Plays 1873 III. 194 His
much renowne of you, quit with your utmost.
Renown (r/hau*n), v. Also 6-7 renoume,
(6 renoumpne), renowme; renoune, 6-7 re-
nowne. [ad. OF. renoumer, var. renomert -now-
mer (see RENOME v.) ; the form renown has been
assimilated to the sb. See also RENOWNED///, a.]
1. trans. To make famous, spread the fame of;
to celebrate. Now rare.
°- *53° PALSGR. 686/1, I renoume one, I gyve hym a re-
noume, ye renomnie. 1581 MULCASTER Positions xxxix.
(1887) 218 Neither take I wealth to be any worthy cause to
renowme the owner. 1609 BROUGHTON Princ. Positions 25
The third of Esdras was penned to renowme the building of
the Temple, 1613 BRATHWAIT Strappado (1878) 199 A
Prophetesse, Who wrot and spake in verse with such a
grace, As she renoumd the Countrey where she was.
ft. 1559 MORWVNG Evonym. Pref. aj b, I iudge him not
to haue bene the first inuentor of this Art, but one that
broughte it to lighte and renouned it. 1595 MUNDAY John
a Kent n. i. (Shaks. Soc. 1851) 20 This resolution dooth re-
nowne ye bothe. 1611 DRAYTON Poly-olb. v. 156 That most
famous Towne Which her great Prophet bred who Wales
doth so renowne. a 1630 W. WHATF.LEY Prototypes i. xt
(1640) 142 Those women Gods owne pen hath renowned for
gracious and vertuous. 1735 POPE Prol. Sat. 179 The Bard
whom pilfer 'd Pastorals renown. 1743 A. HILL Wks. (1753)
II. 240, I should feel no inclination to condemn your pur-
pose to renown Strand-green. 1815 W. H. IRELAND Scrib-
olcom. 260 As a limb of the Bar, I with honour renown 'em.
rtfl. 1592 Nobody $ Someb. in Simpson Sch. Shaks. (1878)
I. 335 Renowne yourselfe by being kind to her. 1631 MAY
tr. Barclay's Mirr. Mindes n. no They are ambitious to
doe strange and wonderfull things, and by them to renowne
themselves and their times to Posterity. 1853 JERDAN
Antobiog. IV. xiv. 255 Being. .in the vein to ' renown ' my-
self (using a verb coined at Drummond Castle), I shall [etc.].
tb. To report, relate. Obs. rare"1,
c 1530 LD. BERNERS Arih. Lyt. Bryt. 283, I have herd re-
nowned of you, that ye were fre and gentyll of hearte.
fc. To celebrate with some ceremony. Obs.'-1
1566 ADLINGTON Apuleius 28 This day is alwaies re-
noumpned with some solempne nouell.
2. intr. [After G. renommiren.] Of German
students : To seek notoriety ; to make a display ;
to swagger. Also with it.
1825 Blackw, Mag. XVII. 331 The Courlanders have been
renowning of late. 1839 LONGF. Hyperion n. iv Prose Wks.
1886 II. 92 The student with the sword leaped to the floor.
It was Von Kleist. He was renowning it.
Hence Kenowning vbl. sb.
1631 MAY tr. Barclay's Mirr. Mindes i. 216 To the re-
nowning of their supposed suffiings. 1826 Blackw. Mag.
XIX. 550 Among many less justifiable pieces of ' renowning'
which occurred during my stay, there was one prank [etc,].
Renownce, obs. form of RENOUNCE.
t Renowne (e. Obs. Also 4-5 renoune(e,
-none ; Sc. 5 ranowne, 6 renownye. [A con-
fusion of RENOMEE and RENOWN sb.] Renown.
1375 BARBOUR Bruce vm. 290 Thai suld richt weill re-
RENOWNED.
vardit be, And grctly ek thair renownee. c 1385 CHAUCER
L. G. W. 1513 Hypsipyle (Camb. MS.), Sche knew by folk
that in his shepis oe That it was lason ful of renone [v. r.
renoune, renoineej. 1513 DOUGLAS JEneis yiu. xii. 143
The famus honour, and hie renownye, Or glorious gestis of
his posterite.
Renowned (r/hairnd), fpl. a. Also 5-7 re-
nowmed, etc. [f. as RENOWN v. + -ED ! : cf. RE-
NOMED.] Celebrated, famous; covered with renown.
a. In predicative use, or following the sb. f Also
with complement (quot. 1456).
a. 1375 BARBOUR Bruce n. 32 In fer landis renownyt wes
he. ?rt 1400 Morte Arth, 2372 The roy ryalle renownde,
with his rownde table. 1456 SIR G. HAVE Law Anns
(S. T. S.) 141 Sa did he his awin service. .to be renouned
a worthy man of armes. 1500-20 DUNBAR Poems xlviii. 154
Our the laif thy bewty is renownd. 1570 T. NORTON tr.
Nowefs Catech. (1853) 194 Our prayer is, that the name of
God be made renowned and known to mortal men. 1652
MILTON Sonn. xvi. To Cromwell, Peace hath her victories
No less renownd then warr, 1776 GIBBON Decl. <$• F. xii.
I. 335 Semno, the most renowned of their chiefs, fell
alive into the hands of Probus. 1872 YEATS Techn. Hist.
Comm. 67 He is also renowned as having well understood
the system of turning in wood.
0. 14.. Pol. Rel. f, L. Poems (1866) 46 Famose poetys of
antiquite In grece and troy, renowmyd of prudence, a 1333
LD. BERNERS Gold. Bk. M. Aurel. (1546) Civ, There haue
bene many famous and renoumed by scripture and lerning.
1590 SPENSER F. Q. i. x. 3 An auncient house . . Renowmd
throughout the world for sacred lore. 1621 AINSWORTH
Annot. Pentat. (1639) 6 The called] or, the renowmed:..
sucb as were men of renowne for age and wisdom.
b. In attributive use.
n. 1417 LD. FURNYVAL in Ellis Orig. Let. Ser. 11. 1. 55 The
gracious prosperitie and noble health of your renowned
person. 1508 DUNBAR Ball, Ld. B. Stewart i Renownit,
ryall, right reuerend and serene Lord. 1573 L.LLOYD Marrow
of Hist. (1653) 219 The renownedst Oratours in all the
world. 1630-1 MILTON Arcades 29 That renowned flood,
so often sung, Divine Atpheus. 1818 COBBETT Pol. Reg.
XXXIII. 164 The renowned wisdom of your Honourable
House. 1860 TYNDALL Glac. I. iv. 33 The Lake of Geneva
. . , this renowned inland sea.
J3. 1470-85 MALORY Arthurvm. iv. 278 One of the famosest
and renoumed knyghtes of the world. 1544 LELAND N. Y.
Gift in Itin. (1768) I. p. xxiii, The old Glory of your re.
nowmid Britaine. 1638 BRATHWAIT Barnabees yrnl. HI.
(1818) 83 Not th' Ephesian Diana Is of more renoumed fam-a.
Hence Renownedly adv., Renownedness.
1590 BARROUGH Metli. Physick vin. (1639) 416 To increase
and preserve the worthinesse and renownednesse of their
good name. x6xi COTGR., GfarieuseHtent,..Knowmedly.
1650 Up. WALTON Consid. Considered 180 For the honour
he bears to the renownedly learned publisher.
Reiiowner (rfnau-nsi). [f. as prec. + -KB1.]
1. One who celebrates or makes famous, rare.
1615 CHAPMAN Odyss. xxiv. ad fin., So wrought diuine
Vlysses through his woes ; . . As through his great Renowner
I have wrought. 1642 MILTON Afol. Smect. Wks. 1851 III.
270 The two famous renowners of Beatrice and Laura.
2. [After G. renommist.~\ One who seeks noto-
riety ; a swaggerer.
1839 LONGF. Hyperion it. iv. Prose Wks. 1886 II. 85 He was
a student. . . In short, he was a renowner and a duellist.
1865 Pall Mall G. 7 Dec. 11 Rather, .than that the Oxford
men are less well behaved than the renowners of Heidelberg.
Renownful, a. rare. [-FCL.] Renowned.
1606 MARSTON Sofhon.\. i. Wks. 1856 I. 152 O .. Man of
large fame, great and abounding glory, Renounefull Scipio.
1892 BROOKE Hist. E. Eng. Lit. v. I. 114 Rheda..is the
shining and renownful goddess.
Renownless, a. rare. [-LESS.] Devoid of
renown; unrenowned.
1552 HULOET, Renowmles..»ifTO»(/«M. 1828-32 in WEB-
STER. 1892 Blackw. Mag. Mar. 388/2 He grew vexed that
a little renownless girl should dare to address a very smart
young man like him.
Renoyrie, variant of RENAYRIE 06s.
Renpayre, variant of REMPAIK v. 06s.
Rens, obs. Sc. form of RHENISH a.
Rensch, Rense, obs. forms of RINSE v.
Bensselaerite (rensele>reit, re-nselereit).
Min. [Named in 1837 after Gov. Stephen Van
Rensselaer : see -ITE.] A variety of talc, found in
various parts of New York State and Canada,
having a fine compact texture which makes it
capable of being worked on a lathe and manu-
factured into various articles.
1860 WORCESTER cites DANA. 1863 DANA Man. Geol. 81
Rensselaerite is a kind of Soapstone of compact structure.
tRenstall. 06s. rare-1, [f. RE- -r enstall
INSTALL v., after renforce, etc.] Reinstalment.
1630 J. LANE Cant. Sqr.'s T. 195 note, Canace tho fore
kmge Cambusc did fall, and beggd his grace for Algarsifes
renstall [1616 recall].
Rent (rent), sbl Forms: 2-7 rente, (5-6
rentte, 5 rennt), 4- rent. [a. OF. rente (i 2th c.),
rende = Pr. renta, renda, Sp. renta, Pg. renda, It.
rendita :-pop. L. *rendita ( = class. L. redditd),
fern. pa. pple. of *rend!re : see RENDEB v. Hence
also MDu., MLG., MHG. (also mod.Du., etc.)
rente, Sw. ranla.~\
1 1. (In pi.) A source or item of revenue or in-
come ; a separate piece of landed or other property
yielding a certain return to the owner. Obs.
<rii54 O. E. Chron. (Laud MS.) an. 1137 Martin abbot.,
wrohte on be circe, & sette bar to landes & rentes, c izoo
Vices gf Virtues 77 Da riche menn Se laneo here eihte uppe
chierches and uppe 3a chirch-landes, . . o3e uppe oore binges
451
be rentes jiueo. a 1225 Ancr. R. 168 Purses, baggen, &
packes, beoo alle eorSliche weolen, & worldliche renten.
1387 TREVISA Higdcn (Rolls) VII. 323 Odo wastede and
destroyede the kynges rentes and enchetes. c 1410 Sir
Lieges 94 Whan he thowght. .howe he hade his maners sold
And his renttes wyde. 1481 CAXTON Myrr. i. v, Their
Rentes, their tresours or other thinge wherin they delyte
them. 1523 LD. BERNEKS Froia. I. ccclxxix. 635 This
Philip.. was abydynge in his mothers house, and lyued
honestely on theyr rentes. 1599 SHAKS. Hen. V, iv. i. 260 What
are thy Rents? what are thy Commings in ? 1611 CORYAT
Crudities 459 A goodly Bishoprick . . which he endowed
with most ample rents and reuenewes.
fb. Revenue, income. 06s.
a 1225 Juliana 4 An heh mon of cunne ant eke riche of
rente. 01300 Cursor M. 27248 [Of] ani wrangwis mer-
chandise, Or o wasting of his rent, c 1330 R. BRUNNE
Chron. (1810) 60 pe kyng . . granted bam pes to haue, &
gaf him ageyn bobe rent & lond. c 1386 CHAUCER Monk's
T. 221 God to thy fader sente Glorie and honour, regne,
tresour, rente. 1483 CAXTON Cato G iv, Thou oughtest . . to
holde thyn estate after thy rente and reuenue. 1550
CROWLEY Last Trumpet 300 Thou . . sekest euer for to fynde
wayes to encrease thine yerely rent. 1635 PAGITT Chris-
tianogr. in. (1636) 43 These Novell Devices brought in a new
Rent and great profit to the Clergy. 1687 A. LOVELL tr.
Thevenot's Trav. I. 166 Palm-Trees, which yield some rent
to the Monks. 1708 SWIFT Aliolit. Chr. Wks. 1755 II. i. 86
To allow each of them such a rent, as., would make them
easy. 1783 BURKE Sf. Fax's E. Ind. Bill Wks. 1815 IV.
86 Territories yielding a rent of one hundred and forty
thousand pounds a year.
Jig. 1500-20 DUNBAR Poems Ixxiv. 39 Rewthe, the frute
of nobilnes, Off womanheid the tresour, and the rent.
•)• c. Profit, value. Obs. rare.
CI30J Land Cokayne 86 per beb iiij willis in be abbei..
Euer ernend to ri?t rent. 1513 DOUGLAS JEaeis I. Prol. 82
Set this my werk full feble be of rent.
f d. Recompense, reward ; a privilege accorded
to a person. 06s. rare.
a 1300 K. Horn 984 Wanne hit is wente, Sire king, Jef me
mi rente, a 1300 Cursor M. 19593 " fe" saint petre als for
rent, To call men vnto amendment. 1448-9 J, METHAM
Amoryus <$• Cleofes Dv (MS.), More loy sche had Than
Orphe, qwan he hys wyf receyud ayen for y» rent Off his
musycal melody.
1 2. A tribute, tax, or similar charge, levied by
or paid to a person. To hold one's rent, to suc-
ceed in paying a tribute. Obs.
CI290 Beket 390 in .S1. Eng. Leg. I. 117 He axede at be
. 380 WYCLIF Sel. Wks. III. 87
pe Cherche, bat sellen men leve to synne, and jiven hem leve
to last berinne for an anuel rente bi acre, c 1386 CHAUCER
Man of Law's T. 1044 Deeth, that taketh of heigh and logh
his rente, c 1430 LYDG. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 185 Yf
thou wilt, -suffre me go frely fro prisoun, Without raunsoun
or ony other rent. 1535 STEWART Cron. Scot. III. 550
Aganis this erle all Holland did rebell And of thair rentis
wald no ansuer mak. 1659 HEYLIN Examen Hist. n. 182
That every Minister .. may sue for the Recovery of his
Tythes,t Rents and other duties, a 1703 BURKITT On N. T.
Mark vi. 13 Rather than pay the constant rent of daily relief
to their poor parents.
fig. 13. . Coerde L. 4028 Kyng Richard hys ax in bond he
hente, And payde Sarezynys her rente.
b. The return or payment made by a tenant to
the owner or landlord, at certain specified or cus-
tomary times, for the use of lands or houses ; \Rent
ofassise (see ASSIZE sb. 2 b, and Blackstone Comm.
(1766) II. 42), Also, in mod. use, the sum paid
for the hire of machinery, etc., for a certain time.
a 1300 Cu rsor M. 28438 Toll and tak, and rent o syse, wit-
halden i haue wit couettise. a 1440 Sir Degrev. 139 Hys
husbondus that yaf rent Was y-herysed dounryght. 1480
Waterf. A rch. in tort Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. V. 316
The rennt of the nexte terme. .shall be arrestid in the ten-
nants hands. 1560 DAUS tr. Sleidane's Comm. 60 Some of
them pay more rent yerely than theyr Fermes be worth.
1607 NORDEN^W?^. Dial. ii. 49, 1 be Lord of many Manners,
and no doubt I receiue rentes of euery of these kindes. 1653
BROME City Wit n. ii, A poor Doctor of Physick.. has paid
a quarters rent of his house afore-hand. 1711 Lond. Gaz.
No. 4902/4 The Ground Lease expires at Christmas . . .Rent
reserv'd 4/. i6j. per Annum. 1736 J. MURRAY Lett.(igoi)
24, I have got a good convenient house on rent. 1766
BLACKSTONE Comm. II. 43 Strictly the rent is demandable
and payable before the time of sunset of the day whereon it
is reserved. iSzoGiFFOKD Compl. Eng. Lawyer 411 Where
the rent is a large sum, the tenant should have it in readi-
ness before sunset. 1865 BARING-GOULD Werewolves xiv.
239 Each tenant pays no rent for his cottage and patch of
field, but is bound to work a fixed number of days for his
landlord. 1891 Spectator 18 July 100/2 They include the
* rent ' of the engine and trucks, the cost of fuel, and the pay
of engine-driver.
transf. 1707 MORTIMER Hitsb. (1721) I. 391 They com-
monly allow a Farm to make three Rents, one for the Land-
lord, one for Charges, and one for the Tenant to live on.
to. A piece of property for which rent is
received, charged or paid; esp. //. a number of
tenements or houses let out to others (and freq.
named after the proprietor). Obs.
1468 Mann, q Househ. Exp. (Roxb.) 341 It was agreid..
that my said mastyr schal paye hym for the rente that he
rentythe to hym for Georges, wyche drawyth be yere iiij.
marc. 1491-2 Rec. St. Mary at Hill 175 Reparacyons of
the new bowse in the cherche Rentes. 1517-8 Ibid. 299
Ress' of Thomas Clayton for that Remayned in his hondes
of the byldyng of Nasynges Renttes next baattes howse
xjj. iijrf. 1550 CROWLEY Way to Wealth A iij b, Whole
allyes, whole rentes, whole rowes, yea whole streats. 1731
Ace. Workhouses 2r Another workhouse.. belonging to the
liberty of Hatton-Garden, Saffron-hill, and Ely-Rents.
transf. a 1631 DONNE Elegies xii. 62 Which haue devided
RENT.
heaven in tenements, and with . . theeves, and murtherers
stuft his rents soe full.
1 3. a. Sc. On rent, at interest. Obs. rare.
a 1611 Burg/i Rec. Stirling (1888) I. 126 The soume of ane
hundrethe merkis..to be imployed be the toun on rent to
f b. In France : A sum paid by way of interest
upon a public debt. Obs.
1689 LUTTRELL Brief Rel. (1857) 1. 605 He [the King] hath
published an edict for a new creation of rents upon the town
house of Paris. 1759 Hist. War in Ann. Reg. 55 note. The
French court have stopped payment of the following public
debts, viz. i. The three kinds of rents created on the posts.
4. attrib. and Comb. a. Appositive, as rent-
beeves, -capon, -corn, -eggs, -geese, -hens, -oysters,
-penny, -salt.
1612 DAVIES Why Ireland, etc. 17 Such charges as were
made vppon ONeale, for *Rent-Beeues. 1634 W. CART-
WRIGHT Ordinary viii, To screw your wretched tenants up
To th' uttermost farthing, and then stand upon The third
•rent-capon. 1573 TUSSER Hust. (1878)20 'Rent come to
be paid, .for a reasnable rent. 1366 Durham Ace. Rolls
(Surtees) 45, De cxl "Rent Egges. 1340 Ibid. 37 In xl aucis,
quarum xiv 'Rente ges, vs. \d. 1345 Ibid. 41, In cv" x gal-
linis, prater 1 *Renthennes, xxiiijj-. \d. ob. 1611 COTGR,,
Ostize, a rent henne, &c.f paid, or deliuered, in lieu of a
dwelling house. 1651 Ma/don, Essex, Borough Deeds
Bundle 81 no. i»(MS.) For fetching of two bushells of*rent
oisters from Tollesbury. 01696 P. HENRY in M. Henry
Life x. M. H.'s Wks. 1853 II. 737/1 Praise is our •rent-
penny, which we pay to our great Landlord. 1399-1400
Durham Ace. Rolls (Surtees) 602 Pro cariacione de •rent-
salt, xviijV.
b. Objective genitive, as rent-collector, -en-
hancer, -holder, -master, -raiser, -raising, -raker,
-rearer, -warner.
1875 W. S. HAYWARD Love agst. World 9 My agent, who
employs the same •rent collector as he does. 1615 BRATH-
WAIT Strappado (1878) 214 Now (•rent-inhauncer) where
away so fast? 1657 TRAPP Comm. Job xxxi. 39 [I have
caused] the poor 'Rent-holders.. to misse of a subsistence.
c 1610 SIR J. MELVIL Mem. (1735) 373 The "Rent-Masters
and their Officers . . must be responsible Men. 1549 LATIMER
i st Serm. be/. Edw. VI (Arb.) 38 You landelordes, you 'rent-
reisers, . . you haue for your possessions yerely to much.
1556 ROBINSON More's Utop. (Arb.) tfmarg., Landlordes by
the wai checked for 'Rent-raisyng. i6zx SPEED Hist. Gt.
Brit. ix. ix. (1623) 616 The Legate himselfe, whom they
tearmed an Vsurer, Symonist, *Rent-raker, Money-thirster.
1549 LATIMER ist Serm. bef. Edw. VI (Arb.) 40 Then these
frasiers, inclosers, and 'rente-rearers, are hinderers of the
ings honour. 1883 Standard 28 May 4 A ' 'rent warner ',
in the service of Lord Kenmare.
c. Miscellaneous, as rent-arrear(s},-day, -dinner,
-scot, -suit. See also RENT-CHARGE, -KOLL, etc.
1669 Ormonde MSS. in loM Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm.
App. V. 89 Recovery of 'rent-arrears due on lands in the
county of Dublin. 1616 T. ADAMS Divine Herbal 26 If
his 'rent-day make euen with his Silkeman, Mercer, Taylor,
he is well. 1869 MACKAY Grace $ Truth (1875) 62 Shortly
before the rent-clay a neighbour comes in. 1837 THACKERAY
Ravenswing vii, They would invite all farmers to a 'rent-
dinner. 1631 in Bingham's Reports V. 341 A grant . . of . .
all rents, revenues, and services, rents-charge, 'rents-scot
&c... arising in or within the lordships. 1883 iqtA Cent.
Sept. 439 As regards the procedure in 'rent-suits, no material
change is made by the Bill.
Kent (rent), sb? [f. RENT v?. Cf. REND si.]
1. The result of rending or tearing apart; a
separation of parts produced by tearing or similar
violence ; esp, a large tear in a garment or piece of
woven stuff.
'535 COVERDALE Matt. ix. 16 Then taketh he awaye the
pece agayne from the garment, & the rent ys made greater.
1601 SHAKS. J»l. C. in. ii. 179 See what a rent the enuious
Casca made. 1623 GOUGE Serm. Extent God's Provid. § 15
The maine Summier. .failed, .more shiveringly and with a
longer rent in the timber. 1728 YOUNG Love Fame n. 98
By night she went, And, while ne slept, surpris'd the darling
rent. 1798 JANE AUSTEN Northang. Abb. (1833) II. xiv. 199
Only think.. of my having got that frightful great rent in
my best Mechlin so charmingly mended. 1846 A. YOUNG
Naut, Diet., Rents.. , openings or cracks which take place
in timber or planks when much exposed to the heat of the
sun. 1858 G. MACDONALD Phantasies II. xviii. 73 A dark
curtain of cloud was lifted up, and a pale blue rent shone
between its foot and the edge of the sea.
fiS- I535 COVERDALE 2 Sam. vi. 8 Then was Dauid sory,
because the Lorde had made soch a rente vpon Vsa, and he
called the same place Perez Vsa vnto this daye. 1878 J.
MILLER Songs Italy 64 A gust that made rents Thro' the
yellow-sailed fishers.
b. With punning allusion to RENT s6.1
1616 WITHALS Diet. (1634) 166/1 Pannosus. . , wee say in
English 'that hath his rent come in'. vrA SWIFT Pol.
Conversat. 56, I have torn my Petticoat with your odious
Romping ; my Rents are coming in.
2. A breach, split, schism, or dissension in a
society or party, or between persons, rare.
1608 SYLVESTER Du Bartas n. iv. HI. Schism 14 The rent
of th' Hebrew Tribes from th' Ishean's Regiment. 1679
PENN Addr. Prot. i. ii It occasions great tJnkindnesses,
Rents, Confusions and Divisions in Families. 1719 Wodrow
Corr. (1843) II. 456 Lest our miserable rents be heightened,
and unruly passions be provoked.
3. A cleft or fissure in the surface of the earth ;
a deep narrow gorge or valley; also, a narrow
breach in a wall, etc.
1705 ADDISON Italy 283, I believe every one who sees this
vast Rent in so high a Rock.. must be satisfy'd that it was
the Effect of an Earthquake. Ibid. 469 From Lyons there
is another great Rent, which runs across the whole Country.
57-2
|
BENT.
1807 WORDSW. While Doe \. 256 Oft does the White Doe
loiter there, Prying into the darksome rent. 1848 W. H.
BARTLETT Egypt to Pal. xxiv. (1879) 491 We.. could easily
have passed through the rents in the walls.
b. Coal-mining. A plane of cleavage running
across a seam ; a back.
1883 GRESLEY Gloss. Coal-mining.
4. The act of tearing or rending; the fact of
being rent.
1836 MACGILLIVRAY tr. Humboldt's Trav. v. 72 The Gulf
of Cariaco owed its existence to a rent of the Continent.
1864 TF.NNYSON A ylmer's F. 536 [He] read; and tore [the
letter] As if the living passion symbol'd there Were living
nerves to feel the rent.
Rent (rent), ».! [ad. OF. renter, f. rente ; or
directly f. RENT rf.1]
t 1. trans. To provide with revenues ; to endow.
1362 LANGL. P. PI. A. vni. 35 Treube . .bad hem .. Rule re-
ligion and rente [v.r. renten] hem betere. c 1475 Partenay
5300 That place [he] augmented passingly . . And rentid
•etly to the house encresse. 1485 CAXTON Cttas. Gt. 208
Je founded, rented, & releued many & dyuers chyrches.
2. To pay rent for (land, houses, etc.) ; to take,
hold, occupy or use, by payment of rent.
1530 PALSGR. 686/1, I rente, I paye farme hyre. 1603
S n AKS. Meas. for M. n. i. 254 If this law hold in Vienna ten
yeare, ile rent the fairest house in it, after three pence a
Bay. XD22 MABBE tr. A leman's Guzman d'Alf. 1. 196 Such
beggers as are so disposed, may rent certaine children. 1716
ADDISON Drummer i. i, I'll e'en marry Nell, and tent a bit
of Ground of my own. 1763 JEFFERSON Corr. Wks. 1859 I.
188, I do not know that I shall have occasion to return, if I
can rent rooms in town to lodge in. 1885 Law Rep. 15
Q. B. Div. 316 The truck in question was rented by the de-
fendant.. from the Midland Waggon Co.
3. To let (out) for rent or payment ; to hire out.
Also transf. or Jig.
1546 Yorks. Chantry Surv. (Surtees) II. 323 In the same
deanes handes, the Shepgate ther, not rented. 1564 in
W. H. Turner Select. Rec. Oxford (1880) 307 Sydelyng
shalbe taken into the most profytt of this Cytye, and to be
rentyd and letten also. 1613 }. FLETCHER Christ's Bloody
Sweat 12 [Soldiers] For prey and spoyle aduenturing to
rent Their liues and somes. 1730 A. GORDON Maffefs
Amphith. 374 Our Community .. rents out those Places
which otherwise would be useless. 1737 SWIFT Let. to
y. Barber 30 Mar., I confess there is no reason why an
honourable Society should rent their estate for a trifle. 1817
PAULDING Lett, from South II. 64 Our guide. . was ' rented '
out to the King of England, by the legitimate Prince of
Hesse Castle. 1895 Outing (U. S.) XXVII. 210/1 A few
residents, who eke out a meagre existence by renting boats
to the occasional sportsman.
f 4. a. To pay (a sum) as tribute. Obs. rare -l.
1613 PURCHAS Pilgrimage vi. xi. 524 Muley Hamet ..
conquered Tombuto and Gago : . . Laurence Madoc. .saith
that Tombuto rented threescore quintals of Golde.
•(•b. To produce or bring in as rent. Obs. rare—1.
1774 Ann. Reg. 150 The estate of Broughton which rents
above 7oo£ per annum was. .sold for i4,ooo/.
6. intr. To let at a certain rent.
1815 SIMOND Tour Gt. Brit. I. 313 Arable land rents at
^3 and £4, or even £6 an acre. 1828 P. CUNNINGHAM
N. S. Wales (ed. 3) II. 66 The market-dues for this traffic
renting, the present year, at 840^.
6. trans. To charge (a person) with rent; to
impose a certain rent on (one).
1881 Times 13 Apr. 11/2 Any tenant, however lightly
rented, will.. have the strongest inducement to bring his
landlord before the Court and to get the rent judicially
fixed. 1894 Daily News 24 Apr. 6/5 It might deprive them
of the power. .to rent a man upon his own improvements.
Rent (rent), v.2 Obs. exc. dial. Also 5-6
rente, (5 rentte). [var. of REND v., after the
pa. t. and pa. pple. rent.']
1. trans. To rend, tear, pull asunder or in pieces.
£1385 CHAUCER L. G. W. 843 Thisbe, Now what lyoun
that be in this forest Myn body mote he renten. c 1440
York Myst. xxx. 36 All to ragges schall ye rente hym
and ryue hym. c 1475 Babees Bk. 81 Nor thurhe clowyng
your flesshe loke yee nat Rent. 1490 CAXTON Eneydos
xxi. 76, I haue not rented, vyolated ne broken, the
pyramyde of his faders sepulture, n 1548 HALL Chron.,
Edw. IY 191 Rentyng his cote of armes and breakyng his
Sword ouer his bed. 1582 STANYHURST &neis n. (Arb.) 59
Hudge beams bee brusteth, strong bars fast ioyncted he
renteth. c 1610 SIR ]. MELVIL Mem. (1735) 92 Then she did
rent her angry letter. 1633 PRYNNE Histriom. 4 They
would., even stone or rent him all to pieces. 1688 R. HOLME
A rmoury in. 332/1 A Katherine Wheel . . is a kinde of Wheel
used to rent and tear in peeces grand Malefactors. 1727
SWIFT Market-hill Thorn xvi, Thy confed'rate Dame Shall
rent her Petticoats to Rags, And wound her Legs with every
Bri'r. 1898 in Eng. Dial. Diet.
absol. 1560 BIBLE (Genev.) Eccl. iii. 7 A time to rent, &
a time to sowe.
refl. 1603 KNOLLES Hist. Turks (1621) 126 In his mad-
nesse (as some report) renting himself with his teeth. 1613
PURCHAS Pilgrimage vni. hi. (1614) 746 To behold such
monstrous Icie Hands, renting themselues with terrour of
their owne massines.
b. To tear (one's face, hair, clothes, etc.) in
grief or rage. Cf. REND v. 3 b.
1 a 1366 CHAUCER Rom. Rose 324 For to rent in manye
place Hir clothis, . . As she that was fulfilled of ire. 1447
BOKENHAM Seyntys (Roxb.) 70 As a wood womman she
ferd Renttyng hir clothis. 1535 COVERDALE 2 Sam. iii. 31
Rente youre clothes, and gyrde sack cloth aboute you, and
make lamentacion for Abner. 1591 SYLVESTER Du Barlas
I. v. 829 For, finding them by some fell Serpent slain, She
rents her brest. 1657 TRAPP Comm. Ezra x. i Of this we
read not.. but of other effects of his passion, as renting his
garments. £1678 Roxb. Ball. (1891) VII. 430 My Golden
hair I rent and tear like one outragious mad.
452
c. To rend or tear, in various fig. senses.
c 1440 Gesta Rom. il. xvii. 330 (Add. MS.), Lustes of the
flessh, that in no maner renten the soule. 1335 COVERDALE
Joel ii. 12 Rente your hertes, & not youre clothes. 1581
PETTIE tr. Gxazzo's Civ. Com. i. (1586) 27 b, Those who
..whet their tongues to rent a sunder.. the good name of
others, c 1586 C TESS SIDNEY Ps. XLVI. iii, The voide of aire
his voice doth rent c 1614 Sm W. MURE Dido # /Eneas
n. 546 In diverse partes his dowbtsome minde he rents. 1681
COLVIL Whigs Supplic. (1751) 38 Romish craft and policy,
Which rents the Dutch and us asunder. 1747 MRS. S.
FIELDING Lett. David Simple II. 181 A Person, whose
every Word and Look can.. rent the Heart asunder.
2. To tear out of, from, or off. Also reft.
1535 COVERDALE Lev. xiii. 56 Then shall he rente it out of
the clothe. 1539 BIBLE (Great) i Kings xi. n, I wyll rent
the kyngdome Irom the. 1617 HAKEWILL Apol. (1630) 169
Wherein nature being but greene and growing, we rent from
her. and replant her branches 1643 BURROUGHES Exp.
Hosea i. (1652) 6 These ten Tribes renting themselves from
the house of David, did rent themselves likewise from the
true worship of God. 17x8 J. Fox Wanderer 127 To seize
rn the . . Books, divest them of the . . Ornaments, by renting
the. .Plates. 1865 BRIERLY Irkdale (1868) 7 Rentin' o'
ther clooas off their backs wi' blackberryin'.
8. intr. To tear; to give way or separate by
tearing or splitting.
1526 Pilgr. Per/. (W. de W. 1531) 260 b, Doutlesse his
handes & fete dyd rent & teare for the weyght of his
blessed body. 1597 A. M . tr. Guillemeau's Fr. Chirurg. 10/2
Sometimes onlye the first table of the sculle breaketh and
renteth. 1641 J. JACKSON TrutEvang, T. n. 139 The soule
grows more divine when the tabernacle of the body begins
to rent. 1695 BLACKMORE Pr. Art A. IL 828 Though solid
Rocks touch"d with Compassion rent, The more obdurate
Jew does not relent, i8n- in Eng. Dial. Diet.
fig- '5*3 B. GOOCE Eglogi iv. (Arb.) 45 My Harte with
this began to rent. 1575 GASCOIGNE Heroes Wks. (1587) 143
My griefe. Whereof to tel my heart (oh) rents in twaine.
Kent (rent), ///. a. [pa. pple. of REND v.]
Torn, in various senses ; also, ii
Torn
in predicative use,
wearing torn or ragged clothing.
c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints xlvi. (Anastace) 186 Fra bat place
ban vald he
;it S rent & blak alswa. 1381 WYCLIF
. and rent wyn hotels. cmo£'roinp.
Parv. 43°/r Rent, and raggyd, lacerosus. 1582 STANYHURST
ga, raggit S
7<wA.ix.4 Oldesackis..a
,
I. (Arb.) 20 Crash do the rent tacklings. 1597
G. HARVEY Trimming Nashe Wks. (Grosart) III. 25, I
scorne such lagged rent-foorth speech. 1625 MOUNTAGU
in Bucclcuck MSS. (Hist. MSS. Comm.) I. 262 Our rent
country cannot be drawn up, but must be torn more [and]
more. 1818 SHELLEY Rosal. fy Helen 791 Like flowers
delicate and fair, On its rent boughs. 1876 SWINBURNE
Erechthcits 1345 Earth groans from her great rent heart.
-rent, suffix (obs. Sc.) : see -BED.
Rentable (re-ntab'l), a. [f. RENT z/.l + -ABLE.]
a. Liable to pay rent. b. That may be rented, or
let out for rent.
1648 HEXHAM, Rentbaer, He that is subject to pay Rent,
or Rentable. 17*7 BAILEY vol. II, Rentable, that may be
rented. 1886 Pall Mall G. 29 Nov. 3/1 All that b rentable
on the. .estate is the work of the tenants.
Hence Bentabi'lity. rare-1.
1818 60 WHATELY Commpl. Bk. (1864) 13 It is the rent (or
rather the rentability) that makes the price high.
Rent age (re-ntedj). [f. RENT s6.1 + -AGE. Cf.
OF. rentage (Godef.).] Rent, rental, or renting ;
also, that which is held for rent.
1633 P. FLETCHER Purple Isl. vii. ii, All our good we hold
from heaven by lease, . . Nor can we pay the fine and rentage
due. 1888 Univ. Rev. Nov. 348 To bring the fact of the
rentage of the unfruitful land into harmony with their
doctrines. 1891 Field 16 July 104/1 The Society's rentage
of the Ver lies a few miles south-west of St. Albans.
Rental (re-ntal), sb. Also 4-8rentall, 6 -aill,
-ayl. [a. AF. rental (Godef.) or ad. Anglo-Lat.
rentals (Du Cange) : see RENT sb.1 and -AL.]
1. A list or register of the rents due by tenants
to a proprietor ; a rent-roll. Now rare.
I36a LANGL. P. PI. A. vn. 83 To ha reles and remission on
bat rental 1 be-leeue. c 1440 Jacob's Well 41 3if a styward
fynde in be old court-roilys & rentallys . . pat bou art
behynde of bi rente to bi lord. 1523 FITZHERB. Surv. 12
What rentes, .the lorde ought to haue of bis tenauntes can
nat be knowen but by the . . court rolles, rentayles [etc.]. 1584
Reg. Privy CouncilScot. III. 698 Brmgand with thame..
anejust and trew inventour and rentall of the convent. 1709
Land. Gaz. No. 4520/3 The two several Demesnes . . to be
Sold, and a Rental or Proposals thereof is to be had at
Mr. Thomas Norton's. 1814 SCOTT Redgauntlet let. xi,
I have heard of a thing they call Doomsday-book — I am
clear it has been a rental of back-ganging tenants.
b. An income arising from rents received.
c 1393 Plowman's Tale I. 474 Her seruauntes be to them
vnholde But they can doublin theyr rental). 1801 Lusignan
II. 154 Emily's vast rental offered a mark to his ambition.
1878 LECKY Eng. in i8M C. II. vii. 239 Prior, in 1730, cal-
culated the rental spent by absentees in England at about
620.OOO/.
2. The amount paid or received as rent.
1637-50 Row Hist. Kirk (Wodrow Soc.) 42 If any Minister
sett his gleib or manse, or any part of the fruits thereof, with
diminution of the rentall, that all such tacks be declared
null. 1765 BLACKSTONE Comm. I. viii. 300 The rental of the
kingdom was supposed to be so exceeding low, that one
subsidy of this sort did not.. amount to more than 70,000^.
1844 DISRAELI Coninesby ui. iii, Lord Everingham ..
frightened him with visions of rates exceeding rentals.
3. Sc. A species of lease or ' tack ' granted to a
•kindly tenant' (see KINDLY a. 3, quot. 1773).
1565-6 Reg. Privy Council Scot. 1. 428 Obtenit ane new
tak and rentall thairof. 1580-1 Ibid. III. 351 They have. .
had thair rentalis thairof. .for ane certane sowme of entrie.
01768 ERSKINE lust. Law Scot, ii. vi. | 38 (1773) 267
RENTED.
Rentals commonly bear a clause, that the rentaller shall
neither assign nor subset.
4. attrib. as rental boll, book, (feu-}duty, land,
mail, right, roll.
a 1768 ERSKINE lust. Law Scot. n. x. § 25 (1773) Sometimes
the titular.. accepted of a staled quantity of corns yearly,
commonly called "rental bolls. 1518-19 Rec. St. Mary
at Hilt 300 Paid for papur for. .the "Rentall bokc. a 1768
ERSKINE/KI/. Law Scot, li.yi. . 37 (1773)267 If the proprietor
barely inrol a tenant in his rental-book, . . the inrolment
is sufficient to defend the tenant. 1824 SCOTT Redgauntlet
let. xi, I will bear the contents to your credit in the rental-
book. 1640-1 Kirkcudbr.War-Comm. Min. Bk (1855)95 The
heritor to pey the tenth and twentieth penny for his "rentall
dewtie. 1591 Reg. Privy CouncilScot. IV. 629 The auld
"rentaill few dewitie. a 1768 ERSKINE lust. Law Scot. n.
vi. § 38(1773) 267 A rentaller.. by exchanging his "rental
lands . . incurs the forfeiture of his right. 1820 SCOTT
Monast. xxxiii, Settling the "rental mails, and feu-duties.
1838 W. BELL Diet. Law Scot. 566 The right was not
effectual against singular successors, unless the rentaller
could show a "rental right. 1433 Rolls of Parlt. IV. 479/2
That the rolles of account*, .andthe "rentall rolle. .be putte
and kepte in the cofre.
Re'ntal, v. Sc. rare. [f. prec.] trans, ta.
To put in or admit as a ' kindly tenant '. Obs. b.
To let out or hold (land) on a rental.
1565-6 Reg. Privy Council Scot. I. 429 Elizabeth allegeit
that.. scho nad broukit the saidis landis, and bene con-
tinewalie rentalit thairin fra tyme to time. 1640-1 Kirk-
cudbr. War-Comm. Min. Bk. (1855) 95 It is appoynllt . . that
the full worthe of the land be valued as gif the samen were
not rentalled. 1818 Blackw. Mag. III. 441 Some honest
..individual, who rentalled of the Prelate of Glasgow the
pendicle of ' Daldue Wester '.
Rentaller (re-ntaba). Sc. Also 6 -alar, 6-7
-aler. [f. prec. sb. or vb. + -EB !.] One who holds
land on a rental ; a' kindly tenant '.
1578 Exch. Rolls Scot. (1899) XX. 370 note. It will pleis
your lordschip resaif this berar as rentalar in our souerane
lordes regester. 1507 SKENE De Verb. Sign. s.v. Curialitas,
In sik maner as gif he were proprietare, Tyfe-rentar, tackes-
man or renlaller. 1640-1 Kirkcudbr. War-Comm. Min. Bk.
(1855) 95 It U appoyntit, that all rentallers be valued as
weillas the heritores. 1666 in yd Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm.
421/1 That a remedy may be prowided wher they have taks
or are rentalers. a 1768 ERSKINE Inst. Law Scot. n. vi. § 37
(1773) 267 It is the most probable opinion, that as rentals
were granted from a special regard to the rentaller, they
were accounled righls of liferent. 1838 W. BELL Diet. Law
Scot. 566 The rentallers of Lochmaben, who were formerly
servants to the Scottish Kings, have rights which may be
transferred to strangers. 1880 Academy t, May 334/1 By
virtue of which the widow of a rentaller was enlitled to
retain possession of the lands during her widowhood.
I Re ntally. Obs. rare-1. [? ad. Anglo-Lat.
tlJUt
~.v..6..ig to the Chantry < — _.—
Rent-charge. Law. Also rent charge, [f.
RENT sb.l + CHABGE sb. u.] A rent forming a
charge upon lands, etc., granted or reserved by deed
to one who is not the owner, with a clause of
distress in case of arrears.
1443 Test. Ebor. (Surtees) II. 89 My will ys yat George
my son hafe, . .a rentcharge of xxvji viijrfissuand owte of my
landes and tenementes in Stitnam. 1523 FITZHERB. Surv.
21 b, Rent charge is where a man is seased of landes m fee
and graunt by poole dede or by dede indented. 1544 tr.
Littleton's Tenures (1574) 45 Suche rent is rent charge,
because such landes and tenementes bee charged of such
distres by force of the writinge onelye and not of common
right 1667 PRIMATT City * C. Build. 17 [To] reduce the
same to a certain Rent, as if it were an Annuity or Rent-
charge. 1712 STEELE Spcct. No. 263 F 6 Your Father was
a fond Fool to give me a Rent-charge of Eight hundred
a Year to the Prejudice of his Son. 1818 CRUISE Digest
& _______
simple a rent is reserved to the grantor, this is not a rent
service but a rent charge.
b. transf. oxAfig.
1668 R. STEELE Husbandman's Calling v. (1672) 96 The
Lord only hath given you an estate : charitable relief of
such as are in want, is the Lord's rent-charge which he hath
laid upon it. 1726 POPE Odyss. xix. 92 A rent-charge on the
rich I live ; Reduc'd to crave the good I once could give.
1768 Woman of Honor II. 175 They become necessarily
a rent-charge on the providence of a parish.
Hence Bent-charger, one in receipt of, or who
benefits by, a rent-charge.
1870 Echo 16 Feb., Fixity of tenure which would make
the landlord a pensioner or a rent-charger on his own estale.
1893 DK. ARGYLL Unseen Found. Soc. xiii. 416 Mere rent-
chargers can never have the same motives.
Rented (re-nted),///. a.i [f. RENT _-.! + -ED '.J
fl. Possessed of, or endowed with, property
yielding a revenue or income. Obs.
1393 LANGL. P. PI. C. xi. 265 Let hure be knowe For ryche
oberwel yrented [etc.]. 1493 FtstivalKW. de W. 1515) 7
Lordes and rented men must labour to kepe holy chyrche
in rest and peas. 1648 HEXHAM, Een Rentenier, . .a Rented
man. 1761 Chron. in Ann. Reg. 107 The Jesuits, .demand
that the houses of the society may be considered in the same
light as the regular abbeys and other rented monasteries.
2. Held, or let, for rent ; leased or tenanted.
a 1687 PETTY Pol. A rith. vl (1691) 100 Moreover if rented
Lands, and Houses, have increased. 1894 H. GARDENER
Unojf. Patriot 60 A nasty little rented house without so
much as a garden patch to it.
3. In Combs, as dear-, high-, low-rented.
1818 FEARON Sk. Amer. 284 First-rate brick buildings,
all new,.. and always high rented. 1834 Tail's Mag. I.
RENTED.
543/1 His house is, to be sure, dear-rented from its locality.
1886 Col. Maurice's Let.fr. Donegal 41 The tenants on that
particular estate are remarkably low-rented.
t Re-nted, ///. <*•- Obs. [f. RENT v.2 + -ED *.]
Torn, lacerated, distracted.
'575 Mirr. Mag.> K. Manlius L'envoi i Straunge it semes
to thee What he that beares this rentid corps should be.
1587 GROVE Pelops % Hipp. (1878) 78 They royst in silke,
when others range the streete in rented rags. 1591 Tronb.
Raigne K. John. (1611) 14 Scalding sighes blowne from
a rented heart.
Renter (re-nts-i), sb^- [f. RENT zU-F-ER1.]
1 1. One who owns or lets lands or tenements ;
a proprietor. Obs. rare.
1387-8 T. USK Test. Love i. vii. (Skeat) I. no Some of
hem tooken money for thy chamber, and putte tho pens in
his purse, un we tinge of the renter, c 1470 Gal. fy Caw. 403
He is the riallest roy, reuerend and rike, Of all the rentaris
to ryme or rekin on raw.
f 2. One who collects rents (esp. those belonging
to a corporate body), taxes, or tribute. Obs.
1557 Order of Hospitatls E viij b, The Renters Charge. .
is, Quarterly to collect and gather - .all those Rents that shal-
be contayned in a Rental!. 1568 GRAFTON Chron. II. 108
We will . . that our speciall renter of pur foresaid reatmes . .
paye by yere a thousand mark of siluer. 1762 Chron. in
Ann. Reg. 721 The sieur Massonet, renter of the abbey of St.
Antony., in Viennois, has a son.
b. attrib. as renter-accompt% -clerk, -warden.
1708 J. CHAMBEKLAYNE St. Gt. Brit. n. HI. (1710) 656
Auditors of the *Renter-Accompt. 155* in Vicarys Anat.
(1888) 316 To the *Renterclerk. .x.l. 1631 T. POWELL Tom
All Trades (1876) 148 A Bucke at the *Renter Wardens
feast. 1903 Daily Chron. 20 Jan. 6/7 Mr. Ashby, formerly
renter warden of the Armourers and iinmeiV Company.
3. A farmer of tolls or taxes, rare.
MILL Brit. India II. iv. vi. 231 Like other renters of India,
[he] had. .an inclination to withhold.. the sum which he en-
gaged to pay out of the Taxes [etc.].
4. A holder of lands, houses, or other property,
by payment of rent.
1653 Boston (U. S.) Rec. (1877) II. 125 A considerable part
of the rent due . , is nott brought in by the renters of
the land according to the contract with the towne. 1766
Museum Rust. (ed. 2) I. 96 A renter but of between four
and five hundred acres of land. 1831 Act i fy 2 Will. /K,
c. 38 § 16 The renters of pews in such church or chapel.
1884 Dickens' Diet. Lond. 244/1 The renter of a private
wire has the.. apparatus entirely under his own control.
f b. spec. A tenant-farmer. Obs.
a 1661 FULLER Worthies^ Essex (1662) 334 When a Renter
[he] impoverished himself, and never inriched his Landlord.
ULL Horse-hoeing Husb. Pref. 13 Can we suppose that
;lish Renter should have more Honour in that Re-
you
holy
1733 TULL Horse-hoeing Husb. Pref. 13 Can we suppose that
an English Renter should have more Honour in that Re-
spect than Ms Roman Holiness..? 179* BURKE Let. to Sir
H. Langrishe Wks. VI. 313 Substantial renters, opulent
merchants, .could not easily be suspected of riot in open day.
5. A shareholder in a theatre, rare.
1807 JANSON Stranger Attter. 251 The renters who had
subscribed to the building ofa large theatre in the park of
New York. 1893 Daily News 30 Jan. 2/1 The ' Renters*
of Drury Lane Theatre are rejoicing over a dividend for the
past year of i2/. is. per share.
tBe'nter,^.2 Obs. [f. RENT v2 + -ER *.] One
who rends or tears (chiefly \n.fig. senses).
a 1540 BARNES Wks. (1573) 354/1 You may conclude that
ou bee..vnlearned stockes, peruerters, tearers, renters, of
oly scripture. 1631 BAXTER Inf. Bapt. 196, 1 was resolved
not to engage with a renter of the Church. 1738 W. WILSON
De/. Ref.Prin. Ch. Scot. Pref. (1769) 6 Are they therefore
schismatics, renters and rumers of the Church? 1784 J.
BROWN Hist. Brit. Churches (1820) II. vi. 297 The public
resolutioners persecuted them with manifold reproaches, as
ruiners of their king and country, . .as renters of the church.
tRe-nter, v. Obs. rare-*, [ad. F. rentrer,
rentraire : cf. RANTER v. The entries in Chambers
are derived from Furetiere's Diet. Univ. (1690).]
1. (See quots.) Hence tHe'ntering vbl. sb.
1706 PHILLIPS (ed. Kersey), To renter, to sow Cloth after
a particular manner, to fine-draw. 1717-38 CHAMBERS Cycl.t
Rendering and Fine-drawing in the manufactories, the
sewing of two pieces of cloth, edge to edge without doubling
them, so that the seam scarce appears at all.
2. (See quot.) Hence f Be 'nterer.
1727-38 CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v. Rentering^ To renter in
tapestry, is to work new warp into a piece of tapestry..
damaged and on this warp to restore the ancient pattern
or design. lbid.t Among the titles of the French tapestry-
makers is included that of renterers.
Rent-free, a. [RENT j^.1] Exempt from pay-
ment of rent. (Usually predicative.)
1631 WEEVER A nc. Funeral Mon. 499 Almes-houses for
twenty poore widowes to dwell in rent free. 1726 BERKE*
LEY Let. Wks. 1871 IV. 130, 1 prefer his having it rent-free
to a rent of twenty pounds. 1866 Chambers' Encycl. s.v.
Rent, Where lands are held rent-free, it is usual for the
landlord to reserve some nominal rent. 1883 LD. BLACKBURN
in Law Rep. 9 Appeal Cases 66 It was most reasonable. .
that where the salary was partly paid by a rent-free house,
the officer should pay the tax on that house.
t Rent- gatherer. Obs. [RENT sb*] One
who collects rents for or on behalf of another.
1398 TREVISA Bartk. De P. R. vi. xvi. (Tollem. MS.),
The rente gederer was defamid to his lorde bat he hadde
wastid his good and catell. 1435-6 in Heath Grocer?
Comp. (1869) 419 Paid to the rente gaderer ffor ij yeers
laborying abouten .. gaderyng of the seide rente. 1535
COVERDALE / Kings xii. 18 Whan kynge Roboam sent thither
Adoram the rentgatherer, all Israel stoned him to death.
1644 VICARS God in Mount 135 The Bishop of Winchesters
Rent-gatherer and Steward of his Courts.
453
Re'nting, vbl. sbJ- rare. [f. RENT v.i + -ING *.]
The action of letting or taking at a rent.
1552 In Vicary's Anat. (1888) App. xvi. 292 The helpe
therunto [repair of houses]., was by the former leases and
rentinges preuented. 1591 PERCIVALL Sp. Diet.) Pujamiento,
renting ofa commoditie, buying by great.
t Re'nting, vbl. sb? Obs. [f. RENT v,z + -ING!.]
The action 01 rending or tearing.
1426 LYDG. De Guil. Pilgr. 2591 My-sylff I may the
Rentyng whyte, I knowe yt wel, & the aquyte. 15*6 Pilgr.
Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 254 b, To the rentyng of his handes
and fete, that the precyous blode yssued. a. 1586 SIDNEY
Arcadia ill. (1898) 386 Appalled with the grievous renting
of their first combination. 1638 A. READ Chirurg. xxv. 191
Cut off the threed hard by the knot, lest the ends, .should
cause a renting of that which you did sow. 1688 R. HOLME
A rmoury HI. 270/2 There is no sign of a Renting, Tearing,
or of a Raggedness of the parts.
t Re-nting, ///. a. Obs. [f. RENT v2 + -we2.]
That rends or tears, in various senses.
ifitfS T. HOWELL Arb. Amitie (1879) 68 Doth feare the
harmes of gaping golfes, and renting rocks doth mone.
1633 P. FLETCHER Purple I si, xi. xii, At length .. A renting
sigh way for her sorrow brake. 1687 Land. Gaz. No. 2258/2
Our latent Affections, that kept their Cave during the
renting Wind and Earthquake.
Re^ntless, al [f. RENT J£.I + -LESS.] a.
Producing no (f interest or) rent. b. Rent-free.
1648 HKXHAM, Rentloos geldtt . . Rentlesse money that
lies still. 1850 IjLACKiEy7:Vf/y/«jf 1 1. 141 A double lodgment
for our use, One from the state, the other from the king,
Rentless we hold. 1893 DK. ARGYLL Unseen Found. Sac.
x. 303 There can. .be, therefore, no such thing as rentless
land which is at the same time cultivated.
Re'ntless, at rare. £f. RENT .r£.2 + -LESS.]
Without rents, untorn.
1628 GAULE Pract. The. (1629) 228 One shall succeed him,
not in a Rentlesse onely, but in a Seamelesse Coat. 1881
NICHOL Death Themistoclest etc. 197, I saw the rentless
banner wave.
t Rent-rack, v. Obs. rare. [f. RENT j£.i +
RACK z>.3] trans. = RACK-BENT v. Hence f Rent-
racked///, a., f Bent-racking vbl. sb. and///, a.
1612 T. TAYLOR Comm. Titus i. 7 From whence are
oppressings, rent-rackings, vsuries, . .and murders? i6iz R.
CARPENTER Soups Sent. 50 Getting goods wrongfully, as too
many rent-racking Land-lords do. 1623 R. CARPENTER Con-
scionable Christian 114 Take not hence liberty, as some doe,
to pay no debts, to put money to Vsury, to rent-racke thy
Tenants. 1633 MASSINGER Guardian n. iv, The rent-racked
farmer, needy market folks,, .are privileged.
t Re'ntrant, a. Obs. rare ~l. [a. F. ren-
trant, pres. pple. of rentrer*. see RE-ENTEB and
RE-ENTRANT.] Re-entering.
1791 NEWTE Tour Eng. fy Scot. 418 The land .. forming ..
three salient, and two great rentrant, or returning angles.
Rent-roll. [RENT sbX\ A roll or register of
rents ; a list of lands and tenements belonging to
one, together with the rents paid on them ; hence,
the sum of one's income as shown by such a list.
1534 Lett. Suppress. Monast. (Camden) 280, I have re-
cevyd your rente-rowle, and getheryd up the rent. 1611
COTGR., Rentier^ a Rent-roll. 1695 CONGREVE Lave for L.
v. ii, No, no, only give you a rent-roll of my possessions.
1781 GIBBON Decl. $ F. xxxi. III. 204 The ostentation of
displaying, .the rent-roll of the estates which they possess.
1827 CARLYLE Misc. (1857) I. 31 Where, again we might ask,
lay Shakspeare's rent-roll ? 1882 BESANT Revolt of Man ii.
(1883) 37 The holder of a splendid title, the owner of a
splendid rent-roil.
attrib. 1842 ^TENNYSON E. Morris 103 The rentroll
Cupid of our rainy isles.
Rent-seek. Law. Also 5-7 sec, 6-7 secke,
(6 seeke). [a. AF. rente secque lit. dry rent.]
A rent reserved by deed in favour of some person,
without a clause of distress in case of arrears (and
so differing from a RENT-CHAKGE).
This distinction in respect of remedy was abolished in 1731
by the statute 4 Geo. II. c. 28 § 5.
147*~3 Rolls of Parlt. VI. 5/1 Eny persone aforeseid
havyng eny Annuite, Office, Fee, Corrodye, Rent Sek, or
Pension. 1523 FITZHERB. Surv. 21 b, It is called a rent
seeke bycause there is no dystresse insedent nor belongyng
to the same. 1566 Act 8 Eliz. c. 19 § 6 All Homages ..
Rentes Servyces Rentes Charges Rentes Seckes, and the
Arrerages of the same. 1628 COKE OnLitt. 143 b, Such rent
js rent secke, for that hee cannot come to haue the rent if
it be denied, by way of distres. 1676 GEO. DUDE Law
Charitable Uses vi. 76 Katherine Banne grants, by Deed,
a Rentseck out of 208 Acres of Land, for relief of the Poor.
1766 BLACKSTONE Comm. 11.42 Rent-seek,.. or barren rent,
is in effect nothing more than a rent reserved by deed, but
without any clause of distress. 1818 CRUISE Digest (ed. z)
II. 454 The law says, that neither the right, before it be
reduced into possession, nor the rentseck before seisin had,
are assets.
Rent-service. [RENT $b*\ Personal ser-
vice of various kinds by which lands or tenements
are held in addition to, or in lieu of, money pay-
ment ; tenure of this kind.
1477 Rolls of Parlt. VI. 170/1 Discharged of all graunts
made of any Offices, Fees or Rents, other than the Rent
services. 1533 FITZHERB. Surv. 21 Rent seruyce is where a
man holdeth his landes of his lorde by fealtie . . or by
any other seruice and certayne rent. 1566 [see prec.l.
1607 NORDEN Surv. Dial. \\. 49 Rent seruice, is so called,
because it is knit to the tenure, and is as it were a Seruice,
whereby a man holdeth his Landes, or Tenements. 1766
BLACKSTONE Comm. 11.41 Rent-service is so called because
it hath some corporal service incident to it, as at the least
fealty, or the feodal oath of fidelity. 1841 Penny Cycl. XIX.
394/1 A rent-service reserved out of chattels real will of
RENUNCIATION.
course belong to the personal representatives of the lessor.
1894 Daily News 23 Oct. 7/1 Yesterday .. the last Sheriff's
of the City of London were summoned before the Queen's
Remembrancer, .to render rent-services to the Crown on
behalf of the Corporation of London.
t Re'ntual, a. Obs. rare-1, [f. RENT rf.l,
after censual, etc.] Containing a list of rents.
1788 Trans. Sue. Arts VI. 21 Written in the rentual books
of the different estates.
Renty, obs. variant of RENKY a. dial.
t Re nuence. Ois.rare—1. [f. L. renu-lre to
refuse (see next) + -ENCE.] Refusal.
1653 SCLATER Funeral Serin. 25 Sept. (1654) 6 He in an
humble renuence grew shyf as deeming himselfe unworthy
of so great an Honour.
Renuent (re'niaent), a. [ad. pres. pple. of L.
renube, f. re- RE- + nuire to nod.] ' Employed
in drawing back the head for nodding, the epithet
of a pair of muscles in the head ' (Smart 1840).
Reiiule (re-ni«l), sb. Anat. [f. L. ren kidney
•*• -ULE.] One of the separate lobules of which
the kidneys in some animals are composed.
1847-9 TodtPsCycl. Anat. IV. i. 233/2 In many genera the
kidneys are composed of a number of separate lobules or
renules, each lobe consisting of a cortical and a medullary
substance. 1883 FLOWER in Encyd. Brit. XV. 366/1 In
some cases, as in Bears.., the tabulation is carried further,
the whole organ being composed of a mass of renules.
t Renu'le, v. 06s. Also renew(e)le, renowle.
[ad. OF. renuveler var. renoveler to RENOVEL.]
mtr. and trans. To renew.
13.. E. E. Allit. P. A. 1079 Twelue sybez on Jer bay
beren ful frym & renowlez nwe in vche a mone. c 1380
WVCLIF Sertti. Sel. Wks. II. 105 pe temple was renulid in
clobis and ober ornamentis. c 1380 — Wks. (1880) 315 pe
seconds secte is late renewelid in be tyme of bise newe
ordris. 1388 — Wisd. vii. 27 It dwellith in it si!f, and renu-
lith alle thingis.
Remrmber («-), v. [RE- 5 a.] To number
afresh. Hence Henu'mbering vbl. sb.
c 1420 tr. Paliad. H-usb. n. 115 Renombre hem but tymes
twyes nyne. 1859 H. COLERIDGE Gloss. Index p. vi, Readers
are therefore requested to renumber their copies from page
64 onwards. 1881 Athenxitm 17 Sept. 372/3 The disastrous
policy . .carried into effect in the renumbering of the houses
in Oxford Street.
t Remrmerate, v. Obs. [Rs- 5 a.] trans.
To enumerate again. (See also quot. 1656.)
1656 BLOUNT Glossogr., Remunerate, to pay money again
that was received ; to retell, to recount, to number again.
1657 TOMLINSON Reiwifs Disp. 26, J-shall not here renume-
rate other. . Plants. 1721 PERRY Daggenh. Breach 23 These
Inconveniences. .need not be further renumerated by me.
So t Benumera'tion. Obs. rare.
1396 NASHE Saffron f£WA»Wks. (Grosart) III. 135 Neuer
was man so surfeited and ouer-gorged with English as hee
cloyd him with his generous spirites, renumeration of
gratuities [etc.]. 1658 in PHILLIPS.
Renunce, obs. form of RENOUNCE v.
Renu'iiciaiice. rare~l. [See next and -ANCE.]
Renunciation.
1837 CARLYLE Fr. Rev. II. v. iii, If they two did look into
each other's eyes, and each, in silence, in tragical renun-
ciance, did find that the other was ail-too lovely.
Reiiuiiciant (rfn»-njiant),a. and sir. [ad. pres.
pple. of L. renunciare : see next.] a. adj. Re-
nouncing, b. sb. One who renounces.
1872 Contemp. Rev. XX. 416 The renunciant's vow is ac-
cepted. 1885 PATER Mariiis II. 138 In strong contrast to
the wise Emperor's renunciant and impassive attitude.
R/eilunciate (rzmrnfitf't), v. [f. ppl. stem
of L. renunciare: see RENOUNCE v.]
fl. trans. (See quot. and RENOUNCE v. 7.) Obs.
1658 BLOUNT Glossogr., Rennnciate, to make relation.. ;
to proclaim or declare openly, to tell what is done.
2. To renounce, give up. rare.
1814 MRS. J. WEST Alicia de Lacy I. 268 Pray fervently
to the Queen of Heaven who will enable you to imitate the
renunciating spirit of pious Saint Alexis. 1890 Pall Mall G.
30 June i/3Mr. Dillon has publicly renunciated the slightest
interest in the outlying empire.
Renunciation (rth»nsi|?1-J3n). Also 5-noun-
tiacioun, 6 -nunoeatioun, 0-7 -nuntiation, 7
-nonoiation. [ad. L. renunciation-em, n. of
action f. renunciare to RENOUNCE. Cf. F. re-
nonciation (I3th c.).]
1. The action of renouncing, giving up, or sur-
rendering (a possession, right, title, etc.); an in-
stance of this ; a document expressing this.
1399 Rails of Parlt. III. 424/1 Uppe the fourme that is
contened in the same Renunciation and Cession. 1462
Euw. IV. in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. n. 1. 128 A renountiacioun
and relese of the ryght and title that the Corowne of England
hathe. 1569 Reg. Privy Council Scot. II. 36 The said as-
signatioun, translatioun, renunciatioun and ourgeving.
i579-8o Hid. III. 256 The renunceatioun of the said rever-
sioun. 1695 Def. Vind. Deprived Bps. 16 They desired and
frocured an express renonciation of their Rights. 1777
ITT in Almon Anecd. III. xliv. 196 A renunciation of our
own unjust, .claims, must precede even the least attempt to
conciliate. 1827 HALLAM Const. Hist. xv. (1876) III. 138
The queen's renunciation of her right of succession was in-
valid in the jurisprudence of his court. 1872 YEATS Growth
Comm. 2^4 A compensation being offered to Austria in the
renunciation by Spain of all her European dependencies.
b. The action of giving up or resigning some-
thing naturally attractive ; self-resignation.
1526 Pilgr. Per/. (W. de W. 1531) 56 After that foloweth
RENUNCIATIVE.
the despisynge & renunciacyon or forsakynge of worldly
thynges. 1831 CARLYLE Sart. Res. it. ix, It is only with
Renunciation (Entsagen) that Life, properly speaking, can
be said to begin. 1860 TYNDALL Glac. 1. 1. 7 A renunciation
of my old and more favourite pursuits. 1876 C. M. DAVIES
Unorth. Loud. 17 Every prophet has his one distinguishing
trait ; and that of Buddha was renunciation.
2. The action of rejecting, disowning, or dis-
claiming ; repudiation, formal rejection.
1599 HAKLUYT Voy. 1. 153 This present renuntiation, reuo-
cation, and retractation of the order and composition afore-
sayd, notwithstanding. 1635 PACITT Christianogr. I. iii.
(1636) 158 An Adiuration of the Divell and a Renuntiation
or renouncing of him. 1675 BAXTER Cath. Theol. n. v. 108
You may read the Synod of Dorts express renunciation of it.
«755 YOUNG Centaur i. Wks. 1757 IV. 113 Vicious practice
is sure to produce.. an absolute renunciation of all belief.
1790 BURKE Fr. Rev. 26 As solemn a renunciation as could
be made of the principles by this society imputed to them.
1870 ANDERSON Missions Amer. Bd. I. vii. 137 One cannot
but wonder at the rapid renunciation of even the name of
Christianity by the people of Jaffna.
b. spec. The action of renouncing the devil, the
world, and the flesh, at baptism.
1875 SMITH & CHEETHAM Diet. Christian Antiq. I. 160/1
The mode of making the Renunciations, and the words
employed, are very fully described in the treatise De Sacra-
mentis, attributed to St. Ambrose.
f 3. 'A bringing word back again ' (Phillips
1658). Obs. rare-".
Renunciative (rftiirnjVtiv), a. [ad. med.L.
*renuncidtivus, or f. RENUNCIATK v. + -IVK.]
•)• 1. Serving to announce or enuntiate. Obs.
c 1400 tr. Secreta Secret., Gmi. Lordsh. 96 panne he res-
sayues a stryngthe of vndirstandynge bat ys renunciatyf of
ffygures and semblance. 1622 MABBE tt.Aleman's Guzman
d"Alf. 11. 242 Bills, and answers, together with other writ-
ings, processiue,. .renunciatiue, and infinite other the like.
2. Characterized by renunciation.
x8so MRS. BROWNING Poems II. 446 To let thee sit. .and
hear the sighing years Re-sighing on my lips renunciative.
1880 WARREN Book-plates ix. 98 The renunciative mottoes
are a somewhat notable class.
So Benrrnciatory a.
1865 DICKENS Mut. Fr. I. iv, A meek renunciatory action.
1898 Century Mag. Jan. 463/1 A few big tears— the.. out-
come of Heaven knows how real a renunciatory struggle.
Renuwe, obs. form of RENEW v.1
t Benverse, sb. Obs. rare. In 7 ran-, [a. F.
renverse, f. renverser ; see RENVEBSE v.] a. The
reverse (of a coin), b. The other side (of a case).
1658 OSBORN Adv. Son iii. § 10 (1896) 67 Policy stamps
them with the Image of the Devil, and on their Ranverse,
Punishment and Shame. 1679 V. ALSO? Melius Inqui-
renditm H. viii. 360 This will more evidently appear if we
take the Ranverse of the case, thus.
t Benverse, a. Obs. rare ~l. [ad. F. ren-
•versi] Reversed, turned the wrong way.
1653 A. WILSON jfas. 1 159 [He] was made to ride Renvers
withnis face to the horse tail.
t Benve'rse, v. Obs. Also 6-7 renuers(e,
7-8 ranverse. [ad. F. renverser, f. re- RE- + en-
verser to overturn : see ENVERSED and INVERSE,
and cf. RAMVERSE ».]
1. trans. To reverse (in lit. senses) ; to turn up-
side down, turn the wrong way, turn back.
1590 SPENSER F. Q. I. iv. 41 Whose shield he beares ren-
verst, the more to heap disdayn. 1596 Ibid. v. iii. 37 He . .
from him reft his shield, and it renverst. 1610 DONNE
Pseudo-martyr 274 That English Priest Bridgewater, which
cals himself Aquipontanus, overturning and re-enuersing
{errata renuersing] his name with his conscience. 1624 SIR
T. ROE in Michaelis' Anc. Marb. (1882) 188 A halfe lyon of
white marble, holding the head of a bull in the pawes, the
neck renuersed. 1681 R. FLEMING Fulfill. Script. (1800) II.
iii. 213 Their darts were ranversed and turned back by the
violence of the wind.
2. To overturn or overthrow (lit. andyf^.); to
bring to confusion.
o. ci6io SIR J. MELVIL Mem. (1735)61 Thus can God by
his Divine Providence renverse the finest Practices and
Pretences of mighty Rulers. 1639 DRUMM. OF HAWTH.
Speech for Edinburgh Wks. (1711) 216 To settle things so.,
that they should not vary and change, were to renverse that
order which God hath established. I7(5s STERNE Tr. Shandy
VIII. xix, The furious execution of which, renversing every-
thing like thunder before it, has become a new eera to us of
military improvements. 1776 MME. D'ARBLAY Early Diary
Let. Crisp, Sept., In a course of years the commerce of that
world commonly renverses all these things topsy turvy.
ft. c 1645 HOWELL Lett. (1650) I. in. xx, God forbid that
a business of so high a consequence, .should be ranvers'd by
differences 'twixt a few privat subjects. 1671 MACWARU
True Non-conf. 236 Plainly to ranverse both the freedom of
making, and necessity of keeping all vowes. 1702 C. MATHER
Magn. Chr. n. 12 If there were a Town in Spain under-
mined by Coneys,.. a third in Greece ranversed by Frogs.
1728 Wodrovj Corr. (1843) III. 381 The sentence and decision
of the Commission could not be opened and ranversed.
Hence fKenve'raed, ///. a. (see quot. 1656),
t Renve-rsing vbl. sb.
1656 BLOUNT Glossogr. s.v. Renverfeti, Renversed eyes, are
taken for decayed eyes, or those that stand in the head.
1671 [?MACWARD] Case Accommodation Exam. 34 The
renversings and persecutions of these late times. 1679 J.
BROWN Life of Faith (1824) II. xx. 364 Esther was employed
to effectuate the ranversing of the decree.
II Benverse, a. Her. [F., pa. pple. of ren-
verser : see prec.] Inverted ; reversed.
1725 COATS Diet. Her. s.v., Chevron rtmerst is a Chevron
with the Point downwards. 1868 CUSSANS Her. (1893) 130
Kcnvtirsu or Reversed ; turned contrary to the usual direction.
454
t Benve'rsement. Obs. [a. F. renverse-
mcnt : see RJENVERSE v. and -MENT.] The act of
reversing or inverting ; the result of this.
16x0 MARCELLINI Triumphs Jos. I 87 Their divers Ana-
grams, Metatheses, and Renversements, according to the
Tinurah and Siruphs of the Haebrewes. 1744 FOTHF.RGILL in
Phil. Trans. XLIII. 23 This Resin with the Trees which
afforded it were buried in the Earth by the Deluge, or by
some such violent Renversement. 1763 STUKELEY Palzogr.
Sacr. 60 'Tis a total renversement of the order of nature.
t Benvoy, sb. Obs. Also 7 -voie. [a. F. renvoi,
\retrnoy (15th c.), vbl. sb. f. renvoyer: see next.]
1. The act of sending back ; discharge, dismissal.
1600 HOLLAND Livy xxxvn. xxxi. 063 When he had re-
warded the Rhodian ships with part of the pillage, . . he gaue
them the renvoie, and sent them home, c 1645 HOWELL
Lett. v. iii. (1655) I. 199 This rupture 'twixt us and France
upon the sudden renvoy of her Majesties servants. 1654
H. L'ESTRANGE Chas. I (1655) 61 King Charles is taxed for
violating the Matrimonial Pact by the Renvoy and discard-
ing of the Queens Domestiques.
2. A reference to a book or passage, rare—1.
1650 in Athenxum 13 Dec. (1879) 763/2 To which he
makes his Marginal! Renvoys.
t Benvoy, v. Obs. rare. [ad. F. renvoyer
(I2th c.), f. re- RE- + envoyer: see ENVOY sb.1}
trans. To send back.
c 1477 CAXTON Jason 54 b, Wherfore he renuoyed and sente
agayn the knight unto the grekes. 1539 CROMWELL in
Merriman Life ft Lett. (1902) II. 229, I doo Renvoye the
said palmer thither agayn. i6a» BACON Hett. I'll (1876) 79
He did continue in his court and custody the daughter of
Maximilian, ..not dismissing or renvoying her.
Reny, var. RENAY v. Obs. Renys, obs. f.
REINS. Renysch, Renyst, varr. RENISH a. Obs.
Renyss, obs. f. RHENISH.
Reobli'ge (if-), TJ. rare —'. [ad. It. riobbligare.~\
trans. To oblige again.
i6w J. HAVWARD tr. Bicndis Eromena II. 63 The Prince
of Mauritania favours me exceedingly.. thereby re-obliging
me with the favour of his visits.
Beobse rve ("-), »• [RE- 5 a-] To observe
again. So ReoTiserva-tion.
1853 LVNCH Self-Imfrmi. vL 148 You must think and
observe ; re-think and re-observe. 1857 DARWIN in Life tr
Lett. (1887) III. 260, I have, also, lately been re-observing
daily Lobelia fulgens. 1885 A thenzum 5 Dec. 735/2 The
principal astronomical work.. is the reobservation of the
places of the 23,000 stars.
Beobtai-n («"-), v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To ob-
tain again ; to regain, recover.
1587 Mirr. Mag., Rich. Ill, xiii, I came to repbtaine my
dignitie. 1603 FLORIO tr. Montaigne \. xxxvii._ 116 The
weakest may by occasion reoblaine the place againe. 1643
[ANGIER] Lane. Vail. Achor 23 If you will.. endeavour
with me to reobtaine the Castle, you shall have all faire
usage from me. 1695 Enq. Anc. Const. Eng. 90 Since we
cannot tell, . . if. . King James should re-obtain the throne, by
what means it may happen. 1701 DE FOE True-born Eng.
32 No Merit can their Favour reobtain. i78a KIRWAN in
Phil. Tram. LXXIII. 62 If the solution was exposed to
nothing from which it could re-obtain phlogiston. 1803
H. K. WHITE Let. to N. White 2 May, There remains no
way of re-obtaining my volume but this. 1866 ODLING
Auitit. Chem. 62 By treatment with hydrochloric acid we
may easily re-obtain the carbonic anhydride.
Hence Heobtarnable a.; Beobtarner ; Be-
obtai-ning vbl. sb. • Beobtarnment.
1598 FLORIO, Racguislatore, a recouerer, a repurchase^ a
reobtainer. Ibid., Racquisto, a recouerie, a repurchase, a
reobtaining. 1611 COTGR., Recouvrable, recouerable,. .re-
obtainable. Ibid., Recouvrance, a recouerie, reobtainment,
Beoccupa'tion (ri-). [RE- 5 a. : cf. F. re-
occupation.] The action of occupying again ; a
renewed occupation.
1844 Lane- Tracts Civ. War 140 The ' unkept conditions *
[on which Thursland Castle was delivered] appear to relate
to the re-occupation of it by Sir John Girhngton. 1887
Spectator^ 28 May 722/1 England and Turkey will possess
an exclusive right of re-occupation.
Beo-ccupy (n-), v. [RE- 5 a: cf. F. rt-
occuper.] To occupy (a place or position) again.
1807 G. CHALMERS Caledonia \. I. iv. 182 He reoccupied
and refortificd such of those posts as promoted his vengeful
designs. 1817 COBBETT Wks. XXXII. 146 The Bourbons
. . have not failed to bring misery in their train in re-
occupying the beautiful provinces of Italy. 1841 ELPHIN-
STONE Hist. Ind. II. 177 The former prince, .now returned
to re-occupy his old possessions. 1875 Ure's Diet. Arts
(ed. 7) II. 203 A sufficient interval of time had .. elapsed to
allow the water to re-occupy the space.
Hence Heo 'coupled///, a.
1825-9 MRS. SHERWOOD Lady of Manor I. viii. 332 They
might adorn her grandmamma's reoccupied apartment.
Beocctrr, v. [RE- 5 a.] intr. To occur again.
1867 ATWATER Logic 203 Whenever it is applied in such
measure to these several subjects, they will re-occur. 1884
McCosH in Hotnilet. Monthly (1885) Jan. 232 In the first
chapter of Genesis such passages as this occur and re-occur.
t Beod, a. Obs. [OE. >-^rf=ON. rjoS-r: see
etym. note to RED a.] Red, ruddy.
a 800 Erfurt Gloss. 404 Flawm vel^ftilfunt, reod. a 900
O. E. Martyrol. 25 Dec. 4 Pa waes hire ansyn swa reod &
swa faeger [etc.], c 1000 ^ELFRIC Exod. xv. x pa Moises
hzfde gefaren ofer ba reodan sz. c 1205 LAV. 3528 Heo
iward reod., swilche hit were of wine scenche. Ibid. 19890
^Enne stunde he wes blac..ane while he was reod.
Reod, obs. form of REED sb.
Reo'Se, obs. form of RUTH.
t Beof, a. Obs. Also 3 ref. [OE. kriof rough,
scabbed, leprous ** ON. hrjtif-r.] Rough.
REORDER.
a xooo Exeter Bt., Whale 8 Is ba;s hiw j^elic hreofum
stane. c xago Gen. ft Ex. 3726 LeateS benswilcwurdesref.
1418 E. E. Wills (1882) 36, vj. reof quisshens of worsted.
BeO'ffer, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To offer again.
a 1618 SYLVESTER Brief Catech. iii, Christ our high-priest
for ever, Self-offring once to bee re-offred never. (11711
KEN Hymns Evang. Poet. Wks. 1721 I. 186 Jesus went.,
all his Pains God's Ang*r to atone Re-offering at his
Father's awful Throne. 1757 MRS. GRIFFITH Lett. Henry
fy Frances (1767) I. 22, I should be ashamed to re-offer you
my love and friendship. 1829 LVTTON Dei'ereux iv. ix, I re-
offered my arm to the prince.
Reolic(h, -liohe, var. RULY a. and adv. Obs.
Reome, obs. f. REALM. Reone, var. RYEN a.
Reopen, obs. form of REAP v.
Reo'peii («"-), v. [RE- 5 a.]
1. trans, a. To open again (something that has
been closed).
1733 TULL Horse-hoeing Husb. i. 8 The weak sorts of
Roots can penetrate no farther into it, unless re-open'd by
new Tillage. 1814 SCOTT Wav. xvii, The eyes of our hero
. .gradually closed ; nor did he re-open them till the morn-
ing sun was high on the lake without. 1816 KIRBY & Sp.
Entomol. xx. (1818) II. 202 In the spring, when it [a window]
was re-opened, the bees returned. 1855 BROWNING Bp.
Blougram 572 He [Luther] comes .. Re-opens a shut book.
1865 PUSEV Truth Eng. Ch. 16 When the Churches were
reopened in Paris after the first revolution.
D. To open up again, to renew.
1848 R. I. WILBERFORCE Doctr. Incarnation iv. (1852) 88
In Him intercourse with God was perfectly reopened. 1858
J. MARTINEAU Stud. Chr. 140 His. .absence reopened their
opportunities.
O. To resume the discussion of (something
settled or decided).
1851 HUSSEY Papal Power ii. 77 Urging him.. not to
allow questions to be reopened, which had been already
fully determined. 1851 DICKENS Bleat Ho. xxxiv, After I
have finished speaking I have closed the subject, and I
won't re-open it,
d. To recommence (firing).
1850 R. G. COMMIN& Hunter's Life S. Afr. (1902) 41/2
Having loaded, I re-opened my fire. 1881 in Lady Bellairs
Transvaal War (1885) 136 The rebels then deliberately re-
opened fire on the officers carrying the flags.
2. intr. and absol. To open again.
1830 LVTTON P. Clifford xxiii, His warm heart at once re-
opened to the liking he had formerly conceived for Clifford.
1885 in Lady Bellairs Transvaal War 125 Such of the
. .stores as still held any goods would occasionally reopen.
Hence Beo-pened ///. a. ; Beo-pening vbl. sb.
and///, a.
1758 J. S. Le Dran's Observ. Surg. (1771) 299 A large
Quantity of Pus . . proceeded from the Re-openmg of the
Wound. 1818 A utumn near Rhine 162 The scene was well
calculated to strike re-opening eyes. 1841 PUSEV Crisis
En%. Ch. 96 This re-opened intercourse with the East is. .a
crisis in the history of our Church.
Reophore : see RHEOPHOKE.
Beoppo'se («-), v. rare-1. [RE- 2 a.] trans.
To oppose in turn.
1646 SIR T. BROWNE Pseud. Ep. Pref., Wee shall so farre en-
j courage contradiction, as to promise no disturbance, or re-
• oppose any Penne, that shall Elenchically refute us.
Reord, variant of REBD(E Obs.
Beordai-n («-), v. [RE- 5 a: cf. F. reor-
donner (i6th c.), It. reordinare (Florio).J
1. trans. To ordain, appoint, or establish again.
1611 COTGR., Re(n\joindre, to reinioyne.reordainevnto, re-
impose vpon. x6xa_DRAYTON Poly.olb. xi. 314 Edw^n.. re-
ordained York a Bishop's government. 1881-3 SCHAFF
Encycl. Relig. Knovjl. 1309 Levirate Marriage, .an ancient
usage of the Hebrews, and re-ordained by Moses.
2. Eccl. To ordain (a person) again; to invest
afresh with holy orders.
a 1626 BACON Ch, Controv. Wks. 1879 1. 347 The re-ordain-
ing of priests, is a matter already resolutely maintained.
1636 PRVNNE Unbish. Tim. (1660) 74 Bishop Hall re-
ordained Mr. John Dury, formerly ordained by Presbyters.
1693 Apol. Clergy Scot. 57 All of them the greatest men
among them are reordained when they come to England.
1731 NEAL Hat. Purit. I. 90 Those clergymen who had
been ordained by the late Service Book, were to be re-
ordained. 1898 Westm. Gaz. 10 Jan. 2/1 There was a wide-
spread opinion among you that our practice of reordaining
convert clergymen was an imputation on your Church.
absol. 1661 Petit, for Peace 10 A Canon .. deposeth those
that re-ordain.
Beo-rder (rf-), -a. [RE- 5 a.]
•)• 1. trans. = REOBDAIN v. 2. Obs. rare .
1593 BILSON Covt. Christ's Ch. 359 Such as were ordained
by IVliletius shoulde be reordered.
2. To set in order again; to re-establish, re-
arrange, etc. Also absol.
1609 DANIEL Civ. Wars vm. xliv, Seeking to allay AH
greeuances; re-order equity. 1656 EARL MONM. tr. Boc-
calinfs Advts. fr. Parnass. I. Ixxvii. (1674) xoo Whilst
powerful men.. have disordered the World, men go about
to re-order it. iSss PUSEY Doctr. Real Presence 212 The
power of the word of God in ordering or reordering as He
wills. 1894 HOWELLS in Harper's Mag. Feb. 376 Mrs.
Campbell runs to the mirror, .and hastily reorders her dress.
reft. 1641 EARL MONM. tr. Biondis Civil Warres v. 162
The English this meane while having reordered themselves,
set furiously upon them.
3. a. To send again by order.
i799SicKELMORE A gnes fy Leonora II. 32, I was therefore
re-ordered back to prison.
b. To repeat an order for (a thing).
1810 SOUTHEV in Robberds Mem. W. Taylor (1843) II.
300 If it should not reach you in due time after it is adver-
tized, fail not to let me know, that I may re-order it.
REORDERED.
Hence Beo'rderod ///. a. ; Keo-rdering.
J59S DANIEL Civ. Warres n. Ixxii, As seeking but the
States reordering. 1600 FAIRFAX Tasso xx. Ixxxviii, Their
Lord in haste Tovenge their losse his bandreordred brings.
1618 WOTTON in Relii]. (1672) 485 For the re-ordering of my
Exchanges, which have been much incommodated. 1855
PUSF.Y Doctr. Real Presence Note Q. 240 Instances which
showhowS.Chrysostom speaks of God's' re-ordering nature'.
fReordi, a. Obs. rare-1. (Of obscure meaning.)
(Wei reordi is perhaps an error for elreordi=QE.
elreordii foreign-speaking, barbarous.)
c 120S LAY. 25658 He seide bat ber wes icumen a scaoe lioe
of westward Spaine, wel reordi [£1275 a wellobliche] feond.
Reordie v. : see under REBD(E.
Reo'rdinate (n-), v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To
institute or establish again.
1875 BROWNING Aristoph. Apol. 202 Had you.., re-ordinat-
ing outworn rule, Made Comedy and Tragedy combine.
Reordina'tion (r«~-). Eccl, [ad. med.L. reor-
dindtio: cf. F. riordinatiou (1575).] The action
of ordaining again ; the fact of a second ordination.
1597 HOOKER Eccl. Pol. v. Ixxvii. § 3 The reordination of
such as others in times more corrupt did consecrate hereto-
fore. 1636 PRYNNE Unbish. Tim. (1661) Post. 36 Which. .
was no reordination of him as a Presbyter, but only a
Reconfirmation of him.. as a Bishop. 1732 NEAL Hist.
Purit. (1822) 1. 69 There being no dispute about reordination
in order to any church-preferment, till the end of queen
Elizabeth's reign. 1846 BURN For. Refugees 53 The objects
of the letters .. appear to be the re-ordination of the Rev.
John Charpentier [etc.]. 1884 Catholic Diet. (1897) 677/1
An imposition of hands, mistaken perhaps for re-ordination.
Recvrganiza'tion (i/-). [RE- 5 a : cf. F. re-
organisation (1812).] The action or process of re-
organizing ; a fresh organization.
1813 WELLINGTON in Gurw. Desp. (1838) X. 140, I have
already commenced a re-organization of the cavalry. 1852
GROTE Greece n. Ixxii. IX. 261 A power of enriching friends
or destroying enemies in this universal reorganisation of
Greece. 1899 Allbutfs Syst. Med. VI. 802 The nerve
becomes so irretrievably disorganised as to obliterate all
means of reorganisation.
Reorganize (r?-), v. [RE- 53: cf. F. r(-
organiser (1812).] trans. To organize anew.
1681-6 J. SCOTT Chr. Life (1747) III. 539 By whose omni-
potent Agency. . the Bodies of his Saints, .shall be gathered
up, re-united, and re-organized into glorious Bodies. 1813
SIR R. WILSON Priv. Diary (1862) II. 258 The news of this
failure, .obliged him. .to reorganise his broken troops. 1850
MRS. BROWNING Poems II. 201 Thou shall yet reorganize
Thy maidenhood of beauty. 1879, FROUDE Cxsar viii. 80
He had reorganised the constitution on the most strictly
conservative lines.
Hence Reo'rganizer.
1832-4 DE QUINCEY Caesars Wks. 1859 X. 212 To apply his
powers as a re-organizer and restorer to the East. 1870
LOWELL Stvdy Wind, (1886) 134 He is a reorganiser of the
moral world.
Rep'rieut («-), a. [RE- 53.] Rising again.
1850 TENNYSON /« Mem. cxvi, The life re-orient out of dust.
1890 F. ST. JOHN THACKERAY Prudentins 93 So buried seeds
repair our store Reorient from the parched earth.
t Reose. v. Obs. Also 3 rese. [OE. hriosan
= ON. hrjisa to shudder.] intr. To fall.
Bemvulf 1075 Hie on gebyrd hruron gare wunde. Ibid.
2489 Gomela Scylfing hreas. 1:825 Vesp. Psalter cxliv. 14
UphefeS dryhten alle Sa 3e hreosa9. a 900 CYNEWULF Christ
810 Wongas hreosaS, bursstede berstaS. c 1000 ^ELFRIC
Horn. II. 450 pset bus. .hreosende Sine bearn..acwealde.
c IMJ LAY. 15587 Saeie me waeh hit vselleS bat be wal reoseS
(c 1275 falleb]. Ibid. 18809 Beornes scullen rusien, reosen
[c 1275 rese] heore mzerken.
Reose, var. of REWSIE Obs. Reot, obs. f. RIOT.
Reothe, obs. f. RUTH. Reother, var. of ROTHEB
Obs. Reou, obs. f. RUE. ReouSe, obs. f. RUTH.
Reoufulnesse, obs. f. RUEFDLNESS. Reou-
liche, var. of RULY Obs. Reounesse, var. of
REWHESS Obs.
t Re-ous, a. Obs. -° [ad. L. reus.] Guilty.
1623 in COCKERAM,
Reousie: see REWSIE Obs. Reoupe, obs.
f. RUTH. Reouthfully, obs. f. RUTHFULLY.
Reouwe, obs. f. RUE v.
Re-overflow, v. [RE- 5 a.] To overflow anew.
01700 KEN Hymnotlieo Poet. Wks. 1721 III. 353 All must
love God,. .Must to the Source of Love re-overflow.
Reowe, obs. f. RUE sb. and v., Row v.1 Reow-
ful(nesse, obs. ff. RUEPUL(NESS. Reowliche,
var. RULY a. Obs. Reowsunge : see REWSING.
Reowthe, obs. f. RUTH. Reowthfulliche,
obs. f. RUTHFULLY.
Reoxida'tion (n~-). [RE- 53.] The process
of oxidizing, or of being oxidized, afresh.
1838 Civil Eng. $ Arch. Jrnl. I. 162/2 They are then to
be .. set fire to, . . and afterwards laid by for re-oxidation. 1884
W. H. GREENWOOD Steel ty Iron vi. 96 The re-oxidation of
the carbonic oxide so formed into carbonic anhydride.
So Reo-xidizement.
1839 Penny Cycl. XIV. 56/1 By exposure to the air or other
means of reoxidizement.
Reoxygenate, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To
oxygenate afresh.
1855 KINGSLEY Glaucus 140 Its remaining fresh argued
that the coralline had reoxygenated it from time to time.
1884 Public Opinion 5 Sept. 306/1 An apparatus for re-
oxygenating air that has already been breathed.
So Reoxygenize v. (Ogilvie 1882).
t Rep1, an abbreviation of REPUTATION, current
in the early part of the i8th c. Obs.
455
aijot SHIPPERY in Brasenose Ale (1878) 2 Six go-downs
upon rep. to our true English King 1 1711 ADDISON Sped.
No. 135 r 10 This Humour . . which has so miserably cur-
tailed some of our Words, ..as in mob. rep. pos. incog, and
the like. 1731 FIELDING Covent Card. Trag. \\. xiil, Nor
modesty, nor pride, nor fear, nor rep. Shall now forbid this
tender chaste embrace. 1738 SWIFT Pol. Cortversat. Introd.
91 Do you say it upon Rep ?
Rep '-. Now rare. [Of obscure origin : cf.
RIP. The relation to demi-rep is not clear.]
1. A man (t or woman) of loose character ; a rip.
1747 HOADLY Snsp. Huso. iv. iv, So many Rivals among
your kept Mistresses, and Reps of Quality. 1806 R. CUM-
BERLAND Mem. 474 Old and young, reps and demi-reps
flocked to see it. 1886 FARGUS Living or Dead II. 169
Now you're about with the biggest uncut rep in town.
2. An inferior or worthless article.
1786 WOLCOTT (P. Pindar) Lyric Odes xi. Wks. 1816 1. 117
The fiddle .. though what's vulgarly baptiz'd a rep, Shall in
a hundred pounds be deem'd dog-cheap.
Rep3 (rep). Also repp. [ad. F. reps (see REPS),
of unknown origin.] A textile fabric (of wool, silk,
or cotton) having a corded surface.
1860 MRS. GASKELL Right at Last n What should make
you think I care so much for rep in preference to moreen ?
1894 BARING-GOULD Queen of Love I. 75 Rab .. raised the
red repp that covered the barrier.
attrib. 1883 Harper's Mag. Mar. 538/2 The green rep
parlour suites. 1898 G. B. SHAW Plays II. You never can
tell 274 A pair of maroon rep curtains.
Rep *, in school slang, abbrev. of REPETITION.
186^ CREIGHTON in Life $ Lett. (1904) I. i. 13 It is a very
bad sign if fellows talk, or learn rep. . , during prayers.
Hep, obs. form of REAP sl>:*
Repa-ce, v. [RE- 5 a.] To pace back or again.
1633 V. FLETCHER Purple Isl. iv. xxii, Tritons.. who ..
speed the rivers flowing race, But strongly stop the wave, if
once it back repace. 17*9 SAVAGE Wanderer iv. 81 Wild
beasts to gloomy dens repace their way.
Repacifica'tion. rare-1. [RE- 5 a.] The
fact bt being pacified again.
1665 G. HAVERS P. delta dalle's Trav. E. India 99
Manifest signes that his re-pacification was rather upon
necessity then out of good-will.
Repa'cify, ,v. rare. [RE- 5 a.] To pacify again.
1604 DANIEL Civ. Wars r. xi, His brother Henry.. Seeks
to re-pacify the people's hate. 161 1 FLORIO, Rappacificare,
to appease or repacifie.
Repa-ck (n-), ». [RE- 5 a.] To pack again.
>47*~3 (see Repacking below]. 1611 COTGR., Remballer,
to repacke, or packe yp againe. 1628-9 DIGBY Voy. Medit.
(Camden) 69 Repacking our English beefe, wee found it to
be verie baa. 1722 DE FOE Col. Jack (1840) 328 They were
opened, and repacked, a 1790 ADAM SMITH W. N. iv. v.
(1869) II. 94 It is necessary to repack them with an addi-
tional quantity of salt. 1813 SIR R. WILSON Priv, Diary
(1862) II. 121 They had stopped behind to pick up and re-
pack the things which had fallen off one of my led horses.
1896 Allbutfs Syst. Med. I. 420 The child is unswathed,
rubbed dry, and repacked as before.
Hence Kepa'oked ///. a. ; Repacking vbl. sb. ;
also Bepaxker, one who repacks (Webster 1828).
1472-3 Rolls ofParlt. VI. 59/i[ All wools shall] be admytted
. . and dely vered to the merchaunt biers, withoute any re-
pakkyng therof there to be made. 1615 E. S. Brittaines
Buss in Arb. Garner\\\. 640 The repacking of the herrings
by the sworn Coopers of that place. Ibid., Then will rest
to be sold .. seventy-five Last full of repacked herrings.
'745-6 in W. Thompson R. N. Advoc. (1757) 17 The greatest
Part of the Meat by repacking and pickling, will still be fit
for Service. 1822 f. FLINT Lett.fr. Atner. 76 If I had en-
tertained any doubt .. the very repacking of my baggage
would at once have removed it. 1842 Penny Cycl. XXII.
475/2 These metallic pistons, .do not.. require the frequent
repacking necessary to those with tow or hempen stuffing.
t Repa'ganic, a. nonce-wd. [RE- 53 : cf.
next.] Once more pagan.
1701 BEVERLEY Apoc. Quest, ir In this very Repaganic(if
I may so speak) or Repaganiz'd State.
Repa/ganize («-), v. [RE- 5 a.] trans, and
intr. To make or become pagan again. Hence
Bepa'ganized/>//. a. ; Hepa-ganizing vbl. sb. and
///. a. ; also Eepa'g-anizer, Repaganiza'tion.
1672 EACHARD Hobbs's St. Nat. Lett. 12 An Universal
repaganizer, Popeling, a worshipper of the beast [etc.].
1685 H. MORE I'aralip. Prophet, xlii. 361 Therefore the
Re-paganizing of the Church must be presently after. Ibid.
362 If he could not. .have turned off Constantine from the
Faith or Re-paganized the Christians. 1701 BEVERLEY
Apoc. Quest, ii This Empire Repaganizing through Anti-
christianism, undermining, and supplanting True Christi-
anity [See also REPAGANIC.] 1854 MILMAN Lat. Chr. iv.
v. (1864) II. 292 The chief objects of worship in the re-
Paganized land were three statues of gilded brass. 1888
Outlook % Sabb. Quarterly (N. Y.) Jan. 457 You have also
thought, no doubt, on the repaganization of Christendom.
Repai'nt («'-), sb. [RE- 5 a : cf. next.]
1. A substance used in repainting ; a layer of
colour put on in repainting.
1891 Portfolio Mar. 51 There were parts of the surface
from which it removed the original fresco-pigments or the
tempera repaints.
2. The fact of repainting or being repainted.
893 Pall Mall G. 23 Jan. 2/1 Although it has suffered
mewhat from repaint.. it still remains one of the most
..
beautiful single heads produced by Renaissance painting.
. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To
again (lit. and_/?f.).
.
Repa'int (n-), v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To paint
. _
a 1700 KEN Edmund Poet, Wks. 1721 II. 159 Till vanish-
ing Sleep Edmund re-possess'd, Repainting it in Dreams
upon his Breast. 1761 STERNE Tr. Shandy IV. xxv. The
coach was re-painted upon my father's marriage. 1815 J.
REPAIR.
SCOTT Vis. Paris Pref. 9 The first thing they do with one
of Raphael's pictures is to repaint it. 1830 LVTTON P.
Clifford xxxiii, A solicitor, the very rails round whose door
were so sadly in want of re-painting ! 1888 HAVELOCK
ELLIS in Ford's Plays (Mermaid Ser.) p. xiv, The conflict
between the world's opinion and the heart's desire he paints
and repaints.
Hence Bepai-nted ///. a., Repai-nting vbl. sb.
1864 Reader 26 Nov. 667/3 1'he inferior and repainted
works at Fiesole. 1884 Athenaeum a Feb. 157/1 There is
much repainting on the faces.
Repair (r/peou), sb.l Forms: 4-5 repeir(e,
-eyr(e ; 4-7 repayr(e, (5 Sc. rap-), -aire, -ar(e,
(7 -aier), 4- repair, [a. OF. repeire, repaire
(mod.F. repere] return, etc., f. repeirer, repairer, to
REPAIR v.1]
1. (Chiefly in phrases to make or have repair :
cf. 4 b.) a. Resort, frequent or habitual going, to
a place. Now arch, or Obs.
c 1330 R. BRUNNE Chron. Wace (Rolls) 8078 peyr wonyng
ys in be eyr, [but] Vmwhile to be erbe bey make repair.
c X37S Sc. Leg. Saints xlvi. (Anastace) 176 pe prefet yddire
had repare. c 1435 WVNTOUN Cron, \. xvii. 1657 Qwhar
common accesse of repayr Men mycht haf to bat figoure
fayr. 1456 SIR G. HAVE Law Arms (S. T.S.) 190 He saw or
persavit him mak grete repaire till his hous. iST^-6 LAM-
BARDE Peramb. Kent (1862) 171 She exhorted repaire to the
church. 1581 PETTiaGwaz2<9'.rCYz'.CV»z'.i.(i586) 38 Flatterers
..alwaies make their repaire thether where profile is to be
reaped. 1638 HEYWOOD Wise Worn. in. i. Wks. 1874 V. 314
By his oft repaire. .your good name Maybe by Neighbours
hardly censur'd of. 1691 WOOD At A. Oxon. II. 184 Peter
Heyhn..was furnished with Books, .by his repair to Bodlies
Library.
b. Sc. Resort (also occas., stay or sojourn) in
a place or among others. Now arch, or Obs.
c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints xii. (Matkias) 292 In be ayre,
quhare be feyndis has mast repare. Ibid, xxxi. {Eugenia) 104
A lytil tone, .quhar cristine men had repare. c 1425 WYN-
TOUN Cron. n. xvi. 1484 In ane ile bai gert bairn ga, Amange
bairn na rapayr to ma. Ibid. v. iii. 440 Qwhen. .pai of Bret-
tane ostagis hade, He gret repayr amange bairn made,
1500-20 DUNBAR Poems xliii. i Thir ladyis fair, That makis
repair, And in the court ar kend. 1535 LYNDESAY Satyre 594
3it in this Realme I wald mak sum repair. iSxa BYRON
Ch. Har. i. xxii, On sloping mounds, or in the vale beneath,
Are domes where whilome kings did make repair.
fc. Chiefly .Sr. Intercourse or association (with
others). Obs.
c 1450 LYDG. Secrees 190 YifT thou thus doo by vertuous
Repeyr, God shal encrese..thy Royal excellence. 1500-20
DUNBAR Poems xviii. 17 Ane lady fresche and fair, With
genttll men makand repair. 1536 BELLENDEN Cron. Scot.
(1821) I. p. xxvi, The peple thairof hes na repair with mar-
chandis of uncouth realmes. a 1653 BINNING Serin. (1845)
186 To cleanse even vain thoughts, and shut up, from that
ordinary repair, his own heart.
f d. Liberty of resort. Obs. rare*"1,
1598 MANWOOD Laives Forest xv. p 2. 87 In their corne,
meadowes, and pastures, the Deere must riaue their repaire
and quiet feede.
2. The place to which one repairs; fj/.ahaunt,
usual abode or dwelling-place.
1375 BARBOUR Bruce xvi. 310 The Erische kyngis than
euirilkane Hayme till thar awne repar ar gane. 14. . Tun-
dale's Vis.t etc. (1843) 92 To hem that ben in euyle of
owtrage Repeyre fynall of hur pylgrimage. 1484 CAXTON
Fables of &sop v. viii, This labourer passyd before the
repayre or dwellynge place of the sayd Serpent. 1616 B.
JONSON Epigr. i. xxxii, What not the envy of the seas
reach'd to,.. At home in his repaire Was his blest fate, but
our hard lot to find. 1666 DRYDEN A nn. Mirab. ccxx, There
the fierce winds his tender force assail And beat him down-
ward to his first repair. 1864 Reader 2 July 20 When they
were the repairs of wild beasts and the shelter ing-places of
men. 1895 Harper's Mag. Feb. 472/2 Converting the hole
of the asp into a repair for children.
tb. SQ place, house, etc. of repair. Obs.
c 1586 C'TESS PEMBROKE Ps. xci. i, Jehova is my fort, My
place of safe repaire. 1598 STOW Surv. xliii. (1603) 454 The
ArchBishops of Yorke oeing dispossessed and nauing no
house of repayre. 1611 BIBLE Joeli\\. 17 The Lord will be
the hope \marg. place of repaire or harbour] of his people.
3. Concourse or confluence of people in or at a
place ; common or extensive resort of persons to a
place. Now rare or Obs.
c 1350 Ipomadon 342 The courte was plenere all that day
Off worthy lordes,..And other grette repeyre. c 1386
CHAUCER Wife's T. 368 Or elles ye wol . .take youre auenture
of the repair That shal be to youre hous by cause of me.
1423 JAS. I Kingis Q. Ixxvii, Within a chamber.. I fand of
peple grete repaire. 148* Rolls of Par It. VI. 224/2 Your
true Liege people.. wolde there in brief tyme habunde and
encrease, by repaire of Merchauntes. 1535 COVERDALE
i Mace. ix. 39 There was moch a doo, & greate repayre :
for the brydegrome came forth. 1577 FENTON Gold. Epist.
(1582) 26 He that, .holdeth a house of generall repaire, and
receyueth the vnthriftie and banished, c 1614 SIR W. MURE
Dido 4- Mneas n. 875 With earnest repare the paths do
seeme to sweate. 1808 JAMIESON s. v., We still say of a street
which is retired from the bustle of a town, that there is not
much repair in it. 1815 SCOTT Guy M. xxxi, The footpath
leading there was well beaten by the repair of those who
frequented it for pastime.
transf. 1429 Rolls of Parlt. IV. 359/2 Touchyng ye repaire
of Wolle..to ye said Staple. 1449 Ibid. V. 149/2 The. .hole
repaire of al manere Marchandise to the same Staple.
•j-b. In prepositional phrases, as among, but,
out of, without repair. Obs. (chiefly Sc.).
c 1470 HARDING Chron. CXLIII. iii, This earle was then
famed amonge repayre The noblest prynce. 1508 DUNBAR
Fly ting 153 In till ane glen thow hes, owt of repair, Ane
laithly luge. 1570 Satir. Poems Reform, xxviii. n Endlang
ane Park, I past without repair Be Snawdoun syde. n 1585
REPAIR.
POLWART Flyting iv. Montgomerie 106 Where howlring
howlets aye doth hant, With robin red-brest, but repaire.
fc. Following, retinue, company. Obs. rare.
c 1470 HARDING Chron. LXXII, The Duke was slayn with
all his moste repayre. a 1548 HALL Chron.% Hen. vjll 72
My lorde Cardinal), came to the toune of Douer in hast
with a noble repaire.
4. The act of (f returning) going or making
one's way to a place. Now rare or Obs.
1375 BARBOUR Bruce xviii. 557 Northwarde tuk thai hame
thar way, And destroyit, in thair repair, The vale haly of
Beauvare. 1411-20 LYDG. Chron. Troy i, v. (1555', In your
repayre to your fathers reigne. .ye shall me with you fede.
1494 FABYAN Chron. v. Ixxxiv. 62 When the Lordes of Bryt-
ayne sawe.. theyr dayly repayre into this Innde, they
assembled them togyder, 1531 CROMWELL in Merriman
Life $ Lett. (1902) I. 335 At my next repayre thither it
pleased his highnes to call for me. 1593 ABP. BANCROFT
Daung. Posit, i. vi. 23 A repaire of the Kinges faithfull
subiectes to his highuesse presence. 1633 FORD Broken
Heart n. ii, We'll write to Athens For his repair to Sparta.
1666 in to/A Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. V. 10 His goods
[are] like to be spoyled or lost, without his speedy repaire
thither. 1698 FRYER Ace. E. India £ P. p. ti, Our repair
aboard Ship, and coming to Fort St. George.
b. In phr. to make (one's) repair to (a place or
person). Now arch.
1500-20 DUNBAR Poems xlii. 107 [He] to the court maid
his repair, 1568 GRAFTON Chron. II. 8 Nothing might
lightly happen, .by reason whereof he should be compelled
to make his repayre thether againe. 1601 HOLLAND Pliny
I. 1 18 Diners kings and princes, who made repaire to Rome
with sutes and supplications. 1812 BYRON Ch. Har. i. Ixix,
Then thy spruce citizen, wash'd artisan, And smug apprentice
..To Hampstead, Brentford, Harrow make repair, a 1850
ROSSETTI Dante fy Circle i. (1874) 158 A lover.. to his lady
must make meek repair.
Repair (r/pe»u), sb? Forms : 6-7 repaire, 7
-ayre, -are ; 6- repair, [f. REPAIR v.2]
1. The act of restoring to a sound or unimpaired
condition ; the process by which this is accom-
plished ; the result attained, f Also//.
1595 SHAKS. John in. iv. 113 Before the curing of a strong
disease, Euen in the instant of repaire and health, The fit
is strongest. 1611 — Cymb. in. i. 57 Our Lawes, whose
vse the Sword of Caesar Hath too much mangled ; whose
repayre, and franchise Shall.. be our good deed. 1647 N.
BACON Disc. Govt. Eng. i. (1739) 203 So must I leave them
until some happy hand shall work their repair. 1667 MILTON
/'./.. vin. 457, I,. .Da/I'd and spent, sunk down, and sought
repair Of sleep. 1748 CHESTERF. Lett. (1792) II. cxli. i My
health, ..for want of proper attention of late, wanted some
repairs. 1869 CONINGTON tr. Horace's Sat. etc. (1874) 155
After harvest done, they sought repair From toils which
hope of respite made them bear. 1876 Trans. Clinical Soc.
IX. ii The repair of a wound is less active,, .than when
other simple or antiseptic dressings are employed.
b. spec. Restoration of some material thing or
structure by the renewal of decayed or worn out
parts, by refixing what has become loose or de-
tached, etc. ; the result of this. Also //. (freq. in
mod. use), f Upon a repair, in process of being
repaired.
1661 MARVELL Corr. Wks. (Grosart) II. 60 A Bill for in-
abling Churchwardens to rate such monys as are for the
repare of the churches, &c. a 1676 HALE Narr. Customes iii.
in S. A. Moore Foreshore (1888) 336 As to the care of re-
payre of ports, this is in a special manner left to the Kinges
care and power. 1756 TOLDERVY Hist. 2 Orphans I. 60
The school being very old, was at this time upon a repair.
1853 KANE Grinnell Exp. xxxvi. (1856) 324 The work of
repair was pressed so assiduously, that in three days the
stern-post was in its place. 1884 Rambles around Oxford
(Shrimptons, ed. 2) 86 There appears to have been a large
repair of the church in 1668. 1898 Westm. Gaz. 9 Nov. 5/2
Whatever be done to the picture, the repair will be clearly
noticeable in a few years.
pi. 1677 TEMPLE Ess. Cure Gout Wks. 1720 II. 145 Pro.
portioning, .the daily repairs to the daily decays of our
wasting bodies. 1776 ADAM SMITH //'". N. n. ii. I. 344 The
expence of maintaining the fixed capital in a great country,
may very properly be compared to that of repairs in a private
estate. 1855 PRESCOTT Philip //, i. ii. (1857) 13 The com-
pletion of some repairs that were going on in the monastery.
C. Remedy of wrong.
1663 BUTLER Hud. i. ii. 412 Cerdon the Great, renown'd in
Song, Like Herc'les, for Repair of Wrong.
2. Relative state or condition of something ad-
mitting or susceptible of restoration in event of
actual or possible damage or decay; chiefly of
buildings or other composite structures and in phr.
in good (or bad] repair.
c 1600 SHAKS. Sonn. iii, That face.. Whose fresh repaire
if now thou not renewest, Thou doo'st beguile the world.
1638 SIR T. HERBERT Trav. (ed. 2) 114 The castle is yet in
good strength and repayre. 1687 A. LOVELL tr. Thevenot's
Trav. i. 95 One [gate] that was built four hundred years
ago, is still in good repair. 1725 SWIFT (title) To Quilca,
A Country-House in no very good Repair. 1827 SOUTHEY
Penins. War II. 427 Forty bullock-cars.. in such ill repair. .
that only eleven of them reached Deleitosa. 1845 McCuL-
LOCH Taxation i. i. (1852) 3 To put the roads and bridges
into that state of repair which the depressed situation of
commerce, .seemed to require. 1886 STORY Fiammetta 48
The house., was now in very bad repair.
b. In repair^ in good or proper condition (esp.
of structures ; so into repair] . Out of repair ; in
bad condition, requiring repairs.
456
them out of Repair. 1791 WOLCOTT fP. Pindar) Odes t>f
Condol. Wks. 1812 III. 103 Like the Needle, while it wounds
the cloth, It puts the rag into repair. 18*7 D. JOHNSON Ind.
Field Sports 4 A sum of money., for keeping the road in
repair. 1853 J. H. NEWMAN Hist. Sk. (1873) II. I. iii. 129
If a place goes out of repair, the violence of the rain will
soon destroy it.
f C. To run to repair, to require repairing. Obs.
1681 OTWAY Soldier's Fort. v. it You shall.. not be leav-
ing the house uninhabited, lest it run to repair.
iJ. Comb* as repair-shop*
1877 RAYMOND Statist. Mines $ Mining 447 The company
now has its own iron-founder y. .and an extensive, well-
appointed repair-shop. 1899 I. PENNELL in Fortn. Rev.
I, XV. 1 18 There the final collapse came, about 100 miles
from any reliable repair shop,
Repair (i/pe»u),z>.l Also 4-5 repeire, -eyre,
4-7 repaire, -ayr(e, -ar(e, (5 rap-)- [a. OF. re-
peirer, repairer, etc. (mod.F. repairer, repe*rer)t for
earlier repadre r :— late L. repatriare to return to
one's country, f. re- RE- + patria fatherland: cf.
REPATRIATE z».]
1. intr. To go, betake oneself, make one's way,
usu. to or from a place or person. "I* Also in pass.,
to have come or arrived.
13.. Guy Wanu. (A.) 5169 Repeiredis berl sir Tirri..Her-
haud of Ardern the gode march is. c 1320 Sir Tristr. 2735
Tristrem boujt repaire, Hou so it euer be. c 1384 CHAUCER
H. Fame u. 247 Thus euery thinge. .Hath his propre man-
syon To which it sekith to repaire. c 1450 Merlin 126 Men
that repayreden thourgh the Contree to assaye yef thei
myght ought wynne vpon the kynge. 1529 WOLSEY in Ellis
Orig. Lett. Ser. i. II. 2, I beseche yow. .repare hylher thys
day as sone as the Parlement ys broken up. 1594 KYD
Cornelia i. 173 Then from her lothsome Caue doth Plague
repaire. 1663 BUTLER Hud. i. ii. 665 To those Places straight
repair Where your respective Dwellings are. 1711 ADOISON
Speet. No. 123 P 5 He received a sudden Summons from
Leontine to repair to him in the Country the next Day.
1769 ROBERTSON Ckas. Vt v. Wks. 1813 V. 436 The ambas-
sadors of France and England repaired to Spain. 1810
CRABBE Borough i. 15, 1 repair From this tall mansion. .Till
we the outskirts of the Borough reach. 1849 MACAULAY Hist.
Rug. \. I. 536 There was no longer any difficulty or danger
in repairing to William. 1870 DICKENS E . Drood xii, He
repairs to Durdle's unfinished house, or hole in the city wall.
trans/. 1509 HAWKS fast. Pleas, xvi, (Percy Soc.) 66 A
lady fayre, Whych to love you wyl nothyng repayre. 1549
COVERDALE, etc. Erasm. far. Gal. g The Jewes. .forsakyng
the ceremonies of theyr elders, repayre vnto the spiritual
doctrin of the gospel.
b. To resort to a place or person ; to go com-
monly, frequently, or in numbers.
1375 BARBOUR Bruce x. 556 For I but susptcioun Micht re-
pair till liir preuely. 1390 GOWER Con/. 1 1 1. 123 He harmeth
Venus and empeireth, Bot Mars unto his hous repeireth.
a 1440 Sir Degrev. 45 Haukes of nobulle eyre Tylle his
perke ganne repeyre. 1470-85 MALORY Arthur xiv. ii. 643
Al the world crysten and hethen repayren vnto the round
table. 1560 INGELEND Disooed. Child m Hazt Dodsley II.
297 Sometimes to the church they do repair. 1600 J. PORY
tr. Leo's Africa iv. 219 Then they began to repaire vnto
this port, a 1661 FULLER Worthies (1840) III. 208 He used
to examine the pockets of such Oxford scholars as repaired
unto him. 1691 WOOD Atk. Oxon. II. 694 During Mr.
Dugdale's stay in London, he repaired sometimes to the
Lodging of Sir Hen. Spelman. 1741 FIELDING y. Andrews
u. iv, It is usual for the young gentlemen of the bar to re-
pair to these sessions. 1809 PINKNEY Trav. France 31 In
the proper season of the year, the people of Calais repair
hither for their evening dance.
trans/. 1432 Rolls of Par It. IV. 410/1 Yat all Wolles ..
and diverses other Merchandises goyng oute of vis Royalme
..sholde repaire to ye Staple at Caleis.
c. To betake oneself, resort to (a person, place,
etc.) for something.
1580 SIDNEY Ps. ix. v, Thither the world for justice shall
repaire. 1655 FULLER Ch. Hist. u. vi. § 43 If any desire
farther Information herein, let him repair to the worthy
Work, which.. the.. Arch-bishop of Armagh, hath written.
1706 E. WARD Wooden World Diss. (1708) 62 Sometimes his
Captain .. repairs to him for a Refitment. 17** WOLLASTON
Reiig. Nat. viL 145 No shops to repair to for tools.
f 2. To return (again), to come or go back, to
mfrom a place, person, etc. Also in pass., to have
returned. Obs.
In some cases only a contextual sense.
c 1374 CHAUCER Boeth. i. met. iii. 5 (Camb. MS.), To myne
eyen repeyrede [L. rediit] hir fyrst strengthe. ^1386 —
Pard. T. 550 To hise felawes agayn repaireth he. c 1400
Destr. Troy 3454 pat Parys in point repairit was home . .
fayne was be pepull. 1413 Pilgr. Sowle (Caxton) n. Iviii.
(1859) 56 The spyrites repayred to the bones, soo that they
stoden vp. c 1450 Merlin 150 Ye shall not take it till ye be
repeired fro the bateile. r 1500 Lancelot 1454 Syne to his
maister he ayane Reparith. 1590 SHAKS. Mids. N. iv. i. 72
That [they]. .May all to Athens backe againe repaire. 1633
P. FLETCHER Pnrfle Isl, iv. xxxiii, The smoak mounting m
village nigh.. Begins the night, warns us home repair.
fb. Without const. : To return. Obs.
c 1374 CHAUCER Boetk. in. met. ii. 53 (Camb. MS.) Hyr
corage of tyme passed . . repeyreth ayein(L. redeunt animi]
and they roren greuosly. a. 1400-50 Alexander 3751 Quen
we repaire with be palme ban prayses vs oure feris. 1483
CAXTON Gold. Leg. 92 b/i They repayred by amyens and
passed by a lytyl vylage named Sayns. 1607 SHAKS. Timon
m. iv. 69 If I might beseech you Gentlemen, to repayre some
other houre.
1 3. To be present, temporarily or habitually; to
have one's resort or abode ; to dwell, reside. Obs.
1667 DUCHESS NEWCASTLE Life of Duke of N. (1886) II. ««*»v \jnv a ».\,s\n.\, v» uwu*, , *«• -.1..^.., .v,^.>.v., wj.
134 His two houses.. he found much out of repair. 1693 j 13.. Caw. fy Gr. Knt. 1017 Trumpez & nakerys, Much
CONGREVE Old Bach. iv. iv, I hope nobody will come this pypyng l>er repayres, 1375 BARBOUR Bruce iv. 477 In-till a
a little in repair. 1726 SWIFT stalward place heir-by Reparis all thair company, c 1425
d most of
way, till I have put myself a little in repair. 17:
Gulliver in. iv, Houses very strangely built, and
sawar pace er-y er ,
WYNTOUN Cron. i. xii. 1171 In wildernes, Qwhar na man dar
REPAIR.
repayr na dwel. 1483 CAXTON Gold. Leg. 272/1 Thy blood
whiche repayrest in heuenes. 1523 LD. BERNERS Froiss. I.
xi. it Also there was the Erie of Arundell. .repayryng about
the Kyngis courte. 1560 HOLLAND Crt. Venus n. 198 Till
he come to quhair the nine [nobles] did repair. [1585 T.
WASHINGTON tr. Nicholas's Voy. iv. i. 1130, Euery one..
were by the Lawes constrayned to repayre at a time and
houre appointed in his quarters.]
f4. trans, a. To draw back^ to recover, b. To
convey. Obs. rare.
1596 SPENSER F. Q. v. xi. 13 He, ere he could his weapon
backe repaire, His side all bare and naked overtooke. 1612
SIR R. BOYLE in Lismore Papers (1886) I. 8 This 50" Mr.
Eustace delivered Thomas Russell of Ballyea for me who
did repair yt unto me.
f6. reft. a. To proceed, b. To abide, stay. Obs.
1509 HAWES Past. Pleas. XXVL (Percy Soc.) 114 Than on
my jorney, my selfe to repayre, . . Forthe on I rode. Ibid.
xxxn. 158 So forth we went unto a chamber fayre, Where
many ladies did them selfe repayre. 1588 PARKE tr. Men-
doza's Hist. China n. vii. 150 They vnderstood . . he must
abide and repayre himself in some place nigh there aboutes.
Repair (r/peeuj, v.% Also 4-7 repaire, -ayre,
(5 -eyre, 5-6 -are), [a. OF. reparer (mod.F. r£-
parer) or ad. L. reparare f. re- RE- + parare to
make ready, put in order : cf. prepare^
1 1. trans, a. To adorn, ornament. Also absol.
13. . E. E. Allit. P. A. 1028 pe wonez with-inne enurned
ware Wyth alle kynnez perre bat mo^t repayre. 1483 CAXTON
G. de la Tour C. iij, Of them.. that so moche waste their
good to be jolif and repayre their carayn.
fb. To set in order, strengthen. Obs.~~l
1502 ARNOLDE Chron. (1811) 162 The Soudan, .caused the
Holy Lande to be better repared and more suerly kept.
fc. To furnish or provide with something. Obs.
1557 Will of J. Bowler (Somerset Ho.), My wif shall kepe
maynteyn and repayer all my said children with meate
drincke and honnest apparrell. 1616 R. C. Times' Whistle
v. 1677 What bird doth cut the aire With her swift wing,
but that we doe repaire Therwith our tables ?
2. To restore (a composite thing, structure, etc.)
to good condition by renewal or replacement of
decayed or damaged parts, or by refixing what has
given way ; to mend.
1387 [see REPAIRING vbl. sb. * i]. c 1430 LYDG. Min. Poems
(Percy Soc.) 252 As .. an artificeer reparith a riven cheste.
1494 FABYAN Chron. n. xxxi. 23 Whan . . Belyn was retourned
into Brytayne he repayred olde Cyties. 1560 DAUS tr.
Sleidane*$ Comm. 121 He repared his navie and returned
to Constantinople. 1617 MORYSON I tin. \. 194 The fourth
Bridge., being rebuilt or repaired of stone, by King Charles
the sixth. 1667 MILTON P. L. vi. 878 Disburd'nd Heav'n
rejoic'd, and soon repaird Her mural breach. 1703 T. N.
City <y C. Purchaser 71 Houses here and there are always
Repairing. 1791 MRS. RADCLIFFE Rant. Forest ii, Peter
brought materials for repairing the place, and some furniture.
1798 FERRIAR Illustr. Sterne iv. 120 When the mutilation of
the nose was to be repaired. 1823 LAMB Elin Ser. n. Old
China, While I was repairing some of the loose leaves with
paste. 1865 CARLYLE Fredk. Gt. xx. x. (1872) IX. 175 A
place called Almeida, which Buckeburg had tried to repair
into strength.
absol, 1820 GIFFORD .£«?•. Laivyer (ed. 5) 418 The law ex-
cuses the lessee, unless there is a covenant to repair and
uphold.
b. To heal or cure (a wound). Also intr. of a
wound : To mend, heal up.
1590 SPENSER /-'. Q. n. i. 43 So well he did her deadly
wounds repaire. 1738 GRAY Propertius iii. 81 The Melians
Hurt Macbaon could repair. z88i Daily News 29 Aug. 5/6
The wound was not repairing, and was not better than on
Friday.
c. refl. To put (oneself) in order again.
1806-7 J- BERESFORD Miseries Hum. Life n. xxiii, On
arriving, too late to repair yourself, you are obliged to sit
down to table, .with plastered hair [etc.].
3. To renew, renovate (some thing or part) ; to
restore to a fresh or sound condition by making
up in some way for previous loss, waste, decay, or
exhaustion. (In later use commonly with approxi-
mation to sense 2.)
c 1410 Master of Game (MS. Digby 182) iv, J>ei bumessh
not nor repeireth not hir heere into newe gras tyme. 1526
Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 183 b, The fruyte of the tree of
lyfe..onely repared & nourysshed y° bod yes of the eaters.
1590 SHAKS. Com. Err. n. i. 09 My decayed faire A sunnie
looke of his would soon repaire. 1600 E. BLOUNT tr. Cones-
taggio 296 The arrme being a little repaired here , the Marques
went to the Ileof Coruo to meete with the Indian fleete.
1620 BRINSLEY Virgil 103 The way by which Bees may be
repaired againe when they shall be vtterly dead and gone.
1637 MILTON Lycidas 169 So sinks the day-star in the Ocean
bed, And yet anon repairs his drooping head. 1697 DRYDEN
Virg. Georg. in. 652 While the Southern Air And dropping
Heav'ns the moisten'd Earth repair. 1711 ADDISON Sped.
No. 69 F 5 We repair our Bodies by the Drugs of America.
1757 GRAY Bard 137 Tomorrow he [the sun] repairs the
golden flood. 1791 COWPF.R Let. to Meritott 24 June, While
your church is undergoing repair* its minister may be re-
paired also. 1845 BUDD Dis. Liver 24 The waste of the
tissues which these elements go to repair. 1847 EMERSON
Poems (1857) IQO, I see my trees repair their boughs. 1896
tr. Boas' Text-fk. Zool. 32 Mammalia . . can, indeed, repair in-
jured epidermis and the like.
b. With immaterial object. Also refl.
1398 TREVISA Barth. De P. R. n. xvi. (1495) 41 The angels
sholde in theimself repare the ymageof god and refourme it
and kepe it. 1561 DAUS tr. Bitllinger on Aj>oc. (1573) 20
The thyrd day [hej rose agayne from the dead, and repayred
life for all belevers. 1598 DRAYTON Heroic. Ep. ii. 98 Thy
Presence hath repaired in one day, What many Yeeres with
Sorrowes did decay. 1611 SHAKS. Cymb. n. it, 14 Mans ore-
labor'd sense Repaires it selfe by rest. 1671 MILTON Samson
665 Secret refreshings, that repair his strength. 1712-14
REPAIRABLE.
POPE Rape Lock 1. 141 The fair . . Repairs her smiles,awakens
ev'ry grace. 1789 MRS. PIOZZI Journ. France I. 29 The
Baths.. will, 1 nope, repair my strength. 1871 PALGRAVE
Lyr. Poems 05 O love that cannot be repair'd Whate'er the
future bring f
absol. 1590 SPENSER F. Q. i. yii. 41 ' Flesh mayempaire ',
(quoth he) ' but reason can repaire '.
fc. To make up (a sum) again. Obs. rare"1.
1486 Liclificld Gild. Ord. (E.E.T.S.) 22 Willing to fulfill,
renew, and make hoole the seid summe off xl li. \tnarg.
the hole summe of xl Ii repared.]
f d. To revive, recreate (a person). Obs.
1591 SHAKS. Two Gent. v. iv. ir Repaire me, with thy
presence, Siluia : Thou gentle Nimph, cherish thy for-lorne
swaine. 1601 — Alts Well i. ii-so It much repaires me To
talke of your good father.
1 4. To restore (a person) to a previous state ;
to reinstate, re-establish, rehabilitate. Obs.
1535 COVERDALE Jer. xxxi. 4, I wil rcpayre the agayne (o
thou doughter of Israel) that thou mayest be fast and sure.
1646 E. F[ISHER] Marrow Mod. Divin. (ed. 2) 25 Such a.,
person that had. .compassion toward man that he might be
repaired. 1693 J. EDWARDS Author. O. tt N. Test. 124
Prometheus is said to have repaired and restored mankind.
1738 WESLEY Ps. LI. xix, Then hear the contrite Sinner's
Prayer, And every ruin'd Soul repair.
rejl. 1614 RALEIGH Hist. World\\. iv. iv. § 4. 207 To
repaire himselfe he could finde no way safer, than to put
all to aduenture.
fb. To remedy, right, or compensate (one). Obs.
a 1578 LINDESAY (Pitscpttie) Chron. Scot. (S.T.S.) 1. 129 To
be revengit or ellis repairit of all oppressiouns and iniurieis
committit. 1647 MAY Hist. Part. a. iii. 52 He accounts
himself injured by the Parliament, in not repairing him
against Hotham. 1691 BETHEL Providences of God (1697)
141, I had great Misfortunes, and . . this was a ready way to
repair me.
t C. rejl. To recoup (oneself). Obs. rare.
1656 EARL MONM. tr. Boccalinis Advts. fr. Parnass. \.
xc. (1674) 124 The Prince should pay his forfeiture, ..of
whom he might at his leisure repair himself, a 1661 FULLER
Worthies, Cheshire (16621 289 He repaired himself by again-
full composition with the Indians, for the losses he had sus-
tained by the Turkes.
t d. To save, deliver from something. Obs.—1
1594 SOUTHWELL M. Magd. Funerall Teares (1609) 46
Could thy loue repaire thee from his rage ?
5. To remedy, make up (loss, damage, etc.) ; to
set right again.
1533 BELI.ENDEN Liay v. (S.T.S.) II. 231 To repare be
dammaige bat Is hapnit be publict biming. 1601 R. JOHN-
SON Kingd. $ Commit]. (1603) 93 That losse is not yet re-
paired, the Emperor not hauing at this time above 5 gallies.
1605 SHAKS. Learn, i. 79 He repayre the misery thou do'st
beare With something rich about me. 1667 MILTON P. L.
VII. 1 52, 1 can repaire That detriment, c 1710 CELIA FIENNES
Diary (1888) 128 The one good yeare sufficiently repaires
their loss. 1757 BURKE Abridgm. Kng. Hist. Wks. X. 168
The Gauls.. were altogether unskilful either in improving
their victories, or repairing their defeats. 1831-3 E. BURTON
Eccl. Hist. xii. (1845} 281 They., made Christ., to have been
sent into the world to repair the evil, which the Demiurgus
had caused. 1849 MACAULAY Hist. Eag. vi. II. 67 James . .
said, with some truth, that the loss of such a man could not
be easily repaired.
b. To make good, make up for, make amends
for (harm done, etc.).
1562 Reg. Privy Council Scot. I. 227 Knawing that the
actloun and caus laid to thair charge.. is sensyne reparit,
dressit and aggreit. 1596 DALRYMPLE tr. Leslie's Hist.
Scot. I. 123 The rest of the beistes. .hald besyd the, in thy
power, ay quhil thair maistir repair the skath. 1725 POPE
Odyss. vin. 432 A gen'rous heart repairs a sland'rous tongue.
1781 GIBBON Dal. ff F. xxi. II. 263 The emperor seemed
impatient to repair his injustice. 1853 LYTTON My Novel
vin. ii, I wish to repair to you any wrong, real or supposed,
I may have done you in past times.
C. intr. To make reparation for something.
1886 FARGUS Living or Dead 'II. 93, I ..endeavoured by
the warmth of my waved adieu to repair for my show of an-
noyance.
f6. To set straight, make exact. Obs. rare-*.
1691 T. H[ALE],4c<r. New Invent. 124 All the forementioned
Incurvations are to be trimmed and repaired by reconciled
lines.
f7. intr. To reform. Obs. rare- J.
1748 RICHARDSON Clarissa ci. VII. 399 Marry and repair,
at any time ; This, wretch that I was ! was my plea to my-
Repairable (rzpeVrab'l), a. [f. prec. + -ABLE :
cf. REPARABLE a.] Capable of being repaired;
also, that falls to be repaired.
1489 CAXTON Faytes of A. i. i. 9 Ther is no faulte made in
ony caas lasse repayrable than that whiche is executed by
armes. 1598 FLORIO, Riparabile, that may be repaired,,
repaireable. 1616 BACON Sylva § 58 The parts in Mans body
easily repairable (as Spirits, Blood, and Flesh) die in the em-
bracement of the parts hardly repairable, (as Bones, Nerves,
and Membianes). 1691 T. H[ALE] Ace. New Invent, p. ci,
If a new greater breach came, perhaps it would not be
repairable. 1766 ENTICK London IV. o Part of the nave
also being found repairable. 1805 LD. COI.LINCWOOD in A.
Duncan Nelson (1806) 272 Not more than three are in a re-
pairable state. 1884 Law Rep. 12 Q. B. Div. 143 The street
was a highway repairable by the inhabitants at large.
Repaired (riJ>tVid), ppl. a. [f. REPAIR ».z +
-ED '.] Restored to proper condition, mended, etc.
Also t well repaired, in good repair.
1470-85 MALORY Arthur x. ix. 427 They came in to a
Ayk^OUr^uWel rePaVred- ? '547 SURREY in Toltefs Misc.
'Arb.) 4 1 he fishes flote with new repaired scale, a 1600
' 'ch
457
pity and laughter. 1897 Daily Nevis 12 Feb. 9/3 The ring
appeared at the repaired parts very common.
Repai-rer i. rare. [f. REPAIR z/.i + -ER!.] One
who goes or resorts (to a place).
1581 MULCASTER Positions xxxix. (1887) 215 For reparers
from forreine countries into his, whom he will haue well enter-
tained. 1598 STOW Surv. x. (1603) 85 The inhabitants and
repayrers to this Citie. 1615 HIERON Wks. I. (132 Art thou
..a reuerent and often repairer to Gods board ?
Repairer a (r^peo-rsj). [f. REPAIR w.2 + -ER i.]
One who or that which restores or mends.
1504 LADY MARGARET tr. De Imitatione iv. iv. 266 The
defender of my soule and the repayrer of the weykenesse of
man. 1^13 DOUGLAS &neis xn. Prol. 260 Welcum reparar
of woddis, treis, and bewis. c 1357 ABP. PARKER Psalter
Collect 377 The repayrer, upholder and builder of all
mansions. 1603 TIMME Qiiersit.il. ii. 1 10 This vital heate..
is the repairer and conseruer of life. 1691-8 NORRIS Pract.
Disc. (1711) III. 198 He who was to be. .the Repairer and
Restorer of Human Nature. 1730 A. GORDON Majfe?s
Amphith. 308 The Steps, by the rault of the Repairers, are
hampered at present. 1761 Misc. in Ann. Reg. 199/1
There is an inferior sort of repairers of wrongs, and reformers
of abuses. 1826 SOUTHEY in Q. R. XXXI V. 308 He was a
great repairer of churches and steeples. 1899 Fortn. Rev.
Jan. 116 The repairer, .alleged that the steel was inferior.
Repairing, vbl. sbl rare. [f. REPAIR v.T- +
-ING r.] The lact of going or resorting (to a
place) ; f return ; f place of repair or resort.
X37S BARBOUR Bruce iv. 495 Heir I saw the men..mak
luging, Heir trow I be thair reparyng. c 1400 Beryn 2814
For, when he was go, They had no maner ioy ;. . For of his
repeyryng they had no sikernes. 1632 LITHGOW Trnv. x.
492 In my repayring diuerse times to the Roade..with my
Squadron. 1703 Land. Gaz. No. 3880/1 The exact time of
their Repairing respectively on Board.
Repairing (r/pea-rirj), vbl. sb.i [f. REPAIR
VOL. VIII.
1. The (or an) action or process of restoring or
mending ; reparation, repair.
1387 TREVISA Higden (Rolls) V. 129 At be repayrynge ol
Seynt Petres chirche he wente to wib a mattok, and opened
first be erbe. 1486 Rec. St. Mary at Hillrt The repayryng
& renewyng of the vestymentes & Ornamentes belongyng to
the awter. 1535 COVERDALE 2 Chron. xxiv. 13 Y° repairinge
in y« worke went forwarde thorow their hande. 1583
STUBBES Anat. Abus. ii.(i882) 38 A paire of shooes .. would
haue serued a man almost a whole yeere togither, with a
little repairing. 1631 WEEVER Anc. Funeral Mon. 565 In
all his new buildings or repairings, bee caused the pictures
of a Lambe and an Eagle to be thereupon drawne or de-
picted. 1691 T. H(ALE] Ace. Nna Invent. 28 Their Ran-
sackings, Groundings, Dockings, and Repairings. 1730 A.
GORDON Maffei's Amphith. 43 This Repairing of it was not
perfected by Helio^abalus. 1790 BEATSON Nav. $ Mil.
Mem. I. 58 The repairing of their fleet took them up a con-
siderable time. 1863 H. Cox Instit. in. viii. 721 The Com.
missioners are empowered to order the repairing of ships.
t b. spec. (See quot.) Obs. rare~l.
1688 R. HOLME Armoury in. 259/2 Repairing is to take
away the Superfluities of Sodering by Filing, &c.
2. altrib. as repairing lease, shop, yard.
1831 A. A. WATTS Scenes of Life I. 196 Our tenure was a
'repairing lease '. 1861 Catal. Internal. Exhib. II. x.p The
workshops and repairing-yard. 1863 P. BARRY Dockyard
Econ. 199 France has no such collection of engine and re-
pairing shops as are to be seen on the Thames.
So BepaiTing ppl. a.
I593.SHAKS. 2 Hen. VI, v. iii. 22 'Tis not enough our foes
are this time fled, Being opposites of such repayring Nature.
1647 CLARENDON Contempl. on Ps. Tracts (1727) 505 There
is a comforting, relieving, and repairing tongue, as well as a
destroying and a devouring tongue.
t Repai'rment. Obs. rare~l. [ad. OF. re-
parement : see REPAIR v.2 and -MENT.] A renewal.
_ cuca Lanfranc's Cirurg. 49 Do bat pece awey & regenere
in pe place of be boon bat was lost a repeirement.
Repale (rf-), v. [f. RE- 53 + PALE v.i] trans.
To provide with a new paling.
1667 DUCHESS NEWCASTLE Life Dk. of N. (1886) II. 136
He., gave present order for the cutting down of some wood
that was left him in a place near adjoining, to repale it.
t Repa-11, v. Obs. rare-1, [f. RE- 5 a + PALL
•v.1] trans. To appal, terrify.
1600 FAIRFAX Tasso v. xc, Shall vain Reports repall your
Courage bold ?
t Repallia-tion. Obs. rare-1. [RE- 5 a.]
tions rather of such breaches.
Repand (r/pse-nd), a. [ad. L. rcpandus bent
backwards, turned up, f. re- Rz-+pandus bent.]
Bot. and Zool. Having an undulating margin, wavy.
1760 J. LEE Introd. Bot. III. y. (1765) 181 Repand, bending
back again ; when the Margin is terminated with Angles
and interjacent Sinusses, that are both inscribed with the
Segments of Circles. 1785 MARTYN Rousseau's Bot. xxy.
(T794) 374 The leaves also are repand or waved on their
edges. 1826 KIRBY & Sp. Entomol. xlvi. IV. 297 Repand,
cut into very slight sinuations, so as to run in a serpentine
direction. 1845 LINDLEY Sch. Bot. vi. (1858) 100 Leaves
ovate-acuminate, somewhat repand or sinuated. 1881
Card. Chron. XVI. 784 It has probably been confounded
with Lactarius pyrogatus, but is abundantly different in the
larger stature, repand pileus [etc.].
Comb. 1846 DANA Zooph. (1848) 295 Teeth short. ., often
repand-dentate. Ibid. 296 The lamella? are neatly repand-
toothed. 1870 HOOKER Stud. Flora 294 Leaves repand-
crenate.
So f Kepa nded n. Obs.
'753 CHAMBERS Cycl. Sitpp. s.v. Leaf, Repanded Leaf, ..a
eaf, the border of which is marked all round with short
REPARATION.
lobes, each making a segment of a circle. 1760 P. MILLER
Introd. Bot. 26 A repanded leaf, .is one whose border is
indented the whole length [etc.].
Repa-ndly, adv. rare. [f. REPAND a. +
-LY 2.J In a repand manner.
1852 GRAY in Smithsonian Contrib. Knovil. V. vi. 91 The
I leaves are pale.., thickish in texture,.. repandly and some-
times strongly dentate.
Repa'iido-, combining form of REPAND a., as
in repando-dentate, -lobate, etc.
1847 W. E. STEELE Field Bot. 128 Leaves lanceolate
repando-denticulate, wavy. Ibid. 151 Leaves obovate, re-
pando. dentate, rugose. i887\V PHILLIPS Brit. Discomycetes
160 Margin deflexed, frequently repando-lobate.
t Repa-ndous, a. Obs. [f. as REPAND a. +
j -ous.] Bent upward or outward.
1646 SIR T. BROWNE Pseud. Ep. v. ii. 235 Though they be
drawne repandous, or convexedly crooked in one piece, yet
the Dolphin that carrieth Arion is concavously inverted.
1654 H. L ESTRANGE Chas. I (1655) i He was exceeding
feeble in his lower parts, his legs growing not erect, but
repandous and embowed. a 1682 SIR T. BROWNE Misc.
Tracts (1684) 20 Round at the bottom, and somewhat
repandous, or inverted at the top.
Hence f Bepa'ndousness, ' bentness or bowing-
ness backwards' (BAILEY vol. II, 1727). Obs.— °
Repa-per ("-), v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To paper
(a room, etc.) again.
1883 Sat. Rev. 17 Jan. 77/2 If it is clearly necessary to re-
paper the house, we may just as well have the ceilings
whitewashed at the same time. 1887 G. R. SIMS Mary
Jane's Mem. ri4 He wouldn't have the wall repapered.
t Repa'r, v. Obs. rare-1, [app. f. re- RE- +
PAR z/.i] trans. To shut off, keep back.
13. . E. E. Attit. P. A. 611 To hym bat mas in synne no
scoghe No blysse bes fro hem reparde.
Re:parabi'lity. [See next and -ITY.] The
state or quality of being reparable (Ogilvie 1882).
Reparable (re-parab'l), a. [a. F. reparable
(ifithc.), ad. L. reparabilis: see REPAIR v. and
-ABLE. Cf. It. riparabile, Sp. reparable^
1. Capable of being repaired, mended, or set
right again : a. o'f things. Now rare.
1570 LEVINS Manip. 4/12 Reparable, reparabilis. a 1630
EARL PEMBROKE Poems (1660) 95 Love grants me then a
reparable face, Which, whilst that colours are, can want no
grace. 1657-83 EVELYN Hist. Relig. (1850) II. 7 Their
understandings weakened . . reparable, in part only, by much
study. 1809 Naval Chron. XXI. 332 Twenty reparable ..
spare wheels. [1888 R. DOWLING Miracle Gold III. xxxvi.
163 ' Your clock must have been a terrible loss, but not
irreparable'. 'Do you mean that the clock is reparable?']
b. of injury, loss, etc.
1650 JER. TAYLOR Holy Living lit. iv. § 9 An adulterous
erson is tyed to restitution of the injury, so far as it is re-
arable. 1779 BURKE Corr. (1844) HI. 534 The loss of
person is tyed to restitution of the injury, so far as it is re-
parable. 1779 BURKE Corr. (1844) III. 534 The loss of
friends (at no time very reparable) is impossible to be re-
paired at all, at this advanced period. 1824 LANDOR Imag.
Conv., Demosthenes % Eubulides Wks. 1853 I. 86/2 The
mischief is transitory and reparable. 1884 American VIII.
356 They inflicted only slight and reparable injuries on
those fortresses.
2. Falling to be repaired by some one.
1864 R. A. ARNOLD Cotton Font. 438 A vast number of
new streets, .had not yet been declared public and reparable
by the local authorities. i83$Lax 7Yw;«LXXVlII. 299/1
The road should, .be declared a highway reparable by the
inhabitants at large.
t 3. Capable of repeating. Obs. rare,
After L. reparabilis echo, Persius Sat. i. 102.
1616-61 HOLYDAY Persius (1673) 297 Mcenas . . oft did
' Evion ' sound ; The reparable eccho did rebound. 1624
Trag. Nero a. ii. in Bullen O. PI. I. 35 As when the
Menades. .Evion do Ingeminate around, Which reparable
Eccho doth resound.
Hence Be'parably adv. (Johnson 1755).
Reparail(e, -al(e, varr. REPAKEL v. Obs.
t Re'parate, ///. a. Obs. rare -'. [ad. L. re-
paratus, pa. pple.of reparare to REPAIR.] Repaired.
_ c 1510 BARCLAY Mirr. Gd. Manners (1570) D v, This life
is resembled [to] a building ruinate, Nowe shaked with the
winde, agayne now reparate.
Reparation (repar^-Jan). Also 4-7 repara-
cion, 4 -oyoun, 5 -ciouu, 5-6 -oyou ; 6 rape-
rectoun, reperacion, -oyon. [a. OF. reparation
(i4th c. ; mod.F. reparation), ad. L. reparation-
em, n. of action f. reparare to REPAIR.]
1 1. A reconciliation. Obs. rare — '.
c 1384 CHAUCER H. Fame n. 180 Mo discordes and mo
lelousies, . .And moo dissimulacions And feyned reparacions.
2. The action of restoring to a proper state ; re-
storation or renewal (of a. thing or part) ; t uphold-
ing, maintenance.
1389 in Eng. Gilds (1870) 63 He schal payyn, to y repara-
cion of y° lythe, [half a pound of] wax. c 1425 Found. St.
Bartholomew's (E. E. T. S.) 35 Sum man ioyed. .for repara-
cioun of his goyng that he lackyd. 1586 HOOKER Disc.
Justification Wks. 1888 III. 489 Holy water, .. papal
salutations, and such like, which serve for reparations of
grace decayed. 1605 TIMME Quersit. i. xvii. 88 Life..
is also conserued by the reparation of natural moysture.
1633 T- ADAMS Exp. 2 Peter i. 4 This communication
of the Divine nature to us, is by reparation of the Divine
image in us. 1659 PEARSON Creed (1839) 203 The satis-
faction consisteth in a reparation of that honour which
ay the injury was eclipsed. 1731 ARBUTHNOT Aliments
1735) 40 The Fluids and Solids of an Animal Body demand
a constant Reparation. 1791 MRS. RADCLIFFE Row. Forest
, To attempt schemes for the reparation of his fortune.
1828 SCOTT F. M. Perth xi, You owe me something for
68
SEPARATION.
reparation of honour. 1888 ROLLESTON & JACKSON Forms
A nim. Life 608 The Chaetopoda appear to have considerable
powers of reparation after injury, and the formation of
a new head.. has been observed.
•fb. Spiritual restoration, salvation; also, an
instance of this. Obs.
1447 BOKENHAM Seyiitys (Roxb.) 46 In ye ordyr of oure
altogether of the fre grace of god. 1587 GOLDING DC
Mornay Ep. Ded., Let us. . busie our selues in the vnmersall
table of mans saluation and reparation, a. 1667 COWLEY
Verses on Virgin Wks. 1711 III. 5+ The Choir of blessed
Angels .. wish'd a Reparation to see By him, who Man-
hood join'd with Deity. 1699 BURNET 39 A rt. ix. 109 This
is the Universal Redemption and Reparation that all man-
kind shall have in Christ Jesus. 1735 tr. Dufin's Eal.
Hist. ijtkC. I. VI. iii. 247 He speaks at large of our Repara-
tion by Jesus Christ.
fc. The restoration of a person. 0/>s.rare~l.
a 1651 BBOME Love-sick Court v. iii, Could grief recal Phil-
argus, we would weep A second deluge for his reparation.
3. The action of repairing or mending, or the
fact of being repaired; repair of material things
(as buildings or other structures) by renewal or
refixing of decayed or damaged parts. (Now more
usually expressed by REPAIR sb? I c.)
c 1400 MAUNDEV. (1839) xvi. 174 Whan the Mynystres of
that Chirche neden to maken ony reparacyoun of the
Chirche. 1433-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) IV. 231 Herodes ..
namede AscoTonita for the reparacion of a cite callede As-
calon. 1495 Naval Ace. Hen. VII (1896) 207 Reparacion
and Amendyng of certeyne Takle. 1533 FITZHERB. Hush.
§ 5 This wayne is made of dyuers peces, that wyll haue a
greate reparation. 1541 Act 33 Hen. VIII, c. 35 1 he repara-
cion and amendment of any the pypes of leade hereafter
..broken. 1596 BACON Max. ft Use Com. Law i. iv. (1636)
23 Stone towards the reparation of such a Castle. 1633 G,
HERBERT Temple, Providence xxxi, Thorns, .make A better
hedge, and need lesse reparation. 1665-6 Phil. Traits. I. 24
The mines need continual reparation, the Fir-trees lasting
but a small time under ground. 1710 Land. Gaz. No.
4643/4 [She] may be fitted to Sea with a moderate Repara.
tion. 175* JOHNSON Rambler No. 192 p 2 At last the old
hall was pulled down to spare the cost of reparation. 1790
BURKE Fr. Rev. Wks. V. 436, I would make the reparation
as nearly as possible in the style of the building. x8i» SCR
J. SINCLAIR Syst. Hash. Scot. i. 74 Unless machines are of
a strong and powerful construction, they. . require perpetual
reparation. 1867 FREEMAN Norm. Conq. (1877) '• *PP' 6<8
The original charter records the reparation of the church.
•)• b. In, out of(. .) reparation, in or out of repair
or good condition. Obs.
1567 in Picton L'fool Munic. Rec. (1883) I. 119 Kept in
due reparation. 1601 CHESTER Lavft Mart., Dial. (1878)
26 The newly-builded Minster, Still kept in notable repara-
tion. 1601 MARSTON Ant. If Mel. n. Wks. 1856 I. 27 And
'twere not for printing, and painting, My breech and your
face would be out of reparation. 1663 GERBIER Counsel 92
They . . maintain it durable for twenty one years long, in
reparation at a yearly small rate.
t o. Sc. Furniture, furnishings. Obs. rare — *.
1566 KNOX Hist. Ref. Wks. 1846 I. 360 The townis..culd
nocht be satisfeit, till that the hole reparatioun and orna-
mentis of the Churche (as thay terme it) war distroyed.
4. //. Repairs. Now somewhat rare, t Also,
in early use, sums spent on repairs.
1439 E. E. Wills (1882) 123 The profitz ther-of comyng in
the mean tyme, ouer reparacions & expenses, to be keppid
to his profile. 1459 Pastott Lett. 1. 447 For the sustentacion
of the seyd priour. .and for here othyr chargys and repara-
cionis. 1479 Bury Wills (Camden) 51 All reparacyonys of
hegges and houses. 1513 LD. BERNERS Froiss. I. xlvii. 68
They, -bele downe the castell, and bare all the stones into
their towne to make reparacyons withall. 1551 ROBINSON
tr. Mare's Utop, n. (1895) 150 Their houses continewe and
laste very longe with litle labour and small reparacions.
1601 HOLLAND Pliny II. 579 One Circamnos..made some
small reparations here about this Labyrinth. 1647 N. BACON
Disc. Govt. Eng. I. Ixvi. (1739) 146 Reparations and adorn-
ing of Churches, and Fences of Church-yards. 1656 H.
PHILLIPS Purch. Patt. (1676) B iij b, Many Tenants would
neglect these reasonable and necessary Reparations. 1711
ARBUTHNOT J. Bullw. vi, Do you consider. .the expenses
of reparations and servants? 1733 NEAL Hist. Purit. II.
226 1 he like reparations of paintings, pictures, and crucifixes
were made in the King's chapel at Whitehall. 1775 Sterne's
Sent. Joitrn. III. Contin. 198 It was written .. upon a piece
of paper that required some reparations to make it legible.
1818 CKUISE Digest (ed. 2) I. 119 He cut them down, and
kept them to be used in reparations. 1838 THIRLWALL (?>•«•«
IV. jot The image of the tutelary goddess was annually
stript of its ornaments for the sake of the needful reparations
and ablutions.
tb. fn, out of (.. preparations. =3b. Obs.
1554 BONNER in Strype Eccl. Mem. (1721) III. App.
xvi. 41 Whether such as have churches . . do kepe their
chauncels and houses in good and sumcyent reparacyons.
1563 Homilies n. Repairing Churches (1859) 276 If his barn
. .be out of reparations, what diligence useth he to make it
in perfect state again. 1588 GREENE Perimedes 22 Taking
the tongs in hir hand, to keepe the fire in reparations. 1614
RICH Honest. Age (1844) 30 The world .. is .. growne so far
out of reparations, that (I thinke) there is no hope of amend-
ment. 1628 COKE On Lift. 215 b, Keeping the houses in
reparations.
t o. To keep the reparations, to make the neces-
sary repairs.
1577 B. GOOGE Heresback's Hvsb. I. (1586) 47 b, As long
as he payes his rent, and keepes the reparations, it shall nol
be lawful! to deceiue him. 1591 Child-Marriages 144 He
was not hable to kepe the reparacions of Ihe said walles.
5. The action of making amends for a wrong
done; amends; compensation. Also const, for, of
458
I4i8 HEM. V in Proc. Privy Council (1834) II. 544 For
lefaulte of reparacioun and restitucion of suche attemptates
as be made by certein of cure subgeltes. 1487 in Surrey
Archxol. Collect. III. 163, I will that, .reparation be done
or any wrong committed by me. 1601 T. FITZHERBERT
Apol. 4 Their meaning was no other, but only to seek repara-
ion of wrongs done vnto them. 1647 CLARENDON Hist,
tea. i. § ii It is thought but a just Reparation for the Re-
>roach that he deserved not, to Free him from the Censure
le deserved. 1685 BAXTER Paraphr. N. T. Matt. v. 25 If
hou have wronged any man, delay not reparation of his
wrong. 1706-7 FARQUHAR Beaux' Strut. \\. i, You were
rery naught last Night, and must make your Wife Repara-
ion. 1788 REID Active Powers v. v. 669 When war is taken
or self defence, or for reparation of intolerable injuries,
ustice authorizes it. 1824 LANDOR Imag. Cony., P. Leopold
'r Pres. Du Paty, The lower courts [of justice), in which
njustice. 1877 FROUDE SkortSlud, (1883) IV. i. ill. 33 He
.professed himself willing to make reasonable reparation.
pi. 1645 MILTON Tetrach. Introd., To defend my self
jublicly against a printed Calumny, -can be no immoderate
. .course of seeking so just and needfull reparations,
fb. Compensation for, remedying of, some loss.
1668 CLARENDON Contempt. Ps. Tracts (1727) 5°o Health
s a valuable Reparation for the Diminution of Plenty. 1734
r. RollMs Anc. Hist. xvn. (1827) VII. 356 Who contributed
:o the reparation of the losses.
0. Repair of an injury.
1836-9 Todays Cycl. Anat. II. 803/1 Nature had not made
.he slightest attempt at reparation [of the fracture]. 1881
Amer. Naturalist Sept. 709 (It) showed signs of reparation
n three days, and in six weeks the injury was completely
repaired.
1 6. A preparation for repairing the complexion.
06s. rare-1.
1706 Closet of Rarities (Nares), The closet of beauty,
or modest instructions for . . making . . pomatums, reparations,
musk-balls [etc.].
1. attrib., as f reparation nail, noble (see quots.).
1657 MS. Ace. St. John's Hasp., Cantert., This day
Margarett Whitmore was admitted an outsister, and paid her
reparacon Noble. 1703 MOXON Meek. Excrc. 244 Repara-
tion or Lath Nails, which are used for plain Tile Lathing.
Hence f Bepara'tloner, one who repairs ; fBe-
para-tioning, the act of repairing. Obs.
1510 MS. Ace. St. John's Hasp., Cantert., Paied to the ij
Reparacioners for ther wagis iijj. vjrf. 1536 IHd., Payd for
reparacoening att Rollyng. 1547 Richmond Wills (Surtees)
65 Y« mendynge and reparacionynge off the hye ways. i6i»
STURTEVANT Metallka (1855) 59 The repairationers, which
maintain and mend the instruments.
Separative (rfpse-rativ), a. and s6. [See prec.
and -ATIVE.]
A. adj. 1. Capable of effecting, or tending to
effect, repair ; relating to repair.
Common in recent use, esp. with fewer or process.
1656 Artif. Handsom. 60 These and the like reparative
Inventions, by which art and ingenuity studies to help and
repair the defects, .which God.. is pleased to inflict. 1768
[W. DONALDSON] Life Sir B. Sapskull I. ix. 99 The barber-
surgeons (who in a reparative sense are face painters).
1835-6 Todd's Cycl. Anat. I. 448/1 There is scarcely an ex-
ample . . that did not exhibit a considerable display of re-
parative energy. 1854 OWEN Skel. ff Teeth in Orr's Circ.
Sc., Organ. Nat. I. 287 The portions .. are soon replaced by
the active reparative power of these highly vascular bodies.
1878 T. BRYANT Pract. Stirg. I. 10 What influence the
nerves of the part have upon the reparative process we do
not know.
2. Pertaining to the making of amends, or to the
remedying of some wrong.
a 1695 KETTLEWELL (J.), Suits are unlawfully entered, when
they are vindictive, not reparative. 1795 tr. Mercier's
Fragm.Pol.fHfist.ll.it In all these reparative wars.. the
triumphant party has invariably justice on its side. 1873
POSTS Gtiius 11. § 79 It is no bar to a reparative personal
action against the thief. 1889 Times 31 Aug. 5/1 Having
by reparative acts remedied the most pressing evils.
t B. sb. That which repairs ; a reparation.
a 1639 WOTTON Life Dk. Buckhm. in Reli/]. (1651) 112
Whereupon new preparatives were in hand, and partly re-
paratives of the former beaten at sea.
t Be'parator. Obs. rare ~*. [a. L. repardtor,
agent-n. f. reparare to REPAIR. Cf. F. rtparateur.]
One who brings about reparation.
1701 NORRIS Ideal World \. vi. 355 It is evident that the
Christian Religion which proposes to us Jesus Christ as a
Mediator and reparator, supposes the corruption of nature
by original sin.
Repa'ratory, a. rare. [See prec. and -OBY.]
Repairing, reparative.
1852 Eraser's Mag. XLV. 325 Does there exist a reparatory
reconstructive force to take its place? 1893 STEVENSON
Vailima Lett. (1895) xxxv. 313 We four begin to rouse up
from reparatory slumbers.
t Biepa'ratrice. Obs. rare ~*. [a. F. repara-
true.] A female restorer.
1402 HOCCLEVE Letter of Cupid 403 God. .of our lady, of
lyfe reparatrice, Nolde han be born [etc.].
Repare, obs. form of REPAIR.
t Repa'rel, sb. Obs. Forms : 5 reperaylle,
6 reparell, -ill, reperell, 6-7 reparrel(l. [f. the
vb., or a. OF. refareil (Godef.).]
1. Fittings; furniture; apparel.
1466 in Archaeologia (1887) 1. 1. 35 And j nothir basyne of
a lampe w'oute any Reperaylle ther for. 1517 Knares
borough Wills (Surtees) I. 6 The masse booke, portace
chales, vestementt, and all other reparell to oon preistt
to say masse with. 1558-9 in Yorks. A rchxol. Jrnl. LXVI I
366 My best doublet, and my best gowne, and all mj
REPART.
ither reperell. 1590 GREENE Never too late (1600) 98 Trick
.hy selfe vp in thy best reparell. 1611 BEAUM. & FL. Knt.
Burn. Pestle Pro!., Let them but lend him a suit ofreparrel,
.nd necessaries.
2. = REPAIR st>2 2 b.
1550 Fabric Rolls York Minster (Surtees) 274 The
churche is owte of reparel), so that no man can well abyde
in the bodie of the churche. .when it is fowle wether.
t Repa'rel, ^. Obs. Forms : 4-5 reparail,
-ayl, (5 -aill,-ayU), 4 repayral, (5 -yl), 5-6 re-
peral, -el, reparal (6 Sc. ra-), reparral, -el, 4-6
reparel. (Also 4-6 -all, -ell, 5 -ale, -elle, -yl.)
[ad. OF. repareillffj -aillier (i4th c. in Godef.),
t, re- RE- + apareiller to APPAREL.]
1. trans. To repair (a thing or structure). Also
n _/?£•. context (quot. a 1340).
a 1340 HAMPOLE Psalterii. 9 pai sail be broken in hell, and
neuere reparaild. 1388 WYCLIF Ezek. xxxvL xo Citees
shulen be enhabhid, and ruynouse thingis shulen be re-
parelid. c 1400 MAUNDEV. (Roxb.) xi. 42 Adrian . . reparailed
[)c citee of Jerusalem and restored be temple, c 1450 St.
Cttthbert (Surtees) 4293 pe walles of $orke bai reparald.
1490 in Stuart Cov. Myst. (1825) 33 These bene the Garments
that wer new reparallyd ayaynste Corpus Chrisli daye.
IS13 DOUGLAS sEneit iv. vii. 27 H is navy lost reparalit I, but
faill, 1513 FITZHERB. Snrv. 30 b, The mylner shall . . vpholde
and reparell the spindell & the rynde. .at his owne proper
cost and charge. 1560 Extr. Burgh Rec. Edinb. (Rec. Soc.)
III. 62 To reparrall the kirk, ..mend the glasen wyndokis,
and mak settis convenient.
2. To restore to some state or condition; to set
right again ; to recover, rare.
a 1340 HAMPOLE Psalter xxi. 24 All fat ere born til new
life and reparaild til be sight of god. c 1400 tr. Secreta Secret.^
Gov. Lordsh. 112 And make Mercury yn be flferthe degree,
& reparaill be mone, ffor in holdyng of wayes it ys be
gretteste tokenyng vniuersele. 1435 MISVN Fire of Love 52
If bou will entyr to be kyngdome lost & eft reparayld with
cristis blode, be behouys godis comamentis to kepe.
b. To repair, make good (a loss), rare.
ci430 Life St. Kath. (1884) 58 We haue so greet an harm
by los of cure wyf bat hit may not be repayreyled a^eyn.
1450-1530 Myrr. our Ladye 175 Knowyng that the falle of
theyr felowes shulde be reparelyd by our lady.
3. To devise, contrive. rare~~\
1434 MISYN Mending Life 115 A Ml [^thousand] craftis
of feyghtyng he reparells to kest hym from be luf of god to
be lufe of be warld.
b. To fit up, to array, to apparel, rare,
1501 DOUGLAS Pal. Hon. i. xxxiv, ~
irrellit was that god-
like plesand wone. . In richest claith of gold. 1530 PALSGR.
686/2, I reparell, I clothe one, je habille. 1534-79 [see R>-
PARELLING 1>bt. sb.\.
Hence fRepa'relled///. a. \ also fltepa reller,
a repairer. Obs.
c 14x5 St. Mary ofOigiries i. iii. in Anglia VIII. 136/34
Oure lorde . . bihighte bat as reparelde matrymoyne he wolde
gyue ageyne to hir in heuene hir felowe. 1546 Yorks.
Chantry Sttrv. (Surtees) I. 22 A fre rent of the repareler of
the said Bedern.
t Hepa'relling|^/..r£. Obs. [f. prec. + -ING *.]
The action of repairing, restoring, fitting out,
clothing, etc. ; also Sc. furnishings, furniture.
a 1340 HAMPOLE Psalter ci. 19 Of destruccioun of adam
and of reparaylynge thorgh crist. c 1400 MAUNDEV. (Roxb.)
xix. 87 When J>ai hafe mister of any monee for reparailyng
of ^aire kirk. 1407 Naval Ace. Hen. VII (1896) 144 The
fortyfying Reparafyng amendyng & fynyssyng of the dokke.
1534 in Noake's Worcester Mon. (1866) 192 For the re-
p[ar]ylyng and geryng of y* fyve horses, xijs. 1559 in
Knox Hist. Re/. Wks. 1846 I. 378 Casting down of kirkis,
religious placis, or [the] reparrelling thairof. 1579 in W. H.
Turner Select. Rec. Oxford (1880) 405 M* Rychard Williams
..gave iiij1' tothereparelingof the poore in thealmeshowse.
tReparence. Obs. rare*1, [irreg. f. F. re-
parer + -ENCE.] Repair, restoration.
1556 Aurelio <$• I sab. H vj, You come to hus for to haue
reparence [F, reparement\ of youre lyfe, and it dothe you
ill because that we haue assurede you from the deathe.
t Repa'riment. Obs.—1 ? = KEPAIRMENT.
1584 R. WILSON Three Ladies of London i. in Hazl.
Dodsley VI. 361 Must the countenance carry out the
knave i Why, then, if one will face folks out, some fine
repariment he must have.
t Repa'rt, v. Obs. [ad. F. r£partirt f. re-
RE- +partir to PART.]
1. trans. To divide or distribute, esp. among or
to a number of persons.
1574 HELLOWES Gueuara's Fam. Ep. (1577) 77 To giue
the whole heart to one is not much, but howe much lesse,
when amongst many it is reparted? 1598 BARRET Theor.
Warres ii. L 17 He is to repart the victuals., with liberalitie
and equalitie vnto euery Camarada. Ibid. 20 The. .Romanes
reparted the people of their Armies into Legions. 1629
J. M. tr. Fonseca's Dev. Contempl. 238 Whatsoeuer he
gathered [of the manna] ouer and aboue, vnlesse he did re-
part the same vnto others, it stunke, and did rot and putrifie.
1663 GERBIER Counsel 13 The expert Surveyor will repart
the Windows. . that they may . . leave a solid peeres between
them. 1681 RVCAUT tr. Gracian's Critick 136 Repariing
unto every one their peculiar Lessons and Places of Prefer-
ment. 1755 MAGENS Insurances I. 345 It was approved the
same should be reparted as general Average on the Value
of the 9600 Mks. given up at Hamburgh.
2. To say in reply. — REPARTEE v. 2. rare~}.
1664 BULTEEL Birinthea 102 'Yes', reparted Panthea, * I
will not have you dye '.
3. (See quot.) rare*0.
The Fr. phrase \&faire repartir tin chcval (see Littre).
1727 BAILEY (vol. II), To Repart (with Horsemen) is to
put a Horse on, or to make him part the second Time.
Hence f Repa'rting vbl. sb.\ also f Bepa-rter.
REPARTAKE.
1574 HELLOWKS Guevara's Fain. E/>. (1577) '5* Of the ]
temporal! goods that God giues us, we be not lords but re- |
parters. Ibid. 442 Since the riches they onely must get, but i
the reparting therof is at the will of many. 1588 PARKE tr. |
Mendoza*s Hist. China 46 In the meane time that these
slxe men be occupied in the reparting of the men, the other
sixe doe report the women in three parts.
Reparta-ke (rf-), ». [Re- 5 a.] trans. To
partake (of) again.
1751 ELIZA HEVWOOD Betsy Thoughtless IV. 124 For the
sake of re-partaking the remainder of those dainties, which
had been so highly praised at dinner.
Repa'rted, a. S/er. [RE- 5 a.] Of a shield :
Parted a second time.
ci8a8 BERRY Encycl. Her. I. Gloss., Recouppe^ French
term for reparted per fesse.
Repartee (repaitr), sb. Also 7 reparty, 7-8
repartie; 7 repert3(e, rapartee. [ad. F. re-
partie, fem. pa. pple. otrepartirto start or set out
again, toreplypromptly,f. ?^- RE- +farttrto PART.]
1. A ready, witty, or smart reply ; a quick and
clever retort.
c 1645 HOWELL Lett. i. i. xviii, He would passe by any
thing with some repartie, som witty strain. 1664 DRYDEN
Rival Ladies Ded., In the quickness of Reparties (which in
Discoursive Scenes fall very often) it [rhyme] has so parti-
cular a Grace. 1672 VILLIERS (Dk. Buckhm.) Rehearsal
in. i, First one speaks, then presently t'other's upon him
slap, with a Rapartee. 1673 MARVELL Reh. Transp. II. 10
This reparty of Theodorus he recommends there for so in-
genious. 1711 ADDISOJ* S0ect. No. 487 F 4 The Grave abound
in Pleasantries, the Dull in Repartees and Points of Wit.
1751 SMOLLETT Per. Pic. xxvii, His mistress looked a little
disconcerted at this blunt repartee. 1839 HALLAM Hist*
Lit. iv. vi. § 17 The foolish alternation of repartees in a
series of single lines will never be found in Racine. x856
GEO. ELIOT F. Holt i, The smiling glances of pretty bar-
maids, and the repartees of jocose ostlers.
2. Without article : Sharpness or wit in sudden
reply ; such replies collectively ; the practice or
faculty of uttering them.
1668 DRYDEN Even. Love Pref., As for reparty in particular,
as it is the very Soul of Conversation, so it is the greatest
grace of Comedy, a 1704 T. BROWN On the Beauties Wks.
1730 1.44 Unite two Stocks, to form the witty She, Dorinda's
sense, and Flavta's repartee. 1765 GOLDSM. Double Trans/,
43 Skill'd in no other arts was she, But dressing, patching
and repartee. 1829 LYTTON Devereux i. iii, Nothing was
so favourite a topic as the extent of my rudeness and the
venom of my repartee. 1868 FARR A R Starrs u, v. (1875) 255
A power of swift repartee is necessary to him.
attrib. 1671 BUTLER Rein. (1759) I. 149 [To] speak by
Repartee-rotines Out of the most authentic of Romances.
Repartee (replitf-), v. Also 7 repartie, -ty,
repartee, [f. prec., or ad. F. repartir.]
1. intr. To make witty or smart replies. Also
const, to. Now rare.
a 1668 DENHAM Martial Poems (1668) 80 If wise thou wilt
appear, and knowing, Repartie, repartie To what I'm
doing. 1676 D'URFEY Mme. Fickle iv. ii, I am not so old,
but I can Repertee as well as another, if occasion serve.
1689 N. LEE Princ. Cltrve \. n, I know how to Repartee
with the best. 1710 Tatler No. 242 r 8 Replies, to which
all the Malice in the World will not be able to repartee.
a 1774 GOLDSM. tr. Scarron's Com. Romance (1775) II. 32
Perceiving that he has not reparteed to what she has
advanced. 1838 Fraser*s Mag. XVII. 120 He punned not
. .like Theodore Hook ; nor reparteed like George Colman.
t b. To retort upon a person. (Cf. next.) Obs.~~^
1687 SETTLE Refl. Dryden 85 Now to repartee upon him
in his own beloved style.
1 2. trans. To say by way of repartee or retort.
Also const, upon. Obs.
1682 Natural Hist. Coffee, etc. 30 We cannot but Re-
partee upon these Alamode Persons, that while they Worship
so much only Foreign Creatures, they cannot but be wholly
ignorant of those at home. 1686 F. SPENCE tr. Varillas'
Ho. Medicis 13 Farganaccio reparteed, that he was only his
treasurer. Ibid. 299 Piero.-cou'd not fail of repartying
that when the French king was master of Naples [etc.].
f 3. To answer (a person or something said) with
a repartee or retort. Obs. rare.
1716 M. T) \VIKS A then. Brit. II. 72 If Pits had been so
Ironically against Bale, he had been deservedly reparteed
with his Plagiary Shifts. 1743 G. CARLETON Mem. (1809)
29 A piece of raillery . . which was as handsomely reparteed.
Hence Bepartee*ing vbl. sb.
1680 AUBREY Lives (1813) 545 He was incomparably readie
at repartying and his wilt most sparkling when most sett
upon and provoked. 1760 STERNE Tr. Shattiy III. Auth.
Pref., There would be so much., scoffing and flouting, with
raillying and reparteeing of it.
t Repartlte, v. Obs. rare. [Back-formation
from next: cf. REPERTITE v.~\ trans. To distri-
bute, place, allot.
1630 LD. DORCHESTER in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. n. III. 259
The place proves very aggreable to both their Majesties, . .
for convemency of lodgings which are well repartited for
both. 1642 Sir E. Harwood^s Advice in Hart, Misc.
(Malh.) V. 205 For maintenance whereof the charge once
arrested, to repartite them on some revenue near adjoining.
Repartition (repirti'Jao, rf-). [ad. L. type
* repartition-em : see RE- and PARTITION sb., and
cf. F. repartition (1690).]
1. Partition, distribution, allotment (in former
use esp. of troops or military quarters).
1555 EDEN Decades 240 The reparticion and diuision of
the Indies and newe worlde betwene the Spanyardes and
Porlugales. 1598 BARRET Theor. Warres iv. iv. in Of this
repartition he is to giue an order in writing vnto the Cap-
tames of euerie Companie. 161 1 G. B LUNDELL in Bitccleuch
MSS. (Hist. MSS. Comm.) 97 If it be possible to get my
459
company upon that repartition, my mind would be very
much quieted. 1692 Loud, Gaz. No 2827/1 They. .are not
like to obtain any alteration in the Repartition that is made
of the Winter quarters for the said Troops. 173* SWIFT
Corr. Wks. 1841 III. 668 The Irish were parcelled out
among the many armies entertained by the French King...
This repartition was very mortifying to them. 1755 MAGENS
Insurances 1. 69 This is the Sum, whereon the Repartition
ought to be made; all the particular Goods bearing iheir
neat Proportion. 1790 BURKE Fr. Rev. Wks, V. 219 No fair
repartition of burthens upon all the orders could possibly
restore them. 1848 Tait's Mag. XV. 828 Property and its
follies,.. its repartition in the hands of classes. 1861 MILL
iff Hit. v. 87 The standards of justice to which reference is
made in discussing the repartition of taxation.
fo. With a and//. An instance of this.
1656 North's Plutarch, Tamberlam 45, I shall omit
the several manners of repartitions of his Quarters. 1663
GERRIER Counsel 23 The good Surveyour doth contrive the
repartitions of his ground-plot, so as most of the necessary
Servants may be lodged in the first ground story. 1723
Pres. St. Russia I. 53 Each Governor makes Repartitions
according to the Number of Farms in his Government.
1849 MILL Ess, (1859) II. 394 An adequate amount of the
fruits of industry, combined with a just repartition of them.
1882 PallMallG. 13 Jan. 2/2 To regulate a just repartition
of work and salary.
2. A fresh distribution or allotment.
1835 THIRLWALL Greece xi. II. n The dismemberment of
a capital, and its repartition into a number of rural com-
munities. 1861 G. SMITH Irish Hist. 25 There was nothing
in Kentish gavelkind analogous to the Irish repartition.
Re-par ti'tion (n-), v. rare-1. [RE- 5 a.]
trans. To partition afresh.
18x6 SOUTHEY in Q, Rev. XVI. 241 Witness Germany par-
titioned and re- partitioned, plundered, ravaged, and insulted.
t Repa'rtment. Obs. rare ~l. [ad. Sp. re-
partimiento : see REPART v. and -MENT.] Distri-
bution, division.
1574 HELLOWES Gneitara's Fam. Ep. (1577) 135 In these
repartments of Epaminondas, it apperteyneth not vnto your
honour and mee, that we come in a good houre.
Reparty, obs. form of REPARTEE $b. and v.
tRepa'S. Sc. Obs. rare-1, [a. F. repas \ see
REPAST.] Repast,
1456 SIR G. HAVE Law Arms (S.T.S.) 250 Quhen the
prophet was sa wayke that he mycht no mare travail!, he
ete and drank his repas.
t Repa'SS, sb. Obs. [f. RE- + PASS sb?\ The
(or an) act of passing back again.
c 1557 ABP. PARKER Ps. Ixxv'ni. 39 They were like wynde
to gesse, that passth wythout repasse. 1607 NORDEN Surv.
Dial. in. 97 Whether is it as conuenient for passe and re-
passe for cattle at one little gappe or two..? 1643 TRAPP
Comm.j Gen. iv. 7 The door is for continual pass and repass.
1683 O. U. Parish Ch, no Conventicles 14 That Superstition,
which the Papists have . . been charged with, in such needless
Motions, Passes and Repasses.
RepaSS (rijxrs), v.l [ad. ¥.repa$ser(i$h. c.):
see RE- + PASS T>.]
1. intr. To pass again in the contrary direction ;
to return. Chiefly in pass and repass.
1456 SIR G. HAVE Law Arms (S.T.S.) 178 Quhen hepassis
he suld nocht repas agayne till his hame. c 1500 Melusine
379 Yf there were but I & my peuple only, yet shuld none
repasse of them homward. 1535 MORE Apol. iii. Wks. 848/1
Because they would, .haue their false folies passe and re-
passe all vnperceiued. 1562 LEIGH Arniorie (1597) 40 Mes-
sengers, .whose office is to passe and repasse on foote. 1600
FAIRFAX Tasso xvti. Ixxii, But homewards they In armes
againe repas. 1671 MRS. BEHN Forced Marr. i. i, I will
pass and repass where and how I please. 17*5 POPE Odyss.
iv. 1094 Swift thro' the valves the visionary fair Repass'd.
1785.7. PHILLIPS Treat. Inland Navig. 25 A lawn terminated
by water, with objects passing and repassing upon it. 1817
SHELLEY Rev. Islam in, xiv, The grate, as they departed to
repass, With horrid clangour fell. 1885 Law Rep. 15 Q. B.
Div. 316 A catch.. at the end ..which prevented the pin,
when passed through a slit, from repassing.
b. To pass again into a previous state, through
a place, etc.
1836-9 TodtTs Cycl. Anal. II. 767/1 This animal awakes
daily,, .and re-passes into a state of sleep. 1871 DARWIN
peso. Man i. iv. (1890) 113 A man cannot prevent past
impressions often repassing through his mind.
2. trans. To cross (the sea, a river, etc.) again
in the contrary direction.
c 1500 Melusine 168 Yf it playse god none of them shal
not repasse the see. 1593 SHAKS. 3 Hen. VI, iv. vii. 5 Wei
haue we pass'd, and now re-pass'd the Seas. 1652 COTTERELL
tr. Calpren&des Cassandra n. 139 Some of them had already
repast the Araxis. 1689 Land. Gaz, No. 2494/3 They re-
solved to return, and had accordingly repassed the Lake.
1725 POPE Odyss. \. 378 Homeward with pious speed repass
the main. 1776 GIBBON Decl. <fr F. viii. I. 214 In repassing
the mountains, great numbers of soldiers jjerished. 18*0
BYRON Mar. Fal. v. i. 31 That dread gulf which none repass.
b. To pass again over, through, or by (a way,
gate, place, etc.) ; to go past again.
a 1618 RALEIGH (J.), We shall find small reason to think,
that Abraham passed and repassed those ways more often
than he was enforced so to do. 1689 Lond. Gaz. No. 2491/3
Having . . posted themselves in a hollow way which the
Enemy were to repass. 1748 THOMSON Cast. Indol \. xxii,
They found themselves within the cursed gate ; Full hard
to be repass'd. 1833 W. TAYLOR in Monthly Rev. C. 540
That feeble interest with which we repass a familiar road.
1838 Penny CycL XII. 303/2 Having a piece cut off., to
allow the guard-pin to pass and repass the roller. 1898
WATTS-DUNTON Aylwin vi. i, I staggered away from him,
and passed and repassed the spot many times.
c. To pass (one) again in a race.
1728 POPE Dime. \\. 107 Vig'rous he rises,,. Re-passes
Lintot, vindicates the race. *
REPAST.
d. To pass over (a surface) again in painting.
1784 J. BARRV in Led. Paint, vi. (1848) 215 In repassing
those parts with the warm and more oleaginous colours.
3. To cause to pass again ; to (t lead over, or)
put through again.
1565 GOLOINO Cxsar 164 When he had repassed his array,
he cut of the bridge the length of cc. foote. 1613 SACKVILLE
in Guardian No. 133 Drawing out my sword [I] re-passed
it again through another place. 1693 BURNF.T Past. Care
vii. 81 One cannot read them too often, nor repass them too
frequently in his thoughts. 1701 NORRIS Ideal World I.
viii. 449 Let him. .quietly repass over in his thoughts what
has been there discoursed. 1799 G. SMITH Laboratory II.
409 Then repass it through a fine linen bag. iSipCARLYLE
Misc. (1857) I. 277 Let the distiller pass it and repass it
through his limbecs.
b. To pass (a bill, resolution, etc.) again.
1796 MORSE Amer. Ceog. I. 560 No bill so returned shall
become a law, unless it be repassed by two-thirds of both
houses. 1812 Chron. in Ann. Keg. 50 The resolutions agreed
to at the last Common Hall, every one of which was unani-
mously re-passed. rtfySfcttator 24 July86i/i He himself
. -believed that Mr. Gladstone had repassed the preamble
' in order to give the House of Lords a slap in the face '.
4. Conjuring. (See PASS v. 6 and 25.)
1589 [see PASS v. 25]. c 1590 MARLOWK Faust, xii, You
think to carry it away with your hey-pass and re-pass. 1611
COTGR., Passe-paule, Heypasse, repasse ; a iugling tricke,
or tearme. 1622 FLETCHER Beggars Busk ill. i, What a
rogue's this juggler ! This hey pass, repass ! he has repass'd
us sweetly. 1627 [see PASS v. 25].
Hence Hepa'ssing vbl. sb. and ///. a. ; also Re-
pa'ssable, Repa sser.
"555 EDEN Decades 186 In theyr repassynge by the same
clyme. 1598 FLORIO, Rifassata, a repassing. 1680 COTTON
Cotnf. Gamester 28 They dream of nothing but Hazards . .
of passing and repassing [etc.]. 1697 DRYDEN Virg. Georg.
i. 323 The torrid Zone Glows with the passing and repassing
Sun. 1710 T. FULLER Phartii. Extent*. 163 As long as the
Matter is repassable. 1746 HERVEY Medit. (1818) 223 The
city swarmed with passing and repassing multitudes. 1769
Middlesex Jrnl. 14-16 Sept. 4/4 A vast passing and re-
passing between the parties mentioned. 1800 SOUTHEY Lett.
(1856) I. 112 This must exclude the great body of passers
and repassers. 1849 MACAIILAY Hist. Eng. iii. I. 376 The
constant passing and repassing of traffic.
t Repa'SS, V? Obs. rare—1, [app. ad. obs. F.
repasser to cure.] trans. To repair, recover from.
a 1631 DONNE Resurrection, Sleepe, sleepe, old Sunn,
thou canst not have repast As yet the wound thou took'st
on Fryday last.
Repassage ("pse'seds). Also re-, [a. F.re-
passage (1379) : cf. REPASS z/.1 and PASSAGE.]
f 1. A way of return. Obs. rare ~l.
1413 Pilgr. Sffwle (Caxton 1483) iv. xxxi. 80 This necke
sholde be the passage and repassage fro the hede to the
body and ryght so ayeneward.
2. The act of repassing ; passage back ; liberty
or right to repass. Chiefly inpassage andrepassage.
1433 Rolls ofParlt. IV. 425/1 Ye charges of his repassage
ayenward. 1444 Wars Etig. in France (Rolls) I. 463,
Ivj. shippes..for the passage and repassage of the quene
and of her housholde. agio in Laing Charters (1899) 82
With free entrie passage and repassage thrughe the sayd
west yarde. 1576 FLEMING Panopl. Epist. 247 That letters
may haue passage and repassage between vs twaine. 1600
HAKLUYT Voy. III. jjoTwentie. .getting betweene the Fort
and them . . cut off their repassage. a 1618 RALEIGH Invent.
S/tifpittg (1650) 38 Seeing their passage and Repassage lyes
through the British Seas, a 1670 HACKETCVK/. Serin. (1675)
436 The spirits of damnation . .are tied in chains of darkness,
there is no repassag^e for them. ijs*C\taEffist.£ng. III.
368 Nor could their passage and repassage be concealed.
1835-* Todd's Cycl. Anat. I. 344/2 A change in the blood
. .effected by the air of the cells on its re-passage through
the bronchial tubes. 1840 POE Gold Buff Wks. 1864 I.. 53
Facilities of passage and re-passage were very far behind
those of the present day.
Repa-ssant, a. Her. (See quot.)
ci8»8 BERRY Encycl. Her. I. Gloss., Ke-fassant, or
Counter-Passant, that is, when two lions, or other animals,
are borne going contrary ways, one of which \s^assantt by
walking towards the dexter side of the shield, in the usual
way, and the other re- f aslant by going towards the sinister.
t Repa'Ssion. Obs. rare. [ad. med.L. *re-
fassion-em,v/hence also obs. F. repassion (Godef.):
repassion in the agent. 1648 HAMMOND Serin. Wks. 1684 IV.
485 The Rod itself is smitten whensoever it smites, at every
blow wounded and torn by way of repassion.
Repast (rfpa-st), sb. [a. OF. repast (mod.F.
repas}, !. repaistre (mod.F. repattre) :-late L. re-
pascfrej. re- Rs- +pascfre to feed : see PASTUBE sb.]
1. A quantity of food and drink forming, or in-
tended for, a meal or feast ; a meal or feast in its
material aspect, freq. with reference to the quantity
or quality of the food.
13 . Coer de L. 3076 Whenne he has..eeten weel a
cood repast,.. Sone he schal be fresch and hayl. 1393
LANGL. P. PI. C. x. 148 He..aspiet> Whar he may rafiest
haue a repast o>er a rounde of bacon. £1450 LOVELICH
Merlin 728 (Kalbing) Every fryday thow most f iste And to
the taken but on repaste. 1494 FABYAN Chron. vii. 501 As
soone as yj Kyng had there taken a small and short repast,
: into a felde. «S4» Richmond Wills (Surtees) 37,
-54* Rit.
nds and neighbors haue a repayste affer
T. WASHINGTON tr. Nicholays Voy. in.
he.. rode
I wyll yt my fi
myburyall. i^-., _ _ — ,
vj. 79 He is bound to giue a breakefast or repast vnto the
lanissairies. c 1656 MILTON S<mn.t to Lawrence, What neat
68-*
BEPAST.
Bard 78 Fill high the sparkling bowl, The rich repast pre-
pare. 1813 BYRON Corsair n. iv, Mclhinks he strangely
spares the rich repast. 1870 YEATS Nat. Hist. Comm. 78
Bees find a plentiful repast in the myriad flowers
fig. 1611 SHAKS. Cymb. v. iv. 157 If I proue a good repast
to the Spectators, the dish payes the shot. 1784 COWPER
Task iv. 113 He., spreads the honey of his deep research At
his return, a rich repast for me. 1821 LAMB Etia Ser. i.
Grace bef^ Meat, Why have we none [sc. nograce] for books,
those spiritual repasts..?
fb. To take one's repast^ to take one's food,
take a meal. Obs.
c i49oCAXTON Rule St. Benet 131 What howres.. the con-
gregacyon shall take theyr repast and meles. 1528 PAY-
NEL Salernes Regim. (1541) 4 After wee hauedyned or taken
our repaste, we muste for a whyle stande vp ryght. 1550
CROWLEY Epigr. 42 Suche swyne..That in the filthye
puddell take all their repaste. 1585 T. WASHINGTON tr.
Nicholay*s Voy. iv. i. 114 They neuer went to take their re-
past without leaue. i7»5 DE FOE Voy. round World '{1840)
269 While we were taking our repast It grew quite night.
fc. (See quot. 1661.) Obs.
1517 [see REPASTER). 1661 BLOUNT Glossogr.. Repast^ . . in
the Inns of Court it signifies a single meal taken in the Hall
by any one of the Society, who is not in Commons that
week.
t 2. (Without article.) Food, supply of food or
victuals. AlsojSg. Obs.
1390 GOWER Conf. III. 25 Bot al withoute sucb repast Of
lust, as ye me tolde above,..! faste, and mai no fode gete.
1426 LYDG. De Guil. Pilgr. 4618 He gaffhem alderlast Hys
owne boody for cheff repast, c 1440 Macro /Ycys(E.E.T.S.)
i83 Yf a mane ete the flesshe of a gose for his repaste and
fedyng. 1377 Test, 12 Patriarchs (1706) 91 He was in the
pit three days and three nights without repast. 1599 T.
M[OUFET] SiBhwmtt 22 What liuing were you then But
worms repast, though wise and mighty men ? 1613 PURCHAS
Pilgrimage ix. iii. (1614) 8?8 They carefully wash the
carkasses of their dead, and lay them forth in the night, for
repast vnto the Tigres. 1667 MILTON P. L. n. 800 They,
ight, for
howle and gnaw My Bowels, their repast- 1698 FRYER
Ace. E. India <$• P. p. vii, Monkies the common Repast of
theTygers 1738 POPE Hor.Sat. n. £1.93 A Buck was then
a week's repast.
t b. To take repast ', to take food. Also fig. to
associate with one. Obs.
i5a6 Pilgr Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 83 It is moche better. .
to eate euery daye a lytell, than seldome to take repaste, &
fede to replecyon. 1574 HELLOWES Guevara's Fam. Ef.
(i,577) 41 Lying, and cowardnesse, did neuer take repaste
with knighihoode. 1590 SPENSER F. Q. n. ix. 16 Ne man
nor beast may rest, or take repast For their sharpe wounds
and noyous injuries.
1 3. A kind of food or drink. Obs.
c 1485 Digby Myst. (1882) in. 485 Here, lady, is wyn, a re-
past, to man and woman a good restoratyff. c 1530 H.
RHODES Bk. Nurture in Babees Bk. (1868) 105 Let thy
lyuing be of light repaste. 1669 WORLIDGE Sysf. Agric.
(1681) 143 Of the Juice of Goosberries.,is prepared a very
pleasant cooling Repast.
fig. a 1668 DEXHAM A Soagt Sleep that is thy best repast,
Yet of death it bears a taste.
4. The action or fact of taking food ; the re-
freshment of food. Now arc h.
1588 SHAKS. L. L. L. iv. iL 160 <Q.), If (before repast) it
shall please you to gratifie the table with a Grace. 1646
SmT. BROWNE Pseud, Ep. 300 The looms of repast at
supper, a. 1661 FULLER Worthies (1840) III 6 How incon-
sistent.., to couple a spiritual grace with matters of cor-
poreal repast. 1700 DRYDEN Theod. $ Hon. 86 The day
already half his race had run, And summoned him to due
repast at noon 1859 TENNYSON Guinevere 362 The silk
pavilions of King Arthur raised For brief repast or afternoon
repose.
fig. 1670 BROOKS Wks. (1867) VI. 311 Such as make the
desolations of their neighbours to be the matter either of
their secret repast or open exultation.
b. An occasion of taking or partaking of food ;
a meal or feast in this sense.
a 1639 WOTTON Life Dk. Buckm. in Reliq. (1651) 112 The
Duke was at breakfast (the last of his repasts in this world),
1644 MILTON Ednc. 4 After evening repast, till bed time,
their thoughts will be best taken up in the easie grounds
of Religion. 173* LEDIARD Sethos II. vm. 157 The ap-
proaching night invites us to a repast. 1796 MORSE Amer.
Geog. II. 569 They eat at their repasts cakes of rice. 1837
DISRAELI Venetia \. xi, After their repast, the children went
into the garden. 1853 SOYER Pantroph. 367 In the i7th
century playing fountains were still used at repasts.
fig. 1802 BEDDOES Hygeia i. 55 To hang a naked sword . .
over the head during the repast of life.
•f 5. Refreshment ; repose. Obs.
1546 Supplic. of Poore Commons (E.E. T.S.) 78 One of
your Highnes chapplene..when he lusted to ride a brode
for his repast. 1500 SPENSER F. Q. i. ii. 4 His guest, who,
after troublous sights And dreames. gan now to take more
sound repast. 1615 BP. HALL Contempt.* O. T. xi. vi, She
that began her prayers with fasting, and heavinesse, rises up
from them with chearefulnesse and repast.
Repast (r/jxrst), v. Now rare. Also 6 Sc.
as pa. pple. [ad. L. repast-^ ppl. stem of repascfre
(see prec.), or f. the sb.]
1 1. refl. To refresh (oneself) with food. Obs.
In latest quots. perhaps fig. (cf. prec., sense 5).
1470-85 MALORY Arthur vii. xiv, They dranke the wyne,
and ete the veneson, ..And so whan they had repasted hem
wel [etc.]. CIS30 LD. BERNERS Arth.Lyt.Bryt. (1814) 212
Whan that Arthur had well repasted hym selfe and hys
horse. 1567 MAPLET Gr, Forest 67 In mouing from place to
place, with an appetite to repast themselues. 1575 R. B.
Appius $ Virg. in Hazl. Dodsley IV. 118 Be of good
cheer, Go play and repast thee, man, be merry. 1617 COLLINS
Def. Bp. Ely \. \. 29 lohn rested and repasted himselfe on
his sacred bosome.
t 2. trans. To feed, supply with food. Obs.
IS" Helyasm Thorns Prose Rom. (1828) III. 34 God all-
460
i mighty.. that.. wylled to repast the children of Israel in
deserte with manna of heyen. 1560 HOLLAND Crt. l^fnus
11. 473 So he lais and on his veyage past, Fameist for fude,
and richt skar*lie repast. i6oa SHAKS. Ham. iv. v. 147 lie
ope my Armtsv And like the kindc Life-rend'ring Pelican,
Repast them with my blood. 1669 EVELYN Sylva{iyjf>) 309
The top-leaves and oldest should be gathered last of all, as
i being most proper to repast the worms with, towards their
1 last change.
tibwt. 1635 QUARLES Etttbl. i. xii, A mod'rate use does
both repast and please.
fig. 1540 TAVERNER Postils (Exhort bef. Communion), So
is our soute repasted & nouryshed.
3. intr. To feed, feast. Chiefly const. ont upon.
1520 WHITINTON Vulg. (1527) 41 b, After the ordre, as they
be set dpwne, so lepaste vpon them. 16*4 QUAKLES Stem's
bontt. xiv, Refresht with thy delights, I haue repasted Vpon
thy pleasures, my full soule hath tasted Thy rip'ned dainties.
1698 FRYER Ace. E, India <V P. 150 In their Hall where
they Repast, at the upper End on the Table is placed a
Death's Head. 17*0 POPE Iliad xxiv. 546 They.. found
The Guards repasling. while the Bowls go round. 1867
J. B ROSE tr. VirgiFs sEneid 296 Birds.. Shall on thy huge
and bleeding frame repast !
Hence Repa'sting vbl. sb.
1644 MILTON Areop. (Arb.) 44 God. .left arbitrary the
• dyeting and repastfng of our minds.
t Repaster. Obs. Also 6 repastour. [f.
prec. + -ER1.] One who takes a repast; spec, in
the Inns of Court (see REPAST sb. \ c).
1517 Black Bks. Lincoln's Inn (1897) I- '82 Who so
bryngith any repaster to the Redar's denar or sopar, except
• the Redar or any of the Benche, schall pay for the Repast.
! 1566 jn Inderwick Cal. inner Temple Rec. (1896) 236 None
! of this company shall bring any repaster to the reader's
! drinking or dinner. 1582 STANYHURST sEneis i. (Arb.) 24
I They doe plye theire commons, lyke quick and greedye re-
i past ours.
t Repaginate, v. Obs. [f. ppl. stem of L.
1 repastinare : see RE- and PASTINE v.] trans. To
dig over again.
1623 COCKEKAM, Regastinatet to digge againe about a
thing. 1656 BLOUNT Glossogr. [copying CooperJ Repastin-
atf, to dig again about Vines, to alter grounds with often
i digging and laboring. 1745 tr. Columellas Httsb. n. xv,
I Then in the summer months the whole dunghil must be
thoroughly mixed and shuffled with spades, in the same
manner as if you repastinated it.
t Repastina'tion. Obs. [ad. L. repastina-
: tidn-em : see prec. and -ATION.] The action or
! process of digging over again.
1569 NEWTON Cicero s Old Age 39 The repastinacion or
j newe digging about the rootes. 1623 COCKERAM Rej><u>tin-
, ation, a digging againe. 1675 EVELYN 'lerra (1776) 25
With a slight repast inat ion, one may plant or sow any thine
in it freely. 1699 — Acetaria (1729) 118 Composts and
Stercoration, Repastinalion, Dressing and Stoning the
< Earth and Mould of a Garden.
t Repa sture. Obs. tare. [See REPAST sb.
and PASTURE sb.] Food ; a repast.
1588 SHAKS. L. L. L. iv. i. 95 What art thou then ? Foode
for his rage, repaslure for his den. 1614 W. B. Philosopher's
Banquet (ed. 2) 26 In our meales and repastures.
i Repa'ter, v. Sc. Obs. rare-1, [ad. F. re-
paUre-. see REPAST sb] trans. To feed.
1513 DOUGLAS Mitels ym. iv. 70 As all the beistis war
Repaterit weyll eftyr thair nychtis lair.
Repatriate (r/p^-tri^t), v. [f. ppl. stem of
late L. repatriare to return to one's country, f. re-
RE- + patria native land. Cf. obs. F. repatrier
(i5thc.), F. rapatrier^ It. ripatriare]
1. trans. To restore (a person) to his own conn- '
try. (Common in recent use.)
xfin COTGR., Repatrier. to repatriate, or to restore to his
owne home. 1619 in Crt. fy Times Jas. I (1848) II. 143 j
Tobie Matthew is at Bruxelles, in some hope . . to be re- ;
patriated, before long. 1880 Fortn, Rev. Apr. 508 The
number of those finally repatriated appears, .to have been
102,000. 1890 Tent pie Bar Oct. 285 The French consul., i
repatriated me, sending me home by way of Alexandria.
reft. 1891 HOWELLS Imperative Duty ii. 9 He perceived
that the effort to repatriate himself must involve wounds.
2. intr. To return to one's own country rare.
1656 BLOUNT Glossogr.* Repatriate, to return again to
ones Native Country, 1888 GLADSTONE in Morley L\fe
(1903) III. 358 When do you repatriate?
Hence Hepa'triated p£l. a.
1885 LOWE Bismarck II. ii. 148 The re-crowned and re-
patriated Charles II.
Repatriation (iTp^tri^-Jan). [n. Of action
f. prec. : see -ATION.] Return or restoration to
one's own country. (Common in recent use.)
1501 WOTTON in Reliq. (1685) 670, I wish your Honour (in
ourTuscan Phrase) a most happy Repatriation. 1646 EARL
MONM. tr. Biondi's Civil Warres vm. 129 Without Portion
or any other thing, save only his re-patriation. 1865 Pall
Mall G. No. 81. n/r The repatriation of the exiled ad-
herents. 1879 EasternQnestion I. iy. 197 The Porte could
not afford the outlay for the repatriation of the refugees.
attrib. 1882 ^^."K^e. Manitoba 144 This repatriation move-
ment from the United States. 1891 Times 12 Feb. 5/4 Con-
tributions towards a repatriation fund.
Repa-trioted, ppl. a. nonce-wd. [RE- 53.]
Converted again into a patriot.
1755 H. WALPOLE Let. to Bentley 17 Dec.. That so often
repatrioted and reprostituted Doddington is again to be
treasurer of the Navy.
t RepaU'SC, v. Obs. rare"1, [ad. med. L. re-
pausdre : see PAUSE -v. and REPOSE z*.] intr. To
repose, rest.
1526 R. WOTTFOSD JferMC^fvUSoa) 47 lesu after hisdeth
repaused and rested in his sepulcre.
REPAY.
Repa-ye («-)» v. [RE- 5*: & F- >*#aw
(i4th c. Godef.).] trans. To pave again or anew.
1611 FLORIO, RamntaitonarC) to repaue with brickes. 165*
BENLOWES Tkeopk. \. 1, Blest then who shall., wash the
bloody stones With her own cursed Gore ; repave them with
her Bones. 1868 in Anderson Missions Anter. Bd. (1870) IV.
xlii. 424 The streets are being repaved and widened. 1886
WILLIS & CLARK Cambridge il. 377 Chapel and ante-chapel
were, .repaved with large squares of stone.
Repawn, v. [RE- 2 d and 5 a.]
fl. trans. To redeem from pawn. Obs. rare~l.
1641 EARL MONM. tr Biondi's Civil Warres iv. 37 He
pawned unto him the two Rubies, .which being repawn'd
by him and the lest made good out of his own monies, hee
return'd into France.
2. To pawn again. Also absol.
1858 CARLYLE Fredk Gt. \\. xiv. (1872) I. 129 He himself
repawned Brandenburg to the Saxon Potentate. 1864 AD-
DISON Contracts u. iii. § 3 (1883) 635 If a pawnee re-pawns,
before any default, .by the original pawnor [etc.].
So Repawn sb.
1866 Law Rep. i Q. B. Cases 593 A.. pawn by the plaintiff
to Simpson . .and a repawn of them by Simpson as a security
for a loan to him by the defendant.
Repay, sb. Now rare or Obs. [f. next] Re-
payment, return.
1593 NOROEN Spec. Brit.t M*sex i Accept, .my willing in-
deuor, vntill time afforde ablenes to make better repay.
1793 YOUNG Brothers \. i, They measure blood by drops And
bailnot one in the repay, a 1810 TAN-NAHILL Poems (1846)
25 He wba deals in scandal only gains A rich repay of
scandal for his pains.
Repay (r/p^*), z/.l [ad. OF. repaier^ rapaiert
f. re- RE.- + payer to PAY.]
1. trans. To refund, pay back (a sum of money,
etc.). Also with double object.
1530 PALSGR. 686/1 What so ever you lay out it shalbe re-
payed you. 1560 DAUS tr. Sleidane's Comm. 74 They re-
quite him to repaie the kinge of England his money. 1607
SHAKS. Timon L i. 288 No meede but he tepayes Seuen-fotd
aboue it selfe. 1665 MANLEY Grotius" Low C. Warres 401
At the end of the War, whatever was disbursed, should be
repaid. 1784 COWPER Task HI. 364 Human life Is but a
loan to be repaid with use. 1818 CRUISE Digest (ed. 2) II.
104 It was agreed, that if A. repaid iooo/., &c. borrowed of
B.,..then B. should reconvey to him. 1864 TENNYSON En.
A rd. 319 Money can be repaid ; Not kindness such as yours.
b. To return (a blow, visit, salutation, etc.).
1593 SHAKS. 3 Hen. VI, ii. iii. 3, Strokes receiu'd, and many
blowes repaid, Haue robb'd my strong knit sinewes of their
strength. 1686 tr. CHardWs Tray. Persia 233 According
to the Custom of Repaying the Visits of a Person of Quality.
1788 GIBBON Decl. fy F. \. V. 211 He. .received and repaid
the salutations of the patriarchs.
c. To give (a thing) in return or recompense
{for something).
1560 BIBLE (Genev.) Ecclus. xii. 6 The moste High.. will
repay vengeance vnto the vngodlie. 1611 BIBLE Prov. xiii.
21 Euill pursueth sinners: but to the righteous, good shall
be repayd. iTao POPE Iliad xvn. 38 Come, for my brother's
blood repay thy own. 18x8 SHELLEY Evg. Hills 190 What
though thou with all thy dead Scarce can for this fame
repay Aught thine own.
f d. To avenge (a thing) on a person. Obs. rare—1.
1753 YOUNG Brothers i. i, Now her eyes repay Her brother's
wounds on Philip's rival sons.
2. To make repayment or return to (a person) ;
to pay (one) back in some way.
«i54aWYATTin7'<7//<r/'f Misc. (Arb.) 71, I was content thy
seruant to remain ; And not to be repayed after this fashion.
1596 SPENSER F. Q. iv. i. 40 Let me now you pray,. . Ye will
me now with like good turne repay. 1661 BOYLE Style of
Script. (1675) 85, 1 could readily retaliate, and repay them
in the same com. 1748 Anson's I'oy. \. viii. 82 We should
be amply repayed for all our past sufferings. 1791 MRS.
RADCLIFFE Rom. Forest x, I will repay you for your kind-
ness. 1827 LYTTON Pelham ii, He was repaid as such by a
pretty general dislike. 1864 TENNYSON En.Ard. 309 When
Enoch comes again Why then he shall repay me.
3. To make return or recompense for, requite (an
action, etc.) : a. of persons. Also const, with (or
by) and in pass, without expressed agent.
1596 SHAKS. Tarn. Shr. iv. iii. 45 The poorest seruice is
repaide with thankes. z6zx BIBLE Job xxi. 31 Who shall
repay him what he hath done? 1667 MILTON P. L. ix. 178
Spite then with spite is best repaid. 1764 GOLDSM. Trav.
198 Haply too some pilgrim, thither led, With many a tale
repays the nightly bed. 1797 MRS. RADCLIFFE Italian i,
[She] repaid the fondness of a mother with the affection of
a daughter. 1835 SIR J. Ross Narr. ?nd Voy. xxxvii. 513
She repayed her physic by the stone which is used in strik-
ing fire. 1869 BROWNING Ring $ Bk. ix. 1312 Repaying
incredulity with faith.
b. of things. Also in pass.
1610 HEALEY St. Aug. Citie of God xi. xxiii. (1620) 406
That we might know that the spirits merits are not repaid
by the bodies qualities. 1781 COWPER Hope 771 The abun-
dant harvest, recompense divine, Repays their work. 1809
CAMPBELL Gertr. Wyom. i. xi. Her lovely mind could culture
well repay. 1860 TYNDALL Glac. u. xxix. 399 A series of..
considerations which I think will repay the reader's atten-
tion. 1867 LADY HERBERT Cradle L. viii. 223 But the view
from the summit repays all the toil.
refl. 1766 Complete Farmer s.v. Drill-rake 3 A 3/2 Yet
even this small work of supererogation repays itself. 1872
MORLEY Voltaire (1886) 10 The sacrifice may repay itself
a thousand -fold.
4. intr. To make repayment or return.
1557 N. T. (Genev.) Rom, xii. 19 Vengeance is mine: I
wil repaye, saith the Lord. 1611 BIBLE Ecclus. iv. 31 Let
not thine hand bee stretched out lo receiue, and shut when
thou shouldest repay. 1865 LOWELL Harvard Comment.
Ode viii, 'Tis not the grapes of Canaan that repay, But the
high faith that failed not by the way
REPAY.
Hence Repaying ///. a. ; also Repayal, re-
payment ; Repay er, one who repays.
1650 HUBBERT Pill Formality 240 God is.. a repaier of
the wicked. 1881 MAYNE REID Free Lances I. xiii. 139
There could be no mistaking what he meant. Anything but
a repayal of friendly services. 1883 Century Mag. Oct. 814/1
Jt is . . probably a more repaying industry than orange-
growing. 1888 STEVENSON Black Arrow 50, I am a good
repayer, Jack, of good or evil.
Repay («>?•)> v-'\ [RE- 5 a-] T° pay again,
or a second time (Ogtlvie Suppl. 1855).
Repayable, a. [f. REPAY vl + -ABLE.] That
may Be, or is to be, repaid.
1818-31 in WEBSTER. 1880 MUIRHEAD Ulpiau vi. 0 13 A
dowry repayable by instalments. 1890 Act 54 Viet. c. i. § 3 (i)
Such loan shall be repayable by the Guardians to the Board
of Works by two equal instalments.
Repayment (r/p^-ment). Also re- (if-).
1. The (or an) act of repaying; payment back
(of money lent, etc.).
1467 in Eng. Gilds (1870) 387 Euery man..shalle haue re-
payment of suche a summe as he hath payde. 1495 Act n
Hen. VII, c. 8 Bondes for suertie perfite and sure repay-
ment of. . money lent. 1579 G. HARVEY LetterJik. (Camden)
62, I can forthwith give you my obligation for repayment
of the principalls with the loane. 1649 CKAS. II. in Ellis
Orig. Lett. Ser. i. III. 327, I desire you. .to lend me five
hundred pounds, whereof I promise you. .very faithful! re-
payment. 1665 MANLEY Gratius1 Low C. Warres go She
promised^ them both men and money, for their assistance,
they giving caution for repayments. 1776 ADAM SMITH
W. N. n. ii. (1869) I. 297 The easy terms upon which the
Scotch banking companies accept of repayment are. .pecu-
liar to them. 1818 CRUISE Digest (ed. 2) II. 50 Those
estates which are held as a security or pledge for the repay-
ment of money. 1885 Lam Rep. 29 Chanc. Div. 264 Upon
Russell's re-payment of the same rent to Hampton.
2. Requital, return (of services, etc.).
1574 HELLOWES Guenara's fani. Ef. (1577) 20 In repay-
ment of my trauell.. you commaunded I should dine at your
table. 1819 SHELLEY Julian 400 Was it I who wooed thee
to this breast, Which like a serpent thou envenoraest As in
repayment of the warmth it lent ? 1852 R. S. SURTEES
Sponges Sp. Tour (1893) 259 With.. the repayment of the
kiss Lucy had advanced.
Repayral, -eyl, -yl, varr. REPAKEL v. 06s.
Repayre, obs. variant of REPAIR, RIPPIER.
Repayse, variant of REPEASE v. Obs.
t Repe, v.1 Obs. Also 3 repie. [OE. hrepian
var. of hreppan, perh. = ON. hreppa to get, obtain,
OFris. reppa, MDu., MLG. reppen to move, stir.]
trans. To touch, lay hold of.
c 1000 Ags. Gosp. Matt. viii. 3 Da astrehte se haelend hys
hand & hrepode hyne [< 1160 Hallon repede]. 01115
Ancr. R. 128 pe uoxes. -draweS al into hore holes, bet heo
muwen arepen & arechen [7*. repen & rinen]. £1190 .S1.
Eng. Leg. I. 464/89 Heo ne dorste ore louerd repie noujht
bihinde ne bifore.
Repe, v? Obs. rare-1. (Of obscure origin
and meaning : cf. OE. rypan to plunder.)
c 1310 Sir Tristr. 28 His men he slou} among And reped
him man! a res.
t Repe, ?variant of RAPE adv. Obs.
c 1380 Sir Fertimb. 3583 pe Sarzyns comeb aftei repe
[altered from rape], Al so harde as bay mowe lepe.
Repe, obs. form of REAP.
Repeak, obs. form of REPIQUE v.
Repeal (npH), si. Forms : 5 repeell, 6 re-
pell(e, repele, repeall, 6-7 repeals, 6- repeal,
[a. AF. repel=Qf. rape! (mod.F. rappel) a recall,
f. repeler, rapeler : see next.]
1 1. Recall, as from banishment. Obs.
1483 CAXTON Gold. Leg. 117 b/i Yf they shold assente to
ille
repeal. 1606 G. W[OODCOCKE] Hist. Itistine xvi. 67 At his
repeale and calling home into his Countrey, which he
shortly expected. 1611 North's Plutarch, Dionysius 1143
The decree of repeale was authorized by the people, and
the banished men returned to Syracvsa. 1658 COKAINE
Trappo/in in. i, To petition for the repeal of my dear
Trappolin.
2. The (or an) act of repealing (a law, resolution,
sentence, etc.) ; abrogation.
1503-4 Act 19 Hen. Vlf, c. 28 § i The seid reversal!
repelle adnullacion & advoydaunce of this seid Acte. 1515
LD. Bums Froiss. II. Ixxxvi. [IxxxiL] 255 These wry-
tynges sholde be permanent without ony repell. 1535-6
Act 27 Hen. VIII, c. 26 § 29 So that every such suspending
repeale and reyocacion . . shalbe made in writing. 1561 T.
NORTON Calvin's lust. i. 65 Again there are rehearsed
dmerse repelles of his decrees. 1641 Nicholas Papers
(Camden) I. 5 The said act of Repeale shalbee sent over
~ bee J?.as.se<1 'here. 1691 BENTLEY Boyle Led. ix. 335
These Civil Ordinances become obsolete without any re-
peal. 1710 PRIDEAUX Orig. Tillies i. 21 Every part [of that
law] had not its particular repeal. 1769 Jxnius Lett.
xxxv. (1788) 178 Nothing less than a repeal, as formal as the
resolution itself, can heal the wound. 1817 HALLAM Coast.
Hist. xiv. (1876) III. 54 The repeal of the test would not
have placed the two religions on a fair level. 1861 TRENCH
Ef 7 Churches Asia n There was for them no repeal
of the sentence of death, but a respite only.
b. spec. The cancelling of the Union between
Great Britain and Ireland as an Irish political
demand, esp. in the agitations headed by O'Connell
in 1830 and 1841-6. Also attrib.
1831 Prater's Mag. IV. 637/2 The repeal of the Union
taking the place which was formerly occupied by the Roman
Catholic claims. Repeal immediately became the engrossing
461
topic. 1845 MACAULAY in Trevelyan Life (1876) II. 164
Ireland, we fear, is on the brink of something like a servile
war — the effect, not of Repeal agitation, but of the severe
distress. 1848 W. J. O'N. DAUNT Recoil. O'Connell I. i. 3
The champion of Repeal excited my enthusiasm,
t c. Revocation, withdrawal. Obs. rare -'.
1611 DAVIES Wliy Ireland, etc. 203 The Earle of Desmond
aboue al men, found himselfe grieued with this resumption,
or Repeale of Liberties.
3. Means or possibility of release (from punish-
ment), rare.
J594 NASHE Unfort. Trail. 66 The onely repeale we haue
from_Gods vndefinite chastisement, is to chastise our selues
in this world. 1819 BYRON Proph. Dante 1. 6 That deep gulf
without repeal. Where late my ears rung with the damned
cries Of souls in hopeless bale.
Repeal (r/pH), z>.l Forms : 4-5 repele, 5 rap-
pel, rapelle, 5-6 repell, 6 repel, 6-7 repeale,
6- repeal, [ad. AF. repel(l)er = OK. rapeler
(mod.F. rappeler), f. re- RE- + appeler to APPEAL.]
1. trans. To revoke, rescind, annul (something
determined or appointed, esp. a law or sentence).
13.. Body cy Soul in Anglta II. 243 Now I se 1 am but
lorn, fere may no man bis doom repele. c 1374 CHAUCER
Troylns iv. 532 (560) For sen myn fadyr. .hab nire chaunge
enseled, He nil not for me his lettre ben repelid. 1417
Rolls of Parlt. IV. 322/2 Alle ye Statutes made. .and
noght repelled. 1474 CAXTON Chesse 43 The knyght had
leuer to forsake his owne contre and to dye so than to
repele his lawes. 1483 — G. tie la Tour A viij, Wherfore
God took mercy on them and repeled his sentence. 1519 in
Vicary's Anal. (1888) App. xiv. 257 [To] obserue all the . .
Rules, and ordynaunces. .heretofore made and not Repelled.
J557 N. T. (Genev.) Epistle *iv, Y« Olde [Testament], .was
in it selfe infirme and vnperfect, and therfore was abolished
and repelled. 1593 SHAKS. Rich. II, in. iii. 40 Prouided,
that my Banishment repeal'd, And Lands restord againe,
be freely graunted. 1615 HART Anat. Ur n. ix. no The
Parson_ repeales his former sentence. 1651 HOBBES Leviath.
n. xxvi. 138 The Soveraign. .having power to make, and
their sad declension and their fall, Their woes not yet
repealed. 1817 HALLAM Const. Hist. v. (1876) I. 266 It was
deemed.. expedient to repeal the ancient statute. 1842
BISCHOFF Woollen Mannf. II. 75 If the duties upon oil.,
and dye-wares were repealed.
t b. To recall, withdraw (a privilege, grant, etc.).
c 1315 Song of Yesterday 177 in E. E. P (1862) 137 pis
ppyntes may no mon hym repele He comeb so baldely to
pike his pray. 1454 Rolls of Parlt. V. 255/1 That eny
auctorite or power .. bee .. by th' auctorite therof voied,
rappeHed, revoked. 1525 LD. BERNERS Froiss. II. ccxxii.
[ccxviii.] 686 Therfore here openly he repelyth agayne all
suche graces and grauntes as he hath made to you before
this tyme. 1598 DRAYTON Heroic. Ep. ix. 43 When first
thou didst repeale thy former Grant.
to. To withdraw from use. Obs. rare—'.
1573 in Ricart's Kalcndar (Camden) 58 This Maior
caused a good reformacion to be made for mesures of
barretls and kilderkins which weare made larger . . then they
weare before, And the old vessels repelled.
1 2. To recall or retract (a statement) ; to give
up, abandon (a thought, feeling, etc.). Obs.
CX43O Pilgr. Lyf ManJiode n. civ. (1869) 114 Neuerewolde
j repele thing that j hadde euele seid. c 1460 Ros La Belle
Dame 649 Yet may ye wel repeale your bysynesse, And to
resoun some-what haue atendaunce. 1596 SPENSER F. Q.
v. viii. 21 Which my liege Lady seeing, thought it best.. all
forepast displeasures to repeale. 1641 H. MORE Song of
Soul ii. ii. ii. xxiii, Therefore repeal This grosse conceit,
and hold as reason doth reveal. 1667 MILTON P. L. vil. 59
Adam soon repeal'd The doubts that in his heart arose.
t 3. a. To recall to a proper state or course;
to call upon (one) to do something. Obs. rare.
1479 in Eng. Gilds (1870) 417 Where I may know the
kynges rights of his Crowne . .conceled or withdrawe, I shall
do my trew peyn to repele and refprme it. 1585 Se. Acts
Jas. AY (1814) III. 380 Diuerss pairteis intendis..to causs
thame be repellit to repay the saides mailes and deweteis.
fb. To recall (a person) from exile. Obs.
1483 CAXTON Gold. Leg. 293/2 This hooly man . . was
exyled and after repeled ageyne. a 1548 HALL Chron.,
Hen. IV Introd. aiijb.That Henry duke of Hertford .. shal
. .departe out of the realme for terme of ten yeres. without
returnyng excepte by the kyng he be repealed again. 1590
MARLOWE Edw. II. i. iv, Till my Gaveston be repeal'd,
Assure thyself thou com'st not in my sight. 1606 G.
same. 1662 COKAINE Trag. Ovid iv. iii, [She won] so much
upon her Father, That I had been repeal'd if he had liv'd.
re/1. 1593 SHAKS. Rich. II, 1 1. ii. 49 The banish'd Bulling-
brooke repeales himselfe, And . .is. .arriu'd At Rauenspurg.
fig. 1601 SHAKS. All's Well n. iii. 55 This healthfull hand
whose bantsht sence Thou hast repeal'd. a 1625 FLETCHER
&_MASS, Cust. Country n. i, Upon my life this gallant Is
brib'd to repeale hani^hed swords.
t C- To call or summon back. Obs.
1598 SYLVESTER Du Bartas ii. i. Eden 253 Nepenthe,
enemy to sadnesse, Repelling sorrows, and repealing glad-
nesse. 1598 MANWOOD Lanvts Forest xx. 162 Before that
they doe enter the forest, he must repeale and call backe
againe his Dogges. a 1648 LD. HERBERT A^ntooiog, in
Life (1886) 225 The effect whereof should be chiefly tocom-
plain against me, and to obtain that I should be repealed.
1717 Philip Quarll 251 His scar'd Senses returning to their
proper Seat, and his stray'd Reason repeal'd.
fd. To try to get (one) restored. Obs. rare-'.
1604 SHAKS. Oth. it. iii. 363 He potire this pestilence into
his eare : That she repeales him, for her bodies Lust.
f4. intr. To return. Obs. rare~'.
1596 FITZ-GEPFRAY Sir F. Drake (1881) 101 As one,..
REPEAT.
Ravisht in Spirite with devoted zeale, Becomes a Priest and
will not home repeale.
Hence Repealed ///. a., Repealling vbl. sb.
and ppl. a.
1444 Rolls of Parlt. V. 117/1 All the matiers conteined in
this Petition, save onely repellyng of the Statute. 1533
MORE Deoelt.SalemWks. 1014/1 Where neither the making
nor the repelling [of the law] lyeth in neither nother of
theyr handes. 1601 SHAKS. Jut. C. in. i. 51 For the re-
pealing of my banish'd Brother, a 1647 FILMER Patriarcha
in. § 7 (1884) 52 The repealing or abrogating of any statute.
1647 CLARENDON Hist. Reb. v. § 148 Any bare votes not
grounded upon law or reason, or quotations of repealed
statutes. 1735 BOLINCBROKE On Parties (1738) 78 His
dispensing, or suspending, which was in Effect a repealing
Power. 1863 Sat. Rev. ii July 39 The same ignorance or
indolence which tempts legislators to introduce sweeping
repealing clauses.
tRepea-1, v2, obs. variant of REPEL v.
i5?» STANYHURST jEntis n. (Arb.) 58 Soom barHs of
1 roians. .Ranck close too geather, thee Greeks most manlye
repealing. Itid. HI. 89 Night shades moysturs glittring
Aurora repealeth.
Repealable (rrpHab'l), a. [f. REPEAL z/.i +
-ABLE.] That may be repealed or revoked.
1570 FOXE A. ff M. (ed. 2) 762/2 All their liberties, which
were not repealed, or repealeable by the common law. 1614
BUDDEN tr. Aerodins' Disc. Parents Hon. ( 1616) 1 1 What he
commands is constant and perpetuall, but our lawes bee
mutable and repealeable. 1675 Art Contenttn. vi. ii, Even
that decision also would have bin repealable by a greater
force. 1843 CARLYLE Past <J- Pr. m. viii, An . . acl of
Heaven's Parliament, not repealable in St. Stephen's or
elsewhere ! 1888 BRYCE Atner. Contmiu. i. xxxi. I. 479
These rules are sometimes passed by Congress and repeal-
able by Congress.
Hence Repealabi-lity (Webster 1828-32); Re-
pealable ness (Webster 1847).
Repealer (rtprlai). [f. REPEAL z/.i -t- -EU i.]
One who repeals or advocates repeal.
i765BLACKSTpNEGw«7tt. Introd. I.gTheyare. .the makers,
repealers, and interpreters of the English laws. 1876 BAN-
CROFT Hist. U.S. IV. xxix. 46 Grenville heard. .one of the
repealers of his stamp act propose a revenue from port
duties. 1884 Law Times LXXVIII. 98/1 If the Corn Law
repealers had known of this precedent.
b. spec. An advocate of the repeal of the Union
between Great Britain and Ireland.
1831 Fraser's Mag. IV. 629/1 There were . . some little
murmurings amongst the more cleat -sighted and determined
of the repealers. 1848 W. J. O'N. DAUNT Recoil. O'Connell I.
i. 10 Nor is the injustice of any individual government to
Ireland the sole reason why Irishmen are Repealers. 1861
GOLDVV. SMITH Irish Hist. 180 The Repealers . . betray their
misgivings as to the soundness of their theory.
So Repe.ilist.
1831 Fraser's Mag. IV. 629/1 Such were the murmurings
of some of the sterner repealists.
Repeall, obs. form of REPEAL sb.
t Repea'lment. Obs. [f. REPEAL z/.i + -MENT.]
Recall from banishment.
? 1605 J. BODENHAM Wittes' Commw. 220 Great is the com-
fort that a banished man takes, at tidings of his repealement.
1617 FELTHAM Resolves i. [n.] xii. 38 Though unthankeful-
nes banisheth love, Gratitude obtames a repealement.
Repear, obs. variant of RIPPIER.
t Repea-se, v. Obs. Also 6 repayse. [ad. OF.
repaiser, rapaiser, i. re- RE- + -paiser or apaiser :
see APPEASE.]
1. trans. To appease or pacify again.
1480 CAXTON Ovid's Met. xn. ix, He ouglite to delyver his
doughter to deth, for to repease the goddesse that em-
pesshid their enterpryse. 1513 LD. BERNERS Froiss. I.
xliv. 61 She had moche a do to repayse hym of his dys«
pleasure. 1530 PALSCR. 686/2 If he be chaffed ones, we
have moche a do to repayse hym.
2. To reassure, rare—1.
1483 CAXTON Gold. Leg. isob/i Whan thangele knewe
that for thys salutacion she was tymerous and abasshed
anone he repeased her sayeng Marye be nothyng aferd.
Repeat (rfpf t), sb. Also 5-6 repete, 6-7 re-
peate. [f. the vb.]
1. The (or an) act of repeating, repetition.
'S3* )• HvrNooo Spider % F. Ixi. 10 First thantstale told
the spiders he did repeate. . . Then in repeate, the spiders
tale he did treate. 1667 MILTON P. L. vi. 318 One stroke
they aim'd That might determine, and not need repeate.
1855 HOPKINS Organ 209 A ' return ' or ' repeat ' is caused
in the series of Pedal sounds. 1869 Daily Neivs 20 Aug., A
message may be hereafter sent from London to Bombay
almost without a repeat.
b. A repetition of a musical piece or perform-
ance, or of some part of these.
1853 Miss E. S. SHEPPARD Ch. Anchcster II. 208 Then
burst out a tremendous call for a repeat. 1865 Morn. Star
8 Sept., As to the execution of the oratorio, .there was one
good feature in it — there were no repeats.
2 . fa- A refrain in poetry. Obs. rare.
1497 Bp. ALCOCK Mons Perfect., The repete of euery
balett was this, Englonde may wayle that euer Galand
came here. 1589 PUTTF.NHAM Eng. Poesie ill. xix. (Arb.)
233 We may terme him the Loue-burden, following the
original), or if it please you, the long repeate,
fb. A repeated word or phrase. Obs.
1551 T. WILSON Logike G j, The third (term) is called the
double repeate, which is twise rehersed. lliid. G v, The
double repeate which is twise mencioned in both proposi-
tions ou^hl to be no doubtfull worde. 1557 N. T. (Genev.)
flfatt. vi. 7 marg.. He commandeth vs to beware muche
babling and superfluous repetes.
c. Mus. A passage repeated or performed twice ;
the repetition of a passage.
REPEAT.
1663 J. SPENCER Prodigies (1665) 3 Similar figures or
dispositions.. serve as a kind of grateful repeats in the
harmony of the world. ij$» AVISON Mus. Express. 117
When there are no intermediate notes to introduce the
Repeat. 1835 CARBICK Laird of Logan 56 She began her
complaint against what she called ' these repeats ', or
singing one line more than once over. 1874 SPURCEON
Treas. David Ps. xcviii. 5 AH repetitions are not vain
repetitions, in sacred song there should be graceful repeats.
1884 G. MOORE Mummers Wife (1887) 160 Then there is a
repeat, in which the tenors and basses are singing against
the women's voices
d. Mits. A sign directing that a passage is to
be performed twice.
1667 C. SIMPSON Compendium 24 This Mark signifies a
Repetition ftom that place only where it is set, and ts called
a Repeat. 1706 A. BEDFORD Temple Mas. ix. 194 It is..
expressed in our. .Anthems by a Mark which we call a Re-
peat. 17*7-38 CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v , The great Repeat is
only a double bar, dotted on each side. Ibid. The small
repeat is where only some of the last measures of a strain
are to be repeated. 1818 BUSBY Gram. Mits. 159 Other
abbreviations are also employed under the form of repeats.
1 3. A recital, account. Obs. rare.
1609 MARKHAM Famous Whore (1868) 33 Nor will I heere
report my foul diseases. For such repeates all modest cares
displeases, c 1611 CHAPMAN //rWxvi. 57 And so of this re-
peate enough : Take thou my fame-blaz'd armes[etc.].
4. A repetition or duplicate of something.
1842 H. MILLER O. R. Sa'idst. vii. (ed. 2) 144 A doubtful
repeat in the strata at one point of junction. 1867 Sabbath
on Rock ii. 41 The Jewish Sabbath was a repeat of God's
seventh day of rest.
b. A device or pattern on cloth, paper, etc..
which is repeated uniformly over the surface.
1855 R. N. WORNUM Anal. Ornament 19 You have but
to design your repeat or unit of repetition ; the rest is mere
mechanical expansion. 1899 MACKAIL Life Morris I. 282
The problem was that, .of so arranging the ' repeat' that the
pattern should flow continuously over the whole space to
be filled, and not fall asunder into patches.
C. Comm. A second or fresh supply of goods
similar to one already received ; also, an order for
such a supply, a re-order.
1885 Pall Mall G. 14 Nov. 21, I ordered patterns and
fabrics.. only to be disappointed. In short, to use a trade
term, I could not be sure of getting a* repeat '. 1895 Daily
Nfivs 19 Dec. 2/6 We can tell how trade is going by the
' repeats ' we get.
attrib. 1888 Daily News 19 Nov. 2/7 There is an en-
couraging influx of repeat purchases. 1891 Ibid. 1 1 Mar.
2/7 Both new and repeat orders are coming in freely.
Repeat (rfprt), v. Also 4-7 repete, 6 Sc.
repit-, 6-7 repeit, 7 repeate ; pa. pple. 7 re-
peaten. [ad. F. riptttr (i3th c.), ad. L. rtptttr*
to attack again, do or say again, fetch back, de-
mand the return of, f. re- RE- +petfre to attack,
make for, demand, seek, etc.]
L 1. trans. To say or utter over again (some-
thing which one has already said), to reiterate.
Also with obj. clause.
c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints vi. (Thomas} 77 He can hire pray,
In pe sammyne led, fore til repete bai sammyne wordis.
1513 DOUGLAS sEneis iv. ProL 220 By the will 1 repeit
this vers agane, Temporall joy endls with wo and pane.
1597 HOOKER Eccl. Pol. v. Ixviii. § 2 It is true that in
sermons we do not use to repeate our sentences seuerally to
euery particular hearer. 1617 MORVSON /tin. 11. 254 We
ad nothing more, but doe repeate vnto you, that we then
did say in that point. 1667 MILTON P. L. ix. 400 Oft he to
her his charge of quick returne Repeated. 1719 DE FOE
Crusoe I. (Globe) 222 He was too earnest for an Answer to
forget his Question ; so that he repeated it in the very same
broken Words. 1780 COWPER Progr. Err. 550 His still re-
futed quirks he still repeats. 1849 MACAULAY Hist. Eng.
iii. II. 352 The King, as usual, repeated the same words
over and over. 1875 JOWETT Plato (ed. 2) V. 12 He has re-
peated his words several times, and yet they cannot under-
stand him.
absol. 1859 TENNYSON Elaine 1022 As when we dwell
upon a word we know, Repeating, till the word we know so
well Becomes a wonder.
2. To say over, to recite (something previously
learned or composed) ; also, to say or enunciate in
a formal manner or in due order; to relate, re-
count.
1559 W. CUNNINGHAM Cosmogr. Glasse 6 You have truly re-
peiyd Ptolonueus wordes. 1560 DAUS tr. Sleidane's Comm,
31 b, He wrote to themperour..repeting the whole action
at few words. 1397 SHAKS. 2 Hen. flf, iv. i. 203 And there,
fore will hee..keepe no Tell-tale to his Memorie, That may
repeat and Historic his losse, To new remembrance. 1605
— Macb. iv. iii. 112 These euils thou repeat'st vpon thy
selfe, Hath banish'd me from Scotland. 1640 BROME An-
tipodes in. iii, It shall be by posterity repeaten That souldiers
ought not to be dund or beaten. 1694 WOOD Life (O.H.S.)
III. 450 Daniel Stacy. .repeated the 4 Easter Sermons at
5. Marie s. 1702 ADDISON Dial. Medals Wks. 1721 I. 437,
I cannot forbear repeating a passage out of Persius.-thal in
my opinion [etc.]. 1754 GRAY Poesy 60 She deigns to hear
the savage Youth repeat, In loose numbers wildly sweet,
Their feather-cincturM chiefs, and dusky loves. x8a6 SCOTT
Woodst. xxv, Repeat me these verses again, slowly and
deliberately. 1875 JOWETT Plato (ed. 2) I. 20 An actor who
spoiled his poems in repeating them.
b. absol. fAlso spec, to hear recitations or
lessons ; to preach as a REPEATEK.
1579 Reg. Privy Council Scot. III. 244 Mr. Magnus wes
placit in the said college be way of interim to repeit with
the studentis. 1608 SHAKS. Per. i. iv. 74 Thou speak'st
like him's [Q. himnes] unlutered to repeat. 1673 WOOD
Life (O.H.S.) II. 261 Low Sunday, Samuel Parker of
Merton Coll, repeated.
462
f c. To mention, state. Obs. rare"1,
1561 DAUS tr. Bnllinger OH Apoc. 19 And first S. lohn
repeteth his name, lest we shuld any thing doubt of
thauthour,..Bul he repeteth not himselfe to be y° seruaunt
of God.
fd. To celebrate, speak of (as), Obs, rare.
1638 BRATHWAIT Barnabcei Jml. in. (1818) 135 Thence to
Wenchly, valley-seated, For antiquity repeated. 1671
MILTON Samson 645 Reserv'd alive to be repeated The
subject of thir cruelty, or scorn.
3. To say or utter again after another or others.
1595 SHAKS. John HI. iv. 95 Greefe fits the roomevp of my
absent childe : . . Puts on his pretty lookes, repeats his
words. i7ia SIFI-.LE Sfect. No. 424 P 2, I do but repeat
what has been said a thousand times. 1754 POCOCKE Trav.
(Camden) 11. 55 Here is an eccho at a welt to the Church
which repeats seven syllables. 1828 SCOTT F. M. Perth xix.
With difficulty she forbore from repeating the cries of
lamentation and alarm, which were echoed around her.
1874 H. R. REYNOLDS John Bapt. i. i. 12 All the writers of
the New Testament.. do but repeat or transmit the signifi-
cance of the life and work of Christ.
absol. 1724 RAMSAY Vision ix, Eccho answers all ; Re-
petand, and greitand.
fb. In passive. To be retorted upon in the
same words. ? nonce-use.
1748 RICHARDSON Clarissa (1811) VII. 334 Level. Why
so, Sir? CoL Why so, Sir ! (angrily).. Love I. (interrupting)
I don't choose, Colonel, to be repeated upon, in that accent.
II. f4. To seek again, return to, encounter
or undergo again. Obs.
1432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) I. 91 Feynenge oftetymes
theym to flee, and after that repetenge finite. 1645 WALLER
Summer 1st. in. 106 The pious Trojan so, Neglecting for
Creusa's life his own, Repeats the danger of the burning
town. 1666 DRYDEN Ann. Mirab. cclvu, Others. .while
through burning labyrinths they retire, With loathing eyes
repeat what they would shun. 1697 — ^\*r/^ Ded- » iv b,
Aneas . . having secured his Father and his Son, . . repeated
all his former Dangers to have found his Wife.
t5. Sf. To seek in past time; to trace back. Obs.
Only in translations, after L. rcpetire.
1533 BELLENDEN Livy i. Prol. (S.T.S.) I. 8 pe historic of
romanis is of grcte besines, becaus It is now to be repetit
aboue sevin hundreth ^eris. 1596 DALRYMPLE tr Leslie's
Hist. Scot. i. 68 We think nocht sa far to repeit the begin-
ning athir frome thir. .finjet Goddis, or frome..Gyantes,
6. To do, make, perform, or execute over again.
1560 DAUS tr. Sltidane's Comm. 382 b, Such thinges . .
ought not to have the force of a law, but that all thinges
should be repeted from the beginning. 1635 QUARLF.S Embl.
n. xiii, He hath ill repented, whose sins are repeated. 1706
Art of Painting (1744) 65 There is scarce a painter but has
repeated some one of his works. 1737-38 CHAMBERS Cycl.
s.v., This mark shews, that the particular strain is to be
repeated. 1800 tr. Lagrange^s Chem* II. 104 Add. .water
to the residuum, boil it a second time, and repeat this
operation twice. 1864 BRYCE Holy Rom. Etnp. v. (1875) 70
He repeats the attempt of Theodoric to breathe a Teutonic
spirit into Roman forms.
b. To cause to appear, to bring up or present
again. Also freq. in /amor, denoting recurrence.
1714 CUNN Treat. Fractions Pref. 6 The Reverend Mr.
Brown, in his System of Decimal arithmetick, manages such
interminate Decimals as have a single Digit continually re-
peated. 1778 Encycl. Brit. (ed. a) 1. 680/2 The second
[division of the decimal], .repeats the resulting figure after
the dividend is exhausted. 1823 J. MITCHELL Diet. Math.
$ Phys. Set. 417/2 Recurring Decimals, those which are
continually repeated in the same order. 1862 STANLEY Jew.
Ck. (1877) 1. viii. 169 Nine times in the course of this single
hymn is repeated this most expressive figure.
refl. 1872 FROST Curve Tracing 190 The manner in which
the curve repeats itself is given in another figure.
c. intr. To recur, appear again.
1714 CUNN Treat. Fractions 66 If any required Root of
some circulating Expression doth not repeat from the Re-
petend once used, it cannot repeat at all. 1796 HUTTON
Math. Diet. I. 290/1 That part of the circulate which re-
peats is called the repetend.
7. spec. a. Of clocks and watches : To strike (the
last hour or quarter) again. Also absol.
1727-38 CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v. Watch* Barlow's [watch] was
made to repeat, by pushing in two pieces on each side the
watch-box ; one of which repeated the hour and the other
the quarter. 1825 J. NICHOLSON Operat. Mechanic 499 A
clock.. which stiikes and repeats, and goes for eight days.
1843 Penny Cycl. XXVII. 107/1 The clock would at any
time repeat the hour last struck. 1851 Illnstr. Catal. Gt.
Exhib. 1273 Gold watch, striking the hour and quarters, and
repeating when wanted.
b. Naut. To reproduce (signals made by the
admiral). Also absol.
1769 FALCONER Diet Marine (1780) s.v. Signals t The
admiral's signals, .are always repeated by the officers next
in command; by ships appointed to repeat signals [etc.].
Ibid.) To preserve order in the repetition of signals,.. the
commanders of the squadrons repeat after the admiral. 1809
Naval Chron. XXII. 181 Frigates,. .To repeat in Admiral
Byng's Division. 1867 SMYTH Sailor's Word-bk. ^68 To
Repeat Signals is to make the same signal exhibited by
the admiral, in order to its being moie readily distinguished
at a distance.
o. absol. U, S. To vote illegally more than
once at the same election.
1888 BRYCE Amer. Coitimw. II. lit. Ixiv. 469 Vagabonds
who. .are ready to stuff ballot-boxes, to buy votes, to ' re*
peat ', etc.
d. absol. Of food : To rise in the gullet, so as
to be tasted again.
1879 Miss JACKSON Shropsh, Word-bk. •&&Mod.Advt.>
Emulsion, .does not repeat, which is very much in its favour.
8. refl, a. To reproduce or present (oneself)
again j to reappear in the same form.
KEPEATEB.
a 1850 JEFFREY (Ogilvie), In personating the heroes of the
scene, he does little but repeat himself. 1868 E. EDWARDS
Ralcgk I. xxiv 561 Biography, like history at large, is apt
occasionally to repeat itself.
b. To say again what one has already said.
1864 FHOUDE Short Stud. (1867) I. i He spoke more than
an hour without a note — never repeating himself. 1874 L.
STEPHEN Hours in Library (1892) I. vi. 220 A man must
necessarily repeat himself who writes eighty-five stories, .in
less than twenty years.
III. f9- Chiefly Sc. Law. To ask back, to
demand the restitution of (money or goods) ; to
claim, require. Also const from. Obs.
1582 Rfff. Privy Council^ Scot. III. 499 All proffue and
commoditie quhrlk our said Soveranc Lord . . mycht ony
wyse ask, cleame or repeit fra the saidis pertiners. 1597
Sf. Acts Jas. V/ § 100 heading. The maner how gudes
taken away, may be repeated. 1609 SKIM: Keg. Maj. 26
Gif he selles hir dowite, and she consent thereto after
hisdeceis, she may nocht repete the samine fra the buyer.
1649 JER. TAYLOR (//. Exetnp. Disc. x. 136 When a man is
in a considerable degree defrauded, then it is permitted to
him to repeat his own before Christian arbitrators.
Repeatable (r/jw'-tab'l), a. [f. prec. + -ABLE.]
Capable of being repeated.
1802-12 BENTHAM Ration. Jttdic. Evict (1827) III. 455
Two witnesses and the causes of untrustworlhiness repeat-
able upon each. 1844 Eraser's Mag. XXIX. 68 Few see
events .. of a more interesting or repeatable description.
1879 MEREDITH Egoist xxxvii, To make his home a fountain
of repeatable wit.
Repea'tal. rare. [-AL.J Repetition.
1891 TALMAUE in Voice (N.Y.) i Jan., Are there no new
lessons from the story, not yet hackneyed by oft repeatal ?
Repeated (r/prtid), ///. a. [f. REPEAT v .]
1. Reiterated ; renewed ; frequent.
1611 SHAKS. Cywo. l. vi. 4 My supreame Crowne of griefe,
and those repeated Vexations of it. 1641 MILTON Son*.
viii, The repeated air Of sad Electta's Poet. 1703 DE FOE
in isM Kef. Hist. flfSS. Comm. App. IV. 62 Accept my re-
certain of this increase of weight from repeated experiments.
1855 MACAULAY Hist. Eng. xvi. III. 661 The events which
were passing, .on the Continent compelled William to make
repeated changes in his plans.
2. With advbs. (Well, often, etc.) recited, said
over, or related.
1718 PRIOR Power 155 The pleasing song, or well repeated
tale. 1770 Junius Lett. xxxviiL (1788) 202 The cold
formality of a well-repealed lesson. 1864 BURTON ScotAtr.
I. v. 270 An old and oft-repeated tale. 1869 FREEMAN
Norm. Couq. xiii. (1875) III. 282 They find it much easier
to echo some easily repeated formula.
Repea'tedly, adv. [f. prec. + -LY 2.] More
than once, again and again, frequently.
<i 1718 STEPHENS (J.), And are not these vices, which
lead into damnation, repeatedly, and most forcibly cautioned
against? 1748 BUTLER Scrm. Wks. 1874 II. 314 These
persons ought repeatedly to be told, how highly blamable
they are. 1781 GIBBON Dec!. $ f. xxxi. III. 221 The as-
surances of. .relief, which were repeatedly transmitted from
the court of Ravenna. 1848 W. H. BARTLETT Egypt to Pai.
xxvi. (1879) 524 On our way to Sidon we repeatedly en
countered unknown ruins. «868 E. EDWARDS Ralegh I.
xiii. 254 Ralegh., was repeatedly consulted about Irish
affairs.
So Bepea tedness. rare~l.
1664 H. MORE Myst. Iniq., Apol. 523 Thus fully have I
cleared myself from all general imputations,.. the more in-
dustiiously, because of the repeatedness of the same.
Repeater (rtpnai). [f. REPEAT v. + -EE i . ]
fl. A rehearser, trainer. Obs. rare— '.
1577-87 HOLINSHED Chron. III. 920/2 In his chappell he
had a deane :. .a subdeane : a repeater of the quire [etc.].
2. One who repeats something heard or learned ;
a relater, reciter.
1598 FLORIO, Rifitore', a repeater or relator of a matter.
1696 Art:/. Handsotii. 121 More repeaters of their popular
Oratorious yehemencies, than urgers and confirmers of their
argumentative strength. 1739 CIBBER Apol. (1756) I. 94
Some great author whose sense is deeper than the repeater's
understanding. 1797 Encycl. Brit.(eA. 3) XVI. 18/2 There
is another very peculiar kind of delivery sometimes used in
Ihe person of a repeater. 1819 BYRON yuan i. xxviii, The
hearers of her case became repeaters, Then advocates, in-
quisitors, and judges. 1893 MAX MULLER in Barrows Parlt,
Kelig. II. 936 Thus only can we use the words .. not as
thoughtless repeaters, but as honest thinkers and believers.
ft). (See quot. 1691.) Obs.
1671 WOOD Life (O. H. S.) II. 96 Repeaters— 1661,
Thomas Tomkins, All S[ouls] Ctollege]. 1691 - A th. OXOH.
II. 817 In 1665 he was the Repeater or Repetitioner in
S. Maries Church on Low Sunday, of the four Easter Ser-
(O.H.S.) II. 373 The Repeater of the four Easier-Sermons
was Mr. Francis Bagshaw. Ibid., Those Privileges that had
been granted to former Repeaters.
3. a. A repeating watch or clock. Also altrib.
1770 Centl. Mag. XL. 438 [To] the four, .[he gave] a gold
watch each, one of which was a Paris repeater. 1843
DICKENS Christmas Cant ii, He touched the spring of his
repeater, tocorrect this most preposterous clock. 1884 F. J.
BRITTEN Watch fy Clocktn. 203 Repeater racks.. should be
. . polished underhand. Ibid. 224 Repealers were first made
about 1676.
b. Naut. A repeating ship.
1829 MARRYAT F. Mildmay iii, The signal officers of a re-
peater had to make out the number of the flag. 1846 YOUNG
Naut. Diet., Repeaters or Repeating Ships.
c. A repeating fire-arm.
1868 Rep. to Govl, U. S. Munitions War 27 This rifle is
REPEATING.
both a breech-loader and a repeater. 1886 Pall Mall G.
14 Dec. 7/2 The loading of the repeater can be done in four
movements.
d. In Telegraphy. A device for automatically
retransmitting signals from one circuit to another.
1860 G. PRESCOTT Electr. Telegr. 93 A repeater is an ap-
paratus designed for the purpose of duplicating from one
electric circuit to another the breaks and completions re-
ceived from the transmitting station. 1870 POPE Electr.
Tel. iv. (1872) 45 It was formerly customary to reunite the
messages at some intermediate station, but this duty is now
usually performed by an apparatus called a repeater.
4. Arith. A recurring decimal.
1773 Encycl. Brit. I. 397/2 Pure repeaters take their rise
from vulgar fractions whose denominator is 3, or its mul-
tiple 9. 1831 CARLYLE Sart. Res. \\. iv, Do what one will,
there is ever a cursed fraction, oftenest a decimal repeater.
5. V. S. a. One who votes, or attempts to vote,
more than once at an election.
1884 Fortn. Rei>. Mar. 389 A leader of a gang of re-
peaters before the ink on his fraudulent naturalization papers
was dry. 1888 BRYCE Amer. Cotnmw. II. in. Ixiv. 474 [Troy]
is full of fellows who go to serve as 'repeaters' at Albany
elections.
b. One who is frequently committed to prison.
1884 Fortn. Rev. Mar. 389 A repeater before he was of
age ; a rounder, bruiser, and shoulder-hitter. 1890 Chicago
Advance 4 Dec., A class of repeaters or rounders, as they
are termed, some, .recommitted more than a hundred times
to the same prison.
c. One who repeats an athletic feat.
1895 0Ktf«£-(U.S.)XXVI. 456/2 He is a ' repeater ' of the
first rank, such performances as winning two three-mile
races in the same day. .seeming easy for him.
Repeating (r^prtirj), vbl. sb. [f. as prec. +
-ING i.] The action of the vb. REPEAT in various
senses; repetition.
1530 TINOALE Prol. Dent. Wks. (1573) 21 The calling to
minde, & a repeatyng in the harte of the glorious., dedes of
God. 1595 SHAKS. John iv. ii. 19 This acte is as an ancient
tale new told ; And, in the last repeating, troublesome. 1671
W. MONTAGU in Bnccleuch MSS. (Hist. MSS. Comm.) 1. 500
Tim. .being the repeating of our dearest Madame's loss by
a solicitation relating to it. 1762 FOOTE Lyar \\. Wks. 1799
I. 294 In common occurrences there is no repeating after
him. 1881 MAHAFFV OldGreek Educ. xi. 137 The repeating
and expounding of the founder's views. 1888 BRYCE Amer.
Commw. II. in. Ixiii. 458 The code, .does not forbid false-
hood, or malversation, or ballot stuffing, or * repeating '.
Repea-ting, ppl. a. [f. as prec. + -ING 2.]
That repeats, in various senses of the vb.
1. a. Of watches and clocks, or parts of these.
1688 in J. W. Benson Time <V T. "tellers (1902) 42 His sole
making and managing of all pulling repeating pocket-clocks
and watches. 1717 GAY Begg. Op. i. viii, The gentleman
who was here yesterday about the repeating watch. 1764,
Ann. Reg. 79 A repeating clock which strikes the hours and
quarters. 1803 JANE PORTER Thaddens (1826) I. ix. 188 He
was pressing the repeating spring, which struck five. 1843
Penny Cycl, XXVII. 103/2 Fig. i represents the repeating-
train between the frames. 1884 F. J. BRITTEN Watck $
Clockm. 226 Repeating Rack.. {is] a rack in a repeating
watch which is shifted one tooth for each blow that is struck.
b. Of ships (see REPEAT v. 7 b).
1805 Naval Chron. XIII. 466 The Elven, a Repeating
Sloop. 1844 Ln. BROUGHAM A. Lnnel II. iv. 100 The
captain's glass told him that it was only a repeating frigate
stationed to windward. 1867 SMYTH Sailor's Word-bk. 568
Frigates and small vessels out of the tine were deemed re-
peating ships.
fig, 1810 NavalChron. XXIII. 43 We readily allow the
Naval Chronicle to serve as repeating frigate. 1824 SCOTT
Redgauntlet ch. xiii, And you a repeating frigate between
Summertrees and the Laird 1
c. Repeating circle^ an instrument for measuring
angles, in which accuracy is obtained by repeated
measurements on a graduated circle. So repeating
instrument, tkeodolet^ tripod^ etc.
a 1815 Brtwsters Edinb. Encycl. VI. 498 The principle
to which the repeat ingctrcle owes its existence wasdiscovered
by Professor Mayer.. in 1758. 1821 TROUGHTON in Mem.
Astron.Soc. I. (1822) 33 The repeating circle, till within
these few years, has been very little used in this country,
1829 PEARSON Practical Astron. II. 513 A repeating instru-
ment of the simplest construction. 1841 Penny Cycl. XIX.
399/2 A watch telescope can scarcely be applied to a re-
peating theodolet, and we think that the repeating tripod
may be so made as to be free from any objection.
d. Of fire-arms : Capable of firing a number of
shots in succession without reloading.
1824 W. N. BLANS Excursion 47, I saw there several of
the celebrated 'repeating swivels.' 1858 GREENER G»«-
nery 413 Revolving or repeating pistols have now become as
necessary in war as the lifle. Ibid. 414 The complicated
arrangement of all repeating fire-arms. 1880 Daily Ne^t<s
17 Nov., A repeating rifle of novel construction.
e. Photogr. Repeating back, a form of slide
enabling two negatives to be taken on one plate.
1890 WOODBURY Encyc* Photogr. s.v.. There are many
forms of studio cameras with repeating backs. 1892 Phot.
Ann. II. 292 This., possesses the advantage of a repeating
back for two cartes.. upon one plate.
2. a. Arith. Of decimals: Recurring.
1773 Encycl. Brit. I. 397/2 Repeating decimals are of two
kinds : viz. some consist only of the repeating figures [etc.].
1847 DE MORGAN Arithm. Bks. 79 Another tract on repeat-
ing decimals.
b. Math. (See quot.)
1872^ FROST Curve Tracing \ty Repeating Curves.. whose
equationsinvolve trigonometrical functionsof the coordinates
in the place of the coordinates themselves. The loci of
such curves, from the nature of trigonometrical function, are
made upof patterns continually repeated in every direction.
463
3. That repeats a sound.
1709 MRS. Rows Love fy Friendship 43, I. .All Day to the
repeating leaves complain In mournful Accents. 1839 DE
QUINCEV Recoil. Lakes Wks. 1862 II. 19 A shout from an
aerial height, .propagated through repeating bands of men
from a distance of many miles.
tRepe'CCating,///. a. Obs. rare-1, [f. RE-
+ ppl. stem of 'L.peccare to offend.] = PECCANT a. 3.
1597 A. M. tr. Gnillemeans P'r. Chirurg. 49 b/i Only that
the repeccating humors be cleanlye purged out.
t Repeda'tion. Obs. [ad. L. type *repeda-
tion-emt n. of action f. repedare to step back, f, re-
RE- 2 a + peddre to step.] Retrogression, e sp. of
the planets. (Only in H. More.)
1641 H. MORE Song of Soul \\. App. Ixxvi, Another Adam,
once received breath, And still another in endlesse rerjeda-
tion. 1633 — Antid. Ath. n. xii. § 17 The Directions,
Stations and Repedations of those Erratick Lights.
Repeell, -peit, obs. ff. REPEAL sd., REPEAT v.
Repel (r^pe'l), v. Also 5-6 repelle, 6-7 (9)
repelL [ad. L. repelltre, f. re- RE- + pelltre \&
drive : cf. compel, impel, etc.]
fl. trans. To drive or put away; to remove,
extinguish, quench. Obs.
1432-50 tr. Higden. (Rolls) III. 471 Water dothe repelle
[L. extingitit\ oure naturalle thurste, and golde your thurste.
1483 CAXTON Gold. Leg. 85/2 Thenne was it thyng couenable
that he that shold repelle this defaulte shold be born of a
vyrgyne. a 1586 MONTGOMERY Misc. Poems xvii. 39 Le!d.
Ane hevy mettall cauld and deid, Repelling loue,..And
quencher of desyre. c 1586 C'TESS PEMBROKE Ps. cv. xi,
tGod] their hunger to repel, Candies the grasse with sweete*
congealed dew.
2. To drive or force back (an assailant or in-
vader, an attack, etc.) ; to repulse. Also const.
fromt f out of, f into* f to.
c 1450 Cov. Myst. (Shales. Soc.) 106 Hese [Satan's! grete
males, good Lord, repelle, And take man onto thi grace.
1500-20 DUNBAR Poems Ixxvi. 5 A pray to deid, quhome
vane is to repell. 1566 Form Com. Prayer in Liturg.
Serv. Q. Eliz. (Parker Soc.) 527 The Turks.. most fiercely
assailing the Isle of Malta. .were from thence repelled ana
driven. 1613 PURCHAS Pilgrimage ix.viii. (1614) 867 They
.. land in another place, but are repelled to their ships by
the Inhabitants. 1678 WANLEY Wond. Lit. World v. ii. § 66.
471/2 Henry, the brother of Baldwin, repelled the Bulgarians
out of Greece. 1717 POPE Iliad xi. 680 So turn'd stern
Ajax, by whole hosts repell'd. 1821-2 SHELLEY Chas. /, iv.
43 Repelling invasion from the sacred towers. 1859 THACK-
ERAY yitgin. vi. The small body of provincial troops with
which he marched to repel the Frenchmen.
absol. 1595 MARKHAM Sir R. Grenvile Fiv, He repeld
them whilst repell he might, Till fainting power was tane
from power to fight. 1764 GOLDSM. Trav, 344 Here.. Minds
combat minds, repelling and repell'd.
b. To resist, repress (a feeling, incentive, etc.).
1586 A. DAY Eng. Secretary n. (1625) 37 What sonne will
for any zeale or duty once seeke to repell his owne appetite ?
1667 MILTON P. L. vni. 641 Perfect within, no outward aid
require; And all temptation to transgress repel. 1817
SHELLEY Rev, hlam iv. xvii, The hopes which inly dwell,
My manners note that I did long repel. 1877 C. GEIKIE
Christ I. xxvii. 438 Evil thoughts count as acts with the
Eternal, if not at once repelled.
o. Med. To force back into the blood or sys-
tem ; to repress (a morbid humour, swelling, erup-
tion, etc.). Now rare or Obs.
1710 [see REPELLING vbl, sb,\ 1727 BRADLEY Fam. Diet.
s.v. Tnntour, The other [method! is to stop and repel 'em ;
which is call'd Repercussion, that sends 'em back to their
Source. 1753 BARTLET Farriery 297 It being thought.,
unsafe to repel some of these discharges. 1812-34 lsee
Repelled below].
1 3. To reject or debar (a person) from an office,
right, etc. Also without const. Obs.
1456 SIR G. HAVE Law Anns (S. T. S.) 251 Sen women
be the law commoun ar repell'it, and by put, us think that
the quene may nocht be juge in the cas. 1536-7 in Bohon
Stat. Irel. (1621) 142 By authoritie of this Parliament
unhabled and repelled from the exercising, receiving, or
occupying of that office for ever. 1566 T. STAPLETON Ret.
Untr. yewel r. i If any coming to the communion duly and
semely prepared be repelled of the priest. 1766 BLACKSTONE
Comm. II. 498 It shall be sufficient to repel the husband
from his general right of adminlstring his wife's effects.
f b. To stop, hinder, or restrain (a person)
from an action or manner of acting. Obs.
1483 CAXTON Gold. Leg. 168/2 Many letters by whyche
thou repellyd moche folke fro doyng sacrefyse to our
goddes. 1609 BIBLE (Douay) 2 Mace. v. 18 This man also
immediately as he came had bene scourged, and repelled
verily from his boldnes. 1617 MORYSON /tin. \. 262 The
lantzare. .repelled him from doing mee any wrong.
t C. To put or thrust (one) away. Obs. rare.
c 1530 Pol. Rel. <$• L. Poems (1903) 59 Put from the a rjroude
servaunte, . . Allso repelle that seruavnte that vsith to
blaundysh the. 1540-54 CROKE 13 Ps. (Percy Soc.) 36 For
thou art God myne onely strength, Wherfor then doest thou
me repell ?
4. To turn back, ward off (a weapon, blow or
wound). Also vs\fig. context.
1526 Pilgr. Per/. <W. de W. 1531) '88 The sheelde of
feyth, wherby we may easely resist and repell all such fyry
dartes of temptacion. 1594 HOOKER Eccl. Pol. n. v. § 7
Neither doth Tertullian bewray this weakness in striking
only, but also in repelling their strokes with whom he cpn-
tendeth. 1717 POPE Iliad xi. 304 But the broad belt. .The
point rebated, and repell'd the wound. ci?53 COWPER To
Miss Macartney 42 What though in scaly armour dressed,
Indifference may repel The shafts of woe.
b. To ward off, resist (some outward evil).
1600 HOLLAND Livy vui. xxiii. 297 Which contumetie and
BEPELLANCY.
reprochfull injurie..they would with all their might and
maine repell . . from them. 1610 GUILLIM Heraldry vi. v,
267 A Military Habit used., to repell the extremity of wet
cold and heate. 1697 tr. Bnrgersdidns' Logic \, xx. 80
House and Clothes [agreej in End ; for the End of both, is
to repelt the Injuries of the Heavens. 1736 WARBURTON
Alliance betiv. Ch. <V State \\\. iii, Evil which proceeds not
from the will is called a mischief; and maybe simply re-
pelled. 1780 BENTHAM Princ. Legisl. xiv. § 3 The case in
which an individual repels an evil to which the laws do not
wish to expose him. 1799 COWPER Castaway 40 So long
he, with unspent power, His destiny repelled.
5. To drive or force back (something moving or
advancing), esp. by physical resistance.
1605 CAMDEN Rein, 165 A man ascending a Mountaine,
but repelled with contrarie winds. 1657 TRAPP Comm. Job
xxxvi. 19 As the Rocks repel the greatest waves, so doth
God his enemies. 1692 RAY Disc. (1713) 42 There is very
great use of them [mountains], for repelling the vapours..
and hindering their Evagation Northward. 1791 NEWTS
Tour Eng. $ Scot. 153 The waters of both [rivers] . . being
repelled by the bold and rocky shores of Ross-shire. 1817
SHELLEY Rev, Islam vi. v, I rushed among the rout to have
repelled That miserable flight. 1831 LANDOR Misc. Poems
Wks. 1846 II. 620 The ebbing sea thus beats against the
shore ; The shore repels it ; it returns again.
b. To force away by the operation of natural
laws of matter. (Cf. REPULSION.)
1710 [see REPELLING ppl. a.]. 1744 BERKELEY Siris § 237
Why should the particles of common salt repel each other..?
1747 FRANKLIN Exper. Electr. (1751)11 If a cork-ball.. be
repelled by the tube.. 'tis surprizing to see how suddenly
it flies back. £1700 IMISON Sch. Arts I. 48 The hairs of
his head, .will repel one another. 1863 E. V. NEALE Anal.
Th. ff Nat.zzj That each particle of matter.. repels other
particles of matter. 1882 S. P. THOMPSON in Nature XXVI.
554/2 The moving electro- magnets were first attracted to-
wards the opposing poles, and then, as they neared them,
were caused to be repelled past.
o. To refuse to mix with (one another), or to
admit (moisture).
1744 BERKELEY Siris § 227 Why oil and water, mercury
and iron, repel. .each other. 1822 IMISON Sc. 4- Art I. 23
Oil and water seem to repel each other. 1885 C. G. W.
LOCK Workshop Receipts Ser. iv. 360/2 If the film repel the
solution, just run the finger, .over the repellent portion.
6. To refuse to accept or receive ; esp. to reject
(a statement, plea, etc.) as unfounded or invalid.
1561 Reg. Privy Council Scot. 1. 180 The said first excep-
tioun aucht and suld be repellit. 1573 Ibid. II. 260 Quhilk
allegeance being repellit be my Loid Regentis Grace and
Counsall. 1602 SHAKS. Ham. n. i. 109, I did repell his
Letters, and deny'de His accesse to me. 1852 MRS. STOWE
Uncle Tonfs C. xxiv. 231 She always repelled quite in-
dignantly any suggestion that anyone around Her could
be sick. 1873 M.ARNOLD Lit.ff Dogma Pref. (1876) 28 The
Greek Christianity of the East repelled the Apocalypse, and
the Latin Christianity of the West repelled the Epistle to
the Hebrews. 1884 Law Rep. 9 App. Cases 344 ft is de-
clared, That the second plea in law of the defenders ought
to be repelled.
b. To confute, disprove, rare.
a 1634 CHAPMAN Revenge for Honour Plays 1873 IV. 293
The kernel of the text enucleated I shall confute, refute,
repel, refel. 1794 PALEY Evid. ii ii. (1817) 26 It is such a
morality as completely repels the supposition of its being
the tradition of a barbarous age.
7. To drive away or repulse (one who makes
advances) with harsh words or treatment, or by
denial; to reject (a suit).
1592 SHAKS. Ven.tf Ad. 573 Foule wordes, and frownes,
must not repell a louer. 1667 MILTON P. L. x. 868 Soft
words to his fierce passion she assay'd ; But her with stern
regard he thus repell'd. 1738 WESLEY Ps. it. x, Whoe'er
their Advocate repel, The Anger of their Judge shall feel.
1828 SCOTT f. M. Perth, xxv, If I continued to repel his
wicked suit. 1860 TYNDALL Glac. i. xviii. 125 Like suitors
that will not be repelled.
b. To affect (one) with distaste or aversion.
1840 DICKENS Old C. Shop xix, Through this delirious
scene, the child frightened and repelled by all she saw [etc.].
1846 HARE Mission Com/. (1850) 276 Such extravagances.,
repell minds that have a sense of truth. 1878 R. W. DALE
Lect. Preach. \. 7 You ought also to remember that for
purposes of intellectual discipline, a study which repels you
is invaluable.
absol. 1817 MILL Brit. India II. v. v. 502 The probability
that Hyder would not permit them, unopposed, to pass the
river Palar . . was a motive rather to stimulate than to
repel. 1821 SHELLEY- A donais liii, What still is dear Attracts
to crush, repels to make thee wither. 1847 EMERSON Repr.
Men, Swedenborgyks. (Bohn) I. 333 Swedenborg. . with all
his accumulated gifts, paralyzes and repels.
Hence Repe-lled///. a.
Sci. (1879) I. xiii. 374 The attracted end ot me neeaie oei
nearer to the pole of the magnet than the repelled end.
Repel, obs. form of REPEAL.
t Kepe'le. Obs. rare. [? var. of REPEAL s&. ;
but cf. med.L. repellus (Du Cange) as the name
of some game.] An additional stake in the Roman
game of hucklebones.
1542 UDALL Erasm. Apoph. 164 The caster. .was of force
constraigned in the wayeof repele to laie down to the stake
one peece of coyne. Ibid. The caster should wynne and
take. .all the repeles.
Repele, -pell, obs. forms of REPEAL sb. and v.
Repe'llance, -ancy. [See next and -ANCE,
-ANOY.] The act of repelling ; a repellent feature
or trait.
1860 OUIDA Tricotrin 1. 36 She uttered the words that had
wounded her, as though in haug
to sting. 1878 C. STANFORD A
lUghty repeltance of their power
Sytno. Christ iv. 101 That man
REPELLANT.
in whose conduct grace is scarcely visible through the re-
pellancies of mortal infirmity.
Kepellaut (rfpe-lant), a. and sb. [f. REPEL t>.]
A. adj. 1. -= REPELLENT a. 2. Also fig.
1768-74 TUCKER Lt. Nat. (1834) II. 317 The repellant
quality of external bodies holds their internal parts together
in a stronger cohesion. 1877 SPARROW Serm. xxiv. 327
Mercy and works of law know not one another ; are mutually
repellant ; refuse to commingle like oil and water.
b. Warding off, defensive.
'839-5* BAILEY Festns 125 Keep thy spirit pure From
worldly taint by the repellant strength Of virtue.
2. — REPELLENT <z. 3.
that philosophy.
B. sb. = REPELLENT sb.t in various senses.
1689 MOYLE Sea Chyrnrg. \\. xiii. 62 Use no yepellants,
nor anything to cool inflammation. 1794 ANNA SEWARD
Lett. (1811) IV. ii May the people, amongst whom I live,
be withheld by stronger repellants than their own virtue,
from invading my own property. 1805 LUCCOCK Nat. Wool
94 The skilful application of tar mingled with butter, which
act as repellants to the water. 1860 J . YOUNG Pror. Reason
33 To be followed, there is reason to fear, unless some suffi-
cient corrective and repellant be forthcoming, by not less
lamentable consequences.
Repelle, obs. form of REPEAL sb. and v.
Kepellence. [See next and -ENCE.] =next.
I866TJCSHNELL Vicar. Sacr. ii. iv. 159 There have been
severities and repelk'iices.and discouraging tokens, blended
so continually with the story. 1884 Pall Mall G. 8 Oct. 4/2
The armament of the Rodney . . is only in strict keeping with
her powers of repellence.
Repellency (rfpe'lensi). [See next and -ENCY.]
The quality of being repellent ; repelling power.
1747 FRANKLIN Exptr. Electr. (1751) ii You may draw off
the electrical fire, and destroy the repellency. 1805 FOSTER
Ess. i. vii. I. no The odious repellency of their example.
1836 J. ABBOTT Way to do Good vii. 222 It is this overrated
importance which each.. attaches to its own forms. .that
constitutes the repellency between the brawlers.
Repellent (r/pe-lent), a. and sb. [ad. L. re-
pellent-em, pres. pple. of repellSre to REPEL.]
A. adj.\. Of medicines or medical applications:
Having the effect of repelling morbid humours, etc.
(See REPEL v. 2 c.) Now rare.
1643 J. STEER tr. Exp. Chyrnrg. v. 19 It is necessary to
use repellent Medicines, to wit, defensives, and clouts wet
in Vinegar. 1701 J. HARRIS Lex. Techn. I, Repellent
Medicines ; are such things as by stopping the Heat and Afflux
of Humors, .decrease the swelling of a part. 1719 QUINCY
Phys. Diet. (1722) 381/2 All those means are said to be re-
pellent, which check the Growth of the Tumour. 1807-26
S. COOPER First Lines Surg: (ed. 5) 62 Every thing wet,
whether warm or cold, emollient, repellent or astringent.
1830 LINDLEY Nat. Syst. Bot. 39 The leaves [of Sterculia
fcetida] are considered repellent and aperient.
2. Having the power of repelling other bodies;
characterized by repulsion. Also const, of.
174^ BERKELEY Sir is § 237 Why should the most repellent
particles be the most attractive upon contact ? 1794 SULLIVAN
Vieio Nat. II. 155 Each fragment of a pillar having its at-
tractive and repellent points* 1812 SIR H. DAVY Chew.
Philos. 136 The different manner.. in which their parts be-
come capable of communicating attractive or repellent
powers to other matter. 1864 LOWELL Fireside Trav. 47
There are some men.. whose clothes are repellent of dust
and mud.
b. Impervious to, not receptive of, moisture.
i8ps R. W. DICKSON Pract. Agric, I. PI. 44 A manner of
draining where the surface soil and base are repellent. 1885
(see REPEL v. 5 c].
O. Repelling or warding off attack.
1889 PATER G. de Latour (1896) 34 He saw the beautiful
city., as if sheathed austerely in repellent armour.
3. Repelling by coldness of demeanour, or by
some disagreeable feature ; affecting one with dis-
taste or aversion.
1797 GODWIN Enquirer \\. xii. 460 Sherlock.. is.. somewhat
repellent in his language. 1836 F. MAHONEY Rel. Father
Pront, Songs Horace i. (1859) 3^7 Chilled by thy mien re-
pellent and disdainful. 1879 FARRAR St. /'a»/(z883) 519 He
overthrew. .the repellent demand that the Gentiles should
be circumcised.
B. sb» 1. Med. An application serving to repel
humours, etc. (see A. I above). Now rare.
1661 LOVELL Hist. Anim. $• Min. 431 Fractures, .are cured
by repellents hindering inflammation. 1710 T. FULLER
Pharm. Extemp. 170 Repellents in the Gout are sometimes
most exceeding dangerous. 1766 Coinpl. Farmer s.v.
Jardon, It should be first treated with coolers and repellents,
such as hot vinegar, verjuice, &c. 1830 LINDLEY Nat.Syst.
Bot. 214 The bark of the root and the.. leaves.. are con-
sidered by the native Indian doctors as powerful repellents.
f2. A repulse. Obs.rare~*.
1777 JOHNSON Let. to Mrs. Thrale 20 Sept., Did he not
hold out against forty such repellents from Mrs. P ?
3. A repelling power or influence.
1802 MRS. E. PARSONS Myst. Visit III. 245 All the im-
pediments that act as repellents to your passion. 1802-12
BENTHAM Ration. J-udic. Enid. (1827) IV, 292 It becomes a
perpetual source of disgust, and serves as a perpetual re*
pellent to the eye of scrutiny.
Hence Bepe llently adv.
1883 TALMAGE in Chr. Her. 16 May 272/1 It is religion
presen ted repellently, morning, noon and night. 1885 Manch.
Exam. 30 Dec. 3/1 They are . . healthy in tone, without
being repellently didactic.
Repeller (r/pe-to-i). [f. REPEL ZT. + -ERI.]
1. One who repels,
1611 COTGR., Repoitheur^ a repulser, a repeller. 1832
464
Examiner 805/1 The one pushes the human soul from him
—the other, with a bow, consigns it back to its repeller.
1836 LYTTON At/tens (1837) II. 126 The Athenians.. were the
true repellers of the invader. i&j$Contemp. Rev. XXV. 701
The apostle of toleration, the impatient repeller of all clerical
pretensions.
f2. = REPELLENT j£. i. Obs.
1661 LOVELL Hist. Anim. $ Min. 403 The vertigo, is
helped by temporal repellers, discutients, . .and quinces. 1710
T. FULLER Phann. Ex temp. 4-$ Repellers mostly have place
Jn the very beginnings of Inflammations, 1753 BARTI.ET
Farriery 220 Strains in the hock are to be treated by soak-
ing the parts with coolers and repellers.
t Repelless, a. Obs. rare -1. [f. REPEL v. +
-LESS.] That cannot be repelled.
1595 MARKHAM SirR. Grinvile E vij, Two great Armados
. .by assault made knowne repellesse might.
Repe'lling (r/pe'lin), vbl. $b. [f. REPEL v. +
•ING *T] The action of the vb. ; repulse.
1533 BELLENDEN Lwy 11. xiv. (S.T.S.) I. 183 Valerius left
be said auctorile for [|?e] Indignacioun bat he tuke in his
mynde for be repelling of his petitiouns. 1611 COTGR., Re-
poulsctnent) a repulsing, repelling. 1651 HOBBES Govt. A-
Soc. yi. § 17. 105 To the repelling of a forraign enemy, they
appoint a certain and limited return. 1719 QUINCY Pkys.
Diet. (1722) 381/1 By repelling is meant those Means which
prevent such an Afflux of Fluid to any particular part, as
would raise it into a Tumour.
Repealling, ppl. a. [f. as prec. + -ING 2.] That
repels, in various senses of the vb.
1597 A. M. tr. Guilletneau 's Fr. Chintrg. 4db/2 He is
called the expulsive or repellinge ligature. 1611 COTGR., Re~
percitsiif) repercussme, repelling. 1710 J. HARRIS Lex.
Techn. II. s.v.. In Mechamcks, where Attraction ceases to
exert it self, a kind of repelling Force should succeed. 1726
SWIFT Gulliver in. iii, When the repelling Extremity points
downwards, the Island mounts directly upwards. 1758 J.S.
Le Drar?sObscn>. Surg. (1771) 249, I oidered emollient and
repelling Cataplasms to be applied. 1841 L. HUNT Ster n.
(1864) 62 The feeling in the poet's mind changes.. from the
repelling to the engaging. 1849 NOAD Klectruity(<K& 3)296
When the two repelling poles are brought into contact.
Hence Bepe llingly adv., Repe'llingness.
1815 Zeluca I. 371 She must behave almost repetlingly to
the two men of her acquaintance she most esteemed. 1863
THORNBURY True as Steel III. a loThe eyes no longer stared
rcpcllingly with a fixed and hard glance. 1895 W. S. LILLY
Fonr Humourists 66 Despite the repelltngness of his style.
Repeman, variant of REAPMAN Obs.
B»e-pe'n, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To pen again.
c 1616 a. WARD Coal from Altar (1627) 77 If Dauid were
now to re-pen his Psalme, I think he might alter the forme
of his counsel!.
t Repend, 2'.1 Obs. rare— 1. [ad. OF. repenner,
rcpesner^ etc. (Godef.).] intr. To kick, fling.
7/1x400 Morte Arth. 2107 Thane riche stedes rependez,
and rasches one armes.
t Repe'nd, ^.2 Obs. rare. fad. L, rependere
f. re- RE- +pend?re to pay.] trans. To repay.
£1550 L. WAGER Life Marie Magd. 1297 O Lord.. To thee
what long is able worthy thanks to repend. £1557 ABP.
PARKER Ps.cix. 321 For good they euilagayne requite :. .And
so for loue. .whole hate they do repend.
Hependant, obs. form of REPENTANT a.
t Repensa-tion. Obs. rart~°. [ad. late L. re-
pensation-em f. repensare : cf. compensation.] *A
, the vb.] Repentance ;
making recompense ' (Blount 1656).
t Repe-nt, sb. Obs. [f. the vb.]
an act of repentance. (Freq. in Greene's works.)
1390 SPENSER F. Q. in. xii. 24 Reproch the first, Shame
next, Repent behinde. c 1590 GREENE Fr. Bacon xiv. 15
For this I scourge myself with sharp repents. 1611 in Farr
S. P. Jos. I (1848) 175 My soule..In deepe repent, her
former folly hates.
Repent (rrpent), a* [ad. L. repent- , ppl.
stem of repere to creep.]
1. a. Bot. Creeping; esp. growing along the
ground, or just under the surface, and sending out
roots at intervals.
1669 J. ROSE Eng. Vineyard '(1675) 16 There is no plant
whatsoever so conatural to the vine. .as this repent, and
humble shrub. 1707 SLOAKE Jamaica I, 94 This had a
small repent root. Ibid. 1 12 This has a crooked repent stem,
1846-50 A. WOOD Class-bk. Bot. 74 Holland is said to owe
its very existence to certain repent stems, by which its shores
are apparently bound together.
b. Zool. Creeping, crawling, reptant.
1841 Penny Cycl. XIX. 405/1 The third order, Serpentia,
which are defined as having.. a repent progression.
2. fig. Unable to rise to high ideas, rare—1.
1684 EVELYN Let. to Pefiys 8 June, He. .bravely enlarges
the empire of our narrow speculations, and repent spirits,
whose contemplations extend no further, than their sense.
t RepC'nt, fl.2 Obs rare. [f. stem oi REPENT
v. ; cf. obs. F. repent (Godef.).J Repentant.
a 1500 Chaucer s Dreme 1694 The queen forthwith hire
leue Toke at them all that were present, of hire defaults
fully repente.
Repent (rfpe-nt), v. Also 7 as pa. pple. [ad.
F. repentir ( 1 1 th c.) f. re- RE- -f- Rom. *penitire :—
L. poenitere : see PENITENT.]
1. refl. To affect (oneself) with contrition or re-
gret for something done, etc. (cf. 3.) Also const.
of,Sort that. Now arch.
cizgoS, Eng, Leg* 1. 52/1 7 3 Of hiremisdedes heorepentede
hire sore, a 1300 Cutsor M. 7308 (Cott.), Ful sare yee sal
repent yow. c 1305 Pilate 106 in E. E. P. (1862) 114 Longe
after bat he [Christ] was ded, he [Pilate] repentede him ilome.
f 1386 CHAUCER Pars. T. r 224 Many menne repenten
hem neuere of swlche thoghtes. c 1400 tr. Sccreia Secret. ,
Gov. Lordih. 63 Repent be noght of Binges passyd. 1484
REPENT.
CAXTON Fables ofsEsop i. xv, They that be glad., of the
praysynge of flaterers oftyme repente them therof. 11533
LD. BERNERS Huon xxiii. 68, I repent me that I hadde not
beleuyd you. 1594 SHAKS. Rick. Ill i. iv. 285, I repent
me that the Duke is blaine. 1619 LD. DONCASTEK in Eng.
ff Gernt. (Camden) 207, I now repent me of it, hearing the
niewes of Moravia confirmed from all parts. 1682 BUNYAN
Hofy Jfar(Cassell) 157, I was formerly a great companion
of his, for the which I now repent me. 1842 TENNYSON Ed.
Gray 23, 1 repent me of all I did.
2. impers. To cause (one) to feel regret, etc.
13.. Coer de L. 324 Hym repented that lie cam there.
1390 GOWER Conf. 111. 270 As he withinne his herte caste,
Which him repenteth ate laste. 7/11400 ftlorte Arth. 130,1
It salle repent vs fulle sore and we ryde fort hire ! 1470-85
MALORY Arthur vii. viii. 224 Me repenteth, grene knyghte.
of your dommage. 1560 DAUS tr. Sleidane's Comm. 147
It shall not repent them of yi service. 1606 G. W[OODCOCKF.J
Hist, fvstine xxxvnt. 123 It repented him that he let go
Demetrius. 1664 MARVELL Corr. Wks. (Grosart) II. 148
This indeed would repent me, for the World will take more
notice of it 1717 Entertainers No. 11. 72 It can never re-
pent us to endeavour to tread in the Steps of those blight
Examples. 1819 SHELLEY Prometh. Unb. \. 303 It doth re-
pent me : words are quick and vain. 1878 SWINBURNE Tri.
Time xxi, Will it not one day in heaven repent you?
fb. In passive. Obs. rare.
a 1450 Knt. de la Tour (1868) 71 That is to mene, that
they that be confession are clensed and repented [etc.] . 1530
Exam. W. Thorpe in Bale's Sel. Wks. (Paiker Soc) 109. I
say to thee, that in the turning about uf thy hand such a
sinner may be verily repented.
3. intr. To feel contrition, compunction, sorrow
or regret for something one has done or left un-
done; to change one's mind with regard to past
action or conduct through dissatisfaction with it
or its results.
c 1290 St. Brandan 104 in S. Eng. Leg. I. 222 3°ure on
schal aitan ende Repenti er he com a^e, 136* LANGL. P. PL
A. v. 186 He bat repenteb Rabest schulde arysen aftur [etc.).
1388 WYCLIF Matt xxvii. 3 Judas.. repenlidc, and brou^te
a;en the thretti pans to the princisof prestis. c 1450 Merlin
328 So fer haste thow gon tnat late it is to repente. 15*6
Pilgr. Per/. (W. de W. 1531) 12 Whan so euer ony synner
repenteth, & is sory for his offences towarde god. 1596
SHAKS. i Hen. /I/, in. h'L 5 Well, lie repent, and that sud-
denly. 1650 T. VAUGHAN Anthroposophia 60 This middle-
most mansion is appointed for such Soules whose whole man
haih not perfectly repent in this world. 1719 DE FOE Crnwe
11. (Globe) 443 None teach repentance like true penitents.
He mntl DOtbiag but to repent. 1797 MRS. RADCLIFFE
Italian xii, If your purpose is evil, pause a moment, and
repent. 1859 TENNYSON Guwev. 169 No light had we : for
that we do repent.
b. Const, of, at (rare), f on.
£ 1314 SftomCHAM vii. 536 Wy hynerno^e-.Welrepenty of
hare mysdede . . (>at ich schal segge, ase ich can. c 1450 Merlin
i76Thei wolde repente with gode will of thestryfe that thei
hadde a-gein Merlin, but to late thei were to repente. 1535
COVERDALE Jonah iii. 10 He repented on the euell, which
he sayde he wolde do vnto them, and dyd it not. 1662
STILLINGFL. Orig. Sacrxii. vi. § i God doth reserve a liberty
to himself, either to repent of the evil or the good that was
foretold concerning any people. 1667 POOLE Dial. betu>.
Protest. $ Papist (1735) 91 A thousand of their Sins are
venial ; which, tho' not repented of, will not exclude them
from the Favour of God. 1769 Junins Lett. xii. (1788) 75
A scene in which a mind like yours will find nothing to re-
pent of. 1818 PARR Wks. (1828) VIII. 640, I repent not at
the gift. 1875 JOWETT Plato (ed. 2) I. 372 Nor do I now
repent of the manner of my defence.
•fc. To be sad, to mourn (for an event). Obs. ~!
1590 SPENSER F. Q. m. viii. 47 Dead . . thou ma'ist aread
Henceforth for ever Florimell to bee; That all the noble
knights . . may sore repent with mee.
4. trans. To view or think of (any action, etc.)
with dissatisfaction and regret ; to be sorry for.
c 1330 R. BRUNNE Chron. (1810) 256 Do ?it be consaile, bou
salle not it repent c 1410 Sir Cleges 422, I repent my
grauntetynge, That I to the made. 1465 Pastou Lett. II.
221 For that or for some other cause he repentyth his
bargeyn and woll nomore of it. 1543 UDALL Erasni. Afoph,
297 b, Yet do I nothyng repente my first aduise & counsaill.
1590 SHAKS. Mids. N. 11. ii. in Content with Hermia?
No, I do repent The tedious minutes I with her haue spent.
1617 MORYSON Itin. I. 179, I could hardly keepe him from
falling down most steepe mountaines. .which made me re-
pent the buying of him. 1640 HABINGTON Edw. IV 108
They would sell their lives at so deere a rate, that the King
might repent his purchase. 1716 LADY M. W. MONTAGU
Let. to Pope 14 Sept , I was so much pleased with it, I have
not yet repented my seeing it. 1805 T. HARRAL Scenes oj'
Life I. 49 The landlord began to repent his kindness. 1821
WHEWELL in Mrs. Douglas Life (1881) 65 Hitherto I have
had no reason to repent setting off when I did.
b. esp. To feel regret, sorrow, or contrition for
(something inherently wrong, some fault, miscon-
duct, sin, or other offence).
c 1380 .V» Fentmb. 261 pan he by-gan repentye sare bat
he hab greued his Ecm. c 1420 LYDG. Assembly of Gods 418
She. .in that gret wrethe out of the paleyce went, Seyingto
herself that chere shuld bey repent. 1537 CRANMER Let. in
Misc. Writ. (Parker Soc.) II. 350 Both you and I may re-
pent our dallying. 1579 FULKE Heskins Parl. 511 To him
that intendeth to repent those thinges wherein he hath of-
fended. 1611 W. SCLATER Key (1629) 147 If the thing
couenanted be lawful!, rashnesse must be repented ; but the
promise performed. 1697 DRYDEN Virg. Georg. iv. 776 The
soft Napaean Race will soon repent Their Anger, and remit
the Punishment. 1771 GOLDSM. Hist. Eng. IV. 95 He de-
clared . . they should one day repent their insolence and pre-
sumption. 1807 SOUTHEY Espriella's Lett. II. 5^ For a few
minutes I repented my temerity. 1849 MACAULAY Hist.
Eng. vii. (ed. 3) II. 187 William declared ..that he would
make the most Christian king repent the outrage.
f c. To regret (a circumstance or event). Obs.
1606 G, W[OODCOCKE] Lives Emperors in Hist, fvstine
REPENTABLE.
Kk Jij, The people founclc such ease and plenty of all things
that no man repented a womans gouernment. 1631 WEEVER
Anc. Funeral Mon. 33 Whose death, .all the world repented,
\ 5. To live out in repentance. Obs. rare .
1601 SHAKS. All's Well iv. iii. 272 My offences being
many, I would repent out the remainder of Nature.
Repe ratable, a. [f. prec. + -ABLE.] Capable
of being repented of; f repentant.
1571 DK. NORFOLK in i^iA Kef. Hist, MSS. Comm. App.
IV. 574 My harty repentable and pytiefull lamentation.
a 1603 T. CARTWRIGHT Confiit. Rhem. N. T. (1618) 699 Re-
pentance of all repentable sinne may be in one moment.
1659 GAUDEN Tears Ch. 65 It seems scarce pardonable be-
cause 'tis scarce a repentable sin or repairable malice.
t Repentaille. Obs. rare. [OF., f. repentir
to REPENT : see -AL.] Repentance.
c 1330 R. BRUNNE Citron. lI^ace(Ro\h) 1 1838 Wonder were
(1868) 156 Whanne plesaunce is fayled. .thanne ofte tymes
they falle into repentaille.
Repentance (r/pe'ntans). Also 4-6 -aunce,
(5 -aunse), 4 -anse, (5 -ans, -once), 6 -ence.
[a. F. repentance (i2thc.): see REPENT v. and
-ANCE, and cf. OSp. repenlencia (isthc.).]
1. The act of repenting or the state of being
penitent; sorrow, regret, or contrition for past
action or conduct ; an instance of this.
13.. Cursor M. 4958 (Gott.), Jour repentanse es comen
oner late. 1303 R. BRUNNE Haruil. Synne 5229 Wyb sorow
of herte and repentaunce pou mayst pay God wyjj lytyl
penaunce. £1374 CHAUCER Troyliis in. 1259 (1308) And at
o word with-outen repentaunce Wei-come myknyght. 1447
BOKENHAM Seyntys (Roxb.) 9 She steryd the pepyl ever to
repentaunce. 1509 FISHER Serm. C'tess Richmond Wks.
(1876) 300 Wepynges & teares somtyme of deuocion som-
tyme of repentaunce. a 1591 H. SMITH Serin. (1637) 220
Repentance is never too late, but it is a true saying,
repentance is never too soon. 1601 B. JONSON Poetasters, i,
In time [they] should him fear, Lest after they buy repent-
ance too dear. 1682 SIR T. BROWNE Chr. Mor. in. § 26 What
patience could be co_ntent to.. accept of repentances which
must have after penitences, His goodness can only tell us.
1768-74 TUCKER Lt.^Nat. (1834) II. 65 The Romish doctors
reckon three stages in the passage from vice to virtue, attri-
tion, contrition, and repentance. 1813 SHELLEY Q. Mob v.
246 Bitterness of soul, Pining regrets, and vain repentances.
1881 BESANT & RICE Chapl. of Fleet I. 159 The morning is
the time for repentance.
b. personified.
1362 LANGL. P. PI. A. v. 43 penne Ron Repentaunce and
Renersed bis teeme. 1500-20 DUNBAR Poems ixxii. 133 Re-
pentence ay with cheikis wait, No..pennence did eschew.
'599 SHAKS. Much Ado n. i. 81 Then comes repentance,
and with his bad legs falls into the cinque-pace. 1798
WORDSW. Peter fieltPiolxxx, Repentance isatenderSprite.
2. Stool of(^ or/or) repentance, repentance-stool,
a stool formerly placed in a conspicuous position
in Scottish churches for the use of offenders
(esp. against chastity) making public repentance ;
also called CUTTY-STOOL. So repentance-gown. (Cf.
REPENTING nil. sb. b.)
1647 in Jrnl. Roy. Soc. An/if. Ireland (1901) 271 To
Adam McNeilis for dressing ye stoole of repentance, 02$. yi.
a 1674 CLARENDON Hist. Kelt. xin. § 48 To stand publickly
in the Stool of Repentance, acknowledging their former
transgressions. 1690 LUTTRELL Brief R el. (1857) H. 120
They are setting up the stool of repentance in their churches
as formerly, where people guilty of incontinency are to doe
pennance. c 1765 Collection Scot. Poems 68 Tague . . told
him, he behoved to do penance on the repentance stool.
1899 ANDREWS Church Life 112 The Synods specially en-
joined on all parishes the procuring of a repentance-gown.
fig. 01704 T. BROWN Walk round London Wks. 1709
III. 34 When the Fumes of Melancholy or Wine set them
online Stool of Repentance. 1777 SHERIDAN Sell. Scand.
ii. iii, He has been just half a year on the stool of repent-
ance ! 1884 Christian World 2 Oct. 737/1 The Times . .
seats itself as it were in shame on the stool of repentance.
3. Herb of Repentance, the plant rue. (Cf. the
etym. note to HERB-GRACE.)
1858-9 Pkytohgist III. 207 This [the Herb-of-Grace] is not
a native, but it is well known at the Old Bailey as the
Herb-of- Repentance.
Repentant (rtpe'ntinQ.a. and sb. Also 5 re-
pend-. [a. F. repentant (i2th c.), pres. pple. of
repentir : see REPENT v. and -ANT.]
A. adj. 1. Experiencing repentance; sorrowful
for past sins, penitent.
c 1290 S. Eng. Leg. 1. 174/2377 Heo weren echone repent-
aunt ; ne mitten none men more, c 1315 SHOREHAM i. 752
Ryjt repentaunt and ry}t deuout Take hys deab in by
meende. 1:1430 LVDG. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 149 He..
Moost repentaunt for-sook the world. 1495 Act n Hen.
* II c. 57 Preamble, Your seid Suppliaunt is as sorrowful!
and repentant as any creature may be. 1532 MORE Confut.
Tindale Wks. 525/2 As those repentaunte sinners bee a
parte of the churche predestynate. 1635-56 COWLEY
Davideii iv. 771 Kind Heav'n..does long since relent, And
with repentant Saul it self repent. 1667 MILTON /'. L. XI. i
I'hus they in lowliest plight repentant stood. 1823 SCOTT
PeverilxVix, Charles enteied, leaning on the shoulder of his
repentant peer. 1876 FARRAR Marlb. Serm. xxv. 249 He will
cleanse from your repentant souls this daily assoilmenL
absol. as //. 14 . . in TmutaUt Vis. (1843) 97 Sothfast
kyng whos regne is inmutabull To repentaunt by rygour not
vengeable. c 1430 LYDG. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 264 It is
my guyse, Alle repentaunt to bryng hem to my blys.
b. Const, of, for.
1297 R. GLOUC. (Rolls) 5917 Elfrcd..Of ire trespas biuore
ire de|j repentant was. 1387 THKVISA Higden (Rolls) I. 363
No man J>at doo}> dedely synne schal be i-saued, but he be
VOL. VIII.
465
verrey repentntint at his lifes ende of at his mysdedes. e 1400
tr. SecrctaSecrct,, Gov. Lordsh. 65 Men awe to praye. .ant
be rependant of hir synnes. 1556 OLDE Antichrist 175 b
Them that are hartily repentaunt for their synnes. 160:
HOLLAND Pliny II. 550 Penitent also and repentant, fortha
which he had done in his furious madnesse. 1817 KEATS
Woman 1 when I, etc. 4 The downcast eye, repentant of the
pain That its mild light creates to heal again.
2. Expressing or indicating repentance.
1594 SHAKS. Rich. Ill, i. ii. 216 After I haue solemnly
mterr'd..this Noble King, And wet his Graue with mi
Repentant Teares. 1630 R. Johnson's Kingd. <$• Commit!
87 Some of them have not spared to commit repentant error
to please the Pope. 1717 POPE Eloisa 17 Relentless walls
whose darksome round contains Repentant sighs.
B. sb. One who repents, a penitent. 1 Obs.
1532 MORE Confut. Tindale Wks. 554/1 Though he haue
made a true faithful! promise of pardone, to al true repent
auntes and penitentes. 1624 R. SKYNNEB in Ussher's Lett
(1686) 350 Let not a Man that is a true Repentant think
vengeful cruelty has made a sincere repentant of me.
transf. 1589 PUTTENHAM Eng. Poesie in. xix. (Arb.) 224
I following the Greeke originall {mctanoia} choose to cal
him the penitent or repentant.
Repentantly (rtpe-ntlntli), adv. [f. prec.
-LY v.] In a repentant manner.
'556 J. HEYWOOD Spider $• F.Ssiij, As that one vnderthat
one maide did die Repentaunt ; so this other repentauntlie
xxvii, She checked herself repentantly, saying, ' Well, we
must not laugh at her [etc.].'
Repe-uted, ppl. a. [f. REPENT v. + -ED!.]
Regretted ; thought of with repentance.
1660 HICKERINCILL Jamaica (1661) 59 Till the repented
assay of their valour, disciplin'd them into belter manners.
1850 MRS. BROWNING Poems 1. 265 He. .sun and moon Per-
petual witness made Of his repented humanness.
Repenter (rfpe-ntai). [f. as prec. + -ER!.]
One who repents, a penitent.
1621 CADE Serm. 34 Judas, .did now repent, .much better
then the ordinary repenters at shrift. 1681 COLVIL Whigs
Svpplic. (1710) 74 Some say, a Bishop Covenanter, If a
Penitent repenter, Causeth more Joy to Sp'rits Divine, Than
all the other ninety nine. 1748 RICHARDSON Clarissa (1811)
II. 371 Having enrolled myself among the too-late repenters,
who shall pity me? 1842 G. S. FABER Prov. Lett. (1844) II.
101 The repenters ..ought forthwith to quit the wicked
Church of England.
t Repe-ntful, a. Obs. rare-1, [f. as prec. +
-PUL.] Full of repentance.
1631 Celestina vii. 96 An idle and lazy youth, brings with
it a repentfull and a painful! old age.
I Repentine, a. Obs. [a. obs. F. repentin,
-ine (Godef.), or ad. L. repentinus, f. repent-,
repens sudden : see -INE.] Sudden.
£1510 BARCLAY Mirr. Gd. Manners (1570) Bv, Enter-
prises rashe, hastie and repentine, Are chiefe thinges bring-
ing great workes to ruine. 1597 A. M. tr. GuillemeaSs
Fr. Chirurg, 51 b/i All repentine and subite permutations
are vnto our bodyes very preiudicialle. 1624 Bp. ANDREWES
Serm. (1629) 259 Never trust a repentance repentine ; no
sodein flash or brunt. 1633 T. ADAMS E xp. 2 Pet. ii. i Those
repentine, serpentine mischiefes sting before they hisse.
Repenting (rfpe-ntin), vbl. sb. [f. REPENT v.
+ -ING l.] The action of the vb. ; repentance.
a 1300 Cursor M. 4958 Don yee haue be sin yee wate,
Your repenting es now to late. £1315 SHOREHAM i. 1087
Two bynges her-wyb-ynne beb, For-jcfpe, and repentynge.
c 1385 CHAUCER L. G. W. Prol. 156 Thoo that hadde doon
vnkyndenesse . . humblely songe hire repentynge. 1530
PALSGR. 262/1 Repentyng. regret, repentence. 1599 SHAKS.
Much Ado n. i. 76 Wooing, wedding, & repenting, is as
aScotchjigge,ameasure,andacinque-pace. c i65SMlLTON
Sonn., To C. Skinner^ Deep thoughts, .to drench In mirth,
that after no repenting drawes. 1719 DE FOE Crusoe n.
;Globe) 444 To talk of my repenting, alas! And with that
lie fetch'd a deep Sigh. 1851 TRENCH Poems 93 Repent-
ings for her quick and angry mood.
b. attrib., esp. repenting stool, the stool of re-
pentance (see REPENTANCE 2).
1567 in 6th Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. 643/2 He sail . .
present him self vpon the Repenting stuill in the parochiall
Kyrk of Anstrulhair in Repenting maneir. 1721 RAMSAY
Lucky Spence vii, Whingmg fools, That's frighted for
repenting-stools. a 1722 PENNECUIK Collect. Scots Poems
1787) 34 They gave the surplice to the English prelates,
And their repenting stools to Scottish zealots.
Repenting (rzpe-ntin.),///. a. [f. as prec. +
-ING 2|] That repents.
'533 FRITH Ansvi. More Wks. (1829) 177 Christ's blood
A-hich must be received with a repenting heart thro' faith).
1618 G. STRODE Anat. Mortalitie 145 Vnto the repenting
person hee giueth a soft heart. 1666 DRYDEN Ann. Mirab.
cxcviii, Repenting England . . To Philip's manes did an
offering bring. 1719 DE FOE Crusoe \. (Globe) 7 Like a true
repenting Prodigal. 1817 SHELLEY Rev. Islam v. v, Tears
of repenting joy, which fast intruded, Fell fast.
Hence Repe'ntingly adv.
1611 COTGR., Rcpcntivement, .. repentingly, with repent-
ance. 1642 S. ASHE Best Refuge 54 We must repentingly
•eturne unto the Lord, a 1774 GOLDSM. Hist. Greece 1. 134
L'here were many useful citizens whom they had. .sent into
>anishment, and these they now repentingly wished to
estore. 1893 Daily News 8 May 5/5 Those who . . re-
pentingly returned to the bosom of the party.
t RepentinOUS, a. Ol>s. rare -'. [f. as RE-
'ENTINE + -ous.] Sudden.
1651 BIGGS New Disp. 147 Grimfac'd repentinous Death.
REPERCUSSION.
t Repe'ntive, a. Obs. rare-'1, [f. REPENT
v. + -IVE : cf. obs. F. rcpentif.'] Repentant.
1620 QUARLES Jonah (1638)44 The bodymust be prostrate;
and the minde Truly repentive, and contrite within.
t Repe'ntless, a. Obs. rare-1, [f. as prec. +
-LESS.] Unrepentant.
a 1683 OLDHAM Poet. Wks. (1686) 148 Then may the
Stupid, and Repentless die, And Heav'n it self forgive no
more than I.
Repeople (rfprp'l), -a. [ad. F. repeufler (\-ifti
c.) : see RE- and PEOPLE w.J
1. trans. To people anew; to furnish with a
fresh population.
1481 CAXTON Myrr. in. xii. 158 After this the world was
repeoplyd and made agayn by them that descended of them.
1568 GRAFTON Citron. II. 286, I will repeople the towne
againe wyth mere Englishe men. 1652 H. L'ESTRANGE
Arner. no Jewes 10 Noah had so many yeares of his own
life to bestow in repeopling and replanting the Earth. 1761
HUME Hist. Eng. I. ii. 52 He invited.. foreigners to re-
people his Country. 1873 GEIKIE Ice Age i. 2 We behold. .
Britain once more becoming continental, and repeopled.
b. fig. To people again in imagination.
1818 BYRON Ch. Har. iv. iv, Though all were o'er, For us
repeopled were the solitary shore. 1871 MACDUFF Patmos
v. 56 One can still re-people the solitude with busy life.
absol. 1835 LYTTON Rienzi ii. iv, I had the power to re-
people — to create.
2. transf. To restock with bees, fish, etc.
1693 ADDISON Virg. Geor%. iv. 297 By repeopling their
decaying state,. .Their ancient stocks eternally remain.
1766 Complete Farmer s.v. Oitecn-bee, From the fcecundity
of this one female, a whole hive is easily and soon repeopleof.
1807 J. BARLOW Columb. vm. 484 Renascent swarms.. Re-
people still the shoals and fin the fruitful tide. 1862 Comhill
Mag. Feb. 201 M. Coste has superintended the laying down
of. . new oyster beds . . , and likewise repeopled a number that
had been exhausted.
Hence Repeo'pling vbl. sb.
1611 COTGR., Repeuplement, a repeopling, repopulating.
a 1641 Bp. MONTAGU Acts ff Mon. (1642) 125 Presently
upon re-peopling of the earth [etc.]. 1798 MALTHUS Popitl.
(1817) I. 466 He. .forgets that such a prompt repeopling
could not take place without an unusual increase of births.
1863 DANA Man. Geol. 203 There was nearly a complete ex-
termination of the species, requiring a repeopling of the seas.
Reperal(e, -all, variants of REPABEL v. Obs.
Repercei'Ve, v. rare-1. [RE- 5 a.] trans.
To perceive afresh.
1665 J. WEBB Stonc-Heng (1725) 41 That you may reper-
;ive how little he understands Matters of Antiquity.
I Repercu'SS, ///. a. Obs. rare-1, [ad. L.
repercussus, pa. pple. of repercutere : see next.]
Beaten upon.
c 1420 Pallad. on Husb, xii. 23 When the mone is daies oold
xv And so not repercusse [L. refercnssa} as of the sonne.
Repercuss (npajkzrs), v. lObs. [f. L. re-
percuss-, ppl. stem of repercutlre, f. re- RE- +
perctttere to PERCUSS.]
1. trans. To beat or drive back (air, fluids, etc.).
1501, 1615 [see Repercitssed below], 1626 BACON Sylva
§ 118 Aire in Ovens, though (no doubt) it doth (as it were)
boyle, and dilate it self, and is repercussed ; yet it is with-
out Noise. 1669 WORLIDCE Syst. Agric. (1681) 297 If the
Winds blow directly downward, and., force the dust to arise
with the Wind, which is repercussed by the Earth. 1696
SALMON Fam. Diet. (ed. 2) s.v. Redness, To apply such
things to the Eyes, as may repercuss and drive back the
Humours offending. 1773 J. Ross Fratricide vi. 389 (MS.),
As when the frighted blood through every vein Drives to and
fro, propelPd and repercuss'd, By the effluvia of electric fire.
fig. 1601 HOLLAND Pliny xxm. vii, The marrow or pith . .
doth repercusse and smite back the said disease, so that it
shall not arise and grow. 1603 FLORIO Montaigne in. xiii.
610 The said tempestuous rumours did strike ana repercusse
his thoughts inward.
t b. To reflect (beams or rays of light). Obs.
1604 STIRLING Aitrora xxxvii, As theSunne. .darting from
aboue, Doth parch all things that repercusse his beames.
1686 GOAD Celest. Bodies l. xiii. 73 The Ray, repercussed or
reflected in the perpendiculum is redoubled.
•(• C. To return, reverberate (a sound). Obs. rare.
a 1585 MONTGOMERIE Cherrie $ Sloe 89 And ay the echo
repercust Hir diapason sound. 1626 BACON Sylva^ § 245
Whether a Man shall heare better, if he stand aside the
Body Repercussing. 1710 [see Repercussing}.
f2. Of light : To beat upon (a thing). Obs. rare-1.
1592 R. D. Hypnerotomachia 48 As full of coulers as a
Christall glasse, repercust and beaten against with the
beames of the sunne.
Hence Kepercu'ssed,Kepercvrssing//>/. <*«>>.
1501 DOUGLAS Pal. Hon. Prol. iii, Of repercusfsi]t air the
echo cryis, Amang the branches of the blomed treis. 1615
3. SANDYS Trav, 247 The noise that is made by the reper-
cussed waters. 1686 GOAD Celest. Bodies \. xiii. 73 The
repercussed Heat is sufficient for all Operations Natural to
quicken and encourage them. ijioSrit. A folia No. 9. i/i
An Eccho..is caus'd by any. .Repercussing Body stopping
and reflecting the .. Sound.
t Repercu'sser. Obs. rare. Also 7 -our. [f.
urec. + -ER1, -OR 2.] Med. A repellent.
1634 T. JOHNSON Farcy's Chirurg. 1032 The immoderate
use of repercussers. 1657 TOMLINSON Renou's Disp. 29
)thers repel by a refrigerating quality, .as water and other
uch repercussours.
Repercussion (rfpajktrjan). Also 6 -par-.
a. F. rjptrtussim (l4th c.), or ad. L. reperctission-
m, n. of action f. repercntfre: see REPEBCDSS z>.]
1. The action of a thing in forcing or driving
lack an impinging or advancing body ; also, the
:>ower of doing this. Now rare .
59
REPERCUSSION,
1536 BELLENDEN Cron. Scot. Cosmogr. xv, This goume is
general of see froith, quhilk is cassin vp be continewal re-
percussion of craggis aganis the see wallis. x6oz HOLLAND
Pliny I. ii The vapor thereof by repercussion, forceth them
[the planets] to be evidently retrograde, and goe backward.
x6oi BP. W. BARLOW Defence 3 A man cannot fasten.. any
maine stroke and visible vpon soft and yeelding bodies, in
that they haue no repercussion. 1662 STILLINGFL. Orig.
Sacrx m. ii. § 17 Because of the repercussion of other Atoms
..they receive such knocks as make them quiet in their
places. J7ia BLACKMORE Creation iv. (ed. a) 172 They
various Ways recoil, and swiftly flow By mutual Reper-
cussions to and fro. 1799 KIRWAN Geol. fcss. 77 From the
opposition it must have met in these mountainous tracts,
and the repercussion of their craggy sides, eddies must have
been formed.
t2. a. Med. The action of forcing back or
driving away by the application of remedies ; the
operation of repelling (humours, swellings, etc.)
from a particular part of the body ; also, a medi-
cine or application used for this purpose. Obs.
1541 R. COPLAND Guydorts Form. R ij b, The seconde
372, I should prefer that method in agues before any
violent repercussions though it were the famous febrifng* a
called Jesuits' bark. 1671 SALMON Syn. Med. i. xlii. 93
The proper . . Nourishment of the Similary Parts is done by
..Repercussion not by Attraction. 1717 BRADLEY Fam.
Diet. s.v. Tumour^ The other [method] is to stop and repel
'em ; which is call'd Repercussion, that sends 'em back to
their Source.
t b. The forcing back of flame by blowing upon
it. Also fig. Obs. rare.
1628 BP. HALL Old Relig. 9 Like as the repercussion of
the flame intends it more. 1633 — Occas. Medit. (1851) 28
O God, if thy bellows did not sometimes thus breathe upon
me, in spiritual repercussions.
3. Repulse or recoil of a thing after impact ; the
fact of being forced or driven back by a resisting
body.
1553 BRENDE Q. Cnrtius vni. 174 b, The streame..
apering by the reparcussion of the water in manye places to
be ful of great stones in the bottome. 1604 DRAYTON Owle
(1619) ii37That(with the Repercussion of the Aire) Shooke
the great Eagle sitting in his Chaire. 167* Phil, Trans.
VII. 5 1 48 The other Secondary Affections of Winds; as their
Undulation, Repercussion from Promontories, Opposition,
&c. 1691 RAY Disc. n. v, (1693) 205 After much thunder
and roaring by the allision and repercussion of the flame
against and from the sides of the Caverns. 1760-7* tr. yuan
<$• Ulloa's Voy. (ed. 3) I. 371 The waters are violently carried
against the rocks : and in their repercussion, form dangerous
whirlpools. 1793 A. MURPHY Tacitus (1805) VII. 11 Bythe
repercussion bursting out with redoubled force.
b. Jig. or in fig. context.
1615 JACKSON Creed v. xiii. § 3 This certainty can never be
wrought but by a repercussion of the engrafted notion upon
itself. 1639 G. DANIEL Ecclus. xxiii. 75 A mighty wall As
Diamond Solid, where all Sence must fall With repercussion.
1869 J. D. BALDWIN Prek, Nations iv. (1877) J38 Their
action . . has entered the current of European affairs in-
directly only, and by repercussion. z88o SWINBURNE Stud,
Shaks. (ed. 2) 79 The injury done her cousin, which by the
repercussion of its shock, .serves to transfigure, .the whole
bright light nature of Beatrice.
c. Med. = BALLOTTEMENT.
1860 TANNER Pregnancy ii. 94 Ballottement, or reper-
cussion, is a valuable means of acquiring information as to
the existence of pregnancy. 1889 J. M. DUNCAN Lcct. Dis.
Women vii. (ed. 4) 39 Feeling ballotement or repercussion,
hearing the fcetal movements.
4. The return or reverberation of a sound ; echo,
echoing noise.
1595 Locrine m. vi, Where every echo's repercussion May
help me to bewail mine overthrow. 1630 J. TAYLOR (Water
P.) Sculler Wks. ni. 28/1 The Ecchoes of his groamngs
seem'd to sound, With repercussion of his dying plaines.
1713 DERHAM Phys.-Theol, iv. iii. 119 To bridle tbe Evaga-
tion of the Sound — but not to make a Confusion thereof, by
any disagreeable Repercussions. 1760-7* tr. JnanSf Ulloa's
Voy, (ed. 3) I. 95 This dreadful noise is prolonged by
repercussions from the caverns of the mountains. 1855
J. H. NEWMAN Callista (1890) 309 Like the echo which is a
repercussion of the original voice.
trans/, 1650 HOWELL Lett. III. 4 Let our letters be as
eccho's : let them bound back, and make mutuall repercus-
sions. 1750 JOHNSON Rambler No. 23 P 6 Taste and Grace. .
sounds which. -have since been re-echoed without meaning
..by a constant repercussion from one coxcomb to another.
b. A/us. (See quots.)
1609 J.DOULAND Omithop, Microl. 12 The Repercussion,
which by Guido is called a Trope, and the proper and fit
melodic of each Tone. Or it is the proper interuall of each
Tone. 1717-38 CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v., Of these three chords
the two extremes, i.e. the final and the predominant one
(which are properly the repercussions of each mode). 1872
BANISTER Music § 391 During the successive entries of the
Subject and Answer, the other parts continue with counter-
points,., and this entry of all the parts constitutes the
Exposition {or Repercussion), exhibiting the material of
which the Fugue is to be formed. 1889 Grove's Diet. Mus,
iy* I39/1 (Tonal Fugue) The alternation of the Subject
with the Answer — called its Repercussion.. — is governed
by necessary, though somewhat elastic laws.
6. The action of a substance in reflecting light ;
f colour resulting from such reflection.
1601 HOLLAND Pliny II. 541 A certain blacke vernish
which.. by the repercussion thereof.. gaue an excellent
glosse and pleasant lustre to the colors. 1665 MANLEY
t Grotius' Low C. IVarres 474 Some thick Clouds received its
opposite light, and there dispersed the same by repercus-
sion. 1665 SIR T. HERBERT Trav. (1677) 30 A number of
Fish, whose glistering shells made that artificial light in
the night, and gave the Sea a white repercussion. 1845
466
DE QUINCEV Wordsw.** Poetry Wks. 1857 VI. 342 What
would the sun be itself,.. if its glory were not endlessly.,
thrown back by atmospheric repercussions?
b. Reflection of beams, rays, etc. Also without
of. (Common in iyth c.)
1601 HOLLAND Pliny II. iioCertaine buttons., which with
the repercussion and reverberation of the Sun-beames, doe
shine againe like resplendent gold. 1622 MALYNES Anc.
Law-Merck. 257 Vpon a house top. .where the repercussion
of the Sunne did worke vpon them. 1653 MORE Antid.
Ath. n. xii. § 3 That the rays may not be returned;
for such a repercussion would make the sight more con-
fused. 1693 J. EDWARDS Author. O. «$• N, Test. 142 By re-
flection and repercussion of the sun's rays. 1825 COLERIDGE
Aids Refl. 40 Aph. v, Our election from God is but the
repercussion of the beams of his love shining upon us.
to. A reflection ^/"something. Obs. rare~l.
1646 J. HALL Horse Vac. 58 As in a Christall, there is a
perfect Repercussion of a Mans visage.
6. A blow or stroke given in return ; also jig.
a return of any kind of action, a responsive act.
1603 HOLLAND Plutarch? sMor. 188 When pur eies be sore
..we turne away our sight unto those bodies and colours
which make no reverberation or repercussion backe againe
upon it. 1615 H. CROOKE Body of Man 611 The bones
strike the Nerue, .. The same Nerue makes a repercussion
vpon the Membrane. 1641 EARL MONM. tr. Biondis Civil
VVarres v. 92 The subject whereon shee had to worke being
hard and apt to resist, made her subject to repercussions.
a 1684 LEIGHTON Ps. xxxix. Wks. (1835) 312 Observing
others to improve the good and evil we see in them,.. look-
ing on them to make the repercussion stronger on ourselves.
1751 JOHNSON Rambler No. 148 P 5 Tenderness once excited
will be hourly increased by the.. repercussion of communi-
cated pleasure. 1831 LAMB Eliat Ser. n. Shade ofElliston^
Natural re-percussions, and results to be expected from the
assumed extravagances of. .mock life.
t b. The action of returning a blow. Obs."1
1608 WILLET Hexapla Exod. 480 The law of repercussion
and retalion tooke no place.
t?. A repeated blow. Obs. rare—1.
1621 G. SANDYS Ovid's Met. xii. (1626) 244 Rhcetus..
aggrauates his wound With repercussions of his burning
brand.
b. A repeated attack of pain. rare—1.
1796 BURNS Let. to Thomson Apr., I have only. .counted
time by the repercussions of pain.
Repercussive (r/pwkirsiv), a. and sb. Also
4 -if. [ad. F. rfyercussif, -ive (I4th c.) : see RE-
PERCUSS v. and -IVE.]
A. adj. fl. Of medicines or medical applica-
tions : Serving to repel humours or reduce swell-
ings. Obs. Cf. REPELLENT a. i.
r 1400 Lanfranc' s Cirurg. 210 To enpostyms of blood, bou
mijt do medicyns repercussifs & dissolutiuis sotilly. 1543
TRAHERON Vino's Chirurg. n. i. 14 The inconvenient and
untimely application of medicines repercussive. 1601 DOL-
MAN La Pritnaud. Fr. Acad. (1618) III. 818 The flower
thereof is good in repercussiue plaisters. 1657 TOMLINSON
Renou's Disp. 29 The Greeks call a repercussive Medica-
ment an-oKpouoriKOf. 1694 SALMON Bate's Disfens. (1713)
673/1 Besides this, it is very drying, repercussive and anodyn.
2. a. Of sounds : Reverberating or reverberated ;
echoing, resounding ; repeated.
1598 B. JONSON Case is Altered i. ii, That word only
Hath, with its strong and repercussive sound, Struck my
heart cold. 1638 [SHIRLEY] Mart. Soldier iv. i. in Bullen
O. PL I, 225 All the Goths and Vandalls shall strike Heaven
with repercussive Ecchoes of your name. 1727-46 THOMSON
Summer 1162 Amid Carnarvon's mountains rages loud The
repercussive roar. 1809 MRS. J. WEST Mother (1810) 169
The woodland hind Strikes the firm oak with repercussive
blows. 1875 SWINBURNE Ess. fy Stud. 201 note, 1 think
now that the fantastic beauty of that single repercussive
note would perhaps be out of tune.
b. Of things or places : Returning a sound.
MORE Creation vii. lea. 2) 350 xe noisie waves strike wim
Applause the repercussive Caves. 1874 HARTWIG Aerial W.
iv. 39 Echo no longer.. confides her sorrows to the remote
glen or the repercussive rock.
f3. Of light: Reflected. Obs.
1604 DEKKER King's Entert. Wks. 1873 I. 274 This (the
glasse alone) Where the neat Sunne each morne himselfe
attires, And gildes it with his repercussive fires. 1701 WATTS
Horx Lyr., Fun. Poem T. Gunston, As she labours up to
reach her Noon, Pursues her Orb with repercussive Light.
transf. 1598 CHAPMAN Iliad xvui. 192 Their guides a
repercussive dread Took from the horrid radiance of his re-
fulgent head, a 163*) T. CAREW To H. D. 16 Shadowes to
delude thine eyes With ayrie repercussive sorceries.
4. Of a blow: Causing to rebound, rare"1.
171* BLACKMORE Creation n. (ed. 2) 69 What vigorous Arm,
What repercussive blow Bandies the mighty Globe still too
and fro?
t B. sb. Med. A repellent. Obs.
c 1400 Lanf rattens Cirurg. 209 ]>ou must purge be matere
or bou leie berto ony repercussijf or ony maturatif. 1547
BOORDE Brev, Health 75 If the mylke be curded in the
brestes, some olde auctours wyll gyue re percuss! ues. 1601
HOLLAND Pliny II. 278 The herbe is . .a singular repercussiue
in all impostumes and inflammations. 1651 FRENCH Distil.
v. 135 A plate of the said Mercury laid upon tumours would
be a great deale better repercussive then plates of lead,
which Chirurgions use. 1725 BRADLEY Fani. Diet. s.v.
Tumour, Repercussives are not used in all sorts of Tumours.
Hence Repercivssively adv., Repercxrssive-
ness (Bailey, vol. II. 1727).
1831 Blackw. Mag. XXX. 874 It did shiver— repercus-
sively broken back by gnarled oak.
t Repercu'te, v. Obs. rare. [ad. F. r£-
percuter (i4th c.), or L. repertutere: see REFER-
BEPEETOBIUM.
cuss r*.] a. absoL =• REPERCUSS v. i. b. trans.
To strike in turn.
1525 tr, Brunswick's Sitrg. xxvi, I did therto leues of
iusquiamus sodden . . because it repercuteth and resolueth.
1578 BANISTER Hist. Man i. n When the first bone, per-
cussed by the stroke of the ayre, repercuteth the other in
manner of a mallet.
t RepercU'tient, a. Obs. rare. [ad. L. re-
percutient-emy pres. pple. of reperattHre : see RE-
PERCUSS z/.] = REPERCUSSIVE a. i.
1684 tr. Sonet's Merc. Compit. xm. 392 The laxity of the
part, .will not permit us to apply any thing that is violently
repercutient or resolvent. Ibid. xvii. 592 Cold and very re-
percutient things must by no means be applied.
t Bepercutive. Obs, rare-0. [ad. obs. F.
repercutif (i4th c.) : see REPERCUTE and -IVE.]
= REPERCUSSIVE sb.
1611 COTCR., Repercutif) a repercutiue ; a medicine that
repells..paine from the place w hereunto it is applyed.
t Repe-refe, variant of REAP-REEVE Obs.
14.. Voc. in Wr.-Wiilcker 596/7 Metellus, a reperefe.
Iteperel(l, variants of REPAREL sb. and v. Obs.
Beperfo'rm, v. [RE- 5 a.] To perform again.
1651 BAXTER Inf.Bapt. 119 Infant Baptism is God's ordin-
ance, and Baptism not to be reperformed. 1805 W. TAYLOR
in Monthly Mag. XIX. 219 It rather causes the original
organic motion to be re-performed.
Reperfu'me, "'. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To perfume
again. Hence Reperfirmed ///. a.
1593 DRAYTON Sheph. Carl. Eel. viii, While others .. strut
the stage with reperfumed wordes. 1888 A. S. WILSON
Lyric Hopeless Love vi. 19 Thy love Puts music into forest
sounds And odours reper fumes.
Be*perible» «. rare. [ad. L. type *reperibi!ist
f. reperlre to find : see -IBLE.] Discoverable.
1432-50 tr. Hieden (Rolls) II. 189 per is noone ylle thynge
but hit is reperible in man. 1875 N. Amer. Rev. CXX. 275
We must strip them of their national, local, and personal
distinctions, of all, in short, that is not reperible m every
one of them.
t Keperi'tion. Obs. rare-1, [f. L. reperlre
to find + -iTiON.] Discovery.
1627 SPEED England xxxviii. § i Neither the repetition nor
the repetition thereof shall be accounted impertinent.
Repe'riwig, v. rare-1. [RE- 5 a.] trans.
To cover again as with a wig.
1608 SYLVESTER Du Bartasu. iv. v. Decay 815 The Sappy-
blond Of Trees hath twice re-perriwig'd the Wood.
Repe rjuring, vbl. sb. rare"1. [RE- 5 a.]
Repetition of perjury.
iSb$STVBBEsAnaf. Abns. i. (1879) 183 What_expostulation,
railing, scoulding, periuring, and repenuring is maintained?
Repermi't, v. rare—1. [RE- 5 a. Cf. F. re-
permettre (Cotgr.).] trans. To permit again.
1611 SPEED Hist. Gt. Brit. ix. vi. § 22 Hee ..suspended
himselfe from vse of his priestly function, till vpon sute he
was repermltted.
Repersua'de, v. rare. [RE- 5 a.] trans, and
absol. To persuade again.
a 1661 FULLER Worthies^ Bedford, i. (1662) 117 Whereupon
for his own preservation he was re-perswaded to return to
Pitmister. 1775 S. J. PRATT Liberal Opin. vii. (1783) I. 95,
I began to re-persuade;. . I protested [etc.].
Repert6,-tee,obs. forms of REPARTEE sb. and v.
t Repertible, a. Obs. rare — °. [a. F. repertible,
f. L. repert-t ppl. stem of reperlre to find.] ' Which
may be found, gotten, or recovered * (Blount, 1656,
from Cotgr.).
t Repertite,?'. Obs. rare. [var. of REPARTITE
v., with change of vowel as in L. impertlre^
trans. To quarter in divisions. Const, upon.
c 1603 in Bnccleuch MSS. (Hist. MSS. Comm.) 40 Com-
panies repertited upon Zeeland. . .These companies were re.
pertited upon Zeeland, but paid hitherto by the generality.
t Reperti'tion. Obs. [var. of REPARTITION :
see prec.j Division, distribution, allotment.
1578 T. N. tr. Conq. W. India 6 It folowed, that in the
repertition of ye lands conquered, lames Velasques gave
unto Cortez the Indians of Manicorao. 1635 R. DAFFORNE
Merck. Mirrour Ep. Ded. a v, The word Repertition is not
used in my Booke, as James Peele, and many Merchants doe.
t Reperti-tious, a. Obs.~° [ad. L. rtper-
titius, f. repert-^ reperlre to find.] Found by chance.
1656 BLOUNT Glossogr. ; hence in later Diets.
H Repertoire (re-psitwat, F. r^pgrtwar). Also
r6-. \Y. repertoire ^.'L.repertorium REPERTORY.]
A stock of dramatic or musical pieces which a com-
pany or player is accustomed or prepared to per-
form; one's stock of parts, tunes, songs, etc,
1847 Illnstr. Land. Neius 16 Jan. 42/2 The part.., with
the exception of the renowned . - Robert Macaire, is the best
character in his repertoire. 1849 THACKERAY Pendennis
liii, Warrington, who. .had but one tune. . in his repertoire^
. .sat rapt in delight. 1885 J. K. JEROME On the Stage 124,
I got hold of the repertoire and studied up all the parts I
knew I should have to play.
attrib. 1897 Daily News 15 Sept. 6/4 A sound repertoire
company, where too many plays are not embarked upon,
and yet the so necessary variety is not wanting.
fRepe'rtor. Obs. rare—1. [L., agent-noun
f. reperlre to find.] A discoverer.
1650 FULLER Pisgah iv. ii. 31 Let others dispute whether
Anah was the Inventour,or onely the Repertour of Mules.
II Repertorium (rep3.it6«*ri#m). [L., f. re-
pert-, ppl. stem of reperlre to find : cf. next.] f a.
A catalogue, Obs. t>. A storehouse, repository.
REPERTORY.
1667 WOOD Life (O. H. S.) 1 1. x x i He . . shew'd him ' the
Repertorium ', and spoke to Jennings the readier of the
records that he should let him have any record that he
should point at in the said Repertorium. 1818 LADY
MORGAN FL Macartky III. i. 17 As for Counsellor Conway
Crawley, I look upon him as the very repertorium of the
laws. 1866 LIDDON Bampt. Lect. ii. § i (1875) 45 The Bible
is not a great repertorium of quotations.
Repertory (re'paitori). Also 6 erron. report-.
[See prec. and -ORY.]
f 1. An index, list, catalogue or calendar. Obs.
155* in Vicarys Anal. (1888) 304 The Vse of the first boke
called a Repertory. 1588 J. M ELLIS Briefe Instr. Civ b.Vnto
which Leager it shalbe necessary to.. make a calender,
otherwise called a Repertory or a finder. 1601 HOLLAND
Pliny II. 372 Hermippus..made besides a Repertorie or
Index toeuery booke of the said Poesie. 1687 N. JOHN-
STON Assnr. Abbey Lands 179 Whose singular favor I must
ever acknowledge . . in furnishing me with a Repertory,
whereby I am enabled readily to find such Records. 1761
DUCAREL (title} A Proposal for Publishing a general Re-
pertory of the Endowments of Vicarages.
attrib. 1773 Gentl. Mag. XLIII. 353/2 Quoting a multi-
plicity of cases from the Repertory {printed Ref-] Book.
2. A storehouse, magazine, or repository, where
something may be found.
1593 G. HARVEY Pterce's Super, Wks. (Grosart) II. 66 As
I Iooke..for his vniuetsall Repertory of all Histories, con-
tayning the memorable acts of all ageSj all places, and all
persons, a 1751 BOLINGBROKE Ess. n. iii. Wks. 1754 IV. 46
His [Homer's] writings became the sole repertory to later
ages of all the theology, philosophy, and history of those
which preceded his. 1796 BURKE Let. Noble Ld. Wks. 1802
IV. 205 The moral scheme of France.. is indeed an inex-
haustible repertory of one kind of examples. 1839 HALLAM
Hist. Lit. in. i. § 14 It is.. an immense repertory of uncon-
nected criticisms and other miscellaneous erudition. 1868
MILMAN St. Paul's xviii. 456 The established repertory of
our statutes and usages.
3. = REPERTOIRE.
1845 E. HOLMES Mozart 210 The repertory of the German
lyric stage was., miserably poor in comic operas. 1866 GEO.
ELIOT F. Holt xxxij The tune the most symbolical of
Liberalism which their repertory would furnish.
Repenrsal («-). [RE- 5 a : cf. next.] A
second perusal.
1670 FLAMSTEED in Rigaud Corr, Set. Men (1841) II. 92,
I shall be forced to protract the time I had set myself for
the reperusal of my papers. 1818 SCOTT Hrt. Midi, xviii,
On a reperusal, however, he thought that . . he could dis-
cover something like a tone of awakened passion. 1874
MAHAFFY Sac. Life Greece xi. 354 A reperusal discovers to
the same mind many things at first overlooked.
Repenrse (rf-), v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To
peruse again or repeatedly.
1600 W. WATSON Decacordon (1602) 331 If anythinke that
this is but a surmise, let them reperuse what here passant ly
is written. 1742 RICHARDSON Pamela IV. 113, 1 have given
myself no Time to re-peruse what I have written. 1820
SCOTT Monast. xxiv, This second paper he also perused and
reperused more than once. x86a BUCKLEY Introd. Partonope
(Roxb.) 24 He reperused with this object in view the legend
as narrated by Apuleius.
Reperve-rsion. rare-1. [RE- 5 a.] Per-
version back again.
1716 M. DAVIES Athen. Brit. III. Diss. Drama 27
Another. .Italian Protestant, Refugee to the Church of
England, was still more unfortunate, especially as to his
Doubling of his Re-perversion to Popery again.
Repet, obs. form of RIPPET.
Repete, obs. form of REPEAT v.
Repetend (re'p/tend, repfte*nd). [ad. L. re-
petend-um, ' (that) which is to be repeated \ neuter
gerundive of repetgre to REPEAT.]
1. Arith. The recurring figure or figures in an
interminate decimal fraction. (Cf. REPEAT v. 6 b.)
1714 CUNN Treat. Fractions 62 The Figure or Figures
continually circulating, may be called a Repetend. 1718
MALCOLM Arith. Pref. (1730) 12 His [Cunn's] rule for the
addition of Circulates having compound Repetends is in-
sufficient for a general rule. 1802-12 BENTHAM Ration.
Jttdic, E~vid. (1827) III. ic)8 A chain of character evidence
without end ; an arithmetical repetend. 1830 Westm. Rev.
Oct. 442 Think you that this number is the whole ? So far
from being so, it is a repetend. 1854 B. SMITH Arith. 7^6.
2. A recurring note, word, or phrase; a refrain.
1874 HOLLAND Mistr. Manse viL 6 Then [the bells]
faltered to their closing toll Whose long, monotonous
repetend [etc.]. 1880 Scribner's Mag. May 116 In 'The
Raven ', ' Lenore ', and elsewhere, he employed the repetend
also. 1895 C. A. SMITH Repetit. $ Parall. 17 The first
7 stanzas observe alternate initial repetition, ( Pidsque*
being the repetend employed.
Repetition * (rep/tt'Jon). Also 6 -icion,
•icy on, Sc. -icioun, -itioun. [a. OF. repetition
(mod.F. rfpttitiori) or ad. L. repetition-em, n. of
action f. repetfre to REPEAT.]
L 1. The action of repeating or saying over
again something which one has already said ; re-
iteration ; an instance of this.
1326 Pilgr. Per/. (W. de W. 1531) 163 b, Of curiosite to
saye theyr duty agayne, or to saye it with repeticyons. 1557
BIBLE (Genev.) Matt, vi. 7 When ye pray, vse no vaine
repetitions as the heathen. 1589 PUTTENHAM Eng, Poesie
in. xix. (Arb.) 208 Your figure that worketh by iteration or
repetition of one word or clause, .is counted a very braue
figure. 1669 GALE Crt. Gentiles i. in. x. 107 The sacred
Scriptures abound in elegant Repetitions. 1751 LADY
M. W. MONTAGU Let. to Ctess of Bute 19 June, When you
do not answer any part of my letterst I suppose them lost,
which exposes you to some repetitions. 1798 MALTHUS
467
Popul. (1878) p. vi, I am fearful that I shall appear .. to have
been guilty of unnecessary repetitions. 1875 JOWETT Plato
(ed. 2) I. 485 Let me recapitulate — for there is no harm in
repetition.
b. Rhet. The use of repeated words or phrases.
1553 T.WILSON Rhet. 107 b, Repetition is when we begynne
diverse sentencies one after another with one and the same
worde. 1585 JAS. I Ess. Poesie (Arb.) 65 It is also meit, for
the better decoratioun of the verse to vse sumtyme the
figure of Repetition n. 1704 J. HARRIS Lex. Techn. I,
Repetition^ (a Figure in Rhetorick) is when a Person
thinking his first expression not well understood, .. repeats
or explains them, another way.
2. The action of repeating or saying over some-
thing in order to fix or retain it in the memory ;
talso, the rehearsal of a play.
1581 MULCASTER Positions xl. (1887) 231 The morening
houres will best serue for the memorie..: the after noone
for repetitions, and stuffe for memorie to worke on. 1612
BRINSLEY Liid. Lit. xxi. (1627) 246 Once gotten, they were
easily kept by oft repetition. 1756 FOOTE Engl.fr. Paris
ii. Wks. 1799 I. 114 It is now in repetition at the French
comedy. 1863 GEO. KLIOT Romola xxx, Of the new details
he learned he could only retain a few, and those only by
continual repetition.
b. The action of reciting in a formal manner,
esp. recitation of something learned by heart; a
piece set to be learned and recited.
1597 HOOKER Eccl. Pol. v. xl. § i If the Psalms., deserve
to be oftener repeated than they are, but that the multi-
tude of them permitteth not any oftener repetition. 16x2
BRINSLEY Lud. Lit. vi. (1627) 68 There must be daily repe-
titions and examinations. 1709 STEELE Tatler No. 79
F i A Repetition of the following Verses out of Milton.
1806-7 J- BERESFORD Miseries Hum. Life (1826) in. viii,
Seeing the boy who is next above you flogged for a repeti-
tion which you know you cannot say even half so well as he
did. 1864 TREVELYAN Compet. Wallah (1866) 129 Seeing
that his boys learn their repetitions and get up in time for
morning school.
3. Recital, relation, narration, mention.
1594 SHAKS. Rich. ///, i. iii. 16^ Rich. Foule wrinckled
Witch, what mak'st thou in my sight? Q, M. But repeti-
tion of what thou hast marr'd. 1607 — Cor. v. iii. 144 A
name Whose repetition will be dogg'd with Curses. 1655
STANLEY Hist. Philos. in. (1701) 83/1 By repetition of which
accident, Charillus often afterwards defended the Daemon.
1821 BYRON Mar. Fal. v. i, Spare us, and spare thyself the
repetition Of our most awful, out inexorable Duty.
4. The action or fact of doing something again ;
renewal or recurrence of an action or event ; re-
peated use, application, or appearance.
1597 HOOKER Eccl. Pol. v. Ixxi. § 2 Because by repetition
they..confirme the habites of all vertue, it remaineth that
we. .keep them as ordinances. 1695 DRYDEN tr. Dufres-
noy*s Art Painting Observ. F2oo The Members would be
too naked, if they left not two or three Folds, ..and
therefore [they] have us'd those Repetitions of many Folds.
1727-38 CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v., Habits are acquired by the
frequent repetition of actions. 1781 COWPER Hope 22 Pleasure
is labour too, and tires as much,.. By repetition palled, by
age obtuse. 1840 DICKENS Old C. Shop i, These glances
seemed to increase her confidence at every repetition. 1877
MRS. OLIPHANT Makers Flor. v. 148 Genius, getting im-
patient of universal repetition, strikes out for itself new
paths on every side. 1883 Century Mag. Oct. 859/2 A
notion that architectural beauty is to be attained by an in-
definite repetition of ugliness.
b. Mus. (See quots. and cf. REPEATS/;. 2C, 2d.)
1597 MoRLEY/w/r^. Mus. 68 When you see this signe : II:
of repetition, you must begin again, making the note next
before the signe. .a semibriefe in the first singing. 1727-38
CHAMBERS CycL s.v., Repetition . . is also a doubling or
trebling, etc. of an interval, or a reiteration of some concord
or discord. 1881 GROVE Diet. Mus. III. s.v., The rapid
reiteration of a note is called repetition.
C. The comparative ability of a musical instru-
ment to repeat the same note in quick succession.
1885 C. G. W. LOCK Workshop Receipts Ser. iv. 285/1
Another common defect is in the 'repetition'; a key will
not rise to the level instantly the finger is raised. 1894
ELLISTON Organs fy Tuning 148 The . , repetition is such that
the pipes respond to the most rapid staccato passages.
d. The return of a taste, rare"1.
1705 Jos. TAYLOR jfourtt. Edenborough (1903) 49 For my
part 1 only drunk one Glass for curiosity, and I am sure, had
the repetition of it 20 times in my stomach.
6. A copy or replica of a thing.
1853 KANE Grinnell Exp. xxxiv. (1856) 299 We saw a
couple of icebergs standing alone in the sky, and at their
shadowy tops their phantom repetitions inverted. 1881
Catal. Nat. Portr. Gallery 255 A small and highly finished
repetition of it was recently sold among the artist's works.
o. attrib.) as repetition clock, a repeating
clock; repetition aermon (see quot. 1688); re-
petition work, the occupation of making the
same article over and over again.
1624 DONNE Devot. (ed. 2) 381, I could not heare the
Sermon, and these latter Bells are a repetition Sermon to
me. 1688 D. GRANVILLE in Misc. (Surtees No. 37) 43_ It is
a custom in the University of Oxford once in the year in the
University Church to have a Repetition-sermon . . : that
repetition task.. is the most difficult employment of the
whole year. 1764 A nn. Reg- 1. 79 The pieces contained in the
striking part of the ordinary repetition clocks. 1897 Daily
News 18 Nov. 6/2 Another Manchester firm.. discharged a
fitter employed on simple repetition work.
II. 7. (Chiefly Sc.} The action of claiming
restitution or repayment; a claim of this kind;
also loosely, restoration, recovery, repayment.
1533 BELLENDEN Livy i. xiii. (S. T. S.) I. 74 This rite of
chevelry, and repeticioun of gudis, began first be ane anciant
pepil namit equicoli. 1590 Ktg- Privy Council Scot. IV. 543
But prejudice of his repetitioun of the soume abonewrittin
BEFINE.
payit be him to the said Sir Robert. 1644 in Spalding
Trout. Chas. I (Spalding Club) II. 313 Evene vther burghe
sail haue repetitioun of the tua pairt of the proportioun of
excise furneshit by them. 1649 JER- TAYLOR Ct. Exemp.
Disc. x. 138 Innocent requiring of my owne, which goes
no further then a faire repetition. 1765 Act 5 Ceo. ///,
c> 49 § 5 Their action.. for repetition of any overcharge in
such account of expences. 1838 W. BELL Diet. Law Scot.
petition or request.
1759 FRANKLIN Ess. Wks. 1840 III. 240 Repetitions, when
they are supported with new reasons, .. are justifiable in all
cases.
Repeti'tional, a. rare. [-AL.] =next.
i72ob. PARKER Biblioth. Bibl. I. 15 This second, or repe.
titional Law, beingindeedaRecapitulation and Compendium
of the first. 1819 BENTHAM Justice $ Cod. Petit., Full
Petit, 117 An interval.. between the original series of pro-
ceedings, and the repetitional proceedings. 1871 BUSHNELL
in Life Sf Lett. xxiv. (1880) 524 Great care to be had of
language — no..cantish repetitional stuff.
Repetitionary (repfti-Janari), a. [f. REPETI-
TION " + -AB Y.] Characterized by, of the nature of,
repetition.
1720 S. PARKER Biblioth. Bibl. I. 27 Where Moses deliver'd
the Second or Repetitionary Law. 1806 R. CUMBERLAND
Mem. (1807) II. 235 His adoption of a stanza obsolete and
repetitionary on the ear. 1891 J. WINSOR Chr. Columbus
ii. 60 The repetitionary changes of stock sentiment, which
swell the body of the text.
t Repeti'tioner. Obs. ff. as prec. + -ER!.]
The pieacher of a repetition sermon.
a 1662 HEVLIN Land (1668) 68 For which he was so railed
upby the Repetitioner. 1691 [see REPEATER 2 b].
Repeti'tioiiist. rare-1, [f. as prec. + -IST.]
One who makes a practice of repetition.
i3t$Ze/rtca III. 242 'What, another anecdote. .1* 'I am
a mere repetitionist ', cried Medlicott.
Repetitions (repfti-Jas), a. [f. L. refelil;
ppl. stem of repetere (see REPEAT v.) + -loua.]
Abounding in, or characterized by, repetition, esp.
of a tedious kind ; tiresomely iterative.
(Common in recent American use.)
1675 PENN Eng. Pres. Interest 17 The Great Charter. .is
comprehensive and repetitious of what I have already been
discoursing. 1757 MRS. GRIFFITH Lett. Henry ff Frances
(1767) I. 34 A surprize is an agreeable novelty in this same
repetitious world. 1856 HAWTHORNE Eng. Note-bks. (1879)
1.136 An English legal document, . . very longand repetitious.
1860 HOLLAND Miss Gilbert vi. 107 It had been drummed
into her ears by the repetitious tongue of her mother.
Hence Bepetl'tionslyaifo. ; Repeti-tlonsness.
1865 Sat. Rev. 14 Jan. 62^1 Man is weak ; ' but, more than
this, he is wicked— repetitiously and wilfully so '. 1882 P.
SCHAFF Apost. Clir. (1883) 785 The apparent repetitiousness
and dependence of Ephesians on Cofossians.
Repetitive (tfpe'titiv), a. [f. as prec. + -IVE :
cf. competitive.] Characterized by, of the nature
of, repetition ; repetitious.
1839 New Monthly Mag. LV 1. 51 This little domestic scene
was repeated, .with just sufficient variation .. as might suffice
to prevent its appearing stupidly repetitive. ^SagAUbutCs
Syst. Med. VIII. 211 Observe if there be any alterations or
spontaneous repetitive movements of the digits.
Hence Bepe'titiveness.
1884 Spectator 15 Nov. 1509 A sort of patient repetitive-
ness — there is no such word but there ought to be — which
drives onlookers wild.
Repeyle, obs. form of RIPPLE v.
Repi'ck (it-), v. [RE- 5 a.] irons. To pick
again, in various senses.
1778 [W. MARSHALL] Minutes Agric., Observ. 83 The
Docks picked out of the Swaths; which were afterwards
turned and re-picked. 1818 J. BROWN Psyche ir6 The same
thin Cassius to repick His purpose and to probe his quick.
1830 LYTTON P. Clifford viii, Paul hastened to repick his
oakum and rejoin his friend.
Repicq(ue, obs. forms of REPIQDE v.
Repi'cture ("-)> »• C1^- 5 *•] '«""• T°
picture again.
1847 New Monthly Mag. Jan. 14* A full-length portrait
of the times.. is repictured to the eye. 1875 GEO. JACQUE
Hope : Lights and Shadows ii. 15 Hopes— Which Fancy
with officious art Repictures to the wounded heart.
Repie'ce (rf-), v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To piece
together again.
1646 in Carte Ormonde (1736) II. App. 13 You endeavour
what you can to repiece your breach with the Irish. 1825
I. NICHOLSON Oteral. Mechanic^gg It will. .stop the other
thread or threads until the broken thread shall be repieced.
Kepier, obs. variant of RIPPIEB.
t Hepi-gnorate, -erate, v. 06s.-° [ad. ppl.
stem of L. repignorare, -erdre : see IMPIGNOBATE.]
' To redeem a pledge.' So t Heprgnoration.
1623 COCKERAM. 1656 BLOUNT Glossogr. [from Cooper].
t Repi'ke. Obs. rare-1, [a pp. f. REPIQUE v.J
1 Repercussive or repulsive action.
1687 BEVERLEV Expos. Song of Songs Concl., So the Repike
Of untun'd Ears its True sounds back do strike With Dis-
acceptance.
Repillestok, obs. form of RIPPLESTOCK.
Repi-n (rf-), v. [RE- 5 a.] To pin again.
1859 KEADE Love me xxvii. Eve slily repinned it on him.
i88s LOCK Workshop Receipts Ser. iv. 286/1 The great
points in repinning are to drive the pin [etc.].
t Repi'ne, sl>. Obs. [f. the vb.] The (or an)
act of repining ; discontent, grudge.
1592 SHAKS. yen. .J- Aii. 490 Were neuer foure such lamps,
69- a
YOUNG Love Fame v. (ed. 2) 97 Repine we guiltless in
2 this? 1771 Junius Lett. Ivii, (1788) 311 Religious
men.. make it the last effort of their piety not to repine
REPINE.
together mixt, Had not his clouded with his browes repine.
1600 HOLLAND Lhy 96 Not . . iterating still his praises for
feare of heaping more matter of envie and repine. 1615
A. STAFFORD Hea-v. Dogge 64 What I must, that I will do,
without so much as a repine or a struggle.
Repine (r/poi'n), v. Also 6-7 repyne. [app.
f. RE- -f PINE v., but the formation is unusual.]
1. intr. To feel or manifest discontent or dis-
satisfaction; to fret, murmur, or complain. Also
const, against^ at, f to.
c 1530 Crt. of Love 1262 Enuy will grutch, repining at his
wele. 1530 PALSGR. 686/2 Thou repynest agaynst all thynge
that I do. 1549 LATIMER yd Serin, be/. Edw. VI (Art.) 79
It was neuer hard in leurye that the people repyned or
sayed, The kynge is a child, a 1598 ROLLOCK Lect. Passion
xxvii. (1616) 263 Looke..that thou repine not to this light.
1637 R. HUMPHREY tr. St. Ambrose i. 118 One. .is repined
at, because hee hath some of the inheritance. 1671 MILTON
P. R. n. 94, 1 will not argue that, nor will repine. 1728
YOUNG Love Fame v. (e ~
world like this? 1771 Jitn
men.. make it the last ef
against Providence. 1820 W. IRVING Sketch Bk. I. 185
Through the long and weary day he repines at his unhappy
lot 1878 BROWNING LaSaisias 196 Why repine? There's
ever someone lives although ourselves be dead !
fig. 1808 SCOTT Marm. iv. x, From pool to eddy . . You
bear her streams repine.
b. Const, with that or inf.
01548 HALL CAron., Hen. VIII no lie had repined or
disdained, that any man should fare well, or be well clothed,
but hymself. 1576 FLEMING Panopl. Epist. 66 We ought
not to kicke upp the heele, as repining to live in that state,
whereunto by birth we were ordeined. 1615 BRATHWAJT
Strappado (1878) 74 O see how men repine, That you so
long conceal'd, should gull the time. 1751 HUME Ess. <fr
Treat. (1777) I. 348 We continue still to repine that our
neighbours should possess any art, industry, and invention.
1870 BRYANT Iliad I. iv. 107, I shall ne'er Contend to save
them nor repine to see Their fall.
c. To long discontentedly_/i?r something, rare.
1742 GRAY Sonn. Death West 5 These Ears, alas, for other
Notes repine. 1827 HALLAH Const. Hist, (1876) I. iii. 153
The worship of the church was frequented by multitudes
who secretly repined for a change.
*(• 2. trans. To regard with discontent or dissatis-
faction ; to fret or murmur at; f to grudge to one.
1577 HANMER Anc. Eccl. Hist. (1619) 223 So that none in
this behalfe can repine or gainsay vs. 1506 SPENSER F. Q.
vi. vii. 26 In signe Of servile yoke, that nobler harts repine.
1615 T, ADAMS White Devil 13 Wouldest thou have per-
mitted this to thy fellow servant, that repinest it to thy
master? 01670 HACKET Abp. Williams \. (1692) 173 Con-
tented with so much favour as was never repined. 1793
W. ROBERTS Looker-on No. 48 (1794) II. 218 She repined,
for their own sakes, the malignities of her sex.
Hence f Bepi'neful a., discontented (p&s.) ; Be-
pi'uement, repining, discontent, rare.
1655 SHIRLEY Polit. in. ii, Most repineful, spleeny. 1743
H. WALPOLE Lett, to Mann (1834) I. 301 Now am I relapsed
into all the dissatisfied repinement of a true English grum-
bling voluptuary. x8i8 FARADAY in B. Jones Life (1870) I.
274 You shall see this man . . accompanied by repinement,
regret, and contempt, sink into poverty and misery.
Repiner (rfpwnai). [f. prec. + -ER i.] One
who repines or is discontented ; a grumbler.
1551 ASCHAM Let. to E. Raven 23 Feb., He is likely to
make., the Germans, of secret repiners, open foes. 1594 T.
BEDINGFIELD tr. Machiavellfs Florentine Hist. (1595) 91
To occasion these repiners feele the smart of their counsell.
1653 R. SANDERS Physiogn. 91 He is a scoffer, derider, and
repiner. 1750 BERKELEY Max. cone. Patriotism § 23 We
are not to think.. every splenetick repiner against a court
is therefore a patriot. 1805 A. WILSON Epist. to A.Clarke*
Heaven.. showers with fury dread, Tormenting ills on the
repiner's head. 1854 WHITTIER Maud Muller 102 Alas ! . .
For rich refiner and household drudge !
Repining (r/parnirj), vbL sb. [f. as prec. +
-INGV) The action of the vb., or an instance
of this ; discontent, grumbling, fretting.
1550 LEVER Serrn. (Arb.) 34 It is not therefore repynyng,
rebellyng, or resistyng gods ordinance, that wyll amende
euyll rulers. 1617 MORYSON //I'M. i. 266 After some repining
he was satisfied therewith. 1663 PEPYS Diary 15 May,
Which the world takes notice ofTeven to some repinings.
1712 ADDISON Sped. No. 387 P 2 Repinings^ and secret Mur-
murs of Heart. 1810 CRABBE Borough XXL 342 Let thy re-
pinings cease, Oh ! man of sin, for they thy guilt increase.
1867 PARKMAN Jesuits N. Amer. i. (1875) 6 Workmen ..,
who gave him at times no little trouble by their repinings
and complaints.
Repining (r^psi-nirj),///. a. [-ING 2.] That
repines ; given to repining ; characterized by, or of
the nature of, repining.
• 1586 SIDNEY Arcadia (1622) 223 One of the repiningst
fellowes in the world, c 1586 C'TESS PEMBROKE Ps. LXXV. u,
No more. . Daunce on in wordes your old repyning measure.
1632 LITHGOW Trav. x. 432 There was neuer a more repin-
ing people. 1702 ROW'E Tainerl. \, i. 275 Let Bajazet Bend
to his Yoak repining Slaves by force. 1782 COWPER Cricket
30 Wretched man, whose years are spent In repining dis-
content. 1877 BRYANT Voice Autumn i, There comes, from
yonder height, A soft repining sound.
Hence Bepi'ningly adv.
1571 GOLDING Calvin on Ps. xviii. 2 They that . . afterward
repyningly restreyne his power, a 1680 CHARNOCK Attrib.
6W(i834) 11.651 They repiningly quarrelled with him in
their wants in the wilderness. 1782 Miss BURNEY Cecilia
iv. x, She began .. repiningly to relate her misfortunes.
1856 Titan Mag. Nov. 443/2 Dwelling repiningly on what I
have not.
(r^p/"'k), sb. Also 7 -peak, -peek,
-picq(ue. [ad. F. repic = \t. ripicco : see RE- and
In Piquet* the winning of thirty points on
468
cards alone before beginning to play (and before
the adversary begins to count), entitling the player
to begin his score at ninety. A\soj!g.
1668 TEMPLE Let. Ld. Arlington Wks. 1731 II. 93 In
their Audiences.. the Cards commonly run high, and all is
Picque and Repicque between them. 1678 PHILLIPS, Re-
peak [1696 £«p«L..a term in the Game of PicqueL 1680
COTTON Cotnpl. Gamester (ed, 2) 58 The youngers Blank
shall bar the former and hinder his Picq and Repicq
\6rinted Picy and RepicyJ. 1711 GIBBER School-boy i,
I constantly receive my Rent in nothing but Repiques,
Capotts, Garnons, and Doublets. 1771 MACKENZIE Man
Feel, xxv, His score was 90 to 35, and he was elder hand ;
but a momentous repique decided it in favour of his
adversary. 1830 * EIDKAH TREBOR ' Hoyle Made Fam. 49
Carte-blanche counts first, and consequently saves piques
and repiques. 1859 WRAXALL tr. R. Houdin iv. 39 When
the cards are dealt out, I will leave you to select the hand
you think will enable you best to prevent a repique.
Re pique (r/pf -k), v. [f. prec.]
1. trans. To score a repique against (the oppos-
ing player in piquet).
1659 ShuJ/lingi Cutting ff Deal. 8, 1 was Pickquet the last,
but am now repickqt. 1709 MRS. MANLEY Secret Mem.
II. 104 We agreed to play for fifty Pieces the Party; I
repiqu'd him eight Times in a dozen. 1755 ED. MOORE in
World No. 154 (1772) III. 297 He was most cruelly re-
piqued when he wanted but two points of the game. 1830
*EIDRAH TREBOR ' Hoyle Made Fam. 49 It also piquesand
repiques the adversary, in the same manner as if those
points were reckoned in any other way.
tb. ?To repel, resist. Obs. rare"1.
1687 BEVERLEY Exp. Song of Songs 27 Those enterweaves
of Holy Order like The weU-curl'd Locks, all falshood that
Repique.
to. Used as an imprecation. Obs. rare~*.
1760 FOOTE Minor i. i, Repique the rascal. He promls'd
to be here before me.
2. intr. To win a repique.
1719 D'URFEY Pills V. 278 He piqu'd, and repiquM so
oft. 1840 LADY C. BURY Hist, v/ Flirt i, He was obsti-
nately bent on repiquing. 1895 SNAITH Dorothy Marven vi,
The mysteries of sword and musket were discarded for
those, .of piqueing, repiqueing and capotting.
Repit, obs. form of RIPPET.
Replace (r/pl^-s), v. [f. RE- 5 a + PLACE z/.,
perh. after F. remplacer (1549) or, in later use,
replacer (i7th c.).]
1. trans. To restore to a previous place or posi-
tion ; to put back again in (or f into) a place.
1595 DANIEL Civ, Wars in. xxix, A third .. Sweares if they
would, he would attempt the thing To chaste th* vsurper,
and replace their king. 1622 BACON Hen. VII 32 This
princess, .made it her design, .to see the majesty royal of
England once again replaced in her house, a, 1674 CLAREN-
DON Hist. Reb. xvi. § 12 They.. replaced Lambert, and all
the rest who had been cashiered by Cromwell, into their own
charges again. 1749 H. WALPOLE Orr. (1846) II. 296 The
King has consented to give two earldoms to replace the
great families of Somerset and Northumberland. 1838 DE
MORGAN Ess. Probab. 61 Drawings are made, after each of
which the ball is replaced. 1875 KNIGHT Diet. Mech. 1918/2
A bridge by which the wheels of cars are replaced upon the
track.
rejl. 1707 Curios, in Husb. $ Card. 352 This Emulation,
that Matter always retains, to.. replace it self.. in the same
Figure, which. .Nature originally impressed on it.
2. To take the place of, become a substitute for
(a person or thing). Freq. in passive, const, by
(the new person or thing).
1753 A. MURPHY Gray's Inn Jrnl. No. 53 Though many
have plucked a Branch from it, it is always quickly replaced
by another. 1756 LD. BARRINGTON in Ellis Orig. Lett.
Ser. ii. IV. 383 Sir Edward Hawke, and Captain Saunders
..went to replace Admirals Byng and West. 1796 H.
HUNTER tr. St.'Pierrfs Stud. Nat. (1799) II. 61 The Moon
. . goes to replace him [the SunJ there, and appears per-
petually above the Horizon. 18*3 COLEBROOKE in St. Cafe
G. Hope 346 The paper [money) would be seasonably re-
placed by a metallic currency. 1862 ANSTED Channel I si.
i. iii. (ed. 2) 56 The orchards, also, which in Jersey may be
said to replace parks, are not very numerous.
b. Cry stall. (See quots.)
1847 WEBSTER, Replaced* in mineralogy, a term used when
a crystal has one or more planes in the place of its edges or
angles. 1878 GURNEY Crystallogr. 51 A quoin or an edge is
said to be replaced, when it is cut off by one or more faces
of another simple form.
3. To fill the place of (a person or thing) with
or by a substitute.
1765 Museum Ritst. IV. 173 You must ., replace such as
have failed, with the best and most likely plants. 1837
CARLYLE Fr. Rev. I. ir. iii, Thou wouldst not replace such
extinct Lie by a new Lie, 1853 MAURICE Proph. $ Kings
xvi. 269 They talked of replacing buildings of brick with
buildings of stone. 1885 WATSON & BURBURY Electr. #•
Magn.1. 262 Let us replace S by another closed surface.
b. To provide or procure a substitute or equiva-
lent in place of (a person or thing).
1796 SOUTHEY Lett. fr. Spain (1799) 424 A convent,
founded for twenty religious, that has thirty now, should
not be permitted to replace ten when they died. iSoa
MRS. E. PARSONS Myst. Visit IV. 144, I pity him for the
loss of such a treasure as he will not easily replace. 1856
KANE Arct. Expl. II. vi. 71 The natives to the south have
lost nearly all their, .walrus-lines, .and will be unable to re-
place them till the return of the seal.
4. To return or restore to one. rare-1.
1776 ADAM SMITH W. N. n. iii. I. 403 Whatever part of his
stock a man employs as a capital, he always expects it to be
replaced to him with a profit.
Hence Bepla'ced ppl. a. ; Repla-cing vbl. sl>.
1865 MANSFIELD Salts 341 The belief, .that the replaced
REFLATE.
or conjugated Hydrogen is the whole Hydrogen of a curtain
proportion of integral water. 1884 blanch. Weekly Times
1 1 Oct. 5/6 The replacing of the tracery of the cloisters, .is
..proceeding bay by bay. 1884 KNIGHT Diet, Meek.,
Suppl. 750/2 Replacing Apparatus, for the replacing of
derailed rolling stock upon the line.
Replaceable (rfpUi-sab'l), a. [f. prec. +
-ABLE.] That may be replaced.
1805 W. TAYLOR in Ann. Rev. III. 236 The concurring
individuals, .appear but as insignificant and replaceable
instruments. 1871 ROSCOE Elem. Chew. 159 The four
atoms of hydrogen being replaceable, .by metals.
Repla'cenient. [f. as prec. + -MENT.] The
act or process of replacing in various senses ; the
fact of being replaced.
a 1796 ADAM SMITH W. N. n. iii, That part of the annual
produce destined to the replacement of that capital. 1831
T. HOPE Ess. Origin Man I. 45 The word eternal seems
only . . to express . . a constant replacement of portions of time
already gone by. 1875 WHITNEY Life Lang. x. 212 There
is more wearing-out than replacement by synthetic means.
attrib. 1896 tr. Boas' Text-Bit* Zool. 416 Replacement
teeth are formed continuously throughout life. 1898 All-
butfs Syst. Mcd. V. 951 A proliferatwe fibrosis. .as opposed
to mere ' replacement fibrosis '.
t Replai't, v. Sc. Obs. rare. Also resplate.
[f. OF? replait, repleit (I4th c. in Godef.), re-
hearing of a plea, f. re- RE- + plait, pleit : see
PLEA sb. and PLEAD vl\ trans. To adjourn or
remand (a cause or person).
15.. Chart. Aberdeen fol. 153 (Jam.), Gif the saidserjand
hade maid summonds..to this court. .of his process re-
splatit and continewit fra the ferd court [etc.]. 1561 Keg.
Privy Council Scot. I. 186 Gif the said Lord James thinkis
thame to be replaitit, and the executioun thairof to be con-
tinewit. ., that he continew the samyn.
Replant (npla-nt), v. [f. RE- 5 a + PLANT ».,
perh. after F. replonter (1306) = Sp. replantar,
It. ripiantare.\
1. trans. To plant (a tree, plant, etc.) again.
1575 FENTON Gold. Epist. (1582) 14 A tree..newe re-
planted, .bringeth foorth fruite of farre more sweete and
pretious taste than others. 1601 HOLLAND Pliny I. 511 All
the danger or security of this tree, standeth vpon the choice
of that only day wherein it is replanted. 1660 SHARROCK
Vegetables 33 The roote and cabbage being replanted in the
spring. 1712 J. JAMES tr. Le Blondes Gardening 179
Plants which rise from Seed, .should be taken up. .and be
replanted. 1763 MILLS Syst. Pract. Husb. IV. 33 Some of
the .. largest and best shaped bulbs should be replanted.
1856 DELAMER Ft. Card. (1861) 40 So it may remain, to be
taken up and replanted every third or fourth year.
b. transf. To plant (a thing or person) again ;
to re-establish, resettle, replace. Freq. const, in.
1587 [see REPLANTING vbl. so,]. 1593 SHAKS. 3 Hen. y/t
in. iiL 198, 1 will.. replant Henry in his former state. 1605
WINTER in Gunp. Plot li b, A Way. .to replant againe the
Catholicke Religion. 1643 R. BAILLIE Lett. $ Jmls. (1841)
II. 50 Mr. John Guthrie.. could not be replanted in his old
church. 1709 STRYPE Ann. Ref. I. xix. 221 They have not
been able yet to root out the Gospel, since it was in these
early Days replanted in the Kingdom. 1837 G. REDFORD
Script. Verif. vii. 435 Julian, .made attempts to re-plant the
Jews in their fathers' hind.
c. To engraft (teeth) again.
1870 ANSTIE Practitioner July 45 The success . . obtained
by Mr. Coleman in replanting teeth., will be received with
unquestionable satisfaction.
2. To plant (ground, etc.) again ; to furnish with
new plants (or inhabitants). Also transf.
1652 H. L'KsTRANGE Amer. no Jeiyes 10 Noah had so
many yeares of his own life to bestow in rcpeopling and re-
planting the Earth. 1763 MILLS Pract. Husb. JV. 435 It
is therefore advisable to mark, .the hills in which they are,
in order to dig them up and replant those spots. 1815
Ckron. in Ann. Reg. 79 The grounds in this quarter must
all be replanted. 1887 MOLONEY Forestry W, Afr. 235
Where a farm is to be deserted, .why cannot it be partially
re-planted by those who may have enjoyed its use. . ?
3. intr. To provide and set fresh plants.
1712 J. JAMES tr. Le Blonds Gardening 165 The consider-
able Charge you must be at to replant every Year.
Hence Kepla-ntable a. (Cotgr. 1611).
Replant a 'tion. [!<E- 5 a: cf. prec.] A
secona or fresh plantation.
1608 H. CLAPHAM Errour Right Hand 67 That, and no
other, is her Re-plantation. 1682 T. A. Carolina 9 Three of
which [vines] by Re-plantation., will make very good Wine.
1870 ANSTIE Practitioner July 45 Mr. Coleman believes
replantation will become the legitimate mode of treatment
for chronic periodontitis. 1884 Pall Mall G. 9 Sept. 3/2
The only solution of the problem of inundations is * replanta-
tion and canalization '.
Repla'nting, vbl. sb. [f. REPLANT v. + -ING i.]
The action of planting again.
1587 FLEMING Contn. Holinshed III. 1383/2 The re-
planting of religion. i6o« HOLLAND Pliny xyn. xi, Hee
had thought that it was materiall to the replanting of them.
1827 STEU ART P/atiter'sG. (1828) 380 In the interval between
the removal and the replanting. 1884 Manch. Exam.
19 Sept. 8/4 No system of replanting has been properly
introduced.
Bepla-ster (rf-), v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To
plaster again.
1849 CLOUGH A tnours de Voy. 1. 1 52 Strip and replaster and
..do what they will with thee. 1895 MRS. WILSON 5 Years
India 298 The house was replastered from top to bottom.
Bepla'te (rf-), sb. [f. the vb.J An old plated
article which is to be replated.
1851 J. NAPIER Electro-Metall '. 105 The practical diffi-
culties, .when a * replate ' is dipped in the nitric acid. I bid.)
The parts of the ' replate ' which are sound.
REFLATE.
Repla'te (n-), v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To plate
afresh ; to renew the plating on.
1851 J, NAPIER Electro- A fetal/, 105 Replatlng of old
articles. 1856 G. CORK in Circ, Sc. VIII. 92 Occasionally
ihe depositor has sent to him, to be replated, old worn-out
articles formed of Sheffield plate.
Replay* (»-), v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To play
(a match, etc.) again. Hence Keplayed///. a, ;
also Replay* sb. a replayed match.
1884 Truth 13 Mar. 369/2 Under these circumstances.. the
tie should certainly be replayed. 1892 PallMallG. 15 Feb.
1/3 Replayed matches will not add to the. .list of fixtures.
1895 Westm. Gtiz. 6 May 7/2 Mr. Tait last week took 83 (on
a re-play). 1808 HOFFMANN Hoyle?$ Games Modernized
100 The hand having been replayed.
Reple, obs. form of RIPPLE sb.
Replea'd, v. rare. [f. RE- + PLEAD v. : cf. OF.
repledoier(\$C&. c.), F. replaider (i6th c. in Littre).]
t a. intr. To raise a plea. Obs. b. To plead
again. C. trans. To use as a further plea.
( 1500 Priests of Peblis iii. 1244 This officer but dout is
callit Deid ; Is nane his power agane may repleid. 1540
Act 32 Hen. y/Ift c. 30 § i The same parties haue ben
compelled .. to repleade. 1685 Termes de la. Ley s.v. Re-
pleader^ The Court makes void all the Pleas which are ill,
and awards the Parties to replead. 1748 RICHARDSON Cla-
rissa (1768) V. 216, I pleaded my own sake; the Captain,
his dear friend her Uncle's ; and both repleaded the preven-
tion of future mischief.
Replea'der. Law. [See prec. and -zu*.]
The action of, or right to, a second pleading.
160? COWELL Interpr.t Repleader is to plead againe that
which was once pleaded before. 1651 tr. Dames' Abridgm.
Cokes Rep. in, 54 After demurrer no repleader may be with-
out consent of parties. 1768 BLACKSTONE Comm. III. 355
Whenever a repleader Is granted, the pleadings must begin
de novo. 1820 TOMLINS Law Diet. II. s.v.
Replea t (r*-)» v. [RE- 5 a.] To pleat again.
i695l)RYDENtr Dufresnoy's Art. Paint. (1716) 143 Raphael
also had much of that way in his first works, in which we
behold many small Foldings often repleated.
Repleat, obs. form of REPLETE a. and v.
Repleave, variant of REPLEVE v. Obs.
Repleccio(u)n, obs. forms of REPLETION.
t Reple'dge, sb. Obs—1- [f. next.] Replevin.
1631 BRATHWAIT WhiwzieS) Undersheriff 96 A terrible
pudder hee keepes with his repledges and distresses.
Repledge (rrple-dg), z/.l Also 5 -plegge, 6
Sc. -plege, 7 Sc. -pleadge. [ad. OF. replegert
-eer, -ier to give or become surety for (a per-
son), f. re- RE- and pleger to PLEDGE. Hence
also med.L. replegiare^
f 1. trans. To take out of pawn again. Obs, ~~l
1479 SIR J. PASTON in P. Lett. III. 255, I payed v. marke
. .to replegge owte my gowne offvelwett and other geer.
2. Sc.Law. a. To withdraw (a person or cause)
from the jurisdiction of another court to one's
own, upon pledge that justice shall be done. Also
absol. Now only /rYr/. (abolished in 1747).
1536 BELLENDEN Cron. Scot. v. vii, He..comniandit thaim
to punis na thing bot small crimes ; all hie offends to be
replegit to his gret justice. 1579 Reg. Privy Council Scot.
III. 241 They and thair brether heraldis hes bene . . examit
and repledgit fca all maner of inferiour judges to thair awin
piopir judge 1609 SKENE Reg. Maj. \\. 158 He quha re-
pledges to his awin Court any man quhom he sould not re-
pledge, .sail be in the kings meicie, 1693 STAIR Inst. (ed. 2)
iv. xxxvii. §4 All Sheriffs, Stewarts, Baiflies of Royalty [etc.]
have criminal Jurisdiction, .. but they cannot Repledge.
1746-7 Act 20 Geo. //, c. 43 § 27 Any power or privilege of
repledging from the sheriffs or Stewarts court. 1885 W. Ross
Aberdour fy Inchcolme i. 22 He could even repledge from the
Sheriff and had a right to all the moveables of delinquents.
trans/. 1535 LYNDESAY Saiyre 5 HisSone,our Sauiour,..
Repleadgeand his presonaris with his hart-blude
fb. To take back or take over (something for-
feited or impounded) on proper security; to
replevy. Obs.
1597 SKENE De Verb. Sign. s.v. Recognition^ To craue and
aske fra his superiour the saides landes to him to borgh, that
is to repledge them. 1609 — Reg. Maj.% Stat. David II
37 b, Gif any man will repledge the poynd within the saidis
three dayes; the poynd salbe lettin to borgh.
Reple'dgetrf-),^.2 [RE- sa.] To pledge again.
1751 SMOLLETT Per. Pic. xcviii. The jewels were .. pur-
chased, pawned, relieved, and re-pledged by the agent. 1866
Lu:u Rep. i Q, B. Div. 589 If the pawnee may repledge the
pawn, the sub-pledgee may do the same. 1887 Pall Mall G.
12 Feb. 6/1 [He] repledged the Liberal party to the fair
and just demand for Home Rule.
Beple'dger. Sc. Law. [f. REPLEDGE &.i]
One who repledges. Also^^.
1633 W. STRUTHEK True Happines 89 Our ludge. .turneth
our repledger, by his mercy rescuing us from lustice. 1758
J. LounUAM Form of Process (ed. 2) 31 In which Case, the
KL'plcdger, if he failed to do Justice upon him, in due time,
tined his Court for Year and Day. 1838 W. BELL Diet.
Law Scot. _8si On the ground that the alleged offence had
been committed within the repledger s jurisdiction.
II Replegiare. Obs. Law. [med.L. : see RE-
PLEDGE zj.ij = REPLEVIN^.
Uz8s Act 15 Edw. 7, c. ii (Stat. Westm^ Per commune
breve quod dicitur Replegiare J
1483 Rolls ofParlt. VI. 252/1 As they should doe in Re-
plegiare bytwene comen persones. 1515 Act 7 Hen. 1/fff,
c. 4 Every Advowaunt ..that makyth uvowrc . .to any oder
person or persons in any replegiare, secound delyveraunce
[etc.]. 1529 Act 21 Hen. VIIL. c. 19 § 4 Defendants in the
said Writs of Replegiate. 1651 tr. Kitchin's Jurisdictions
(1657) 284 He cannot take the Distress out of the Pound,
but ought to sue a Replegiare.
469
t Beplegia'tion. Obs. Sc. Law. Also 7 re-
pledg-, repladg-. [ad. med.L. replegiation-em,
nonn of action f. prec.] The action of repledging.
1574 in Calderwood Hist. Kirk (Wodrow Soc.) III. 311
When we sought the priviledge of replegiatioun of the uni-
versitie from the civill jugement, yee would not grant it to
us. 1609 SKENE Reg. Alaj., Stat. Rott. I, 30 b, At the day
of the replegiation : that is, at the day quhen the defender
sould haue repledged the lands. .and repledged them not.
1641 Burgh Rec. Peebles (1872) 101 Ane chartour..oft'the. .
creatioun of burgesses and of the repladgiation of thair
comburgessis. 1653 STAIR Inst. Law Scot. (ed. 2) Index.
t Reple'ndish, v. Obs. rare. Also 6 rep-
pleiidy ssh. [f. OF. replendiss-, replendir : see RE-
SPLENDISH w.] intr. To shine with splendour.
Hence f Beple-ndishing ///. a.
1509 HAWES Past. Pleas. (Percy Soc.) 213 In his breast
there was replendishyng The shinyng Venus. 1517 WAT-
SON Shyppe of Foolcs A ij b, Our auncyent faders here
before dyde not lerne theyr repplendysshynge scyence in
the multytude of bookes.
So fBeple-ndishant///. a. [see -ANT.]
1509 HAWES Past. Pleas, xxxv. (Percy Soc.) 112 The
nione. .is fayre replendysshaunte, In the longe nyght with
rayes radyaunte.
Reple'nish, sb. rare. [f. the vb.] A fresh
supply (of money) ; a refill.
1806 SURR Winter in Land. II. 75, I know you took it
queer that I did not stand it, when you wanted a replenish
last week. 1881 W. P. LENNOX Plays, Players, etc. II. i. 9,
I gave assent for a replenish of the glass.
Replenish, (rfple-nij), v. Forms: 4-5 re-
plenys, 5 -ysch, 5-6 -ysh(e, -yssh(e ; 4-5 re-
plenisoh, -issh, 6 -ishe, 4- replenish (also 5
-esoh, 6 -esh ; 5 repleiusch, -pleynsch, 6 ? re-
pylnyssh). See also REPLESHED and REPLEVISH
v.2 [f. OF. repleniss-, lengthened stem oirepknir :
see RE- and PLENISH.]
I. In pa. pple., denoting a condition or state.
1. Fully or abundantly stocked with things or
animals (falso sometimes extended to persons).
? Obs, (very common c 1535-1660, in a great
variety of contexts.)
1340 HAMPOLE Pr. Consc. 8908 Fayr bygyngs on ilka syde,
..with alkyn ryches replenyst. c 1400 MAUNDEV. (Roxb.)
vii. 25 pus es all J>e cuntree replenyscht with swilk maner of
fewles. 1432-50 tr. Higdetl (Rolls) III. 169 When kynge
Cirus hade rixede his tcntes. .repleneschede with victelles
[etc.]. 1533 HERVEI Xfnophotfs Hoitsch. (1768) 17 That
these gardeinea niaye be . . welt replenyshed with trees, and
all maner of thynges. 1577 Ii. GOOGE Heresbactts Hltsb.
iv. (1586) 171 b, A Country replenished with Gentlemen of
good houses, and good house keepers. 1631 WEEVER Anc.
Funeral Man. 421 This religious house was.. replenished
with blacke Nunnes. 1696 WHISTON Tk. Eartk iv. (1722)
362 The Waters of the Antediluvian Earth were much more
replenish'd, nay, crouded with Fish than now they are.
1741 WATTS Imfrtnt. Mind i. (1801) 127 It is probable they
are replenished with intellectual beings dwelling in bodies.
b. Provided, furnished, or supplied -with some-
thing. Also without const. 1 Obs.
^533-4 Act 25 Hen. VIII, c. n § i At suche time as the
saide olde fowle be mouted and not replenished with fethers
to (lie. 1588 SHAKS. L. L. L. iv. ii. 27 His intellect is not
replenished, hee is onely an animal). 1650 BULWER Anthro-
foinet. 137 Whence Infants speak not before their mouths
are replenished with teeth. 1707 MORTIMER Hnsb. (1721) I.
266 Cattle and Fowl, wherewith the Country-Farmer is re-
plenished. 1796 MORSE Aiitcr. Geog. I. 367 These vastand
irregular heights, being copiously replenished with water.
f 2. Filled, fully imbued, pervaded or possessed,
•with some quality or condition. Obs.
CI374 CHAUCER Bocth. i. pr. iv. 12 (Camb. MS.), They
trowen bat I haue had affimte to malefice, . . bycause bat I
am replenysshed and fulfylled [L. imhitus} with thy
thechinges. 1483 CAXTON Gold. Leg. 63/1 losuethe soneof
Num was replenyssyd with the spyrite of wisdom. 1501
ATKYNSON tr. De Imitatiotw i. xxiv. 174 Couetyse persons
shalbe replenysshed with all confusyon £ penury. 1558
WARDE tr. Alexis' Seer. i. 44 Death. .is. .an entring into an
eternal life replenished with all joye, solace, and pleasure.
1604 T. WRIGHT Passions iv. ii. § i. 127 A soule altogether
depriued of vertue, and replenished with vice. 1633 Bp.
HALL Occat, Medit. 271 How happily is hee replenished
with knowledge and goodnesse ! 1702 ECHARD Eccl. Hist.
(1710) 226 Peter being now replenish'd with the Holy Ghost.
3. Physically or materially filled with some
thing or things, people, etc. Also (in later use)
without const.
1490 CAXTON Eneydos xiv. 52, I shalle sodaynly make
the ayer to wexe obscure., replenished with hayle. 1555
EDEN Decades Prcf. (Arb.) 55 Suche owlde caues of the
mynes as haue byn dygged, are ageyne replenysshed with
vie. 1578 T. N. tr. Cony. W. India 74 All the streetes
were replenished with people which stoode gaping and
wondering. 1612 WOODALL Surg. Mate Wks. (1653) 221
Generally all the earth is replenished with Brimstone. 1671
J. WEBSTER Mctallogr. xvii. 246 The Ore of Copper, .hath
a leaden colour, replenished with certain yellow veins.
1727 Swu-'T Bands $ Philem. 33 They found, 'Twas still re-
plenish'd to the top, As if they ne'er had touch'd a drop.
1791 COWPER Iliad iv. 308 Thou alone . . Drink'st not by
measure. No, thy goblet stands Replenish'd still.
•(•4. Full, made full, (/something. Obs.
c 1400 MAUNDEV. (Roxb.) xxi. 93 A gude ile and full
replenischt of many maners of ricches. c 1450 LOVELICH
Grail I. 695 Every day Repleinsched they were Of the holy
gost. 1494 FABYAN Citron. V. Ixxxii. 60 At sondry tymes
whenne the sayd Countre was replenyshed of people.
1568 GRAFTON Ctiron. II. 684 Of whose valiaunt actes..
their eares had manye times benc fylled and replenished.
REPLENISHED.
t b. Possessed <?/" something. Obs. rare—1.
1482 Rollsof ' Par It. VI. 224/1 Forsomoche that as well the
Kyng.., as other Lordes herebefore have ben gretely re-
plenysshed of Markes and Games of Swannes.
II. In ordinary transitive uses.
1 5. To make full oft to fill, to stock or store
abundantly with, persons or animals. =FiLL v. 5.
c 1386 CHAUCER Pars. T. P 846 Trewe effect of mariage. .
replenjrsseth hooly chirche of good lynage. c 1400 MAUNDEV.
(1839) ix. 102 Thei wolde lye with here Fadre-.for to re-
plenyschen the World a^en with Peple. 1494 FABYAN
Chron. vn. ccxxii. 247 This man made the newe forest, .and
replenysshed it with wylde bestes. 1530 PALSGR. 687/1, I
have replenysshed my pastours with catall, and my pondes
with fysshe. 1596 BACON Max. $ Use Com, Law i. iv.
(1636) 23 But [I] am without any remedy except I replenish
the ground again with Deere.
f b. To provide fully with something. Obs.
15*6 Pilgr. Per/. (W. de W. 1531) ^b, God wrought.. the
BENTLEY Man. Matrones ii. 30 His riches doo replenish
eurie one with his goods.
f6. To occupy (a place) as inhabitants or
settlers, to inhabit ; to people. Obs.
c 1400 Destr. Troy 12414 Mony weghes thedur went, &
wond in the tonne, And Replenished the place & the playn
londis. 1590 SPENSER F. Q. m. vi. 36 Daily they grow, and
daily forth are sent Into the world, it to replenish more.
1605 VERSTEGAN Dec. Intell. i. (1628) 13 They were mightily
increased in . . Germanie, replenishing euerie quarter and part
thereof. 1788 GIBBON DecL $• F. Hi. V. 460 The vacant
habitations were replenished by a new colony,
b. To occupy the whole of (a space or thing) ;
= FILL v. 7. Now rare.
1563 Homilies n. Idolatry in. (1859) 216 God is a pure
Spirit, Infinite, who replenisheth Heaven and Earth. 1593
SHAKS. Liter. 1357 The more she saw the blood his cheeks
replenish The more she thought [etc.]. 1664 POWER Exp.
Philos. 93 The Quicksilver cannot totally replenish and
fill the Tube again. 1675 TRAHERNE Chr. Ethics 205
Nothing but honour, and kindness, and contentment would
replenish the world. 1829 LANDOR Imag. Conv,t Scipio
sErni/ianus, etc., Wks. 1853 II. 249/2 A light, the pure
radiance of which cheered and replenished the whole heart.
f7. To fill with food; to satisfy, satiate. Also
transf. and_/f^. Obs*
c 1450 LOVELICH Grail xlviii. 377 Nethir mete ne drynk
haue we non;..For the vessel vs repleynscheth not here.
1526 Pilgr, Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 8 AH the appetytes of
man shall be replenysshed with all goodnes. 1566 ADLING-
TON Afnleiits x. (1893) 51 When I had wel replenished my
self with wine. 1665 BUNYAN Holy Citie 251 Wherewith
she is watered and replenished, as the Earth with rain from
Heaven.
f 8. To fill (a place or space) with something.
= FiLL v. i. Obs.
cri477 CAXTON Jason 28 Ye are worthy that the ayer be
replenished with callynges and of voyses. a 1548 HALL
Chron.t Rich. If I 28 b, With pitefull scriches she re-
pleneshyd the hole mancion. 1613 PURCHAS Pilgrimage
iv. vii. (1614) 372 Replenishing the way betweene the
Temple and Pallace, with offeiings of gold, siluer [etc.], 1615
G. SANDYS Trav. 134 They drew out the brains at the
nostrils,.. replenishing the same with pieseruatiue spices.
fb. To fill (a person, the heart, etc.) with
some feeling or quality. Obs.
c 1529 WOLSEY in Ellis Qrig. Lett. Ser. i. II. 7 The delay
wherof so replenyssheth my herte with hevynes, that I can
take no reste. 1552 Bk. Com. Prayer^ Ordering Deacons,
Replenishe them so with the trueth of thy doctryne. 1635
R. N. Camden*s Hist. Eliz. i. 68 The immortall joy where-
with shee should replenish all her subjects.
f o. To fill (the mind) with some occupation.
a 1548 HALL Citron., Hen. ¥ 35 b, Thei determined.. to
replemshe the kynges brayne with some pleasante study.
9. To fill up again; to restore to the former
amount or condition.
1612 PRAYTON Poly-olb. ii. 38 The naked Sea Nymphs
ride Within the ouzie pooles, replenish! euery Tide. 1666
PEPYS Diary 19 July, Full of wants of money and much
stores to buy, for to replenish the stores, and no money to do
it with. 1748 Ansons Voy. m. viii. 370^ His stores re-
plenished, and an additional stock of provisions on board.
1776 ADAM SMITH IV. N. u. ii. (1869)1.301 The coffers of
such a company.. must require.. a more constant and un-
interrupted exertion of expense in order to replenish them.
1832 HT. MARTINEAU Homes Abroad v. 68 Susan was
always ready.. to replenish the wallets and fill the cans.
1883 C. J. WILLS Mod. Persia 185 She took the little silver
spoon, and replenished my inkstand with water.
tb. To fill up (a vacant office). Obs. rare.
1632 SIR T. HAWKINS tr. Mathieu's Unhappy Prosperitie
ii. 229 Petrus Moronus, whom Charles had drawen from the
Cell, to replenish the vacant See. 1651 C. CARTWRIGHT Cert.
Relig. I. 40 Though all vacancies are replenished by Minis-
ters of the Gospel, yet the succession of the Authority was
in the Bishops.
III. 1O. intr. To become filled; to attain to
fullness ; to increase, rare.
1579-80 NORTH Plutarch (1676) 76 The City of Athens
began to replenish daily more and more, by mens repairing
thither from all parts. 1673 H. STUBBE Further Vina.
Dutch War 80 Her Coffers began to replenish, Her Sub-
jects were rich. 1814 W. TAYLOR in Monthly Rev. LXXIV.
308 He does not luxuriate and replenish, and promise to
bloom again.
Hence Keple-nishing vbl. sb.
1528 PAYNEL Salerne's Rcgtitt. C ij, The replenisshynge of
the stomake by fumes and humidites. x6ix FLORIO, Ricm-
futunt, a filling, a replenishing.
Reple'nished,///. a. rare, [f, prec. + -ED!.]
Full ; perfect ; restored to fullness.
REPLENISHER.
1394 SHAKS. Rich. HI, iv. iii. 18 We smothered The most
replenished sweet worke of Nature. 1611 — IVixt. T. n. l.
79 The most replenish'd Villaine in the World. 1641 G.
SANDYS Paraphr. Song Sol. vi. iv. 24 More faire then the
replenisht Moon.
Reple iiisher. [f. as prec. + -EB i.]
1. One who replenishes or refills.
1599 HAKLUYT Voy. I. 378 One God euerlasting,..re-
plenisher of all things euery where. 1864 PUSEY Lect.
Daniel iii. rs6 The contiibution . . in times of peace, of
eunuchs and replenishers of the Persian harems. 1892
Chamb. Jrnl. 14 May 307/1 The Finisher of delights, and
the Replenisher of tombs.
2. Elect. A device for increasing or maintaining
a charge in certain apparatus.
1867 in Dredge Electr. Ilium. (1882) I. App. cxxv, An
auxiliary generator, termed a replenisher. 1881 SIR W.
THOMSON m Nature XXIV. 435 Mj; 'replenisher' for
multiplying and maintaining charges in Leyden jars for
heterostatic electrometers.
Reple-nishingly, adv. rare. [f. pres. pple.
of REPLENISH v.~\ In such a manner as to replenish.
1601 DEACON & WALKER Spirits <* Divels 57 The maner
of God his being alone is to be in euerie place indefinitiuely,
repletiuely. or replenishingly. 1625 DONNE Serm. Wks. V.
16 God is replenishingly everywhere . but most contractedly
and workingly in the temple.
Replenishment (r/ple-ni/ment). [-MENT.]
1. The fact of being replenished, rare—1.
1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 16 b, The fode of
aungels is moost perfyte possessyon & replenysshement of
all glory.
2. That which replenishes ; a fresh supply.
1692 LUTTRELL Brief Rel. (1857) II. 512 Wanting divers ne.
cessaries and a replenishment both of seamen and soldiers.
1794 SULLIVAN View Nat. xiv. I. 161 [To] exhaust from
the earth the whole of the replenishment which it received
in the day. 1837 T. HOOK Jack Brag ii, Jack ordered
a replenishment of punch.
3. The act or process of replenishing.
1802 PALEY Nat. Theol. xxvi. (1804) 522 The provision
which was originally made for continuing the replenishment
of the world. 1862 LYTTON Sir. Story xx, Principles similar
to those which Liebig has applied to the replenishment of
an exhausted soil.
t Reple'uty, v. Obs. rare — '. [f. RE- 5 a +
PLENTY si/.] trans. To return plenteously.
1628 FELTHAM Resolves^ n. [i.] Ixxxi, She [Hope] blythes
the Farmer, does his graine commit To Earth, which with
large vse replentieth it.
t Reple'shecl, ppl. a. Obs. rare. Also re-
plesshyd. [var. of replenished, either by further
reduction of the form repleinsched, or by associa-
tion with L. replere."} Filled, full.
c 1440 CAPGRAVE Life St. Kath. iv. 527 The temple-gatis
. . Soo ful repleshed no man may entre there, c 1450 LYDG.
& BURGH Secrces 1649 And [when] ful replesshyd 1 exhorte
the [ = thee] fBesshly lustys and bathis to (Be.
Replete (r/plft), a. Also 4-5 repleet, 5-6
-plot, (5 reyplete), 6 Sc. -pleit(e, 6-7 -pleate,
6-8 -pleat, [a. F. replet, replete (i4th c., Oresme),
or ad. L. repletus, pa. pple. of replere to fill : cf.
COMPLETE a.]
1. Physically or materially filled with (f or full
of) some thing or substance. Also without const.
1. 1386 CHAUCER Nun's Pr. T. 137 Ware the sonne in his
ascencion Ne fynde yow nat repleet of humours hoote.
sChyld.
the wycked humours ben styred and make the stomocke
replete. 1536 BELLENDEN Cron. Scot. ix. ii, Ane well
sprang up.. with sic haboundance of blud, that all the
stretis wer repleite thairof. 1599 A. M. tr Gabelhouer's Bk.
Physicke 113/2 Infuse theron the expressede oyle, till the
glasse be wholy repleate. 1634 SIR 1. HERBERT Trav. 106
Sweet Gardens, repleat with fragrant flowres. 1725 POPE
Odyss. xv. 149 A golden ewer . . Replete with water from the
crystal springs, a 1774 GOLDSM. Sum. Exp. Philos. (1776)
II. 3 All places on the surface of the earth are replete with
air. 1849 MURCHISON Siluria ii. 30 Much younger rocks
replete with organic remains. 1889 DUNCAN Lect. Dis.
Women xxiv. (ed. 4) 195 Making the peritonseum to pro-
trude, .as a pouch, which, when replete, resembled a cyst.
b. Filled to satisfaction with, full of, food or
drink ; satisfied, sated, gorged.
c 1386 CHAUCER Pard. T. 161 Herodes,. .Whan he of wyn
was repleet at his feeste. 1432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) I. 15
Cromes fallenge from the table of lordes, whicbe replete
lefte fragmente to theire childre. a 1533 LD. BERNERS
Huon xxv. 76 They were all satysfyed and replete and had
well dynyd. 1704 SWIFT T. Tub Wks. 1760 1. 87 When by
these and the like performances they were grown sufficiently
replete, they would immediately depart. iSit Ora $
Juliet III. 134 So replete was she of the good things of the
table, that Zaire stared at her in wonder. 1887 BOWEN
Virg. Mneid HI. 630 With the banquet replete . . he had lain
full length in his lair.
f o. Plethoric, fat, stout. Obs.
1603 KNOLLES Hist. Turks (1621) 1336 Seeing that the
fatnesse of his repleat bodie would not suffer them to take
away his life presently, c 1645 HOWELL Lett. 1. 1. xv, They
are more plump and replete in their Bodies . . than those that
drink altogether Wine. 1738 J. S. Lc Dran's Observ. Surg.
(rrTi) 12 The Patient being of a strong and replete Habit
of Body.
2. Filled with (t full of), abundantly supplied
or provided with, in various lit. and fig. uses.
1382 WYCLIF Phil. iv. 18, I am repleet with tho thingis
takun of Epafrodite. c 1450 LOVELICH Merlin (E. E. T. S.)
6236 Of alle vertwes sche is Repleet. c 1485 E. E. Misc.
(Warton Cl.) 16 Where U now thy hyje palleys, reyplete
470
Of reches . . ? i£8a BENTLEY Man. Matrones II. 201 Eternall
tribulation, and infinite calamitie, repleat with all euills. 1632
LITHGOW Trav. iv. 132 It is repleate with all the blessings,
earth can giue to man. 1704 SWOT T. Tut Wks. 1751 I. 8
A good sizeable Volume, .replete with Discoveries equally
valuable for their Novelty and Use. 1764 GOLDSM. Hist.
Ene. in Lett. (1772) II. 161 Those denunciations of ruin
with which their orations are replete. 1847 L. HUNT Jar
Honey xi. (1848) 149 The very air seems replete with hum-
ming and buzzing melodies.
b. Fully imbued or invested with some quality
or property.
1432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) II. 217 The lyfe of noon other
thynge b more frayle, replete with jnoste innrniite. 1509
HAWES Past. Pleas, xvi. (Percy Soc.) 60, 1 folowed her
into a temple ferre, Replete wyth joy. 1587 HOLINSHF.D
Chron. III. 016/2, I am but a wretch teplet with miserie.
• * ' ' rwi *» _ 1 l__- - '.L -II
ape and not die. 1777 -
Necess. 204,1 have shewn.. that the system of immaterialism
is replete with absurdity. 1817 JAS. MILL Brit. India. II. v.
VL 566 The proceedings.. appealed to be replete with ir-
regularity and injustice. 1871 MACDUFF Mem. Palmes
xvii. 221 Perspicuous in meaning and replete with practical
instruction,
t 3. Filled or crowded with people. Obs.
1533 BELLENDEN Lily III. iii. (S.T.S.) I. 249 The tempijlis
war replete with men and women. 1596 Edw. ///, I. i, The
icalin of France Replete with princes of great parentage.
163* J. HAYWARDtr. tSiondisEromcinifi. 122 DonEulavio's
house.. he founde open and repleate with servants.
4. Full, entire, perfect, complete.
1601 SHAKS. Alts Well 11. iii. 183 To whom I promise A
counterpoize ; If not to thy estate, A ballance more repleat
1863 COWDEN CLARKE Shaks. Char. xvii. 425 Among the
subordinate characters, not one is drawn with more replete
originality than that of Owen Glendower.
Replete (r/plrt), v. Now rare. Also 6-7
-pleat, 6 Sc. -pleit. [f. L. reflet-, ppl. stem of
replere : see prec.]
fl. trans. To fill with something; to crowd,
stuff, cram. Obs.
1431-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) IV. 243 The waterleches didde
replete the cite of Neapolis with a multitude infinite. 1528
PAVNEL Salerne's Regim. H, Strange wyne..vehementlye
enflameth a mans body & repletcth the heed. 1567 Cude t,
Godlie B. (S.T.S.) 129 Than Calfis and brint Sacrifice Thy
Aulter sail repleit. 1610 VENNER Via Recta, iii. 50 It re-
plcteth their stomackes with crude and phlegmaticke humors.
1669 COKAINE Poems 257 They that are gluttons, and love
meat,. .The greasy Cook-shops may repleat.
refl. 1636 QUARLES Eleg. Sir J. Cxsar, Repleat thyself
with everlasting Manna.
fb. To fill, stock, or people (a place) with
things, animals, or persons. Obs.
c 1540 BOORDE The Boke for to Leme B iij b, A fayre
gardyn repleatyd with herbes. Ibid., A parke repletyd with
dere. 1547 — Introd. Knowl. xxxviii. (1870) 217 Egipt is
repleted now with infydele alyons.
fc. To fill (a place) with noise, or with a
report. Obs. rare.
1573 TWYNE JZneid XL Gg iv b, With wofull cries and
piteous shoutes the town they do repleat. 1694 MOTTEUX
Rabelais (1737) V. 229 Your placid Life, here inaudite before,
Repletes the Town of Lugdun.
t 2. To fill (a person, the mind, etc.) with some
property or quality. Also without const. Obs.
1482 Monk of Eveshtim (Arb.) 30 Y felle me repletyd there
in the resceyuing of tho discypfynys. 154* BECON Pat/tut.
Prayer xxx. Wks. 1564 I. 83 That thou mayest be repleted
wyth the knowledge of spiritual! thynges. 16x2 R. SHELDON
Serm. St. Martin's 6 It also repletetn the mind with such
a treasurie of discourse. 1658 COKAINE Obstinate Lady II.
iii, He not desire the Muses to repleat My willing genius
with poetick heat.
•)• b. In pa. pple. of a period of time. Obs.
a 1548 HALL Chron., Hen. VI 116 Another sort, adiudged
that present time, to be. .moste repleted with perilles. 1589
ANN DOWRICHE in Farr 5" P. Eliz. (1845) II. 359 Repleated
oft with wandring change Recount your life to be.
3. To replenish ; to fill again, rare.
1704 D'URFEY Abradatus fy Panthea i, Scarce had the pale
Empress of the night .. twice repleted shone serene and
bright. 1882-3 SCHAFF Encycl. Relig. Knowl. I. 155
[Hamathites] were transported into Samaria by the Assy-
rians to replete that depopulated district.
Hence Bepleted ppl. a., f well-fed.
1667 Decay Chr. Piety viii. f 34. 282 They preferr'd a re-
pleated slavery, before a hungry freedom.
Repleteness (rtplrtnes). Also 7 repleat-.
[f. REPLETE a. + -NESS.] The condition of being
replete; repletion, fullness, t corpulence.
1603 FLORIO Montaigne n. xxiii. 393 We are subject
vnto a repleatnesse of humours. 1661 K. W. Conf. Charac.,
Politician (1860) 27 An indicium of. .his repleatnesse of in-
sippid aierial and light whimsies. 1769 Antiq. in Ann.
Reg. 128/1 His age, stature, and repleteness, allowing him
but little agility. 1879 MEREDITH Egoist Prel., They tell
us that there is a constant tendency in the book to accumu-
late excess of substance, and such repleteness [etc.].
t Reple'tiate, v. Obs. rare-1. [irreg. f.
REPLETE a.] trans. To satiate, satisfy.
1665 SIR T. HERBERT Trav. (1677) 381 Two or three Trees
being pierced, in an hours space [they] repletiate the
greediest appetite.
Repletion (rfplrfsn). Forms : 4-5 reple-
eioun, 5-6 replecion, -you, (5 replieion, -ioun,
6 repleacion), 6- repletion; also 4-5 replee-
oio(u)n, 6 replexion. [a. OF. repletion (mod.F.
reflitiotf), reflection (1314), replexion (1411), or
REPLEVIABLE.
ad. late L. repletion-em, \\. of action from replere :
cf. REPLETE a.]
1. The action of eating or drinking to excess ;
surfeit ; the condition of body arising from this ;
t also, a full plethoric condition or habit of body.
c 1386 CHAUCER Nun's Pr T. ^^ Repleccion ne made hire
neuere sik, Attempree diete was al hir phisik. c 1410 Mailer
of Came (MS. Digby 182) Prol., Ipocras tellith : Full repli-
ciouns of metes sleith mo men then ony swerde or knyfe.
1482 Monk of Evesham (Arb.) 54 The rednesse and hete the
whyche was in my face and in my bodye . . douteles was of
the feruent replecyon of wync dronkyn before. 1542 BOORUE
Dyetary ix. (1870) 250 Replecyon [v.r. replexion] or a surfet
is taken as well by gurgytacyons, or to moche drynkynge,
as . . by epulacyon. 1584 COGAN Haven Health cxxxiii.
(1636) 135 Kid flesh. .can cause none inflammation nor re-
pletion. 1683 TRYON Way to Health 320 All this chiefly
ptoceeds from Repletion, and too much Nourishment, and
unconcocted matter, \-jifi Anton's Voy. m. ii. 315 We were
neither disordered nor even loaded by this repletion. 1837
M. DONOVAN Dam. Econ. II. 329 A sense of heaviness in Ihe
stomach, resembling slight repletion. 1863 MARY HOWITT
F. Brewer's Greece I. viii. 254 Everybody goes home to sit
at table, and eat to repletion of an abundant repast.
Jig. 1603 FLORIO Montaigne \\. xxiii. 393 Of such like
repletion are States often scene to be sicke. 1791 BURKE Let.
Member Nat. A ssetnbly Wks. 1792 III. 361 \our malady, in
this respect, is a disorder of repletion. 1855 SMEDLEY Occult
Sciences 289 Our medical authority offers no solution of the
difficulty, but sends us straight to the madhouse for a reple-
tion of similar marvels.
2. The fact or condition of being filled up,
stuffed full, or crowded.
1398 TREVISA Earth. DC P. R. v. xiii. (Bodl MS.), pe nose
is..somtyme isette by folnes and replecion of stinkinge and
corrupt humours. 1544 PIIAER Regim. Lyfe (1553) C vj b, If
there be replecion of fleum in y* head first ye must purge
with ptllesof cochie 1562 BULLEYN BtiltfarketDial.Soarnes
ff Cnir (1579) ob, That in fyne, replecion and tencion of
all the course of the vaynes doe come, .by the me.ines of the
aboundance of bloud. 1791 BENTHAM Panopt. i. I. 49 When
the establishment is in this state of repletion. 1870 ANDER-
SON Missions Amer. Bd. II. xxxviii. 346 The body of the
house was filled to repletion by adults.
3. The action of filling up; the filling of a
cavity or receptacle. ? Obs.
1646 SIR T. BROWNE Pseud. Ep. 87 Nor is it only the ex.
elusion of ayre by water, or repletion of cavities possessed
thereby which causeth a pot of ashes to admit so great a
quantity of water [etc.]. 1676 WORUDCE Cyder (1691) 161
Which vacancy you may again supply.. with other wine.. ;
which repletion must be reiterated, c 1790 IMISON Sch. Art
1. 148 An increase of weight will be found. .from a repletion
..of the vacuities of the fresh water with saline particles.
fb. That which serves to fill. Obs. rare—1.
1760-72 H. BROOKE Fool of Qual. (1809) IV. 116 Father,
Son, and Holy Spirit, will then become co-embodied in this
divine body ; they will be the repletion of it.
4. The satisfaction of a desire or want.
1654 WHITLOCK Zootomia 297 That spendeth through ne-
cessity twelve Houres for a course Repletion of his Hunger.
1667 Decay Chr. Piety i. P 5 Projecting the gratifying those
desires in whose repletion we placed our happiness. 1690
NORRIS Beatitttdes (1692) 95 So [it] prevents and anticipates
that Repletion, which our Lord promises. 1836-7 SIR W.
HAMILTON Metaph. xliii. (1870) II. 450 If pleasure be the
repletion of a want contrary to nature, that which contains
the repletion will contain the pleasure.
Hence f Reple'tional a. Obs. rare -'.
1562 BULLEYN Bnlwarke, Dial. Soarnes 4- Chir. n b, It is
called repleccionall, when the humours increase beyonde
their due measure.
tReple'tive, a. Cbs. [ad. F. repletif, -ive,
or late L. repletivus (Priscian) : see REPLETE a.
and -IVE.] Causing repletion, replenishing.
1611 COTGR., Refte/i£rep\<:livet replenishing, filling. 1643
TRAPP Comm. Gen. xhi. 2 And his fulness is not only reple-
tive, but diffusive, a 1660 HAMMOND Serm. xix. (1850) 397
Faith.. is repletive in the whole house at once, as in one
room, and that a stately palace. 1733 WATTS Philos. Ess.t
Ontology (1734) 382 God's Omnipresence, .hath been termed
his repletive Presence.
Hence t Beple-tively adv. Obs.
1601 DEACON & WALKER Spirits fy Divels 49 He is able
repletiuelyand byspeciall operation, to dwell in mans spirit
for euer. 1621 LODGE Summary of Du Bartas 291 Shee
[the soul] is not in the body repletiuely, for that appertaineth
to him onely who filleth all things.
Reple'tory, a. rare—1, [f. as REPLETE v. +
-ORY.J Repletive.
1853 SIR W. HAMILTON Discuss App. iiL C. 774 A Uni-
versity, as an intellectual gymnasium, should consider that
its ' mental dietetic ' is tonic, not repletory.
f Reple'VC, »• Obs. Law. Also 6 repleave,
7 replieve. [ad. OF. replevir to REPLEVY.]
1. trans. To replevy ; to bail out. Also fig.
Hence RepleTlng vbl. si.
1592 Termes Lawes s.v. Replevin, Hee shall haue this
writ directed to the sherife y1 he cause him to be repleued.
1615 MANWOOD Lawes Forrest xxii. § 5. 210 b, How many
kinds of attachments of the forest there bee : and of Re-
pleuing of persons attached, a 1628 PRESTON Mt. Ekal
(1638) 23 If a condemned person.. should bee repleeved or
ransomed by another, a 1644 QUARLES Sol. Recant. Sol.
v. 28 And Grace shall here replieve what Grief distrains.
2. inlr. To bring an action of replevin.
1638 EARL OF CORK in Lismore Papers Ser. I. (1886) V. 54
Ned Stowt hath promised me to paie me..xxiij" due unto
me for 23 yeares arrears of Rathnolan, for which he was
destreigned, and he repleved.
Kepleven, obs. form of REPLEVIN to.
Repleviable (r/ple-viab'l), a. Law. [f.
REPLEVY v. + -ABLE.] Replevisable.
REPLEVIN.
r755 in JOHNSON. 1768 BLACKSTONE Comm. III. 7 Such
distresses are partly analogous to the antient distress at
common law, as being repleviable and the like. 1800 ADDI-
SON Amer. Law Rep, 303 Goods are only repleviable when
taken by way of distress.
Replevin (rzple-vin), si. Law. Also5-yn(g,
6 -yne, -en, 6-7 -ine. [a. AF. replevin(e, f. OK
replevir to REPLEW : hence also Anglo-L. reple-
vina (I3th c.). Cf. PLEVIN.]
1. Tlie restoration to, or recovery by, a person
of goods or chattels distrained or taken from him,
upon his giving security to have the matter tried
in a court of justice and to return the goods if the
case is decided against him.
[1347-8 Rolls of Parlt. II. 218/2 Que les Baillifs del dit
Wapentak denierent la replevine au Baillif le dit Counte de
Huntingdon.] 1461 Paston Lett. II. 35 That aftir the dis-
tresse taken the undirshreve be spoke with all that he make
no replevyn with out agrement or apoyntement taken, that
the right of the lond may be undirstand. 1471 Cal. Anc.
Rec. Dublin (1889) I. 345 The Mair and Bailliffes for the
tyme beyng make replevyng to every person or persones
that_ will compleyn to them. 1532 Dial, on Laws Eng. n.
xlvii. 120 b, If a shyryfe by a repleuyn deliuer other beastes
than were distreyned [etc.], 1623 DALTON Office Sherifs
165 b, So that by this former statute.. the Sherife may
breake open a mans castle, or house, to make a Repleuin.
1659 RUSHW. Hist. Coll. I. 641 Having sued forth a writ of
Replevin, the proper remedy in Law to regain the posses-
sion of his Goods. 1768 BLACKSTONE Comm. III. 145 The
restitution of the goods themselves so wrongfully taken ..
is effected by action of replevin. 1809 St. Papers in Ann.
Reg. 716/2 Attempts have . . been made to wrest from the
collectors by writs of replevin., property detained or seized
by said collectors. 1863 H. Cox Instil, n. ix. 522 One re-
medy for unlawful taking is by action of replevin.
attrih. 1862 Stat. of Vermont xv. c. 36 § 28 marg., Re-
plevin bond to be sued within one year. Ibid. xxx. c. 94
§ 40 [The liquor] shall be held by such officer until the
final determination of the replevin suit.
fig. a 1636 LVNDF. Case for Spectacles (1638) 10 Take
therefore from me what learning you will, distraine it, a_nd
impound it at your pleasure, I will never trouble you with
Replevin. 1684 OTWAY Atlieist m. (1735) 59 Since I am
trapt thus, Like a poor beast that wanted better pasture,
There is no Replevin, and I must to pound.
b. Const, of the thing distrained.
a 1461 Rolls o/Parlt. V. 399/1 The owners of the said
Catell may never come to have replevyn of thaym. 1329
Act 21 Hen. VIII, c. 19 Yf the lorde . . dystrayn upon the
same maners . . for any suche rentes . . and replevyne thereof
be sued. _ 1581 LAMBARDE Kiren. L xxiii. 248 In diuerse othe
c. 19 § 23 To prevent vexatious Replevins of Distresses taken
for Rent. 1841 Penny Cycl. XIX. 400/2 The third form of
replevin, and the only one now in use, is replevin of goods,
t c. The bailing of, or bail for, a person. Obs.
1388 FRAUNCE Lawiers Log. i. xii. 55 Bailement, mainprise
or manucaption, and replevine.. they bee indifferently used
to expresse that suretie which the prisoner is to finde. 1618
DALTON Countr. Just. 269 Mainprise, or Repleuin, is the
sauing or deliuerie of a Man, out of prison, . . by finding
suerties. 1631 tr. Kitchin's jurisdictions (1657) 5^4 'Hw
said J. was not to be found in my bailiwick, so that I could
make no replevin of the said J. by any means.
transf. a 1641 Bp. MOUNTAGU Acts ft Man. (1642) 409 The
soules of the wicked . . were haled to judgement . . without
any replevin or manumission for ever.
2. A writ empowering a person to recover his
goods by replevin.
1465 Paston Lett. II. 191 On Monday next . . ther com
Pynchemor to Haylesdon with a replevyn, whych was made
in Harleston ys name as Understewerd of the Duche. 1593
Termes La-wes s.v., Repleuin is a writ, and it lyeth when
any man distrayneth an other for rent or other thing.. .Also
if it be in any franchise or bailiwike, the partie shall haue a
Repleuin of the Shirife direct to the bailife of the same fran.
chise. 1628 COKE On Litl. i. 145 b, If the beastes of diuers
seuerall men be taken, they cannot ioyne in a Repleg[iare]
but euery one must haue a seuerall Repleuyn. 111683
bcROGGS Courts-leet (1714) 83 Replevin ought to be certain
in setting forth the Number and Kinds of the Cattle dis-
trained. 1817 W. SELWYN Law Nisi Prins (ed. 4) II. 1099
Of the Duty of the Sheriff in the Execution of the Replevin.
3. An action arising out of a case in which goods
have been distrained or taken and replevied.
I5JS Act 7 Hen. VIII, c. 4 As the playntyf shuld have doo
yt they had recoveryd in the seid Replevyne. 1532 Dial,
on Laws Eng. n. xliv. Sob, Ygnorance shall excuse him
of domages m a Repleuyn. 1628 COKE On Lilt. I. 145 b,
And so in a Repleuyn it is a good plea to say that the pro-
perty is to the Plaintife and to a stranger. 1671 F. PHILLIPS
Keg. Necess. 331 Most of that little which appears of the
use or pleading of Protections in our Law-books or Records
. .were in Pleas or Actions concerning Lands, or Replevins, I
&c. but few m personal Actions, or Actions of Debt. 1712 i
ARBUTHNOT yahn B,M i. vii, He talked of nothing but
Vctions upon the case, Returns,.. Venire facias, Replevins. !
1768 BLACKSTONE Comm. III. 413 Upon a replevin the writ
ot ixecution is that de retorno habendo. 1818 CRUISE
Vigest (ed. 2) V. 444 Where a person brought a replevin for
taking his cattle, the defendant avowed [etc.]. 1875 POSTE
L-aius iv. (ed. 2) 636 In English jurisprudence both parties
said to be equally plaintiffs and equally defendants in
ie actions called Quare impedit and Replevin.
t4. transf. Thereclaimingof goods. Obs. rare— l.
1618 BOLTON Flams in. xxiii. (1636) 254 When the goods
ot attainted citizens were adjudged and given away by Sulla
unto others,., the replevin of them did doubtlessly endanger
ne greene raw peace of the state.
Replevin (rfple'vin), v. Law. [f. prec.]
tl- trans. = REPLEW v. I. Obs. rare—*.
1659 RUSHW. Hist. Coll. I. 532 The Statute of Westminster,
471
which saith, That the Sheriffs and others in some cases may
not replevin men in Prison.
2. = REPLEVY v. 2. Now only U. S.
1678 BUTLER Hud. in. iii. Lady's Answ. 4 That you're a
Beast . . Is no strange News, . .At least to me, who once . . Did
from the Pound Replevin you. 1711 SWIFT Jrnl. to Stella.
19 Nov., I hear the owners are so impudent, that they de-
sign to replevin them by law. 1751 JOHNSON Rambler
No. 142 f 9 To enable her to replevin her only cow, then in
the pound by Squire Bluster's order. 1868 M. H. SMITH
Sunshine $• Shad. N. York 703 When goods are seized, an
owner appears.. to replevin the stock.
t b. = REPLEVY v. 2 b. Obs. rare -'.
1720 SWIFT Let. to Chelwode 30 Jan., You can pound the
Cattle^ that trespass oh your grounds, tho' the next Justice
replevins them.
Replevisable (rtple-visab'l), a. Law. Also
6-7 -is(s)h-. [a. AF. replevis(s)able : see REPLEV-
ISH w.l and -ABLE.] That may be replevied.
[1275 Stat. Westm. c. 15 La gent que ne sunt mie replevis.
ables, et. .ceaus que estoient replevisables.]
1532 Dial, on Laws Eng. n. xlii. ico b, If he lette
any to repleuyn that be nat repleuisshable & thereof be
attaynt, he shall lese the office. 1581 LAMBARDE Eiren.
I. xxiii. 262 It becommeth lustices of the Peace to be very
circumspect in graunting Baile. .for feare of wrong by deny-
ing it to him that is repleuisable. 1629 in Rushw. Hist,
Coll. (1659) I> App. 28, 1 will admit. .That a man committed
by the King is not replevisable by the Sheriff. 1641 Ibid-.
in. (1692) 1. 341 Sir Thomas Trevor, .did.. Declare the said
Chambers his Goods not to be Replevisable. a 1683 SCROGGS
Courts-leet (1714) 92 Cattle taken in Withernam are not re-
plevisable, 1772 junins Lett. Ixviii. (1788) 344 In cases not
bailable by a justice of peace, nor replevisable by the com-
mon writ. 1818 SCOTT Rob Roy viii, The felon . . not being
replevisable under the statute of the 3d of King Edward.
1 Reple'vish., v.1 06s. Law. Also 5 -yssh,
6 -ise. [f. repteviss-, lengthened stem of OF. re-
plevir to REPLEVY.] trans. To replevy.
1433 Rolls ofParlt. IV. 478/2 Distresses that been lafte
and takyn for the comyn godes, not acquyte ne replevysshed.
'554-5 Act i ff 2 Phil, f, Mary c. 13 § i Persons, which for
any Offence . . bee declared not to be replevisable \v.r. re-
plevisedj or bayled. .by the statute of Westminster. 1607
COWELL Interpr. s.v., Replevish..is to let one to mainprise
vpon Suretie.
t Reple'vish, v.2 Obs. In 5 -issh, -ysh.
[var. of REPLENISH v., either by misreading of n
as a, or under the influence of the L. perf. replevi.]
trans. To replenish.
1426 LYDG. De Guil. Pilgr. 23585 Lich a desert or places
wilde, wher no man hath lust to bilde, Replevisshed of al
ordure. 1447 BOKENHAM Seyntys (Roxb.) 24 Fully re-
plevyshed wyth cherytabylnesse. 1450-80 tr. SecretaSecret.
29 There are thingis that makith the body fatte . . that is,
rest and replevisshyng of dyuerse metis.
Reple'visor. [See REPLEVISH z».i and -on i.]
'One who replevies' (Ogilvie 1882).
Replevy (riple'vi), sb. Law. Now rare. Also
5-7 -ie. JT. next]
1. A writ of replevin. = REPLEVIN 2.
1451 Paston Lett. I. 194 The baly bad hym kete a replevy
of his mayster and he wold serve it. 1497 in I. S. Leadam
Sel. Cos. Crt. Requests (Selden Soc.) n Your said oratour
sent vnto the Shirif for a replevie . . the which replevie was
deliuered to the same sir John. 1523 FITZHERB. Sura. 10 b,
The sherife where the catell is shall make and serue the
repleuy. 1554-5 Act i ^ 3 Phil, ff Mary c. 12 § i No
Cattell. .shalbe impounded in severall places, wherby the
Owner.. shalbe constreyned to sue severall Replevis for the
delyverye of the said Distresse so taken at one tyme. a 1683
SCROGGS Courts-leet (1714) 90 The Owner of the Cattle
must go to the County Clerk . . for a Replevy to be directed
to the Bailiffs to replevy them.
2. = REPLEVIN sb. i and I b.
T554-5 Act i # 2 Phil. >, Mary c. 12 § i Deputies so
appointed.. shall have aucthorite in the Shiriffes name to
make Replevies and Dely verance of suche Distresses. 1584
FENNER Def. Ministers (1587) 16 Wee will nowe impounde
them and answere them when he bringeth a writte of re-
Eleuie to fetche them out. 1628 COKE On Lite. i. 145 b, Yet
e may haue a Writ of Repleuy to the Sherife. 1647 N.
BACON Disc. Govt. Eng. i. Ixvii. (1739) 162 The Sheriff
must grant replevy if it be demanded, although formerly no
replevy was without special Writ. 1817 W. SELWYN Lam
Nisi Prius (ed. 4) II. 1099 If the party distrained upon,
either sold or eloigned the distress after the replevy [etc.].
1843 LD. CAMPBELL Chancellors Ixxiv. Ill 122 The illegal
increase of duties on importations by refusing replevies.
b. = REPLEVIN sb. i c. Also transf.
1607 COWELL Interpr., Replevie . . is vsed also for the
bayling of a man. 1748 THOMSON Case. Indol. n. xxxii, Too
late Repentance comes : replevy cannot be From the strong
iron grasp of vengeful Destiny. 1772 Junius Lett. Ixviii.
(1788) 348 Coke.. accurately distinguishes between replevy
bythe common writ., and bail by the King's Bench.
Replevy (r/ple'vi), v. Law. Also 6 -ie. [ad.
OF. replevir (AF. also replever), f. re- RE- + plevir
of doubtful origin; see PLEDGE. Hence also med.L.
replevin.]
1. trans, a. To bail (a person), or admit to bail.
'554-5 Act i # 2 Phil, ff Mary c. 13 § i No Justice..
shall lett to baile or maineprise any suche person or persons
which.. be forbidden to be replevied or bayled by the
statute of Westminster. 1615 MANWOOD Laiues Forrest
xxii. § 5. 215 To attach the said warden.. to answer wher.
fore he hath not repleuied him yl is so taken. 1651 tr.
Kitchin's Jurisdictions (1657) 524 The aforesaid D. is con-
veyed away .., by which means I cannot replevy the said
D. 1768 BLACKSTONE Comtn. III. 129 The writ as hoininc
replegiando lies to replevy a man out of prison, or out of
the custody of any private person. 1772 Junius Lett.
Ixviii. (1788) 354 The first attempt to reform these various
abuses, was by contracting the power of replevying felons.
REPLICATE.
fig. 1826 SOUTHEY Vind. Eccl. Augl. 483 By using the
Kosary she had obtained such favour in the eyes of the
Virgin, that her soul was replevied.
2. To recover (cattle or goods) by replevin.
159* BACON Max. f, Use Com. Lavi n. (1635) 7 Men. .may
have writs for to replevy their cattell distrained and im-
pounded by others. 1623 DALTON Office Sherifs 166 It
chanceth sometimes that the Tenant after that hee hath
Repleuied his beastSj doth sell them away. 1647 N. BACON
Disc. Govt. Eng. i. li. (1739) 89 If Cattle be taken by Dis-
tress, the party that will replevy them shall pay for the
return of the Cattle. 1768 BLACKSTONE Comm. III. 13 This
is for the benefit of the tenants, that they may know
where to find and replevy the distress. 1817 W. SELWYN
Law Nisi /ViKi(ed. 4) II. 1126 It will follow, that so long
as the cause remains in the county court, the plaintiff may
replevy the distress after non-suit there. 1873 DIGBY Real
Prop.vu. § i 274 note, A person whose goods have been
distrained seeks to replevy them.
b. Of the sheriff or bailiff: To recover for, or
restore to, the owner by replevin. ? Obs.
1623 DALTON Office Sherifs i66b, Then the power of the
shenle or his bailiffe ceaseth, so as they may not repleuie or
deliuer them. 1628 COKE On Lilt. 145 b, Yet shall the
Sherife repleuy the goods distreyned, for it is against the
nature of such a distresse to be irrepleuisable. « 1683 [see
REPLEVY sa. i].
transf. 1596 SPENSER F. Q. iv. xii. 31 Yours the Waift by
high prerogative. Therefore I humbly crave your Majestie
It to replevie, and my sonne reprive.
3. intr. or absol. To carry out the act of replevin.
1607 COWELL Interpr. s.v. Second deliverance, After a re-
turne of catel..to him that distreined them, by reason of
a default in the party that replevied. 1768 BLACKSTONE
Comm. III. 13 To replevy. .is, when a person distreined
upon applies to the sheriff. . and has the distress returned
into his own possession. 1817 W. SELWYN Law Nisi Prins
(ed. 4) II. iico Although the statute of Westm. zd. c. 2 is
entirely silent as to a bond from the party replevying [etc.].
1884 Law Rep. 12 Q. B. Div. 386 The period of five days is
given by the statute to enable the tenant to replevy.
Hence Beple 'vying vbl. sb. and///, a.
1581 LAMBARDE Eiren. I. xxiii. 248 Replevijng of the
person of a man in case of Villenage. 1607 COWELL Interpr.
s.v. Second deliverance. For the repleuying of the same
catell againe. 1648 Bp. HALL Sel. Thoughts § 44 In
matter of law^ every plain country-man knows what be-
longs to distraining, impounding, replevying. 1862 Stat.
of Vermont xxx. c. 94 § 40 Any liquor seized., shall not be
delivered by the replevying officer to the claimant.
Replevyn(e, -yng, obs. ff. REPLEVIN sb.
Replevys(s)h, variants of REPLEVISH v. Obs.
tRepli-al. Obs. Also 6 -iall, -yal(l. [f.
REPLY v. + -AL.] = REPLY sb.
1548 GEST Pr. Masse D vj, Cocleus. .wryteth in hys
former replyall to Bullynger. 1393 R. BARNES Parthenophil
Elegy iv, When for so many lines, I begged replyal. 1594
CAREW Huarte's Exam. Wits (1616) 17 God speakes once
. .and turnes not to a second repliall.
t Repli'ant. Obs. rare. Also 7 -yant. [a.
F. repltant, pres. pple. of replier : see REPLY v.~\
One who replies or makes a replication.
1594 WEST -2nd Pt. Symbol., Chancerie § 79 And for
further replication saith, that the said H. C. late father of
this Rephant, was lawfully seised.. of the said tenements.
1636 BOURNE Def. Script. 52 Mr. John Deacon, a solid and
sharp Questionist, Replyant and Demandant.
Replica (re-plika). [a. It. replica, f. repli-
care : see REPLY v.~\ A copy, duplicate, or repro-
duction of a work of art ; properly, one made by
the original artist.
1824 LADY MORGAN Salvator Rosa iii. I. 105 He is said to
have reproduced in numerous replicas [sic], the scenery of La
Cava. 1839 THACKERAY Virgin. Ixxii, A copy or replica of
which piece Mr. Warrington fondly remembered in Virginia.
1839 GULLICK & TIMBS Paine. 193 The replica in the
National Gallery, of 'the Agony in the Garden '. 1887 BLACK
Saliina Zembra 31 If Miss Zembra would care to have a
little replica of it, I should be happy to do that for her.
b. transf. A copy, reproduction, facsimile.
1865 OUIDA Strathmore \, How can they imagine an ill-
done replica of ourselves can attract us ! 1883 CLODD
Myths S; Dr. 11. ix. 205 Such theories, .often take the form
of belief in the soul as a replica of the body. 1899 KIPLING
Stalky 71 Each house., was a replica of the rest; one
straight roof covering all.
t Replicable, a. Obs. rare -1. [See REPLICA-
TION and -ABLE.] That may be replied to.
a 1329 SKELTON Replyc. 303 Reputyng hym vnable To
gainsay replycable Opmyons detestable Of heresy execrable.
Replicand : see REPLIQUE v. 06s.
t Re'plicant. Obs. [ad. L. replicant-em,
pres. pple. of replicdre : see REPLY ».]
1. A fresh applicant, rare-1.
1622 MABBE tr. Alemaris Guzman cTAlf. 202 Upon the
Neck of that comes another replicant, and he laies about
him, beseeching him to bestow upon him some old shirt.
2. One who replies.
The next Art of our Replicant is to impose those his nude
averments, which are most false and improbable. 1735
CARTE Hist. Eng. IV. 55 The ordinary divinity act should
be constantly kept with three replicants.
Re'plicate, sb. Mus. [f. as next.] A tone
one or more octaves above or below a given tone.
1776 BURNEY Hist. Mus. (1789) I. i. 5 This system of four
sounds is only an octave higher than that of the first tetra-
chord and. .the next is but a replicate of the second. 1846
in North's Mem. Music 34 note, [Vases] were tuned in
harmonica! proportions of fourths, fifths, and eights, with
REPLICATE.
472
REPLY.
their replicates. 1883 W. POLE in Grove Diet. Mus. III.
335/2 Replicates of notes in octaves are found to form parts
of all musical scales.
Replicate (re-plik/t), a. [ad. L. replicat-us^
pa. pple. of replicare : see REPLY v.~j
1. Bot, Of a leaf, etc. : Folded back upon itself;
also, folded so as to form a groove or channel
(Ogilvie 1850).
1833 LINDLEY Introd. Bot. 410 Replicate\ when the
upper part is curved back and applied to the lower, as in the
Aconite. 1870 HOOKER Stud, flora. 379 Outer lobes sub-
valvate with replicate edges. 1876 HARLEY Mat. Med.
(ed. 6) 394 Stigma simple or triple, minute and replicate.
2. Entom. Of the wings of certain insects : Pro-
vided with a joint by means of which the outer
part folds back on the base. 1891 in Cent. Diet.
Replicate (re-plilwH), v. [f. L. replicat-, ppl.
stem of replicare : see REPLY z>.]
1. To answer, reply ; to say in answer, rare.
1535 STEWART Cron. Scot. II. 651 Quhen he had schawin
his mynd to him in plane, This ilk Makdufe he replicat
agane. 1599 NASHE Lenten Stuff* 73 They.., like rattes
smothered in the holde, poorely replicated,, .'with hunger,
and hope, and thirst wee content our selues'. 1820 T. G.
WAINEWRIGHT Ess. fy Crit. (1880) 70 ' Anything you please,
Sir ', replicated the waitcre.
2. a. To repeat, reproduce (an action), rare.
1607 Schol. Disc. agst. Antichr. \\. x. 142 Our crosse
commemorateth the popish crosse, replicateth in action the
popish crossing. 1635, 1857 [see Replicated below].
b. To make a replica of (a picture, etc.),
1882 W. SHARP Rossetti in. 234 The Proserpina, has been
replicated five or six times.
3. To fold or bend back. AlsoySJf.
1777 [see Replicated below], 1880 [see REPLICATION 3 c].
1881 P. ROBINSON Under the Punkah 02 Better for him had
his arms remained feet, his ears never been replicated.
Hence Re 'plicated///, a.
1635 J. HAYWARD tr. Biondfs Banished Virg. 127 Him,
who oy replicated good-turnes proclaimed.. her faults and
ingratitude. 1777 PENNANT Brit. Zool. (ed. 4) IV. 102
Aperture wrinkled ; upper part replicated. 1857 HEAVYSEGE
Saul (1869) 43 Fire answering to fire as sound to sound, As
though to match the replicated peals.
Repli'Catile, a. rare—0, [f. as REPLICATE
a. + -ILE.] Entom. Capable of being folded back.
18*5 SAY Gloss. Enfant. 29
Replication (replik^-Jan). Also 4-5 repli-
cacioun, 5-6 -cion(e, 6 -cyon; 4 reply casion,
etc. [a. OF. replication, 'don (also reppli-)> ad. L.
replication-em folding back, repetition, (in legal
use) reply, n. of action f. replicare to unfold,
reflect on, reply, f. re- RE- +plicare to fold.]
1. The action of folding up or back ; the result of
this ; a fold. rare.
c 1374 CHAUCER Boeth. in. pr. xii. 82 (Camb. MS.), Ne
fooldesthow nat to-gydere byreplycasionof wordis amanere
wondyrful cercle or enuyronynge. 1578 BANISTER Hist*
Man iv. 45 Sometyme by extension . . other whiles by replica-
tion and enfoldyng therof..the eyes may both open and
shut. 1857 FARADAY E.rfi. Res. liii. 399 It., may consist of
an infinity of parts resulting from replications.
2. Reply, answer, rejoinder, j- Also in phr. •with-
out (any} replication, without reply being allowed ;
without protest or opposition.
c 1386 CHAUCER Knt.'s T. 988 My wyl is this for plat con-
clusion, With outen any repplicaclon, If that you liketh,
take it for the beste. 1433 LYDG. S. Edmund \\. 883 By a
maner replicacioun Ech onto other gan crye in ther walkyng*
c 1485 Digby Myst. (1882) in. 203 Thow t>es sottes a-aens me
make replycacyon, I woil suffer non to spryng of bat kenred.
153* MORE Confut. Tindale Wks. 478/1 To minystre
mayster Tyndall so muche pleasaunte matter of replicacyon.
1588 PARKE tr. Memioza's Hist. China 88 The sentence
pronounced against them, .is foorthwith executed without
any replication or appellation. 1637 R. HUMPHREY tr. St.
Ambrose I. n To open my mouth by way of replication.
1652 J. WRIGHT tr. Camus' Nat. Paradox x, 238 The
pitiful Prisoner suffered herself to bee bound.. without the
least Replication. 1720 GAY Polly n, Such raillery as this,
my dear, requires replication. 1784 R. BAGE Bar-ham
Downs I. 97 But, vanity apart, I am most happv in a
promptitude of replication. 1815 Zehtca III. 265 This is
retort, and replication about a phrase— a word— a nothing.
1876 BANCROFT Hist. U. S. III. viL 105 The 'political
adventurer '..excelled in quick and concise replication.
b. With a and //. A reply, answer.
c 1407 LYDG. Reson $ Sens. 4464, 1 wil lyke myn oppinioun
Make a replicacioun To that ye ban rehersed here. 1414
Rolls oj i'arlt. IV. 57/1 Whereby that I myghte have
answered in lawe to all maner of persones, that ony Replica-
cions wolden have maked a^eyns ony Article of my billes.
1525 LD. BERNERS Froiss. II. cci.[cxcvii.] 616 There was no
man spake a worde nor made no replycacion. 1535 CROM-
WELL in Merriman Life $ Lett. (1902) I. 416 Your Discrete
answers and replicadons made in that behalf. 1586 BRIGHT
Melanch. xvi. 92 A man of hasty disposition, .will make re-
ply, .before the tale be halfe told, whereby he faileth in his
replication. 1614 RALEIGH Hist. World in. (1634) 37 With
which taxation inflamed, he used this replication, c 1670
BUNYAN Differences Judgm. Wks. 1737 II, 72, 1 find yours far
short of a candid Replication. 17*7 A. HAMILTON New Ace.
E. Ind, II. liv. 284 The Peasants made solid Replications to
the Complaints of the Portugueze. 1798 I. ALLEN Hist.
Vermont 164 The replication to the foregoing observations
was, that the territory of Vermont should be a colony under
the Crown. 1830 JAMES Darnley xxxvii, An angry replica-
tion trembled on the lip of the English captain.
t c. An answer to a charge. Ohs. rare.
1586 J. HOOKER Hist. Irel. in HolinshedM. 150/1 Upon
the replication of the vicount. .knights were appointed to
examine all such witnesses. 1647 N. BACON Disc. Govt,
Eng. I. xxxviii. (1739) 57 A Judge suffered death for passing
Sentence upon the Coroner's only Record ; unto which a
Replication is allowed.
3. spec. A reply to an answer.
CI440 CAPGRAVE Life St. Kath. iv, 1508 Therfore I
answere to ;oure replicacion, Seruynge somwhat now joure
entent. 1461 Rolls of Farlt. V. 465/2 The answeres therunto
Sjven, and the replications to the same made. 1642 in
ushw. Hist. Coll. in. (1692) I. 610 The Petition of the
Lords and Commons, .together with his Majesty's Answer
thereunto, and a Replication of the said Lords and Commons
to the said Answer. 1711 SHAFTESB. Charac. (1737) III.
14 Those mighty controversys, ..the subsequent Defences,
the Answers, Rejoinders, and Replications. 1732 BERKELEY
Alcifhr. v. § 20 Those arguments, answers, defences, and
replications.
b. Law. The reply of the plaintiff to the plea
or answer of the defendant, being the third step in
common pleadings. Also without article.
1453 Paston Lett. \. 260 To that that he hath aunsuerd y
have replyed yn suchwyse that y trowe.. that there shall no
vayllable thyng be seyd to the contrarie of my seyd re-
plicacion. 1490 Plumptpn Corr. (Camden) 101 The replyca-
cion of Margaret Scargill to the answere of William Scar-
gill. 1523 FITZHKRD. Stint. 13 Howe the declaracion, the
answere, replicacion, & rejoyndreshuldebemade :. .1 remyt
y* to men of lawe. 1591 HARINGTON Or I. fair, xiv. Ixxiii,
Her lap was full of writs and of citations,. .Of bils, of
answers, and of replications, a i6ag SIR H. FINCH Law
(1636) 279 Against the plea that the parties to the fine had
nothing &c. it is no good replication, that the parties were
seised. i68a LUTTRELL Brief R el. (1857) I. 201 The at-
turney general 1 some time since putt in a replication to the
?lea of the citty of London in defence of their charter. 1768
ILACKSTONB Cottnn. III. 310 The plaintiff, .may in nis
replication, after an evasive plea by the defendant, reduce
that general wtong to a more particular certainty. 1817
W. SELWYN Law Nisi Prius (ed. 4) II. 759 By the replica-
tion it appeared, that the defendant was not charged as a
rightful but as wrongful executor. 1865 NICHOLS Brit ton
II. 141 Let the objection of bastardy be then determined
upon replication.
fig. 1649 w* M. Wandering Jew (1857) 48 She has
Demurs, and Replications and Rejoinders; but my case
hangs, and no order can I get set downe in this tedious
Court of Cupid.
C. Roman Law. (See quot.)
1880 MUJRHEAD Gaius iv. § 126 It becomes necessary to
introduce yet another clause. .for the pursuer's benefit,
which is called a replication, because thereby the force of
the exception is replicated and destroyed.
t4. Repetition. Obs.
4:1425 Orolog. Sapient. ii. in Anglia X. 342/12 He..$afe
him to meditacione of be passtoneof owre lord Ibesu&..was
..helede by continuele replicacione (>er-of. 1594 CAREW
Huarte's Exam. Wits (1616) 131 What the things bee.,
wee hnue heretofore made mention : now we will returne to
a replication of them. 1683 TRYON Way to Health 642
Those seven Notes are the Basis of all Musical Composition.
The Number Eight is a beginning again, or a replication or
repetition of the same.
t b. Logic. (See quot.) Obs. rare ~~°.
17*7-38 CHAMBERS Cycl., Replication, the assuming or
using the same term twice in the same proposition ; other-
wise called reduplication.
5. Return of a sound ; reverberation, echo.
1601 SHAKS. Jnl. C. i. i. 51 Tyber trembled vnderneath
her bankes To heare the replication of your sounds, Made in
her Concaue Shores. 1737 GLOVER Leonidas vi. 264 The
echoes sigh'd In lulling replication. 1850 BLACKIE sEschylns
1 1. 250 With replication loud, Leapt the blithe echo from the
rocky shore. 1859 FARRAR y. Home 206 Heavens ! what
a melody of replications I
jpg. 1678 CUDWORTH Intett. Syst. i. iv. § 36. 582 Then
will the second Hypostasis be look'd upon as the Eccho of
an original Voice ;.. as if both.. were but certain Replica-
tions of the first original Deity with Abatement.
6. A copy, reproduction. Also, the action of
reproducing.
1699 RAY Disc. 209 Every thing that resembles and comes
near to it, and is as it were a replication of it. 1859 FARRAR
y. Home 70 The notes, .mainly consisted of replications of
Mr. Grayson's placid physiognomy. 1882 W. SHARP Rossetti
iii. 179 More fitting for its water-colour stage than for re-
plication in a large oil-painting.
Re'plicative, a. Bot. [f. as REPLICATE a. -*-
-IVE. Cf. F. replicatif.'] = REPLICATE a. i.
1852 HENSLOW Diet. Bot. Terms.
So Re'plicatively adv.
1727-38 CHAMBERS CycL s.v. Replication^ The human soul
is said to be in a place replicatively, replicative^ when con-
ceived to be all in the whole, and all in every part thereof.
Re'plicatory, a. rare-1, [f. as REPLICATE
a. + -ORY.] Of the nature of a reply.
1837 Blackw. Mag. XLI. 841 A Parliamentary Committee
for the reception of testimony on their side, replicatory to
that given before Mr. Sadler s Committee.
Replie, obs. form of REPLY sb. and v.
Replier (r/pbi-ai). [f. REPLY v. + -ER1.]
One who replies or answers ; f esp. the author of
a Reply.
1566 T. STAPLETON Ret. Untr. Jewel Pref. to Rdr., I do
first laye forthe the wordes of D. Harding, printed in a
seueral letter, vpon and aboute the whiche, the Replier
hath noted the Vntruthe. 1581 FIELD in Confer, n. (1584)
K iij b, The Replyers hauing no longer time to prouide their
arguments. 1608 WILLET Hexapla Exod. 531 Matthias
Toring the replier to Burgensis. 1644 HUNTON Vind. Treat.
Monarchy iii. 13 The Replier vainly carpes at the name,
when he cannot denie the thing. 1815 LAMB in MmgttLi/t
(1882) 94, I am forced to be the replier to your letter, for
Mary has been ill. 1900 M % Q. gth Ser. V. 312/2 One of
the repliers. .adds to his explanation a somewhat amusing
supplement.
Beplieve, variant of REPLEVE v. Obs.
Repli'ght, v. [RE- 5 a.] To plight afresh.
1874 HOLLAND Mistr. Manse xxi. 96 Hearts and wings
again united,. .And their holy troth repligh ted. 1876 LAMER
Poemst Cent. Medit. 43 Toil, and forgive, and kiss o'er, and
repligh t.
t Repli'qne, sb. Obs. rare~~l. [a. F.
f. rtpliqtier : see next.] A reply.
1549 SIR W. FACET in liurnet Hist. Ref. (1865) V. 266, I
have no commission to make any replique thereto.
t Ztepli'que, v. Obs. rare. Also 5 replyque ;
Sc. pres.ppic. replicand. [ad. K. rtpliquer% ad.
L. replicare : see REPLY #.] trans, and intr. To
reply (to) ; to answer ; to say in reply.
1456 SIR G. HAVE Law Arms (S.T.S.) 167 Than ansueris
the baroun, replicand this argument, sayand [etc.], c 1477
CAXTON Jason 44 lason with these wordes coude nomore
replique for he apperceyued that he coude not make his
mater good, c 1489 — Blanchariiyn. xvii. 54 The proude
mayden.-wyst nomore what to replyque nor gaynsaye.
1511 Balade in Bradshmus St. Werbnrge (E.E.l'.S.) 201
With deth preuent he myght nothyng replique.
Reploch, obs. form of RAPLOCH.
Replo'tnient. rare—1, [f. RE- 5 a + PLOT
v.] The act of plotting out again.
1701 Col. Rec. Pennsylv. XI. 42 Who have gott Double
Lotts by my Replotment of the City.
Replough.', v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To plough
again, ///. andyS^-. Hence Replou'ghing vbl. sb.
TULL Horse-Hoeing Hnsb. xi. (Dubl.) 113 This way
of Re-plowing the Ridges, moves all the Earth of them.
Ibid.t That will hinder the Re-plowing of the first Furrows.
1793 tr. Cresset's Ver-Vert iv. (ed. 2) 39 The vessel stood
Unmoor 'd.^nd ready to replough the flood. 1856 FROUDE
Hist. Eng. I. 28 The farms were rebuilt, the lands re-
ploughed, the island repeopled.
II Replum (re'pl#m, r/'plflm). Bot. PI. repla.
[L. replwn ' a bolt for covering the commissure
of the folding-door ' (Lewis and Short).] The
central frame or placenta left in certain fruits when
the valves fall away by dehisccnce.
1830 LINDLF.V Nat. Syst. Bot. 88 In Carmicbaclia the
valves separate from the suture, which remains entire, like
the replum of Cruciferae. 1849 BALFOUR Man. Bot. § 534
In Orchidaceae. .when the valves fall off, the placentas are
left in the form of three arched repla or frames. 1861 BENT-
LEY Man. Bot. 319 When the replum extends entirely across
the fruit it is two-celled ; if only partially, it is one-celled.
t Keplu-mb, v. Obs.-° [ad. L. replumbare :
see RE- 2 d and PLUMB ^.] To unsolder.
16*3 COCKEKAM, Replvmbed) vnsouldred.
Beplu'me, v. [RE- 5 a.] To rearrange.
1855 BROWNING Saitt xv, The right-hand replumed His
black locks to their wonted composure.
Replu-nder, v. [RE- 53.] To plunder again.
1655 FULLER Hi&t. Camb. 8 To crie quits with the Barons,
William Earl of Sarisbury, and Falk de Brent.. replundred
Cambridgeshire.
Rephrnge (n"-)( sb. [f. RE- 5 a + PLUNGE
sb^\ The act of plunging again.
1806 J. GRAHAME Birds Scotl. 138 Unless the trout with
quick replunge Ruffle the glassy surface. 1869 RUSKIN Q.
of Air § 39 The dolphins' arching rise and replunge.
BeplU'Tlge (n-), v. [ad. V.replonger\ orf. RE-
5 a + PLUNGE v.~\ To plunge again, Hi. zn&Jig.
a. trans, a 1618 SYLVESTER Elegie to Marg. Wyts 92 To
be replung'd in Romish superstition. 1719 YOUNG Revenge
\. ii, Since thou hast replung'd me in my torture, I will be
satisfy'd ! 1751 Female foundling \. 103 Uneasiness seized
me, and I was again replunged into Perplexity and Sorrow.
1801 STRUTT Sports $• fast. in. vii. 252 She.. dives again,
and replunges the owl into the water. 1848 LYTTON Harold
i. ii, They replunged into barbarism the nations over which
they swept. 1863 CONOLLY Study Hamlet 25 This re-
plunges Hamlet into his bitterest reflections.
b. intr. 16x1 FLORIO, Riprofondare^ to sinke againe, to
replunge. 1797 W. TAYLOR in Monthly Rev. XXII. 545
Then [he] replunges for six days into the tainted atmo-
sphere of the town in which he dwells. 1844 DISRAELI
Coningsby vi. i, She.. instantly turned her head and re-
plunged into her conversation.
Hence Keplu-nger.
x88a Dailv News 7 Jan. a/i Signalling lore,.. a language
in which 'back-locking', 'slotters', and ' replungers ' are
important factors.
Reply (rrplai-), sb. Also 6 replie, 7 replye.
[f. the vb.]
1. An answer or response in words or writing;
also transf.j a response made by a gesture, act, etc.
1560 in Jewefs Wks. (1848) I. 66 The Reply of the
Bishop of Sarum to the Letter above written. 1588 SHAKS.
L. L. L. iv. j. 86 Thus expecting thy reply, I prophane my
lips on thy fbote. x6oa — Ham. n. ii. 212 How pregnant
(sometimes) his Replies are ! 1647 CLARENDON Hist. Reb.
i. § 66 The Earl.. without any reply to the particulars, de-
clared 'that he neither cared for his Friendship, nor feared
his Hatred '. 1665 GLANVILL Def. Van. Dogm. 75, I con.
eluded my Reply with a Brevity that shews I am not
fond of an occasion of Disputing. 1737 GLOVER Leonidas in.
277 Sparta's king This brief reply deliver'd from his seat. 1781
COWPER Conversat. 877 Their wisdom bursts into this sage
reply. 1828 SCOTT F. M. Perth xxi, The King turned . . with
a look of triumph, at the filial affection which his son dis-
played in his reply. 1833 TENNYSON Lady Clara V. dc V.
22 You sought to prove how I could love, And my disdain
is my reply. 1855 — Maud n. iv. 30 The delight of happy
laughter, The delight of low replies.
b. Without article.
1589 PUTTENHAM Eng, Focsle in. xix. (Arb.) z^Symploche^
or the figure of replie. 1595 SHAKS. John in. iii. 49 If that
thou couldst.. Heare me without thine eares, and make
REPLY.
reply Without a tongue, c 1620 A. HUME Brit. Tongue i.
vii, Quhcrat al laughed, as if I had bene dryven from al
replye. 1667 MILTON P. L. IT. 467 Thus saying rose The
Monarch, and prevented all reply. 1715 POPE Odyu. VHl.
167 To whom with sighs Ulysses gave reply. 1751 JOHNSON
Rambler No. 176 f 8 The animadversions of critics are
commonly such as may easily provoke the sedatest writer
to some . . asperity of reply. 1817 SHELLEY Rev. Islam v. xix,
At length one brought reply, that she To-morrow would
appear. 1839 TENNYSON Geraint f; Enid 817 That other
flush'd And hung his head, and halted in reply.
transf. 1817 SHELLEY Rni. Islam n. \vi, All bosoms
made reply On which its lustre streamed. 1831 TENNYSON
(Enone 141 Her full and earnest eye . . Kept watch, waiting
decision, made reply.
0. Mus. The answer or response in a fugue. (See
also quot.)
1597 MORLEV Int^rod. Mus. 105 When the principal! (that
is the thing as it is firste made) and the replie (that is it
which the principal! hauing the partes changed dooth make)
are sung, changing the partes in such maner, as the highest
part may be made the lowest.
d. attrib. and Comb., as reply-paid adj., post-
card, -signal.
1884 Graphic 30 Aug. 210/3 Reply Postcards can now be
sent to Egypt. 1890 Daily News 26 Feb. 2/1 The value of
a reply-paid voucher will only be refunded to the sender of
the original telegram. 1897 P. WARUNG 7'ales Old Regime
101 The reply-signal came up the shaft.
2. A counter-answer, a replication. (In later use
only St. Law.)
1701 COTTON MATHER Magiialia vn. 16/2 § 5 Unto those
Answers the Synod gave Replies ; and unto those Replies
he gave Returns. 1719 WATERLAND Vind. Christ's Div.
Prei. Aij, Exchanging Papers, making Answers, Replies, and
Rejoinders. 1777 Acts Sederunt (1790) 592 Act concerning
Replies. 1820 SCOTT Abbot i, Answers, replies, duplies,
triplies, quadruplies, followed thick upon each other.
t3. ? Supply. Obs. rare-1.
1592 KYD Sal. $ Pers. H. i. 214 Gtielp. Feare not for
money, man, ile beare the Boxe. lul. I haue some little
replie, if neede require.
Reply (rfpbi-), v. Also 4 repplye, 4-7
replye, 5-6 replie. [ad. OF. replier to fold
again, turn back, reply (mod. ¥ .replier to fold again,
turn, coil) :— L. replicare: see REPLICATION.]
1. 1. intr. To answer or respond in words or
writing. Also const, to, \ against.
c 1385 CHAUCER L. G. W. Prol. 343 5e motyn herkenyn If
he can replye A-geyns these poyntys that ?e han to hym
mevid. c 1386 — Merck. T. 365 Hym thoughte. .That in-
possible it were to repplye Agayn his choys. 1414 Rolls of
Parlt. IV. 57/1 To the whiche billes myne adversaries
repleiden by mouthe and enfourmeden the Kyng . . in that
Parlement, how I was outlawed. 1494 FABYAN Citron, vn.
ccxxxvi. 274 The archebyssbop Thomas began to replye
agayn the Kynges mynde. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W.
1531) 173 Here y* enuyous and irous persone maketh sore
contradiccyon, & replyeth, sayenge. 1560 DAUS tr. Slei-
dane's Comnt. 94 The Protestantes do replie thus. 1597
SHAKS. 2 Hen. IV, v. v. 59 Reply not to me, with a Foofe-
borne lest. 1610 HEYWOOD Gold. Age i. Wks. 1874 III. 14
He that next replyes, Mother or friend, by Saturnes fury
dyes. 1663 G. HAVERS P. delta Voile's Trav. E. India
102 His Courtiers seeing him in this mood, would not reply
reply to anybody. 1797 MRS. RADCLIFFE Italian Prol., The
friar did not immediately reply. 1853 TENNYSON Maud n.
in. 7 Or if I ask thee why, Care not thou to reply. 1879
M. PATTISON Milton 76 Milton replies to these random
charges by a lengthy account of himself.
fig. 1601 SHAKS. Alts Well n. iii. 87 The honor sir that
flames in your faire eyes, Before I speake too threatningly
replies. 1860 TYNDALL Glac. \. xiii. 92 If Nature does not
reply to a question we throw it into another form.
t b. Const, upon a person or thing. Obs.
'579 T°MSON Calvin's Serin. Tim. 214/1 If a thing be once
appointed by him who hath all power, let vs not replie
vpon it. 1652 GAULE Magastrom. 340 The king replyed
upon him again, avouching [etc.], a 1731 ATTERBURY Sena.
(J.), We should find what reason Castalio's painter had to
reply upon the cardinal, who blamed him [etc.].
O. To respond by some gesture, act, or per-
formance ; esp. to return gun-fire.
1818 SHELLEY Rosal. $• Helen 9, 1 see . . thine eyes replying
To the hues of yon fair heaven. 1829 SIR W. NAPIER
— - 7 — ...*..».,*.,. 1894 LD. WOLSELEY Life inuri-
toroHgh II. I75 A battery of eight guns opened on the fleet.
. .The frigates replied.
2. To return a sound; to echo.
In early quots. merely a contextual use of sense i.
1390 GOWER Can/. II. 282 What man that in the wodes
cneth, Withoute faile Eccho replieth. 1588 SHAKS. Tit. A .
n. in. 1 8 Whilst the babling Eccho mocks the Hounds,
Replying shrilly to the well-tun'd Homes. 1712-14 POPE
Rape Lock in looThe nymph exulting fills with shouts the
sKy ; l he walls, the woods, and long canals reply. 1800-10
SHELLEY Bigotry's Victim i, Whilst India's rocks to his
death-yells reply, Protracting the horrible harmony. •&*]
IENNYSON Prim. in. 358 Blow, let us hear the purple glens
replying.
8. To make counter-answer; spec, in Law, to
answer a defendant's plea ; to make a replication.
M53 Piston Lett. I. 260 To that that he hath aunsuerd y
309 The plaintiff may plead again, and reply to the defend-
VOL. VIII.
473
I ant's plea. 1802 JAMES Milit. Diet, s.v., After the prisoner's
j defence before a court-martial the prosecutor.. may reply.
4. trans. To return as an answer ; to say in reply.
Const, to, f against, f upon.
c 1412 HOCCLEVE De Reg. Princ. 1338 Natheless bou maist
ageyn me replie, ' To sum folk . . Agayn pouert it is no reme-
dye1. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 301 b, Nothynge
answerynge ne replyenge agaynst theyr wronge and false
accusacyons. 1591 SHAKS. i Hen. VI, m. i. 28 Lords, vouch-
safe To giue me hearing what I shall reply. 1611 BIBLE Tobit
ii. 14 But shee replyed vpon me, It was giuen for a gift.
1647 CLARENDON Hist. Reb. i. § 29 He replyed that he could
not think well of it. 1671 MILTON P. R. iv. 2 Perplex'd and
troubl'd..The Tempter stood, nor had what to reply.
1751 ELIZA HEYWOOD Bttsy Thoughtless I. 86 ' Ah t
madam', replied he,.. 'where the heart is deeply affected '
[etc.]. ,1788 GIBBON Decl. Of F. xlix. V. 123 To the im-
portunities of the Greeks . . he piously replied, that no human
consideration should tempt him. .to resume the gift which
he had conferred. 1828 SCOTT F. M. Perth xxxiv, ' If there
be any man willing to fight for honour ', replied MacGillie
Chattanach, 'the price will be enough'. 1885 JEFFERIES
Open Air (1893) 157 The man. .replied nothing.
^b. To retort upon one. Obs. rare~l.
1513 WEST in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. i. I. 72 He said . . if ye
did any thing to hym then it shuld not be honorable, which
I replyed upon hym, sayeng that all the world knew that
your Grace went in the Churches cause.
c. To return, re-echo (a cry).
1650 R. BARON Fortune's Tennis Ball xviii, The airy
Queen.. each yell replies As if another chase were in the
skies. 1697 DRYDEN Virg. Georg. iv. 764 With his last
Voice, Eurydice, he cry'd. Eurydice, the Rocks and River-
banks reply'd.
II. fS- 8" To retract, withdraw. Obs. rare1-1.
1387-8 T. USK Test. Love i. vi. (Skeat) 1. 181 Whiche
thing is wonder, that they knowing me saiyng but soth arne
nowe tempted to reply her olde praysinges.
•f"b. To send away, repudiate. Obs. rare"-1.
IT 1470 HARDING Chron. xvm. vii, The quene Gwendolyne
..Whome Kyng Locryne forsoke and replyed, And Estrylde
weddid againe.
f 6. To fold back ; to double. Obs. rare.
c 1450 Bk. Curtasye 661 in Babees Bk. (1868) 321 J?o ouer
nape schalle dowbulle be layde, . . \>o ouer seluage he schalle
replye. 1574 BOURNE Regiment for Sea xxiii. (1577) 62 b,
An instrument shewing you howe many myles of Longitude
will answere vnto a degree., by the replying of a threed.
1 7. To repeat. Obs. rare -1.
1576 GASCOIGNE Phtlomene Wks. P j b, Euen so this byrde
vppon that name, Hir foremost note replies.
Hence Replying vbl. sb. and ///. a.; also
Beply'ingly adv., Reply 1st.
1548 ELYOT, Replicatio, arepliyng. 1571 GOLDING Calvin
on Ps. Ixxiiu i The Adverbe (Ac)., dooth not simply affirme
in this place, but is taken replyingly, (for yit, But yitf yit
notwithstanding). 1574 [see REPLY v. 6]. 1656 EARL
MONM. tr. Boccalinis Advts.fr. Parnass. n. xiv. (1674) 156
He without further replying, made all the haste he could
out of the Court. i8§a N. $ Q. 13 Mar. 257 A replyist refers
to a work in which is an autobiography. 1871 R. ELLIS
Catullus Ixv. 9 Ah ! no more to address thee, or hear thy
kindly replying! 1883 GRANT WHITE Washington Adams 6
The quick inquiring and replying chat of compatriots who
meet unexpectedly in a strange country.
Replyal(l, varr. of REPLIAL Obs.
Replyant, variant of REPLIANT Obs.
Repman, variant of REAPMAN Obs.
t Repoi'n, v. Obs. rare -l. [a. obs. F. repoin-,
repoign-, stem of repoindre :— L. repungere to prick
a£ain : see POIGNANT.] intr. To regret, repent.
1523 LD. BERNERS Froiss. I. cxxx. 65/1 The knyght
retourned again to them, and shewed the kynges wordes,
the whiche gretly encouraged them, and repoyned [F. sere-
pentirent} in tbat they had sende to the kynge as they dyd.
Repoi'nt (rf-), v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To point
(a wall, etc.) again. Also absol.
_ 1849 Q. Rev. Mar. 381 The summer of 1843 was occupied
in repomting the joints of the building. 1864 Daily Tel.
17 Mar., The shot-holes have all been neatly mended, the
shattered bricks re-pointed. 1887 HISSEY Holiday on Road
322 It is surely better to retop and repoint than to take away.
Repois(e, obs. Sc. forms of REPOSE v?
Repo-lish (n-),z-. [RE- 5 a. Cf. L. repollre,
F. repolir.'} trans, (and absol.) To polish again,
in lit. andj^. senses.
f 1590 GREENE Mourn. Garni. Wks. (Gros.) IX. 130 Shee
Infused such interiour and vitall spirits into this carkase,
that it seemed repollished with the purity of the senses.
1612 DONNE A Funeral Elegy 40 As a sundred clocke is
peecemeale laid, Not to bee lost, but by the maker's hand
Repolish'd. 1683 DRYDEN tr. Boileau's Art of Poetry n
Polish, repolish, every Colour lay, And sometimes add ;
but oftner take away. 1793 HERSCHEL in Phil. Trans.
LXXXIII. 207 These measures were taken with a speculum
that has been lately re-polished. 18x2 W. TAYLOR in
Monthly Rev. LXVIII. 253 His silver, .requires to be
purified and repolished throughout. 1892 GREENER Breech
Loader 118 Repolishing and browning barrels.
Hence Repo'lishing vbl. sb. ; also Repolisher.
1593 NASHE Chrisfs T, (1613) 153 Thou hast contended,
to be a more beautifull Creator and repolisher of thy selfe,
then he. 1611 FLORIO, Ripulimentol a repolishing. 1624
WOTTON Arckit. Pref., After the reuming and repolishing
of good Literature., he was best..vnderstood by Strangers.
1849 NOAD Electricity (ed. 3) 300 To render the re-polishing
of them unnecessary, M. Haldat tins them.
RepollU'te, v. [RE- 53.] To pollute again.
1645 WITHER Vox Pacif. 172 How farre you, in later
yeares, have gone To repollute these Islands.
RepolO'n. rare. Also 6 repolone, 9 repollon.
[ad. It. repolone or F. repolon = Sp. repelont of
doubtful origin.] (See earliest quots.)
REPORT.
Cotgr. identifies repolon and passade, and defines the
latter in agreement with Florio ; but later French Diets,
explain repolon as ' demivolte en cinq temps '.
^1598 FLORIO, Rc£oloni..\$ when a horse doth gallop in a
right path, and still returneth in the same, in english it is
now called a Repolone. 1717 BAILEV (vol. II),V?rfo/o»(with
Horsemen) is a Demivolt, the Croup inclos'd at five Times.
J.7.53 CHAMBERS Cycl. Stiff. 1892 LD. LVTTON K. Poppy
iii. 97 Performing all His volts and demivolts and repolfons
Among the roaring flames.
t BiCponce. Obs. rare. Also -Be. [a. F. reponce,
obs. f. raifonce : see RAMPION 1.] A rampion.
1704 Diet. Rust, s.v., Reponses, or wild Radishes, are
propagated only by seeds. 1706 PHILLIPS (ed. Kersey),
Xtffmcft, (Fr.) a sort of small wild Radishes, that grow
naturally in the Fields, and are eaten in Saflets. 1710
LONDON & WISE Comfl. Card. 237.
may reponder and resolue at leisure of the proceeding .
your enterprise. 1863 COWDEN CLARKE Shafts. Char. Pref.,
In pondering and repondering his productions for the chief
portion of my life.
Repoiidera'tion. [RE- 5 a.] The action
of weighing again.
1664 POWER Exp. Philos. i. 29 We then, upon a re-pondera-
tion of it, had lost near two drams of its former weight.
fRepone, variant ofrebon, REBOUND sb*
c 1440 Promp. Parv. 430/1 Repone,of a balle or ober lyke,
repitlsa, repulus.
Repoiie (r/p^u-n), i), Sc. Also 6 repoun. [ad.
L. reponh-e : see REPOSE v.]
1. trans. Law. To restore a person to a position
or office previously held ; in later use spec, to re-
store to the ministry or to a ministerial charge.
Also const. ?«, to.
1525 Sc. Acts Jos. V (1814) II. 200/1 Reponis, reinte-
gratis, & restoris \>e said Jhone till his honour, heretagis,
andis, rentis. 1583 in 6th Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. 637/1
hat he may be reponit and placit in my roume,. .landis,
Th ,. .,
honouris and dignitee. a 1639 SPOTTISWOOD Hist. Ch. Scot.
vi. (1677) 445 The desire they had to have their old Ministers
reponed would make them the more forward, a 1670
SCALDING Troub. Chas. I (1829) 57 That all ministers de-
posed since the ist of February be reponed in their places
to their former functions. i^aS Wodrow Corr. (1843) III.
308 It's given out. .that a design is forming to repone Mr
Simson at the next Assembly. 1753 Scots Mag. May 253/1
It might please the. .Assembly to. .repone him again to his
ministry. 1838 W. BELL Diet. Law Scot. 291 After deposi-
tion, the party is not to be regarded as a minister of the
church,.. even if he should be reponed, unless he is again
settled in a ministerial charge.
b. To restore to a certain legal status, to re-
habilitate (a person), esp. against a decree or
sentence, so that the case may be tried afresh.
f Also const, with inf. and absol.
1574 Reg. Privy Council Scot. II. 381 To heir and se the
said Bischope .. reponit to use his lauchfull defenssis. 1671
[? R. MAC WARD] Case Accom, Exam. 12 As a restitution
repones against a discontinuance. 1825 Act 6 Ceo. /!/,
c. 120 § 29 As soon as the Defender shall enter Appearance
and be reponed against the Decree pronounced in Absence.
1838 W. BELL Diet. Law Scot. 852 According to the existing
form a party may be reponed.. by presenting a reclaiming
note to the Court. 1850 Act 13 # 14 Viet. c. 36 § 23 Pro-
vided always, that a Pursuer may be reponed against a
Protestation. 1896 Greens EncycL Scots Law I. 16 The
Sheriff repones the defender.
f2. To put (a person or thing) back in a
place. Obs. rare.
1582-8 Hist. Jas. K/(i8o4> 39 That hir majestic should
first peaceablie be reponit in thecastell of Dumbarton. 1640
R. BAILLIE Canterb. Self-convict. 108 The English . . removed
the prayer it selfe from that place : But our men to shew
their Orthodoxie, repone the prayer in the owne old place.
f 3. To give as a reply ; to answer. Obs. rare.
1644 J. GOODWIN Innoc. Triumph. (1645) 53 In answer to
somewhat argued by me.. he repones thus. 1671 R. MAC-
WARD True Non-Conf. 289 You repone to us the very
meanest of their Arguments, not. .in the least recocted.
Hence Repo*ning vbl. sb. and^//. a.
1753 Scots Mag. May 252/2 In relation to the reponing of
these brethren. 1896 Green's Encycl. Scots Law I. 15 The
decree must also not have been recalled under the provisions
for reponing. Ibid. 16 A defender may be reponed against
a decree.. by lodging with the Sheriff Clerk a reponing
note.
RepO'pe, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To make (one)
pope again.
1869 BROWNING Rmgfy Bk. x. no Theodore, .convoked a
synod, whose decree Did..repope the late unpoped.
Repcrpnlate («"-)» v- \R&- 5 a.] trans. To
populate again. Hence Repo'pulating vbl. sb.
1599 HAKLUYT Voy. II. I. 220 This Temiragio returned to
the city, and then beganne for to repopulate it. 1611
COTGR., Repeuplentent, a repeopling, repopulating. 1859
HOLE Tour Irel. vii. (1892) 73 Great efforts are being made
to repopulate the country. 1881 R. N. Bo YD Chili 116 The
town was.. rebuilt and repopulated by emigrants from the
province of Biscay.
So Repopiila'tion.
a 1734 NORTH Lives (1826) I. 36 That perhaps may tend
to some repopulation, which is more needed than any means
of extortion. 1832 L. HUNT Translations 330 What possible
debtor can pay nis debts better, Than De-population with
Re-population? 1885 Homilet. Rev. (U. S.) Feb. 166 Be-
lieving that prophecy teaches the repopulation of Palestine
by Christiamzea Jews.
Report (r/poe-Jt), sb. Also 6 raport, reaport.
[a. OF. report (rare) or raport (mod.F. rapport},
vbl. sb. f. reporter t rapporter : see REPORT z'.]
60
REPORT.
1. Rumour, common talk. (Sometimes personi-
fied.) Now rare.
c 1374 CHAUCER Troylus i. 593, I haue & schal for trowe
orfals report In wrong & ryjt loued be al myn lyf. 14 ••
Tundal/s I' is., etc. (1843) 121 The day of trowthe is turned
into nyeht Thorow wrang report. ^1430 LYDG. Mm.
Poems (Percy Soc.) 70 No langage [is] digne thy vertus to
expresse By newe report so clierly they don shyne. c 1500
Lancelot 777 Arthur by Report hard saye How galiot non
armys bur that day. 1559 Mirr. Mag., Tipto/t n, Might
report vprightly vse her long It would lesse greue vs to
augment the matter. 1576 FLEMING Panopl. Epist. 91 Yet
doe the eyes. .kindle the more anguishe, whiche see.. those
thinges, that others heare by reporte. 1600 SHAKS. A. J . L.
I i 6 My brother laques he keepes at schoole, and report
speakes goldenly of his profit, c 1645 MILTON Soiin.x. To
Laily Margaret Ley, As that dishonest victory . . Kil d with
report that Old man eloquent. 1697 DRYDEN Virg. Georg.
in. 5oi Twas thus with Fleeces milky white (if we May
trust Report,) Pan God of Arcady, Did bribe thee. 1784
COWPER Task u. 355 Through that public organ of report
He hails the clergy. 1797 MRS. RADCLIFFE Italian u, I do
not lightly give faith to report.
b. With a and //. A rumour; a statement
generally made or believed. The report goes : it
is commonly said (cf. Go v. 13).
ci4t» HOCCLEVE De Reg. J'rinc. 1671 Reportes not so
sikyr iuges ben, As man to se be womannes persone. 1483
CAXTOX Cato C v, Many euyles comen by wycked and euyl
tunges and euyl reportes. 1560 DAUS tr. Sleidane's Comm.
52 The report goth that you have conspired to destroy the
secte of Luther. 1568 GRAFTON Chron. II. 669 The Erie of
Warwike. .by euill reportes, did as much as in him lay to
hinder this mariage. 1613 PURCHAS Pilgrimage v I. y. (1614)
587 Baumgarten saith that it wa* a common report in Cairo
when he was there. 1665 BOYLE Occas. Rffl. IV. xvii. (1848)
274 He will.. perhaps Rume himself, .by spreading Reports.
a 1715 [see Go v. 13]. 1781 COWPER Conversat. 802, I have
lived recluse in rural shades, Which seldom a distinct re-
port pervades. 1818 SCOTT F. M. Perth iii, There are bad
reports of him amonj; the Dominicans, that is certain. 1848
B'NESS BUNSEN in Hare Life (1879) II. iii. 112 The shadow
of this., came in the shape of a report from Pans.
o. Repute, fame, reputation. Now only with
good, etc., as an echo of Biblical passages.
1514 BARCLAY Cyt. f, Uplondyshm. (Percy Soc.) 28 What
thynge is glory, . . honour, report, or what is noble name ?
1535 COVERDALE Judith viii. 13 This ludith was a woman
of a very good reporte with euery one. 156* Child-
Marriages 108 The witnes. .cold not depose truly that she
was of honest name, biecause they hard of her evill Report.
1603 SHAKS. M eas. for M. \\. iii. 12 A Gentlewoman of mine,
Who.. Hath blisterd her report. 1641 J. JACKSON True
Evang. T. m. 180 Those honest and warrantable recrea-
tions, which are of good report among the Saints. 1719
BUTLER Serin. Wks. 1874 II. 23 The natural disposition, .
to do what is of good report. 1784 COWPER Task vi. 813
Her report has travell'd forth Into all lands. 1784 — Tiroc.
450 Of chief and most approved report. 1871 SMILES
Cnarac. vii. 195 He had no regard for popularity, but held
to his purpose, through good and through evil report.
2. An account brought by one person to another,
esp. of some matter specially investigated.
c 1410 Master of Game (MS. Digby 182) xxxii, Euerychone
shall sey his reporte to J»e lorde of |>at bei haue done and
y.founde. c 1430 Syr Gener. (Roxb.) 5620 Gwynet made
noo tariyng But bare the report with glad tithing. 1494
FABYAN Chron. v. Ixxix. 57 After report to hym brought of
the said Espyes that the countre was fertyll arid ryche.
1667 MILTON P. L. v. 869 This report, These tidings Carrie
to th'anointed King. 1741 YOUNG 1ft. Th. n. 377 'Tis
greatly wise to.. ask them, what Report they bore to
Heav'n. 1833 HT. MARTINEAU Manch. Strike xi. 120 The
messengers appeared.. and delivered in their report, which
was brief enough.
b. Without article, in phrase to make report
(false = to make answer).
1534 CROMWELL in Merriman Life Sr Lett. (1902) I. 385
Therof shal I not faile to make true raport to his Highnes.
1560 DAUS tr, Sleidane's Comm. 102 b, The Duke and_ the
Lantgrave had made reporte agayne, howe they misliked
not the treaty. 1581 N. T. (Rhem.) Matt. ii. 8 When you
shal finde him, make reporte to me. c 1683 WALLER On St.
474
presented. 1886 Pall Mall G. * July n/2 When the bill
came down to the House. . it should be merely subjected
to what is called report— that is, the intermediate stage be-
tween the second and third reading.
3. A statement made by a person ; an account,
more or less formal, of some person or thing. Also
to make report, to give information.
c 1411 HOCCLEVE De Reg. Princ. 1709 fe gipcians faste
behelden here, And of hire beaute maden (>el report lo
pbarao. c 1410 LYDC. Assembly of Gods 204 When Apollo
had herd the report Of Pluto, in a maner smylyng he seyde.
c 1475 Babecs Bk. 203 For the tyme is shorte, 1 putte theym
nouhte in this lytyl Reporte. 1551 BP. GARDINER hxplic.
Cath. Faith 24 b, So as the report made here of the doctru
of the Catholique churche..is a very true reporte. 1591
SHAKS. Two Gent. in. ii. 57 We know (on Valentines report)
:/ 756 Whe
making Enid gay.
C. A formal statement of the results of an inves-
tigation, or of any matter on which definite infor-
mation is required, made by some person or body
instructed or required to do so.
i««i BLOUNT Glossogr. (ed. 2), Report, is a Relation of the
opinion or judgement of a Referree, upon any case or
difference referred to his consideration by a Court of Justice,
most commonly the Chancery, a 1715 BURNKT Own Time
I. (1715) I- 41 Upon his refusal the rest of the Committee
did not think fit to sign the report. 1769 Junius Lett. iii.
(1788) 47 The reports of the reviewing generals comprehend
only a few regiments in England. 1781 New Ann. Reg.
ii. 166/1 The Report of the Commissioners for examining,
taking, and stating the Public Accounts of this Kingdom.
1802 J AMES Milit. Diet. s.v., Reports of cavalry are given in
to the senior generals of cavalry. 1833 Act 3 *r 4 Witt- f>f,
c. 52 § 2 That no Goods shall be unladen from any ship
..before due Report of such Ship, .shall have been made.
1876 VOYLE & STEVENSON Milit. Diet. 89/1 The Queen's
Regulations afford, .all information as to the preparation of
confidential reports.
d. In Parliamentary practice, the account of
a bill, etc., given to the House by the Committee
appointed to consider it.
1618 [see REPORTER i c]. 1714 (title) The Report of the
Committee of the Lords of. . Privy-Council . . relating to Mr.
Wood's Halfpence. 1817 Par!. Debates 1528 The Report
of the Committee appointed to inquire into this subject was
make report of this my glorious transfiguration to any man
whomsoever. 1784 COWPER Task ii. 6 My soul is sick with
every day's report Of wrong and outrage.
f b. Testimony to, or commendation of, a per-
son or quality. Obs. rare.
1588 SHAKS. L. L. L. 11. L 64 Much too little of that good
I saw, Is my report to his great worthinesse. c 1600 — Sonn.
Ixxxiii, And therefore have I slept in your report.
C. Law. A formal account of a case argued
and determined in any court, giving the important
points in the pleadings, evidence, etc. Freq. in //.
' The reports contain a statement of the facts, a short put-
line of the arguments made use of by counsel, the authorities
referred to, and the decision of the court ' (M'Culloch).
[1600 ASHE (title) Le Table al lievr des Reportes del
tresreuerend ludge Sir la. Dyer.] 1617 Act 15 Jos. 1 in
Rymer Foedera (1717) XVII. 27 They shall alwaies attend
the Judges of such Courts where the Judgments, .shall
passe with their Reports, to the ende they male be.. re-
viewed by the said Judges before they be published. i«»8
COKE On Lilt. 293Report. .in the Common Law..signifielh
a publike relation, .[of] Cases iudicially argued [etc.]. 1670
Moral State Eng. 59 Every Term bnngeth forth a collec-
tion of new Reports, a 1734 NORTH Life Ld. Keeper
North (1742) I. 20 Now.. every ordinary Practiser pubhsheth
his Reports as he pleaseth . . And thus the Shelves are loaded
with Reports. 1765 BLACKSTONE Comm. I. Introd. 71 The
reports are extant in a regular series from the reign of king
Edward the second inclusive. 1841 I'enny Cycl. XIX.
402/2 The earliest reports extant are the ' Year-books '.
attrilt. 1650 J'no. Gen. Acts 1097 The Parliament have
thought fit to. .Enact.., That all the Report-Books of the
Resolutions of Judges, and other Hooks of the Law of
England shall be translated into the English Tongue.
d. An account, more or less complete, of the
statements made by a speaker or speakers (as in
a debate, lecture, etc.), of the proceedings at a meet-
ing, or of any occurrence or event, esp. such an
account noted down with a view to publication in
a special form or in the newspaper press.
1811 J. H. LEWIS Ready Writer Introd. 16 The art by
which they may follow the most rapid speakers, and after-
wards read their own reports and memorandums with
correctness and facility. 1861 MAY Const. Hist. I. 429
When the fear of punishment was abated, the reports be-
came more systematic ; and were improved in character and
copiousness. 1865 ' OUIDA ' Strathmore i, Very few of them
[sc. ladies] would relish the chit-chat about them if they'd
correct reports from the club-windows and short-hand notes
from the smoking-rooms.
f 4. The act of saying or uttering. Obs ~ '
1548 GEST Pr. Masse Bjb, After thee due reporte, and
vtterance of thee sayde wordes. .they be consecrate.
f5. Relation, reference, bearing, connexion.
i Also const, to. Obs. rare.
1513 LD. BERNERS Froiss. Author's Pref. I. 2, I trust
I haue ensewed the true reporte of the sentence of the
mater. 167* EVELYN Diary 25 Sept., The kitchen and
stables are ill-placed, and the corridore worse, having no
report to the wings they joyne to. 1717-38 CHAMBERS
Cycl. s.v. Pinion, Pinion of report is that pinion, in a watch,
which is commonly fixed on the arbor of the great wheel.
1 6. a. Mus. A response ; a note or part answer-
ing to or repeating another ; loosely, a note, a
musical sound. Also attrib. Obs.
1501 DOUGLAS Pal. Hon. i. xli, Fresche ladyis sang in
voice virgineall Concordis sweit, diuers entoned reportis.
1549 Compl. Scot. vi. 37 There vas mony smal_birdis ..
singand melodius reportis of natural music. Ibid. 64 In
REPOBT.
timorous beyond imagination, trembling at the report of a
eun 1700 DRYDEN Ceyx <r Alcyont 139 in Fables 366 Ihe
lashing Billows make a loud report. 1773 COOK Vay. (1790)
I 177 They keep time with such exactness, that 60 or 100
paddles., make only a single report. i8» W .\viumSkelch
Kk II 254 The report of a distant gun would perhaps be
heard from the solitary woodland. 1871 TYNDALI. frag.
Sri. (1879) I. x. 319 They . .exploded with a very loud report
in the air.
b. In fire-works, a charge which makes a loud
noise when exploded ; a case containing this.
1799 G. SMITH Laboratory I. 28 Vou may also glue on
every end of the rockets, a report of paper. 1888 W H.
BROWNE Firework Making 15 Furnishing the squib with its
report is called bouncing.
Report (r/p5»-Jt), v. [a. OF. and AF. reporter
:-L. reportare, (. re- RE- + portare to carry. The
prominent uses in Eng. however are expressed in
OF. by raportcr (mod.F. rapporter) : cf. REPOBT so.]
1. trans. L To relate, narrate, tell, give an
account of (a fact, event, etc.). Also const, to
a person. Now somewhat rare.
c 1386 CHAUCER Sc/r.'s T. 64 Ther nys no man that may
reporten al. c 1386 — £fil. Merch. T. 17 And I sholde
rekenen euery vice Which |>at she hath,.. it sholde reported
be And toold to hire, c 1410 LYDG. Assembly of Cods 1486
When I came in I meruelyd gretly of that I behelde &
herde there reporte. 1:1450 LOVELICH Grail xlu. 237
Nasciens to hym gan to Reporte In to whiche diuers
Contre he gan Resorte. 1500-10 DUNBAR Poems xxxii. 69
1 his report I with my pen, How at Dumfermlmg fell the
cace. 1509 HAWES fast. Pleas, xm. (Percy Soc.) 5*. I
must precede, and shew of Arismetrik With divers nombres
which I must reporte. 1573 G. HARVEY Litter-bk. (Camden)
10 If I shuld report and repeat al your wurship miht think
me far wurs abusid. 1604 £. G[RIMSTONE] D'Acosla s Hist.
Indies ill. ix. 144 It were a very difficult matter, to report
particularly the admirable effectes which some wmdes
cause. 1634 MILTON Camni 127 Tis onely day-light that
makes Sin Which these dun shades will ne're report. 1667
— P.L VI. 21 He. .found Already known what he for news
had thought To have reported. 1859 TENNYSON Elaine 625
Came the Lord of Astolat out, to whom the Prince Re-
ported who he was. 1883 Century Mag. Oct. 027/2 ' Outre-
Mer ', a young poet's sketch-book, reports his first transition
from cloister life to travel and experience.
b. Const, that or inf. Freq. in passive in phr.
it is reported, it is commonly said or stated.
1460 CAPCRAVE Chron. (Rolls) 139 It is eke reported that
Seint Bernard schuld sey the same of this King Henry.
1535 COVERDALE Ps. Ixxxvi. 5 Of Sion it shall be reported,
that he was borne in her. 1541 UDALL Erasm. Apoph. 58
There been that reporten hym in this wise to haue aunswered.
1581 N. T. (Rhem.) Rom. iii. 8 As we are blasphemed, and
as some report us to say. 1606 SHAKS. Ant. * Cl. i. iv. 67
On the Alpes, It is reported thou did'st eate strange flesh.
1665 MANLEY Grotius' Low C. H'arrcs 431 Both parts
reported the number of the slain, to be greater than it was.
1686 tr. Chardin's Coronal. Solyman 84 It is reported the
Employments which he supply'd .. brought into the
Chequer a Million sterling yearly. 1819 L. HUNT Indicator
No. 8 (1822) I. 63 The author says that he has heard it re-
ported.. that the fourth Duke of Braganza [etc.]. 1856
FROUDE Hist. Eng. (1858) II. vii. 187 The refugee friars.,
were reported to be well supplied with money from England,
t C. To give an account of (a person), to de-
scribe. 06s.
1601 SHAKS. Ham. v. ii. 350 Report me and my causes
right To the vnsatisfied. 1607 — Cor. v. iv. 27 Men. He
wants nothing of a God but Eternity.. .Sici*. Yes, mercy,
if you report him truly. 1635 H EYLIN Sabbath I. (1636) 163
Saint Augustine so reports him in his sixt Book de civitate.
reft. 1611 SHAKS. Cymo. H. iv. 83 The Chimney-peece [is]
Chaste Dian, bathing : neuer saw I figures So likely to re-
port themselues.
2. To carry, convey, or repeat (something said,
a message, etc.) to another. Also without const.
a 1400-50 Alexander 2414 A lettir he fourmed, In presidine
with his awen prince reportand ba wordis. 1490 CAXTON
reports, o
harmonie. igoa R. D. Hypnerotoinachia 37 The aunswer-
able sounde and delectable report of a warbeling harpe.
1616 BACON Syl-oa § 113 The Reports and Fuges, have an
Agreement with the Figures in Rhetorick, of Repetition
and Traduction. 1646 CRASHAW Mustek's Duell Wks. (1904)
119 There stood she listning, and did entertaine The
musick's soft report 1661 PLAYFORD Skill Mus. I. (1674)
59 This Mood that is so commixt with fancy and Airy re-
ports, one part after other.
attrib. 1600 N. BRETON in England's Helicon Bbj, A
Report Song, .betweene a Sheepheard and his Nimph.
T b. Rhet. = ANAPHORA (see quot.). Obs.
1580 PUTTENHAM Eng. Poesie in. xix. (Arb.) 208 Repeti-
tion in the first degree we call the figure of Report ac-
cording to the Greeke originall, and is when we make one
word begin . . many verses in sute.
7. A resounding noise, esp. that caused by the
discharge of fire-arms or explosives.
*& *r »J.(_^__\__T:I
1^23 tiiNCHAM Aenophc.., —., -- , -
at the first haue feared the shew and reports ot our Peeces.
1660 F. BROOKE tr. Le Blanc's Trail. 233 They are
VllL OI nlr Supplication, WIIU icua lull v»i£i«.t, -«.f.v. ....
hir sister, and answere brocht agane. 1560 DAUS tr. Slei-
data's Comm. 287 b, I wyll reporte this tale unto Duke
Maurice. 1667 MILTON P. L. XH. 237 The voice of God To
mortal eare is dreadful ; they beseech That Moses might
report to them his will. 1781 COWPER Truth 205 Tom..,
swift as an express, Reports a message with a pleasing
grace. 1870 BRYANT Iliad II. xv. 81 Report my words To
royal Neptune, and report them right.
b. To repeat (something heard); to relate as
having been spoken by another.
(1440 Promp. Pant. 430/1 Reportyn', or here a-wey
thynge (at hathe be seyde or tawjte, reforto. 1530 PALSGR.
687/1, I reporte a thinge agayne, 1 make rehersall of it, as
I herde \ljefaysrapport. ai&8Hr.Li.C/iron.,rftn. VIU
260 b, The kyng hymself made hym answere, as foloweth
woorde for woorde, as nere as I was able to report it. 1589
PL-TTENHAM Eng. Poesic in. xix. (Arb.) 242 We are some-
times occasioned in our tale to report some speech from
another mans mouth. 1638 BAKER tr. Balzac's Lett. (vol. II)
176 You would aske mee newes, in a time, when reporting
it is dangerous. 1671 MILTON Samson 1350 He s gone, and
290/1 It is desiraoie mat ne snouiu ucnvci
were reporting another's sentiments. 1853 M. ARNOLD
Scholar Gypsy 90 None hath words she can report of thee.
c. spec. To take down (a law-case, speech, dis-
cussion, etc.) in writing, now esp. with a view to
publication in a newspaper ; to prepare a written
account of (any meeting, event, etc.). Also absol.
1600 ASHE Table Retries de Sir J. Dyer Note, The
i yeere of the Kings and Queenes raigne in which [the case)
i is reported, a 1617 BACON Amend. Laws Enf. Wks. 1730
REPORT.
IV. 6 Cases reported with too great a prolixity, would he
drawn into a more compendious report, a 1734 NORTH Life
Ld. Keeper North (1742) I, 34 [He] followed his studies
very close, and attended the Courts at Westminster, and
reported diligently. 1840 Penny Cycl. XVI. 105/2 Others
are engaged to report the trials in the courts of law. Ibid.)
The manner in which the parliamentary proceedings are re-
ported. 1861 Sat. Rev. 21 Dec. 631/2 Still less can a
country reporter, .accurately report lectures on all subjects
indiscriminately. He cannot report, because he does not
understand. 1891 N. ty Q. 26 Dec. 504/1 If Mr. Goschen
was correctly reported,.. he spoke thus.
3. To give in or render a formal account or
statement of or concerning (some matter or thing) ;
to make a formal report on ; to state (something)
in such a report.
1580 Reg. Privy Council Scot. III. 280 In cais ony
variance result,., than sail they report, .the mater and point
quhairin the variance standis. 1667 izt/t Rep. Hist. AfSS.
Comm. App. V. 8 They passed the Bill, as the Committee, ..
and ordered it to be reported the next day. 1780 Act in
New Ann. Reg. (1781)11. 166/1 That the commissioners., do
forthwith report to this house what progress they have made.
a 1781 in Simes Milit. Guide (ed. 3} 9 Taking care to keep
an exact roster, that one may not report more than another.
1833 Act 3 <V 4 Will. /Vt c. 52 § 2 All goods not duly re-
ported..shall be forfeited. 1855 J. R. LEIFCHII.D Cornwall
Mines 184 The engines which are to be 'reported ', that is,
to have their duty published once a month. 1863 H. Cox
Instit. i. ix. 167 At the close of a committee of the House
of Commons on a bill, the chairman reports the bill forth*
with to the House. 1873 RAYMOND Statist. Mines <y
Mining 97 The superintendent reports 24,305 tons of ore
taken from the mine during the year.
b. To relate, state, or notify (something) as the
result of special observation or investigation; to
bring in a report of (something observed).
1631 T. POWELL Tom All Trades 45 If the Herald report
him a Gentleman. 1633 HEYWOOD Eng. Trav. n. i, One..
Climbs by the bedpost to the tester, there Reports a turbulent
sea and a tempest towards. 1776 Trial of Nundocotnar 32/1
On my return, I reported to the Chief Justice in court that I
did not think it safe. 1781 COWPER Conversat. 386 Each
individual .. Reports it hot or cold, or wet or dry. 1836
MARRVAT Midsh. Easy xxxiv, The next morning the packet
from England was reported off the harbour's mouth. 1837
W. IRVING Capt. Bonneville II. 148 He would., return, and
report what he had seen to his companions. 1859 LANG
IVand.India.'Z'js My friend, .requested the sowars to follow
them, and report all they might observe of their actions.
O. To name (a person) to a superior authority
as having offended in some way.
1885 Law Times LXXX. 4/2 The master, .could only re-
port the claimant and could not suspend or dismiss him.
d. refl. To make known to some authority that
one has arrived or is present at a certain place.
i8oa JAMES Milit. Diet. s.v.( Every officer on his arrival. .
must report himself to the governor. 1841 CATLIN N. Amer.
Ind. xxxvii. (1844)^ II. 37 Having obtained permission to
accompany the regiment..! reported myself at this place. ;
1867 SMYTH Sailor's Word-bk. 569 To Report one's self, I
when an officer returns on board from duty, or from leave j
of absence.
trans/. 1837 CARLYLE Fr. Rev. III. i. i, This rising m La
Vendee reports itself at Paris on Wednesday the zgth of
August. 1876 MELLOR Priestk. iv. 174 The miracles .. were
changes which reported themselves to one sense at least.
H. intr. or absol. 4. f a. To make a report^ ;
to give an account of, to speak or talk in a certain
way ofy a person or thing. Obs.
1432-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) VI. 467 Of whom hit was seide
that Kynadius kynge of Scottes scholde reporte in this wise.
1461 Paston Lett. II. 30 The seyd Will reportyth of yow as
shamfully as he can. 1494 FABYAN Chron. 2 Of Fraunce
and other I myght lyke wyse reporte To theyr great honour.
I53SCovRRDAi.E i Tim. v. 10 Soch one as was . .well reported
of in good workes. 1589 PUTTENHAM Eng. Poesie m. xix.
(Arb.) 233 Many times our Poet is caried by some occasion
to report of a thing that is maruelous. 1601 SHAKS. Alfs
Well m. v. 60 There is a Gentleman that serues the Count,
Reports but coursely of her.
b. To act as a (newspaper) reporter.
1850 in OGILVIE. 1888 L. STEPHEN in Diet. Nat. Biog.
XV. 21/1 For two sessions he reported for the ' Mirror of
Parliament '.
5. To make report (on a person or thing) ; f to
relate, state.
a 1450 Knt. de la Tour (1868) 16 Thei toke her leue and
yode into Inglond, and reported as thei hadd founde bi the
doughtres. 1533 FRITH Atuw. More Wks. (1820) 344, 1 dare
say that ye untruly report on us all. a 1548 HALL Chron.,
Edw. Iy 7 He graunted lycence..for certayn cottesolde
sheepe to be transported into . . Spayne(aspeoplereport). 1596
SHAKS. i Hen. /K, n. iv. 456 This Pitch (as ancient Writers
doe report) doth defile. 1607 — Cor. n. U. 36 To report
Has any one among us . .seen these things, and come back to
life to report on them!
b. To make or draw up, to give in or submit,
a formal report.
1618 Jrnls. Ho. Comm. I. 905/1 They desire a present Con-
ference .. about the great Business. .. Mr. Glanvyle, Mr.
Selden [etc.] to report. 1802 JAMES Milit. Diet. s.v., General
officers report to the commander in chief only. 1828-38
WEBSTER s.v., The committee will report at twelve o'clock.
c. To report one's self. (See 3 d.)
1864 in WEBSTER. 1885 U. S. GRANT Mem. I. iii. 45 On
the 3oth of September I reported for duty at Jefferson Bar-
racks. 1891 Law Times XCI. 247/2 The goods were to be
applied for within twenty-four hours of the ship's arrival
and reporting at the Custom-house.
III. trans. f6. a. refl. To betake (oneself)
475
| for support, to appeal to a. person or thing. Cf.
[ REFER v. 5. Obs. (common c 1480-1640).
CMIO Master of Game (MS. Digby 182) xxxiii, Of be
whiche y reports me to be olde statutes and costumes of be
kynges house. 1450 Rolls of Parlt. V. 182/1 As for the
| Article . . he reporteth hym to the Act that is made theruppon.
1477 EARL RIVERS (Caxton) Dicta 23 Reporte the to the
moost holsome opynion of all thy counseyllours. 1503
HAWES Examp. Virt. vin. v, She is both good eke fayre
and pure As I report me ynto dame Nature. 1570 FULKE
Hestins' Parl. 405 There is no such Hebrue worde,..as I
report mee to all that haue but meane knowledge in the
tongue. 1601 HOLLAND Pliny II. 297 For farther proofe ..
I report me to euery mans conscience. 1639 FULLER Holy
Wnrv.xvii. (1647) 258, I report myself to any that have not
the pearl of prejudice in the eye of their judgement.
t b. Without const. Obs. rare.
c 1485 Digby Myst. (1882) iv. 133, 1 reporte me ; your-self
behold & see ! 1544 BALE Chron. Sir J. Oldcaslle 51 b,
How wele these two wrytynges agre, I report me.
to. To refer to, esp. lor information. Obs.
CI520 BARCLAY Jugmtha 17 b, Touchynge the very cre-
dence of the truthe of the mater I reporte that to the
authours. 1556 Amelia !, Isab. (1608) F j, The merite of this
dissimulede annestey unto the feare . . oughte to be reportede.
1639 FULLER Holy War 11. xx.vviii. (1647) 94 We report the
reader to the character of King Almerick.
1 7. To bring or convey ; to carry (news). Obs.
£1489 CAXTON Blanchardyn 6 How a knyght wounded
cam & reported tydynges to b" kynge of maryenborough.
1590 SPKNSEK F. Q. n. i. 33 Well mole yee thee . . That home
ye may report thrise happy newes. Ibid. x. 3 If some relish
of that hevenly lay His learned daughters would to me re-
port To decke my song withall.
fb. Sc. To bring in, bring in return; also of
persons, to obtain, get for oneself. Obs.
1508 CADION Portions Noblenes in Compl. Scot. (1801) 205
Gudis hid, report hot litill thanke, joy, or pleseir. 1571-1
Reg. Privy Council Scot. II. 128 His said schip..wilbe al-
lutirlie wrakkit..; swa that he nor the awnaris of the same
will report na commoditie thairby. 1579 Ibid. III. 249 Be
sic indirect meanis tending to report thankis be making of
sum wrang report. 1614 FORBES Comm. Rev. Ded., For
that of your Majesties knowne clemencie, I am certaine to
report either praise or pardon.
1 8. To utter, pronounce ; to bring forward, pro-
duce, show. Obs. rare.
154* GEST Pr. Masse Bjb, The bread & wyne.. were pro-
fane & vnholy, before the wordes of the institution of the
sayd supper were duely reported upon them. Ibid. Gj b,
Thyspartecle. .as it isapronone relatyve. .therfor reporteth,
declareth, & respectelh hys antecedent. 1569 Reg. Privy
Council Scot. I. 684 Quhill the complenar satisfie the
Kirk and report the superintendentis testimonial! thair-
upoun. a 1617 BAVNE On Eph. (1658) 64 Honour serveth to
report our reverent respect to God.
fb. To involve or imply. Obs. rare~ '.
1565 JEWEL Repl. Harding (iSu) 342 Which maner not
reporting any vntmth, S. Basil doth excuse,
tc. intr. i1 To be present. Obs. rare—1.
1560 Pronde Wives Patcrnost. 524 in Hazl. E. P. P. IV.
175 Our soules from synne to preserue clere, That the flame
of charyte in vs reporte.
f 9. To cause to re-echo or resound. Obs. rare,
c 1586 C'TESS PEMBROKE Ps. LXXXL ii, Lett trumpetts tunes
report his praise. 1673 [R. LEIGH] Trans/*. Reh. 137 Sigh-
ing to the winds, and calling upon the wooas, not forgetting
to report his mistresses name so often.
t b. To send back, re-echo (a sound). Obs. rare.
1589 R. ROBINSON Cold. Mirr. (1851) 12 The ragged hills
and rocky towers reporte, By Ecchoes voyce, the quest of
Noble hounds. 1616 BACON Sylva § 249 If you speak three
Words, it will (perhaps) some three times report you the
whole three Words,
t c. To fire (a gun) ; to be the cause or occasion
of firing. Obs. rare.
1591 STOW Ann. (1601) 1436 The Castell discharged fiftie
canon, and the king of Knglands ship lying before the
castell, reported as many. . . Euery health reported sixe, eight,
or ten shot of great Ordinance.
1O. To fit (a fire-work) with a report.
1873 E. SPON Workshop Receipts Ser. I. 133/2 On each of
the five spokes tie a case of brilliant fire, reported at its end.
1888 W. H. BROWNE Firework Making 43 The saucissons
having been all reported, proceed to ' dub in ' the ends.
Hence RepoTted ///. a. Also Bepo rtedly
adv., according to report.
1812 J. H. LEWIS Ready Writer Introd. 12 All the charac-
teristic peculiarities of thought and expression that dis- j
linguish the reported speeches of a Chatham and a Tooke.
1846 M'CuLLocii Brit. Empire (1854) II. 162 Every year
adds three or four more [volumes], exclusivelyof the reported
cases in equity. 1881 BRADLEY A mold's Latin Prose Ixv,
Reported speeches in \Oratio Obliqua. 1901' LUCAS MALET' :
Sir R. Calmady iv. i, The picture of those reportedly gown-
less backs had depressed him abominably.
Reportable (r/po^-jtab'l), a. [f. prec. +
-ABLE.] Capable or worthy of being reported.
1858 CARLYLE Fredk. Gt. x. v. (1872) III. 251 One of the
few reportable points of his Reinsburg life. 1884 Law
Times LXXVII. 157/1 To distinguish at a glance whether
a case is reportable or not.
Reportage (r/po^ated,*,). (f. as prec. + -AGE ;
in sense 2, a. F. reportage (Littre Suppl.).]
tl. Report, repute. Obs. rare"*.
i6ia WEBSTER White Devil HI. iii, For usurers, That share
with scriveners for their good reportage.
2. Reported matter ; gossip.
1881 Academy 5 Nov. 347/2 He will interest the lovers of
personal detail by certain reportage. 1892 -SVi<. Rev. 25 June
738/2 Modern reportage-cofporting gossips on the stage.
t RepO'rtary. Obs. rare~*. [f. as prec. +
-AUV '.J «= REPOHTOBV.
REPORTING.
'594 (title) A true reportarie of the . . royal accomplishment
of ihe Baptisme of. .Prince Frederick Henry.
t Reporta'tion. Obs. rare -'. [f. L. repor-
tare to REPORT + -ATION. So obs. F. reformation
(Godef.).] The fact of being carried back.
1647 LILLY Chr. Astral, xlvii. 291 Hippocrates will have
Crysis to be an acute or swift reportation in diseases, either
to recovery or death.
Reported, -edly : see REPORT v.
Reporter (r/po«-jtaj). Also 4-5 -our(e, 6
-ar. [orig. a. AF. *reportour = OP", reporteur,
usually raporttur (mod.F. rapporteur) : see RE-
PORT v. In later use f. the vb. + -EB 1.]
1. One who reports or relates; a recounteror nar-
rator. Now somewhat rare (common in i6-i7th c.).
c 1386 CHAUCER Pro!. 814 That he wolde been oure gouer-
nour And of our tales luge and Reportour. 1411-1 Hoc-
CLEVE Dialog 761 Ther-of was I noon Auctour ; I was. but
a reportour Of folkes tales. 1477 EARL RIVERS (Caxton)
Dictfs 16 A reporter or contryuer of lalys. 1553 T. WILSON
Rhet. 63 b, That the reporter with more ease male remember
Dlessea newes, repaires with speed to Sir Thomas, a 1633
AUSTIN Medit. (1635) 2 Saint Luke is the Reporter; and
onely he of all the foure records this Story. 1686 WOOD
ways that are conceal'd in the breast of the reporter. 1837
HT. MARTINEAU Sac. Amer. II. 18 The reporters of this
[mission] appear to be peculiarly imaginative.
b. With adj. denoting the character or inten-
tion of the account given.
1400 in Roy. $ Hist. Lett. Hen. IV (Rolls) 37 Thu hast
hadde fals messageres and fa!s reportoures of us touchyng
this matere. 1559 in Strype Ann. Ref. (1709) I. viii. 116
Most humbly beseeching the Almighty God . . to pardon and
forgive our Persecutors and evil Reporters. 1577 PATERICKE
tr. Gentillet 46 Slaunderers or false reporters, are Jike secret
wounds. i6oz WARNER Alb. Eng. xilr. Ixxvii. (1612) 318
Their best Reporters say, these Gods were made by men.
1800 HELENA WELLS C. Neville (ed. 2) III. 92 In spite of all
malignant reporters, be assured [etc.].
c. One specially appointed to make or draw up
a report, or to give information of something.
1625 in Debates Ho. Comm. (Camden) 93 A litle forme
was left at the upper end of the table for the reporters. 1618
Jrnls. H^o. Comm. I. 905 The Report, now made, to be
brought in Writing by the Reporters To-morrow Morning.
1796 NELSON 23 Aug. in Nicolas Disp. (1845) II. 251, I am
in great fear my reporter is taken. 1835 in W. Bell Diet.
Law Scot. (1838) 853 An accountant, engineer, or other re-
porter, to whom a remit may hereafter be made by the
Court. 1890 ' R. BOLDREWOOD ' Col. Reformer x, The ' re-
porter ' entered the Garrandilla gate, to give legal notice of
the invading army of fleece-bearing locusts.
d. U. S. A dog which finds and reports the
position of a covey of birds.
1895 Westm. Caz. 12 Dec. 7/2 When a point was obtained,
and the birds were fairly located,, .the dog took his master
rigjit back to where the covey still lay crouched. . . Such
animals are called ' reporters '.
2. a. One who takes down reports of law-cases.
<ri6i7 BACON Amend. Laws Eng. Wks. 1730 IV. 6 It
resleth with your Majesty to appoint some sound lawyers...
with some honourable stipend, to be reporters for the time
to come. 1617 Act 15 Jos. I in Rymer FxJera (1717)
XVII. 27 Wee doe ordaine. .that, for all times hereafter,
there shall be twoe Persons, .which shall be Reporters of
the Law. 1765 BLACKSTONE Comm. I. Introd. 73 Besides
these reporters, there are also other authors, to whom great
veneration and respect is paid by the studentsof the common
law. 1818 CRUISE Digest (ed. 2) III. 383 Confirmed by the
three other Justices in separate extrajudicial conferences
with the reporter. 1841 Penny Cycl. XIX. 403/1 During
the reign of Henry VIII.., Dyer, afterwards chief-justice of
the Common Pleas, took notes as a reporter.
b. One who reports debates, speeches, meetings,
etc., esp. for a newspaper ; a person specially
employed for this purpose.
1813 LD. MOIRA in Examiner 19 Apr. 254/1 The reporters
are not allowed to make notes. 1814 J. H. LEWIS Ready
Writer Introd. 13 The utility of Short-hand to the reporter
of debates . . is in itself . . evident. 1839 BABBAGE Econ.
Matin/, xxviii. (ed. 3) 260 The speeches must be taken down
by reporters. 1881 A. W, WARD Dickens i. 9 His father ..
was now seeking employment as a parliamentary reporter.
appos. 1834 Tail's Mag. I. 392/2 Those reporter whelps,
I'm told, play the deuce with a new member where they
take a spite.
t 3. a. A kind of fire-work, b. A pistol. Obs.
1688 Lond. Gaz. No. 2362/3 Rockets, Runers on the Line,
Wheels, Reporters,, .with all manner of other Fire-works
were discharged. 1817 SIR J. HARRINGTON Pers. Sk. II. 36
Lord C had a tolerable chance of becoming acquainted
with my friend's reporters (a pet name for hair-triggers).
1865 Cornli. Mag. XI. 166 In those days Irish gentlemen
always carried their reporters or pistols with them.
Hence Repo'rteriie v. (notue-wd.); Bepo rter-
ship, the position or office of a reporter.
x88z Athenaeum 22 Jan. 123/3 His college friendship.. ob-
tained for him a reponership for that paper. 1885 Low
Times LXXIX. 385/1 Mr. J. H. Fordham .. retired from
his reportership in the Rolls Court on the death of his father.
1888 Harper's Mag. July 314 Our reporterized press is often
truculently reckless of privacy and decency.
Reptvrting, vbl. sb. [f. RKPOBT v. + -INO '.]
The action of the verb in various senses.
1460 Rolls of Parlt. V. 376/2 Every Lord shuld have his
fredome to sey what he wuld sey, withoute eny rtportyng
or magre to be had for his seiyng. 1603 KNOLI.ES Hist.
Turks (1638) 184 Fables, better worth the smiling at, than
60-2
HEPORTINQLY.
the serious reporting. 0.1617 BACON Amend. Laws Eng.
Wks. 1730 IV. 6 Misprinting, and insensible reporting, which
many times confound the students., will be.. amended. 1738
G. LILLO Marina in. ii. 52 Like eyes, disdaining the dis-
guise of truth, And found in the reporting. 1840 Penny
Cjfcl.~X.Vl. 195/2 Let us suppose .. that four reporters are
engaged.., the process of reporting being the same in each
house. 1861 MAY Const. Hist. I. 430 No circumstance ..
has done more for freedom and good government, than the
unfettered liberty of reporting.
b. attrib.
1846 GAWTRESS in Pitman Reporter 7 The third style is
termed reporting, being Phonography adapted to verbatim
reporting. Ibid. 15 The writer . . took down a speech, de-
livered by R. Cobden . ., which was set up from his reporting
copy. 1871 J. GRANT Newspaper Press I. 141 The report-
ing department . . of our existing morning papers. 1880
Echo 23 Nov. 4/6 Shorthand, .with private instruction and
reporting classes nightly. 1888 BARRIE IViien a Man's
Single iii, I might introduce you . . to the report ing- room.
t RepO'rtingly, adv. Obs. rare. [f.REPORTf.]
a. By report or hearsay, b. Correspondently.
1599 SHAKS. Muck Ado m. L 116 Others say thou dost
deserue, and I Beleeue it better then reportingly. x6n
COTGR. s.v, RapporM, Vers rapportez^ Verses whose words
reportingly answer one another.
Reportorial (repoito^rial), a. [irreg. f. RE-
PORT v. or REPORTER: see -ORIAL.] Consistingof,
pertaining to, or characteristic of, reporters.
1860 in WORCESTER, The reportorial corps of a newspaper.
1883 Cent. Mag. July 374 The reportorial method is affecting
the younger writers. 1890 Universal Rev. Sept. 88 Every
petty local occurrence . . is magnified by the reportorial lens.
t RepO'rtory. Obs. rare -1. [f. REPORT v. +
-ORY i : cf. REPORTARY.] A composition of the
nature of a report ; an account.
1599 NASHE Lenten Stuffe 6 In this transcursiue repertory
without some obseruant jjlaunce, I may not dully ouerpasse
the gallant beauty of their hauen.
t Reporture. Obs. rare. [f. REPORT v. +
-URE.] Report, mention.
c 1485 Digby Myst. (1882) in. 2084 To hyr I wyll goo and
make reportur. a 1500 MEDWALL Nature 11. 364 (Brandl),
Ye can not do hym more dyspleasure, Than therof to make
repprture, Therefore let yt rest.
Reposal (rfp0**zal). [f. REPOSE v.1 and z>.2]
1. The act of reposing (trust, confidence, etc.) ;
t trust or reliance in something, rare.
1605 SHAKS. Lear ii. i, 70 Would the reposall [Q. reposure]
Of any trust, vertue, or worth in thee Make thy words
faith d? 1614 JACKSON Creed in. xxiii. § i What are these
then ? absolute reposall in his and his Successors infallibility ?
f2. The fact or state of reposing or resting. Obs.
1614 JACKSON Creed m. v[i]. § i After many yeares reposall
in the graue. 164* R. CARPENTER Experience n. vii. 161
If they goe on to trouble the peace of my sweet reposall in
the bosome of my deare mother, the Church of England,
f b. That on which one reposes. Obs.
i6ai BURTON Anat. Mel. i. ii. it. vi, Idleness. -the Divels
cushion, as Gualter cals it, his pillow, & chiefe reposall.
Ibid. in. iv. i. i, It is a Sole Ease, an unspeakable comfort,
a sweet reposal.
t RepO'Sance. Obs. rare-1, [f. as prec. +
-ANCE.] Repose.
1647 J. HALL Poentsii. 92 Mount up low thoughts and
see what sweet Reposance Heaven can beget.
RepOS6 (rrp^u-z), sb. Also 6 reposse. [a. F.
repos (nth c. ; OF. also repaus -« Prov. repaus,
Sp. repose, Pg. repouso, It. riposo), vbl. sb. f.
reposer : see REPOSE z>.2]
1. Temporary rest or cessation from activity, in
order to refresh or restore the physical or mental
powers ; esp. the rest given by sleep.
1509 HAWES Past. Pleas, xxxn. (Percy Soc.) 160, I toke
my leve, . . And thanked Correccyon, . . Of my repose and of
her lovynge chere. 1590 SPENSER F. Q. in. iv. 6 So forth she
rode, without repose or rest, Searching all lands. 1610
SHAKS. Temp. n. i. 310 Whiles we stood here securing your
Virg. Georg. iv. 275 They give their Bodies due Repose at
Night. 1738 GRAY Proper 'tius ii. 3 Fast by th* umbrageous
vale lull'd to repose. 1774 GOLDSM. Nat. Hist. (1776) II. 138
The extreme activity of his mind, when awake, in some
measure called for an adequate alternation of repose. 1860
TYNDALL^/OC.I. xxli. 154 Allowing each limb an instant of
repose as I drew it out of the snow.
transf. 1862 SIR B. BRODIE Psychol, Inq. II. i. 3 A,
splendid aloe which, after a repose of many years, was again
loaded with flowers.
b. In phrases to (f make} seek or fake repose.
1594 MARLOWE & NASHE Dido i. i, Whose weary limbs
shall shortly make repose In those fair walls. i6oa MARSTON
Ant. fy Mel. i. Wks. 1856 I. 17 My fathers palace . . will be
proud To entertaine your presence, if youle daine To make
repose within. 1671 MILTON Samson 406 At times when
men seek most repose and rest, I yielded. 1697 DRYDEN
Virg. Georg. iv. 634 Unweildiiy they.. in the shady Covert
seek Repose. 1784 COWPER Task iv. 296 'Tis thus the
understanding takes repose In indolent vacuity of thought.
1830 TENNYSON A Spirit Haunts 14 As a sick man's room
when he taketh repose An hour before death.
O. Eccl. Death, decease (of a saint). Also
Altar of repose (see quot. 1884).
1869 TOZER Highl. Turkey I. 59 The festival of the Repose
of the Virgin. 1884 Catholic Diet. (1897) 445/2 The place
to which the Blessed Sacrament is removed— often called
the Sepulchre, but properly the altar of repose.
2. Relief or respite from exertion, toil, trouble,
or excitement. Also const, from, -\of.
1529 WOLSEY in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. i. II. 6 Nowe set to
476
your hande that 1 may come to a laudable endeand reposse.
1585 T. WASHINGTON tr. Nicliolays Voy. \\. v. 34 b, [His]
repose of his trauailes sustayned on the Seas. 1667 MILTON
P. L. v. 28 O Sole in whom my thoughts find all reoose.
i6oa DRYDEN Eleonora 243 As swelling seas to gentle rivers
glide, To seek repose, and empty out the tide. 1784 COWPER
Task i. 5, I . . Now seek repose upon an humbler theme.
1811 BYRON Two Fosc. n. i, The state had need of some
repose, a 1854 H. REED Lcct, Eng. Lit. v. (1878) 171 There
was repose from the agony of spiritual persecution. 1855
BAIN Senses <y Int. n. ii. § $ The eve is fatigued with the
glare of sunshine, and is said to find repose in the verdure
of the fields.
f 3. a. A place of rest. Obs.
1611 BRATHWAIT Nat. Embassie (1877) 139 Seuen fortunate
reposes, Hands, which Fortune fauors. i6a8 KELTHAM
Resolves \\. [i.J xviii. 55 The rich lye stoued in secure
reposes. 1671 MILTON P. R. in. 210 Worst is my Port, My
harbour and my ultimate repose.
t b. A halt or stay for rest. Obs. rare~l.
1638 BAKER tr. Balzac's Lett. (vol. II) 52 Wee were put in
hope.. that here you would make one of the reposes of your
Voyage.
fc. Painting. (See quots.) Obs. rare.
The definitions given by Harris and Chambers are baaed
on that of Furetiere, Diet. Univ. (1690).
1605 DRYDEN tr. Du Fresnoy*s Art Paint. 161 After great
Lights there must be great Shadows, which we call reposes :
because, .the Sight would be tired, if it were attracted by a
Continuity of glittering objects. 1710 J. HARRIS Lex. Techn.
II, Repose, is a Term in Painting, signifying the Place
where the Masses, or great Lights and Shadows are
assembled : And this being well understood hinders the
Confusion of Objects [etc.]. 17*7-38 CHAMBERS Cycl.,
Repose, in painting, is applied to certain masses, or large
systems or assemblages of light and shade [etc.].
t d. A thing to repose on ; a couch or sofa. Obs.—1
1701 FARQUHAR Sir H. Wildair in. iii, There is a repose,
I see, in the next room.
4. A state of quiet or peaceful inaction or of
freedom from disturbing influences ; f also» a
means of securing this.
1651 HOBBES Leviath. i. xi. 47 The Felicity of this life,
consisteth not in the repose of a mind satisfied. 171* M.
HENRY Reform. Serm. Wks. 1853 11.487/1 The restraint
of the vicious will be the repose of the virtuous. 1769
Jitniits Lett. xxxv. (1788) 179 You relinquish every hope of
repose to yourself, and you endanger the establishment of
your family for ever. xSiz PINKERTON Petrol. II. 25 The
repose which the waters enjoyed in the inside of these
reservoirs. 1871 L. STEPHEN Playgr. Enr. iii. (1894) 83
A delicious lazy sense of calm repose was the appropriate
frame of mind.
t b. Peace of mind. Obs. rare.
1711 STEELE Sped. No. 527 p i The Repose of a married
Woman is consulted in the first of the following Letters, and
the Felicity of a Maiden Lady in the second. 1718 LADY
M. W. MONTAGU Let. to C'tess of Mar 10 Mar., I assured
her . . it was absolutely necessary to confine them from
public view, for the repose of mankind.
5. Quiet, calm or calmness, tranquillity.
1717 POPE Elolsa 166 Black Melancholy . . round her
throws A death-like silence, and a dead repose. 1^38 GRAY
Propertius ii. 49 The scenes that hurt the grave s repose.
1819 KEATS St. Agnes xxxvi, Like a throbbing star Seen
*mid the sapphire heaven's deep repose. 1846 RUSKIN Mod.
Paint. II. in. i. vii. § i As opposed to passion ..Repose is
the especial and separating characteristic of the eternal
mind and power. 1871 YEATS Growth Comm. 48 Just as
repose was the ruling principle in Egypt, so restlessness
distinguished Greece.
b. Painting. Harmonious arrangement of figures
or colours, having a restful effect upon the eye.
1695 DRYDEN tr. Du Fresnoy's Art. Paint. 23 That..
Majesty, that soft silence and repose, which give beauty to
the Piece. 1703 TATE Her Majesty's Pict. Notes 22 The
Sedateness, and, as Painters call it, the Repose of a Picture,
contribute to the Grandeur and Solemnity of the Piece.
1778 SIR J. REYNOLDS Disc. (1779) 5 The expression which
is used very often on these occasions is, the piece wants re-
pose. 1841 W. SPALDING Italy $ It. Isl. II. 328 Its faults
are many J — an entire absence of beauty and of repose [etc. ].
C. Composure, quiet, ease of manner.
1833 TENNYSON Lady C. V. de Vere 39 Her manners had
not that repose Which stamps the caste of Vere de Vere.
1860 EMKRSON Cond. Lifet Culture Wks. (1889) 531/2 Re-
pose and cheerfulness are the badge of the gentleman —
repose in energy.
6. Absence of activity (in things) ; cessation of
natural forces ; quiescence.
1757 GRAY^an/76 The sweeping whirlwind.. hush 'd in
grim repose, expects his evening prey. 1813 BAKEWELL
Introd. Geo/. (1815) 314 The long intervals of repose appear
to characterize volcanoes highly elevated. 1833 LYELL
Princ. Geol. III. 6 We are also told. .of the alternation of
periods of repose and disorder, of the refrigeration of the
globe [etc.]. 1887 RUSKIN Prxterita II. 87 Vesuvius was
virtually in repose.
b. Undisturbed or unagitated condition.
1855 BAIN Senses fy Int. n. ii. § 4 Hence the natural repose
of the eye makes the adjustment for a distant prospect.
1880 MRS. L. B. WALFORD Troublesome Dau. II. XXL 213
Though every feature was now in repose.
C. The fact of being left undisturbed.
1844 G. BIRD Urin. Deposits 261 A portion of butter-like
fat may form part of the pellicle which forms on the urine
by repose.
7. techn. a. Angle of repose \ (see quots.).
1833 LOUDON Encycl. Arch. § 805 Where the courses He
at an angle of about thirty-two degrees, or what is called
the angle of repose for masonry. 1867 BRANDE & Cox
Diet. Sfi., etc. III. 249/1 In Engineering, the term angle
of repose is frequently applied to express the angle at
which the various kinds of earth will permanently stand,
when abandoned to themselves.
KEPOSE.
b. Horology. (See quots.)
1843 Encycl. Brit. (ed. 7) VI. 773/1 This contrivance is
known by the name of the dead beat, the dead scapement,
the scapement of repose; because the seconds index stands
still after each drop. Ibid. 773/2 The pallet which is called
the arch of excursion or arch of repose.
8. Trust, confidence, rare-1.
c 1800 R. CUMBERLAND -John De Lancaster {1809} III. 71
If therefore you could bring your mind to put that repose
in my honour.
Repose (r/pJ^z), vl [ad. L. repos-, repon^re^
on anal, of depose^ dispose, suppose^ etc. : cf. RE-
PONE and REPOSIT.]
\ 1. trans. To replace ; to put back into the
same place. Obs.
c 1430 Pallad. OH Husb. n. 334 Her shellis to disclose And
write vpon the cornel, hool outake. .and so repose (L. re-
Ponas], 1544 PHAER Regitn. Lyfe (1560) U iv, If the gutte
hath bene long out, and be so swollen that it cannot be
reposed. 1564 HAWARD Eittrapius vi. 52 He delivered up
his crowne into the handes of Pompeius ; but Pompeius
reposed it again upon his head. 1615 CHAPMAN Odyss. ix.
703 Nor think my hurt offends me, for my sire Can soon
repose in it the visual fire. 1660 F. BKOOKE tr. Le Blanks
Trav. 323 Procession ended, they repose the Idols within
the same tree.
fb. Torestore; alsoSt-.^REPONEzM. Obs.rare.
1551 HUTCHINSON ind Semi. Wks. (Parker Soc.) 241 To
repose us into his Father's favour again. 1567 Reg. Privy
Council Scot. I. 526 The persoun of our.. Prince (to bej
reposit to full suirtie. 1643 K. BATLLIE Lett. <$• Jrnls. (1841)
II. 53 The causes of Mr. Gilbert Power's deposition by all
were found null, and he ordained to be reposed, {bid. 92
Mr. Andrew Logic . . latelie had been reposed to his ministne.
t C. To repress, put down. Obs. rare"-1.
165* HOWELL Girajfi s Rev. Naples n. (1663) 26 A multi-
tude of common people gather 'd together, .armed with a full
..purpose to repose the insolence and pride of the nobility.
2. To place or pnt ; esp. to deposit or lay up in
a place. Now rare.
1548 GEST Pr. Masse L iij, ludas reposed in Gods temple
an ydoll ymage. 1559 Mirr. Mag.t R. Tresilian xx,
Thynke ther is a treasure . . Reposed for all suche as
rignteousnes ensue. 1576 FLEMING Panopl. Epist. 7, I
Braye you heartily, to repose this in your memorie. 1605
ACON Adv. Learn, n. To King § 5 Libraries, .are as the
Shrynes, where all the Reliques of the ancient Saints.. are
preserued and reposed, a 1656 USSHEK Ann. vi. (1658)426
They reposed there the spoiles of Jerusalem. 1695 WOOD-
WARD Nat. Hist. Earth 29 These Shells were brought
out upon the Earth, and reposed therein in the manner we
now find them. 1715 M. DAVIES Athen. Brit. I. 203 'T was,
as a choice Rarity, repos'd in the Library of the English
Benedictines, a 1797 H. WALPOLE Metn. Geo. II (1847) HI-
vi. 133 The brass cannon and mortars, .were reposed for
some days in Hyde Park. 1817 SCOTT Napoleon Ixxv, The
sword was. .not to be sheathed or reposed,
fb. To station, establish. Obs. rare.
1582 N. LICHEFIELU tr. Castanheda's Cony. .£". Jnd, i.
xxxix. 92 As for y° bishops they are reposed in cities, as is
thought conuenient. 1582 STANYHURST &neis \. (Arb.) 18
Theare luno thee Princes her Empyre wholy reposed.
t C. To cast or throw on something. Obs. "'
i58a STANYHURST &neis i. (Arb.) 21 Thee southwynd
..Three gallant vessels on rocks gnawne craggye reposed.
3. To set or place (confidence, trust, etc.) in a
thing or person.
1560 DAUS tr. Sleidane"s Comm. 98 b, Suche a one as he
myght repose his whole truste and confidence in. 1581 J.
BELL Haddon's Ansiv. Osor. 240 That man hath the hope
of Salvation reposed only in the mercies of God. 1603
KNOLLES Hist. Turks (1638) 106 Reposing no great assur-
ance in the prowes of the effceminate ^Egyptians. 1607
ROWLANDS Diogines Lanthorne 30 Repose not trust in
others helpe. 1678 EVELYN Diary 16 Oct., Mr. Godolphjn
requested me to continue the trust his wife had reposed in
me. 1753 HANWAY Trav. (1762) I. in. xxvi. no The
governor .. charged me.. not to repose any confidence in
the peasants. (11781 WATSON Philip III (1793) I. n. 190
That extraordinary confidence that was reposed in him.
1844 DISRAELI Coningsby vn. ii, Herein mainly should we
repose our hopes. 1874 GREEN Short Hist, iv. § 5. 196 In
the Baronage the nation reposed an unwavering trust.
b. To place or leave (something) in the con-
trol or management of another, -f- Also const, upon.
1589 NASHE Pref. to Greene's Menaphon (Arb.) 6 This
kinde of men that repose eternitie in the mouth of a player.
1666 DRYDEN Pref. to Ann. Mirab. Wks. (Globe) 42, 1 re-
pose upon your management what is dearest to me, my
fame and reputation. a 1681 WHARTON.StfK/tf/'ttWf/Wks.
(1683) 668 Therefore our Fate for the most part, and our
Power are very much reposed in our Hands. 1884 CHITTY in
Law Times Rep. L. 389/1 Parliament has reposed in [the
Charity Commissioners] a power of authorising a sale,
f c. To regard as existing in something. Obs.
1613 PURCHAS Pilgrimage v. xvi. (1614) 529 A certain
booke, . . wherein they reposed much holines, and worshipped
it as a god. a 1619 FOTHERBY Atheom. i. vi. § 2 They re-
posed great Religion in an oath, in respect of the Actor.
Hence f Repo sed. ///. a.1, restored. Obs.
1657 THORNLRY tr. LongHs* DaJ>hnis $ Chloe 208 They
sacrificed to Jupiter Soter, the saviour of the reposed Child.
Repose (r/p<?u-z), #.2 Also 6-7 Sc. repois(e.
[ad. F. reposerj OF. also repauser (loth c.) =
Prov. repausar, Sp. reposart Pg. repousar% It. ri-
posare :— late L. repansdre (Quicherat) : see RE-
and PAUSE z>.]
1. refl. To rest (oneself) ; to lay (oneself) to rest.
1470-85 MALORY Arthur x. ii. 416, I wylle repose me here
by with a frend of myn. 1509 HAWES Past. Pleas, i. (Percy
Soc.) 7 Besyde the ymage I adowne me sette, After my
laboure my selfe to repose, a 1553 UDALL R oyster D. i. iv.
(Arb.) 30 Now may I repose me : Custance is mine owne.
REPOSE.
i<88 SHAKS. Tit. A. i. i. 151 Romes readiest Champions,
repose you heere in rest, a 1648 LD. H ERBERT Hen. VI II
(1683) 511 This year the Emperor glad to repose himself a
while from War, attended his pleasure in Spain. 01700
KEN Hymnotheo Poet. Wks. 1721 III. 34 John tenderly re-
pos'd him on his Breast. 1713 DERHAM Pkys.-Theol. IV. Xll.
221 The thick and warm Furrs..are. .a soft Bed to repose
themselves in. 1806 J. BERESFORD Miseries Hum. Life vi.
xiii, Being mounted on a beast who . . proceeds very coolly to
repose himself in the middle of the pond.
b. fig. To settle (oneself) with confidence (t in
or) on something. ? Obs.
1580 J. HAYE in Cath. Tract. (S.T.S.) 67/32 Thou may
bawldhe repoise thy selfe in the Remain kirk. 1593 SHAKS.
3 Hen. VI, iv. vi. 47 On thy fortune I repose my selfe.
"759 JOHNSON Let. to Miss Porter i Mar. in Boswell Life,
I can repose myself very confidently upon your prudence.
1770 LANGHOKNE Plutarch (1879) I. 202/2 Fabius having
taught the people to repose themselves on acts of religion.
2. traits. To lay to rest or repose on or in some-
thing. In later use onlyyf^.
1535 LYNDESAY Satyre 3577 lesus. .hes nocht ane penny
braid Quhairon he may repois his heavinlie head. 1768
GOLDSM. Good.n. Mart M, I'll go to him, and repose our
distresses on his friendly bosom. 1771 MRS. GRIFFITH Hist.
Laity Barton I. 84 Nor would I. .render her wretched, by
reposing the distresses of my., mind, in her soft bosom.
b. In pa. pple. : Resting, reclining, lying.
1674 MILTON P. L. v. 636 On flours reoos'd, and with
fresh flourets crownd, They eate, they drink. 1727 GAY
Begg. Op. I. xiii, I could mock the sultry toil When on my
charmer s breast repos'd. 185* M. ARNOLD Tristram if
Iseidt i, The eyes [are] closed— The lashes on the cheeks
reposed.
3. To give or afford rest to (one), to refresh
by rest.
1549-61 STERNHOLD & H. Ps. Ixix. 20 O Lord, unto my
soule draw nigh, the same with ayde repose. 1581 SAVILE
Tacitus, Hist. III. vii. (1591) 117 There some fewe dales
were spent in reposing the army. 1596 DANETT tr. Comines
vii. iii. 274 The peace was concluded.. whereunto the King
of the Romaines agreed, to the end he might repose his
subiects. 1632 J. HAYWARD tr. Biondfs Eromena n. 51 1 he
time for reposing the Galley-slaves being expired. 1667
MILTON P. L. i. 319 Have ye chos'n this place After the
toyl of Battel to repose Your wearied vertue. .? 1731 POPE
Ep. Bathurst 260 Whose Seats the weary Traveller repose ?
1794 MRS. A. M. BENNETT Ellen I. 22 He rose from the bed
of (lown, which for neatness and comfort might repose a
Prince. 1876 BANCROFT Hist. U. S. VI. xliv. 275 He.,
halted at Hillsborough to repose his wayworn soldiers,
t b. To lodge (one) for the night. Obs. rare ~'.
1715 T. THOMAS in Portland Papers (Hist. MSS. Comm.)
VI. 132 That apartment where the judges used to be
reposed in when they came to this place.
4. intr. To take rest ; to cease from exertion or
travel ; to enjoy freedom from disturbance.
a 1548 HALL Ckron., Hen. VIII 35 [They] desyred him for
his pastime after his long trauayle to come and repose in
his towne of Lysle. 1585 T. WASHINGTON tr. Niclwlay's
Voy. II. viii. 42 Because the wind was too fresh, we reposed
vntil the break of day. 1591 SYLVESTER Du Bartas i. vii.
383 Yet must we credit that his hand composed Alt in sixe
Dayes, and that he then Reposed. 1703 MAUNDREI.L Journ.
Jerus. (1732) 25 At Tripoli we repos'd a full week. 1784
COWPEH Task in. 28 "Twere wiser far For me.. to repose
Where chance may throw me. 1819 SHELLEY Promcth.
Uub. n. i. 203 To the rents, and gulfs, and chasms, Where
the earth reposed from spasms. 1851 TENNYSON To the
Queen 26 God gave her peace ; her land reposed.
fig. 1856 FHOUDE Hist. Eng. (1858) I. i. 38 The Justice
Shallows were not allowed to repose upon their dignity.
b. To take rest by sitting or lying down ; to lie
down to rest ; also transf. to rest in death.
1535 LYNDESAY Satyre 934, I will sit still heir and repois.
1610 SKAKS. Temp. iv. i. 162 If you be pleas 'd, retire into
my Cell, And there repose, a i6zo SIR W. MURE Misc.
Poems, xv. 19 Happie nimph, quhoise spreit in peace re-
poises. 1634 MILTON Comus 999 Beds of Hyacinth and
roses Where young Adonis oft reposes. I7_34 POPE Ess.
Man iv. 387 When statesmen, heroes, kings, in dust repose.
174* GRAY Spring 22 Still is the toiling hand of Care, The
panting herd's repose. 1817 SHELLEY Rev. Islam iv. xxxiii,
At night when 1 reposed, fair dreams did pass Before my
pillow. 1819 — Ode 1 1 The dust where your kindred repose.
1884 J. COLBORNE Hicks Pasha 32 We started at 5 a.m.,
marched until noon, and reposed.
C. To remain still ; to lie in cjuiet.
1817 SHELLEY Rev. Islam vi. xxxiii, Her.. eyes, Which,
as twin phantoms of one star that lies O'er a dim well, move,
though the star reposes. 1841 TENNYSON Locksley Hall 13
When the centuries behind me like a fruitful land reposed.
1 5. To confide or place one's trust in, to rely
on, a thing or person. Obs.
Perh. partly derived from sense 3 of REPOSE v.1
1567 Gude ff Godtie B. (S.T.S.) 167 We are chosin to repois
In faith of Christ. 1391 SHAKS. Two Gent. iv. iii. 26, I doe
desire thy worthy company, Vpon whose faith and honor I
repose. 1629 MAXWELL tr. Herodian^ (1635) 430 There re-
turned also the German auxiliaries, in whose loyaltie he
most reposed. 1751 JOHNSON Rambler No. 144 p 12 His
hearers repose upon his candour and veracity. 1781 Cow-
PER Truth 455 The soul, reposing on assured relief, Feels
herself happy amidst all her grief.
t b. To be sure of one. Obs. rare ~'.
1569 SIR N. THROGMORTON in Robertson Hist. Scot. (1759)
II. App. 57 You may repose as well of him in this matter as
of the duke of Norfolk.
6. To rest on or upon, in various senses.
1611 SHAKS. Cymb. iv. ii. 212 His right Cheeke Reopsing
on a Cushion. 1817 SHELLEY Rev. Islam in. xxviii, On
that reverend form the moonlight did repose. 1819 BYRON
Juan n. Iviii, On such things the memory reposes With ten-
derness. 1860 TYNDALL Glac. n. xiii. 297 Almost every
glacier reposes upon an inclined bed. a 1862 BUCKLE
Civiliz. III. iv. 272 Their whole system reposes upon fear.
477
Reposed (n p«n-zd) , ///. a. 2 [f. prec. + -ED 1 .]
Settled, free from agitation or movement.
a 1533 LD. BERNERS Gold. Bk. M. Aurel. (1546) Y viij, To
giue contentacion to thy reposed will, a 1547 SURREY in
TotteFs Misc. (Arb.) 29 A mynde With vertue fraught, re-
posed, voyd of gyle. 1586 B. YOUNG Guazzo's Civ. Conv.
iv. 228 Embrace this the onelie meane to Hue a reposed and
contented life. 1610 DONNE Pseudo-martyr 281 A law,
made by the Popes in reposed & peaceable times. 1664
FLECKNOE Eng. Stage in Love's Kingd. G vi, Wit being an
exuberant thing, ..but Judgement a stayed and reposed
thing. 174» YOUNG Nt. Th. ix. 1474 Then whence these
glorious Forms, And boundless Flights, from Shapeless, and
Repos'd?
Hence Bepo'sedly adv. (Now rare or Obs.)
1598 FLORIO, Posatatnente, leisurely, quietly, reposedly.
a 1615 DONNE Ess. (1651) 63 Reposedly, and at home within
himself, no man is an Atheist. 1634 TIRWHYT tr. Balzac's
Lett. i. xvi. 89 Liue hence-forward reposedly, and reconcile
your selfe to choice Wits.
RepOSedneSS (r/p^u'zdnes). [f. prec. 4 -NESS.]
The state or condition of repose or of being in
repose.
<ti6i9 FOTHERBY Atheom. H. ii. § 8(1622) 211 Vnder the
shadow of Gods wings, the Soule findes her true reposed,
nesse, her refuge. 1634 TIRWHYT tr. Balzac's Lett. n. i.
94, I here enioy a reposednesse not vnlike that of the dead.
1884 M. BOOLE in Jrnl. Educ. i Sept. 342 There is an in-
telligent and wide-awake reposedness in Jewish girls.
t Reposeful, a.1 Obs. [f. REPOSE a.1 3 (or
».2 4'.] In whom confidence is or may be placed :
trustworthy, reliable ; confidential, responsible.
1627 SIR R. COTTON in Morgan Pluenix Brit. (1732) I. 68
Though princes may take . . some reposefull friend, with
whom they may participate their neerest passions [etc.].
1640 HOWELL Dodona's Gr. 28, I know not, where she can
picke out a fast friend, or reposefull confident of such reci-
procall interest. 1644 — Twelve Treat. (1661) 28 To another
he gave one of the prime and most reposefull Offices about
his own Person at Court.
Reposeful (ttpg*t/KS), «.2 [f. REPOSE st>.j
Full of repose ; having an air of repose ; quiet.
1852 READE Peg Wojf. (1853) 259' ' ca" '' beautiful !.. So
calm and reposeful ; no particular expression. 1869 Sat.
Rev. 6 Mar. 306/2 That reposeful yet energetic self-reliance,
which we justly admire in the ruler. 1879 G. MACDONALD
Sir Gibbie I. xiv. 198 An attractive expression of reposeful
friendliness pervaded his whole appearance.
Hence Bepo-sefully adv. ; Repo-sefulness.
1881 Miss BRADDON Atfk.ll. 311 Seated reposefully in
his great red morocco armchair. 1883 G. H. BOUGHTON in
Harper's Mag. Feb. 392/2 It seems to lack reposefulness.
t Repo'sement. Obs. rare~l. [f. REPOSE z/.l
+ -MENT.] Repository.
1586 A. DAY Enp. Secretary n. (1625) 103 The Closet in
euery house, as it is a reposement of Secrets, so is it onely. .
at the owners', and no other commandement.
t RepO'SeneSS. Obs. rare- •'. = REPOSEDNESS.
a I592UREENE Arbasto (1617) i, If my presence be preju-
dicial! to your reposenesse, I hope you will thinke I offended
as a stranger.
RepO'Ser. rare—1. [-ER1.] One who reposes.
1832 Blackw. Mag. XXXI I. 600 A steadfast reposer of
his fears and anxieties in religious influences.
Reposing (r/poii'zirj), vbl. sb. [-INS !.] The
action of REPOSE v? ; resting, rest.
1565 Reg. Privy Council Scot. I. 361 The King and Quenis
Majesteis departis this nycht towart Striviling for reposing
of thair Hienessis. 1790 R. MERRY Laurel of Liberty (ed. 2)
22 Calm reposings in the noontide shade.
attrib. 1594 SHAKS. Rich. Ill, I. iv. 76 Sorrow breakes
Seasons, and reposing houres. 1661 Fasti Aberdonenses
~ b) 606 For
•incipl
reposing hour.
So Kepo-sing///. a.
1797-1803 FOSTER in Life If Corr. (1846) I. 220 A neutral
reposing state of the passions. 1817 SHELLEY Rev. Islam
iv. xxviii, I did arise, . -And looked upon the depth of that
reposing lake. [bid. xii. iii, Like a reposing child.
Repo-sit, sb. rare -°. [f. the vb.] A repository.
1855 in OGILVIE Suppl.
Reposit (r/pfvzit), v. Also 7-8 reposite.
[f. L. reposit-, ppl. stem of reponere to REPONE :
cf. REPOSE o.i]
1. trans. To put or deposit (a thing) in a place ;
to lay up, store.
a 1641 BP. MOUNTAGU Acts ft Man. (1642) 79 Untill he
come, . . for whom it is reposited, or laid up. 1664 H.
MORE Myst. Iniq. vi. t6 Erecting such a Symbol of the
Divine presence as was to be afterward reposited in the Ark,
namely, the figure of a Cherub. 1695 WOODWARD Nat. Hist.
Earth \. (1723) 48 These Shells could never possibly have
been reposited thereby in the Manner we now find them.
1713 DERHAM Phys.-Theol. IV. xiii. 230 Some reposite their
Eggs or Young in the Earth. 1779-81 JOHNSON L. P., Pope
Wks. IV. 29 The original copy of the Iliad, which . . is now . .
reposited in the Museum. 1808 G. EDWARDS Pract. Plait
iii. 23 The valuable riches nature has here reposited for the
efforts of human labour. 1864 CARLYLE Fredk. Gt. xit. 11.
(1872) IV. 138 The King.. handed it.. to a Page to reposit
in the proper waste-basket.
2. To replace, rare.
1884 G. H. TAYLOR Pehi. * Hern. Therap. (1885) 107 The
sphincter appeared to have little power to retain the in-
testine when reposited.
Hence Hepo-siting vbl. sb.
1713 DERHAM Pkys.-Theol. m. ii. 66 A special Providence
of God in the repositing of these watery Beds.
Repositary (rfpp-zitari). [f. prec. + -ABY *.]
» REPOSITORY.
REPOSITORY.
1861 GOULBURN Pcrs. Relig. I. i. (1873) 3 You meet with
men who were great repositaries of the literature of the day.
1866 Corn/I. Mag. Apr. 395 It gratified him to think that
she had chosen him for the rcpositary of her tale.
t RepO'Sitate, v. Obs. rare -'. [-ATE.] •=
REPOSIT v. i.
1716 M. DA VIES Athen. Brit. III. 104 A Description of the
Curiosities repositated in the Cabinet of the Earl of Traut-
mansdorf.
Reposite, obs. form of REPOSIT v.
Reposition (r/pfei-Jsn). Also re-, [ad. late
L. reposition-em, n. of action f. reponere : see RE-
POSIT v. and -ION, and cf. F. reposition]
L Surg. The operation of restoring to the normal
position ; replacement.
1588 J. READ tr. Arcxus' Comfend. Meth. 67 Put it in his
due place and right order agalne. ..This reposition being
made [etc.]. i6«i LOVELL Hist. Anini. 4- Utin. 431 Luxa-
tions...^'?, cured by. .reposition,.. diligent deligation, and
soft collocation. 1684 tr. Sonet's Merc. Comfit, vin. 288,
I place him.. for reposition, binding him fast so that he
cannot stir. 1707 SLOANE Jamaica II. 151 The leaves.. are
laid to broken arms and legs after reposition with great
success. 1879 St. George's Hasp. Rep. IX. 458 Retroflexion
of the uterus discovered, and treated by reposition.
b. Replacement (of a thing), in other senses.
1874 CARPENTER Meat. Phys. n. x. (1879) 440 The struc-
ture itself is kept up by re-position of new matter.
2. fa- Restoration of lands to a forest. Obs. rare.
1592 MANWOOD Laives Forest 178 The reposition to the
Forest of such landes as were disaforested by the Statute
..is to be done by perambulation and viewe. Ibid. Such
landes as were disaforested without any reposition .. are
called Puralleyes.
b. Sc. Reinstatement (of a person) in, or restora-
tion to, a position or office (csp. the ministry),
or possession of a thing. Now only arch.
1643 R. BAILLIE Lett, f, *}rnls. (1841) II. 53 At the day of
reposition a number of gentleweomen and others came to
' the Church. 1676 W. Row Contn. Blair's Autobiog. (1848)
547 The three suspended conformists.. expecting, .reposi-
tion to their charges. 1681 STAIR Instil. 11. xxiii. § 3. 4
Under Assignations are comprehended Translations,., or
Retrocessions,.. which are also called Repositions. 1889
STEVENSON Master of B. 276 The Favour of such a Reposi-
tion [to the possession of an estate] is too extreme to be
passed over.
3. The action of repositing, laying up or aside.
1617 BP. HALL Quo Vailis? vi, What can be expected
from that age, which is not capable of obserualion, care-
lesse of reposition ? a 1653 BINNING Serm. (1743) 579 When
once a soul apprehends Christ, this is a reposition of all his
cares and burdens. 1709 STRYPE Ann. Re/. I. xxxv. 365
For reposition and preserving dead mens skulls and bones.
t b. R. C. CA. Reservation (of the Sacrament).
1657 W. MORICE Coena auasi KOIKIJ xiv. 183 Protestant
Divines condemn the reposition of the Sacrament.
Re-posi'tion, f. rare-\ [RE- 5 a.] trans.
To put in a fresh position ; to re-state.
(11859 DE QUINCEY Postk. Wks. (1891) I. 278 Shall I re-
vise..my logic of Political Economy, embodying every
doctrine.. which I have amended or re-positioned.. !
Repositor (rfpflUfi). [agent-n., on L. types,
f. REPOSIT V.] A replacing instrument.
1884 KNIGHT Diet. Meek. Suppl. 750/2 The uterine re-
positor or elevator. 1893 Arnold f; Sons' Catal. Surg.
Instr. 540 Vulcanite Repositors for inversion of uterus.
Repository (r/pp-zitori), sb. Also 5 reposy-
torye, 6-7 repositorie. [ad. obs. F. repositoire
or L. repositorium : see REPOSIT v. and -DRY i.]
1. A vessel, receptacle, chamber, etc., in which
| things are or may be placed, deposited, or stored.
1485 CAXTON Chas. Gt. 36 Of the floures charles put a
™ •. _^__ T m :jt ukMjUX A !?•-
gods. 1647 CLARENDON Contempt. Ps. Tracts (1727) 514
i Those tears, .he keeps in a repository that is never out of
his sight. 1608 FRYER Ace. E. India f, P. 250 On the Out-
side of this City are Repositories for Snow and Ice. 171*
ADDISON Sped. No. 471 I- 2 It is like those Repositories in
several Animals that are filled with Stores of their former
Food. 1756 C. LUCAS Ess. Waters I. 128 At the end of
Rathbone-place . .water is.. thrown into an open repository,
where it stands. 1806 J. BERESFORD Miseries Hunt. Lifex.
xviii, Losing the keys of all your most private repositories.
1862 BURTON Bk. Hunter (1863) 56 Stored away in some
forsotten repositories, these miscellaneous relics still remain.
oLCaUsGc Did. (1897) 305/2 A vase in the form of a
dove .. was in the East and France .. used as a repository
for the Blessed Sacrament.
b. A place, room, or building, in which speci-
mens, curiosities, or works of art are collected ; a
museum. Now rare.
1658 PHILLIPS s.v., More peculiarly, by the Architects,
suchplaces as are built for the lading up of rareties, either
tains models' of every sort of warlike stores, weapons, and
fortification. 1876 VOYLE & STEVENSON Mtltt. Diet. 337/2
The repository at Woolwich forms a school of instruction for
both officers and men on first joining the artillery.
C. A place where things are kept or offered for
sale ; a warehouse, store, shop, mart.
1785 GROSE Class. Diet., Repository, .. Livery stables
where horses and carriages are sold by auction. 1801 MRS.
REPOSITORY.
478
REPREHEND.
TRIMMER Oecon. Chanty u. 119 By furnishing different
articles for sale at Repositories. 1806 J. BEKESFORD
Miseries Hum. Life xxi. lii, Paying dear for your economy
in having made purchases at a 'Cheap Repository*. 1831
(YouATT] Tht Horse 368 In London, and in most great
towns, there are repositories for the periodical sale of horses
by auction. Ibid. 369 The principal repositories in London.
1848 THACKKRAY Vanity Pair 1, She confides the card to
the gentleman of the Fine Art Repository.
2. fa. A place where souls are lodged. Obs.
1638 FEATLY Strict. Lyndotn. \\. 58 In St. Austines hidden
repositories, some soules have ease, and some paine. i66a
H. MORE Philos. Writ. Pref. Gen. (1712) 24 Whether the
Souls be . . sent from God out of some hidden Repository
where they did prae-exUt. 1711 ADDISON Spect. No. 56 P2
There is a Tradition among the Americans, that one of
their Countrymen descended m a Vision to the great Re-
pository of Souls.
b. A place in which a dead body is deposited ;
a vault or sepulchre.
1663 WOOD Life June (O. H. S.) I. 476 Buried, .at the high
altar in a vault or repository. 1697 POTTER Antiq. Greece
n. ii. (1715) 196 Women anointed the Balisters of the
Churches, and the Repositories of Martyrs. 1774 PENNANT
Tour Scot I. in 1772, 180 In the middle of these repositories
was placed the urn filled with the ashes of the dead. 1807
G. CHALMERS Caledonia I. in. vii. 416 Lulach was buried. .
in lona, the accustomed repository of the Scotish kings.
1875 JOWETT Plato (ed. 2) III. 305 The ordering of the re-
positories of the dead.
f c. slang. * A lockup or spunging house ; a
gaol' (Grose, 1785). Obs.
3. A place or thing within which something im-
material is thought of as deposited or contained.
c 1645 How ELL Lett. Ep. Ded. Letters can . . be as authen-
tic Registers, and safe repositories of Truth as any Story
whatsoever. 1690 LOCKE Hum. Und. u. x. gzThislayingup
of our Ideas in the Repository of the Memory. 1711-3 POPE
Guardian No. 4 p 3, 1 have found unvalued repositories of
learning in the lining of bandboxes. 1788 RKID Aristotle's
Log. ii. § 2. 30 A division is a repository which the philo-
sopher frames for holding his ware. 1806 J. BEHESFORD
Miseries Hum. Life i. Introd., What are Theatres but
licensed repositories for ill-told lies. 1864 BOWEN Logic \. 24
Language is the great repository of thought.
4. A part or place in which something is
accumulated or exists in quantities.
1672-3 GREW Antif. Roots n. § 28 So that the pith is a
Repository of better aliment gradually supplied to those
Sacciferous Vessels. 1790 UMFREVILLE Hudson's Bay 53
He was engaged in.. determining the truth of a copper-
mine being up the country. He was two years in search of
this valuable repository. 1813 HAKKWKLL Introd. Geol.
(1815) 278 Beside rake veins there are other mineral reposi-
tories, called flat veins or flat works, and pipe veins. 1855
J.R. LEIFCHILD Cornwall 2 Cornwall is. .an immense sub-
terranean repository of copper and tin.
5. A person to whom some matter is entrusted
or confided.
1697 tr. C'tess D' Annoy $ Trav. (1706) 25 She made one of
her Women, in whom she most confided, the Repository of
this Secret. 1773 MRS". CHAPONE Improv. Mind (1774) I.
182 Guard against being made the repository of such secrets.
1810 SHELLEY Zastrozzi vi, Make me the repository of your
sorrows ; I would, if possible, alleviate them.
Repository (rfpp-zitori), a. [See prec. and
-OBY -.]
f 1. Serving for reposition. Obs. rare ~l.
1688 BAXTER Dying Thoughts (1850) 144 If the bee know
. .how to gather her honey and wax, and how to form the
repository combs, and how to lay it up [etc.].
2. Pertaining to, of the nature of, replacing heavy
ordnance in position after dismounting it.
1876 VOYLK & STEVENSON Milit. Diet. 133/2 Repository
exercise* the mechanical manoeuvres with heavy guns.
1890 Daily News 21 Aug. 3/2 The Liverpool team.. which
took the first prize in the A shift of the repository competi-
tion. //•/,/., The Liverpool detachment make a point of
their repository work.
t RepO'siture. Obs* rare. [ad. med.L. repo-
sifura (Du Cange) : see RZPOSIT v. and -URE.]
Reposition.
1657 TOMLINSON Renoifs Disp. 489 Bottles.. serving for the
repoMture of distilled waters. 1661 MORGAN Sph. Gentry
in. viii. Si Christians abhorred those obsequies of burning,
affecting arepositure into the hands of God, who is able to
raise our vile bodies.
t Reposse'de, v. Obs. Also 6 -seed. [f. RE-
5 a + POSSEDE v. Cf. K. reposstder (i8th c. in
Littre).] trans. To repossess.
1545 Lease in Madox Formul. Angl. (1702) 152 It shall be
lawfull. .into the said mesuages. . to reentre and the same to
repossede. 1600 HOLLAND Liz»y vm. iv. 283 Doeyee but..
lay claime unto that .., and repossede it at your pleasure.
1606 WARNER Alb. Eng. xiv. Ixxxv. 353 That Scots and
Picts their owne, as earst, should amplie reposseed. [1616-
»3 in BULLOKAR and COCKERAM.]
Repossess (F/-), v. [RE- 53: cf. prec.]
1. trans. To regain or recover possession of (a
place, etc.) ; to reoccupy.
1494 FABYAN Chron. vi. clxiv. 158 After whiche peace
concludyd, . . the Kynge repossessyd y8 sayd cytie. 1555
W. WATREMAN Fardle Facions Pref. 15 Desirous to re-
possess that, that constrainedly he forsooke. a 1586 SIDNEY
Arcadia (1622) 413 The resolution to dye had repossessed
his place in her minde. 1634 FORU Perk. Warbeck \. i,
Nor doth the house of York decay in honours, Though
Lancaster doth repossess his right, c 1670 HOBBES Dial.
Com. Laws (1681) 133 He was received again into Grace,
but dyed before he could repossess his benefice. 174*
YOUNG Nt. Th. ix. 101 Earth repossesses Part of what she
gave. 178* \V. F. MARTYN Geog. Mag. I. 34 They affirm,
that as soon as the body is deposited in the grave, it is re.
possessed by the soul. <z 1821 KEATS Hyperion \. 123 Fierce
to repossess A heaven he lost erewhile.
2. St. To restore (one) \tot replace or reinstate
z'#, possession of something, f Also without const.
1571-3 Rfg. Privy Council Scot. II. 195 Allpersonis. .dis-
possest of houssis . . sal be presentlie repossest to thair houssis.
1574 A'W. 409 To entir and reposses Patrik Bellenden . . in
all and sindry [lands]. 1585 Ibid. IV. 34 He sail reposses
Adam.. to the teindis. a 1649 DKU.MM. OF HAWTH. Hist.
Jas. IV. Wks. (1711) 67 Kings should repossess kings
wrongfully put from their own. 18x4 SCOTT Ld. of Isles in.
ix, They proffer'd aid . . To repossess him in his right. 1837
— Napoleon xlii, His son should repossess him in the crown.
3. To put (one) in possession (/something again.
1591 Acts Privy Council (1000) XXI. 126 [To] see the
supplicant repossessed of his said messuage, goodes, writings,
[etc.] i6as DONNE Serm. 15 Sept. 12 They did scarce know
their own title, and yet God repossessed them of it, rein-
uested them in it. 1660 INCELO Bentiv. <y Ur. \\. (1682)
166 We will endeavour to repossess his Son of his Kingdom.
17*8 KENNETT Register 323 At length the doctor gets hiiu-
self re-possessed of his living.
b. reft. To regain possession £/" something.
1670 MILTON Hist. Eng. Wks. 1851 V. 39 Thesame Wood,
where he had defeated the Britams; who.. had now re-
possess'd themselvs of that place. 1748 Ansorfs Voy. i. v. 48
The Portuguese.. soon repossessed themselves of the places
the Dutch had taken. 1795 BELSHAM Mem. Geo. Ill, II.
242 Washington., re-possessed himself of his former strong
position. 1861 GOSCHEN For. Ex(k. 127 When.. the Ham-
burg banker wishes to repossess himself of his money.
f 4. To invest again with possession of some-
thing. Obs.
x6ox J. WHEELER 7"reat. Comm. 50 To repossesse the
Hanses with their old antiquated, and obsolete Priuiledges.
1607 HIERON It'A'A: II. 261 It is Thou only, who art able to
repossesse mee with this iewell.
Hence Repossessing vbl. sb.
1633 T. STAFFORD Pac. Hib. i. xii. (1821) 140 He would
become an humble Suiter to the Lord Deputie (in his
behalfe) for the repossessing thereof.
Reposse ssion (n-). [RE- sa: cf. prec.]
1. Recovery ; renewed possession.
1582-8 Hist. fames Vf (Bann.) 211 They had the money
present to rander to the King and his e -tails for laughfull
restitution and repossessioun [of Orkney and Zetland).
1601 WARNER A 16. Eng. Epit. (1612) 370 Egelred, now called
out of Normandie to the Repossession of his Kingdome.
165* J. TAYLOR (Water P.) Jonrn. Malts (1859) 34 Meredith
..fought for repossession, and after much bloudshed, lost
his labour. 1705 LD. GRENVILLE in Eng. Hist. Rev. Apr.
(1003) 297 To effect for him the repossession of the territories
of which he has been divested. 1853 GROTE Greece ii.
Ixxxvi. XI. 305 They had long been anxious for its re-
possession, and had even besieged it five years before.
f 2. Restoration, reinstatement. Obs. rare.
1598 (title) A Briefe Narration of the possession, dis-
possession and repossession of William Soniniers. 1643 K.
BAILLIE Lett. «y Jmls. (1841) II. 53 Upon the parties
humble penitence, and Mr. Gilbert's peaceable repossession,
we resolved [etc.].
E.epO st, v. Anglicized form of RIPOST(E v.
1730 H. B[LACKWELL] English Fencing Master 34 If your
Thrust should be parried after drawing your Left-Foot after
you, it is impossible you should recover before your Adver-
sary reposts you. 1848 THACKERAY Van, Fair Ii, The little
woman . . parried and reposted with a home-thrust 1885
EGERTON CASTLE Schools of Fence 138 As the fashion in
swords became lighter and shorter, the advantage of parry-
ing first and reposting afterwards became more obvious.
So Bepo'st sb.
1861 CHAPMAN Art Fencing 1. 19 The direct return thrust
(Repost) or attack after the parry, .should be delivered
with the greatest rapidity. 1885 EGERTON CASTLE Schools
of Fence 138 The parry had to be formed in such a way as
to act as a repost.
t RepO'Snre. Obs. rare. [f. REPOSE v.2 +
-URE, alter composure^ etc.] Rest, repose.
i6oa MARSTON Ant. fy Mel. n. Wks. 1856 I. 25 Seat your
thoughts In the reposure of most soft content. 1605 [see
REPOSAL i.] 1614 W. B. Philosopher s Banquet (ed. 2)29
Wee may ease our bodies with rest and reposure.
RepO't (n-), v. Also re-. [RE- 5 a.] trans.
To put (plants) into fresh pots. Also absol.
Hence Reporting vbl. sb.
1845 Florist* s Jrnl. 83 In repotting, the axis.. should be
raised above the surrounding soil. 1846 J. BAXTER Libr.
Pract. Agric. (ed. 4) I. 315 After the leaves have attained
their growth, .the plants should be re-potted. 1858 GLI.NNY
Card. Every-day Bk. 86/2 Market gardeners, .disroot their
whole stock, and re-pot at one season. 1863 FONBLANQUE
Tangled Skein II. 181 Superintending the repotting of
some choice plants.
RepOU'r, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To pour back.
1609 HEYWOOD Brit. Troy viu xlv. 150 Some ply the
Pompe and - - Sea into Sea Repoure. z6xo R. NICCOLS
England's Eliza ccxlvi, The horrid noise amaz'd the silent
night, Repowring downe blacke darknesse from the skie.
II BepOUSSe (wpws*), a. (and sb.} [F., pa.
pple. ot repousser, f. re- RE- + pousser ; see PUSH
z>.] Of metal work : Raised or beaten into relief,
ornamented in relief, by means of hammering
from the back or reverse side.
185* Rep. Juries Exhib. 1851, 512/2 A candlestick without
branches, .in repousse work. i86a Catal, Internat. Exhib.
II. xxxiii. 5 Stem and base of silver repousse table. Ibid.
24/1 It is made of pure gold, repousse throughout. 1876
OUIDA Winter City vii, With firelight on the repousse gold
and silver work of her loose girdle,
b. ellipt. as sb. Metal-work of this kind ; the
process of hammering into relief.
1875 Ure's Diet. Arts(<x\. 7). 1884 KNIGHT Diet. Mech.^
Suj>pl. 750/2.
Repp, variant of REP 3.
Reppe, variant of REPE, to touch. Obs.
Hepped (rept), a. rare. [f. REP 3 + -ED *.] Made
like rep ; having a surface like rep.
1883 Casselfs Fain. Mag. Oct. 606/2 Amazon Soleil is a
plain coloured stuff which is repped. 1888 CROSS & BEVAN
Paper-Making 171 By passing paper between rolls on
which devices have been cut, the ' repped ' and other
papers are produced.
fRe-pple. Obs.-1 [Of obscure etym.] ?A
staff or cudgel. (Cf. Halliwell, ' Reppte, a long
walking staff as tall or taller than the bearer.)
a 1175 Cott. Horn. 231 Gief he fend were, me sceolden
anon eter gat ;emete mid gode repples and stiarne swepen.
Repplye, obs. form of REPLY v.
t Repraise, v. Obs. [RE-] ? To dispraise.
£-1450 Pol. Poems (Rolls) II. 227 Justice ne was egaly
execute,.. Right was repraysede and founde for no repute.
1891 C. E. NORTON Dante's Hell xxvL 142 Much I pray
thee, and repray that the prayer avail a thousand.
Reprea-ch («-), v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To
preacn again. Hence Reprea'ching vbl. sb.
1681 COLVIL Whigs Supplic. (1751) 4 Like one of bishop
Andrews' sermons, repreacned the other day by an expectant
in his episcopal trial for the ministry. 18x1-99 COLERIUGE
in /.:'/. Rem. (1838) III. no A beautiful paragraph, well
worth extracting, aye, and re-preaching. 1893 FINLAYSON
Ess. 158 We wish to repreach Isaiah's message.
Repreci'pitate (r/-), v. [KB- 5 a.] trans.
To precipitate (a substance) again.
184*1 PAKNELL Chem. Anal. (1845) 293 It is soluble in cold
acetic and dilute nitric acids, and is reprecipitated by am-
muriKL 1881 Nature XXIV. 470/1 Bone earth dissolved in
acid is reprecipitated by alkalies.
Re precipitation (r/). [RE- 5 a: cf. prec.]
The action of precipitating, or fact of being pre-
cipitated, again.
1869 MRS. OLIPHANT Hist. Sk. Geo. II (1879) II. 373 The
sudden fall and rising and reprectpitation into the abyss.
1897 Allbittt's Syst. Med. III. 176 Reprecipitation of the
biurate took place in two or three days.
Repreef, -preeve, obs. ff. REPROOF, REPROVE.
Repreevable, -prefable, obs. ff. REPROVABLE.
Repreever, obs. f. REPROVER.
Rep reeve, obs. form of REPRIEVE.
Repref(e, -preflf(e, obs. ff. REPROOF, REPROVE.
Reprehend (repr/he*nd), v. [ad. L. reprt-
hendtret f. re- RE- + prehend/re to seize : cf.
apprehend^ etc. Hence also F. reprendre.]
1. trans. To reprove, reprimand, rebuke, cen-
sure, find fault with : a. a person.
a 1340 HAMPOLK Psalter cxxxiv. 15 He scornys be ho-
nurrers of mawmetis and reprehendis bairn, f 1374 CHAUCER
Troylus i. 510 Thow were ay wont eche louere reprehende
Of (Jing fro which }x>w kanst be nought defende. c 1450 tr.
De hnitatione n. vi. 46 Thou shall rest swetly if byn herte
reprebende be not. 1490 CAXTON Eneydos xix. 69 It semeth
that thou oughte not in no wyse to reprehende me. 1530
PALSGR. 687/1 He reprehended me afore al the companye.
1578 T. N. tr. Cong. W. India 367 Cortes hearing their odious
request reprehended them. 1601 F. GODWIN Bps.ofEng.
267 For which fact he was bold to reprehend his holinesse
sharpely. 1651 HOBBES Leviath. it. xxii. 123 Yet was their
Assembly judged Unlawful), and the Magistrate repre-
hended them for it. 1748 RICHARDSON Clarissa (1811) II.
xxviii. 170, I severely reprehend him on this occasion. 18x8
LANDOR ft/iaf. Conv.t Southey fy Porson ii, If. .1 am unjust
in a single tittle, reprehend me instantly. 1839 YEOWELL
Anc. Brit. Ch, ix. (1847) 94 Theodoric. ., having been repre-
hended by him, became his enemy.
b. a thing, action, conduct, etc.
01340 HAMPOLE Psalter x\\\. 5 pof men kan fynd noght
to reprehend, god kan. ^1375 in Rtl. Ant. I. 39 He that
bysyeth hym to lyve piteuosly, he wurchipet God and holy
writ, and reprehendet no thing that he undurstondet not.
c 1380 WYCLIF Set. Wks. II. 201 Whanne a man leevij? to
reprehende an opyn synne. c 1475 Babees Bk. 29 Therfore
I pray that no man Reprehende This lytyl Book, a 1529
SKELTON Agst. Garnesche iii. 16 Lewdely your tyme ye
spende, My lyuyng to reprehende. 1567 Trial Treas.
(1850) 7 It is an harde thing.. For a foolishe man to haue his
maners reprehended. x6xa T. TAYLOR Comm. Titus ii. 6
This doctrine reprehendeth a common error in the world.
1657 TRAPP Comm. i)ob\, 9 It is extreme folly to reprehend
what we cannot comprehend. 1708 J. PHILIPS Cyder i. 78,
I nor advise, nor reprehend the Choice. 1790 BURKE J*r.
Rev, 203, I had.. much to reprehend, and much to wish
changed, in many of the old tenures. 1849 THACKERAY
Pendennis Ixii, I.. most strongly reprehend any man's de-
parture from his word. 1876 E. MKLLOR Priesth. vii. 313
With a haste and recklessness which cannot be too severely
reprehended.
O. absol.
1590 SHAKS. Mids. N. v. i. 436 Gentles, doe not reprehend.
If you pardon, we will mend. 1846 TRENCH Mirac. xxx.
(1862) 433 The very same who at the first reprehended, will
in the end applaud.
1 2. To refute, prove to be fallacious. Obs. rare.
1597 BACON Cottiers Good $ Evill § 3 But that denieth the
supposition, it doth not reprehend the fallax. Ibid. § £ This
coufour will bee reprehended or incountred by imputing to
all excellencie in compositions a kind of pouertie.
"t* 3. Sc. To take (one) in wrong doing. 0&s.~l
1538 Aberdeen Regr. (1844) I. 156 It selbe lesum to
quhatsumever nychtbour that reprehendis the layaris of the
said ful/e to tak the veschell..quhill thai be punyst.
^1 4. Misused by ignorant speakers for ' repre-
sent * and * apprehend.'
BEPBEHENDABLE.
1588 SHAKS. L. L. L. \. i. 184 Constable, I my selfe re-
prehend his owne person, for I am his graces Tharborough.
1714 GAY What d'ye call it II. v\\,Constable, Friends, repre-
hend him, reprehend him there. (They seize the Sergeant.]
Hence Beprehe-nding vbl. sb. and ///. a.
1570 FOXE A. ft M. (ed. 2) 68/2 The cause of whose
martirdome was the reprehending of Idolatrie. 1611 RICH
Honest. Age Epil. (1844) 68 Such a kinde of subiect, as is. .
fitting to be roughly rubbed with a reprehending veritie,
1663 GKRBIER Counsel 60 To shun reprehending of Master
workmen openly.
Beprehe-ndable, a. rare. [a. obs. F. repre-
hendable (Godef.), or f. prec. + -ABLE : cf. irre-
prehcndable (1597).] Reprehensible.
a 1340 HAMPOLK Psalter xl. 6 If Jjai myght fynd any
thynge in vs reprehendabile. 1627-77 FELTHAM Resolves
n. liv. 271 They were reprehendable.
Reprehe-ndatory, a. rare-1, [f. REPRE-
HEND, after commendatory] Conveying reproof.
1853 Taifs Mag. XX. 608 She had given too much occa-
sion ior these reprehendatory remarks.
Reprehe'nder. Also 6 -our, -or. [f. as
prec. + -EB !,] One who reprehends or censures.
1555 W. WATREMAN Fardle Facions Pref. 20 Let it not
moue the, . . if any cankered reprehendour of other mens
doynges shal sale vnto the [etc.], 1585 PARSONS Chr.
Ejcerc. ii. vi. 370 Therefore fell they in fine, to persecute
sharply their reprehendors. 1587 FRAUNCE Aniyntas Ep.
Ded., Now for the second sort of reprehenders . . mine answere
is at hand. 1649 JER. TAYLOR Gt. Exemp. i. Sect. viii. 114
He was a severe reprehender of the Pharisees and Sad-
ducees. 1678 R. L ESTRANGE Seneca's Mar. To Rdr.,
Seneca; the most lively Describer of Publick Vices.. and
the smartest Reprehender of them.
Reprehensible (repn'he-nsib'l), a. [ad. late
L. reprehensibilis, {. nprehens-, ppl. stem of re-
prehindlfre to REPREHEND : see -IDLE. Cf. F. rt-
prthensible (1314).] Deserving of reprehension,
censure, or rebuke ; reprovable ; blameworthy.
1382 WYCLIF Gal. ii. n, I stood asens hym in to the face,
for he was reprehensyble [v.r. repreuable]. 1570 FOXE
A. «f M. (ed. 2) 183/2 Whereby it is to be gathered, that the
bishop and deacon are noted infamous and reprehensible.
1589 PUTTENHAM Eng. Poesie i. xx. (Arb.) 58 In a meane
man prodigalitie and pride are faultes more reprehensible
then in Princes. 1651 HOBBES Govt. ty Soc. i. § 7. 10 It is
therefore neither absurd, nor reprehensible .. for a man to
use all his endeavours to. .defend his Body. 1665 GLANVILL
Def. Van. Dogin. 6 To keep such voluminous ado about
acknowledg'd uncertainties, is a very reprehensible vanity.
1777 SHERIDAN Sch. Scand. in. ii, In my mind, the other's
economy in selling it to him was more reprehensible by
half. 1831 LAMB Elia n. Ellistonia, The fault is least
reprehensible in players. 1844 Ln. BROUGHAM Brit. Const.
viii. (1862) 104 There is even an irregular, unconstitutional,
and reprehensible act done.
Hence Beprehe-nsibleness (Bailey vol. II,
1727) ; Beprehe^nsibMity (Cent. Diet. 1891).
Reprehe-nsibly, adv. [f. prec. + -LY 2.] in
a reprehensible manner or degree.
1637 GIU.ESPIE Eng. Pep. Cerent, n. vii. 27 They who
contend.. reprehensibly. 1849 MACAULAY Hist. Eng. iv. I.
502 Even those laws. .were in his judgment reprehensibly
lenient. 1885 Truth n June 932/1 It was reprehensibly
foolish and reckless.
Reprehension (repi/he-nfan). Also 4 -cion,
6 -syon, 7 -tion. [ad. L. reprehension-em, n. of
actionf. reprehendere. Cf.F.n!pr<?/iension(i2thc.').']
1. The action of reprehending ; censure, reproof,
rebuke, reprimand.
C1374 CHAUCER Troytiis i. 684 Myn entenciown Nys
nought to yow of reprehencion To speke as now. c 1477
CAXTON Jason 25 Men preyse and alowe moche the fayr
Myrro— but I trowe..she shold be fonden somwhat of
Reprehension. 1541 BOORDE Dyetary xxxvii. (1870) 299
Vse few wordes to them, excepte it be for reprehensyon or
gentyll reformacyon. a 1586 SIDNEY Arcadia I. (1605) 49
To a heart fully resolute, counsel! is tedious, but repre-
hension is lothsome. 1611 BRINSLEY Lud. Lit. xv. (1627) 200
To use sharpe reprehension or correction for that careless-
nesse. 1678 R. L'EsTRANGE Seneca's Mor., Life, Exhorting
them.. sometimes by Good Counsel, otherwhile by Repre-
hension. 1709 STEELE Tatler No. 67 P 12 That when they
will not take private Reprehension, they may be tried
further by a publick one. 1777 BURKE Corr. (1844) II. 194
If they are corrupt, they merit .. blame and reprehension.
1801 STRUTT Stortl $ Past. Introd. 41 The evil conse-
quences., have in all ages called loudly for reprehension.
1868 E. EDWARDS Ralegh I. xxi. 464 The Dean.. had used
strong language in reprehension of the Prebendary's ac-
ceptance. 1885 Truth 28 May 836/1 Such profligate
extravagance is deserving of severe reprehension.
b. With a and //. An instance of this.
1574 WHITGIFT De/. Answ. ii. Wks. 1851 I. 201 What
church-discipline would you have other than admonitions,
reprehensions, and.. excommunications? 1589 PUTTENHAM
Eng. Poesie i. xvi. (Arb.) 50 To th'intent that such exem.
pl £',','?' -miSnt worke for a secret reprehension to others.
1608 WILLET Hexafla Exod. 192 He trieth her with sharpe
reprehensions. 1671 FLAVEL Fount. Life xxii. 66 He finds
479
1 Beprehensive (reprrhe-nsiv\ o. [f. REPBE-
HKND v. ; cf. comprehensive, etc., and obs. F. re-
prehensif, -ive (Godef.).] Of the nature of repre-
hension ; containing reproof. Now rare.
1589 PUTTENHAM Eng. Poesie I. xiii. (Arb.) 46 The said
auncient Poets vsed for that purpose, three kinds of poems
reprehensiue. 1591 Nobody t, Samel, in Simpson Sch.
S/ialts. (1878) I. 299 What I did speake in reprehensive sort.
1609 Bp.W. BARLOW AHSIV. Nameless Cath. 22 He answereth
by an Interrogation, such as the Rhetoricians call. .a ques-
tion reprehensiue. 1671 WOODHEAD St. Teresa i. Pref. 4
Words consolatory, Instructive, Reprehensive. 1748 RICH-
ARDSON Clarissa (1811) III. xl. 231, I give you sincere
thanks for every line of your reprehensive letters. 1815
CULBERTSON Ltd. Revel, xii. 160 The body of this epistle
consists of two parts ; one of which is commendatory, and
the other reprehensive. 1845 A- DUNCAN Disc. 159 The
benignity of the Deity became a reprehensive witness, re-
proving and condemning their errors.
Hence Repreke 'naively adv.
1631 Celestina Ep. Ded. A iij b, Sithence it is written re-
prehensively, and not instructively. 1678 CUDWORTH Intell.
Syst. i; iv. 226 Xenophanes . . reprehensively admonished the
Egyptians after this manner.
Reprehensory (repifhe-nsari) , a. [See prec.
and -ORY.] Reprehensive. Now rare.
1586 A. DAY Eng. Secretary i. (1625) 21 Commendatorte,
Monitorie or Reprehensorie. a 16x4 P. LILIE Two Sertn.
(1619) 56 The words, then, of the angell were not onely
reprehensory but consolatory. 1652 URQUHART Jeii>?l Wks.
(1834)272 If by mischance, .their forwardness in solicitation
procure a reprehensory check. 1780 JOHNSON Let. 21 Aug.,
There is no reason for making any reprehensory complaint.
i8»s CULBERTSON Lect. Revel, xix. 249 The evils specified
in the reprehensory part of this epistle.
Repreif, obs. Sc. form of REPROOF, REPROVE.
t Repre'me, v. Sc. Obs. rare. [ad. L. repri-
mUre: for the phonology cf. exeme, redeem.] trans.
To repress.
1549 Compl. Scot. xvii. 154 To repreme and distroye the
arrogant consait of them that glprifeis & pridis them.
a 1586 Satir. Poems Reform, xxxvii. 23 Sa gude Renoun,
?uhilk raillaris rage repremis, Advansis moir, be moir
nvyaris wex it.
t Repremia-tion. Obs. rare -°. (See quot.)
1611 COTGR., Repremiation, a repremiation, a rewarding.
Repreofing, obs. form of REPROVING.
Repreove, obs. form of REPROVE.
t Represe'nt, sb. Obs. [f. the vb.] A repre-
sentation ; an image.
c 1400 tr. Secreta Secret., Gov. Lordsh. 98 Whenne |>at
vche a wyt hauys in hym [the brain] his represent. 1615
G. SANDYS Trav. 82 Their Churches are many of them well
set forth and painted with the represents of Saints. 1635
F. WHITE Sabbath 163 Resting from servile labour, upon
the old Sabbath day, was a figure and represent of spiritual!
ceasing and abstaining from the servile workes of sin.
Represent (repr/ze-nt), v. Also 6-7 as pa.
pple. [ad. OF. representer (i2th c.) or L. reprx-
sentare, f. re- RE- + prxsentare to PRESENT.]
fl. trans, a. To bring into presence; esp. to
present (oneself or another) to or before a person.
£1380 WYCLIF Wks. (1880) 47 So bat he may not be
delyuerid of his bond til he represente hym in his owen
persone in he hondis of his mynystre, and be be mynystre
holden sadly . . til bat he represente hym to be cardynal
hostiense. 1413 Pilgr. Sowlc (Caxton) I. ii. (i 859) 8 Repre-
senteth your self smartely to this jugement, by ordre, as ye
shal be clepyd. c 1450 LOVELICH Grail lii. 500 He is a
manne that }ow Alle hath taken As presoneres, And to Me
Represented now here. 1508 Ord. Crysten Men (W. de W.
1506) iv. xxix. 340 She [the soul], .leueth her body and her
representeth unto hym unto his blessyd pleasure. 1585
T. WASHINGTON tr. Nicholay's b'oy. iv. i. 114 In the day
time they did represent themselues before the Gouernours.
1649 JER. TAYLOR Gt. Exemf. Disc. xii. § 7 We are taught
to pray not that it be all at once represented or deposited,
but that God would minister it as we need it.
t b. To bring (one) to some privilege or state.
both Of the mere schoolboy's lean and tardy growth.
Refutation ; proof of fallacy. Obs.
reprehension is, that things of greatnes and predominancie
(etc.], 1610 T. GRANGER Dhi. Lo^'ke 347 Secondly, the
solution, or reprehension thereof.
Good Besynesse . . schal kepen ^oure body from Alle torment,
and to Endeles blysse jow Represent.
t c. To render (service) ; to present (a thing) to
a person. Obs. rare.
c 1425 WYNTOUN Cron. v. Prol. 46 J)ir ar be twa gret
lichtis . .bat oyssis for to represent And to mynystir bar
serwice Tyme be tyme. 1560 ROLLAND Crt. Venus iv. 129
Thisbe. .kneilland vpon hir kne, To Rhamnusia the missiue
represent Fra the Assise. 1601 HOLLAND Pliny II. 493
The Thurines honoured the said ^Elius with a statue of
brasse, and represented to him a coronet of gold.
fd. To produce, give forth. Obs. rare~'.
1601 HOLLAND Pliny I. 2 That as the Heauen moueth, it
doth represent indeed a pleasant and incredible sweet
harmonic both day and night,
2. To bring clearly and distinctly before the
mind, esp. (to another) by description or (to one-
self) by an act of imagination.
1375 BARBOUR Bruce L 18 Aulde storys that men redys,
Representis to thaim the dedys Of stalwart folk that lywyt
ar. £1392 CHAUCER Cotnfl. Venus 58 Whanne I me weel
avyse On any estate bat man may represent pane haue yee
maked me.. Cheese f>e best. 1587 GOLDING De Mornay
xxvii. (1592) 433 The Dreaine representeth vs the stone
hewen without hand. 1605 BACOS Adi'. Learn. I. To King
§ 2 Wherefore, representing your Majesty many times unto
my mind,.. I have been .. possessed with an extreme wonder
at those your virtues. 1638 JUNIUS Paint. Ancients 18
j The other.. studieth also to expresse things prefigured only
i and represented by the phantasie. 1667 MILTON P. L. v. 104
REPRESENT.
Of all external things, Which the five watchful Serises re-
present, She forms Imaginations, a 1708 HEVERIDGE Tkes,
Tkeol. (1710) I. 261 Why is God said to have a head and
hands? To represent Him the better to our capacities
1794 PALEV Evid. n. ii. (1817) 58 The happiness of the good
and the misery of the bad . . is represented by metaphors and
comparisons. 1856 DOVE Logic Chr. Faitk Introd, 4 Man
may have knowledge which he cannot represent to his
formal reason. 1879 Cassctfs Techn. Educ. IV. 95/1 It
remains, therefore, to complete the work by representing
the character of the country.
absol. 1691 NORRIS Curs. Rejl. 27 Our Ideas . . are im-
material as to their Representation, that is, they represent
after an immaterial manner.
b. To place (a fact) clearly before another ; to
state or point out explicitly or seriously to one,
with a view to influencing action or conduct,
freq. by way of expostulation or remonstrance.
1581 N. LICHEFIELD tr. Castanheda's Cong. E. Ind. i. Ixvi.
135 There was represent unto him the great danger which
he feared might happen unto him. 1647 CLARENDON Hist.
Reb, i. § 112 The condition of his Son. .was argument of
great compassion, and was lively and successfully repre-
sented to the King himself. 1687 A. LOVELL tr. TkevcnoCs
Tra-v. i. 78 They went.. to the Kiaya Bey, and having
ny which have been so strongly
and justly represented. 1794 CHARLOTTE SMITH Wand.
Warwick 148 He represented to me, that, .it would be un-
worthy of me to assail him with words of reproach. 1829
LYTTON Deverenx i. ii, I have just represented to my good
brother the necessity of sending my sons to school. 1849
MACAULAY Hist. En$. vi. II. 63 It would have been useless
to represent these things to James. 1864 D. G. MITCHELL
Sev, Stor. 79, I represented my official character to the
doorkeeper.
c. absol. To make representations or objections
against something ; to protest. Now rare.
1717 BOLINGBROKE Let. to Windham (1889) 23 When the
Queen seemed to intend a change in her ministry, they had
deputed some of their members to represent against it.
1782 R. CUMBERLAND Anted. Painters II. 81 The Chapter
objected to his nomination, and deputed two of their body-
to represent to Philip against the person of Cano. i86z
LD. BROUGHAM Brit, Const, xvi. 248 He. .prosecuted seven
Prelates for representing against his Declaration appointed
to be read in all Churches.
3. To describe as having a specified character or
quality ; to give out, assert, or declare to be of
a certain kind. Const, as, (f/?r,) to be, and with
simple complement.
safe, and commodious. 1663 J. SPENCER Prodigies Pref.
A iv b, Gregory the Great (represented to Posterity as one
most studious of the propagation of the Christian Religion).
1685 WOOD Life 2 May (O. H. S.) III. 142 Radcliff repre-
sented him to De a turbulent man. 1714 POPE Lett. (1735)
I. 210 May they represent me what they will, as long as you
think me what I am. 1764 HARMER Obseru. \. xviii. 43 The
trees are represented . . as but just grown green at Jerusalem
in March. 1855 MACAULAY Hist. Eng. ix. II. 444 Sunder-
land they represented as the chief conspirator. 1874 L.
STEPHEN Hours in Library (1892) I. vi. 229 Society is not
what Balzac represents it to be.
reft. 1817 JAS. MILL Brit. India I. n. ii 107 The first
legislator of the Hindus., appears to have represented him-
self as the republlsher of the will of God.
b. To give out, allege that, etc.
1883 [cf. Represented ppl. adj. belowj. 1891 BARBER in
Law Times XC. 395/1 The defendant did represent that the
cow was . .sound, when he knew it was not so.
4. To show, exhibit, or display to the eye; to
make visible or manifest ; t to display in one's
bearing or air. Now rare,
c 1400 Rom. Rose 7402 Of her estat she her repented, As
her visage represented. 1514 BARCLAY Cyt. $ Uplondyshm.
(Percy Soc.) 32 It is in power of God omnypotent, His very
presence to us to represent. 1567 MAPLET Gr. Forest n
Iris.. being, .stricken of the Sunne his beames, doth repre-
sent and shewe both the figure and colours of the Rainebow
vpon the wall next to it. a 1578 LINDESAY (Pitscottie)
C/iron.Scot. (S. T. S.) I. 25 He thocht him selff.. frie fra
the iniuries of all enemy is gif he representit the samyn
arrogance that his father did wsse of befoir. 1660 R. COKE
Justice Vznd., Arts fy Sc, 2 Neither a right line nor a point
can be truly represented to the sense according to the truth
of them. 1707 Curios. Hnsb. fy Card, 38 The Root of Fern
cut obliquely, represents an Eagle. 1781 COWPER Hoj>e 74
But still the imputed tints are those alone The medium
represents, and not their own.
b. spec. To exhibit by means of painting, sculp-
ture, etc. ; to portray, depict, delineate.
c 1400 MAUNDEV. (Roxb.) x. 38 Jit es |>are paynting, whare
!n be grete dole bat bai made es representid and purtraid.
a 1586 SIDNEY Arcadia i. (1605) 9 The Painter meaning to
represent the present condition of the young ladie. 1661
FELTHAM Lusoria in Resolves^ etc. (1696) 73 They for-
bad the Holy Ghosts being represented in the form of a
Dove. 1663 GERBIER Counsel 14 Pilasters, through whose
bodies Lions are represented to creep. Ibid. 16 To direct
the Sculptors how to Represent those Images. 1766
GOLDSM. Vic. W. xvi, My wife desired to be represented as
Venus. i8at CRAIG Lect. Drawing viii. 422 The subjects
for these purposes should always be represented as if placed
at a considerable degree of elevation. 1843 RUSKIN Mod.
Paint, I. 1. 1. ii. § 2 What is commonly considered the whole
art of painting, that is, the art of representing any natural
object faithfully.
o. Of pictures, images, etc. : To exhibit by arti-
ficial resemblance or delineation,
c 14*0 LYDG. Assembly of Gods 1913 The thryd wall. .the
Tyme representeth of Reuocacion. 1590 SPENSER /•'. Q. \\\.
iii. 29 With thee yet sh.ill he leave, .his ymage dead, That
REPRESENT.
living him in all activity To thee shall represent. 1687
A. LOVELL tr. Thevenofs Trav. 94 There is one over the
Gate, representing in has relief our Saviour's riding into
Jerusalem upon the Ass. 1711 ADDISON Spect. No. 26 F 5 The
Monuments of their Admirals . . represent them like them-
selves. 1861 M. PATTISON Ess. (1889) I. 45 Two allegorical
pieces by . . Holbein, representing the Triumph of Riches
and the Triumph of Poverty respectively. 1873 BLACK Pr.
Thule iii, The four walls were, .covered by a paper of foreign
manufacture, representing spacious Tyrolese landscapes,
and incidents of the chase.
5. To exhibit or reproduce in action or show ;
to perform or produce (a play, etc.) upon the stage.
c 1460 Play Sacram. 10 And yt lyke yow to here y" purpoos
of y" play that [ys] representyd now in yower syght. 1589
PUTTENHAM Eng. Pocsie I. xv. (Arb.) 49 These matters were
also.. represented by action as that of the Comedies. 1615
BRATHWAIT Strappado (1878) i6r Saint Bartlemews, where
all ihe Pagents showne, And all those acts from Adam vnto
Noe Vs'd to be represent. 1656 EARL MONM. tr. Boccalinfs
Advts.fr. Parnass. n. xcvii. (1674) 250 Such like Spectacles
..did but little honour to those that caused them to be
represented. 1745 P. THOMAS Jrnl. Anson's Voy. 203 In
China we may.. represent Comedies, and dance Balls in a
Lanthorn. 1774 WARTON Hist. Eng. Poetry (1775) I. 233
In what manner, if ever, this piece was represented
theatrically, cannot easily be discovered, a 1822 SHELLEY
Fanst n. 408 Quite a new piece, the last of seven, for 'tis
The custom now to represent that number. 1891 Law
Times Rep. LXIII. 763/1 Any person had a right to
dramatise the novel and to represent the drama.
b. To exhibit or personate (a character) on the
stage ; to act the part or character of (some one).
1662 J. DA VIES tr. Olearius' Voy. Amoass. 213 The Physi-
cian, a person the fittest in the World to represent a Fool in
a play. 1711 STEELE Spect. No. 48 f 5 Persons who repre-
sent Heroes in a Tragedy. 1752 BXTHVRST Arfve^nturer No.
3 p 8 Amazons, to represent whom I have hired all the
wonderful tall men and women, .in this town. 1824 SCOTT
St. Ronan's xx, Oberon, the King of Shadows, whose sover-
eign gravity . . was somewhat indifferently represented by
the silly gaiety of Miss in her Teens. 1888 SHORTHOUSE
Countess Eve i, He so entirely associated himself with the
characters he represented on the stage, that he lost himself
in them.
c. intr. To appear on the stage; to act, perform.
a 1547 SURREY SEneid iv. 622 Like Orestes Agamemnons
son In tragedies who represented [z».r.-eth] aye Driuen about.
1766 Char, in Ann. Reg. 7/1, I gave him a taste for. .the
' petits operas ' in which I sung and represented myself.
6. To symbolize, to serve as a visible or con-
crete embodiment of (some quality, fact, or other
abstract concept), f Also intr. , const, unto.
c 1380 WYCLIF Set. Wks. III. 462 Ymagis bat representen
pompe and glorie of t>o worlde. a 1483 Liter Niger in
Hoitsth. Ord. (1790) 56 The Steward and Thesaurer in hys
absence, within this Courte, represents unto the estate of an
Erie. 1508 DUNBAR Poems vii. 71 The sueird of conquis..
Be borne suld highe before the in presence, To represent sic
man as thou has Deyn. 1560 DAUS tr. Sleidane's Comm. 25
An Appell of Golde, representynge the shape of the rounde
worlde. 1600 E. BLOUNT tr. Conestaggio 89 Although the
Dutchesse may represent the degree of her Father,.. it were
impossible she shoulde represent the qualitie of a male. 1663
BUTLER Hud. I. i. 249 This hairy meteor.. With grisly type
did represent Declining age of government. 1788 GIBBON
Dec/. 4r F. xlix. V. 121 The patriciate represented only the
title, the service, the alliance, of these distant protectors.
1849 MACAULAY Hist. Eng. ii. 1. 199 No sovereign has ever
represented the majesty of a great state with more dignity
and grace. 1866 KINGSLF.Y Lett. (1878) II. 243 The House
of Lords seems to me to represent all heritable property,
real or personal. 1894 J. T. FOWLER Adamnan Introd. 53
Thus the two Finnians represented Welsh and North
British traditions respectively.
b. Of quantities : To indicate or imply (another
quantity).
1860 TYNDALL Clac. i. xxii. isr, I knew the immense
amount of mechanical force represented by four ounces of
bread and ham. 1878 HUXLEY Physiogr. 45 An inch of rain
represents about 100 tons of water to the acre.
7. Of things : To stand for or in place of (a
person or thing) ; to be the figure or image of
(something). Also, with personal subj., to denote
by a substitute.
1:1430 Art Nombryng 5 That vnyte by respect of the
figure that he came fro representith an .C. 1432-50 tr.
Higden (Rolls) VI. 211 Peple honoure noo thynge in theyme
[images] but God, or for God and for seyntes, whiche they
represente to us. 15x3 DOUGLAS sEtieis vi. Pro]. 91 Ane
vthir place quhilk purgatory representis. 1560 DAUS tr.
Sleidane's Comm. 47 The sacred and holy host that repre-
senteth Christes body. 1667 MILTON P. L. xn. 255 Before
him burn Seaven Lamps as in a Zodiac representing The
Heav'nly fires. 1687 A. LOVELL tr. Thevenofs Trav. 1. 116
This Colossus which represented the Sun, was cast byChares
the Lyndian. 1718 LADY M. W. MONTAGU Let. to Lady
Rich 16 Mar., I live in a place that very well represents the
tower of Babel. 1788 GIBBON Decl. !, F. xlix. V. 136 His
coronation oath represents a promise to maintain the faith.
1830 EIDRAH TREBOR Hoyle Made Familiar 2 The inventor
[of cards] proposed, by the figures of the four suits, .. to
represent the four classes of men in the kingdom. 1856
STANLEY Sinai ft Pal. xii. (1858) 406 Cyprus thus visible
from the mainland, represented to the Hebrew people the
whole western world. 1868 LOCKYER Elan. Astron. ii. § 7
(1879) 39 If we represent the Sun by a globe about two feet
in diameter [etc.].
t b. To present the figure or appearance of, to
resemble. Obs.
1551 TURNER Herbal i. C vj, Dyll groweth . . wyth a spokye
top as fenell hath, whome he doth represent wonders nere.
1615 CROOKE Body of Man 855 On their outside they [the
valves of the veins] represent the knottes that are in the
branches of plants. -
c. To be the equivalent of, to correspond to,
480
| to replace (esp. another animal or plant in a given
region).
1855 SMITH & DALLAS Syst. Nat. Hist. II. 432 The Llamas,
which represent the Camels in the New World. 1879 HAR-
LAN Eyesight iii. 34 In the eye, the sides of the box are repre-
sented by the sclerotic. i88a FLOWER in Encycl. Brit. XIV.
738/2 The old idea that they in some way ' represented ' each
other in the two hemispheres of the world was a mere fancy.
8. To take or fill the place of (another) in some
respect or for some purpose ; to be a substitute in
some capacity for (a person or body) ; to act for
(another) by a deputed right.
1509 FISHER Fvn.Serm. Ctesi Ric&mond'Vfks. (1876) 297
Albeit she dyd not receyue in to her house our sauyour in his
owne persone.. she neuertheles receyued theim that dothe
represent his persone. c 1595 CAPT. WYATT R . Dudley's Voy.
W. Ind. (Hakl. Soc.) 23 Our Generall sent Cap. Jobson,
Authority to One man, to represent them every one. 1766
BLACKSTONE Comm. II. xiv. 217 All the branches inherit
the same share that their root, whom they represent, would
have done. 1838 W. BELL Diet. Law Scot. 713 When an
heir is cited as representing his ancestor, he incurs a passive
I title if he states a peremptory defence. 1849 MACAULAY
, Hist. Eng. vi. II. r39 During that interval the king was
represented by a board of lords justices. 1853 MAURICE
: Proph. ft Kings xxvi. 449 There sat upon his soul a weight of
sorrow and evil, as if he were representing his whole people.
b. spec. To be accredited deputy or substitute
for (a number of persons) in a legislative or de-
liberative assembly ; to be member of Parliament
for (a certain constituency) ; hence in passive, to
be acted for in this respect by some one ; to have
a representative or representatives.
1655 CROMWELL Sp. to Parlt. 22 Jan., I have been careful
of your safety, and the safety of those that you represented,
a 1687 PETTY Pol. Arith. (1690) 95 May not the three
Kingdoms be United into one, and equally represented in
Parliament? 1778 BURKE Corr. (1844) II. 216, 1 do not wish
to represent Bristol, or to represent any place, but upon
terms that shall be honourable. 1780 JOHNSON Let. to Mrs.
Thrale 9 May, Did I tell you that Scot and Jones both offer
themselves to represent the University in the place of Sir
Roger Newdigate. 1861 M. PATTISON Ess. (1889) I. 47 A
committee of nine members, in which every Hanse town was
in its turn represented. 1875 JOWETT Plato (ed. 2) V. 126
The people and the aristocracy alike are to be represented
. . by officers elected for one or two years.
9. To serve as a specimen or example of (a class
or kind of things) ; hence, in passive, to be ex-
emplified (by something).
1858 HAWTHORNE Fr. f, It. Note-Bks. (1872) I. 25 A soup in
which twenty kinds of vegetables were represented. 1868
FREEMAN Norm. Cong. (1877) II. x. 489 Both English and
Danish blood was represented in the Assembly. 1868
LOCKYER Eletn. Astron. i. § 5 (1879) 34 The spiral or whirl-
pool nebulz are represented by that in the constellation of
Canes Venatici.
b. In passive with personal subject.
1882 Daily Tel. 30 Jan., Mr. D. will be represented in the
Waterloo Cup by Witchery.
Hence Represented///, a.
a 1569 KINGESMYLL Man's Est. XL (1580) 75 This is the
true represented Isaac, that humbleth himself to the Aultar.
1822 J. FLINT Lett. Amer. 147 His protection is the affection
of a free and a represented people. 1836-7 SIR W. HAMIL-
TON Metaph. xxiii. (1860) 70 In a representative act.. the
i represented object is unknown as actually existing. 1883
Daily News ii Oct. 2/2 The auditors were afforded no
facilities.. for ascertaining whether the represented secu-
rities really existed.
Re-prese-nt (r*-), v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To
present again or a second time ; to give back.
Early examples (without hyphen) are somewhat doubtful.
1564 PALFREYMAN in Bauldwin Mar. Philos. ToRdr., Wee
are. .encouraged without feare boldly to represent and re-
turne vnto Him such liuely fruits of His grace. 1633 FORD
Love's Sacr. v. iii, Thy truth, Like a transparent mirror,
represents My reason with my errors. i654CoKAlNEZ?iaa*a
in. 249, I afresh represented her with my love. 1709 STRYPE
Ann. Re/. I. xxxvii. 380 To represent to the Christian World
the Truth founded in the Gospel of Christ. 1810 Naval
Chron. XXIV. 451 He was first instituted in 1793, and re-
presented in 1799. 1864 BOWEN Logic i. 23 The classifica-
tion of the objects presented and re-presented by the sub-
I sidiary powers. 1880 A thensevm 24 July 1 1 5/2 The Academy
I of Sciences, .decided to re-present him with the books.
Representable (reprfze-ntab'l), a. [-ABLE.]
Capable of being represented.
1662 EVELYN Chalcogr. 123 All the sorts of bodiesrepresent-
, able by graving, a 1676 HALE Prim. Orig. Man. 311 The
Perfections of God are not representable by any created
Being in a true propriety of their nature. 1704 NORRIS Ideal
World u. v. 285 God cannot therefore be known by.. any
similitude, .because not representable by any image. 1821
Examiner 760/1 The best, or at least, the most represent-
able of the tragedies. 1891 19*7* Cent. XXIX. 222, I have
spoken of representable, not imitable, truths.
absol. 1828 DE QUINCEY in Blackw. Mag. XXIV. 894
Bringing so mysterious a thing as a spiritual nature or
agency within the limits of the representable.
b. spec, in Law (see quot.).
1832 AUSTIN Jurispr. (1879) H- xlv'' 807 A fungible or
representable thing is a thing whose place, lieu, or room may
be supplied by a thing of the same kind or even by a thing
not of the same kind, as money in the form of damages.
Hence Bepresentabi'lity (Cent. Diet. 1891).
Representamen (reprftent^'-men). [f. RE-
! PRESENT v. : cf. imitamen.] The result or product
of representation.
1677 GALEO/. Gentiles K. Proem 5 A singular first notion
REPRESENTATION.
or idea is the simple imitamen or representamen of some one
individual thing in the mind. 1846 SIR W. HAMILTON Diss.
in Reid's Wits. 877 The representation, or, to speak more
properly, the representamen, itself as an. .object exhibited
to the mind.
Represe'iitaiice. 06s. rare-1, [f. as
prec. + -ANCE : cf. obs. F. representative (Godel.).]
Representation.
1633 J. DONE Hist. Septuagint 94 For they affirme foolishly
that the Images . . are the Representances and formes of
those who have brought something profitable.
Representaut (repr/ze-ntant),J/'. [= K. re-
prisenlant (1694), Sp. representante (whence quot.
1623), pres. pple. of reprfsenter etc. : see REPRE-
SENT v. and -ANT 1.]
f 1. A stage-performer ; an actor. Obs. rare -'.
1622 MABBE tr. Aleman's Guzman d1 Alf. \. 175 Hee is
but a man, a representant, a poore kinde of Comedian.
2. A ]>erson representing another or others ; a
representative, rare.
1651 Walton's Panegyrick to K. Chas. in Reliq. W. (1672)
153 As the supreme Character of the Most High is Verity :
so what can more become.. his Representants on earth, then
Veracity it self? 1651 HOBBES Leviath. in. xlii. 300 They
that are the Representants of a Christian People, are Repre-
sentants of the Church. 1831 T. HOPE Ess. Origin Man
III. 125 heading. Representative government.— Control over
the representants.
3. An equivalent or counterpart.
1863 TYNDALL Heat iv. § 144 (1870) 124 This experiment
is the microscopic representant of what occurs in Iceland.
So Beprese-ntant a., ' representing, having vica-
rious power' (Worcester, 1860, citing Latham).
Representation (reprftent^-Jan). Also 5
•aoyon(e, 5-6 -acion. [a. F. representation
(1325) or ad. L. reprtesentation-em, n. of action f.
reprsescntare to REPRESENT : see -ATION.]
1 1. a. Presence, bearing, air. 06s.
c 1489 CAXTON Blanchardyn ix. 37 The knyght sayd vnto
Blanchardyn, ' Syre, ye be a right fayre louencell, and of
noble representacion '. 1598 GRENEWEY Tacitus, Ann. n. ix.
(1622) 151 This yoong man of a noble birth, of a manly re-
presentation. 1640 tr. Verdcre's Rom. of Rom. n. 136 He
espied a Knight of so goodly a representation, that he stayed
to observe him.
t b. Appearance ; impression on the sight. Obs.
1489 CAXTON fortes of A . iv. xvii. 279 Amonge the colours
is a difference of noblesse for cause of the representacyon
that either of hem doon after his nature. 1664 POWER Exp.
Pliilos. i. 46 The Weft (being flat wired Silver) that crosses
the Warp, it makes a fine Chequered Representation.
2. An image, likeness, or reproduction in some
manner of a. thing.
c 1425 St. Elizabeth ofSpalbeck in Anglia VIII. 107 Oure
lorde Jhesu . . schewib. .)?e representacyone of his blyssed
passyone in be persone of the same virgyne. 1542 UDALL
Erasm. Apoth. 154 Slepe is a certain ymage and representa-
cion of death. 1005 BACON Adv. Learn, i. iv. § 8 The es-
sential form of knowledge, which is nothing but a representa-
tion of truth. ci6ss SIDNEY in \othCent. Jan. (1884) 58
Theis kinds of writings which are the representations of the
present thoughts. 1687 A. LOVELL tr. Thevenofs Trent, i.
102 It seemed to me to be a faint representation of a Town
taken by Storm. 1711 STEELE Sped. No. 22 r 3 The Play-
House is a Representation of the World in nothing so much
as in this Particular. 1746-7 HERVEY Medit. (1818) 249 The
silent chamber, and the bed of slumber, are a very significant
representation of the land where all things are hushed. 1806
A. KNOX Rent. I. 28 It is. .the representation of very heaven
upon earth. 1875 JOWETT Plato (ed. 2) IV. 280 He liked to
think of the world as the representation of the divine nature.
b. A material image or figure ; a reproduction
in some material or tangible form; in later use
esp. a drawing or painting (of 'a person or thing).
c 1477 CAXTON Jason 66 He. .swore right solemnly tofore
the representation of the goddesse pallas..that he sholde
retorne. r 1489 — Blanchardyn ii. 15 Of Achilles, and of
many othre, Of whom he sawe the representacyon in the
sayde tappysserye. 01548 HALL Chron., Hen. VIII i b,
Ouer the corps, was an Image or a representacion of the
late kyng, laied on Cusshions of golde. 1581 N. LICHEFIELD
tr. Castanheda's Conq. E. India i. ii. 29 They fell presently
downe upon the ground, worshipping that Representation.
1604 E. G[RIMSTONE] D'Acosta's Hist. Indies v. vi. 345 They
were not content with this Idolatry to dead bodies, but also
they made their figures and representations. 1696 Bp.
PATRICK Comm. Exod. xxxii. (1697) 630 They took this op-
portunity to desire a visible Representation of God among
them, as the Egyptians had. 1756-7 tr. Keysler's Trav.
(1760) III. 215 A representation of the triumphal arch erected
by Augustus. 1776-96 WITHERING Brit. Plants (ed. 3) IV.
Parliament resolved that all pictures, .which contained re-
presentations of Jesus or of the Virgin Mother should be
burned. 1888 Athenzum 3 Mar. 280/1 An inscription ..
would explain the scene as an allegorical representation of
the triumph of the Oesarians at Philippi.
O. The action or fact of exhibiting in some
visible image or form.
1483 CAXTON Cato Aiij b, Thymages of sayntes. .gyue us
memorye and make representation of the sayntes that ben
in beuen. 1570-80 NORTH Plutarch, Nunta (1612) 67 If we
consider what Numa ordained concerning images, and the
representation of the gods, it is altogether agreeable vnto
the doctrine of Pythagoras. 1830 J. G. STRUTT Sylva Brit.
Pref., Fidelity of representation being . . adhered to. 1863
Sat. Rev. 6 June 727 Portraits which left on him the irre-
sistible impression of similar., depth of representation.
d. The fact of expressing or denoting by means
of a figure or symbol ; symbolic action or exhibi-
tion. Also//.
REPRESENTATION.
1516 Pilgr. Per/. (W. dc W. I53i) 41 We sholde do as he
wolde vs to do by the representacyon or signtficacyon of y
sayd acte or dede. 1604 K. G[RIMSTONE] D'Acosta's Hist.
Indies v. xix. 380 The manner of the sacrifice was to drowne
them and bury them with certaine representations and
ceremonies, a 1661 FULLER Worthies (1840) III. 317 Su-
perstition. . , making piety pageantry, and subjecting what
is sacred to lusory representations.
3. The exhibition of character and action upon
the stage ; the (or a) performance of a play.
1589 [? NASHE] Almond for Parrat Ded. 4 The order and
maner of our playes, which he termed by the name of repre-
sentations. 1663 COWLEY Cutter Colcman. St. Pref., It
met at the first representation with no favourable reception.
1711 STEELE Sped. No. 22 r i One of the Audience at
Publ:'
Tiposition, and ridiculous in their repi
'777 W. DALRYMPLE Trap. Sf. $ Par!, cli, I was told that
his theatre was well conducted, but there was no representa-
tion during my residence. 1806-7 J- BERESFORD Miseries
Hum. Life (1826) ir. x, The last, .scene of the tragedy, .is
top dreadful for representation. 1849 THACKERAY Pendennis
vii, Never having been before at a theatrical representation.
a 1862 BUCKLE Civiliz. (1869) III. v. 318 Influence of dramatic
representations over opinions.
b. Acting, simulation, pretence, rare—1.
1805 GODWIN Fleet-wood I. vii. 156 The inference usually
drawn is that his [a widower's] grief was pure mummery
and representation.
4. The action of placing a fact, etc., before
another or others by means of discourse ; a state-
ment or account, esp. one intended to convey a
particular view or impression of a matter in order
to influence opinion or action.
1553 BRENDE Q. Curtius v. 88 b, When Darius had spoken
theis wordes, the representacion of the present peril! so
amased them all, that they were not able . . to shew there
aduise. 1662 STILLINGFL. Orig. Saf.rse in. i. § i A faithful
representation of the State of the case between God and the
souls of men. 1666 PEPYS Diary 24 July, Drawing up a
representation of the state of my victualling-business, a. 1704
T. BROWN Praise Drunkenness Wks. 1730 I. 34 Priests im-
pose no longer on mankind, nor amuse the people with
empty representations of what they give no credit to them-
selves.^ 1724 A. COLLINS Gr. Ckr. Relig. 280 A Repre-
sentation of him, by the said Convocation, . . as a person
carrying on the cause of irreligion. 1782 PRIESTLEY Corrupt.
Chr. I. i. 93 There are different representations of the Pla-
tonic doctrine. 1853 BR;GHT Sf., India 3 June (1876) 4 A fair
representation of their views of what was done. 1858 FROUOE
Hist. Eng. III. xvii. 506 False representations had been
held out to bring the lady into the realm.
b. Insurance. A special statement of facts re-
lating to the risk involved, made by the insuring
party to the insurer or underwriter before the sub-
scription of the policy.
1838 W. BELL Diet. Law Scot. 510 Where the representa-
tion is untrue, with a fraudulent design to impose on the
underwriter, the policy is completely vacated.
6. A formal and serious statement of facts, rea-
sons, or arguments, made with a view to effecting
some change, preventing some action, etc. ; hence,
a remonstrance, protest, expostulation.
1679 LONGUEVILLE Let. it Mar. in Hat ton Corr. (Camden)
I. 182 The King too day, in answer to their Representation
(that's y« word now), told them that too much time had
been allready lost. 1728 Col. Rec. Pennsylv. 1 1 1. 298 Nothing
less than the Preservation of the Rights and Privileges of
the Freeman of Pennsylvania could induce us to make the
following Representation. 1730 JOHNSON Rambler No. 26
P 7, I resolved . . to teach young men, who are too tame
under representation, in what mannergrey-bearded insolence
ought to be treated. 1788 H. WALPOLE Rtmiu. i. 14 The
minister against the earnest representations of his family . .
consented to the recall of that incendiary. 1817 JAS. MILL
Brit. India II. V. i. 307 Mr. Hastings was nominated
Governor-General .. not to be removed, .except by the King,
upon representation made by the Court of Directors. 1841
BREWSTER Mart. Sc. v. (1856) 69 Ferdinand was enraged.,
and instructed his ambassador to make the strongest repre-
sentations to the Pope.
b. Sc. Law. 'The written pleadings formerly
presented to a lord ordinary in the Court of Ses-
sion, when his judgment was brought under
review' (Bell).
1838 W. BELL Diet. Law Scot. 854 Twenty days were al-
lowed from the time of pronouncing the judgment, within
which the representation might have been presented.
6. The action of presenting to the mind or
imagination ; an image thus presented ; a clearly-
conceived idea or concept.
1647 CLARENDON Hist. Ret. i. § 90 Though he was ex-
ceedingly perp|exed with the lively representation of all
particulars to his memory, he was willing still to perswade
himself, that he had only dreamed. 1694 LOCKE Hum.
of
Und. (ed. 2) 11. xxi. § 37 Many, .that have had lively repre-
sentations set before their minds of the unspeakable joys of
Heaven. 17.7 DE FOE S?st. Magic i. iv. (1840) 95 That
Canaan, pleased with the lively representation of his grand-
father s shame, resolved, if possible, to give himself the
satisfaction of bringing it to pass. 1838 SIR W. HAMILTON
Logic vii. (1860) I. 126 The word representation. . I have
restricted to denote.. the immediate object or product of
Imagination. 1864 BOWEN Logic i. 12 The Kantians use
Representations to designate the genus which includes..
Percepts, Concepts and Ideas. 1885 J. MARTINEAU Tyfcs
Etlt. Tit. I. I. i. § 3. 160 A representation of the imagination
is a modification of the mind itself.
b. The operation of the mind in forming a clear
image or concept ; the faculty of doing this.
1836-7 SIR W. HAMILTON Metaph. xxii. (1860) II. 59 The
doctrine of representation, under all its modifications, is
VOL. VIII.
481
! properly subordinate to the doctrine of a spiritual principle
of thought. 1855 H. SPENCER Princ. Psyckol. § 482 It is
quite evident that the growth of perception involves repre-
sentation of sensations.
7. The fact of standing for, or in place of, some
other thing or person, esp. with a right or authority
to act on their account ; substitution of one thing
or person for another.
1624 GATAKER Transubst. 4 The Rocke was Christ onely
symbolically and sacramentally, by representation and re-
semblance. 1660 R. COKE Power ty Subj. in So cannot
these Members be formed into a body but by the King,
either by his Royal presence or representation. 1671 E.
CHAMBERLAYNE Pres. St. Eng. i. H. xxii. (ed. 5) 50 No Parlia-
ment can begin without the Kings Presence, either in
Person, or by Representation by Commissioners. 1838 W.
BELL Diet. Law Scot. 854 Whatever infers the substitution
of one person in the room and place of another., falls under
the general denomination of representation.
b. Law. The assumption by an heir of the posi-
tion, rights, and obligations of his predecessor.
Right of representation, the right whereby the son
I of an elder son deceased succeeds to his grand-
| father in preference to the latter's immediate issue
j (see also quot. 1838).
1693 STAIR lust. Law Scot. in. viii. § 32 (ed. 2) 503 The
Line of Succession in Moveables, is first, the Nearest
i Descendents, Male or Female, in the same Degree, equally ;
whether Sons or Daughters, without Right of Representa-
tion. 1766 BLACKSTONE Comm. II. 225 The right of repre-
sentation being thus established, the former part of the
j present rule amounts to this ; that, on failure of issue [etc.].
(11768 ERSKINE fust. Law Scot. in. viii. § n (1773) 546
There is a right of representation peculiar to heritage, by
] which one succeeds in heritable subjects, not from any title
'. in his own person, but in the place of, and as representing
some of his deceased ascendents. 1838 W. BELL aid. Law
Scot. 556 This right of representation takes place in col-
lateral succession to heritage, as well as in that of descend-
ants in the direct line.
8. The fact of representing or being represented
in a legislative or deliberative assembly, spec, in
Parliament; the position, principle, or system
implied by this.
1769 BURKE Late St. Nat. Wks. II. 138 We ought not to
be quite so ready with our taxes, until we can secure the
desired representation in parliament. 1780 JOHNSON Let.
to Mrs. Tkrale 25 May, It would be with great discon-
tent that I should see Mr. Thrale decline the representation
of the Borough. 1802 BOWLES Th. Gen. Election 10 A fair
and free representation of the people in Parliament was
meant to be obtained by means of universal suffrage. 1828
MACKINTOSH Sf. Ho. Comm. 2 May, Wks. 1846 III. 489
Neither can it be said, that the Assembly of Canada was so
entirely indifferent to its system of representation, a 1862
BUCKLE Civiliz. (1873) III. i. 33 Down to quite modern
times, there was in Scotland no real popular representation.
b. The aggregate of those who thus represent
the elective body.
1789 Constit. U. S. i. § 2 Where vacancies [in Congress]
happen in the representation from any state, the executive
authority thereof shall issue writs of election. 1790 BURKE
t'r. Rev. (ed. 2) 60, I found the representation of the Third
Estate composed of six hundred persons. 1828-32 WEBSTER
s.v., It is expedient to have an able representation in both
houses of congress. 1883 Manch. Guard. 22 Oct. 5/3 A
fresh method of election, By which the representation shall
be made to reflect with greatly increased accuracy the wishes
and opinions of the whole of the electors.
Re -presentation (r?-). [RE- 53.] A re-
newed presentation or presentment.
1805 EUGENIA DI ACTON Nuns of 'Desert II. 196 Mr. Veer,
man made his atonement in a re-presentation of Miss Blen-
heim. 1817 COLERIDGE Biog. Lit. (Bohn) 118 In order to
discriminate it.. from mere reflection and re-presentation, i
1857 LEWES Hist. Philos. Introd. 29 If all reasoning be the
re-presenlation of what is now absent. 1809 A llbntfs S)-st.
Med. VII. 313 The fact. .seems to show that visual re-pre-
sentation is in this respect like auditory re-presentation.
Representational (reprfent^-Janal), a. [f.
REPRESENTATION + -AL.] Pertaining to, or of the
nature of, representation; also, holding the doctrine i
of representationism.
1855 in OCILVIE Stiff I. j8sSPiKiBfnf.ffiim.Miniiu.46
The representational school of the Greek philosophers, i
1867 BUSHNELL in Hours at Home Nov. 5, 1 speak of the
representational office they are designed to fill. 1876 FAIR-
BAIRN mCoittemf. Rev. June 134 If. .religion exist only in
the relative and representational form.
Hence Representa'tionalism ; Bepxesenta--
tionally adv.
1867 BUSHNELL in Hours at Home Nov. 6 The objects of
nature are relationally or representationally made. 1899
HALDANE/Vrr/>r ii. 52 This system of ' representationalism',
of representative ideas, necessarily leads to scepticism.
Representa'tionary, a. rare-1, [f. as
prec. + -AKY.] Representative.
« 1860 YOUNG (Worcester), An hereditary, associated, re- j
presentationary system.
Represeuta tionism. [f. as prec. + -ISM.]
The doctrine that the immediate object of the
mind in perception is only a representation of the
real object in the external world.
1842 SIR W. HAMILTON Diss. in Reid's Wks. II. 817/2 If !
the immediate, known, or representative, object be regarded
as a modification of the mind or self, we have one variety of
representationism. 1847 Blackvi. Mag. LXII. 243 Repre-
sentationism declares, that the perception is the proximate
and that the matter is the remote object of the mind. 1885
SETH Scot. Philos. 145 The Representationism of the present
day has its roots almost entirely in the Kantian theory.
REPRESENTATIVE.
| Representa-tionist. [f. as prec. + -IST.]
I An adherent of the doctrine of representationism
| '842 SIR W. HAMJLTON Dia. in Reid's Wks. II. 817/2
The Representationists, as denying to consciousness the
cognisance of aught beyond a merely subjective phe-
nomenon, are likewise Idealists. 1847 Btackw. Mag. LXII
242 Reid, so far from having overthrown the representative
theory, was himself a representation 1st. 1885 SETH Scot.
I htlos. 145 Kant is, indeed, the very prince of Representa-
tionists.
Representative (reprfze-ntativ), a. and sb.
[ad. F. representatif, -ive (1330), or med.L, re-
' prsesentdliv-us : see REPRESENT v. and -ATIVE.]
A. adj. 1. Serving to represent, figure, portray, or
I symbolize. Also const, of (the thing figured, etc ^
1387-8 T. USK Test. Love 11. xiii. (Skeat) T. 41 Also, in
good by participation, and that is i-cleaped 'good ' for far
tt and representative of godly goodnesse. 1589 PUTTEN-
HAM Eng. Poesie I. xvil. (Arb.) 5r The playing places, and
' prouisions which were made for their pageants and pomps
! representatme before remembred. 1609 BIBLE (Douay)
Ezek. ix. comm.. Which signe..is representative and com-
memorative of our Redemption. 1634 SIR T. HERBERT
Jrav. 69 7 hey take vp the representative Bodie, intimating
thereby his Resurrection. 1711 SHAFTESB. Charac. (1737)
11. 395 You are sure never to admire the representative-
beauty, except for the sake of the original, a 1740 WATER-
LAND Def. Queries Wks. 1823 I. n. 32 Not merely as repre-
sentative of God the Father . . but as strictly and truly God
J?*t W,' H" M'LL Ser'"' Ttmft. Christ iii. 66 The prophet
BnkMl. .is required to bear for forty days the representative
i penalty of his people's sins. 1851 M ANSEL Proleg. Log.
(1860) r2 That sensitive perception takes place through the
medium of a representative idea. 1867 HOWELLS Ital.
J°"rn. 179 The group of statuary . . representative of the
Maremma and family returning thanks to the Grand Duke,
t b. Apparent, seeming. Obs. rare~l.
1646 SIR T. BROWNE Pseud. Ep. 82 That the bodies of
Flies, Pismires and the like, which are said oft times to be
included in Amber, are not reall but representative.
o. Presenting, or capable of presenting, ideas
of things to the mind.
. "753 CHAMBERS Cycl. Stiff. App., Representative power,
in metaphysics, a term introduced byTLeibnitz, to signify
that power of the human soul, by which it represents to
itself the universe. 1814 W. TAYLOR in Monthly Mag.
XXXVIII. 211 The representative memory must be exer-
cised. 1836-7 SIR W. HAMILTON Metapli. (1877) II. xx. 13
We have thus a Representative Faculty; and this obtains
the name of Imagination. 1842 — Diss. in Reid's Wks. II.
822/1 The distinction between perception as a presentative,
and Memory, . .as a representative, cognition.
d. Relating to mental representation.
1847 Blackw. Mag. LXII. 242 It is the very essence. .of
the representative theory to recognise, in perception, a re-
mote as well as a proximate object of the mind.
2. Standing for, or in place of, another or others,
esp. in a prominent or comprehensive manner.
(-1624 LUSHINCTON Recant. Serrn. in Phenix (1708) II.
494 The number is universal ; not collective, but representa-
tive for the whole primitive church, a 1715 BURNET Own
Time I. (1715? I. 80 The Nation, of which the King was only
the representative head. 1856 DOVE Logic Chr. Faith vi.
§ 4. 356 The disobedience of our representative father en-
tailed .. a fallen nature. 1861 TRENCH Comm. Ep. 7
Churches Asia 3 A king or queen, as representative persons
in a nation.
b. spec. Holding the place of, and acting for,
a larger body of persons (esp. the whole people)
in the work of governing or legislating ; pertain-
ing to, or based upon, a system by which the
people is thus represented.
1628 A. LEIGHTON in Camden Misc. VII. 7 An indelible
dishonour it will be to you, the state representative. 1643
CHAS. I Cone. Treaty atOxford Wks. 1662 II. 330 The two
Houses of Parliament being the Representative Body of the
Kingdome. 1769 Junins Lett. xxxv. (1788) 185 A question
of right arises between the constituent and the representa-
tive body. By what authority shall it be decided ? 1819
MACKINTOSH Parl. Suffrage Wks. 1846 III. 206 The repre-
sentative assembly must therefore contain some members
peculiarly qualified for discussions of the constitution and
the laws. 1844 LD. BROUGHAM Brit. Const, vt. (1862) 89 We
mean by a Representative Government one in which the
body of the people. .elect their deputies to a chamber of
their own.
o. Connected with, or based upon, the fact of
one person representing another.
1766 BLACKSTONE Comm. II. 225 The issue or descendants
. . are severally called to the succession in right ofsuchtheir
representative proximity. 1845 STEPHEN Comm. Laws
Eng. (1874) II. 663 By inheritance or other such representa-
tive title as in the Act specified.
3. Typical of a class ; conveying an adequate
idea of others of the kind.
1788 GIBBON Did. * f. xlix. V. 165 The college of princes
and prelates . . reduced to four representative votes the long
series of independent counts. 1853 DE QUINCEY Autobiog.
Sk. Wks. 1853 I. 8 So representative are some acts, that one
single case of the class is sufficient to throw open before you
the whole theatre of possibilities in that direction. 1869
TYNDALL in Fortn. Rev. i Feb. 238 This experiment is re-
presentative, and it illustrates a general principle. 1873
SYMONDS Grk. Poets xi. 391 Amid this multitude of poems it
is difficult to make a fair or representative selection.
4. Taking the place of, replacing, other forms or
species (cf. quot. 1863).
1845 DARWIN Voy. Nat.m. (1879) 53 This close agreement
in structure and habits, in representative species.. always
strikes one as interesting. 1863 BATES Nat. Amazon xili.
(1864) 430 Many of these were ' representative forms ' (species
or races which take the place of other allied species or races)
of others found on the opposite banks.
61
KEPBESENTATIVE.
B. sb. 1. A person (or thing) representing a
number or class of persons (or things) ; hence,
a sample or specimen.
1647 CLARENDON Hist. Reb. i. § 119 All which drew the
eyes of most.. towards htm, as the Image and Representa-
tive of the Primitive Nobility. 1676 TOWERSON Decalogue
10 Noah and his sons. .were.. the representatives of all
mankind. 1693 )' EDWARDS Author. O. 4- N. Test, no
They were punish 'd for what Adam their representative did
long ago. 1711 ADDISON Sfn-ct. No. 457 f 2, I have two
Persons, that are each of them the Representative of a
Species. 1824 LAMB AY/tzSer. u. Blakesmoorin H— shire,
A few bricks only lay as representatives of that which was
so stately and so spacious. 1848 R. I. WILBERFORCE Doctr.
Incarnation viii. (1852) igi Through the indwelling of
Deity, the representative of mankind was viewed with
favour. 1873 TRISTRAM Moab vi. 104 Three terebinth trees,
the solitary representatives of timber we met with. 1896
LVDEKKER Brit. Mammals 62 Since the sole British repre-
sentative of this Family is the Common Mole [etc.).
b. A typical embodiment of some quality or
abstract concept.
1715 ADDISON Freeholder No. 27 p 7 Among other statues
he observed that of Rumour whispering an ideot in the ear,
who was the representative of Credulity. 1743 BULKELEY &
CUMMINS Voy. S. Seas 208, I don't believe there ever was
a worse Representative of Royalty upon the Face of the
Earth. 1809-10 COLERIDGE Friend (1866) 124 Providence
..had marked him out for the representative of reason. 1845
MAURICE Mor. Philos. in Encycl. Metrop. (1847) H. 622/1
The person who always stands as the type and representa-
tive of the . .scepticism of this period is Pyrrho. 1865 R. W.
DALE Jeiv. Temp. x. (1877) 103 He [Christ] is the great
Representative of our religious life.
2. One who (for that which) represents a
number of persons in some special capacity; spec.
one who represents a section of the community as
member of a legislative body; a member of Par-
liament or ( U. S.} of the House of Representatives.
1658 Staf. Virginia (1823) I. 503 Wee find.. the present
power of government to reside in such persons as shall be
impowered by the Burgesses (the representatives of the
people). 1660 R. COKE Power $ Sttbj. 109 We will there-
fore enquire.. whether a House of Commons, as it now
stands, can be their Representative. 1671 E. CHAMBER-
\.wxtPre$.St.Eng. i. n.ii. (ed. 5)37 The Clergy of England
had anliently their Representatives in the Lower House of
Parliament. 1713 STEELE Engiishm. No. 10. 67 The Elected
became true Representatives of the Electors. 1769 yitnins
Lett. xxxv. (1788) 184 The English nation declare they are
grossly injured by their representatives. 1809 KENDALL
Trav. I. v. 27 The deputies are now frequently denominated
representatives. They were anciently called committee-
men. 1863 H. Cox Instil, i. Hi. 13 The election of repre-
sentatives of the Commons.
b. House of Representatives, the lower or popu-
lar house of the United States Congress or of
a State legislature.
1789 Constit. U. S. i. § i A congress of the United States,
which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representa-
tives. 1861 LD. BROUGHAM Brit. Const. App. ii. 410 The
House of Representatives is chosen every two years by each
of the States of the Union electing Deputies.
f3. A representative body or assembly. Obs.
1648 ASHHURST Reasons agst. Agreement i The people
who shall subscribe this paper shall agree . . to choose an
equall Representative consisting of 300 men. 1651 N. BACON
Disc. Govt. Eng. 11. xvi. (1739) 83 Such are the ways of
debate in the Grand Representative of the Kingdom. 17*6
SWIFT Gulliver in. vii, I desired that the Senate of Rome
might appear before me in one large Chamber, and a modern
Representative in Counterview, in another. 1761 HUME
Hist. Eng. III. Ix. 292 They pretended to employ them-
selves entirely in adjusting the laws, forms, and plan of a
new representative.
4. One who represents another as agent, delegate,
substitute, successor, or heir ; also spec, a person
specially appointed to represent his sovereign or
government in a foreign court or country.
1691 D. GKANVILLE Lett. (Surtees No. 37) 121, I cannot
..cease to charge the guilt of soe great a sin upon you my
representative in my parish. 1751 EARL ORRERY Remarks
Swift (1752) 212 From hence perhaps, kings have thought
themselves representatives of God. 1765 BLACKSTONE
Comtn. I. xiji. 398 About the reign of king Henry the
eighth., lord lieutenants began to be introduced, as standing
representatives of the crown. 1766 Ibid. II. xiv. 210 When-
ever a right of property transmissible to representatives is
admitted. 1828 SCOTT F. M. Perth iv, Are we not repre-
sentatives and successors of the stout old Romans..? 1864
PUSEV Lect. Daniel 154 Perdiccas, Antipater .. were ..
guardians of the weak or infant representatives of Alexander.
b. One who or that which in some respect
represents another person or thing.
1691-8 NORRIS Pract. Disc. (1711) III. 184 A Good man is
the greatest Representative of God upon Earth, he repre-
sents the best and greatest of his Perfections. 1788 PRIEST-
LEY Lect. Hist. in. xv. 122 Money is only a commodious
representative of the commodities which may be purchased
with it. 1824 L. MURRAY En%. Gram. (ed. 5) I. 30 Every
simple sound would have its distinct character ; and that
character be the representative of no other sound. 1856
KANE Arct. Expl. II. ix. 94 The veritable sugar has been
long ago defunct ; but we have its representative molasses.
1896 LYDEKKER Brit. Mammals 62 The arm-bone, or
humerus, in the True Moles is almost square, and.. unlike
its representative in ordinary Mammals.
f5. Representation. Obs. rare.
1688 Col. Rec. Pennsylv. I. 238 He had used means to
have a due representative of y attending there, according
to ya Charter. 1760-72 H. BROOKE Fool o/Qital. II. 63 A
family picture, the representative of a brother.
Representatively, adv. [-LY 2.] Jn a re-
presentative manner ; in respect of representation.
482
ci43° P*lf- LyfManhode \. Ixxxvii. (RoxM 49 Vertual-
lichej vnderstonde summe,..and representalyrlichesunime,
of the thinges j vnderstonde. 1599 SANDYS Europse Spec.
(1632) 314 By generall consent of the Prince and whole
j Realme representatively assembled in soleinne Parliament
j 1608 WILLBT Hexapla Exod. 33 The name lehouah is. .not
communicable to any angel either properly or represema-
tiuely. 1673 HICKMAN Quinqiiart. Hist. Ep. A7b, He
1 thought the Bread was the Body of Christ Representa-
tively. 1704 NORRIS Ideal World 11. iii. 181 Tho' all Ideas
are spiritual and immaterial, really and essentially, yet they
are not all so representatively. 1791 CiiM. Mag, LXII. i.
118 Though he offered himself representatively in the
Eucharist, the Eucharist is a real sacrifice. 1855 W. H.
MILL Applic. Pantk. Princ. (1861) 102 It is equally clear.,
that the title of the Branch in Zechariah's prophecy was
only representatively his.
Represe ntativeness. [f. as prec. + -NESS.]
The character of being representative.
1664 H. MORE Myst. Inio. 226 Observing what Reason
will.. spy out concerning their significancy and representa-
tiveness of things. 1684 T. BURNET Tk. Earth i. 302 In a
thought there are two things, consciousness, and a repre-
sentation. . . Now what hath local motion to do with either
of these two, consciousness, or representativeness? 1704
NOKRIS Ideal World n. xi. 418 The possibility of this like-
wise appears from the essential representativeness of their
nature. 1843 MRS. BROWNING Grk. Ckr. Poets 21 No
ancient could be missed in the all-comprehensive repre-
sentativeness of the Laodicsean writer. 1887 Pall Mall G.
2^ June 5/2 A critical analysis reveals a.. weakness in the
display, from the point of view of just 'representativeness'.
f Representative!?. Obs. rare — *. [f. as prec.
+ -ER!.] A representative.
1676 MARVELL Mr. Smirke 8, 1 mean of the humor of this
Parliamentum Indoctum, this single Representatives
Represe-ntativesliip. [f. REPRESENTATIVE
sb. + -SHIP.] The office of representative.
1845 in B. Gregory Side Lights CoiiJI. Meth. (1898) 429
His report of his representativeship to Canada. 1854 D.
KING Presb. Ch. Gov. 171 What becomes of the special
representativeship of elders ?
Representator (repr/zent/Haj). [a. late L.
rcprxsentator (Tertull.), agent-n. f.
to REPRESENT.]
reprseseniare
t 1. A representative or representer. Obs. rare.
1607 Schol. Disc. agst. Antichr. i. ii. 58 He [the cross]
becommeth a representator of Christes death worthy to bee
adored. 1638 SIR T. HERBERT Trav. (ed. 2) 162 They
adored the Sunne..a representator of a more powerful
Diety. 1650 BULWER Anthropomet. n Gallants, whose
geometrical pates would not well square with these times,
which have cap'd their grave Representators.
2. One who gives a representation, rare — *.
1816 M. G. LEWIS Jrnl. W. Ind. 6 Jan., The negroes.,
afterwards share the money collected from the spectators,
allotting one share to the representator himself.
t Represe'ntatory, a. Obs. rare-1. [Cf.
prec. and -OBY.] Representative.
1674 OWEN Holy Spirit (1693) 223 They were Repre-
sentatory, or. .introductory of Christ and the Gospel.
t Bepresentee'. Obs. [f. REPRESENT ».]
1. One who is represented, rare—1.
1614 BP. MOUNTAGU Gagg 309 You honour the Image
with the same honour that the Representee is honoured
withal].
2. A (parliamentary) representative.
1644 HEYUN Stumblittg-tl. Tracts (1681) 727 The highest
Judicatory, consisting of the Kings most excellent Majesty,
the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and the Representees of
the Commons. 1648 E. BOUGHEN Geree's Case Consc. 43
The Parliament, that is, of the Peers and Commons, repre-
sentees of the people met in a lawful! and free Parliament.
1659 GAUDEN Tears Ch. 448 By their proxyes and repre-
sentees chosen and sent from their severall distributions.
Representer (repr/"ze-ntai). [f. as prec. +
-EB 1. Cf. also REPRESENTOR.]
1 1. One who presents or offers. Obs. rare ~l.
1483 CAXTON Gold. Leg. 307 b/i They ben our kepars, oure
mynystres.., the berers of our sowles in to heuen and
representers of our prayers vnto god.
2. f a. One who or that which exhibits, shows,
or makes manifest ; an exhibitor. Obs.
1570 FOXE A. * M. (ed. 2) 1246/1 As touchyng Images,. .
that they be representers of verlue & good example. 1605
WILLET Hexapla Gen. 166 This representer and foreshewer
of Christs euerlasting priesthood. 1635 Sheph. Holiday 11.
v. in Hazl. Dodsley XII. 393 This mirror here, the faithful
representer Of that which I adore, your beauteous form.
1685 CROWNE Sir C. Nice in. 30 Diving into my pocket, to
present the representer with a gratification.
b. One who represents by acting; one who
performs, plays, or impersonates ; f an actor.
1591 PERCIVALL Sf. Did., Represent odor, a representer, a
plaier of comedies, actor. 1638 MAYNE Lucian (1664) 377
Though they plainly saw not the madnesse of Ajax, but of the
representer acted. 1651 HOBBES Leviath. i. xvi. 80 Any
Representer of speech and action, as well in Tribunalls, as
Theaters. 1863 COWDEN CLARKE Sfiaks. Char. iv. loo
Theatrical conceit was never better impersonated than by
the great representer of Pyramus.
3. One who makes a representation, or states
a matter in a certain light. Now rare or Obs.
1647 JER. TAYLOR Lib. ProfA.Kp. Ded. 35 It is farre more un-
likely that after Ages should know any other truth, but such
as serves the ends of the representers. 1686 W. SHERLOCK
Papist not Misrep. 21 The difference between the Mis-
representer and Representer in this article is no more but
this. 1703 SAVAGE Lett. Antiertts xlix. 116 The Repre-
senters have not only an interest in Falshood, but likewise
an Art to make it pass for Truth. 1741 WARBURTON Div.
Legat. v. iv. II. II. 440 One singular Circumstance in
Favour of the Character of the Kepresenters.
REPRESS.
' b. spec. The authors of the Representation pre-
sented to the General Assembly of the Kirk of
Scotland in 1721 in connexion with the Marrow
: Controversy. (See MARROW rf.l 2 e.)
1711 Ifodrow Corr. (1843) II. 644 The second part of the
Marrow was published on Saturday, with a long preface
and appendix, which is confidence enough in the Repre-
senters. 1848 A. THOMSON Hist. Secession Ch. 24 Mean-
while, the Representers are summoned to appear before the
j Commission.
t o. An exponent of some thing or person. Obs.
1760-73 H. BROOKE Fool o/Qual. (1809) II. 9 Lawyers ..
are equally the . . representers and misrepresenters.explainers
and confounders of our laws. 17^6 Museum Rust. IV. 121
Mr. Mills gives, as his authority.., Mr. Miller's Gardener's
Dictionary, .and he does him no honour as his representer.
f4. A representative of a thing or person. Obs.
a 1586 SIDNEY Arcadia v. Wks. 1724 II. 813, 1 am but the
representer of all the late flourishing Arcadia. 1663 BOYLE
Use/. Exp. Nat. Philos. i. iii. 58 Man.., if not as a re-
sembler, yet as a representer of the Macrocosme or Great
World [etc.]. 1691 BAXTER Nat. Ch. viii. 31 His Honour
as Gods chief Officer, and in a sort representer.
t b. spec. = REPRESENTATIVE B. 2. Obs.
165* Observ. Forms Govt. Pref. 6 The people have not the
power of choosing Representers to govern, if Governours
must be sent of God. 1678 MARVELL Growth Popery 24 It
is to be confessed, that the Knights, Citizens and Burgesses
there assembled, are the Representers of the People of
England. 1726 SWIFT To a Lady Wks. 1751 XIV. 227
When my Muse officious ventures On the Nation's Repre-
senters.
Represe-nting, vbl. sb. [-ING 1.] The ac-
tion of the vb. REPRESENT in various senses ; re-
presentation.
c 1440 CAPGRAVE Lift St. Kath. iv. 1502 These fayre riche
sepultures Whiche be-tokene in her representyng That there
is beryed duke or ellis kyng. 1^81 SIDNEY Apol. Poetrie
(Arb.) 26 Poesie. -is an arte of imitation,, .that is to say, a
representing, counterfeiting, or figuring foorth. 1643 MILTON
Dttfran. xvii. He who understands not after all this retire,
senting, I doubt [etc.]. 1666 PEPVS Diary 8 Aug., The
representing of our want of money being now become useless.
1693 DRYDEN JuvenalDei. (1697) 71, I. .apply'dmyself to
the representing of Blindsides, and little Extravagancies.
b. altrib. in representing days (see REPRESENTA-
TION 5 b, and RECLAIMING vbl. sb. b).
1790 Acts Sedennt Index, Representing Days. 1838 W.
BELL Diet. Law Scot. 852 If the reclaiming, or representing
days, against an interlocutor of a Lord Ordinary, had. .ex-
pired, without a petition or representation [etc.].
Represe-nting, ///. a. [-ING *.] That re-
presents ; representative.
1681-6 J. SCOTT Chr. Life (1747) III. 286 It is usual in
Sacraments to call the representing Signs by the Names of
the things which they represent. 1704 NORRIS Ideal World
, u. v. 289 All knowledge of him by the mediation of any re-
presenting image .. being both needless and impossible. 1786
A. GIB Sacr. Contempl. u. i. v. 178 Of Him the first man
was a figure, a representing type.
t Represe-ntively, adv. Obs. rare-1. =
REPRESENTATIVELY.
1650 R. HOLLINGWORTH Exerc. Usurped Pmvers IT The
body of the kingdom.. either collectively or representively.
Representment (repr/ze-ntment). [-MENT :
i cf. obs. F. reprisentement (Godef.).]
1. The act of representing in some form or
t figure ; the fact of being so represented, or the
result of such representation. Now rare (very
common in I7th c.).
1594 DANIEL Cleopatra v. ii, Which Representments see-
ing, worse than Death She deem'd to yield to Life. 1615
BP. MOUNTAGU App. Cxsar 253 In rememoration, and for
more effectuall representment of the Prototype. 164* JER.
TAYLOK Epite. (1647) 288 The Church is in the Bishop (viz.
by representment) and the Bishop is in the Church (viz. as
a Pilot in a ship). 1675 CAVE Antia. Apost. (1702) 30 By
this symbolick representment . . God was teaching a new
lesson. 18x5 COLERIDGE in Lit. Rein. (1836) II. 355 This
secret Jove would extort from the Nous, or Prometheus,
which is the sixth representment of Prometheus. 1877 E. R.
CONDER Bos. Faith iv. 162 All those immediate judgments
which the intellect passes on the presentments of sense, or
the representments of memory [etc.].
t 2. Representation by discourse or argument.
1640-1 LD. J. DIGBY Sp. in Ho. Coin. 9 Feb. u Represent-
ment of inconvenience may bee made. 1653 MILTON Hire-
lings Wks. 1851 V. 337 So far approv'd, as to have bin
trusted with the representment and defence of your Actions
to all Christendom. 1680 H. DODWELL Two Lett. (1691) 58
You cannot expect to prevail on men's interests, and inclina-
tions, by a bare representment of the unreasonableness of
their actions.
Re-presentment (rf-). [RE- 53; cf. RE-
PRESENT v.] Renewed presentation.
l8»» LAMB Etta Ser. I. Dream Children, The soul of the
first Alice looked out at her eyes with such a reality of re-
presentment. 1866 CRUMP Banking v. 133 There being suf-
ficient funds to meet the bill, and before the representment
of the bill the funds disappeared.
t Represe-ntor. Obs. [-OR.] = REPRESENTER.
1553 BALE tr. Gardiner's De k'era Ooed. d vij b, In that
place he hath set princes whom as representours of his
image vnto men, he wolde haue to be reputed [etc.J. 1643
HERLE Answ. Feme 30 Their consents, .should oblige the
Commonalty as consenting in their Representors. 1646 SIR
T. BROWNE Pseud. Ep. 262 Art being but the Imitator or
secondary representor, it must not vary from the verity of
the example. 1653 Clarke Papers (Camden) III. 7 Colonel
Pride is chosen one of the Representors for . . London.
t Repre'SS, sb. Obs. [f. the vb.] Repression.
c 1440 Gesta Rom. xv. 51 (Add. MS.), Here housbond and
she helde hym in so grete vyolete [? mwr'vyletej and represse.
REPRESS.
cominge, be it established [etc.]. 1586 J. HOOKER Hist.
IreL in Holinshed \\. 153/1 A reasonable and a vsed cesse
was to be set and leuied. .for the represse of their enimies.
Repress (r/pre's), z*.1 [f. L. repress-, ppl. stem
of reprimlre: see RE- and PRESS z>.t and cf. KE-
FREMK and REPHIME.]
1. trans. To check, restrain, put down or keep
under (something bad or objectionable).
c 1374 CHAUCER Troylus in. 1033 Whanne cause is & somme
swych fantasye With pite sowel repressed is That it vnnebe
doth or seyth amys. 14.. in Tundales Vis.^ etc. (1843) 93
The fyre hit quencheth also of envy And represseth the
bolnyng eke of pryde. c 1430 LYUG. Min. Poems (Percy
Soc.) 70 O loode-sterre of al goode governaunce ! Alle
vicious lustes by wisdom to represse. 15*6 Pilgr. Perf.
(W, de W. 1531) 44 Whiche vertue represseth the sensuall
appetyte. 1553 T. WILSON Rhet. 14 To represse this rage..
God hath lightened man with knowledge. 155)6 LODGE
Marg.Amer. 15 Thy nying grave remember, Which if thou
dost, thy pride shall be repressed. 1626 T. H[AWKINS]
Caussins Holy Crt. 337 Chastity, is a uertue, which re-
presseth the impure lusts of the flesh. 1709 POPE Ess. Crit.
682 Thus long succeeding Critics justly reign'd, Licence
rep*ess'd, and useful laws ordain'd. 1751 JOHNSON \Rainbkr
No. 159 P 10 [When] this troublesome instinct, .instead of
repressing petulance and temerity, silences eloquence. 1774
GOLDSM. Nat. Hist. (1776) I. 363 Those terrible tempests
that deform the face of nature, and repress human presump-
tion. 1817 SHELLEY Rev. Islam iv. xxii, While o'er the
land is borne Her voice, whose awful sweetness doth repress
All evil. 1849 MACAULAY Hist. Eng. vi. II. 89 He was
authorised by law to repress spiritual abuses. 1875 JOWETT
Plato (ed. 2) V. 155 Let there be a general law which will
have a tendency to repress actions of impiety.
b. To check by some special treatment ; to
make less troublesome ; to cure, stanch.
1493 Petronilia 48 (Pynson), Ye alas hir langoure to re-
presse Lyst nat onys byd hir arise. 1601 HOLLAND Pliny II.
Index, Hungrie worme in the stomacke, how to be repressed
and cured. 1622 DRAYTON Poly-olb. xiv. 176 When in her
pride, .she nourish 'd goodly vines, And oft her cares represt
with her delicious wines. 1715 POPE Iliad \. 612 When now
the rage of hunger was represt. 1805 W. SAUNDERS Min.
Waters 34 A few drops of strong nitrous acid, poured into
this hepatic water, at once represses the offensive smell.
1807-26 S. COOPER First Lines Surg. (ed. 5) 360 The bleeding
may be repressed by means of a piece of fine sponge.
2. To check or withstand (some passion, feeling,
etc.) in another by opposition or control.
c 1385 CHAUCER L. G. W. 2591 Hypermnestra^ His maleyce
is hym be-raft; Repressid hath Venus his crewel craft.
1430-40 TuYVG.Bochas\\\i. xvii. (1558) nb, Chastice tyrantes
and their malice represse. 1555 EDEN Decades 20 He went
aboute to represse theyr outragiousenes. 1560 DAUS tr.
Sleidane's Conttn. 4 He of a fatherly love desyrous to re-
presse his rashenes. 1603 KNOLLES Hist. Turks (1638) To
Rdr., They might long since, .haue repressed his fury, and
abated his pride. 1660 R. COKE Power <y Subj. 146 To
repress their insolence, the yearly return of Danegelt was
•oud
185
While this minister lived, he repressed the dark passions of
Tiberius. 1856 FROUDE Hist. Eng. I. i. 66 This vigorous
arming to repress the self-seeking tendencies in the mer-
cantile classes.
b. To keep or hold back, to restrain or check
(a person) from action or advance.
1638 JUNIUS Paint. Ancients 103 He did represse the one
. .and he did prick on the other. 1726-46 THOMSON Winter
979 Armies stretch Each way their dazzling files, repressing
here The frantic Alexander of the north. 1819 SHELLEY
Prometh. Unb. i. i. 328 Who are those with hydra tresses. .
Whom the frowning God represses . . ? 1823 LAMB Elia.
Ser. 11. Poor Relations^ He may require to be repressed
sometimes..— but there is no raising her. 1865 KINGSLEY
Herew. vi, The men, mistaking his intent, had to be represt
again by Hereward.
3. To keep down, suppress (one's desires, feelings,
etc.), to keep under control; to restrain, refrain
from (an action).
1390 GOWER Conf, III. 166 He scholde his vanite represse
With suche wordes as he herde. a 1556 CKANMKK Wks.
(Parker Soc.) I. 34 In all matters of our Christian faith.. we
must repress our imaginations. 1583 GOLDING Calvin on
Deut. xvii. 97 Wee must bee earnest in repressing our
desiresj and in bridling them. 1621 BURTON Anat. Mel. \.
11. in. in, They.. are so far from repressing rebellious in-
clinations, that they giue all encouragement vnto them.
1671 MILTON Samson 543 Desire of wine. .Thou couldst
repress. 1716 POPE Iliad\\\\. 573 The prudent goddess yet
her wrath repress'd. 1719 YOUNG Busiris iv. i, Turn, turn,
blasphemer, and repress thy taunts. 1748 JOHNSON Van.
Hum. Wishes 95 Our supple tribes repress their patriot
throats. 1810 SCOTT Lady of L. \\. xii, The ancient bard his
glee repress'd. 1823 — Peveril xlix, The Countess, . . unable
to repress her curiosity, placed herself near Fenella. 1865
TROLLOPE Belton Est. i, It was her duty to repress both the
feeling of shame and the sorrow.
b. reft. To contain (oneself) from speaking.
1876 T. HARDY Ethelberta (1890) 335 Mrs. Doncastle
seemed inclined to make no remark.. and at last Menlove
could repress herself no longer.
4. To reduce (troublesome persons) to subjection
or quietness ; to put down by force, suppress ;
t to subdue (a town).
1390 GOWER Conf. III. 197 God schal hise foomen so
represse, That thei schul ay stonde under foote. 1413 Pilgr.
Sowle (Caxton 1483) iv. xxx. 78 They haue comaunde-
ment for to repressen aduersaryes and enemyes that besyen
them to destroyen the countrey. c 1460 FORTESCUE A 6s. <fr
Lim. Man. vii. (1885) 125 The Kynge shall often tymes
sende his comissioncrs ..to represse and punysh ria tours
repress ineir insolence, me yeany return 01 .uanegeiL wa
enacted. 1678 WANLEV Wond.Lit. Worlds, ii. § 17.4697
Tiberius .. repressed the daring boldness of the proui
Persian Cosroes. 1828 D'!SRAELI Chas. 7, II. viii. 18
483
and risers. 1533 MOKE Apol. xii. Wks. 870/2, 1 woulde wyshe
the spiritualtye and temporaltye..to represse and keepe
vnder those euyll and yngracious folke. 1582 STANVHURST
*-Eneis ii. (Arb.) 61 This was Prince Priamus last ende and
desteny final, Who saw thee Troians vanquish!, thee chtye
repressed. 1605-6 Act 3 Jos. /, c. 4 (title) An Acte for the
belter discovery and repressing Popish Recusants. 1769
De Foe's Tour Gt. Brit. (ed. 7) III. 55 Dunstable..was..
rebuilt by Henry I. to repress a vast Number of Robbers
which infested the Country, a 1862 BUCKLE Civiliz. (1873)
III. i. 20 It would have been a hopeless undertaking for any
king to try to repress such powerful subjects.
6. To put down, quell (a rebellion, riot, etc.).
1475 Rolls of Parlt. VI. 144/2 Which Troubles, Com-
motions, and other offenses above named., been nowe re-
pressed. 1533 HELLENDEN Livy \\. xxvi. (S. T. S.) I. 236
The sedition rising be mocioun of be law foresade was sud-
danlie repressit be bir novellis. 1603 KNOLLES Hist. Turks
(1621) 255 Amurath to represse this.. rebellion sent Bajazet
Bassa..with a strong armie into Europe. 1858 FROUDE
Hist. Eng, III. xiii. 107 The duty of repressing riots. .in
England lay with the nobility in their several districts.
1874 GREEN Short Hist. v. § 4. 244 The royal commissioners
sent to repress the tumult were driven from the field.
t O. To suppress (a book). Obs. rare.
In first quot. intended also for repress = reprint.
1615 Band, Riiffe # C. (Halliw.) 7 Thus to please both,
and grant them their request, My sentence is — the booke
shall be represt. £1645 HOWELL Lett. (1650) II. 2 You
shall do well to repress any more copies of the satyr.
5. To keep under, check, curb, prevent from
natural development, manifestation, etc.
c 1557 ABP. PARKER Ps. xxxviii. 106 There is no helth in
all my flesh, Thy wrath my wealth doth so represse. c i6ao
A. HUME Brit. Tongue (1865) 3 Among quhom James the
first, ..houbeit repressed be the iniquitie of the tyme, de-
served noe smal praise. 1750 GRAY Elegy 51 Chill Penury
repress'd their noble rage. 1796 H. HUNTER tr. St.-Pt'erre's
Stud. Nat. (1799) I. 384 An unnatural constraint is used to
repress a penoa of life all fire and activity. 1830 J. W.
CROKER in C. Papers (1884) II. xv. 83 The essential spirit
of opposition was so strong that it often repressed or fettered
those sentiments, a 1862 BUCKLE Civiliz. (1873) III. iv. 269
The fairest and most endearing parts of our nature being
constantly repressed, ceased to bear fruit.
1 6. In lit. use : To force or drive back. Obs.
1623 BINGHAM Xenophon 89 Some of the light-armed of the
enemy ran forth.. ; which quickly were repressed by our
Archers & Peltasts, x66a HOBBES Seven Prob. ii. (1682)
12 If two bodies cast off the Air, the motion of that Air will
be repress'd both ways, and diverted into a course towards
the Poles on both sides.
Bepre'SS (n-)t v.% [RE- 5 a.] To press again.
1875 KNIGHT Diet. Mech. 1918/2 A machine for repressing
brick after being partially dried. Ibid. 1919/2 The re-
pressing press may be of any suitable form and construction,
1898 in Lee Hist. Columbus II. 539 Finely ground clays,
pressed with heavy presses and repressed into uniform shape
and compactness.
t Repre SSal. Obs. rare — l. [-AL.] Repression.
1593 BiLSpN Govt. Christ's Ch. i God ordaining powers
and deliuering the sword for the defence of the simple and
innocent, and repressall of the wicked and injurious.
Repressed (r/pre-st),///. a. [f. REPRESS vJ-
+ -ED l.] Restrained, checked.
1665 MANLEY Grotius1 Low C. Warres 439 When the
Besiegers had stopped it up behind also, first throwing fire
therein, the repressed force thereof at length burst out.
1764 GOLDSM. Trav. 346 Repress'd ambition struggles round
her shore. 1876 T. HARDY Ethelberta, (1890) 135 ' Yes— you
are quite right ', said the repressed young painter.
Hence Repre ssedly adv.
1858 G. MACDONALD Phantasies viii, Her forehead was
high, and her black eyes repressedly quiet.
Repre sser. rare. [f. as prec. + -EB ! : cf.
REPBESSOB.] One who, or that which represses.
c 1449 PECOCK Repr. \. xx. 130 The Book clepid The Re-
presser of over moche wijting the Clergie. 15*6 Pilgr.
Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 56 b, A conquerour of his owne wyll,
a represser of Ire, and a pure louer of his ennemy. 1630
BRATHWAIT Eng. Genlletn. (1641) 26 To speake generally of
Action, as it is the represser, so Idlenesse is the producer
of all vice.
Repre'ssful, a. rare~~*. [-FUL.] Repressive.
1893 F* MOORE Gray Eye III. 51 A responsible official. .
whose chastely-braided uniform looked repressful of tips.
Repre'SSible, «. rare-*. [-IBLE: cf. irre-
presswle.'} Capable of being repressed (Ogilvie
1882). Hence Repre-ssibly adv. (ibid.).
Repressing, vbl. sb. [f. REPRESS z/.1 +
-ING*.] The action of the verb; checking, re-
straint, subjugation.
c 1340 HAMPOLE Prose Tr. 13 Anober es restreynynge or
repressynge of ill styrrynge. c 1449 PECOCK Refr. Prol. 4
In the firste of whiche parties serial be mad in general
maner the seid repressing, c 1460 FORTESCUE Abs. fy Lint.
Mon. vi. (1885) 123 It shalbe nescessarie bat the kynge
haue alway some ftloute apon the see, ffor the repressynge
off rovers. i§« Carew MSS. (1867) I. 20 For the repressing
of whose malice I assay all the friends I can. 1583 STUBBES
Anat. Abus. n. (1882) 41 Good lawes there are, both for the
repressing of these and al other enormities whatsoeuer.
£1630 SANDERSON Serm. II. 273 For the. .repressing and
discountenancing of insolency. a 1715 BURNET Own Time
m.(i724) I. 517 In it the repressing of tyranny is reckoned a
duty incumbent on good subjects. 1884 Athenzum 16 Feb.
210/2 The record of a despot of genius, .meeting savage up-
rising by equally savage repressing.
Repression (r/pre-Jan). [ad. L. type * repres-
sion-cm, n. of action f. reprimlre : see REPRESS v.i
and cf. F. repression (15th c.).]
fl. Capability or power of repressing. Obs.-1
c 1374 CHAUCER Troylus ill. 1038 And some so ful of furye
is and ilespit That it sourmounteth his repressioun.
REPRIEVAL.
2. The action of repressing, in senses of the verb;
also, an instance of this.
1533 MORE Apol. xlix. Wks. 927/1 Any new order con-
cerning heresies, with y* chaunge of lawes before deuised
for the repression of them. 1553 in Burnet Hist. Kef.t Rec.
11. i. No. 56 Do such things for the Advancement of Justice,
and for the repression and punishment of Malefactors.
ci6n CHAPMAN Iliad xi. 472 But loue (that weighs aboue
All humane pow'rs) to Aiax breast diuine repressions droue,
And made him shun who shunn'd himself. 1648-9 Eikon
Bas. 21 No declaration, .from My self could take place, For
the due repression of these Tumults. 1818 BENTHAM Pa-rl.
Reform 62 Repression of insolence is, therefore, in his situa-
tion prescribed by considerations [etc.]. 1860 TYNDALL
Glac. i._ xvi. loo That eastern religion whose essence is the
repression of all action.
fb. Med. (See quot.) Obs. rare-1.
1582 HESTER Seer. P/iiorav. i. xxvii. 30 The Feuer of Re-
pression . . is an alteration of the bloud, whiche is caused of
beeyng ouer hott, and then colde.
Hence Bepre'ssionist, one who advocates re-
pression, or repressive measures.
1875 Good Words 266 The people, he said, did not take
strong drinks, although they seemed to have no objection
to them when they had an opportunity of receiving them —
an argument for repressionists. 1888 Chicago Advance 9
Aug., Even political repressionists are practically turning
moralists.
Repressive (r/pre'siv), a. [f. REPRESS z».i +
-IVE : cf. F. rtpressif, -ive, and med.L. repressivus.]
Having the nature of, or tending to, repression.
1597 G. HAKVEY Wks. (Grosart) III. 9 Goe to the Apothe-
carie, and fetch mee some represiue Antidotum to put
into the bason, to keep downe the venemous vapors.
1731 in BAILKY (vol. II). 1749 SMOLLETT Regicide v. i,
The successive pangs Of fond impatience and repressive
fear. 1797 GILLIES Aristotle II. 233 Although our re-
public rejects the community of goods as repressive to
exertion. 1830 LYELL Princ. Geol. I. 392 Beds of solid
travertin.. must often .. obstruct the vent, and thus increase
the repressive force. 1876 FAHRAR Marlb. Serin, x. 91 This
repressive education is the very reverse of that which for
centuries has been carried on at our public schools.
Hence Repre'ssively adv. (Worcester 1846,
citing Allen) ; Kepre-ssiveiiess.
1878 SEELEY Stein I. 408 Countries which, owing to the
jealousy and repressiveness of the government, are entirely
devoid of political culture. 1884 CATH. L. PIRKIS J.
Wynne II. vi. 68 A repress_iveness .. which would have
utterly frozen anyone susceptible of the process.
Repre'ssor. rare. Also 8 -our. [a. L. re-
presser, agent-n. f. reprimlre to REPRESS : cf. RE-
PRESSER.] One who, or that which represses.
16x1 FLORIO, Ripressore, a represser. 1676 TOWERSON
Decalogue 416 No furtherer of uncleanness but on the con-
trary the represser of it. 17»J J. LEWIS Life Pecock (1744)
62 An account of a book published by the bishop, entituled,
The repressour [etc.], 1860 (title] The represser of over
much blaming of the clergy, by Reginald Pecock.
Repre-ssure. rare -'. [RE- 5 a.] Repeated
or renewed pressure.
1811 PINKERTON Petral. I. 444 Saussure concludes that
these dislocations of beds are produced by a refoulemettt, or
repressure, which has folded them over each other.
Repreuable, obs. f. REPROVABLE. Repreuar,
obs. f. REPROVER. Repreue, -preve, -prewe,
obs. ff. REPROOF, REPROVE. Repreuendeli, obs.
f. REPROVINGLY. Repreve, obs. f. REPRIEVE v.
t Repreyn, v. Obs. rare. [ad. OF. repreigne,
repregne, etc., pres. subj. of reprendre to REPRE-
HEND.] trans. To reprove, rebuke. Hence Ke-
preyning vbl. sb.
a 1380 St. Ambrose 440 (Vernon MS.) in Horstm. Altengl.
Leg. (1878) 15 He nolde not suwe hem in no vice, But he
wolde in certeyne Wib opene vois him wel repreyne. _ Ibid.
857 He hem wolde blame. .And repreyne hem of wikked-
nesse. a 1380 Minor Poeinsfr. yertionMS. 529/112 Hewol
J>e ^elde for bi gode dede ffoul repreynynge [printed re-
preyuynge] to bi mede.
Reprice, obs. form of REPRISE si.
Repri'ck (»-), v. rare. [RE- 5 a.]
fl. intr. Of a hare: To 'prick' in a reverse
direction. Obs. rare~l.
1602 md Pt. Return, fr. Partiass. n. v. 937 By that I
knewe that they had the hare and on foote, and by and by
I might see him sore and resore, prick and reprick.
2. trans. To prick again.
1611 FLORID, Ripttnto, repacked.
Reprie, obs. form of REPRIEVE v.
Reprieve, obs. ff. REPRIEVE sb., REPROOF, and
REPROVE.
Reprieval (rfpr»-val). Also 6-7 reprival(l.
[f. REPRIEVE v. + AL.] = REPRIEVE sb. in various
senses. Now rare (common in i?th c.).
a. aisSS SIDNEY Arcadia (1598) 352 Gynecia, to whom
the fearefull agonies shee still liued in, made any small re-
priuall sweete. c 1595 SOUTHWELL St. Peter's Comfl. 31
Senses and soules repriuall from all cumbers. 1669 in iot/1
Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. V. 98 Wee. .ordered that the
reprivall of the said Walter, .should be continued untill the
next Summer Assizes, a 1684 LEIGHTON Comm. int.
Wks. (1859) 220/2 These reprivals and prolongings of this
present life.
f. a 1613 OVERBURY Characters (1615) D vj b. His [the
sailor's] sleepes are but repreeuals of his dangers. 1656
HEYLIN Snrv. France 25 The Baron was again committed
to prison, till the Queen Mother had wooed the people, .to
admit of his reprievall. 1675 BAXTER Cath. Theol. n. vm.
156 Is not the very reprieval of the World from deserved
ruine and misery so many thousand years an Act of Grace ?
i8a> SOUTHKY Vis. Jtidgnt. iv, Change of place to them
61- J
REPRIEVE.
brought no reprieval from anguish. 1874 BARING-GOULD
Yorksh, Odd. (1875) II. 242 The Parliament having remon-
strated at the reprieval of Popish recusants, the King
reluctantly signed the warrant for their execution.
Reprieve (r/pr/'v), sb. Also 6-7 repreeue,
7 reprive, (7 repriefe, 9 reprief). [f. the vb.]
1. The act of reprieving ; the fact or favour of
being reprieved.
1607 SHAKS, Cor. v. ii. 53 You are condemn'd, our
General! has sworne you out of repreeue and pardon. 1613-4
MIDDLETON & ROWLEY Span. Gipsy v. i, Promise me you'll I
get reprieve For the condemned man. 1671 MILTON Sam-
son 288 So many dy'd Without Reprieve adjudg'd to death,
For want of well pronouncing Shibboleth.
b. An instance of this ; a formal suspension of
the execution of a sentence upon a condemned
person; a respite from a penalty imposed ; a remis-
sion or commutation of a capital sentence.
1598 SHAKS. Merry W. u. ii. 6, I haue grated vpon my
good friends for three Repreeues For you, and your Coach-
fellow Nim. 1603 — Meas. for M. iv. ii. 140 His friends
still wrought Repreeues for him. a 1680 BUTLER Rent,
(1759) I. 210 Like Princes had Prerogative to give Con-
victed Malefactors a Reprieve, a X7ai SHEFFIELD (Dk.
Buckhm.) Wks. (1753) 1.290 All we could give was but a poor
reprieve, A hardship worse than death to minds resolv'd.
1789 Constit. U. S. n. § 2 The president shall have power to
grant reprieves and pardons for offences against the United
States. 1843 LEVEK J. Hinton xxii, Like the felon, that
feels there is no chance of a reprieve, I could look my fate
more steadily in the face. 1874 L. STEPHEN Hours in
Library (1892) I. vi. 231 A reprieve is granted at the last
moment.
transf, 1676 D'URFEV Mme. Fickle v. ii, Tab. Methinks
I cou'd beat this Drawer into a Wicker Bottle. Zech.
Sirra, as a Reprieve for Life, bring out the Butt.
fc. The time during which one is reprieved.
1603 SHAKS. Meas. for M. ii. iv. 39 That in his Reprieue
(Longer, or shorter) he may be so fitted That his soule
sicken not.
2. A warrant granting or authorizing the sus-
pension or remission of a capital sentence.
1602 Life T. Cromwell v. v, Here is a kind reprieve come
from the king To bring him straight unto his majesty. 1603
SHAKS. A leas, for M. iv. ii. 74, I hope it is some pardon, or
repreeue For the most gentle Claudio. a 1674 CLARENDON
Hist. Reb. vm. § 283 The very morning that Sir John
Hotham was to die, a reprieve was sent from the House of
Peers to suspend his execution for three days. 1758 Ann.
Reg. i. 100/2 A reprieve was brought to Newgate for
Dr. Hensey, respiting his sentence for a fortnight. 1781
GIBBON Dccl, <5- J*. xix. II. 136 The second messenger en-
trusted with the reprieve, was detained by the eunuchs.
1810 BVRON Mar. Fal. \. i, The ducal table, cover'd o'er
With .. Despatches, judgments, acts, reprieves, reports.
1841 Penny CycL XIX. 403/2 If the reprieve is sent by the
secretary of state, it is under the sign manual of the king.
3. transf. Respite from a natural or violent
death.
a 1633 AUSTIN Medit, (1635) 276 Hee..was made an end
of. And so must all men, be the time of their Reprieve never
so long, a 1677 BARROW Serin. Wks. 1716 II. 35 He liveth
only by reprieve from that .. sentence, the day thou sinnest
thou shall die. 171* STEELE Spect. No. 498 P 2 If you
would but bestow a little of your wholesome Advice upon
our Coachmen, it might perhaps be a Reprieve to some of
their Necks. 1784 JOHNSON Let. to Mrs. Thrale 20 Mar.,
God has in his mercy granted me a reprieve ; for how much
time his mercy must determine. 1816 SCOTT Antiq. yii,
The sense of reprieve from approaching and apparently in-
evitable death had its usual effect. 1870 BRYANT Iliad I.
v. 161 With those who flee Is neither glory nor reprieve
from death.
b. A respite, or temporary escape, from some
trouble, calamity, etc.
1635 QUARLF.S Embl. iv. xjv. 3, 1 search 'd the Shades of
Sleep, to ease my day Of griping sorrowes with a nights re-
priefe. 1655 FULLER Ch. Hist, i. vL § 2 Perceiving his
Countrey condemned by Gods Justice to Ruine, he could
procure a Reprieve, though not prevail for the Pardon
thereof. 1733 CHEYNE Eng. Malady u. ix. § i (1734) 206
It is absolutely necessary, .to gain a Reprieve from these
Symptoms. 1781 Miss BURNEY Cecilia v. iv, Cecilia, .con-
trived..to keep her maid in the room. Miss Belfield,
supposing this to be accidental, rejoiced in her imaginary
reprieve. 1821 CLARE Vill. Minstr. I. 133 The moth, for
night's reprief, Waited safe and snug withal 'Neath the
plantain's bowery leaf. 1851 GALLENGA Italy 381 The
people.. were only allowed a choice between the instant
surrender of their rights, and a short reprieve, which en-
titled them to call themselves their own masters till the end
of the war.
Reprieve (r/prrv), v. Forms : a. 5-6 repry,
6 reprie. ft. 6-7 reprive. 7. 7 repre(e)ve, 7-
reprieve. [First in pa. pple. repryed^ app. ad.
AF, reprisj pa. pple. ofreprendre : see REPRISE v. 3.
The insertion of the v and the later change of
vowel are difficult to account for.]
1 1. trans. To (take or) send back to prison ; to
remand ; to detain on remand. 06s.
a. 1494 FABYAN Ckron. vn. 389 They were repryed, and
sent vnto the Toure of London, where they remayned longe
after. Ibid. 672 [They] were brought vnto Guyldehalle,
and there areygned ; but the sayd Turbyruyle was repryed
to pryson. 1543-3 Act 34 $• 35 Hen. Vfll, c. 27 § 84 The
said lustices. .maie reprie the prisoner, til they haue
aduertised the Kinges maiestie of the matter. 1556 J. HEY-
WOOD Spider <y F. Ixxviii. 158 Whervpon they repryede me
to prison cheynde. 1588 LAMBARDE Eiren. iv. xiv. 563
lustice Welsh thought it meete to reprie the prisoner,
without giuing judgement upon him.
0. 1571 CAMPION Hist. It-el, it. ix. (1633) 116 Of this
1 reason he was found guilty, and reprived in the Towre a
long time. 1587 FLEMING Conttt. Holimhed III. 952/2 His
484
moonks garment was plucked from his backe, and he
repriued [Hall repried], till the king were informed of his
malicious obstinacie.
t b. To remit for trial. Obs. rare—1.
1556 J. HEYWooD^/rfirr^- F. xxiv.Thefaughter. .apealth
to be repride, From London to Louane, there to be tride.
t 2. To postpone, delay, put off. Obs. rare.
1548 ELIOT s.v. AittpliOi . .\.Q deferre or delai a thyng in
iugement, to repry. 1567 R. MULCASTER Fortescue's De
Laud. Leg. (1672) 128 It was in the Judges power to have
reprived or respected the woman's arraignment till the end
of the year. 16*8 FORD Lovers Mel. i. i, I repriev'd Th'
intended execution with entreaties And interruption. 1630
MAY Contin. Lvcan vn. 533 Not one dayes absence can
preuent, Nor scarce repriue my Fate. 1664 KATH. PHILIPS
Death v, in Poems 233 Since we cannot Death reprieve, Our
Souls and Fame we ought to mind, For they our Bodies
will survive.
f 3. To bring back, redeem. Ohs. rare "-1.
c 1557 ABP. PARKER Ps. cxxvi. 375 What tyme the Lord
shall backe repry Hard Sions thrall to death so nye [etc.].
4. To respite or rescue (a person) from impend-
ing punishment ; spec . to suspend or delay the exe-
cution of (a condemned person).
0. 1506 SPENSER F. Q. iv. xii. 31, I humbly crave your
Majestic It to replevie, and my sonne reprive. 1600 DEK-
KER Fortunatus Wks. 1873 I. 170 Untie their bands. Vice
doth reprive you both, I set you free. i6« Clarke Papers
(Camden) III. 38 Three executed at Salisbury, the rest re-
prived and pardoned.
fig. 1648 CRASH AW Delights Muses Wks. (1904) 152 Those
sweet Aires that often slew mee Shall revive mee Or reprive
mee. 1675 BAXTER Cath. Theol. ii. vi. 115 Nature is
reprived and continued by some degree of Grace.
•y. 1647 C. HARVEY Sch. of Heart xii. 24 Justice con-
demnes ; let mercy, .Lord, reprieve me. 1695 BLACKMORE
Pr. Arth. \, 451 Her Power can sentenc'd Criminals re-
prieve. 1749 FIELDING Tom Jones Wks. 1775 VII. 209 He
who escapes from death is not pardoned, he is only re-
prieved, and reprieved to a short day. 1809 KENDALL
Trav. Lai He may reprieve a condemned malefactor till
the next meeting of the general assembly; but he can
grant no pardon. 1893 ZANGWILL Benv Mystery 180 ' Pend-
ing further inquiries into this ', said the Home Secretary, . .
' I have reprieved the prisoner '.
fig. 1648 BOYLE Seraphic Love Wks. (1744) I. 163/2 Her
afflictions torment him, whilst his own reprieve him. i6«
FULLER Ch. Hist. iv. ii. 174 Let her Memory therefore be
reprieved till the day of Judgement.
b. Const, from the penalty, punishment, etc.
£. 1591 NASHE Four Lett. Confut. D, Maister Birdes
Letter shall not repriue you from the ladder. 163* BROME
North. Lasse n. iv, Then Sir for this time you shall be re-
priv'd, From further penance.
absol. 1674 BREVINT Saul at Endor 229 No Indulgence
can reprive from any Punishments that we can see.
y. 1601 SHAKS. AlCs Well in. iv. 30 He cannot thriue,
Vnlesse her prayers . . repreeue him from the wrath Of great-
est lustice. c z66o SOUTH Serm. (1715) I. 31 Company,
though it may reprieve a Man from his Melancholy, yet it
cannot secure him from his Conscience. 1717 POPE Iliad x.
236 When night descending, from his vengeful hand Re-
prieved the relics of the Grecian band. 1770 GOLDSM. Des.
Vill. 238 Reprieve the tottering mansion from its fall.
|5. To pardon, forgive. Obs. rare~l.
1629 SHIRLEY Wedding i. iii, I hope your worship will re.
prieve my boldness; tis out of love to your daughter.
Hence Keprie*ved ///. #., Reprieving vbl. sb.
1633 P. FLETCHER Elisa 11. x. Teares are most due, when
there is no reprieving. 1664 H. MORE Myst. Iniq. in To
enclose him in a Pyx like a reprieved prisoner. 1758 Ann.
Reg. i. 81/2 The reprieved were turned over to the Grafton
and Sunderland. 1868 E. EDWARDS Ralegh I. xxi. 457 A
fortnight after the return of the reprieved prisoners to the
Tower of London.
Reprieve, obs. form of REPROOF, REPROVE.
t Iteprie'vement. Obs. rare. [f. prec. +
-MENT. J The action of reprieving ; a reprieve.
1633 T. ADAMS Exp. 2 Peter it 3 Thou art one of those
scape-goats in whose temporary reprieyement_the Judge of
all flesh doth but represent the necessity of his last assizes.
1647 T. HILL Paul (1648) 5 Like to obtain mercy, at least
a reprievement, as to the execution of the judgement.
Reprie'ver. rare-1, [f. as prec. + -EB*.]
One who reprieves.
1685 BAXTER Paraphr. N. T. John i. 9 As the Repriever
and Restorer of blinded Intellects.
Reprife, obs. form of REPROOF.
Reprimand (re'primand), sb. [ad. F. repri-
mande, earlier reprimende (= Sp. reprimenda}, f.
rtprimer to repress, reprove.] A sharp rebuke,
reproof, or censure, esp. one given by a person or
body having authority, or by a judge or magistrate
to an offender.
1636 in Crt. % Times Chas. I (1848) II. 258 Crofts . . got
committed to my Lord Dorset, and Apsley to his chamber
with a sharp admonition and reprimand. 1681 in Somers
Tracts (1748) I. 138 The Person who made such an Inference
deserved a Reprimand in the open Court. 1707-8 WYCHER-
LEY Let. to Pope 28 Feb., A friend's reprimand often shews
more friendship than his compliment. 173* LEDIARD Sethos
II. vm. 162 A grave reprimand from the senate. 1788 H.
WALPOLE Corr. (1820) 128 Probably even they who might be
corrected by his reprimand adopted some new distinction as
ridiculous. 1838 DISRAELI in Corr. tv. Sister i Mar. (1886)
97 Yesterday O Connell received his reprimand in one of the
most crowded houses I remeTnber. 1854 MACAULAY Biog.
(1860) 61 Goldsmith gave his landlady a sharp reprimand
for her treatment of him. 1896 LELY Stat. of Pract. Util.
38 note. The penalty for a first offence being only a re-
primand and costs.
Reprimand (reprimcrnd), v. Also 7 -man.
[ad. F. rfprimander^ t reprimender (1642), f. rt-
primande \ see prec.]
REPRINT.
1. trans* To rebuke, reprove, or censure (a per-
son) sharply or severely.
1681 PRIDEAUXZ.^/. (Camden) :o2 In the same manner he
proceeded to repriman them for their unworthy behavior
both to his Majesty and us. 1687 H. HOLDEN in Magd.
Coll. <$• Jos. // (O. H. S.) 124 The Bishop, .in a large speech . .
reprimanded the Fellows of their disobedience. 17*7 SWIFT
Poisoning E. C«r#Wks. 1755 III. 1. 149 This gentleman. .
reprimanded Mr. Curll for wrongfully ascribing to him the
aforesaid poems. 1748 Alison's Voy. \. iii. 30 The Boatswain
immediately reprimanded them, and ordered them to be
gone. 1770 yumus Lett, xxxviii. (1788) 205 The lofty terms in
which he was persuaded to reprimand the city. 1835 W.
IRVING Tour Prairies 203 The Captain .. reprimanded the
sentinel for deserting his post, and obliged him to return to
it. 1875 JOWETT Plato {ed. 2) I. 137 In such cases any man
will be angry with another, and reprimand him.
absol. 1856 KANE Arct. Exgl. I. xvi. 195 It was in vain
that I . .argued, jeered, or reprimanded : an immediate halt
could not be avoided.
fb. To censure, find fault with (an act), rare ~\
172* WATERLAND Artan Subscript. Suppl., Wks. 1823 II.
380 Lord Burghley. .reprimanded the warm proceedings of
the Heads against him.
f 2. To repress, restrain. Obs. rare •~l.
1710 T. FULLER Phartn. Extemp. 116 It [i.e. the electuary!
reprimands the Animal Spirits when too furious.
Hence Reprima iider ; Reprimanding vbl'. sb.
and///. «. ; Beprima'ndingly adv.
1748 RICHARDSON Clarissa (i8ti) II. 315 Giving a hint,
which perhaps.. you will reprimand ingly call, ' Not being
able to forego the ostentation of sagacity.' 1851 J. HAMIL-
no enemies to slander.' 1899 Westm. Gaz. 2 Aug. 10/3 The
cleric found his Bishop in a reprimanding mood.
t&eprimate, pa. pple. Obs. rare^1. [irreg. f.
L. repritn-tre (see next) + -ATE, perh. after F.
Deprived^ an attribute.
1579 BAKER Guydorfs Quest. Chirurg. 51 Those [cauters]
that blyster, make no scarre, which muste be well applyed,
correct, and reprymate of theyr malyces.
Repri'ine (r/1-), z'.1 rare. [ad. L. reprimere :
cf. REPBEME.] trans. To repress.
1819 W. TENNANT Papistry Storm '^(1827) 8 But hoolie.
Muse ! reprime your haste, Descrybe mair gently a' the
matter. 1898 MEREDITH Odes Fr. Hist. 74 Are we of worth
amid our satanic excrescences, .this, for the less than a
call, Will Earth reprime, man cherish.
-),^.- [RE- 5 a.] To prime again.
'
1830 ^IARRYAT King's Own Hi, The guns were primed and
repnmed, without the fire communicating to the powder.
1836 — Pirate xvi, Hawkhurst had reprimed his musket.
Hence Reprrmer, an instrument for repriming
a spent cartridge.
1884 KNIGHT Diet. Mech. Suppl. 750/1 A complete set for
rifle cartridges consists of primer, extractor, charger, loader,
and reprimer.
t Re'priment ]. Obs. rare~l. [ad. obs. F.
reprimendf.] A reprimand.
1652 EVELYN State France Misc. Writ, (1805) 44 That re-
priment which Socrates once gave to a young man who
would render him no accompt of his long absence.
t He'priment 2. Obs. rare -1. [ad. L. repri-
ment-, ppl. stem of repri nitre to REPRESS.] fifed.
A repressive application.
1684 tr. Bonet's Merc. Compit. xiy. 508 The difficulty
about the use of Repriments [in pleurisy] .. is very great.
t Repri'iise. Obs. rare. Also 6 reprince.
[a. F. reprinse, obs. var. of reprise REPRISE sb,]
1. A step in dancing (cf. REPRISE sb. 5).
1531 ELVOT Gffv. i. xxiv, Comunely nexte after sengles in
daunsing is a reprinse, whiche is one niouing only, puttynge
backe the ryght fote to his felowe.
2. Recapture, recovery.
1591 WVRLEY A rtnorie, Ld. Chandos 96 To armed knights
and squiers..Bout this reprince I secretly do send.
Reprrnt (n-)> sb, [f. the vb.]
1. A reproduction in print of any matter already
printed ; a new impression of a work previously
printed, without alteration of the matter.
1611 FLORID, Ristampa^ a reprint, a reprinting. i8z*
MOULE BibL Heraldica. n Mr. Haslewood paid seven
guineas for a copy, .to assist him in the reprint. 1837
LOCKHART Scott Ixxiv, An uniform reprint of the Novels.
1841 W. SPALDING Italy $ It. /si. III. 138 He had just been
made aware of a Milanese reprint of his book. 1883 Law
Times 20 Oct. 425/2 The second edition is not, however, a
simple reprint of the first.
2. Typog. Printed matter used as copy to be set
up and printed again.
1824 J. JOHNSON Typogr. II. xviii. 578 Without making
any distinction between manuscript and reprint. 1888
Century Mag. Dec. 303/1 ' Ho ware ye off for copy, Mike?*
' Bad ', answered the old printer, ' I've a little reprint, but no
original matter at all '.
Bepri-ut («-), v. [RE- 5 a.]
1. trans. To print (a work) again in a new edi-
tion ; to print (matter) a second time.
iS&i'mUJairsRoysttrD. (i847)p.xxx,Topreynt,repr<!ynt,
utter, and sell, that the worke of Peter Matter. i6j4GATAKER
Transubst. 38, I hope when this Bishop of Flanders booke
cometh to be reprinted againe [etc.]. 1676 RAY Corr. (1848)
123, I have been lately solicited to reprint my Catalogue of
English Plants. 1712 HEARNE Colled. (O. H.S.) III. 479
He is reprinting your Letter to S'. Chr. Wren. 1752
BERKELEY Tar--water Wks. 1871 III. 498 Accounts of the
effects of tar-water were reprinted in America. 1849 MAC-
AULAY Hist. Eng. vii. II. 176 His History of his own
Times, his History of the Reformation,.. are still reprinted.
REPRINTED.
1891 Law Rep.* IVcckty Notes 44/1 It was his practice to
reprint from time to time articles which had previously
appeared in his newspaper.
D. To print again in a different form.
1693 LUTTREI.L Brief Rel. (1857) III. 130 The Gazet was
printing with the Saturday's account, but this relation being
brought on Sunday, it was wholly reprinted.
2. To impress or stamp again, rare.
1662 SOUTH Serm,, Gen. i. 27 (1727) I. 75 To rub over the
defaced Copy of the Creation, to reprint God's Image upon
the Soul. 1683 MOXON Mec/i. E^erc., Printing xxiv. p 19
The hindside of the Plattin by the Second Pull reprints
part of the First Pull.
Hence Reprrnted///. a. ; Reprimting vbl. sb.
1575 JUGGE in Cat. Script. Printer to Rdr., The trauayle
1 haue in hand in the reprintyng of oour English Byble.
1605 STOW A nn, 1438 My worke was presented by Printing
and reprinting, .of Raigne Wolfes collection. 1708 in Watts
Gram, made Easy (1742) a j b, To Import re-printed Copies
from any Place. 1878 'R.ovvv.Handbk.S/iaks. Mus. 76 One
ofthereprintingsisin the Musical Library. i88$At/tertaf«»e
19 Dec. 803/1 It is better work than.. the reprinted works
of the late Albert Smith.
485
Reprrnter («-). [f. prec. + -ER
blishes a reprint.
One who
reprints, or who publ
1689 D. GRANVILLE Lett. (Surtees No. 37) 82 The in-
genious reprinter of the late edition. 1765 H. WALPOLE
Let. to Earl of Hertford 14 Feb., Williams, the reprinter
of the North Briton, stood in the pillory to-day in Palace
Yard. 1866 Athenaeum 17 Nov. 644/2 A very large re-
printer of English tales and novels. 1893 in Critic {U. S.)
12 Mar. 162/1 The absence of international copyright and
competition among rival reprinters has helped this.
Reprisal (r/prai'zal), sb. Forms: 5 reprisail,
5, 7 -sale, 6-7 -sail, (6 -soil), 7 represal,7- repri-
sal; also 7-8 reprizal, (6 -zall, 7-zeal). [a.OF. re-
prisaille (found in AF. in 1352) : see REPRISE z>.
and -AL. The mod.F. reprtsaille (recorded in
i£th c.) is ad. It. ripresaglia (f. ripreso), or
med.L. reprxsalia (see Du Cange), whence also
Sp. represalia, -aria.']
1. 1. (Without article or plural.) The act or
practice of seizing by force the property (or per-
sons) of subjects of another nation, in retaliation
for loss or injury suffered from these or their
countrymen. Now only Hist,
Reprisal implied the refusal of the offending nation to
grant redress for the injury done, but did not in itself create
a state of war between the two countries.
a. Letters (or Commission) of reprisal, an offi-
cial warrant authorizing an aggrieved subject to
exact forcible reparation from the subjects of
another state: see MARQUE i and 2. fAlso
ellipt. in same sense (quot. 1472).
1447 Rolls ofParlt. V. 135 To graunte to youre saide Be-
sechers, letters of Marc and Reprisail. 1472 [bid, VI. 65/1
Any Sentence, Ju^ement, Margue or Reprisale yeven. .by
his Highnes and his Counseill. 1591 Art. cone. Admiralty
21 July § 56 All such that contrary to their Commissions of
reprisail, haue caried any prizes by them taken into Barbary,
Fraunce [etc.]. 1619 SIR K. NAUNTON in Fortescue Papers
(Camden) 88 They have bene forced to sue for lettres of re-
prisal, and have obteined leave under the Great Scale to re-
paire theyr losses from the subjects of those nacions by
whom they were formerly spoiled. 1680 Lond. Gaz. No.
1573/4 A Vessel fitted out as a Privatier. -boarded her and
took her (pretending they had Letters of Reprizall). 1763
BLACKSTONE Comm. I. vh. 250 In this case letters of marque
and reprisal . . may be obtained, in order to seise the bodies or
goods of the subjects of the offending state, until satisfaction
be made, wherever they happen to be found. 1789 Constit.
U. S. i, § 8 Congress shall have power, .to. .grant letters of
marque and reprisal. 1839 KEIGHTLEY Hist. En?. I. 450
The king of Scotland ..having granted letters of reprisal
against the Portuguese to three brothers.
b. In phrases, as to make reprisal \ by way of,
by, or in reprisal (passing into 4 c) ; and in other
contexts.
1687 A. LOVELL tr. Tkevenofs Trav. 277 When the Am-
bassadours of the Franks complain.., all the answer they
have is, that they must make reprisal upon them. 17*5 DE
FOE Voy. round World \\. 28 The [Spanish] Doctor, .desired
. . That none of our Men . . would ever come so much in
Reach of the Spaniards on Shore, as to put it into their
Power to seize upon them by Reprizal. 1727-38 CHAMBERS
Cyct. s.v., This merchant has seized the effects of the
Spaniard don— by way of reprisal, because the Spaniards
had seized his, and no redress could be had at the court of
Madrid. 1803 WELLINGTON in Gurw. Desp. (1838) II. 418
You will do well to bring away with you all the principal
shroffs and soucars, by way of reprisal for the inj uries . . done
by the enemy to the Soubah's country. 1819 JEFFERSON
Autobiog. App., Wks. 1859 I- "7 Our first overt act of war
was Mr. Henry's.. making reprisal on the King's treasury
at the seat of government, for the public powder taken away
by his Governor. 1839 HALLAM Hist. Lit. u. iv. § 88
He treata of the general right of war, the difference between
public war and reprisal. 1867 BURTON Hist. Scot. (1873)
III. 68 When Scotland, in reprisal for injuries committed by
England on her shipping, seized an English vessel.
c. attrib, as *f- reprisal goods t office.
1645 in Cal- State p"> Do"i.t Chas. 1 168 My said brother,
who is collector for Reprisal goods. Ibid. 285 Prays that
you will order her payment of this ..out of the Reprisal office.
2. An act or instance of seizing property or per-
sons belonging to another state by way of indemnity
or recompense for loss sustained. Letters of repri-
sals : (see i a.) f Also const, of.
1611 COTGR. s. v. Represaille^ Lettres de represailles^
Letters (Patents) of Mart or Marque ; letters authorizing re-
pr^alls. 1614 SEI.DKN Titles Hon. 210 The lawes of Marque
or Reprisales. [Cf. Rails of Par It. II. 250/1 (anno 1359) La
Lei de mark et de reprisailleb.] 1641 BAKER Chron. (1653)
565 Sundry quarrells and complaints arose between the
English and the French, touching reprisals of Goods taken
from each other by Pirates of cither Nation. 1669 R.
MONTAGU in Bucclcttch MSS. (Hist. MSS. Comm.) I. 456
Letters of reprisals against the Dutch, .should be granted.
1765 BLACKSTONE Comm. I. vii. 251 And indeed this custom
of reprisals seems dictated by nature herself. 1790 BEATSON
JVav. <y MIL Mem. I. 40 Letters of marque, or general re-
§risals, against the ships, goods, and subjects of the King of
pain, were ready to pe issued. 1839 HALLAM Hist. Lit.
in. iv. § 1 20 If justice is refused to us by the sovereign, we
have a right to indemnification out of the property of his
subjects. This is commonly called reprisals. 1863 Sat. Rev.
13 June 745 The Admiral.. was then instructed to put the
necessary pressure on the Government by proceeding to re-
prisals. He accordingly detained five vessels.
b. In phr. to make reprisals (cf. 4 b).
1663 COWLEY Verses Sev, Occas., Adv. Five Hours 26
They all shall watch the Travels of your Pen, And Spain on
you shall make Reprisals then. 1761 HUME Hist. Eng.
(1806) III. xl. 352 The queen.. gave all the English liberty
to make reprisals on the subjects of Philip. 1777 WATSON
Philip //, x. (1839) i/p Not receiving satisfaction, she pro-
ceeded to make reprisals, and seized effects, belonging to
Spanish and Flemish merchants. 1802 JAMES Milit. Diet.
s.v. Marquet Granting the subjects of one prince or state
liberty to make reprisals on those of another. 1873 YEATS
Growth Comm. 279 As soon as England was able to protect
her merchant-shipping and to make reprisals at sea, piracy
declined.
trans/, 1774 PENNANT Tour Scot, in 1772, 221 The loss
sustained by the sea. .which, we know, makes more than
reprisals in other places. 1818 SCOTT Hrt, Midi, ii, He
considered himself as robbed and plundered ; and took it into
his head, that he had aright to make reprisals. 1849 I, vi M,
znd Visit U. S. 1 1. 55 In the winter, when the sea is making
reprisals on the delta.
3. f a. The taking of& thing as a prize. Obs.
c 1595 CAPT. WYATT R. Dudley's Voy. W. Ind. (Hakl. Soc.)
6 Our Generall . . plied . . to the rock, wheare wee had the first
chase that wee might justlie auer the reprisoll of. 1506
NASHE Saffron Walden 62 Whiles. .there be any reprisafls
of purses twixt this and Cole-brooke.
•f b. A prize. Obs. rare.
1596 SHAKS. i Hen. fVt iv. i. 118, I am on fire, To heare
this rich reprizall is so nigh, And yet not ours. 1611 FLORIO,
Ripresaglia^ All maner of reprisals, prises, pillage, luggage.
C. Regaining, recapture ; recaption. ? Obs.
x66oHiCKERiNGiLLy<z///a/V<i (1661) 58 To whom our Nation
in some measures stands indebted for the Reprizal of that
Honour at Rio-Novo, which was so shamefully lost ..in
Hispaniola. 1726 J. M. tr. Trag. Hist, de Vaudray n. 130
The Enemy. . open d the Campaign with the Siege of St.
Omer. The King, endeavouring to repair that Loss by the
Reprizal of St. Valery, narrowly escaped [etc.]. 1768 BLACK-
STONE Comm. III. 4 Recaption or Reprisal is another
species of remedy by the mere act of the party injured.
1867 SMYTH Sailor's Word-bk. 569 Reprise^ or Reprisal^ is
the retaking a vessel from the enemy before she has arrived
in any neutral or hostile port.
4. An act of retaliation for some injury or attack;
spec, in warfare, the infliction of similar or severer
injury or punishment on the enemy, e.g. by the
execution of prisoners taken from them.
1710 Lond. Gaz. No. 4726/1 The Garrison .. was detained
in Reprisals for the following Injuries. 1788 GIBBON Decl.
•$• F. £ V. 185 If he falls by their hands, they are exposed in
their turn to the danger of reprisals, the interest and prin-
cipal of the bloody debt are accumulated. 1797 GODWIN
Enquirer i. xi. 101 Their children attempt a reprisal. 1855
BREWSTER Newton II. xv. 43 He.. deserved those severe
reprisals which doubtless embittered the rest of his days.
1874 GREEN Short Hist. x. § 4. 791 Lord Cornwallis. .found
more difficulty in checking the reprisals of his troops.. than
in stamping out the last embers of insurrection.
b. In phr. to make reprisals (cf. 2 b).
jC7io SHAFTESB. Charac. (1737) I. H. iii. 268 In case of
violence offer' d 'em . . there are Hands ready prepar'd to
make sufficient Reprisals. 1756 C. LUCAS Ess. waters III.
215, I mean not to make reprisals upon these unkind, mis-
taken gentlemen. 1778 Miss BURNEY Evelina xx, He had
studied this address by way of making reprisals for my con-
duct at the ball. 1813 SHELLEY Notes to Q. Mob Wks.
(1891) 43/2 She must be the tame slave, she must make no
reprisals. 1878 Bosw, SMITH Carthage 169 Hamilcar was
dnven to make reprisals for the barbarities of the Libyans
by throwing his prisoners to be trampled to death.
c. Without article (cf. i b).
1839 JAMES Louis XfVt II. 92 A prompt and decided
measure of reprisal immediately put a stop to this kind of
slaughter in detail. 18^9 THACKERAY Virgin. Hi, Who might
give me up to the Indians in reprisal for cruelties practised
by our own people.
II. f 5. = REPRISE sb. 2. Obs. rare ~J.
1647 N. BACON Disc. Govt. Eng. i. Ixx. (1739) 184 All such
as had Lands worth ao/. yearly besides Reprizals.
6. (Chiefly //.) A return or compensation ; a
sum or amount paid or received as compensation.
(Cf. REPRISE sb. 3 a.) Now rare.
1668 Ormonde MSS. in lotk Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm.
App. V. 60 An addresse from the Commissioners . . concerning
reprizeals. 1668 CLARENDON Vindic. Tracts (1727) 64 By
increasing the stock for reprisals to such a degree, that all
men's pretences might in some measure be provided for.
1704 SWIFT Mech. Operat. Spirit Misc. (1711) 276 Since that
Arabian is known to have borrowed a Moiety of his Re-
ligious System from the Christian Faith, it is but just he
should pay Reprisals. 1715-20 POPE Iliad xi. 834 My sire
three hundred chosen sheep obtain'd. {That large reprisal he
might justly claim, For prize defrauded, and insulted Fame).
1866 GEO. ELIOT /•'. Holt ix, He was able to refund, to make
reprisals, if they could be fairly demanded. 1878 LECKY
Eng, in i8M C. II. vi. 177 This restitution was to be post-
poned until reprisals had been made for the adventurers and
boldiers who had got possession of their estates.
REPRISE.
t 7. — REPRISE sb. 4. Obs. rare — >.
a 1797 H. WALPOLE Mem. Gto. //, III. 62 Speaking to him
at different reprisals with kindness to mark his satisfaction.
8. Arch. (See REPRISE sb. 6, quot 1888.)
prizall where he may.
t Repri-sary, a. Obs. rare-1. [See next and
-ARY.j Authorizing reprisals.
1544 in Lett, f, Pap. Hen. VIII, XIX. H. 466 The
merchants here, .require letters reprisaries against our mer-
chants.
Reprise (riprsi-z), sb. Also 6 repryse, -pryoe,
-price, 7-8 reprize. [a. F. reprise (1 3th c.), f- re-
J>ris,pa..pple.o{refrendre to take back, resume, etc.
(see next) ; cf. Sp. and Pg. represa, It. ripresa.]
1 1. The fact of taking back something for one's
own advantage or profit; an amount taken back
from one in this way; hence, loss, expense, cost.
Obs. (in Gower only).
1390 GOWER Cm/. I. 153 AI the world ne may suffise To
stanche of Pride the reprise. Ibid. 157 Humblesce is al
otherwise, Which most is worth, and no reprise It takth
ayein. Ibid. II. 285 Love is evere of som reprise To him
that wole his love holde.
2. A deduction, charge, or payment (such as a
rent-charge or annuity) falling to be made yearly
out of a manor or estate. Chiefly//, in phrases
abffve, besides, beyond, or f over, reprises.
[1414 Act 2 Hen. V Slat. II. c. 3 Si mesme la persone neit
terres ou tenements de annuell value de quarant souldz
outre les reprises dicelles.]
1433 Roils of Parlt. IV. 476/2 Uchon of hem may spende
..yerely, over the reprise, of londe or rente in fee. 1435
Ibid. 486/2 The yerely value . . overe the reprises and charges.
1484 Lett. Rich. Ill f, Hen. VII (Rolls) I. 82 Alle the re-
venues, . . with the reprises and deduccions therof. 1509-10
Act i Hen. VIII c. 8 Hereditamentes of the yerely value
of xl markes above all charges and repryces. 1546 Yorks.
Chantry Sitrv. (Surtees) II. 518 In reprises yerely going
forth of the same. 1656 BRAMHALL Replic. vi. 235 All charges
damages and reprises must first be cast up and deducted,
before one can give a right estimate of benefit or losse. 1687
Royal Proclam. 4 Nov. in Lond. Gaz. No. 2298/1 A Lease-
hold Estate of Fifty pounds per Annum above all Charges
and Reprizes. 1704 in Picton L'pool Mimic. Rec. (1886) II.
35 Being in y* whole of y° yearly value of Twelve Pounds
beyond Reprises. i«8 Act 18 Ceo. II Preamble, A Lease-
hold Estate of Fifty Pounds per annum above all Charges
and Reprizes. 1831 Act 1^2 Will. IV, c. 45 § I The
clear yearly Value above all Reprises of the Rectory,
t D. A charge, duty, or tax. Obs. rare ~'.
1645 EVELYN Diary 30 July, My Matricnla contained a
clause, that I, my goods, servants, and messengers, should
be free from all toll and reprises.
1 3. a. A return or compensation received or
paid. (Cf. REPRISAL sb. 6.) Obs.
£1570 Pride <£ Loivl. (1841) 66 Let no man it dispise, Or
him that wrot it for no recompence, Save labour for his
paine without reprice. 1662 Irish Act 143-15 Chas. II, c. 2
§ 17 Whatsoever adventurer . . shall be removed from his
present possession, ..shall forthwith have a reprize of equal
value .. in other forfeited lands. 1665 in ijth Ref. Dep.
Kpr. Irel. 21 The Court is of Opinion that it is a Deficiency,
and that the reprize ought to be to the heir of Alexander
Pymme. 1736 CARTE Ormonde II. 242 It appeared that
one interest or other must suffer for want of reprizes.
t b. Reprisal ; the act of taking something by
way of retaliation. Obs.
1667 DRVDEN Maid. Q. v. i, By Force retake it from those
tyrant Eyes, I'll grant you out my Letters of Reprize. 1687
— Hind 4- A ill. 862 If so, a just Reprise would only be Ot
what the Land usurp'd upon the Sea. 1700 — Ovid s Met.
xil. 319 We rise Mad with revenge to make a swift reprise,
f o. The act of recapturing a vessel taken by the
enemy; also, the vessel so taken. Obs. rare~ °.
1717-38 CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v., If the reprize have been made
within 24 hours, the vessel is to be restored to the proprietor.
Ibid., If the reprize have been abandoned by the enemy.
[Hence in Falconer Diet. Marine (1760).]
4. A resumption or renewal of an action ;
a separate occasion of doing something. Chiefly
in phr. at or in . . reprises. Also f by reprises,
alternately. Somewhat rare.
1685 DRYDEN Albion ft Alb. i. i, The two last Lines
are sung by Reprises, betwixt Auglusta] & Tham[esisl.
1711 SHAFTESB. Charac. (1737) III. Misc. u. i. 30, I am
led to write on such Subjects as these, with Caution, at
different Reprises, and not singly, in one Breath. Ibid. v.
iii. 303 The most refractory and obstinate Understandings
are by certain Reprises or Returns of Thought.. neces-
sitated, .to acknowledg the actual Right and Wrong. 1713
EARL CROMARTY Ace. Cowrie Conspir. 14 The unhappy
Condition wherein the Church and State of Scotland were
plunged, .not once or twice, but in frequent Reprises. 1895
M. R. JAMES Abbey St. Edmund 122 The western tower
fell, not all at once, but in two reprises.
to. spec. (See quots.)
1727 BAILEY vol. II, Reprise (with Horsemen) is a lesson
repeated, or a manage recommenced. 1850 Bo/in's Handbk.
Games 228 (Quadrille) Reprise and Report, are synonymous
with Party. [Ibid. 227 Party, is the duration of the Game,
according to the number of tours agreed to be played.] 1861
CHAPMAN Review A rt Fencing i. 20 The remise . . differs es-
sentially from the Reprise, a redoubling of the Attack.
II. 1 5- Dancing. (See qnot. and REPRINSE I.)
igai R. COPLAND Introd. Frenche, Maner of dauncynge
16 b, A repryse alone ought to be made with the ryght fote
in drawynge the ryght fote bakwarde a lytyll to the other
fote. The seconde repryse ought to be made .. with the lyft
fote in reysynge the body in lyke wyse.
REPRISE.
6. Arch. (See later quots.)
Cotgr. (1611) gives ' Reprises de Pierre, denting peeces of
stone . See also Godefroy Diet. X. 552/1.
1501 DOUGLAS Pal. Hon. in. xvii, Pinnakillis, fyellis, turn-
pekkis money one,..Skarsment, reprise, corbell, and batteU
fingis. 1850 OGILVIE, Reprise^ a term used by masons to
denote the return of mouldings in an internal angle. 1888
C. C. HODGES Hexhant Abbey 30 note, A reprise or reprisal
is the foot of a window mullion or jamb, which is worked on
the same stone as the sills.
7. Music, t a. A refrain. Obs. ~° b. A cadence.
? Obs. c. The resumption or recurrence of the
first theme or subject of a movement after the
close of the development.
170* BOYER Diet. Royal i. s.v., La Reprise (le Re/rain)
des Ballades, ties chansons^ the Reprise, repetition, uphold-
ing, or burden of Ballads and Songs. 1811 BUSBY Diet.
Mus. (ed. 3), Cadence, or Reprise* a pause or suspension at
the end of an air, to afford the performer an opportunity of
introducing a graceful extempore close. 1879 in Grove Diet.
Mus. I. 472 That portion of the first movement of a sonata
or symphony— or other movement in similar form —which
occurs between the double bar and the reprise of the first
subject.
t Repri'se, v, Obs. (exc. arch.} Also 5-6 re-
pryse, 6-7 reprize. [f. F. rein's, pa. pple. of re-
prcndre, f. re- RE- + prendre to take : related to
reprehend as comprise to comprehend^
1. 1. a. intr. To begin again, start afresh, rare"1.
c 1450 LOVELICH Grail xvi. 462 But the blood cowde he
staunchen in non wise But every day newe it gun for to
reprise, As long as with-inne was the hed.
b. trans. To recommence, resume.
1481 CAXTON Afyrr. i. xv. 50 Hym behoueth to come doun
as sone as a stone tyl that he come in to thayer where he
may repryse his fleyng. 1483 — Gold. Leg. 315 b/2 Anone
they reprysed their songe after theyr customme. 1491 —
Vitas Pair. (W. de W.I495) i.xlii. 7oa/2TheholyEgypcyen
reprysed his worde and sayde [etc.]. 1603 FLORIO Mon-
taigne in. xiii. 650 By advertisements & instructions, re-
prised by intervatles : entermixmg certaine pawses of rest.
C. To take up again, to reassume. rare~l.
1481 CAXTON Godfrey clxxxiii. 269 They that..laye in
theyr beddes sprange vp anon and reprysed theyr harnoys
and armes.
d. To take anew, gain afresh, rare ~!.
1590 SPENSER F. Q. 11. xi. 44 That dead-living swayne,
Whom still he marked freshly to arize From th' earth, and
from her womb new spirits to reprize.
6. ? To take separately.
a 1641 BP. MONTAGU Acts fy Man. (1642) 133, 62. weeks and
7. weeks, in fractions reprised, must first be accomplished.
2. To take back again, esp. by force; to recap-
ture (a thing or person), to recover; also, to buy
back. (Freq. in i?th c.)
1481 CAXTON Godfrey xxiv. heading^ How Solyman..
reprised and toke agayn the castel. 1596 SPENSER/*. £. iv.
iv. 8 He now begunne To challenge her anew, as his owne
prize, ..And proffer made by force her to reprize. c 1611
CHAPMAN Iliad TL\\\. 130 Now ye might reprise the armes,
Sarpedon forfeited,.. would you but lend your hands. 1654
H. L'EsTRANGE Chas. I (1655) 57 Lewes brake furiously in
upon., the chief Rebel, ..reprizeth many ships formerly
taken by him. 1676 OTWAY Don Carlos iv.i.Th'adst better
meet a lion on his way, And from his hungry jaws reprize
the prey, a 1711 KEN Preparatives Poet. Wks. 1721 IV. 6
Time which when once away it flies, 1 never, never can
reprise. 1780 BURKE Econ. Reform 241 Buckingham-house
was reprised, by a bargain with the publick, for one hundred
thousand pounds.
b. intr. To make reprisals, raw1.
1551 in Strype Eccl. Mem. (1721) II. x. 331 To permit in-
directly our merchants to reprize upon the French.
3. To withdraw from trouble or punishment ; to
reprieve, rare.
CX5S7 ABP. PARKER Ps. xciv. 266 As carefull thoughtes in
store ayd ryse, . .Thy comfort so dyd me repryse, my soule
to scape the foyle. c 1586 C'TESS PEMBROKE Ps. cvi. xi,
Phinees, justice done, their lives repris'd.
4. To take or hold back out of a sum.
1559 ABP. PARKER Corr. (Parker Soc.) 99 Item, that fees to
keepers of parks and woods not yet valued be not reprised
out of the value of the manors. 1707 FLEETWOOO Chron.
Prec. 172 That Man has not an Estate of 8/. ultra Refrisas,
because there is 131. $d. to be reprized or taken back again,
which is, I think, the meaning of the word.
5. To compensate (a person). Cf. REPBISE sb. 3 a.
s66s frisk Act 14 $ 15 Chas. //, c. 2 § 18 All such .. who
have been . . dispossessed of their estates . . shall be forthwith
reprized in forfeited lands. 1668 in iotk Rep. Hist. MSS.
Comm. App. V. 60 The Lord Lieutenant and Counsel's
advice to the Commissioners to spend some of their remain-
ing time to reprize Protestants. 1705-6 PENN in Pa. Hist.
Soc. Mem. X. in Now know that to reprise or pay you, I
have money in the hands of the executors, 1736 CARTE
Ormonde II. 242 He was misled to think there were lands
enough to reprize such of the Adventurers and Soldiers as
were to be dispossessed. [1878 LECKY Eng. in iBth C. II.
vi. 177 The adventurers and soldiers who were removed
were at once reprised.]
b. reji. To recoup (oneself), rare"1.
1677 Govt. Venice 319 Having lost, .the Honour he bore,
. . to reprize himself, he assumed the Title of that Kingdom.
II. 6. To reprehend, reprove (a person), rare.
a 1450 Knt. de la Tt>ur(i86B) 113 Atte the dredfulle day
he woTle axe acomptes. .wherof y double that mani shalle
be reprised, 2474 CAXTON Cfasse 161 He shold correcteand
reprise the Kyng of his euyl vices. 1483 — G. de la Tour
D vij b, How a hooly bisshop reprysed and taught many
lad yes.
Hence fBepri'ser, one who receives a reprise;
t Reprrsing- vbl. sb. — REPRISE sb. 4.
1603 FLORIO Montaigne \\. x. (1632) 326 We are taught to
486
cast our eyes over it, in running it over by divers glances,. .
and reiterated reprisings. 1610 DODKIDGE Principality
Wales 76 With the ordinary deductions and Reprizes taken
out of it., in charges, fees, to officers, and other reprizers.
Reprisoll, obs. form of REPRISAL.
Reprrstinate, v. rare. [f. RE- + PRISTINE
a.] trans. To restore to the original condition
or position ; to revive.
1659 H. L'EsTRANGE AllianceDiv.Off. 480 It will not be
amiss to enquire, .by what degrees they were repristinated
and rendered in their former state. 1869 SHEDD Homilet.
372 The practice of catechising children and youth should
be repristinated in the American Churches.
Hepristina tion. [f. prec.] The action of
restoring to a pristine condition ; restoration, re-
habilitation.
1838 CDL. WISEMAN list. (1853) II. 32 That same ' Reforma-
tion ' signifying a re pagination of primitive Christianity.
1868 BROWNING Ring fy Bk. \. 23 But his work ended, once
the thing [is] a ring, Oh ! there s repristtnation !
Reprlval(e, obs. forms of REPBIBVAL.
t Repriva'tion. Obs. rare-1, [irreg. f. re-
prive, obs. var. REPRIEVE v. + -ATION.J Reprieve.
1583 STUBBES Anat. Afrits, n. (1882) 13 [He] being found
gilty,.. is presently, without any further imprisonment, re-
priuation or delay,,. committed to the sword.
Reprive, obs. f. REPRIEVE. Reprizal(l, obs.
ff. REPRISAL. Reprize, obs. f. REPRISED, and v.
Reproach (r*pr#u-tj),j£. Also 5-8reproch(e.
[a. "f. reproche (i2th c.), vbl. sb. f, reprocher (see
next), - Prov. repropchet Sp. and Pg. reproche,
It. rimproccio. The OF. variants reproce and re-
pruce \\ete also adopted in ME. (see these forms).]
L A source or cause of disgrace or shame (to
a person, etc.) ; a fact, matter, feature or quality
bringing disgrace or discredit upon one.
ci4*o LYDG. Assembly of Gods 71 Thys traytour Eolus. .
dayly me rnanaces . . Whyche to my name a reprpche syngler
Shuld be for euer. 1494 FABYAN Chron. I. xvii. 16 Some..
sayd, that to hym it was great reproche and dishonoure, . .
that he had nat the rule of al y« lande. a 1548 HALL
Chron.) Hen., VI 169 It was not honorable, but a reproche
and infamy to the Kytig, to have one to bee a Protector and
governor of hym. 1617 MORYSON /tin. i. 240 They thinking
it a reproch that we should ride ouer their graues, did with
inraged countenances fling stones at vs. 1671 MILTON
Samson 353, I pray'd for Childien, and thought barrenness
In wedlock a reproach. 1785 REID Intell. Powers w. xx. 278
It is no wonder that, .others.. spurn at a knowledge they
cannot account for, and vainly attempt to throw it off, as
a reproach to their understanding. 1818 HALLAM Mid. Ages
(1872) 1. 135 Can it be an excessive reproach that the citizens
fled from their dwellings. 1888 BRYCE Ainer. Coinnnv. 1. 1.
ix. 116 The conduct of Indian affairs. .has always been a
reproach to the United States.
b. A thing, animal, or person forming a source
of disgrace or discredit.
171* BLACKMORE Creation (ed. 2) 130 The noxious Plant,
and savage Animal, Which you the Earth's reproach and
blemish call. i75i/JoHNSON KambUr^o. 136 Pn Wretches,
whom all but their dependents numbered among the re-
proaches of the species.
2. Shame, disgrace, opprobrium, or blame, in-
curred by or falling upon a person or thing, f In
reproach, blamed, censured.
1484 CAXTON Fables of&sop in. ix, The woman whiche
lyueth in this world without reproche or blame is worthely
to be gretely preysed. 1490 — Eneydos xi. 42 God forbede
that it may be sayd of Lneas. .to haue reproche by ony of
our sayd wordes. 15*3 LD. BERNERS Froiss. I. clxii. 200
Many good knyghles and squyers.-hadde rather a dyed,
than to haue had any reproche. 1534 WHITINTON Tullyes
Offices L (1540) 28 Of the hye pride of herte which is in re-
proche, and maye be called mad hardynesse. 1591 SPENSER
M. Hubberdm Shame light on him, that, .that, which is the
falshood. 1751 JOHNSON Rambler No, 154 P 9 We may with
as little reproach borrow science as manufactures from our
ancestors. 1855 MACAULAY ///\/. Eng. xii. III. 232 He tried
gentler means than those which had brought so much re-
proach on his predecessor. 1875 JOWETT /*/«/<? (ed. 2) V. 490
These are the sort of practices . . which cast a reproach upon
the succour of adversity.
b. With poss. pron. (One's) shame or disgrace.
1513 MORE in Grafion Chron. (1568) II. 768 All the woilde
shall to our honour and her reproche, perceyue [etc.]. 1579
GOSSON Sch. Abuse (Arb.) 20 If you. .pul off the visard that
Poets maske in, you shall disclose their reproch. x6zx BIBLE
Gen. xxx. 23 And shee. .bare a sonne, and said ; God hath
taken away my reproch. 1671 MILTON P, R. lit. 66 As thou
to thy reproach mayst well remember.
T" c. To a reproach , to a disgraceful extent. 0&r .-1
a 1715 BURNET Own Time n. (1724) 1. 158 They were igno-
rant to a reproach : And many of them were openly vitious.
3. Blame or censure directed against a person,
sometimes implying abusive or opprobrious lan-
guage, but also (esp. ia mod. use) applied to mild
upbraiding or rebuke. Term etc. of reproach, one
expressing strong censure or condemnation.
c 1477 CAXTON Jason 21 If he . . cometh to suche felicite
and gothe to chaunge certes he is worthy of reproche. 1513
DOUGLAS JEneis \. Prol. 74 That na loyingis ma do incres
thi fame, Nor na reproche diminew thi guid name. 1560
DAUS tr. Sleidane"s Comm. 197 They.. drove awaye with
reproche the kinges officers. 1590 SPENSER F. Q. n. iv. 5
Ever as she went her toung did walke In fowl* reproch,
and termes of vile despight. 1666 PEPYS Diary 27 Nov.,
I was sorry to see this way of reproach taken against us.
1712-14 POPE Rape Lock v. 3 In vain Thalestris with re-
BEPBOACH
proach assails. 1791 COWPER f Had in. 72 Sucb is thy daunt-
less spirit, whose reproach Perforce I own, nor causeless nor
unjust. 1849 MACAULAY Hist. Eng, vi. II. i The name of
Whig was never used except as a term of reproach. 1880
MRS. FORRESTER Roy <$• F. I. 6 The look of reproach
deepens in Viola's eyes.
t b. In reproach of, in scorn of. Obs, rarf~l.
1494 FABYAN Chron. vi. clxii. 155 All was doon in reproche
of Kthelburga, whiche slewe hir lorde Brigthricus.
4. fa. An insult in act or deed. Obs. rare.
1494 FABYAN Chron. VH. 374 For the Cristen boost shuld
be assuryd from the sodayne and vnware assautes and re-
prochis of the infidelles, tnerfore he closyd theym within a
strength of dyche and pale. 1565 COOPER Thesaurus s.v.
Contumelia,'iQ do one many injuries and reproches. 1600
SIR W. CORNWALLIS Ess., Prayse Rick. Ill (1617) D iij,
The reproch offered his body.
b. An expression of disapproval, censure, re-
proof, or upbraiding ; f a verbal insult, an oppro-
brious expression or epithet.
1548 ELYOT, Contumelia, . .a reproche, a rebuke, a checke,
a taunte. 1560 DAUS tr. Sleidane s COIHIH. 33 b, Stoutly con-
temnyng al the reproches of the adversaries. 1597 BEAKO
Theatre God's Jndgem. (1612) 492 Calling him make-bate
and seditious viilaine, with other opprobrious reproches. 161 1
BIBLE Trans/. Pref. P 14 Fearing no reproche for slownesse,
nor coueting praise for expedition. 1671 MILTON Samson
393 Thrice she assay'd with, .amorous reproaches to win
from me My capital secret. 1731 LEDIARD Stthos II. ix. 315
The justice of the reproaches, .drove Anteus into despair.
1788 GIBBON Decl. fy F. xlviii. V. 27 She neither heard nor
regarded the reproaches of mankind. 1819 SHKLLKY Cenci
v. i. 98 Have I not the power to fly My own reproaches?
1834 JAMES J. Marston Hall viii, Every time he opened
his mouth his words were drowned in murmurs and r«-
proaches.
o. //. A series of antiphons and responses, in
which Christ is represented as reproaching his
people, sung in Roman Catholic (and sometimes
in Anglican) churches on Good Friday.
1884 Catholic Diet. 405/1 These ' reproaches ' are addressed
in dramatic form by Christ to the Jewish people. 1897
Westm. Gas. 15 Apr. 6/3 Early services. .consisting some-
times of the Litany or Morning Prayer, . . and occasionally
the singing of the Reproaches. 1900 Daily News 14 Apr.
B/4 No words were used during the service, beyond those
given in the Book of Common Prayer and the Reproaches.
f6. An object of scorn or contempt. Obs.
1560 BIBLE (Genev.) Neh. ii. 17 Let vs buylde the wall of
Jerusalem, that we be no more a reproche. — Ps. Ixxix. 4
We are a reproche to our neighbours.
Reproach, (rfpwu-tp, v. Also 5-7 reproch(e.
[ad. F. reprocher (OF. also reprochier) = Prov.
repropchar^ Sp. and Pg. reprochar. It. rimproc-
ciare, referred by Diez to a Rom. *repropi&rct f.
L. prope near (the phonology of the stem being
as in F. approcher: see APPROACH v.\ but by
Caix to a *reprobicare from reprobus or reprobdre.
The similarity of the senses to those of F. re-
prouverj to REPROVE, is somewhat in favour of the
latter suggestion. Earlier forms of the verb in
English are REPBOCE and REPBUCE.]
1. trans. To object or cast up (a thing) to, or
bring (up) against, a person as a reproach or fault.
Also const, on. Now rare.
£•1489 CAXTON Sonnes of Aymon vi. 141 It shall not be
reproched to me that ye fyghte me a fote & I on hors-
backe. a 1648 LD. HERBERT Hen. VII( (1683) 561 He
failed not to reproach unto the Pope his assisting of Francis.
1654-66 EARL ORRERY Partken. (1676) 18 Ah, Madam (said I)
reproach me not the crime you yourself made me commit.
1668DRYDEN Dram. Poesy Ess. (ed. Ker) I. 61 The French
writers, .do not burden themselves too much with plot, which
has been reproached to them. .as a fault. 1830 W. TAVLOR
Hist. Surv. Gertn, Poetry II. 60 Lichtenberg.. reproached
to the rude polemic his ingratitude. 1845 E. B. BARRETT
Lett. K. Browning $ E. B. B. I. 69 Jealousy of contem-
poraries, which we hear reproached . . on men of letters. 1870
Daily News 25 Oct., The mere fact of their frequenting
cafe's should not be reproached against them.
t b. To recall with reproaches. 06s. rare — l.
1533 BELLENDEN Livy n. xii. (S. T. S.) I. 173 PC pepill. .ran
with grete cumpanyis to seruilius Consult, llkane reproch-
cand pe promisses maid be him.
2. To upbraid, reprove, or rebuke (a person) ;
fto revile, abuse. Const./v (t^/") something.
1513 DOUGLAS JEneis \. Prol. 504 Gif I haue failjeit, baldly
repruif my ryme, Bot.. Reproche me nocht quhill the work
be oursene. 1533 BELLENDEN Livy n. xxv. (S. T. S.) 1. 233 He
began to reproche bame of bare fleing. 1586 A. DAY Eng.
Secretary H. (1625) 31 That I should be occasioned thus to
reproch you as I do, is .. vnto me no great contentment.
1611 BIBLE yob xxvii. 6 My heart shall not reproach me so
long as I Hue. i66a J. DAVIES tr. Olearius' Voy. Ambass.
10 Our Musketteers..reproach'd him for having communi-
cated too much to us. 1797 MRS. RADCLIFFE Italian vi,
She gently reproached him for doubting the continuance of
her regard. 1815 SHELLEY Lett. Pr. Wks. 1880 III. 347
Your letter has lain by me for the last week, reproaching me
every day. 1877 FROUDE Short Stud. (1883) IV. i. x. 124
He reproached Fitzurse for ingratitude for past kindness.
absol. 1611 BIBLE Ps. xliv. 16 For the voice of him that
reproacheth, and blasphemeth. Ibid. Ixxiv. 10 O God, how
long shall the aduersarie reproach ?
tefl. 17*7 DE FOE Syst. Magic \. iv. (1840) 99 How
would they have reproached themselves. 1841 LANE^Jra^.
Nts. I. loo As she sat reproaching herself, she beheld the
Wezeer standing at her hand. 1870 DICKENS £. Drood iv,
I will not say that I have reproached myself.
b. To upbraid (one) with something.
1715 DE FOE Voy. round World (1840) 45, I would re-
proach them with what had past. 1772 Junius Lett, xxiii.
(1788) 133 note i The Duke, .reproached him in plain ternu
REPBOACHABLE.
with his duplicity. 1838 LYTTON Alien, xiii, Lady Var-
Krave's heart reproached her with not having.. loved this
sweet girl as she deserved. 1855 MACAULAY Hist Eng.
xiii. (1899) II. 10 He was reproached with this misfortune
as if it had been a crime.
rtfl. 1855 LD. HOUGHTON in Life (1891) I. xl. 5*7 It 'S
one of those inconsideratenesses with which I am con-
tinually reproaching myself.
c To censure or reprove (a thing, act, etc.).
i««o HEYLIN Hist. Quinquart. (title-p.), The five Contro-
verted Points Reproached in these last times by the Name
of Arminianism. 1697 DRYDEN jSnrid x. 074 Mezentius
with his ardour warm'd His fainting friends, reproach d
their shameful flight. 1748 JOHNSON Van. Human Wishes
120 His last sighs reproach the faith of Kings. 1813 bHELLEY
Q. Mali vi. 93 Their everlasting and unchanging laws Re-
proached thine ignorance.
f 3. To reject, reprobate. Ola. rare .
'534 WHITINTON Tnllyes Offices 11. (154°) 75 What.. may
lette me to folowe those thyngeswhiche be laudable semynge
to me, and to reproche such as be contrarye?
4. To bring (a thing) into reproach or discredit ;
to be a reproach to (a person).
1593 NASHE Christ's T. 46 Riches as they haue renowned,
so they haue reproched London. 1603 SHAKS. Meas.for M.
\. i. 426 Imputation, For that he knew you, might reproach
your life, And choake your good to come. 1813 J. BAD-
COCK Dom. Amusent. 152 Successful competition in the
show of cotton goods for many years reproached the British
manufacturer. 1886 Daily Tel. 21 June (Cassell), The Inner
Temple Hall, reproached with . . Smirke's poverty-stricken
perpendicular Gothic.
Reproachable (r/proi-tjab'l), a. Now rare.
[a. F. reprochable (i3th c.), or f. prec. + -ABLE.]
1. Deserving of, or liable to, reproach ; censurable.
1531 ELYOT Gffv. I. iv, Suche companions and playfelowes,
whiche shal nat do in his presence any reprocheable acte.
1541 UDALL Erasm. Apoph. 216 That [which] this kyng
iudged contrarie to all reason and reprocheable . . , the same
nowe-.is accoumpted an high pointe & royall thing.
1603 HOLLAND Plutarch's Mar. 191 Silence (a thing more
often praise-worthy than reprochable). 1657-83 EVELYN
Hist. Religion (1850) I. 166 Nor, in the mean time, is our
ignorance reprochable. 1710 STEELE Taller No. 109 P4
This has given Way to such unreasonable Gallantries, that
a Man is hardly reproachable that deceives an innocent
Woman, tho' she has never so much Merit, if she is below
him in Fortune. 1779 G. KEATE Sketches fr. Nat. (ed. 2)
I. 58 A brother, whose conduct towards her had been in the
highest degree reproachable. 1813 Ann. Reg. 158 It was
reproachable with fewer excesses, [189* ZANGWILL Bow
Mystery 56 His linen was reproachable, his dingy boots
were down at heel.]
\\>. Involving reproach to one. 06s. rare.
1634 W. TIRWHYT tr. Balzac's Lett. 391, I have now no
other pretention, but to follow such [studies] as can be no
way reproachable unto me. 1767 S. PATERSON Another
Trav. I. 205 A different way, less shocking and less re-
proachable to our nature, might, .answer the end as well.
t 2. Conveying or implying reproach ; reproach-
ful. (Mis.
1531 ELYOTC70&. ill. ii, He also prohibited that any thinge
shuld be radde or spoken, reprocheable or blasphemous to
god. 1576 Tyde taryeth no man in Collier lllustr. E. E.
Pop. Lit. xvi. 16 The preacher brake out with reprocheable
talke, Saying that we cittizens were all to bad.
Hence Beproa-chableness, -ably. rare—".
1648 HEXHAM, Lasterlicken, Reproachably, or Blame-
ably. [1847- in Webster and later Diets.] 1717 BAILEY vol.
II, Rcproachableness, capableness, etc. of being reproached.
[Hence in Jodrell, Webster (1847) and later Diets.]
Reproa'cher. [f. REPROACH v. + -ER1.]
One who icproaches (t or reviles).
1566 T. STAPLETON Ret. Untr. Jewel Epist., That Rude
Reprocher Diogenes. £1586 C'TESS PEMBROKE Ps. cxxm.
248 Scorn of proud scorners, reproach of mighty reprochers.
1660 INCELO Bentrv. % Ur. u. (1682) 13, I accuse thee..as
a..Reproacher of our most Excellent Constitutions. 1693
MATHER in Owen Holy Spirit Pref. i Virulent Reproachers
of the Operations of the Spirit, a 1831 BENTHAM Deontol.
(1834) II. lor It is only a pain planted in the mind of the re.
proacher. 1841 D'IsRAELl Amen. Lit. (1867) 229 Our re-
proachers fortunately possessed the arts, and even the
learning, which we were willing. .to acquire.
Reproachful (rfprou tjful), a. [-FUL.]
1 1. Full of reproach or shame ; shameful, dis-
graceful. Also, deserving of reproach or censure ;
blameworthy. 06s. (common in i;th c.).
1549 COVERDALE, etc. Erasm. Par. i Cor. 5 By the vyle,
lowe and reprochefull crosse of Christe. Ibid. 31 Well
maye she be coumpted reprochefull, yf she..shewes her
owne unshamefastenesse. 1590 SPENSKR F. Q. HI. i. 9 Full
of disdainefull wrath he fierce uprose For to revenge that
fowle reprochefull shame. 1606 BRVSKETT Civ. Life 87
Esteeming more an honest and a glorious death then a
naturall and reprochfull life. 1666 Bp. S. PARKER Free ft
Impart. Censure (1667) 238 He yielded himself up to a most
reproachful death. 1681 R. L'EsTRANGE Tully's Offices 9
To be Ignorant, and to be deceived, we look upon as a
wretched, and a reproachful thing. 1737 WHISTON Josefhns,
Hist. Pref. § 5 It must be reproachful to write lies when they
must be known, .to be such. 1796 MORSE Anter. Geog. \.
Pref. 3 It would be reproachful for them to suffer this
ignorance to continue.
t b. Discreditable, disreputable. 06s. rare.
1581 SAVILF. Tacitus, Hist. (1591) 104 Thither resorted also
of the baser sort certaine well knowen to Vitellius. .with
which kinde of reprochfull acquaintance he was delited
wonderfully. 1655 tr. SoreCs Com. Hist. Franiion xil. 38
Hortensius. .advised him to take heed how he adventured
again to see for Forrage in such reproachfull places,
t C. Const, to a person, etc. 06s.
1584 COGAN Haven Health (1636) 276 Inhxrere libris,
which never yet was reproachfull to a student, 1670 G. H.
Hill. Cardinals lit. II. a6a A subject indeed too scandalous
487
and reproachfull to the whole Collcdge. 1765 BURKE Corr.
(1844) I. 77 His conduct in public affairs has been very
reproachful to himself and extremely disgustful to me.
2. Full of reproach, reproof, or censure; up-
braiding, t abusive.
1548 ELYOT, Contumeliosus,. .spiteful), reprochfull. 1565
COOPER Thesaurus s.v. Contitmelia, To rate with reproch-
full woordes. 1588 SHAKS. Tit. A. u. i. 55 Not I, till I haue
. .Thrust these reprochfull speeches downe his throat. 1648
MILTON Observ. Art. Peace Ormond Wks. 1851 IV. 561 A
long digression of evill and reproachfull language to the
Parlament and Army of England, a 1656 HALES Gold.
Rem. (1673) i. 98 He is rewarded with no less reproachful a
name then that of Satan. 1769 BLACKSTONE Comm. IV.
xviii. 252 Neither are mere reproachful words, as calling
a man knave or liar, any breach of the peace. 1831 LYTTON
Eugene A. I. viii, Walter, your voice is reproachful ! 1866
MRS. GASKELL Wives tt Dan. I. 296 ' It's Lady Harriet',
said Mrs. Gibson.. in reproachful dismay.
atsol. 1589 PUTTENHAM Eng. Poesie in. xix. (Arb.) 218, I
choose to name him the Reprochfull or scorner.
1 3. Derogatory to a person, etc. 06s. rare.
'570-4 G. SCOTT Treat. Errors Rom. Ch. in Farr S. P.
Eliz (1845) II. 522 Accursed is the worke, Reprochefull
unto God. 1645 PAGITT Heresiogr. (1662) 140 That assertion
is reproachfull to the wisedome of God.
Reproachfully (rfpr^'trfuli), ado. [-LY 2.]
1. In a reproachful, reproving, (t opprobrious
or abusive), manner.
1548 ELYOT, Contumeliose, spitefully, reprochfully. 15*7-9
JEWEL Def. Apol. (1611) 29 What hath the people so
much offended you, that you should.. so reprochfully re-
port of them..? 1596 SPENSER F. Q. vi. xii. 27 Most of
them, .spake reprochfully, not caring where nor when.
1617 MORYSON Kin. HI. 83 They cannot speak more re-
prochfully of any Host, then to say ;. . I did not eate my belly
full there. 01714 SHARp5«r»;. (1754) III. xi. 199 To speak
a word against him, will be to talk slightly and reproachfully
of him ; as calling him a glutton, or a wine-bibber. 1838
LYTTON Alice i. iii, Why does she look reproachfully at me
..if I attempt to draw her to the past? 1867 MRS. H.
WOOD Orville Coll. ix, George .. glanced reproachfully at
her as he turned.
2. Shamefully, disgracefully, contumeliously.
1593 SHAKS. 2 Hen. VI, u. iv. 97 Shall I then be vs'd re-
proachfully? 1641 BAKER Chron. (1653) 125 William Bussey
. . is committed to the Tower of London, and most reproach-
fully used. 1668 CLARENDON Vindic. Tracts (1727) 49
Publickly and reproachfully executed and put to death.
1713 BIRCH in Guardian No. 36 r> 2, I do not know any sort
of Wit that hath been used so reproachfully as the Pun.
Reproa'chfulness. [f- as prec. + -NESS.]
The condition or quality of being reproachful (in
senses of the adj.).
1548 UDALL Erasm. Par. Luke vii. 73 b, This mannes
humanitee and curteous behaueour..ye turne into an
occasion of slaundreous reprochefulnesse. 1583 GOLDING
Calvin on Deut. cxxiv. 762 To the end that Justice should
bee had in honour, and that we should not surmise any re-
prochefulnesse in it [etc.]. 1644 QUARLES Barnabas $ B.
291 The reproachfulness of that death which thy Son
suffered. 1853 KANE Grinnell Exp. xxvii. (1856) 221 And
looked toward me with a sort of startled reproachfulness.
>88z Miss BRADDON Mt. Royal II. v. 96 ' You would leave
me. .', said Mrs. Tregonell, with mild reproachfulness.
Reproa'ching, vbl. s6. [f. REPROACH v. +
-ING *] The action of reproving or upbraiding.
1541-3 Act 34 # 35 Hen. VIII, c. i, Songes and plaies and
enterludes..for the rebuking and reproching of vices. 1611
BIBLE Ecclni. xxix. 28 These things are gneuous to a man
of vnderstanding : the vpbraiding of house-roome, and re-
proching of the lender. 1648 MILTON Observ. Art. Peace
. .
. 1851 IV. 572 For the reproaching, let them
answer that are guilty. 1656 Art!/. Handsom. 66 These..
fall, -to bitter and scurrilous reprochings.
Reproa'cbing, ///• "• P- as Prec- + "1NG 2-l
That reproaches ; upbraiding.
1741 RICHARDSON Pamela III. 169 My Lady said, None of
your reproaching Eye, Pamela ; I know what you hint at.
1795 SOUTHEY Joan of Arc \t. 465 She look'd at him With a
reproaching eye of tenderness. 1817 A. BONAR Serm. II.
xv. 319 The cruel desertions of reproaching kindred.
Hence Reproa'ohingfly adv., in a reproaching
manner ; reproachfully.
1791 CHARLOTTE SMITH Celeslina (ed. 2) I. 27 [His mother],
who seemed to look at him reproachin^ly. 18*6 Chron. in
Ann. Reg. 136/2 She. .looked upon him so reproachingly,
that he shrunk from his purpose. 1880 ' OUIDA ' Moths ix,
1 Unless she be really ill '. .said her mother reproachingly.
Reproa'chless, a. [f. REPROACH s6.] Irre-
proachable.
1816 K. DIGBY Droadst. Hon. I. Godefridus 85 He appeals
..to those who. .could bear testimony to his reproachless
fame. 1891 Pall Mall G. 20 Sept. 6/2 The unfortunate
army, .fought with reproachless courage to the very last.
Hence Reproa'chlessness.
1856 MASSON Chatterton i. iii. (1874) 89 Evidence in
favour of Chatterton's punctual conduct.. has been strained
into a testimony to his moral reproach lessness.
t Beproa'chmeut. 06s.rare-1. [f. REPROACH
v. Cf. obs. F. reprochement (Godef.).] Reproach.
£1585 Fain Em III. 1102 In limiting your love so un.
orderly, for which you rashly endure reproachment.
I Reprobable, a. 06s. rare. [ad. med.L.
reprobabilis, f. I., reprobare : see REPROBATE v., and
cl. obs. F. reprobable (Godef.).] Deserving or
worthy of rejection or reproof; reprobate.
1431-50 tr. HipitH (Rolls) VIII. 15-, I -cnalle divide the
chosen peple of God from peple reprouable [L. a reprobis},
as lyshte from derkenesse. 1513 in W. H. iurner Delect.
Sec. O.rAW(i88o) 42 To your reprobable dishonesties and
rebuke. 1518 ROY Rede me (Arb.) 44 No thynge ther in
was reprohnl.le, But all to gedder true and veritable.
BEFBOBATE.
Re'probacy. [f. REPROBATE a. : see -ACV.]
The state or condition of being reprobate.
»S94 O. B. Quest. Pro/it. Concern. 17 There is also a
certaine sparke or seed of vertue euer remaining in man . .
vnlesse reprobacie haue ouer-run alt. 1647 TRAPP Comm.
Heb. vi. 8 God..smiteth these sinners.. with blindenesse
and reprobacy of minde. 1760-7* H. BROOKE FoolofQual.
(1809) II. 156 The length to which human nature can go in
reprobacy. 1819 Metropolis II. 203 With, .all the appear-
ance of reprobacy in their dress and in their deportment.
1873 SYMONDS Grk. Poets viii. 242 The extravagancies.,
were committed defiantly, in open reprobacy, in scorn of the
acknowledged law.
So -f Re'probance. Obs. rare —I.
1604 SHAKS. Oth. v. ii. 209 This sight would make him do
a desperate turne : Yea, curse his better Angell from his
side, And fall to Reprobance [Qg. reprobation].
t Reprobata-riaiV*. and a. Obs.rare. [f. RE-
PROBATE sb. or v.] a. sd. One who professes the
doctrine of reprobation, b. adj. Relating to re-
probation.
1657 PIERCE Dili. Philanthr. 13 What Tertullian speaks
against Marcion, might very well be repeated against the
Absolute Reprobatarians. 1676 GLANVILL Ess. vll. 22 By
such Principles, .they undermined ..the fierce and churlish
Reprobatanan Doctrines.
Reprobate (re-pr<tt*it), s6. [ad. L. repro-
tdl-us : see next.]
1. One rejected by God; one who has fallen
away from grace or religion ; one lost in sin.
1545 BALE Image Both Ch. II. (1550) 4t The wyse menne
of this worlde, the verye reprobates from God, all drye
without the true faythe, dranke vp this fyllhye water. 1557
N. T. (Genev.) 2 Cor. xiii. 5 Knowe ye not your owne
selues, how that lesus Christ is in you, except ye be repro-
bates? 1630 PRYNNE Anti-Amiin. 103 Mr. Bradford
speakes this onely to silence Reprobates and damned men.
1678 R. BARCLAY Apol. Quakers vii. § 8. 225 We must know
Christ in us, except we be Reprobates, or unjustified
Persons. 1718 MORGAN Algiers I. vi. 170 His People were
become perfect Reprobates, quite devoid of all Religion.
1851 LONCF. Gold. Leg. v. i. 232 A hopeless reprobate, a
hardened sinner, Must be that Carmelite now passing near.
2. An abandoned or unprincipled person; one
whose character is utterly bad ; a scamp.
1591 NASHE Four Lett. Confut. D iij, Thy pen is in state
of a Reprobate with all men of judgement and reckoning.
1603 SHAKS. Meas. for M. iv. iii. 78 What if we do omit
This Reprobate,.. til he were wel enclin'd. 1607 KEY-
WOOD Fayre Mayde Exch. Wks. 1874 II. 80 Come from
him, hee's 'a reprobate. 1706 E. WARD Wooden World
Diss. (1708) 15, I am far from drawing him a downright
Reprobate. 1715 DE FOE Fam. Instruct, i. i. (1841) 1. 12
They always grow worse and worse, till they grow mere
reprobates. 1829 LYTTON Disowned I. iii. 33 At the age of
thirteen [I] was as thorough a reprobate as the tribe could
desire. 1840 MACAULAY Ess., Clive (1887) 526 The general
opinion seems to have been that poor Robert was a dunce,
if not a reprobate. 1879 FROUDE Cxsar xv. 226 He saw
himself driven into banishment by an insolent reprobate, a
patrician turned Radical and demagogue.
Reprobate (re-pr^brt), a. [ad. late L. repro-
liat-us, pa. pple. of reprobare : see next. Most of
the senses are based upon Biblical passages.]
1. Rejected or condemned as worthless, inferior
or impure. Now rare.
1545 BALE Image Both Ch. it. (1550) 105 Declare them
first of all to the worlde, to be the reprobate veselles of dis-
honour, which of wylfulnessecontempneth my eternall very te.
1560 BIBLE (Genev.) Jer. vi. 3oTheishal call them reprobate
[L. reprobum] siluer, because the Lord hathe rejected them.
1581 N. T. (Rhem.) Heb. vi. 8 The earth, .bringing forth
thornes and bryers, it is reprobate [L. reproba\ 1665
I. SPENCER Vulg. Proph. i There is a great deal of repro-
bate Silver which carries the image of the King and looks
like Sterling. 1737 CRUDEN Concordance (1845) 395 This
word among metallists is used to signify any metal that,.,
when tried, . . betrays itself to be adulterate or reprobate.
1817 POLLOCK Course T. u. 69 Creeds, .unsanctioned.., And
reprobate in heaven.
t2. Depraved, degraded, morally corrupt. Obs.
1550 CROWLEY Way to Wealth A vj b, God hath geuen the
vp in to a reprobate minde [Rom. t. 28). 1557 N. T.
(Genev.) 2 Tim. iii. 8 Men of corrupte mindes, reprobate
concerning the faith. 1588 SHAKS. L. L. L. l. ii. 64 If
drawing my sword against the humour of affection, would
deliuer mee from the reprobate thought of it, I would take
Desire prisoner. 1593 — Lucr. 300 By reprobate desire
thus madly led, The Romane Lord marcheth to Lvcrece
from it. 1671 MILTON Samson 1685 Insensate left, or to
sense reprobate, And with blindness internal struck,
f b. Const, to ( = with respect to, in respect of).
1557 N- T. (Genev.) Tit. i. 16 Thei..are abominable and
disobedient, and vnto euerie good worke reprobate {l~rc-
probi\. 1760 C. JOHNSTON Chrysal (1822) II. 86 Something
so grossly reprobate to every sense of real virlue.
3. Rejected by God ; lost or hardened in sin.
1561 T. NORTON Calvin's Insl. i. 2 Those men that are in
elect only. 1667 MILTON />. L. t 697 Thir.. Strength and Art
are easily outdone By spirits reprobate. 1851 MRS. STOWS
Uncle Tom's C. xxxv. 3r4 Hard and reprobate as the god-
less man seemed now [etc.]. 1878 STEWART & TAIT Unseen
Univ i §44. 61 Others cannot admit the eternity of misery,
but believe the most reprobate will ultimately be reclaimed
and elevated into the regions of bliss.
b. Of abandoned character ; lost to all sense of
religious or moral obligation ; unprincipled.
1660 F. BROOKE tr. I.e Blanc's Trav. 3 The greatest part
REPROBATE.
of our company were reprobate persons, and absolute
Atheists. 1719 DE FOE Crusoe n. (Globe) 531 She was not
built for a Privateer, but was run away with by a reprobate
Crew. i?66 [ANSTEY] Batk Guide v. 47 'Twas shocking
to hear The Oaths of that reprobate gouty old Peer. 1884
Illustr. Land. News 25 Oct. 387/3, 1 have known persons
so utterly reprobate and abandoned as to order sherry
and angostura '. .as a whet before dinner.
4. absol. Those who are rejected by God, and
thus excluded from participation in eternal life
with Him. (Opposed to the elect.)
1563 FOXE A. <$• M. 1141/2, I beleue y\ we al shal rise
again in these our bodies. The elect.. to Hue w* Christ for
euer: the reprobate .. to liue w* y* deuil and his angels.
1594 T. B. La Primaud. Fr. Acad. n. 7 It is said of the
reprobate and of them that are hardened, of which sort are
all Atheists, that [etc]. 1651 HOBBES Leviath. in. xxxviii.
244 Wee do not read, that to any of the Reprobate is pro-
mised an Eternall life. 1675 R. BURTHOGGE Causa Dei 66
Thus it is in the Elect and Reprobate. 1833 J. WATER-
WORTH tr, Veron's Rub Cath. Faith 144 Can the pre-
destinate be lost, or the reprobate saved?
f 5. Implying or involving something disgraceful
or discreditable. Obs.
1589 PUTTENHAM Eng. Poesie HI. xxiii. (Arb.) 279 This
word Ckeuaucker in the French tongue hath a reprobate
sence, specially being spoken of a womans riding. 1612
NAUNTON in Buccleuch MSS. (Hist. MSS. Comm.) I. 118
My mediation to bring Sir F. Gr[eville] and him to meet. .
was, I know not how{ turquesed into a reprobate sense..,
as if I were too suspiciously inward with Sir F. Gr.
f 6. Deserving or worthy of condemnation or
reproof; appropriate to reprobates. Obs.
1601 ? MARSTON Pasquil ff Kath. \. 21 Reprobate fashion,
when each ragged clowt . . Reekes in the face of sacred
maiestie His stinking breath of censure ! 1645 MILTON
Colast. Wks. 1851 IV. 374 Who would have deny'd it, but
one of a reprobate ignorance in all hee meddles with. 1768
STERNE Sent. Journ. \. 135 (Amiens}, There was nothing
wrong in the sentiment ; and yet I instantly reproached my
heart with it in the bitterest and most reprobate of ex-
pressions. 1771 MRS. GRIFFITH Hist. Lady Barton III. 171
The following part of my unhappy story . . impels me to wild
distraction, or to reprobate despair.
Reprobate (re-pr^it), v. Also 5-7 as pa.
ppl*. [f. L. reprobat-) ppl. stem of reprobdre, f.
re- RE- 2 d + prob&re to PROVE : cf. REPROVE z/.]
1. trans. To disapprove of, censure, condemn.
I43*~S" tr- Higden (Rolls) VI. 407 Sergius-.beynge a
cardinalle diacon, and reprobate by Formosus the pope,
wente to Fraunce. Ibid. VIII. 259 Gregory the xlh*.. ap-
probate certeyne of the ordres of beggers. .; somme he re-
probate, as frers Saccines. 1607 J. CARPENTER Plaine Mans
Plough 36 So those Scribes.. were rejected.. and their
\vorkes reprobated. i6_7i [R. MAC\VARD] True Nonconf.
145 It was not only not introduced, but plainly reprobate by
our Lord and his Apostles. 175* LAW Spirit Love II. (1816)
129 For nothing is reprobated in Cain, but that very same
which is reprobated in Abel. 1787 WINTER Syst. Httsb. 205
His neighbours reprobated his method of proceeding. 1850 i
W. IRVING Mahomet vii. (1853) 36 He reprobated what he
termed the heresies of his nephew. 1882 J. B. STALLO \
Concepts Mod. Physics 57 The 'assumption ' of universal '
attraction is reprobated as an 'absurdity ' by James Croll.
fb. To abhor to do a thing. Obs. rare*1.
1779 EARL MALMESBURV Diaries <$• Corr. I. 236 His I
Prussian Majesty has.. perhaps employed means we should
reprobate to make use of.
2. Of God : To reject or cast off (a person or
persons) from Himself; to exclude from partici-
pation in future bliss. (Cf. REPROBATION 3.)
15*6 Pilgr. Per/. (W. de W. 1531) 24 b, For theyr synne they I
be reprobate & forsaken of god. 1641$ SIR T. BROWNE Pseud. \
Ep. 340 That the Thiefe on the right hand was saved, and the |
other on the left reprobated .. we are ready to admit, a. 1711
KEN Psyche Poet. Wks. 1721 IV. 294 Paternal God, though
it is just To reprobate infected Dust [etc.]. 1751 LAVINGTON I
Entkus. Metn. ty Papists in. (1754) 3 Persons of weak
Spirits . . will naturally . . look upon themselves as reprobated,
and forsaken of God. 17^83 COWPER Let. to Newton 21 Apr.,
Such a man reprobated in the great day, would be the most
melancholy spectacle. 1847 J. KIRK Cloud Disp. xi. 164
Proof that God has reprobated from eternity a certain part
of mankind.
3. To reject, refuse, put away, set aside. (Some-
times with suggestion of sense i.)
1609 BIBLE (Douay) Gen. xxv. comm.t The younger is
elected, the elder reprobate, a 1661 FULLER Worthies (1840)
III. 130 Pole being reprobated, Julius the Third.. was
chosen in his place. 1773 JOHNSON Let. to Mrs. Thrale
20 Sept., I think the resolution both of my head and my
heart engaged, and reprobate every thought of desisting
from the undertaking. 1782 PRIESTLEY Matt. $ Spir.
(ed. 2) I. Pref. 30 Mr. De Luc., will see this opinion.. repro-
bated with contempt. 1850 NEALE Med. Hytnns (1867) 116
Reprobated and rejected Was this Stone.
b. Law. To reject fan instrument or deed) as
not binding on one. (Chiefly in Sc. Law, as op-
posed to APPROBATE.) Also absol.
17*6 AYLIFFH Parergon 305 An Exception lies against the
Tenor of an Instrument by other Proofs and Evidence in
Writing : and this Method (among others) is the best way
of reprobating an Instrument, a 1768 ERSKINE Inst. Law
Scot. in. iii. § 49 (1773) 465 The grantee does not in such
case approbate and reprobate the same deed. 1836 Blackw.
Mag. XXXIX. 662 You cannot approbate and reprobate
the same instrument. 1899 19^/1 Cent. May 734 The
clerical objector cleaves to the one set of laws and rejects
the other. He seeks to approbate and reprobate.
to. To repudiate, cast off, disown. ? Obs.
1748 RICHARDSON Clarissa (1811) I, xxv. 179, I beseech him
not to reprobate his child for an aversion which it is not in
her power to conquer. 1780 Newgate Cal. V. 154 The
seduction was followed by very disagreeable consequences :
the father reprobated his daughter.
488
f4. intr. To employ reproaches. Obs. rare— *.
1698 Christ Exalted 100 He reprobated exceedingly
against Israel.
Hence Re -probated///, a. Also absol.
1535 JOYE Apol. Tindale (Arb.) 16 Where the state of the
electe and of the teprobated immediately after their deth is
described. 1647 WITHER Carmen Extost. B iij, God hath,
for that offence, Expos'd you to a reprobated sense, Believing
lies. 1668 CLARENDON Contempt, Ps. Tracts (1727) 571 It is
not possible for the most reprobated sinner to believe [etc.].
1782 COWPER Table-T. 459 Callous and tough, The repro-
bated race grows judgment-proof. 1790 HAN. MORE Relig.
Fash. World '(1791)197 This reprobated strictness therefore
. . is in reality the true cause of actual enjoyment.
Re-probateness. rare—0, [f. REPROBATE a. +
•NESS.] The state of being reprobate.
1611 FLORIO, Reprobaggine, reprobate ness, reprobation.
1731 BAILEY vol. \\,Reprobatencss^\\t state of a reprobate ;
wickedness, impiety.
Re'probater. rare. [f. REPROBATE v. + -ER!.]
One who reprobates.
1806 M. NOBLE Contn. Granger's Hist. Eng. 1 1 1. 490 John,
duke of Argyle, the patriotic reprobater of French modes.
iSaa T. TAYLOR Apuleins 310 A reprobater of what is evil.
Re-probating, ppl. a. [f. as prec. + -ING ^.]
That reprobates or condemns.
0.1660 HAMMOND Strut. (1850) 359 In passing judgments
Ei men's future estates, the censorious reprobating spirit.
NORRIS Beatitudes (1652) 103 A good way to counter-
mce the Severity of their Reprobating Decrees. 1847
KIRK Cloud Disp. xi. 164 He carries out his reprobating
decree.
Reprobation (repr^Lv' 'Jan). Also 5-6 -cio(u)n.
fad. late L. reprobation- etn^ noun of action f. re~
probdre : see REPROBATE v. and -ATION, and cf. F.
reprobation (i4thc.).]
fl. Reproof, shame. Obs. rare~*.
1436 Libel Eng. Policy in Pol. Poems (Rolls) II. 165 They
that the see shulde kepe are moche to blame.. And Seynt
Malouse turneth hem to reprobacioun.
2. The action of raising objections or exceptions
(against a thing or person) ; a legal objection or
exception, rare.
c 1485 Digby Myst. (1882) u. 46 We know your trewe dely-
gens To persue all tho that do reprobacion A-gayns owur
lawes by ony redarguacion. 1681 STAIR /tut. Law Scot.,
Form of Process 43 The Lords will supersede to advise
the Testimonies, .till the Reprobation be first advised. 1856
BOUVIER Laiv Dict.t Reprobation^ The propounding of ex-
ceptions either against facts, persons or things, as to
allege that certain deeds or instruments have not been duly
or lawfully executed.
3. Theol. Rejection by God ; the state of being
so rejected or cast off, and thus ordained to eternal
misery. (Opposed to election in the Calvinistic
doctrine of predestination : cf. REPROBATE a. 4
and v. a.)
1531 MORE Con/ut. Tindale Wks. 815/1 To fall in dispi-
cions vpon Gods eleccion,. .and eternal! sentence of repro-
bacion. a 1569 KINGESMYLL Confl. Satan (1578) 16 Is it
then such a note of reprobation as that a man may say ..we
are not Gods children? i6a8 WITHER Brit. Remenib. vm.
533 They Reprobation otherwhile confound With our Pre-
destination. 1651 C. CARTWRIGKT Cert. Relig. r. 222 Austine
doth call reprobation predestination to destruction. 1699
B u RNET 39 A rt. x vii. (i 700) 1 67 Those who do once persuade
themselves that the Doctrine of Reprobation is false. 1753
SMOLLETT Cut. Fathom (1784) 51/2 He would have left the
whole species in a state of reprobation, rather than redeem
them at that price. 1813 SHELLEY Q. Mob vn. 149 These in
a gulf of anguish and of flame, Shall curse their reprobation
endlessly. 1860 PUSEY Min. Proph, 30 To sin on without
punishment is a sign of reprobation.
4. Rejection of a person or thing ; condemnation
as worthless or spurious.
1581 N. T. (Rhem.) Heb. vii. 18 Reprobation certes is made
of the former commandment. 1607 TOPSELL Four-/. Beasfs
(1658) 232 It is good also to set down the faults and signesof
reprobation in Horses. 1693 DRYDEN Disc. Satire Ess.
(ed. Ker) II. 23 You are empowered to., set a brand of repro-
bation on clipt poetry, and false coin. 1805 FORSYTH Beauties
Scotl. 11.443 The out-field land remained in a state of utter
reprobation. No dung was ever spread on any part of it.
b. Disapproval, censure, reproof.
1727 POPE & GAY Punning Swift's Wks. 1751 VI. 247 The
Lord mercifully spared his Neck, but as a mark of Re-
probation wryed his Nose. 1797 MRS. RADCLIFFE Italian
xi, She proceeded to speak of Ellena with the caustic of
severe reprobation. 1x1848 R. W. HAMILTON Rew. 4-
Punishm. vii. (1853) 33° The history unfolded by Scripture
is one series of reprobations against sin. 1883 SPENCER
in Contemp. Rev. XLIII. 15 The fear of public reprobation
affects men more than the fear of divine vengeance,
f c. Token of condemnation ; disfigurement.
1774 GOLDSM. Nat. Hist. I. 381 There is scarce a limb of
the body, or scarce a feature of the face, that has not suffered
some reprobation, either from art or nature.
Hence f Reproba'tioner, a believer in the doc-
trine of reprobation. Obs. rare~l.
1692 SOUTH Serm, (1727) III. 431 Any of the Geneva, or
Scotch Model, (which sort of sanctified Reprobationers we
abound with).
Reprobative (re'pr^Lv'tiv), a. [f. REPRO-
BATE v. + -IVE.] Conveying or expressing dis-
approval or reprobation.
1835 I. TAYLOR Spir. Despot. HI. 109 Nor has ever a public
reprover employed language more stern and reprobative.
1856 C. J. ELLICOTT in Cambr. Ess. 155 Even a collector
like Fabricius. .felt himself obliged to disclaim any, save a
reprobative interest in these poor gospels. 187* Contetnp.
Rev. XXI. 75 Infants and men are alike fit subjects of the
elective or reprobative decree.
REPRODUCE.
Hence Re'probatively adv. rare~l.
1846 Mrs. GORE Eng. Char. (1852) 149 He displaces the
centurion, of whom the private secretary spake reprobatively
over-night.
Reprobator1 (re-pr^b^t/i). Sc. Law. [ad.
med.L. (actio) *reprobatoria : see REPROBATE v.
and -ORY ^.] An action for the purpose of proving
a witness to be liable to valid objections or to a
charge of perjury.
1666 88 DALLAS Syst. Stiles 900 Not admitted to be added
after a Reduction was Filled up,.. but reserved a special
action of Reprobator. /bid., Reprobators found Relevant
upon Libelling of Corrupting of Witness. 1681 STAIR Inst.
Law Scot., Form o/ Process 43 Even after Sentence, Repro-
bators are Competent, a 1768 ERSKINE Inst. Law Scot, iv,
ii. § 29 (1773) 678 The party objecting may. .protest for a
reprobator, i. e. protest that he may be allowed afterwards
to bring evidence of the witness's enmity to him, or of his
partial counsel in some other article. 1838 W. BELL
Diet. Law Scot. 854 The ground of reprobator might have
been proved both by the oath of the party who had adduced
the witness objected to, and by the testimony of other wit-
nesses. Ibid. There is no recent example of an action of
reprobator.
t Re'probator ~. Obs. rare-1, [a. L. type
reprobator^ agent-n. f. reprobare to REPBOBATE.]
= REPROBATER.
1684 T. HOCKIN God's Decrees 260 God himself.. becomes
the absolute Reprobator of men.
Re*proba=toryv*. [f. as REPROBATE v. + ORY 2.]
Reprobative, condemnatory.
1813 New Monthly Mag. V 1 1 1 . 559 The fate of Sir Charles
Vernon afforded an ample field for reprobatory exclamation.
1831 SCOTT yrnl. (1890) II. 381, I drew up, with much
anxiety, an address reprobatory of the Bill.
t Reprobature. Obs. Sc. Law. [f. as prec.
•f -URE.] The course or procedure of taking ex-
ception to a witness (cf. REPROBATOR *).
1681 STAIR Inst. Law Scot., Form of Process 43 Prompt-
ing, and instructing witnesses how to depone, or threatnmg
them,.. are pregnant grounds of Reprobature.
t Reprp'bitant, ". Obs. rare~ l. (Formation
and meaning obscure.)
a 15*9 SKELTON Sp. Parrot 436 Crete reysons with resons
be now reprobitante, For reysons are no resons, [etc.].
t Repro'brious, a. Obs. rare—1, [irreg. f.
L. reprobare^ on analogy of opprobrious^ Re-
proachful, abusive.
1585 in G. Tolstoy 40 Yrs. Interc. Eng. ty Russ. (1875) 266
One of your people . . wrote letters to his countrie with
many reprobrious inventions to the infamy of our kingdome,
t ReprO'CC, sb. Obs. rare~l. [a. AF. (and
i OF.) reproce^ var. of reproche REPROACH sb. See
; also REPRUCE sbj\ Reproach.
a 13*5 Prose Psalter Ixviii. 10 For ich suffred for |>e re-
I proces, confucioun couerd my face,
t Repro'ce, v. Obs. rare. [ad. AF. (and OF.)
reprocer, var. of reprocher to REPROACH. See also
REPRUCE z>.] trans, and absol. To reproach.
Hence f Repro'cing vbl. sb.
a 13*5 Prose Psalter xliii. 18 Fram be voice of be repro-
ceand and pe o^ains spekand. Il>id. Ixxiu. 1 1 ping to when,
God, bat byn enemy shal reproce be. Ibid. Ixxviii. 4 We ben
made in reproceing to our ne3bur5s.
Reproclai'm («"-), v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To
proclaim again.
1591 Troub. Raigne K. John (1611) 61 It resteth we
throughout our territories Be reproclaimed and inuested
King. 1638 RIDER Horace,Odes i. xii, What persons name
Shall the deluding Echo reproclaime. 1816 COLERIDGE Lay
Serm. (Bonn) 329 Whoever should have the hardihood to
reproclaim its solemn truths must commence with a glossary.
1862 M. HOPKINS Hawaii 264 Protestantism was re-pro-
claimed as the religion of the government.
So Rep r o clam a' t ion.
merican V. 403 A formal .. reproclamation of their
principles. 1885 J. BROWN Bunyan 133 All the country
through there were proclamations and reproclamalions.
Reprocu-re (n-), v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To
procure again.
1591 SYLVESTER Ivryy} If It [the Church] may ever hope
to reprocure A holy and a happy Peace. 1679 KID in G.
Hickes Spirit of Popery 12 The reprocuring of the Lords
fallen work. 1815 JEFFERSON Writ. (1830) IV. 263 The
means of reprocuring some part of the literary treasures
which I have ceded to Congress. 1840 POE W. Wilson
Wks. 1864 I. 432 Lights were immediately reprocured.
Hence Reprocu'rable it.
1866 DOLING Anita. Chew. 91 Acetic acid is reprocurable
from alcohol by oxidation.
Reproduce (npnJdiw's), v. [f. RE- 53 + PRO-
DUCE v.s prob. after F. reproduire (l6th c.).]
L trans. To bring again into material existence ;
to create or form anew; spec, in Biol. to form
(a lost limb or organ) afresh; to generate (new
individuals).
i6ix COTGR., Rcprodnire^ to reproduce, to yeeld or bring
forth againe. a 1676 HALE Prim. Orig. Man. n. vii. 193
Which, .if they had been the Product of the Plastick power
of the Earth, would have been Annually re-produced, a 1700
KEN Hymnotheo Poet. Wks. 1721 III. 85 God's Voice de-
a head or a tail, or both. 1800 FELLOWFS Chr. P kilos.
(ed. 3) 227 Man. .reproduces his kind ; and he vanishes into
darkness. 1848 W. H. BARTLETT Egypt to Pal. x. (1879) 225
We gathered the seed of some of these,.. hoping to repro-
duce them at home. 1870 ROI.LRSTON Anim, Lift Introd.
REPBODUCEABLE.
67 Some Amphibia possess a great power of repairing inju-
ries, and of reproducing destroyed or amputated organs.
b. With immaterial object.
1776 ADAM SMITH IV. A7", n. ii. (1869) I. 293 Industrious
people, who re-produce, with a profit, the value of their
annual consumption. 1818 COUBETT Pol. Reg. XXXIII.
372 The great prosperity, which the industry and energy of
the nation soon re-produced. 1863 FAWCETT Pol. Econ. I.
iv. 28 A man may spend capital on productive wealth ; then
capital is. .reproduced.
refl. 1842 MANNING Serin. i. (1848) I. 6 As sin, through
the power of death, withers off. .it perpetually reproduces
itself. 1877 Nature 30 Aug. 360/1 It is evident, .that the
sounds would reproduce themselves with the same pitch in
the scale.
o. absol. To multiply by generation.
1894 Times (weekly ed.) 31 Aug. 689/2 It [the bacillus]
reproduces at the rate of hundreds per day. 1896 tr. Boas'
Texl-bk. Zool. 38 Among those animals which reproduce
only by fertilised ova, successive generations are almost
always alike.
2. To produce again by means of combination
or change.
1666 BOYLE Orig. Formes ft Q'lal. Wks. 1772 III. 61 If we
could reproduce a body which has been deprived of its sub-
stantial form. 1704 NEWTON Of tics (1721) 134 Whenever all
those Rays, .are mix'd again, they reproduce the same white
Light as before. 1839 G. BIRD Nat. Philos. 325 A convex
lens . . will bring all the rays to a focus, and reproduce white
light. 1878 HUXLEY Physiogr. 116 When the vapour of
water is condensed it reproduces pure water.
3. To bring about again; to effect, exhibit, or
present anew; to repeat in some fashion.
1688 DRYDEN Brit. Rediv. 217 His inborn courage. . Might
reproduce some second Richard's reign. 1830 HERSCHEL
Stud. Nat. Phil. 119 Whenever we notice a remarkable
effect of any kind, our first question ought to be, Can it be
reproduced? 1860 TYNDALL Glac. n. xiv. 307 Rendu af-
firmed. .that all the phenomena of a river were reproduced
upon the Mer de Glace. 1877 Nature 6 Sept. 403/2 He has
rendered it possible to reproduce the human voice with all
its modulations at distant points.
refl. 1870 ROGERS Hist. Gleanings Ser. ir. 52 History is
apt to reproduce itself.
b. To repeat in a more or less exact copy ; to
produce a copy of (a work of art, picture, draw-
ing, etc.) , now esp. by means of engraving, photo-
graphy, or similar processes.
1850 LEITCH tr. C. O. Mailer's Anc. Art § 83 (ed. 2) 50 In
colonies the form of the images in the metropolis was faith-
fully reproduced. 1868 FREEMAN Norm. Cany. (1877) II. ix.
400 The rude art of English masons strove to reproduce the
campaniles of Northern Italy. 1892 Photogr. Ann. II. 238
.
The diagrams reproduced on the adjoining page
absol. 1849 LYTTON Caxtons i. v, I already be
tate, to reproduce.
y began to i
o. intr. To turn out (well, etc.) in a copy.
i89« Pall Mall G. 2 Dec. 3/2 The drawings . . reproduce
in^ monochrome-plate process with greater strength than
might be expected.
£. To present again in writing or print.
1860 TYNDALL Glac. I. xxv. 178 A letter .. so interesting
that I do not hesitate to reproduce it here. 1883 Spectator
25 July 977/1 The legends . . here reproduced were well
worth reproducing.
5. To create again by a mental effort ; to repre-
sent clearly to the mind.
1869 TOZER Highl. Turkey II. 201 These scenic edifices. .
enable our mind's eye to reproduce the people . . congregated
together 1870 ROGERS Hist. Gleanings Ser. n. 199 The
novels of the eighteenth century enable us to reproduce the
parson of the time with ease.
6. To bring out again.
18350. HOGARTH Mas. Hist. (1838) II. 158 He also re-
modelled his opera of The Wood Girl, and reproduced it
under the title of Sylvana.
Hence Beprodivced, Reproducing ppl. adjs.
Also Repi-odu-ceable a., reproducible.
1832 HT. MARTINEAU Hillf, Valley vi. 87 The second and
third, .constituted the reproduceable capital of the concern.
1882 SEELEY Nat. Kelig. 103 A sort of reflected or repro-
duced eternity. 1892 Photogr. Ami. II. 106 Dispositives
and reproduced negatives. 1893 Athenxum 30 Sept. 452/1
His adoption of his master's [style] is that of a student . . not
that of a mere reproducing copyist.
Reproducer (rf-). [f. prec. + -ER 1.]
1. One who or that which reproduces.
1774 BURKE Amer. Tax. Wks. 1792 1. 563 You understand. .
that I speak of Charles Townshend, officially the re-producer
of this fatal scheme. 1841 GLADSTONE State in Rel. Ch. iv.
§ ico (ed. 4), Not as a creator, or an inventor, or even a repro-
ducer, of a system. 1876 Conlemf. Rev. XXVII. 968 A
timid, dependent, incoherent reproducer, whose plagiarisms
his old pupil amused himself by detecting.
2. spec. In the phonograph, the part by which
the sound is reproduced.
1888 Nature 29 Nov. 108/1 Consequently, there are two
diaphragms, one a recorder and the other a reproducer.
Reprodu cible (rf-), a. [f. as prec. + -IBLE.]
That may be reproduced; admitting or suscep-
tible of reproduction.
1834 HT. MARTI.NEAU Moral i. 4 The first constitutes fixed
capital ; the second and third reproducible capital. 1883
Fortn. Rev. i Aug. 275 The results of scientific discoveries
. .are, as a rule, reproducible at will.
Reproduction (rfpnto-kfan). [f. REPRODUCE,
after production; cf. F. reproduction (1690).]
1. The action or process of forming, creating or
bringing into existence again.
1659 PEARSON Creed (1839) 361 Things immaterial and in-
corruptible cannot be said to rise again ; resurrection im-
plying a reproduction. 1666 BOYLE Grip-. Formes A Oital,
VOL. VIII.
489
Wks. 1772 III. 61 The experiment recorded by our author
about the reproduction of salt-petre. 1776 ADAM SMITH
W. N. n. v. (1869) I. 368 No equal quantity of productive
labour employed in manufactures can ever occasion so great
a reproduction. 1843 H. ROGERS Ess. (1874) I. iii. 107 We
shall as soon see the reproduction of an Aristotle as of a
Demosthenes. 1845 M'CuLLOCH Taxation Introd. (1852) 6
A system of taxation acting on capital, .destroys alike the
desire and the means of reproduction.
b. The process, on the part of certain animals,
of reproducing parts of the organism which have
been destroyed or removed. (Now freq. called
regeneration to distinguish it from next.)
1727-38 CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v., The reproduction of several
parts of lobsters, crabs, etc. makes one of the great curiosities
in natural history. 1774 GOLDSM. Nat. Hist. VIII. 172 We
owe the first discovery of this power of reproduction in
animals to Mr. Trembley, who first observed it in the polypus.
1840 tr. Cnvh'r's Anim. Kin^d. 18 Organized beings have
even the faculty of reproducing, .certain of their parts of
which they may have been deprived. This has been named
the power of reproduction. 1884 Mind July 415 The question
of the Reproduction of Lost Parts is interesting from several
points of view in biology.
c. The process of producing new individuals of
the same species by some form of generation ; the
generative production of new animal or vegetable
organisms by or from existing ones ; also, power
of reproducing in this way.
1785 SMELLIE tr. Baffin's Nat. His/, (ijgi) II. 16 And,
without limiting our research to the generation of man, or
of any particular animal, let us contemplate the general
phaenomena of reproduction. 1835-6 Todd's Cycl. Anat. I.
145 When we examine animals in the next grade, we find
reproduction taking place by the concurrence of sexes. 1861
BENTLEY Man. Bot. 749 Much difference of opinion has
arisen, .as to the mode in which reproduction takes place in
the different divisions of the Vegetable Kingdom. 1883
WALLEM Fish Supply Norway \o (Fish. Exhib. Publ.),'i'he
reproduction of the cod is extraordinarily great.
d. The action or process of bringing again
before the mind in the same form.
1800 FELLOWF.S Chr. Philos. (ed. 3) 232 note, I suppose
ideas to be . . capable of excitement and reproduction. 1836-7
SIR W. HAMILTON Metaph. (1877) II. xx. 13 By reproduc-
tion. .1 strictly mean the process of recovering the absent
thought from unconsciousness. 1884 T. SULLY Outlines
Psychol. 477 Fear and anger have their rise in the mental
reproduction of some organic pain.
e. The action or process of repeating in a copy.
Also atirib.
1883 HALDANE Workshop Receipts Ser. n. 181/1 Auto-
graphs for reproduction must be written with ink or pencil.
1890 Anthony's Photogr. Bull. III. 247 For the photo-
grapher who is exclusively occupied with reproduction
photography, this is fully satisfactory.
2. A copy or counterpart ; in recent use esp. a
copy of a picture or other work of art by means
of engraving or some other process.
1807 ]. BARLOW Columl. n. 88 More perfect some, and
some less perfect yield Their reproductions in this wondrous
field. 1853 J. H. NEWMAN Hist. Sk. (1873) II. i. i. 23 The
Huns were but reproductions of the ancient Scythians. 1892
Photogr. Ann. II. in The hypothesis as to the nature of
heliocnromic reproductions.
b. A representation in some form or by some
means of the essential features of a thing.
1844 EMERSON Nature, Commodity Wks. (Bohn) II. 144
The useful arts are reproductions or new combinations by
the wit of man, of the same natural benefactors. 1856
STANLEY Sinai fy Pal. Pref. 22 The Bedouin tents are still
the faithful reproduction of the outward life of the patriarchs.
1879 FARRAR St. Paul (1883) 71 St. Luke's dramatic repro-
duction of the vague murmurs of a throng.
Reproductive (rfpnydo-ktiv), a. [f. REPRO-
DUCE, after productive.]
1. Of the nature of, pertaining to, or effecting,
reproduction.
. '753 CHAMBERS Cycl. Supp. App. s.v. Reproduction, What
is said of the want of the reproductive power of these parts,
relates only to the head and tail ends. 1830 LYELL Princ.
Geol. I. 200 We might divide the consideration of springs . .
into their destroying and reproductive agency. 1865 MERI-
VALE Rom. Emp. VIII. Ixviii. 353 The slave population was
not reproductive ; it was only kept at its level by fresh
drafts from abroad. 1890 * R. BOLDREWOOD ' Col. Reformer
(1891) 241 Plans of reproductive outlay, certain to pay cent
per cent.
2. spec, in Biol. Connected with or effecting
generative reproduction in animals or plants.
1836-9 Todd's Cycl. Anat. II. 412/1 This type of the re-
productive apparatus extends through a wide range of
animals. 1859 Ibid. V. 22o/r Reproductive organs of the
red Algse. 1870 ROLLESTON Anim. Life Introd. 47 The re-
productive system has furnished a basis for the division of
the Class Mammalia. 1888 ROLLESTON & JACKSON Anim.
Life 208 Ordinary nephridia, which take on a sexual function
at the reproductive season.
Hence Beprodu'ctively, Reprodivctiveiiess,
Beproducti'vity.
1860 PUSEY Min. Proph. 167 Moab..had the degrading
worship of Baal-peor, re-productiveness, 1873 SYMONDS Grk.
Poets viii. 240 A profound sympathy with nature in her
large and perpetual reproductiveness. 1881 Academy 30 Apr.
322 The common impressionability and reproductivity of
nervous tissue. 1883 Chicago Advance 3 May, None can
..have been so reproductively fruitful as that first one.
Reprodu'Ctor. rare—1, [f. REPRODUCE v.~\
An animal used for reproducing its species.
1888 W. WILLIAMS Prixc. fet. Mett, led. 5) 264 A Minis-
terial Order in Prussia prohibits the removal or use, as re-
productors, of affected stallions.
BEPBOOF.
rare-". [Cf. prec. and
or used in reproduction '
Reprodu'ctory, a.
-ORY ".] ' Pertaining to
(Webster 1847).
Reprofa'ne, v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To pro-
fane afresh.
1614 SYLVESTER Bethulia's Rescue 1. 194 If this thine Altar
. . Be re-profan'd with Heathen Hecatombs.
Reproffe, obs. form of REPROOF.
t ReprO'ffer, v. Obs. rare. [RE- 5 a.] intr.
Of a stag : To turn back into the water again.
1486 Bk. St. Albans E vij, Therfore it is (Profre) as thyse
hunters sayne And (Reprofre) yf the same waye he torne
agayne. 1602 md Pt. Return fr. Parnass. II. v. 907 The
Hart presently discended to the Riuer, and being in the
water, proferd, and reproferd, and proferd againe.
Reproje'ct, v. [Rs- 5 a.] To plan again.
"795 WOLCOTT (P. Pindar) Hair Powder Wks. 1812 III.
301 Where thou, and honest Rumbold-hunting Harry Pro-
ject and reproject and oft miscarry.
Repro'niise, sb. rare — '. [RE- 5 a.] A re-
newed or further promise.
1750 HODGES Chr. Plan (1755) 171 This repromise supposes
plainly, that there was one prior to any, that is mentioned
by the prophets.
t Repromise, v. 06s. [ad. L. repromittire :
see next and PROMISE v.'] trans. To promise in
return. Hence Repro'mised ppl. a.
1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 23r The..crowne of
lyfe whiche god hath repromysed to all them that loueth
hym. <zx6i8 SYLVESTER Job n. 175 How shall that Hap
appear, Which you yer-while did so re-promise, hear? 1620
T. GRANGER Div. Logike 219 Whereby God promiseth his
grace, and loue vnto men, and men repromise constant
obedience due to him. 1633 Bp. HALL Hard Texts, N.T.
496 The extending of the bounds of this repromised land
towards the north.
t Reproitti'ssion. Obs. Also 4 -mysoioun,
-misoioun, 4-5 -myssioun, 6 -myssyon. [a. OF.
repromission, or ad. L. repromission-em, f. repro-
mittere : see next.] A counter-promise, a pro-
mise made in return. Land of repromission, the
promised land.
1382 WYCLIE Heo. vi. 15 So he longe suffringe gaat re-
promyscioun, or biheeste a}en. c 1400 MAUNDEV. (Roxb.)
Pref. i pe land of repromission, bat men calles be Haly
Land. 1526 Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) r. The passage of
the chyldren of Israel, .through the reed see towarde the
lande of repromyssyon. 1642 CHAS. I Let. 14 June, The
humble Repromission and Resolution of the Captains and
Souldiers. 1659 R. GELL Amendm. Bible 85 Repromission
or answering by promise to God's stipulation. 1692 Covt.
Grace Conditional 29 By Conditions I understand the re-
stipulation or repromission in a Covenant.
t Repromi't, v. Obs. rare-1, [ad. L. repro-
mittire, f. re- RE- + promittere to promise. Cf.
obs. F. repromettre^\ To promise in return,
1637-50 Row Hist. Kirk (Wodrow Soc.) 26 A faire ansuer
..was returned by the Queen, and the Assemblie repro-
mitts to be loveing, . . and obedient subjects to hir Majestic.
Repro-mulgate (rf), v. [RE- 5 a.] trans.
To promulgate again.
1847 in WEBSTER. 1866 Macm. Mag. Feb. 273 The funda-
mental principle of persecution has been distinctly re-
promulgated. 1871 FARRAR Wit*. Hist. iii. ri? The tenth
Lateran Council found it necessary to repromulgate the
doctrine of immortality.
So Repromulga'tion.
a 1754 M«LAURIN Serm.t; Ess. (1755) 243 The clear repro-
mulgation of that law. .has far superior effects.
Reproof (riprzrf). Forms : a. 4 reproef, 4-5
reprof, 4-6 reprofe, 5-6 reproffe, 5-7 reproofe,
(6 -proufe), 5- reproof ; 4-6 reproue, (4 -pruve,
5 -prowe), 5-6 reprove; also 5-6 Sc. repruf(e,
-pruff, (5 -prwfe, -prwe), 6 reprulf. ft. 4-5
repref, (5 -preff, -preffe), 4-6 reprefe, -preef,
(6 -fe), 5-6 Sf. repreif(e, 6 reprieve, -prife,
reypriff; 4-6 repreue, -preve, 6" repreeve,
-prieve, -prive. [a. OF. reprove, -prouve (AF.
also repreove'), vbl. sb. f. reprover to REPROVE.
On the variation in the forms see PROOF sl>."]
f 1. Shame, disgrace, ignominy or reproach, ad-
hering or resulting to a person in consequence or by
reason of some fact, event, conduct, etc. (Occas.
with a and//.) Obs.
a. 13. . Senyn Sag. (W.) 2871 Methink thou wirkis, to thi
reproue, Onence thi son that thou sold loue. 1340 HAM POLK
Pr. Consc. 5555 Thurgh defaute of hym er bai In grete re-
prove, c 1400 LOVE Bonavent. Mirr. Life Xt. (B.N.C.) If. 14
It is abhomynable bynge and a grete reproofe to a mayden
. .to be a grete iangelere. c 1500 Lancelot r252 Madem, I
wot that for to loue yone knycht,..It war to yow no maner
of Reprwe. 1569 Reg . Priry Council Scot. II. 56 Under
the pane of repruif, infamy, and perjurie. 1590 SHAKS. Com.
Err. v. i. 90 She did betray me to my owne reproofe. a 1631
DONNE Serm. (1640) 360 If. .thou return.. to the Repursuite
of those half-repented Sins. . : This is a Reproofe.
ft. £1380 Sir Ferumb. 404 Ne were it for repreue, By
Mahoun, bat ys my vowee of byn heued y wolde hee reue.
c 1386 CHAUCER Pard. T. 595 It is repreeue and contrarie
of honour For to ben holde a commune hasardour. 1430-40
LYDG. Bochas y. xxxii. (1554) 141 b, Bochaslist not expresse
More of his life fulfilled of all repreues, 1513 DOUGLAS
sEneis I. Prol. 435 That war repreif to thair diuinite, And
na reproche vnto the said Enee. 1567 Lucres <$• Eur,
Hivb, Yf I shoulde carye thee about wyth me,.. what re-
prefe and shame shulde it be both to the and me?
fb. One who, or thnt which, is a disgrace or
discredit to something. Obs. rare,
62
RE-PROOF.
c 1436 Pol. Poems (Rolls) II. 148 Thow Phellippe, foundour
of new falsehede, Distroubar of pees, . . reprof of alle knyght-
hode. 1501 DOUGLAS Pal. Hon. i. i, Schaw now thy schanie,
..schaw thy endite reprufe of rethoryis.
'\ 2. Insulting or opprobrious language or action
used against a person ; insult, contumely,scorn. Obs.
o. a 1340 HAMPOLE Psalter xiv, 4 Reprofe that was sayd
agayns men he accept it noght. ^1380 WYCLIF Sel. Wks.
III. 336 More men wondren whi t>ei cursen. .not for reprofe
don to Crist and his majeste. a 1400 Prynter (1891) 97 (Ps.
cxix. 22), Bere awey fro me reprof and despyt. 1596 DAL-
HVMPLE tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. x. 284 Lenox selfe thay cast
doune to the Inglis schipis farr of with gret reprofe.
/J. c 1380 WYCLIF Sertn. Sel. Wks. I. 34 To |>e repreef of
Crist bei clepide him a Samaritan, c 1460 Play Sacrain. 456
As he was on y" rode that he was on don w* grett repreue.
c 1510 MORE Picus Wks. 15/2 God had accepted them as
worthy to suffer wronge and repriefe for his salce.
f b. With a and pi. An instance of this ; an
insult in word or deed. Obs.
a. a 1340 HAMPOLE Psalter cxxii. 4 Oure snule trauayls
in reprofis and oure body in passiouns. c 1400 MAUNDEV.
(Roxb.) Pref. i He sufferd many reprufes and scornes by vs.
1480 CAXTON Chron. En%. cxcviii. 176 They cast vpon hym
many snowe balles and many other reproues dyd him.
ft. f 1330 R- BRUNNE Chron. Wace (Rolls) 7996 Bytwyxt
to ber a stryf f>ey herde, Of grete reprefs ilk oj>er onswerde.
138* WYCLIF Ecclns. xxix. 9 And repreues and cursis he
shal 3elde to hym. c 1450 tr. De Imitatione n. i. 40 CrUt
was.. in his grettist nede among repreues forsaken of his
frendes. 1549 CHALONER Erasm. on Folly B ij b, Euen
these sage Stoikes dooe not in deede so greatly despise
pleasure, as outwardly thei dissemble, and afore folks dooe
baite hir with a thousand repreues. 1597 Githtard ff Sis-
mond Bij, As to the great repreeve also contrived, which
alder first ayen me ye object.
f c. An object of scorn or contempt. Obs.
a 1340 HAMPOLE Psalter xx\. 5, I am a worm and noght
man, reproue of men & outkastynge of folke. 138* WYCLIF
jfndith vii. 16 Betere it is. .than wee die, and be repref to
alle flesh. i535CovERDALE/>j. xxx. n, I am become a very
reprofe amonge all myne enemies.
«3. Censure, rebuke, reprimand, reprehension.
a. r 1350 WilL Palerne 652 Alisandrine..bi-J>ou3t hire ful
busily howe best were to werche, . . properly vnparceyued for
reproue after. 1419 tr. Secreta Secret.^ Priv. Priv. 189 Re-
prowe was founde for amendement of hym that Is reprowid.
1538 STARKEY England i. iv. 139 They may abase ihemselfe
in al vayn lustys & vanyte, wythout punyschement or re-
proue of any degre. 1568 GRAFTON Chron. II. 662 In re-
proofe of Jasper Erie of Penbroke, he created William Lord
Herbert Erie of the same place. 1607 SHAKS. Cor. n. it. 37
A Mallice, that.. would ptucke reproofe and rebuke from
euery Eare that heard it. 1611 BIBLE Prcm. xv. 5 A foole
desptseth his fathers instruction : but hee that regai deth re-
proofe, is prudent. 1709 POPE Ess. Crit. 583 Those best can
bear reproof, who merit praise. 1848 DICKENS Dotnbey ii,
Mrs. Chick contented herself with a glance of reproof.
ft. 1382 WVCLIF Matt. xi. 20 Thanne Jhesus began for to
seie repreue to citees. c \\ooKont. Rose 7240 Men. .holden
us for so worthy, That we may folk repreve echoon, And we
nyl have repref of noon, a 1548 HALL Chron. t Hen. IV 7
He. .suffered them to robbe and pill without correction or
reprefe. 1600 FAIRFAX Tasso xvi. xlv, I thee enchanted and
allur'd to loue, Wicked deceit, craft worthie sharpe repriefe.
Comb. 1381 WYCLIF i Esdr. Prol., The studies of enuyous:e
men. .that alle thing that we wry ten, weenen repref wrthi.
b. With a and//. A censure, rebuke, etc.
a. 15x3 DOUGLAS s&tttis I. Prol. 452 Of resoun me behuvis
Excuse Chaucer fra all maner repruvis. 1548 UDALL, etc.
Erasm. Par. Matt. ix. 41 Unto this manifest and false re-
profe.. Jesus aunswered verey gentelye. 1794 MRS. RAD-
CLIFFE Myst. Udolpho xii, How have I deserved these re-
proofs? 1879 FARRAR St. P&"1 I. vi. xxiii. 445 A reproof
is intolerable when it is administered out of pride or hatred.
ft- *549 CHALONER Erasm. on Folly L ij, What maistrie is
it for them to set light store by two or three of those learned
mens repnves. 1596 DALRYMPLE tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. iv.
238 Pape Honorie, throuch scharpe writeings, accuised his
wickednes w* a sour repreife.
f 4. a. The condition of being under censure or
disapproval. Obs. rare.
c 1374 CHAUCER Troylus IL 370 (419), Ye nold han had no
mercy ne mesure On me, but alwey had me in repreue.
* 1420 Pallad. on Husb. \\. 151 Ther as wrecchid greues,
Sour lond, to weet, or salt is, neuer delue ; And alwey
thristy dri lond in repreue is.
f b. Cause for censure ; fault, blame. Obs.
c 1375 Sc. Leg. Saints x. (Matthew) 3/b-} Matrimone he can
commend, gyf pat it will anowrnyt be. .& but reprufe kepit
alsa. 14x3 Pilgr. Sowle (Caxton) iv. xxix. (1859) 62 All
thyng. .shold ben. .good, and commendable, that noo repreef
were founden therin. 1567 Gnde $ Godlie B. (S.T.S.) 31
Do gude for euill, and leid ^our lyfe Without reprufe.
5. Disproof, refutation. Now rare or Obs.
15*9 MORE Dyaloge iv. Wks. 272/1 There were shewed vnto
hym manye thynges for the reproofe of that vnresonable and
detestable heresye. 1664 'JE?- TAYLOR Dissuas. Popery \\.
title-p., In., reproof and conviction of Roman Errors. 1739
LABELYE Short Ace. Piers Westm. Bridge 58 As to the
many false Reports. . I leave the Piersof Westminster-Bridge,
to give them the strongest Reproofs. 1814 GARY Dante,
Parad. in. 3 By proof of right, and of the false reproof.
Hence f Reproo'fful a. ; Keproo fless a.
1609 Ev; Woman in Hum. iv. i. in Bullen O. PI. IV, This
critique is hoarsh, unsaverie, and reproofeful. 1827-35
WILLIS David's Grief /or Child 18 The rapt wires ot his
reproofless harp.
Re-proof (r/"-). [RE- 5 a.] A second proof.
(1825 CAMPBELL in Netv Monthly Mag. (1847) May 74, I
must leave you to correct this dull essay on the London
College, yet if I could have a re-proof it would be desirable.
Repropi'tiate, ?'. (and /a. pple.}. rare. [ad.
L. repropttiare (Tert. and Vulg.).] trans, f To
make propitiation for (a thing or person) again ;
to restore to favour. So Bepropitia-tion.
490
I 1582 N. T. (Rhem.) Heb. ii. 17 That he might repropitiate
the sinnes of the people. 1617 Bp. AN ORE WES 96 Serm.t
Holy Ghost x. (1629) 708 Accepted to repropitiation, that is
tAoo>ios, to as good grace, and favour as ever. Ibid.t [Absa-
lom was] repropitiate^ when he was admitted to the king's
presence and kissed him.
RepropO'Sal. [RE- 5 a.] A fresh proposal.
x6«jo B. Discolliimninm 44 In his Reproposalls he tenders
a faire Treaty.
Repro'Secute (r/-), v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To
prosecute again.
1701 T$QHH\$ Ideal World i. iii. 175 To unstring my instru-
ment for a while, and reprosecute our theory.
Reprovable (r*pr«-vab'l), a. ? Obs. Forms:
a. 4-6 reprouable, (4-5 -abil), 6 reproueable,
(6-8 -veable;, 6-7 reprooueable, 4- reprov-
able. &. 4-5 repreuable, 5 -v(e)able,repreev-,
reprefable, 6 repryuable. [f. as REPROVE v. +
-ABLE, after med.L. reprobabtlis (Da Cange) : cf.
F. riprouvable (i4th c., Oresme).] Deserving of
reproof or censure ; blameworthy, reprehensible.
In common use (in the a-forms) from c 1380 to 1650.
a. a 1340 HAMPOLE Psalter xxxviii. 2, I sett kepynge til
mymouth..bat nane reprouabil word withpassid me. (1380
j WYCLIF Wks. (1880) 292 Also seynt poul iugib of petris
; synne, and a*en-stoode him for he was reprouable. a 1471
| toRTEScUE Ivks. (1869)490, 1 se the naughty and reprovable
people helped with richesses. 1589 PUTTENHAM Eng. Poesie
i. xxvi. (Arb.) 65 The ancient guise in old times vsed at
weddings (in my simple opinion) nothing reproueable. 1660
JER. TAYLOR Worthy Cominnn. \. § 5. 101 Thy faith was not
only little but reprovable. 1746 WESLEY Princ. Methodist
3 Those . . who may be hinder 'd, by their Prejudice in my
Favour,, .from observing what is reproveable.
^. 1382 WYCLIF Prov. xxv. 10 The whiche kepe thou to
thee, lest thou be maad repreuable. c 1400 tr. Secreta
Secret., Gov. Lordsh. 66 In bayre secret* and writynges no
fuls bynge ne repreuable ys founden. c 1460 SIR R. Ros
La Belle Dante 512 Vit atte lest y amnat repreuable. 15*6
SK ELTON Magnyf. 1436 That I shall suffer none impech-
ment..nor losse repryuable.
Hence f Bepro vablencss (Bailey vol.11, 1727);
f Bepro' vably adv.
c 1449 PECOCK Refr. i, x. 50 Wherfore folewuh that he
vmesonabili and reprouabili askith.
Reproval (r/pr/rval). [f. next + -AL.] The
act of reproving ; reproof.
1846 WORCESTER cites Gentl. Mag. x87» Athenaeum 28
Dec. 845/3 To. .expiate their enthusiastic adherence by an
equally enthusiastic reproval. I®95 Chicago Advance 20
June 1353/1 The reproval and stultification of the Christian
communities.
Reprove (r/prw'v), v. Forms : a. 4-7 re-
proue, (4 reproeve,-pruue), 6-7 reprooue, -ve,
4- reprove ; 5 reprof (f, also Sc. reprow, -pruff,
5~6prufe, 6 -proif, -prw. £, 4-6 repreue, -ve,
(4 repreove),5-6 repref(e, 6-7 reprieve, -prive ;
also Sc. 5 rapreiff, 5-6 reprew, (6 ra-), 6 re-
preif, -prief. [ad. OF. reprover (AF. also re-
pnwer\ mod.F. reprouver} :— L. reprobare\ see
REPKOBATE v. The /3-forms are from those parts
of the verb in which the stem had stress (AF,
repreov-, OF. repreuv-*) : see PROVE z».]
1 1. trans. To reject. Obs.
a 1140 HAMPOLE Psalter xx. 12 Amange be deueU of hell,
be whtlke Jxju has forsaken and reproued. 1382 WYCLIF Luke
xx. 17 The stpon whom men bildinge reproueden [1388 re-
preueden], this is maad in to the heed of the corner, c 1450
Mirovr Saluacioun 3474 The stone whilk the biggers re-
proved in the heved is made angulere. 1526 TINDALE Heb.
vi. 8 That grounde which beareth thornes and bryars is
reproved and is nye vnto cursynge. 158* BENTLEY Man.
Matrones 69 It seemeth to them God is parciall, bicause he
hath elected some, and some reprooued. 1604 £. G[RIM-
STONE] D'Acosta's Hist. Indies n. xii. 109, I am almost
ready to follow the opinion of such as reproovethe qualities
..which Aristotle gives vnto the Elements, saying they are
but imaginations.
t b. Sc. To set aside as invalid. Obs. rare — l.
1480 Act. Dom. Cone. (1839) 52/1 pat be saidis provost,
chanonis, & chapelanis, sail brouke & Joyse be said landis
. . quhil be said lettre be Repreifit & declarit of na vale.
2. To express disapproval of (conduct, actions,
beliefs, etc.) ; to censure, condemn. Now rare.
a, 1340-70 Alex. <y Bind. 220 pat non habel . . mihte a-
legge any lak our lif to reproue. 1432-50 tr. Higden. ( Rolls)
III. 401 fhyne arte is to be reprovede that schewede not
this to the before. 1483 CAXTON Cato Fviij, Tho ben
fooles that blamen and reprouen the tyme, sayeng that the
tyme is cause of theyr sekenesse. 1579 GOSSON Sch. Abuse
(Arb.) 54 If he come to our stall, and reprooue our ballance
when they are faultie. 1615 J. STEPHENS Satyr. Ess, 20
Envy loves That humor best, which bitterly reproves AH
states. 1658 EVELYN Fr. Card. (1675) 58, I do not utterly
reprove the grafting of the wood, though but of one year.
1770 GOLDSM. Des. Vill. 169 He tried each art, reproved
each dull delay. 1820 SHELLEY Fiordi&pina 40 Lulled by
the voice they love, which did reprove The childish pity
that she felt for them.
/3. c 1380 WYCLIF Wks. (1880) 9 5»f hei haten.. trewe men
to techen frely holy writt and repreuen synne. c 1450 tr.
De Imitatiotie \\. ii. 42 Obir men knowe oure defautes &
I pray 3ow, durst?
3. To reprehend, rebuke, blame, chide, or find
fault with (a person). Also const, for, \of.
a. a 13*5 Prose Psalter xlix. 9 Y ne shal nou^t repruue
be in by sacrifices. 1340 HAMPOLE Pr. Consc. 5314 Alle bis
sail he do bos openly To reprove be synful men f»ar-by.
REPROVER.
c 1400 MAUNDEV. (Roxb.) xv. 70 Me tho}t grete schamc bat
Sarzenes . . schuld bus reproue vs of oure inperfiieness.
c 1450 LOVELICH Grail xxxvi. 8 [For] On thyng that he
dyde At Rome, Reproved he was be Clergies dome. 1568
GRAFTON Chron, 11. 729 Reproouing and reuiling him with
such yil wordes..that all the hearers abhorred it, 1667
MILTON P. L. x. 761 What if thy Son Prove disobedient,
and reprov'd, retort, Wherefore didst thou beget me? 1717
DE FOE Syst. Magic i. iv. (1840) 95 Others suggest, that
Noah having reproved and reproached Canaan for some
crime,. .the Devil took hold of his resentment. i8£$TENNY-
SON Maud i. xx. i, Was it gentle to reprove her . . ? 1871 B.
TAYLOR Faust (1875) II. i. iii. 27 You praise us— reprove us,
It doesn't move us.
/5. 1303 R. BRUNNE Handl. Synne 3722 3yf bou for wra|>}>e
madyst chydyng, Or repreuedyst a man of vyle byng. 1377
LANGL. P. PL B. x. 261 God in be gospel grymly repreueth
Alle bat lakken any lyf. 1483 CAXTON Cato 4 Of Saynt
Ambrose that repreuyed openly themperour of his synne.
1549 Compl, Scot. xv. 123 Thou repreifis & accusis me of
the fait Is that my tua brethir commit! is daly. 1596 SPENSER
F. Q. v. vi. 24 Nor suffering the least twinckling sleepe to
start Into her eye . . ; But if the least appear d, her eyes she
straight reprieved.
t D. To accuse or convict. Obs. rare.
^1380 WYCLIP Wks. (1880) 30 per-for crist seib to pe iewis
who of 3ou schal repreue me of synne. 138* — John xvi. 8
He schal reproue the world of synne. c 1440 York Myst.
xxxii. 241 Oure poynte expresse her reproues be Of felonye
falsely and felle.
fc. To reproach, taunt. Const. of. Obs. rare*1.
c 1330 R. BRUNNE Chron. Wace (Rolls) 11665 P«V repreue
vs otour auncessours pat bey ouer-cam bem wyb harde
stotirs; Of pouerte bey make vmbreyd.
4. absol. To employ reprehension or rebuke.
a 1340 HAMPOLE Psalter xiii. 6 paire mouth is ay redy to
myssay and reproue. 138* WYCLIF Prov. xxv. 10 Lest pcr-
auenture he asaile to thee, whan he shal heren, and to re-
preuen cese not. 1533 GAU Richt Vay 29 Al the writ quhilk
is inspirit, .is profetabil to tech, to reprw, to correk. 1611
BIBLE 2 Tint. iv. 2 Reprooue, rebuke, exhort with all long
suffering & doctrine. 1766 FORDYCE Servt. Yne. Worn.
(1767) I. L 36 Reprove only when you must. i8ai SHELLEY
Epipiych, 603 The troop which errs, and which reproves.
1876 Miss BRADDON J. Haggard's Datt. I. n He came to
the water-side tavern to reprove and exhort.
f5. To disprove; to prove (an idea, statement,
etc.) to be false or erroneous. Obs.
c 1374 CHAUCER Boeth. \. met. iv. 130 (Camb. MS.),Whan
it retorneth in to hym self it reproeueth and distroyet the
false thinges by the trewe thinges. 1377 LANCL. P. PI. B.
x. 345 'Contra', quod I, * hi cryste pat can I repreue'.
c 1430 Pilgr. Lyf Matihode i. Ixxxv. (1869) 49 For to assoile
better pine argumentes bat seist j haue falsed and repreved
bi gretteste principle. 1538 BALE God's Promise* u, AH
thys is true, Lorde, I cannot thy wordes reprove. 1593
SHAKS. 2 Hen. VI, in. i. 40 Reproue my allegation, if you
can, Or else conclude my words effect uall. 1691 RAY
Creation i. (1692) 25 This confident Assertion of DesCartes
is fully examined and reproved by. .Mr. Boyl.
t b. To refute or confute (a person). Obs.
1563 WINJET FourScoir ThreQttest. Wks (S.T. S.) I. zoi
Men in this vocatioun. .suld.. be. .potent to repreue and
conuict the gainsayaris of the samin. 1585 T. WASHINGTON tr.
Nicholay's ¥0?. n. ix. 42 b, Where he sayth the second to
lye on the North part, he may by the view & eisight onely
be reproued, being in deed towards the East. 1601 HOL-
LAND Pliny xvi. xxxi, Deceived they are, and may be re-
proved by the instance of fig-trees.
t 6. To impair, diminish. Obs. rare.
1450-80 tr. Secreta Secret. 9 Kepe euyr temperaunce in
largete.., ne neuer repreue thi yeftis with ayentakyng.
1576 FLEMING Panopl. Epist. 403 Hee sheweth that his loue
is so farre from being reproued, that it is augmented. 1590
GREENWOOD Collect. Sclaitnd. Art. G ij b, This is hit that.,
maketh all the syluer saints .. to bestur them, least their
portions should be reproued ; They would gladly haue their
portions improued.
Re-prove (rf-), v. Also 6 reprove. [RE- 5 a,]
trans. To prove again.
1529 MORE Dyaloge in. Wks. 209/2 An infidell whom thei
baue proued and reproued fals in his faith to God. 1571
j. JONES Bathes Buckstone Pref. 3 Proving & reprovinge,
by most waighty arguments & best authorities al that he
did. 1881 GREENER Gun 200 The bulges are knocked down
..and the barrel re-proved until it either bursts or stands
proof. 1891 Nature 25 June 179/2 He re-proved the com-
plete identity of the electricity of lightning.
Reproved (rfprw-vd), ppl. a, [f. REPROVE
P.I + -ID*.]
f 1. Rejected ; reprobate. Also absol. Obs.
ci4oo HYLTON Scala Per/. (W. de W. 1494) i. Ixv, All
other yeftes. .are com in to good & to bad, to chosen & 10 re-
proued. i435MisYN/Y« o/Loveb Alschosyn.god no^tdis-
plesys. .so repreuyd.god 11031 plesys. <: 1450 Mir our Salua-
cionn 3462 The forsaide beelders-.CalHd it be propre name
the reproved stone. 1450-1530 Myrr. of our Latiye 143 Not
amongest the reproued, but amongest hys chosen. 1523
FITZHERB. Hnsb. § 144 Ydle folke shall.. soiowe with the
reproued and forsaken folkes in hell.
2. Rebuked, reprehended.
1821 SHELLEY Adonaisx\v> Oblivion as they rose shrank
like a thing reproved.
t Repro'vement. Obs. rare—1 J f. as prec,
+ -MENT.] Reproof, rebuke.
1675 COCKER Morals 39 Nothing can more to my im-
provement tend, Than the reprovement of a loving Friend.
Reprover (r/prw-vaa). [f. REPROVE v.1 + -ER1.]
One who or that which reproves.
o. 1432 tr. Secreta Secret.* Priv. Priv. 189 Whan a man
Is ouer-harde reprouet, he hatyth his reprowere. c 1532 Du
WES Introd. FT. in Palsgt. 1017 An answere to the cor-
recters and of all workes reprouers. 1591 HARINGTONL^/.
Fnr. Pref. p ij b, But now because I make account I haue
to deale with three sundrie kindes of reproouers. 1681
FLAVEL Meth. Grace xx\m. 474 A wise and faithful reprover
REPROVING.
is of singular use. 1741 MIDDLKTON Cicero II. x. 362 Sul-
picius was., a reprover of the insolence of his own times.
1833 I. TAYLOR Fanat. i. 3 If Religion be Denied by these
sarcastic reprovers altogether an illusion, 1868 SWINBURNE
Ess. <y Stud. (1875) 342 One kneeling as reproved..; the
reprover, an erect ascetic figure, stands over him.
/3. 1382 WYCLIK Prov. xxvii. n Studie to wisdam,..that
them mowe to the repreuere answern a wrd. 1435 MISYN
Fire of Love 69 )>erfore I haue boght sum maner of answer
to schew, & to repreuars fully not gyffe steed. 1570 DEE
Math. Pref. biij. If I would say.. that it [music] were to
be otherwise vsed, then it is, I should finde more repreeuers,
then I could finde. .skilfull of my meaning.
Reproving (rrpr??virj), vbl. sb. [f. as prec.
•f-iNQi.] The action of the verb in various
senses ; reproof.
a. <r 1380 WYCLIK Wks. (1880) 47 It is a remembraunce,
amonestynge, a reprouynge. c 1440 Jacob's Well 6 pe more
be cursed man is styred..wyth pe wynd of lechyng & of
reprovyng. 1535 COVERDALE Ecclus. xlviii. 10 He was
ordeyned in the reprouynges in tyme. 1593 SHAKS. Lttcr.
242 The worst is but deniall and reproouing. a 1791 WESLEY
Serm. Wks. 1811 IX. 265 A spirit of reproving. 1850 W.C.
BENNETT Baby May Poems 12 Tiny scorns of smiled re-
provings That have more of love than lovings.
|3. c 1325 Chron. Eng. 850 Bituene Edrich ant the kyng
Aros a repreofing. c 1400 MAUNDEV. (1839) Prol. i There it
lykede him to sufTre many Reprevinges and Scornes for us.
c 1450 tr. De Imitations \\. ii. 42 The meke men receiuyng re-
preuinges-.isinpeswelynowc. \*frjG-ude#tGodlieB.\$>^.'§.)
152 Thay lykit not my.. Praying, fasting, nor repreuing.
Repro* ving, ///. a. [-IHO»J That reproves.
1382 WYCUF Amos v. 10 Thei hadden in hate the repre-
uynge man in the ^ate. 1795 SOUTHEY Joan of Arc iv. 343
Then the Maid Fix'd on the warrior her reproving eye.
Repro'vingly, adv. [f. prec. + -LY 2.] In a
reproving manner.
1382 WVCLIF Wisd. ii. 12 The ri^twis man..repreuende!i
puttith to vs the synnes of lawe. 1456 SIR G. HAVE Law
Anns (S. T. S.) 30 Thai, .will bakbyte behynd bakkis, and
reprovandly lak that thai before had lovit. 1829 SOUTHEY
Young Dragon Epil. 4 That smile I read aright, for thus
Reprovingly said she. 1885 Harper's Mag. Mar. 567/2 She
. .shook her head reprovingly.
Reprovi'sion (if-), v. [RE- 5 a.] a. trans.
To supply with a fresh stock of provisions, b.
absol. To lay in fresh provisions.
1895 Daily News 21 Oct. 5/7 Porters . . are effecting the
re-provisioning of the town. 1898 Westm. Gaz. 30 June 7/1
Ships of war. .will not be able in the Canal. .to revictual
or reprovision.
tRepru'ce, sb. Obs. rare. Also repruse.
[a. At. repruce, var. reproce\ see REPROCE and
REPROACH sbJ\ Reproach.
a 1325 Prose Psalter xliii. 16 pou settest us repruse to our
ne)burs. Ibid, bcxiii. 23 Be bou benchand of byn repruces.
c 1400 Laud Troy Bk. 7673 Ector sayde, ' whan I schal
thole. . Suche vilony and suche repruse ' [etc.].
So f Reprtrce v. trans. , to reproach. Obs. rare.
a. 1325 Prose Psalter vi. i Lord, ne repruce me nou^t in
by vcngeaunce ; ne reproue me noujt in byn yre. Ibid.
IxxviiL r3 ?elde to our ne^burs seuen double in her bosme
her lackinge wich, Lord, hij repruced be.
Reprune (r/-)»^. [RE- 53.] To prune again.
1664 EVELYN Kal. Hort. July (1729) 209 Re-prune now
Abricots and Peaches. 1742 YOUNG Nt. Th. ix. 1219 In
Mid-way Flight Imagination tires ; Yet soon re-prunes her
Wing to soar anew.
Reprw, obs, Sc, form of REPROVE.
Repry, obs. variant of REPRIEVE v.
Repryuable, obs. form of REPROVABLE.
Reps (reps), variant of REP 3.
1867 Art Jrnt. XXIX. 228/3 The reps has this objection,
that it is so susceptible and tenacious of odour. 1877 A. B.
EDWARDS Up Nile iii. 59 A cushioned divan covered with a
smart woollen reps ran along each side,
Repselver : see REAP-SJLVER.
t Re'pster. Obs. rare ~l. [f. rep- REAP v. +
-aTER.J A reaper.
c 1430 LOVE tr. Bonavent. Mirror Life Ckrist xv. (MS. e
Musaeo) If. 50 And abacuk anober prophete bare mete to his
repsteres on pe felde.
Rept, obs. pa. pple. of REAP v.
Reptant (re-ptant), a. [ad. L. reptant-, pple.
of reptare to creep.] Creeping, crawling, repent.
1657 TOMLINSON Renott's Disp. 297 Its roots are round.,
and replant like grass roots. 1835 KIRBY Hob. $ Inst.
Anim. II. xxiv. 489 Its four legs, and replant motions show
that it is most nearly connected with the Reptiles. 1853
MACDONALD & ALLEN Botanist's Word-bk. 1888 ROLLES-
. -.
TON & JACKSON Anim. Life 482 The majority are replant,
of these some few can swim.
but of
.
Reptation (reptf'-Jan). [ad. L. reptation-em
(Quintilian), n. of action f. reptare to creep.] The
action of creeping or crawling.
1841 BRANDE Diet. Sc., etc., Reptation, a mode of pro-
gression by advancing successively parts of the trunk, which
occupy the place of the anterior parts which are carried
forwards, as in serpents.
tRe'ptatory, a. rare-0. [f. reptdt-, ppl.
stem of L. reptare to creep + -OBV.] ' Having the
character of reptation ' (Mayne 1859); ' creeping ;
as, reptatory animals' (Webster 1864, citing Dana).
tRe-ptible. Obs. rare-1, [ad. late L. repti-
bilis (Boethius) : cf. next and -IBLE.] A reptile.
1655 M. CARTER //OH. Rediv. (1660) 151 Reptibles, and
Insects, all manner of Flyes and Grasshoppers.
Reptile (re-ptil, re-ptail), sb. Also 4, 7 reptil,
6 -yll. [ad. late L. reptile (Vulg.), neut. of repti-
lis : see next, and cf. F. reptile (1314).]
491
L A creeping or crawling animal ; spec, an animal
belonging to the class REPTILIA. f Also collect.
1300 COWER Con/. III. 118 Every neddre and every Snake
And every Reptil which mai moeve. c 1532 Du WES Introii.
Fr. in Palsgr. 1053 All beestes, byrdes, fyshes, reptyll them
inovyng from place to other. 1634 R. H. Saternes Rtgim.
Pref. 2 We observe in Reptiles and other Creatures, that
they most incline to that which most consorts with their
Nature. 1667 MILTON P. L. vn. 388 God said, let the
Waters generate Reptil with Spawn abundant. 1735 POPE
Prol. Sat. 331 Eve's tempter thus the Rabbins have exprest,
A Cherub's face, a reptile all the rest. 1774 GOLDSM. Nat.
Hist. (1776) IV. 172 When the animal is obliged to move, it
drags itself forward like a reptile. 1863 DANA Man. Cent.
$ Of existing Vertebrates the number of species of Fishes
is about 10,000; of Reptiles, 2000;. .of Mammals, 2000. 1894
J. T. FOWLER Adamnan Inlrod. 33 The former immunity
of Ireland from reptiles.
2. trans/. A person of a low, mean, grovelling,
or repulsive character.
1749 FIELDING Tom "Jones x. i, For a little reptile of a
critic to presume to find fault with any of its parts. .is a
most presumptuous absurdity. 1751 JOHNSON Rambler No.
170 F 12 Reptiles whom their own servants would have de-
spised, had they not been their servants. 1825 W. COBBETT
Rur. Rides (1885) II. 93 These reptiles publish. .a news-
paper. 1834 HT. MARTINEAU Farrers iv. 74 Those who
shrink from looking fully and kindly even upon those who
may be the reptiles of their race.
3. altrib. and Comb., as reptile house, -man,
oil; reptile-like, -spawning adjs.
1834 Tail's Mag. I. 232/1 A new marriage of reptile-
spawning fraud and time. 1845 G. MURRAY Isla/ord 57
Feelings foreign to the throng Of reptile-men that walk in
slime. 1873 w- CARLETON Farm Ballads (1893) 119 Some
reptile-like deed that coils plain in our sight. 1876 GOODE
Anim. Kesourc. U. S. in Smithson. Colt. XIII. vl. 52 Ex-
traction of Bird and Reptile Oils. 1883 Nature 3 May 17/1
The most important work undertaken in the Gardens during
the past year had been the new Reptile House.
Reptile (re-ptil, re-ptail), a. [ad. late L. rep-
tilis (Sidonius), f. reft-, ppl. stem of repere to
creep (cf. REPENT a.l) + -His -ILE. In later exam-
ples to some extent an attrib. use of prec.]
1. a. Of animals : Creeping, crawling ; replant.
1607 TOPSELL Four-f. Beasts (1658) 388 Some, .think that
they were so called, because their outward forme repre-
senteth some such reptile creature. 1710 GAY Rural Sports
i. 168 Cleanse them from filth, to give a tempting gloss,
Cherish the sully'd reptile race with moss. 1737-46 THOMSON
Summer 24r Wak'd by his warmer ray, the reptile young
Come wing'd abroad. 1795 SOUTHEY Joan of Arc ix. 183
Feel thine own worthlessness, A reptile worm.
traiisf. 1741 YOUNG Nt. Tit. i. 158 Wrapt round and round
In silken Thought, which reptile Fancy spun !
t b. Of plants : Repent. Obs. rare.
1^27 BRADLEY Fain. Diet. s. v., Capreolns, the.. tendril by
which the Vines and such like reptile plants fasten them-
selves. 1727-38 CHAMBERS Cycf. s. v., Reptile is likewise
used, abusively, for plants which creep on the earth, or on
other plants.
2. Of the nature of, characterized by, pertaining
to, the action of creeping or crawling.
1727-38 CHAMBERS Cycl. s.v., Its reptile motion may also
be explained by a wire wound on a cylinder. 1774 GOLDSM.
Nat. Hist. (1776) VII. 322 There they continue in a reptile
state for a year.
3. transf. Having the characteristics of reptiles;
grovelling, mean, low, malignant.
1654 Z. COKE Logick p. (a), On the raised wings of whose
perfections, the prone and Reptile soul soars a pitch. 1661
BLOUNT Clossogr., Reptile or Reftitious, that creeps ; or, by
privy means, gets to high estate. 1664 EVELYN tr. Frearfs
Archit. Pref. 3 These low and reptile Souls, a 1734 NORTH
Lives (1826) III. 382 He was forced to deal in low concerns
and reptile conceits that scarce rose from the ground. 1818
BYRON Ch. ffar. iv. cxxxvi, The small whisper of the.,
paltry few, And subtler venom of the reptile crew. 1849
ROBERTSON Serin. Ser. i. viii. (1866) 134 He will creep and
crawl before you to submit to any reptile meanness. 1889
Times 23 Nov. 5/3 The semi-official and reptile press.. em-
ployed to insinuate charges against the Chief of the Staff.
II Reptilia(reptHia). Zool. [L., pi. of reptile
REPTILE s6.~\ pi. Those animals which creep or
crawl ; spec, in mod. use, that class of vertebrate
animals which includes the snakes, lizards, croco-
diles, turtles and tortoises.
1627-77 FELTHAM Resolves I. Ixxxviii. 137 The Beasts,
Fishes, and the reptilia, which are of grosser composition.
1660 R. CRANE Strict Ace. Bab. Merck. 9 Like the Insects,
and the Reptilia of the Earth. 1835-6 Todtts C)-cl. Anat.
I. 90/2 These characters, by many of which the amphibia
are distinguished from the reptilia [etc.]. 1878 BELL
Gegendaurs Comp. Anat. 415 In the Reptilia indications
of the vertical dermal fringe can sometimes be just made out.
Reptilian (reptHian), a. (and sb.). [See prec.
and -AN.]
1. Resembling a reptile ; having the character-
istics of the Reptilia.
1846 WORCESTER cites SILLIMAN. 1863 DANA Mail. Gcol.
p. ix, The . . reptilian Bird of Solenhofen. 1865 English-
man's Mag. Nov. 388 It was then that the ocean swarmed
with reptiles and reptilian fish. 1881 LUBBOCK in Nature
No. 618. 403 The profound break once supposed to exist
between birds and reptiles has been bridged over by the
discovery of reptilian birds and bird-like reptiles.
b. Consisting or composed of reptiles.
1851 RICHARDSON Ceol. viii. (1855) 294 The Sauria. .may
be regarded as the true type of the Reptilian Class. 1876
GOODE Fishes Bermudas 61 note, These, with a small
Saurian, . . make up the reptilian fauna of the Bermudas.
c. st. A member of the class Reptilia.
1847 WEBSTER cites LVKLL.
REPUBLIC.
2. Of or pertaining to, characteristic of, a reptile
or the Reptilia.
1849 H. MILLER Foolfr. Creal. iv. (1874) 60 It might be
regarded, found detached, as at least a reptilian, if not
mammalian, bone. 1860 GILLMORE tr. Figuier's Rept. ft
Birds Introd. 3 Exhibiting, .closer approximation to the
reptilian structure than any existing bird. 1893 NEWTON
Diet. Birds i. 16 The presence of the Ambiens Muscle is a
Reptilian feature.
3. transf. Mean, malignant, underhand.
1859 GEO. ELIOT A. Bede xii, He had an agreeable con-
fidence that his faults were all .. impetuous, . . leonine ; never
crawling, crafty, reptilian. 1888 Pall Mall <J. 5 Nov. 4/2
His dead father is fair game for Reptilian slanderers.
Reptiliferous (reptili-feros), a. [f. REPTILE
s6. + -FERGUS.] Containing fossil reptiles.
1838 MURCHISON Siluria (1859) App. Q. 572 Those fishes
which characterize the Uppermost Old Red or yellow sand-
stone of the South of Scotland have not been found in the
Reptiliferous Sandstones of Elgin. 1885 JUDD in Nature
28 Jan. (1886) 310 On the Relation of the Reptiliferous,
Sandstone of Elgin to the Upper Old Red Sandstone.
Reptiliform (re-ptilifpam), a. and so. [f. as
prec. -)- -FORM.] a. adj. Having the form of a
reptile, b. sb. An animal of this kind.
1835-6 Todd's Cycl. Anat. I. 101/2 In this they are ako
imitated by the tadpole state of the higher reptiliform
groups. 1890 COUES OrtiitH. 92 This group is called
Sanropsida or reptiliforms.
Reptilious (repti'lias), a. rare-1, [f. REPTILE
sb. + -lous.] Resembling a reptile.
1879 MEREDITH Egoist xxi, The advantage taken of it by
WUIoughby . . madfl ner feel abject — reptilious.
Re'ptilism. rare. [-ISM.] Reptilian nature.
1821 Black™. Alag. X. 698 The vulgar vocabulary of
rottennessand reptilism. 1843 Ibid. L1V. 211 That reptilism
which lurks in every corner of public life.
Reptrlity. rare. [-ITY.] f a. The habit of
creeping. Obs. b. Reptilian character or conduct.
1657 TOMLINSON Renou's Disp. 349 Knot-grasse . . called
Serpmaca from its reptility. 1745 A. HILL Wks. II. 250 One
might pronounce him fallen below contempt, but that he
aims to heave, in his reptility.
Reptili'vorous, a. [f. REPTILE sb., after
carnivorous, etc.] Devouring reptiles.
1858 MAYNE Expos. Lex. 1079/2. i&$Field 4 Apr. 453/3
The other bird is piscivorous and reptilivorous, and destroys
no end of frogs, lizards, and the like. 1886 WALLACE in
Fortii. Rev. Sept. 305 A triangular head and short tail
which sufficiently marks out the tribe of viperine poisonous
snakes to reptilivorous birds and mammals.
Re'ptiloid, a. [f. as prec. + -OID.] Reptiliform.
1888 Pop. Sci. Monthly May 75 The thrushes . . are farthest
removed in structure from the early reptiloid forms.
tRepti'tious, a. Obs. [f. L. reptitius, for
which reperlitius is now read.] (See quots.)
1656 BLOUNT Glossogr. [from Cooper], Repitilions [1661
Reptile or Reptitious\, that creeps ; or by privy means gets to
high Estate. 1658 PHILLIPS, Reptitious, stealing or creeping
on by degrees. 1742 C. OWEN Serpents I. i. 2 Some Serpents
are reptitious, creep on the Belly, and some have Feet.
Reptyme : see REAP-TIME.
Republic (r/p»-blik), sb. (and a.) Also 7
-ique, -ike, 7-8 -iok; 7 rei-. [ad. F. republiquc
or L. respiiblica (abl. republicif), f. res thing, affair
+publicus PUBLIC a.']
fl. The state, the common weal. Obs.
1603 DRAYTON Bar. Wars n. x, Neither yet thinke, by
their vnnaturall Fight What the republique surTred them
among. 1651 HOBBES Govt. <y Soc. v. § 5. 78 Those men are
of most trouble to the Republique, who haue most leasure
to be idle 1684 Scanderbcg Rcdir. iii. 41 The Republick
might be highly endangered by an Inter-Regnum.
2. A state in which the supreme power rests in
the people and their elected representatives or
officers, as opposed to one governed by a king or
similar ruler ; a commonwealth.
1604 R. CAWDREY Table Alph., Republike, a Common-
wealth. a 1626 BACON Ch. Controv. WKS. 1879 1. 347 It may
be, in civil states, a republic is a better policy than a kingdom.
a 1674 CLARENDON Hist. Reb. xi. § 155 The Army.. would
depose the King, change the Government, and settle a Re-
publick by their own Rules. 1727 GOLDEN Hist. Five Ind. .
Nat. p. xv, Each Nation is an absolute Republick by its
self, govern'd in all Publick Affairs of War and Peace by
the Sachems or Old Men. 1771 Junius Lett. lix. (17881
316 When I impute to him a speculative predilection in
favour of a republic. 1841-4 EMERSON Ess., Heroism
Wks. (Bohn) I. no Whatever outrages have happened to
. .
men may befal a man again ; and very easily in a republic.
1884 Q . Rev. CLVII. 2 The success of the United States
has sustained the credit of Republics — a word, .which has
lately come to have the additional meaning of a govern-
ment resting on a widely-extended suffrage.
" b. Applied to particular states having this form
of constitution.
1631 HEYLIN St. George 340 The publike honours done
unto him, by the greatest Princes and Republicks in the
not mucn oeuer lor me is.epuumjue ui v eiuce . . [ 1729-40
THOMSON Winter 505 Servius, the king who laid the solid
base On which o'er earth the vast republic spread. 1790
BURKE Fr. Rev. Wks. V. notThese commonwealths will
m cunonHt. .uuuMMfl ui iwcuiyiuui M;UC>, unu luree lerri-
lories. 1882 HINSDALE Garfield <t Educ. n. 359 The Re-
public has the right to call on all her children for service.
o. Without article : Republican constitution or
government, rare—1.
REPUBLICAL.
1791 BURKE Let. Member Nat. Assembly \Vks. 1792 HI.
340 The existence of such an executive officer, in such a
system of republic .. is absurd in the highest degree.
3. trans/. an&Jig. Any community of persons,
animals, etc., in which there is a certain equality
among the members.
1750 JOHNSON Rambler No. 77 T 8 He.. may be con-
sidered as not unprofitable to the great republic of humanity.
1789 WASHINGTON in Eliot Hist. Harvard Coll. (1848) 132
It gives me sincere satisfaction to learn the flourishing
state of your literary republic. 1818 KIRBY & SP. Entotnot.
xviii. (ed. 2) II. 114 The large females, like the female
wasps, are the original founders of their republics. 1869 J.
MARTINEAU Ess. II. 15 Our nature is a republic of equal
principles.
b. The republic of letters, the collective body of
those engaged in literary pursuits; the field of
literature itself.
1702 ADDISON Dial. Medals \. 19 Pray consider what a
figure a man would make in the repubhck of letters [etc.].
1739 HUME Hum. Nat. i. vii. (1874) I. 325 One of the
greatest, .discoveries that has been made of late years in
the republic of letters, a 1808 Br. HURD Notes Addison's
Taller No. 159, The satire contained in this paper.. I
doubt, has done no small hurt in the republic of letters.
1870 BURTON Hist. Scot. (1873) VI. Ixvi. 63 There was
another field of exertion . . in the republic of letters.
4. attrib. (passing into adj.) Of the nature of,
characteristic of, pertaining to, a republic or re-
publics ; republican. Now rare or Obs.
1638 MAYNE Lucian (1664) A iv, Who . . do defile the
English Tongue with their Republick words, which are . .
scarce significant to a Monarchicall understanding. 1654-
66 EARL ORRERY Parthen. (1676) 787 The Republick Cities
and Countries of Greece. 1687 DRYDEN ///««# /*. m. 1251
To Crows . . And Choughs and Daws, and such republic
birds. 1710 E. WARD Brit. Hnd. 2 When our Good
Sov'reign Lords the People Were Crown'd by a Republick
Cripple. 1755 Monitor No. 13 I. in Let the republic
German Princes, .unite for their common safety !
t Repu-blical, a. Obs. [-AL.] = next.
1656 in Eng. Hist. Rev. (i902)XVII. 438 The Presbyterians
and the Republican party are desirous he [Cromwell] should
take uppon him that title. 1660 BURNEY Ke'pfi. Atopo? (1661)
103, I equally favour your Lordships, and the lowest
member of the body, which is truly Republical. a i67_4
CLARENDON Hist. Reb. xvi. § 93 The governor was their
friend, and devoted to the Presbyterian rcpubUcal party.
Republican (r/pfblikan), a, and :b. [f. RE-
PUBLIC -H -AN, prob. after F. rfyiiblicain.]
A. adj. fl- Belonging to the commonwealth or
community. Obs. rare~l.
1691 Address Publicans New-Enf. in Andns Tracts
(1869) II. 234 The Agents . . brought back word, That the
People of New-England were possest of great quantities of
Republican Money.
2. Of or belonging to a republic; having the form
or constitution of a republic ; characteristic of a
republic or republics.
1712 ADDISON Spect. No. 269 P 10 To vent among them
some of his Republican Doctrines. 1771 yuniits Lett. lix.
(1788) 316, 1 would have the manners of the people purely
and strictly republican. 1844 THIKLWALL Greece VIII. 463
The change from republican to monarchical institutions was
in general beneficial to the provinces. 1863 MARY HOWITT
\x.F. Brewer's Greecell. xv. 117 There prevails. .a repub.
lican equalityand disorder, which the republican American
would be extremely astonished at. 1864 [see B. 2].
b. Of persons or parties : Favouring, support-
ing, or advocating the form of state or government
called a republic.
'793 Bp- HORSLEV Serm. 30 Jan. 13 note, It has been a
great point with Republican Divines to explain away the
force of this text [Rom. xiii. ij. 1848 W. H. KELLY tr.
L. Blanc's Hist. Ten Y. I. 411 The leaders of the repub-
lican party did not share the mistake.
C. Republican calendar, the calendar adopted
for a short time (see quot.) by the French Republic ;
so republican era, dating from 22 Sept. 1792.
1839 Penny Cycl. XUI. 173/1 The republican kalendar
was first used on the 26th of November, 1793, and was dis-
continued on the 3ist of December, 1805.
3. In U. S. politics (with capital) as the distin-
guishing epithet of a special party, its principles,
measures, etc.
Originally applied to the And- Federal party which latterly
became the DEMOCRATIC; but now to a party opposed to
this (formed in 1854 to resist the extension of slave terri-
tory), which favours liberal interpretation of the constitu-
tion, extension of the central power, and a protective tariff.
1806 TALLMADOE in M. Cutler's Life, etc. (1888) II. 326
Our exclusive republican Brethren, those dear Lovers of the
people. 1839 [see FEDERAL a. 3]. 1862 J. M. LUDLOW Hist,
U. S. 61 The other party, then [1793] called the Republican
party (a name, you must observe, which has entirely changed
in modern days, and is now applied to a party the true suc-
cessor of the old Federal one). 1866 Chambers' Encycl. s.v.,
The Federalist, National Republican, Whig, and Republican
party has been essentially the same.
4. Ornith. Living, nesting, or breeding, in large
flocks or communities, esp. the N. American re-
publican swallow, and the S. African republican
grosbeak or weaver-bird.
1829 AUDUBON Aitter. Ornith. PI. 68 Republican [or] Cliff
Swallow, Hintndo Fulva. 1839 — Ornith. Biogr. V. 415.
1855 SMITH & DALLAS Syst. Nat. Hist. II. 266 The most
remarkable nest, however, is that made by the Social or
Republican Grosbeak (Pkiletaerits Socius\ 1868 Chambers'
Encycl. s. v. Weaver-bird, The Social or Republican Weaver
of South Africa . . constructs a kind of umbrella-like roof,
under which 800 or 1000 nests have been found.
492
B. sb. fl. One attached to the interests of the
commonwealth or community. 06s. rare -'.
1691 Address Publicans New-Enf. in Andres Tracts
(1869) II. 233 A Place where there still dwelt . . some Men
of Conscience, and shrewdly suspected to be Republicans.
2. One who believes in, supports, or prefers a re-
publican form of government. Red republican (see
quot. 1864 and RED a. 9 b).
1697 VANBRUGH Relapse EpiL 22 I'm very positive you
never saw A through republican a finish'd beau. 1705 AD-
DISON Italy 405 Such a Chimerical Happiness is not peculiar
to Republicans. 1735 BOLINGBROKE On Parties 54 The
Whigs were not Dissenters, nor Republicans, though They
favour'd the former. 1819 LYTTON Disowned I. xiv, His
evident attention flattered the fierce republican. 1864
WEBSTER s.v., Red republican, one bent on maintaining ex-
treme republican doctrines, even at the expense of blood.
1876 RUSKIN Pars Clav. VI. Ixiii. 92, 1 hate republicans, as
I do all other manner of fools.
3. U. S. politics. A member of the Republican
party (see A. 3). Black Republican (see quot. 1866).
1782 J. ADAMS Diary 26 Dec., Vaughan has a brother in
Philadelphia, who has written him a long letter about the
Constitutionalists and the Republicans. 1808 — Jf£*.(i854)
IX. 602 The federal administration lasted twelve years.
The republicans, .have ruled eight years. 1866 Chambers'
Encyct. s. v., The Whig party, .adopted the name of Re-
publicans, and were called by their opponents Black Re-
publicans, from their ami-slavery tendencies.
b. U.S. (See quot.)
1832 FERRALL Ramble thro" U. S. 88 The stumps . . and
' republicans ' (projecting roots of trees, so called from the
stubborn tenacity with which they adhere to the ground . . ),
rendered the difficulties of traversing this forest, .great.
4. Ornith. A republican weaver-bird or swallow.
1801 Encycl. Brit. Suppl. II. 400/2 Republicans, the name
given by Vaillant..to a kind of birds, .in South Africa.
Republicanism, [f. prec. + -ISM : cf. F.
ripuilicanisme (i8th c.).]
I. Republican spirit ; attachment or adherence to
republican principles; republican government or
institutions, etc.
1689 D. GRANVILLE Lett. (Surtees, No. 37) 71 The con-
tagion of the age, the spirit of popularity and republicanisme.
1715 ADDISON Freeholder No. 29 F 6 For with some of
these men, at present, loyalty to our king is Republicanism,
and rebellion Passive-obedience. 1779-81 JOHNSON L. P.,
Milton (1868) 63 Milton's republicanism was, I am afraid,
founded in an envious hatred of greatness. 1800 SYD.
SMITH Six Serm. no There are many men of., approved
integrity, who have unjustly incurred the charge of repub-
once attempted the costume of republicanism.
2. Something having a republican character or
tone ; a republican term or phrase.
1863 HAWTHORNE Our Old Home (1879) 49 With.. kindly
endurance of the many rough republicanisms wherewith I
assailed him.
Repu^blicaniza'tion. [f. next + -ATIO>-.]
The action of republicanizing.
1798 W. TAYLOR in Monthly Rev. XXVI . 527 To impassion
the French for the epuration of morals and the republican-
ization of governments.
Repvrblicanize, v. [ad. F. republicaniser
(Littre) : see REPUBLICAN and -IZE.]
1. trans. To render republican in principles or
character ; to convert into a republican form.
1797 W. TAYLOR in Monthly Rev. XXIII. 559 The first
public measure which tended avowedly to republicanise
France. 1813 WELLINGTON in Gurw. Desp. (1838) X. 516
They have a Board of Officers now sitting to consider of a
military constitution for the army, which it is intended to
republicanize. 1849 MILL Ess. (1859) II. 362 Their great
task was to republicanize the public mind. 1871 Standard
5 Jan., Agents commissioned — according to the expression
ofthe day — to republicanise the country.
b. trans/. To treat, alter, or re-cast, on re-
publican principles.
1797 SOUTHEY Let. to J. May 26 June, The French never
can have a good epic poem till they have republicanised
their language. 1858-9 MARSH Eng. Lang. xxx. (1860) 676
Let us not, with malice prepense, go about to republicanize
our orthography and our syntax.
2. intr. To show republican tendencies.
1834 Nmi Monthly Mag. XLII. 42 Even the peerage of
France was beginning to republicanize.
Hence Kepu-blioanized ppl. a. ; Repu-blican-
izer; Kepirblicanizing vbl. sb.
1812 SHELLEY in DowdenZ//fc(i887) I. 337 It develops the
. .actual state of republicanized Ireland. 1840 THACKERAY
Catherine i, After a deal of republicanising, . .Stuartising,
and Orangising. c 1871 SHERMAN in Critic 29 Sept. (1894)
198/1 We will welcome you back as the ' republicanizer ' of
the worst anarchy on the globe.
Reptrblicanlyi adv. rare — *. [f. REPUB-
LICAN a. \ -LY 2.] In a republican manner.
1659 Eng. Monarchy freest State 9 The general peace
either altogether unsetled, or done Republicanly, and so
slightly, infirmly and not lastingly.
t Republica'rian, a. and sb. Obs. = REPUB-
LICAN.
1682 Land. Gaz. No. 1727/6 The pernicious Artifices
. . of turbulent Republicarian and Antimonarchical Spirits.
1689 EVELYN Diary 15 Jan., There were Republicarians
who would make the Pr. of Orange like a Statholder.
t Repirblicate, v. [? f. REPUBLIC + -ATE.]
trans. 1 To make popular.
a. 1670 RACKET Abp. Williams i. (1692) 137 The Cabinet-
men at Wallingford-House, set upon it to consider, what
REPUDIATE.
Exploit this, Lord should commence, to be the Darling ol
the Commons, and as it were to re-publicate his Lordship.
Republication (r/pobiite'-Jgn). [RE- 5 a.]
1. A fresh promulgation^ a religion or law.
1730 M. TINDAL (title} Christianity as old as Creation, a
republication of the Religion of Nature. 1763 STUKELEY
Palaeog. Sacra Pref., Christianity is a republication of the
patriarchal religion. 1854 MILMAN Lai. Chr. iv. i. (1864)
II. 168 Mohammedanism, in more respects than one, was a
republication of Mosaic Judaism. 1865 R. W. DALE yew.
Temp. xxii. (1877) 250 Every holy life is a visible republica-
tion of the Divine law.
2. A fresh publication of a. will.
1743 Swinburne's Testaments (ed. 6) vll. § 14. 524 That this
Republication of the first Will was a Revocation of the last.
1766 BLACKSTONE Coinin. II. xxxii. 502 The republication
of a former will revokes one of a later date, and establishes
the first again. 1818 CRUISE Digest (ed. 2) VI. 168 The
devisor knew of the death ofthe devisee,, .after which she
made a codicil that operated as a republication of her will.
1858 LD. ST. LEONARDS Handy-Bit. Prop. Law xvii. 128
You should inquire whether the conveyance renders a re-
publication of your will necessary.
3. The action of republishing (a work), or the
fact of being republished.
1789 H. WALPOLE Let. to Ctess Ossory 4 Aug., I did see,
and wondered.. at the republication of the long-forgotten
verses on the ' The Three Vernons '. 1841 KEBLE in Hooker's
Wks. (1888) I. p. cxv, It is hoped that this republication of
his remains, .will cause them to become more generally read.
1868 G. DUFF Pol. Surv. 150 Much of the correspondence
would bear republication in a permanent form.
b. A fresh publication of a literary work; a
work published again.
1796 WITHERING Brit. Plants (ed. 3) I. Pref. 5 This may
rather be regarded as a new work than as a re-publication
of an old one. 1856 DE QUINCEY Confess. 142 As a ' Reader '
to the Press in the field of Greek re-publications. 1802
Bookman Nov. 57/1 As the volume is so much of a republi-
cation it does not claim.. detailed criticism.
Republish (r/po-blij), v. [RE- 5 a.]
1. trans. To publish again :
a. a book or other work, a statement, etc.
1625 Bp. MOUNTAGU App. Caesar 31 The Booke is extant
(published by warrant, and re-published by command this
present year). 1644 MILTON Jdgm. Safer Postscr., If these
thir books.. shall for the propagating of truth be publisht
and republisht [etc.]. 1815 Old Eng. Plays IV. 223 They
who republish such dramas as have hitherto only been
printed from . . the prompter's books are entitled to much in-
dulgence. 1840 in Sturgeon Annals Electr. IV. 374 We
have been induced to republish the principal facts. 1862
S. LUCAS Secularia 272 He laid down a principle, to which
he adhered.., to the extent of republishing it without com*
ment or qualification.
b. a declaration, law, etc.
1688 LUTTRELL Brief Rel. (1857) I. 438 His majestie hath
been pleased to republish his declaration for liberty of con-
science.
c. a will or deed.
1766 BLACKSTONE Comm. II. xxiii. 379 No after-purchased
lands will pass under such devise, unless.. the devisor re-
publishes his will. 1837 Act 7 Will. IY * i Viet, c 26 § 34
Every Will re-executed or republished, or revived by any
Codicil. 1858 LD. ST. LEONARDS Handy-Bk. Prop. Law
xvii. 128 Perhaps it would be better to re-publish your will
without inquiry.
2. To revive, bring into use again, rare — *.
1840 Penny Cycl. XVII. 142/2 John van Eyck may be
said to have ' republished ', though he probably did not in-
vent painting in oil.
Hence Hepu-blished ppl. a.
1884 RUSKIN In Montibus Sanctis Pref., In order not to
add to the expense of the republished text.
Repu-blisher (if-), [f. prec. + -ER1.] One
who republishes.
1752 WARBURTON Serm. Nat. $ Rev.Relig. Wks. 1788 V.
90 He who considers Jesus only in the light of a Republisher
of the Law of nature [etc.]. 1817 JAS. MILL Brit. India I.
II. ii. 107 The first legislator oftheHindus.. appears to have
represented himself as the republisher of the will of God.
1868 Daily News 22 July, The re-publishers of Cobbett's
4 History of the Reformation '.
Repu-blishnient. [f. as prec. + -MENT.] The
act of republishing.
1854 in Allibone's 'Did. Authors (1877) I. 39 The fact of
the profitable republishment ofthe old English classics.
Repu'diable, a. rare. [See REPUDIATE v.
and -ABLE.] That may be repudiated.
1611 COTGR., Repudiable, repudiable, refusable [etc.]. 1647
JER. TAYLOR Lib. Proph. v. 96 The reasons . . make the
Authority it selfe the lesse authentick and more repudiable.
Ibid. vi. 117. [1656 in BLOUNT Clossogr., from Cotgr.)
t Repu'diate, ///. a. and sb. Obs. [ad. L.
repudiat-us : see next.]
A. ///. a. 1. Of a woman : a. Rejected or put
away by her husband ; divorced.
1548 UDALL, etc. Erasm. Par. Matt, xix. 94 The wyfe
oughte not to be repudiate and cast of. 1596 DRAYTON Leg.
iv. 876 His former Wife being repudiate. 1640 YORKE
Union Hon. 136 He married Isabel,.. being repudiate wife
of King John. »6«o R. COKE Power $ Subj. 175 Nor his
gossip, nor a Vestal nun, nor one repudiate, let no Christian
man marry.
b. Rejected after betrothal or engagement.
1568 GRAFTON Chron. II. 879 Margaret which was affied
to Charles the seuenth French king and by him repudiate.
1627 DRAYTON Mis. Q. Margaret xliii, That great Earle
. . tooke in high disdayne,To haue his Daughter so repudiate.
C. trans/, of a river.
£1630 in Risdon Surv. Devon § 225 (1810) 238 All discon-
tent, and thus repudiate, Unto the southern coast her course
doth [Tamar] take.
REPUDIATE.
2 In general use : Rejected, set aside.
1x1548 HALL Chron., Hen. IV g b, Edmond was. .for his
deformitee repudiat and put by from the croune royall.
1603 DRAYTON Bar. Wars 1. xxx, To be debarr'd of that
Imperial State . . Basely reiected, and repudiate.
B. sb. The (or a) divorced wife.
1611 SPEED Hist. Gt. Brit. ix. xxiv. § 54 Dominions
which they claimed by our Elenor, the repudiate of the
King of France. 1665 SIR T. HERBERT Tray. (1677) 321
Zaynib (the repudiate of Ben-Harkah) was his fourth and
last Wife. 1727 BAILEY vol. II, A Repudiate, a divorced
woman, one put away.
Repudiate (npi«-di«'t), v. [f. L. repudiat-,
ppl. stem of repudidre to divorce, reject, etc., f.
reptidiuin REPUDY si.]
L. irons, a. Of a husband : To put away or
cast off (his wife) ; to divorce, dismiss.
'545 JOYE Exp. Dan. xi. 185 This Antiochus repudiated
his- own wyfe called Laodice. 1597 BEARD Theatre God's
Judgem. (1612) 414 Hugh Spencer.. was he that first per-
suaded the king to forsake and repudiate the queene his
wife. 1663 H. COGAN tr. Pinto's Trav. Ix. 245 He had
repudiated a daughter of his, which he had married three
years before. 1716 BOLINGBROKE Rejt. upon Exile Wks.
1754 I. 112 His separation from Terentia, whom he re-
pudiated not long afterward, was perhaps an affliction to
him at this time. 1850 W. IRVING Maliomet vii. (1853) 37
Abu Labab and his wife, .compelled their son, Otha, to re-
pudiate his wife. 1870 EDGAR Ritnnymede xxxv. 202 The
pope forced her husband to repudiate her.
b. To cast off, disown (a person or thing).
1699 BENTLEY Phal. 316 Other Writers j who being Do-
rians born, repudiated their vernacular Idiom for that of the
Athenians. 1844 DICKENS Mart. Chuz. xvi, He felt it
necessary.. to repudiate and denounce his father. 1855
PRESCOTT Philip II, 1. 1. iii. 31 England, after repudiating
her heresies, was received into the fold of the Roman Catho-
lic Church. 1873 Daily News 12 Sept. 4/4 M. de Mahy
..called upon the Ministers to repudiate the document.
2. To reject; to refuse to accept or entertain
(a thing) or to have dealings with (a person).
a 1548 HALL Chron.. Hen. VII i b, The damosell dyd not
alonly disagre and repudiate that matrimony, but abhorred
. .his. .desyre. 1674 Govt. Tongue 100 O let not those that
have repudiated the more inviting sins, show themselves
philtr'd and bewitch'd by this. 1837 LOFFT Self-form. II.
63 Gladly would we have repudiated the property . . so
heavily bestowed upon us. 1862 BEVERIDGE Hist. India.
II. yi. viii. 802 If they repudiated the empire placed within
their reach, some other power would certainly seize it.
1879 M. ARNOLD Mixed Ess. 32 Not only did the whole
repudiate the physician, but also those who were sick.
b. To reject (opinions, conduct, etc.) with con-
demnation or abhorrence.
1814-9 LANDOR Imag. Conv., Lucian !, Timotkeus, You
have acknowledged his eloquence, while you. .repudiated
his morals. 1840 HERSCHEL Ess. (1857) 109 A doctrine
which.. we must repudiate. 1865 R. W. DALE yew. Temp.
viii. (1877) 85, I repudiate the dreams of Pantheism.
c. To reject (a charge, etc.) with denial, as
being quite unfounded or inapplicable.
1865 DICKENS Mut. Fr. HI. i, The old man shook his head,
gently repudiating the imputation. i6jiGn.e.s.ti Short Hist.
viii. § 6. 525 Politically it repudiated the taunt of revolu-
tionary aims.
3. To reject as unauthorized or as having no
authority or binding force on one.
1646 SlRT. BROWNE Pseud. Ep. 42 He hath obtained with
some to repudiate the books of Moses. 1692 BENTLEY
Boyle Led. ix. 304 Repudiating at once the whole Authority
of Revelation. 1837 LOFFT Self-form. II. 174, I had re-
pudiated the second hand faculty as vain . . and delusive.
1851 H. ROGERS Eel. Faith. (1853) It You would repudiate
at once his claims . . to be your infallible guide. 1879
FROUDE Short Stud. (1883) IV. v. 350 They were ready, .to
repudiate the authority of the Pope.
b. To refuse to discharge or acknowledge (a
debt or other obligation). Chiefly of (American)
states disowning a public debt, and freq. absol.
1837 LOFFT Self-form. I. 249 If a man. .repudiate the care
of his wife or children, villain is a word not villanous enough
for him. 1847 WEBSTER s.v., The state has repudiated Us
absol. I843SYD. SMITH Wks. (1859) II. 331/2, lam accused
of applying the epithet repudiation to States which have not
repudiated. 1861 J. SPENCE Amer. 74 In each of the States
that has repudiated there was a large majority of men
thoroughly honourable in their private affairs.
Hence Hepu'diated ///. a., Kepvrdiating vbl.
sb. and ppl. a.
l635 J. HMWAKD\.r.BumdfsBanish'dVirg, 143 My first
busmesse was to hasten the repudiating of the Queene.
1788 H. WALPOLE Remin. ii. 24 Eldest daughter.. of the
lepudiated wife of the earl of Macclesfield. 1843 SYD.
SMITH Wks. (1859) H. 328/1 Persons who ..are inclined to
consider the abominable conduct of the repudiating States
»0 pioceed from exhaustion. Ibid. 329/1 This swamp we
gamed .. by the repudiated loan of 1828. 1880 DIXON
Windsor \\\ xiii. I24 Henry allowed her to live with his
repudiated daughter.
Repudiation (rfpiiidi^^an). [ad. L. repu-
diation-ein, n. of action f. repudidre : see prec.
and -ATION, and cf. F. repudiation (i5th c.).] The
action of repudiating or fact of being repudiated.
1. Divorce (of a wife).
'545 JOYE Exp. Dan. xi. 185 This Antiochus repudiated
his own wyfe.. Which. .repudiacion or diuorce from his
firste wyfe was the occasion of greate mischeif. a 1635
NAUNTON Fragm. Reg. (Arb.) 26 Upon repudiation of tile
Lady, he clapt up a marriage for his Son. 1686 Ir. Chardin's
Jrav. Persia 332 They must return the Portion they had,
493
upon the Repudiation. 1717 A. HAMILTON New Ace. E. Ind.
I. IIL 26 They allow of Repudiation, but neither Party can
marry again, till the Term of three Years be expired. 1803
Edin. Rev. I. 491 She does not appear even to have under-
stood what they meant by repudiation. 1867 FREEMAN
Norm. Cong. (1877) I. vi. 473 If the repudiation of Estrith
was accompanied.. by the assertion of the claims of the
/Ethelings to her brother's crown.
2. The action of rejecting, disowning, disavow-
ing, etc. ; spec, in Canon Law (see first quot.).
1848-56 BOUVIER Law Diet. s.v.. In the canon law, re-
pudiation is Ihe refusal to accept a benefice which has been
conferred upon the party repudiating. 1858 FROUDE Hist.
Eng. III. xvii. 495 His denial was.. not like the broad,
absolute repudiation of a man who was consciously clear of
offence. 1877 BLACK Green Past. iii. (1878) 21 A murmur
of indignant repudiation nerved him to a further effort.
b. spec, of a debt. (Cf. the vb. 3 b.)
1843 [see REPUDIATE v. 3 b]. 1862 J. SFENCE Amer. 74
Repudiation has not been the course of those who could
not, but of those who, having the means, would not pay.
1868 ROGERS Pol. ECOH. xi. (1876) 143 This country ran
considerable risk of repudiation after the close of the great
continental war.
Hence Bepudia'tionist, U.S., one who advo-
cates the repudiation of a public debt.
1867 Nation (N. Y.) No. 127. 446/1 The repudiationisls
are undoubtedly strong. 1883 American VI. 387 More
honorable than alliances with the whiskey interest or the
repudiationists of the South.
Repudiative (i/pi/J-diAiv), a. [f. REPUDI-
ATE v. + -IVE.] Characterized by repudiation or
rejection of something.
1860 J. WHITE Hist. France (ed. 2) 3 An island . .generally
unapproachable, and at all times utterly repudiative of a
permanent bridge. 1870 BURTON Hist.Scot. (1873) VI. Ixxi.
243 There were Lowland families, .repudiative of any other
leader but the great marquis.
Repudiator (rfpifcdie'tfi). [a. L. repudiator,
agent-n, f. repudidre to REPUDIATE.] One who
repudiates ; spec, one who advocates the repudia-
tion of a public debt.
1843 SVD. SMITH Wks. (1859) II. 331/1, 1 see now. .a whole
army on the plains of Pennsylvania.., battalions of repu-
dialors, brigades of bankrupts. 1852 H. NEWLAND Led.
Tractar. 107 The great repudiator of Chinese exactness.
1870 Daily News 16 Apr., Despisers and repudiators of
anti-slavery men and their opinions.
Repu'diatory, a. rare. [f. REPUDIATE v. +
-OKY.J Favouring repudiation (of debts).
i88z American IV. 67 They refused to admit.. a delegate
who was of known repudiatory principles.
t Repu'dious, a. Obs. rare. [ad. L. repu-
clios-us (Plautus) : see next and -ous.] a. = RE-
PUDIATE A. i. b. (See quot. 1656.)
1558 FORREST Grysilde Sec. (1875) 90 Grysilde to Walter
repudius Because she was not pleastnge to his iye. 1656
BLOUNT Glossogr., Repudious, villainous, dishonest, re-
proachful, that one refuseth and abhors much.
t Re'pudy, sb. Obs. rare. [ad. L. repudium]
Divorce ; rejection, repulse.
1433-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) VI. 381 The qwene . . takynge
a libelle of repudy, of repulsion, entrede a monastery, c 1480
HENRYSON Test. Cres. 74 Upon ane uther he set his haill
delyt, And send to hir ane lybel of repudy. 1560 ROLLAND
Crt. ycnus iv. 68 Thay wald not thoill Venus haif licht-
Imes, Nor repudie, rebuik, nor jit distres.
t Repudy, v. Obs. rare. [ad. F. repudier
(i5thc.) or It. ripudiare, L. repudidre, i. repu-
itium : see prec.] = REPUDIATE v.
c 1477 CAXTON Jason 119 Ye wylle now leue and repudye
me in all poynles. 1483 — Gold. Leg. 410/1 Eche man
myght haue foure wyues . . and refuse and repudye thre
tymes. 1635 ). HAYWARD Banish 'd Virg. i4r An inkling of
either repudymg or making away of his present wife.
Repugn (rfpi«'n), v. Also 4-7 repugne, (6
-pougne), 4-6 repungne, 5-6 repung(e. [ad. F.
rttpugner (i4th c.), or L. repugnare, f. re- RE- +
fugnare to fight : cf. impugn]
1 1. intr. To be contradictory or inconsistent. Obs. \
<• '374 CHAUCER Boeth. v. pr. iii. 1 19 (Camb. MS.), It semyth i
.uod I to repugnen and to contraryen gretly bat god knowit
byforn alle thinges, and bat ther is any freedom of liberte. j
1431-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) IV. 259 Hit repugnethe not that '
the chirche holdethe. . Adam to haue be made of therthe
the x kalendes of Aprile, and Criste to haue be incarnate
the viij. kalendes of Aprile. c 1449 PECOCK R epr. m. xix. 408
If thei be considerid, tho chapitres schulen be seen forto
not repugne bitwixe hem silf. 1533 MORE Answ. Poysoned
Bk. Wks. 1121/1 Be content to knowe that goddes will, ,
his worde, and his power, bee all one, and repugne not.
1576 GRINDAL Wkt. (Parker Soc.) 384 Sixthly, places in the
scriplutes, seeming to repugn, are reconciled. 1654 Z. COKE
Lofuk K Inseparable which is not easily separated from
the subject, though to be separated nothing repugneth.
t b. To be contrary or opposed to something. Obs. j
'395 PuKVEvRemonsir. (1851) 131 When they ben certeyne
that it repugnith to holy scripture, .refuse it vtterly. 1457 i
Lichfiela Gild Ord. (1890) 21 All other ordinaunces . . which
do not repunge to this ordinaunce. 1533 FRITH Answ.
More (1548) D iv b, I see that sainct Thomas which felt i
Chrystes woundes . . called hym his Lorde and God, and j
that no texte in scripture repugneth vntoya same. I586T.B.
La Primand. Fr. A cad. ( 1 589 ) 546 A corru pt commpn-weaU h
is that which repugnelh and is directly contrarie to that
which is good and just. 1673 H. STUBUE Further Vind.
Duti ft War App. 73 By sundry circumventions, and such
proceedings as repugned to the Union of the Provinces.
t c. To stand against something. Obs.
1540-1 ELYOT Image Gov. 112 The detestable practice of
usurie, which utterly repugneth against all humanitee. 1571
GOLDINC Calvin on Ps. Ixxiv. 5, 1 (although the accent re*
REPUGN.
pugn against it) double not, but that the sence which
1 have set down is the native sence.
t d. To be at variance with something. Obs.
1563 Homilies 11. Alms-deeds m. (1859) 399 It is contrary
to God's Word, it repugneth with his promise. 1609 BIBLE
(Douay) Ezek. xviii. comm,, It is expressly affirmed that
God would have al sinners to repent,.. which semeth to
repugne wilh the former doctrin. 1661 H. STUBBE Ind
Nectar Pref., What seemed . . conformable to God's word,
and the primitive practise: both which.. did not repugn
with my designed Speculations.
t e. To differ or vary from something. Obs.— '
1600 W. WATSON Decacordon (1602) 285 It doth repugne
from the very nature of all religious profession.
2. To offer opposition or resistance ; to resist ;
to be recalcitrant ; to object. Now rare.
138* WYCLIF i Sam. xv. 23 For as synne of deuynynge
[printed denyynge] bi deuehs is to repugne. 1393 LANGL.
P. PI. C. I. 136 Ac of the cardinales at court, that caujt
nan Such a name, . . repugnen [1377 inpugnen] ich nelle.
I53I ELYOT Gov. i. xw, Wherfore they can nat resorte
unto passetyme ; . . for nature repugnyng, they unneth
taste anything that may be profytable. 1567 Triall Treas.
(1850) 42 Yet will I prouoke, spume, and pricke, Rebell,
repugne, lashe out and kicke. 1596 DALRYMPLE tr. Leslie's
Hist. ico/. HI. 184 Finding na man to repugne, [he]
ascriues vnto him selfe the dignitie of the king. 1646 OWEN
Country Ess. Wks. 1851 VIII. 62 If any should dissent. .1
would entreat him to lay down some notes . . and he shall
not find me repugning. 1837 CARLYLE Fr. Rev. II. i. x, On
the motion of Lamelh, . . and other Patriot Nobles, let the
others repugn as they will
b. To fight, strive, or contend against a person
or thing. Now rare.
1381 WYCLIF EzraProl., Other whileconciencerepugncnde
a3en hemself opinli thei to-tern that thei reden priueli.
; 1431-50 tr. Higden (Rolls) VII. 209 Wymundus ..a man of
noble eloquence, repugnede ageyne his erroures. 1483
CAXTON Gold. Leg. 65/2 For it is a synne to withstande and
to repugne ayenst his lord. 1549 COVERDALE, etc. Erasm.
Par. i John 47 Therfore like as he resisteth the sonne, euen
I so doethe he repugne agaynste the father. 1596 L. PIOT tr.
Silvayn's Orator 346 Who then will judge you to be such
a one, if you repugne against the will of the gods ? 1675 tr.
Camden's Hist. Eliz. i. (1688) 19 Against these Statutes
nine Bishops in the Higher House. .stifly repugned. 1858
CARLYLE Fredk. Gt. in. iii. (1872) I. ufc A Bund, or general
[ Covenant for complaining ; to repugn, .against a domineer-
ing Ritterdom.
t C. To object or offer resistance to a thing.
1494 FABYAN Chron. i. xiii. 14 To y' repugnyth Wyllyam
de Malmesbury, sayeng [etc.]. 1568 GRAFTON Chron. II.
404, I sweare that. . I shall neuer repugne to thys resignation.
1581 SAVILE Tacitus, Hist. i. Ixxx. (1591) 45 First they
murder, .the seuerest of the Centurions repugning to their
seditious attempts. 1644 DIGBY Nat. Bodies vii. (1658) 62
Bodies which repugn to the dilatation of flame, may never-
thelesse have much fire enclosed in them,
t d. Const, at a thing. Obs.
1529 State Papers Hen. VIII (1830) I. 339 His Grace
repugned not therat, but herkened wel to it. 1586 BRIGHT
Melanch. xvi. 97 It [the heart] repugneth oft times at the
strong conclusions, .reason can make.
3. trans, f a. To fight or contend against, to
resist or repel (a person). Obs.
c 1380 WYCLIF Serai. Sel. Wks. II. 68 Who (rat fallib upon
bis stoon, repungning Crist or his lawe, shal be broken in
his conscience, c 1470 HARDING Chron. cxvu. iv, With
speare and swerd eytner other so repugned With axe and
dagger. 1485 CAXTON Chas. Gt. 225 He aroos a lytel, &
myghtyly repugned the geaunte. 1549 COVERDALE, etc.
Erasm. Par. j Tim. 7 Therefore Prynces are neyther vn-
honestly to be flattered, nor sediciously repugned. 1609
HOLLAND Aittm. Marcell. xiv. ix. 19 A man gainesaying
and repugning the flatterers that by whole troupes barked
at him. 1635 QUARLES Embl. in. vi. 147 It is just that thy
enemy should be my enemy, and that he who repugnes
thee, should repugne me.
b. To oppose, resist, or contend against (some-
thing) ; to repel or reject ; to refute, etc. Now
somewhat rare (common in i6-J7th c.).
c 1400 Destr. Troy 2670 pai . . repugnet bo pointtes with a
froude wille. 1496 Dives <J- Paup. (W. de W.) iv. xx. 184/2
t is full peryllous to the suget to repugne the dome of his
souerayn. a 1533 LD. BERNERS Gold. Bk. M. Anrel. (1546)
P viij, The olde Camyll repugned the counsell of his
frendes. 1578 BANISTER Hist. Man i. 25, I meane not
hereby to repugne altogether y« doctrine of so worthy a
man. 1651 WITTIE tr. Primrose's Pop. Err. 329 Why the
use thereof should be repugned, I see no reason. 1731
Hist. Litterana II. 577 The very nature of his Subject. .
repugns any such Suspicion. 1780 EARL MALMESBURY
Diaries ft Corr. I. 273 Enervated to a degree, she repugns
everything which bears the features of activity or exertion.
1833 SARAH AUSTIN Charact. Goethe I. 301 The sound mind
of the German nation repugned these pernicious vagaries.
1878 COOTE Romans of Brit. Pref. 6 A homogeneity of race
in England which truth plainly repugns,
t o. To deny that, etc. Obs. rare~'.
1555 EDEN Decades 84 Yet doo I not repugne that in sumc
caues of mountaynes, water is turned into ayer.
1 4. To be contrary or opposed to (a thing). Obs.
1387-8 T. USK Test. Love in. ii. (Skeat) 1. 158 So me
thinketh truly, that free choice fully repugneth Goddes
forweting. 1545 JOYE Exp. Dan. vi. K viij b, So that their
constitucions and actes repugne not the gospell of Christ.
1587 HOLINSHED Chron. (1807-8) IV. 592 To doo two
things which seeme to repugne ech other. 1654 VILVAIN
Theol. Treat, ii. 77 Absolut Reprobation repugns right
reason, and begets absurdities. 1681 WHARTON Apotoiesma
Wks. (1683) 37 Some being utterly lost in conceipts that
repugn Philosophy.
5. a. intr. To be repugnant to (the mind), rare-1.
1831 T. HOPE Eu. Origin Man II. 15 Where. .we have
only the option to believe what repugns to our intellect, or
what seems, .to glide most easily into the same.
REFUGNABLE.
b. trans. To affect (one' with repugnance or
aversion. Also absoL, to cause repugnance.
1868 J. H. STIRLING in A'. Brit. Rev. XLIX. 358 Browning
has a flavouf of his own, of which, in the first taste, the
newness repugns. 1890 — Pkilos. ff Tktol. ii. 28 To
attempt to philosophize the Christian Godhead would only
repugn. 1890 Harper* s Mag. Nov. 875/1 She seemed to be
afraid of saying nothing : no term repugned her.
t RepU'gnable, a. Obs. [f. prec. + -ABLE : !
cf. obs. K. repugnable (Godef.).] a. Capable of
being repugned or refuted, b. Contrary, opposed. :
1579-80 NORTH Plutarch, Marcellus (1612) 315 The de- ;
monstration pruning it so exquisitely, with wonderfull
reason and facilitie, as it is not repugnable. 1632 LITHGOW
Trav. ix. 398 No such, .repugnable Currents, as be in the
firths of Stronza and Westra. 1655 M. CARTER Hon.
Rediv. (1660) 88 That what Laws should be Enacted, might
be answerable to the Will of God, and not repugnable to !
the Customs of the Land.
Repugnance (r^p»-gnans). Also 5-6 repung-.
[a. K repugnance (i3th c.), or L. repugnantia : ,
see REPUGN v. and -ANCE.]
1. Contradiction, inconsistency; contradictory op- i
position or disagreement of ideas or statements.
Also with a and pi.
1387-8 T. USK Test. Love IIL iv. ^Skeat) I. 42 It is open at
the ful, that without al maner repugnaunce god beforn wot
al maner thinges ben don by free will, c 1449 PECOCK Repr.
v. ii. 489 So the same secte schulde be good and badde,
leeful and vnleeful, which is rcpungnaunce. 1533 MORE
Artstv. Poysoned Bk. Wks. 1123/2 He sheweth that it im-
plieth repugnaunce, and that therefore God cannot do it.
1568 GRAFTON Chron. II. 211 The Copie [of the letter] that
came to my hande seemed to conteyne diuerse repug-
naunces. 1630 PRYNNE Anti-Armin. 147 These seuerall
Answers.. will reconcile all seeming repugnances of Scrip-
ture. 1678 GALE Crt. Gentiles iv. iii. 79 In the words of
Hosea c. 8. 4. there appears a kind of repugnance. 1755
B. MARTIN Mag. Arts ff Sc. i. iv. 17 You will observe.. a
palpable Absurdity and Repugnance in the one, and - . a
perfect Consistency and Agreement in the other. 1824
MACKINTOSH S. Amer. States Wks. 1846 III. 474 In it there
is more than the usual repugnance between the title and
the purport. 1888 BRVCE Amer. Commw. I. i. App. 542
Care is taken in preparing the draft, in seeing that it is free
from errors or repugnances.
1 2. Resistance or opposition offered to a thing
or person. Obs.
14.. in Titndale's l^is. (1843) 129 Nature withowtt any
stryflf Of repugnaunce or any recystence Gaff thys meyde a
specyalt prerogatyf. 1430-40 LYDC. Bochas xi. xxxi. (1554)
211 b, Christes martirs. .List again tirauntes make no re-
pugnance. 1523 SKELTON Gar/. Laurel 211 To make
repungnaunce agayne that ye haue sayde. 1547 Homilies \.
Charity \. (1859) 68 So went he unto his death without any
repugnance or opening of his mouth to say any evil.
fb. Opposition or contrariety between or of ,
things. Obs.
ci4oo tr. Secreta Secret., Gov. Lordsh.fi pekyndlycomyth '
of repugnance of contrarious qualytez and contradiccioun.
1538 STARKEY England \. iv. 108 Ther ys no repugnance
betwyx your opynyon and myne in thys grete mater. 1555
EDEN Decades 269 By the commixtion and repugnance of
fyre, could, and brymstone greate stones are here throwne
into the ayer. 16542. COKK Logick Pref., Whereof, .after
long Exagitations and Repugnance of Affairs, we have
gotten more then a (glad) glimpse.
fo. Disagreement in feelings or tastes. Obs. rare. \
1531 ELYOT Gov. n. xi, Where is any repugnaunce, may be
none amide, sens frendshippe is an entier consent of willes
and desires.
t d. A mental struggle. Obs. raw~l*
1538 STARKEY England i. ii. 29 Ychone in hym selfe, when
he aoth nough[t], felyth a gruge in conscyence and repug-
nance in mynd.
3. Strong dislike, distaste, antipathy, or aversion
(to or against a thing). Also//.
1643 SIR T. BROWNE Relig. Med. n. § i, I feel not in my- |
self those common antipathies . . : those national repugnances
do not touch me. 1665 GLANVILL Def. l^an. Dogm. p. v, I
confess I addrest myself unwillingly and not without re-
pugnance to the performance. 1765 H. WALPOLE Otranto \
v. 172 If I were sure Isabella would have no repugnance, i
1796 BURNEY Mem. Metastasio I. op It is terrible that, .he
should have no repugnance to injuring numbers. 1854 MIL-
MAN Lat. Chr. vi. iii. III. 76 A deep repugnance against
ecclesiastical tyranny may have taken root within his heart. >
1874 GREEN Short Hist. vii. § 3. 370 No marked repugnance
to the new worship was shown by the people at large.
Repugnancy (r/pzrgnansi). [See -j
1. Contradiction, inconsistency, etc. = REPUG-
NANCE i. Now rare (common c 1560-1800).
1560 BECON New Catech. Wks. (1564) i. 464 b, Whiche are '
two suche repugnauncies and contraries, as darkenes is not
more contrary to lyght, nor death to lyfe. 1589 PUTTENHAM
Eng.Poesiei. i. (Arb.) 20 Without any repugnancie at all, a
Poet may in' some sort be said a follower or imitator, a 1625
SIR H. FINCH Law (1636) 391 This carrieth a repugnancie
in it, inasmuch as the house and the wall are all one thing.
1681 GLANVILL Sadducismus i. (1726) 78 Both the Hypo-
theses do entangle, .the Doctrine, .with greater Difficulties
and Repugnancies. 1785 PALEY Mor. Philos. (1818) II. 31 ,
If these.. serve to remove the apparent repugnancy between |
the success of prayer and the character of the Deity, it is
enough. 1822-34 Good's Study Med. (ed. 4) II. 610 From
the number and repugnancy, .there is no small difficulty in
reducing them to anything like an intelligible classification.
1865 Daily Tel. 21 Oct. 3/4 Even Sir James Stephen . .
acknowledged that he could not render the exact legal idea
of ' repugnancy ' more intelligible.
to. The opposite 0/~ something. Obs. rare— l.
1586 A. DAY Eng. Secretary i. (1625) 3 The repugnancy I
hereof is when either with too much curtailing our argu- !
494
uieuib. .or with too many or Duel-often repetitions, .. wee
abbreuiate or amplifie our Epistles.
2. Opposition or resistance of mind or feeling.
In later use = REPUGNANCE 3.
IS57 N. T. (Genev.) i Cor. i. 10 note, Dissention of mynde,
wherof procedeth repugnancie of Judgement, which is the
mother of schisme and heresie. 1577 tr. Bnllineers Decades
(1592) 302 Yet is that repugnancye still in tneyr h cartes.
1643 ROGERS Naaman 131 Such an horrible repugnancie of
heart against this way. 1681 BELLON Myst. Physick 64
If the Sick has a repugnancy against so frequently taking
of the Drink, it may be given less often. 174* FIELDING
y. Andrews (1815) Pref. 6 It hath not that violent repug-
nancy of nature to struggle with, which that of the hypocrite
hath. 1839 KEIGHTLEY Hist. En$. II. 52 Pole's strong re-
pugnancy to accept the highest dignity. 1868 MILMAN St.
PauFs 316 He treated the Puritan divines with more and
more determined repugnancy.
t b. Dislike or aversion on the part of one. Obs.
1702 ECHARD Eccl. Hist. (1710) 399 Scarce any man ar-
rived at the Empire with a more sullyed reputation, or a
greater repugnancy of the people.
1 3. Opposition or resistance to action ; tendency
to oppose. Obs.
1587 HOLINSHED Chron. III. 979, '2 His too much repug-
nancie . . in matters of councell to the residue of the counsel-
lors about the king. 1602 WARNER A Ib. Eng. Epit. 385 King
Henrie the sixth was triumphantly crowned .. mauger the
Dolphins then repugnancie. a 1635 NAUNTON Fragm. Reg.
(Arb.) 42 He was sent Lord Deputy into Ireland, (as it was
thought) for a kind of haughtiness*: of spirit, and repugnancy
in Councels.
Repugnant (r/pirgnant), a. and $b. [a. F.
repugnant (1372) or ad. L. repugnant-em, pres.
pple. of repugnare to REPUGN.]
A. adj. 1. Contrary or contradictory /<?, incon-
sistent or incompatible with, f divergent from,
f standing against, something else.
1387-8 T. USK Test. Love in. i. (Skeat) L 128 All lawes, or
custome,..that contrarien law of kinde, vtterly ben repug-
naunt and aduersary to our godds wil of heuen. 1461 Rolls
of Par It. V. 467/1 Repugnaunt or contrarie to the seid right.
1477 in Eng. Gilds (1870) 307 All thinges not repugnant to
the premisses. 1534 WHITINTON Tnllyes Offices \. (1540) 5
Whan that thynge semeth to be repugnaunt with honestye,
that semeth profitable. 1^51 T. WILSON Logike 17 b, Obey
the higher power in all things that are not directly repug-
nant from the will of God. 1590 C. S. Right Relig. 24 Re-
pugnant plainely against the Taw of Moses. 1660 R. COKE
Power Sf Suoj. 140 If the Laws.. do command things re-
pugnant to Gods word. 1685 H. MORE Paralip. Prophet.
xlix. 459 Not at all repugnant with pur Hypothesis. 1748
Ansons Voy. u. iv. 165 The coming in sight of that Island
was directly repugnant to the Merchant's instructions. 1818
CRUISE Digest (ed. 2) V. 28 The clause was void, because it
was repugnant to the body of the act. 1864 BOWEN Logic
iv. 91 The number of attributes in the universe not logically
repugnant to each other is infinite.
b. Without const, esp. of two or more things
in relation to each other.
1387^8 T. USK Test. Love in. iii. (Skeat) 1. 32 To euery
wi^t . . is seen these thinges to be repugnaunt. c 1449 PKCOCK
Repr. in. xix. 408 Therfore tho chapjtres ben not bitwixe
hem silf repugnant. 1528 GARDINER in Pocock Rec. Re/. I.
118 In hurts done and taken on either party there is many
times tidings repugnant. 1590 SWINBURNE Testaments
122 Those conditions which by reason of contraritie or re-
pugnant perplexitie be impossible, or incompatible. 1614
RALEIGH Hist. World 11. (1634) 372 There being found three
places of Scripture touching this point, seeming repugnant
or disagreeing. 1660 BARROW Euclid i. xxvii, The outward
angle AEF will be greater than the inward angle DFE, to
which it was equal by Hypothesis, which is repugnant. 1766
BLACKSTONE Comm. II. 157 A condition either impossible,
illegal, or repugnant. 1800 Med. Jrnl. IV. 213 When these
are.. variously combined with no properties chemically re-
pugnant. 1864 BOWEN Logic iv. 65 Considered in relation
to each other Marks are either Congruent or Repugnant.
f C. Diverse, different. Obs. rare -l.
1544 tr. Littleton's Tenures (1574) 99 Y" cause of the di-
versity betwene these two cases is repugnant ynough.
2. Making or offering resistance (to a person or
thing); opposing, resisting, hostile, antagonistic,
refractory.
c 1460 G. ASHUY Dicta. Pkilos. 1029 Suche folk as be con-
versant With goode men and wise, to II repugnant. 1494
FABYAN Chron. vn. 436 But to all this was the towne of
Gaunt repugnaunt, in so moche y* mortall warre beganne.
1533 BELLENDEN Livy in. xvi. (S. T. S.) II. iz Sum tyme
(becaus he was repugnant) he bad tak him perforce. 1581
PETTIE tr. Guazzo's Civ. Conv. 11. (1586) 102 b, He ought to
be called ignorant, whose minde is repugnant to knowledge.
CX595 CAPT. WYATT R. Dudleys Voy. W. Ind. (Hakl.
Soc.) 35 To which proceedings above all others Captain
Jobson ..was much contradictorie and repugnante. 1627
ICur£tten m. (1631) 592 As when strong windes with tydes
repugnant meet, One way the Sea, the waues another go.
1818 BYRON Ch. Har. iv. Ixxv, I abhorr'd. .The drill'd dull
lesson, forced down word by word In my repugnant youth.
1875 BROWNING Aristoph. Apol. 5 Never again may these
repugnant orbs Ache themselves blind.
fD. Of medicines : Operative against ', counter-
active to, something. Obs. rare.
1559 MORWYNG Eyonym. 148 It is repugnant against all
kinds of worms within the body. 1568 SKEYNE The Pest
(1860) 23 Quhilk is repugnant to all vther kynd of poysone.
3. Distasteful or objectionable to one.
1777 WATSON Philip //, xiy. (1793) II. 210 The limitations
..imposed upon the sovereign's authority were utterly re-
pugnant to Philip's temper. 1825 LAMB Elia Ser. n. Stage
Illusion^ Characters in comedy, .which involve some notion
repugnant to the moral sense. 1869 FKnMAMJSfapM. Cony.
(1875) III. xi. 57 A step likely to be in many ways repugnant
to Northumbrian feeling.
BEPULLULATION.
b. Exciting distaste or aversion ; offensive,
loathsome, repulsive.
1879 tr. De Qnatrefages* Hum. Spec. 49 The flesh also as-
sumes a repugnant appearance.
fB. sit. 1. A recusant or resister. Obs. rare~~ '.
1625 lip. MOUNTAGU App. Cxsar 143 What. .Edict did ever
command it to be professed, or. .imposed penaltle upon re-
pugnants, or non-consentients unto it ?
f 2. Logic. A term or proposition forming the
contrary or contradictory of another. Obs.
1654 Z. COKE Logick 169 One of the contradicents and re-
pugnants being put, the other is removed. 1697 tr. Burgers-
dicius his Logic u. x. 44 Seek first the Consequences of the
Predicate,, .then the Repugnants.
Repu gnaiitly, adv. [f. prec. + -LY.] f In a
contrary, contradictory, or inconsistent manner.
'55* J« HEYWOOO Spider ft F. xcii. 139 Whose deede and
his thought repungnantlie varie, His woord and his thought
iar likewise contrarie. 1586 HOOKER Disc. Justif. (1618) 59
Works of righteousnesse therefore are not so repugnantly
added in the one proposition ; as in the other, Circumcision
is, 1668 H. MORE Div. Dial. \. xxviii. (1713) 58 That is
again spitefully interposed, . . and yet repugnantly to your
own admired Oracle.
So Repu-gnantness, c repugnancy ; contrary
nature or quality' (Bailey 1727, vol. II).
Kepngnate (rJpzrgn^t), v. rare. [I. ppl. stem
of L. repugnare : see REPUGN z».] trans, and intr.
To oppose, resist.
1829 I. TAYLOR Enthus. vii. (1867) 169 A feeling .. repug-
natts and subdues those self-gratulations. 1849 — Loyola
$ yes. (1857) 278 Nor can it be but by a sort of force that
the will continues long to follow where the judgment re-
pugnates.
Repugiiatorial (r/p&:gnatd»Tial) , a. Zeal.
[f. L. repugnatori-tis + -AL.] Serving for defence;
applied to certain glands or pores in Diplopoda%
from which a malodorous fluid can be emitted.
1898 PACKARD Texthk. Entomol. 372 Certain beetles are
endowed with eversible repugnatoriai glands.
•i Repu'gnatory, a. Obs. rare. [ad. F. re-
pugnatoire : see prec.] Defensive.
destructive. Ibid. 211 note, He calls em Kepugnatory
Weapons, not Expugnatory as our Translator [sc. Urquhart]
inadvertently turns it.
Repu'gner. rare. [f. REPUGN v. + -KB!.]
One who repugns.
c 1449 PKCOCK Kepr. \\. xi. 208 The repungners a^ens the
.. afore tretid gouernauncis. 1570 FOXE A. <$• M. (ed. 2)
369/1 Excommunicatyng all repugners and rebellers agaynst
the same.
Repugning (r^pi«-nirj), vbL sb. [f. as prec.
+ -ING 1.J Opposition, resistance.
1395 PURVEY Remonstr. (1851) 131 Where they be vncertaiii
of such founding eyther repugning, put it aback, neyther
take it as beleue. 1555 W. WATREMAN Fardle Facions i. v.
in. 197 He gaue her landes and sleddings. ..nocht respecteng
the scharpe repunging of the Pechtes. 1630 G. WIDDOWES
Schystnatical Puritan Pref., A disposing of Canonical!
obedience ; a repugning against our Reformed Church.
Repugning (Wpi«-nirj),///. a. [f. as prec. +
-ING *.] That repugns ; f esp. contrary or opposed
to something. Obs.
c 1440 CAPGRAVE Life St. Kath. v. 1406 This vengeaunb is
repugnynge to your deyte. 1509 BARCLAY Shyp of Folys
(»57o) 3 Unkindnes .. is repugning to reason and iustice.
1577 tr. Bullingers Decades (1592) 251 God . . cannot any
time either erre, or conceiue any false opinions, or repugn-
ing counsels. 1586 A. DAY Eng. Secretary \. (1625) 67
Actions of such kinde are alwayes vnto the noble and best
endued mindes vtterly repugning. a 1602 W. PERKINS
Cases Consc. (1619) 28 When a thing is done with a repugn-
ing or gain-saying conscience.
Repuit(e, obs. Sc. forms of REPUTE v.
Repu'll, v. [RE- 2 a.] To pull back again.
163* LITHGOW Trav. ix. 404 Forthwith his Master repulling
him backe, cast him [a dog] in the Lake.
Repullulate (r/pu-lirfUit), v. [f. ppl. stem
of L. repullulare (Pliny) : see PULLULATE.]
1. intr. To bud or sprout again. Also Jig.
Hence Bepu'llulating/W. a.
i6« in COCKERAM. 1637 GtLLEsriE En%. Pop. Cerent.
Ep. A iij, The repullulating twigges and sprigges of Popish
superstition. 1674 Phil. Trans. IX. no These Tufts did
as often repullulate, as they were struck and wiped clean
off. 1716 M. DAVIES^M**. Brit. III. 85 Soon after the
Gothick Barbarity repullulated again. zSax MRS. E. NATHAN
Langreath III. 290 Whose branches I fear are withered,
never to repullulate again.
2. Path. Of diseases : To start afresh ; to recur.
1762 R. GUY Pract. Obs. Cancers 14 The Disease is apt
to repullulate, and speedily prove fatal. « 1776 R. JAMES
Dissert. Fevers (1778) 84 Such [fevers] as are symptomatic,
and repullulate constantly from a permanent cause.
Repullulation (rJpulirfl^-Jan). [f. prec.]
1. The action or fact of sprouting again.
1622 DONNE Serin. Wks. (1839) VI. 89 He would haue left
no seed or he would not have admitted such a repullula-
tion. 1668 H. MORE Div. Dial. v. xiv. II. 327 That inmost
. .sense of the Soul, which is the Repullulation of the pure
Love. 1771 Misc. Ess. in Ann. Reg. 172/2 Analogous to
the repullulation of trees after lopping.
2. Path. Recurrence of a disease ; return of a
morbid growth.
1725 HUXHAM in Phil. Trans. XXXIII. 389 In a Case or
two I observ'd a Repullulation of Pustules. 1862 GROSS
REPULLULATIVE.
Syst, Sttrg. (1872) I, 229 If the least germ of morbid product
be left, repullulation will be almost inevitable.
Bepu'llulative, a. [f. REPULLULATE v. +
-IVE.J Having the faculty of sprouting again.
18*5 COLERIDGE Lett. (1895) II. 743 Nature is. .divisible as
the polyp, repullulative in a thousand snips and cuttings.
Repullule'Scent, a. [f. pres. pple. of L.
repullitlescerc : cf. REPULLULATE v.} Reviving,
springing up afresh.
i*734 NORTH Lives (1626) II. u^One would have believed
this expedient, .calculated to obviate the ill use a repullu-
lescent faction might make.
ReptL'lpit (r/-), v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To re-
store to the pulpit.
1875 TENNYSON Q. Mary i. v, You have ousted the mock
priest, re-pulpited The shepherd of St. Peter.
Repulse (r/jMrls), sb. [ad. L. repuhus or re-
pulsa, f. repitls-, ppl. stem of repellere to REPEL.
Cf. obs. F. repulse, -poulse (Godef.).]
1. The act of repelling an assailant or hostile
force ; the fact of being driven back in an engage-
ment or assault.
CI540 tr. Pol Verg. Eng. Hist. (Camden) I. 190 Thei
pursewed the repulse and committed great slaughter. 1577-
87 HOLINSHED Chron. I. 25/1 If the enimies were put to the
repulse, they would easilie escape the danger with swiftnesse
of foot. 1603 KNOLLES Hist. Turks (1638) 25 He notwith-
standing the former repulse, the next yeare. .laid hard siege
again to Ptolemais. 1667 MILTON P. L. vi. 600 What
should they do? if on they rusht, repulse Repeated. 1821
SHELLEY Hellas 988 Repulse, with plumes from conquest
torn, Led the ten thousand . . Through many an hostile
Anarchy. 1879 H. PHILLIPS Addit. Notes Coins 3 A grand
silver medal commemorates the repulse of the Turks before
the City of Zenta.
fb. An actor mode of repelling an injury. Obs.
1590 SEGAR (title) The Booke of Honor and Armes, wherein
is discoursed the causes of Quarrell, and the nature of
Iniuries, with their repulses. Ibid. I. 14 Hee vnto whom
the Lie is giuen for a repulse of iniurie ought to be the
Challenger.
2. Refusal (of a request, suit, etc.) ; denial, re-
jection, rebuff.
1533 BEI.LENDEN Livy 11. vi. (S.T. S.) I. 152 pocht be said
porsena desirit be tarquinis to be restorit, he knewe na thing
bettir ban repulss of sic desiris. 1592 NASHE Four Lett.
Confut. 43 Many followers, whose dutiful! seruices must not
bee disgrac'd with a bitter repulse in ante suite. x6ox F.
GODWIN Bps. of Eng. 5 He gaue not ouer with one repulse,
but.. procured a second conference. 1654 BRAMHALL Just
Vind. vii. (1661) 165 This was the second repulse, yet the
Popes were not so easily shaken off. 17x8 ADDISON Spect.
No. 457 r 3 Applications for Places, with their respective
Successes or Repulses. 1759 ROBERTSON Hist. Scot. v.
Wks. 1813 I. 376 Upon this repulse, Mary's commissioners
withdrew. 1781 Miss BURKES v Cecilia, ix. v, The rigour of
your repulse alarmed me. 1853 C. BRONTE Villette xxxyil,
I went on, gaining courage on finding that I met attention
rather than repulse.
T" b. In phrases to take or have (the] repulse^ to
give (one) the repulse. Obs.
1603 HOLLAND PlutarcWs Mor. 431 Pavlvs Aemilivs
making sute for his second Consulship, was rejected and
tooke repulse. 1611 COKYAT Crudities 31, I went to the
Dominican Monastery, and made suit to see it, but I had
the repulse. 1644 BULWER Chirol. 54 Shaking his head,
[he] gave him the repulse. 1693 R. L/ESTRANGE *Josephnst
Antiq. iv. viii. (1733) 96 Her Husband's Brother hnd given
her the Repulse.
3. The act of forcing or driving back ; the fact
of being forced back. Now rare or Obs.
1578 BANISTER Hist. Man i. 24 By their meanes, eclie
sodaine. .stroake of the brest hath an easie repulse, in their
yelding from it. 1615 W. LAWSON Country Housew. Card.
(1626) 28 That saues a second wound, and a second repulse
of sap. 1710 J. HARRIS Lex. Techn. II. s.v., It is one of
the laws of Nature.. that Repulse or Reaction is always
equal to Impulse or Action. 17760. SEMPLE Building in
\Vatcr 145 And, in the Repulse, think what a most powerful
Suction that Repulse will create.
+ b. A check in growth. Obs. rare —1.
1657 AUSTEN Fruit Trees i. 87 Stocks removed have so
great a wound and repulse by removing only, that they
cannot well beare another so soone after.
Hence Repivlseless a., l that cannot be repelled'
(Webster 1847).
Repulse (r/jwls), v. [f. L. repuls-t ppl. stem
of repellere to REPEL; cf. also obs. K. repuher
(mod. repousser] , ad. L. repulsare.]
1. trans. To drive or beat back (an assailant) ;
to repel by force of arms.
1533 BELLENDEN Livy H. vi. (S.T. S.) I. 147 Porsena,
repulsit of his first assalt, set him be prudent counsell to
sege be ciete. a, 1548 HALL Chron., Hen. I'll 34 b, The
fcasterlynges had muche a do to withstande and repulse
them oute of their gates. 1617 MORVSON Itin. n. 192 If wee
had beene repulsed with any blow giuen vs,. .all the Irish . .
would haue turned their swords against vs. 1697 DRYDEN
Piy. Giorg. in. 620 Thy faithful Dogs, .who, for the Folds
Relief,. . Repulse the prouling Wolf. 1788 GIBBON Decl. $ F.
I. V. 244 His valour withstood and repulsed the superior
numbers of the Christians. 1841 ELPHINSTONE Hist. Ind.
II. 623 Even then he was more than once repulsed before
the city fell into his hands. 1865 Reader 4 Mar. 246/1
I hese sortie^ .. were made with vigour, and not repulsed
quite so easily as he would have us believe.
absol. 1480 CAXTON Faytes of A. \. ix. B iv, To come
hand to hand for to repulse or shoue forth with sperys. 1585
JAMF.S in Motley Ntt/terl, v. (1860) I. 223 The enemy pur-
sued very hotly ; the Englishmen stood to repulse, and are
put most to the sword.
fb. To repel or ward off (an injury). Obs.
495
1590 SEGAR Book of Honor i. 4 Whosoeuer being offered
iniurious speach, shall say^ to the offerer therof Thou liest,
. -doth therby repulse the iniurie, and force the Iniurer to
challenge. 1606 KRYSKETT Civ. Life 82 It is lawfull for a
man to repulse an iniury, and to defend himselfe.
f o. To force back (a thing). Obs. rare.
1601 DOLMAN La Primaud. Fr. Acad. (1618) III. 738
Hotte and dry exhalations, .being repulsed backe by the
beanies of the stars into the cloudes. 1664 POWER Exfi.
Philos. in. 157 Being repulsed by the ambient Ayr, they
recoyl again, and return in a Vortical Motion.
2. To repel with denial ; to reject, refuse, rebuff,
f Also const, from.
1533 BELLENDEN Livy n. xiv. (S. T.S.) I. 182 Becaus his
petitiouns war repulsit afore be senate, he said In bis wise.
1577 PATERICKE 'r- Gentillet (1602) 165 These embassadours
seeing themselves repulsed from their demaund, returned to
Capua. 1602 SHAKS. Ham. n. ii. 146 He repulsed, A short
Tale to make, FellintoaSadnesse. 1667 MILTON/*. L. x. 910
Eve Not so repulst . . at his feet Fell humble. 1766 GOLDSM.
Vic. W. xxxi, Mr. Thornhill . . was going to embrace his
uncle, which the other repulsed with an air of disdain. 1859
TENNYSON Geraint fy Enid%-$$ Being repulsed By Yniol and
yourself, I schemed and wrought Until I overturn'd him.
1894 J. T. FOWLER Adamnan Introd. 26 They were repulsed
with laughter.
t b. Const, with inf. Obs. rare—1.
1590 SEGAR Book of Honor iv. 57 A Gentleman that is
knowne a Spie for the Enemie..may be repulsed to fight
with euerie other Gentlemen of good fame and reputation.
f Q. To rebuke, reprove. Obs. rare ~~1.
1746 in W. Thompson R. N. Advoc. (1757) 24 T^e ^ s
of the Flesh Branch, .frequently repulsed their Men for
refusing to. .salt what was not fit for Service.
f3. To shut ont, exclude/r0;« something. Obs.
1548 UDALL, etc. Erasm. Par. Matt, xviii. 76 Lorde..how
often shal I pardon my brother, .and after what numbre of
faultes shall he be repulsed from pardone ? 1602 FUL-
BECKE \st Pt. Parall. 26 Then the children only.. are re-
pulsed from the inheritance, and then it goeth to them of
the kinred which are nearer in degree.
4. To affect with repulsion. rare~l.
1845 LUNDIE Missionary Life in Samoa ix. 52 Many
things [in Australia] shocked and repulsed his feelings.
Hence Repulsed ppL a., repelled, f conveying a
repulse ; Repulser, one who repels ; f a repel-
ling medicine. Also Repu'lsing vbl. sb. and ///. a.
1490 CAXTON Eneydos xxvii. 102 The ryuages & portes. .be
to them repulsyng, con t rare & rebel, euer more, a 1578
LINDESAY (Pitscottie) Ckron. Scot. (S. T. S.) II. 93 The
governour . . was nocht content heirof and gaif nothing
againe bot ane repullsit ansuer. [Also Ibid. 146.] 1590 SIR
T. SMYTH Disc. Weapons 4 b, To the repulsing either of
horsemen or footemen. 1611 COTGR., Kefiaulseitr, a repulser,
a repeller. 1632 tr. Bruefs Praxis Med. 113 In the increase
[of the disease] repulsers must be aboue resoluers. 1711 in
loth Rep. Hist. MSS. Cowm. App. V. 163 By this repulse-
ing of the enemy to his own side of the river. 1889 Pall
Mall G. 4 Jan. 3/3 In the repulsed attack the Guards lost
about that proportion in a very few minutes.
Repulsion (tfpirlpm). [ad. late L. repul-
sion-em, n. of action f. repellere : cf. REPULSE sb.
and v.t and F. repulsion (1450 in Godef.).]
fl. Repudiation, divorce. Obs. rare.
1412-20 LYDG. Chron. Troy v. xxxvi. (1555), He . . The
Kinges doughter hath vtterly forsake And in all haste did
a libel! make And forge a writ of repulsyon. 1432-50 tr.
Higtitn (Rolls)(VI. 381 The qwene. .takynge a libelleof re-
pudy, of repulsion, entrede a monastery.
2. The action of forcing or driving back or away.
1547 Acts Privy Council (1800) II. 534 A violent and
tumultuous repultion of the watchmen of the cittie, from
and out of their said liberties. 1634 WOTTON Archit. in
Reliq. (1672) 38 Then there is a repulsion of the Fume, by-
some higher Hill or Fabrick that shall overtop the Chimney.
1631 Celestina vi. 75 Shee hath eyes which let flye darts of
repulsion. 1736 WARBURTON Alliancebetw. Ch. $ Stale in.
iii, Evil which proceeds not from the will is called a mis-
chief; and may be simply repelled ; and this repulsion is
called restraint. 1788 Trifler No. 19. 250 Whatever has
tended to the repulsion of barbarity, and the improvement
of civilization, is an object on which panegyric can never be
exhausted. 1817 JAS. MILL Brit. India I. n. vi. 256 The
sacred lamp was lighted for the repulsion of evil spirits.
1820 RANKEN Hist. France VII. i. ii. 80 The repulsion of
the Spanish army under the Archduke Albert from Picardy.
b. Med. The action of repelling humours, erup-
tions, etc., from the affected parts; fa means of
effecting this.
1725 BRADLEY Fain. Diet. s.v. Wounds ^\ Repulsion must
be made in the beginning, that is, you must divert the
Course of the Humours, and prevent their falling upon the
Wound : Bleeding is the best Repulsion. 1773!'. PERCIVAL
Ess. II. 214 Complaints, which had succeeded the sudden
repulsion of an eruption on his foot, by means of an as-
tringent bath. 1821-34 Good's Study Med. (ed. 4) IV. 433
There is also a greater tendency.. to a sickness, or some
other disorder of the stomach, upon repulsion by cold.
3. Physics. The action of one body in repelling
another; tendency of bodies to increase their
mutual distance. (Opposed to ATTRACTION.)
1725 N. ROBINSON Th. Physick Pref. 9, I have often
thought all the several Principles of Philosophy might be
comprehended under the two distinct Terms of Attraction
and Repulsion. 1797 Eneycl. Brit. (ed. 3) XVI. 85/2 Re-
pulsion. as well as attraction, has of late been considered as
one of the primary qualities of all matter. 1830 HERSCHEL
Stud. Nat. Phil. 297 The production of motion by the
mutual attractions and repulsions of distant or contiguous
masses. 1850 DAUBENY Atom. The. iv. (ed. 2) 125 The
force of repulsion, .tends to keep the particles of an aeriform
fluid at a certain distance apart. 1866 R. M. FERGUSON
Electr. (1870) 7 We may conclude that magnetic attraction
and repulsion takes place only between magnets temporary
or permanent.
REPTTLVERATION.
attrib. 1882 S. P. THOMSON Electr. $ Maen. 212 Repul-
sion Electrometers. 1891- Electrom. 288 Repulsion Ap-
paratus.
b. trans/. Tendency to separate or put further
apart, to introduce division or difference, etc.
1843 GLADSTONE Glean. (1879) V. i. 59 Where their in-
fluence., is necessarily at an end.., nay rather, where it is
converted into a force of absolute, of most powerful repul-
sion. 1876 DOUSE Grimm's L. 78 What we are here con-
cerned with is the process of ethnic and linguistic repulsion.
4. Influence tending to repel one from a person
or thing ; dislike, aversion, repugnance.
i?5« JOHNSON Rambler No. 160 F 5 There are many
natures which, .seem to start back from each other by some
invincible repulsion. 1847 EMERSON Poems, Visit, If Love
his moment overstay, Hatred's swift repulsions play. 1863
GEO. ELIOT Romola xv, There was an unconquerable re-
pulsion for her in that monkish aspect. 1871 B. TAYLOR
Faust (1875) II. in. i. 169 Strong repulsion written on thy
brow I see.
Repulsive (rrp»-lsiv), a. and sb. [a. F. rt-
pulsif, -ive (i4th c.), or f. REPULSE v. + -IVE.]
A. adj. 1. Having the character of repelling;
driving or forcing back ; returning a sound ; re-
sisting moisture, etc.
c i6zi CHAPMAN Iliad xvi. 66 For the repulsiue hand of
Diomed doth not spend His raging darts there. 1744 AKFN-
SIDE Pleas. Imag. i. in To the quivering touch Of Titan's
ray, with each repulsive string Consenting. 1791 E. DARWIN
Bot. Card. I. 560 To . . bathe unwet their oily forms,
and dwell, With feet repulsive on the dimpling well. 1810
CRABBE Borough i. 132 Fences are.. placed around, (With
tenters tipp'd) a strong repulsive bound, c 1815 MOORE
Irish Melodies Poet. Wks. II. 146 And with rude repulsive
shock Hurls her from the beetling rock.
b. Const, of QI to (the thing repelled).
1720 POPE Jliad xxi. 192 Repulsive of his might the
weapon stood. 1791 MRS. RADCLIFFE Rotn. Forest ii, The
desolation of the spot was repulsive to his wishes. 1828
Blackiy. Mag. XXIV. 32 The spiritual and temporal
authorities are distinct, . . and both repulsive of European
intercourse.
2. Physics. Of the nature of, characterized by,
repulsion. (Opposed to ATTRACTIVE.)
1704 NEWTON Optics (1721) 363 A repulsive Force by which
they fly from one another. 1770 PRIESTLEY in Phil. Trans.
LX. 198 The balls separated. .; and, continuing in a repul-
sive state, appeared to be electrified negatively. 1830
KATER & LARDNER Mech. vi. 69 The space around each
atom of a body, through which this repulsive influence
extends, is generally limited. 1885 WATSON & BURBURY
Math. The. Electr. fy Magn. I. 46 If the mutual force had
been attractive instead of repulsive, .the expression for the
work done would be the same as that for the repulsive
force, but with reversed sign.
3. Repellent; intended or tending to repel by
denial, coldness of manner, etc.
1598 CHAPMAN Blinde Beg. Alexandria Wks. 1873 I. 22
Be not discouraged that my daughter. . , Like a well fortified
and loftie tower, Is so repulsiue and vnapt to yeelde.
1792 BURKE Corr. (1844) III. 414 Nothing could be more
completely cold, distant, and even repulsive to me, than the
conduct and manner of ministers in this and in every other
point. 1794 MRS. RADCLIFFE Myst. Udo/pho xx, She
suddenly raised herself, and with a repulsive gesture and a
countenance of forced serenity, said [etc.], r 1815 JANE
AUSTEN Persuas. vi, Mary was not so repulsive and un-
sisterly as Elizabeth. 1843 S. WII.BERFORCE in Ashwell
Life (1879) I. vi. 233, I could not.. receive it in silence,
because this would seem cold, unfriendly and repulsive.
1863 R. QUEEN Heather Lintie (ed. 2) 43, I ne'er wi' ither
bairns gallanted Wha looks repulsive on me slanted.
4. Repellent to the mind ; disgusting.
1816 BENTHAM Chrestoni. 314 Presenting itself to the eye
of the mind in the repulsive character of an absolutely dark
spot. 1838 EMERSON Addr.t Lit. Ethics Wks. (Bohn) II.
211 The repulsive plants that are native in the swamp.
1866 G. MACDONALD Ann. Q. Neighb. xv. (1878) 317 There
was something so repulsive about the woman. 1874 L.
STEPHEN Hours in Library (1892) I. vi. 199 Balzac. . is often
repulsive, and not unfrequently dull.
Comb. 1855 WHYTE MELVILLE Gen. Bounce ix. 125 A hard-
featured and repulsive-looking woman.
B. sb. fl. A repelling medicine or application.
1636 RIDGLEV Pract. Physick 17 Whether repulsives may
be used ? 1671 SALMON Syn. Med. in. xvi. 363 Repulsives
or Repellers. .are opposed to Attractives.
f2. A repelling or counteracting force. Obs. rare.
1667 WATERHOUSE Fire Lond. 59 God having, .placed in
nature ballances and repulsives as well as insolences and
pestilences of assaults on harmony.
Hence Repulsively adv., in a repelling manner.
1748 RICHARDSON Clarissa (1811) III. vii. 54 She.. re-
pulsively, as I may say, quitting my assisting hand, hurried
into the house. 1840 .AVw Monthly Mag. LVIII. 58, 1 was
prevented by the lady, who, putting out her hand repul-
sively, said, ' Oh ! don't send him to me '.
Repulsiveness (r/p»-lsivnes). [f. REPUL-
SIVE a. + -NESS.] The state or quality of being
repulsive or disagreeable.
i8ao HAZUTT Lect. Dram. Lit. 179 The repulsiveness of
the story is what gives it its critical interest. 1841 D'ISRAEU
Amen. Lit. (1867) 116 Printing ancient writers with all
their obsolete repulsiveness in orthography and type. 1875
MAINE Hist. Inst. t. 17 The difficulty of mastering the
contents has. .been aggravated by the repulsiveness of the
form.
t Repu'lsory, sb. and (7. [i. as REPULSE v.
+ -ORY, or ad. late L. repulsorius.'] (See quots.)
1611 COTGR., Repoussoir, a repulsorie ; a thing that re-
pulseth, driueth backe, or pusheth out. 17*7 BAII.EY vol. II,
Repulsory, fit to repel, or pull back.
Repulveration. rare-1. [RE- 5 a.] A
second or subsequent pulverizing.
REPUMICATE.
496
REPUTATION.
1740 TULL Horse- Hating Hnsb. (ed. 2) Addend. 260 This
present growing Crop will thereby have the Benefit of. .the
Repulveration of that Earth afterwards.
> Repu micate, v. Obs. rare. [ad. L. * re-
^/7/«iVtt»r (cf. next), i.pumtx PUMICE.] (Seequots.)
1623 COCKERAM, Repumicate, to platne a thing. 1647
R. BARON Cyprian Acad. n She that wanteth a sleeke-
stone to repumicate her linnen, will take a pibble. 1656
BLOUNT Glossogr. [copying Cooper], Repumicate, to raze
with a Pumice, to make slick or smooth.
So f Hepumioa'tion [L. reptlmicatio, Pliny]. Obs.
1623 COCKERAM n, Smoothnes, Repumication, 1658 PHIL-
LIPS, Repumieation,. .a slicking, or raizing with a pumice.
Repu'mp (rf-)» **• [RE- 5 a«] To pump again.
1753 N. TORRIANO Gangr. Sore Throat 85 Lest., the
gangrenous Matter be repumped back thro' the Mouths of
the newly abraded Vessels. 1903 Motoring Ann. 296 If
upon re-pumping, a tyre be found not to hold air properly,
. .it must be removed for repair.
Repu'ii (rf-), v. [RE-.] intr. To pun again
or in return.
I7»i AMHERST Terrm Fil. No. 39 (1726) 212 They would
pun and repun, in several languages, upon each other.
Reptrnish (r/"-). [RE-.] To punish again or
in return. So Repu'nishment.
1549 Latimer's -2nd Serm. bef. Edw. K/ToRdr. (Arb.) 49
When he comes he wil. .recompence his long sufleraunce
wyth greuous repunishmentes. 1612 Proc. Virginia 89 in
Capt. Smith's Wks. (Arb.) 157 Some of the baser sort that
we haue . . punished for their villanies, would hire vs that we
should not tell it to their kings or countrymen, who would
also repunUh them.
Repu-rcliasc (n-)( sb. [RE- 5 a.] The act
of buying l>ack. (Common in recent use.)
1611 FLORID, Ricompra, a repurchase or bying againe.
1863 Sat. Rev, 16 May 631 He promised to give an option
of repurchase at a future time. 1875 JEVONS Money xviii.
233 Independently, however, of repurchase, stamps are so
continually being cancelled [etc.].
Repirrchase (n"-), v. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To
purchase again, to buy back.
1592 Nobody % Sotneb. 1940 in Simpson SJt. Shafts. (1878)
I. 353 Leases, likewise forfeited, By him repurchast. 1593
SHAKS. 3 Hen. VI, v. vii. 2 Once more we sit tn Englands
Royall Throne, Re-purchac'd with the Blood of Enemies.
1671 WOODHEAD.SY. Teresa i. xiv. 90 This soul, .which thou
hast so often repurchased again and again. 1713 CTESS
WINCHELSEA Misc. Poems 115 Repurchases in time th'
abandon'd Sheep. 1796 BURKE Let. Noble Ld. Wks. VIII.
46 Every day he lived he would have re-purchased the
bounty of the crown. 1870 E. PEACOCK Ralph Skirl. I. 213
It was a cherished whim of the Squire to repurchase this
fragment.
absol. 1858 LD. ST. LEONARDS Handy-Bk. Prop. Law vii.
43 If you sell out stock., and then you re-purchase at a loss,
you are not entitled to any allowance on that account.
Hence Bepirrohased ///. a. • Repn'rchaser.
1598 FLORIO, Racqnistatorc,. .a reobtainer, a repurchases
1652 J. WRIGHT tr. Camus' Nat. Paradox xn. 342 Miestas
besides his re-purchased Liberty was ravisht to see so many
Laurells shadowing his Son's Temples.
t BepUTe, v. Obs. rare. [RE- 5 a.] trans.
To purify again. Hence Repirred ppl. a.
1606 SHAKS. Tr. ff Cr. in. ii. 23 What will it be When that
the watry pallats taste indeede Loues thrice repured
Nectar? 1611 BARKSTED Hiren (1876) 85 No, no, nor
state, nor honor can repure Dishonor'd sheets. 1635
SHIRLEY Lady of Pleas, v. i, The winds shall, .breathe rich
odours to re-pure the air.
t Reptrrgate, v. Obs.-1 [f. ppl. stem of L.
repurgare : cf. REPUBGE #.] trans. To purge anew.
1664 H. MORE Myst. fniy., Atol. 553 Other Reformed
Churches, which also are so laudably repurgated from the
grosser corruptions of the great Babylon.
t Repurga'tion. Obs. [f. as prec., or ad. late
L. repurgaf ion-em.] Renewed purgation.
1612 WOODALL Surg. Mate Wks. (1653) 273 Repurgation
is, whereby metals and other substances are purged from
superfluities of another nature, adhering to them. 1637
GILLESPIE Eng. Pop. Ceret-i. n. iii. 17 Who promised some
Reformation and Repurgation of superstitious worships.
Repurge (r/p^jdg), v. [f. RE- 5 a + PURGE
v.t after L. repurgdre, Sp. repurgar, F. repurger^
etc.] trans. To purge or cleanse again. Also;^/?.
1560 DAUS tr. Sleidane^s Comm. 437 Whether the soules
of the godly not yet repurged, be relieved with Masses., and
almose dedes. 1575 FENTON Gold. Epist. (1582) 220 The spot
in a house can not be repurged with all the treasures in a
kingdome. 1645 PAGITT Heresiogr. (1661) 36 That God had
commanded him to destroy all the ungodly, and to re-
purge the Church. 1753 N. TORRIANO Gangr. Sore Throat
23 Monday she was repurged with Success. x86a R. H.
PATTERSON Ess. Hist, fy Art 235 The Chinese Empire. .has
purged and repurged itself again and again.
Hence Repirrged///. a., Repu-rging vbl. sb.
1606 KING Serm. Sept. 26 So many repurged Churches of
Christendome. 1611 FLORIO, Repurgatione^ a repurging.
RepU'rify (rf-),z>. [RE-ga.] To purify again.
Hence Repu'rified, Repvrrifying ///. adjs.
"575 FENTON Gold. Epist. (1582) 116 A puddle that can
not eftsoones be repurified. 1599 NASHE Lenten Stitffe 70
Absolute, essentiall alterations of metalles there may bee
made by an artific'iall repurified flame. 1615 CHAPMAN
Odyss. vi. 49 Let's to the river, and repurify Thy wedding
Sirments. 1630 J. TAYLOR (Water P.) Praise Clean Linen
ed., Wks. n. 164 The Most Mondifying, Clarifying, Puri-
fying and Repurifying, Cleanser.
RepUTple, v. rare. [RE- 5 a.] trans. To
make
Repnrsurt. [RE- 5 a.] Renewed pursuit.
a 1631 DONNE Serm. xxxvi. (1640) 360 If., thou return to
thy vomit, to the re-pursuite of those halfe-repented sins.
t Repurveance. Obs.—1- = PURVEYANCE.
a 1440 Sir Degrev. 1146 He had y-made repurveaunce For
al hys retenaunce Fourty days and mare.
Repirsh, v. [RE-.] intr. To push in return.
1616 J. LANE Contn. SqrSs 7*. ix, 177 Pusshinge, repussh-
!nge, vibratinge agen, as valient mortal and immortal men.
Repu't, v. rare. [RE- 5 a.] To put (on) again.
1673 R. HEAD Canting Acad. 127 He reputs on his
i Doublet.
Reput, obs. Sc, form of REPUTE.
Re:pntabrlity. [See next and -ITY.] The
state or quality of being reputable.
1846 WARRINGTON in Builder 25 July, Upon my reputa-
bility, experience, and judgment, . . I pronounce on this work
..its utter condemnation. 1894 Westm. Gaz. 3 June 2/2
, Order and reputability may create cogent reasons.
Reputable (re*pi«tab'l), a. [f. REPUTE v. +
-ABLE. Cf. obs. F. reputable (Godef.).]
•f1 1. Capable of being regarded or taken into
account. Obs. rare~l.
1611 SPEED Hist. Gt. Brit. vii. xliii. § i. 354 Disauowing
Prince Edward as illegitimate, and therefore not reputable
for succession.
2. Having a good reputation ; of good repute ;
estimable, honourable, respectable: a. of acts,
employments, circumstances, etc.
167$ Govt.Tongue 206 Faults, .exemplified to us in common
practice, (nay some of them as reputable and ingenious).
1699 BENTLBY Phal. Pref. 29 His Imployment, as a Book-
seller, I think a very reputable one, if He himself be not a
Disgrace to't. 174* RICHARDSON Pamela 111. 365 To find
. . that you would have been led beyond what was reputable.
1825 LAMB Elia Ser. n. Barbara S , The parents of
Barbara had been in reputable circumstances. 1878 SIMPSON
Sck. Shaks. I. 109 To reveal matters in which his share had
not been very reputable.
b. of persons or their character.
1692 DRVDEN St. Evremont's Ess. 34 If so be the reputable
Men of the latter time, had existed in that of Fabricius [etc.].
1718 MORGAN Algiers II. i. 212 Rakik, the most reputable
i of all the African Chronologists. 1761 HUME Hist. Eng.
Ixix. (1806) V. 195 The jury were men of fair and reputable
j characters. 1837 J- ^*- LANG New S. Wales I. 172 A grant
! of land belonging to a reputable Scotchman. 1858 GREENER
, Gunnery 330 Certain men who set themselves up for reput-
! able gun makers.
Hence Re'putableness, ' being of good Repute '
(Bailey vol. II, 1727).
Reputably (re-pi«tabli), adv. [f. REPUTABLE
i a. + -LY.] In a reputable or respectable manner.
1738 NEAL Hist.Pnrtt. IV. 241 He could not so reputably
do it. 1748 RICHARDSON Clarissa (1811) II. xxxv. 254 Hers
is a protection I could more reputably fly to, than to that of
any other person. 1831 HT. MARTINEAU Homes Abroad ii.
34 Ready to establish themselves reputably in society. 1860
HOLLAND Miss Gilbert iii. 35 He had lived comfortably and
reputably.
T Re'pntate, pa. pple. and v. Obs. rare. [f.
ppl. stem of L. reputare to REPUTE.] a. pa. pple.
Considered, b. v. To consider.
i43»-5<> f- Higden (Rolls) 1. 141 To the mownte of Taurus
from the costes of Ynde, where the hille callede Taurus
and Caucasus be reputate [L. refutatur]oon. 1570 LEVINS
Manipt 41/9 To Reputate, sestimare.
Reputation (repi«t^l'Jan). Also 4-6 repu-
tacion(e, 4-5 -cioun, 5 -syoun, 6 -cyon ; 4-6
reputatioun, 6 -tyon, etc. [ad. L. reputation-
\ em computation, consideration, n. of action f. re-
\ putare to REPUTE. Cf. F. reputation (i5th c.).]
1 1. a. Opinion, supposition ; also, the opinion
! or view of one about something. Obs. rare.
c 1380 WYCLIF 6V/. Wks. III. 255 5if J>ei seie J»at >ei
1 assoyle, J>ei speke by reputacioun, and nou5t bi wytynge ne
] bi trowynge. 1533-4 Act 25 Hen. Vf/f, c. 12 They..tray-
: torously^beleeued in their hartes, that the kinge..was no
I lender rightfull king of this realme, in the reputacion of
atmightie god.
tab
guard no reputation is to be had. x6i3PuRCHAS Pilgrimage
in. v. (1614) 264 Such reputation haue they of this forme,
which they call a Prayer.., That [etc.],
2. The common or general estimate of a person
with respect to character or other qualities; the
relative estimation or esteem in which a person
or thing is held. In phrases :
fa. fn (or of} reputation. In later use applied
to titles given by courtesy. Obs. (Cf. 30.)
c 1386 CHAUCER Pard. T. 274 He is, as by commune
opinion, Yholde the lasse in reputacion. c 1440 Partonope
7370* What they be of condicioun And how they be of
reputacioun. c 1440 Gesta Rom. xiv. 176 (Harl. MS.), He
shall be in Reputacion as a fool. 1602 SHAKS. Ham. n. ii.
344 How chances it they trauaile ? their residence both in
reputation and profit was better bothwayes. 1642 W. BIRD
Mag. Honor 165 There are other Lords in reputation and
appellation, who neverthelesse are not de jure. 167^7 LOGAN
in Blome's Gnillim (1679) "• 75 Ladies in Reputation.
b. To be (have, hold^ or t take] in (or f at} no,
great) etc., reputation. Now rare.
(-1386 CHAUCER Pard. T. 298 For which he heeld his
glone or his renoun At no value or reputacioun. 1432-50
tr. Higden (Rolls) V. 451 Wherefore ;itte..the consuetude
grete reputacion they her toke. 1535 COVERDALE r Sam.
xviii. 30 Dauid behaued him selfe more wysely . . : so that his
name was in greate reputacion. 1542 UDALL Erasm. Apofk.
264 b, As for the saied Cilicians, he had [them] in so vile
reputacion, that [etc.]. 1690 LOCKE HUM, Und. in. x. § 34
Since rhetoric.. is publicly taught, and has always been
had in great reputation. 1704 SWIFT 7*. Tub ii, They . . fell
in love with the Ladies, but especially three, who about
that time were in chief Reputation. 1788 REID Aristotle's
Log. ii. § 2. 31 The Ramean divisions were in no small re-
putation about two hundred years ago.
c. Of no i great) small, etc., reputation.
1413 Pilgr, .Sowle (Caxton 1483) iv. xxxvii. 84 Oftyme
suche maystres as ben of lest reputacion ben mooste neces-
sary. 1494 FABYAN Chron. vii. 458 The realme of Fraunce
that day susteynyd such confusyon..by people and men of
no reputacion as archers. 1353 LATIMER Serm. Lord's
Prayer Wks. (Parker Soc.) II. 3 It is a word of much im-
portance and great reputation. 1591 SHAKS. Two Gent.
i. iii. 6 While other men, of slender reputation Put forth
their Sonnes, to seeke preferment out. 1656 EARL MONM.
tr. Boccalini'sAdi'ts.fr. Parnass. i. x. (1674) 13 That trade
was . . but of small reputation to him that used it. 1817 SCOTT
Surg, Dan. i, He was a man.. of such reputation in the
medical world, that [etc.]. 1886 RUSK IN Prxterita I. 427
Of some literary reputation.
3. The condition, quality, or fact, of being
highly regarded or esteemed; credit, note, or
distinction ; also, respectability, good report.
a. Of reputation. (Usually attached to a sb.)
c 1375 St. Angus tin 1020 in Horstm. Altengt. Leg. (1878)
79/i Rihtwys men in bis liuyng Schul not beo of reputacion
But rabur euer beo put adoun. 1581 MARBECK Hk. of Notes
66 1 /j//, signifieth a man of reputation. 1585 T. WASHING*
TON tr. Nicholas's l^oy, it. vii, 37 The women of reputation
weare. .damask or other rich silkes. 1773 GOLDSM. Stoops
to Cong. n. i, But in the company of women of reputation
I never saw such an idiot. 1784 J. POTTER I'irtuoits
Villages II. 58 My honest endeavours to live a life of
reputation. 1851 HUSSEY Papal Power iii. 124 This,, was
answered by a writer of reputation at that time. 1875
JOWETT Plato (ed. 2) I. 368, I have seen men of reputation
..behaving in the strangest manner.
b. In other prepositional phrases, esp. in repu-
tation. (Cf. a a.)
«i533 Lp. BERNERS Gold. Bk. M. Anrel. (1546) B iij b,
The auncient sages were holden in reputacion, bycause
there were fewe teachers and many lerners. 1567 Triall
Treas, (1850) 35 If you desire to enjoy me at your will. My
sister you must haue in reputation still. 1662 EVELYN
Chalcogr. Table, When they began to be in reputation.
1741 Col. Rec. Pennsylv. IV. 543 They carried on the
Publick affairs with Reputation 1799 S. TURNER Anglo-
Sax. (1836) I. iv. v. 295 He is represented to have. .passed
is life in :
make purple again. i tr Higden (Rolls) V. 451 Wherefore ?itte..the consuetude
1591 SYLVESTER /fry 28 Neither shall my Pen Re-purple of Britons is to have as in noo reputacion the promise of
Lisle. 1606 J. DAVIES Sir T. Overbnry Wks. (Grosart) 17 } Ynglische men. 14. . II 'Ay / can't be a mm 216 in R. E. P.
. . .
The purple robe is oft re-pnrpelled With royal blood.
(1862) 143 There was a lady, that hyj[t] dame pride; In
the remainder of his life in reputation and justice. 1817
JAS. MILL Brit. India II. v. i, 307 Mr. Hastings had
: ascended with reputation through the several stages of the
| Company's service. 1858 BUCKLE Civiliz. (1869) II. v. 219
Morellet who was then high in reputation.
C. In other constructions.
1549 CH A LONER Erasm. on Folly F iij, Shame, reproch,
losse of reputacion, ..male do the as much hurt as thou
felist theim. 1598 BARCKLEY Felic, Man (1631) 623 Some
hunt after honour, others after riches and reputation. 1654
WHITLOCK Zootomia 21 The living may be Tenants at will
to reputation ; but it is the possession of the dead. 1690
LOCKE Hum. Und. in. x. § 6 To this Abuse.. Logick and
the liberal Sciences, .have given reputation. 1718 YOUNG
Love Fame \\\. 197 Some nymphs sell reputation; others buy.
1781 COWPER Tal>le-t 520 Thus reputation is a spur to wit.
i8u HAZLITT Tabie-t. Ser. n. xvi. (1869) 340, I have said
all reputation is hazardous, hard to win, and harder to keep.
1861 GEO. ELIOT Silas M. i, If he had any reputation for
knowledge or showed any skill in handicraft.
d. With a and //. Also, f a source of honour
and credit (obs.) ; a person of note or distinction.
1653 NICHOLAS in N. Papers (Camden) II. 26 The cheerfull
contribution of the Emperor, .is of excellent Example. .and
a very great honour and reputation to his Majesty's cause.
1685 Gracian's Courtier's Orac. 162 Nothing but truth can
give a true Reputation, a 1704 T, BROWN Eng. Sat. Wks.
1730 I. 25 The Reflections are beautiful and give a just
reputation to their Author. 1748 Ansott's Voy. n. vi. 200
It was., no small reputation to the men, that they should in
general refrain, from indulging themselves. 1826 Miss MIT-
FORD in L'Estrange Life (1870) II. x. 234 A real impression
has been made, and a reputation of the highest order estab-
lished. 1852 THACKERAY Esmond in. ii, To achieve a great
reputation for learning. 1870 DISRAELI Lothair xxxi, That
is Baron Gozelius, one of our great reputations.
4. The honour or credit of a. particular person or
thing ; one's good name, good report, or fame in
general. •(• On reputation : see GO-DOWN i.
1553 EDEN Treat. Newe Ind. (Arb.) 9 To recouer theyr
honour and reputacion diminished by the same. 1617
MOKYSON I tin. i. 148 Theyong man., to save the reputation
of the Virgin, confessed, that he came to rob the house.
1674 Govt. Tongue 40 This Vice, .seems to have maintained
not only it's Empire, but it's reputation too. 1739 DUNKIN
Let. 25 Apr. in Swift's Lett. (1768) IV. 229 His gracious
endeavours to raise my reputation and fortune. 1769 Junius
Lett. iii. (1788) 44 You feel, as you ought to do, for the re-
putation of your friend. 184* Miss MITFORD in L'Estrange
Life (1870) III. tx. 132 The young artist who under the
name of ' Phiz ' has so much aided Mr. Dickens's reputation.
1858 BUCKLE Civiliz. (1869) II. i. 31 The reputation of the
state was the first consideration.
b. With a and//. Some one's good name, etc.
1712-14 POPE Rape Lock in. 16 A third interprets motions,
looks, and eyes ; At ev'ry word a reputation dies. 1781
COWPER Truth 163 She. . Laughs at the reputations she has
torn. 1841 EMERSON TurnerKss. (1904)43/2 The reputations
that were great and inaccessible change and tarnish.
6. The estimation, credit, or ascription of being
or possessing something.
1570-6 LAMBARDF, Pernmh. Kent (1826) 253 That Chylham
REPUTATIVE.
Castle had aunciently the reputation of an Honour, ap-
peareth by a Note. 1651 HOBBES Lcviath. \. xii. 58 That
which taketh away the reputation of Wisedome. a 1679 —
Rhet. i. v. (1681) g Glory, Which is the refutation of Vertue.
1711 ADDISON Spect. No. 117 F 4 The Knight told me, that
this very old Woman had the Reputation of a Witch all
over the Country. 1833 HT. MARTINEAU Hill $ Valley iii.
48 It will do no good to remove the chest, now that I have
the reputation of having one. 1-873 BLACK Pr. Thule xxi,
He had the reputation of being able to get through his work
thoroughly.
Reputative (rfbi»-t&tiv), a. [ad. L. type
*reputativ~us : see REPUTE v. and -IVE.] Con-
sidered or regarded as such ; putative.
a 1656 VINES Lord's Suj>p. (1677) 263 There are many re-
putative members that are in the visible society. 1675
BAXTER Cath. Theol. ii. x. 212 The Covenants Action is
physically none, but only such as some call a Reputative
Act i^zx SIR j. PALMER Rep. Cases King's B. 375 A joint
occupation for five or six years is sufficient for to make re-
putative appurtenances. 1837 G. S. FABER Prim. Doctr.
Jiistif. 52 Certain it is, that our eleventh Article puts for-
ward the reputative idea.
Repu'tatively, adv. [f. prec. + -LY 2.] By
repute or reckoning, reputedly ; putatively.
1615 CHAPMAN Odyss. Ep. Ded., This Prozer Dionysius,
and the rest of these graue and reputatiuely learned. " 1658
BAXTER Saving Faith v, 34 A Belief and Love indeed he
hath, but morally and reputatively it is as none. 1702 C.
MATHER Magn. Chr. v. iii. (1852) 296 They have this also
reputatively by divine appointment. 1837 G. S. FABER
Print. Doctr, Justif. 17 A Righteousness, reputatively made
his, through Faith.
Repute (r/pi/rt), sb. [f. the vb.]
fl. Opinion, estimate. Obs. rare.
1551 T. WILSON Logike (1580) 74 One .. saied thus after
other mennes judgement, and repute given. 1674 W.
TOMLINSON Epistle to Flock 3 Their judgment and repute of
thee is true. 1707 E. CHAMBERLAYNE Pres. St. Eng. i. in.
ii. 265 The Common Repute is, that a Gallon of Wheaten
Meal weighs 7 Pound Avoirdupois, a 1711 KEN Hymns
Evang. Poet. Wks. 1721 1. 162 One act intense, may in God's
mild repute, For a whole Age of Penances commute.
2. Reputation of a specified kind.
.155' T. WILSON Logike (1580) 88, I desire of all men. .to
give me none evill repute for my well meanyng. 1588
SHAKS. L. L. L. i. i. 72 Let them be men of good repute
and carriage. 1667 MILTON P. L. n. 472 Winning cheap
the high repute Which he through hazard huge must earn.
1771 Junius Lett. L (1788) 273 In what repute can he con-
ceive that he stands with his people? 1819 SHELLEY Cenci
v. ii. 36 You have a good repute for gentleness. 1879 DIXON
Windsor II. i.j Boasting of no small repute in arms and of
a great repute m verse.
t b. The reputation of (having or being) some-
thing. Obs.
1651 Fuller's Abel Rediz'., Scaliger 499 He wrote much
.. ; but to avoid the repute of ambition would not suffer
them to be Printed. 1683 KENNETT tr. Erasm. on Folly 82
Only to such as challenge the repute of Wisdom. 1699
LD. REAY in Pepys' Diary (1879) VI. 189 Who had then the
repute of an honest man.
1 3. Relative estimation ; rank or position. Obs.
i6t$ G. SANDYS Trav. 48 A place of high trust, and the
third in repute through the Empire, c 1645 HOWELL Lett.
i. xxxviii. (1650) I. 57 All these Cardinals have the repute of
Princes. 1659 PHILIPOTT Kent 139 An ancient Farme, which
formerly had the Repute of a Manner. 1700 DRYDEN
Ovid's Met. xii. 2460 father, first for prudence in repute.
4. Reputation, distinction, honour, credit.
1615 G. SANDYS Trav. 23 Ceremony which giueth repute
vnto things in themselues but triuiall. 1716 ATTERBURY
Serm.f(i^yj) HI. 223 These ungodly, .set up for a repute by
disbelieving everything. 1781 COWPER Conversat. 818 That
fables old . . Revived are hastening into fresh repute. 1817
JAS. MILL Brit. Inttia III. ii. 68 This is a rule.. one would
not be surprised at finding in force and repute. 1875 JOWETT
Plato (ed. 2) V. 106 A man of repute will desire to avoid
doing what is ludicrous.
6. The reputation of a particular person.
i66a PEPYS Diary 23 Dec., Mr. Edward Montagu is quite
broke at Court with his repute and purse. 1683 D. A. Art
Con-verse 16 Omitting nothing that rage can invent to black
his repute. 1784 COWPER Tiroe. 461 Our public hives of
puerile resort . .To such base hopes . . Owe their repute m
part. 1882 SPURGEON Treas. Dav. Ps. cxx. 2 Lips should
never be red with the blood of honest men's reputes.
b. In phr. by repute.
1838 JAMES Robber ii, I know him well, by repute.
Repute (r/piw-t), v. Also 5 repotten. [ad.
F. rtputer (1294 in Godef.), or L. reputare, i. re-
RE- + putare to reckon, think, etc.]
1. trans. To consider, think, esteem, reckon (a
person or thing) to be, or as being, something.
a. with simple complement.
c 1460 G. ASHBY Dicta, Philos. 1107 Sum men reputen of
consuetude Euery thinge goode. 1483 CAXTON Cato B j b,
lo thende that they may be reputed and holden sage and
wyse. 1568 GRAFTON Chron. II. 829 The enterprise ..was
of him reputed of no regarde or estimacion. 1612 T. TAYLOR
Comm. Titus i. 9 If any shall deeme and repute it an im-
potent meanes to raise men to the grace of life. 1678 CUD-
WORTH Intell. Syst, i. i. § 17. 17 The glory of being reputed
the First Inventors or Founders of the Atomical Philosophy.
1718 Free-thinker No. 62. 46 The Morning-Sneezings, .were
not reputed Good. 1825 JEFFERSON Antobiog. Wks. 1859 I.
66 As to this they shall be reputed at peace. 1859 TENNYSON
Gutnev. 379 Lancelot came, Reputed the best knight and
goodliest man.
b. with infinitive, esp. to be or to have.
1483 CAXTON Gold. Leg. 219 b/i Why reputest thou the
dedes of my merytes to be unworthy? 1523 LD. BERNERS
Froiss. I. cxxxi. 159 They reputed themselie to haue the
vyctorie. 1588 SHAKS. Tit. A. i. i. 448 Ingratitude, which
Rome reputes to be a hainous sinne. 1656 BRAMHALL Repltc.
VOL. VIII.
497
v. 209 How he reputes their sufferings . . to be his own.
1711 m lotk Rep. Hist. .tfSS. Comni. App. V. 193 Repute-
ing what was don to his great friend to be don to himself.
1832 R. & J. LANDER Exfed. Niger II. xi. 136 His soldiers
. . are reputed to be brave, bold, and enterprising men. 1875
JOWETT Plato (ed. 2) V. 29 Rhadamanthus..is reputed
among us to have been the justest of men.
t 2. a. To take (one) for something. Obs.
1477 EARL RIVERS (Caxton) Dictes 38 As a leche is not re-
puted nor taken for goode nor connyng that.. can not hele
him selfe. 1483 CAXTON G. de la Tour Bij, Who that
speketh ouermoche is not reputed for wyse. 1568 GRAFTON
Chron. II. 718 King Lewys, whom he reputed for his mortall
enemie. 1615 JACKSON Creed iv. xi. § i Dost thou imagine
that he reputes Christ for the Son of God..? 1670 H.
STUBBE A Reply 71 He. .is content to repute me for Pious,
t b. To regard, reckon, account as something.
1483 CAXTON Gold. Leg. 376/2, I repute alle erthelye
thynges as donge and fylthe. 1535 STEWART Cron. Scot.
(1858) I. 37 All Jour injure we repute as our awin. a 1548
HALL Chron., Hen. VIII 105 b, They y« fle be worthy to be
reputed as traitors to y° king. 1615 G. SANDYS Trav. 49
The rest reputed as natural! Turks. 1654 BRAMHALL Just
Vind. vi. (1661) 140 The Barons of the kingdom reputed him
as a Traytor.
t o. To consider to be in a person or thing. Obs.
1477 EARL RIVERS (Caxton) Dictes 35 A wys man reputeth
not the worship of god in wordes but in dedes. 1525 LD.
BERNERS Froiss. II. xxvi. 73 Sir, ye repute but small honour
in the kyng of Nauar. 1533 CROMWELL in Merriman Life
f; Lett. (1902) I. 353 His highnes doth not onlie repute
moche honour in your grace [etc.].
fd. Toaccount oneself to have something. Obs.~ l
1539 TONSTALL Serm. Palm Sund. (1823) 27 By pride re-
putynge to haue them of hym selfe, and not of god.
T e. To consider that or how . Obs. rare.
1549 CHALONER Erasm. on Folly G ij, I would my
Maisters . . shoulde repute with theym selues, how on all
sydes theyr myndes are vexed continually. 1623 BINGHAM
Xenofhon 63 Xenophon reputing in his minde, that . . the
enemie.. might distresse the cariage in passing by [etc.].
f3. To assign, attribute, impute, or reckon to a
person. Also const, for or to something. Obs.
1432 Rolls of Parlt. IV. 406/1 Yat men mowe repute and
cast the defaute, if eny be, there it aught. 1483 CAXTON
Gold. Leg. 388/2 Theffusyon of our blood shal be reputed
to you for oaptesme. 1523 LD. BERNERS Froiss. I. clxv.
202 It ought nat to be reputed to me any prowes. 1550 J.
COKE Eng. $ Fr. Heralds § p (1877) 60 This Clowes is the
fyrst kyng of Fraunce to whom I repute honoure. 1582
N. T. (Rhem.) Rom. iv. 9 For we say that unto Abraham
faith was reputed to justice. 1659 HAMMOND On Ps. cvi. 31
It was reputed to him for righteousness.
t b. To regard, take into account. Obs.~l
c 1450 LOVELICH Grail Ii. 50 That he ne wolde for myn
hygh falsnesse My synnes to Repotten In this distresse.
1 4. To have or hold (one) in repute or esteem ;
to think (well, etc.) of; to value. Also, to hold
equal in worth to something. Obs.
1444 Rolls of Parlt. V. 73/2 To repute, accept,.. and take
my said Lord . . to his goode and benygne grace and favour.
1483 CAXTON C/ias. Gt. 30 He was byloued £ dere reputed
of euery body. 1535 COVERDALE i Sam. xxvi. 24 As thy
soule hath bene greatly reputed in my sighte this daye, so
let y« Lorde repute my soule in his sighte. 1571 CAMPION
Hist. Irel. xii. (1633) 38 Conill Lord of Connaght . . honour-
ably reputed him, and with all his people was converted,
'579 LYLY Euphiies (Arb.) 48 Is there any thing in the world
to be reputed (I will not say compared) to friendship? ci66$
MRS. HUTCHISON Mem. Col. Hutchinson (1846) 37 Their
generous .. inclinations .. had made the family continue as
well beloved and reputed as any of the prouder houses in
the country.
f5. intr. To think (highly, etc.) of a thing or
person. Also with omission of adv. Obs.
1593 SHAKS. 2 Hen. VI, in. i. 48 He.. By reputing of his
high discent,. .Did instigate the..Duchesse. 1599 B. JON-
SON Cynthia's Rev. v. ii, I can allow.. you should repute
highly., ofyour own endowments. 1634 SIR T. HERBERT
Trav. 42 The Priests are singularly reputed of. 1634 W.
TIRWHYT tr. Balzac's Lett. (vol. I) 14, I doe therefore ac-
count myselfe very happy to be reputed of, by a person
who is able to give a value to things of themselves worthless.
1698 POTTER Antiq. Greece (1715) II. Index, Adultery,how
reputed of, and punish'd.
Repute (rlpiii-t), pa. pple. Chiefly AT. [irreg.
f. OF. repute or L. reputdtus (see prec. and the
etym. note to DEPUTE ppl. a.}, perh. partly by
assimilation to such forms as execute^ Reputed,
considered, reckoned. Habit and reptile : see
HABIT ppl. a.
f '375 Sc. Leg. Saints xxxi. (Eugenia) 278 Scho herd tel
pat in sic ane abbay can duel.. a man reput of gud fame.
1442 Rolls of Parlt. V. 59/1 That the seide declaration .. be
not hadde, repute ner takyn for accompte. 1456 SIR G.
HAYE Law Arms (S. T. S.) 152 Gude will, .is repute till a
persone for gude dede. 1500-20 DUNBAR Poems xxxix. 3
Fredome, honour and nobilnes . . Ar now in cowrt reput
as vyce. 1567 Gude fr Godlie B, (S. T. S.) 43 Princes ar re-
pute Nobilest, The quhilk rewlis moste awfullie. 1639
DRUMM. OF HAWTH. Consid. to Parlt. Wks. (1711) 185 He
shall still, .be repute, holden, and decerned legitimate. 1685
Scotch Proclam. 28 Apr. in Land. Gaz. No. 2032/3 Under
the pain of being Repute and esteemed Art and Part with
them all in their wicked Deeds and Practices. 1753-1861
[see HABIT///, a.}.
Reputed (rtpi*<-ted), ///. a. [f. REPUTE v.]
1 1. Held in repute. Obs. rare.
'549 CHALONER Erasm. on Folly 8 He preferred also the |
Ideote, and simple vulgars, before other learned and reputed I
persons. 16x3 BEAUM. & FL. Captain v. i, Am I at length
reputed? 1x1641 Bp. MoUNTAGU^r/j ff Man. (1642) 245 So
grave and reputed an Historian as is losephus.
2. Supposed, accounted, reckoned (to be some-
REQUEST.
thing specified) ; spec, in Law, as reputed manor
(see MANOR 3 b), owner, etc.
1576 Act 18 Eliz. c. 3 § 2 The Mother and reputed Father
of such Bastard Child. 1595 SHAKS. Jo/in i. i. 136 The re-
puted son of Cordejipn. 1672 SIR T. BROWNE Let. Friend
§ 24 He had no opinion of reputed felicities below. i7ec
YOUNG Centaur hi. Wks. 1757 IV. 174 A wretch, almo"
smothered with all the reputed means of happiness. 1832
R. & J. LANDER Expcd. Niger II. ix. 83 Owing to the re-
puted badness of the path, that.. was rejected for a more
northerly one. 1838 W. BELL Diet. Law Scot. 854 The
creditors of the apparent or reputed owner. Ibid. 855 The
doctrines of reputed ownership. 1890 SIR F. POLLOCK
Oxford Lect. 114 A ' reputed manor ' will serve as well as a
real manor for most purposes.
Repu-tedly, adv. [f. prec. + -LY 2.] By re-
pute or common estimation.
1687 BOYLE Marlyrd. Theodora xi. (1703) 157 A reputedly
infamous Death. 1804 SOUTHEY in Ann. Rev. IL 64 A
lesson, says the author, to countries that are reputedly so
civilized. 1884 M. E. WILKINS in Harper's Mag. J une 26/1
Mrs. King was reputedly a sharp woman at a bargain.
t Repu'teless, a. Obs. rare-1, [f. REPUTE
sb. + -LESS.] Devoid of repute ; inglorious.
1596 SHAKS. x Hen. IV, m. ii. 44 Opinion . . Had still kept
loyall to possession, And left me in reputelesse banishment.
Requa-lify (rf-), v. [RE- 5 a.] trans, and
intr. To qualify again.
1570 FOXE A. $ M. (1596) 259/1 The pope, to requalifie
againe ech part with some retribution for their monie re-
ceiued, tooke this order indifferentlie betweene them. 1814
i MRS. J. WEST A licia de Lacy 1 1. 306 He must do his duty,
! . .requalify himself for the calls of his high station. 1883
Standard 18 June 3/4 Charles W. Dickinson, to the Ex-
cellent, to requalify in gunnery.
Requa-rrel, v. rare—1. [RE- 5 a.] t To assail
or attack again.
1592 WARNER Alb. Eng. ix. xlvii, By this drink I sweare
(Requarreling the cup) we and her lippes imparted weare.
Reque, variant of reke REACH v.
Requeer, -queir, obs. forms of REQUIRE v.
Requeist, obs. Sc. form of REQUEST.
t Requel, variant of RECUEIL s6. 2. Obs.
1527 RACKET Let. to Wolsey (MS. Colt. Galba B. ix. If.
94 b), Yesterday my lord Cardenal . . prayd me to dynner
with hym, of whom I had ryght honorable and good requel.
t Requensance, obs. f. RECOGNIZANCE sb. i.
1481 in Eng . Gilds (1870) 322 They were bond, in a requen-
saunce of xxli //., to abyde the awarde.
Requere, obs. form of REQUIRE.
Request (r/kwe-st), sb.1 Also 4-5 requeste,
5 Sc. raquest, 6 Se. requeist, requeast. [a. OF.
requeste (izth c. ; mod.F. requete~} = Prov., Sp.,
and Pg. reqnesta, It. richiesta: see QUEST sbl and
REQUIRE V.]
I. L The act, on the part of a specified person,
of asking for some favour, service, etc. ; the expres-
sion of one's desire or wish directly addressed to
the person or persons able to gratify it : a. in phr.
at (one's) request.
c 1330 R. BRUNNE Chron. (1810) 266 pise kynges stille bei
left at be pape's request, c 1398 CHAUCER Fortune 76 At my
requeste . . releue hym of hys peyne. c 1420 LYDG. Assembly
of Gods 573 Wyll ye your rancour sese at my request ?
1470-85 MALORY Arthur in. iv. 103 He hadde made hym
knyght at the request of the Cowherd. 1535 LYNDESAY
Satyre 3388 Je sail, at Chastities requeist, Pas and exame
Sonthrie. 1600 SHAKS. A . Y.L. n. v.23 laq. ..Wilyou sing?
Amy. More at your request, then to please my seffe. 1687
A. LOVELL tr. Thevenofs Trav. i. 228 At my request, .they
let her go a drift. 1821 SHELLEY Ginevra 102 Her maidens
. . left her at her own request to keep An hour of quiet.
b. in other contexts. Also (esp. with verbs of
giving, refusing, obtaining, etc.), the matter or
subject of the asking ; that which one asks for.
Usually differing from next only by the use of the
possessive pronoun.
c 1410 HOCCLEVE Mother of God 95 Our Lord god nat list
to werne thee Of thy requeste. c 1420 LYDG. Assembly of
Gods 215 That I may, by your request, her good grace
gete. 1447 BOKENHAM Seyntys($i.ox\i.) Introd. 6 Whos re-
quest to me is acomaundement. 1513 DOUGLAS &neis iv.
viii. 59 With siclik wordis hir request scho maid. 1542
UDALL Erasm. Apoph. 295 b, Alexander could in no wyse
abyde to haue any nay in his requestes. 1607 SHAKS.
Timon i. L 279 No I will doe nothing at thy bidding : Make
thy requests to thy Friend. 1667 MILTON P, L. vn. in This
also thy request with caution askt Obtaine. 1714 POPE
Imit. Hor. it. vi. 77 Consider, 'tis my first request. 1827
POLLOK Course T. x, Thus have I sung beyond thy first
request. 1875 JOWETT Plato (ed. 2) IV. 427, I fear that I
may seem ungracious if I refuse your courteous request
2. An act or instance of asking for something ;
a petition or expressed desire ; a writing or docu-
ment of this nature ; also, that which is asked for.
c 1374 CHAUCER Troylus HI. 99 (148) Lo here an hard
request, A resonable lady for to werne. c 1460 SIR R. Ros
La Belle Dante 146 Of his yen the shot y knewe anon,
Which federid was with right humble requestis. 1484 CAX-
TON Fables of sEsop n. i, They alle to gyder ..maade a
request to Jupiter that he wold gyue them a kynge. 1563
WINJET Wks. (S. T. S.) II. 33 It is a iust requeist. l6xx
SHAKS. Cymbt. i. vi. 181, 1 had almost forgot T'mtreat your
Grace, but in a small request. 1668 DENHAM Passion of
Dido Poems 136 Ask him to lend To this, the last request
that I shall send, A gentle Ear. 1781 GIBBON Decl. «$• F.
xvii. II, 67 In a poetical request, addressed to one ot
the last, .of the Roman Princes who reigned in Gaul. 1838
Miss MITFORD in L'Estrange Life (1870) III. vi. 88 The
request made in the foregoing letter was conceded. 1876
G. D. HAM Revenue Vade-m. 567 The conditions under
REQUEST.
which the request is granted . . are to be written or printed
on the request.
3. Without article. t»- To make request, to
ask or beg. Obs.
13.. E. E. Allit. P. A. 281 To be excused I make re-
queste. c 1440 Partonope 4971 God . . I now Reney Yf for
hym make I request To yow. c 1470 HENRY Wallace xi.
351 Quhat gestis he had, to tell thai mak raquest 1560
DAUS tr. Sleidane's Comm. 370 Theyr adversaries had made
request to be heard in these thinges only. 1611 BIBLE
Nek. ii. 4 Then y* king said . . , For what doest thpu make
request ? 1700 DRYDEN Sigism. fy Guise. 390, I neither am
disposed to make Request for life, nor offered life to take.
Comb, a 1598 ROLLOCK Wks. (Wodrow Soc.) II. xxvi. 306
The request-maker was one Joseph.
b. The act of asking or fact of being asked
(to do something). Chiefly in prepositional phrases,
now esp. by request, in response to an expressed
wish (t so at request}.
c 1460 SIR R. Ros La Belle Dame 122 For the compleynt
. . Cam to his voyce alway with-out request. 1560 ROLLAND
Crt. Venus iv. 741 With all requeist excuse that }e wald
me. 1589 R. HUMSTON (title) A Sermon preached at Reyf-
ham..and eftsoones at request published. 1607 SHAKS.
Cor. n. iii. 150 The Custome of Request you haue discharg'd.
1683 SIR H. GRIMSTONE tr. Crake's Rep. I. 548 Where one is
bound to levy a Fine upon Request. 1727-38 CHAMBERS
Cycl. s.v., For the relief of petitioners, who. .should address
themselves, by way of request, to his majesty. 1818 CRUISE
Digest (ed. 2) IV. 486 That then the said R. Booth, his heirs,
&c. upon request, . . should grant and execute . . a new lease.
1841 tr. Anc. Lavjs $ Inst. Wales XIII. 632/2 There are
three motes of request : for tillage ; festal games ; and the
burning of woods.
1 4. A knightly quest. Obs. rare.
1470-85 MALORY Arthur in. v. 105 Thenne were they
called al thre . . , and eueryche of hem . . armed them surely.
But sir gauayne had the fyrst request, and therfore we
wille begynne at hym.
1 5. Math. A postulate. Obs. rare.
1551 RECORDE Pathiu. Know!, it. xxii, [Because) all
ryghte angles bee equal 1 togyther (by the fourth request).
1570 BILLINGSLEY Euclid I. Postul. 6 Peticionsor requestes.
1709-29 MANDEY 5>tf/. Math., Arith. 5 Requests or Peti-
tions, i. That to any Number we may take a greater.
6. The fact, state, or condition of being asked
for or sought after ; demand ; f vogue, fashion.
Chiefly in phrases (a) in or into request, f (b)
of request, f (c) out of request, f Also//.
a. 1586 T. B. La Primaud. Fr. Acad. (1589) 753 We
shall see cleerely enough that the faithful ought to have that
in great request. 1594 NASHE Unfort. Trav. 15 My |
gowne and attyre according to the custome then in request. I
x6xi BIBLE Transl. Pref. r 3 To bring his abridgements into |
request 1667 PEPYS Diary 2 Sept, The only fruit in
request.. was the Katharine payre. 17x1 ADDISON Spect.
No. 47 ? 2 Idiots are still in Request in most of the Courts of
Germany. 1822 HAZLITT Table-t. Ser. it iii. (1869) 71 It
may perhaps come into request at some future period. x87_i
SMILES Charac. ii. (1876) 55 Human intelligence, which is
in constant request in a family, needs to be educated.
b. 1599 H. BUTTES Dyets drie Dinner C iij, Both these,
are of last and least request. 1613 PURCHAS Pilgrimage
n. iii. 100 Gilgal was a place of request in this kinde. 1632
LITHGOW Trav. iv. 145 The colour of greatest request among
them is greene. 1655 MOUFET & BENNET Health's Improv.
167 Shrimps were of great request amongst the Romans.
0. 1592 G. HARVEY Four Lett. Wks. (Grosart) I. 191
Even Guicciardines siluer history, and Ariostos golden
cantoes, grow out of request. 1622 MALYNES Anc. Lavi-
Merch. 78 All these stones being out of request with vs, are
to be bought for Russia and other places. 1635 R. N. tr.
Camden's Hist. Eliz. \\. 167 These books, .were often read
untill . . being contemned they grew out of request
d. 1601 SHAKS. All's Well I. i. 169 Off with't while 'tis
vendible. Answer the time of request. 1690 TEMPLE Ess.,
Poetry Wks. 1731 1. 240 While this World lasts, I doubt not
but the Pleasures and Requests of these two Entertainments
will do so too.
1 7. /» request of, in search of. Obs. rare~l.
1759 GOLDSM. Polite Learn, ix, I have seen these harm-
less reptiles, .ply busily about, each in request of a shell
to please it.
II. 8. Court of Requests) : t a. A former court
of record, technically forming part of the king's
council, held by the Lord Privy Seal and the
Masters of Requests for the relief of persons peti-
tioning the king; also, in later use, the hall at
Westminster in which the court was held. Obs.
On the origin and history of the court see Leadam Select
Cases in the Court of Requests (Selden Soc. 1898).
1516 Fabyan's Chron. vi. cliii. 82 A court or counceyll,..
lyke vnto the court of requestys, nowe at this day holden in
Englonde. 1529 in Leadam Set. Cases Crt. Requests (1898)
Introd. 14 Hereafter folowe the names of such Counseillours
as be appoynted for the heryngof power mennes causes in the
Kyngescourte of Requestes. 1591 LAMBARDE/4r.;,'i«< 
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