New first Latin reader

!§

CO

HENDERSON

Presented to the
LIBRARY of the

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO

by

ESTATE OF THE LATE

PROFESSOR J.R.

COCKBURN

-

NEW

FIRST LATIN READER

BY

JOHN HENDERSON, M.A.

PRINCIPAL, COLLEGIATE INSTITUTE, ST. CATHARIHI

R. A. LITTLE, B.A.

CLASSICAL MASTER, COLLEGIATE INSTITUTE, LONDON

TORONTO
THE COPP, CLARK, COMPANY, LIMITED

Entered according to Act of the Parliament of Canada, in the year one thousand
nine hundred and six, by THK COPP, CLARK COMPANY, LIMITED, Toronto,
Ontario, in the Office of the Minister of Agriculture.

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1048021

PREFACE

The prescription of work for Examination in Latin for Pass
Matriculation for the years 1907, 1908, 1909, and for Junior Teachers'
Certificates for the year 1907, and presumably for the years 1908-
1909, is denned by the Calendar of 1906-1907 of the University of
Toronto as follows : —

Translation at sight of passages of average difficulty from Caesar,
upon which special stress will be laid.

Translation from a prescribed portion of Vergil's Aeneid, with
questions thereon.

Questions on Latin accidence.

Translation into Latin of English sentences to illustrate the
common rules of Latin syntax, upon which special stress will be laid.
The vocabulary will be taken from the prescribed portion of Caesar.

Examination upon a short prescribed portion of Caesar, to test
the candidate's knowledge of Latin syntax and his power of idiomatic
translation, etc.

The following are the texts prescribed : —

Caesar, Bellum Gallicum, Book IV., chaps. 20-38, and Book V.,
chaps. 1-23; Vergil, Aeneid, Book II., vv. 1-505.

Two papers will be set : (1) Translation at sight, Vergil and
accidence. (2) Translation into Latin, syntax, and idiomatic
translation from prescribed Caesar, etc.

An examination of the present book will show that these require-
ments have been kept steadily in view.

This book contains : —

(1) Full introduction to the reading of Caesar.

(2) Text of Caesar's Bellum Gallicum prescribed, with vocabulary
of the more difficult and unusual words at the bottom of each page.

iii

iv PREFACE

(3) Notes explaining fully every difficulty in the text with
references to the New First Latin Book.

(4) Two sets of Exercises on the prescribed Caesar.

(5) Introduction to Vergil.

(6) Text of Vergil, Aeneid, Book II. The whole of Aeneid,
Book II., has been given to meet the needs of those reading for
Honor Matriculation and for Senior Teachers' Certificates.

(7) Full notes on the whole of Vergil, Aeneid, Book II.

(8) Upwards of fifty selected passages from Bellum Gallicum,
I-VI., representing the most interesting and important parts of this
great work, and also giving a running commentary of the whole.

(9) Complete Vocabulary, in the preparation of which special
care has been taken.

The authors take this opportunity of expressing their gratitude
to the many fellow-teachers who have so kindly aided them with
hints and suggestions in the preparation of the book.

JOHN HENDERSON.
11. A. LITTLE.
August 15th, 1906.

TO

REV. WILLIAM ROBERTSON, A.M.

"justissimus unus
qui fuit et servantissimus aequi."

CONTENTS

I.— CAESAR PAGES

INTRODUCTION. — i. The Life of Caius Julius Caesar 1-3

ii. Conquest of Gaul 4-9

in. Life of Caesar after the Conquest of Gaul 9-12

iv. Character of Caesar 12

v. Works of Caesar 13

vi. The Roman Army 14, 15

vn. Officers of the Army 15

vin. Arms 16, 17

ix. Standards 17

x. The Musical Instruments 18

xi. Army on the March 18

xii. Army in Camp 18

Text of Caesar 20-57

Sentence-Structure 58-60

Notes on Caesar ., 61-100

Exercises in Latin Prose 101-131

II.— VERGIL

INTRODUCTION. — i. Life of Vergil 133, 134

ii. Acquaintance with Augustus and Maecenas 135-137

in. Works 137-141

iv. Metre 141-145

v. The Trojan War 145, 146

vi. Story of the Aeneid 146-148

vii. The Contents of the Second Book 143-152

vin. MSS 153, 154

Text of Vergil , 155-182

Notes on Vergil 183-235

III.— SIGHT TRANSLATION . 237-275

IV.— VOCABULARY 275-330

ILLUSTRATIONS

PAGES
Map of Gaul ,

Caius Julius Caesar, from a bust in the Louvre ... .facing 1

Arms 16

Standards 17

Plan of a Consular Camp 19

Vergil, Horace and Varius at the House of Maecenas. . . facing 135

Paris " 146

Aeneas at the Court of Dido " 155

The Fates " 159

Minerva Bellica " 161

Laocoon " 162

Helen of Troy " 169

Flight of Aeneas " 172

CAIUS JULIUS CAESAR

INTRODUCTION

I
The Life of Caius Julius Caesar

" The noblest man that ever lived in the tide of times' — SHAKESPEARE

Caius Julius Caesar1 was born July 12th, 100 B.C.2 He Birth
was thus six years younger than Cicero, the orator, and than
Pompey, his rival in politics and war. His family was not His family
only one of the oldest but also one of the most respected of
the patrician families of Rome. On his father's side, it
traced its origin to lulus, son of Aeneas, the founder of the
Roman line, and on his mother's side, it claimed, as an
ancestor, Ancus Martius, one of the early kings.

Little is known of Caesar's father except that he held at Caesar
one time the office of praetor, and that he died suddenly at
Pisa, 84 B.C. To Aurelia, his mother, a woman of primitive Caesar's
frugality in the management of her household, but charac-"1'
terized by a lofty ambition and a firm belief in the noble
destiny of her son, was entrusted the direction of his edu-
cation. What the Gracchi owed to their mother Cornelia,
Caesar owed to Aurelia. Mother and son showed mutual
reverence, and undoubtedly Caesar's future life was largely
affected by his mother's influence.

1A Roman citizen had regularly three names: the praenomen (Caius)
answering to our Christian name, marking the individual : the nomen
(Julius), designating the clan or gens : cognomen (Caesar) telling the
family. Sometimes another cognomen was added for honorary distinction
as Africanus to Publius Cornelius Scipio.

2 Mommsen argues that Caesar was born 102 B.C. His main reason for
assigning this date is that the lex annalis which prescribed the minimum
age at which a citizen could hold certain offices was observed in Caesar's
case. By this law no one could hold the office of quaestor before he was
31, of aedile before 37, of praetor before 40, of consul before 43. By
referring to the chronology of Caesar's life the plausibility of the argument
appears. But (1) the law was often broken as it had been in the case of
Pompey ; (2) Suetonius says that Caesar was 16 when his father died ;
(3) Plutarch, Suetonius, and Appian say that Caesar was 54 when he was
assassinated.

1

INTRODUCTION

Related to
Marius

Flamen
Dialis

Marries
Cornelia

Serves his
first cam-
pai'/n
.80-78 B.C.

Goes to
Rhodes
76-75 B.C.

Quaestor
68 B.C.

His aunt Julia was married to Caius Marius, who saved
Italy in the war against the Cimbri and Teutones, and was
the sturdy supporter of the popular party against the narrow
senatorial faction led by Cornelius Sulla. Though aristocratic
by birth, Caesar was no doubt led through the influence of
Marius to side with the popular party.

At the age of 14, Caesar was appointed priest of Jupiter
(flamen Dialis), and by virtue of this office he became a
member of the sacred college and received a handsome
income. In 83 B.C., at the age of 17, he married Cornelia,
daughter of L. Cornelius Cinna, the leader of the popular
party and the avowed opponent of Sulla. Soon afterwards
Sulla returned from Asia and proscribed Marius and all his
adherents. As the nephew of Marius and the husband of
Cornelia, Caesar was especially an object of displeasure. He
was ordered to divorce Cornelia, but refused to obey.
Accordingly a price was set upon his life, and it was only
through the earnest intercession of his friends that he was
pardoned.

In consequence of having thwarted the will of the imperious
Sulla, Caesar found it unsafe to remain at Rome. He went
to Asia, where he served with distinction at the siege of
Mitylene and in the war against the Cilician pirates. On the
report of Sulla's death, 78 B.C., he returned to Rome to
resume his studies.

Oratory and military skill were in Rome the two great
avenues to success. To improve his skill in oratory, Caesar
went to Rhodes, 76 B.C., to study rhetoric and oratory under
Apollonius Molon, the most celebrated teacher of that time.
On the way thither Caesar's vessel was captured by pirates
and Caesar was detained till a heavy ransom was paid.
During his detention he is said to have joined these marauders
in their sports and to have told them half-jestingly that he
would, when liberated, have them hanged. This threat he
made good. Landing at Miletus, he collected a small fleet,
captured them and brought them to Pergamus, where they were
executed. He stayed at the school of Molon for two years.

Caesar began his political career in 68 B.C., by gaining the
quaestorship, and by virtue of this office he was connected with
the public treasury and entitled to a seat in the senate.

INTRODUCTION 6

In 65 B.C., he was elected to the office of curule aedile, which jjjjjjj'
had charge of public buildings and the oversight of public 65 B. C.
festivals and games. While holding this office he increased
his popularity and also his debts by the costly gladiatorial
shows which he gave. He also more than ever identified
himself with the popular party by his devotion to the
memory of Marius. He caused the trophies of that great
commander, which had been destroyed by Sulla, to be
replaced.

In 63 B.C., a year memorable for the conspiracy of Catiline, Pontifex
~ , , .» . ., maximus

Caesar was elected pontifex maximus against the strong ^3 B.C.

opposition of the optimates. This office, though not a civil
office, conferred great power and dignity on Caesar. In 62
B.C., he was elected praetor, an office chiefly of a judicial Praetor
nature. On resigning this office, he went to Spain, as pro-
praetor, when he managed to gain money enough to pay off
his enormous debts.

On his return from Spain, he united with Pompey and First
Crassus to form the First Triumvirate. Pompey may be said virate
to have been the representative of the aristocratic class ; 60 B-C-
Caesar, of the democratic; while Crassus represented the
monied interests.

In 59 B.C., Caesar became consul. To further cement the Consul
union, Pompey married Julia, Caesar's daughter. During
this year, Caesar passed an Agrarian law for the division of
lands among the poor of Italy. The object of the bill was to
restore to the peasant freeholders lands of which they had
been dispossessed by the rich. He also caused to be passed a Laws passed
body of laws called Leges Juliae, the object of which was to
guard the rights of individuals, to secure justice in the
courts, to improve public and private morality, and to obtain
generally good government for the state. Before laying
down his consulship, he procured the passage of a bill by _ „
which he was invested for five years with pro-consular powers
over the two Gauls and over Illyricum.

INTRODUCTION

The Gauls

Danger
from the
Gauls

Caesar's
Province

Roman

II

The Conquest of Gaul

The Gauls were a Celtic race, of the same stock as the
Welsh, the Erse or Celts of Ireland, and the Highlanders of
Scotland. When the Romans became acquainted with them,
they were in a primitive state of civilization. They are de-
scribed as a tall, blue-eyed, fair-haired race, nomadic in their
habits, pasturing their flocks and herds, and paying little
heed to agriculture. They dwelt in open villages or col-
lections of primitive huts without fortifications. The clan
system prevailed amongst them ; at the head of each clan was
the chief, and they never got beyond this form of government.
According to Mommsen, they had shaken all states but
founded none. Though individually a match for the Romans
in physical strength and personal courage, they had not the
qualities to endure a campaign or to make any permanent use
of their conquests. According to Cato, the Elder, they cared
for little else than for wit and war. The influence of the
chief depended on his fame as a warrior or his skill as an
orator. They lived by plundering each other or their
common enemies. They excelled, however, in horsemanship,
and were active warriors, but were better fitted for aggressive
than for defensive war.

The Romans had been defeated at the Alia in 390 B.C.,
and the city had been plundered and burned by this race.
Again, in the days of Marius, it was saved only by the skill
of that general at Vercellae, 101 B.C.

Rome had succeeded in gaining dominion over all the
surrrounding nations with one exception. She had succes-
sively got into her power Sicily, Sardinia, Spain, Africa,
Greece, Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt. The only nation around
the Mediterranean not under her power was Gaul.

Gallia Cisalpina, Gallia Transalpina and Illyricum were
the three provinces given to Caesar by the Senate. Gallia
Cisalpina comprised that part of Italy north of the Rubicon
and the Macro,; Illyricum included a part of Croatia, the
whole of Dalmatia, Bosnia, and part of Albania; Gallia
Transalpina included the whole of France, Belgium, and

INTRODUCTION

parts of Holland, Switzerland and Germany. In the
southern part was the Provincia around the southern part
of the Rhone. This was acquired by the Romans in 121
B.C., and Narbo Martius (now Narbonne) was made the
capital of the Provincia, a word which still survives in the
word Provence. The rest of Gallia Transalpina was divided
into three parts. Aquitania included the country between the
Pyrenees and the Garonne; Gallia Celtica the land between
the Garonne and the Seine ; all between the Seine and Marne on
the south and the Rhine on the north was called Gallia Belgica.
The Aquitani were akin to the Basques; the rest of Gaul
outside the Provincia was inhabited by people of Celtic
origin, comprising about sixty tribes, which were always at
war with each other or their common enemies.

Just before the days of Caesar two factions existed in the Parties in
country, one headed by the Haedui, who were in league with
the Romans, and the other headed by the Arverni and the
Sequani. The Haedui, proud of the alliance with Rome, had
been lording it over the others, and as a counterbalance for
the support of the Romans the Arverni and the Sequani had
invited the aid of the neighboring Germans.

The immediate cause of Caesar's departure was the news Cause of
that reached Rome that the Helvetii were setting out from
Switzerland on an expedition into Gaul, just as the Cimbri
had done about fifty years before. They had left their
homes, burned their towns and villages, passed through the^.
territories of the Sequani and were plundering those of the Campaign
Haedui. Their presence was a standing menace to the Roman 5p j
Provincia. Caesar left Rome with five legions and by rapid

marches soon overtook the enemy and defeated them at Defeat of 'the

, Helvetii

Bibracte (now Autun).

Not con tent with protecting the Province against its invaders,
Caesar now accepted the invitation of the Haedui to drive out
of Gaul the Germans under Ariovistus. This leader had Ariovistus
made overtures to Caesar to divide Gaul between them,
but the proposal was rejected by Caesar. Ariovistus was Defeat of
defeated near the modern town of Ed*!*, and the Romans by Arwmsttts
their victory extended their territory as far as the Treviri.

INTRODUCTION

57 B.C.
B.I1.

Defeat of
the Nervii

Second The second year in Gaul was occupied with a war against the

Campaign Beigae. Alarmed at the encroachments of the Romans, the
tribes between the Seine and the Rhine had formed a league
against Caesar. Only the Remi were favorable to him.
After reducing the weaker tribes, Caesar marched against
the Nervii, one of the most warlike of the Gallic tribes, and
fought a desperate battle, which was won only by his skill
and personal daring. So signal was this victory that a public
thanksgiving of fifteen days, an unprecedented honor, was
granted to Caesar. By this victory all Eastern Gaul, from
the Mediterranean to the English Channel, was now in the
hands of the Romans.

Third During the spring of the third year in Gaul, Caesar saw

56*BPC*ffn clearly that his work there could nofc be completed at the
B. III. expiration of the five years, which would end in December,
54 B.C. He did not wish to run the risk of having his policy
reversed by the Senate as Pompey's had been in the waragainst
Mithridates, nor did he desire to leave his veterans unprovided
for, or to have the laws passed in his consulship ignored
or repealed. There were now signs of the coming struggle.
Cicero had already assailed the acts of the triumvirs and
dissensions were arising between Pompey and Crassus. The
influence of Pompey and the optimates was gradually being
eclipsed by the brilliant successes of Caesar in Gaul. At
c . Luca, Caesar held a conference with Pompey and Crassus,

at Luca at which it was agreed that Pompey and Crassus should be
consuls for the year 55 B. C. , that Pompey should receive the
command of the two Spains (Hispania citerior et ulterior) for
five years at the end of 53 B.C., and Crassus the government
of Syria for the same period, and that Caesar should remain
in Gaul till December 31, 49 B.C., and that he should stand
for the consulship of the following year 48 B.C. Caesar
would thus lay down his consulship a year before Crassus or
Pompey.

*n the third campaign Caesar completed the conquest of
Gaul. He defeated the Veneti, a daring, sea-faring people of
north-western Gaul. He then turned his army against the
Morini and Menapii, two tribes in the neighborhood of
Calais. Though the Gauls had been defeated, still the

INTRODUCTION

spirit of the nation was not broken, and only lacked an
opportunity to rise against the conquerors.

The news on the German frontier called out Caesar earlier Fourth
than usual during the spring of this year. The Usipetes and sf^c^
Tencteri, two German tribes, had been driven out of their B- IV-
territories by the Suevi, and had crossed the Rhine with the
intention of settling in Eastern Gaul. Caesar defeated them
with great slaughter after detaining the ambassadors who
had come to sue for peace. After this victory, Caesar
decided to cross the Rhine to strike terror into the hearts Crosse8 the
of the inhabitants. In ten days he built a bridge in the Rhine
neighborhood of Cologne, and, crossing the river, remained
about eighteen days on the eastern side. He then crossed
back, broke down the bridge, and returned to Gaul. He
then resolved to cross the channel and invade Britain. With

two legions (the seventh and the tenth), and eighty ships he Invasion of
set out from Port Itius (probably Boulogne], and landed, 55 B.C.
probably, at Deal. Beyond securing the submission of a
few British tribes in the southern part of the Island, the
invasion effected nothing, for the season was too far advanced
to permit a regular campaign. A public thanksgiving of
twenty days was decreed, not without opposition, for Cato
proposed that Caesar should be given up to the Germans in
consequence of his treacherous acts towards the ambassadors
of the Usipetes and the Tencteri.

The expedition against Britain had flattered the vanity of Fifth
the Romans. The island was said to abound with rich mines,
and the sea with pearls. Here, therefore, was a rich field for Invasion of
Roman enterprise. Accordingly he wished to complete
conquest he had begun in the previous summer. Again he B-
started from Port Itius with five legions and landed at the
same place as in the previous year. The Britons had put
in supreme command Cassivellaunus, chief of the Trinobantes,
whose state lay north of the Thames. Caesar advanced
north, crossed the Thames, probably above London, defeated
the Britons, and advanced as far as St. Albans. After taking
hostages and determining the amount of tribute Britain
should pay yearly, Caesar returned to the Continent. Caesar's
absence from Gaul had been attended with danger to the
Roman cause, for a rebellion was maturing in Gaul. This

8

INTRODUCTION

Gaul

Stet.

Campaign
5SB.C.
B. VI.

A second

Caesar helped to foster by arranging his legions at consider-
able distances from each other — a policy he was compelled to
pursue in consequence of the scarcity of corn in Gaul.
Accordingly the Eburones, a Gallic tribe, attacked the camp
Uprising in of Sabinus and Gotta and cut to pieces their command. They
next besieged Quintus Cicero, the brother of the orator, who
was stationed among the Nervii. Cicero was relieved by the
timely aid of Caesar.

The defeat of Sabinus and Cotta had inspired the nation of
Gaul" to make an effort to regain its independence. Caesar
strengthened his army by levying two new legions in Cis-
alpine Gaul and receiving another from Pompey, who was
now at Rome. He defeated in turn several tribes in North-
Eastern Gaul. As the chief of these tribes, the Treviri, had
been aided by the Germans, Caesar determined to cross the
Rhine again. After receiving the submission of the Ubii,
he devastated the lands of the Suevi, and, on his return to
Gaul, he laid waste the lands of the Eburones.

This year was marked by a general uprising of Gaul. Even
the Haedui, the former friends of the Romans, joined in the
general revolt. At the head of the insurgents was Vercinge-
torix, the chief of the Arverni, and by far the best general
Caesar had ever met in his Gallic campaign. Caesar's success
in this, as in all his campaigns, was due to the unexampled
rapidity of his movements. With incredible celerity he
concentrated his forces and attacked the enemy before they
were aware of his presence. After capturing several towns,
he attacked Vercingetorix, who had strongly fortified himself
at Gergovia (near Clermont). Caesar was unsuccessful in
his attempt to take this town. Vercingetorix then took
up his position at Alesia, but Caesar finally compelled
its surrender, and soon after the Arverni and Haedui
surrendered.

The last campaign was spent by Caesar in reducing several
of the minor states, and in employing himself with the details
of the pacification of Gaul. His policy towards the Gauls
was conciliatory, and after so many years of fighting, Caesar
left the province of Gaul loyal to the Roman cause, and
patiently submissive to the Roman yoke.

Seventh
Campaign
52 B.C.
B. VII.

Eighth
Campaign
57 B.C.
B. VIII.

INTRODUCTION
III

Life of Caesar after the Conquest of Gaul

While these stirring events were occurring in Gaul, equally
stirring events were taking place at Rome. The conference
at Luca was a hollow truce, and it was evident that a .
rupture was imminent. The first break in the link that
bound the triumvirate together was the death of Julia, the j^a °J
daughter of Caesar arid wife of Pompey. Another link was 5& B-C-
broken by the death of Crassus who was slain at Carrhae in Death of
an expedition against the Parthians. By his removal the
state was now at the mercy of Caesar and Pompey. While
Caesar, however, was actively reducing the province of Gaul
and gaining fresh laurels with every conquest, Pompey,
instead of setting out to his province of Spain, remained
inactive in the city resting on the honors he had gained in
the Mithridatic war.

The state of affairs at Rome showed clearly the need of an Need of a
absolute ruler to put down the lawlessness that prevailed. 8tron9 ruler
During the years 54 B.C. and 53 B.C., bloody brawls had
been of frequent occurrence between the two old foes
Clodius and Milo and their hired gladiators. Finally Clodius
was slain. During the funeral of Clodius, the senate-house
was burned, and in consequence of the constant riots of the
two factions the Senate met and appointed Pompey sole
consul. Milo was tried and sent to Massilia.

Pompey now became the sturdy supporter of the aristo-
cratic party. After the death of Julia he married Cornelia,
daughter of Metellus Scipio, whom he had as his colleague Breaks with
in the consulship in the following August. Pompey now Pompey
brought forward an old law that no one could become consul
while absent from Rome. This would have compelled Caesar
to resign his command at the end of 49 B.C. At the same
time Pompey would, by virtue of the agreement made at
the conference of Luca, still be at the head of the army,
since his term of office would not expire till a year after
the expiration of the time of Caesar's command. Marcellus,
the consul, also proposed that Caesar should give up his
military power since all Gaul had been subdued. Cato,

10

INTRODUCTION

Final order
of the
Senate

Caesar
crosses the
Rubicon

Pompey
flees to
Greece

the uncompromising foe of Caesar, also declared that in case
Caesar should appear in Rome, he would bring him up for
trial for his acts in Gaul. The quarrel was evidently begun
by the Senate and not by Caesar. It would have been in
vain for Caesar to give up his command and retire into
private life while Pompey was invested with the imperium
and at the head of his legions at Rome. The tribune
Curio laid before the Senate the proposal of Caesar, that
the latter would disband his legions if Pompey would
do the same. The proposal was made on January 1st, 49
B.C., when the new consuls, L. Cornelius Lentulus, and C.
Claudius Marcellus, took office. With difficulty Marc
Antony (afterwards the triumvir), and L. Cassius Longinus,
at that time tribunes of the plebs, obtained a hearing for
the proposal of Caesar. At length, after a stormy debate,
the motion was passed "that Caesar should disband his
soldiers by a certain day, and if he did not, he should be
declared a public enemy." This meant a declaration of war.
Five days after the consuls were invested with dictatorial
power, and Pompey was appointed to carry on the war in
case Caesar did not obey.

Caesar was at Ravenna when the news of the action of the
Senate reached him. He was not long in maturing his plans.
At midnight he left Ravenna with one legion and crossed the
Rubicon, a small stream that divided his province from
Italy proper. To do so without the permission of the Senate
was equivalent to a declaration of war. Town after town
succumbed to him, and by the beginning of February he
had Umbria and Picenum at his feet. To all opponents he
granted amnesty. In this respect the conduct of Caesar in
carrying on the war against his fellow-citizens was in striking
contrast with his policy in his Gallic campaign. By the
middle of February he was reinforced by two other legions
from Gaul.

Pompey and the chiefs of the aristocracy, on hearing the
action of Caesar, were thrown into consternation, and abruptly
left Rome. Pompey hastened to Brundusium and after-
wards crossed over to Epirus. Caesar with his troops, which
now numbered six legions, followed Pompey to Brundusium,
but lack of ships prevented his further advance at that time.

INTRODUCTION 1 1

He had now Gaul and Italy on his sitfe, and he decided to
go over to Spain, which soon fell under his power. Most
of the soldiers of Pompey's army in Spain enlisted under
Caesar's banners.

Having acquired possession of Spain, Gaul, and Italy, Caesar
embarked in the beginning of 48 B.C. at Brundusium, and
finally the two armies met at Pharsalia when Caesar, in spite Defeat of
of disparity in numbers, gained a signal victory. Pompey ph^f/alia
fled to Lesbos, to Cyprus, and finally to Egypt, where he was 4* B-c-
treacherously murdered as he was being conveyed to the shore. Death of
Caesar pursued Pompey to Alexandria. A dispute at th&tfompey
time for the throne of Egypt arose between Ptolemy and his
sister Cleopatra. Caesar sided with Cleopatra and established
her on the throne.

After settling the affairs of Egypt, he marched northward
against Pharnaces, son of Mithridates, whom he defeated at Victory at
Zela. His laconic despatch to the Roman Senate — veni, vidi,
vici — is well known. By the battle of Thapsus in Africa,
46 B.C., he crushed the only opposition left of Pompey's
party in that country.

On his return to Rome he was made dictator for ten years. Returns to
He then celebrated his four triumphs— over Gaul, Egypt, Rome
Pontus and NuYnidia— purposely avoiding all reference to the
civil wars. His dictatorship was marked by many reforms.

In Spain an insurrection bi'oke out, which, however, he
crushed by the decisive battle at Munda, 45 B.C. On his
return he was granted a triumph. The Senate at once began Honors
to shower honors on him. He was styled Father of his Caesar
Country (pater patriae), statues of him were erected in the
temples, his effigy was placed on coins, the month Quinctilis
was changed to Juliiis. By his office of Imperator for life
he was the supreme ruler of the Roman world. He was
consul for ten years, dictator and praefectus morum for life
and practically all the offices of the state were centred in
him.

It may be said that he used his power mercifully. No pians Ot
proscriptions followed his assumption of absolute power. Caesar
His mind was bent on schemes for the benefit of the Roman

12 INTRODUCTION

world. He proposed to codify the Roman laws, to establish
public libraries, to enlarge the harbor of Ostia, drain the
Pomptine marshes, and cut a canal through the Isthmus of
Corinth.

No doubt Caesar wished to perpetuate his power in his
own family. Having no legitimate children, he made his
sister's grandson, Octavius, his successor. He wished also to
have the title as well as the power of king, and accordingly
it was agreed that at the Lupercalia, Marc Antony should
offer Caesar a diadem in public ; but Caesar, seeing that the
people were opposed to this, refused to accept the offer.

Cons irac Meanwhile a conspiracy was afoot. It was probably
formed started by C. Cassius, a personal foe, and included upwards
of sixty persons, many of whom had taken active part in the
war against Caesar. Among the most prominent of the con-
spirators was M. Junius Brutus, who had fought against him
at Pharsalia, but was pardoned and had since been raised to
the praetorship. It was arranged to assassinate Caesar 15th
Caesar March — the Ides of March. This plan was carried out, and
ItitB.C. Caesar fell at the base of Pompey's statue pierced with
twenty-three wounds.

IV

Character of Caesar

Caesar's death was a loss, not merely to Rome, but to the
civilized world. Had his master genius executed the plans he
had .in mind, the whole of future history would have been
changed. With his death were renewed those civil wars that
brought carnage and disorder to the Roman world. Equally
gifted as a jurist, statesman, historian and general, his versa-
tility of genius was remarkable. His successes as a general
were all achieved after his fortieth year. According to Cicero
he might have been a great orator ; his Commentaries prove
that he was a great historian. His true greatness is shown
by the entire absence of vanity. Power he loved above all
things, and in employing the means to attain this, he probably
was no worse or no better than the other Roman political
leaders of his day.

INTRODUCTION 13

Works of Caesar

(1) Extant; (a) Commentarii de Bello Galileo, in seven books.

This work contains an account of the Conquest of Gaul,
from 58 B. C. to 52 B. C. In the beginning of the first book
we have the Conquest of the Helvetii mentioned, while
the opening of the seventh refers to the death of Clodius
as lately taking place. An eighth book was added by
Aulus Hirtius, one of Caesar's officers, to complete the
narrative.

(b) Commentarii de Bello Civili, in three books. This
gives an account of the civil wars down to the time of the
Alexandrine war. The history of the Alexandrine, African
and Spanish campaigns was afterwards added in three
books. Hirtius probably wrote the account of the Alexan-
drine campaign; Oppius, that of the African; the account
of the Spanish war was written probably by a Centurion
of Caesar's army, according to Niebuhr, who discovers a
change in style and expression from that of the other two
accounts.

(2) Lost Works;

(a) Anticato. A reply to Cicero's panegyric on Cato
Uticensis, who fell at Thapsus, 46 B.C.

(6) De Analogia, or as Cicero calls it, De Ratione Latine
Loquendi, dedicated to Cicero, and written while Caesar
was crossing the Alps.

(c) Libri Auspiciorum or Auguralia, written 63 B.C.
when Caesar was Pontijex maximus.

(d) De Astris, written also 63 B.C.

(e) Apothegmata or Dicta Collectanea, a collection of
witticisms made at different times.

(/) Poemata, nearly all written in his youth. To
these belong (Edipus, Laudes Herculis, and Iter (describ-
ing his going to Spain in 46 B. C. ).

H

INTRODUCTION

Infantry

Cavalry

Acies
triplex

VI

The Roman Army

The legion (legio) numbered in Caesar's time from 3,000 to
5,000 infantry and 300 cavalry. The infantry (peditatus) was
divided into 10 cohorts (cohortes) ; each cohort into 3 maniples
(manipuli), and each maniple into 2 centuries (centuriae). The
cavalry (alae, equitatus) was divided into 10 turmae, each
turma into 3 decuriae or squads. Generally, the effective
strength of a legion was 3,600 infantry ; so that a cohort
would number 360 men ; a maniple, 120 ; a century, 60 ; a
turma, 30 ; a squad of cavalry, 10. The variation in number
of the legion would arise from furloughs, sickness, losses in
battle, for usually such losses were not filled by new recruits,
since such recruits were usually formed into new legions.
Legions were numbered according to their enrolment.

The usual formation in battle was the acies triplex. Four
cohorts formed the first line, three the second, and three the
third, thus : —

4 3 2 1

765
10 9 8

Light
armed

Artisans

The men usually stood 10 deep, so that each cohort would
have a front of from 30 to 40 men. We have no means of
knowing the space between the different cohorts, or even
between the maniples. The cavalry was usually posted on
the wings (alae) ; so were the light-armed troops (velites),
such as the slingers (funditores) and bowmen (sagittarii).

Attached to the army were the engineers and artisans (fabri),
often formed into a separate company under a chief engineer
(praefectus fabrum). These were employed in building
bridges, building vessels, constructing winter quarters, re-
pairing weapons. When Caesar was in Britain, the fabri
were scattered among the legions, and not formed as a
separate corps. (B. V, 11.)

INTRODUCTION 15

The artillery of the Romans (tormenta) consisted of large Artillery
engines formed on the principle of the cross-bow. These were
catapultae, ballistae, and scorpiones. The catapultae hurled
large arrows and darts ; the ballistae threw large stones, while
the scorpiones were smaller than the catapultae and had a less
range. In sieges the battering-ram (aries) was often used.

VII

The Officers of the Army

The officers of the army were : —

The Commander (imperator, dux belli) appointed by the Imperator
Senate. He possessed the imperium, and his power was
practically unlimited in the field. He usually received the
title imperator after his first successful battle with the enemy.

Under him were the legati or staff officers appointed by the Legati
Senate. They were of senatorial rank, i.e., they had held
before their appointment a curule office, as consul, praetor,
chief aedile, or censor. The Senate appointed them and also
determined the number. Caesar at first had six and after-
wards ten.

The quaestores were elected annually by the people. They QW^^^,
were attached to the general or the governor of a province.
They managed all financial affairs connected with the army,
had charge of the money chest, paid the soldiers, provided
the food and clothing. They corresponded to the modern
quartermaster or paymaster.

The tribuni militum were six in number to each legion, Tribuni
appointed by the Senate. They were not all exercising this Mlhium
power at once. Probably one held the command for two
months. They kept the roll-call, attended to the levying,
discipline, equipment of the troops, presided at court-
martials, and took part in the council of war.

The centuriones were sixty in number in each legion, and Centuriones
were appointed by the general. The six centurions of the
first cohort were admitted to the council of war. These
were called primipili. The centurions carried a wand (vitis)
as a badge of office.

16

Offensive
armor

INTRODUCTION
VIII

Arms

Defensive
armor

The arms of a Roman soldier were of two kinds, offensive
and defensive.

(a) Offensive weapons. The regular soldier (miles legionarius)
was armed with (1) a short sword (gladius), about two feet
long and double-edged. It was kept in a light scabbard hung
from a belt (battens) passing over the left shoulder to the
right side. The other offensive weapon was (2) the javelin
(pilum), a strong heavy pike, consisting of a square shaft of
wood four feet long, into which was fitted a long slender iron
shank ending in a barbed head.

(b) Defensive weapons consisted of (1) helmet (cassis of
bronze or galea of leather) surmounted with a white crest ;

SCUTUM.

CLIPEUS.

INTRODUCTION

(2) cuirass (lorica), or coat of mail made of leather or strips
of metal fastened on the leather ; (3) shield (scutum) rec-
tangular in shape, about four feet long and two wide ; made
of wood, slightly curved, and covered with leather. In early
days the clipeus also was used, but was discarded when the
Roman soldiers received pay. The soldier had beneath his
armor his tunic (tunica), a thick, sleeveless, woolen garment
reaching to the knees. In severe weather he wore his cloak
(sagum) of heavy, woolen stuff, fastened with a broach (fibula)
on the right shoulder. Around his waist was a strong leather
belt (cingulum). On his feet were heavy half-boots (caligae).

IX

Standards

17

Any standard was called by the general term signum. The standards
standard of the legion was the eagle (aquila). This was of (i)Aquila
gold, silver, or bronze on a wooden staff. It was generally
carried by the first centurion (primipilus). To lose the eagle
was regarded as the greatest disgrace. The standards of
the cohorts or maniples were called signa. These were of (2) Signa
various designs, sometimes a dog, horse, wolf, serpent, figure
of victory, etc. The standard of the cavalry was called
vexillum, a square or oblong banner. (3) Vexillum

18 INTRODUCTION

X

The Musical Instruments

. The musical instruments of the army were (I) tuba, trumpet ;

instruments straight and deep-toned, and used to give the order for the
advance or retreat ; (2) bucina and cornu crooked, having a
shrill tone, and generally used to indicate a change in the
watch ; (3) lituus, formed like an augur's staff, and used for
cavalry.

XI

The Army on the March

The army on the march may be divided into : —

Divisions of ^ agmen primum, or van; (2) exercitus, agmen leyionum,
army on the or main body; (3) agmen novissimum, or rear. The van was
generally composed of light-armed troops of infantry or
cavalry. Their chief duty was to find out the force of the
enemy, or to hold the enemy at bay till the main body
arrived. Themainbody, with the baggage train (impedimenta),
followed. The rear consisted of cavalry, or light-armed
skirmishers. The average march (iter justum) was from six to
seven hours, or from fifteen to twenty miles a day. On a
forced march (iter magnum) fifty miles were often covered.
On the march the legionary carried his pack (sarcina), in
which he had to carry his corn (frumentum), cooking utensils
vasa), his arms, blanket, and two stakes (valli).

XII

The Army in Camp

Metatores When an army was on the march, men (metatores) were

sent forward to select a place suitable for a camp. If possible,

high ground (locus superior) was selected. The camp was

square or oblong. An embankment (vallum), formed from

the ground thrown up from the ditch (fossa), surrounded the

Gates o/«fcecamP' The camp had four gates : (1) porta praetoria, near

Camp the praetorium, or the general's tent, facing the enemy ;

(2) porta decumana, opposite to this ; (3) porta principaK$

INTRODUCTION

19

sinistra, on the left ; (4) porta principalis dextra, on the right.
Connecting the two latter was the via principalis, and
parallel to the street was the via quintana. Connecting the
porta praetoria and porta decumana was the via praetoria.

The subjoined cut will explain this.

PLAN OF A CONSULAR CAMP

Vallun? el ey^er

R R

0

£200

?00 200 bO 100 100 SObO 1 00 bO 100 SO SO 100 100 50 £00 800

This is the camp described by Polybius : —

The lines across the
cavalry, etc., denote
the divisions of troops
or maniples.

A Praetorian gate.

B Decuman gate.

C Porta principalis si-
nistra.

D Porta principalis dex-
tra.

E Praetorium.

H Roman cavalry.

I Triarii.

K Principes and Velites.

L Hastati and Velites.

M Cavalry of allies.

N Infantry of allies.

O Consul's and Quaes-
tor's horse guards.

P do. foot guards.

Q Extraordinary cavalry
of the allies.

R do. foot of the allies.

S Strangers and occa-
sional allies.

123456789 10 11 12
The twelve tribunes.

abcdefghijkl,
The prefects of allies.

*** The figures on the
rieht, and bottom, are
the measures of length
in feet.

The average pay of the legionary in Caesar's time was
12| cents; that of the centurion was 25 cents. Often their
pay was increased from the sale of booty.

C. JULII CAESARIS

COMMENTARIORUM

DE BELLO GALLICO

LIBER QUARTUS

Caesar determined to invade Britain ; his reasons for crossing.

20. Exigua parte aestatis reliqua, Caesar, etsi in his locis,

quod omnis Gallia ad septentriones vergit, maturae sunt

hiemes, tamen in Britanniam proficisci contendit, quod

jf ^mnibus fere Gallicis bellis hostibus nostris inde subministrata

f^'jjr auxilia intellegebat ; et, si tempus anni ad bellum gerendum

deficeret, tamen magno sibi usui fore arbitrabatur, si modo

insulam adisset et genus hominum perspexisset, loca, portus,

adjtus cognovisset; quae omnia fere Gallis erant incognita.

Neque enjm tejmere praeter mercatores illo adit quisquam,

neque iis ipsis quicquam praeter oram maritimara atque eas

regiones, quae sunt contra Gallias, notum est. Itaque vocatis

ad se undique mercatoribus, neque quanta esset insulae

magnitude, neque quae aut quantae nationes incolerent, neque

NOTE.— The numeral after a verb shows the conjugation. If a verb is regular, the
conjugation is simply indicated.

exiguus, -a, -um, adj., small. deficio, 3, -fed, -fectum, v. intr.,

reUquus, -a, -urn, adj. , remaining.

septentriones, -um, M., the seven perspirio, 3, -spexi, -spectum,

stars forming the constella- v. tr., observe, become

tion of the Great Bear, hence thoroughly acquainted with.

the North. aditus, us, M., approach, landing

verge, 3, no pf ., no sup. , incline, place.

slope. incognitus, -a, -um, adj. , un-

maturus, -a, -um, adj., early. known.

temere, adv. , without reason.

proceed ' ' "tUm> V' mtr" "I"' •**•. ttithw.

incolo, 3, colul, no sup., v. tr.,
submmistro, 1, furnish secretly. live in> inhabit.

20

CAESAR B:G. iv, 21 21

quem usum belli haberent aut quibus institutis uterentur,
neque qui essent ad majorum navium multitudinem idonei
portus, reperire poterat.

Sends Volusenus, who returns and reports to him.
21. Ad haec cognoscenda, priusquam periculum' faceret,
idoneurn esse arbitratus, Caium Yolusenum cum navi longa
praemittit. Huic mandat, ut exploratis omnibus rebus ad se
quarn primum revertatur. Ipse cum omnibus copiis in
Morinos proficiscitur, quod inde erat brevissimus in Britan-
niam trajectus. / Hue naves undique ex finitiniis regionibus,
et quam superiore aestate ad Yeneticum bellum effecerat
classem, jubet convenire. Interim, consilio ejus cognito, et per faj
mercatores perlato ad Britaniios, a compluribus ejus insulae
civitatibus ad eum legati veniunt, qui polliceantur obsides
dare atque imperio populi Romani obtemperare. Quibus
auditis, liberaliter pollicitus, hortatusque, ut in ea sententia
permanerent, eos domum remittit ; et cum iis una Commium,
quem ipse Atrebatibus superatis regem ibi constituerat, cujus
et virtutem et consilium probabat, et quem sibi fidelem

.usus, us, M., experience. complures, -pluria, adj., pi.,
institutum, -I, N. , custom, usage. several.

reperio, 4, repperi, repertum, v. polliceor, 2, pollicitus, v. dep.,

tr., find out, learn. promise.

obtempero, 1 (governs dat. ), obey,

cognosce, 3, cognovi, cognitum, liberaliter, adv., kindly.

v. tr., learn, ascertain. sententia, -ae, F., feeling, senti-
mando, 1, v. intr. (governs dat.), ment.

command, instruct. una, adv. ; una cum, along with.

explore, 1, v. tr., investigate. Atrebates, -ium, M., pi., the At-
inde, adv., thence, from that rebates.

point. constituo, 3, -stitui, -stitutum,
trajectus, us, M., passage. v. tr., establish.

perfero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, v. probo, 1, v. tr., approve of.

tr., carry through, report. fidelis, -e, adj., faithful.

9

CAESAR B. G. IV, 22

ft

/ ^

arbitrabatur, cuj usque auctoritas in iis regionibusi magni
habebatur, mitt it. Huic imperat, quas possit adeat civitatesrA iM
horteturque, ut populi Roman! fidem sequantur, sequeL
celeriter eo venturum nuntiet. Volusenus, perspectjs region-
ibus omnibus, quantum ei facultatis dari potuit, (qui navi
egredi ac se barbaris committere non auderetj quinto die ad
Caesarem revertitur quaeque ibi perspexisset renuntiat.

Caesar levies hostages from the Morini.

22. Dum in his locis Caesar navium parandarum causa
moratur, ex magna parte Morinorum ad eum legati venerunt,
qui se de superioris temporis consilio excusarent, quod
. . ' homines barbari et nostrae consuetudinis imperiti bellum
( populo Romano fecissent, seque ea, quae imperasset, facturos
pollicerentur. Hoc sibi satis opportune Caesar accidisse
arbitratus, quod neque post tergum hostem relinquere volebat,
. jft^4ieque belli gerendi propter anni temj)us facultatem habebat
neque has tantularum rerum occupationes sibi Britaimiae
anteponendas judicabat, magnum iis obsidum numerum
imperat. Quibus adductis, eos in fidem recepit. Navibus

magni (gen. of value), of great

value.

habeo, 2, v. tr., hold, consider,
facultas, -atis, F., opportunity.
egredior, -di, egressus, v. dep.,

go out, disembark,
committo, 3, -misi, -missum, v.

tr., intrust.
audeo, 2, ausussum, v. semi-dep.,

dare.

excuse, 1, v. tr., excuse, justify,
consuetude, -inis, F., custom,
impentus, -a, -um (governs gen.),
adj., unacquainted with.

satis, adv., enough, sufficiently.

opportune, adv., opportunely.

accido, 3, accidi, v. intr., happeni

accidit, accidere, accidit, v. im-
pers., it happens.

tergum, -I, N. , back.

relinquo, 3, -liqul, -lictum, v. tr.,
leave, leave behind.

tantulus, -a, -um, adj., trifling.

occupatio, -onis, F., business, en-
gagement.

antepono, 3, -posul, -positum, v.
tr., place before, prefer.

judico, 1, v. tr., judge, decide.

CAESAR B. 15. IV, 23

circiter octoginta oiierariis coactis contractisque, quot satis
esse ad duas transportandas legiones existimabat, quicquid
praeterea* navium longarum habebat, quaestori, legatis, prae- * -/:/
fectisque distribuit. Hue accedebant octodecim onerariae
Haves, quae ex eo loco ab millibus passuum octo vento tene-
bantur, quorainus in eundum portum pervenire possent ; has
equitibus distribuit. Reliquum exercitum Quiiito Titurio
Sabino et Lucio Aurunculeio Cottae legatis in Menapios
atque in eos pagos Moririorum, ab quibus ad eum legati non
venerant, deducendum dedit. Publium Sulpicium Rufum
legatum cum eo praesidio, quod satis esse arbitrabatur, por-
tum tenere jussit.

• Caesar reaches Britain.

23. His constitutis rebus, nactus idoneam ad navigandum
tempestatera, tertia fere vigilia solvit equitesque in ulteriorem
portum progredi et naves coriscendere et se sequi jussit.
A quibus cum id paulo tardius esset administratum, ipse
bora diei circiter quarta cum primis navibus Britanniam
attigit atque ibi in omnibus collibus expositas hostium

cogo, 3, coegl, coactum, v. tr.,
force, collect.

contraho, 3, -traxi, -tractum, v.
tr. , bring together.

existimo, 1, v. intr., think, con-
sider.

praeterea, adv., besides.

quaestor, -oris, M. , quarter-master.

praefectus, -i, M., captain.

distribuo, 3, -ui, -utum, v. tr.,
divide.

accede, 3, -cessi, -cessum, v. intr.,
am added.

nanciscor, . 3, nactus, v. dep.,

obtain,
terapestas, -atis, F., storm,

weather.
solvo, 3, solvi, solutum, v. tr.,

loosen, set sail.
conscendo, 3, -di, -sum, v. tr., go

on board.

paulo, adv., a little,
tarde, adv., slowly,
administro, 1, v. tr., carry out.
attingo, 3, attigi, no sup., v. tr.,

reach.
expend, 3, -posui, -positum, v.

tr. , draw up.

24 CAESAR B. G. iv, 24

copias armatas conspexit. Cujus loci haec erat natura :
adeo montibus augustis mare continebatur, uti ex locis
superioribus in litus telum adjici posset. Hunc ad egrediendum
nequaquam idoneum arbitratus locum, dum reliquae naves
eo convenirent, ad horam nonam in ancoris exspectavit.
Interim, legatis tribunisque militum convocatis, et quae ex
Voluseno cognovisset, et quae fieri vellet, ostendit, monuit-
que, ut rei militaris ratio, maxime ut maritimae res postu-
larent, ut quae celerem atque instabilem motum haberentJ
ad nutum et ad tempus omnes res ab iis administrarenturj
His dimissis, et ventum et aestum uno tempore nactus
secundum, dato signo, et sublatis ancoris, circiter millia
passuum septem ab eo loco progressus, aperto ac piano
litore naves constituit.

The natives attack the Romans.

24. At barbari, coiisilio Romanorum cognito, praemisso
equitatu et essedariis, quo plerumque genere in proeliis uti
consuerunt, reliquis copiis subsecuti, nostros navibus egredi

armatus, -a, -um, p. p. p. used as

an adj., armed,
conspicio, 3, -spexl, -spectum,

v. tr., observe, espy.
natura, -ae, F., character,
adeo, adv., so, to such an extent.
angustus, -a, -um, adj., narrow,

precipitous,
contineo, 2, -tinui, -tentum, v. tr. ,

hem in.
adjicio, 3, -jecl, -jectum, v. tr.,

throw upon.

nequaquam, adv., by no means.
ancora, -ae, F., anchor.
fio, fieri, factus sum, v. irreg. , be

done,
ostendo, 3, -di, -turn, v. tr., show,

point out.

ratio, -onis, F., method,
maxime, adv., especially,
instabilis, -e, adj.. unsteady,
motus, -us, M., motion,
nutus, -us, M., nod.
ventus, -I, M., wind,
aestus, -us, M., tide,
tollo, 3, sustull, sublatum, v. tr.,

raise up, weigh.
apertus, -a, -um, adj., open,
planus, -a, -um, adj., level.

at, conj., but.

essedaril, -orum, M., pi., chari-
oteers.

plerumque, adv., generally.

consuesco, 3, -suevi, -suetum, v.
intr., become accustomed.

CAESAR B. G. IV, 25

25

prohibebant. Erat ob has causas summa difficultas, quod
naves propter magnitudinem nisi in alto constitui non
poterant; militibus autem, ignotis locis, ,imgeditis manibus, ^-4A
magno et gravi armorum onere opgressis, \imul et de navibus
desiliendum et in fluctibus consistendum et cum hostibus
erat pugnandum ; cum illi aut ex arido aut paululum in
aquam progress!, omnibus membris expeditis, notissimis locis,
audacter tela conjicerent, et equos insuefactos incitarent.
Quibus rebus nostri perterriti, atque hujus onmino generis
pugnae imperiti, non eadem alacritate ac studio, quo in 5^/M
pedestribus uti proeliis consueverant, utebantur.

Caesar's device ; bravery of the standard-bearer of the 10th legion ; Roman

25. Quod ubi Caesar animadvertit, naves longas, quarum .

et species erat bat>aris inusitatior et motus ad usum ex-^~

w " -— **&Q>-

peditjor, paulum removeri ab onerariis navibus, et remis ( _•

prohibeo, 2, v. tr., prevent,
ignotus, -a, -urn, adj., unknown,
impeditus, -a, -um, p. p. p. used

as adj., hampered,
opprimo, 3, -pressi, -pressum,

crush, weigh down,
simul, adv., at one and the same

time,
desilio, 4, -silui, -sultum, v. intr.,

leap down.

fluctus, -us, M., wave,
consisto, 3, -stiti, no sup. , come to

a stand.

aridus, -a, -um, dry.
paululum, adv., a short distance,
progredior, -dl,-gressus, advance,
membrum, -I, N., limb,
expedltus, -a, -um, adj., free,
conjicio, 3, -jeci, -jectum, v. tr.,

throw, hurl.

insuefactus, -a, -um, adj., trained,
incite, 1., spur on.
omnmd, adv., wholly,
imperitus, -a, -um (governs gen. ),

adj., unskilled in.
alacritas, -atis, F., eagerness,
studium, -I, N., zeal,
pedester, -tris, -tre, adj., on foot,

on land.

animadverto, 3, -vertl, -versum,

v. tr. , notice.

species, -ei, F., appearance.
inusitatus, -a, -um, adj., strange,

unfamiliar,
paulum, adv., a little, a short

distance.
removed, 2, -movi, -motum, v. tr.,

remove,
remus, -I, M., oar.

If* '. M

26 CAESAR B. G. IV, 26

v v> f »

incitari, et ad latus apertum hostium constitui, atque inde
fimdis, sagittis, tormeiitis hostes propelli ac summoveri jussit; ^ ty
quae res magno usui nostris fuit. Nam, et navium figura p
et remorum motti et inusitato genere tormentorum permoti, |
f barbari constiterunt ac paulum modo pedem retulerunt.
Atque, nostris militibus cunctantibus, maxime propter alt-
itudinem maris, qui decimae legionis aquilam ferebat, con- /J
testatus deos, ut ea res legioni feliciter eveniret: "Desilite,"lft/
inquit, " commilitones, nisi vultis aquilam hostibus prodere;
ego certe meum reipublicae atque imperatori officium prae-
stitero." Hoc cum magna voce dixisset, ex navi se projecit, ^
atque in hostes aquilam ferre coepit. Turn nostri, cohortati a.^
inter se, ne tantum dedecus admitteretur, universi ex navi
desiluerunt. Hos item ex proximis navibus cum conspex-
issent, subsecuti hostibus appropinquarunt.

Rout of the enemy.

26. Pugnatum est ab utrisque acriter. Nostri tamen,
quod neque ordines servare iieque firmiter insistere rieque

funda, -ae, F., sling. praesto, 1, -stiti, -stitum, v. tr.,

tormentum, -I, N., engine. show, perform.

propello, 3, -pull, -pulsum, v. tr., projicio, 3, -jeci, -jectum, v. tr.,

drive forward. throw forward.

summoveo, 2, -movi, -motum, dedecus, -ons, N., disgrace.

v. tr., dislodge. admitto, 3, -misi, -missum, v. tr.,

figura -ae, F., shape.

universi, -ae, -a, adj. pi., all to-
cunctor, 1 , v. dep. , waver, hesitate. gether ^ in R bodyj

altitude, -inis, F., height. itenij adv ? iikewiSe.

contestor, 1, v. dep., invoke. appropinquo, 1 (governs dat.),

evenio, 4, -venl, -ventum, v. intr. , approach.

turn out, happen.

commilito, -onis, M. , comrade. uterque, utraque, utrumque, pro.
prodo, 3, prodidi, proditum, v. adj., either, both.

tr., betray. ordo, -inis, M., rank,

certe, adv., at least. firmiter, adv., steadily.

officium, -I, N., duty. insisto, 3, -stiti, no sup., stand.

f

CAESAR B. G. IV, 27 27

signa subsequi poterant, atque alius alia ex navi, quibuscum-
que signis occurrerat, [se aggregabat,! magno opere perturba-
bantur. Hostes vero, notis omnibus vadis, ubi ex litore
aliquos singulares ex navi egredientes conspexerant, iricitatis
equis impeditos adoriebantur, plures paucos circumsiste-
bant, alii ab latere aperto in universos tela conjicie'bant. ^
Quod cum animadvertisset Caesar, scaphas longarum navium,
item speculatoria navigia militibus compleri jussit et, quos
laborantes conspexerat, iis subsidia submittebat. Nostri,
simul in arido constiterunt, suis omnibus consecutis, in
hostes impetima fecerunt, atque eos in fugam dederuiit;
neque longius prosequi potuerunt, quod equites cursum
tenere atque insulam capere non potuerant. Hoc unuin
ad pristinam fortunam Caesari defuit.

Several states submit to Caesar.

27. Hostes proelio superati, simul atque se ex fuga
receperunt, statim ad Caesarem legates de pace miserunt,
obsides daturos quaeque imperasset sese facturos polliciti
sunt. Una cum his legatis Commius Atrebas venit, quern

quicumque, quaecumque, quod- adorior, -oriri, -ortus, v. dep.,
cumque, rel. pron. , whoever, attack,

whatever. scapha, -ae, F. , light boat.

signum, -I, N., standard. speculatorius, -a, -um, adj., spy,

occurro, 3, -curri, -cursum (gov- scouting.

erns dat. ), meet. navigium, -I, M. , boat.

aggrego, 1, v. tr., join, unite. compleo, 2, -plevi, -pletum, v. tr.,

perturbo, 1, v. tr., disorder, throw fill, man.

into confusion. laboro, 1, v. intr., be in trouble.

vero, conj., but, on the other subsidium, -I, N., support, re-
hand, inforcement.

vadum, -I, N., ford. pristiniis, -a, -um, adj., former.

aliquis, aliquae, aliquid, adj. desum, -esse, -fui, v. intr., (gov-
prou., an}7. erns dat.), am lacking.

singularis, -e, adj., singly.

.

28 CAESAR B. G. iv, 58

~

supra demonstraveram a Caesare in Britanniam praemissum.
Hunc illi e navi egressum, cum ad eos oratoris modo
imperatoris mandata deferret, comprehenderant atque in
vincula conjecerant : turn, proelio facto, remiserunt et in
petenda pace ejusjrei culpam in multitudinem contulerunt et
propter imprudentiam ut ignosceretur, petiverunt. J Caesar
questus, quod, cum ultro in continentem legatis missis pacem
ab se petissent, bellum sine causa intulissent, ignoscere impru-
dentiae dixit obsidesque imperavit ; quorum illi partem statim
dederunt, partem ex longinquioribus locis arcessitam paucis
diebus sese daturos dixerunt. Interea suos remigrare in agros
jus,serunt, principesque undique convenire et se civitatesque
suas Caesari commendare coeperunt.

of

Fate of the eighteen cavalry troop ships.

28. His rebus pace confirmata,' postjdiem quartum,/ quam'
est in Britanniam ventum, naves octodecim, de quibus "supra
demonstratum est, quae equites sustulerant, ex superiore portu
leni vento solverunt. Quae cum appropinquarent Britanniae
,et ex castris viderentur, tanta tempestas subito coorta est, ut

-

supra, adv., above. queror, querl, questus, v. dep.,
demonstro, 1, v. tr., show, point ^complain.

ou^. ultro, adv., of one's own accord.

modo, in the manner of. continens, -ntis, (sc. terra) con-

tineiit.

mandatum, -i, K, order. arcesso, 3, arcessivi, arcessltum,
defero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, v. tr. , v. tr. , send for, summon.

deliver. remigro, 1, v. intr., go back,
comprehendo, 3, -di, -sum, v. tr., return.

seize. commendo, 1, v. tr., intrust,
vinculum, -I, N., chain,

culpa, -ae, F., blame, fault. confirmo, 1, v. tr., establish.

. . lenis, -e, adj., gentle.
ignosco, 3, ignovi, ignotum, v.

coonor, -onn, -ortus, v. dep.,
mtr., (governs dat.) pardon.

A

CAESAR B.'G. IV, 29 29

nulla earum cursum tenere posset, sed aliae eodem, unde erant
projectae, referrentur ; aliae ad inferiorem parfcem insulae,
quae est propius /soils occasuim magno Tsui Jcurn periculo
dejicerentur : quae tamen, ancoris jactis, cum fluctibus ^ ~~/
complerentur, necessario ad versa nocte in altum provectae *'
continentem petierunt.

A storm and high tides wreck Caesar's transports.
29. Eadera nocte accidit, ut esset luna plena, qui dies
maritimos aestus maximos Jin Oceano efficere consuevit, nos-
""fcrisque id erat incognitum. Ita uno tempore et longas naves,
quibus Caesar exercitum transpprtandum curaverat, quasque
in aridum subduxerat, aestus compleverat ; et onerarias, quae
ad ancoras erant deligatae, tempestas afflictabat, neque ulla
nostris facultas aut administrandi aut auxiliandi dabatur.
Compluribus navibus fractis, reliquae cum essent — -funibus,
ancoris reliquisque armamentis amissis — ad navigandum
inutiles, magna, id quod necesse erat accidere, totius exercitus
perturbatio facta est. Neque enim naves erant aliae, quibus r.
reportari possent, et omnia deerant, quae ad reficiendas eas
usui sunt, et, quod omnibus constabat hiemari in Gallia
oportere, frumenturn his in locis in hiemem provisum non erafc.

eddem, adv. , to the same place. frango, 3, fregi, fractum, v. tr.,
necessario, adv., of necessity. wreck, shatter.

proveho, 3, -vexl, -vectum, v. tr., funis, -is, M., rope, cable.

carry forward, carry out. armamentum, -I, N., tackle.

inutilis, -e, adj., useless.

efficio, 3, -fed, -fectum, v. tr., Perturbatio^omsF. panic.

make, render. repat ' ' "' '

subduc6,3,-duXI,-ductum,v.tr., constat> constare, constitit, v.

draw up on shore, beach. imperg ? ifc ig agreed

deligo, 1, v. tr., bind. oportet, -ere, oportuit, v. impers.,
afflicto, 1, v. tr., shatter. it behoves, ought.

administro, 1, v. tr., manage. provided, 2, -vidi, -visum, v. tr.,
auxilior, 1, v. dep., aid. foresee, provide.

30 CAESAR B. G. IV, 30, 31

Conspiracy of British Chiefs.

30. Quibus rebus cognitis, principes Britanniae, qui post
proelium factum ad ea, quae jusserat Caesar, facienda con-
venerant, inter se collocuti, cum equites et naves 'et frumen-
tum Romanis deesse intellegerent, et paucitatem militum ex
castrorum exiguitate cognoscereiit, quae hoc >erant etiam
angustiora, quod sine impedimentis Caesar legiones trans-
portaverat, optimum factu esse duxeruiit, rebellione facta,
frumento commeatuque nostros prohibere, et rem in hiemem
producere, quod, iis superatis, aut reditu interclusis, neminem
postea belli inferendi causa in Britanniam transiturum con-
fidebant. Itaque, rursus conjuratione facta, paulatim ex
castris discedere ac suos clam ex agris deducere coeperunt.

Caesar suspects their intentions ; forms plans accordingly.

31. At Caesar, etsi nondum eorum consilia cognoverat,
tamen et ex eventu navium suarum et ex eo, quod obsides
dare intermiserant, fore id, quod accidit, suspicabatur. Itaque
ad omnes casus subsidia comparabat. Nam et frumentum ex

colloquor, -loqui, -locutus, v. dep. , conf ido, 3, conf Isus sum, v. semi-
converse, dep., trust.

intellego, 3, -lex!, -lectum, v. tr., rursus, adv., again.

perceive. conjuratio, -onis, F., league.

paucitas, -atis, F., fewness. paulatim, adv., gradually.

exiguitas, -atis, F. , smalluess. discedo, 3, -cessi, -cessum, v. intr. ,

hoc,_for this reason. go awajj depart.

factu, supine in -u, to be done. dam adv ^ secretly.

rebellio, -onis, F., renewal of war.

commeatus, -us, M., supplies.

reditus, -us, M., return. nondum, adv., not yet.

intercludo, 3, -clusl, -clusum, v. eventus, -us, M., accident.

tr., cut off. intermitto, 3, -misl. -missum, v,

nemo, ace. neminem, no one. tr-> cease, stop.

postea, adv., afterwards. suspicor, 1, v. dep., suspect.

transeo, -Ire, -ii, -itum, v. tr., casus, -us, M., emergency,

go across, cross over. subsidium, -I, M., resource.

CAESAR B. G. IV, 32 31

agris cotidie in castra conferebat, et quae gravissime afflictae
erant naves, earum materia atque aere ad reliquas reficiendas
^utebatur; et quae ad eas res erant usui ex continent! com-
porfcari jubebat. Itaque, cum id surnmo studio a militibus
administraretur, duodecim navibus amissis, reliquis ut navigari
commode posset, effecit.

Sudden attack of the British.

32. Dum ea geruntur, legione ex consuetudine una frumen-
tatum missa, quae appellabatur septima, neque ulla ad id
tempus belli suspicione interposita, cum pars hominum' in
agris remaneret, pars etiam in castra ventitaret, ii, qui prp
portis castrorum in statione erant, Caesari renimtiarunt,
pulverem majorem, quam consuetudo ferret, Jin ea partejvideri,
quain in partem legio iter fecisset. j Caesar id, quod erat,
suspicatus, aliquid novi a barbaris"~initum consilii, cohortes,
quae in stationibus erant, secum in earn partem proficisci.
duas ex reliquis in stationem succedere, reliquas armari et
confestim sese subsequi jussit. Cum paulo longius a castris
processisset, suos ab hostibus premi, atque aegre sustinere, et
conferta legione ex omnibus partibus tela conjici animadvert! t.

cotidie, adv., daily. ineo, -ire, -ii, -itum, v. tr., go into,
affllgo, 3, --flixi, -flictum, v. tr., enter upon, form.

shatter. succedo, 3, -cessi, -cessum, v.
materia, -ae, F. , timber. iutr. , take the place of.

aes, -aeris, N., metal. arm5, 1, v. tr., arm.

amitto, 3, -misi, -missum, v. tr., confestim, adv., immediately.

lose- procedo, 3, -cessi, -cessum, v.
commode, adv., conveniently. intr., advance.

premo, 3, pressi, pressum, v. tr.,

frumentor, 1, v. dep., forage. press, press hard,

suspicio, -onis, F., suspicion. aegre, adv., with difficulty,

ventito, 1, v. intr., come often, sustineo, 2, -tinui, -tentum, v. tr.,

come and go. hold out, withstand.

static, -onis, F., outpost, guard. confertus, -a, -um, adj., in close
pulvis, -eris, M., dust. array, crowded together.

32

CAESAR B. G. IV, 33

Nam quod, omni ex reliquis partibus demesso frumento, pars
una erat reliqtia, suspicati hostes hue nostros esse ventures
noctu in silvis delituerant ; turn disperses, depositis armis, in
metendo qccupatos, subito adorti, paucis interfectis, reliquos
incertis ordinibus perturbaverant, simul equitatu atque essedis
circumdederant.

The British mode of fighting.

33. Genus hoc est ex essedis pugnae. Primo per omnes
partes perequitant, et tela conjiciunt, atque ipso^ terrore
equorum et strepitu rotarum, ordines plerumque perturbant ;
et cum se inter equitum turmas insinuaverunt, ex essedis
desiliunt et pedibus proeliantur. Aurigae interim paulatim
ex proelio excedunt, atque ita currus collocant, ut, si illi a
multitudine hostium premantur, expeditum ad suos receptum
habeant. Ita mobilitatem equitum, stabilitatem peditum in
proeliis praestant, ac tantum usu cotidiano et exercitatione

demeto, 3, -messul, -messum, v.

tr., reap.

noctu, adv. , in the night time,
delitesco, 3, -litui, no sup., lie hid,

hide one's self.
dispersus, -a, -um, p.p. p. used as

an adj., scattered.
meto, 3, messui, messum, v. tr.,

reap,
occupatus, -a, -um, p. p. p. used

as an adj., engaged,
incertus, -a, -um, adj., uncertain,

confused.

esseda, -ae, F., chariot,
circumdo, -dare, -dedi, -datum,

v. tr., surround.

primo, adv., at first.
perequito, 1, v. intr., ride through,
<lrive through.

terror, -oris, M., fright, terror.

strepitus, -us, M., noise, din.

rota, -ae, F., wheel.

turma, -ae, F., squadron [of cav-
alry].

insinud, 1, v. tr., cause to go into ;
insinuant se, they work their
way into.

desilio, 4, -silui, -sultum, v. intr.,
leap down.

proelior, 1, v. dep., fight.

aurlga, -ae, M., charioteer.

interim, adv., meanwhile.

paulatim, adv., gradually.

receptus, -us, M., retreat.

mobilitas, -atis, F., mobility.

stabilitas, -atis, F., steadiness.

cotldianus, -a, -um, adj., daily.

exercitatio, -onis, training, prac-
tice, exercise.

CAESAR B. G. IV, 34 33

$/ efficiunt, uti in declivi ac praecipiti loco incitatos equos
sustinere, etf brevi ) moderari ac flectere, et per temonem

ytyvM/ percurrere, et in jugo insistere, et inde se in currus citissime
recipere consuerint.

•Caesar acts on the defensive : severe storms keep the Romans within

their camp.

34. Quibus rebus, perturbatis nostris novitate pugnae,
terapore opportunissimo Caesar auxilium tulit ; naraque ejus
adventu hostes constiterunt, nostri se ex timore receperunt.
Quo facto, ad lacessendum et ad commit tend ura proelium
alienum esse tempus arbitratus, suo se loco continuit, et brevi
tempore intermisso, in castra legiones reduxit. Bum haec
geruntur, nostris omnibus occupatis, qui erant in agris reliqui
discesserunt. Secutae sunt continues complures dies tem-
pestates, quae et nostros in castris continerent, et hostem a
pugna prohiberent. Interim barbari nuntios in omnes partes
dimiserunt, paucitatemque nostrorum militum suis praedi-

decllvis, -e, adj., sloping. namque, conj., for.

praeceps, -cipitis, adj., headlong, timer, -oris, M., fear.

steep. lacesso, 3, -sivi, situm, v. tr.,
incitatus, -a, -um, p. p. p. used as harass, provoke, attack.

an adj., at full speed. alienus, -a, -um, adj., belonging
brevi (sc. tempore), in a short time. to another, unfavorable,

moderor, 1, v. tr., control. contineo, 2, -ul, -tentum, v. tr.,
flecto, 3, flexul, flexum, v. tr. ,turn. hem in, keep,

temo, -onis, M., pole, tongue. discedo, 3, cessl, -cessum, v. intr.,
cito, adv. (citius, citissime), go away, depart, scatter.

quickly, swiftly. continuus, -a, -um, adj., succes-
sive,

no vitas, -atis, F., strangeness, prohibeo, 2, v. tr., prevent, keep

novelty. from,

opportunus, -a, -um, adj., fit, praedico, 1, v. tr., announce,

suitable, opportune. boast.

~~

34 CAESAR B. G. IV, 35, 36

caverunt et, quanta praedae faciendae atque in perpetuum sui
liberandi facultas daretur, si Romanes castris expulissent,
demonstraverunt. His rebus celeriter magna multitudine
peditatus equitatusque coacta, ad castra venerunt.

Defeat and pursuit of the enemy.

35. Caesar, etsi idem, quod superioribus diebus acciderat,.
fore videbat, ut, si essent hostes pulsi, celeritate periculum
effugerent, tamen nactus equites circiter triginta, quos
Gommius Atrebas, de quo ante dictum est, secum transporta-
verat, legiones in acie pro castris constituit. Commisso
proelio, diutius nostrorum militum impetum hostes ferre non
potuerunt, ac terga verterunt. Quos tanto spatio secuti,

..'-I quantum cursu et viribus efficere potuerunt complures ex iis
tr occidennro, deinde, omnibus longe lateque aedificiis incensis,
se in castra receperunt.

Caesar makes peace ; sets sail for Gaul.

36. Eodem die legati ab hostibus missi ad Caesarem de
pace venerunt. His Caesar numerum obsidum, quern antea

^ imperaverat, duplicavit eosque in continentem adduci jussit,
u^r quod, / propinqua die aequinoctii, ) infirmis navibus, hiemi

:

praeda, -ae, F., booty, plunder. spatium, -I, N., distance,
perpetuus, -a, -um, adj., constant, tantus — quantus, as great as.
unbroken ; in perpetuum, for- cursus, -us, M., running.

ever* occido, 3, -cidi, -cisum, v. tr.,

expelld, 3, -pull, -pulsum, v. tr., cut doWDj km> slay

drive out. deinde, adv., then, next, after-
cogo, 3, coegl, coactum, v. tr., wards.

collect- incendo, 3, -dl, -sum, v. tr., set
on fire, burn.

celeritas, -atis, F., speed.

effugio, 3, -fugi, -fugitum, v. tr., antea, adv., before, previously.

escape. duplico, 1, v. tr., double, demand
constituo, 3, -ui, -utum, v. tr., ... double.

draw up, post. propinquus, -a, -um, adj., near,

committo, 3, -misi, -missum, v. aequinoctium, -I, N., equinox.

tr., engage, engage in. infirmus, -a, -um, adj., weak.

fljt » ^,

,v rf w

CAESAR B;G. IV, 37 35

nayigationem subjiciendam non existimabat. Ipse, idoneam
tempestatem nactus, paulo post mediara noctem naves solvit ;
quae omnes incolumes ad continentem pervenerunt; sed ex
his onerariae duae eosdem, quos reliquae, portus capere non
potuerunt et paulo infra delatae sunt.

Sudden attack of the Morini.

37. Quibus ex navibus cum essent expositi milites circiter
trecenti, atque in castra contenderent, Morini, quos Caesar
in Britanniam proficiscens pacatos reliquerat, spe praedae
adducti, primo non ita magno suorum numero circumsteterunt,
ac, si sese interfici nollent, arma ponere jusserunt. Cum illi,
orbe facto, sese defenderent, celeriter ad clamorem hominum
circiter millia sex convenerunt. Qua re nuntiata, Caesar
omnem ex castris equitatum suis auxilio misit. Interim
nostri milites impetum hostium sustinuerunt, atque amplius
horis quatuor fortissime pugriaverunt, et paucis vulneribus
acceptis complures ex iis occiderunt. Postea vero quam
equitatus noster in conspectum venit, hostes, abjectis armis,
terga verterunt, magnusque eorum numerus est occisus.

subjicio, 3, -jecl, -jectum, v. tr., circumsto, 1, -steti, -statum, v.

place near, expose. tr., surround,

incolumis, -e, adj., safe. nolo, nolle, nolui, v. irreg., not. .

onerarius, -a, -um, adj., of burden ; wish, am unwilling.

navis oneraria, a transport. orbis, -is, M., circle,

infra, adv., below. defendo, 3, -di, -sum, v. tr., de-

defero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, v. tr., fen(j} protect.

carry down. vulnus, -eris, N., wound.

accipio, 3, -cepi, -ceptum, v. tr.,

expono, 3, -posui, -positum, v. tr., receive.

land, disembark. posteaquam, conj., after,

trecenti, -ae, -a, num. adj., 300. vero, adv. conj., in truth, but,

contendo, 3, -di, -turn, v. intr., however.

proceed, hasten. conspectus, -us, M., sight,

pacatus, -a, -um, p. p. p. used as abjici5, 3, -jecl, -jectum, v. tr.,

adj., at peace. throw away.

36

CAESAR B. G. IV, 38

Conquest of the Morini and Menapii.

38. Caesar postero die Titum Labienum legatum, cum iis
legionibus, quas ex Britannia reduxerat, in Morinos, qui
rebellionem fecerant, misit. Qui cum propter siccitates
paludum, quo se reciperent, non haberent, quo perfugio
superiore anno fuerant usi, omnes fere in potestatem Labieni
venerunt. At Quintus Titurius et Lucius Cotta legati, qui in
Menapiorum fines legiones duxerant, omnibus eorum agris
vastatis, frumentis .succisis, aedificiis incensis, quod Menapii
se omnes in densissimas silvas abdiderant, se ad Caesarem
receperunt. Caesar in Belgis omnium legionum hiberna
constituit. Eo duae omnino civitates ex Britannia obsides
miserunt, reliquae neglexerunt. His rebus gestis, ex litteris
Caesaris dierum viginti supplicatio a senatu decreta est.

rebellio, -onis, F., renewal of war.
siccitas, -atis, F., dryness.
palus, -udis, F., marsh,
perfugium, -I, N., refuge.
fere, adv., almost, about,
potestas, -atis, F., power,
frumentum, -I, N., corn; pi.,

crops,
succido, 3, -cidi, -clsum, v. tr.,

cut down.
abdo, 3, abdidi, abditum, v. tr.,

hide, conceal.

hibernus, -a, -um, adj., winter,
wintry ; hiberna, -orum, N.,
pi. (sc. castra), winter camp,
winter quarters.

eo, adv., thither.

omnino, adv., in all.

neglego, 3, -lexi, -lectum, v. tr.,
neglect.

supplicatio, -onis, F., thanks-
giving.

decerno, 3, -crevi, -cretum, v. tr.,
decree.

W,

CAESAR B'. G. V, 1 37

LIBER QUINTUS
Caesar orders a fleet to be built. The Pirustae give hostages.

1. L. Domitio Ap. Claudio consulibus, discedens ab hibernis
Caesar in Italiam, ut quotannis facere consuerat, legatis
imperab, quos legionibus praefecerat, uti quam plurimas
possent hieme naves aedificandas veteresque reficiendas
curarent. Earum modum formamque demonstrat. Ad
celeritatem onerandi subductipnesque paulo facit humiliores, ^
quam quibus in nostro mari uti consuevimus, atque/ id eo
magis, I quod propter crebras commutationes aestuum minus
magnos ibi fluctus fieri cognoverat ; ad onera ac multitudinem
jumentorum transported am, paulo latiores, quam quibus in
reliquis utimur marfbus. Has omnes actuarias imperat fieri,

J' quam ad rem humilitas multum adjuvat. Ea, quae sunt usui
ad armandas naves, ex Hispania apportari jubet. Ipse, con-
ventibus Galliae_citerioris peractis, in Illyricum proficiscitur,
quod a Pirustis finitimam partem provinciae incursionibus
vastari audiebat. Eo cum venisset, civitatibus milites imperat

~~
ut, conj., as. creoer, -bra, -brum, adj., frequent.

quotannis, adv., yearly. commutatio, -onis, F., change,

consuescd, 3, -suevi, -suetum, v. jumentum, -i, N., baggage animal,

intr. , become accustomed ; beast of burden,

consuevi, I am accustomed. actuarius, -a, -um, adj., driven by
praeficio, 3, -feci, -fectum, v. tr. , oars (as well as sails), rowing,

(governs ace. and dat. ), place fast sailing.

over, place in command of. humilitas, -atis, F. , lowness.

euro, 1, v. tr., care for (see general multum, adv., much.

vocab.) adjuvo, 1, -juvl, -jutum, v. tr.,
modus, -I, M., measure, size. aid, help,

forma, -ae, F., shape, plan. apporto, 1, v. tr., bring,

onero, 1, v. tr., load. conventus, -us, M., assize,

subductio, -onis, F., drawing up perago, 3, -egl, -actum, v. tr.,

on shore, beaching. conduct, hold,

humilis, -e, adj., low. incursio. -onis, F., raid, inroad.
eo, adv., for this reason.

38 CAESAR B. G. V, 2

certumque in locum con venire jubet. Qua re nuntiata,
Pirustae legatos ad eum mittunt, qui cloceant nihil earum
rerum publico factum consilio, seseque paratos esse demon-
strant omnibus rationibus de injuriis satisfacere. Percepta
oratione eorurn, Caesar obsides imperat eosque ad certum
diem adduci jubet; nisi ita fecerint, sese bello civitatem
persecuturum demonstrat. lis ad diem adductis, ut imper-
averat, arbitros inter civitates dat, qui litem aestiment
poenamque constituant.

The soldiers praised for their zeal. Fleet ordered to rendezvous at

Fortus Itius.

v , .."

2. His confectis rebus, conventibusque peractis, in citeri-
orem Galliam revertitur, atque inde ad exercitum proficiscitur.
Eo cum venisset, cir^uJ_ti^jOjnan^u^]^bej^ni§,.singulari militum
studio, in summa omnium rerum inopia, circiter sexcentas ejus
generis, cujus supra demonstravimus, naves et longas viginti

certus, -a, -um, adj., stated, de- Us, lltis, F., lawsuit, damages.

finite, certain. aestimo, 1, v. tr., value, estimate,
doceo, 2, -ui, doctum, v. tr., teach, assess.

inform, tell. poena, -ae, F., punishment,
publicus, -a, -um, public, common. penalty

paratus, -a, -um, p. p. p. used as

adj., ready.

ratio, -onis, F., account, claim. revertor, reverti, reverti, rever-
injuria, -ae, F., wrong, injustice. suni) v semi-dep., turn back,

satisfacio, 3, -fed, -factum, v. tr., return.

satisfy, meet. drcue6) .^ ^ .itum> y ^ go
percipio, 3, -cepl, -ceptum, v. tr., & ^

take in, hear. , . ...

nisi, conj., unless, if . . . not. singular*, -e, adj., remarkable,
ita, adv., so. extraordinary

persequor, 3, -secutus, v. tr., studmm, -i, N., zeal, enthusiasm.

follow up, pursue. inopia, -ae, F. , want, lack, scarcity.

arbiter, -tri, M., arbitrator, as- sexcentl, -ae, -a, num. adj., 600.

sessor. supra, adv., above.

CAESAR *B. G. V, 3

39

octo invenit instructas, neque multum abesse ab eo, quin
paucis diebus deduci possint. Collaudatis mjlitibus, atque iis,
qui negotio praefuerant, quid fieri velit, ostendit, atque omnes
ad portura Itium convenire jubet, quo ex portu commodissi-
murn in Britanniam trajectum esse cognoverat, circiter
millium passuum triginta a continent! : huic rei quod satis
esse visum est militum reliquit. Ipse cum legionibus ex-
peditis quattuor et equitibus octingentis in fines Treverorum
proficiscitur, quod hi neque ad concilia veniebant, neque
imperio parebant, Germanosque Transrhenanos sollicitare
dicebantur.

The Treveri and their rival chieftains.

3. Haec civitas longe plurimum totius Galliae equitatu
valet, magnasque habet copias peditum, Rhenumque, ut supra
demonstravimus, tangit. In ea civitate duo de principatu
inter se contendebant, Indutiomarus et Cingetorix ; e quibus
alter, simul atque de Caesaris legionumque adventu cognitum

invenio, 4, venl, -ventum, v. tr.,

find,
instruo, 3, -struxl, -structum, v.

tr., draw up, build, equip,
deduce, 3, -duxi, -ductum, v.

tr., draw down (into water),

launch.

collaudd, l,v.tr., commend, praise,
negotium, -I, N., business, work,
praesum, -esse, -fui, v. intr.

(governs dat. ), be in charge of.
fid, fieri, factus sum, v. irreg.,

am done, become,
ostendo, 3, -di, -turn, v. tr., show,
commodus, -a, -um, adj., fit,

handy, suitable, convenient,
trajectus, -us, M., passage,
circiter, adv., about.

videor, 2, visus, v. dep., seem,

appear,
expeditus, -a, -um. adj., free,

ready for action,
octingenti, -ae, -a, num. adj., 800.
concilium, -I, N., council,
sollicito, 1, tamper with, stir up.

longe, adv., by far.
plurimum, adv., very, most.
valeo, 2, v. intr., am strong, have

power,
tango, 3, tetigl, tactum, v. tr.,

touch, border on.
principatus, -us, M., leadership,
simul atque, conj., as soon as.
adventus, us, M., arrival.

40 CAESAR B. G. V, 3

est, ad eum venit ; se suosque omnes in officio futuros, neque
ab amicitia populi Romani defecturos confirmavit ; quaeque in
Treveris gererentur ostendit. At Indutiomarus equitatum
peditatumque cogere, iisque, qui per aetatem in armis esse
non poterant, in silvam Arduennam abditis, quae ingenti
magnitudine per medios fines Treverorum a flumine Rheno
ad initium Remorum pertinet, bellum parare instituit. Sed
posteaquam normulli principes ex ea civitate, et familiaritate
Cingetorigis adducti, et adventu nostri exercitus perterriti, ad
Caesarem venerunt, et de suis privatim rebus ab eo petere
coeperunt, quoniam civitati consulere non possent, veritus, ne
ab omnibus desereretur, Indutiomarus legates ad Caesarem
mittit : Sese idcirco ab suis discedere atque ad eum venire
noluisse, quo facilius civitatem in officio contineret, ne omnis
nobilitatis discessu plebs propter imprudentiam laberetur :
itaque esse civitatem in sua potestate, seseque, si Caesar
permitteret, ad eum in castra venturum, suas civitatisque
fortunas ejus fidei permissurum.

officium, -i, N., duty, allegiance. consulo, 3, -sului, -sultum, v. tr.,

deficio, 3, -fed, -fectum, v. intr., with ace. consult; intr. with

fail, revolt. dat. consult for, consult the

confirmo, 1, v. tr., assure. interests of.

aetas, -atis, F., age. desero, 3, -serui, -sertum, v. tr.,

abdo, 3, -didi, -ditum, v. tr., hide, desert.

conceal. idcirco, adv. , for this reason,

ingens (gen. ingentis), adj., large, quo, conj., in order that.

huge, immense. nobilitas, -atis, F., nobility,

initium, -I, N., beginning. discessus, -us, M., departure,

instituo, 3, -ul, -utum, v. tr.,draw imprudentia, -ae, F., thoughtless-

up, decide, begin. ness.

familiaritas, -atis, F., intimacy, labor, 3, lapsus, v. intr., slip,

friendship. glide away, revolt,

privatim, adv., privately, indi- fortunae, -arum, F., pi., fortunes,

vidually. interests,
quoniam, conj., since.

CAESAR B.*G. V, 4

41

Cingetorix honored and Indutiomarus offended.
4. Caesar, etsi intellegebat, qua de causa ea dicerentur,
quaeque eum res ab institute consilio deterreret, tamen, ne
aestatem in Treveris consumere cogeretur, omnibus ad Britan-
nicum bellum rebus comparatis, Indutiomarum ad se cum
ducentis obsidibus venire jussit. ^His^adductis, in iis filio
propinquisque ejus omnibus, quos nominatim evocaverat, con-
solatus Indutiomarum, hortatusque est, uti in officio maneret ;
nihilo tameii seems, principibus Treverorum ad se convocatis,
hos singillatim Cingetorigi conciliavit, quod fcumimerito ejus
a se fieri intellegebat, tum/magni interesse arbitrabatur ejus
auctoritatem inter suos quam plurimum valere, cujus tarn
egregiam in se voluntatem perspexisset. Id tulit factum
graviter Indutiomarus, suam gratiam inter suos minui, et,
qui jam ante inimico in nos animo fuisset, multo gravius hoc
dolore exarsit.

intellego, 3, -lexi, -lectum, v. tr.}
perceive, am aware.

qua de causa, for what reason.

institutus, -a, -um, p. p. p. used
as an adj., appointed, pre-
determined.

deterred, 2, v. tr., keep from,
deter.

consume, 3, -sumpsi, -sumptum,
v. tr., spend.

propinquus, -I, M., relative.

nominatim, adv., by name, spec-
ially, individually.

evoco, 1, v. tr., summon.

consoler, 1, v. dep., console, com-
fort, cheer.

nihilo secius, none the less.

singillatim, adv., one by one, in-
dividually.

concilio, 1, v. tr., win over, re-
concile.

cum . . . turn, both . . . and.

meritum, -I, N., service, deserts.

interest, -esse, -fuit, v. impers.,
it is of interest, importance.

magm mteresse, to be of great
importance.

egregius, -a, -um, adj., remark-
able, signal.

voluntas, -atis, F., goodwill.

factum, -I, N., act, deed.

graviter fero, am offended at, am
annoyed at.

gratia, -ae, F. , favor, influence.

minuo, 3, -ul, -utum, v. tr., lessen.

inimicus, -a, -um, adj., unfriendly,
hostile.

multo, adv., much.

dolor, -oris, M., grief, resentment.

exardesco, 3, -arsl, -arsum, v.
intr., be kindled, burst forth.

42 CAESAR 13. G. V, 5, 6

Caesar prepares to sail.

5. His rebus constitutis, Caesar ad portum Itium cum
legionibus pervenit. Ibi cognoscit quadraginta naves, quae
in Meldis factae erant, tempestate rejectas cursum tenere
non potuisse atque eodem, unde erant profectae, revertisse;
reliquas paratas ad navigandum atque omnibus rebus in-
structas invenit. Eodem equitatus totius Galliae convenit
numero millium jquattuor, principesque ex omnibus civita-
tibus, exlquibus 'perpaucos, quorum in se fidem perspexerat,
relinquere in Gallia, reliquos obsidum loco secum ducere
decreverat, quod, cum ipse abesset, motum Galliae verebatur.

Dumnorix gives trouble.

6. Erat una cum ceteris Dumnorix Haeduus, de quo ante
ab nobis dictum est. Hunc secum habere in primis consti-
tuerat, quod eum cupidum rerum novarum, cupidum imperil,
magni animi, magnae inter Gallos auctoritatis cognoverat.
Accedebat hue, quod in concilio Haeduorum Dumnorix dixerat,
sibi a Caesare regnum civitatis deferri ; quod dictum Haedui
graviter ferebant, /neque jrecusandi aufc deprecandi causa
legates ad Caesarem mittere audebant. Id factum ex suis
hospitibus Caesar cognoverat. Ille omnibus primo precibus

rejicio, 3, -jecl, -jectum, v. tr. , res novae, F. pi., new things,

throw back. change, revolution.

perpauci, -ae, -a, pi. adj., very accedebat hue quod, to this was

few. added the fact that.

loco, in the place of, as. defero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, v. tr.,
decerno, 3, -crevi, -cretum, v. tr., report, offer.

decree, determine, decide. dictum, -I, N., saying, statement,

absum, -esse, -ful, v. irreg., am reciiso, 1, v. tr., refuse, object.

absent. deprecor, 1, v. dep., protest,

motus, -us, M., rising. audeo, 2, ausus sum, v. semi-dep.

dare.

una cum, along with. - hosPes' 'itis' M" Suest' friend'

in primis, among the first, especi- Prec§s» Precum' P1- F' ' (see Vocab'>
ally. prayer, request.

CAESAR B. G. V, 7

43

petere contend! t, ut in Gallia relinqueretur, partim quod
insuetus navigandi mare timeret, partim quod religionibus
impediri sese diceret. Posteaquam id obstinate sibi negari
vidit, omni spe impetrandi adempta, principes Galliae
sollicitare, sevocare singulos, hortarique coepit, uti in
continent! remanerent; metu territare, non sine causa fieri,
ut Gallia omni nobilitate spoliaretur; id esse consiliuin
Caesaris, ut, quos in conspectu Galliae interficere vereretur,
hos omnes in Britanniam traductos necaret ; fidem reliquis
Mnteropnere, jusjurandum poscere, ut, quod esse ex usu
Galliae intellexissent, cominuni consilio administrarent.
Hae'c a compluribus ad Caesarem deferebantur.

Death of Dumnorix.

7. Qua re cognita, Caesar, quod tantum civitati Haeduae
dignitatis tribuebat, coercendum atque deterrendum, quibus-
cumque rebus posset, Dumnorigem statuebat; quod longius
ejus amentiam progredi videbat, prqspiciendum ne quid sibi
ac reipublicae nocere posset. Itaque dies circiter viginti

partim, adv., partly.

insuetus, -a, -um, adj. (governs

gen.), unaccustomed, unused,
timed, 2, ui, no sup. ,fear, am afraid.
religio, -onis, F., religious feeling,

religious scruple,
impedio, 4, v. tr.. prevent,
obstinate, adv., resolutely,
impetro, 1, v. tr., obtain a request,
adimo, 3, -emi, -emptum, v. tr.,

take away, remove.
sevoco, 1, v. tr., call aside.
singuli, -ae, -a, distrib. num. adj. ,

one by one.

territo, 1, v. tr., terrify, alarm,
spolio, 1 , v. tr. , despoil, rob.
need, 1, v. tr., kill, murder.

fidem interpono, pledge one's

word,
jusjurandum, jurisjurandi, N.,

oath.

ex usu, in the interests of.
communis, -e, adj., common,
administro, 1, v. tr., carry out.

tribuo, 3, -ui, -utum, v. tr., assign,

give.

coerced, 2, restrain, check,
amentia, -ae, F., madness, folly,
prospicio, 3, -spexi, -spectum,

v. tr., foresee, take care, take

precautions.
noceo, 2, v. intr. (governs dat.),

injure, harm.

S

V

44 CAESAR B. G. V, 8

quinque in eo loco commoratus, quodfCorus ventus naviga-
tionem impediebat, qui magnam partem omnis temporis in his
locis flare consuevit, /dabat operam) ut in officio Dunmorigem
contineret, nihilo tamen secius omnia ejus consilia cognosceret;
tandem idoneam nactus tempestatem, inilites equitesque con- L j[
sccndere in naves jubet. At, omnium impeditis animis, Dum- I *
norix cum equitibus Haeduorum a castris, insciente Caesare,
domum discedere ooepit. Qua re nuntiata, Caesar, intermissa \v
profectione, atque omnibus rebus postpositis, magnam partem .
equitatus ad eum insequendum mittit, I retrahique imperat},
si vim faciat neque pareat, interfici jubet, nihil jBic^se
absente pro sano facturum arbitratus, qui praesentis imperium
neglexisset. Ille enim, revocatus, resistere ac s^ manu
defendere, suorumque fidem implorare coepit, saepe clamitans,
liberum se liberaeque esse civitatis. UK, ut erat imperatum,
circumsistunt hominem atque interficiunt ; at equites Haedui
ad Caesarem omnes revertuntur.

Caesar's second landing in Britain, 54 B.C.

8. His rebus gestis, Labieno in continente cum tribus
legionibus et equitum millibus duobus relicto, ut portus

commoror, 1, v. dep., delay. insequor, 3, -secutus, v. dep.,
Cdrus, -I, M., north-west wind. pursue, overtake,

navigatio, -onis, F., sailing, navi- retraho, 3, -traxi, -tractum, v. tr.,

gation. bring back.

flo, 1, v. intr., blow. sanus. -a, -um, adj., sane.

operam do ut, take pains to. pro sano, like a sane man.

nihilo secius, none the less. praesens (gen. praesentis), adj.,
conscendo, 3, -di, -sum, v. tr. and present.

intr., go on board. neglego, 3, -leici, -lectum, v. tr.,
insciens (gen. inscientis), adj.» neglect, disregard.

not knowing, ignorant. clamito. 1, v. intr., shout often,

intermitto, 3, -mlsi, -missum, circumsisto, 3, -stetl, no sup.,

v. tr., stop, delay. v. tr., surround,

profectio, -onis, F., departure.

h"

CAESAR K G. V, 8

45

tueretur, et rem frumentariam provideret, quaeque in Gallia
gererentur cognosceret, consiliumque pro tempore et pro re
caperet, ipse cum quinque legionibus et pari numero equitum,
quern in continent! reliquerat, ad solis occasum naves solvitj
et leni Africo provectus, media circiter nocte vento intermi
cursum non tenuit ; et longius delatus aestu, orta luce, su
sinistra Britanniam relictam conspexit. Turn rursus aestus
commutationem secutus, remis contendit, ut earn partem
insulae caperet, qua optimum esse egressum superiore aestate
cognoverat. Qua in re admodum fuit militum virtus laudanda,
qui vApriis gravibusque navigiis, non intermisso remigandi
labore^ongarum navium cursum adaequarunt. Accessum est
ad Britynniain omnibus navibus meridiano fere tempore,
neque in eo loco hostis est visus : sed, ut postea Caesar ex
captivis cognovit, cum magnae manus eo convenissent, multi-
tudine navium perterritae, quae cum annotinis privatisque,
quas sui quisque commodi fecerat, amplius octingentae uno
erant visae tempore, a litore discesserant ac se in superiora
loca abdiderant.

tueor, 2, tuitus, v. dep., protect,
defend.

res frumentaria, F., corn supply.

par (gen. pans), adj., equal.

lenis, -e, adj., gentle, mild.

Africus, -I, M., south-west wind.

proveho, 3, -vexl, -vectum, v. tr.,
carry forward.

sinistra, -ae (sc. manus), F., left
hand, left.

orior, orirl, ortus, v. dep., rise, arise.

remus, -I, M., oar.

qua (sc. parte), where.

egressus, -us, M.. landing, land-
ing place.

admodum, adv., very.

vectorius, -a, -urn, adj., adapted

for carrying,
vectorium navigium, transport

ship.

remigo, 1, v. intr., row.
adaequo, 1, v. tr., equal,
meridianus, -a, -um, adj. , mid-day,
manus, -us, F., hand, band,
annotinus. -a, -um, adj., of last

year.

privatus, -a, -um, adj., private,
commodum, -I, N., convenience,

advantage.

amplius, adv., more (than),
octingenti, -ae, -a, num. adj.,

800.

46 CAESAR B. G. V, 9

The Britons oppose his march inland.

9. Caesar, exposito exercitu, et loco castris idoneo cap to, ubi
ex captivis cognovit, quo in loco hostium copiae consedissent,
cohorfcibus decem ad mare relictis et equitibus trecentis, qui
praesidio navibus essent, de te.rtia vigilia ad hostes contendit
eo minus yeritus navibus, quod in litore molli atque aperto
deligatas ad ancoram relinquebat, et praesidio navibusque
Quintum Atrium praefecit. Ipse, noctu progressus millia
passuum circiter duodecim, hostium copias coiispicatus est.
Illi, equitatu atque essedis ad flumen progressi, ex loco
superiore nostros prohibere et proelium committere coeperunt.
Repulsi ab equitatu, se in silvas abdiderunt, locum ^ nacti
egregie et natura et opere munitum, quern domestici belli, ut
videbantur^ causa jam ante praeparaverant : nam, crebris
arboribus succisis, omnes introitus erant praeclusi. Ipsi ex
silvis rari propugnabant, nostrosque intra munitiones ingredi
prohibebant. At milites legionis septimae, testudine facta, et
aggere ad munitiones adjecto, locum ceperunt eosque ex silvis
expulerunt, paucis vulneribus acceptis. Sed eos fugientes

expend, 3, -posui, -positum, v. tr. , creber, -bra, -brum, adj. , frequent,

land, disembark. numerous.

con si do, 3, -sedi, -sessum, settle, succldo, 3, -cidi, -cisum, v. tr.,

encamp. cut down.

vigilia, -ae, F., watch. introitus, -us, M., entrance.

eo, adv. , for this reason. praecludo, 3, -clusl, -clusum, v.
mollis, -e, adj., soft. tr., close, shut.

deligo, 1, v. tr., bind. rarus, -a, -urn, adj., thin, few, in
conspicor, 1, v. dep., see, behold. small bodies.

repello, 3, -pull, -pulsum, v. tr., propugno, 1, v. intr., fight.

drive back, repulse. munitio, -onis, F., fortification.

egregie, adv., admirably, excel- ingredior, -gredi, -gressus, v.

lently. dep., go into, enter,

domesticus, -a, -um, adj., domes- testudo, -inis, F., testudo (see

tic, civil. Vocab. )

praepard, 1, v. tr., prepare before- adjicio, 3, -jecl, -jectum, v. tr.,

hand, throw up, throw against.

CAESAR E.G. ,V, 10, 11 47

It longius Caesar prosequi vetuit, et quod loci naturam ignor-
abat, et quod, magna parte diei consumpta, munition!
castrorum tempus relinqui volebat.

Bad news of the fleet.

10. Postridie ejus diei, mane, tripartite milites equitesque
in expeditionem misit, ut eos, qui fugerant, persequerentur.
His aliquantum itineris progressis, cum jam extremi essent in
prospectu, equites a Quinto Atrio ad Caesarem venerunt, qui
mmtiarent superiore nocte, maxima coorta tempestate, prope
omnes naves afflictas atque in litore ejectas esse, quod neque
ancorae funesque subsisterent, neque nautae gubernatoresque
vim pati tempestatis possent : itaque ex eo concursu navium
magnum esse incommodum acceptum.

Labienus builds new ships. Cassivellaunus.

11. His rebus cognitis, Caesar legiones equitatumque
revocari atque in itinere resistere jubet ; ipse ad naves
revertitur ; eadem fere, quae ex nuntiis litterisque cognoverat,

veto, 1, vetui, vetitum, v. tr., ejicio, 3, -jeci, -jectum, v. tr.,

forbid. throw out, cast.

ignore, 1, v. tr., not to know, am funis, -is, M., rope, cable.

ignorant of. subsisto, 3, -stitl, no sup., v. tr.,

make a stand, hold out.

gubernator, -oris, M., pilot,

mane, adv. , in the morning. steersman.

tripartite, adv., in three divisions. patior, pati, passus, v. dep., en-

expeditio, -onis, F., foray. dure, stand.

aliquantus, -a, -urn, adj., some- concursus, -us, M., collision.

what ; aliquantum, neut. sing., incommodum, -I, N., inconveni-

some distance. ence, loss, damage.

extremus, -a, -um, adj. , last ; ex-

tremi, -onim, M. pi., the rear. resisto, 3, restiti, no sup., v. intr.

prospectus, -us, M., sight, view. (governs dat.), resist, with-

coorior, -oriri, -ortus, v. dep., arise. stand.

affllgo, 3, -flixi, -flictum, v. tr., litterae, -arum, F. pi., letter,

dash down, shatter. despatch.

48

CAESAR B. G. V, 11

V I

coram perspicitjisic ut\ amissis circiter quadraginta navibus,
reliquae tamen renci posse magno negotio viderentur. Itaque
ex legionibus fabros deligit, et ex continent! alios arcessi
jubet; Labieno scribit, ut, quain plurimas posset, iis legioni-/
bus, quae sunt apud eum, naves instituat. Ipse, etsi res erat u_/v
multae operae ac laboris, tamen commodissimum esse statuit,
omnes naves subduci et cum castris una munitione conjungi. (Uo*
In his rebus circiter dies decem consumit, lie nocturnis qui- •<

temporibus ad laborem militum intermissis. Subductis
navibus, castrisque egregie munitis, easdem copias, quas ante,
praesidio navibus reliquit, ipse eodem, unde redierat, pro-

ficiscitur. . Eo cum venisset, majores jam undique in eum

,
^

locum copiae Britannornm con venerant, \summa . mperl
bellique administrandi communi consilio permissa Cassivel-
launo; cujus fines a maritimis civitatibus flumen dividitf
quod appellatur Tamesis, a mari circiter miliia passuum
octoginta. Huic superiore tempore cum reliquis civitatibus
continentia bella intercesserant ; sed nostro adventu permoti
Britanni huhc toti bello imperioque praefecerant.

coram, adv., face to face, before

one's eyes.
perspicio, 3, -spexi, -spectum, v.

tr., see, perceive.
reficio, 3, -feel, -fectum, v. tr. ,

repair.

negotium, -I, M., trouble.
faber, -bri, M., workman.
deligo, 3, -legi, -lectum, v. tr.,

choose, select.
arcesso, 3, -cesslvl, -cessltum, v.

tr., summon.

opera, -ae, F., work, service.
subdued, 3, -duxl, -ductum, v. tr.,

draw up on shore, beach.

conjungo, 3, -junxi, -junctum, v.

tr., join together.
nocturnus, -a, -um, adj., of the

night.

ne . . . quidem, not even.
summa, -ae, F., whole ; summa

imperil, supreme command.
divide, 3, -visi, -visum, v. tr.,

divide, separate.
continens (gen. continentis), adj.,

continuous, incessant.
intercede, 3, -cessi, -cessum, v.

intr., intervene, occur.

49

The people.

12. Britanniae pars interior ab iis incolitur, quos natos
in insula ipsi memoriajproditurm dicunt ; maritima pars ab iis, S£r
qui praedae ac belli inierendi causa ex Belgis transierant (qui £&
omnes fere iis nominibus civitatum appellantur, quibus fbrti
ex civitatibus eo pervenerunt) et bello illato ibi permanserunt,
atque agros colere coeperunt. Hominum est infinita multi-
tudo, creberrimaque aedificia fere Gallicis consimilia ; pecorum
magnus numerus. Utuntur aut aere aut taleis ferreis ad
certum pondus examinatis pro nummo. Nascitur ibi plum-
bum album in mediterraneis regionibus, in maritimis ferrum,
sed ejus exigua est copia ; aere utuntur importato. Materia
cuj usque generis, ut in Gallia, est praeter fagum atque abietem.
Leporem et gallinam et anserem gustare fas non putant; haec
tamen alunt animi voluptatisque causa. Loca sunt tempera-
tiora quam in Gallia, remissioribus frigoribus.

incolo, 3, -colui, -cultum, v. tr.,
live in, inhabit.

nascor, nasci, natus, v. dep., am
born.

memoria, -ae, F., memory, tra-
dition.

prodo, 3, -didi, -ditum, v. tr.,
hand down.

infero, -ferre, -tuli, illatum, v. tr. ,
bring against ; bellum infero,
make war on.

transeo, -ire, -ii, -itum, v. tr.,
go across, cross.

infinitus, -a, -um, adj., boundless,
conntless.

consimilis, -e, adj., similar.

pecus, -oris, N., cattle (collect-
ively).

aes, aeris, N., metal, bronze.

talea, -ae, F., bar.

ferreus, -a, -um, adj., iron.

pondus, -eris, N., weight.

examino, 1, test, weigh.

nummus, -I. M.. coin.

plumbum, -I, N., lead ; /plumbum
album, tin.

mediterraneus, -a, -um, adj.,
central.

importo, 1, v. tr., import.

materia, -ae, F., timber.

quisque, quaeque, quidque or
quodque, indef., pron., each.

praeter, prep, (governs ace.),
except.

fagus, -I, F., beech.

abies, -ietis, F., fir.

lepus, -oris, M., hare.

galllna, -ae, F., hen.

anser, -eris, M., goose.

gusto, 1, taste.

fas, indecl. noun, right, divine law.

alo, 3, alui, altum, v. tr., rear.

voluptas, -atis, F., pleasure.

temperatus, -a, -um, adj., temper-
ate.

remissus, -a, -um, adj., mild.

CAESAR B. G. V, 13

»

13. Insula natura triquetra, cujus unum latus est contra
Galliam. Hujus lateris alter angulus, qui est ad Cantium,
quo fere omnes ex Gallia naves appelluntur, ad orientem
solem, inferior ad meridiem spectat. Hoc pertinet circiter
millia passuum quingenta. Alterum vergit ad Hispaiiiam
atque occidentem solem ; qua ex parte est Hibernia, dimidio
minor, ut existimatur, quam Britannia, sed pari spatio trans-
missus atque ex Gallia est in Britanmam. In hoc medio cursu
est insula quae appellatur Mona; complures praeterea minores
subjectae insulae existimantur ; de quibus insulis nonnulli
scripserunt dies continues triginta isub bruma esse noctem.
Nos nihil de eo percpntationibus reperiebamus,^nisi ; certis ex
aqua mensuris breviores esse quam in continent! noctes vide-
bamus. Hujus est longitudo lateris, ut fert illorum opinio,
septingentorum millium. Tertium est contra septentriones ;
cui parti nulla est objecta terra, sed ejus angulus lateris
maxiine ad Germaniam spectat. Hoc millia passuum octin- *
genta in longitudinem esse existimatur. Ita omnis insula est
in circuitu vicies centum millium passuum.

triquetrus, -a, -um, adj., tri- subjectus, -a, -um, p. p. p., used
angular. as adj., lying near.

angulus , -i, M. , angle. bruma, -ae, F. ( =• brevissima, sc.

appello, 3, -puli, -pulsum, v. tr., dies), shortest day, winter

drive to, steer towards. solstice.

sol oriens, rising sun, east. percontatio, -onis, F. , inquiry.

merldies, -el, M., mid-day, south. reperio, 4, repperl, repertum, v.

pertineS, 2, -ul, -tentum, v. intr., tr., find out.

extend. mensura, -ae, F., measurement.

occidens sol, setting sun, west. septingenti, -ae, -a, num. adj., 700.

dlmidium, -I, N., half. circuitus, -us, M., circumference,

transmissus, -us, M. , passage. vicies, num. adv. , twenty times,

praeterea, adv. , besides.

IP i

CAESAR B. G. V, 14, 15 51

Manners and customs.

14. Ex his omnibus longe sunt humanissimi, qui Cantium
incolunt, quae regio est maritima omnis, neque multum a
Gallica differunt consuetudine. Interiores plerique frumenta
non sennit, sed lacte et carne vivunt pellibusque sunt vestiti.
Omnes vero se Britanni vitro inficiunt, quod caeruleum efficit
colorern, atque hoc horridiore sunt in pugna aspectu ; capil-
loque sunt promisso atque omni parte corporis rasa praeter
caput et labrum superius. Uxores habent deni duodenique
inter se communes et maxima fratres cum fratribus parent-
esque cum liberis ; sed si qui sunt ex his nati, eorum habentur
liberi, quo primum virgo^uaequd deducta est.

More fighting,' a surprise ; death of a tribune.

15. Equites hostium essedariique acriter proelio cum
equitatu nostro in itinere conflixerunt, tamen ut nostri
omnibus partibus superiores fuerint atque eos in silvas col-
lesque compulerint ; sed compluribus interfectis, cupidius
insecuti, nonnullos ex suis amiserunt. At illi, intermisso
spatio, imprudentibus nostris atque occupatis in munitione

humanus, -a, -um, adj., civilized. labrum, -I, N., lip.

plerique, pleraeque, pleraque, pi. deni, -ae, -a, distrib. num. adj.,

adj., most, the majority. ten by ten, ten apiece,

sero, 3, sevl, satum, v. tr., sow, duodeni, -ae, -a, distrib. num.

plant. adj., twelve by twelve, twelve

lac, lactis, N., milk. apiece.

caro, carnis, F., flesh. deduce, 3, -duxi, -ductum, v. tr.,
pellis, -is, F. , skin, hide. lead away, marry,

vitrum, -I, N., woad.
casruleus, -a, -um, adj., sky-blue,

blue. confttgo, 3, -flixi, -flictum, v. tr.,
horridus, -a, -um, adj., dreadful, strike, engage.

frightful. compello, 3, -pull, -pulsum, v. tr.,
aspectus, -us, M., aspect. drive,

capillus, -i, M., hair. cupide, adv., eagerly.

promissus, -a, -um, adj., flowing, nonnulli, -ae, -a, pi. adj., some.

long. imprudens (gen. imprudentis), off
rado, 3, rasi, rasum, v. tr., shave, one's guard.

52 CAESAR B. G. V, 16

castrorum, subito se ex silvis ejecerunt, impetuque in eos
facto, qui erant in statione pro castris collocati, acriter
pugnaverunt; duabusque missis subsidio cohortibus a
Caesare, atque his primis legionum duarum, cum hae,
perexiguo interrnisso loci spatio inter se, constitissent, novo
genere pugnae perterritis nostris, per medios audacissime
perruperunt seque inde incolumes receperunt. Eo die
Quintus Laberius Durus tribunus militum interficitur. Illi,
pluribus submissis cohortibus, repelluntur.

*\4}& British mode of fighting.

16. Toto hoc in genere pugnae, cum sub oculis omnium ac
pro castris dimicaretur, intellectum est, nostros propter
gravitatem armorum, quod neque insequi cedentes possent
neque ab signis discedere auderent, minos aptos esse ad hujus
generis hostem; equites autem magno cum periculo proelio
dimicare, propterea quod illi etiam ebnsulto plerumque cederent
et, cum paulum ab legionibus nostros removissent ex essedis

desilirent et pedibus dispari proelio contenderent. Equestris
idem periculum inferebat. Accedebat hue, ut nunquam con-

autem proelii ratio et cedentibus et insequentibus par atque

e ~~r

,

ferti, sed rari magnisque intervallis proeliarentur stationesque
dispositas haberent, atque alios alii deinceps exciperent, integ-
rique et recentes defatigatis succederent.

subsidium, -I, N., support, rein- cedo, 3, cessi, cessum, v. intr.,

forcement. go, withdraw, retreat.

perexiguus, -a, -urn, adj., very aptus, -a, -urn, adj., fit suited.

., propterea, adv., for this reason;

propterea quod, because.

consisto, 3, -stiti, -stitum, v. intr., consuit6, adv., purposely.

take one's stand. desilio, 4, -silui, -sultum, v. intr.,
audacter, adv. , boldly (audacius, leap down.

audacissime). dispar (gen. disparis), unequal,

perrumpo, 3, -rupi, -ruptum, v. ratio, -onis, F., plan, method.

tr.f break through. accedebat hue ut, to this was

added the fact that.
deinceps, adv., in turn.

integer, -gra, -grum, adv., whole,
dimico, 1, v. intr., fight, struggle. freghj vigorous.

gravitas, -atis, F., weight. defatigatus, -a, -um, adj., wearied.

CAESAR B. G. V, 17, 18 53

The Britons repulsed.

17. Postero die procul a castris hostes in collibus con-
stiterunt, rarique se ostendere, et lenius quam pridie nostros

3 proelio lacessere coeperunt. Sed meridie, cum Caesar
pabulandi causa tres legiones atque omnem equitatum cum
Caio Trebonio legato misisset, repente ex omnibus partibus ad
pabulatores advolaverunt, sic uti ab signis legionibusque non '
absisterent. Nostri, acriter in eos impetu facto, repulerunt,
neque finem sequendi fecerunt, quoad subsidio confisi equites,
cum post se legiones viderent, praecipites hostes egerunt;
magnoque eorum numero interfecto, neque sui colligendi neque
consistendi aut ex essedis desiliendi facultatem dederunt.
Ex hac fuga protinus, quae undique convenerant auxilia dis-
cesserunt; neque post id tempus unquam summis nobiscum
copiis hostes contenderunt.

Caesar crosses the Thames.

18. Caesar, cognito consilio eorum, ad flumen Tamesim
in fines Cassivellauni exercitum duxit; quod flumen uno
omnino loco pedibus, atque hoc aegre, transiri potest. Eo
cum venisset, animadvertit ad alteram flumiriis ripam magnas
esse copias hostium instructas. Kipa autem erat acutis
sudibus praefixis munita, ejusdemque generis sub aqua defixae

ostendo, 3, -di, -sum (or -turn), v. colligo, 3, -legi, -lectum, v. tr.,

tr., show, display. collect, rally,

leniter, adv., gently. protinus, adv., forthwith,
pabulor, 1, v. dep., forage,
pabulator, -oris, M., forager.

advolo, 1, v. intr., fly at. aegr8? adv ? with difficuity.

absisto, 3, -stiti, no sup., v. intr., &c-tuSj adj ^

keep away from. . _

sudes, -is, F. , stake,
quoad, conj., until. ' _ ' ' .

confldo, 3, confisus sum, v. semi- Praef'£°> 3' 'flxl' 'flxum' v- *•>
dep., trust. fix or place in front of-

^

54 CAESAR B. G. V, 19

sudes flumine tegebantur. His rebus cognitis a captivis
perfugisque, Caesar, praemisso equitatu, confestim legiones
subsequi jussit. Sed ea celeritate atque eo impetu milites
ierunt, cum capite solo ex aqua exstarent, ut hostes impetum
legionum atque equitum sustinere non possent, ripasque
dimitterent ac se fugae mandarent.

i
Tactics of Cassivellaunus.

19. Cassivellaunus, ut supra demonstravimus, omni de-
posita spe contentionis, dimissis amplioribus copiis, millibus
circiter quattuor essedariorum relictis, itinera nostra ser-
vabat; paulumque ex via excedebat, locisque impeditis ac
silvestribus sese occultabat, atque iis regionibus, quibus nos
iter facturos cognoverat, pecora atque homines ex agris in
silvas compellebat; et, cum equitatus noster liberius prae-
dandi vastandique causa se in agros ejecerat, omnibus viis
semitisque essedarios ex silvis emittebat, et magno cum
periculo nostrorum equitum cum iis confligebat, atque hoc '
metu latius vagari prohibebat. Relinquebatur, ut neque
longius ab agmine legionum discedi Caesar pateretur, et
tantum in agris vastandis incendiisque faciendis hostibus
noceretur, quantum labore atque itinere legionarii milites
efficere poterant.

tego, 3, texi, tectum, v. tr., cover, Silvester, -tris, -tre, adj., woody.

protect. occulto, 1, v. tr., hide.

perfuga, -ae, M., deserter. libere, adv., freely.

exsto, -stare, no pf., no sup., semita, -ae, F., path, by-path.

v. intr., stand out of. vagor, 1, v. dep., wander.

mando, 1, v. tr., consign. patior, pati, passus, v. dep., allow.

incendium, -I, N., fire.

contentio, -onis, F., struggle. tantum ... quantum, as much. ..as,
servo, 1, v. tr., guard, watch. as far... as.

if*

-LJLl+f~

CAESAR B. a. v, 20, 21 55

The Tnnobantes submit to Caesar.

20. Interim Trinobantes, prope firmissima earum regionum
civitas, ex qua Mandubracius adulescens, Caesaris fidem
secutus, ad eum in continentem Galliam venerat, cujus pater
Immanueiitius in ea civitate regnum obtinuerat interfectusque
erat a Cassivellauno, ipse fuga mortem vitaverat, legates ad
Caesarem mittunt, pollicenturque sese ei dedituros atque
imperata facturos; petunt, ut Mandubracium ab injuria
Cassivellauni defendat, atque in civitatem mittat, qui praesit
imperiumque obtineat. His Caesar imperat obsides quadra-
ginta frumentumque exercitui, Mandubraciumque ad eos
mittit. Illi imperata celeriter fecerunt, obsides ad numerum
frumentumque rniserunt.

So do other tribes. A British "town."

21. Trinobantibus defensis atque ab omni militum injuria
prohibitis, Cenimagni, Segontiaci, Ancalites, Bibroci, Cassi,
legationibus missis, sese Caesari dedunt. Ab his cognoscit
non longe ex eo loco oppidum Cassivellauni abesse silvis
paludibusque munitum, quo satis magnus hominum pecorisque
numerus convenerit. Oppidum autem Britanni vocant, cum
silvas impeditas vallo atque fossa munierunt, quo incursionis
hostium vitandae causa con venire consuerunt. Eo proficis-
citur cum legionibus; locum reperit egregie natura atque
opere munitum ; tamen hunc duabus ex partibus oppugnare
contendit. Hostes paulisper morati militum nostrorum im-
petum non tulerunt seseque alia ex parte oppidi ejecerunt.
Magnus ibi numerus pecoris repertus ; multique in fuga sunt
comprehensi atque interfecti.

firmus, -a, -um, adj., strong. legatio, -onis, F., embassy.

adulescens, -ntis, M., young man. palus, -udis, F., marsh, swamp,

vlto, 1, v. tr., avoid. * incursio, -onis, F , attack, raid,

defendo, 3, -di, -sum. v. tr., de- paulisper, adv., for a short time.

fend, protect. moror, 1, v. dep., delay,

praesum, -esse, -fui, v. irreg., am comprehend©, 3, -di, -sum, v. tr.,

at the head of, am in com- seize, arrest.

mand of.
imperatum, -i, N., command.

56 CAESAR B. G. V, 22

Four Kentish kings defeated. Cassivellaunus treats for peace.

22. Dum haec in his locis geruntur, Cassivellaunus ad
Cantium, quod esse ad mare supra demonstravimus, quibus
regionibus quattuor reges praeeraiit, Cinge^orix, Carvilius,
Taximagulus, Segovax, nuiitios mittifc atque his imperat, uti,
coactis omnibus copiis, castra navalia de improviso^adoriantur
atque oppugnent. li cum ad castra venissent, nostri, eruptione
facta, multis eorum interfectis, capto etiam nobili duce
Lugotorige, siios incolumes reduxerunt. Cassivellaunus, hoc
proelio nuntiato, tot detrimentis acceptis, vastatis finibus,
maxime etiam permotus defectione civitatum, legatos per
Atrebatem Commium de deditione ad Caesarem mittit.
Caesar, cum constituisset hiemare in continent! propter
repentinos Galliae motus, neque multum aestatis superesset,
atque id facile extrahi posse intellegeret, obsides imperat, et,
quid in annos singulos vectigalis populo Romano Britannia
penderet, constituit; interclicit atque imperat Cassivellauno,
ne Mandubracio neu Trinobantibus noceat.

na.va.lis, -e, adj., naval. repentlnus, -a, -um, adj., sudden,

improvisus, -a, -um, adj., unfore- unexpected.

seen ; de improvise, unex- supersum, -esse, -ful, v. irreg. ,
pectedly. survive, remain.

adorior, -oriri, -ortus, v. dep., extraho, 3, -traxi, -tractum, v.
attack, assail. v. tr., draw out, spend.

nobilis, -e, adj., noble. vectigal, -alis, N., tax, tribute.

incolumis, -e, adj., safe. pendo, 3, pependl, pensum, v. tr.,

detrlmentum, -I, N., loss, damage. weigh out, pay.

maxime, adv., especially. interdico, 3, -dlxi, -dictum, v. tr.,

etiam, adv., also. forbid.

defectio, -onis, F., revolt.

CAESAR B.'G. V, 23 57

Caesar returns to Gaul.

23. Obsidibus acceptis, exercitum reducit ad mare, naves
invenit refectas. His deductis, quod et captivorum magnum
numerum habebat, et nonnullae tempestate deperierant naves,
duobus commeatibus exercitum reportare instituit. Ac sic
accidit, uti ex tanto navium numero tot navigationibus, neque
hoc neque superiore anno, ulla omnino navis, quae milites
portaret desideraretur ; at ex iis, quae inanes ex continent! ad
eum remitterentur, et prioris commeatus expositis militibus,
et quas postea Labienus faciendas curaverat numero sexaginta,
perpaucae locum caperent ; reliquae fere omnes rejicerentur.
Quas cum aliquamdiu Caesar frustra expectasset, ne anni
tempore a navigatione excluderetur, quod aequinoctium
suberat, necessario angustius milites collocavit ac, summa
tranquillitate consecuta, secunda inita cum solvisset vigilia,
prima luce terram attigit, omnesque incolumes naves perduxit.

depereo, -Ire, -il, -itum, v. irreg., exclude, 3, -clusl, -clusum, v. tr.,
perish, am lost. shut out, prevent.

navigatio, -orris, F., voyage. subsum, -esse, -fui, v. irreg., ain

commeatus, us, M., trip, relay. near.

desidero, 1, v. tr., want, miss; necessario, adv. , of necessity,

pass., am lost. anguste, adv., narrowly, closely

inanis, -e, adj., empty. tranquillitas, -atis, F., calm.

aliquamdiu, adv. , for some time.

Sentence-Structure

If you compare a page of Caesar with a page of an English History,
you will readily see that the sentences in Caesar are much longer and
consequently fewer than in English. In English the narrative consists
largely of independent statements, and the sentences contain one or
more principal verbs with very few participial or subordinate construc-
tions. In Latin the ideas are not expressed in this detached style, but
one main idea is chosen and the subordinate ideas are grouped around it
in participial and subordinate constructions. The English Style is
called the Detached Style ; the Latin Style is called the Periodic. In
order to get a good idiomatic translation of a Latin sentence, it is often
necessary to break it up into several detached sentences, and render
Latin participles and subordinate verbs by principal verbs in English.

Exercises in Translation
A

His dimissis, et ventum et aestum uno tempore nactus secundum,
dato signo, et sublatis ancoris, circiter millia passuum septem
ab eo loco progressus, aperto ac piano litore naves constituit.
—Caesar IV, 23.

Observe in the above extract :—

(a) There are five participles and one principal verb.

(b) The different movements are stated in the order of their
occurrence.

(c) The one principal subject is maintained throughout.

Translation :—

The officers were then sent to their various posts ; and now as wind
and tide were both favorable at one and the same time, he gave the
signal, weighed anchor, and after proceeding about seven miles from
that point, moored his ships on an open and level shore.

B

Quibus rebus cognitis, principes Britanniae, qui post proelium
factum ad ea, quae jusserat Caesar, facienda convenerant, inter se
colloquuti, cum equites et naves et frumentum Romanis deesse

58

CONSISTENCY OF LATIN STYLE 59

intellegerent et paucitatem militum ex castrorum exiguitate cognos-
cerent, — quae hoc erant etiam angustiora, quod sine impedimentis
Caesar legiones transportaverat, — optimum factu esse duxerunt,
rebellione facta, frumento commeatuque nostros prohibere et rem
in hiemem producere, quod, iis superatis aut reditu interclusis,
neminem postea belli inferendi causa in Britanniam transiturum
confidebant.— Caesar IV, 30.

Observe :—

(a) The position of quibus rebus cognitis as the introductory words.

(b) The position of principes Britanniae as the subject, folldwed by
the qui clause connected with it, also colloquuti describing the mode of
operation.

(c) The cum clauses, giving the reasons for the action, placed before
the principal verb.

(d) duxerunt, the sole principal verb.

Translation :—

On learning these facts, the chiefs of Britain who after the battle had
assembled to carry out Caesar's orders, held a conference. They
perceived that the Romans lacked cavalry, ships and grain. They
also ascertained the small number of our soldiers from the smallness of
the camp. This was even smaller for this reason because Caesar had
transported the legions without baggage. (Accordingly) they concluded
the best thing to do was to renew the war, keep our men from
(procuring) grain and supplies and prolong the campaign into winter,
because they were sure that it these were overcome or cut off from
return, no one would (ever) after cross over into Britain for the purpose
of carrying on war.

Consistency of Latin Style
Examine :—

(a) Catesar, etsi nondum concilia eorum cognoverat, tamen
legiones in acie pro castris constituit.

Although Caesar was not yet aware of their plans, nevertheless
he posted his legions in line of battle before the camp.

(b) Barbari, consilio Romanorum cognito, nostros navibus egredi
prohibebant.

When the plan of the Romans became known to the barbarians, they
tried to prevent our men from landing.

60 CONSISTENCY OF LATIN STYLE

(c) Qua re impetrata, arma tradere jussi, faciunt.

This request was granted ; and on being ordered to hand over their
arms they do so.

(d) Hunc illi e navi egressum, cum ad eos imperatoris mandata
perferret, in vincula conjecerant.

When he had landed from the ship and was delivering to them the
orders of his commander, they had thrown him into chains.

These sentences illustrate the compactness, brevity and
consistency of Latin style as compared with the English.

Latin as far as possible throughout the period or sentence —

(a) Makes the real subject the grammatical subject of the principal
verb ;

(6) Avoids change of subject ;

(c) Places the subject at or near the beginning, thereby giving
emphasis and prominence to it ;

(d) Keeps a substantive in the same case.

NOTES

BOOK IV

Chapter 20

exigua parte — reliqua : abl. abs. , equivalent to a concessive clause
introduced by etsi, co-ordinate with the next clause : " though but little of
the summer remained, and in this district the winters set in early."

Note that etsi occurs in Caesar with the pres., impf., and plupf.
indie. ; never with the subj.

ad septentriones vergit : Caesar means that the rivers of Gaul out-
side the Provincia, i.e., in the part occupied by the Aquitani, Celtae
and Belgae, have a northerly course.

septentriones : properly the seven stars which form the constellation
of the Great Bear, from septem, seven, and -trio = strio, star ; cp.
stella = sterula ; German Stern, English star.

Britanniam : probably from the Celtic, brit or brith, painted, from
the custom of the inhabitants staining their bodies with woad (B. V, 14).
The name Albion given to it by Aristotle (De Mundo, 3) is perhaps
from Celtic alp, alb, high or white ; cp. Alpin, Albany (an old name for
Scotland), Latin albus, Alpes.

quod— intellegebat : cp. B. Ill, 9, where he mentions the fact that
the Nannetes and the Veneti sent for aid to Britain to carry on their
war against the Romans. Dion Cassius says that Caesar's motive in
crossing to Britain was simply this, to be the first Roman who visited
the island. Suetonius attributes the expedition to avarice, mentioning
the rich pearl fisheries as the inducement.

bellis Gallicis : "in the wars against the Gauls." Either (1) abl. of
Time When, or (2) Time 'within which,' H. L., 116, 3, or (3) Local abl.
with in omitted, H. L., 119, 5.

subministrata sc. esse : "had been secretly supplied." Note the force
of sub in composition.

si — deficeret : "even though the time of the year should be insufficient for
carrying on a regular campaign" : subj. in a subordinate clause in Oratio
Obliqua, H. L. , 269, 8. Caesar started on his first expedition to
Britain near the end of August (see note on Chapter 23).

61

62 NOTES ON CAESAR B. G.

magno sibi usui fore ( = futurum esse) : " it would be of great advantage
to him": usui, dat. of Purpose, H. L., 228, 2. The clauses si —
adisset— perspexisset — cognovisset are subjects of fore ; the plupf.
subj. represents the fut. pf. indie, in Oratio Recta, magno mihi
usui erit, si adiero— perspexero— cognovero, H. L., 269, 8.

loca, portus, aditus : note the Asyndeton.

quae— incognita : this statement is not correct. Caesar himself
says (B. Ill, 8) : naves habent Veneti plurimas, quibus in Britan-
niam navigare consuerunt.

neque enim— quisquam : neque enim implies an ellipsis, " and (we
can readily imagine this) for nobody goes there without good reason."
— temere, at random, rashly, opposed to consulto.

mercatores : may be either Greeks from Massilia (now Marseilles)
or Romans from Provincia (now Provence) in Southern Gaul, who
followed in the wake of the army to purchase booty and sell provisions.

Gallias : the divisions of Gaul — Belgica, Celtica, Aquitania.

neque : join with reperire poterat.

esset — incolerent— haberent — uterentur — essent : subj. in Indirect
Question after reperire, H. L., 200, 4.

Note that poterat implies repeated action ; potuit would have meant
that he called the traders on a single occasion.

Chapter 21

ad haec cognoscenda : join with praemittit.

priusquam periculum faceret: "before running the risk," "before
making the attempt." Note that the subj. mood expresses intention on
the part of Caesar ; H. L., 260, 6. Observe the meaning of periculum,
"trial"; cp. experior, ireipdoftai Tr&pa.

C. Volusenum ; his full name was Caius Volusenus Quadratus. He
held the office of tribunus militum and was employed by Caesar on
several occasions. He aided in putting down Commius, king of the
Atrebates, and as tribunus plebis in 43 B.C. supported Marc Antony.
In B. Ill, 5, Caesar speaks of him in the highest terms in connection
with the battle of the Nervii— vir et magni consilii et virtutis :
Commius is also mentioned, B. IV, 27 ; V, 22 ; VI, 6 ; VII, 76, 79.

navi longa : ships of war — naves longae — were long and narrow,
fitted for swift sailing ; ships of burden — naves onerariae — were bulky,
with round bottoms, fitted for carrying as large a cargo as possible.

NOTES ON C4ESAR B. G. 63

mandat : " he charges " ; mando implies confidence in the person
intrusted with a commission.

Morinos : The Morini inhabited the sea coast of Gallia Belgica.
Their name is from the Celtic mor, "sea"; cp. Armorica. They
occupied the district from the Scaldis (now Scheldt) on the east to the
Samara (now Somme) on the west. Their chief town was Gesoriacum,
afterwards Bononia, whence the modern Boulogne.

The brevissimus trajectus was, of course, the Straits of Dover, which
is 28 miles in width between Calais and Dover ; see note B. IV, 23.

Veneticum bellum : this war was carried on in 56 B. C. , in conse-
quence of the revolt of the Veneti and other states of north-western
Gaul. Owing to the difficulty of getting at them by land, Caesar
attacked them by sea and defeated them (B. Ill, 8-16) in the bay of
Quiberon. Their chief town was Vindana (now St. Orient).

ejus = Caesaris.

per mercatores : H. L., 292, 5 (b).

perlato : "reported."

qui polliceantur : "to promise" ; qui Final, H. L., 232, 2.

dare : for se daturos esse. The pres. infin. after verbs expressing
hope, promise, undertake is an irregularity in good prose. The comic
poets Terence and Plautus, sometimes use the English idiom. The
pres. infin. may convey the idea that the promise will be at once
fulfilled.

quibus auditis : (1) abl. abs. ; or (2) possibly dative after pollicitus ;
" making kind promises to them after they were heard."

ut— permaneret : " to adhere to that resolution" ; Substantive Clause
of Purpose, H. L., 240, 2.

Atrebatis superatis : the Atrebates, a people of Gallia Belgica,
occupied what was once called Artois (probably a corruption of the
name, but now called Pas-de-Calais). Others say that Arras (Flemish
Autrecht) is ^corrupt form of the word.

They were defeated by Caesar at the river Sabis (now Sambre) in
57 B. C. ( B. II, 23). A portion of them, after this defeat, crossed over to
Britain and settled in the valley of the Thames, probably in Berkshire.
The fact that Commius was king of the Atrebates on the continent may
have influenced Caesar in sending him to treat with his countrymen in
Britain.

magni— habebatur : " was considered of great value "; magni, gen. of
Value, H. L., 290, 4.

64 NOTES ON CAESAR B. G.

huic = Commio.

imperat— civitates : construe imperat (ut) adeat civitates quas
possit, " he order shim to visit (all) the states he can"; adeat, Substan-
tive Clause of Purpose, H. L., 240, 2; possit, subj. in Oratio Obliqua,
H. L., 265, 2; Primary Sequence, H. L., 198, 4, 5. The ut is sometimes
omitted with verbs of ' command ' : B. Ill, 3, huic mandat, Remos
reliquosque Belgas adeat.
' eo : " thither " = in Britanniam.

ut— fidem sequantur: "to be loyal to," literally, "to accept the
protection of,"

seque : construe imperatque huic ut nuntiet se (Caesarem) celeriter
esse venturum.

perspectis regionibus : "after ascertaining the character of the
country" ; so also cognoscere regiones, B. Ill, 7.

quantum potuit : "as far as his opportunity allowed him," literally,
"as much (of) opportunity as- could be afforded him." — facultatis,
Partitive gen., H. L., 287, 4.

qui — auderet : "inasmuch as he did not dare. " Causal rel. and subj .,
H. L., 252, 4.

navi egredi : Caesar uses both navi egredi and ex navi egredi.

perspexisset : subj. in Indirect Question after Historic Present. —
quae, ace. neut. pi. of quis, quae, quid.

Chapter 22

dum — moratur : dum, meaning 'while,' always takes the indicative
in Caesar, except in B. VII, 82.

qui— excusarent— pollicerentur : "to excuse themselves — and to
promise"; qui Final, H. L., 232, 2.

temporis : Descriptive Gen., H. L., 288, 5. This refers to the events
mentioned in B. Ill, 28. After the rest of Northern Gaul had submitted
to Caesar, the Meuapii and Morini suddenly attacked the Romans.

homines barbari : "as barbarous people," "being (as they were)
barbarians."

nostrae consuetudinis : he refers to the mercy shown by the Romans
to those who submitted to their sway.

populo : dat. : the construction of bellum facere populo Romano is
formed on the analogy of bellum inferre populo Romano, H. L., 229, 4.

NOTES ON CAESAR B. G. 65

fecissent: Virtual Oratio Obliqua, H. L., 253, 6.

seque : construe pollicerentur se facturos ea quae imperasset :
pollicerentur is co-ordinate with qui excusarent —imperasset : plupf.
subj. in O.O. representing the fut. pf. indie, in O.K., 'what you shall
have ordered, we shall do,' H. L., 269, 8.

hoc — arbitratus : "Caesar thinking that this was a tolerably good
streak of luck." Note that the pf. part, of a deponent verb is usually
translated into English by a pres. part., H. L., 163, 2 (6), 3.

quod — volebat — habebat — judicabat : indie, as giving Caesar's own
reasons, H. L., 252, 2.

has— anteponendas : " that occupation with such trifling matters should
take precedence over (his expedition to) Britain," — anteponendas (esse),
H. L., 189, Gerundival Infinitive.— sibi: dat. of Agent, H. L., 188, 4.—
Britanmae : dat. after a compound verb, H. L., 229, 5, Note. — Britan-
niae = bello Britannico. This condensed mode of comparison is some-
times found in poetry : Shakespeare, Coriolanus, Act II, Sc. 2, 21 : His
ascent is not as easy as those who = His ascent is not so easy as that of those
who, &c.

iis— numerum imperavit : impero in the sense of "command" takes
a dative of person "commanded" : meaning "levy, demand. from," it
takes dative of person and ace. of thing.

quibus : refers to the hostages ; eos, to the Morini.

in fidem recepit: " he received under his protection"; see B. IV, 21.

coactis contractisque : the first participle implies that the ships were
collected under compulsion : the second that they merely assembled :
"having been pressed into service and brought to one place." They
probably assembled at Boulogne, which was also the rendezvous of the
French under Napoleon I when he intended to attack England in 1802
A.D.

duas legiones : the 7th and the 10th.

quicquid — navium longarum = omnes naves; for Partitive gen.,
see H. L., 287, 4. For this use of quicquid, cp. Livy, III, 9; per
quicquid deorum est = per omnes deos.

ab millibus— octo : "at a distance of eight miles." The transports
were at Ambleteuse eight miles north of Boulogne.

quominus = ut eo minus : "so that . . . not" ; H. L., 248, 8, 9.
deducendum dedit : for the gerundive with do, see fl. L., 187, 9.

66 NOTES ON CAESAR B. G.

Sabino et— Cottae : both highly esteemed legati of Caesar. They
both fell in the ambuscade planned by Ambiorix, king of the Eburones,
B. V, 37.

Menapii : a people of Gallia Belgica, who inhabited both sides of the
Rhine. Their chief town was Castellum Menapiorum (now Kessel).

Chapter 23

his constitutis rebus : express this in various ways ; H. L., 204, 6.

tertia vigilia : the time between sunset and sunrise was divided into
four watches, each of which was about three hours long. Caesar set
out with the infantry for Britain at midnight, August 26th, from Port
Itius which is generally supposed to be Boulogne at the estuary of the
Somme.

solvit : "he set sail" : we find solvere or solvere naves, " to set sail":
for the former see also B. IV, 28 ; for the latter B. IV, 36 : V, 8.

ulteriorem portum : further north than Boulogne : cp. IV, 28, where
it is called portus superior. The cavalry were detained wind-bound at
Ambleteuse, eight miles north of Boulogne.

naves conscendere : we also find in naves conscendere, "to embark."
The cavalry did not start till three days afterwards, i.e., August 30th.

a quibus— administratum : " as his orders were carried out somewhat
slowly by them."

ipse : notice that this pronoun when used alone generally refers to
Caesar.

hora — quarta : as sunrise at this time of the year would be about
5 a.m. and sunset about 7 p.m., and an hour would be 1 hour and 10
minutes of our time, Caesar would arrive in Britain about 10 a.m.

expositas: here = instructas, "drawn up."

haec : "the following." natura : " the character."

adeo : join with angustis, " so precipitous." This statement applies
to Dover Cliffs.

in litus: "upon the beach '* =" to the water's edge"; cp. Celsus
(Dig. 50, 16, 90), litus est quousque maximus fluctus a mari pervenit.
Distinguish litus, the part of the shore washed by the water ; ripa, the
bank of a river ; ora, the land on the shore.

ad egrediendum : sc. ex navibus, "for disembarking"; see note
L. IV, 21.

NOTES ON CAESAR B. G. 67

ncquaquam idoneum : "by no means suitable," "altogether unsuited."
dum— convenirent : for subj., see H. L., 259, 7.
in ancoris exspectavit : "waited at anchor."

legatis— convocatis : as the imperator, tribuni militum, and first
centurions, primipili, formed the council of war, Caesar may mean that
this was held.

quae — cognosset, quae — vellet : subj. in Indirect Question, H. L.,
200, 3.

moniiitque— administrarentur : the first and second ut = ' as ' ; the
third ut is closely connected with quae = cum ea or quippe quae,
"inasmuch as these," so that ut connecting monuit with administra-
rentur is omitted : "and warned them that all his orders should be carried
out at a nod and at the right moment, as the method of military tactics
(and) especially as naval tactics demanded, inasmuch as these involved
rapid and uncertain movements." For the omission of ut after monuit,
see note on imperat— adeat, B. IV, 21.— postularent is subj. in Virtual
Oratio Obliqua after monuit. — haberent is Causal subj., H. L., 252, 4.

sublatis ancoris : " having weighed anchor."

septem — progressus : Caesar may have gone either N. E. or S. W. of
Dover. The former course would land him between Deal and Walmer
Castle; the latter at Hythe or Lymne.

Chapter 24

at : generally denotes a transition in the narrative.

praemisso— essedariis : praemisso agrees with equitatu, the nearest
word, though it applies also to essedariis. —The word essedum or esseda
is said to be from the Celtic ess, ' a chariot.' The essedarii included
the aurigae, 'drivers' (B. IV, 33), who were the nobles, and the
clientes, 'retainers,' who were the fighting men ; cp. Tacitus (Ag. 12) :
auriga honestior ; clientes propugnant This was the reverse of the
Homeric custom, where the driver was a mere attendant, and the
warrior was the important man. In each chariot there were usually
six warriors and the driver.

quo— genere : " a kind of fighting force which." This statement does
not harmonize with that of Tacitus (Ag. 12) : in pedite robur ; quaedam
nationes et curru proeliantur.

consuerunt = consueverunt.

68 NOTES ON CAESAR B. G.

reliquis copiis = cum reliquis copiis : Caesar and Livy often omit
preposition with abl. of Accompaniment ; H. L., 293, 3, (b).

egredi prohibebant : note that prohibeo takes ace. with infin.
militibus — desiliendum (erat) : "the soldiers had to leap down." —
militibus; dat. of Agent, H. L., 187, 3; 188,4, (b).

illi : this pronoun is regularly used to represent " the enemy."

" The soldiers moreover, ignorant of the locality, with their hands
encumbered and burdened with the great and heavy weight of armor had
at one and the same time to leap down from the ships, and get a firm
footing amid the waves, and fight with the enemy, whereas they either from
dry ground or after advancing a short distance into the water, with all
their limbs unencumbered, and on ground quite familiar to them, kept
boldly hurling their darts, and spurring on their horses trained (to such
warfare.)" For the abl. abs. see H. L., 159, 4, (b).

hujus — imperiti : " wholly unskilled in this kind of fighting."
uti; utebantur: "employ," ''display."

Chapter 25

et— et : "both . . . and."

specie : "appearance" embracing shape, size, color.

inusitatior : "somewhat unfamiliar": for force of comparative see
H. L., 88, 6.

motus — expeditior : ' ' movement in actual service less difficult. " The
naves onerariae were unwieldly compared with the naves longae, as
the former were broader and heavier.

naves longas : join with jussit removeri — incitari — constitui.

remis incitari: " to be rowed rapidly forward." ad latus apertum :
"on the exposed flank," i.e., the 'right.' Their left was protected by
their shields.

fundis — tormentis : the slingers (funditores) and bowmen (sagittarii)
belonged to the light-armed infantry (velites), see p. 14 : for tor-
menta, see p. 15.

propelli ac summoveri : " to be driven of and dislodged."

quae res : " this movement."

usui nostris: for the two datives see H. L., 228, 2.

paulum modo : " a short distance only," "just a little."

NOTES ON CAESAR B. G. 69

atque : rarely found at the beginning of a new sentence, marking a
contrast between what precedes and what follows : " and then."

nostris — cunctantibus : ' ' while our men were wavering " : abl. abs. ,
H. L., 160 (c).

qui— aquilam ferebat=aquilifer : see p. 17.

decimae legionis : Caesar's favorite legion : B. I, 40 ; Huic legioni
Caesar et indulserat praecipue et propter virtutem confidebat
maxime. The legions were numbered according to the order of
enlistment.

contestatus deos : "appealing to the gods" The Romans seldom
entered upon any important undertaking without an appropriate prayer
to the deity or deities likely to aid them.

ea res: " this undertaking," " this action."

legioni: dat. of Indirect Object, H. L., 284, 1.

nisi— vultis : to lose the standard was looked upon as most dis-
graceful, especially to the standard-bearer, since this would be a
violation of the military oath (sacramentum) which bound the soldier
"not to desert the standard through a desire to escape or through fear,
nor to leave the ranks." To arouse the soldiers, the standard was some-
times thrown into the midst of the enemy.

ego certe officium praestitero: "/, at least, shall have done my
duty." The fut. pf. is used because the eagle-bearer looks on his duty
as having been completed by the act.

aquilam ferre : = "to advance."

inter se : "each other," "one another." Latin has no reciprocal
pronoun corresponding to the Greek aAAfflcuv.
dedecus : i. e. , the loss of the eagle.

hos — conspexissent : "likeivise when those on board the nearest ships
had observed these"; with ex proximis navibus, cp. ex equo (equis)
pugnare, " to fight on horseback."

Chapter 26

pugnatum est: H. L., 155, 5.
acriter : note the emphatic position,
nostri : join with perturbabantur.

Note throughout the chapter the frequent use of the impf. to express
repeated or continuous action.

70 NOTES ON CAESAR B. G.

atque alius alia ex navi : quod is still understood after atque : "and
further because one from one ship and another from another."

quibuscumque— occurrerat — aggregabat : "kept joining themselves
to whatever standards they met." The verbs are sing., agreeing with
alius. — For the tenses expressing repeated action in the past, see
H. L., 263, 8.— signis : dat. with a compound of ob (oc), H. L., 229, 4.

ubi— conspexerant : "whenever they saiv"; cp. occurrerat above.

ex litore : cp. ex arido (B. IV, 24).

singulares : " in scattered bodies."

plures : " a large number."

alii — conjiciebant : " others on the exposed flank (right side) kept hurling
their darts on the massed forces (of the Romans)."

ab latere aperto : see note on ad litus apertum (B. IV, 25). — For the
force of ab ; cp. a fronte, ' in front '; ab oriente sole, ' on the east.'

speculatoria navigia : "spy boats" of light construction used for
scouting purposes, and hence quick-sailing craft.

quos conspexerat : " (all) whom he saw in distress"; for tense see
occurrerat above.

suis — cofisecutis : "after all their comrades joined them."

neque — potuerunt : " but they were not able to pursue, (the enemy) any
great distance."

longius : for force of comparative see H. L. , 88, 6.

quod — potuerunt : they were wind-bound at Ambleteuse.
.ad: " in accordance with."

Caesari : for dat., see H. L., 229, 4 ; 208, 8. " This was the only break
in Caesar's habitual good fortune."

Chapter 27

daturos : the full form would be se daturos esse.

imperasset: = imperavisset ; Oratio Obliqua representing fut. pf.
indie, in Oratio Recta, H. L., 269, 8.

supra demonstraveram : B. IV, 21. The perf. would be more usual.

prae"iissum : sc. esse.

cum — deferret : " though he ivas delivering to them the orders of his
commander in the character of an ambassador (or spokesman)." — cum
Narrative, H. L., 204, 4 ; or Concessive, 255, Note.

NOTES ON tIAESAR B. G. 71

ut (sibi) ignosceretur : " that it should be pardoned to them " = "to be
pardoned": subj. in Substantive Clause of Purpose, H. L., 240, 2.— For
impersonal use, see H. L., 178, 2.

quod bellum intulissent: "of their having commenced hostilities"',
Virtual O.O., H. L., 253, 6.

cum — petissent : ' ' though they had of their own accord sent ambassadors
to the continent and had sougM peace from him."

ignoscere : sc. se.

arcessitam : ' ' after they had been summoned. "

remigrare in agros : "to return to their own lands." agri may
mean either ' districts' or. 'farm lands.'

Chapter 28

his rebus: either "on these terms" or "by these means."

post diem quartum quam: post is regarded as a prep, governing
diem ; but really goes with quam, forming postquam. The simpler but
less usual form would be die quarto postquam. Since, in reckoning
time, the Romans counted inclusively, this in English would be "three
days after."

est ventum : used impersonally ; sc. Caesari = Caesar venit : "after
Caesar's arrival in Britain. "

supra demonstratum est: see previous note; "mention has been
made above."

superiore portu : Ambleteuse, north of Boulogne, called portus
ulterior in B. IV, 23.

solverunt: "set sail" "started," applied absolutely to naves after
the analogy of solvere naves used transitively ; see B. IV, 23.

sed aliae — referrentur ; aliae — dejicerentur : the ut Consecutive is
still understood with these clauses, H. L. , 203, 1, 2.

propius solis occasum : "further west," literally "nearer the sunset."

Caesar is said to have been the first to use propius as a preposition.

magno sui cum periculo : " at great danger to themselves " ; sui is
Objective Gen., H. L., 287, 3.

quae — petierunt : " These, nevertheless, cast anchor, but, since they
were being filled by the leaves, of necessity they put out to sea in the face of
night and made for the continent."

72 NOTES ON CAESAR B. G.

tamen : means in spite of the storm raging. Evidently the anchors
prevented the boats from riding the waves and so they were in danger
of being swamped.

adversa nocte : some render "though the night was stormy " or " in a,
fold night " ; abl. abs. ; though possibly abl. of Time When.

Chapter 29

eadem nocte : the night of 30th Aug. , 55 B. C.

maritimos aestus : spring tides occur a day after full moon, and new
moon. The spring tides at Dover are said to rise to the height of 19
feet ; at Boulogne, to the height of 25 feet.

incognitum : in the Mediterranean there are no tides or very slight
ones at certain points. One would have supposed that Caesar's soldiers
would have observed the phenomena of tides in the war against the
Veneti fought the previous year (B. Ill, 12). The influence of the moon
on tides was known to Cicero (De Divin. 2, 14) : quid de fretis aut
de maritimis aestibus dicam ? quorum accessus et recessus.(flow and
ebb) lunae motu gubernantur. This work was not published till 44
B.C., eleven years after Caesar's first expedition to Britain.

uno tempore : ' ' at one and the same time. "

exercitum— curaverat : "had had his army brought over." For this
use of the Gerundive, see H. L., 187, 9.

subduxerat : naves subducere, "to haul vessels on shore," " to beach,"
opposed to naves deducere, " to launch vessels."

et — adflictabat : ' ' and the storm kept dashing the transports about
which were riding at anchor." — onerarias, sc. naves. Note the force
of the imperfect frequentative adflictabat.

aut — auxiliandi: "either of managing (their own ships) or of lending
aid (to others)."

compluribus — inutiles : c ' since several vessels were wrecked and since
the rest were unfit for sailing owing to the loss of their cables, anchors,
and the rest of their tackling." The first abl. abs. is Causal, and co-
ordinate with the Causal cum clause. The second abl. abs. is also
Causal.

id quod necesse erat accidere : "as ivas unavoidable."

quibus— possent : quibus : abl. of Means and Final Relative, hence
possent. H. L., 232, 2.

NOTES ON CAESAR B. G. 73

usui : dat of Purpose, H. L., 228, 2.

quod — oportere : "because it was understood by all that the winter
ought to be passed in Gaul" omnibus constat : we also find inter omnes
cons tat ; omnibus is dat. — hiemari oportere: literally "it ought to be
wintered."— in hiemem : "for the winter"-, Time Prospective, H. L.,
117, 6.

Chapter 30

For the translation of this chapter see p. 59. quibus rebus cognitis :
express this in different ways.

principes : subject to duxerunt ; see end of Chapter 27.

ad ea facienda : in how many ways may this be expressed ? See
H. L. 232, 3.

optimum factu : supine in -u ; H. L., 180, 3.

his superatis— interclusis : Conditional abl. abs. = si hi superati et
interclusi essent.

ac — deducere : "and withdraw their men secretly from the country,"
i.e., from the interior to the sea coast.

Chapter 31

ex eventu navium suarum : "from what had happened to his ships" :
Objective Gen., H. L., 287, 3.

ex CO quod: "from this fact that," defined by the clause following.

fore— suspicabatur : " he began to suspect that this would happen ivhich
actually did happen. "

ad — comparabat : " he made provision for all emergencies. " subsidia
(plural) elsewhere in Caesar means "reserves"; (the singular) "the act of
bringing aid."

cotidie : "daily," implying repetition: in dies, in diem, "daily,"
implying increase or diminution.

quae — naves earum = earum navium quae : the antecedent is ex-
pressed in the relative clause.

acre: "metal"; the word aes seems to be a general word for all
metals, except gold or silver ; bronze or copper was generally employed
in shipbuilding as these did not corrode.

quae — erant : the antecedent is ea understood. usui : see note
Chapter 25.

74 NOTES ON CAESAR B. G.

cum — administraretur : "since the work was carried on with the greatest
zeal on the part of the soldiers" ; cum Causal, H. L., 252, 3.

duodecim navibus amissis : "though twelve ships were lost" : con-
cessive abl. abs.

reliquis effecit : " he so arranged matters that the voyage could be
conveniently made with the rest" : literally "he brought it to pass that it
could be sailed." — reliquis, abl. of Means or Instrument. — Note with a
pass, infin. navigari that posset is impersonal.

Chapter 32

dum geruntur : see note Chapter 22.

ex consuetudine : " in accordance with custom," " as was the custom."
The foraging was generally done by the 7th legion : the severe fighting,
by the 10th.

frumentatum : supine : H. L., 180, 2.

neque ulla — interposita : " and though no suspicion of war up to the
present had arisen": Concessive abl. abs. — Note that Latin requires
neque ullus, not et nullus for "and no."

cum pars hominum : " since some of the people," i.e., the Britons.

in agris : " on their lands."

pars — ventitaret : " (while) others were coming and going to the camp
(i.e., of the Romans)."

in statione : "on sentry duty." For the gates of a Roman camp see
page 18. The sentries at the gates of the camp were called stationes ;
excubiae were day or night guards ; vigiliae were night guards only ;
custodiae, guards of the fortifications. The night guard was inspected
every three hours by circuitores, who were changed at the end of every
watch.

quam consuetude ferret: "than custom admitted of" "than usual."
The subj. is either (1) in a subordinate clause in Oratio Obliqua, or (2)
the clause is Consecutive.

in ea parte— in quam partem : the repetition of the antecedent in
the relative clause is frequent in Caesar. In English omit the antecedent
in the relative clause.

id quod erat : "the actual state of affairs," "what really was the fact."

aliquid consili : "some new design had been formed" : Part. Gen.,
H. L. , 287, 4 : the inf. clause is in apposition to id.

NOTES ON CAESAR B. G. 75

cohortes : join this with jussit.

in stationibus : "on the outposts," "on guard"; cp. in statione,
page 74.

in stationem succedere : " to take their place on guard" :

Note the idea of motion conveyed by succedere, and hence the accus.

armari=:se armare : the passive in Latin is sometimes used with a
reflexive meaning corresponding to the Greek middle.

confestim : "immediately": note the emphatic position of the adverb :
from the same root as festino, " hasten."

aegre sustinere sc. hostes, "with difficulty were keeping the enemy in
check."

conferta legione : the abl. abs. is equivalent to a Causal clause giving
the reason why the Romans were exposed to a cross-fire: "since the
legion was massed together."

conjici : sc. in earn. Caesar might have written in confertam
legionem— conjici.

nam quod : "for since." Join nam with delituerant, and quod
with erat.

' 'for, because, the corn having been reaped from all other parts, one part
was left, etc." = "for, since the corn had been reaped from all parts but one,
the enemy, suspecting that our men would come there, had concealed them-
selves in the night-time in the woods."

disperses— occupatos : sc. nostros : "then having attacked our men
while scattered, with their arms laid down (piled up), and while engaged
in reaping."

incertis — ordinibus : Causal abl. abs.: "since their ranks were in
confusion." The Romans were scattered and could not take their
places in the line.

circumdederant : sc. nostros.

Chapter 33

genus — pugnae : "the following is their mode of fighting on war
chariots." — pugnae = pugnandi. With ex essedis pugna, cp. ex equis
pugnare, " to fight on horseback."

per omnes partes, i.e., up and down between the two armies.

ipso terrore equorum : "by the sheer terror caused by their horses " :
Subjective Gen., H. L., 2S7, 2.

76 NOTES ON CAESAR B. G.

cum — insinuaverunt : "when once they work their way."

For cum with pf. indie, in the subordinate clause expressing a
repeated act in the present see H. L., 263, 9. — The British charioteers
drove into the spaces between the cavalry squadrons of their own troops.
The warriors (essedarii) would then dismount, and the drivers (aurigae)
retreat to the rear.

desiliunt : sc. essedarii, i.e., "tJie warriors" : see note on praemisso
— essedariis, B. IV, 24.
praestant: "display" "combine."

tantum— efficiunt : "they become so expert by daily experience and
practise. "

in— loco : "when the ground is sloping and even steep." This construc-
tion where in with the abl. is used with the same force as an abl. abs.
is sometimes called the Prepositional abl. abs. This arises from the
want of a present participle of the verb sum.

brevi : sc. tempore : "ma moment."
per temonem : "along the pole."

Chapter 34

quibus rebus : either (1) abl. of Cause " owing to these tactics" "where-
fore" ; or (2) abl. abs. "when matters were in this state," "under these
circumstances " ; or (removing the commas and considering nostris dat.
instead of abl. abs.) (3) abl. of Means with perturbatis "to our men con-
fused by these tactics from the fact that the mode of fighting was new."

namque = Greek nai yap: "and (this was evident) for" ; namque in
Caesar and Cicero is usually used before a vowel and is always the first
word of its clause.

quo — facto : " though this was done " ; Concessive abl. abs.

ad lacessendum : "for skirmishing with the enemy."

alienum : "unfavorable": alienus is rarely applied to things and
when it is, it is opposed to suus or opportunus ; cp. locus suus,
"ground of his own choosing," hence "favorable": tempus suum,
"time chosen by himself." suo loco = in suo loco ; the prep, in is often
omitted with locus.

quae— continerent : subj. of Result = tantae ut continerent : "so
great that they kept our men inside the camp." — castris : see suo loco,
previous note.

NOTES ON CAESAR B. G. 77

praedicaverunt : ' ' they openly boasted " : distinguish in meaning
praedlco and praedlco.

quanta facultas — daretur : " ivhat a fine opportunity was being offered
them " ; subj. in Indirect Question, H. L., 200.

praedae faciendae : "of securing booty" ; facere praedam does not
occur elsewhere in Caesar.

in perpetuum : ' 'forever. "

sui liberandi : with the genitives mei, tui, sui, nostri, vestri, the
Gerund or Gerundive form in -di is used, without reference to the
gender or number of the pronoun, H. L., 187, 8.

si — expulissent : " if they succeeded in driving out " ; subj. in Virtual
O.O. representing the fut. pf. indie. — si expuleritis — in O.K., H. L.,
269, 8.

his rebus : " by these representations."

Chapter 35

etsi : join with videbat : see note B. IV, 20.

idem : subject of fore and explained by the appositive ut clause.

ut — effugerent : "that they would escape owing to their speed." The
Britons were armed with a long sword and a light buckler. What was
the armor of the legionary soldier ? See page 16.

si essent — pulsi : subj. in Virtual O.O., representing the fut. pf.
indie.— si erunt pulsi— in O.K., H. L., 269, 8.

diutius : join with non ; " they could not for any length of time with-
stand. "

quos — potuerunt : ' ' and pursuing them over as great a distance as (=as
far as) their strength and speed allowed." — tanto spatio : abl. where we
would have expected the ace. of Extent of Space. — cursu et viribus :
abl. of Instrument.

occiderunt : sc. nostri milites.

Chapter 36

his — numerum — duplicavit : = his duplicem numerum imperavit ;
his is dat. of Indirect Object.

quern— imperaverat : see B. IV, 27 .

propinqua die aequinoctii : Causal abl. abs. ; "as the day of the
equinox ivas near." This was the period of equinoctial gales. As Caesar

78 NOTES ON CAESAR E.G.

landed in Britain on Aug. 27th, and left (according to Napoleon III)
probably Sept. llth or 12th, we can see how stubbornly the Britons
must have resisted his landing, since he got no farther than the shore in
his first expedition. — dies is fern, in the sing, when it refers to a fixed
or set day.

infirmis— navibus : Causal abl. abs. ; "since his ship& were unsea-
worthy. "

hiemi — existimabat : "he did not think that the voyage ought to be
exposed to (the risk of) a storm." — hiemi : dat. with a compound of sub — ,
H. L., 229, 4.— subjiciendam: sc. esse ; Gerundival infin., H. L., 189.

naves solvit : see note on solvit, B. IV, 23.

eosdem portus capere : "to make the same ports," see note on tertia
vigilia, B. IV, 23.

infra: "further," down the channel, i.e., below Boulogne.

Chapter 37

essent expositi : The full phrase is milites ex navibus in terram
exponere. This clause refers to the duae onerariae, referred to at the
end of the preceding chapter.

proficiscens: "on his departure."
pacatos : see B. IV, 22.

non ita magno numero: "with not a very large number"; this use
of ita is confined to negative sentences.

circumsteterunt : sc. nostros milites, which is also to be supplied as
the object of jusserunt.

si — nollent : subj. in Virtual 0.0. after jusserunt.

orbe facto : in cases of extreme danger, the Roman soldiers formed a
circle with their faces to the enemy and their baggage in the centre.
We should say "forming a hollow square."

celeriter : note the emphatic position of the adverb,
suis auxilio : for the two datives, see H. L., 228, 1, 2.

horis : abl. of Comparison after amplius ; cp. amplius octingentos
equites habere, B. IV, 12 ; amplius, plus, minus, longius, may or
may not affect the syntax of the accompanying words.

paucis — acceptis : "ivith trifling loss."

NOTES ON CAKSAB B. G. 79

Chapter 38

qui rebellionem fecerant : "who had recommenced hostilities" -t "who
had renewed the war."

siccitates : either (1) " continued droughts " or (2) "droughts in several
localities."

quo se reciperent non haberent : " had no place to betake themselves
to." quo— reciperent ; Final Rel. Adv. and Subj., H. L., 232, 2.— It
might mean "did not know where to betake themselves "; habeo, like
Greek f^", sometimes has this meaning ; reciperent' would then be
subjunctive in Indirect Question, representing a deliberative subjunctive
— quo nos recipiamus — in O.K.

quo — usi : quo is attracted into the case of perfugio ; " which they
had used as a refuge."

omnino: "in all."

ex litteris : "in accordance with a despatch from Caesar."

BOOK V
Chapter 1

Lucio Domitio Appio Claudio consulibus : The et is often left out
between the names of the consuls in a phrase of this kind. The year
was 54 B.C. The consuls entered office on January 1st. Lucius Domitius
Ahenobarbus belonged to the optimates. He fell at Pharsalia, 48 B.C.,
by the hand of Marc Antony. Appius Claudius was brother of the
notorious Clodius, killed by Milo. He was also one of the optimates.

ab hibernis : these winter camps were among the Belgae (B. IV., 38).

in Italiam = in Galliam Cisaipinam : Italy proper did not till 27 B.C.
include Gallia Cisalpina, Liguria, and Illyricum, though as here it was
often applied to the country south of the Alps. Caesar during his
Gallic wars usually spent the winter at Luca or Ravenna.

consuerat — consueverat.

legatis— curarent : " he orders his staff officers, whom he had appointed
over the legion*, to have as many ships as possible built during the winter,
and the old ones repaired." Note the sequence imperat — uti— curarent,

80 NOTES ON CAESAR B. G.

asimperat is an historical present. —possent : Virtual O.O. For the
gerundive with euro, see H. L., 187, 9.

modum formamque : "the size and style."

subductiones : "hauling up" on land, or "beaching" (cf. B. IV., 29).
The plural is used because more than one vessel is referred to. Explain
naves subducere, naves deducere.

humiliores : sc., naves: "lower." The vessels had less elevation
above the water.

quam quibus = qua'm (eas naves) quibus.
in nostro mari : the Mediterranean.

id eo magis : sc. facit : ' ' and he does this the more ( = and all the
more) for the following reason."

propter crebras commutationes : he refers to the varying currents
in the Channel.

ad onera : sc. transportanda from the transportandam following. —
transportandam agrees with the nearest noun.

in reliquis maribus : the different parts of the Mediterranean were
known under different names.

actuarias: "furnished with oars" as well as with sails. Note that
impero can be used with ace. and inf. when the infinitive is passive.
What would be the more usual construction? retrahi imperat : cp.
B. V, 7.

usui : dat. of Purpose, H. L. , 228, 1 .

ad armandas naves : "for equipping vessels." Spain supplied metal,
cables, rigging, etc.

conventibus : Caesar as proconsul held assizes or courts at the chief
cities of Northern Italy.

Galliae citerioris = Galliae Cisalpinae.

a Pirustis : the Pirustae were a tribe occupying the modern
Herzegovina.

qui doceant : " to inform him " ; Final Rel. and Subj., H. L., 232, 2.

paratos satisfacere = paratos (esse) ad satisfaciendum : the infin.
after paratos esse is on the analogy of velle which takes the infin.

percepta : " having been listened to."

ad certain diem: "by a stated day"; Time Prospective, H. L.,
117, 6.

NOTES ON CAESAR B. G. 81

nisi — fecerint : subj. of Virtual O.O. in Primary Sequence, repre-
senting fut. pf. indie. — nisi feceritis — in O.R., H. L., 269, 8.

arbitros : ' ' assessors, " ' ' arbitrators. "

qui — aestiment — constituant : see qui doceant, page 80. — litis
aestimatio in criminal law is the assessment of the amount of damages
which a convicted person has to pay.

Chapter 2

citeriorem Galliam = Galliam Cisalpinam.

revertitur : give the principal parts ; generally revertor is to return
before completing one's journey : redeo, after completing it.

ad exercitum : after wintering in Belgium : B. IV, 38.

inde = ex Gallia citeriore : Long estimates that Caesar must have
travelled over 2,000 miles. In the beginning of the year he left the
army in Belgium, passed through Transalpine Gaul, held court in
Cisalpine Gaul, went to lllyricum, settled disputes there, and returned
to Belgium in May or June.

circuitis omnibus hibernis : ''after inspecting all the winter quarters."

in— inopia : " though in the greatest need of all kinds of material " : see
note on in— loco, B. IV, 33.

cujus : quod would be more usual. The attraction of the relative to
the case of the antecedent (common in Greek) is not often met with in
Latin.

instructas : "fully rigged."

neque abesse— possint : " and they were not far from being able to be
launched ivithin a few days," literally, "and they were not much short of
that point that they might be launched."

deduci : see note on subduxerat, B. IV, 29.

quid — velit : Indirect Question, H. L., 200.

portum Itium : see note on tertia vigilia, B. IV, 23.

circiter triginta : Caesar is remarkably accurate in distances. The
Roman mile was 1,618 yards, or 142 yards shorter than the English
mile. The distance from Calais to Dover is 28 miles : from Boulogne to
Folkestone 29 miles. Thirty Roman miles would be about 27£ English
miles.

huic rei : "for carrying out this purpose," i.e., collecting a fleet at
Portus Itius.

82 NOTES ON CAESAR B. G.

expeditis: "infighting trim,'" "ready for action" i.e., without heavy

concilia : a general council of the Belgic Gauls which Caesar held at
Samarobriva (now Amiens).

Chapter 3

plurimum — valet : the genitive after the neuter of pronouns and
adjectives arises from their partitive sense. For the excellence of the
cavalry of the Treviri, cp. B. II, 24 : equites Trevirorum, quorum
inter Gallos virtutis opinio est singularis.

ut— demonstravimus : B. Ill, 11 ; IV, 10.

Indutiomarus was opposed to the Romans. Caesar ordered the
leading men of the state to take sides with Cingetorix, the son-in-law
and rival of Indutiomarus. The latter took up arms against the Romans
but was defeated and slain by Labienus. (B. V, 7).

alter: Cingetorix. — simul atque : H. L., 259, 4.

in officio : " in allegiance," "loyal."

quae— gererentur : subj. in Indirect Question, H. L., 200.

at : used to contrast the doings of two persons. Caesar has been
speaking of Cingetorix ; he now turns to describe the course of Indu-
tiomarus.

Indutiomarus : join with instituit at the end of the chapter,
iisque : -que joins cogere with bellum parare.

iis : join with abditis : " and he decided to prepare for war, after
those who, owing to their age, were not able to take the field had been hid in
the Ardennes wood."

per aetatem : they were either too young or too old.

abditis in silvam, really means "having been removed to the forest
and hidden there." The accusative after abdo involves the idea of
removal as well as of concealment. — ingenti magnitudine : abl. of
Description : H. L., 293, 6.

privatim : "privately," i.e., for their own private security.

petere : used absolutely, " to make requests."

quoniam— possent : Virtual O.O. since Caesar is not stating their
real motive, but merely what they said was their motive, H. L., 253, 6.
Distinguish virum consulere, viro (elat. ) consulere, in. virum consulere.

NOTES ON CAESAR B. G. 83

veritus ne : what construction accompanies verbs of fearing ? H. L.^
242, 243.

sese : of ten the introducing verb to O.O. is not directly expressed;
dixit is implied in legates mittit.

idcirco — laberetur: "that he was unwilling to leave his followers, and
to come to him (Caesar) for this reason that he might the more easily keep
the state loyal, lest by the defection of all the nobles the common people
might revolt from thoughtlessness," literally "fall off" from its allegiance,
—quo facilius : see H. L. , 233, 4.

imprudentiam : derive this word.

in sua potestate : "in his power"; "under his control."

ejus fidei permittere: "to put under his protection."

Chapter 4

dicerentur : Indirect Question ; H. L., 200.

eum : Indutiomarus

ab institute consilio : "from carrying out the plan he had formed (or
his original plan)."

filio propinquisque : in apposition to his in his adductis.

nominatim : " by name," " expressly."

consolatus : " he sympathised with him" in regard to the enforced
exile of his son and relatives who were to go to Britain with Caesar.

nihilo tamen secius : secius is comparative of the adv. secus literally
" less by nothing " : nihilo being abl. of Measure of Difference : translate
the phrase " still," "however."

singillatim : "one by one," "individually."

principibus convocatis, hos — conciliavit : regularly = principes —
convocatos conciliavit : a noun or pronoun should not be put in abl.
abs. when it is already the subject or object of another verb, H. L.,
163, 5; 164.

quod — perspexisset : "for he was both aware that this was done
according to the deserts of the latter (Cingetorix) and he considered that it
was of great importance that the influence of that man among his people
should be as great as possible whose very marked good-will towards
himself he had observed."

quod: rel. pron. ace., subject of fieri, ace. with infin. — merito : abl.
of Cause or Manner. — magni interesse, see H. L., 289, 3; 290, 4.

84 NOTES ON CAESAR B. G.

—tarn egregiam: tarn is often attached to an adjective to give it
additional force ; cp. the frequent use of tantus for simple magnus.
— perspexisset : subj. inO.O.; but cujus perspexisset may be Causal
Rel. and Subj., H. L., 252, 4.
graviter tulit: "was annoyed at."

et qui— exarsit: " and whereas he had been of an unfriendly dis-
position toward us even before, he was still more exasperated through
resentment at this act (or through this grievance}." — qui fuisset : Con-
cessive Rel. and Subj., H. L., 255, Note. — inimico ammo : abl. of
Description, H. L., 293, 6.

Chapter 5

Meldi or Meldae, a people of Gallia Belgica dwelling between the
Sequana (Seine) and the Matrona (Marne) near the modern town of
Meaux, a corrupt form of Meldi.

revertisse : conjugate this verb.

cursum tenere : compare cursum capere, B. IV, 26.

atque : "but" : rather adversative than connective here.

eodem : " to the same spot" = in eundem locum.

equitatus : the nobility who served as cavalry.

numero : abl. of Respect: H. L., 293,7.

perspexerat : " he had observed."

obsidum loco : " instead of hostages," " as hostages " : when found with
a genitive loco has a semi-prepositional force. We also find in loco.
The gen. is Objective (H. L., 287, 3) after the analogy of gratia, causa,
with genitive.

cum — abesset : " on account of his absence" ; cum Causal : or "while
he personally was absent" ; Virtual O.O. representing fut. indie, of the
actual thought.

motum = rebellionem : " an uprising. "

Chapter 6

Dumnorix had conspired against the Romans 58 B.C., but was
pardoned owing to the entreaties of his brother Divitiacus (B. I, 20).
For fear that he might a second time stir up strife, Caesar desired to
take him to Britain.

ante : B. I, 3, 18.

NOTES ON CAESAR B. o. 85

magni animi, magnae auctoritatis : Descriptive genitives, H. L.,
288, 5.

quod— cognoverat : explain the syntax of quod : H. L., 252, 2.

accedebat hue quod : accedit may take (1) an ut clause of Result with
subj. or (2) a substantive clause introduced by quod with indicative.

graviter ferebant : the Aedui annually elected a magistrate called
Vergobretus or "judge," and were naturally annoyed that the right of
election had been taken out of their hands (B. I, 16). Caesar (B. VII,
33) states that the person holding this office could not leave the state
during his term of office, and that no one could be elected if a living
member of the family held the post.

neque — audebant : "and yet they did not dare to send ambassadors to
Caesar for the purpose of objecting or petitioning against (the appointment).

omnibus precibus : " by all kinds of entreaties."

quod — timeret : " because, being unaccustomed to sailing, he was, as he
said, afraid of the sea" ; the subjunctive timeret implies that the reason
given was not the real one ; H. L., 252, 1, 2.

religionibus : " by religious scruples."

impediri sese diceret : diceret by mistaken analogy with timeret is
itself put in the subj. We should have expected, quod impediretur
or quod sese impediri dicebat. Sometimes in Causal clauses a verb of
' saying ' is inserted parenthetically merely introducing the statement.

id : the request to be left behind.

sollicitare depends on coepit. — sevocare singulos : " to call them
aside individually "; "to hold secret meetings with persons individually."
Note that coepit means here "he began"; H. L., 219, 2.

territare : either (1) Historical infin. or (2) depending on coepit. Note
the intensive or iterative force of the frequentative territo.

non — fieri : supply * saying ' from territare ; cp. note on sese,
B. V, 3. — non — ut : "it was not without a reason that." — fieri is
impersonal; fit ut = "it happens that"; cp. accidit ut.

id — necaret : " (saying) it was the policy of Caesar to transport into
Britain and murder there all those whom he was afraid to kill (in sight of
Gaul) before the eyes of the Gauls."

interficere — vereretur: note that verbs of "fearing" may take an
infinitive in the sense of " to be afraid," " not to have the courage." to do
a thing. — interficere, "to kill" in any manner; necare implies
cruelty or injustice.

86 NOTES ON CAESAR B. G.

. For traductos necaret see H. L., 164 (c) Note.

fidem— interponere : " he pledged (or to pledge) his word to the rest"
i.e , to those not in Caesar's power. — interponere : Historical infinitive,
or after coepit, as territare above ; so also poscere.

jusjurandum, civil oath : sacramentum, oath taken by the military.
exusu: cp. usui.— communi consilio: as a united people.

Chapter 7

Caesar : join with statuebat.

quod— tribuerat : H. L., 252, 2.

coercendum — statuebat: "determined that Dumnorix should be
checked and restrained by whatever means he could." — coercendum,
deterrendum (esse), Gerundival Infin., H. L., 189; the dat. of the
Agent (sibi) is omitted, H. L., 188, 4 (b). — posset: sc. Caesar eum
coercere et deterrere : subj., in Virtual O.O.

longius: "too far"

prospiciendum : sc. statuebat : " he made up his mind that he must
take precautions." — the dat. of the Agent (sibi) is omitted ; see coercen-
dum above.

What difference is there between the use of coercendum and deter-
rendum (esse), and of prospiciendum (esse)? H. L., 188, 5 (c).

ne — posset: "that he might not be able to do any harm to himself
(Caesar) or the state." — ne, see H. L., 233, 5. — quid: Adverbial ace.,
H. L., 283, 9.

commoratus: "having delay ed" = " being detained," " since he had to
wait."

Corus : written also Caurus, Chorus, the N. W. wind. This would
be unfavorable to any one sailing from Boulogne to Britain. Note the
apposition as in urbs Roma, flumen Rhenus.

partem: ace. of Extent, H. L., 283, 10.

omnis temporis: " of every season."

dabat operam: "he took pains," "he did his best."— contineret —
cognosceret; subj. in Final Clause, H. L., 240, 8.

milites = pedites ; the infantry formed the main strength of the
Roman army.

conscendere'in naves: we also find conscendere naves.

NOTES ON CA'ESAR B. G. 87

impeditis animis : "while the minds of all were occupied," "while the
attention of all was distracted " with the embarkation ; cp. IV, 34,
nostris omnibus occupatis.

insciente Caesare : " without Caesar's knowledge," H. L., 159, 4 (&).
domum : H. L., 119, 4, 5.

intermissa — postpositis: "delaying his departure and in fact disre-
garding everything else"

retrahi imperat : see note on actuarias, B. V, 1.

si— pareat: subjunctive in Virtual 0.0. : in direct narration this
would be: si vim faciet neque parebit, (eum) internee ; see H. L.,
269, 8.

pro sano : " like a sensible man" "rationally."

praesentis : praesens takes the place of the present participle of
adsum which is wanting.

qui— neglexisset : "inasmuch as he had disregarded his command
wJien present." Causal Rel. and Subj., H. L., 252, 4.

manu : "by force" or, "in a hand to hand fight": Livy II, 46:
pugna jam ad manus venerat.
liberum— civitatis : write this in O.K.

Chapter 8

Labieno : Titus Annius Labienus was perhaps the most trusted of
Caesar's generals in the Gallic war. He served Caesar for eight years
through all the campaigns in Gaul, and was intrusted with most
important duties. He joined the side of Pompey at the outbreak of the
civil war and fought at Pharsalia 48 B.C. against Caesar, and finally
fell at Munda in Spain 45 B. C.

portus : probably Boulogne and Ambleteuse.

consiliumque caperet : "and adopt a policy to suit the time and
circumstances. "

pari numero — quern — reliquerat = numero pari (ei numero) quern
reliquerat: literally "loith a number of cavalry equal to that (number)
which he had left"; "with the same number of cavalry as he had left."
Caesar took with him half of his whole cavalry force, i.e., 2000 (see
Chapter 5).

ad solis occasum : "about sunset "; July 20th or 21st.

88 NOTES ON CAESAR B. G.

Africo : called by the Greeks An/>, as it blows from Libya. The
S. W. wind is still said to be called by the modern Italians Affrico or
Gherbino.

intermisso : "having calmed down."

longius : probably Caesar went as far north as the North Foreland,
the ebb-tide carrying his ships from the shore.

earn partem insulae : see note on septem— progressus, B. IV, 23.

admodum — laudanda : " the pluck of the soldiers was highly praise-
worthy."— admodum properly "according to measure" i.e., "in as
great measure as can be." In combination with numerals it denotes
approximation, and often occurs in Livy and Curtius ; Cicero uses it in
the phrase nihil admodum : "in reality nothing at all."

non — labore : "since there was no relaxation in their exertion in
rowing." The abl. abs. is Causal.

accessum— navibus : "all the ships reached."

cum: "though": Concessive.

cum annotinis, sc. navibus : ' { added to the ships used in the previous
year." In B. V, 1, these are called veteres.

quas— fecerat : "which each one had built for Us own service." -
commodi either (1) genitive governed by causa understood, or (2) sui
commodi is Descriptive Genitive depending on quas.

quae — amplius octingentae : "of which more than eight hundred";
see note on horis : B. IV, 37.

se— abdiderant: see note on abditis in silvam, B. V, 3.

Chapter 9

exposito exercitu : see note on essent expositi, B. IV, 37.

castris idoneo : " suitable for a cam i."1 What adjectives govern a
dative case? H. L., 286, 10.

consedissent : Indirect Question ; H. L., 200.

cohortibus decem : probably the two best from each of the five
legions.

qui — essent : the pronoun generally agrees with the nearest ante-
cedent : Final Rel. and Subj., H. L., 232, 2.— For the two datives, see
H. L., 228, 1, 2.

de tertia vigilia: de in such expressions of time means 'starting from
that point ' ; hence the meaning is : " after the third watch was set."

NOTES ON CAESAR B. G. 89

veritus navibus: dative of Indirect Object after verbs of fearing,
metuo and timeo, is common ; but not common with vereor : "for his
skips."

molli: "shelving," or "sandy"; where there were no dangerous
rocks : cp. B. IV, 23, at the end.

praesidio navibusque : dat. after a compound of prae— , H. L.,
229, 4.

equitatu atque essedis : usually cum would be expressed with abl. of
Accompaniment without an adjective : H. L., 293, 3.

ad flumen : the Great Stour near Canterbury. The north bank is
said to be higher than the south and so would form a natural defence.

in silvas abdiderunt : see note on abditis in silvam, B. V, 3.
et natura et opere : " both naturally and artificially."
opere : explained afterwards by crebris arboribus succisis.

ipsi— propugnabant : "they themselves in small bands rushed out of
the woods to Jight," or "they themselves here and there hurled missiles
from the woods"

ingredi prohibebant: note that prohibeo takes ace. and inf., not
quominus with subjunctive.

testudine facta : " having formed a testudo." This movement was
done by the-soldiers of the inner files locking their shields above their
heads while the outer files protected the sides. The resemblance of the
locked shields to a tortoise shell (testudo) gave this formation its name.

eos fugientes : eos is governed by vetuit and fugientes governed by
prosequi.

Chapter 10

postridie ejus diei = postero die, "on the next day" literally "on the
morrow of that day " : postridie = posteri die, a locative of time : ejus
diei, Descriptive Gen.

expeditionem : ' the rapid march of a flying column. '

aliquantum itineris : "some distance": aliquantum : ace. of Extent;
itineris : Partitive Gen.

extremi : •' the rear guard" of the enemy. Others take it "the rear "
of the expeditionary force of Caesar. In that case jam in conspectu
means "still in sight of Caesar" who remained behind in the camp.

qui nuntiarent: "to announce" : qui Final, H. L., 232, 2.

90 NOTES ON CAESAR B. G.

afflictas atque ejectas esse : " had been shattered and thrown up on
the beach."

quod— subsisterenl— possent : subj. of Virtual O.O. ; H. L., 253, 6.
eo concursu : "the consequent collision."

Chapter 11

legiones=pedites : see note on milites, B. V, 7.
revocari : i.e., from pursuing the enemy,
resistere : "to Aaft."— revertitur : see note, B. V, 2.
coram perspicit : " he sees with his own eyes."

sic ut : literally "to the extent that." The construction is somewhat
irregular. Regularly sic ut would be omitted, and the ace. with the
infin. in the clause reliquae — viderentur would be used. The only
justification for Caesar's mode of expression would be that the regular
construction would have three infinitives coming together.

amissis— navibus : Concessive use of abl. abs. "though about forty
ships had been lost."

magno negotio ; " though with great trouble."

fabros deligit : usually a corps of "wrights" under the direction of
praefectus fabrum was attached to each legion. Here in the absence of
such a corps, Caesar calls for volunteers out of the legion.

Labieno scribit-Labieno imperat, hence the ut clause following,
H. L., 240, 2.

possit: Virtual 0.0.

iis legionibus : abl. of Instrument : H. L., 18, 2(1).

multae operae ac laboris : Descriptive Gen. : H. L., 288, 5.

subduci : see note on subduxerat, B. IV, 29.

ne nocturnis — intermissis : translate freely, " not allowing the work of
the soldiers to cease even in the night time."

praesidio— navibus : H. L., 228, 2.

eodem : " to the same place," i.e., to the camp by the river.

summa — administrandi : ' ' the supreme command and entire conduct
of the war," literally " the whole of the command and the whole (of the)
conduct of the war."

communi consilio : "by common consent" : cp. publico consilio.

NOTES ON CAESAR B. G. 91

circiter — octoginta : reckoning from Deal to the point where he
crossed the Thames.

huic — intercesserant : " constant wars had occurred between this man
and the other states."— huic: H. L., 229, 4.

Chapter 12

quos— dicunt: quos natos (esse) is ace. with infin. after proditum
(esse) which is infin., used impersonally after dicunt; "(in regard to
whom) they themselves state there is^a tradition that they were born in the
island."— memoria proditum esse: literally "it has been handed down
by tradition." The inhabitants of Britain belonged to the great Celtic
family, not indigenous, but following an earlier Iberian race. However,
the belief that people were autochthonous was general among the
ancients: Tacitus (Ag. 2): ceterum qui mortales initio coluerint,
indigenae an advecti, ut inter barbaros. parum compertum.

pars: sc. incolitur.

ab iis: so Tacitus (Ag. 11): proximi Gallis et similes sunt.

iis nominibus civitatum = nominibus earum civitatum : ' ' by the
names of those states." Caesar means that there were tribes in Britain
and on the Continent with the same names, as Atrebates and Belgae.

quibus— ex civitatibus : for the repetition of the antecedent in the
relative clause, compare quo ex portu, B. V, 2.

hominum : " of the population."

fere Gallicis consimilia : sc. aedificiis.

aere : "bronze": a mixture of copper and tin, different from brass
which was a mixture of copper and zinc.

taleis ferreis : "iron bars." — ad certum pondus examinatis :
literally ''weighed to a definite weight"- cf. examen, " the tongue of a
balance." Translate, " of definite weight."

plumbum album : "tin." Caesar here reverses the facts. The tin
mines are found chiefly on the coast, chiefly in Cornwall, Devon and
Wales, while iron is found in Stafford, Shropshire, Derby, parts of
York and Durham. Long before Caesar's time the Phoenicians worked
tin mines in the Scilly Islands, which were called by the Greeks
Cassiterides, ' Tin Islands. '

ejus : refers to iron.

praeter fagum ac abietem : probably Caesar did not meet with these
trees and so denies their existence. Both are abundant in Britain.

92 NOTES otf CAESAR fc. a

haec : sc. animalia.

animi : " sentiment"

loca: "climate"; cp. frigidissimis locis, B. IV, 1.

Chapter 13

natura : " in shape." Caesar may have gained his knowledge of the
shape of Britain from the natives or from the then extant works of the
Greek writers, since the island was not circumnavigated by the Romans
till 84 A.D., more than a century after Caesar's time ; cp. Tacibus (Ag.
10) ; hanc oram novissimi maris turn primum Romana classis circum-
venta insulam esse Britanniam affirmavit. Strabo (IV, 5, 1) mentions
the fact that Britain is triangular and says that its longest side is parallel
to Celfcica, and is 4,300 stadia, or about 500 miles in length. Celtica
was a term applied to the country generally between the mouth of the
Rhine and the Pyrenees. Pomponius Mela (III, 6) compares Britain in
shape to Sicily, and says one side faces Gaul, and another side Germany.

Cantium : now Kent, which is said to be from the Celtic Kenn,
'headland,' or Can; cp. Kenmore, Canmore, Cantire.

quo — appelluntur : "at which almost all the ships from Gaul put in"

inferior, sc. angulus, i.e., Land's End, off the Coast of Cornwall. The
distance from North Foreland to Land's End is said to be 344 British or
374 Roman miles. Strabo's statement is evidently taken from Caesar.
The indentations of the coast may be taken into account by Caesar.

alterum, sc. latus : cp. Tacitus (Ag. 10) Britannia in orientem Ger-
maniae, in occidentem Hispaniae obtenditiir : " Britain lies opposite
Germany on the east, opposite Spain on the west." Tacitus (Ag. 34) also
says that Ireland is between Britain and Spain. The word Hibernia
is derived from the Celtic Erin or Iveriu, meaning " Western" (Max
MUller, Science of Languages, Vol. I, 284).

dimidio minor : " a half smaller"; literally " less by a half"; abl. of
Amount of Difference, H. L., 88, 5. Great Britain is said to contain
84,000 square miles ; Ireland 36,000 square miles.

pari spatio transmissus : literally " but of the same interval of space
across as from Gaul to Britain." — pari spatio : abl. of Description,
H. L. , 293, 6. transmissus : gen. depending on pari spatio.

The distance from Carnsore Point in Southern Ireland to St. David's
Head in Wales is 53 miles ; from the Mull of Cantire in Scotland to
Fairhead in Northern Ireland is 13 miles ; from Dover to Calais 28 miles.

NOTES ON CAfeSAR B. G. 93

cursu: "passage."

Mona : 'some have supposed that the Isle of Man is meant as it
answers the description, but (1) Mona in Tacitus (Ag. 14 j Ann. XIV,
29) can refer only to Anglesey ; (2) Caesar may have been informed
wrongly as to the position of Anglesey ; (3) the Isle of Man is properly
called Monopia, not Mona. According to Taylor's Words and Places,
Mona is from the Celtic Monn, "a district" ; cp. Mainet Mayence in
France ; Mantua in Italy ; La Mancha in Spain ; Mansjield, Manchester,
Menai straits in England. Others say it is from the Welsh mon,
"alone"; or menedh, "an island."

subjectae : " adjacent," Caesar no doubt refers to the Hebrides,
Orkney and Shetland Islands, but wrongly places them in the Channel
between Britain and Ireland.

nonnulli : probably some Greek geographers whose works have
perished.

sub bruma : bruma = brevima = brevissima, sc. dies : Dec. 21st.
nisi = nisi quod : " except that."

certis— mensuris : " by exact measurements made by the water clock."
The clepsydra is meant. The water-clock was said to have been invented
by the Babylonians, and was constructed on the principle of the hour-
glass.

ut fert opinio : " according to their belief" : referring to the nonnulli
scriptores.

septingentorum millium: 700 .Roman miles would represent 643
English miles. The western coast of Britain is said to be about 670,
not allowing for indentations. Caesar is not far from the mark.

tertium: sc. latus. — septentriones : see note, B. IV, 20. This side
Caesar places on the north. It faces the east.

passuum octingentorum : 800 Roman miles would be about 735
English miles. This is probably not far from the truth, not allowing
for the indentations of the Frith of Forth and Moray Firth.

angulus: Kent.

vicies— passuum : 2,000 Roman miles would be 1,839 English miles.
The actual circumference of Britain, not counting indentations, is said
to be 1,668 miles. Caesar's figures are fairly accurate.

94 NOTES ON CAESAR B. G.

Chapter 14

humanissimi : " most civilized" : cp. Shakespeare, Henry VI, Second
Part, I, 4, 7 :

•• Kent, in the commentaries of Caesar writ,
Is termed the civil'st place in all the isle."

interiores plerique : " the majority of the people of the Inland districts. "

lacte ac carne vivunt : vivo follows the analogy of vescor and takes
the ablative of Means : H. L., 136, 7, 8.

vitro: "woad," produced from the plant Isatis tinctoria, or Dyer's
Woad (akin to Shepherd's Purse], by fermentation, arid much used till
indigo took its place. The Picts are said to have got their name from
painting their bodies (picti, "painted").

hoc: "by this," — horridiore — aspectu : " of rather terrible appear-
ance" : abl. of Description, H. L., 293, 6.

promisso — capillo : abl. of Description, H. L., 293, 6.
quo : adverb, literally : ' ' whither, "="to whose house. "
virgo deducta est: "was led home as a bride" : cf. ducere uxorem
in matrimonium.

Chapter 15

essedarii : see note on praemisso — essedariis : B. IV. 24.

tamen (ita conflixerunt) ut — fuerint : " still (they fought in such a way)
that our men were victorious in every quarter. " Note that ut — fuerint is
Consecutive; H. L., 203; and that the perf. subj. expresses a single
fact; H. L., 203, 2 (b).— omnibus partibus ; Local abl., H. L., 119, 5.

compluribus interfectis : abl. abs.: "after killing quite a number."

cupidius : " too eagerly."

illi : "the enemy."

intermisso spatio : " after a short interval"

imprudentibus nostris : " while our men were off their guard."

se— ejecerunt : "they sallied forth." The impetuous character of the
Celt was as strongly marked in Caesar's time as it was in later days.

in statione : see note on in statione, B. IV, 32.

subsidio: c< as a reinforcement" -. H. L., 228, 1, 2.

his primis : the first cohort of the legion regularly contained the
finest troops.

NOTES ON CAESAR B. G. 95

cum — constitissent : " when they took up their position with a very
small space between them."

per medios : i.e., through the space between the two cohorts.

Chapter 16

dimicaretur : subjunctive (1) after cum Causal, meaning "since"
H. L. , 204, 4 ; and (2) subordinate clause in O. O. after intellectum est.
Note dimicaretur is impersonal, "since the struggle took place," H. L.,
155, 5.

sub oculis : " before the eyes" - in conspectu.

cedentes : ace. after insequi.

ab signis discedere : " to leave the ranks."

equites autem dimicare : " that the cavalry moreover fought"; this
clause is still after intellectum est.

illi : " the enemy."

cederent— desilirent— contenderent : subj. in O.O. after intellectum
est.

equestris — ratio : " on the other hand the ordinary method of cavalry
battle "; as contrasted with the unfamiliar tactics described in the
previous sentence.

et cedentibus et insequentibus : either (1) dat. after inferebat (H. L.,
229, 4) with nostris militibus understood, "to our men whether
retreating or advancing" or (2) abl. abs. with hostibus understood,
" (to our men) whether the enemy were retreating or advancing."

accedebat hue ut : " to this was added the fact that " = " besides "; see
note, B. V, 6.

rari magnisque intervallis : "in scattered bands and with wide spaces
between the detachments. "

alios alii : "one another "; see note on inter se, B. IV, 25.
exciperent : " relieved."
integri : "the unwounded"

Chapter 17

rari : "in scattered bands."
lenius : = minus acriter, " with less spirit."

proelio lacessere : "to draw out to battle": distinguish this from
proelium lacessere, "to skirmish."

96 NOTES ON CAESAR B. G.

tres legiones : this is an unusually large number to send on a foraging
expedition. Perhaps the lesson they had learned on a previous occasion
may have made them more guarded (B. IV, 32).

Caio Trebonio : Caius Trebonius was one of Caesar's legati and
distinguished himself by his personal bravery when the winter quarters
of Cicero were attacked by the German horse (B. VI, 40).

advolaverunt, so. hostes.

sicuti — absisterent = tam celeriter advolaverunt ut—absisterent :

"so impetuously did they rush forward that they did not stop short of the
companies of the legions." — signis legionibusque = signis legionum (by
hendiadys). The signa were the standards of the manipuli ; see p. 17.

subsidio sc. legionum : <(the support of the legions."— fido and confide
take (1) dat. of person, (2) abl. of thing, H. L., 176, 6.

praecipites : "in headlong fight."

sui colligendi : " of recovering themselves," "of rallying " ; for syntax
see H. L., 187, 8.

protinus : put here, as usually, after the expression it limits "im-
mediately after that rout. "

quae : antecedent is auxilia. — unquam and usquam are usually used
in sentences either negative or virtually negative.

summis copiis : "with their full strength," " in fuU force."

Chapter 18

fines Cassivelauni : embraced Middlesex, Hertfordshire and
Buckingham.

uno omnino loco : where Caesar crossed is a matter of doubt.
Sunbury, Conway Stakes near Walton, Kingston, Westminster are
advocated by different authorities.

hoc : agrees with loco understood.

ad alteram ripam : "on the opposite bank."

praefixis : driven into the sloping bank ; on the north side of the
Thames. — defixae refers to those in the bed of the river.

perfuga : said of a deserter with reference to those to whom he flees ;
transfuga with reference to those from whom he has fled.

NOTES ON C4ESAR B. G. 97

ea celeritate— ierunt : " but our soldiers advanced with such speed and
such force, though they had only their heads above water that," etc. cum,
Concessive.

capite solo : abl. of Amount of Difference, H. L., 88, 5.

Chapter 19

ut— supra : B. V, 17.

contentionis : "of continuing the war."

amplioribus copiis : "the most of his forces"

millibus— quattuor essedariorum : if each chariot contained six men
besides the driver, as it seems it did, there would be about 600 chariots.

servabat = observabat : "kept watching": note the force of the
imperfects all through this chapter.

locis = in locis : Local abl. , H. L. , 1 19, 5.

eis regionibus : "throughout that district" : Local abl., H. L., 119, 5.

cum — ejecerat : cum, ' whenever ' : H. L. , 263, 8.

viis semitisque : via is a regular road ; semita, a by-path.

et — confligebat : "and attended with these he was wont to engage with
great danger to our cavalry." — nostrorum equitum : Objective Gen. :
H. L., 287, 3.

hoc metu : " through fear of this " : the danger of being cut to pieces
by the British charioteers : cp. hoc dolore, B. V, 4.

relinquebatur — poterant : " the consequence was that Caesar did not
allow too far a departure from the line of march of the legions, and that
only so much harm was inflicted on the eneiiiy bif laying waste the lands
and by sefci/ig fire to the buildings as the soldiers of the legions could cause
by a toilsome march." — discedi : impersonal infin.

noceretur: impersonal: governs hostibus : H. L., 178, 2.
labore et itinere=labore itineris (by hendiadys).

Chapter 20

Trinobantes : occupied Essex and Suffolk. Their chief town was
Camalodunum, afterwards a Roman colony under the name of Colonia
Castrorum : now Colchester. The proper way to translate this sentence
is to divide it into four English sentences : —

98 NOTES ON CAESAR B. G.

"Meanwhile the Trinobantes, about the most powerful state of that
district, send ambassadors to Caesar, and promise to surrender (themselves)
to him, and obey his orders. From that (state) tlie youthful Mandubratius,
who had attached himself to Caesar, had come to him in continental Gaul.
Immanuentius, the father of this (Mandubratius), had held sovereign
power in that state and had been slain by Cassivellaunus, (while) he himself
(Mandubratius) had escaped death by flight. They (the Trinobantes) ask
(Caesar) to defend Mandubratius from all wrong-doing on the part of
Cassivellaunus and to send (a man) to the state to rule it and to exercise
sovereign power." See page 58.

ex qua, sc. civitate.

Caesaris fidem secutus, " having accepted tlie protection of ," "having
attached himself to," said of an inferior. The superior was said recipere
in fidem.

ab injuria Cassivelauni : "from all wrong doing on the part of
Cassivelanus " : Subjective Gen. 287, 2.

qui praesit : Final Eel. and Subj. : H L., 232, 2.
ad numerum : " to the required amount."

Chapter 21

The Cenimagni probably occupied Bedford and Cambridge; the
Segontiaci, Berks; the Ancalites, Oxford and Buckingham; the
Bibroci, Berks ; the Cassi, Hertfordshire, though this is largely
conjecture. The defection of the Trinobantes was ruinous to the
British cause.

oppidum = Verulamium, now St. Albans.

satis magnus, " quite a large."

convenerit: "mustered" : subjunctive in Virtual O.O. H. L., 253, 6.

autem: "now,"

cum— munierunt : "whenever tJiey fortify ": note the tense, H. L.,
263, 9 : see note on cum — insinuaverunt, B. IV, 33.

natura atque opere : "by its natural position and especially by its
fortifications," cp. natura et opere, B. V, 9.

oppugnare : * ' to storm " : expugnare, " to take by storm."
multi, sc. Britanni.

NOTES ON CAESAR B. O. 99

Chapter 22

in— locis : about St. Albans.

ad mare : "on the sea coast."

quibus regionibus : " over which district."

castra navalia : see note on subduxerat, B. IV, 29 : a camp on shore
protected by a mound and ditch adjacent to the ships which were
beached.

imperat uti adoriantur : Explain the mood and tense : H. L., 240,
2,3.

constituisset — superesset— intellegeret : explain the subjunctives;
and for distinction between tenses, see H. L., 204, 4 (6).

id — posse : " that this might easily be wasted," by further delay. The
experience of the previous autumn is evidently in Caesar's mind.

quid — penderet : "what tax Britain should pay." — vectigalis:
Partitive Gen.: H. L., 287, 4; for Indirect Question see H. L.,
200. — tributum money paid through the tribe on the value of
property held by the individual ; vectigal, taxes levied in any other
way ; stipendium, war tax. Caesar left no garrison, and probably no
tribute was collected. For nearly a hundred years the Romans left
Britain unmolested, for it was not till 43 A.D., that the next conquest
took place under the Emperor Claudius, and not till 81 A.D., under
Domitian, that the part of Britain south of the Frith of Forth was
reduced to the rank of a Roman Province. According to Napoleon
III, Caesar's second visit lasted from July 20th till September 21st.

interdicit et imperat: "he prohibits and charges."

Chapter 23

his deductis : supply navibus with his : see note on subduxerat,
B. IV, 29.

duobus commeatibus : "in two relays" : abl. of Means,
sic accidit ut : " it so happened that."

neque desideraretur : " neither in this nor in the preceding year was a
single ship at all which carried soldiers lost." — quae portaret ; subj. in a
clause of Characteristic : H. L., 237, 1 ; or perhaps merely subj. by
Attraction.

100 NOTES ON CAESAR B. G.

inanes : of two kinds, (1) those of the first relay which returned to
the continent and landed their cargo and were sent back ; (2) those that
Labienus had had built.

et prioris commeatus : " both those of the former relay after the troops
were landed" : sc. eae, in apposition to quae, both before prioris and
quas following. — prioris commeatus : Descriptive Gen. 288, 5.

ne — excluder etur : "that he might not be prevented from sailing by the
time of the year"

acquinoctium suberat : Dec. 21st.

necessario— collocavit : " he of necessity stowed his soldiers in narrower
space than was usua,l. "

solvisset : see note on solvit, B. IV, 23.
secunda vigilia : from 9 p.m. to 12 p.m.

EXERCISES IN LATIN PROSE.

NOTE. — The exercises are based on the chapters of Caesar, both as
regards Vocabulary and Constructions. Before attempting an exercise,
the student is supposed to have carefully read the chapter of Caesar,
noting each word, phrase and construction, and also to have looked up
the grammatical references. The exercise should then be done without
reference to the text. Each exercise is divided into two parts. The
first part is intended to test the pupil's knowledge of the ordinary
inflections and vocabulary, and does not involve a knowledge of the
subjunctive mood. Consequently the first part of each exercise may be
taken up in order before the second part is attempted. For the second
part of each exercise, a knowledge of the subjunctive is implied. It is
only by constant drill that a knowledge of this mood can be obtained.

The references are to the pages and sections of the New First Latin
Book by Henderson and Little.

EXERCISE I

Caesar iv, 20
A

1. A small part of the summer was left for carrying on war.

2. In almost all the Gallic wars, the Britons had furnished aid to our

enemies.

3. He was aware that the winters are early.

4. The sea coast and the districts opposite Gaul were known to the

merchants.

5. He ascertained that the Britons were carrying on war.

6. We knew nothing about the island, for no one but the merchants

go to it.

7. He decided to go to Britain in person at the end of the summer.

8. Can the merchants tell us anything about the island?

9. How large is the island ? Did he call the merchants to him from

all sides?

101

102 EXERCISES ON CAESAR B. G.

Subordinate Clauses in Oratio Obliqua: 268 ; 269.
Indirect Question: 200; 234.
Conditional Clauses : 249 : 250.

1. Caesar thought it would be of great service to him, if he ascer-

tained what harbors of the island were suitable for landing.

2. He thought that he would find out the size of the island, and the

character of the tribes that inhabited it.

3. The merchants did not know what experience in war the Britons

had.

4. If the Britons had been able to tell Caesar the extent of the island,

he would not have gone to Britain.

EXERCISE II

Caesar iv, 21

A

1. Thinking him to be a suitable person, they sent him ahead with a

warship.

2. They themselves set out with all their forces into the territory of

the Morini.

3. He ordered the ships, which he had built the previous summer, to

assemble at this point.

4. When his plan became known, the ambassadors, who had come

from several states of the island to him, promised to give hostages.

5. After hearing the ambassadors, he made liberal promises, and sent

them back home.

6. After the conquest of the Atrebates, Commius, whom Caesar con-

sidered faithful to himself, was made king of that state.

7. They announced that they would soon come there,

8. They did not dare to land from the ship, and five days after re-

turned to the continent.

B

Temporal clauses with priusquam : 259, 8.

Substantive Clauses of Purpose : 239 ; 240.

Indirect Question : 200 ; 234.

Cum, meaning since : 204, 3.

Subordinate Clauses in Oratio Obliqua: 265, 2.

1. Before he set out for Britain, he ordered his lieutenant to cross the

sea in a warship.

2. He instructed them to report to him the character and size of the

harbors.

EXERCISES ON 'CAESAR B. G. 103

3. They soon returned, since they did not dare to intrust themselves

to the barbarians.

4. He urged them to discover the size of the island, and return as

soon as possible.

5. When he advised the ambassadors of the enemy to give hostages,

they said that they would do what he had commanded.

6. After five days they returned, and reported to Caesar what they

had observed there.

EXERCISE III
Caesar iv, 22

Dum, while ; 259, 5.

1. While he is delaying here for the purpose of gathering forces,

ambassadors were sent to him by the Morini.

2. They promised to do the work, and build the ships.

3. Thinking that the enemy did not wish to give hostages, he wished

to have the means for carrying on war.

4. He thought twenty ships were sufficient for transporting the whole

army.

5. He gave the rest of the legions to Cotta, to be led into those states

from which ambassadors had not come to him.

6. He ordered them to hold the harbor with that guard which he con-

sidered to be sufficient.

B

Causal Subjunctive : 253, 6.
Final Relative : 232, 2.
Relative Clause in 0. 0. : 265, 2.
Clause with quominus : 248, 8.

1. The barbarians excused themselves on the ground that they were

unacquainted with our custom.

2. Deputies came to Caesar from the Morini, to promise to do what he

had commanded.

3. Caesar said he did not wish to carry on war against the Gauls,

because he wished to cross as quickly as possible to Britain.

4. The ships, in which the cavalry were being transported, were

prevented by the wind from reaching the same harbor.

104 EXERCISES ON CAESAR B. G.

EXERCISE IV
Caesar iv, 23

A

1. After these matters were arranged, he ordered the cavalry to

embark.

2. They themselves reached the island about the fourth hour of the

day with all the ships.

3. They beheld the forces of the enemy drawn up on all the hills.

4. Javelins could be thrown from the higher ground upon the shore.

5. At last he obtained weather suitable for sailing.

6. He did not think this place at all suitable for disembarking.

7. He assembled the military tribunes. The lieutenants assembled.

The soldiers were assembled.

B

Cum, meaning since : 204, 3.

Consecutive Clauses : 236.

Dum, meaning until : 259, 7.

Indirect Question: 200, 234.

Substantive Clauses of Purpose : 239, 240.

1. Since the cavalry advanced a little too slowly into the further

harbor, all the ships were not able to reach Britain at the same
time.

2. The mountain was so high that the enemy were able to throw darts

upon the shore.

3. Since he thought the weather by no means suitable for sailing, he

waited for nine hours until the rest of the ships should assemble
there.

4. They will point out both what they have ascertained from the

messengers, and what they wish to be done.

5. He will warn them to disembark as quickly as possible.

EXERCISE V

Caesar iv, 24
A

1. The barbarians sent their cavalry ahead.

2. They were accustomed to use this kind of force.

3. They tried to prevent our men from landing from the ships.

4. Our men landed from the ships. Our men were landed from the

ships. The soldiers embarked. He embarked the soldiers.

EXERCISES ON CAESAR B. G. 105

5. On account of their size, the ships could not approach the shore.

6. Our men must at once leap down from the ships, and fight with the

enemy (188, 5).

7. Terrified by these circumstances, the enemy were willing to sur-

render.

B

Consecutive Clauses : 236.
Final Clauses : 197.
Quod, because, with Indie. : 252, 2.

1. The enemy were so terrified that they did not dare to advance into

the water.

2. We could not land, because the ships were so large that they could

not be moored except -in deep water.

3. When the barbarians became aware of the plan of the Romans, they

sent forward all their cavalry in order to prevent our men from
landing.

4. The enemy advanced into the water, in order that they might be

able to hurl their javelins upon the ships.

EXERCISE VI

Caesar iv, 25
A

1. I am accustomed. He was accustomed. They are accustomed.

We were accustomed.

2. When Caesar observed this, he ordered his men to moor the ships

at the exposed flank of the enemy.

3. The enemy were dislodged with slings and arrows.

4. This movement was of great service to our men.

5. Alarmed at the size of the ships, the enemy retired.

6. While our soldiers were wavering, he who was carrying the eagle of

the tenth legion leapt down from the ship into the water.

B

Subordinate Clauses in 0.0. : 265, 2.

Cum narrative : 262, 4-

Substantive Clauses of Purpose : 239 ; 240.

1. The eagle -bearer ordered the men to loop down from the ships if

they did not wish to let the eagle fall into the hands of the
enemy.

2. When the standard-bearer saw that our men were wavering he

charged them not to betray the eagle to the enemy.

106 EXERCISES ON CAESAR B. G.

3. When he had proclaimed in a loud voice that he at least would do

his duty to his country and commander, he began to advance
against the enemy.

4. Our men exhorted one another to leap down from the ship and

follow the standard.

EXERCISE VII

Caesar iv, 26
A

1. The battle was long and fierce.

2. Our men could not follow the standards closely.

3. The barbarians quickly threw our men into confusion.

4. They hurled darts upon them as they landed from the ships.

5. Caesar saw that his men were in trouble.

6. Spurring on their horses, they would assail our men while at a

disadvantage.

7. As soon as our men got footing on dry land, they charged the

enemy and soon put them to flight.

8. We were not able to pursue the enemy farther because the cavalry

had not been able to reach the island.

B

Repeated acts in the past : 268, 8.
Cum narrative : 262, 4.

1. Whenever we saw that our men were being attacked by superior

numbers, we sent aid to them.

2. Whenever the enemy saw any disembarking singly, they kept

hurling darts at them.

3. When Caesar saw that the enemy were assailing his men while at a

disadvantage, he ordered the lieutenants to send up reinforce-
ments.

4. When Caesar learned that the ships, in which the cavalry were

being transported, had not been able to hold their course, he
knew that he could not pursue the enemy far.

EXERCISE VIII

Caesar iv, 27
A

1. As soon as the enemy saw that the Roman forces were retreating

into camp, they decided on an immediate attack.

2. We promised to give hostages, and not attack our neighbors.

3. We have shown above that these men were sent ahead.

EXERCISES ON CAESAR B. G. 107

4. We promised to send these men ahead.

5. When this man landed from the ship, he was seized and thrown into

prison.

6. Although they had sent ambassadors of their own accord to Caesar,

and had sought peace, yet they commenced hostilities at the
beginning of spring.

7. Caesar said he would pardon them.

8. We have said that Commius came to Caesar along with these

ambassadors.

9. The hostages, sent by the enemy, came to Caesar on the third day.

10. The chiefs began to assemble from all sides.

11. They assembled their forces on the following day.

Five days after, the chiefs assembled, and intrusted themselves and
their states to Caesar.

B

Cum narrative : 262, 4.
Conditional Clauses in 0.0. : 268, 6.
V.O.O., or Causal Subj. : 253, 6.
Substantive Clauses of Purpose: 239, 240.

1. When this ambassador was landing from the ship, he was wounded

by the darts of the enemy.

2. They promised to give hostages if Caesar would pardon them.

3. They intreated Caesar to pardon them.
They earnestly asked to be pardoned (178, 3).
We will ask him to pardon us.

We will ask to be pardoned (178, 3).

4. Caesar complained that in seeking peace they had not promised to

surrender their arms.

5. Caesar said he would pardon them if they surrendered their arms

before he reached the walls of the town.

6. They said they would surrender to Caesar those who had thrown

Commius into prison.

EXERCISE IX

Caesar iv, 28

1. How many chiefs assembled ? How large forces did they assemble ?

2. The eighteen ships, of which mention has been made above, reached

Britain four days after setting sail from the continent.

3. We saw that the ships were approaching the shore at great risk.

4. One ship, being cast on the lower part of the island by the storm,

was lost.

108 EXERCISES ON CAESAR B. G.

B

Cum narrative : 262, 4-
Consecutive clauses : 236.

1. Two ships were lost just as they were approaching the shore and

could be seen from the camp.

2. Such a storm suddenly arose that the ships were not able to hold

their course.

3. The storm was so great that many ships were carried back to the

point from which they had set out.

4. When our men were coming into camp the enemy made such a

sudden attack that a large part of the baggage was lost.

EXERCISE X

Caesar iv, 29

1. A full moon usually makes the tides very high.

2. The ships, in which the army had been transported, were being filled

by the tide.

3. Many ships were shattered ; several were useless for sailing.

4. They had provided corn for winter.

5. The army must be transported.

6. Caesar had had the army transported in warships.

7. All things, which are of use for repairing ships, were wanting.

8. The baggage of the whole army had been lost.

B

Final Relative : 232, 2.

Final Clauses : 197.

Cum, meaning since : 204, 3.

1. There were no other ships in which the army could be carried

back.

2. Caesar had twenty warships built in which to transport the

army.

3. He ordered them to beach the ships, that the baggage might not be

lost.

4. Since many ships, which had been drawn up on dry land, were

shattered by the storm, Caesar decided to send for workmen who
should build new ships.

EXERCISES ON CAESAR B. G. 109

EXERCISE XI
Caesar iv, 30

1. On learning of the arrival of the legions, the Britons assembled to

carry out Caesar's orders.

2. The Romans lacked cavalry and ships and grain.

3. The legions had been transported without baggage.

4. They learned that they had transported the army without baggage.

5. They thought that Caesar had crossed over to Britain with warlike

intentions.

6. They began to leave the camp secretly and return to their own

people.

B

When the chiefs, whom Caesar had called together for the purpose of
ascertaining these things, perceived that the forces of the Romans were
few and that they lacked corn, they thought the best thing to do was
to retreat as far as possible from the sea coast because they were con-
fident that the Romans would not dare to advance more than twenty
miles from their camp.

EXERCISE XII

Caesar iv, 31

A

1. Although Caesar had not yet learned their plans, nevertheless he

was suspecting that they would not give hostages.

2. He ordered his men to gather corn from the fields into the camp

daily.

3. Very many ships had been very seriously shattered and twelve were

lost.

4. They promised to give hostages and bring corn into the camp.

5. The materials, which were of use for repairing ships, were brought

from the continent.

6. Caesar was suspecting that they would try to destroy the ships.

B

As soon as Caesar was informed that many ships had been shattered,
he suspected that the enemy would gather all their forces and make an
attack on the camp. In order that he might as soon as possible trans-
port his army to Gaul, he ordered his men to build twenty new ships as
soon as possible. In the meantime he kept his cavalry posted in front
of the camp, and sent scouts to ascertain what the enemy were doing
and how large forces they were assembling.

110 EXERCISES ON CAESAR B. G.

EXERCISE XIII
Caesar iv, 32

1. Two legions were sent to forage.

2. Those who were on guard before the gates of the camp reported to

Caesar that they saw a great dust.

3. They saw a great dust in the direction in which the legions had

gone.

4. Caesar suspected that the barbarians had formed some new plan.

5. Caesar ordered three legions to set out with him in the direction in

which the soldiers had gone, and the rest to follow closety as

After advancing a little farther from the camp, they saw that the
enemy were attacking our men vigorously, and that the legion
could not hold out much longer.

Since Caesar had not been able to find out from the merchants how
large forces of infantry and cavalry the barbarians had, nor where he
could land his army, he sent Volusenus, whom he thought to be a
suitable person, to urge the Britons to give hostages, and recognize the
authority of the Roman people. But as this officer did not dare to land
from his ship, he was not able to learn much about the island, and
returned to Caesar after a few days. About the end of summer Caesar
set out in person with a large army, and, after defeating the barbarians,
demanded a large number of hostages from them.

EXERCISE XIV

Caesar iv, 33

1. Javelins were hurled from all sides by the enemy.

2. They generally try first to disorder the ranks.

3. After hurling their javelins, they leapt down from their horses and

fought on foot.

4. Sometimes they withdrew from the battlefield.

5. Our cavalry were hard pressed by superior numbers of the enemy.

6. They were accustomed to rein in their horses at full speed.

EXERCISES ON CAESAR B. G. Ill

Repeated acts in the past : 263, 8.
Consecutive Clauses : 203.
Final Clauses : 197 ; 232.

1. Whenever they were hard pressed by superior numbers, they would

retreat as quickly as possible to their own men.

2. They could rein in their horses and retreat so quickly that our men

could not surround them.

3. They used to ride through all parts and hurl their javelins, in order

to throw our ranks into confusion.

4. Whenever they had thrown the squadrons of cavalry into confusion,

they would leap down from their chariots and fight on foot.

EXERCISE XV

Caesar iv, 34

1. On Caesar's arrival, our men, who were greatly disordered owing to

the new method of fighting, recovered from their fear and
attacked the enemy vigorously.

2. After the lapse of a short time, the legions were led back into camp.

3. Thinking the time to be unfavorable for engaging in battle, Caesar

did not lead his legions out of the camp.

4. While these operations are going on, the rest of the enemy's forces

scattered.

5. Owing to the storms, which followed for several successive days,

the enemy were forced to remain in the woods.

6. A great host of cavalry and infantry were collected by these

measures.

7. Messengers were sent by the enemy into all sections.

8. A great opportunity of making plunder was afforded the enemy.

9. Our men will drive the enemy out of the woods.

10. The barbarians will be driven out of the camp.

11. Owing to the small number of our forces, two cohorts were driven

out of the camp and forced to surrender.

12. We have a great opportunity of freeing ourselves (187, 8) forever,

if we engage in battle at once.

13. We gave you a great opportunity of freeing yourselves.

14. Thinking the ground to be unfavorable for attacking the barbarians,

they kept themselves on their own ground.

112 EXERCISES ON CAESAR E.G.

B

English present part, with causal force : 204) 5.
Consecutive Clauses— qui consecutive : 236, 2.
Indirect question: 200.
Oratio Obliqua : 269, 8, Note.

1. Seeing that his men were disarranged by the unusual tactics of the

enemy and thinking that larger forces of cavalry and infantry
were coming up, Caesar resolved to await the arrival of the tenth
legion.

2. Storms followed such as to force the enemy to remain in camp and

prevent (190, note 2) our men from foraging.

3. Observing that the enemy had halted, Caesar pointed out to his men

how easily they could defeat the enemy if they attacked them
vigorously from all sides.

4. The messengers, sent by Caesar to discover what the enemy were

doing, reported that infantry and cavalry were being collected
and pointed out what a grand opportunity our men had of taking
the town if they crossed the river at once.

5. Suspecting that the enemy would attack the camp in the night-time,

Caesar sent three cohorts to prevent them from crossing the
bridge.

EXERCISE XVI

Caesar iv, 35

1. Although Caesar saw that the enemy had been routed, still he

knew that they would escape danger by their speed.

2. The legions were posted in line of battle before the camp.

3. The same thing happened on this day as had happened on previous

days.

4. The enemy will not be able to withstand the assault of our men long.

5. Quite a few of them were slain. We will slay a large number of

them. He had been slain. He slew him with his own hand.

6. They said that quite a large number of them had been slain.

7. After slaying quite a number, they set fire to all their buildings.

8. He knew that many had escaped. He thought that their leader

would escape.

9. After pursuing them for ten miles, our cavalry saw that the infantry

were not able to reach the top of the hill, and returned to camp.

EXERCISES ON CAESAR E.G. 113

B

Oratio Obliqua : 269, 8, Note.
Final Clauses, 197, 1 : 232, 3.
Consecutive Clauses: 203.

Although Caesar saw that, if the enemy were defeated, they would
escape into the woods and marshes, nevertheless, having assembled his
officers, he announced that ho would engage the enemy on the following
day. As soon as the battle commenced, the enemy became aware that
they could not bear up against the assault of our legions, and immedi-
ately fled. Caesar sent all the cavalry to pursue them, and ordered the
infantry to follow closely. The enemy, however, being well acquainted
with the locality,1 got out of reach so quickly that our men killed very
few of them. Accordingly, after burning all their villages and devas-
tating their fields, they returned to camp.

EXERCISE XVII

Caesar iv, 36

1 . The hostages, sent by the enemy to Caesar, arrived in camp on the
following day.

2. Caesar ordered the rest of the hostages to be brought to the continent.

3. Caesar did not wish to remain longer in Britain, because his ships

were weak, and winter was near at hand.

4. At last, having obtained suitable weather for sailing, he ordered all

to go on board the ships.

5. All the ships reached the coast of Gaul in safety, but all were not

able to reach the same harbor.

6. They reported that two merchantmen had not been able to reach

the same harbor as the rest.

7. He demanded a large number of hostages from them, and ordered

them to bring grain into the camp.

8. Caesar ordered his lieutenant to send the hostages, given by the

enemy, to the continent.

EXERCISE XVIII

Caesar iv, 37

A

1. Caesar landed about three hundred soldiers from these ships. A

thousand soldiers landed.

2. They immediately proceeded into camp.

1 The places (being) well known : Abl. Abs.

114 EXERCISES ON CAESAR B. G.

3. At the time of his departure to Britain, Caesar left the Morini at

peace.

4. But being inspired by the hope of plunder, they surrounded our

men on all sides.

5. Lay down your arms if you do not wish to be killed.

6. Our men at once formed a circle and assumed the defensive.

7. Soon, however, about six thousand of the enemy assembled.

8. When this was reported to Caesar, he sent all the cavalry from the

camp to the support of his men.

9. Meanwhile our men were able to withstand the assault of the enemy,

and fought very valiantly for more than two hours.

10. They slew quite a number of the enemy. Very few of our men

were slain.

11. After our cavalry came in sight, the enemy threw away their arms

and fled.

B

Cum narrative : 262, 4 ; 204, $> 4-
Virtual 0.0.

1. When the three hundred soldiers, who had landed from these ships,

were hastening into camp, suddenly the cavalry of the Morini
surrounded them and ordered them to surrender if they wished
to save their lives.

2. After our men had fought very valiantly for more than two hours

and had killed quite a number of the enemy, Caesar was informed
that about six thousand had surrounded the seventh legion and
were hurling javelins upon it from all sides.

EXERCISE XIX

Caesar iv, 38

A

1. On the following day those legions, which had been brought back

from Britain, were sent under Titus Labienus against the Morini.

2. They had availed themselves of the marshes as a place of refuge the

previous summer.

3. After devastating all the fields and burning the buildings, the

legions returned to Caesar.

4. The Menapii will all hide in the densest woods.

5. Caesar had established the winter quarters of two legions in the

country of the Belgae.

6. Hostages were sent by only two states from Britain.

7. The Morini will betake themselves into the marshes.

8. Many states came into the power of Labienus.

9. Since all their crops were cut down, the Morini were willing

hostages to Caesar.

EXERCISES ON 'CAESAR E.G. 115

cum, meaning since : 204, 3, 4.
Oratio Obliqua : 2G5, 2.

1. Since the woods had been burned, the enemy had no place to betake

themselves to.

2. The enemy learned that Caesar had sent the three legions, which

had been brought back from the island, against the Morini,
because they had renewed the war.

3. Caesar informed the ambassadors that he would devastate the fields,

and burn the dwellings of the Menapii, because they had hid in
the woods and marshes.

4. Since you cannot retreat across the river, are you willing to allow

the legions to winter in your territory ?

EXERCISE XX

Caesar v, 1
A

1. Caesar was accustomed to pass the winter in Italy.

2. They will place officers in command of the legions.

3. Labienus was placed in command of the tenth legion.

4. As many ships as possible were built during the winter.

5. The old ships had to be repaired.

6. Caesar provided for the construction of twenty ships.

7. He knew that the waves were not so large there.

8. They were accustomed to employ larger ships in that sea.

9. On account of the tides the ships were made larger.

10. The materials, which were of use for building ships, were brought

from Spain.

11. The Pirustae were devastating the province.

12. They heard that Caesar had set out into Illyricum.

13. He levied three thousand soldiers from all the states.

14. The soldiers assembled at the stated place. They assembled the

soldiers on the appointed day.

15. The soldiers were assembled at an appointed place.

16. When the Pirustae were informed of this matter, they sent ambas-

sadors and promised to bring the hostages by the appointed
day.

17. The hostages were brought by the day as he had commanded.

18. He made it clear that hostages had to be given.

19. We shall make it clear that we will devastate the province.

116 EXERCISES ON CAESAR E.G.

B

Substantive Clauses of Purpose : 239 ; 240.
Cum narrative : 204, 3, 4*
Qui Final : 232, 2.
Oratio Obliqua : 269.

1. Officers were sent to superintend the construction of a large number

of ships.

2. He commanded his officers to see that all the materials, that were

necessary for repairing the ships, were brought from Spain.

3. Caesar told his men that, unless more ships were built, they could

not be taken back to Gaul.

4. The enemy were told that, unless hostages were given by the

appointed day, our general would send cavalry to ravage their
territory.

5. On their arrival at the larger camp, they learned that the cavalry,

which had been sent into the territory of the Remi for the purpose
of plundering and devastating, had not yet returned,

6. On learning that sufficient ships for transporting the army had been

built, he departed at once for the sea- coast.

EXERCISE XXI

Caesar v, 2
A

1. These transactions were quickly concluded.

2. He will set out for the army.

3. The ships will be able to be launched within a few days.

4. He commended those who had been in charge of the work.

5. He left what he considered a sufficient force to perform these

operations.

6. He had learned that all would assemble at Port Itius.

7. Owing to the wonderful enthusiasm of the soldiers the ships were all

launched within a few days.

8. When this fact was reported to him, he at once set out in person

with three legions ready for action into the territory of the
Treviri because he heard that they would not obey him.

B

Cum narrative : 204, 3, 4-
Indirect Question : 200.
Clause with quin : 247, 4-

1. On his return to the army, he found that all the ships were able to

be launched.

2. The ships were not far from being able to be launched within a few

days.

EXERCISES ON CAESAR B. G. 117

3. He pointed out what he wished to be done. He asked the officers

.how many ships had been built.

4. He learned from merchants in what harbor he could most easily

disembark the soldiers.

5. When he learned that his lieutenan* had left camp with three

hundred horse, he himself returned to Hither Gaul.

EXERCISE XXII

Caesar v, 3

1. We have shown above that this state is by far the strongest of all

Gaul in cavalry.

2. Two chiefs were at the head of this state, of whom, one was very

friendly to Caesar, the other was collecting forces of cavalry
and infantry preparatory to engaging in war.

3. As soon as the legions arrived, this chief wished to come to Caesar

and promise to continue loyal.

4. All who on account of their age were not able to bear arms were

concealed in the Ardennes wood.

5. Many chiefs, alarmed at the arrival of Caesar and the legions,

began to fear for their own interests.

6. I did not wish to leave my people and come to you because the

common people through thoughtlessness wished to desert the
friendship of the Roman people.

7. The state is under my control, and if you will allow me I shall come

to you in the camp and intrust my fortunes and those of the
state to your honor.

B

' as soon as' : 259, 4.

' after ' : 259, 4.

quoniam, cum, ' since ' : 252, 2, 3.

Clauses with verbs of 'fearing' : 242 ; 243.

quo Final : 233, 4.

0. 0. : 265 ; 269, 8.

1. As soon as the chiefs of this state learned that Caesar and the
legions had arrived, they sent ambassadors to assure him that
they would continue loyal, and to report what the Treviri were
doing.

118 EXERCISES ON CAESAR B. G.

2. After some chiefs had informed Caesar that Indutiomarus was

gathering forces of cavalry and infantry, the latter, fearing that
Caesar would put him to death, came tp him to intreat (him) to
spare him.

3. He said that he was afraid that they would not be able to carry on

war longer.

4. Fearing that the soldiers would not be able to cross the river on

foot, he sent workmen ahead to build a bridge that he might
more quickly reach the camp of the enemy.

EXERCISE XXIII

Caesar v, 4

1. Though all preparations had been made for a war in Britain, he was

forced to spend the summer among the Treviri.

2. Why were those statements made ? Why did he order the chief to

come to him ?

3. The two hundred hostages, which he had ordered to be brought to

him, arrived on the following day.

4. It was of great importance that hostages should be given.

5. He perceived that this chief had very great influence among his

people.

6. He was aware that Caesar wished to go to Britain this summer.

7. They were aware that this could not be done.

B

Indirect Question : 200.

Ne Final: 233, 5.

Oratio Obliqua : 265.

Substantive Clauses of Purpose: 239 ; 240.

1. Although Caesar was aware why Dnmnorix had said that he did not

wish to come to him, nevertheless, to avoid being forced to remain
in Gaul all summer, he ordered him to bring two hundred hostages
to him.

2. He urged this chief to continue loyal and announce to his people

that Caesar would return as soon as possible.

3. Inasmuch as all preparations had been made for a campaign in

Britain, he thought that it was of great importance to go to the
island this summer.

4. He knew why Dumnorix was summoning the chiefs to him and

urging them to remain in Gaul.

EXERCISES ON CAESAR B, G. 119

EXERCISE XXIV

Caesar v, 5

A

1. All these matters were already settled.

2. The forty ships, which had been built by the Meldae, were driven

back by a storm.

3. These ships were not able to reach the harbor from which they had

set out.

4. They will return to the same harbor from which they sailed.

5. All the rest of the ships were ready for sailing.

6. He found many ships shattered by the storm.

7. He ordered the cavalry of all Gaul to assemble at the same point.

8. He determined to take with him those chiefs who were not friendly

to him.

9. He left the rest of the chiefs in Gaul.

10. He feared an uprising of Gaul in his absence.

11. Very few chiefs were left in Gaul by Caesar.

B

1 . When Caesar learned that many of his ships had not been able to

hold their course and reach Port Itius, he was afraid that the
barbarians would assemble all their forces and attack the naval
camp.

2. Accordingly he ordered his lieutenants to collect as large a quantity

of corn as possible, because he was afraid that in his absence the
enemy would try to prevent our men from foraging.

3. On his arrival at the winter camp, he found it admirably fortified

with a rampart and trench.

EXERCISE XXV

Caesar v, 6
A

1. He did not dare to leave Dumnorix in Gaul, because he knew him

to be a man of great influence among his people.

2. All the Gauls are desirous of change.

3. Caesar had learned that Dumnorix had told the chiefs that he had

determined to take them all with him to Britain.

4. They said that, being unused to sailing, they were afraid of the sea.

120 EXERCISES ON CAESAR B. G.

5. Alarmed by the approach of Caesar, the chiefs came to him, and

promised to go with him to the island.

6. They saw that they would not obtain this request.

7. They knew that Caesar would not dare to kill these chiefs before

the eyes of the Gauls.

8. They told their people that Caesar would take all the chiefs over to

Britain, and put them to death there.

9. Several reported to Caesar that the Gauls were carrying out these

plans with one common purpose.

B

Virtual O.O. : 253, 6.

Posteaquam, 'after' : 259, 4.
Substantive Clauses of Purpose : 239 ; 240.

1. He begged of Caesar to allow him to remain in Gaul, because (as he

said) he did not wish to leave his people, and he was afraid of the
sea.

2. After he saw that he would not obtain his request to be left behind,

he began to summon the other chiefs and urge them not to set
out along with Caesar.

3. To this was added the fact that they did not dare to leave the camp

lest Caesar should send cavalry to capture them and then put
them to death.

4. They knew that Caesar, being afraid that these chiefs would stir up

all the Gauls against him, had decided to take Dumnorix especially
with him.

EXERCISE XXVI

Caesar v, 7
A

1. These facts were soon ascertained through scouts.

2. This wind was accustomed to hinder navigation.

3. Our men were not accustomed to go on board ships in the night-

time.

4. We shall ascertain all their plans.

5. He ordered the cavalry and infantry to go aboard at midnight.

6. If he does not obey, kill him.

7. I am a free man and of a free state.

8. According to orders they killed the man.

9. The cavalry will advance ; the infantry will return to Caesar.
10. He returns. He returned. They said he would not return.

EXERCISES ON fcAESAR B. G. 121

The Gerundive : 187 ; 188.

11. We must ascertain these things. We must advance with all our

forces.

12. All his plans must be discovered. A large part of the cavalry

must be sent to overtake him.

13. This chief must be checked. The other had to be put to death.

Participles: 152-158.

14. Having advanced ; having delayed ; having obtained suitable

weather ; having been sent ; thinking ; on being called back ;
shouting ; having been killed.

Ablative Absolutes: 159-160.

15. Having ascertained all his plans ; without my knowledge ; without

our knowledge ; a large part of the cavalry having been sent
forward ; in my absence ; in our absence ; in the presence of
Caesar ; in the presence of the consuls ; while the minds of all
were engaged.

B

1. Thinking that the cavalry would soon return, they ordered the

soldiers to prepare for an attack on the enemy's camp.

2. Caesar took pains not only to ascertain all their plans, but also to

collect as large forces as possible.

3. When the soldiers had gone aboard the ships, the chiefs in a body

began to leave the camp for home.

4. After advancing about five miles, they suddenly turned back again,

and seeing that our men had not yet landed from the ships,
they made a fierce attack on our camp, and put the cavalry to
flight.

EXERCISE XXVII

Caesar v, 8

1. Three legions and two thousand cavalry were left with Labienus on

the continent.

2. He was unable to reach that part of the island where he had found

a suitable harbor the previous year.

3. The endurance of the soldiers was very commendable.

4. The ships were not able to hold their course.

5. Caesar learned from captives that large bands of the enemy had

assembled at this place.

6. Terrified by the large number of ships, the barbarians had concealed

themselves in the uplands.

7. Leaving a large number of cavalry to guard the camp, they crossed

the river and hastened into the territory of the Remi.

122 EXERCISES ON CAESAR B. G.

B

1. Thinking Labienus to be a suitable person, he left him on the

continent to defend the camp and build ships and ascertain how
large forces the enemy were gathering.

2. Setting out from the camp at daylight, he came up to the baggage-

train of the enemy about mid-day, and knowing that their cavalry
were still five miles distant, he sent one legion to seize the heights
and prevent auxiliaries from coming to their aid.

3. As we have shown above, the Remi were coming to the aid of their

neighbors, but hearing that these had been defeated by Caesar,
they turned back and sought refuge in the forests.

EXERCISE XXVIII

Caesar v, 9

1. Caesar at once landed the army and chose a suitable place for a

camp.

2. The soldiers landed from the ships at daybreak.

3. The cavalry were landed a little later.

4. Ten cohorts and two hundred cavalry were left to guard the camp.

5. The enemy's forces had encamped on the heights.

6. The ships were left on an open shore.

7. Our men tried to keep the enemy from getting inside the

fortifications.

8. The soldiers of these two legions made a fierce attack and drove the

enemy out of the camp.

9. With trifling loss our men withstood the assault of the enemy for

more than three hours and killed quite a large number of them.

10. Caesar did not allow his men to leave the camp.

11. Caesar was not able to pursue the fleeing enemy further because

the cavalry had not been able to hold their course and reach the
island.

12. No time was left for fortifying the camp.

B
Ubi, "when" : 259, 4.

Indirect Question : 200.
Qui Final : 232, 2.

1. When Caesar learned through scouts that the forces of the enemy

had encamped on a high hill, he sent his lieutenant to find out by
what route he could most easily and quickly reach them.

2. He left two cohorts to serve as a guard for the bridge.

EXERCISES ON GAESAll B. G. 123

3. Being informed of these facts, he sent forward the cavalry to aid the

allies, (while) he himself with the rest of the forces made a quick
march of five miles and attacked the enemy while they were
crossing the river.

4. The cavalry, being defeated by the enemy, retreated to the camp,

but the infantry, having obtained a position admirably fortified,
held out for more than three hours.

EXERCISE XXIX

Caesar v, 10

A

1. On the morning of the following day the cavalry were sent to pursue

those who had fled.

2. We will pursue those who ravaged our lands and burned our villages.

3. Cavalry reported to Caesar that on the previous night a great storm

•had arisen.

4. The storm shattered nearly all the merchant ships.

5. After advancing some distance, they saw that cavalry were coming

from Caesar.

6. No ship could endure such a storm.

7. All the ships were shattered and many were,cast up on shore.

1. On the following day Caesar ordered the cavalry to set out along

with him for the purpose of laying waste the fields of the enemy.

2. When the rear of the enemy came in (= into) sight, our general

sent forward the cavalry to attack the enemy, and ordered his
lieutenants to lead the rest of the forces against the Remi who
were coming up to their aid.

3. Ambassadors came to promise to give hostages and to do what

Caesar had commanded.

4. Caesar knew that, if a storm should arise, the vessels would be

shattered and great damage sustained.

EXERCISE XXX

Caesar v, 11

A

1. The legions were recalled and ordered to halt on the march.

2. As has been shown above, about forty ships were lost.

3. The rest of the ships could not be repaired.

4. He ordered all the ships to be beached.

5. He ordered the workmen, whom he had chosen from the legions, to

build as many ships as possible.

124 EXERCISES ON CAESAR B. G.

6. The legions returned to the same place from which they had set out.

7. After beaching the ships and strongly fortifying the camp, these

two legions returned to the hills.

8. Three cohorts and two hundred horse were left to guard the ships.

9. The territory of this chief was eighty miles distant from the sea.

10. They will place him in command of the legion.

11. This man's brother had been in command of two legions.

B

When Caesar learned that so many ships had been lost, he concluded
that it was not safe for his men to advance farther into the enemy's
country. Accordingly the legions and cavalry were recalled, and he
himself returned to the seacoast as fast as he could. On his arrival
there, he at once gave instructions to his officers to build as many ships
as possible, and warned them not to allow the soldiers to go outside the
fortifications. Since he knew that very large forces of Britons had
assembled there, he was afraid lest they should make an attack on our
camp when he himself was absent.

EXERCISE XXXI

Caesar v, 15

1. Our cavalry engaged in a fierce battle with the cavalry and chario-

teers of the enemy.

2. When the cavalry and charioteers were routed, the infantry fled

into the woods and hills.

3. After routing their infantry, our men pursued the charioteers too

far and lost some of their own men.

4. While the enemy were off their guard, our men suddenly rushed out

of the camp.

5. The enemy made a fierce attack upon those who were posted on

sentry duty before the camp.

6. Two cohorts were sent as a reinforcement to our men.

7. All our men got back to the camp in safety.

8. Inasmuch as our men were terrified by these unusual tactics, the

enemy very boldly burst through our line.

9. Two military tribunes were among the slain in that engagement.

B

Consecutive Clauses : 203.
Conditional Clauses : 249 ; 250.

1. Our cavalry engaged so fiercely in battle with the enemy's cavalry
that two thousand of the latter were slain and the rest driven
into the woods and hills.

EXERCISES ON r CAESAR B. G. 125

2. Our men would not have lost so many of their number if they had

not pursued so eagerly.

3. If two cohorts had not been sent up as a reinforcement, the enemy

would not have been defeated.

4. If Caesar defeats the enemy, they will escape into the woods.

5. If the enemy should take up their position on that hill, Caesar

would attack them.

6. If our men had not been so terrified, the enemy would not have got

off in safety.

7. If they make an attack on those posted before the camp, they will

easily win a victory.

8. Our men were so terrified by the horses and chariots of the enemy,

that they did not fight as boldly as usual.

EXERCISE XXXII

Caesar v, 16
A

1. The battle took place in front of the camp.

2. Our men could not pursue the retreating enemy far.

3. They will not dare to go far away from the standards.

4. The enemy sometimes retreated purposely.

5. Our men advanced across the marsh at great risk.

6. They tried to draw our men away from the legions.

7. It was their custom to leap down from the chariots and fight on foot.

8. They will never fight in close order and will relieve one another in

turn.

9. Our men being weary were not able to defeat the fresh and vigorous

(troops of the) enemy.

10. Shall we contend in unequal combat ?

11. Did not the enemy leap down from their chariots ?

B

Causal Clauses : 252, 1, 2.
Repeated Acts in the Past : 263, 8.
Conditional Clauses : 249 ; 250.

1. Caesar perceived that our men fought at great risk, because the

enemy sometimes retreated purposely, in order that they might
draw our men away from the legions.

2. Whenever our men departed from the standards, the enemy would

attack them more boldly.

3. The enemy used to leap down from their chariots, whenever they

drew off our men a little from the standards.

4. If our men had been able to pursue the enemy with cavalry, they

would have slain a great number of them.

126 EXERCISES ON CAESAR B. G.

5. If our men dare to leave the standards, the charioteers will try to

surround them.

6. If the enemy would not retreat purposely, our men would soon

defeat them.

EXERCISE XXXIII

Caesar v, 17

1. On the following day; on the day before; at mid-day; in the

morning ; at midnight ; in the previous summer.

2. For the purpose of plundering and foraging ; an opportunity of

sending hostages ; for the purpose of freeing themselves,- (1) ad ;
(2) causa; a reason for departing ; an opportunity of rallying — of
halting — of leaping down from chariots ; an end of pursuing.

3. At daybreak our men will take up their position on the top of the

hill.

4. The enemy soon began to attack our cavalry and more fiercely than

on the day before.

5. Three legions and all the cavalry were sent by Caesar for the

purpose of devastating.

6. The enemy made a fierce attack and our men were driven from the

hill.

7. Trusting to the support of the infantry, the cavalry drove the

enemy from the hills, on which they had taken up their position
the previous day.

8. Auxiliaries will assemble from all sides.

9. Caesar will asse'mble auxiliaries from all the states.
10. We engaged the enemy with all our forces.

B

Consecutive Clauses: 236.
Cum, meaning since : 204, 3.
Dum, Quoad, meaning until: 259, 7.
Cum, narrative : 262, 4>

1. Since we see that the infantry are following closely, we shall not
stop pursuing the enemy nor shall we give them any opportunity
of halting, until we drive them out of our territory.

2 Since our men gave the enemy no opportunity of rallying, a large
number of them were slain.

3. When the enemy had made a fierce attack on our legions, and had

killed quite a number of them, they leaped down from their
chariots, and drove our men in headlong flight.

4. Our men were so hard pressed by the enemy's cavalry, that Caesar

sent the tenth legion to their support.

EXERCISES ON CAESAR E.G. 127

EXERCISE XXXIV

Caesar v, 18
A

1. On learning their plan, Caesar ordered the lieutenants to lead the

army back into camp.

2. This river could be crossed at one place only on foot.

3. All the forces of the enemy were drawn up on the other bank.

4. When Caesar got this information from the captives, he sent forward

the cavalry, and ordered the legions to follow closely.

5. The enemy will not be able to withstand the assault of our legions.

6. With difficulty he crossed the river at this point.

7. After leading his army into their territory, he saw that the enemy

would not long remain in their towns and villages.

8. He will send forward the cavalry. The legions will follow closely.

9. He thought that the legions would follow closely.
10. The soldiers were not able to cross the river on foot.

B

Ou his arrival at the river bank, he learned from the cavalry, whom
he had sent ahead, that large forces of the enemy had been led into
the territory of our allies for the purpose of devastating their lands.
Accordingly he left one legion and two hundred cavalry to guard the
camp, and he himself set out with the rest of the forces to a place
where he knew the river could be crossed on foot. Though the
soldiers advanced with great speed, the enemy heard of their arrival,
and, leaving all their baggage behind, consigned themselves to flight.

EXERCISE XXXV

Caesar v, 19

1. We have shown above that this chief had disbanded the greater part

of his forces.

2. About four thousand charioteers were left.

3. They kept withdrawing a little from the road by which they had

learned we would march.

4. Our cavalry frequently scattered over the country for the purpose

of plundering and devastating.

5. Our cavalry could engage with the enemy only at great risk.

6. The charioteers of the enemy prevented our men from wandering too

widely.

128 EXERCISES ON CAESAR B. G.

7. Caesar did7 not allow his men to go away far from the line of the

legions.

8. We shall not allow you to harm our neighbors.

9. We shall do harm to the enemy's lands. They have injured us.

B

Repeated Acts in the Past : 263, 8.
Substantive Clauses of Result : 244, 1-

1. Whenever our cavalry withdrew a little from the road, they would

hide in woody places.

2. Whenever Caesar sent cavalry ahead to plunder and forage, they

would send charioteers against them from the woods.

3. The result of this was (244, 1 (b) ) that our men did not g9 far away

from the line of the legions.

4. The result of this was that the soldiers could not do the enemy

much harm by devastating their fields.

5. When Caesar saw that his cavalry were engaging with the enemy's

cavalry at great risk, he did not allow them to advance farther.

EXERCISE XXXVI

Caesar v, 20

A

1. In the meantime this tribe, which was the strongest in that district,

sends ambassadors to Caesar.

2. One chief had come to him on the continent.

3. His father had for a long time held sovereign power in that state.

4. They will surrender to him. He surrendered to me. Many sur-

rendered.

«•

5. They promise to surrender to him and obey his orders.

6. They will promise to send ambassadors.

7. Caesar protected this chief and sent him into the state.

8. He was long at the head of this state.

9. They will be in command of this legion.

10. He will demand forty hostages from them.

11. They very quickly carried out his orders.

12. They sent the required number of hostages and corn for the army.

EXERCISES ON CAESAR B. G. 129

B

Substantive Clauses of Purpose: 239 ; 240.
Qui Final : 232, 2.
Dum, while : 259, 5.

1. While Caesar is marching into the territory of this tribe, this young

man, whose father had long held sovereign power in this state,
came to our camp.

2. He said that his father had been killed by Cassivelaunus, who was

secretly gathering forces in order to drive the Romans out of
that district.

3. They intreated Caesar to protect them and send an army into that

district to prevent the enemy from destroying their towns.

4. Caesar sent a young man into the state to be at its head and hold

the sovereign power.

5. They were advised to send the requisite number of hostages and at

once surrender to Caesar.

EXERCISE XXXVII

Caesar v, 21

A

1. They had already surrendered to him. Many promised to surrender.

2. Embassies will be sent. Embassies had been sent.

3. Their town was not far distant from our camp.

4. Into this town, which was no more than three miles distant, a very

large number of people had assembled.

5. They are assembling. We will assemble. Many had assembled.

6. This place was fortified with a rampart and trench.

7. They were in the habit of assembling at this place for the purpose

of avoiding an attack.

8. He set out there immediately with two legions.

9. The place was admirably fortified both naturally and artificially.

10. After delaying a short time, the enemy fled into the woods and

marshes.

11. They reported that the place was splendidly fortified.

12. Word was brought that a large number had been caught in flight

and killed.

130 EXERCISES ON CAESAR B. G.

B

Although Caesar found the place strongly fortified, nevertheless he
determined to assault it from two quarters. As soon as the legions had
been drawn up in front of the walls, the enemy saw that they could not
long withstand the assault of our men and at once rushed out of another
part of the town. From those, who were captured in flight, Caesar
learned that there was a fortified town about three miles distant and
that many had fled there so as to avoid (233, 5) being captured and put
to death.

EXERCISE XXXVIII
Caesar v, 22

1. Four kings held sway over these districts.

2. They collected all their forces, and attacked the naval camp un-

expectedly.

3. Our men made a sally, killed a large number of them, even took

their leader prisoner, and brought back their own men in safety.

4. We returned to the camp in safety.

5. They will send ambassadors to treat for surrender.

6. Since so many losses had been sustained, and his territory had been

devastated, he determined to at once surrender.

7. Alarmed by the sudden arrival of our army, they threw away their

arms and fled.

8. Caesar decided to spend the winter in Gaul.

9. He was aware that the enemy would attack the naval camp.

10. He was informed that they had collected all their forces.

11. When news of this battle reached them, the chiefs decided to

surrender.

B

1. On their arrival at the camp, they decided on an immediate assault.

2. Since they were aware that Caesar was anxious to return to the

continent, they determined to collect all their forces, and not
allow our men to leave the place.

3. He decided how many hostages they should give, and where they

should send them.

4. The lieutenants issued orders to their men not to leave the camp.

5. These chiefs advised their neighbors not to give hostages to Caesar,

since they knew that he could not stay much longer on the island.

EXERCISES Oft CAESAR B. G. 131

EXERCISE XXXIX

Caesar v, 23
A

1. The army was led back to the seacoast.

2. The ships had already been repaired.

3. These ships were launched ; the others were beached.

4. Neither this nor the previous year was a single ship lost.

5. These ships were sent back to him empty, after the soldiers had

been landed from them.

6. The soldiers were soon landed. He quickly landed the soldiers.

7. How many soldiers landed from these ships ?

8. Labienus superintended the construction of these ships.

9. The officers took charge of the landing of the soldiers.

10. Caesar waited for these ships for quite a while.

11. He set sail at the beginning of the second watch.

12. All the ships reached the continent in safety at daybreak.

13. The rest of the ships were driven back.

14. After landing the soldiers, he fortified the camp with a rampart and

trench.

1. When these vessels were launched, he decided to leave part of the

army in Britain, because so many of the vessels, whose construc-
tion Labienus had superintended, had been lost tnrough the
storm.

2. It so happened that almost all the ships, which had soldiers on

board, reached the continent in safety.

3. Caesar waited for these ships for some time in vain, but at last

fearing (243, 2) that he might be forced to spend the winter in
Britain, he set sail in person with twenty ships and ordered his
lieutenants to follow with the rest as soon as they could.

VERGIL

Ille ego, qui quondam gracili modulatus avena
Carmen, et, egressus silvis, vicina coegi
Ut quamvis avido parerent arva colono,
Gratum opus agricolis, at nunc horrentia Martis

132

INTRODUCTION '

Life of Vergil

Publius Vergilius Maro1 was born on the fifteenth of Birth
October, 70 B.C., in the first consulate of M. Licinius Crassus
and Cn. Pompeius, at Andes (now Pietola), a small village
near Mantua. Since the full franchise was not given to this
part of Gaul (Gallia Transpadana) till some years after-
wards2, the poet, like many of his predecessors and contem-
poraries in literature, was not a Roman, but an Italian
provincial.

The parents of Vergil, like those of Horace, were of His parents
obscure birth. Some authorities say that the poet's father
was a potter, others, that he was a brickmaker, while others
again assert that he was the servant of a travelling merchant,
Magius, whose daughter, Magia Polla, he afterwards married.
Whatever may have been his occupation, certain it is, that
he was at the time of the poet's birth, the steward, factor, or
possessor of an estate near Mantua. The childhood of
Vergil was passed amid the hills and woods that fringed the
verdant banks of the Mincius, and the early association of
the poet with the lovely scenery of the neighbourhood of his
native town may account for the exquisite touches of pastoral
life which appear in the Eclogues and the Georgics.

Studies and Early Life.

Vergil began his studies at Cremona, where, we are told, Hit studies
he assumed the toga virilis on the same day on which ^B.C.
Lucretius died. The town itself had already been noted,
having been the birthplace of Furius Bibaculus, and of the
critic, Quinctilius Varro.

1 The English equivalent of Vergilius is often spelt Virgil. Indeed the poet is best
known by the name thus spelt. However, it is better to adopt the spelling that
harmonizes with what is undoubtedly the correct Latin form. The form Virgilius was
not common till the middle ages.

2 49 B.C. 133

134

INTRODUCTION

Vergil goes After a brief stay at Cremona, and subsequently at Medio-
53 B.C. ' lanum (Milan), the poet went to Rome. In the capital,
Vergil, after the fashion of the day, attended the lectures of
rhetoricians and philosophers. Under Epidius, the rhetorician,
the teacher of Marc Antony and afterwards of Octavius, and
under the Epicurean philosopher, Siron, the poet became
acquainted with the outlines of rhetoric and philosophy. It
is quite probable that his father intended him for the bar, but
a weak voice and a diffident manner were insuperable barriers
in the way of obtaining distinction in public speaking. Vergil
soon gave up rhetoric, and, in fact, renounced poetry for the
more congenial study of philosophy. Under Siron, he seems
to have made considerable progress in Epicurean philosophy,
and the love he retained for this branch of learning is plainly
observable in many of his extant writings.4 In a minor
poem, generally supposed to be genuine, he welcomes the
exchange of poetry and rhetoric for more useful studies :

" Away with you, empty coloured flagons of the rhetori-
cians, words swollen, but not with the dews of Greece ; and,
away with you, Stilo, Tagitius, and Varro, you, nation of
pedants, soaking with fat ; you, empty cymbals of the class-
room. Farewell, too, Sabinus, friend of all my friends : now,
farewell, all my beautiful companions, we are setting our sails
for a haven of bliss, going to hear the learned words of the
great Siron, and we mean to redeem our life from all distrac-
tion. Farewell, too, sweet Muses ; for, to tell the truth, I
have found how sweet you were : and yet, I pray you, look
on my pages again, but with modesty and at rare intervals." 5
After a short stay at Rome Vergil probably went to Naples,
where, we are told, Parthenius, another Epicurean, was his
instructor. The great Epic6 of Lucretius, added to the
teachings of his instructors, gave, no doubt, his mind a strong
bent towards the doctrines of Epicurus. It is probable that
the poet returned to his father's farm before the outbreak of
the war between Pompey and Caesar, 49 B.C. It is also
likely that he remained there till after the battle of Philippi
(42 B.C.) and that he employed his time in gaining by obser-
vation materials which he afterwards employed in his great
didactic poem, the Georgics.

4 Eclogue VI ; Georg. IV, 219 ; Aen. I, 743 ; VI, 724 ; Georg. II, 475-492.
6 Catalepta VII. 6 De Reruin Natura.

Goes to
Naples

Returns
Home

INTRODUCTION 135

II

Acquaintance with Augustus and Maecenas

Unlike Horace, Vergil sympathized with the party of
Caesar. The formation of the Second Triumvirate threw the
Roman world into the broils of a civil war. In the division
of the provinces, Gaul (except Gallia Narbonensis) fell to
Antony. The lands of eighteen cities were given up to
reward the legions of the unscrupulous Antony, and among
the lands were those of Cremona. The district around this
city failing to satisfy the greedy rapacity of the legionaries of
the Triumvir, the farms of the neighboring Mantua were
seized, and among the lands confiscated were those of the LOSS of his
poet's father. C. Asinius Pollio, the prefect of Gallia Trans- •far>rl
padana, unable to restrain the lawlessness of the soldiers of
Antony, sent Vergil to Rome with a recommendation to
Augustus to allow the poet to retain his paternal estate. Regains his
It is quite probable that congenial tastes and a recognition of
the genius of Vergil may have influenced Pollio to take this
course. At the close of the same year (41 B.C.), however,
war broke out anew between Octavius and L. Antonius.
Pollio was deposed from office, and Alfenus Varus appointed
in his stead. Another division of lands followed, and the
poet is said to have been deprived of his estate a second time loses his
time.7 His friends, Gallus, Pollio, and Varus, however, farm
interposed and saved the farm for him. By them he was intro-
duced to Maecenas, the patron of literary men, afterwards the
prime minister of Augustus. This year marks the beginning
of the rising fortunes of the poet. With his friend and
patron, Pollio, as Consul, Vergil became the hono
member of a literary coterie which graced the table of Vergil,
Maecenas. The intimacy that Vergil enjoyed at court, is
shewn by his being one of those who went to Brundusium
along with Maecenas, when the latter was negotiating a treaty
between Augustus and Antony.8

Through the munificent kindness of his patrons he was
raised to luxury and affluence. He had a magnificent house His
in Rome on the Esquiline, near the residences of Horace and

7 Eclogues I and IX. « Horace Satires I, 5 and 10.

136 INTRODUCTION

Maecenas, estates in Sicily, and in Campania, near Naples.
The mild climate and clear skies of Southern Italy suited his
delicate constitution, and till his death, his Campanian resi-
dence was his favorite abode.9 From the date of his early
Eclogues till his death, little need be said of his life except
that he devoted himself to study and to the completion of his
immortal works.

Death and Character.

In the year 19 B.C. he went to Greece, possibly with a view
to restore his health, and to give a finish to his great work,
the Aeneid. At Athens he met Augustiis, who had just re-
turned from Samos. Vergil returned to Italy in company
Death with the emperor, but died at Brundusium three days after he

landed, September 22nd, 19 B.C. He was buried near Naples
Epitaph on the road leading to Puteoli (Puzzuoli). His epitaph, said
to have been dictated by himself in his last moments, was as
follows : —

Mantua me genuit ; Calabri rapuere ; tenet nunc
Parthenope. Cecini pascua, rura, duces.w

It is said that shortly before his death Vergil wished to
destroy the Aeneid rather than leave it in its unfinished state.
His friends, however, dissuaded him, and the poem was after-
wards edited and published by Varius and Tucca, under the
patronage of Augustus and Maecenas.

Vergil is generally described as of tall stature, delicate
frame, homely features, and dark complexion, abstinent in the
use of food, shy, and fond of retirement. Horace is said to
have had Vergil in his mind's eye when he wrote11 the lines
thus rendered by Conington :

"The man is passionate, perhaps misplaced
In social circles of fastidious taste ;
His ill-trimmed beard, hi* dress of uncouth style,
His shoes ill-fitting, may provoke a smile ;
But he's the soul of virtue ; but he's kind ;
But that coarse body hides a mighty mind."

9 Geo. IV, 563. Illo Vergilium me tempore dulcis alebat

Parthenope, siudiis florentem ignobilis oti.

10 Some have taken the last line to refer to the Eclogues, the Georgics, and the
Aeneid.

" Hor. Sat. I, 3, 29-34.

INTRODUCTION 137

He was so pure and chaste that the Neapolitans gave him
the name of Parthenias, or the maiden.12 He is said to
have been shy and even awkward in society, and these traits
even the polished society of the Capital never succeeded in
eradicating. He was distrustful of his own powers, which
high ideas of literary excellence led him to underrate.

In the midst of an irreligious age, he had the strongest
religious sentiment ; in the midst of vice he remained virtuous ;
and while licentiousness disfigures the writings of many of his
brother poets, the pages of Vergil everywhere inculcate the
highest truths of morality and virtue.

Ill

Works

Vergil is said to have attempted in his youth an epic poem13 Early Works
on the wars of Rome, but the difficulty of the task soon led
him to abandon his design. His earlier poems, Culex, More-
turn, Ciris, Copa, and those that pass under the name Cata-
lepta, though they give little proof of great ability, still show
the careful attention the poet bestowed on metre and diction.

1. The writings that first established the reputation of
Vergil were the Eclogues,14 pastoral poems, ten in number, Ecloguet
written between 43 B.C. and 37 B.C. This species of poetry

was as yet unknown in Italy, though it had already reached Theocritus

fj , J asapastoral

its perfection in the hands of the Sicilian Theocritus, whose in- poet

fluence may be traced in many writers from the days of
Vergil to those of Tennyson. The Idyll15 of Theocritus
exhibits a true picture of the shepherd's life, the joys and
sorrows, character, sentiment and habits of the rural swains,
the piny woods, the upland lawns and feeding flocks, the sea
and sky of Sicily. Vergil's Eclogues, on the other hand, can JJj^J,MJ
hardly be said to be true pictures of pastoral life. His shep- compared
herds and shepherdesses belong to the island of Sicily rather

12 ndpQfvos, a maiden. 13 Eclogue VI, 3.

14 These were called by the generic term Bucolica Oov*coAi/ca, sc. Trot^ara, from
/3ovKoAe<o, to tend cattle). The term Eclogue is from the Greek eKAo-yij, a choice col-
lection, and may mean that the poems under that name were a selection made from a
large number. Spenser wrote the word ^Eglogue, following the derivation of Petrarch,
aiyuv Ao-yoe, "tales ofgoatu" or " tales of goatherd*."
f, a little picture.

138 INTRODUCTION

than to the district of Mantua. His characters are too con-
ventional, his representation of life too artificial. Still the
earlier poems of Vergil have beauties. Their melodious
diction, their soft and easy flowing style,16 were admired by
Horace, no mean judge of the poet's art.

The 2. The Georgics17 in four books, was written (between

Georgics 37 B.C. and 30 B.C.18) at the request of Maecenas,19 to whom
the poem was dedicated. In this didactic Epic, A7ergil copies
largely from Hesiod, Nicander, and Aratus.20 While the
Eclogues have justly been regarded as inferior to the Idylls of
his Greek original, Theocritus, the Georgics, on the other
hand, have been accounted superior to any other poem on the
the Georgics same subject that has ever appeared. The harmonious and
graceful language, the pleasing descriptions of rural scenes,
the apt and charming episodes, all combine to lend an interest
to a subject, which in any other hands would have been
intolerably dull. The time was ripe for such a poem.
Agriculture had been the chief employment and the honored
occupation of the Romans from the early days of the
City. The long-continued wars had, however, desolated
Italy.21 Even after war had ceased, the soldier, too long
accustomed to camps and the excitement of a military life,
cared little about the prosaic life of a farmer. To recall the
peaceful habits of rural industry, the poem, which Addison
pronounces "the most complete, elaborate and finished piece
Contents of of all antiquity," was written. The first book treats of tilling
Georgics the fieids, the second of orchards, the third of the care of

16 Sat. I, 10,45

1T Georgica yeutpynfd, from yed = yri, the earth and epyov a work.

1 8 The chief historical events alluded to in the Georgics are : the death of Julius
Caesar, 44 B.C. (B. I, 456) ; the civil wars ended by the battle of Philippi, 42 B.C. (B. I,
490) ; the wars waged (34 B.C.) in Parthia under Antony, and those on the Rhine under
Agrippa (B. I, 509) ; the battle of Actium and the submission of the East, 30 B.C. (B. II,
172 ; III, 27-32 ; IV, 562); the irruptions of the Daci on the Danube, 30 B.C. (B. II. 497).

19 See the opening lines of Georgics, I and IV.

20Hesiod's Works and Days; Aratus's Phaenomena ; Nicander's Georgics.
21 Civil wars had been waged, almost continuously, in Italy from 49 to 31 B.C.
non ullus aratro

Dignus honos, squalent abductis arva colonis,

Et curvae rigidumfalces ccnflantur in ensem.

INTRODUCTION 139

horses and cattle, and the fourth, of bees. The two most
successful imitations in English of this poem are Philips's
Pastorals, and Thompson's Seasons.

3. The Aeneid,22 in twelve books, written between 29 B.C. Aeneid
and 19 B.C., recounts the story of the escape of Aeneas from
burning Troy, his wanderings over the deep in search of a
home which the fates had promised, his final settlement in
Italy as the founder of the Roman Empire destined in after
ages to rule the world. No doubt, Vergil borrowed largely Vergil
from the Greek and Roman writers who preceded him.
Romans were original in no department of literature, except
perhaps in the departments of History and Jurisprudence.
Vergil can hardly be called a borrower any more than the rest
of his countrymen in other spheres of letters. The object of
Vergil was to produce a national epic, by showing the vari-
ous steps in the growth of the Empire, and in doing this, he
had to give prominence to the influence of Greek literature as
an important element in moulding Roman thought.

Style of the Aeneid.

Defects. — Vergil has been severely censured23 for (1) de- Vergil
ficiency in the power of invention, (2) intermixture of Greek Crttici8e"'
and Latin traditions, (3) anachronisms, (4) his mode of
representing the character of Aeneas, (5) the sameness of
the individual characters. These are the main charges
brought by his detractors, and though we grant the full
indictment brought against the poem, Vergil still has the
proud claim of being one of the greatest of epic poets. No
doubt his power of invention is less than Homer's, no doubt he
did intermingle the traditions of Greece and those of Rome (for
this, as we have remarked, could hardly be otherwise in his
age), no doubt he did commit the heinous crime of anachron-
ism (but he sins in this along with Shakespeare and Milton),
and there is no doubt that his hero Aeneas is cold-blooded
and uninteresting.

22 The first notice of the Aeneid that we have is in a letter of Vergil to Augustus
written probably 26 B.C., when the latter was on an expedition against the Canta-
brians. De Aenea quidem meo, si rnehercule jam dignum auribus haberem tuis, libenter
mitterem: sed tanta inchoata res eat, ut paene vitiis mentis tantum opus ingressus mihi
videar, cum praesertim, ut scio, alia quoque studia ad id opus multoque potiora
irnpertiar. Macrob. Sat. I, 24, 12.

23 Especially by the Emperor Caligula, Markland, and Niebuhr.

140 INTRODUCTION

Excellencies. — These defects, however, are far more than
counterbalanced by his many excellencies. There is in Vergil
a great tenderness of feeling, something better and more
charming than mere Roman virtue or morality. That he
excels in pathos, as Homer in sublimity, is an old opinion, and
it is surely the right one. This pathos is given at times by a
single epithet, or by a slight touch, or with graceful art by an
indirect allusion ; this tenderness is more striking as con-
trasted with the stern Roman character and with the stately
majesty of the verse. The poet never becomes affected or
sentimental ; he hardly ever offends against good taste ; he
knows where to stop ; he is excellent in his silence as well as
in his speech ; Vergil, as Tennyson says, is a master of
language, but no one can really be a master of language unless
he be also a master of thought, of which language is the
expression. To the above-named qualities may be added
picturesqueness in description ; variety and artistic taste in
grouping incidents ; also dramatic power, particularly in
Books I and IV.

Vergil Crutwell thus defends Vergil in regard to the main charge :

defended " The Aeneid was meant to be, above all things, a national
poem, carrying on the lines of thought, the style of speech,
which national progress had chosen ; and it was not meant to
eclipse, so much as to do honour to, early literature. There
those bards who, like Ennius and Naevius, had done good
service to Rome by singing, however rudely, her history, find
their imagines ranged in the gallery of the Aeneid. Thus
they met with the flamens and pontiffs, who drew up the
ritual formularies ; with the antiquarians and pious scholars,
who had sought to find a meaning in the immemorial names,
whether of place or custom or person ; with the magistrates,
novelists and philosophers, who had striven to ennoble and
enlighten Roman virtue, with the Greek singers and sages,
for they, too, had helped to rear the towering fabric of Roman
greatness. All these meet together in the Aeneid, as in
solemn conclave, to review their joint work, to acknowledge
its final completion, and to predict its impending downfall.
This is beyond question the explanation of the wholesale
anprooriation of others' thoughts and language, which would
otherwise be sheer plagiarism. "

INTRODUCTION 141

Writers differ in regard to the object that Vergil had in Object of
writing the Aeneid. Spence, Holdsworth and Warton say
that the poem was written with a political object to re-
concile the Romans to the new order of things. This view is
also held by Pope, who says that the poem had as much a
political object as Dryden's Absalom and Achitophel ; that its
primary object was to praise Augustus, and the secondary
one was to flatter the Romans by dwelling on the splendor
of their origin. "Augustus is evidently typified under the
character of Aeneas; both are cautious and wise in counsel ;
both are free from the perturbations of passion ; they were
cold, unfeeling, and uninteresting ; their wisdom and policy
were worldly-minded and calculating. Augustus was conscious
that he was acting a part, as his last words show ; and the
contrast between the sentiment and conduct of Aeneas, when-
ever the warm impulses of affection might be supposed to
have sway, likewise created an impression of insincerity.
The characteristic virtue which adorns the hero of the Aeneid,
as the epithet plus, so constantly applied to him, shows, was
filial piety, and there was no virtue which Augustus more
ostentatiously put forward than dutiful affection to Julius
Caesar who adopted him." — BROWNE.

IV

Metre

The Aeneid is written in the heroic metre of the Romans ;
viz. : the dactylic hexameter. This was the most ancient The dactylic
as well as the most dignified form of verse among the Greeks hexameter
and Romans. It was cultivated at an early period, long
before the beginnings of authentic history, since we find it in
its most perfect shape in the poems of Homer and Hesiod,
and in the responses of the Delphic oracle. Ennius is said to
have discarded the rude Saturnian metre of his predecessors,
and to have introduced the hexameter among the Romans.
Vergil's poetry is generally regarded as the model for this
kind of verse among the Latins.

The dactylic hexameter consists, as its name implies, of six
feet, the first four of which may be dactyls or spondees ; the
fifth is usually a dactyl, and the sixth invariably a spondee.
The following is the scheme :

142 INTRODUCTION

Rules for Quantity.

In scanning, the pupil should understand that his general
knowledge of quantity must be constantly brought into use.
For example, from the beginning of his studies he has learnt
that -is of the dat. and abl. plur. is long, and -is of the gen.
sing, is short. So -a of the nom. is short, and -a of the abl. is
long. He knows also that a vowel before a final t is short.
The following special rules may be helpful ; in fact, to make
scanning easy, they must be continually referred to.

1. A vowel before a vowel in the same word is short.
Exceptions Aeneas and many other proper names, illlus, etc.

2. A vowel before two consonants (not a mute and
liquid) is long1 by position.

3. Before a mute and liquid (e.g., pi or tr) a short vowel
is common.

4. The prefix re- (back or again) and the enclitic -gue are
naturally short. They may, of course, be long by position.

5. For both quantity and elision (see sec. 5 below) the
letter h does not count as a consonant. For instance, in
flic Ddld\pum mdnus\ hie, B. II, 29, the us is short, as if u
stood before one consonant only ; and in meminiss(e) horret,
B, II, 12, e is elided as before a vowel.

Peculiarities of Metre.
of 1. For the comparative number of dactyls and spondees

*n *^e ^rs* ^our P^aces no definite rule can De given.
Generally speaking, the line is more smooth when the
arrangement is varied to avoid monotony. A succession of
dactyls may be used for various reasons, e.g. :

a sudden feeling, B. II, 120 :

obstipuere animis, gelidusque per ima cucurrit
ossa tremor.

a sudden act : B. II, 553 :

dextraque coruscum
extulit ac lateri capulo tenus abdidit ensem.

agitated feeling : B. II, 735.

hie mihi nescio quod trepido male numen amicum
confusam eripuit mentem.

INTRODUCTION 143

On the other hand a succession of spondees may be employed
to describe a labored effort : B. II, 561.

ut regem aequaevum crudeli vulnere vidi

vitam exhalentem ;
Where the death of king Priam is described.

So also, B. II, 416 :

adversi rupto ceu quondam turbine venti
confligunt,
When warring winds engage in strife.

2. The fifth foot is sometimes, though rarely, a spondee, in Spondaic
which case the verse is called a spondaic25 line : e.g., B. II, 68. line

constitit, atque oculis Phrygia agmina circumspexit :
The measured look of Sinon slowly scanning his audience is
well brought out by the last word.

3. When the last syllable of a word remains over, after the
completion of a foot, that syllable is called a caesural syllable, Word
in consequence of its being separated, or cut off, as it were,
from the rest of the word in scanning the verse. The term
caesura26 is also applied to a pause or stress of the voice,
which naturally rests on the caesural syllable. The melody

of the verse depends in a great measure on the position of Verse
the caesura. The chief verse caesuras in the dactylic hexa-
meter are :

(a) Penthemimeral2"1 Caesura at the end of the first syllable Penthemi-
of the third foot : B. II, 8. 8SS«

Temperet\ a ldcri\mis" ? et\ jam nox\ umidd\ caelo.

(b) Hephthemimeral28 Caesura, at the end of the first Hephthe-
syllable of the fourth foot : B. , II, 2. SSJSSf

fnd& tdr\o pdter\ Aene\ds" slc\ orsus db\ alto.

(c) Trochaic™ Caesura, after the trochee of the third foot : Trochaic
B. II, 3. Caesura

Infdn\dum, reg\ind", jii\bes rentilvdrg dti\ldrem.

26 In Vergil we have 28 spondaic lines : 17 of these end in a quadrisyllable, 9 in a
trisyllable, 2 in a monosyllable.

26 Called by the Greeks TO/U,^, a cutting.

2T From Trevre, five; f^i, half; M6'pos, a part, or foot: hence the fifth-half -foot
caesura. This is also called the strong or masculine caesura.

28 From enra, seven ; r)/uu, half; /xe'po?, apart or foot : hence the seventh-half-foot-
caesura.
29 Also called the weak or feminine caesura.

144

INTRODUCTION

Bucolic
Caesura

Last word
in the line

Metrical
figures

Hiatus

(d) Bucolic90 Caesura, at the end of the dactyl of the fourth
foot when this foot is a dactyl and ends the word : B. II, 99.

In vul\g(um) dmbigu\d3 et\ quderere" \conscius\drmd.

It may be observed, generally, that a verse may have one,
two, or three caesuras ; that verse, however, is best divided
in which the sense pause and the caesural pause coincide as
in each case given above.

4. The last word in a dactylic hexameter line is for the
most part a dissyllable,31 or a trisyllable. A quadrisyllable
is rarely allowed, except in the case of a proper name. Some-
times, but rarely, a monosyllable is employed at the end of a
line. It is generally est, and in this case is usually accom-
panied by an elision : See B. II, 68, 163, 250.

5. Metrical figures :

(a) Elision occurs when a word ends in a vowel or diph-
thong, or with the letter -m preceded by a vowel and the
following word begins with a vowel, diphthong, or the letter
h. When such is the case the last syllable of the word so
ending in a vowel, diphthong, or the letter -m preceded by a
vowel is elided, i.e., struck out altogether in scansion, and is
not regarded as a part of the verse, as 3. II, 1,

Cdnticu\er(e) dm\ne8 in\tenti\qu(e) ora ten\ebdnt.
B. II, 62 :

Seu ver\8dr8 dd\los seu\ cert(ae) oc\cumMr£\mdrtl.

B. II, 57 :

Ecce, mdn\us juv$n\(em) intere\d post} tergar8\wnctum.

In the first the e final is elided both in conticuere and in
intentique before omnes and ora.

In the second the diphthong -ae in certae is elided before
occumbere.

In the third final -em in juvenem is elided before interea.

(b) The non-elision of a vowel or diphthong before an initial
vowel or h, or diphthong is called hiatus : B. I, 16.

PdsihaU\ta c8lii\lss& Sam\o. Hlc\ lWus\ drmd.

30So called because it is often employed by Vergil in his pastoral or Bucolic poetry.
This caesura is common in the poems of Theocritus.

si Leaving out the three unfinished lines in the first book of the Aeneid we have 420
dissyllabic ; 323 trisyllabic ; 8 monosyllabic ; 2 quadrisyllable endings.

INTRODUCTION 145

(c) Synaeresis is defined as the union of two vowels in Synaeresis
sound which- should be properly pronounced separately : as

B. II, 339 :

Addunt\ se sdd\os Rhlp\eus et\ mdxtmus\ armls.

B. II, 391 :

Armd da\bunt lp\n. Slc\fdtm\ delude c8m\dntem. \
This is also called synizesis.

(d) Synapheia is the principle of continuous scansion. It Synapheia
sometines happens that a final vowel, diphthong, or -m pre-
ceded by a vowel at the end of a line is elided before an

initial vowel, diphthong, or h at the beginning of the next
line : B. II, 745.

Quern non\ lncu\sdvi d\mens h8mi\numque de\orum\qu(e).
aut quid in eversa vidi crudelius urbe ?
The -que is joined to the aut of the next line.

There are in Vergil altogether twenty-one such hyper- rwallines
metrical lines.

(«) Ictus is the beat of the foot which corresponds with Ictus
the elevation of the voice (apois). This naturally falls on the
first syllable of a foot, and we, therefore, find cases occurring
in which a syllable naturally short is lengthened, simply from
its occupying the ordinary place of a long syllable : B. II, 563.

et dl\reptd dSm\us, et\ pdrvi\ cdsus J\uli.
See also B. 11,411.

Nostrorum\ dbrui\murt 6rit\urque mis\errima\ cdcdes.
Note that -us in domus (Nom. ) is long, and -ur in obruimur.
This happens when the caesura! pause and the pause in the
sense are coincident.

The Trojan War

Like Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, the Aeneid is based upon
events supposed to have happened in that legendary and
romantic period known as the Trojan War. These events,
as depicted in literature, are almost entirely poetic and not in
the strict sense historical. The legend is that once there was
a wealthy and powerful city named Ilium or Troja on the

146 INTRODUCTION

coast of Asia Minor. In a contest between the three god-
desses, Venus, Juno and Minerva for the Apple of Discord,
Venus was awarded the prize by the young Trojan prince
Paris (or Alexander), son of King Priam. Paris, who at the
time was being brought up as a shepherd boy on Mt. Ida and
had been chosen judge for the contest, was bribed by Venus
with the promise that she would give him the most beautiful
woman in the world for wife. This woman proved to be
Helen, wife of Menelaus, king of Sparta.

Paris, on a visit to the court of Menelaus during the
absence of the latter, induced Helen to elope with him to
Troy. Menelaus, to recover his wife and punish the Trojans
for harboring her, assembled a large army of Greeks, led by
various petty Grecian kings and commanded by Menelaus'
brother, Agamemnon, king of Argos and Mycenae. This
army laid siege fco Troy. After the siege had lasted ten
years, by the stratagem of a huge wooden horse filled with
soldiery the city was captured and burned, and all but a
remnant of the inhabitants were put to the sword. This
remnant scattered to different localities around the coast of the
Mediterranean. According to the Roman legend, Aeneas,
led by the Fates, conducted a party of Trojans to the west
coast of Italy and there founded the colony from which
afterwards grew the "Eternal City," Rome.

VI

Story of the Aeneid

Ancestors Aeneas was the son of Anchises and Venus, and thus

of Aeneas connecte^ wjth the royai family of Troy. In the earlier

stages of the war he did not take any part, and not till his

flocks were driven from Mount Ida by Achilles did he lead

his followers against the Greeks. When the Greeks, after a

siege of ten years, took the city, Aeneas, according to Vergil,

Leaves Troy carries off on his shoulders the aged Anchises, takes young

Ascanius by the h°pd, and with Creusa following behind

escapes to Mount Ida. His wife Creusa, in the confusion of

the siege, is lost in the darkness. He appears to have left the

Wanderings burning city a* the end of the war, and, with a fleet of

of Aeneas twenty vessels and a number of followers, set sail from.

Pari&

INTRODUCTION 147

Troy in quest of a land destined by the fates. He first lands %™%*eat
in Thrace, and begins to build a city, but is deterred by the
ghost of the murdered Polydorus. Next he sails to Delos,
then to Crete, where the Penates appear to Aeneas, and
declare his destined home to be in Italy, the native land of
Dardanus. Again he sets sail and is driven by a storm to the
Strophades, Leucadia, and Chaonia, where he finds Heleuus,
a seer, son of Priam, and king of that country, who tells
Aeneas to sail round Sicily. The ships of Aeneas land in At Sicily
the country of the Cyclops, Polyphemus, near Aetna, but
Achaemenides, whom Ulysses had left behind in the cave
of the Cyclops, advises them to flee from the land of Poly-
phemus. Guided by Achaemeuides, Aeneas passes Scylla and
Charybdis and lands at Drepanum, where Anchises dies. He
then starts out for Italy, but stress of weather drives him on
the coast of Africa, near Carthage. Juno, aware that Rome At Carthage
one day won Id conquer her beloved Carthage, had an unre-
lenting hatred against Aeneas, and instigated Aeolus to let
loose the winds and wreck the Trojan fleet. Neptune, how-
ever, interferes in time and calms the troubled waves. The
Trojans find a sheltered harbor for the seven remaining
ships and soon land. They afterwards discover that
they are on the coast of Africa. Jupiter had meanwhile
despatched Mercury to prepare Dido to give a kind welcome
to the shipwrecked followers of Aeneas. Surrounded by a
cloud, and invisible to all, Aeneas and Achates go to explore
the country. They see the towers and walls of the youthful
city, and are surprised to find their missing comrades holding
audience with the queen. Under the guise of Ascanius,
Cupid is sent by Venus to kindle love in the breast of Dido.
Dido is married to Aeneas. Other fortunes the fates had in
store for him. Mercury is sent to remonstrate with Aeneas.
In spite of the love and entreaties of Dido, the order is given
to sail, and once more the Trojans steer for Italy. Dido, herself118
through grief for her fickle lover, mounts the funeral pile and
stabs herself, and then her attendants burn her body. He
arrives a second time at Drepanum, and then for nine days Arrives

celebrates the funeral games in honour of his dead father, Sicily < a

second time
Anchises. While the games were in progress, some of the

Trojan women, despairing of ever having a settled home, fire
the ships. Jupiter sends rain and puts out the fire, but not

148

INTRODUCTION

Founds
Segesta

Wars in
Italy

till four ships are destroyed. Aeneas leaves in Sicily all the
elderly people and all weary of roaming, and these found
Segesta. The rest sail for Italy and land at Cumae. Then
he meets the Sibyl, under whose guidance he descends to
the lower world, and learns the full details of his future
life. Latinus, king of the land on which Aeneas landed, had
a daughter Lavinia, whose hand is sought for by Turnus, king
of the Rutuli. The Latins summon allies from all sides to
repel the foreigners, while Aeneas obtains the aid of Evander,
and seeks the assistance of the Etrurians. While he is
absent, the Trojan camp is attacked without success by
Turnus and the Latins. Aeneas returns, and displays his
prowess in battle. He slays Mezentius, the Etruscan, and
Turnus, and afterwards marries Lavinia.

Introduc-
tory

Aeneas
begins his
story

The wooden
horse

The Greeks
sail to
Tenedos

Joy of the
Trojans

VII

The Contents of the Second Book

The first book of the Aeneid relates how, when off the coast
of Sicily, seven years after the fall of Troy, a great storm fell
upon the fleet of Aeneas, and drove it upon the shores of
Libya, where he and his comrades were hospitably received
by Dido, queen of Carthage, in her newly-built capital. At
the conclusion of a royal banquet given in their honor, Dido
entreats Aeneas to tell the tale of Troy's destruction and his
own wanderings. The second and third books of the Aeneid
contain the narrative of these events. .

Compare with this the narrative of Ulysses to Alcinous in
the Odyssey, Books IX-XII.

1-13. Aeneas, amid breathless silence, thus begins : " Thou
biddest me tell a tale of woe, O queen, and thus renew
unutterable sorrow, but, though my mind shudders at the
remembrance, I address myself to the task."

12-24. Baffled in all their attempts to capture Troy, the
Greeks build a huge wooden horse, in which they conceal
their most noted leaders. They pretend it is a votive offering
to Minerva to ensure a safe return home. They then with-
drew with all their ships to Tenedos, an island near Troy.

25-39. The Trojans, in joy at the departure of their
enemies, sally forth, and delight to inspect the deserted

INTRODUCTION 149

shore. Conflicting opinions prevail as to what should be done Conflicting
with the horse. Some advise that it be destroyed ; others °garding the
that it be brought into the city. horse

40-56. Laocoon, priest of Neptune, mistrusts the Greeks, Laocoon's
"even when bearing gifts." To emphasize his fear otwt
strategy, he hurls his mighty spear against the belly of the
horse, which gives an ominously hollow sound.

57-76. Meanwhile a young Greek named Sinon has been Sinon
captured, and is dragged before King Priam. He has pur- fffifi^0"
posely thrown himself in the way, with the object of deceiving
the Trojans. He simulates fear, but is reassured by the
Trojans, who bid him give an account of himself.

77-144. Protesting his own veracity, Sinon goes on to tell Sinon's tale
of the betrayal of h's companion-in-arms, Palamedes, by^^™
Ulysses, his own grief and indignation, and the dire revenge
of Ulysses. He tragically breaks off his story just as he from the

reaches the most exciting part, and calls upon them to slay
him at once and gratify the Grecian leaders. Burning with
curiosity the Trojans bid him proceed, and he does so,
feigning emotion. The Greeks had long desired to return
home, and had been prevented only by adverse weather,
particularly when they had erected this horse to propitiate
Minerva. An oracle of Apollo informed them that, as they,
on leaving Greece, had appeased the winds by the blood of a
slain virgin, so now they must seek return by the sacrificing
of a Grecian life. Calchas, the seer, after ten days' silence,
named Sinon as the doomed one, and all acquiesce. As the
day of sacrifice approaches he snatches himself from death by
fleeing to a marsh and hiding till the Greeks have gone.
Sinon concludes his tale by a most pathetic reference to the
probable fate of his family at home, and breaks down in tears.

145-198. His tears have the desired effect. Priam orders sinon pre-
his fetters to be removed, bids him forget the Greeks, become tends to
a Trojan, and tell them why the horse was built. After again object of
" protesting too much " his pure intentions, Sinon proceeds to the horse
explain that the anger of Minerva was kindled against the
Greeks by the stealing of the Palladium, the sacred image
of Minerva, on the possession of which the safety of Troy
depended. Calchas declared that they must return to Greece
and seek fresh auspices. Meanwhile they must set up this

150

INTRODUCTION

horse as a propitiatory offering to Minerva, and build it huge
and high to prevent the Trojans from bringing it into
the city, and thus securing the divine protection it would
The Trojans carry with it. Tricked by this perjured art the Trojans yield
to the temptation so subtly put in their way, and " those
whom neither Tydeus' son nor Larissaean Achilles, nor ten
years nor a thousand ships could conquer," succumb to the
wiles of Sinon.

are deceived

Fate of
Laocoon

The horse
enters the
city

199-233. And now, as if to abet the treacherous Sinon,
Minerva sends from Tenedos two serpents to attack Laocoon,
as he is sacrificing at the altar. Side by side they swim the
channel, and with deadly aim make for the two sons of the
priest. After strangling the two boys, they turn upon
Laocoon himself as he comes to the rescue. His horrifying
shrieks rend the air. At last the serpents, their deadly work
over, seek the shelter of Minerva's statue, and nestle at her
feet. This intimation is all the superstitious Trojans require.
Laocoon's warning is now regarded as sacrilege, and his fate
as a punishment from Heaven.

234-249. Deceived by Sinon and influenced by the omen,
the Trojans make an opening in their walls, and, amid the
singing of boys and girls, draw the monster into the city.
Four times it is halted, and four times the arms within give
forth an ominous sound. But blinded and heedless the
Trojans persist, and station the horse in the very citadel.
Cassandra prophesies the dreadful result, but, as usual, is
disbelieved. Ignorant of their impending fate the hapless
Trojans deck themselves and celebrate the event.

250-267. Meanwhile night shrouds the city and " the wiles
of the Greeks " ; the Trojans rest in peaceful slumbers from
the unwonted excitement and merry-making of the day ; the
fleet steals back from Tenedos ; and Sinon, under cover of the
darkness, releases the pent-up Grecian heroes. The night-
watches are slain, and, admitting their comrades through the
open gates, the Greeks set out on their work of murder and
destruction.

The shade 268-297. The shade of Hector appears to Aeneas in his
warn»°T sleep, and, informing him of the true situation, bids him flee
Aeneas the city. Hector places the image of Vesta and the sacred

The Greeks
by night
take posses-
sion of the
city

INTRODUCTION 151

fire in Aeneas' hands and tells him to build for the household
gods of Troy a new city beyond the seas.

298-317. Aeneas awakes, rushes to the top of his father's Aeneas
house, and beholds the city in flames. He frantically seizes aroused
his arms, resolving to hasten to the citadel, and, if necessary,
to die fighting.

318-369. As he rushes forth, he is met by Panthus, priest p
of Apollo, who has just escaped from the citadel. In response brings
to enquiries, Parithus tells how the city has been captured. l m98
Aeneas hastens towards the scene of conflict and is joined by
several Trojans, among whom is Coroebus, the betrothed of a band of

Cassandra. Exhorted by Aeneas, this band moves on

a pack of hungry wolves. Terrible is the slaughter, and the rescue

manifold are the scenes of death.

370-434. Not all on one side is the carnage . Androgeos The tide 0*
and a large band of Greeks are taken unawares, and slain, battle is
On the suggestion of Coroebus, the victorious Trojans don but only
the armor of the fallen Greeks, and continue their deadly temporarily
work in disguise. Dismay is spread among the Greeks.
But, alas ! it is useless to fight against the fates. Coroebus
spies Cassandra dragged along in chains, and rushes to her
rescue. Here weapons of their friends kill many of the Tro-
jans, who are mistaken for Greeks ; and the Greeks suddenly
discovering the deception, rally from all quarters and over-
whelm the followers of Aeneas. Coroebus and others fall ; the
remainder are scattered.

435-505. Aeneas, with only two followers, now makes his j)estruct^on
way to the abode of Priam. Here the brunt of the battle of Priam's
rages, the Greeks assaulting and the Trojans stoutly defend-
ing. Aeneas enters by a secret door in the rear and goes out
upon the roof. He pries up a turret and hurls it down upon
the Greeks beneath. Many are crushed by the fall, but
others press on.

Pyrrhus, in glittering armor, smashes in the door, and
through the opening the terrified inmates can be seen. Me#n-
while despair and confusion reign within. The Greeks, led by
Pyrrhus, come pouring in like the resistless tide of a river.
The household is slain and the palace wrecked.

506-558. The aged king, seeing his palace in the hands of Death of
the enemy, girds on his armor, resolved to die in arms. His Priam

152 INTRODUCTION

wife, Hecuba, as she clings to the altar in the middle of the
court, sees him and calls upon him to take refuge with her.
Polites, one of Priam's sons, rushes in and is slain by Pyrrhus
before his father's eyes. The old man breaks forth into an
angry denunciation of the murderer, but the latter turns on
him, and with the words, ' ' Take this message to my father
in Hades, and be sure to tell him his son is degenerate," he
plunges his sword to the hilt in the old man's side. The body
of the once proud ruler of Asia now lies nameless and exposed
on the shore.

Aeneas 559-633. Aeneas suddenly finds himself alone, when he

espies Helen crouching in concealment by the temple of Vesta.
Indignant at the thought of her returning home in triumph
Prevented from the city which she has ruined, he is on the point of slay-
fromslay- jng herj j^ he js suddenly checked by his goddess-mother,
his mother, Venus. The latter bids him think of rescuing his family,
leaving Helen to her fate. Not Helen, but the gods have
brought about the downfall of Troy. The gods are then re-
vealed to Aeneas assisting the Greeks in the destruction of
the city. Aeneas' eyes are opened to the futility of further
resistance, and, protected by Venus, he passes to his home.
Aeneas pre- 634-729. Aeneas endeavors to persuade his father to flee,
I'eavethe ^ut *ne latter refuses. In vain do all the household implore
citv him to yield. Aeneas, in despair, calls for his arms, and is

about to rush forth to his death, when Creusa beseeches him
to remain and defend his home and family. Suddenly a
supernatural light plays harmlessly about the head of the
y°unS lul118- It is regarded as an omen by Anchises, who
overcome by calls upon Jupiter to ratify it. A favorable response being
a pro igy given, Anchises consents to accompany Aeneas. The latter
takes his father on his shoulders, and, with lulus at his side
and Creusa following at a distance, hastens out of the city.
Loss of 730-770. Hurrying along, in terror at every sight and

Creusa sound, Aeneas is suddenly alarmed by approaching foes, and
in the excitement becomes separated from Creusa. Not till
he reaches the temple of Ceres outside the walls, does he miss
her. His anguish then is heart-rending.

Leaving father, son, and companions, he returns in quest
of Creusa. From place to place he goes. The Greeks hold
everything ; yet he fills the air with cries for the lost Creusa.

INTRODUCTION 153

The shade 771-795. Suddenly the shade of Creusa confronts him. In
appears to affectionate terms she bids him grieve for her no longer, but
Aeneas ^ow to the will of Heaven. She then unfolds his future
career, and vanishes.

Aeneas flees 796-804. Recovering from his astonishment, Aeneas returns

^mountains *° n*s companions. He finds a pitiable throng collected to

accompany him into exile. And now as the morning star

rises above Ida, he again takes his father on his shoulders and

" flees to the mountains."

VIII

Manuscripts

There are seven MSS. in capitals of the ^Eneid. These are :

(1) The Vatican text, in the library of the Vatican. It contains
scattered portions of the jEneid and Georgics, and belongs to the period
of the Emperor Septimius Severus, 200 A. D.

(2) The Sangallensis, belonging to the library of St. Gall. It is
fragmentary, containing only portions of the ^Eneid and Georgics.

(3) The Mediceus, belonging to the period of 370 A.D. It contains
about half of the Eclogues, the whole of the Georgics and ^Eneid, and
is in the Laurentian Library of Florence.

(4) The Palatine in the Vatican Library, belonging to the 4th or
5th century A. D.

(5) The Romanus, belonging to the 4th century, also in the Vatican.
This and the Mediceus are the best.

(6) The Veronensis in the library of Verona.

(7) The Augustus, said to belong to the Augustan period. Part of it is
in Berlin, part in the Vatican.

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VERGIL, THE ROMAN POST

P. VEEGILI MAEONIS AENEIDOS

LIBER II

SCENE — Dido's Court: Carthage
Aeneas Begins His Story of the Fall of Troy

Conticuere omnes, intentique ora tenebant.

inde toro Pater Aeneas sic orsus ab alto :

infandum, regina, jubes renovare dolorem,

Trojanos ut opes et lamentabile regnum

eruerint Danai, quaeque ipse miserrima vidi, 5

et quorum pars magna fui. quis talia fando

Myrmidonum Dolopumve aut duri miles Ulixi

temperet a lacrimis 1 et jam nox umida caelo

praecipitat, suadentque cadentia sidera somnos,

sed si tantus amor casus cognoscere nostros, 10

et breviter Trojae supremum audire laborem,

quamquam animus meminisse horret luctuque refugit

incipiam.

155

156 VERGIL'S AENEID, n

The Wooden Horse

fracti bello fatisque repulsi
ductores Danaum, tot jam labentibus annis,
instar mentis equum divina Palladis arte 15

aedificant, sectaque intexunt abiete costas :
votum pro reditu simulant ; ea fama vagatur.
hue delecta virum sortiti corpora furtim
includunt caeco lateri, penitusque cavernas
ingentes uterumque armato milite complent. 20

The Greeks retire to Tenedos

Joy of the Trojans — Conflicting opinions as to the disposal of the horse.

est in conspectu Tenedos, notissima fama
insula, dives opum, Priami dum regna manebant,
nunc tantum sinus et statio male fida carinis :
hue se provecti deserto in litore condunt.
nos abiisse rati et vento petiisse Mycenas. 25

ergo omnis longo solvit se Teucria luctu :
panduntur portae ; juvat ire et Dorica castra
desertosque videre locos litusque relictum.
hie Dolopum manus, hie saevus tendebat Achilles ;
classibus hie locus, hie acie certare solebant. 30

pars stupet innuptae donum exitiale Minervae, "7^
et molem mirantur equi ; primusque Thymoetes
duel intra muros hortatur et arce locari,
sive dolo, seu jam Trojae sic fata ferebant.
at Capys, et quorum melior sententia menti, 35

aut pelago Danaum insidias suspectaque dona
praecipitare jubent, subjectisque urere flammis/
aut terebrare cavas uteri et temptare latebras.
scinditur incertum studia in contraria vulgus.

VERGIL'S AENEID, n 157

Laocoon's Warning
" Timeo Danaos et dona ferentes " — He hurls his spear at the horse.

primus ibi ante omnes, magna comitante caterva, 40
Laocoon ardens summa decurrit ab arce ;
et procul : ' o miseri, quae tanta insania, cives 1
creditis avectos hostes? aut ulla putatis
dona carere dolis Danaura ? sic notus Ulixes 1
aut hoc inclusi ligno occultantur Achivi, 45

aut haec in nostros fabricata est machina muros
inspectura domos venturaque desuper urbi ;
aut aliquis latet error : equo ne credite, Teucri.
quidquid id est, timeo Danaos et dona ferentes.'
sic fatus validis ingentem viribus hastam 50

in latus inque feri curvam corajsagibus alvum
contorsit. stetit ilia tremens, uteroque recusso
insonuere cavae gemitumque dedere cavernae.
et, si fata deum, si mens non laeva fuisset,
impulerat ferro Argolicas foedare latebras ; 55

Trojaque nunc staret, Priamique arx alta, maneres.

Sinon's Perfidy

Sinon appears on the scene. — His pitiful appeal.

ecce,' manus juvenem interea post terga revinctum
pastores magno ad regem clamore trahebant
Dardanidae, qui se ignotum venientibus ultro,
hoc ipsum ut strueret Trojamque aperiret Achivis, 60
obtulerat, fidens animi, afcque in utrumque paratus,
seu versare dolos, seu certae occumbere morti.
undique visendi studio Trojana juventus
circumfusa ruit, certantque illudere capto.
accipe nunc Danaura insidias, et crimine ab uno 65

disce omnes.
namque ut conspectu in medio turbatus inermis

158 VERGIL'S AENEID, n

constitit, atque oculis Phrygia agmina circumspexit :
1 heu, quae nunc tellus,' inquit, ' quae me aequora possunt
accipere? aut quid jam misero mini denique restat, 70
cui neque apud Danaos usquain locus, et super ipsi
Dardanidae infensi poenas cum sanguine poscunt 1 '
quo gemitu conversi animi, compressus et omnis
impetus, hortamur fari ; quo sanguine cretus,
quidve ferat, memoret, quae sit n'ducia capto. 75

ille haec, deposita tandem formidine, fatur :

Sinon's story of persecution by Ulysses.

1 cuncta equidem tibi, rex, f uerit quodcumque, fatebor

vera,' inquit : ' neque me Argolica de gente negabo :

hoc primum ; nee, si miserum fortuna Sinonem

finxit, vanum etiam mendacemque improba finget. 80

fando aliquod si forte tuas pervenit ad aures

Belidae nomen Palamedis et incluta fama

gloria, quern falsa sub proditione Pelasgi

insontem infando indicio, quia bella vetabat,

demisere neci, riunc cassum lumine lugent ; 85

illi me comitem et consanguinitate propinquum

pauper in arma pater primis hue misit ab annis.

dum stabat regno incolumis, regumque vigebat

consiliis, et nos aliquod nomenque decusque

gessimus. invidia postquam pellacis Ulixi — 90

haud ignota loquor — superis concessit ab oris,

afflictus vitam in tenebris luctuque trahebam,

et casuin insontis mecum indignabar amici.

nee tacui demens ; et me, fors si qua tulisset,

si patrios unquam remeassem victor ad Argos, 95

promisi ultprem, et verbis odia aspera movi.

hinc mihi prima mali labes ; hinc semper Ulixes

criminibus terrere novis ; hinc spargere voces

in vulgum ambiguas, et quaerere conscius arma.

The Fates
Clotho colum retinet, Lachesis net, et Atropoi ocoat.

VERGIL'S AENEID, n 159

nee requievit enim, donee Calchante ministro — 100

sed quid ego haec autem nequiquam ingrata revolvo ?
quidve moror, si omnes uno ordine habetis Achivos,
idque audire sat est 1 jamdudurn sumite poenas :
hoc Ithacus velit, et magno mercentur Atridae.'

turn vero ardemus scitari et quaerere causas, 105

ignari scelerum tantorum artisque Pelasgae.'
prosequitur pavitans, et ficto pectore fatur :

After feigning hesitation, Sinon renews his story — Instigated by Ulysses,
Calchas the seer dooms him to death.

1 saepe fugam Danai Troja cupiere relicta
' moliri et longo fessi discedere bello ; —
fecissentque utinam ! — saepe illos aspera ponti 110

interclusit hiems, et terruit Auster euntes.
praecipue, cum jam hie trabibus contextus acernis
staret equus, toto sonuerunt aethere nimbi,
suspensi Eurypylum scitantem oracula Phoebi
mittimus ; isque ad3Ttk haec tristia dicta reportat : 115

sanguine placastis ventos et virgine caesa,
cum primum Iliacas, Danai, venistis ad oras :
sanguine quaexendi reditus, animaque litanduin

Argolica. vulgi quae vox ut venit ad aures,

obstipuere animis, gelidusque per ima cucurrit 120

ossa tremor, cui fata parent, quern poscat Apollo.

hie Ithacus vatem magno Calchanta tumultu

protrahit in medios ; quae sint ea numina divum,

flagitat. et mihi jam multi crudele canebant

artificis scelus, et taciti ventura videban^. 125

bis quinos silet ille dies, tectusque recusat

prodere voce sua quemquam aut opponere morti.

vix tandem, magnis Ithaci clamoribus actus,

composito rumpit vocem, et me destinat arae.

adsensere omnes, et, quae sibi quisque timebat, 130

160 VERGIL'S AENEID, n

Vk^^iWr*.

unius in miseri exitium con versa tulere.
jamque dies infanda aderat ; mihi sacra parari,
et salsae fruges, et circum tempora vittae.

Sinon tells of his escape from the Greeks — King Priam takes pity on him,
welcomes him as a citizen of Troy, and bids him explain the object
of the horse.

eripui, fateor, leto me, et vincula rupi ;

limosoque lacu per noctem obscurus in ulva 135

delitui, dum vela darent, si forte dedissent.

nee mihi jam patriam antiquam spes ulla videndi,

nee dulces natos exoptatumque parentem ;

quos illi fors et poenas ob nostra reposcent

effugia, et culpam hanc miserorum morte piabunt. " 140

quod te per superos et conscia numina veri,

per, si qua est, quae restet adhuc mortalibus usquam

intemerata fides, oro, miserere laborum

tantorum, miserere animi non digna ferentis.'

his lacrimis vitam damus, et miserescimus ultro. 145
ipse viro primus manicas atque arta levari
vincla jubet Priam us, dictisque ita fatur amicis :
' quisquis es, amissos hinc jam obliviscere Graios :
noster eris ; mihique haec edissere vera roganti.
quo molem hanc immanis equi statuere? quis auctor? 150
quidve petunt ? quae religio aut quae machina belli ? '

Sinon resumes — The horse was erected to atone to Minerva for the theft
of the Palladium.

dixerat. ille dolis instructus et arte Pelasga,
sustulit exutas vinclis ad sidera palmas :
* vos aeterni ignes, et non violabile vestrum
testor numen,' ait, 'vos arae ensesque nefandi, 155

quos fugi, vittaeque deum, quas hostia gessi :
fas mihi Graiorum sacrata resolvere jura,

Minerva Bellica.

VERGIL'S AENEID, n 161

fas odisse viros, atque omnia ferre sub auras,

si qua tegunt : teneor patriae nee legibus ullis.

tu modo promissis maneas, servataque serves 160

Troja fidem, si vera feram, si magna rependam.

omnis spes Danaum et coepti fiducia belli
Palladis auxiliis semper stetit. impius ex quo
Tydides sed enim scelerumque inventor TJlixes,
fatale aggressi sacrato avellere templo 165

Palladium, caesis summae custodibus arcis,
corripuere sacram effigiem, manibusque cruentis
virgineas ausi divae contingere vittas ;
ex illo fluere ac retro sublapsa referri
spes Danaum; fractae vires, aversa deae mens. 170

nee dubiis ea signa dedit Tritonia monstris.
vix positum castris simulacrum : arsere coruscae
luminibus flammae arrectis, salsusque per artus
sudor iit, terque ipsa solo — mirabile dictu —
emicuit, parmamque ferens hastamque trementem. 1 75
extemplo temptanda f uga canit aequora Calchas ;
nee posse Argolicis exscindi Pergama telis,
omina ni repetant Argis, numenque reducant,
quod pelago et curvis secum avexere carinis.
et nunc, quod patrias vento petiere Mycenas, 180

arma deosque parant comites, pelagoque remenso
improvisi aderunt. ita digerit omina Calchas.
hanc pro Palladio raoniti, pro numine laeso
effigiem statuere, nefas quae triste piaret.

Sinon's master-stroke — The Trojans tempted to bring the horse into the

city.

hanc tamen immensam Calchas attollere inolem 185

roboribus textis, caeloque educere jussit,
ne recipi portis, aut duci in moenia possit,
neu populum antiqua sub religione tueri.

162 VERGIL'S AKNEID, n

nam si vestra mantis violasset dona Minervae,

turn magnum exitium — quod di prius omen in ipsum 190

convertant ! — Priami imperio Phrygibusque futurum :

sin manibus vestris vestram ascendisset in urbem,

ultro Asiam magno Pelqpea ad moenia. bello ft~

venturam, et nostros ea fata mane re nepotes.'

talibus insidiis perjurique arte Sinonis 195

credita res, captique dolis lacrimisque coactis

quos neque Tydides, nee Larissaeus Achilles,

non anni domuere decem, non mille carinae.

The Fate of Laocoon

hie aliud majus miseris mul toque tremendum
objicitur magis, atque improvida pectora turbat. 200

Laocoon, ductus Neptuno sorte sacerdos,
sollemnes taurum ingentem mactabat ad aras.
ecce autem gemini a Tenedo tranquil la per alta —
horresco referens — immensis orbibus angues
incumbunt pelago, pariterque ad litora tendunt ; 205

pectora quorum inter fluctus arrecta jubaeque
sanguineae superant undas ; pars cetera pontum
pone legit, sinuantque immensa volumine terga ;
fit sonitus spumante salo. jamque arya tenebant,
ardentesque oculos suffecti sanguine et igni 210

sibila lambebant linguis vibrantibus ora.
diffugirnns visji exsangyes : illi agmine cerjbo
Laocoo^ta petunt ; et primum parva duorum
corpora natorum serpens amplexus uterque
implicate et miseros mprsu depascitur artus ; 215

post ipsum, auxilio subeunteua ac tela ferentem,
corripiunt, spirisque ligant ingentibus ; et jam
bis medium amplexi, bis collo squamea circum
terga dati, superant capite et cervicibus altis.
ille simul manibus tend it divellepe nodos, 220

VERGIL'S AENEID, n 163

perfusus sanie vittas atroque veneno ;
clamores simul horrendos ad sidera toll it :
qualis mugitus, fugit cum saucius aram
taurus et incertam excussit cervice securing.

at gemini lapsu delubra ad summa dracones offa 225
effugiunt, saeyaeque petunt Tritorjidis arcem,
sub pedibusque deae, clipeique sub orbe teguntur.

turn vero tremefacta novus per pectora cunctis
insinuat pavor ; et scelus expendisse merentem
Laocoonta ferunt, sacrum qui cuspide robur 230

laeserit, tergo sceleratam intorserit hastam.
ducendum ad sedes simulacrum, orandaque divae
numina conclamant.

uT -^^ ^x^ I

The Horse Enters the City
dividimus muros et moenia pandimus urbis.
accingunt omnes operi, pedibusque rotarurn 235

subjiciunt lapsus, et stuppea vincula collo
intendunt. scandit fatalis machina muros,
feta armis : pueri circum innuptaeque puellae
sacra canunt, fuiiemque manu contingere gaudent.
ilia subit, mediaeque minans illabitur urbi. 240

o patria, o divum domus Ilium, et incluta bello
moenia Dardanidum ! quater ipso in limine portae
substitit, atque utero sonitum quater arma dedere.
iiistamus tamen immemores caecique furore,
et monstrum infelix sacrata sistimus arce. 245

tune etiam fatis aperit Cassandra futuris
ora, dei jussu non unquam credita Teucris.
nos delubra deum miseri, quibus ultimus esset
ille dies, festa velamus fronde per urbem.

Night falls — The fleet returns from Tenedos — Sinon releases the Grecian
heroes from within the horse.

vertitur interea caelum, et ruit Oceano nox 250

involveiis umbra magna terramque polumque
Myrmidonumque dolos ; f usi per moenia Teucri

164 VERGIL'S AENEID, n

conticuere ; sopor fessos complectitur artus.

et jam Argiva phalanx instructis navibus ibat

a Tenedo, tacitae per arnica silentia hmae, 255

litora nota petens, flam mas cum regia puppis

extulerat, f atisque deurn defensus iniquis,

inclusos utero Danaos et pinea furtim

laxat claustra Sinon. illos patefactus ad auras

reddit equus, laetique cavo se robore promunt 260

Thessandrus Sthenelusque duces, et dirus TJlixes,

demissum lapsi per funem, Acamasque, Thoasque,

Pelidesque Neoptolemus, primusque Machaon,

et Menelaus, et ipse doli fabricator Epeos.

invadunt urbem somno vinoque sepultam ; 265

caeduntur vigiles, portisque patentibus omnes

accipiunt socios, atque agmina conscia jungunt.

The Ghost of Hector Warns Aeneas

tempus erat, quo prima quies mortalibus aegris
incipit, et dono divum gratissima serpit.
in somnis, ecce, ante oculos maestissimus Hector 270

visus adesse mihi, largosque effundere fletus,
raptatus bigis, ut quondam, aterque cruento
pulvere, perque pedes trajectus lora tumentes.
hei mihi, qualis erat ! quantum mutatus ab illo
Hectore, qui redit exuvias indutus Achilli, 275

vel Danaurn Phrygios jaculatus puppibus ignes !
squalentem barbam, et concretos sanguine crines,
vulneraque ilia gerens, quae circum plurima muros
accepit patrios. ultro flens ipse videbar
compellare virum, et maestas expromere voces : 280

* o lux Dardaniae, spes o fidissima Teucrum,
quae tantae tenuere morae ? quibus Hector ab oris
exspectate venis ? ut te post multa tuorum
funera, post varios hominumque urbisque labores

•
VERGIL'S .AENEID, n 165

dejessi aspicimus ! quae causa indigna serenos 285

foedavit vultus 1 aut cur haec vulnera cerno ?

ille nihil, nee me quaerentem vana moratur,

sed graviter gemitus imo de pectore ducens,

{ heu ! f uge, nate dea, teque his,' ait, ' eripe flam mis.

hostis habet muros ; ruit alto a culmine Troja. 290

sat patriae Priamoque datum ; si Pergama dextra

defendi possent, etiam hac defensa fuissent. [I If*

sacra suosque tibi commend at Troja Penates ;

hos cape fatorum comites ; his moenia quaere,

magna pererrato statues quae denique ponto.' 295

sic ait, et manibus vittas Vestamque potentem

aeternumque adytis effort penetralibus ignem.

The Destruction of the City

Aeneas awakes, rushes to the top of his father's house and beholds the city

inflames.

diverso interea miscentur moenia luctu ;

et magis atque magis, quamquam secreta parentis

Anchisae domus arboribusque obtecta recessit, 300

clarescunt sonitus, armorumque ingruit horror.

excutior somno, et summi fastigia tecti

ascensu supero, atque arrectis auribus adsto ;

in segetem veluti cum flamma furentibus Austris \ '

incidit, aut rapidus montano flumine torrens 305

sternit agros, sternit sata laeta boumque labores,

praecipitesque trahit silvas, stupet inscius alto

accipiens sonitum saxi de vertice pastor.

turn vero manifesta fides, Danaumque patescunt

insidiae. jam Deiphobi dedit ampla ruinam, 310

Vulcano superante, domus ; jam proximus ardet

Ucalegon ; Sigea igni f reta lata relucent :

exoritur clamorque virum clangorque tubarum.

arma amens capio ; nee sat rationis in armis ;

-

\v/
166 VERGIL'S AKNEID, 11

sed glomerare raanum bello et concurrere in arcem 315
cum sociis ardent animi. furor iraque mentem
praecipitant, pulchrumque mori succurrit in armis.

Panthus, priest of Apollo, brings tidings.

ecce autem telis Panthus elajDSus Achivum,
Panthus Othryades, arcis Phoebique sacerdos,
sacra manu victosque deos parvumque nepotern 320

ipse trahit, cursuque amens ad limina tendit.
: quo res summa loco, Parithu ? quam prendimus arcem V
vix ea fatus eram, gemitu cum talia reddit :
venit summa dies et ineluctabile tempus
Dardaniae. fuimus Troes, fuit Ilium et ingens 325

gloria Teucrorum. ferus omnia Juppiter Argos
transtulit : incensa Danai dominantur in urbe.
arduus armatos mediis in moenibus adstans
fundit equus, victorque Sinon incendia miscet
insultans : portis alii bipatentibus adsunt, 330

millia quot magnis umquam venere Mycenis ;
obsedere alii telis angusta viarum
oppositi ; stat ferri acies mucrone corusco ,
stricta, parata neci ; vix primi proelia temptant
portarum vigiles, et caeco Marte resistunt.' 335

Maddened by the news, Aeneas rushes forth, and is joined by several

Trojans.

talibus Othryadae dictis et numine divum

in nammas et in arma feror, quo tristis Erinys,

quo freinitus vocat et sublatus ad aethera clamor.

addimt se socios Rhipeus et maximus armis

Epytus, oblati per lunam, Hypanisque Dymasque, 340

et lateri agglomerant nostro, juvenisque Coroebus

Mygdonides. illis ad Trojam forte diebus

venerat, insano Cassandrae incensus amore,

VERGIL'S AENEID, n 167

et gener auxilium Priamo Phrygibusque ferebat,

infelix, qui non sponsae praecepta furentis 345

audierit.

These he exhorts to face death brave'y, and together they press on like a
pack of hungry wolves.

quos ubi confertos audere in proelia vidi,
incipio super his : ' juvenes, fortissima frustra
pectora, si vobis audentem extrema cupido
certa sequi, quae sit rebus fortuna videtis : 350

excessere omnes, adytis arisque relictis,
di, quibus imperium hoc steterat ; succurritis urbi
incensae : inoriamur, et. in media arma ruamus :
una salus victis nullara sperare salutem.'
sic animis juvenum furor additus. inde, lujvi ceu 355
rapt&rts atra in nebula, quos improba ventris
exegit caecos rabies, catulique relicti
faucibus exspectant siccis, per tela, per hostes
vadimus haud dubiam in mortem, mediaeque tenemus

A/I

urbis iter.

nox atra cava circumvolat umbra. 360

quis cladem illius noctis, quis funera fando
explicet, aut possit lacrimis aequare labores *?
urbs antiqua ruit, multos dominata per annos;
plurima perque vias stermmtur inertia passim
corpora, perque domos et religiosa deorum 365

limina. nee soli poenas dant sanguine Teucri \
quondam etiam victis redit in praecordia virtus,
victoresque cadunt Danai. crudelis ubique
luctus, ubique pavor, et plurima mortis imago.

The tide of battle turns — Androgeos and his band of Greeks surprised and
slaughtered.

primus se, Danaum magna comitante caterva, 370

Androgeos offert nobis, socia agmma credens
inscius, atque ultro verbis compellat amicis :

168 VERGIL'S ABNEID, n

AJ
.
' festinate vin : nam quae tarn sera moratur

segnities ? alii rapiunt incensa feruntque
Pergama : vos celsis mmc primum a navibus itis ! ' 375
dixit ; et extemplo — neque enim responsa dabantur^
fida satis — sensit medios delapsus in hostes.
o^stipuit, retroque pedein cum voce repressit.
improvisum aspris veluti qui sentibus anguem
pressit humi nitens, trepidusque repente refugit 380

attollentem iras, et cqerula, colla tumentem :
baud jigcus Androgeos visu tremefactus abibat. ty/>
, irruimus, densis et circumfundimur armis,
ignarosque loci passim et fqrmidine captos
sternimus. adspirat primo fortuna labori. 385

Donning the armor of the fallen Greeks, Aeneas and hisfolloivers spread
terror among the invaders. " Multos Danaum demittimus Oreo."

atque hie successu exsultans animisque Coroebus,
'o socii, qua prima,' inquit, 'fortuna salutis
monstrat iter, quaque ostendit se dextra, sequamur :
mutemus clipeos, Danaumque insignia nobis
aptemus. dolus an virtus, quis in hoste requirat ? 390
arma dabunt ipsi.' sic fatus deiiide comantem
Androgei galeam clipeique insigne decorum
induitur, laterique Argivum accommodat ensem.
hoc Rhipeus, hoc ipse Dymas, omnisque juventus
laeta facit ; spoliis se quisque recentibus armat. 395

vadimus immixti Danais hand numine nostro,
multaque per caecam congressi proelia noctem
conserimus ; multos Danaum demittimus Oreo,
diffugiunt alii ad naves, et litora cursu
fida petunt ; pars ingentem formidine turpi 400

scandunt rursus equum, et nota conduntur in alvo.

Helen of Troy.

SIR FRED'K LEIQHTON.

VERGIL'S -AENEID, n 169

But, alas! the Fates are against them — Coroebus, by the rescue of
Cassandra, draws fresh hordes of Greeks upon them.

^

heu nihil invitis fas quemquam fidere divis !

ecce trahebatur passi& Priameia virgo
crinibus a templo Cassandra adytisque Minervae,
ad caelum tendens ardentia lurnina frustra, 405

lumina, nam teneras arcebant vincula palmas.
non tulit hanc speciein furiata mente Coroebus,
et sese medium injecit periturus in agmen.
consequimur cuncti et densis incurrimus armis.
hie primum ex alto delubri culmine telis 410

nostrorum obruimur, oriturque rniserrima caedes
armorum facie et Graiarum errore jubarum.
turn Danai gemitu atque erep,tae virginis ira f
undique collecti invadunt, acerrimus Ajax,
et gemini Atridae, Dolopumque exercitus omnis : 415
adversi rupto ceu quondam turbine venti
confligunt, Zephyrusque, Notusque, et laetus Eois
Eurus equis : stridunt silvae, saevitque tridenti
spumeus atque into Nereus ciet aequora fundo.
( illi etiarn, si quos obscura nocte per umbram 420

fudimus insidiis, totaque agitavimus urbe,
apparent ; primi clipeos mentitaque tela j

agnoscunt, atque ora sono discordia signant. \

Coroebus and others fall— The rest of the band are scattered.

ilicet obruimur numero : primusque Coroebus

Penelei dextra divae armipotentis ad aram 425

procumbit ; cadit et Rhipeus, justissimus unus

qui fuit in Teucris et servantissimus aequi ;

dis aliter visum ; pereunt Hypanisque Dymasque,

confixi a sociis ; nee te tua plurima, Panthu,

labentem pietas, nee Apollinis infula texit. VV 430

Iliaci cineres, et flamma extrema meorum,

170 VERGII/S AENEID, II

tester, in occasu vestro nee tela nee ullas
vitavisse vices Danaum, et si fata fuissent,
ut caderem, meruisse manu.

Destruction of Priam's Palace
Conflict at the doors of the Palace.

divellimur inde :

Iphitus et Pelias mecum ; quorum Iphitus aevo 435

jam gravior, Pelias et vulnere tardus Ulixi ;
protinus ad sedes Priami clamore vocati.
One vero ingentem pugnam, ceu cetera nusquam
bella forent, nulli tota morerentur in urbe, ^

sic Martem indomitum, Danaosque ad tecta ruentes 440
cernimus, obsessumque acta testiidine lime£T)
haerent parietibus scalae, postesque sub ipsos
nituntur gradibus, clipeosque ad tela sinistris
protecti objiciunt, prensant fastigia dextris.
Dardanidae contra turres ac tecta domoruin 445

culmina convellunt : his se, quando ultima cernunt,
extrema jam in morte parant defendere telis ;
auratasque trabes, veterum decora alta parentum,
devolvunt : alii strictis mucronibus imas
obsedere fores; has servant agmine denso. 450

H "

Aeneas enters by a postern, rushes to the roof, and hurls a tower upon the
Greeks below.

instaurati animi, regis succurrere tectis,
auxilioque levare viros, vimque addere victis.
limen erat caecaeque fores et pervius usus
tectorum inter se Priami, postesque relicti
a tergo, infelix qua se, dum regna manebant, 455

saepius Andromache ferre incomitata solebat
ad soceros, et avo puerum Astyanacta trahebat.

j PL *

/

VEKGIL'S AENEID, n
evado ad summi fastigia culminis, unde

v r ~~ ~ •—

tela manu miseri jactabant irrita Teucri.
K turrim in praecipiti stantem summisque sub astra

eductam tectis, unde omnis Troja videri
v /J\et Danaum solitae naves et Achaica castra,

aggressi ferro circumj qua summa labantes

juncturas tabulata dabant j convellimus altis

sedibus, impulimusque : 6a lapsa repente ruinam 465

cum sonitu trahit, et Danaum super agmina late

But in vain : Pyrrhus and others press forward — An opening in the door

is made.
^
ast alii subeunt ; iiec saxa, nee ullum

telorum interea cessat genus.

vestibulum ante ipsum primoque in limine Pyrrhus
exsultat telis et luce coruscus aena : 470

quali$ ubi in lucem coluber mala gramina pastus,

frigida sub terra tumidum quqm bruma tegebat,

\ ' . . . . "^T-v^1"*^! " L

nunc positis novus exuvus mtidusque juventa,

lubrica convolvit sublato pectore terga,

arduus ad golem, et lirigitis tnicat ore trisulcis. 475

una ingens Periphas et equorum agitator Achillis

armiger Automedon, una omnis Scyria pubes

succedunt tecto, et flammas ad culmina jactant.

ipse inter primos correpta dura bipeniii

limina perrumpit, postesque a cardine vellit 480

aeratos ; jamque excisa trabe firma cavavit

robora, et ingentem lato dedit gre fenestram.M/l^^
apparet domus intus, et atria longa patescunt ;
apparent Priami et veterura penetralia regum,
armatosque vident stantes in limine primo. 485

h

172 VERGIL'S AENEID, n

in — The r^

Scene of despair within the palace — The dread Pyrrhus bursts in — The
household slaughtered — "tenent Danai, qua deficit ignis.1'

at domus interior gemitu miseroque tumultu y^/f^
miscetur ; penitusque cavae plangoribus aedes
femineis ululant ; ferit aurea sidera clamor.
turn pavidae tectis matres ingentibus errant.
amjDiexaeque tenent postes, atque oscula figunt. 490

instat vi patria Pyrrhus ; nee clajistra, neque ipsi u-lAo
custodes sufferre valent. labat ariete crebro
janua, et emoti procurabunt cardine postes.
fit via vi : rumpunt aditus, primbsque trucidant

iminissi Danai, et late loca milite complent. 495

.
non sic, aggenbus ruptis cum spumeus amnis

exiit, oppositasque evicit gurgite nwles,^ ^
fertur injvrva fivrens cumulo, camposque per omnes
cum stabulis armenta trahit. vidi ipse furentem
caede Neoptolemum, geminosque in limine Atridas : 500
vidi Hecubam centumque nurus, Priamumque per aras
sanguine foedantem quos ipse sacraverat ignes.
quinquaginta illi thalami, spes tanta nepotum,
barbarico postes auro spoliisque superbi,
procubuere : tenent Danai, qua deficit ignis. 505

Death of Priam

forsitan et, Priami fuerint quae fata, requiras.
urbis uti captae casum convulsaque vidit
limiria tectorum, et medium in penetralibus hostem,
arma diu senior desueta trementibus aevo
circumdat nequiquam umeris, et inutile ferrum 510

cingitur, ac densos fertur moriturus in hostes.
aedibus in mediis nudoque sub aetheris axe
ingens ara fuit juxtaque veterrima laurus,
incumbens arae atque umbra complexa penates.
hie Hecuba et natae nequiquam altaria circum, 515

Flight of Aeneas.

VERGIL'S AENEID, n 173

praecipites atra ceu tempestate columbae,
condensae et divom amplexae simulacra sedebant.
ipsum autem sumptis Priam um juvenalibus armis
ut vidit, 'quae mens tarn dira, miserrime conjunx,
impulit his cingi telis1? aut quo ruis1?' inquit. 520

' non tali auxilio, nee defensoribus istis
tempus egefc ; non, si ipse meus nunc adforefc Hector,
hue tandem concede ; haec ara tuebitur omnes,
aut moriere simul.' sic ore effata recepit
ad sese, et sacra longaevum in sede locavit. 525

ecce aufcem elapsus Pyrrhi de caede Polites,
unus natorum Priami, per tela, per hostes
porticibus longis fugit, et vacua atria lustrat
saucius. ilium ardens infesto vulnere Pyrrhus
insequttur, jam jamque manu tenet et premit hasta. 530
ut tandem ante oculos e\ asit et ora parentum,
concidit, ac multo vitam cum sanguine fudit.
hie Priamus, quamquam in media jam morte tenetur,
non tamen abstinuit, nee voci iraeque pepercit.

' at tibi pro scelere,' exclamat, l pro talibus ausis, 535

di, si qua est caelo pietas, quae talia curet,
persolvant grates dignas, et praemia reddant
debita, qui nati coram me cernere letum
fecisti, et patrios foedasti funere vultus.
at non ille, satum quo te mentiris, Achilles 540

talis in hoste fuit Priamo ; sed jura fidemque
supplicis erubuit, corpusque exsangue sepulcro
reddidit Hectoreum, meque in mea regna rernisit.'
sic fatus senior, telumque imbelle sine ictu
conjecit, rauco quod protinus acre repulsum, 545

et summo clipei nequiquam umbone pependit.
cui Pyrrhus : * referes ergo haec, et nuntius ibis
Pelidae genitori : illi mea tristia facta
degeneremque Neoptolemuni narrare memento ;

174 VERGIL'S AENEID, n

nunc morere.' hoc dicens, altaria ad ipsa trementem 550
traxit et in multo lapsantem sanguine nati,
implicuitque comam laeva, dextraque coruscum
extulit ac lateri capulo tenus abdidit ensem.
haec finis Priami fatorum ; hie exifcus ilium
sorte tulit, Trojam incensam et prolapsa videntem 555
Pergama, tot quondam populis terrisque superbum
regnatorem Asiae. jacet ingens litore truncus,
avulsumque umeris caput, et sine nomine corpus.

Turning sadly aivay, Aeneas espies Helen, and in rage is about
to slay her,

at me turn primum saevus circumstetit horror,
obstipui ; subiit cari genitoris imago, 560

ut regem aequaevum crudeli vulnere A'idi
vitam exhalantem ; subiit deserta Creiisa,
et direpta domus, et parvi casus luli.
respicio, et quae sit me circum copia lustro.
deseruere omnes defessi, et corpora saltu 565

ad terram misere aut ignibus aegra dedere.
jamque adeo super unus erarn, cum limina Vestae
servantem et tacitam secreta in sede latentem
Tyndarida aspicio ; dant clara incendia lucem
erranti passimque oculos per cuncta ferenti. 570

ilia sibi infestos eversa ob Pergama Teucros,
et poenas Danaum et deserti conjugis iras
praemetuens, Trojae et patriae communis Erinys,
abdiderat sese, atque aris invisa sedebat.
exarsere ignes animo ; subit ira cadentem 575

ulcisci patriam, et sceleratas sumere poenas :
scilicet haec Spartam incolumis patriasque Mycenas
aspiciet, partoque ibit regina triumpho?
conjugiumque domumque patres natosque videbit,
Iliadum turba et Phrygiis comitata ministris] 580

VERGIL'S AENEID, n 175

occiderit ferro Priamus ? Troja arserit igni ?

Dardanium to ties sudarit sanguine litus 1

non ita. namque, etsi nullum memorabile nomen

feminea in poena est nee habet victoria laudem,

exstinxisse nefas tamen et sumpsisse merentes 585

laudabor poenas, animumque explesse juvabit

ultricis flammae, et cineres satiasse meorum.

but he is checked by Venus, who reveals to him the fated destruction
of the city and urges him to rescue his family.

talia jactabam, et furiata mente ferebar,
cum mihi se, non ante oculis tarn clara, videndam
obtulit, et pura per noctem in luce refulsit 590

alma parens, confessa deam, qualisque videri
caelicolis et quanta solet ; dextraque prehensum
continuit, roseoque haec insuper addidit ore :
1 nate, quis indomitas tantus dolor excitat iras 1
quid f uris ? aut quonam nostri tibi cura recessit? 595
non prius aspicies, ubi fessum aetate parentem
liqueris Anchisen? superet conjunxne Creiisa,
Ascaniusque puer ? quos omnes undique Graiae
circum errant acies, et, ni mea cura resistat,
jam flammae tulerint inimicus et hauserit ensis. 600

non tibi Tyndaridis facies in visa Lacaenae,
culpatusve Paris, divum inclementia, divum,
has evertit opes, sternitque a culmine Trojam.
aspice — namque omnem, quae nunc obducta tuenti
mortales hebetat visus tibi et umida circum 605

caligat, nubem eripiam : tu ne qua parentis
jussa time, neu praeceptis parere recusa —
hie, ubi disjectas moles avulsaque saxis
saxa vides, mixtoque undantem pulvere fumum,
Neptunus muros magnoque emota tridenti 610

fundamenta quatit, totamque a sedibus urbem

176 VERGIL'S AENEID, n

emit, hie Juno Scaeas saevissima portas

prima tenet, sociumque furens a navibus agmen

ferro accincta vocat.

jam summas arces Tritonia, respice, Pallas 615

insedit, limbo effulgens et Gorgone saeva.

ipse Pater Danais animos viresque secundas

sufficit ; ipse deos in Dardana suscitat arma.

eripe, nate, fugam, finemque inpone labori.

nusquam abero, et tutum patrio te limine sistam.' 620

dixerat ; et spissis noctis se condidit umbris.

apparent dirae facies, inimicaque Trojae

numina magna deum.

Despair of Aeneas

turn vero omne mihi visum considere in ignes
Ilium, et ex imo verti Neptunia Troja ; 625

ac veluti summis antiquam in montibus ornum
cum ferro accisam crebrisque bipennibus instant
eruere agricolae certatlm ; ilia usque minatur
et tremefacta comam concusso vertice nutat,
vulneribus donee paulatim, evicta supremum 630

congemuit traxitque jugis avulsa ruinam.

Passing to his home, Aeneas in vain endeavors to induce his father
to leave Troy.

descendo, ac ducerite deo flammam inter et hostes
expedior ; dant tela locum, flammaeque recedunt.

atque ubi jam patriae perventum ad limina sedis
antiquasque domos, genitor, quern tollere in altos 635
optabam primum montes primumque petebam,
abnegat excisa vitam producere Troja,
exsiliumque pati. * vos o, quibus integer aevi
sanguis,' ait, ' solidaeque suo stant robore vires,
vos agitate fugam. 640

VERGIL'S AENEID, n 177

me si caelicolae voluissent ducere vitam,

has mihi servassent sedes. satis una superque

vidimus excidia, et captae superavimus urbi.

sic, o sic positum adfati discedite corpus.

ipse manu mortem inveniam : miserebitur hostis, 645

exuviasque petet. facilis jactura sepulcri.

jam pridem invisus divis et inutilis annos

demoror, ex quo me divum pater atque hominum rex

fulmiiiis adflavit ventis, et contigit igni/

talia perstabat memorans, fixusque manebat. 650

nos contra effusi lacrimis, conjunxque Creiisa

Ascaniusque omnisque domus ne vertere secum

cuncfca pater fatoque urgenti incumbere vellet.

abnegat, inceptoque et sedibus haeret in isdem.

In desperation, Aeneas resolves to rush to his death, but his wife holds

him back.

rursus in arma feror, mortemque miserrimus opto. 655
nam quod consilium aut quae jam fortuna dabatur 1
' mene efferre pedem, genitor, te posse relicto
sperasti 1 tantumque nef as patrio excidit ore ]
si nihil ex tanta superis placet urbe relinqui,
et sedet hoc animo, perituraeque addere Trojae 660

teque tuosque juvat, patet isti janua leto,
jamque aderit multo Priami de sanguine Pyrrhus,
natum ante ora patris, patrem qui obtruncat ad aras.
hoc erat, alma parens, quod me per tela, per ignes
eripis, ut mediis hostem in penetralibus, utque 665

Ascanium patremque meum juxtaque Creiisam
alterurn in alterius mactatos sanguine cernam 7
arma, viri, ferte arma : vocat lux ultima victos.
reddite me Danais ; sinite instaurata revisam
proelia. numquam omnes hodie moriemur inulti.' 670
hinc ferro accingor rursus, clipeoque sinistram

178 VERGIL'S AENEID, n

insertabam aptans, meque extra tecta ferebam.
ecce autem complexa pedes in limine conjunx
haerebat, parvumque patri tendebat liiluna ;
'si periturus abis, et nos rape in omnia tecum ; 675

sin aliquam expertus sumptis spem ponis in armis,
hanc primum tutare domum. cui parvus liilus,
cui pater, et conjunx quondam tua dicta relinquorT

Anchises' obstinacy overcome by an omen.
talia vociferans gemitu tectum omne replebat ;
cum subitum dictuque oritur mirabile monstrum. 680
namque manus inter maestorumque ora parentum,
ecce levis summo de vertice visus luli
f undere lumen apex, tactuque innoxia molles
lambere flamma comas, et circum tempora pasci.
nos pavidi trepidare metu, crinemque flagrantem 685

excutere, et sanctos restinguere fontibus ignes.
at pater Anchises oculos ad sidera laetus
extulit, et caelo palmas cum voce tetendit :
' Juppiter omnipotens, precibus si flecteris ullis,
aspice nos — hoc tantum — et, si pietate meremur, 690

da deinde auxilium, pater, atque haec omina firma.'

vix ea fatus erat senior, subitoque fragore
intonuit laevum, et de caelo lapsa per umbras
stella facem ducens multa cum luce cncurrit.
illam, suinma super labentem culmina tecti, 695

cernimus Idaea claram se condere silva,
signantemque vias ; turn longo limite sulcus
dat lucem, et late circum loca sulfure fumant.
hie vero victus genitor se tollit ad auras,
adfaturque deos, et sanctum sidus adorat. 700

* jam, jam nulla mora est ; sequor, et qua ducitis, adsum,
di patrii ; servate domum, servate nepotem ;
vestrum hoc augurium, vestroque in numine Troja est.
cedo equidem, nee. nate, tibi comes ire recuso,*

VERGIL'S AENEID, n 179

Aeneas, with Anchises on his shoulder, lulus at his side and his wife
Creusa following at a distance, proceeds to leave the city.

dixerat ille ; et jam per moenia clarior ignis 705

auditur, propiusque aestus incendia volvunt.

ergo age, care pater, cervici imponere nostrae ;

ipse subibo umeris, nee me labor iste gravabit ;

quo res cumque cadent, unum et commune periclum,

una salus ambobus erit. mihi parvus lulus 710

sit comes, et longe servet vestigia conjunx.

vos, famuli, quae dicam, animis advertite vestris.

est urbe egressis tumulus templumque vetustum

desertae Cereris, juxtaque antiqua cupressus,

religione patrum multos servata per annos : 715

hanc ex diverso sedem veniemus in unam.

tu, genitor, cape sacra manu patriosque penates :

me, bello e tanto digressum et caede recenti,

attrectare nefas, donee me flumine vivo

abluero.' 720

haec fatus, latos umeros subjectaque colla

veste super fulvique insternor pell'e leonis ;

succedoque oneri. dextrae se parvus lulus

implicuit, sequiturque patrem non passibus aequis :

pone subit conjunx.

Loss of Creusa

Hurrying along in terror, Aeneas is by a sudden alarm separated
from his wife.

ferimur per opaca locorum ; 725
et me, quern dudum non ulla injecta movebant
tela, neque adverse glomerati ex agmine Graii,
nunc omnes terrent aurae, sonus excitat omnis
suspensum et pariter comitique onerique timentem.
jamque propinquabam portis, omnemque videbar 730
evasisse viam, subito cum creber ad aures

180 VERGIL'S AENEID, n

visus adesse pedum sonitus, genitorque per urabram

prospiciens, ' nate/ exclamat, ' fuge, nate ; propinquant :

ardentes clipeos atque aera micantia cerno.'

hie mihi nescio quod trepido male numen amicum 735

confusam eripuit mentem. namque avia cursu

dum sequor, et nota excedo regione viarum,

heu ! misero conjunx fa tone erepta Creiisa

substitit, erravitne via, seu lassa resedit?

incertum ; nee post oculis est reddita nostris. 740

nee prius amissam respexi, animumve reflexi,

quam tumulum antiquae Cereris sedemque sacratam

veninius : hie demum collectis omnibus una

defuit, et comites natumque virumque fefellit.

Leaving his father and son outside the city, he hastens back in
search of Creusa.

quern non incusavi amens hominumque deorumque ? 745

aut quid in e versa vidi crudelius urbe 1

Ascanium Anchisenque patrem Teucrosque Penates

commendo sociis, et curva valle recondo ;

ipse urbem repeto, et cingor fulgentibus armis.

stat casus renovare omnes, omnemque reverti 750

per Trojam, et rursus caput objectare periclis.

principio muros obscuraque limina portae,
qua gressum extuleram, repeto ; et vestigia retro
observata sequor per noctem et lumine lustro.
horror ubique animo, simul ipsa silentia terrent. 755

inde domum, si forte pedem, si forte, tulisset,
me refero. irruerant Danai, et tectum omne tenebant.
ilicet ignis edax summa ad fastigia vento
volvitur ; exsuperant flammae ; furit aestus ad auras,
procedo, et Priami sedes arcemque reviso. 760

et jam porticibus vacuis Jimonis asylo
custodes lecti Phoenix et dirus Ulixes

VERGIL'S AENEID, n 181

praedam adservabant. hue undique Troja gaza

incensis erepta adytis mensaeque deorum

crateresque auro solidi captivaque vestis 765

congeritur. pueri et pavidae longo ordine matres

stant circum.

ausus quin etiain voces jactare per umbram

implevi clamore vias, maestusque Creiisam

nequiquam ingeminans iterumque iterumque vocavi. 770

The shade of Creusa appears to Aeneas and, consoling him for her
loss, predicts his glorious future.

quaerenti et tectis urbis sine fine furenti
infelix simulacrum atque ipsius umbra Creiisae
visa mihi ante oculos, et nota major imago,
obstipui, steteruntque comae, et vox faucibus haesit.
turn sic adfari, et curas his demere dictis : 775

1 quid tantum insano juvat indulgere dolori,
o dulcis conjunx ? non haec sine numine divum
eveniunt : nee te hinc comitem asportare Creiisam
fas aut ille sinit superi regnator Olympi.
longa tibi exsilia, et vastum maris aequor arandum, 780
et terram Hesperiam venies, ubi Lydius arva
inter opima virum leni fluit agmine Thybris j
illic res laetae regnumque et regia conjunx
parta tibi ; lacrimas dilectae pelle Creiisae.
non ego Myrmidonum sedes Dolopumve superbas 785
aspiciam, aut Graiis servitum matribus ibo,
Dardanis, et divae Veneris nurus :
sed me magna deum Genetrix his detinet oris.
jamque vale, et nati serva communis amorem/
haec ubi dicta dedit, lacrimantem et multa volentem 790
dicere deseruit, tenuesque recessit in auras,
ter conatus ibi collo dare bracchia circum j
ter frustra comprensa manus effugit imago,
par levibus ventis, volucrique simillima somno.

182 VERGIL'S AENEID, n

In the grey dawn Aeneas returns to his .companions, and, taking up
his aged father, "flees to the mountains."

sic demum socios consumpta nocte revise. 795

atque hie ingentem comitum affluxisse novorum
invenio admirans numerum, matresque virosque,
collectam exsilio pubem, miserabile vulgus.
undique convenere, animis opibusque parati,
in quascumque velim pelago deducere terras. 800

jamque jugis summae surgebat Lucifer Idae,
ducebatque diem ; Danaique obsessa tenebant
limina portarum, nee spes opis ulla dabatur :
cessi, et sublato monies genitore petivi.'

CONNECTION OF THE JULIAN FAMILY WITH
THE TROJANS

Jupiter

Dard

anus

11

Laon

Ti

•os

-acus
jys

|
us Ganymede Assa

ledon

!

Priam = Hecuba Tith

onus Ca

Hector =

= Andromache Men

mon Anc

lises

Astj

anax Aer

eas

Asc

uiius or liilus

The Julii

in family

183

NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID.
Book II

N.B. — In the grammatical references H. L. refers to the New First Latin Book by
Henderson and Little. The numbers refer to the pages and sections on the page.

1. conticuere — tenebant : "all were hushed, and, having their faces
turned, they kept them (turned)." The perfect (conticuere) describes a
single completed act, while the imperfect (tenebant) expresses duration.
— ora may be the object of tenebant, or accusative of Respect after
intent! ; cp. Aen. 6, 156, defixus lumina, H. L., 283, 7.

2. orsus so. est, from ordior ; often the parts of the verb esse are
omitted in the perfect: see vs. 25, 165, 168, 172, 196.— alto, "high"
above the others as a mark of honor.

3. infandum : note the emphasis gained by position : " too grievous to
tell is the woe thou bid'st me recall." — jubeo, like Kzfavu in Greek, is used
for both requests and commands. — sc. me with jubes.

4. ut eruerint : Indirect Question depending on the verb of telling
implied in renovare dolorem since this is equivalent to renovare
dolorem narrando : "how the Greeks utterly destroyed the power of Troy
and her woeful realm" : H. L., 200, 4. — lamentabile ; adjs. in -bilis are
usually passive as here. With the sentiment : cp. Tennyson, Locksley

Hall—

This is truth the poet sings,
That a sorrow's crown of sorrow is remembering happier things.

5. quaeque— fui: "and the very sad sights which I myself beheld and
whereof I have formed a great part ; " both of these clauses are explana-
tory of dolorem. The narrative of Aeneas is largely personal and deals
with the capture of Troy only ; quaeque is epexegetic and limitative.

6. talia fando : " in telling such a tale," or " ivhile such a tale is told,"
or equivalent to a conditional clause : " if I were to tell such a tale."

7. Myrmidonum — Dolopum — Ulixi : Aeneas purposety mentions the
most hard-hearted soldiers of the Grecian host. The Myrmidones and
Dolopes were the soldiers from Phthia in Thessaly under the command
of Achilles and his son Neoptolemus, while Ulixes, "the wiliest of
men," is taken as a stock example of Greek perfidy. — duri, "hardy:
cp. the Homeric Tro/lur/ldf. — Ulixi, from the form Ulixeus (cp. Hor.

185

186

Od. 1, 6, 7), gen. Ulixei and then contracted into Ulixi ; so also
Achilles, gen. Achillei, Achilli. Note the difference between -ve dis-
joining members of the same class and aut disjoining different classes.

8. temperet a lacrimis : "could refrain from tears": Rhetorical
Question; H. L., 193, 4. What answer is implied in a Rhetorical Ques-
tion ? — caelo praecipitat : "is speeding down the slope of heaven ; " it is
now past midnight. Night was said by the Romans to rise and set as
the sun ; v. 250.— caelo : H. L., 291, 3.

9. suadentque— somnos : bring out the alliteration in the original
by translating, " and the setting stars invite us to slumber."

10. si, sc., est vobis : H. L., 285, 6.

11. supremum— laborem : "to hear Troy's last agony;" so also we
have the euphemistic expressions dies supremus, " the day of death ; "
supremum iter, " the last journey."

12. quamquam— refugit : "though my mind shudders at the recollection
and has ever shrunk back from it in sorrow, I will begin." Distinguish
between the construction of quamquam and quamvis : H. L. , 254, 2, 3 ;
255, 4. Note the difference in the tense of horret and refugit ; the
former describes the present feelings of Aeneas and the latter an
instantaneous act in the past whenever the request was made. — luctu,
abl. of Cause. % %

13. incipiam : usually translated " I will begin," but possibly " I will
undertake, or attempt."

14. Danaum = Danaorum : so also Teucrum = Teucrorum ; Achivum
=• Achivorum ; virum = virorum ; divtim = divorum. — tot — annis:
" when so many years were now slipping past ;" abl. abs. Troy was
taken in the tenth year of the siege.

15. instar mentis: "as huge as a mountain." In Vergil instar is
always accompanied by a genitive, except in Aen. 6, 865, quantum
instar in ipso, " what a model in himself:" cp. Aen. 3, 637 ; 7, 707. It
is an indeclinable noun used in the nom. and ace. ; generally derived
from root STA, "to set up," hence, "something set up," therefore "an
image." — divina— arte. Pallas favored the Greeks as Juno did the
Trojans. The former was also the patroness of all kinds of art, hence
by her aid the horse was built : Horn. Od. 8, 493 ; ITTTTOW, rbv 'ETeZof
k-KOLTjcev avv 'Atif/vy. See also II. 15, 70.

16. secta abiete : "with interlacing planks of Jir they form the sides."
— abiete : abl. of Instrument. In scanning this verse i is consonantal in
abiete, i.e., it has to be pronounced abyete, and therefore the a is long ;

NOTES ON VERGIL'S A EN KID 187

so also in 442, parfetibus = paryetibus ; 492, ariete = aryete. — intexunt :
a metaphor taken from weaving ; the planks of the sides are placed
horizontally across the ribs of the horse just as the horizontal threads
of the woof are placed across the vertical threads of the warp. — abiete :
note the variation in v. 112 : trabibus acernis.

17. votum sc. esse equum : "they pretend that it is a votive offering
for their return" — literally, "that it has been vowed." Distinguish
simulare, "to pretend a thing to be what it is not;" dissimulate, "to
conceal what a thing is."

18. hue includunt : "they shut up in it;" note hue is used, as motion
is implied in includunt. — delecta virum corpora = delectos viros (by
metonymy) ; object of either sortiti or includunt.— sortiti ; literally,
"having chosen by lot;" simply, "having chosen."

19. lateri caeco : explanatory of hue, " within the gloomy flank" ; we
should have expected in latus caecum. Vergil is fond of using a dative
of the recipient for the accusative with ad or in : cp, v. 36, pelago=in
pelagus ; v. 47, urbi = in urbem ; v. 85, neci = ad necem.

20. penitusque cavernas— complent, a mere variation of the pre-
ceding clause. Point out a possible hendiadys here.

21. in conspectu : sc. Trojae : Tenedos was four miles from the
shore of the Troad.

22. dives opum : "rich of store :" H. L., 288. Compare dives and
decline opum : see vocabulary . — dum manebant : H. L., 259, 6.

23. malefida: literally, "ill-faithful," i.e., "treacherous." With
words of evil meaning, male intensifies their force ; with words of good
meaning, it contradicts it.

24. hue : join this with provecti : "hither they proceed and conceal
themselves on the deserted shore." — deserto shows a change in the fortunes
of Tenedos.

25. rati sc. sumus, from reor : see note v. 2. — vento, abl. of Instru-
ment: "with a favoring breeze." Mycenas-in Graeciam : the royal
city of Agamemnon, the leader of the Greeks, is put for the whole
country.

26. Note that the slow and measured spondees well describe the lifting
of the heavy load of grief from the hearts of the Trojans and with this
contrast the liveliness of a squadron of horse : quadrupedante putrem
sonitu quatit ungula campum. — longo— luctu : "the Trojan land puts
her long grief away." — luctu, abl. of Separation. — with Teucria sc.
terra.

188 NOTES ON VERGII/S AENEID

27. panduntur -portae : a sign of peace: cp. Hor. Od. 3, 5, 25;
portasquenon clausas. — juvat sc. vos.— Dorica = Graeca : the Dorians
were one of the leading tribes in the war of Troy ; here put for the
whole nation.

29. hie— solebant : the remarks of the Trojans are here quoted.

tendebat sc. tentorium, "used to spread his tent." Homer says that
during the siege the Greeks lived in wooden huts thatched with grass.

30. pars stupet— mirantur : stupeo is an example of an intransitive
verb used transitively. Note the change in the number ; the subject in
the one case is regarded as a unit, in the other case the individuals are
in the mind of the poet. — Minervae : Objective Gen. after donum, "gift
to Minerva." — innuptae : "virgin," literally, " unwedded : " cp. the
epithet TrapOtvoc, ' ' a maiden ; " hence her temple at Athens was called
Parthenon.

32. primusque— Thymoetes : "and Thymoetes was the first that advised
that it (i.e., the horse) be drawn within our walls and set in the citadel"-
duci, sc. equum. — arce. =in arce; see note on v. 19. Poetry, both
ancient and modern, often omits prepositions. The Pergama was the
citadel of Troy. Note that Vergil uses an infinitive for ut with the
subjunctive after impello, v. 55, 520 ; after hortor, v. 74, 627.

34. sive— ferebant : "whether in guile or whether the doom of Troy
was bringing on this end." Distinguish nunc, " the present moment,"
" now," Gk. vvv ; jam, including a period of the past up to the present
and including it, " all this time : " Gk. ijdr) or 6fj. — ferebant ; often fero
is used with words such as ita, sic, without an object denoting a
tendency of events : cp. Cic. Att. 2, 25, 2, ut opinio et spes et conjec-
tura nostra fert, ' ' according to our opinion, hope and belief : " Caesar,
v. 13, ut fert illorum opinio.

35. quorum — menti, sc. erat : " whose mind had better counsel : "
H. L., 285,6.

36. aut— latebras : Capys advises three courses : (1) to hurl the horse
headlong iuto the sea ; (2) to burn it ; (3) to examine it. The first two
involve the destruction of the horse, and hence are connected by que ;
the main alternative is marked by aut between courses (1) and (2) on
the one hand and (3) on the other. See note on -ve and aut ; v. 7 —
pelago = in pelagus : see note on lateri caeco, v. 19.

39. scinditur— vulgus : the people are divided in opinion as to
whether they should (a) draw the horse within the walls, or (b) destroy
it (marked by (1) and (2) ), or explore " the hidden caverns" (marked

NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID 189

by (3) ), some adopting the advice of Thymoetes (a), others that of
Capys (6).

40. magna — caterva : "followed by a great throng : " abl. abs.

41. ardens : "eagerly."— arce : Pergama, the citadel of Troy which
overlooked the shore. Laocoon was the son of Priam and Hecuba and
priest of Apollo.

42. et procul, so. exclamat : the verb of saying is often omitted :
cp. v. 287, ille nihil, sc. respondit, so also v. 547, cui Pyrrhus.

43. aut— Danaum : bring out the alliteration by translating "or
think you any gifts of Greeks from guile are free. " H. L. , 29 1 , 3. — Danaum
= Danaorura: see note v. 14.— sic Ulixes: "is such your knowledge
of Ulysses ? " Ulysses (as we have said before, see note v. 7) is taken
throughout the Aeneid as a type of Greek cunning : cp. the Homeric
epithets TroAtyz^vf, Tro/ivr/ooTrof, Tro/lty/^avof.

45. aut— Achivi: "either the Greeks are hid, caged in this wood." —
hoc ligno = in hoc ligno : see note v. 32. As Gladstone in his Juventus
Mundi points out, the three great appellatives of the Greeks were
Aavaot (Latin, Danai), 'Apyeioi (Argivi) and 'Axaioi (Achivi), the
general terms "EA^vef in Greek, and Graeci in Latin, were not yet
applied to the whole race. Vergil following Homer calls the Greeks
Achivi, Danai or Argivi, never Graeci, although he uses the adjective
Graius, which was originally applied to a tribe of Epirus and probably
after the time of Ennius applied in Latin to the whole country.

47. inspectura : the horse is looked upon as an engine of war
(machina), which would look down on the houses of the city as a turris
in a siege. — urbi = in urbem : see note v, 19.

48. error: "trick." — ne — equo : note that in prose we do not have
the negative imperative expressed in this way : H. L. , 21 1, 4.

49. et = etiam. The gifts of foes were proverbially fatal : cp. Soph.
Ajax, 664 :

d/lA' far' ahnQrjc, TJ fiporuv irapoifiia
i%dp&v adcjpa 6upa KOVK ovrjoifjia.

cp. Psalm xxvi, 10: " In ivhose hands is mischief, and their right hand
is full of bribes."

50. validis — viribus : abl. of Manner ; join with contorsit : ' ' with
might and main." Of the five terms used by Vergil to express the cast-
ing of a spear, viz., jacio, conjicio, torqueo, intorqueo and contorqueo,
the last is the strongest ; " with all the collected strength of a powerfully
strong man."

190 NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID

51. in — alvum ; "against the flank and against the belly of the monster
rounded with jointed timbers." — Note the emphasis gained b}r the repeti-
tion of the preposition in. — compagibus : abl. of Manner. — Note also
that -que is added for explanation.

52. ilia, sc. hasta. — uteroque recusso : "by the reverberation of the
womb:" literally, "the womb re-echoing."

53. cavae : perhaps to be taken predicatively, "_ sounded hollow," or
the structure may be the same as that of v. 38. Note the repetition of
the same sound in cavae cavernae, to imitate the repetition of the echo.
In in insonuere is intensive.

54. laeva : this line has been variously explained. (1) Conington
says that with fata, fuissent alone should be supplied : "had fate so
willed it, had our mind been wise," taking non laeva closely. (2) non
may be taken £wice, with both fata and mens : "had not the fates, had
not our mind been perverse :" (3) both fata and mens may be taken with
deum : "had heaven's decrees and will not been perverse."

55. impulerat=impulisset : "he had surely moved us to mangle with
the sword the hiding places of the Greeks." The indicative is more vivid
and picturesque than the subjunctive in the apodosis of a conditional
sentence since thus more reality and force are given to what would
have happened.

56. We have as readings in this line both staret— maneret and stares
— maneres as well as staret— maneres. The imperf. subj. means
"would now be standing — would now be remaining." — manus — revinctum :
"with hands tied behind his back." — manus: ace. of Respect, H. L., 283,
7. This is a frequent construction in Vergil: cp. intenti ora (v. 1) ;
oculos suffecti (v. 210) ; perfusus vittas (v. 221) ; trajectus lora (v. 273) ;
exuvias indutus (v. 273).

59. qui — morti : "who, though a stranger, to compass this very thing,
(namety), to open Troy to the Greeks, had designedly put himself in their
way as they approached him ; confident in soul (was he) and prepared for
either issue, either to work out his craft or to submit to certain death.'''1 -
qui: join with obtulerat. — qui introduces a clause explanatory of the
clause preceding. — animi is gen. of Respect; or locative. — morti:
H. L., 284, 2. — Trojamque aperiret Achivis : explanatory of hoc ipsum.

64. certantque — capto : " and they vie with each other in jeering at tlie
prisoner." — certare takes the infinitive illudere after it for the more
common ut illudant : H. L , 2">9, 1 ; so also we have impulerat foedare
(v. 55) ; ardemus scitari (v. 64) ; aggressi avellere (v. 165) ; tendit

NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID 19 1

divellere (v. 220) ; glomerare ardent (v. 455) ; impulit cingi (v. 520).
Note the change from the singular ruit to plural certant : see note on
line 30.

65. Aeneas assents to Dido's request : die— insidias, inquit, Danaum ;
Aen. I, 753.

66. omnes : sc. Danaos : "from the charge against one, learn to
know all." Vergil died before he finished the Aeneid. According to
the grammarian, Donatus, the poet on his deathbed desired that the
poem should be burned, but ultimately left it in the hands of Varius
and Tucca, his literary testators to edit : Ea conditione ne quid
adderent quod a se editum non esset, et versus etiam imperfectos,
si qui erant, relinquerent. These imperfect verses (hemistichs) are in
all 58. In this book they, are common : vs. 234, 346, 468, 614, 720, 767.

67. namque. like Greek yap, introducing a narrative, may be
altogether omitted in an English translation. — ut, "as," always with
the indicative in this sense. — turbatus, "confused," showing a want of
self-possession. — in conspectu, "in the centre of the gazing throng."

68.~circumspexit: the heavy spondees bring out well the slow and
measured gaze with which Sinon scanned his audience. In spondaic
lines the last word is usually a quadrisyllable in Vergil, but there are
not a few exceptions to the rule.

69. mine = Greek vvv, " at the present moment."

70. jam — denique : "now at last," "after all."

71. cui — poscunt : " who have neither any place among the Greeks, and
besides the Trojans, with hostile feelings (infensi), clamor for the forfeit
of my life; (literally, my life with my blood)."— cui, sc. est: H. L., 285, 6.
— poenas cum sanguine = poenas et sanguinem. — poena : cp. iroivr/,
the iver-geld or money paid in atonement for a crime committed : from
root PU, "to purify : " cp. purus, punio. In this expression, sanguis is
the poenas : translate: " my blood, as atonement."

73. quo— impetus : "by this lamentation our feelings were changed, and
every thought of violence was suppressed." — conversi, sc. sunt ; so also
compressus, sc. est.— quo gemitu : abl. of Cause.

74. hortamur fari : see note on v. 64.— quo sanguine cretus, sc. sit :
"from what blood he is sprung :" Indirect Question (H. L., 200, 3, 4, 5) ;
so also ferat, sit. The words quo— capto in O.O. answering to quo
sanguine cretus sis, quidve feras, memora, quae sit fiducia (tibi) capto
in O.K. (H. L., 266 (d) ; 200, 3, 4 ; 268, 4).— capto, H. L., 285, 6.

192 NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID

77. fuerit quodcumque: "whatever may betide," literally, "whatever
shall have come to pass:" it is better to take fuerit as the future perfect
indicative, i.e., "I shall confess, whatever shall (as the result of my con-
fession) yet be in store for me."

78. me, sc. esse.

79. hoc primum : sc. fatebor.— nee— finget : "nor, if fortune hath
made Sinon unhappy, shall she in malice make him also a cheat and liar."

SO. vanum, one who asserts what is not the fact, from ignorance,
folly, or mistake ; mendacem, one who does so from a desire to deceive.

81. fando— lugent : ''if, perchance, by hearsay, any name of Pala-
medes, a descendant of Belus, hath at all reached your ears, and his glory
of famous renown, whom by false charge the Pelasgi sent down to death,
though he was innocent, on wicked evidence because he forbade the war;
now they bewail him bereft of light." — Belides here, for the more common
Belldes. Considerable latitude in quantity is allowed in the case of
proper names. — incluta, gloria, from same root KLU, "to hear," gloria
= clu-oria: cp. also laus = clauds; cf. cliens. — proditione = crimine. —
Note the emphasis gained by the repeated in — insontem infando indicio.
— neci = ad necem : dative of recipient, cp. v. 19. — cassum: perf. part,
of careo. — cassum lumine, euphemism for mortuum ; lumine : H. L.,
291, 3.

84. quia— vetabat. Note the force of the Indie: not because they
said he was forbidding (quia vetaret), but because he (actually) was
forbidding. H. L., 252, 2. Notice here the supreme skill with which
Sinon excites the sympathy of the Trojans.

86. illi — annis : "me, as his comrade and nearly related in blood, my
father, a poor man, sent hither to the war from my early years. " — illi :
Note the emphatic position of this pronoun : in arma (l) = in bellum,
(2) " to the profession of arms."— primis ab annis : = (!) ab initio belli,
or, (2) "from the first years of my manhood = ab ineunte aetate."

88. dum — gessimus: "while he stood unshaken in royalty and potent
in counsels of the chiefs, ive, too, won a name and honor : " dum, with
indicative : H. L., 259, 5.— regno = in regno ; so consiliis=in consiliis:
cp. the Homeric fiovkfi yepovruv.

90. pellacis : first occurs here in Latin : derived from per-lacio, " to
allure " : said of one who allures another to crime. According to
Festus : lacit decipiendo inducit, lax etenim fraus est. Vergil had
evidently in his mind the stock epithets that Homer applies to Ulysses

NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID 193

91. baud ignota loquor : with ignota sc. vobis or mihi. In the

first case the meaning is : "you know the story : " in the second, "1 speak
things not from mere hearsay." — superis — oris : "he left the upper
regions," i.e., "the world above." — ora properly the coast line ; then a
dividing line of any kind. Here it means the line separating the world
above from the world below : cf. Lucretius 1, 22, in luminis oras, "into
(he realms of light."

92. afflictus — trahebam : " crushed, I dragged on life in gloom and
grief." — affiigo, to dash to the earth.

93. et — amici : "and in my own heart (mecum), / brooded in wrath
over the misfortune of my guiltless friend." — mecum : alone by myself. —
Observe the force of the imperfects trahebam, indignabar. H. L. , 22, 4,
and notice the change to the perfect (tacui) in the next line.

94. nee — movi : ' ' nor in my madness did I hold my tongue, and I vowed,
should chance ever bring it about, should ever I return to my native Argos,
as a victor, that I should be his avenger, and by my ivords I aroused fierce
enmity." — demens, "downright mad'," cp. irapaQpuv; amens, "foolish;"
cp. afpuv.— tulisset— remeassem: subj. in O.O., representing fut. pf.
indie, in O.R. : si quae fors unquam tulerit- remeavero.— Argos:
from the form Argi, Argorum (masc. pi.) ; we also have Argos nom.
and ace. sing. neut. — ultorem = me futurum esse ultorem.

96. verbis: "by my threats" : abl. of Means : et is epexegetic.

97. hinc : ' ' hence, " either ' from this time ' or ' from this cause. ' — prima
mali labes: "the first slip towards destruction." — labes from labor: Eng-
lish, slip.

98. hinc— arma: " from this time Ulysses always continued to alarm me
by new charges, to scatter dark sayings amid the crowd, and, knowing my
purpose, sought for means to attack me. " — Note the Historical infinitives
terrere, spargere, quaerere for imperfect indicatives : vulgum : one
of the few places where vulgus is masculine instead of neuter. —
quaerere conscius arma: others take this to mean, "to seek armed
aid as a conspirator."

100. nee — ministro : "and, indeed, he did not rest till by the aid of
Calchas. " Note the artful way in which Sinon breaks off when he is
just on the point of arousing the curiosity of his audience, and compare
the speech of Marc Antony over the body of Caesar, in Shakespeare's
Julius Caesar, Act 3, Scene 2.— Calchante ministro: abl. abs. — This
abrupt method of breaking off a discourse is called by the grammarians
aposiopesis.

194 NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID

101. sed — revolvo ? " but why do I to no purpose repeat these bitter
recollections?" Distinguish frustra said of the person; nequidquam
said of the result of the act ; e.g. suscipit frustra laborem, " he under-
takes this labor without profit" : nequidquam auxilium implorat : "he
beys in vain for help ." — revolvo: literally, "unroll;" the metaphor is
taken from a thread revolving on the spindle, or from the turning over
of the pages of a scroll.

102. quidve — est : " or why do I delay, if you account all the Achaeans
in one and the same class and it is sufficient to be called this (name of
Greek)" — uno ordine=in uno ordine. — audio = appellor, like the Greek
anovu : cp. /ca/cwf anoveiv ov JU&EI 6av6vrt fioi, Eurip. Ale. 726 : Horace : Xu
recte vivis si curas esse quod audis : Milton's Paradise Lost, 3, 6.

Or hear'st thou rather, pure ethereal stream,
Whose fountain who shall tell ?

103. jamdudum sumite poenas = sumite poenas jamdudum sumendas:
"take the vengeance, you should have taken long ago." — jamdudum, here =
statim, at once. With sumere poenas, cp. Aa/fcZv dinqv : " to exact a
penalty ; " poenas dare, cp. 6i66vai 8'iK.rjv, " to pay a penalty."

104. hoc— velit : " this, the chief of Ithaca, would wish : " the con-
ditional clause si hoc faciatis is understood : H. L., 250, 3. Ithacus =
dux Ithacus = Ulixes.— magno : "at a great price : " H. L. 293, 4 (a).

105. turn — causas : "then, indeed, we press on to ask and enquire the
cause." — turn vero : note the emphasis.

106. ignari — Pelasgae : "ignorant of wickedness so great and of
Pelasgic craft." For the genitive, see H. L., 288. — Pelasgae: the
Pelasgi were a Thessalian or Epirotic tribe : the name was applied
afterwards to the Greeks in Eurip. Or. 857 and often in Vergil.

107. ficto— pectore : "with false heart." —H. L., 292, 1. Possibly
pectore here = "emotion." Note the double alliteration in this line.
Translate " trembling he tells his tale and with untruthful utterance he
speaks."

108. saepe— saepe : note the repetition : " often the Danai desired
to take their flight, leaving Troy behind, and to disband through
weariness of the long war." In prose the repetition of saepe — saepe
would be expressed thus : " As often as the Danai ... so often a
storm prevented them."— cupiere = cupierunt— bello goes with fessi.

110. fecissentque utinam : explain fully the force of the mood and
tense with utinam: H. L., 193, 3, (6).

NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID 195

111. interclusit sc. eos : "barred their way." — Auster : from, uro,
avu, parch; hence the parching wind. — euntes : "just going." Heyne
takes euntes = ire volentes : others say "on their way," a deceitful
statement on the part of Sinon. This wind would be adverse for those
sailing from Troy to Greece.

112. praecipue — nimbi: "most of all when this horse already stood
framed with maple beams, storm clouds roared throughout the whole sky."
In v. 16 the planks are spoken of as of pine : in v. 86, as of oak. —
trabibus : abl. of Means.— aethere ; Local abl. =in aethere.

113. staret = esset, Heyne, Forbiger; but surely the full force of
staret is here more vivid and poetic.

114. scitantem. Another reading is scitatum, probably an incorrect
one, for the supine rarely governs a case: cp. Livy 21, 6 : legati a
Saguntinis Romani— missi auxilium ad bellum orantes. The great
oracle of Apollo was at Delphi ; others were at Patara, Delos, and
other places. In Homer no mention is made of oracles.

115. adytis : "from the sanctuary :" cp. advrov (a, not and 6vvai, to
enter) properly the inner shrine containing the image of the god.

116. sanguine et virgine caesa : a hendiadys = sanguine virginis
caesae, "with the blood of a maiden slain." The Greek fleet was
detained by head winds at Aulis till Agamemnon consented to sacrifice
his daughter Iphigenia to Diana.

117. cum primum— venistis : H. L., 262, 3, (b) ; so ut— venit, v. 119.
,118. litandum : impersonal, "expiation must be made:" "Heaven's

favor must be won." Supply sunt with quaerendi and est with litandum.

121. tremor — parent : the subjunctive in parent is the subjunctive of
Indirect Question. The meaning is they shivered as they enquired of
each other, "for whom fate prepares their doom."

122. magno tumultu : " with boisterous vehemence."

123. quae — flagitat : "demand* what that heavenly intimation means: "
H. L. 200, 3.— flagitare implies violence and persistency.

124. jam — canebant : " all the while many a one continued to warn me. "
It is best to take mihi as an Ethical Dative. H. L., 285, 4, (a). Vergil
dignifies the warning of the Greeks with the verb canebant as if they
were oracular, for oracles were always given in verse.

125. artificis : "the contriver," i.e., Ulysses.

126. bis quinos : the distributive is regularly used with adverbs for
the cardinal numeral. — tectus : either, "shut up in his tent," or "con-
cealing his thoughts. "

196 NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID

128. Ithaci = ducisIthaci=Ulixis : see v. 104.

129. composite: "by concert." — rumpit vocem, "breaks silence":
cp. prryvvvat <}>uvnv.

130. quae— tulere: "the ills each feared for himself, they bore with
patience, when turned to the destruction of one unhappy man." — unius
here. — The whole sentence is extremely sarcastic. All men bear lightly
the ills of others when such ills do not affect themselves. Others take
conversa tulere = converterunt et tulerunt : "they turned and carried
to very destruction." With tulere : cp. ertyaav. with root TLA, "bear"
cp. Scottish thole.

132. sacra parari : the sacra, "preparations for the sacrifice" are
defined in the next line.— parari : Historical infin., used for the impf.
indie.

133. salsae fruges : the coarse barley meal mixed with salt (mola'
salsa) was sprinkled on the head of the victim just before the sacrifice :
cp. ovhoxvrai. — vittae: not merely the priest, but also the victims were
crowned with garlands.

134. eripui— rupi : "/ broke away, I confess It, from death; and I
burst my bonds," — leto : abl. of Separatmn. Human victims were
usually bound for sacrifice : cp. Genesis xxii, 9 ;* Ovid. Eleg. ex Pont : 3.

135. limosoque lacu : "and in a miry marsh :" note the alliteration.
Vergil may have had in his mind's eye Marius, who took refuge in the
marsh at Minturnae when he was trying to escape the soldiers of
Sulla. — obscurus in ulva : "screened amid the sedge."

136. delitui: from delitesco.— dum — dedissent : " till they should set
their sails, if haply the.) (ever) should set them."— dum — darent : Virtual
Oratio Obliqua, describing what was passing in Sinon's mind. With
darent vela, sc. ventis. In direct narration this would be : "I shall lie
hid until they shall set sail (dum vela dabunt) if" they haply shall have set
sail (si forte dederint)": the fut. pf. indie, in O.K. becomes the plupf.
subj. inO.O., H. L., 269, 8.

137. mini— spes ulla, sc. est.

138 — dulces natos : some find a difficulty here, for in v. 87 the
children of Sinon must have been considerably advanced in j^ears, while
v. 57, he is called juvenem. But juventus was from the 17th to 45th
year, i.e., the period of active military service.

139 — quos — reposcent : " of them will they even haply claim vengeance
as due (re-) for my flight. "— quos — poenas : for the two accusatives

NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID 197

see H. L., 282, 2; the one accusative may also be taken in apposition to
the other, " whom perchance they will even demand as atonement for my
flight."

140 — et — piabunt ; " and they will tvash away this crime of mine by the
death of (those) hapless (ones). " Note the force of hanc. H. L. , 140, 1.

141 — quod — ferentis — "therefore, by the gods above, by the deities to
whom the truth is known, I beseech thee, by all the faith yet unsullied that
is any where left among mortals, pit)/ woes so great, pity an undeserving
sufferer." — quod : often used in introducing adjurations : cp. Aen. 6,
363, quod te per caeli jucundum lumen— oro. — per: the object of
per is the whole clause, si qua— fides : Aen. 10, 903 : per si qua est
victis venia hostibus oro : cp. Aen. 4, 317 ; 6, 459 ; 12, 56. The
antecedent is attracted into the case of the relative.— restet : the doubt
in Sinon's mind of any pledge being too sacred for one to violate is
expressed by the subjunctive. What would restat express? H. L.,
250, 3.— intemerata: in = Gk. avev (contracted av), Eng. un ; and
temerare, "to profane." — laborum— miserere : distinguish in meaning
and construction misereor with genitive " I feel pity" : miseror, with
accusative, " / show pity."

145— his lacrimis: abl. of Cause: see quo gemitu : v. 73. — ultro
(connected with ultra) : the word is applied to acts that go beyond
what the/ circumstances require. Here the idea is, " we grant him not
only his life but besides we also pity him. "

146 — viro : taken best as an Ethical dative, i.e. = dative of the person
interested : others take it as the ablative of Separation by an inversion
of construction, the usual construction being virum — manicis atque
artis levari vinclis : H. L., 291, 3.

147— dictis : abl. of Manner.

148— amissos obliviscere Graios by prolepsis = amitte Graios et
obliviscere : "let the Greeks go and forget them." What is the usual
construction with obliviscor ; H. L., 288, 1, II. The meaning is that
the Greeks are not to be regarded as your countrymen since their acts
are hostile. Possibly amissos obliviscere Graios = "forget that the
Greeks are lost," esse being understood.

149— noster : "one of us" : cf. alienus, "a foreigner." A Roman
general receiving a deserter addressed him with the words : quisquis es,
noster eris. — mihi — roganti : (i and in answer to me unfold the truth."

150. quo — statue re : "to what end have they built this huge and
monstrous horse?" — immanis from in "not," and root MA, "to

198 NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID

measure" : hence immeasurable in size. Note that the repeated ques-
tions well mark the impatience of Priam.— quis auctor? " who suggested

it?"

151. quae religio? "what religious purpose did it imply?" : religio
from prefix red or re and lig, "bind": the restraining feeling from a
belief in the unseen universe. — machina : "engine": from [uixavi],
MX°^ connected with fir/do/tai, /^r*f, root MA, " to think."

152. ille, i.e., Sinon.— dolis— Pelasga : "schooled in the wiles of
Pelasgic craft " : cf. II. 4, 339 : KaKolai dohoiai KenaopevE. Note the
hendiadys in dolis et arte Pelasga : (abl. of Means). For Pelasga
see v. 83.

153. sustulit — palmas : "raised to the skies his hands freed from
bonds." — vinclis : abl. of Separation — palmas : with palma, cp. Trahafiq
"blade of an oar" : root PAL or FAD, "to spread": cf. palor, pando.
Note the treachery of Sinon.

154. ignes : heavenly bodies.

155. ensesque nefandi : "and ye accursed knives," referring to t'he
sacrificial knives.

156. hostia: from the obsolete hostio, "to strike:" hostia dicta est
ab eo quod est hostire ferlre: Festus. Hence, "the thing struck,"
11 the victim."

157. fas — jura : "it is right for me to break the allegiance I have sworn
to the Greeks." Distinguish fas = Gk. Oe/uc,, established right by divine
law : jus, human law. According to Servius, sacratum jus=sacra-
mentum, the ordinary oath of a Roman soldier, and jusjurandum, the
rights (jura) that that oath implies.

158. Note the beginning of successive lines by the same word fas
(anaphora). — omnia — sub auras: "bring all things to light": cp. a-yeiv
VTTJ avydc; Hor. Od. 1, 18, 13 ; sub divum rapiam.

159. qua = quae, after si : "whatever they keep secret."

160. tu— rependam : " only do you abide by your promise, and do thou,
0 Troy, preserve faith with thy preserver, if I shall reveal the truth, and
shall make a large recompense." With promissis manere, cp. stare
jurejurando : the ablative is Local, or of Means. So also we have stare
decreto, consilio.

162. Danaum = Danaorum. — coepti — belli: "confidence in under-
taking the war" equivalent to fiducia qua bellum inceperunt ; others
take it to be the gen. of Reference, or a Causal gen.

NOTES ON VERGIL'S ^ENEID 199

163. Palladis-stetit : " by Pallas' aid ever stood firm."— Note the
emphatic position of Palladis.— sto is often used in the sense of "to
remain Jinn," " to stand secure " : cp. Verg. Georg. 4, ?08 : stat Fortuna
domus : Hor. Od. 3, 3, 42 : stet Capitolium. — auxiliis is ablative of
Instrument.

164. sed enim : " but, indeed, ever since the wicked son of Tydeus and
Ulysses, tlie contriver of crimes, made bold to tear the fated Palladium

from her sanctuary and to cut down the sentries on the towered height." —
impius, on account of Diomede wounding Venus (Homer II. 5, 330-347).
— scelerum inventor: see note on v. 90.— ex quo, sc. tempore : we
have a similar omission in Gk. £<£ o<5, scil. XP°VOV- — sed enim = a/Ud yap :
there is always an ellipsis after these words which may in this case be
supplied thus : " but (a change came) for, etc." — fatale : the preserva-
tion of Troy was linked by fate (fatalis) with the preservation of the
Palladium or image of Pallas ; cp. Matthew Arnold, Palladium :
" Backward and forward rolled the waves of fight round Troy; but while
this stood, Troy could not fall."— caesis custodibus, abl. abs.— summa

arx : aKporroAif or huprj Tronic.

i

167. corripuere— mens : " (ever since) they seized the holy image and
dared with bloody hands to touch the maiden chaplets of the goddess, from
that time the hope of the Greeks ebbed and sli I away backwards, their
strength was broken, the mind of the goddess estranged."— virgineas vittas:
the fillet, with some slight differences, was worn by both matrons and
maids : cf. the "snood" worn by maidens and the "coif" or "curch"
worn by the married women among the Scottish women of the former
days: Scott's Heart of Midlothian, chap, xxii : " Tresses of long, fair
hair, which . . . Effie dared no longer confine with the snood or
riband, which implied purity of maiden fame." So also Una in Spencer's
Fairie Queen, 1 , 3, 4 —

From her faire head her fillet she undight.

ex illo, sc. tempore. — fluere ac referri, Historical infinitives = fluxit ac
relata est : a metaphor from the ebb and flow of the tide. The final
monosyllable as well as the rhythm describes the abrupt and slow
motion of the tide.

171. nee— monstris : "and by no uncertain tokens did the Tritonian
goddess give signs thereof." Tritonia sc. dea : derived probably from
Tritonis, a lake in Libya, where she is said to have been born, or from
Triton, a torrent in Boeotia. Other derivations are given. — ea signa :
cp. Aen. 4, 237, hie nuntius, " news of this" : 7, 595, has poenas; 12,

200 NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID

468, hoc metu. — monstrum = monestrum : from moneo "to warn";
hence " a warning."

172. vix— arsere : note that Virgil and especially Homer are fond of
writing clauses co-ordinately (parataxis) whereas we would make one
clause subordinate to the other (hypotaxis) ; "scarcely was the image
placed in the camp, when there flashed forth sparkling flames from its
upraised eyes." — positum sc. est : see v. 10. — castris = in castris. -
luminibus : Abl. of Separation. — arrectis, raised eyes were significant of
fury just as downcast eyes were a sign of sullen anger : cf. Aen. 1, 482 :
diva solo fixes oculos aversa tenebat.

173. salsus sudor : sweat is naturally salt ; the epithet adds to the
realism of the description. The sweating of images was looked upon
as portentous : cp. Livy, 22, 1 : scuta duo sanguine sudasse : 27, 4,
quattuor signa sanguine multo sudasse.

174. terque— trementern: "and thrice from the ground the goddess
herself, wonderful to tell, leaped forth bearing her buckler and quivering
spear." — solo : abl. of Separation : — dictu : give the construction of the
supines in -um and -u respectively: H. L., 182, 2, 3.— emicuit: "flashed
forth," the apparition of the goddess suddenly appearing and then dis-
appearing like lightning.

175. extemplo taken with canit : " Calchas at once prophesies that the
sea must be hazarded in flight, nor can Troy's towers be overthrown by
Argive weapons, unless they seek new auspices at Argos, and bring back
that divine presence which they have borne over the deep on their curved
ships."— temptanda sc. esse : alluding to the dangers of the deep.— canit,
often said of oracles, as these were in the hexameter measure and
probably chanted: cp. aeidu : Thucydides 2, 21, 2; ijdov xP^^t
7rayrotot>c. — Pergama (-orum), neut. pi. " the citadel of Troy": cp.
irvpyoc,, "tower" : English — burgh — borough, — bury: German burg, pro-
perly "a fortress."— ni repetant, alluding to the Roman custom of
returning to the city of Rome from the camp to take anew the auspices,
if anything unlucky happened. For subj. in O.O. see H. L., 265, 2 (b).
— avexere : the indicative expresses a remark of Sinon : H. L.,
268, 5. — Argis : from the nom. plu. Argi -orum : we also find Argos
neut. nom. and ace. : from root ARG, "bright," hence the word may
mean Brighton : cp. argentum, apyvpiov. — numen: the favoring presence
of the god. — pelago: the way by which is often put in the abl. : cp. Cic.
Fam. x, 9 : via breviore equites praemisi : Livy, 37, 14 : Aegaeo mari
trajecit— curvis— carinis : abl. of Accompaniment: cp. the Homeric

NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID 201

vrjeq yAatyvpai, vfjec; Kortai. It is implied in these lines that the
Palladium had been carried from Troy to Greece.

180. et nunc — aderunt : " and now in that they have sought their native
Mycenae with the wind, they are gathering arms and gods to attend them,
and after remeasuring the sea, they will be here unawares ." — quod meaning
" as to the fact that" with the indie. : H. L., 244, 2. — remenso : from
remetior : passive use of a deponent verb. Mycenae was the royal
city of Agamemnon.

181. digerit : literally, "arranges" i.e., " expoumls " in detail what
course must be taken to propitiate the gods.

183. hanc — piaret : " this image at his warning they reared in recom-
pense for the Palladium and the injured deity, to expiate the horror of
sacrilege." — moniti sc. ab Calchante — pro numine laeso, i.e., to
make amends for the offences committed against the deity. — quae =
utea: H. L., 232, 2.

185. hanc— tueri : " yet Calchas bade them raise it to this vast size with
oaken cross-beams, and build it up to heaven that it may not find entry
within the gates nor be drawn within the city, nor protect your people under
the sanctity of the old faith" — tamen : in spite of the protestations of
Sinon that the withdrawal of the deity would hasten the doom of Troy.
Note that we have Sinon's own words (180-188, and 189-194); the
words of Calchas are in Oratio Obliqua.— caelo=ad caelum : v. 19.—
portis = intra portas.— Note that ne— aut are cumulative, the aut con-
necting parts of the same general idea, neque = necque, introducing
another idea.

189. donum Minervae, Objective gen., "gift to Minerva." — viola-
visset : plupf. subj. in 0.0. representing fut. perf. indie, in 0. l\. :
H. L., 265, 3.

190. quod — convertant : "which evil may the gods first turn on him-
self:" for the subjunctive see H. L., 193, 3. — prius, i.e., before it
reaches you. — ipsum=Calchanta.

191. futurum, sc. esse : 0.0. following the verb of saying implied
in jussit.

192. sin : " if, on the other hand."

193. ultro : "further," see v. 59. Asia would not merely repel the
invading Greeks, but would further carry on an offensive war against
them. — Pelopea moenia = Argos, founded by Pelops.

194. et — nepotes : " and such destiny aivaits our descendants : " with
ea fata cp. magnum exitium, v. 190. — nostros : of us Greeks.

202

195. perjuri : per in perjuro, perjurus, perfidus is not per intensive
as in permagnus, but a remnant of the same word found in Gk. irapa :
cp. TrapdQpuv, " beside one's self : " hence, " away from."

196. credita sc. est : so capti sc. sumus. — coactis, "forced," hence,
" unnatural: " cp. Ovid, Am., 1, 8, 83 : discant oculi lacrimare coacti :
Juvenal, 13, 133 : vexant oculos humore coacto.

197. Note neque— nee ; non— non : such variations are not allowable
in prose. — Larissaeus, from Larissa. the chief town in Phthia, a district
of Thessaly, from which Achilles came, meaning " Rock-town" accord-
ing to Leaf. The name is found in both European and Asiatic Greece.

199. hie — magis : ' ' here, another sight, greater, alas, and far more
terrible is presented to us hapless mortals." — miseris sc. nobis: H. L.,
284, 2. The famous group of statuary representing the death of Laocoon
and his two sons was discovered in the sixteenth century, and is now in
the Vatican.

Compare carefully Vergil's pen-picture with the piece of statuary.
What are the discrepancies and how would you account for them ?

Note Vergil says the serpents first (primum) kill the two sons and
afterwards (post) seize the father as he comes to the rescue ; but accord-
ing to the sculptor the serpents are twined about and kill the father
and the sons simultaneously.

In the statuary the figures are nude ; in Vergil the probability is
that the father, at any rate, would have on his priestly vestments.

Henry' says, * ' Sculpture could not represent successive acts ; the
chisel could fix no more than a single instant of fleeting time. . . .
Such is the infinite inferiority of sculpture, and of painting, to poetry.
The sculptor, or painter, labors day and night, and for years together,
on one object ; and, in the end, his work, representing but an instant
of time, fails to present to the mind as many ideas as the poet supplies
in half a dozen lines, the work, perhaps, of half an hour. "

improvida pectora : "our benighted minds": improvida, i.e., not
foreseeing the future.

201. Neptuno : dat. of Reference used for the gen., H. L., 285, 3.—
ductus sorte : literally "drawn by lot," i.e., chosen by lot: a Roman
custom is here ascribed to the Trojans : cp. Tacitus Ann. 1, 54 : sorte
ducti e primoribus civitatis unus et viginti.

202 — sollemnes : "accustomed": derived from Oscan sollus = totus
and annus : originally applied to religious feasts held yearly : hence,
" accustomed."

NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID 203

203 — ecce : observe the dramatic order of the Latin by translating :
"but to! from Tenedos over the tranquil deep — / shudder while I tell the
tale — two serpents with enormous coils press down the seas and advance
side by side to the shore." — gemini : often used for <iuo : cp. Aen. 5, 162,
gemini scopuli : 5, 266 ; geminos lebetas : 6, 894, sunt geminae somni
portae: 6, 789; hue geminas nunc flecte acies.— immensis orbibus:
abl. of Description : H. L., 293, 6.

206 — arrecta : "raised up." The traditional sea-serpent had a
mane : cp. Pindar, Pyth. 10, 47 : nal TTOIKIAOV Kapa ApaKovruv tyofiaiciv
yAvde: Plautus Amphi. 5, 1, 56: devolant angues jubati: Livy
43, 13 : in aede Fortunae anguem jubatum a compluribus visum
esse. Evidently Pliny, a good authority in Natural History, disbelieves
the truth of this : cf. 11, 37, draconum cristas qui viderit non reperir .
Milton (Paradise Lost, 7, 495) follows the traditional account :

The serpent, subtlest beast of all the field,
Of huge extent, sometimes, with brazen eyes
And hairy mane terrific.

207— pars — legit: "the other part (of the body) skims the sea behind,
and in rolling folds they writhe their monstrous backs. " The verb lego
(so also Gk. Afyw : German legen) is often said of a person picking one's
cteps : cp. Aen. 9, 392 : vestigia retro observata legit. Here it is said
of the monster.

209— fit sonitus spumante salo : Note the hissing sound indicated by
the recurring s's (onomatopoeia) ; also notice the alliteration : " as the
salt sea surges into foam, a sound is heard."

210— ardentesque— ora: "and with their blazing eyes suffused with
blood and fire, they licked with quivering tongues their hissing mouths."
— oculos : ace. of Respect, H. L., 283, 7.

212— visu: abl. of Cause. — agmine certo : " with unwavering course."
— agmen properly a moving (ago) : hence (1) an army on the march ;
(2) a moving, advance. Both ideas are involved here. The advance
of the serpents portended the advance of the Grecian host.

213. According to Hyginus the two sons were Antiphantes and
Thymbraeus ; according to others, Ethron and Melampus.

215. morsu : " with their fangs."

216. post = postea.— auxilio : " to their help," literally, "for a help,"
dat. of Purpose: H.L., 286, 8: some say an abl. of Instrument. The
force of sub- in subire, succurrere, subsidium conveys the idea of
support : cp. v. 467.

204 NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID

218. bis — dati : "twice encircling his waist, twice encircling his neck
with their scaly bodies. "— circum— dati = circumdati is an example of
tmesis (a figure in which the preposition is separated from the verb to
which it belongs).— oollo is a dative. — terga is ace. of Respect : see
note on manus, v, 56.

219. superant — altis : "they tower above him with their heads and
lofty necks."— capite— cervicibus: abl. of Manner : H. L., 293, 5.

220. ille : the position of the pronoun indicates a change of subject. —
tendit divellere : " struggles to tear asunder."

221. perfusus — veneno : "having his fillets steeped in gore and black
venom, " : for the accus. see note manus : v. 56 : vittas from root vi,
"to bend"" or " twist together ": cp. vitis, vimem, vieo : FITVC, "a
felloe " : English withe.

223. qualis mugitus : sc. tollit = talem mugitum tollit qualis est
mugitus tauri saucii : " he raises such bellowing as is (the bellowing) of a
wounded bull." The simile is found in Homer, II. 20, 403.— Note fugit :
perfect often found in similes and expressing an act repeated or cus-
tomary. The simile may have been suggested by the fact that Laocoon
was engaged in sacrificing a bull at the time (v. 202). The bellowing
and the struggling of a victim at the altar were looked upon as
ill-omened signs. In fugit — excussit we have perhaps an example of
varepov Trporepov.

224. incertam — securim : "shakes from his neck the erring axe."-
incertam, i.e., ill-aimed; cp. certa hasta, " an unerring spear " : certa
sagitta, ' ' an arrow that strikes the spot aimed at. " — securim : what
words of the third declension have -im in ace. sing. ? H.L., 62.

225. at : introduces a change of subject.— geir_ini : see note v. 203. —
lapsu— effugiunt : " glide in flight " : literally "with gliding motion
escape."— lapsu : abl. of Manner.— delubra ad summa : " to the high
sanctuary," i.e., to the citadel.— delubrum (from de and luo = %ovu,
"wash") the place of expiation, hence " a shrine."— The words draco,
auguis and serpens all mean " serpent " and each conveys some striking
characteristic quality. The word draco : from root DRAK, to " look"
(cp. MpKo/iai) hence " the bright eyed : " anguis (from ango, ay^w,
"choke" or "bind"), "that ivhich chokes or squeezes its prey" or
' ' wriggles " : serpens (from serpo = £p7r« " creep "), " that which creeps."

226. Tritonidis sc. deae : we have adj. Tritonis, gen. Tritonidis,
and Tritonius: for derivation see note on v. 171.— saevae : in with-
holding her protection from the Trojans : see v. 163.

NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID 205

227. teguntur = se tegunt: " they conceal themselves:" reflexive use
of the passive voice.

228. cunctis = cunctomm : see note on v. 201.

229. et — ferunt: "and they say that Laocoon has paid the penalty
of his crime deservedly."— scelus = poenas sceleris : cp. Aen. 11, 208 :
scelerum poenas expendimus omnes.

230. qui^quippe qui, utpote qui or quum is: "seeing that he out-
raged": H. L., 252, 4. Compare the curse on the sailor who killed the
albatross in Coleridge's Ancient Mariner.

231. tergo : cp. v. 51 and 52 where the "side," "belly," and
" womb" of the beast are struck. But tergus, tergfiris and tergum, -i
may mean simply "hide," and may apply to all parts of the body. —
laeserit— intorserit, are Causal subj. or subj. of Virtual 0.0.

233. see note v, 66.

234. dividimus — urbis : "we cleave the walls, and we throw open to
view the battlements of our city." Generally moenia (root MUN, "to
defend") is an outer wall of a city for defensive purposes: murus
( = munrus from the same root) is a general term for a wall of any kind.
Here, however, murus must mean the outer wall, while moenia must be
the fortified dwellings within : cp. Aen. 6, 549 : moenia lata videt
triplici circumdata muro.

235. accingunt = se accingunt: see v. 227, literally, "gird them-
selves," i.e., apply themselves, alluding to the long loose robes of the
ancients which were tucked up for active work : hence succinctus,
accinctus, " active "; discinctus, "idle." — rotarum lapsus = rotas
labentes, "smoothly gliding wheels": cf. Hor. Od. 1, 12, 10: fluminum
lapsus = flumina labentia.

237. stuppea — intendunt: "draw taut upon its neck the hempen
bands : " alluding to the senators and young nobles of Rome drawing the
tensae or sacred cars containing the images of the gods, which were
drawn to and from the Capital.

238. feta armis^feta armatis viris : " teeming with armed men."

239. sacra canunt = sacra carmina canunt : "chant hymns." Vergil
is evidently thinking of the hymns chanted at the secular games when
maidens and youths sang songs to Apollo and Diana.

240. minans— urbi : " towering high glides into the midst of the city : "
with this meaning of minor cp. Aen. 1, ger"ir.ique minantur in caelum
scopuli : from root MIN, "project" : cp. mons, " a mountain" ; minae,
" the gable ends of a house."

206 NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID

241. Note the feeling expressed by this outburst. The line is a
quotation from Ennius.

242. Dardanidum=Dardanidarum.— ipso— substitit : "at the very
threshold it stood still." — limen = ligmen : from ligo, "bind:" hence ' the
sill of the door ' : here ' the ground of the breach. '— portae : connected
with per, Trdpof, Trepdw : English -fare in thorough/are, A.S. faran,
"to go.1'

243. utero : abl. of Specification, or=in utero.

244. immemores : "regardless."

245. sacrata arce = in sacrata arce : v. 8.

246. tune— Teucris : " then, too, Cassandra opens her lips to speak
the doom that was to be — lips, by heaven's command, never believed by
the Teucri." — etiam : besides other warnings. For the story see
Cassandra in Vocabulary. — fatis futuris : abl. of Instrument or Circum-
stance : or dative. — credita: verbs that govern a dative in the active
are almost always used impersonally in the passive ; only in poetry
have we a few examples of the personal use of such verbs : Horace has
imperor, invideor : Ovid, credor more than once.— Teucris : dative :
H. L., 176, 4.

248. nos — urbem : ' ' we, poor wretches, to whom that day was to be the
last, deck the shrines of the gods throughout the city with festal boughs." —
quibus esset : the subj. may be either Causal or Concessive : implied in
the relative, i. e. , quibus esset = quippe is nobis esset or quamvis nobis
esset : H. L., 252, 4 ; 254, 2 (&).— velamus = coronamus : Aen. 3, 405 ;
3, 545 ; 5, 72. The leaves would be those of the trees sacred to each
particular god : of laurel, to Apollo ; oak, to Jove ; myrtle, to Venus,
etc.

250. vertitur — nox : " meamvhile the sphere of heaven wheels round,
and night rushes up from the sea." — vertitur: reflexive use of the passive
voice. The ancients believed that the heavens consisted of two hemi-
spheres, one of light and the other of darkness, and by the revolution
of those hemispheres light and darkness were produced : cf. Milton,
Paradise Lost, 9, 52 —

and now from end to end
Night's hemisphere had veiled the horizon round.

Night is said to ' rush up from the ocean ' in pursuit of the retreating
day.

251. Note the effect of the heavy spondees of this line.

NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID 207

252. fusi per urbem : "stretched out to rest throughout the town" : so
fusi per herbam, said of the revelling crew of Aeneas : Aen. 1, 214.

254. et — Tenedos : "and by this time the Argive host was setting out
from Tenedos with its array of ships." — instructis navibus : abl. abs. :
note the military term.

255. tacitae — lunae: " amid the favoring stillness of the quiet moon.'1
Two directly opposite views have been taken of this passage. Some
say that the passage shows that the moon was quietly shining, others
that there was no moon shining. Some quote in support of the latter
view Milton, Samson Agonistes : —

dark

And silent as the moon,
When she deserts the night,
Hid in her vacant interlunar cave.

From v. 340 we know that the moon was up. Vergil brings out
prominently the light and calm of the night furthering the designs of
the Greeks.

256. flammas extulerat : "when the royal bark had raised aloft the
fire signal " : this clause is subordinate to the clause containing ibat with
which laxat is co-ordinate, laxat being an Historical present. With
regia puppis: cp. Shakespeare, Henry IV., Pt. I, Act 3, Sc. 3: "Thou
art our admiral, thou bearest the lantern in the poop." For cum with
the indie., see H. L., 261, 1. — effero is the technical word "to raise" the
standard.

257. fatisque— iniquis : "protected by the malign decrees of heaven."

258. Note the zeugma in laxat : " (releases) the Greeks pent up in the
womb and stealthily loosens the pine bars."

263. It is difficult to see, if Machaon was the first to issue from the
horse, why he should be mentioned seventh. It may be an imitation
of Homer, II. II, 505 : apicTe.vovra Ma^dom, Troi/ueva Aaan> : hence some
translate it "peerless."

265. somno vinoque sepultum : " buried in a drunken slumber." It is
best to make somno vinoque an example of hendiadys = somno vinoso.
Ennius (A. 8) has the expression vino domiti somnoque sepulti. Hence
some look on sepultum in this passage of Vergil as a zeugma, ' ' o'ercome
with wine and buried in sleep," but the order of the words precludes this.

266. portis : abl. of Means.

267. agmina — jungunt : so sibi : "unite to themselves their confederate
bands,"

208 NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID

268. mprtalibus— aegris : of. Homeric deifolai j3poToloi.

272. raptatus — bigis : "dragged along by the car, as formerly."
After slaying Hector, Achilles fastened his body to his chariot, and
dragged it thrice around the walls of Troy, or, as Homer says, to the
ships and round the tomb of Patroclus, II. xxii.

273. trajectus— lora : "having had thongs bored through his swollen
feet." We sometimes find Latin verbs used in a middle sense, express-
ing the action done to one's self by some one else, or done to one's self,
in imitation of the Greek. The accusative in this case resembles the
accusative of Respect : cp. note on manus, v. 56.

274. hei— erat! "Ah me! what a sight he was." — Note the force of
illo: cp. eKelvoc, "that illustrious Hector": H. L., 140, 6 (6).

275. qui — Achilli : "who returns, having donned the spoils of Achilles."
— redit : is a graphic present for the perfect rediit. — exuvias : we can
say in the active, exuvias mihi induo, and in the passive, exuvias ego
induor or exuviis me induo and exuviis ego induor. —Achilli : as if
from the nominative Achilleus, gen. Achillei, contracted Achilli : see
note on Ulixi : v. 7. Hector slew Patroclus, who had donned the
armor of his friend Achilles.

276. vel — ignis: sc. qui redit: "who returns, after hurling the
Phrygian flames on the ships of the Greeks." puppibus = in puppes : see
note v. 36.

277. squalentem barbam — patrios : " wearing as he did a squalid
beard and hair all matted with blood, and having all the many wounds
which he received around his ancestral walls." — vulnera : the wounds
he received by being dragged around the walls of Troy.

279. ultro : without waiting for an answer : see v. 59. — flens ipse :
"in tears too, I myself."

281. lux Dardaniae : lux is the Homeric <J>doc, "safety": cp. Horn.
II. vi. 6, 0owf A'sTapoiatv eOrjuev : 2 Sam. xxi, 17, where David is called
"the light of Israel."

283. expectate: vocative for nominative : "from what regions dost
thou, Hector, long expected, come ?" — ut : exclamatory, join with aspici-
mus. The meaning of ut in such cases must be inferred from the
context, here ut = ut libenter : " how gladly ! "

284. labores : cp. TTOVOC : "sufferings."

285. quae — vultus ? " what cruel cause has marred the serene beauty of
thy face ? ''

NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID

287. ille mihi, so. respondit : see note v. 42. — nee— moratur : "nor
pays he any heed to my idle, question " : for this use of moror : cp. Aen.
5, 400, nee dona moror, "nor care I for gifts" : so Horace Epist. 1, 15,
17 : vina nihil moror illius orae : 2, 1, 164: nil moror officium quod
me gravat.

289. nate— dea: "goddess-born" : fordea: see H. L., 291, 2.

290. ruit — Troja : " Troy from its very summit is sinking in ruins."

291. sat — datum : " you have fulfilled your duty to your native land
and to Priam" — sat = satis used as an indecl. neut. — satis dare is a
legal phrase for giving security for payment of a debt, here for the
payment itself, more commonly expressed by satisfacere.

292. hac : " by this (right hand) of mine."

293. sacra suosque — Penates: "her rites and household gods." —
sacra : seems to be a general term for the religious ceremonies, and
penates a particular term. What the penates were, it is difficult to
say. They were probably ancestral deities represented in little images
of wood or stone, and the word may be derived from PA, "to protect"
or "feed" : cp. pater, pasco, penus.

294. his — ponto : ' 'for these seek a city, a mighty city, which thou shalt
erect at length after wandering over the sea." This of course refers to
the future city of Rome. — moenia quaere, magna — quae: with this
punctuation (the one adopted in our text), magna is predicative :
"which thou shalt build mighty." The other punctuation, however,
moenia quaere magna, pererrato, is common.

296. vittas Vestamque = Vestam vittatam : " (the image of) Vesta
wearing a fillet " : hendiadys.

297. aeternum— ignem : the penates of the family were closely
identified with Vesta, the goddess of the hearth. In the temple of
Vesta at Rome, * ' the eternal fire " was maintained, the extinguishing
of which foreboded the doom of the city.

298. diverse — luctu : "meanwhile the town is filled with tumultuous
woe in all directions," or, more freely, " throughout the city meanwhile
confusion reigns with manifold cries of agony." — luctu : the wailing for
the lost. Possibly diverse means "in a distant quarter of the city. " Note
the emphatic position of diverse. This, with the latter interpretation,
is particularly significant as marking the transition.

299. magis — magis : join with clarescunt : " the noises begin to grow
clearer and clearer. — secreta — obtecta : both predicates of recessit :

210 NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID

" though the house of my father Anchises lay deep withdrawn and screened
by trees." In Homer Anchises is not an inhabitant of Troy, but an
independent prince of Dardania.

301. armorumque — horror : " and the clash of arms rolls onward."-
ingruit: root GAR, "to call" or "shout" : cp. garrire, garulus, grus :
•yepavos, yrjpveiv. Note the imitative harmony produced by the recurring
of the r sound.

302. excutior : middle, "/ shake myself from sleep." — fastigia :
properly the gable of the roof : here put for the roof itself, fastigia
tecti, i.e., tectum fastigatum, a sloping or ridged roof.

304. The construction is : adsto veluti stupet pastor. The con-
trast is between Aeneas listening to the din of battle and the shepherd
hearing the roaring of a conflagation or a torrent from the top of a crag.
The simile is suggested by Homer, II. 4, 455. Cp. Thomson's imitation
in his Seasons, Autumn, v. 340-348. — furentibus Austris : "when the
winds are raging " : abl. abs.

305. montano flumine is a kind of abl. of Quality with torrens :
" a whirling mountain torrent," or " the roaring torrent of a mountain
stream."

306. sternit— sternit : note the rhetorical effect gained by repetition,
and cp. 325, fuimus— fuit : 483, apparet— apparent : 499, vidi— vidi :
560. subiit — subiit. — boumque labores is the Homeric epya fiotiv.

307. inscius : " perplexed" ; not knowing what to make of it because
he is still dazed.

309. manifesta: perhaps a predicate, " the truth is evident." Others
make fides one of the nominatives to patescunt, but the two distinct
predicates have double the force and energy of a single predicate. —
Danaum : see v. 14. — fides here is not " faith," but "that which causes

faith."

310. dedit ruinam : "has fallen in ruins," literally, "has made a
fall." — dare, from root DMA; cp. TiOqui, often used in the sense of

' * make " : vopovc edqKe. That the house of Deiphobus was first attacked
is evident from Homer, Od. 8, 517.

311. Vulcano superante: abl. abs. : "amid the overpowering Jlames " :
Vulcanus= ignis (metonymy). — proximus Ucalegon = domus Ucaleg-
tonis quae proxima erat : the owner is put for the house (metonymy).
Note the lively effect of the sudden introduction of the figure.

312. igni— relucent : "gleam with the blaze." What words in the 3rd
declension may have the ablative in -e or -i ? H. L., 62,

NOTES ON VE&GIL'S AENEID 211

313. This is a fine example of imitative harmony (onomatopoeia) :
the braying of the trumpets is well represented by the r's : "there arise
the heroes' shout and trumpets' bray. " There is an anachronism here, as
trumpets were not used in Homer's time to give signals in battle.

314. nee — armis : " nor in (taking) arms is there any reason good." —
sat = satis.— armis = in armis capiendis.

315. bello : dative of Purpose: " but my feelings burn to gather a troop
for ivar. "

316. furor — armis : "fury and wrath drive me headlong, and I think
how glorious it is to die in arms." — succurrit : literally, " it occurs to me
that it is glorious": cp. Horace, Od. 3, 2, 13 : dulce et decorum est pro
patria mori.

318. telis: abl. of Separation : H. L., 291, 3.

319. Othryades : patronymic.

321. trahit : zeugma: "carries the sacred vessels and the conquered gods
in his hands and hurries along his little grandson." For the latter
meaning cp. v. 457, puerum Astyanacta trahebat. — sacra sc. vasa.
— cursu : "distractedly": literally "with speed." — limina : "to the
house of Anchises.

322. quo — loco? literally "in what position is our state?" or
"how fares our state?" — quo loco = in quo statu : Hor. Ep. 1, 12, 25 :
quo sit res Romana loco. — summa res : Nettleship shows that summa
res is an old phrase for the later res publica, ' ' our all% " ' ' the main
chance." Others take the meaning to be, " where is the struggle.hottest?"
— Panthu vocative : Panthus = Hdv6ovc. = TldvOoo£ : voc. HdvOoe, Hdv6ov.
— prendimus : the indicative is far more vivid than the customary
subjunctive, "what stronghold are we to occupy?" Occasionally we
find a rhetorical question in the indicative : as Aen. vii, 359 : exulibusne
datur ducenda Lavinia ? xii 637 : quid ago ?

323. cum— reddit: H. L., 261, 1.

324. summa dies : see note on v. 11. — ineluctabile tempus : cp. "the
inevitable hour" in Gray's Elegy. — Dardaniae : dative.

325. fuimus, fuit ; the perfect of sum is often used euphemistically :
" we were," but "are no longer" : cp. Tib. 3, 5, 3, sive erimus seu nos
fatafuisse velint: "whether we shall be alive or whether the fates may will
that we should be dead : " cp. Gen. xlii, 13, "the youngest is this day with
our father and one is not :" Matt, ii, 18, " Jtachel weeping for her chil-
dren, and would not be comforted, because they are not. "

212 NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID

327. transtutit : according to the Scholiast on Aes. fheD. $10, the
gods departed in a body from Troy on the night of its destruction
bearing their images with them.

328. arduus — equus : ' ' the horse, as U stands high in the heart of the
town, pours forth armed men and triumphant Sinon insolently spreads Jire
and confusion." Note the double alliteration. — moenibus : see note v.
334.

330. bipatentibus : " wide open : " with both halves thrown open.

331. millia quot = tot millia quot.

332. angusta viarum : either for angustas vias, " the narrow streets,"
or for augusta loca viarum, " the narrow places of the streets."

333. stat — stricta : " the keen sword stands drawn with gleaming edge."

334. primi— vigiles : either "the guard at the entrance," or "the
guards first attacked"

336. numine : " by the will."

337. tristis Erinys : "fell Fury" Warner explains Erinys here as
the demon of battle : cp. Lucan, 4, 187, civilis Erinys.

339. maximus armis : others read for armis, annis.

340. oblati per lunam : " meeting us in the moonlight"

342. illis— amore : " it so happened that he had come to Troy in these
(direful) days Jired with frantic love for Cassandra." — Cassandrae :
Objective gen.

343. insano : = " because it hurried him to his ruin." — Conington. (1)
quia belli tempore amabat ; (2) aut perpetuum epitheton amoris est.
— Servius. The second interpretation of Servius seems the best : i.e.,
"passionate" or "violent" : cp. Plant. Cure. I, 3, 20 : nam bonum est
pauxillum amare sane ; insane non bonum est, and Ovid Art. Amat.
1, 371 : insano juret amore mori.

344. gener used proleptically because he does not seem to have ever
married Cassandra. According to Roman custom, after betrothal
relationship (affinitas) was considered complete : cp. Tacitus Ann. xii,
4 : praebebat Caesar aures accipiendis adversus generum suspici-
onibus (said of Lucius Silanus who was newly betrothed to Caesar's
daughter, Octavia). The meaning then is: "in hope of becoming a
son-in-law he was bringing aid."

345. qui— audierit : " inasmuch as he did not listen to the warnings of
his raving betrothed." Causal rel. and subj.

346. See note on v. 230.

NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID 213

347. quos — vidi: "and when I saw them banded together rushing boldly
into battle."— confertos : from confercio : others read consertos.

348. incipio super his. It is best to take super adverbially, and to
supply dictis with his : " thereupon I begin with these words." — fortissima
frustra : bring out the alliteration by translating "bootlessly brave.'*

349. si — sequi : " if you have a fixed desire to follow one of desperate
daring : " with cupido certa, sc. est. extrema is neuter pi. : sc. me
with audentem.

350. sit : Indirect Question.

351. excessere sc. ex urbe Troja. It seems to have been a universal
belief among the ancients that the gods left a doomed city. Josephus
relates that during the siege of Jerusalem voices more than human were
heard crying on the day of Pentecost : /tera(3aivuuev svrevQev, " let us go
hence:" cp. Aesch. Theb. 207:—

aA/l' ovv 6eov£
ravg r

So also Milton, Ode on Nativity : —

Apollo from his shrine
Can no more divine,
With hollow shriek the steep of Delphos leaving.

352. quibus: abl. of Instrument: "by whose grace this empire stood
firm : " for the force of steterat : see v. 56.

353. incensae : emphatic from its position : " in flames is the city you
are trying to succour." — succurritis : a conative present. — et is epexe-
getic (i.e., explanatory); the clause introduced by it explaining how
they would meet death : "let us mett death by rushing into the heart of
the foe." Usually the passage is explained as an example of vcrepov
irporepov : " let us die and let us rush into the midst of the foe " = " let us
rush into the midst of the foe and die."— arma = armatos hostes.

354. una — salutem : note the emphatic position of una : "the only
safety the vanquished have is to expect no safety : " with salus sc. est.

355. animis: " courage." — additus sc. est— lupi ceu : this may be
an echo of the Homeric ^.vnoi &g ending the line in Iliad 11, 72 ; 16, 156.

356. improba : generally denoting excess of all kinds in Vergil :
cp. improbus ira, "excessive in rage:" improbus anser, "greedy
goose : " improbus amor, "insatiate love : " improbus labor, "unflinching
toil." With improba ventris — rabies may be compared the Shake-
spearian "belly-pinched wolf." Possibly here a strong personal epithet:

214 NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID

"reckless;" cp. Milton, Paradise I^ost, iv, "a prowling wolf, whom
hunger drives. "

357. exegit caecos : " has driven them blindly forth," i.e., to prowl
at random.

358. siccis: " thirsting for blood." The second part of the simile is
without the connective sic with per tela, per hostes.

359. mediaeque— iter : "and we pursue our way into the heart of the
city." — mediae urbis is a Descriptive Gen. : H. L., 288, 5.

360. nox — umbra: " dark night hovers round us with encircling
gloom." — cavus, "hollow," i.e., "encircling."

361. quis— labores ? "who can unfold the carnage of that night, who
(can unfold) in language the losses, or who is able to measure its troubles
by his tears." Note the studied alliteration, funera fando : lacrimis
labores.— fando : see note v. 6.

363. dominata : " that has held sway."

364. plurima— limina : " unnumbered both throughout the streets and
the houses and the awful courts of the gods lie strewed the lifeless corpses."
With inertia corpora : cp. a^vriva Kapqva of Homer.

366. poenas dant sanguine : " pay forfeit with their life : " cp. v. 72.

367. quondam— Danai : "anon too into the hearts of the vanquished
valor returns and the victorious Danai fall." Note the alliteration
victis— virtus— victores.

368. crudelis: "ruthless."

369. pavor : Note the quantity of the final syllable of pavor :
possibly long, because the stress of the voice (ictus) falls on it and also
because the letter r is trilled : cp. v. 411. — plurima — imago : " many a
form of death" = " death in many a form :" cp. Thucy. 3, 81 : Ttaaa idea
KaricTTj Oavdrov.

370. se — offert : " comes to meet us."

371. socia agmina credens : socia agmina (esse) credens.

372. Notice the emphasis gained by putting the adjective at the
beginning of the line with a pause after it : so also infelix, v. 345 :
saucius, v. 529. — ultro : " unaccosted by us."

374. rapiunt — feruntque : ordinarily the phrase is ferre et agere (cp.
ysptiv KOI ajeLv : ferre referring to the "carrying o/f " of portable pro-
perty, and agere to the " driving " of captives or cattle. Here there is
little or no distinction between the words: Tr. " plunder and jrillage."

NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID 215

377. sensit delapsus : a Graecism for sensit se delapsum esse : cp.
qatieTo euTrecuv. So also Milton, Paradise Lost, 9, 792 : —

greedily she gorged without restraint
And knew not eating death.

i.e., that she was eating.
So also Catullus iv, 2 :—

Phaselus ille quam videtis hospites
Ait fuisse navium celerrimus.

379. aspris sentibus nitens : ' ' struggling amid rough brambles : " for
the abl. : see H. L., 292, 1. The same simile occurs in Homer's Iliad 3,
33. Note here aspris = asperis.

380. refugit : perfect of instantaneous action, or aorist. Often the
perfect is used in similes for the present : see note, v. 223. Note that
the recurring dactyls and the repetition of re- well brings out the
sudden recoil of the unwary traveller.

381. attollentem— tumentem : "as it rises in anger and puff's out its
deep blue throat."— caerula = caelulea from caelum, "sky," hence,
"skyblue."— colla: ace. of Respect.

382. visu : may go with tremefactus or with abibat; perhaps the
former. — abibat : "was beginning to retreat:" or Conative imperf. : "was
attempting to retreat."

385. The metaphor in adspirat is that of a favorable breeze.

388. dextra : for the more usual dextram.

389. insignia : devices on the shields, crests of helmets, or any other
mark that would serve to distinguish one warrior from another.
Perhaps badge is nearest to it in English.

390. dolus— requirat : construe quis in hoste requirat utrum dolus
(sit adhibendus) an virtus : " who in the case of a foe would ask ivhether
fraud or courage is to be employed ? " — requirat : Rhetorical Question.

391. ipsi : i.e., the enemy will themselves supply the arms we are to
use against them.

392. insigne : is a subst. as in v. 389 : " the fair device of his shield : "
or as we should say "on his shield." — comantem — galeam: cp. Homeric

393. induitur : "dons": reflexive or middle use: cp. 511, ferrum
cingitur.

216 NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID

396. haud — nostro: " not under the protection of our own gods." By
donning the Greek armor they were no longer under the protection of
the Trojan gods.

397. caecam— noctem : see v. 340.— congress! proelia conserimus:
" meeting (the Greeks) we engage in many a battle."

398. Danaum : see v. 14.— Orco=ad Orcum : see v. 19.

399. cursu: "speedily" : cp. Aen. 5, 265 : cp. dpofiu.

400. fida — litora: "the safe refuge of the coast" where the ships were
moored. — formidine turpi : ' ' in craven fear. "

402. scandunt: a, sense construction: see note v. 32. — conduntur = se
condunt : " hide themselves " : a reflexive use of the passive correspond-
ing to the middle voice.

402. heu divis : "alas ! it is not at all right for any one to trust to the
gods agaimt their witt."— nihil is the Adverbial Ace. With fas supply
est. Distinguish fas est = xPVi said of the will of heaven ; jus est =
del, said of human right. — invitis divis : dative after fidere or abl. abs.

403. passis-crinibus: either the abl. of Description: "with her
tresses all loose," or the abl. of Means : " by her loosened tresses" : passis
from pando.

404. a templo— Minervae : "from the temple, aye, from the very
shrine of Minerva." — templum (cp. Gk. Tejusvog) is applied to the whole
building and the land enclosed for sacred purposes (from rifnvuv, "to
cut off") ; adytum (a, "not," 6veiv, "enter") is the "unentera Ue" place
where the image of the goddess was kept. The Oilcan Ajax was said
to have dragged Cassandra and the image, to which she was clinging,
from the temple.

The precincts of religious buildings have from time immemorial
been places of refuge: cp. the Jewish cities of Refuge ; "the Sanctuary"
at Westminster. The altar was considered especially inviolable : cp.
I Kings, ii, 28 ; Matt, xxiii, 35.

406. arcebant : "confined" so that they could not be raised in prayer
— palmas : see v. 153.

407. non — Coroebus : " Coroebus with infuriate mind brooked not this
sight." — furiata mente : abl. of Description.

408. periturus : for the more usual periturum : see note v. 377. Tr.
"resolving to die, he fiung himself into the midst of the band."

409. densis armis=densatis armis : "closing our ranks," "in dense
array. "

NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID 217

410. Note primum : turn (v. 413) ; etiam (v. 420).

411. nostrorum : "of our own men." — obruimur : Note the quantity of
-ur. A final syllable naturally short may be lengthened when it is
caesural : cp. Aen. 4, 64 ; 3, 464.— miserrima : because inflicted by friends.

412. facie: "appearance" literally "make" (from facio).— Gra-
iarum errore jubarum : "through the mistake caused by our Grecian
plumes " : Subjective Gen.

413. ereptae— ira : "in wrath at the rescue of the maid" — virginis:
Causal genitive. Latin is sadly deficient in verbal nouns ; their place is
often supplied by the perf. part, passive : cp. v. 643, capta urbs, " the
capture of the city" ; ab urbe condita, "from the foundation of the city."
Milton uses the same idiom in Paradise Lost, 9, 16 : —

or rage
Of Turnus for Lavinia disespoused.

414. acerrimus : " most fierce " : The Oilean Ajax felt aggrieved at
the loss of his prize.

415. gemini Atridae : see note, v. 203.

416. adversi — equis : "as at times, when a hurricane bursts forth,
the west and south winds strive in opposing conflict, and the east wind
exulting in the coursers of the Dawn." — adversi, predicate.— laetus—
equis is the Homeric 'nnrtoxap/M??.

418. Note the alliterative harmony of this line : translate, " (then)
creak the forests and fierce in foam Nereus stirs up the seas from their
lowest depths." — spumeus equally applicable to the angry god and angry
sea.

421. tota— urbe : note that the abl. and not per with ace. is the
usual construction when totus accompanies a noun.

422. mentita : "false " : see v. 46.

423. ora — signant : and they mark the jarring accent of our speech " :
literally, " our lips disagreeing in speech (with their oivri)." In Homer
the Trojans and Greeks alike speak Greek. Vergil means here that
there was a slight difference in dialect or accent.

424. ilicet : " thereupon." Originally ilicet( =ire (vobis) licet) was the
technical word used by the priests after the sacrifice or by the consul
in dismissing an assembly : " You may go." Then came its inter-
jectional meaning.

425. divae: Minerva.

218 NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID

426. unus : imparts to superlatives or to adjectives of a superlative
idea an additional force : cp. etf apiarog, "by far the, best" : Homer's
Iliad 12, 243: ctf oiuvbg apcoroQ a^vv£a6ai Trepi irarprjc,. Tr. : "the
justest of the just."

428. dis — visum : "heaven willed otherwise." The meaning of course
is ' Heaven's ways are not ours ; ' according to human reasoning Rhipeus,
the most just of men, should have been spared. Seneca recommends
his friend on the occasion of any loss to say constantly without com-
plaining, dis aliter visum est, or rather di melius, in which sc. dent.

430. labentem: " in thy fall."

431. flamma— meorum : " expiring flame of my countrymen" The
burning city was the funeral pyre of her defenders. — et flamma, etc. :
explanatory of the previous clause.

433. Supply me before vitavisse. — vices: ' ' encounter ": root VICK,
"to move" : cp. feiKeiv. vitare (=victare), vicissim : German weichen,
"change," "turn": English weak.— si— manu : " if fate had so willed
that I should fall, I earned (my fall) by my deeds." -ut caderem belongs
to si fata fuissent and not to meruisse.

436. gravior: " somewhat enfeebled." — Ulixi : " caused by Ulysses " :
Subjective Gen. For the form see v. 7.

438. hie : at the royal palace of Priam.

441. acta testudine : "by the advancing shielded column." The
testudo consisted of a body of men who locked their shields together
and held them over their heads : cp. Tennyson, Dream of Fair

Women : —

heroes tall,

Dislodging pinnacle and parapet
Upon the tortoise creeping to the wall.

442. parietibus : see note on v. 18 : it may be a dat. or abl. —
postesque — gradibus : "and hard by the door posts themselves they
struggle up the rungs." — gradibus : the steps of the scaling ladders.

443. clipeosque— objiciunt : "and (thus) protected, with their left hands
they present their shields to the missiles." Others take clipeos governed
either by protecti used here in the middle sense, or by objiciunt :
"placing their shields before them with the left hand they present them (i.e.,
the shields) to the missiles."

444. fastigia : "battlements."

445. tecta— culmina: " the roof covering."

NOTES ON VERGIL'S AKNEID 219

446. his— telis : "with such weapons, since they see their doom, even
in death's extremity they prepare to defend themselves."

448. decora alta: " stately splendor."

449. imas obsedere fores: " have blockaded the doors below."
451. instaurati animi : sc. sunt : " our spirits are braced anew."

453. limen — tergo : "there was a threshold, and a secret door and a
passage connecting the chambers of Priam's palace one with another, and
agate in the rear unobserved." — limen = ligmen : properly, " that which
binds," hence the sill or lintel. — pervius usus: by entering the door, one
had access to the different rooms. — relicti : perhaps means overlooked
by the assailants and unnoticed by the defenders.

455. infelix : notice the emphatic position of this word.

457. soceros : "to her parents-in-law": in the masculine term are
included Priam and Hecuba, the father and mother of her husband
Hector. — avo = ad avum : see v. 36.

458. summi fastigia culminis : "to the ridge of the roof" : for fas-
tigia see v. 302.

460. in praecipiti : " on the brink," "on the sheer edge. "— summisque
— tectis : " and towering with its roof to the stars."

462. Danaum : see v. 14. — solitae, sc. sunt. What verbs are semi-
deponent ?

463. aggressi— impulimusque : "assailing with iron bars where the
topmost stories afforded weak joinings, we wrench it from its deep founda-
tions and push it forward." — summa tabulata are the stories that rise
above the roof of the main building. Note that the present convellimus
represents a continued act, and the perfect impulimus a single, mo-
mentary one.

465. ea — trahit : " it toppling over suddenly, falls in ruin with a crash."
467. subeunt: " come to their aid."

469. vestibulum : the open space before the door of a Roman house.
Some derive it from ve-sti-bu-lum, "a place for standing outside" : from
ve-sto.

470. telis — aena: "gleaming in arms of brazen sheen" : note the hen-
diadys.

471. qualis — trisulcis : "like as when a snake, fattened on baleful herbs,
which chill winter kept sioollen underground, now all new, its slough cast
off, and shining in youth, rolls along with breast erect, its slimy length

220 NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID

towering to the sun, and in its mouth it makes its three-forked tongue
quiver." It was a common belief among the ancients that the snake
drew its venom from the food on which it fed. The simile is taken
from Iliad 22, 93, when Hector is awaiting the attack of Achilles : —

6)f de dpaKuv eirl x£LV bpzorepog avdpa uevgatv,
Ka.K.6, fyappaiC edv Ae re
v Ae dedopnev Ihiaaouevof irepl

"As a serpent of the mountains upon his den awaiteth a man, having
fed on evil poisons, and fell wrath hath entered into him, and terribly he
glareth as he coileth himself about his den " : cp. Shelley's Hellas ad
finem : —

The earth doth like a snake renew

Her winter weeds outworn.

So also Tennyson, The Two Voices, when he describes the dragon-fly : —

An inner impulse rent the veil,
Of that old husk ; from head to tail
Came out clear plates of sapphire mail.

— novus— juventa : probably Vergil is thinking of the other name of
Pyrrhus, Neoptolemus, "young warrior." — ore = in ore: Local abl. —
linguis : abl. of Means.

476. agitator equorum= Homeric rjvioxos 'imruv.

477. Scyria pubes : Pyrrhus brought a number of warriors from
Scyros, one of the Cyclades, where his grandfather Lycomedes dwelt :
Horn. II. 19, 325.

479. dura limina : "the stubborn door" : for limen see note on v. 458.

480. perrumpit— vellit : the present expresses incomplete and con-
tinuous action, and also an attempt: "is striving to burst through
and wrench": the perfect cavavit — dedit, a momentary, complete
act : "and now having cut out a panel, he has hewn a breach in the stout
oak and made a huge opening with a yawning mouth." The hinges
(cardines) in a Roman house were not as with us fastened to the side of
the door, but were pivots working in sockets, one in the lintel (limen
superum) and the other in the sill (limen). The doors were double
doors (valvae). — cardo: from KRAD, "to move," "to swing": cp. cor,
KapSia, npa6r], Kpadaivu, K.6p6a!-.

486. at : marks a change in the narrative.

487. miscetur : "is in confusion." The domus interior probably
refers to the women's apartments, yvvaiKuvlrif, which in a Greek house

NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID 221

were in the back. — cavae aedes : either the "vaulted" or "hollow
halls," or = cavae dium, an opening in the roof of the atrium over the
impluvium or cistern containing rain water.

488. ululare : often said of a woman's shriek of grief as vagire is of
an infant's wail. It may be observed that though o/lo/li/fcj is etyrao-
logically connected with ululare, it generally is applied to female
invocations of gods or to expressions of joy, and is seldom said of grief :
English howl. — aurea: the contrast is in the splendor of the sky and the
wretchedness of the palace.

489. tectis=intectis.

490. The kisses were a sign of sorrowful parting : cp. Ovid Metam.

13, 412 :—

Dardanidas matres patriorum signa deoruin
Dum licet amplexas.

491. vi patria : "in all his father's might " : abl. of Manner. Achilles
was the father of Pyrrhus.

492. labat— crebro : " totters before the frequent blows of the battering
ram." Scan this line : see v. 16.

493. emoti : "wrenched" : see note on v. 480.

494. aditus : cognate object : "they burst an entrance."

496. non sic — trahit : " not so furiously does the river, when bursting its
banks it has gone forth foaming and has beaten down the opposing dykes
with its whirling tide, rush raging over the fields in a mass and throughout
all the plains carries away the herds and the stalls together." Note
the double alliteration in v. 498. No doubt this would be a familiar
image to Vergil seen both on the Mincius and the Padus. — cumulo :
abl. of Manner.

499. ipse : " with my own eyes."

501. centumque nurus : according to Homer (Iliad 6, 244), Vriam
had fifty sons and fifty daughters. The hundred mentioned here must
refer to both daughters-in-law and daughters.

503. illi: " those famous."

504. barbarico : to a Greek, all nations outside of Greece were
barbarians, especially the Asiatic nations. The phrase "barbaric
gold " suggests the idea of Oriental magnificence : cp. Milton's Paradise

Lost, 2, 3 :—

Or where the gorgeous East with richest hand
Show'rs on her kings barbaric pearl and gold.

The Romans often adorned the walls of their houses and temples with
the spoils of war.

222 NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID

506. forsitan— requiras : note that in Vergil forsitan takes the sub-
junctive : forte, forsan, the indicative : fortasse, once the indicative,
otherwise the subjunctive.

507. convulsa— limina : " the bursting of the doors of his house."

510. ferrura cingitur : " girds on his useless sword" : middle use.

511. fertur moriturus : " is rushing resolved to die."

512. nudoque — axe : " under the open canopy of heaven." Vergil has
probably had in his mind a Greek house here. The atrium was the
main hall of a Roman house in which were the images of the penates
and an altar. The roof of this was partly open and below the open
space was a cistern (impluvium). Around it ran a pillared portico
to which rooms opened, with an altar of Jupiter hospitalis (Zei>c EPKEIOC.).

513. laurus : so in the description of the palace of Latinus we find

(7, 59) :

Laurus erat tecti medio in penetralibus altis.

516. praecipites : cp. Tennyson, In Memoriam, xv : " The rooks are
blown about the skies."

518. sumptis juvenalibus armis : "donning his youthful armor."

519. mens dira : "so dreadful a thought."

520. cingi : "to gird yourself" : reflexive.

521. defensoribus istis : " such defenders as you." The idea is that
in prayers, not in arms, our hope is.

522. non sc. egeret, from the eget preceding: "the hour would
not need such aid and such defenders were even my own Hector now
beside us."

523. tandem: some say, "retire, I beseech thee, hither," or "come
hither, for it is high time." Conington says: "while yet there is time."

524. moriere simul : " you will die along with us."

526. elapsus— caede : " having escaped the sword of Pyrrhus."

527. porticibus longis : ' 'flies adown the long cloisters " : abl. of the
way by which one goes : see note v. 175. — lustrat : " traverses."

529. saucius : note the emphatic position of the adjective. — ilium —
insequitur : "him eagerly Pyrrhus follows in act to deal a deadly blow."
— infesto = infensto: root GHAN, Gk. Oev— Lat. FEND, "to strike": cp.
defendo, Befvu.

NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID 223

530. jam jamque : note that the repetition of jam makes the descrip-
tion vivid: "now now he holds him in Ms grasp, and follows hard upon
him with his spear." The meaning is not that he actually holds him in
his grasp, but he is so close to him that he seems to have caught him.

533. quamquam — tenetur: "though he is now hemmed in by death on
every side."

535. at: a frequent particle in imprecations: "Nay, may the gods,
he cries, if there is any kind power in heaven which regards such deeds,
render you all the thanks you deserve, and yield you your due reward, for
such a crime, for such a sacrilege, you who have made me witness the death
of my son before my eyes, and have defiled a father's face with a death. "
— pietas commonly used of the dutiful feeling of men to the gods, to
their country, or to others who have a claim on them. Here it is used
for the reciprocal feeling of gods to men. — quae — curet : Consecutive
use of the relative: H. L., 236, 2.— qui fecisti : direct address : " thou
who hast made." Distinguish this from qui — feceris. The infinitive
cernere for ut cernerem is rare after facere. — foedasti : defilement from
seeing his son's death.

540. at — Priamo : "but that hero, Achilles, whose son you falsely say
you are, was not like you in the case of Priam, his foe." — at: see
note v, 486. — satum from sero. — quo : abl. of Origin, H. L., 291, 2.
This does not mean that Pyrrhus was illegitimate, but that his nature
and conduct showed him to be no true son of Achilles. — jura — erubuit :
"he respected the rights and trust of a suppliant." — fidem supplicis: the
confidence reposed by the suppliant, and the protection in return. —
erubuit : yde'tro, qaxvvero.

542. corpusque : after the death of Hector, Priam went to the tent
of Achilles to beg the corpse of Hector. Achilles granted his request,
and allowed him to depart in safety.

544. sine ictu : " without inflicting a wound."

545. rauco: " hollow sounding " : root RU, "roar": cp. b-pv-/ta-y6oc,
6>-pt>-w : ru-mor, rugire, rumen (=rugmen): A. S. run, rune (originally
" a murmur "). — repulsum.- sc. est.

546. umbone : the umbo was the projecting boss of the shield, con-
structed in such a way as to turn aside a weapon. It was covered with
leather: root AMBH, " to project, " cp. umbilicus, o//0aAof.

548. Pelidae genitori=ad Pelidam genitorem. — tristia : "fell."
550. ipsa : "very."

224 NOTES ox VERGIL'S AENEID

553. lateri=in latus, see note on v. 19.

555. tulit = abstulit.

556. populis terrisque : "proud in so many nations and countries:"
abl. of Cause ; or Local abl. with regnatorem.

557. litore = in litore. Vergil may have in mind the sad fate of
Pompey. According to Servius, Priam's body was exposed on the
Sigeum promontory.

559. at : see note v, 486. — saevus— horror : "fell dread."

560. subiit, sc. animum.

562. deserta: "desolate."

563. Scan this line, and state any irregularity in the scansion.

564. copia : "force :" for the more usual copiae :

565. deseruere — dedere : "all had left me in utter weariness, and
had flung themselves to the earth, or had sunk in despair into the flames."

567. This episode of Vergil is left out of all good MSS., though
Servius says it was written by Vergil but left out by Varius and Tucca.
The main argument against the genuineness is that in Aeneid 6, 570
seq. Helen is spoken of as betraying Deiphobus to the Greeks. —
super eram = supereram, tmesis.— adeo : (cp. 6fj) emphasizes the word
to which it is joined.

570. erranti : not on the ground, but on the roof. He does not
descend till v. 632.

571. sibi goes with praemetuens, not with infestos ; " she fearing for
herself the Trojans who were hostile to her on account of the overthrow of
Troy." — infestos : for the derivation, see v. 529.

573. Erinys: so Aeschylus (Ag. 749) calls Helen vty/0d/c/lavrof 'Epm>f.

574. invisa : "a hateful being : " others take it "unseen."

575. animo = in animo.

576. sceleratas— poenas = sceleris poenas : " to exact vengeance for
guilt."

577. scilicet: "forsooth :" generally used in bitter irony.

578. regina : "in queenly state," i.e., not as a captive like the other
Trojan ladies.

579. conjugium: abstract for the concrete conjugem. — patres =
parentes: according to Euripides (Orestes 473) Tyndareus and Leda
are represented as being alive after the death of Clytemnestra, but
Homer (Od. 11, 298) introduces Leda in the shades.

NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID 225

580. comitata : passive use of a deponent verb.

581. occiderit— arserit— sudarit : the future perfect is often used to
express indignation that an event spoken of as future should be realized.
The sense is ' ' shall she return now that Priam has been murdered, Troy
burned, Dardania bathed in blood ? "

584. habet: " brings with it."

585. nefas -nefastam, "the wicked one." — sumpsisse merentes —
poenas : "to have exacted a penalty that deserved (to be exacted)." =
sumpsisse poenas merentes ut sumerentur.

586. animumque — flammae : " and it shall be my delight to have filled
my soul with avenging fire." No where else does explere govern a
genitive, though many other verbs of fulness take one.

589. cum — deam : ' ' when my kind mother, revealing the goddess, pre-
sented herself in visible presence, never before so clear to my sight, and she
shone in pure radiance through the night, inform and stature such as she
is wont to appear to the heavenly host." — cum — obtulit : when does cum
take the indicative? H. L., 262, 5, 6. — ante = antea. — deam: there is
no need of supplying se esse.— qualis et quanta : physical superiority
in size and beauty were according to the Greek and Roman inseparable
from mental superiority in size and beauty : cp. Homeric jyi>c re ^yaf TE.

592. reprensum — continuit : " she seized and held (me).n

593. roseo— ore : Aen. 1, 402 : rosea cervice.

594. dolor: "indignation."

595. quonam— recessit ? " whither, pray, hath departed thy care for
me." — nostri : Objective Gen., H. L., 287, 3, after cura. — tibi : dative
of Reference, H. L., 285,. 3.

596. non— aspicies : "wilt thounot go and see." — non = nonne.— prius
before doing anything else. — ubi — liqueris : Indirect Question.

597. superet conjunxne: construe non prius aspicies superetne
conjunx : Indirect Question also.

599. ni— ensis: "unless my guardianship were still ivithstanding them,
already the fiames would have swept them away and the sword of the
enemy would have drained their blood." The ordinary form would be
resisteret— tulissent. The present represents a continuous effort, and
the perfect the completion of the act if the effort were relaxed.

601. tibi : "as you think: " dative of Reference, H. L., 285, 3.

603. a culmine : cp. /car' anpw, literally, ' 'from the top to the bottom : "
"completely."

226 NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID

604. quae — caligat : "which now veils your sight and dims your mental
vision and lies damp and dark around you." — caligat: root SKAL, "to
cover:" cp. squal-or, KE2.cuv6c,, KijMf. Note the emphatic position of tu,
" do you not," no matter what others do.

608. avulsaque saxis saxa : "and rocks rent from rocks." — saxis:
abl. of Separation, H. L., 291, 3.

609. undantem: " rolling in billows."

610. Neptunus, the founder of Troy, is destroying the work of his
own hands.

612. Scaeas : from GKatdg, "left" or "west" hence the gate looking
westward to the sea, for the Greek augur when he divined looked north,
and hence "west" or "left" were with him synonymous: cp. Horn.
Od. 3, 295: aKaibv piov, "the western headland": others connect it with
Siko, the name of a Trojan hero, or demigod, and see the remnant of
the same word in Sigeum, Sichaeus, Scamander.

615. jam— insedit : "already, lo, Tritonian Pallas has perched on
the top of the citadel. "

616. limbo: "robe," or "border," referring to the TrtTrXo? : another
reading is nimbo, "a halo."—Gorgone: on the shield or aegis of
Minerva was the head of the Gorgon Medusa.

619. eripefugam: a stronger expression than cape fug-am : with an
intimation that he would be rescued from all dangers.

620. Referring to the fact that Aeneas would be safely conducted to
Italy, which was the original home of the Trojans.

622. inimica— numina : Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva.

624. considere in ignes : " to sink down into the flames."

625. ex imo : cp. e culmine : v. 603.

626. ac — ruinam : ' ' and even as when on the top of mountains, the
woodmen with rivalry strive to cut down an aged ash, hacked by the steel
and hard plied axes : threateningly it ever hangs and trembling shakes its
foliage with quivering top. " The fall of a hero is often compared to the
fall of a tree : cp. Horn. II. 4, 482 : when the fall of Simoisius is com-
pared to that of a poplar ; so also the fall of the boxer Entellus in Aen.
5, 448, is compared to that of a hollow pine tree :

ut quondam cava concidit aut Erymantho,
aut Ida in magna, radicibus eruta pinus.

NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID 227

So also Macaulay, Lay of Horatius : —

And the great Lord of Luna
Fell at that deadly stroke,
As falls on Mount Alvernus
A thunder-smitten oak.

630. vulneribus — ruinam: ''till gradually overpowered by blows it gives
one final deep groan and torn from its ridge falls with a crash." — con-
gemuit — traxit : the perfects (corresponding to the gnomic aorist in
Gk. ) for a present, to express a frequent act. — jugis : abl. of Separation,
H. L., 291, 3.

632. deo = deae, i.e., Venus.

633. expedior=me expedio : " / extricate myself" " I find my way
out."

634. perventum, sc. est mihi=perveni : " / have reached."

637. excisa : it is more probable that exscissa is the correct reading,
as exscindere urbem is common but not excidere urbem.

638. quibus sanguis : " whose blood is untouched by age." — sc. est. —
aevi is the gen. of respect : cp. maturus aevi, anxius aevi.

639. solidaeque — vires: " ivhose strength stands firm in all its native
vigor : " abl. of Means.

641. Note the emphatic position of me and the emphatic repetition
of mihi.— ducere vitam = vitam producere (v. 6, 637). Metaphor
taken from spinning : cp. Milton's Lycidas : —

Comes the blind fury with the abhorred shears
And slits the thin-spun life.

642. satis — urbi : "enough and more than enough (it is) that I have
seen one destruction and that we have survived the capture of the city."
Vergil refers to the destruction of the city by Hercules in revenge for
the perjury of Laomedon. — superare is used here for superesse. For
capta urbs : "the capture of a city" ; see note v. 413.

644. positum: cp. Ktipevoc, "laid out for burial. "— adfati : "having
saluted" : referring to the utterance (conclamatio) of the words salve,
vale, ave. as the friends departed from the body at the funeral pile :
Aen. 6, 231,506; 11, 97.

645. manu : either "by my own hand," or, as Heyne says, " at the
hand of the foe," or "by attacking the foe." The latter part of the line
would seem to imply that the enemy would through compassion either
put an end to his life, or accord him the right of burial by casting three
handful s of earth upon his remains ; see next note.

228 NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID

646. facilis — sepulcri : the usual interpretation of this passage is,
"a trifling thing is the loss of a sepulchre," a most unnatural speech to
put in the mouth of Anchises, unless it is meant as the language of
reckless and bitter despair, for the loss of a sepulchre was looked upon
as the greatest of all losses. Another interpretation, suggested by
Horace, Od. 1, 28, 35, is as follows : " The canting of a few handfuls of
earth in token of burial is an easy thing (and one which the enemy
surely will not hesitate to perform)." jactura, from jacio, although it
usually means " a loss," may mean " the act of throwing." Sepulcri
would be an easy and natural metonymy ; and facilis, literally,
" doable," would not be strained into ''slight," "trifling" or " easily
sufferdble." Moreover, it is a question whether the tragic despair
indicated in a willingness to forego burial and thus submit to eternal
unrest simply to escape a few years of uncertainty and sorrow in this
life, is not just a little too improbable to be artistic, and at any rate out
of accord with Vergil's fine appreciation of the niceties of things and
his pathetic tendency to soften painful effects wherever possible. It all
hinges on the meaning of ipsa manu, v. 645. Taking the most reason-
able meaning of this, viz. : "by my own hand," the sequence of thought
would be : " / will slay myself, the enemy will pity me, strip my body of
spoils and fin return) perform, the, easy task of burial" cp. Horace's

Quamquam festinas, non est mora longa ; licebit
Injecto ter pulvere curras.

648. annos demoror , either " long since have I delayed the years," or
"long have I lingered through the years." — ex quo sc. tempore :
"since."

649. fluminis— igni : "blasted me with the breath of his thunderbolt
and smote me with his lightning." Anchises is said to have been so
punished for boasting of the love of Venus. — fulminis ventis : perhaps
Vergil refers to the theory of Epicurus that lightning was a fiery wind.

650. perstabat memorans : " he continued to speak": cp.

651. effusi lacrimis sc. sumus : " ivere melted in tears."

652. ne : dependent on the request implied in effusi sumus.

653. fatoque — vellet : " and would be willing to add his weight to the
doom that was pressing us down."

654. haeret : ah example of zeugma : " and he clings to his purpose
and sticks to the same spot." Often the preposition is omitted before the
former and expressed with the latter of two nouns.

KOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID 229

656. quod — dabatur : "what plan or what chance was any longer
offered us? " — consilium : means of human safety. — fortuna : divine aid.

657. mene — ore: " did you expect, my father, that I could withdraw
and abandon thee, and has an expression so unnatural fallen from a
father's lips ? "— te relicto : abl. abs. —posse— speravisti : the verb

spero is often used in the sense of " expect," not " hope," and takes the
present infinitive.— excidit : according to Servius, Aeneas uses this
and not a stronger word, to soften the rebuke of his father: cp.
Homeric, nolov oe ZTTOS tyvyzv ep/cof bdovruv.

659. superis sc. dels : " the gods above " : cp. dei inferi.

660. et— ammo : " and (if) this is thy firm resolve " :— animo : Local
ablative = in animo — perituraeque— juvat sc. te : " and if it is thy
pleasure to add thyself and thine to the fate of Troy doomed to perish." —
note the force of periturae.

661. isti : " which thou dost covet." — janua : referring to the words of
Aeneas, v. 645.

662. jam: "straightway." — multo de sanguine: "reeking with the
blood" : or "fresh from the flowing blood."

663. patris, patrem : such variations are common when a mute is
followed by a liquid after a short vowel : c. tenebris (Georg. 3, 551 ;
3, 401) : pharetram, pharetram (Aen. 1, 336, 324) ; retro, r&ro (Aen.
11, 405 ; 5, 428) ; duplex, diiplicem (Aen. 12, 198 ; 1, 655).

664. hoc— cernam ? " was it for this that you rescued me through the
darts, through the fire, that I might see the enemy in my inmost chambers,
and Ascanius and my father and Creusa by their side, one slaughtered in
the blood of the other ? " — quod me eripis is the subject of the sentence,
arid hoc = propter hoc.— note cernam after ut : the idea is "this was
your object all along that I may now see," or it may be a case of vivid
sequence as in Greek.

668. arma— arma : emphatic repetition : cp. Shakespeare, Richard
III., Act 5, Sc. 4 : "a horse I a horse ! my kingdom for a horse I "

669. sinite— revisam = sinite ut revisam : "permit me to seek again" :
ut is often omitted with such verbs ; fac venias, " see that you come " :
licet abeas, "you may go." — instaurata : used proleptically. = revisam
et instaurem proelia : " allow me to seek again and renew."

670. nunquam : here equivalent to an emphatic non : cp. Verg. Eel.
3, 49 : nunquam hodie effugies.

671. accingor : see note v. 227.

230 NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID

672. clipeoque— aptans : ' ' and I ivas fitting my left hand into the
clasps of the shield." The imperfect may either express the difficulty
he had in doing this or the reluctance with which he left the palace. —
It is noteworthy that the strap or handle of the shield, through which
the left hand passed, was called insertorium.

674. With the passage 674-678 : cp. the Iliad 6, 339, seq. where
Andromache in this way speaks of Astyanax.

675. periturus: " determined to perish." — in omnia sc, pericula:
"to all dangers."

676. sin: "but if, on experience, you rest your hope on resorting to
arms." — expertus : literally, "having tried arms," sc. arma.

678. quondam: a bitter taunt: a wife no longer, since you desert me.

680. dictu— mirabile : give the construction of the supine in -u :
H. L. 180, 3.

681. inter manus —ora : in the hands of his mother and being held
up he was at once above the face of Creusa and that of Aeneas. Trans-
late : "for a while held in the hands and between the faces of his sorrowful
parents."

682. ecce pasci : "lo! a light crest seemed to shed a lustre from the
head of lid us, and with harmless touch (it seemed) to lick his wavy locks
and to play around his temples." Distinguish in meaning leVis and
levis.— visus sc. est— apex is properly the point of the cap of a
flamen, something like the spike of a modern helmet : .here the ' tongue
of fire.' It was originally wound round with wool: root AP, 'to tie,'
< to wind ' : cp. apto, aptus.- tactu : abl. of Specification : H. L., 293, 6.
— pasci : metaphor of cattle or sheep moving quietly while feeding on
pasture land.

685. trepidare : Historical infinitive : so also excutere, restinguere.
688. caelo = ad caelum : see note v. 36.

690. hoc tantum sc. precor : "this is my only prayer."

691. deinde : "do thou then grant us thine aid."— deinde marks a
sequence of the condition si pietate meremur.— auxilium : This is the
MSS. reading, but Probus, Peerlkamp, Keil, Ribbeck and others read
augurium to harmonize with Aen. 3, 89, where almost the identical
expression "da pater augurium" is used. We have followed the
MSS., but it may be a case where all the earliest extant MSS. have
been tainted from the same source. Scan this line and tell what
metrical figure is in it. — firma : " ratify" : by a second omen.

NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID 231

693. intonuit laevum : "it thundered on the left" : Adverbial Ace.:
H. L. 283, 9. Thunder on the left was a good sign according to Roman
augury : see note v. 54.

694. Stella— luce: "a star drawing a trail accompanied with much
light." A meteor or shooting star was a phenomenon regarded with
superstition among the ancients. Cp. Aen. 5, 523 : so also Shakespeare,
Julius Caesar, Act 2, Sc. 2 :

When beggars die there are no comets seen :

The heavens themselves blaze forth the death of princes.

So also Richard II., Act 2, Sc. 4 :

The meteors fright the fixed stars of heaven :
The pale-faced moon looks bloody on the earth,
And lean-faced prophets whisper fearful things ;
These signs forerun the death or fall of kings.

696. Idaea silva : indicating that Mt. Ida was the point for which
they should set out. Servius says that the light signified the future
glory of the house of Aeneas : the fiery trail, that some would stay
behind ; the length of the path, their long voyage : the furrow (sulcus),
that it would be by sea : and the sulphur-smoke, the death of Aeneas,
or the war in Italy.

697. signantemque vias : "and marking out Us way" (in the
heaven). — turn — lucem: "then in a long train its furrow sheds a gleam."
— turn : after its appearance.

699. hie vero : for the more usual turn vero. — se — auras : Anchisea
was probably before this stretched on his bed : see v. 644.

700. mora : delay on my part. Note that the presents est, sequor,
mark strongly the promptness of Anchises.

702. domum: "family."

703. augurium : probably meant at first omens from the cry of birds :
avis, and root GAR, "to cry" : cp. yripveiv, garrire, graculus. — Trqja :
all that is left of Troy, meaning lulus, Anchises and Aeneas, or some
say future Troy.

704. cedo : " / yield, " "I resist no more. "

706. propiusque — volvunt : Conington takes incendia subject and
aestus object : "and now the fire rolls its burning tides nearer" : others
take aestus subject and incendia object : " the conflagration rolls ajiery
flood."

707. imponere : passive used in a middle sense = te impone.

232 NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID

708. subibo humeris : "support you on my shoulders." — labor iste :
"the burden you cause."

711. longer Servius thinks that Vergil is leading up to the loss of
Creusa.

712. quae dicam=meaverba. Note that dicam is future indicative.
— animis advertite : literally " turn to (regard) my words with your
minds." It is rare to find such a construction with adverto : the usual
construction is animum alicui rei advertere or animum ad aliquam
rem advertere.

713. egressis sc. vobis : "there is to you having left the city": or
"as you quit the city there is" : cp. eari aoi eloTrteovTai rbv KO^TTOV aarv :
ttas you sail into the harbor there is a city," dat. of Reference : H. L.,
285, 3.

714. desertae : "lonely" : temples to Ceres were usually in a solitary
quarter outside the walls.

715. religione patrum : "by the veneration of my forefathers."
Derive religione : v. 151.

716. sedem: " try sting place." — ex diverse: " from different quarters."

718. Note the emphatic position of me: "As for me it is a sin to
handle them, having come away from so bloody a war and from recent
carnage. "

719. donee— abluero : running water was held indispensible for puri-
fication : cp. the teaching of the Twelve Apostles where baptism is
ordered to be e v v6an l^uvri.

721. latos — leonis : " I spread over my broad shoulders and my neck
stooped (to receive the burden), the tawny lion's hide as a covering." —
latos umeros : is the Homeric evpeag <j//ot>f : cp. Tennyson, The Passing
of Arthur: "Make broad thy shoulders to receive my iveight." — super :
adverb.— insternor: a middle use of a passive.— veste— pelle: hendiadys.

794. implicuit: " clung tight."

725. opaca locorum : "through the shady places" : see note v. 332.

726. dudum : " but now."

727. neque — Graia : " nor the Greeks massed in opposing ranks."— ex.
is used in a pregnant sense : the Greeks were not merely massed in
opposing ranks, but were also hurling their darts from these ranks.

729. suspensum : "hesitating."

NOTES ON VERGIL'S AKNEID 233

731. omnemque— viam : "and I thought that I had passed safely
through all my journey." — creber — sonitus : " the thick trampling of
feet."

732. Note that the succession of dactyls well marks the agitation of
the movement.

735. hie — mentem : " here it ivas that some unfriendly power confused
and bereft me of my senses in my panic." — nescio quod : literally,
" / know not what " : a weak aliquod. — male amicum : see note on male
fida: v. 23.

736. namque viarum : "for while I speedily kept along the unfre-
quented places, and diverge from the familiar line of the road." — avia sc.
loca. — cursu : see note v. 175, pelago — regione : "direction," the
original meaning from rego, "/ direct": cp. Livy, 21, 31: recta
regione iter instituit.

738. heu— incertum : "alas ! to my sorrow my wife Creilsa torn from
me by fate either halted or strayed or sat doicn being weary, I cannot say."
— misero : Ethical Dative. The indicatives substitit— erravit— resedit
for the subjunctives substiterit — erraverit — resederit of indirect
question may be explained by supposing that Vergil intended the
question to be originally a direct one : ' ' did she stop, or did she
wander away or did she sit douml" The minor alternative is introduced
by seu.

741. nee — reflexi : "nor did I look back for my lost wife or turn my
thoughts to her till I had come to the mound and holy abode of ancient
Ceres. "— amissam sc. conjugem.— tumulum = ad tumulum. — antiquae :
cp. desertae v. 713.

742. demum : used only with (1) pronouns as is, idem, or (2) adverbs,
turn, ibi, sic, nunc, jam : "here at last," " here and not before."

743. una : " she was the only one missing."

744. fefellit : " was missed by." Note that fallo is transitive.

745. Note the hypermetric line, the final que is elided before aut of
the next line.

749. cingor : see note v. 227.

750. stat : "my purpose is fixed " : see note v. 660. Here stat = stat
mihi sententia : cp. Aen. 12, 678 : stat conferre manum Aeneae.

751. caput: "life."

752. obscura limina : " the dark portals of the gate"

234 NOTES otf VERGIL'S AENEID

753. qua— lustro : " by which I had taken my departure and tracing
back our footsteps I follow them through the darkness and scan them with
my eyes. "

756. si forte: "if haply— if haply — she had returned home." The
repetition expresses the last ray of hope. With si, " to see whether"
cp. Greek el.

758. ilicet: "forthwith."

761. porticibus— asylo : Local abl. : H. L., 119, 5. Perhaps Vergil
is thinking of the shrine of Juno in the capitol of Rome.

765. auro solid! = auro solido : "q/ solid gold" : abl. of Description :
H. L., 293, 6.

770. ingeminans: "repeating": the name Creusa.

771. tectis furenti : "rushing madly among the houses : " tectis : see
note v. 528.

773. nota major : like the gods, the dead no longer " cribbed, cabined
or confined " were larger than mortals : so Romulus when he appeared
after death according to Ovid Fasti, 2, 503 : pulcher et humano major.

774. Note the shortening (systole) in stetSrunt: cp. tulgrunt (Eclogues
4, 61) : stetSrunt (Aen. 3, 48 : 10, 338) : constltgrunt (Aen. 3, 681).

775. adfari— demere : Historical infin.

778. asportare : " to take away" (abs-portare).

779. fas : as well as regnator is subject of sinit.

781. terram=ad terram— Hesperiam : Italy was called Hesperia
(Greek, eaTrepia, " the western land " : cp. laTrepoc, Vesper, " evening " :
root VAS, "to dwell," the dwelling place of the sun) : Spain, ultima
Hesperia.— Lydius : the Etruscans were said to come from Lydia
(Herod. 1, 94), and the Tiber flowing by Etruria is called Tuscus
Tiberis (Georg. 1, 499).

782. opimavirum: "rich in men": others take virum with arva :
" the rich lands tilled by the husbandmen" : cp. Homeric, epya avtip&v.

783. Note the alliteration —res — regnum — regia: "riches, realm and
a royal bride,"

784. parta tibi, sc. est : " is already won for thee " : though not yet
possessed. Prophecy describes the future as present. — Creusae :
Objective Gen. : "for thy loved Creusa."

235

785. non ego : note the emphatic position : so also Hector had this
fear for Andromache : II. 6, 454, 5re KEV rig 'A^a/wy xa^KOXLT^vuv
kaupvoeaaav ayf/rai.

786. servitumibo: "shall go to be a slave." Explain this construction
of the supine in -urn : H. L., 180, 2.

787. TDardanis : " /, « descendant of Dardanus. "

788. deum genetrix : "mother of the 'gods" : Cybele, a Phrygian
goddess, specially worshipped on Mt. Ida, and also a patroness of Troy.

790. lacrimantem sc. me.

792. ter — somno : These lines are translated from Od. 11, 204, where
Ulysses says of the shade of his mother : —

rplg fiev kfyupufibrjv, sMeiv re //£ 0iy/df avuyei,
rplq 6e {tot EK. xeiptiv aKiy et/ce/lov fj KOI 'oveipu

Thrice sprang1 1 towards her, and was minded to embrace her ;
Thrice she flitted from my hands as a shadow or even as a dream.

So also Wordsworth's Laodamia : —

Forth sprang the impassioned Queen her Lord to clasp ;
Again that consummation she essayed:
But unsubstantial Form eludes her grasp
As often as that eager grasp was made.

794. somno : a vision seen in sleep, rather than sleep itself.

798. exsilio : "for exile" ; dative of Purpose : H. L., 286, 8.

799. animis — parati : sc. ire or sequi : ' ' ready with heart and ivealth
to go."

800. pelago deducere : " to lead them over the sea." — deducere is the
regular word used of a colonizing expedition.

801. Lucifer = <j>6a<f>opo? •. "the Light bringer." The story goes that the
star of Venus guided Aeneas to Italy.

803. spes opis : either "hope of giving aid," or "hope of receiving it."

804. cessi : used in two senses : metaphorical, " / yielded " to fate,
and literal, " / left " the scene.

SIGHT TRANSLATION

Introduction

BOOK I

Before resigning his consulship at the end of 59 B.C., Caesar was
invested with proconsular power for five years over the two Gauls and
over Illyricum. The Gauls were always a turbulent people, torn by
factions and dissensions, and were also a constant menace to the
Romans of the Province (Provincia) which occupied the southern part
of the Rhone valley. The dangers, however, which threatened the
Romans at this time did not come so much from the Gauls, as from
two other quarters, namely, from the Helvetii, a tribe which occupied
what is now Switzerland, and from the German chief Ariovistus.

The events in B. I naturally fall into two divisions :

(1) The campaign against the Helvetii : chap. 1-30 ;

(2) The campaign against Ariovistus : chap. 31 to end.

The Helvetii were old foes of the Romans. In 107 B.C. they had
joined forces with the Cimbri and had defeated the Romans. The
latter were fully aware that this might happen a second time. As
early as 61 B.C. news reached Rome of the intended migration of the
Helvetii, but their departure was delayed by the death of their leader,
Orgetorix. At last in 58 B. C. they made full preparations for setting
out from their homes and moving into southwestern Gaul. They
gathered provisions, burned their villages, and with their whole
population were on their way to the rich plains of Aquitania. Of the
two routes which they might take, the more difficult lay through the
territories of the Sequani ; the other, easier and more direct, was
through the Roman Provincia. The Helvetii decided to go by the
latter route, and by the end of March were already starting on their
journey. Within a week Caesar was at Genava (Geneva), levied an
army in the Provincia and broke down the bridge over the Rhine. He
thus hemmed in the Helvetii between Mt. Jura and the Lake of Geneva.
Checked by works that Caesar constructed, they turned into the
territory of the Sequani, who allowed them to pass ; and they then
attempted to enter the territory of the Haedui. The Haedui had been

236

SIGHT TRANSLATION 237

friendly to the Romans, and Caesar, deciding to defend his allies, cut to
pieces one canton of the Helvetii. Caesar was, however, hampered by
lack of provisions. The Haedui had promised grain but it had not
yet arrived, and they were constantly putting off Caesar by fair
promises which naturally aroused his suspicions. He soon found out
that politics were at the bottom of this delay. The Haeduan state was
torn by rival parties, one led by Dumnorix, and the other by his brother
Divitiacus, a high official. Caesar, for the present, reprimanded
Dumnorix, and provisions were obtained. Finally Caesar overtook the
Helvetii and signally defeated them at Bibracte (Auiuri).

After the defeat of the Helvetii, the Haedui invited Caesar to assist
them in driving out the Germans under Ariovistus. Two factions
stirred up Gaul, one led by the Haedui, friendly to Rome, the other
headed by the Arverai and Sequani, opposed to Rome. The two latter
tribes had invited Ariovistus, a German chief, to assist them in the
conquest of Gaul. After fruitless negotiations between Caesar and
Ariovistus, the two armies met near Basle, and Ariovistus was defeated.

Gaul and its divisions (B. I, 1).

Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres ; quarum unam
incolunt1 Belgae, aliam Aquitani, tertiam, qui ipsorum lingua
Celtae, nostra Galli appellantur. Hi omnes lingua, institutis,
legibus inter se differunt. Gallos ab Aquitanis Garumna flu-
men, a Belgis Matrona2 et Sequana3 dividit. Horum omnium
fortissimi sunt Belgae, propterea quod a cultu4 atque humani-
tate5 provinciae longissime absunt, minimeque ad eos merca-
tores saepe6 commeant7 atque ea, quae ad effeminandos animos8
pertinent, important; proximique sunt Germanis, qui trans
Rhenum incoluntj quibuscum contirienter bellum gerunt.
Qua de causa Helvetii quoque reliquos Gallos virtute praece-
dunt, quod fere cotidianis9 proeliis cum Germanis contendunt,
cum aut suis finibus eos10 prohibent, aut ipsi in eorum finibus
bellum gerunt.

1 inhabit. 2the Marne. 8the Seine. 4mode of life. Civilization.
6minime saepe = very seldom. 7go, resort. 8 to weaken their courage,
'daily. 10the Germans.

238 SIGHT TRANSLATION

II

Orgetorix, chief of the Helvetii, persuades his
countrymen to leave their homes (B. I, 2).

Apud Helvetios longe nobilissimus et ditissimus fuit Orget-
orix. Is, Marco Messala et Marco Pisone consulibus, regni
cupiditate inductus, conjurationera1 nobilitatis fecit et civitati
persuasit ut de suis finibus cum omnibus copiis exirent : (dixit)
perfacile esse, cum virtu te omnibus praestarent, totius Galliae
imperio potiri. Id hoc facilius eis persuasit, quod undique loci
natura Helvetii continentur2 : una ex3 parte flumine Rheno,
latissimo atque altissimo, qui agrum Helvetiorum a Germanis
dividit : altera ex parte monte Jura altissimo, qui est inter
Sequanos et Helvetios ; tertia, lacu Lemanno et flumine
Rhodano, qui Provinciam nostram ab Helvetiis dividit.

1league, in which the members swear fidelity to each other (con,
together, and jufo, swear). 2are confined by the character of their
country. 3on .

Ill

Caesar overtakes a part of the Helvetii and defeats
them (B. I, 12).

Flumen est Arar1, quod per fines Haeduorum et Sequanorum
in Rhodanum influit, incredibili lenitate ita ut oculos in utram
partem2 fluat judicari non possit. Id Helvetii ratibus ac
lintribus junctis transibant. Ubi per exploratores Caesar
certior factus est, tres jam copiarum partes Helvetios id
flumen transduxisse, quartam vero partem citra flu men Ararim
reliquam esse, de3 tertia vigilia cum legionibus tribus e castris
profectus ad earn partem pervenit quae nondum flumen tran-
sierat. Eos impeditos et inopinantes4 aggressus magnam eorum
partem concidit5: reliqui fugae sese mandaverunt atque in
proximas silvas abdiderunt.

1 the Sadne. a direction. 3 in the course of. 4off their guard. 8con-
cldo, ere, -cidi, -cisum, cut to pieces.

SIGHT TRANSLATION 239

IV

Caesar meets with a reverse and follows the Helvetii
cautiously (fl. I, 15).

Postero die castra ex eo loco movent. Idem facit Caesar
equitatumque omnem ad numerum quattuor millium, quern ex
omni provincia et Haeduis atque eorum sociis coactum1
habebat, praemittit qui videant quas in partes hostes iter
faciant. Qui cupidius2 novissimum agmen3 insecuti alieno4
loco cum equitatu Helvetiorum proelium committunt ; etpauci
de nostris cadunt. Quo proelio sublati5 Helvetii, quod quin-
gentis equitibus taritam multitudinern equitum propulerant,
audacius subsistere nonnunquam et novissimo agmine nostros
lacessere coeperunt. Caesar suos a proelio continebat, ac
satis habebat in praesentia6 hostem rapinis,7 pabulationibus8
populationibusque9 prohibere. Ita dies circiter quindecim
iter fecerunt uti10 inter novissimum hostium agmen et nostrum
primum11 non amplius quinis aut senis millibus passuum
interesset.12

-ere, coegi, coactum, collect. 2too eagerly. 3the rear.
4 unfavorable. 5 elated : perf. part. pass, of tollo, -ere, sustuli, sublatum.
6heldit sufficient for the time being, 'plundering. 8foraging. 9raiding.
10uti = ut. "primum sc. agmen, the van. 12intersum, -esse, -fui, be
between.

V

Caesar advances against the enemy (B. I, 21).

Eodem die ab exploratoribus certior factus hostes sub monte
consedisse1 millia passuum ab ipsius castris octo, qualis esset
natura2 montis et qualis ascensus3, qui cognoscerent, misit.
Renuntiatum est facilem esse. De4 tertia vigilia Titum
Labienum legatum cum duabus legionibus et iis ducibus,5 qui
iter cognoverant, summum jugum0 montis ascendere jubet;

240 SIGHT TRANSLATION

quid sui consilii sit ostendit. Ipse de quarta vigil ia eodem
itinere, quo hostes ierant, ad eos contendit, equitatumque
omnem ante se mittit. Publius Considius, qui rei militaris
peritissimus habebatur7 et in exercitu Lucii Sullae et postea
in Marci Crassi fuerat cum exploratoribus praemittitur.

-ere, -sedi, -sessum, encamp. Character, 'ascent. 4after.
5guides. 6ridge. 7was considered.

VI

Caesar prepares for battle with the Helvetii
(B. I, 24).

Postquam id animadvertit1, suas copias Caesar in proximum
collem subducit2, equitatumque qui sustineret3 hostium im-
petum misit. Ipse interim in colle medio tripliceni aciem
instruxit legionum quattuor veteranarum4, ita uti5 supra se in
summo jugo duas legiones, quas in Gallia citeriore proxime
conscripserat6, et omnia auxilia collocaret7, ac totum montem
hominibus compleret8 ; interim sarcinas9 in unum locum con-
ferri et eum ab his qui in superiore acie constiterant10 muniri
jussit. Helvetii cum omnibus suis carris11 secuti impedimenta
in unum locum contulerunt ; ipsi confertissima12 acie, rejecto13
nostro equitatu et phalange14 facta, sub primam nostram aciem
successerunt15.

1 animadverto, -ere, -vertl, -versum, notice. 2lead up. 3sustineo,
-ere, -tinui, -tentum, check. 4veteranus, -a, -um, veteran. 5so that
( uti = ut) join with collocaret. 6con-scrlbo, enrol. 7place. 8com-pleo,
-plere, -plevl, -pletum, fill. 9sarcina, -ae, baggage carried by individual
soldiers = packs ; impedimenta, baggage of legion not carried by the
soldiers. 10con-sist5, -sistere, -stiti, no sup., take up position.
"carrus, I-, cart. 12confertus, -a, -um, dense, closely crowded. 13re-
jicio, -jicere, -jecl, -jectum, drive back, repel, "phalanx, phalangis,
F., solid mass in close order. 15succedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessum,
advance.

SIGHT TRANSLATION 241

BOOK II

Belgic Campaign', 57 B.C.

The campaign of 57 B.C. is marked by the signal defeat of the
tribes of the Belgic confederacy. The Belgae occupied northeastern
Gaul, i.e., the country between the Sequana (Seine) and the Rhenus
(Rhine), roughly speaking, part of France bordering on Belgium, the
whole of Belgium, and part of Holland west of the Rhine. In the
time of Caesar that part of Europe was covered by extensive swamps
and impenetrable forests. It was, however, peopled by a race fond of
freedom and, therefore, difficult to conquer. The tribes inhabiting
this district were rather of Germanic than of Celtic origin.

Caesar estimates the number of the fighting force of the enemy at
about 250,000 men, while his own force opposed to them, numbering
eight1 legions, would hardly be more than one tenth that number.

In a hurried march from Cisalpine Gaul, Caesar set out against
them. Only the Remi were friendly and these were attacked by the
other tribes but were relieved by Caesar. Advancing to the Axona
(Aisne) he left six cohorts to guard the bridge. He occupied succes-
sively Bibron, Noviodunum and Bratuspantium. After these towns
were captured, he fought one of his severest battles against the Nervii,
near the river Sabis, in which the defeat of the Roman army was
prevented by the personal courage and coolness of the general. Finally
the Aduatuci were reduced to submission.

1 In the year 58 B.C. in his first campaign against the Helvetii and Ariovistus,
Caesar had six legions: the 10th he formed in Gaul : the llth and 12th he enrolled in
the Provincia: three he obtained from Aquileia in northeastern Gallia Cisalpina, the
7th, the 8th, the 9th ; in 57 B.C. he enrolled the 13th and the 14th in Cisalpine Gaul.

VII

Caesar marches against the Belgae (B. II, 2).

His nuntiis litterisque commotus1 Caesar duas legiones in
citeriore Gallia novas conscripsit, et inita2 aestate in interiorem
Galliam qui deduceret Quintum Pedium legatura misit. Ipse,
cum primum pabuli3 copia esse inciperet4 ad exercitum venit.
Dat negotium5 Senonibus reliquisque Gallis qui finitimi Belgis
erant, uti6 ea quae apud eos gerantur cognoscant seque de

242 SIGHT TRANSLATION

his rebus certiorem faciant. Hi constanter omnes nuntiave-
runt manus cogi7, exercitum in unum locum conduci. Turn
vero dubitandum8 non existimavit quin ad eos proficisceretur.
Re frumentaria comparata castra movet, diebusque circiter

quindecim ad fines Belgarum pervenit.

^

1 com-moveo, -movere, -movi, -motum, influence. 2in-eo, -Ire,
-il (-ivi), -itum, enter into: perf. part, pass.; translate: "in the
beginning of summer." 3pabulum, -I, fodder. 4in-cipio, -cipere, -cepi,
-ceptum, begin. 5task. 6uti = ut. 7cogo, cogere, coegl, coactum,
muster. 8 supply sibi esse : " that he should delay."

VIII

Caesar marches to relieve the Remi (B. II, 7).

Eol de2 media nocte Caesar iisdem ducibus usus qui nuntii
ab Iccio3 venerant, Numidas et Gretas sagittarios4 et fundi-
tores5 Baleares subsidio6 oppidanis7 mittit ; quorum adventu
et Remis studium propugnandi8 accessit9, et hostibus eadem
de causa spes potiundi10 oppidi discessit. Itaque paulisper11
apud oppidum morati12 agrosque Rernorum depopulati, omni-
bus vicis13 aedificiisque quos adire potuerant incensis, ad
castra Caesaris omnibus copiis contenderunt et ab millibus
passuum minus duobus14 castra posuerunt; quae castra, ut
fumo15 atque ignibus significabatur,16 amplius millibus pas-
suum octo in latitudinem patebant.

Ho that place, thither. 2 after. 3a nobleman of the Remi. 4Cres
Cretis, a Cretan, a native of Crete. 4 Sagittarius, -I, bowman.
5funditor, -oris, slinger. 6subsidium, -I, help. 7oppidan-us, -I, (pi.)
townspeople (of Bibron). 8 eagerness for a defence. 9ac-cedo, -cedere,
-cessi, cessum, come to : trans, was inspired in the Remi. "gerun-
dive : potior, potlrl, potitus sum, gain. aifor a short time. r-'moror,
-ari, .-atus, delay. 13vicus, -i, village. 14leaa than two miles off.
15fumus, -I, smoke. 16 signified, show.

SIGHT TRANSLATION 243

IX

Caesar marches against the Nervii, a tribe in the
north-east of Gallia Transalpina (B. II, 16).

" That day he overcame the Nervii." — Shakespeare.

Cum per eorum fines triduum1 iter fecisset, inveniebat ex
captivis Sabim2 flumen ab castris suis non amplius millia
passuum decem abesse ; trans id flumen omnes Nervios conse-
disse adventumque ibi Romanorum exspectare una cum
Atrebatibus et Veromanduis, finitimis suis (nam his utrisque
persuaserant uti eandem belli fortunam experirentur)3 ; ex-
spectari etiam ab his Aduatucorum copias atque esse in
itinere; mulieres quique per aetatem ad pugnam inutiles
viderentur in eum4 locum conjecisse5, quo6 propter paludes7
exercitui aditus non esset.

1 three days. 2Sabis, -is, a river in north-eastern Gaul, now the
Sambre. 3ex-perior, -periri, -pertus, try. *a. 5 station ; supply eos
as subject. 6 whither = to which. 7palus, -udis, marsh.

X

Caesar's soldiers equal to an emergency (B. II, 20).

NOTE : — Carefully read the uses of the gerundive, H. L., p. 187.

Caesari omnia uno tempore erant agenda; vexillum1 pro-
ponendum2 (quod erat insigne3 cum ad arma concurri4
oporteret), signum tuba5 dandum, ab opere revocandi milites,
ii qui paulo longius aggeris petendi causa6 processerant arces-
sendi,7 acies instruenda, milites cohortandi.8 Quarum rerum
niagnam partem temporis brevitas et incursus9 hostium
impediebat. His difficultatibus duae res erant subsidio,10 —
scientia11 atque usus12 militum, quod superieribus proeliis

244 SIGHT TRANSLATION

exercitati, quid fieri oporteret ipsi sibi praescribere13 poterant ;
et quod ab opere singulisque legionibus singulos legatos Caesar
discedere nisi munitis castris vetuerat14.

banner. 2pro-pono, -ponere, -posui, -positum, hang out: supply
fuit. 3insig'ne, -is, N. signal. 4con-curro, -currere, currl, -cursum,
rush. 5 trumpet. 6for the purpose of seeking material for the mound.
7arcess6, -ere, arcessivi, arcessltum, summon. 8co-hortor, -hortari,
-hortatus, address. 9 onset. 10subsidium, -I, help. 11skill. 12ex-
perience. 13praescrib5, -ere, -scrips!, -scriptum, give directions. 14veto,
-are, -ui, -itum, forbid.

XI

A thanksgiving is decreed at Rome in honor

of Caesar (B. II, 35).

His rebus gestis, omni Gallia pacata,1 tanta hujus belli ad
barbaros opinio2 perlata3 est uti4 ab his nationibus quae trans
Rhenum incolerent mitterentur legati ad Caesarem qui se
obsides daturas, imperata facturas pollicerentur. Quas
legationes Caesar, quod in Italiam Illyricumque properabat,
inita proxima aestate5 ad se reverti6 jussit. Ipse, in Carnutes,
Andes, Turonesque, quae civitates propinquae his locis erant
ubi bellum gesserat, legionibus in hiberna deductis7, in
Italiam profectus est. Ob easque res ex litteris Caesaris dies
quindecim supplicatio8 decreta9 est, quod ante id tempus
accidit nulli.

1paco, -are, -avi, -atum, pacify. 2impression. 3per fero, -ferre,
-tull, -latum, spread. 4uti = ut. 5 See VII. 6revertor, reverti, dep.
in present tenses, perf. reverti, reversum, return. 7de-duco, -ducere,
duxi, -ductum, withdraw. 8 thanksgiving. 9decern6, -ere, -crevi,
-cretum, decree.

BOOK III (56 B.C.).

The third campaign in Gaul (56 B.C.) naturally falls into three divi-
sions: (1) the campaign against the Alpine tribes (chapters 1-6); (2)
the Venetic War (chapters 7-19); (3) the campaign against the Aqui-
tani (chapters 20-29).

The valleys of the Alps leading to Italy were inhabited by predatory
tribes who gained a scanty living by working the mines, and exacting

SIGHT TRANSLATION 245

tolls from people passing through their lands. From the days of Hannibal
to those of Caesar these wild mountaineers had been a constant menace
to the Roman armies who had occasion to pass from Italy to Gaul.
Already two legions under Quintus Fedius (B. II, 2), had been
attacked. The present expedition was undertaken to strike terror
into the hearts of the barbarians in order to prevent the recurrence of a
similar attack.

The Veneti were a people of Brittany, in north-western France.
They were a nation of hardy mariners. They were fond of freedom and
adventure. Their country was rugged, rocky and precipitous, with
bold headlands on which their towns were perched. To subdue them,
Caesar caused a fleet to be built at the mouth of the Loire. They were
finally defeated in a naval battle fought in the Bay of Quiberon.

The campaign against the Aquitani seems to have been fought simply
to complete the conquest of Gaul, for they had been, so far, a peaceable
people.

XII

A new route to Italy (B. Ill, 1).

Cum in Italiam proficisceretur Caesar, Servium Galbam
cum legione duodecimo, et parte equitatus in Veragros misit,
qui ab finibus Allobrogum ad summas Alpes pertinent. Causa
mittendi fuit quod iter per Alpes, quo magno cum periculo
magnisque cum portoriis1 mercatores ire consueveraiit, pate-
fieri2 volebat. Huic permisit, si opus esse3 arbitraretur, uti4
in eis locis legionem hiemandi causa collocaret. Galba,
secundis5 aliquot proeliis factis castellisque6 compluribus
eorum expugnatis, missis ad eum undique legatis obsidibusque
datis et pace facta, constituit cohortes duas ibi collocare et
ipse cum reliquis ejus legionis cohortibus in vico Yeragrorum7,
qui appellatur Octodurus, hiemare ; qui vicus positus in valle,
non magna adjecta8 planitie, altissimis montibus undique
continetur.

^ortorium, -i, N. (generally in plural) toll. 2pass. of pate-facio,
open. 3to be necessary. 4uti = ut. 5secund-us, -a, -um, successful.
6castellum, -i, N., fortress. 'Veragri, -orum, M. pi. Veragri, an Alpine
tribe. 8adjectus, -a, -um. (perf. part, of adjicio) used as an adj.,
adjacent.

246 SIGHT TRANSLATION

XIII

The Romans saved by a sortie (B. Ill, 5).

Cum jam amplius horis sex continenter1 pugnaretur, ac non
solum vires2 sed etiam tela nostros deficerent3, atque hostes
acrius instarent4, languidioribusque5 nostris vallum6 scindere7
et fossas complere coepissent, resque esset jam ad extremum
perducta casum8, Publius Sextus Baculus, quem Nervico
proelio compluribus confectum vulneribus diximus, et item
Caius Volusenus, vir et consilii magni et virtutis, ad Galbam
accurrunt atque unam esse spem salutis decent, si eruptione9
facta extremum auxilium10 experirentur. Itaque, convocatis
centurionibus, celeriter militibus imperat ut paulisper inter-
mitterent11 proelium, ac tantummodo12 tela missa exciperent13
seque ex labore reficerent ; post, dato signo, ex castris erum-
perent atque omnem spem salutis in virtute ponerent.

1 without interruption. 2pl. of vis, strength. 3deficio, 3, -fed, -fec-
tum, fail. 4insto, 1, -stiti, -statura, press on. 5as our men grew feebler.
6 palisade, rampart, 'scindo, -ere, scidi, scissum, tear down. 8and
when the battle had been brought to a final crisis. 9erupti6, -onis,
sally. 10 last resource, "discontinue. 12merely. I3i e., on their shields.

XIV

Caesar's motives for making- war (B. Ill, 10).

Erant hae difficultates belli gerendi quas supra diximus, sed
multa Caesarem tamen ad id bellum incitabant1 : injuriae
retentorum equitum2 Romanorum, rebellio3 facta post dedi-
tionem, defectio4 datis obsidibus, tot civitatum conjuratio, in
primis ne5, hac parte6 neglecta, reliquae nationes idem sibi
licere7 arbitrarentur. Itaque cum intellegeret omnes fere
Gallos novis rebus studere8 et ad bellum celeriter excitari,

SIGHT TRANSLATION 247

omnes autem homines natura libertati studere8 et condicionem
servitutis odisse, priusquam plures civitates conspirarent9,
partiendum10 sibi ac latius distribuendum11exercitum putavit.

1urged. 2wrongs done by detaining the cavalry. 3renewal of
hostilities. 4revolt. 5supply timer. 6district. 7licet, licere, licuit
(impersonal), it is allowed, "the same course was laivful for them."
8 to be eager for. 9 formed a league. 10partior, -iri, -Itus sum, divide.
11distribuo, -ere, -tribul, -tributum, distribute.

XV

The naval battle against the Veneti (B. Ill, 14).

Coinpluribus expugnatis oppidis, Caesar, ubi intellexit
frustra1 tantum laborem sumi2, hostium fugam captis oppidis
non reprimi3, statuit exspectandam classem. Quae ubi con-
venit ac primum ab hostibus visa est, circiter ducentae et
viginti naves eorum paratissimae atque onmi genere armorum
ornatissimae 4, profectae ex portu, nostris adversae constiter-
unt5 ; neque satis Bruto, qui classi praeerat, constabat6 quam
rationem pugnae insisterent7. Una erat magno usui res
praeparata a nostris — falces praeacutae8. His cum funes9 qui
antennas10 ad malos11 destinabant12 comprehensi adductique13
erant, navigio14 remis incitato, praerumpebantur15. Qui bus
abscissis16, antennae necessario concidebant; ut, cum omnis
Gallicis navibus spes in velis armamentisque 17 consisteret, his
ereptis omnis usus18 navium uno tempore eriperetur.

Mn vain. 2sumo, -ere, sumpsi, sumptum, expend. 3re-primo,
-primere -press!, -pressum, check. 4fully equipped. 5con-sisto, -sistere,
-stiti, take position. 6and it was not very clear to Brutus. 7in-sisto,
•sistSre, -stiti, adopt. 8falx, falcis, hook, translate: hooks sharpened to
a point. 9ropes. 10yardarms. "malus, -i, F. mast. 12made fast.
13draw tight. 14ship. 15break off. 16abscido, -Sre, abscldi, abscisum,
tear away. 17 tackle. 18 control.

248 SIGHT TRANSLATION

XVI

Disastrous defeat of the Gauls (B. Ill, 19).

Locus erat castrorum editus1 et paulatim ab imo acclivis2
circiter mille passus. Hue magno cursu hostes contenderunt,
ut quam minimum spatii3 ad se colligendos4 armandosque
Romanis daretur exanimatique5 pervenerunt. Sabinus suos
hostatus signum dat. Impeditis hostibus propter ea quae
ferebant onera, subito duabus portis eruptionem fieri jubet.
Factum est6 opportunitate loci, hostium inscientia ac defeti-
gatione, virtute militum et superiorum pugnarum exercita-
tione, ut ne unum quidem nostrorum impetum ferrent ac
statim terga verterent. Quos integris viribus milites nostri
consecuti magnum numerum eorum occiderunt ; reliquos
equites nostri consectati7 paucos reliquerunt. Civitates omnes
se statim dediderunt. Nam ut ad bella suscipienda Gallorum
alacer ac promptus est animus, sic mollis ac minime resistens
ad calamitates perferendas mens eorum est.

1high. 2sloping. 8as little time as possible, subject of daretur.
4colligo, 3, -legl, -lectum, form into a body. 5out of breath. 6the
result was. 'consector, 1, follow.

BOOK IV (55 B.C.).

The fourth campaign, 55 B.C., naturally falls into two divisions:
(1) the campaign against the Germans : (chapters 1-19) : and (2) the
first expedition against Britain.

The tribes on the Gallic frontier, the Usipetes and the Tencteri, had
been hard pressed by their more powerful neighbors the Suevi, and had
crossed the Rhine into northern Gaul. Caesar comes forward, as he
had done in the war against Ariovistus, as the defender of the Gauls.
He drove back the invaders, builds a bridge, which was a marvel of
engineering skill, in the incredible short space of ten days, crosses over
into Germany, recrosses the Rhine and breaks down the bridge.

SIGHT TRANSLATION 249

XVII

Customs of the Suevi (B. IV, 1).

Suevorum gens est longe maxima et bellicosissima German-
orum omnium. Hi centum pagos1 habere dicuntur, ex quibus
quotannis singula millia2 armatorum bellandi causa ex finibus
ducunt. Reliqui, qui domi manserunt, se atque illos alunt3.
Hi rursus in vicem anno post in armis sunt, illi domi remanent.
Sic neque agri cultura nee ratio atque usus4 belli intermittitur5.
Sed privati ac separati agri apud eos nihil est, neque longius
anno remanere uno in loco colendi6 causa licet. Neque
multum frumento sed maximam partem lacte et pecore vivunt
multumque sunt in venationibus 7 ; quae res et cibi genere et
cotidiana exercitatione et libertate vitae et vires alit et
immani corporum magnitudine homines efficit.

district, canton. 2each a thousand. 8alo, -ere, alui, altum, main-,
tain. 4ratio, theory ; usus, practice. 5is interrupted. 6of tilling the
soil. 7they are much given to hunting.

XVIII

The Ubii, tributaries of the Suevi (B. IV, 3).

Publice1 maximam putant esse laudem quam latissime a2
suis finibus vacare agros ; hac re significari magnum numerum
civitatum suam vim sustinere non posse. Itaque una ex
parte a Suevis3 circiter millia passuum sexcenta agri vacare
dicuntur. Ad alterara partem succedunt4 Ubii quorum fuit
civitas ampla atque florens ut est captus5 Germanorum : ei
paulo sunt, quam ejusdem generis sunt ceteri, humaniores
propterea quod Rhenurn attingunt multumque ad eos merca-
tores ventitant et ipsi propter propinquitatem Gallicis sunt
moribus adsuefacti.6 Hos cum Suevi multis saepe bellis

250 SIGHT TRANSLATION

expert!7 propter amplitudinem gravitatemque civitatis finibus
expellere non potuissent, tamen vectigales8 sibi fecerunt ac
multo humiliores infirmioresque redegerunt.9

*as a nation. 2on the side of. 3from the country of the Suevi in one
direction. 4come next. 6according to German ideas ; captus, -us,
literally, "what may be grasped." 6conformed. 'tried, tributary.
9redigo -ere redegl, redactum, render.

XIX

Fickle character of the Gauls (B. IV, 5).

His de rebus Caesar certior factus et infirmitatera1 Gallorum
veritus, quod sunt in consiliis capiendis mobiles2 et novis
plerumque rebus student, nihil his committendum3 existimavit.
Est enim hoc Gallicae consuetudinis4 uti5 et viatores6 etiam
invitos7 consistere cogant, et8 quid quisque eorum de quaque
re audierit aut cognoverit quaerant ; et mercatores in oppidis
vulgus circumsistat9, quibusque ex regionibus veniant quasque
ibi res cognoverint pronuntiare10 cogat. His rumoribus atque
auditionibus11 permoti, de summis saepe rebus consilia ineunt.

1 fickleness. 2easily influenced. 3no trust should be placed in them.
4this is a characteristic of the Gallic custom. 5uti = ut, introducing a
number of result clauses in apposition with hoc. 6 travellers. 7against
their will. 8Join to quaerant 9circum-sisto, -sistere, -stiti, surround.
10tell. "hearsays.

XX

The course of the Rhine described (B. IV, 10).

Mosa1 profluit2 ex monte Vosego, qui est in finibus
Lingonum, et parte3 quadam ex Rheno recepta quae appellatur
Vacalus4, insulam efficit Batavorum, neque longius inde
millibus passuum octoginta in Oceanum influit. Rhenus autem
oritur ex Lepontiis, qui Alpes incolunt et longo spatio per
fines multarum gentium5 citatus6 fertur ; et ubi Oceano appro-
proquavit, in plures defluit partes7 inultis ingentibusque

SIGHT TRANSLATION 251

insulis effectis, quarum pars magna a feris barbarisque
nationibus incolitur — ex quibus sunt qui piscibus8 atque
ovis9 avium10 vivere existimantur, — multisque capitibus11 in
Oceanum influit.

1Meuse. 2flows. 'tributary. *Waal. 6tribes. 6<juickly. 'branches.
8piscis, -is, fish. 9ovum, -I, egg. 10avis, -is, bird, "mouths.

XXI

Gallant conduct of two brothers (B. IV, 12).
In eo proelio ex equitibus nostris interficiuntur quattuor
et septuaginta : in his vir fortissimus, Piso Aquitanus1, am-
plissimo2 genere natus, cujus avus3 in civitate sua regnum
obtinuerat4 amicus ab senatu nostro appellatus. Hie cum
fratri intercluso5 ab hostibus auxilium ferret, ilium ex periculo
eripuit6, ipse equo vulnerato dejectus7, quoad8 potuit fortissimo
restitit9; cum circumventus multis vulneribus acceptis ceci-
disset10, atque id frater, qui jam proelio excesserat11, procul
animadvertisset12, incitato13 equo se hostibus obtulit14 atque
interfectus est.

*An Aquitanian, belonging to Aquitania, a division of Gaul.
2most illustrious, 'grandfather. 4had held sovereign power. 5inter-
cludo, -cludere, -clusi, -clusum, cut off. 6e-ripio, -ripere, -ripui,
-reptum, rescue, 'thrown. 8quoad, as long as. 9re-sisto, -sistere,
-stiti, resist. 10from cado, fall, "had withdrawn. 12governed by cum ;
had noticed. 13 spurring on his horse. uhe rushed against ; literally,
he threw himself upon.

BOOK V (54 B.C.).

The fifth campaign naturally falls into two parts: (1) the second
expedition against Britain, and (2) the uprising in Gaul. We shall
deal with the second part.

The uprising in Gaul had been fostered by (1) the absence of Caesar
in Britain ; (2) the distribution of the winter camps.

Caesar arrived in Gaul from Britain at the end of September. The
summer had been unusually dry, the crops failed and he was compelled
to separate his seven and a half legions1 so far apart that it appeared to

1 The fourteenth was divided, one half being drafted into other legions.

252 SIGHT TRANSLATION

the Gauls possible to attack them individually before the one could
lend aid to the other. The disturbance began with the murder of
Tasgetius, a chief of the Carnutes who was friendly to Caesar. Then
followed the attack upon the camp of Sabinus and Cotta stationed at
Aduatuca, by Ambiorix, king of the Eburones. In the council of war
divided councils prevailed. Cotta was for holding out till aid should
come from Caesar. Sabinus was for starting out to try and reach the
camp of Cicero. They were surrounded and cut to pieces, only a few
escaping to carry the word to Labienus. Ambiorix by his success was
able to rouse the Aduatuci, the Nervii and other tribes to attack the
headquarters of Cicero. At length, after gallantly defending himself
till his resources were almost exhausted, he was relieved by Caesar.
By the prompt action of Caesar danger was openly averted ; still the
Treviri were secretly urging the Germans to aid them against the
Romans. Caesar was compelled to spend the winter of 54-53 B.C. in
Transalpine Gaul. He enrolled another legion, the fifteenth, in Gallia
Cisalpina.

XXII

The murder of Tasgetius (B. V. 25).

Erant in Carnutibus summo loco natus1 Tasgetius, cujus
inajores in sua civitate regnum obtinuerant. Huic2 Caesar
pro3 ejus virtute atque in se benevolentia, quod in omnibus
bellis singular! ejus opera4 fuerat usus, majorum locum
restituerat. Tertium jam hunc annum regnantem inimici
multis palam5 ex6 civitate auctoribus7 interfecerunt. Defertur8
ea res ad Caesarem. Ille veritus, quod ad plures pertinebat9,
ne civitas eorum deficeret10, Lucium Plancum cum legione
ex Belgio celeriter in Carnutes proficisci jubet ibique hiemare,
quorumque opera cognoverat Tasgetium interfectum, eos com-
prehensos ad se mittere. Interim ab omnibus legatis quibus
legiones tradiderat11 certior factus est, in hiberna perventum12
locumque hibernis esse munitum.

1 Compare amplissimo genere natus, xvii. 2 indirect object of
restituerat. 3for. Assistance. 6openly. 6in. 7auctor, -oris, abettor.
8defero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, is reported. 9per-tine6, -tinere, -tinul,
-tentum, concern. 10deficio, revolt, "trado, hand over. 12 Supply
esse copiis, that the troops had reached the winter quarters.

SIGHT TRANSLATION 253

XXIII

Cotta opposes leaving the camp (B. V, 28).

Itaque ad consilium rem deferunt1 magnaque inter eos
exsistit2 controversial Lucius Cotta compluresque tribuni
militum et primorum ordinum4 centuriones nihil temere5
agendum, neque ex hibernis injussu6 Caesaris discedendum
existimabant ; quantasvis7 copias etiam Germanorura sustineri
posse munitis hibernis docebant; rem esse testimonio8 quod
primum hostium impetum multis ultro9 vulneribus illatis10
fortissime sustinuerint ; re f rumen taria11 'se non premi ;
interea et ex proximis hibernis et a Caesare conventura
subsidia; postremo, quid esse levius aut turpius quam auctore
hoste12 de summis rebus capere consilium ?

May before. 2ex-sisto, -siste're, -stiti, arise. 3dispute. *ordo,
-inis, M., rank. 5rashly. 6 without orders. 7 no matter how great.
8 what had happened (rem) was a proof of this. 9even. 10inflicted.
11 by a scarcity of corn. 12on the suggestion of an enemy.

XXIV

The Romans decide to leave their camp (B. V, 31).

Consurgitur1 ex consilio; orant milites ne dissentione2 et
pertinacia3 rem in summum periculum deducant4; facilem esse
rem, seu maneant seu proficiscantur, si modo unum omnes
sentiant ; contra in dissentione nullam se salutem perspicere.
Res disputatione ad mediam noctem perducitur. Tandem dat
Cotta permotus manus5; superat sententia Sabini. Pronun-
tiatur6 se prima luce ituros. Consumitur vigiliis reliqua pars
noctis, cum sua quisque miles circumspiceret, quid secum
portare posset, quid ex instrumento7 hibernorum relinquere
cogeretur. Prima luce ex castris proficiscuntur.

1 they rise : impersonal use of passive. 2by disagreement, 'obstinacy.
*cause a most perilous situation. 5dare manus, yield. 6word is given
out. 'equipment.

254 SIGHT TRANSLATION

XXV

The massacre (B. V, 37).

Sabinus quos1 in praesentia2 tribunes militum circum se
habebat et primorum ordinum centuriones se sequi jubet ; et,
cum propius Ambiorigem accessisset, jussus arma abjicere,
imperatum facit, suisque ut idem faciant imperat. Interim
dum de condicionibus3 inter se agunt longiorqne ab Ambiorige
instituitur sermo, paulatim circumventus interficitur. Turn
vero suo more victoriam conclamant atque ululatum4 tollunt,
impetuque in nostros facto ordines perturbant. Ibi Lucius
Cotta pugnans interficitur cum maxima parte militum. Reliqui
se in castra recipiunt unde erant egressi. Ex quibus Lucius
Petrosidius aquilifer cum magna multitudine hostium pre-
meretur, aquilam intra vallum projecit, ipse pro castris
fortissime pugnans occiditur. Illi aegre5 ad noctem oppugna-
tionem sustinent ; noctu ad unum oinnes, desperata salute, se
ipsi interficiunt.

Jquos tribunes militum = eos tribunes militum quos. 2at that

time, "terms, i.e. of surrender. 4yell. 5with difficulty.

XXVI

The rival centurions (B. V, 44).

Erant in ea legione fortissimi viri centuriones qui primis
ordiiiibus1 appropinquareiit Titus Pulio et Lucius Yorenus.
Hi perpetuas inter se controversias2 habebant uter ante-
ferretur3 omnibusque annis4 de locis5 summis simultatibus6
contend ebant. Ex his Pulio, cum acerrime ad munitiones
pugnaretur, Quid dubitas, in.quit, Vorene? Aut quern locum7
tuae probandae virtutis exspectas? Hie dies de nostris contro-
versiis judicabit. Haec cum dixisset, procedit extra munitiones,
quaeque pars hostium confertissima est visa, in earn irrumpit8.
Ke Vorenus quidem se vallo continet sed omnium veritus

SIGHT TRANSLATION 255

existimationem9 subsequitur. Mediocri spatio relicto, Pulio
pilum in hostes immittit atque unum ex multitudine pro-
currentem trajicitj quo percusso10 et exanimato, hunc scutis
protegunt, in hostem tela universi conjichmt neque dant
regrediendi facultatem11.

arank. 2 disputes. 3 should have the preference. 4all their life.
5position. 6 rivalry. 7 opportunity. 8irrumpo, -ere, -rupl, -ruptum,
rush, 'opinion. 10percutio, -ere, -cussi, -cussum, strike. n opportunity.

XXVII

The rival centurions (continued).

Transfigitur1 scutum Pulioni et verutum2 in balteo3 defigitur4.
Avertit5 hie casus6 vaginam7et gladiumeducereconanti8dextram
moratur manum, impeditumque hostes circumsistunt9. Suc-
currit10 inimicus illi Yorenus et laboranti subvenit. Ad hunc
se confestim11 a Pulione omnis multitude convertit12; ilium
veruto arbitrantur occisum. Gladio comminus13 rem gerit14
Vorenus et uno interfecto reliquos paulum propellit; dum
cupidius instat, in locum dejectus inferiorem, concidit15. Huic
rursus circumvento fert subsidium Pulio atque ambo incolumes,
compluribus interfectis, summa cum laude sese intra munitiones
recipiunt. Sic fortuna in contentione et certamine utrumque
versavit16 ut alter alteri inimicus auxilio salutique esset, neque
dijudicari17 posset, uter utri virtu te anteferendus videretur.

Hransfigo, -flgere, -fixi, -fixum, pierce. 2dart. 3balteus, sword
belt. Mefigo, -ere, -fixi, -fixum, fasten. 5averto, -ere, -verti, -versum,
turn aside. 6accident. 'scabbard. 8literally, "to him attempting to
draw his sword," " as he was attempting to draw his sword." 9circum-
sisto, -ere, -stitl, no sup., surround. 10succurro, -ere, -curri, -cursum,
runs to his aid (dat. ). ll immediately. 12convert6, -ere, -verti, -versum,
turn. 13hand to hand. ucarries on the fight. 15stumbling into a
hollow place, he falls. 16changed the positions of both. 17to be decided.

256 SIGHT TRANSLATION

XXVIII

News conveyed to Caesar's camp by a Gallic slave
(B. V, 45).

Quanto erafc in dies gravior atque asperior oppugnatio,1 et
maxime quod, magna parte militum confecta vulneribus2, res ad
paucitatem defensorum pervenerat,3 tanto crebriores litterae
nuntiique ad Caesarem mittebantur ; quorum pars deprehensa
in conspectu nostrorurn militum cum cruciatu4 necabatur.
Erat unus intus5 Nervius nomine Yertico, loco natus honesto,
qui a prima obsidione ad Ciceronem perfugerat suamque ei
fidem praestiterat6. Hie servo spe libertatis magnisque
persuadet praemiis ut litteras ad Caesarem deferat7. Has ille
in jaculo illigatas8 effert et Gallus inter Gallos sine ulla
suspicione versatus ad Caesarem pervenit. Ab eo de periculis
Ciceronis legionisque cognoscitur.

Hhe fiercer and more desperate the siege became from day to day.
2 worn out with wounds. sthe fighting (res) now devolved on few de-
fenders. 4cruciatus, -us, M. torture. 5 inside the camp. 6praesto, -are,
-stiti, -statum, show, 'defero, carry. 8illigo, -are, -avi, -atum, tie to.

XXIX

Prompt measures of relief (B. V, 46).
Caesar acceptis litteris hora circiter undecima diei statim
nuntium ad M. Crassum quaestorem mittit, cujus hiberna
aberant ab eo millia passuum viginti quinque; jubet media
nocte legionem proficisci celeriterque ad se venire. Exit cum
nuntio Crassus. Alterum ad Caium Fabium legatum mittit
ut in Atrebatium fines legionem adducat, qua sibi scit iter
faciendum. Scribit Labieno1 si reipublicae commodo facere
posset cum legione ad fines Nerviorum veniat. Reliquam
partem exercitus, quod paulo aberat longius, non putat expec-
tandam ; equites circiter quadringentos ex proxirnis hibernis
colligit2.

1 supply ut; join with veniat; scribit has an analogous construction
to imperat. 2colligo, -ere, -legl, lectum, muster.

SIGHT TRANSLATION 257

XXX

An " armed council " of the Gauls is summoned
(B. V, 56).

Indutiomarus, ubi intellexit Nervios bellum Romanis parare
neque sibi volimtariorum copias defore1 arinatum concilium
indicit2. Hoc more3 Gallorum est initium belli, quo4 lege
communi omnes puberes5 armati convenire consueverunt ; qui
ex iis novissimus convenit, in conspectu multitudinis omnibus
cruciatibus affectus necatur. In eo concilio Cingetorigem,
alterius principem factionis, generum suum, quern supra
demonstravimus Caesaris secutum fidem ab eo non discessisse,
hostem judicat bonaque ejus publicat6. His rebus confectis
in concilio pronuntiat7 arcessitum8 se compluribus Galliae
civitatibus; se iturum per fines Remorum eorumque agros
populaturum9 ; ac priusquam id faciat10 castra Labieni
oppugnaturum. Quae fieri velit11 praecipit12.

1 = defuturas esse, fut. infin. of desum, -esse, defui, fail (with dative),
proclaims. 3mos, moris, M., custom. 4adv. to which. 5pubes,
puberis, M., adult. 6 confiscate. 7declares. 8arcesso, -ere, arcessivl,
arcessitum, invite. 9populor, -ari, populatus sum, devastate. 10Subord.
clause in O.O. ; H. L., 265, 2 (6). "Indirect Question ; H. L., 200, 4.
12praecipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum, inform.

XXXI

Death of Indutiomarus (B. V, 58).
Interim Indutiomarus ad castra Romana accedit atque ibi
magnam partem diei consumit1 ; equites Gallorum tela con-
jiciunt et magna cum contumelia2 nostros ad pugnam evocant3.
Nullo ab nostris dato response, sub vesperum4 dispersi ac
dissipati5 discedunt. Subito Labienus duabus portis6 omnem
equitatum emittit; praecipit ut, territis hostibus atque in
fugam conjectis, unum omnes peterent7 Indutiomarum.

1consum5, -ere, consumpsi, consumptum, spend. 2 insulting language,
'challenge. *towards evening; note use of sub in expression of time;
sub noctem, towards night, just before nightfall ; sub primam lucem,
just before daybreak. 6in scattered and straggling bands. 6abl. of
Route by Which : H. L., 294, 3. ^attack, make for.

258 SIGHT TRANSLATION

XXXII

Death of Indutiomarus (continued, B. Y, 58).

Interdicit Caesar ne quis1 quern2 prius vulneret quam
Indutiomarum interfectum viderit, quod spatium nactum3
ilium effugere nolebat; magna proponit iis qui occiderint
praemia ; submittit4 cohortes equitibus subsidio. Probat con-
silium hominis fortuna ; et, cum unum omnes peterent, in ipso
fluminis vaclo deprehensus Indutiomarus interficitur caputque
ejus refertur in castra; redeuntes equites quos possunt con-
sectantur5 atque occidunt. Hac re cognita, omnes quae con-
venerant copiae discedunt ; pauloque habuit post id factum
Caesar quietiorem Galliam.

'that no one; H. L., 233, 5. 2anyone. 'nanciscor, nancisci,
nactus sum, obtain. 4 sends. 6consector, -an, -atus sum, overtake.

BOOK VI (53 B.C.).

Early in the spring of 53 B.C. Caesar suddenly appears in the terri-
tory of the Nervii and the Menapii, whom he subdues. Meanwhile
Labienus, his trusty lieutenant, defeated the Treviri, and placed Cinge-
torix, who had always been loyal to the Romans, in supreme power.
After uniting his own forces with those of Labienus, Caesar led his
army across the Rhine by a new bridge built near the modern city of
Berne. The Suevi had mustered to oppose his advance, but subse-
quently withdrew to the end of their territories without coming to an
engagement. Caesar takes occasion to describe the habits and customs
of the Galli, their religion, and priests. He then describes the Ger-
mans, the Hercynian Wood, and the wild animals found in it. He
returns to Gaul, cuts down part of the bridge, and scatters the forces of
Ambiorix, chief of the Eburones. In the late summer, the Sigambri, a
German tribe, cross the Rhine and attack Aduatuca (Tongres), where
Cicero was stationed. Cicero nearly met with a severe defeat. After
ravaging the country of the Eburones, Caesar holds an assembly of the
Gauls at Durocortorum (Rheims), at which the rebellious chiefs were
condemned. Acco, the leader of the rebellion among the Carnutes
and Sennones, is put tc death ; the other condemned chieftains fled.
Caesar then felt safe to go to Italy.

SIGHT TRANSLATION 259

XXXIII

The Treviri stir up war (B. VI, 2).

Interfecto Indutiomaro, ut docuimus, ad ejus propinquos1 a
Treviris imperium defertur. Illi finitimos Germanos sollici-
tare et pecuniam polliceri non desistunt2. Cum ab proximis
impetrare3 non possent, ulteriores temptant.* Inventis
nonnullis civitatibus, jurejurando inter se confirmant5; Ambi-
origem sibi societate et foedere6 adjungunt. Quibus rebus
cognitis Caesar, cum undique bellum parari videret, Nervios,
adjunctis Cisrhenanis omnibus Germanis, esse in armis,
Senones ad imperatum non venire et cum finitimis civitatibus
consilia communicare,7 a Treviris Germanos crebris legationi-
bus sollicitari, maturius8 sibi de bello cogitandum9 putavit.

Jnear relatives. Mesisto, -ere, -stiti, -stitum, cease from. 3to
obtain their wish. 4try those farther off. 5they bind themselves
mutually by an oath, 'by alliance and treaty. 7 were forming common
plans. 8 earlier than usual. 'Gerundival Infinitive ; H. L., 189.

XXXIV

Caesar quells the Nervii and summons a council at
Paris (B. VI, 3).

Itaque, nondum hieine confecta1, proximis quattuor coactis
legionibus, de improviso2 in fines Nerviorurn contendit, et
priusquam illi aut convenire aut profugere possent, magno
pecoris atque hominum numero capto atque ea praeda militibus
concessa vastatisque agris, in deditionem venire atque obsides
sibi dare coegit. Eo celeriter confecto negotio, rursus in
hiberna legiones reduxit. Concilio Galliae primo vere, ut
instituerat3, indicto4, cum reliqui praeter Senones, Carnutes,
Treverosque venissent, initium belli ac defectionis5 hoc esse
arbitratus, ut omnia postponere videretur6, concilium Lutetiam
Parisiorum7 transfert. Confines8 erant hi Senonibus civitat-
emque patrum memoria conjunxerant ; sed ab hoc consilio

260 SIGHT TRANSLATION

afuisse9 existimabantur. Hac re pro suggestu10 pronuntiata,
eodem die cum le.gionibus in Senones proficiscitur magnisque
itineribus eo pervenit.

1 before winter was quite over. Unexpectedly, 'arranged. *havin
been proclaimed. 5 re volt. 6that he might make it appear that he waf
postponing the whole matter. 7to Lutetia of the Parisii = to Paris
The council before met at Samarobriva (Amiens). 8neighbors. Ho b
averse. 10suggestus, -us, tribunal, or platform.

xxxy

Caesar crosses the Rhine a second time
(B. VI, 9).

Caesar postquam ex Menapiis in Treveros venit, duabus d(
causis Rhenura transire constituit : quarum una erat quod
German! auxilia contra se1 Treviris miserant; altera, ne ac
eos Ambiorix receptum haberet2. His constitutis rebus, paulo
supra3 eum locum quo ante exercitum traduxerat facerf
pontem instituit. Magno militum studio paucis diebus opu
efficitur. Firmo in Treveris ad pontem praesidio relicto, ne
quis ab his subito motus oriretur4, reliquas copias equitatumque
traducit. Ubii, qui ante obsides dederant atque in deditionem
venerant, purgandi sui5 causa ad eum legates mittunt qui
doceant neque auxilia ex sua civitate in Treveros missa neque
ab se fidem laesam 6 : petunt atque orant 7 ut sibi parcat, ne
communi odio Germanorum innocentes pro nocentibus poenas
pendant8; si amplius obsidum velit dari, pollicentur.

1se = ipsum, i.e., Caesar. 2that Ambiorix might not find refuge with
them. 3the former bridge was built near Bonn, 55 B.C. (B. IV, 17) ;
the present one was built farther up the stream, near Andernach.
*orior, oriri, ortus sum, arise; "to prevent any sudden rising taking place
among them." ^of clearing themselves ; H. L., 187, 8. 6laedo, -ere,
laesi, laesum, break ; with fidem, to break their word, 'they beg and
pray, i.e., they earnestly beg. 8pay the penalty.

SIGHT TRANSLATION 261

XXXVI

Factions among the Gauls (B. VI, 11).

Quoniam ad hunc locum1 perventum est,2 non alienura3 esse
videtur de Galliae Germaniaeque moribus et quo differant hae
nationes inter sese proponere4. In Gallia non solum in
omnibus civitatibus atque in omnibus pagis5 partibusque, sed
paene etiam in singulis domibus factiones6 sunt; earumque
factionum principes sunt, quorum ad arbitrium summa
omnium rerum redeat7. Ita ejus rei causa antiquitus8 insti-
tutum esse videtur, ne quis ex plebe contra potentiorem
auxilii egeret9; suos enim quisque10 opprimi et circumveniri
non patitur11, neque, aliter12 si faciat, ullam inter suos habeat
auctoritatem.

lplace (in my narrative). 2 — perveni. 3amiss, out of place ; literally,
foreign (to my subject). Ho lay before (my readers) = to explain.
5cantons. 6political parties. 7the final decision of all matters is
referred. 8in former times. 9that no one from the common people
should be at a loss for aid against any one more powerful than himself.
10 i.e. each party leader, "refuses to allow. 12 otherwise.

XXXVII

Rival factions in Gaul (B. VI, 12).
Cum Caesar in Galliam venit, alterius factionis1 principes
erant Haedui, alterius Sequani. Hi2, cum per se minus
valerent,3 quod summa auctoritas antiquitus4 erat in Haeduis
magnaeque eorum erant clientelae5, Germanos atque Ariovistum
sibi adjunxerant eosque ad se magnis jacturis6 pollicitationi-
busque7 perduxerant. Proeliis vero compluribus factis secundis
atque omni nobilitate Haeduorum interfecta, tantum potentia
antecesserant8 ut magnam partem clientium9 ab Haeduis ad se
traducerent obsidesque ab iis principum filios acciperent et

262 SIGHT TRANSLATION

publice jurare cogerent nihil se contra Sequanos consilii
inituros10, et partem finitirai agri per vim occupatam possi-
derent11, Galliaeque totius principatum obtinerent.

1factio, -onis, F. political party. 2the latter. 3were not sufficiently
strong of themselves, valeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, be strong. 4in ancient
times. 6clientela, -ae, F., the relation of patronus and cliens : depen-
dant. 6jactura, -ae, F., sacrifice, "pollicitatio, -onis, F., promise.
8they (Sequani) so far excelled in power (the Haedui). 9cliens, -tis, M.,
dependant. 10consilium inire, to enter upon a plan, to undertake.
"possideo, -ere, possedi, possessum, possess.

XXXVIII

Caesar supports the Aedui and Remi (B. VI, 12).

Necessitate adductus1 Haeduus Divitiacus auxilii petendi
causa Roinam ad senatum profectus imperfecta re2 redierat.
Adventu Caesaiis facta commutatione3 rerum, obsidibus
Haeduis redditis, veteribus clientelis restitutis, novis per
Caesarem comparatis, quod hi, qui se ad eorum4 amicitiam
aggregaverant, meliore condicione atque aequiore imperio se
uti5 videbant, eorum gratia dignitateque amplificata, Sequani
principatum dimiserant.6 In eorum locum Remi successerant7 ;
quos quod adaequare8 apud Caesarem gratia intellegebatur, ii
qui propter veteres inimicitias nullo modo cum Haeduis con-
jungi poterant se Remis in clientelam dicabant9. Hos illi
diligenter tuebantur; ita novam auctoritatem tenebant. Eo
turn statu res erat, ut longe principes haberentur Haedui,
secundum locum dignitatis Remi obtinerent.

1 forced by necessity. 2 without accomplishing his purpose. 8com-
mutatio, -onis,. F, change. 4ie., the Haedui. 5utor, uti, usus sum,
enjoy. 6had been compelled to give up. 7succedo, -ere, -cessl,
-cessum, succeed. 8supply Haeduos after adaequare, that they
had rivalled the Haedui in Caesar's favor. 9placed themselves under
the protection of the Remi ; died, I, assign.

SIGHT TRANSLATION 263

XXXIX

Classes of people among the Gauls. The Druids
(B. VI, 13).

In omni Gallia eorum hominum qui aliquo sunt numero1
atque honore genera sunt duo. Nam plebes paene servorura
habetur loco2, quae nihil audet per se, nulli adhibetur3
consilio. Plerique cum aub aere alieno4 aut magnitudine
tribute rum5 aut injuria potentiorum premuntur, sese in
servitutem dicant6 nobilibus ; quibus in hos eadem omnia sunt
jura quae dorninis in servos. Sed de his duobus generibus
alterum est druidum7, alterum equitum. UK rebus divinis
intersunt8, sacrificia publica ac privata procurant9, religiones
interpretantur10 ; ad eos magnus adolescentiae numerus dis-
ciplinae causa concurrit, magnoque hi sunt apud eos honore.
Nam fere de omnibus controversiis11 publicis privatisque
constituunt ; et, si quod est adinissum facinus, si caedes facta,
si de finibus controversia est, iidem decernunt, praemia poen-
asque constituunt12.

1 estimation. 2the common people are regarded almost as slaves.
'adhibeo, -ere, -hibui, -hibitum, admit. 4aes alienum, debt. Exces-
sive taxes. 6devote themselves, 'druides, -um, M. pi. Druids. 8have
charge. 9attend to. 10 expound everything connected with religion.
11 disputes. 12determine.

XL
The Druids (continued}.

Si qui aut privatus aut populus eorum decreto non stetit1,
sacrifices interdicunt2. Haec poena apud eos est gravissima,
Quibus ita est interdictum3, hi numero4 impiorum ac scelera-
torum habentur5, his omnes decedunt6; aditum sermonemque
defugiunt7, ne quid ex contagione incommodi accipiant8, neque
his petentibus jus redditur neque honos ullus communicatur9.

264 SIGHT TRANSLATION

His autem omnibus druidibus praeest10 unus, qui summam
inter eos habet auctoritatem. Hoc mortuo, aut, si qui ex
reliquis excellit11 dignitate, succedit12, aut, si sunt plures
pares, suffragio13 druidum ; nonnunquam14 etiam armis de
principatu contendunt. Hi certo anni tempore in finibus
Carnutum, quae regio totius Galliae media habetur, considunt15
in loco consecrate. Hue omnes undique qui controversias16
habent conveniunt eorumque decretis judiciisque parent.
Disciplina17 in Britannia reperta atque inde in Galliam trans-
lata18 esse existimatur ; et nunc qui diligentius earn rem19
cognoscere volunt plerumque illo discendi causa proficiscuntur.

Jabide by their decision (decreto is abl.). 2supply eos: literally, they
exclude these from the sacrifices. 3 those who are so excluded. 4=in
numero. 5are accounted. 6supply de via, all make way for these,
'they avoid meeting them and conversing with them. 8lest they
receive any harm from coming in contact with these : incommodi Part.
Gen. after quid. 9neither to their petition is justice rendered, nor is
any public office shared with them. 10is over (with dat. H. L., 229, 4).
11excello, -ere, surpass. 12succedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum, succeed.
13suffragium, I-, N., vote. "sometimes. 15consido, -ere, sedi,
-sessum, hold meeting. 16 disputes, "the system. 18from trans-
fero, bring over. 19 = disciplinam.

XLI
The Druids (continued, £. VI, 14).

Druides a bello abesse consuerunt1 neque tributa2 una3 cum
reliquis pendunt4; militiae vacationem5 omniumque rerum
habent immunitatem6. Tantis incitati praemiis et sua sponte7
multi in disciplinam conveniunt et a parentibus propinquisque
mittuntur. Magnum ibi numerum versuum8 ediscere9 dicuntur.
Itaque annos nonnulli vicenos10 in disciplina permanent.
Neque fas esse existimant ea litteris mandare11, cum in reliquis
fere rebus, publicis privatisque rationibus, Graecis litteris

SIGHT TRANSLATION 265

utantur. Id mihi duabus de causis' instituisse videntur; quod
neque in vulgum disciplinam efferri12 velint neque eos qui
discunt litteris confisos13 minus memoriae studere14, — quod
fere plerisque accidit15 ut praesidio16 litterarum diligentiam
in perdiscendo ac memoriam remittant17. In primis hoc volunt
persuadere18, non interire animas19, sed ab aliis post mortem
transire ad alios ; atque hoc maxim e ad virtu tern excitari
putant metu mortis neglecto. Multa praeterea de sideribus'20
atque eorum motu21, de mundi22 ac terrarum magnitudine,
de rerum natura23, de deorum immortalium vi ac potestate
disputant et juventuti tradunt.

1 = consueverunt, Hributum, -I, N., tax. s together. *pendo, -ere,
pependi, pensum, pay. 6exemption. 6freedom from public services.
T of their own accord, 8 versus, -us, M., verse. 9edisc6, -ere, learn by
heart. 10twenty each, "commit. 12spread abroad. 13confido, -ere,
conflsus sum, trust. upay too little heed to memory. 15 happens.
16 with the assistance of letters. 17 relax. 18 inculcate. 19anima,
ae, F. soul, ^sldus, -eris, N., star. 2lmotus, -us, M., motion. 22mundus,
-I, universe. 23 rerum natura, the nature of things, science.

XLII

Religion of the Gauls (B. VI, 16).

Natio est omnis Gallorum admodum dedita religionibus1 ;
atque ob earn causam qui sunt affecti gravioribus morbis2,
quique in proeliis periculisque versantur3, aut pro victimis
homines immolant4 aut se immolaturos vovent, administrisque5
ad ea sacrificia druidibus utuntur, quod pro vita hominis nisi
hominis vita reddatur6, non posse deorum immortalium numen
placari arbitrantur ; publiceque ejusdem generis habent insti-
tuta sacrificia. Alii immani7 magnitudine simulacra8 habent,
quorum contexta9 viminibus membra vivis hominibus com-
plent10 ; quibus succensis11 circumventi12 flamma exanimantur13
homines. Supplicia14 eorum qui in furto15 aut in latrocinio16

266 SIGHT TRANSLATION

aut aliqua noxia17 sint comprehensi gratiora dis immortalibus
esse arbitrantur ; sed, cum ejus generis copia deficit18, etiam
ad innocentium supplicia descendunt19.

1 wholly given up to religious observances. 2 those who are distressed
with incurable diseases. 3are engaged, ^sacrifice. 5administer, -tri,
M., assistant, attendant priest. 6reddo, -ere, -didi, -ditum, give in
compensation, 'immense. 8simulacrum, -I, N., images of men, sc.
hominum. "contexo, -ere, -texul, -textum, weave. 10comple6, -ere,
-evl, -etum, fill, "succendo, -ere, -cendi, -censum, burn. 12surrounded.
"perish, "punishment. 15 furtum, -I, N. , thef t. 16latrocinium, -I, N.,
robbery, "guilty act. 18fails. 19 they resort to.

XLIII

The Gods of the Gauls (B. VI, 17).

Deum maxime Mercurium colunt ; hujus sunt plurima
simulacra; hunc omnium inventorem1 artium2 ferunt3; hunc
viarum atque itineium ducem ; hunc ad quaestus4 pecuniae
mercaturasque5 habere vim maximam arbitrantur; post hunc
Apollinem et Martem et Jovem et Minervam. De his eandem
fere quam reliquae gentes habent opinionem6; Apollinem
morbos depellere", Minervam operum atque artificiorum initia
tradere8, Jovem imperium caelestium9 tenere, Martem bella
regere. Huic, cum proelio dimicare10 constituerunt, ea quae
bello ceperint plerumque11 devovent12; cum superaverunt
animalia capta immolant reliquasque res in unum locum con-
ferunt. Multis in civitatibus harum rerum exstructos13 tiimulos
locis consecratis conspicari14 licet; neque saepe accidit tit
neglecta quispiam religione aut capta apud se occultare aut
posita tollere auderet gravissimumque ei rei supplicium cum
cruciatu15 constitutum est.

1 discoverer. 2handicraft. 'believe, regard. 4quaestus, -us, M.,
profit, gain. 5mercatura, :ae, F., traffic. 6belief. 'ward off. in-
structs in the rudiments of works and arts, i.e., mechanical arts.
'caelestes, -ium, pi. heavenly gods, supply deorum. 10fight a pitched
battle, "generally. 12devote. 13piled up. 14see. 15torture.

SIGHT TRANSLATION 267

XLIV

Marriages and funerals among the Gauls
(B. VI, 19).

Viri in uxores sicuti1 in liberos vitae necisque2 habent
potestatem ; et cum pater familiae illustriore loco3 natus
decessit4, ejus propinqui conveniunt et de morte si res in
suspicionem venit5 de uxoribus in servilem modum quaestionem6
habent et si compertum est7, igni et omnibus tormentis ex-
cruciatas8 interficiunt. Funera9 sunt pro cultu10 Gallorum
magnifica et sumptuosa11 ; omniaque quae vivis cordi fuisse12
arbitrantur in ignem inferunt etiam animalia ac paulo supra
hanc memoriam13 servi et clientes quos ab iis dilectos esse
constabat, justis14 funeribus confectis, una cremabantur.

*as also. 2nex, necis, F., death, 'somewhat distinguished family.
Mecedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessuir, die. 6if his death has been suspected,
•investigation. 7comperi6, -Ire, comperi, compertum, find out. 8after
being tortured. 9funerals. 10considering the civilization. ngrand and
expensive. 12cordi esse, be dear. 13 a little before our time, "regular.

XLV

Laws against Gossiping (B. VI, 20).
Quae civitates commodius1 suam rem publicam administrare
existimantur, habent legibus sanctum2 si quis quid de re publica
a finitimis rumore aut fama acceperit uti ad magrstrum deferat
neve3 cum quo alio communicet quod4 saepe homines teme-
rarios5 atque imperitos falsis rumoribus terreri et ad facinus
impelli et de summis rebus consilium capere cognitum est.
Magistratus quae visa sunt6 occultant quaeque esse ex usu
judicaverunt multitudini produnt. De re publica nisi per
concilium loqui non conceditur7.

1well ; literally, "better than ordinary." 2sanci6, -Ire, sanxl, sanc-
tum, lay down bylaw. 3=etne. 4 because : join with cognitum est.
5 rash. 6seem good. 7concedo, -ere, concessi, concessum, allow.

268 SIGHT TRANSLATION

XLVI

The Germans (B. VI, 21).

German! multum ab hac consuetudine differunt. Nam
neque druides habent qui rebus divinis praesint1, neque
sacrificiis student2. Deorum numero3 eos solos ducunt, quos
cernunt et quorum aperte opibus juvantur Solem et Vulcanum
et Lunam ; reliquos ne fama quidem acceperunt4. Vita omnis
in venationibus5 atque in studiis rei militaris consistit6 ; ab
parvulis7 laboii ac duritiae student8. Qui diutissime im-
puberes9 permanserunt maximam inter suos ferunt laudem ;
hoc ali staturam, ali vires nervosque confirmari putant. In
fluminibus perfluuntur10 et pellibus ac parvis renonum teg-
men tis11 utuntur, magna corporis parte nuda.

1H. L., 237, 1. 2perform. 3 =in numero. 4not even by report have
they heard of. 5 hunting. 6 consists, -ere, -stiti, is spent. 7from their
earliest age : parvulus, diminutive of parvus. 8they accustom them-
selves to toil and hardship. 9impubes, -eris, unmarried. 10perfluo,
-ere, -fluxl, -fluxum, bathe themselves. n skins of reindeer.

XL VII

Land Tenure among the Germans (B. VI, 22).

Agriculturae non student1 majorque pars eorum victus2 in
lacte, caseo3, carne consistit. Neque quisquam agri modum
certum4 aut fines habet proprios5 sed magistratus ac principes6
in annos singulos gentibus7 cognationibusque8 hominum qui
turn una coierunt9 quantum et quo loco visum est agri10 attri-
buunt11 atque anno post alio transire cogunt. Ejus rei multas
afferunt12 causas ; ne assidua consuetudine capti13 studium
belli gerendi agricultural4 commutent15 ; ne latos fines parare
studeant16 potentioresque humiliores possessionibus expellant ;
ne accuratius ad frigora- atque aestus vitandos aedificent ; ne

SIGHT TRANSLATION 269

qua oriatur pecuniae cupiditas qua ex re factiones dissension-
esque nascuntur ; ut animi aequitate17 plebem contineant cum
suas quisque opes cum potentissimis aequari18 videat.

lThey pay no heed. 2victus, -us, M., food. 3caseus, -I, M., cheese.
*fixed amount. 5of his own. 6join with attribuunt. T clans. 8families.
'of the people who have met on the occasion. 10 Partitive Genitive
depending on quantum, "assign. 12give. " charmed by habitual
custom. uabl. of Price : H.L., 293, 4. 15exchange: i.e., abandon the
pursuit of war for agriculture. 16aim at acquiring. 17 contentment.
18 is on an equality with.

XLVIII

Warlike habits of the Germans (£. VI, 23).
Civitatibus maxima laus est1 quam latissime2 circum se
vastatis finibus sollitudines habere. Hoc proprium3 virtutis
existimant, expulsos agris finitimos cedere4 neque quemquam
prope audere consistere5 ; simul hoc se fore tutiores arbitrantur
repentinae incursionis timore sublato6. Cum bellum civitas aut
illatum7 defendit aut infert, magistratus qui ei bello praesint7
et vitae necisque8 habeant potestatem deliguntur. In pace
nullus est communis magistratus sed principes regionum atque
pagorum9 inter suos jus dicunt10 controversiasque minuunt11.
Latrocinia nullam habent12 infamiam13 quae extra fines cujus-
que civitatis fiunt atque ea juventutis exercendae ac desidiae14
minuendae causa fieri praedicant15. Hospitem16 violare fas
non putant et qui quacumque de causa17 ad eos venerunt ab
injuria prohibent, sanctos18 habent, hisque omnium domus
patent19 victusque communicatur20.

Hhe greatest reputation that a state can have is. 2as far and wide
as possible. *a characteristic. 4that their neighbors being driven out
of their lands should retire before them. 6 settle. 6from tollo : remove,
'bellum illatum, an aggressive war. 7Final Rel. and Subj. : H. L.,
232, 2. 8nex, necis, F., death. 9pagus, -I, M., canton. 10administer
justice. nminu5, -ere, minui, minutum, settle. 12regard. "disgrace.
ufor the purpose of lessening indolence. 15praedico, -are, -avi, -atum,
avow, 16hospes, -itis, M., guest. 17 for any reason whatever. 18sacred.
19pateo, -ere, -ul, be open, ^ig shared.

270 SIGHT TRANSLATION

XLIX

The Germans and the Gauls contrasted in bravery

(B. VI, 24).

Ac fuit antea tempus cum Germanos Galli virtute super-
arent, ultro1 bella inferrent, propter hominum2 multitudinem
agrique inopiam trans Rhenum colonias mitterent. Itaque
ea3 quae fertilissima Gerinaniae sunt loca circum Hercyniam
silvain quam Eratostheni et quibusdam Graecis fama notam
esse video, Volcae Tectosages4 occupaverunt atque ibi conse-
derunt5 ; quae gens ad hoc tempus his sedibus sese continet
summamque habet justitiae et bellicae laudis opinionem.
Nunc quod in eadem inopia, egestate, patientia Germani per-
manent6, eodem victu et cultu corporis utuntur ; Gallis autem
provinciarum Romanarum propinquitas7 et transmarinarum
rerum notitia8 multa ad usus largitur9, paulatim assuefacti
superari multisque victi proeliis, ne se quidem ipsi cum illis
virtute comparant.

1 voluntarily. 2population. 3 join with loca. 4a Gallic tribe. 5consld5,
-ere, -sedl, -sessum, settle. 6as the Germans live in the same poverty,
want and endurance of hardships, 'nearness. 8 knowledge of things
beyond the sea. 9 brings in many things they regard as essentials.

L
The Hercynian Forest (B. VI, 25).

Hujus Hercyniae silvae, quae supra demonstrata est, latitude
novem dierum iter expedito patet1 ; non enim aliter finiri2
potest, neque mensuras3 itinerum noverunt. Oritur4 ab
Helvetiorum finibus rectaque fluminis Danuvii regione5
pertinet ad fines Dacorum6; multarumque gentium fines
propter magnitudinem attingit; neque quisquam est hujus
Germaniae qui se aut adisse ad initium ejus silvae dicat7, cum8
dierum iter sexaginta processerit, aut quo ex loco oriatur

I
SIGHT TRANSLATION 271

acceperit ; multaque in ea genera ferarum nasci constat, quae
reliquis in locis visa non sint7 ; ex quibus quae maxime differant7
ab ceteris et memoriae prodenda videantur7 haec sunt.

1 extends over a journey of nine days, to a man lightly equipped.
2finio, -ire, Ivi, -itum, define. 3mensura, -ae, F. measurement. *orior,
-in, ortus sum, starts, begins. 6in a direct line with (i.e., parallel to).
6DacI, orum, M. pi. the Dacians, a tribe on the Danube. 7subj. in a
clause of Characteristic: H. L., 237, 1.

LI

One-horned cattle ; the Elk (B. VI, 26, 27).

Est bos cervi figura1 cujus a media fronte2 inter aures3
unum cornu exsistit4 excelsius5 magisque directum6 his quae
nobis sunt nota, cornibus; ab ejus summo sicut palmae
ramique7 late diffunduntur8. Eadem est feminae9 marisque10
natura, eadem forma magnitudoque cornuum. Sunt item quae
appellantur alces11. Harum est consimilis capris12 figura et
varietas pellium13 sed magnitudine paulo antecedunt, mutil-
aeque sunt cornibus14 et crura15 sine nod is articulisque16
habent, neque quietis causa procumburit17 neque si quo
afflictae18 casu19 conciderunt. erigere sese aut sublevare possunt.
His sunt arbores pro cubilibus ; ad eas se applicant atque ita
paulum modo reclinatae quietem capiunt. Quarum ex vestigiis
cum est animadversum a venatoribus quo se recipere consuerint,
omnes eo loco aut ab radicibus subruunt aut accidunt arbores,
tantum ut species earum stantium relinquatur. Hue cum se
reclinavarunt, infirmas arbores pondere affligunt atque una
ipsae concidunt.

1of the shape of a deer : since the genitive has an adjectival force :
figura is abl. of description ; probably the reindeer is meant. 2frons,
frontis, F., forehead. 3auris, -is, F., ear. 4exsisto, -ere, protrude.
5excelsus, -a, -um, high. 6straight. 7as it were branching hands
(hendiadys). 8diffundo, -ere, fudi, fusum, spread. 9femina, -ae, F.,
female. 10mas, maris, adj., male. nalces, -ium, elks. 12caper, -prl, M.,
goat. 13 piebald appearance. 14literally : they are blunted in their
horns, i. e. , their horns are blunted. 15crus, cruris, N., leg. 16without
knotted joints (hendiadys]. 17procumb6, -ere, -cubui, -cubitum, lie
down. 18affllg5, -ere, flixi, flictum, throw down. 19casus, -us, M.,
accident.

272 SIGHT TRANSLATION

LII

The primitive Ox (B. VI, 28).

Tertium est genus eorum1 qui uri2 appellantur. Hi sunt
magnitudine paulo infra3 elephantos, specie4 et colore et figura
tauri. Magna vis eorum est et magna velocitas. Neque homini
neque ferae quam conspexerunt parcunt. Hos studiose5 foveis6
captos interficiunt7 ; hoc se labore durant8 adolescentes atque
hoc genere venationis9 exercent et qui plurimos ex his interfe-
cerunt, relatis in publicum cornibus10, magnam ferunt laudem.
Sed adsuescere11 ad homines et mansuefieri12 ne parvuli quidem13
possunt. Amplitudo cornuum et figura et species multum a
nostrorum bourn cornibus differt13. Haec studiose conquisita14
ab labris15 argento circumcludunt1<? atque in amplissimis epulis17
pro poculis18 utuntur.

1literally, is of those; consists of those, 2urus, -I, M., wild ox or
bison. 8a little less than. 4of the appearance. 6eagerly. 6fovea, -ae,
F., pitfall, snare. 7they eagerly capture in pitfalls and kill these.
8make themselves hardy. 9venatio, -onis, F. , hunting. 10when the
horns are brought into a public place: with publicum supply locum.
nadsuesco, -ere, -suevi, -suetum, become accustomed, "mansuefacio,
-ere, -feel, -factum, tame. 18not even when caught young. 13differo,
-ferre, distuli, dilatum, differ. uconquiro, -ere, -quisivi, -quisitum, seek
out. 15labrum, -I, N. lip : translate, at the rim. 16circumcludo, -ere,
-clusi, -clusum, surround. 17epulum, -i, N. (sing.): epulae, -arum,
F. (pi. ), banquet. 18poculum, -I, N. cup : translate, as drinking cups.

LIII

A force left on the Rhine (B. VI, 29).

Caesar, postquam per Ubios exploratores comperit1 Suebos
sese in silvas recepisse, inopiam frumenti veritus quod, ut supra
demonstravimus, minime omnes Germani agriculturae student
constituit non progredi longius ; sed ne omnino metum reditus

SIGHT TRANSLATION 273

sui barbaris2 tolleret atque ut eorum auxilia tardaret3, reducto
exercitu, partem4 ultimam pontis quae ripas Ubiorum con-
tingebat5 in longitudinem pedum ducentoruin rescindit6 atque
in extreme ponte turrim constituit praesidiumque cohortium
duodecim pontis tuendi causa ponit magnisque eum locum
munitionibus firmat. Ei loco praesidioque Caium Yolcatium
Tullum adolescentem praefecit.

^omperio, 4, comperi, compertum, find out. Mat. H. L., 285, 5,
(6) ; translate : but that he might not altogether relieve the barbarians
of all fear of his return. 3tard5, 1, keep back. *object of rescindit.
6contingo, -ere, contigl, contactum, join. 6rescindo, -ere, rescidl,
rescissum, cut down.

LIV
A Roman Hero (£. VI, 38).

Erat aeger cum praesidio relictus Publius Sextus Baculus
cujus mentionem superioribus proeliis fecimus ac diem jam
quintum cibo1 caruerat2. Hie diffisus3 suae atque omnium
saluti inermis4 ex tabernaculo5 prodit6 ; videt immiiiere7 hostes
atque in summo esse rem discrimine; capit arma a proximis
atque in porta consistit. Consequuntur hunc centuriones ejus
cohortis quae in statione erat ; paulisper una proelium sustinent.
Relinquit animus Sextium8 gravissimis acceptis vulneribus;
aegre servatur. Hoc spatio interposito, reliqui sese confirmant
tantum ut in munitionibus consistere audeant speciemque
defensorum praebeant.

, -I, M. , food. 2careo, ere, carul, caritum, be without (gov. abl. ).
8diffid5, -ere, diffisus sum, distrust (semi -deponent : H. L., 135, 5) fido
and its compounds usually govern dat. of person and abl. of thing : fear-
ing for his own safety and that of his comrades. 4 inermis, -e,
adj., unarmed. 6tabernaculum, -I, N., tent. 6prodeo, -Ire, -il,
-itum advance, 'immineo, -ere, be near. 8Sextius faints, or becomes
unconscious.

274 SIGHT TRANSLATION

LV

Ca6sar returns in safety (B. VI, 41).

German! desperata expugnatione castrorum, quod nostros
jam constitisse1 in munitionibus videbant, cum ea praeda quam
in silvis deposuerant trans Rhenum sese receperunt ; ac tantus
fuit etiam post discessum2 hostium terror ut ea nocte, cum
Caius Volusenus missus cum equitatu ad castra venisset, fidem
non faceret3 adesse cum incolumi Caesarem exercitu. Sic
omnino4 animos timor praeoccupaverat5 ut paeiie alienata
mente,6 deletis omnibus copiis, equitatum se ex fuga recepisse
dicerent, neque incolumi exercitu Germanos castra oppug-
naturos fuisse contenderent. Quem timorem Caesaris adventus
sustulit7.

1consist5, -ere, -stiti, stitum, take a position. 2discessus, -us, M.,
withdrawal, 'could not make them believe. 4completely. 6 taken
possession of. 6almost beside themselves, 'tollo, 3, sustull, sublatum,
remove.

VOCABULARY

275

ABBREVIATIONS

The references in the Vocabulary are to the pages and sections of THE NKW FIRST
LATIN BOOK by Henderson and Little (marked by letters H. L.), and to the chapters
of Caesar and lines of Vergil. In the references, "c." stands for Caesar; " Verg."
for Vergil.

abL ablative.

ace accusative.

adj adjective.

adv adverb.

cf. compare.

comp comparative.

conj conjunction.

dat dative.

defec defective.

dem demonstrative.

dep deponent.

dim. diminutive.

distrib distributive.

F. feminine.

gen genitive.

impers impersonal.

indecl indeclinable.

indef indefinite.

interrog interrogative.

intr intransitive.

irreg irregular.

M masculine.

N neuter

num numeral.

ord ordinal.

p. ...... page.

part participle.

pass passive.

perf. : perfect.

pi plural.

prep preposition.

pro pronoun.

rel relative.

sc supply.

sing singular.

sup. superlative.

tr transitive.

v. . verb.

The quantity of vowels long or short by position and of diphthongs (which are
all long) and of short vowels is not. given.

276

VOCABULAEY

CAESAR : Bellum Gallicum, Bk. IV, 20— Bk. V, 23.
VERGIL: JEneid, Bk. II.
SIGHT TRANSLATION.

a, ab, prep, with abl. (a only before
consonants ; ab before vowels and con-
sonants) ; ab millibus passuum
octo, eight miles off (c. iv, 22); ab
aperto latere, on the exposed flank
(the right side) (c. iv, 26) : a Pirustis,
on the side of the Pirustae (c. v, 1).

abdo, -ere, -didi, ditum, v. tr.,
hide.

abeo, -Ire, -il (-ivi), -itum, v. intr.,
go away.

abhinc, adv., ago ; abhinc decem
annos or abhinc decem annis, ten
years ago, H. L., 116, 4.

abjicio, -jicere, -jecl, -jectum,
v. tr., throw away.

abies, -ietis, F., a fir-tree, spruce.

abluo, -ere, -lui, -lutuna, wash off,
purify (ab, luo, "wash ").

abnego, -are, -avi, -atum, refuse.

abscedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum,
v. intr. , go away, leave off.

absens, -tis (pres. part, of absum),
adj., absent.

absisto, -ere, -stiti, v. intr., desist ;
ab signis legionibusque non ab-
sistere, not to stop short of the
standards of the legions (c. v, 17).

abstineo, -ere, -ui, -tentum, v. tr.,
hold away; refrain (abs=ab; teneo,
"hold").

absum, -esse, -fui, v. intr., be ab-
sent, distant from ; abesse decem
millia passuum, to be ten miles off ;
neque multum abesse quin, to be
not far from (c. v, 2).

ac (used before consonants) ; another
form of atque (used before vowels),
which see.

Acamas, -ntis, M., Acamas, a
Greek hero (Verg. 262).

accede, -ere, -cessi, cessum, v.
intr., go towards, reach ; accessum

est ad Britanniam omnibus navi-
bus, all the ships reached Britain (c.
v, 8); impers., accedit, -cedere,
-cessit, it is added ; accessit etiam
quod, there was also added the fact that
(c. iv, 16) ; accedebat hue ut, to this
was added the fact that (c. v, 16).

accido, -ere, -cidi, happen : usually
impers. ; accidit, accidere, accidit,
it happens; opportune accidisse
arbitratus, thinking that this had hap-
pened fortunately (c. iv, 22) ; accidit ut,
it happened that(c. iv,29).

accingo, -ere, -cinxi, -cinctum,
gird on ; reflexive S§ omitted (Verg. 235).

accipio, -cipere, -cepi, ceptum,
v. tr., receive; to hear (Verg. 65, 308);
welcome (Verg. 265).

accommodo, -are, -avi, -atum,
v. tr., fit to (Verg. 393).

acer, acris, acre, adj., keen, sharp,
severe (comp., acrior; sup., acerri-
mus).

acernus, -a, -um, adj., made of
maple, maple.

Achaicus, -a, -um, adj., Achaian,
Grecian.

Achilles, -is (or -I, ei), M., Achilles,
the chief Greek hero in the Trojan war ;
son of Peleus.

Achivl, -drum, M. pi. : the Greeks :
see note Verg. 45.

acies, -el, F., edge ; acies ferri, the
edge of the sword (Verg. 333) : line of
battle ; aciem instruere, to draw up
a line of battle ; acie certare, to fight
in line of battle (Verg. 30) ; legiones in
acie constituere, to draw up the
legions in line, (c. iv, 35).

acriter, adv., fiercely, keenly (comp.,
acrius; sup., acerrime); acriter
pugnatum est, a keen battle was
fought.

actuarius, -a, -um, adj., impelled
by oars, furnished with oars.

277

278

VOCABULARY

acutus, -a, -urn, adj., sharp, keen.

ad, prep, (with ace.), to, against, to-
wards, near to, at, alongside (c. iv, 25)
often used with gerund or gerundive, for
the purpose of (c. iv, 23, 29, 31) ; ad
pristinam fortunam, to complete
his former good fortune (c. iv, 26) ; ad
diem, on the right day, punctually (c.
v, l) ; ad Cantium, at Kent(c. v, 13) ;
ad soils occasum, at sunset (c. v, 8) ;
ad hunc modum, in this way.

adaequo, are, avi, atum, v. tr.,
equal.

addo, -ere, -didi, -ditum, v. tr.,
add, join to.

adduce, -ere, -duxi, -ductum,
v. tr., lead to, bring to (of persons) (c. iv,
22, 36) ; induce (c. iv, 37).

adeo, -Ire, -il (-ivi), -itum, v. tr. and
intr., approach, visit, reach.

adeo, adv., to this point, so, such, to
that degree.

(adfor), -ari, -atus sum, speak to.

adfore, fut. infin. of adsum; see
adsum.

adhibeo, -ere, -hibui, hibitum,
v. tr., summon, call in, admit ; adhibi-
tis principibus majoribusque
natU, summoning the chiefs and elders
(c. iv, 13).

adhortor, -hortari, -hortatus
sum, v. dep., encourage.

adhuc, adv., to this place, thus far,
as yet.

adjicio, -jicere, -jeci, -iectum, v.
tr., throw to, throw up ; in litus telum
adjici poterat, a dart could be thrown
to the water's edge (c. iv, 23) ; agger-
em ad munitiones adjicere, to
throw up a mound against the fortifica-
tions (c. v, 9).

adimo, -ere, -emi, -emptum, v.
tr., take away, deprive of.

aditus, -US, M., approach, landing-
place (c. iv, 20) ; mercatoribus est
aditus, merchants have access (c. iv, 2).

adjungo, -ere, -junxT, -junc-
tum, v. tr., join to, add.

adjuvo, -are, -juvi, -jutum, v.
tr., aid, help, assist.

administro, -are, -avi, -atum,
v. tr., do, manage ; cum paulo tar-
dius administratum esset, when
this was done somewhat slowly (c. iv, 23);
rempublicam administrare, to
carry on the government.

admitto, -ere, -mlsi, -missum,
v. tr., allow, permit ; facinus admit-
tere, to commit a crime ; dedecus

admittere, to be guilty of a disgrace
(c. iv, 25).

admodum, adv., very much, greatly ;
with numbers, full}', at least.

adolescens, -centis, M., a youth.

adorior, -oriri, -ortus sum, v. tr.
dep., rise up against, attack, assail.

adporto, -portare, -portavi, por-
tatum, v. tr., convey to.

adsentio, -sentire, -sensi, -sen-
sum, v. intr., assent, approve.

adservo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
guard closely, closely cling to.

adsplro, -splrare, -spiravi, -spir-
atum (with dat.), breathe upon, am
favorable to.

adsto, -stare, -stiti, no sup., stand
by, stand erect.

adsum, -esse, -fui, v. intr., be pre-
sent, near.

adventus, --us, M., arrival.

adversus, -a, -um, adj., turned to,
opposed to, unfavorable : nocte ad-
versa, in the teeth of night, or in a foul
night (c. iv, 28) ; adversi venti, war-
ring winds (Verg. 416).

adversus, prep, (with ace.), opposed
to, over against.

adverto. -ere, -verti, -versum,
v. tr., turn to ; animum advertere,
to notice.

advolo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
fly to, hasten to.

aedes, -is, F., a temple ; in plural, a
house or temples.

aediflcium, -i, N., dwelling, house.

aediflco, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
build.

Aedui, -orum, M. pi., the Aedui,
a tribe of Gaul (France).

Aeduus, -a, -um, adj., Aeduan.

aeger, -gra, -grum, adj., sick
(comp. aegrior; sup., aegerrimus).

aegre, adv., with difficulty, scarcely,
hardly.

Aeneas, -ae, M. ; Aeneas, son of An-
chises and Venus, and hero of the Aeneid.

aeneus, -a, -um, adj., made of
bronze or copper.

aequinoctium, -i, N., the equinox,
either 21st March or 21st September ; in
Caesar, the latter.

aequo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
make equal.

aequor, -oris, N., sea.

aequus, -a,-um, adj., just.

aeratus,-a,-um,adj.,ofbrass,brazen.

VOCABULARY

279

aes, aeris, N., bronze, copper (c. iv,
31) money ; aes alienum, debt (literally,
money belonging to another)

aestas, -atis, F., summer; media
aestate, in the middle of summer;
extrema aestate, at the end of
summer ; prima aestate, at the be-
ginning of summer; aestatem con-
sumere, to spend the summer (c. v. 4).

aestimo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
value, think, reckon; litem aestimare,
to assess the amount of damages (c. v, 1).

aestus, -us, M., tide.

aether, -eris, M., the bright upper
air, sky (Verg. 123, 338).

aetas, -atis, F., period of life, age :
per aetatem, onaccountof age(c.v. 3).

affero, -ferre, attull, allatum,
v. tr., bring to, assign, report, announce.

afflrmo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
assert, declare.

afflicto, -are, -avi, -atum, v.
tr., damage, wreck.

affligo, -ere, -flixl, -flictum, v. tr ,
damage ; navem affligere, to shatter
a vessel (c. iv, 31) ; afflictus, downcast,
(Verg. 92).

afflo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
breathe upon, blast.

affluo, -ere, -fluxi, -fluxum, v. tr.,
flow to ; throng, flock to.

AfriCUS, -1, M. (properly an adj.,
with ventus understood); the south-
west wind, still called Africo by the
Italians.

Agamemnon, -onis, M., Agamem-
non, king of Mycenae in Greece, and
commander of the Greek forces at Troy.

ager, agri, M., a field, land ; pi.,
lands, territories.

agger, -eris, M., a mound.

agglomero, -are, -avi, -atum. v.
intr. (with dat.), join themselves to
(Verg. 341).

aggredior, -gredi, -gressus sum,
v. tr. dep., go against, assail, attack.

aggrego, -are, -avi, -atum, join
to ; se aggregare (military term), fall
in (c. iv, 26).

agito, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
keep moving, pursue, ponder (freq. from
ago).

agmen, -inis, N., an army on the
march ; a column ; agmine certo :
with unwavering course (Verg. 212).

agnosco, -ere, -gnovi, -gnitum,
v. tr., recognize.

ago, agere, egl, actum, v. tr.,
move, go, do, drive ; clamoribus

actus, influenced by the shouts (Verg.
128).

aio, v. tr., defective, 3rd sing., ait
(Verg. 155, 289).

Ajax, -acis ; N. m. ; Ajax, a Grecian
hero, son of Oileus, king of the Locri in
Greece. Sometimes called the lesser Ajax
to distinguish him from the greater Ajax,
son of Telamon, who, being defeated by
Ulysses in the contest for the Arms of
Achilles, went mad and slew himself.

alacritas, -atis, F., dash, haste;
alacritate uti, to show dash (c. iv. 24).

albus, -a, -um, adj., white ; album
plumbum, tin (c. v, 12).

alienus, -a, -um, adj., belonging to
another ; another's ; strange, foreign,
hostile ; aes alienum, debt (another's
money) ; alieno loco, on unfavorable
ground; alienum tempus, an un-
favorable time (c. iv, 34).

alio, adv., elsewhere.

aliquamdiu, adv., for some time;
for a while.

aliquantus, -a, -um, adj., con-
siderable, some ; aliquantum itin-
eris, some distance (c. v, 10).

aliqui, -quae, -quod, indef. pro.,
some one, any one.

aliquis, -qua, -quid, indep. pro.,
some one, any one ; aliquid temporis,
some time.

aliter, adv., otherwise.

alius, -a, -ud (for declension see
H. L., p. 48, 2), pro., another, other,
different; alius . . . alius, one . . .another ;
alii... alii, some... others; alias alia
ex navi, one from one ship, another
from another (c. iv, 26).

allatus : see affero.

almus, -a, -um, adj. nurturing;
kindly (alo, "nourish").

alo, alere, alui, alitum or altum,
v. tr., rear, nourish.

altaria, -ium, n, pi., altar (altus,
"high").

alter, -era, -erum, adj:, one of two;
alter . . . alter, the one ... the other ;
alteri . . .alteri, the one party . . .the
other party (H. L., p. 48, 2).

altitudo, -inis, F., height, depth.

altus, -a, -um, adj., high, deep; in
alto, on the deep ; also in pi. tran-
quilla per alta (Verg. 203).

alvus, -I, F., belly,

ambiguus, -a, -um, adj., of doubt-
ful meaning, dark.

ambo, -ae, -o, adj., both.

280

VOCABULARY

amens, -tis, adj., out of one's mind,
mad.

amentia, -ae, F., madness, folly.

amice, adv., friendly.

amicitia, -ae, F., friendship ; ab
amicitia deflcere, cast off an alliance.

amicus, -a, -um, adj., friendly.

amiCUS, -i, M., a friend.

amitto, -ere, -misi, -missum,
v. tr., lose.

amnis, -is, M., river,
amor, -oris, love, desire.

ample, adv., abundantly; comp.
amplius, more.

amplector, -plecti, -plexus sum,
v. dep., embrace, encircle (Verg. 214).

amplius, neut. comp. of adj., am-
plus, more, further. Often used with
numerals without any influence on the
construction : amplius octingentae
(naves), more than eight hundred ships.

amplus, -a, -um, adj., large, noble,
distinguished ; amplissi"
natus, born of a most illu

an, interrogative participl
or

Ancalites, -um, pi. M.
calites, a British tribe in Ber
Oxfordshire.

Anchises, -ae, M., Anchises, father
of Aeneas.

ancora, -ae, F., an anchor; nay em
tenere in ancoris, to keep a ship at
anchor ; ancoram tollere, to weigh
anchor (c. iv, 23); in ancoris ex-
spectare, to wait at anchor (c. iv, 23) :
ancoram jacere, to cast«anchor (c. iv,
28); ad ancoras naves deligare,
to ride at anchor (c. v, 9).

ancilla, -ae, F., a hand-maid, servant.

Androgeos, -i, M., Androgeos, a
Greek hero (Verg. 371).

Andromache, -es, F., Andromache,
wife of Hector (Verg. 457).

anguis, -is, M. and F., snake, serpent.

angulus, -i, M., a corner.

angUSte, adv., narrowly, closely;
angustius milites collocare, to
stow the soldiers in somewhat narrower
space than usual.

angustiae, -arum, pi. F., defile,
strait (of sea).

angUStus, -a, -um, adj., narrow,
contracted; angusta viarum = an-
gusta loca Viarum, the narrow places
of the streets (Verg. 332).

anima, -ae, F., life, soul; animam
deponere, to relinquish his life.

animadvert/6, -ere, -verti, -ver-
sum, v. tr., notice.

animal, -alis, N., animal.

animus, -i, M., mind, soul, spirit,
courage ; magni animi, of great cour-
age (c. v, 6) ; animis impeditis,
when the attention of all was engaged
(c. v, 7) ; animi voluptatisque
causa, for sentiment and amiisement
(c. v, 12) ; fldens animi, confident in
soul (Verg. 67) ; conversi (sunt) ani-
mi, our feelings were altered (Verg. 113).

annon, interrog. particle, or not (in
the second member of a direct question.

annotinus, -a, -um, adj., of the
year before.

annus, i, a year ; primis ab an-
nis, from my early years.

anser, -eris, M., a goose.

ante, (1) adv., previously, before ;
paucis ante diebus, a few days be-
fore; (H. L., p. 116, 5); (2) prep, with ace.
only ; before, in front of, in advance of.
For ante quam see antequam.

antea, adv., previously, before.

antepono, -ere,-posui,-positum,

. tr., prefer.

uam, conj., before.
US, -a, -um, adj., old, ancient.
, a Roman praenomen
(see cognwaen).

aperio, -ire, -ui, -turn, v. tr., open
(Verg. 60, 246).

apertus, -a, -um, adj., open, ex-
posed; aperto litore, on an open
shore (c. iv, 23) ; ad latus apertum
(c. iv, 25) ; ab latere aperto, on the
exposed flank (on the right side) (c. iv,26).

Apollo, -inis, M., Apollo

appareo, -ere, -parui, -paritum,
v. intr., attend, appear (Verg. 422, 484).

apparo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
prepare, make preparations for, provide
for.

appello, -are, -avi -atum, v. tr.,
call.

appello, -ere, -puli, -pulsum,
v. tr., bring to land (of ships); in passive,
call at, touch at (c. v, 13).

Appius, -I, Appius, a Roman prae-
nomen (see nomen).

apporto, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
bring, carry to (a place).

appropinquo, -are, -avi, -atum
(with dat.), v. intr., approach, come near
(c. iv, 25, 28).

apto, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., fit,
fit on.

VOCABULARY

281

aptus, -a, -um, adj., fit, suitable.

apud, prep, (with accusative); near,
at, beside ; apud urbem, near the
city ; apud eum, in his command
(c. v, 11).

aqua, -ae, F., water.

aquatio, -onis, F., fetching water,
watering ; aquationis causa, to ob-
tain water (c. iv, 11).

aquila, -ae, F.. an eagle, standard of
the legion as opposed to signa, stan-
dards of the cohorts (c. iv, 25).

aquilifer, -feri, M., the eagle-bearer,
the standard-bearer.

ara, -ae, F., an altar. ^^

Arar, -aris, M., the ArU(no\v the
Saone), a tributary of the Rhodanus
(Rhone).

aratrum, -i, N., a plough.

arbiter, -tri, M., judge; dare arbi-
tros, to appoint arbitrators (c. v, 1).

arbitrium, -I, N., a judgment, deci-
sion.

arbitror, -ari, -atus sum, v. tr.
dep., think, suppose, consider.

arbor, -oris, F., a tree.

arceo, -ere, -ui, no sup., confine,
restrain.

arcesso, -ere, -ivi, -Itum, v. tr.,
send for, summon (c. iv, 27).

ardens, -ntis, adj., on fire, eager;
blazing (ardeo).

ardeo, -ere, arsi, arsum, be on
fire (Verg. 311) ; be eager (Verg. 172,105).

Arduenna, -ae, F., the Ardennes, a
forest of north-eastern Gaul, which ex-
tended through the territories of the
Treveri to those of the Remi (c. v, 3).

arduus, -a, -um, adj., lofty, tower-
ing.

argentum, -I, N., silver, money.

Argi, -orum, pi. M., Argos, a city of
Argolis, in the eastern part of the Pelo-
ponnesus.

Argivi, -drum, M. pi., the Argives,
the Greeks.

Argivus, -a, -um, adj., Argive,
Grecian.

Argolicus, -a, -um, adj., Argolic
(belonging to Argos).

Argos (only used in nom. and ace.
sing.), N., see Argi.

aridus, -a, -um, adj., dry. As a
substantive, aridum, dry land ; ex
arido, on the shore (c. iv, 24) ; in
arido (c. iv, 26).
aries, -etis, M., a battering ram.

arma, -orum, pi. N., arms; in
armis esse, to bear arms (c. v. 3) ; ab
armis discedere, to lay down arms.

armamentum, -i, N., tackle (of a
vessel).

armatura, -ae, F., armor; levis
armaturae milites, light-armed sol-
diers.

armatus, -a, -um, adj., armed.

armentum, -i, N., herd (aro, to
plough).

armiger, -gera, -gerum, adj.,
armor-bearer.

armipotens, -ntis, adj., powerful in
arms.

armo, -are, -avl, -atum, v. tr., arm ;
copiae armatae, forces in arms (c. iv,
23) ; armato milite, with armed sol-
diery (Verg. 20); ad armandas naves,
for the equipment of the vessels (c. v, 1).

aro, -are,-avi, -atum, v. tr., plough.

arrectus, -a, -um, adj., raised:
luminibus arrectis, with eyes dis-
tended (Verg. 173) ; pectora arrecta,
uplifted breasts (Verg. 205); arrectis
auribus, with eager ears (Verg. 303).

arrigo,-ere, -rexl, -rectum, v.tr.,
lift, raise.

ars, -tis, F., cunning (Verg. 106, 195).

artifex, -icis, M., contriver, plotter.

artus, -us, M., limb.

artus, -a, -um, adj., confining, tight.

arvum, -1, N., a field (Verg. 208).

arx, -cis, F., citadel; summa ab
arce, from the top of the citadel (Verg. 41).

Ascanius, -i, M., Ascanius or lulus,
son of Aeneas.

ascendo,-ere, scendi, -scensum,
v. tr., ascend, mount ; navem ascen-
dere, to embark; vestram ascen-
dere in urbem, to go into your city
(Verg. 192).

ascensus, -us, M., ascent.

Asia, -ae, F., Asia.

aspectus, -US, M., appearance.

asper, -era, -erum, adj., rough,
(Verg. 379) ; aspris = asperis.

aspicio, -ere, -spexi, -spectum,
v. tr., behold.

ast = at, conj., but (Verg. 224).

astans (see asto), used as an adj.,
standing by.

asto, astare, astiti, astitum, v.
intr., stand by.

astrum, -i, N., star (ao-Tpov).

Astyanax, -actis, M., Astyanax,
son of Hector.

282

VOCABULARY

asylum, -i, N., place of refuge, sanc-
tuary (ao-vAop).
at, conj., but, yet.

ater, atra, atrum, adj., black,
gloomy.

atque (contracted ac ; atque, before
vowels, ac, before consonants), conj., and
also, and even, and (stronger than et) ;
par atque, the same as ; aliter at-
que, different than ; contra atque,
otherwise than.

Atrebas, -atis, adj., Atrebatian.

Atrebates, -um, M., the Atrebates,
a people of Belgic Gaul in the modern
Artois or Arras (Flemish Atreckt).

atrium, -i, N., court.

Atridae, -arum, M. pi., the sons of
Atreus, i.e., Agamemmon and Menelaus.

Atrius, -i, M., Quintus Atrius, an
officer in Caesar's army, who was left on
the south coast of Britain to look after
the fleet while Caesar marched inland on
his second expedition, 54 B.C.

attingo, -ere, -tigi, -tactum, v.
tr.. touch, reach ; terrain attingere,
reach land (c. v, i!3).

attollo, -tollere, v. tr., raise.

attrecto, -are, -avi, -atum, handle,
(ad, tracto).

auctor, -oris, M. (Verg. 150) ; me
auctore, at my suggestion.

auctoritas, -atis, F., authority, in-
fluence, power, prestige.

auctumnus (or autumnus), -i,
M., autumn.

audacia, -ae, F., boldness, daring.

audaciter, adv., boldly.

audacter, same as audaciter.

audax, -acis, adj., bold, daring.

audeo, -ere, ausus sum, semi-
dep. v. tr. and intr., dare, be bold ;
audere in proelio, to be bold for
battle (Verg. 416).

audio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, v. tr., hear.

augurium, i, N., omen by the utter-
ance of birds ; omen (avis ; root GAR,
"to call").

aula, -ae, F., a hall,
aura, -ae, F., air.
auratus, -a, -um, adj., gilded,
aureus, -a, -um, adj., golden, of gold,
auriga, -ae, M., a charioteer, driver,
auris, -is, F., an ear.
aurum, -i, N., gold.
Aurunculeius, -i, M., Lucius Aur-
unculeius Cotta, one of the lieutenants

of Caesar in Gaul. He fell in an ambuscade
planned by Ambiorix, 54 B.C.

Auster, -tri, M., south wind.

ausum, -i, N., daring deed (audeo).

aut, conj., or; aut...aut, either...
or.

autem, conj., but, moreover, yet,
also, now. (Never put first in a clause).

Automedon, -ontis, M., Auto-
medon, charioteer of Achilles (Verg. 477).

autumnus, see auctumnus.

auxilior, -an, atus sum, v. intr.
dep. (with dat.), give help.

auxilium, -i, N., aid, support; in
plural, gjteilia, -orum, auxiliary
troops. ^^

aveho, -ere, -vexi, -vectum, v. tr.
carry away.

avello, -ere, -veil!, or -vulsi,
-vulsum, v. tr., tear away.

aversus, -a, -um, (perf. part. pass,
of averto used as an) adj., turned away.

averto, -ere, -ti, -sum, turn away.

avidus, -a, -um, adj., eager, covetous.

avius, -a, -um, adj. (a, "away from,"
via), pathless; N. avium, as subst., by-
path.

avus, -i,'M., a grandfather.

axis, -is, M., axle, axis; the axis of
heaven, heaven.

barbari, -orum, M. pi., barbarians,
a name first applied Tjy the Greeks, then
by the Romans, to the people of other
nations.

barbarus, -a, -um, adj., savage,
barbarous.

Belgae, -arum, pi. M., the Belgae,
a general name applied to a warlike
people of north-eastern Gaul, from the
Mosa (Meuse) to the Sequana (Seine),
partly Celtic, partly Teutonic. The chief
tribes were the Remi, Morini, Nervii,
Suessiones.

Belgium, -i, N., Belgium, the part of
Gallia Belgiea inhabited by the Bellovaci,
Atrebates and the Ambiani.

bellicosus, -a, -um, adj., warlike.

Belides, -dae, M., (patronymic),
son of Belus; see Palamedes.

bellum, -i, N., war;bellumpopulo
Romano facere, to make war against
the Roman people (c. iv, 22).

bene, adv., well, prosperously ; comp.,
melius ; sup., optime.

VOCABULARY

283

Bibroci, -orum, M. pi., the Bibroci,
a tribe of Britain which occupied Berks,
Sussex, Surrey and adjoining district.

biduum, -l, N., a space of two days.

bigae, -arum (=bi-jugae; bis,
jugum, a yoke), F. (pi.), a car or chariot
drawn by two horses.

bipatens, -entis, adj., opening in
two ways, swinging.

bipennis, -is, F., double axe.

bis, num. adv., twice.

bonus, -a, -urn, adj., good; comp.,
melior; sup., optimus.

bos, bo vis, M. or F., an ox, cow ; pi.,
boves, cattle.

brachium, -I, N., arm.

brevis, -e, adj., short, brief ; brevi
(tempore), in a short time, soon (c. iv,
33).

breviter, adv., shortly, briefly.

BritannT, -drum, pi. M., Britons.

Britannia, -ae, F., Britain.

Britannicus, -a, -um, adj., British.

bruma, -ae, F. (=brevima=brev-
issima (dies) the shortest day), the
winter solstice ; Dec. 21st.

C

C., an abbreviation for Caius, a Roman
praenomem (see cognomen) as in Caius
Julius Caesar, Caius Volusenus, Caius
Trebonius.

cado, cadere, cecidi, casum, v.
intr., fall (Verg. 434): set; cadentia
sidera, setting stars (Verg. 9).

caecus, -a, -um, adj., blind (Verg.
244); caeco Marte resistunt, they
resist in aimless war (Verg. 335).

caedes, -is, F., slaughter, murder.

caedo, caedere, cecidi, caesum,
v. tr., cut, slay.

caelicola, -ae, M. and F., one who
dwells in heaven ; heavenly being ; (cae-
lum, colo).

caelum, -i, N., sky, heavens.

caerimonia, -ae, F., rite, reverence,
veneration, awe.

caeruleus, -a, -um, adj., deep blue,
sky-blue.

Caesar, -aris, M., Caius Julius
Caesar, born 100 B.C., died 44 B.C. (see
INTRODUCTION).

Galenas, -ntis, M., Calchas, a Greek
soothsayer.

calig-6, -inis, F., thick darkness.

campus, -i, M., plain, field.

cano, canere, cecini, cantum,
v. tr. and intr., sing, prophesy (because
oracles were expressed in verse).

Cantium, -i, N., Kent, a county in
south-eastern England.

capillus, -i, M., hair; esse pro-
misso capillo, to wear long hair (c. v.
14).

capio, capere, cepi, cap turn, v.
tr., take ; portum capere, to make
the harbor (c. iv, 30) ; so insulam
capere (c. iv, 26, v. 8) ; capere con-
silium, to form a plan (c. v, 8).

captivus, -i. M., a captive, prisoner.

captus, -a, -um (perf. part. pass, of
capio), taken, captured, charmed, influ-
enced.

capulus, -I, M., the handle, hilt
(capio ; hence, "the thing grasped").

caput, -itis, N., head.

Capys, -yos, M., Capys, a Trojan
(Verg. 35).

cardo, -inis, M., hinge.

careo, -ere, -ui, -itum, or cas-
sum, be without (with abl.) (Verg. 44).
carina, -ae, F., hull of a vessel, keel,
carmen, -inis, N., song.

card, -nis, F., flesh ; carne vivere,
to live on flesh (c. v, 14).

cams, -a, -um, adj., dear, beloved,
agreeable to.

Carvilius, -I, M., Carvilius, a petty
king of Kent (c. v, 22).

Cassandra, -ae, F., Cassandra,
daughter of Priam, inspired by Apollo
with the gift of prophecy, but doomed by
him never to be believed.

Cassi, -drum, pi. M., the Cassi, a
British tribe that inhabited Hereford-
shire.

Cassius, -i, M. , Caius Cassius Longus,
one of the assassins of Caesar. He died
42B.c.,atPhilippi.

Cassivellaunus, -i, M., Cassivel-
launus, or Casivallon, the able com-
mander-in-chief of the British army
opposed to Caesar. His chief town was
Verulamium, (now St. Albans).

cassus, -a, -um, perf. part. pass, of
careo, deprived of (with abl.); (see
careo).

castellum, -i, N , a fortress.

Casticus, -i, M., Casticus, a chief of
the Sequani, whom Orgetorix induced to
seize the supreme power in his state.

castrum, -i. N., a hut, fort ; in pi.,
castra, -orum, a camp ; castra

284

VOCABULARY

ponere, to pitch a camp; castra
munire ; to fortify a camp, to pitch a
camp ; castra movere, to advance ;
castra navalia, an encampment on
the shore for protecting the fleet and
the troops while landing; sometimes con-
nected with the ships drawn up on land
(c. v, 22).

casu, (abl. of casus, used as an) adv. ,
by chance.

casus, -US, M., chance, misfortune,
emergency.

caterva, -ae, F., band.

catulus, -i, M., whelp, cub.

causa, -ae, F., cause ; sine causa,
without reason (c. iv, 27 ; c. v, 6).

causa, adv. (really abl. of causa,
with the noun depending on it in the
gen.), for the sake of, on account of;
mea causa, for my sake ; often with
gerundives, frigoris depellendi
causa, for the purpose of warding off
the cold (c. iv, 22).

cavo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
make hollow, pierce.

cavus, -a, -um, adj., hollow.

cedo, cedere, cessl, cessum,
v. intr., go, yield ; fall back, retire ;
insequi cedentes, to overtake the
retreating foe (c. v, 16).

celeritas, -atis, F., swiftness, speed.

celeriter, adv., quickly ; comp., cele-
rius ; sup., celerrime.

celsus, -a, -um, adj., high, lofty.

Cenimagnl, -drum, M., pi., the
Cenimagni. The word Ceninuigni is said
to be a corruption for Icenimagrri.
They inhabited Norfolk and Suffolk,
north of the Trinobantes.

centum, num. adj., indecl., hundred.

Ceres, -eris, F., Ceres, goddess of
agriculture.

cerno, cernere, crevi, cretum,
v. tr., see perceive.

certamen, -inis, N., conflict, battle,
struggle.

certe, adv., at least, certainly.

certatim, adv. with emulation,
earnestly (certo).

certo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. intr.,
strive, contend.

certus, -a, -um, adj., certain, fixed,
true; aliquem certiorem facere,
inform ; certior fieri, to be informed ;
certus locus, a definite place ; certa
dies, a fixed day (c. v, 1).

cervix, -icis, F., neck.

cesso, -are, -avi, -atum, v. intr.,
cease.

(ceterus), -a, -um (nom. sing, not
found ; usually in plural), the rest, others.

C6U, adv., as, just as, as if.

cio, -ere, -civi, -citum, v. tr.,
stir up.

Cingetorix, -igis, M., Cingetorix-,
(1) a Gaul attached to Caesar, and rival of
Indutiomarus for the chieftainship of
the Treveri (c. v, 3). (2) a British chief
of Kent (c. v. 22).

cing-6, cingere, cinxi, cinctum,
v. tr., surround.

cinis, -eris, M., ashes.

circa, adv. and prep, (with ace.);
about, around, in the neighborhood of
(see circum).

circiter, adv. (with numeral adjec-
tives) ; about, nearly.

circueo, see circumeo.

Circuitus, -US, M., circumference.

Circum, prep, (with ace.), around.

circumdo, -dare, -dedi, -datum,
v. tr., place around, surround ; urbem
muro (abl.) circumdare, or urbi
(dat.) murum circumdare, to sur-
round the city with a wall.

circumeo, ire, -ii (-ivi), -itum or
Circuitum, v. tr., go around, visit ;
hiberna circumire, to inspect the
winter quarters (c. v, 2).

circumerro, -are, -avi, -atum.
wander round.

circumfundo, -fundere, -fudi,
-fusum, v. tr., pour around ; in passive,
surround, crowd around.

circumsisto, sistere, -stetT, no
sup., v. tr. and intr., surround (p. 277, 7).

circumspicio, -spicere, -spexi,
-spectum, v. tr., see around (Verg. 68).

circumsto, -stare, -steti, no sup.,
v. tr. and intr., stand around, surround.

circum volo, -are, -avi, -atum, v.
intr., surround (Very. 360).

citerior, -oris, adj. (p. 59, 2), on this
side, hither ; Gallia citerior, Gaul on
this (i.e., the Roman) side of the Alps
(Northern Italy), opposed to Gallia ul-
terior, Gaul beyond the Alps (France).

cito, adv., rapidly, swiftly; comp.,
citius ; sup. citissime.

civis, -is, M. or F., citizen.

Civitas, -atis, F., state, common-
wealth ; civitati consulere, to take
measures for the benefit of the state (c. v,
3).

clades, -is, F., slaughter, disaster.

clam, adv., secretly.

clamor, -oris, M., shout.

VOCABULARY

285

clangor, -oris, M., braying (of trum-
pets).

claresco, -ere, clarui, no sup.,
grow clear.

clarus, -a, -um, adj., bright, clear,
distinguished.

classis, -is, F., fleet.

Claudius, -I, M., Claudius. Appius
Claudius, consul with Lucius Domitius,
B.C. 54. He was brother of the infamous
Clodius whom Milo murdered, and was
a well known lawyer and politician of
Rome.

claustrum, -i, N., bar.

Clipeus, -I, M., a shield.

Cn. =Cneius, see Pompeius, Servilius.

Cneius, -i, M., see Cn.

COactus, -a, -urn, (pert. part. pass,
of cogo used as an) adj., forced ; coac-
tis lacrimis, by his forced tears (Verg.
196).

COepl, -isse, v. defec., begin, began.

coeptus, -a, -um, perf. part. pass,
of coepi, begun.

coerceo, -ere, -ercui, -ercitum,
v. tr., check, restrain.

cognomen, -inis, N., a family name,
a name. Each Roman had regularly three
names, the praenomen, indicating the in-
dividual like pur Christian name ; the
nomen indicating the gens, or clan, or
tribe to which he belonged ; the cognomen
or family name. Caius (praenomen),
Julius (nomen), Caesar (cognomen) ;
an agnomen was often added for honor
or character, as Africanus to Scipio.

cognosce, cognoscere, cognovi,
COgnitum, v. tr., know, learn, ascer-
tain (c. v, 11).

cogo, cogere, coegi, coactum,
v. tr., collect, compel, oblige; equita-
tum COgere, to collect cavalry (c. v, 3:
iv, 22, 34).

COhors, -tis, F., a cohort, the tenth
part of a legion (see legio).

cohortor, -ari, -atus sum, v. tr.
dep., exhort, encourage, animate, urge ;
cohortati inter se, urging each other
(c. iv, 25).

cpllaudo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
praise, extol.

colligo, -ligere, -legi, -lectum,
v. tr., collect, assemble.

collis, -is, M., a hill.

cplloco, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
station ; curru collocare, station
themselves with their chariots ; in sta-
tione COllOCati, stationed on guard (c.
v, 15).

colloquor, -loqui, -locutus sum,
v. dep., talk together, confer ; inter SO
COllocuti, holding a conference among
themselves (c. iv, 30).

collum, -i, N., neck.

colo, colere, colui, cultum, v.
tr., till, cultivate.

color, -oris, M., color.

coluber, -bri, M., serpent.

columba, -ae, F., dove.

coma, -ae, F., hair.

comans, -tis, adj., crested, hairy.

comes, -itis, M., companion.

comitor, -ari, -atus sum, v. tr.
dep., attend, be a companion to.

commeatus, -us, M. , a coming and
a going ; supplies ; duobus comme-
atibus, by two relays (c. v, 23).

commendo, -are, -avi, -atum,
v. tr., commit to protection, entrust.

commilito, -onis, M., fellow-soldier,
comrade.

committo, -ere, -misi, -missum,
v. tr., engage ; committere proe-
lium cum hostibus, to engage in
battle with the enemy ; nihil his COm-
mittere, to trust nothing to these (c.
iv, 5).

Commius, -i, M., Commius, a Gaul,
chief of the Atrebates.

commode, adv., conveniently, profit-
ably.

commodum, -i, N., convenience,
profit ; quas sui quisque corn-
modi fecerat, which each had made
for his own convenience (c. v, 8).

commodus, -a, -um, adj., con-
venient, favorable, fit, easy.

commoror, -morari, -moratus
Sum, v. dep. intr., delay, stay, remain.

commoveo, -movere, -movi,
-motum, v. tr., disturb, agitate, alarm.

communio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, v.
tr., fortify strongly.

communis, -e, adj., common, gen-
eral, affable, courteous; communi
COnsilio, after joint deliberation (c. v,
11 ; communes, in common (c. v, 14).

commutatio, -onis, F. , change.

COmpages, -is, F. , joint, fastening.

compare, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
make ready, prepare ; copias com-
parare, to collect forces ; re frumen-
taria comparata, after collecting a
supply of corn (c. iv, 7).

compellp, -ere, -puli, -pulsum,
v. tr., drive in a body.

286

VOCABULARY

compello, -are, -avl, -atum, v. tr.,
address.

comperio, -perire, -peri, -per-
tum, v. tr., find out, discover.

complector, -plecti, -plexus
Sum, v. dep., embrace.

compleo, -ere, -plevi, -pletum,
v. tr., fill completely ; naves militibus
complere, to man ships with soldiers
(c. iv, 26).

complures, -plura, adj. pi., very
many, several.

comporto, -are, -avl, -atum, v.
tr., bring together, collect.

composite, adv., by agreement.

comprehendo, -ere, -prehendl,
-prehensum, v. tr., seize, arrest.

compressus, -a -urn, perf. part,
pass, of comprimo.

comprimo, -ere, -press!, -pres-
sum, v. tr., suppress.

comprendo, -ere, -di, -sum, grasp ;
grasp (with the mind), comprehend.

concede, -cedere, -cessi, -ces-
sum, y. tr., leave ; superis concessit
ab oris, he left the realms above (Verg.
91).

concido, -ere, -di, no sup., fall down
(cado).

concilio, -are, -avl, -atum, v.
tr., win over, reconcile.

Concilium, -l, N., a meeting, as-
sembly ; habere concilium, to hold
a meeting (c. iv, 19).

conclamo, -are, -avi, -atum, v.
intr., shout, or cry out together.

concresco, -crevi, -cretum, v.
intr., grow together.

concretus, -a, -um, perf. part. pass.
of concresco, used as an adj., matted.

concurro, -currere, -curri, -cur-
sum, v. intr., run together, rush.

concursus, -us, M., attack ; ex eo
concursu, from that collision (c. v, 10).

concutio, -ere, -cussi, -cussum,
shake vigorously (cum quatio).

condensus, a,um, adj., very thick.

condicio, -onis, F., terms.

condo, -ere, -didi, -ditum, v. tr.,
found, establish, build.

condpno, -are, -avi, -atum, v.
tr., forgive, pardon.

Cqndrusi, -oruin, pi., M., the Con-
drusi, a people of north-eastern Gaul, on
the right bank of the Mosa (Meuse) in
the district of the modern Namur and

conduce, -ere,- duxi,- ductum,
v. tr., bring together, hire.

confercio, -ire -fersi -fertum,
v. tr., pack together; to cause to take
close order ; legione conferta, owing
to the legion being in close order (c. iv, 32).

confero, -ferre, -tuli, collatum,
v. tr., bring together, gather, collect ; se
COnferre, to betake oneself.

confertus, -a, -um, perf. part. pass,
of confercio, used as an adj. in close
array.

confestim, adv., immediately after
the battle.

conficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum,
T. tr., do thoroughly ; belk) confecto,
when the war was over (c. iv, 16) ; rem
COnficere, to complete a matter (c. iv,
11) ; itinere confecto, after the march
was made (c. iv, 14).

cpnfido, -fidere, -fisus sum,
semi-dep., v. intr., trust thoroughly.

configo, figere, -fix!, -fixum,
v. tr., pierce.

confirmo, -are, -avi, -atum, v.
tr., establish: pace conflrmata,
when peace was made (c. iv, 28).

conflteor, -eri, -fessus sum, con-
fess, acknowledge (fateor).

conflig-6, -ere, -flixi, -flictum,
v. tr., strike ; proelio confligere, to
engage in battle (c. v, 15).

confundo, -ere, -fudi, -fusum,
pour together, confuse.

congemo, -ere, -ui, no sup., groan,
deeply (con, intensive).

congero, -ere, -gessi, -gestum,
heap together.

congredior, -gredi, -gressus
sum, v. tr., meet, charge ; inter se
congredi, to charge each other.

conjicio, -jicere, -jeci, Jectum, v.
tr., throw together (at a point); in fu-
gam conjicere, to put to flight ; se
in fugam conjicere, to betake one-
self to flight (c. iv, 12) ; culpam in ali-
quem conjicere, to cast the blame on
some one (c. v, 27) ; in vincula conji-
Cere, to throw into prison (c. iv, 27).

conjugium, -i, N., wedlock ; husband
(jungo, root.iuo).

conjungo, -ere,-junxi,junctum,
v. tr., unite, join.

ponjunx, -Ugis, M. and F.. one
joined ; husband, wife, spouse (cum,
jungo).

conjuratio, -onis, F., league ; fa-
cere conj urationem, to form a league
(c. iv, 30).

VOCABULARY

287

conor, -ari, -atus sum, endeavor,
attempt.

consanguinitas, -atis, F., blood-
relationship, kin.

conscendo, -ere, -scendl, -scen-
sum, v. tr., embark in, mount ; in
navem conscendere, to embark on a
vessel (c. iv, 23 ; v. 7) ; in equum con-
scendere, to mount a horse.

conscius, -a, -um, adj., conscious,
knowing my purpose ( Verg. 99), agmina
conscia, confederate bands (Verg. 267).

consequor, -sequi, -secutus (or
sequutus) sum, v. tr. dep., follow,
follow up.

consero, -ere, serui, -sertum,
v. tr., join together, unite, bring to-
gether; proelium or pugnam or
manum conserere, to engage in
battle (Verg. 397).

consido, -ere, -sedi, -sessum, v.
intr., settle, halt ; copiae considunt,
the forces encamp (c. v, 9).

consilium, -I, N., plan, design;
wisdom, prudence ; capere consili-
um, to form a plan (c. v, 8) inire con-
silium, to adopt a plan (c. iv, 32) ;
communi consilio, after joint deli-
beration (c. v, 6) ; publico consilio,
by a public plan (c. v, 1) ; consilio in-
Stituto, from carrying out his appointed
plan (c. v, 4).

consimilis, -e, adj., very like, like
in every particular.

consisto, -ere, -stiti, -stitum, y.
intr., stand, halt ; consist of ; consistit
in carne, it consists of flesh ; in fluc-
tibus est consistendum, they had
to keep their footing among the waves
(c. iv, 24), stand still (Verg. 67).

consoler, -ari, -atus sum, v. tr.
dep., console, comfort, cheer (c. v, 4).

conspectus, -US, M., sight appear-
ance ; conspectu in medio, amid the
gazing throng (Verg. 67).

conspicio, -spicere, -spexi,
-spectum, v. tr., observe, see.

conspicor, -ari, -atus sum, v.
tr. dep., see, get a sight of, espy.

constat, -stare, -stitit, impers. v.,
it is agreed, well known.

constituo, -ere, -stitui, -stitu-
tum, v. tr., draw up; aciem con-
Stituere. to draw up a line of battle (c.
iv, 35) ; hiberna constituere, to ap-
point the winter quarters (c. iv, 38) ;
classem, navem constituere, to
moor a fleet, a ship : die constitute,,
on a set day ; his rebus constitutis,
when this was arranged (c. v, 5).

consto, -stare, -stiti, -statum,
v. intr., be formed ; impers. constat, it
is admitted, it is certain.

consuesco, -suescere, -suevi,
-suetum, v. intr., become accustomed
(c. r, 7, 21).

cpnsuetudo, -inis, F., custom,
habit; ex consuetudine, according
to custom (c. iv, 32).

consul, -ulis, M., a consul, one of
the two chief magistrates chosen annually
at Rome.

consulo, -ere, -ui, ultum, v. tr.,
deliberate, plan ; alicui COnsulere,
to consult for one's benefit ; aliquem
COnsulere, to ask one's advice; in
aliquem consulere, to take measures
against one ; consulere sibi, to look
after himself ; civitati consulere, to
take measures for the interest of the state
(c. v, 3).

consul to, adv., on purpose, design-
edly ; often de consulto ; consulto
cedere, to purposely retreat (c. v, 16).

consultum, -i, N., decree, resolu-
tion, decision.

consumo, -ere, -sumpsi, -sump-
turn, v. tr., spend, waste ; tempus
consumere, to waste time; aesta-
tem consumere, to spend the summer
(c. v, 4) ; magna parte diei con-
sumpta, after a great part of the day
had been spent (c. v, 9).

contemno, -ere, -tempsi, -temp-
turn, v. tr., despise, hold in contempt.

contendo, -ere, -tendi, -tentum,
v. intr., hasten to, push forward; in
fines Sugambrorum contendit,
he marches into the territories of the
Sugambri (c. iv, 18 ; iv, 37 ; v, 9) ; remis
contendere, to strive at the oars (c. v,
8); dispari proelio contendere,
to fight an unequal battle (c. v, 16).

contentio, -onis, F., struggling;
gaining a battle.

contentus, -a, -um, adj. (with abl.),
content with.

contestor, -ari, -atus sum, v.
dep., invoke.

contexo, -ere, -texui, -textum,
v. tr., weave, bind together.

contextus, -a, -um, perf. part. pass,
of contexo, used as an adj., interwoven.

conticesco, ere, -ticui, no sup.,
r. intr., be silent.

continens, -ntis (properly pres.
part, of contineo, used as an) adj., with
terra understood ; literally, the unin-
terrupted land, the continent, i.e., Gaul,
bella continentia, uninterrupted
wars (c. v, 11).

288

VOCABULARY

contineo, -ere, -tinui, -tentum,
v. tr., hold together, bound, restrain, hem
in ; se continere, to keep themselves
together (c. iv, 3*) ; civitatem in
officio continere, to keep the state
loyal (c. v, 3) ; in officio continere,
to keep him loyal (c. v, 7).

contingo, -ere, -tigi, -tactum,
v. tr., touch, extend to, reach.

continuus, -a, -urn, adj., con-
tinuous.

contorqueo, -ere, -torsi, -tor-
tum, v. tr. , hurl vigorously (Verg. 52).

contra, prep, (with ace. only), against,
opposite to; contra Gallias, facing
the divisions of Gaul (c. iv, 20) ; contra
Galliam, facing Gaul, i.e., France (c. v,
13).

contra, adv., contrary to ; contra
atque esset dictum, contrary to
what had been said (c. iv, 13).

contraho, -ere, -traxi, tractum,
v. tr., draw together, collect.

contrarius, -a, -urn, adj., opposite,
contrary.

- convello, -ere, -velli, -vulsum,
v. tr., rend, tear away.

convenio, ire, -veni, -ventum,
v. tr. and intr., come together, assemble ;
with ace., interview, meet.

conventus, -US, M., an assembly,
assize; conventum peragere, to
hold an assize (c. v, 1).

converto, -ere, -verti, -versum,
v. tr., turn, turn about; in fugam
convertere, to turn in flight ; animi
conversi, our feelings were changed
(Verg. 73).

convoco, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
summon, assemble.

convolve, -ere, volvi, -volutum,
v. tr., roll together.

coorior, -oriri, -ortus sum, v.
intr. dep., of a storm ; arise, spring up.

copia, -ae, F., abundance, plenty,
pi., copiae, forces, supplies ; summis
copiis, with all his forces (c. v, 17);
copias instruere, to draw up troops
(c. v, 18).

cor, cordis, N., heart.

coram, prep, (with abl.), face to face
with, in presence of ; coram populo,
in presence of the people ; coram per-
spicit, he sees in person (c. v, 11).

Coroebus, -i, M., Coroebus, son
of Mygdon, a suitor of Cassandra (Verg.
341).

corpus -oris, N., body.

corripio, -ripere, -ripui, -rep-
tum, v. tr., seize violently, carry off.

corrumpo, -ere, -rupi, -ruptum,
v. tr. , break in pieces, destroy, ruin, bribe.

Corus (or Caurus), i, M., the
N.-W. wind.

coruscus, -a, -urn, adj., gleaming.

COtidianus -a, -um, adj., daily.

COtidie, adj., daily.

costa, -ae, F.,rib.

Cotta, -ae, M., see Arunculeius.

Crassus, -i, M., Marcus Licinins
Crassus, surnamed Dives (the Rich),
was a member of the First Triumvirate
along with Caesar and Pompey (60 B.C.).
He fell at Carrhae, 53 B.C. in a war
against the Parthians.

crater, -eris, M. , mixing-bowl

creber, -bra, -brum.adj., numerous,
frequent.

credo, -ere, -didi, -ditum, v. tr.
and intr., trust, believe (see note Verg.
371).

cresco, crescere, crevi, cretum,
v. intr., increase, grow, grow up.

cretus, -a -um, pref. part. pass, of
cresco, sprung from (Verg. 74).

Creusa, -ae, E., Creiisa, wife of
^Eneas.

crimen, -inis, N., charge (Verg. 65).

crinis, -is, F., hair; passis crini-
bus, with hair all loose (Verg. 404).

cruciatus, -us, M., torture.

crudelis, -6, adj., cruel, hard-
hearted.

cruentus, -a, -.um, adj., bloody.

culmen, -inis, N., roof.

culpa, -ae, F., blame; culpam
conjicere, to throw the blame (c. iv, 27).

culpo, -are, -avi, -atum, blame,
hold guilty (culpa).

cum, prep, (with abl.), with, along
with ; enclitic with me, te, se, nobis,
vobis. quibus, as mecum, tecum,
secum, nobiscum, vobiscum, qui-
buscum.

cum (also written quum), conj.,
when, after, since, although; cum...
turn, both... and, cum (or quum)
primum, as soon as.

cumulus, -i, M., heap.

cunctor, -ari, -atus sum, v. dep.,
delay, hesitate, doubt.

CUnctUS,-a, -um, adj., all together,
in a body (Verg. 409).

cupide, adv., eagerly.

cupido, -inis, F., desire.

VOCABULARY

289

Cupidus, -a, -urn, adj., desirous of
(with genitive) ; cupidus rerum no-
varum, anxious for a change of govern-
ment (c. v, 6).

cupio, -ere, -ivi (-ii), -itum, v. tr.,
long for, wish, desire.

CUpreSSUS, -I, F., cypress (Kvira-
pio-aos).

cur, adv., why? for what purpose?

cura, -ae, F., care, anxiety.

euro, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., care
for ; in Caesar always with ace. of ob-
ject and gerundive part. ; exercitum
transportandum curare, to cause
the army to be transported (c. iv, 29) ;
naves aediflcandas curare, to
have ships built (c. v, 1).

curro, -ere, cucurri, cursum,
v. intr., run ; curritur, they run.

CUrrus, -US, M., chariot.

CUrsus, -US, M., a running (c. iv,
35) ; voyage ; tenere cursum, to hold
on the'ir course (c. iv, 28 ; Verg. v) ;
passage (c. v, 13).

curvus, -a, -um, adj., bent, wind-
ing.

CUSpis, -idis, F., spear.

custos, -odis, M., guard, watch.

Cybele, -es, F., Cybele, a Phrygian
goddess.

Danai, -orum, M., pi., the Greeks.

Dardania, -ae, F., Troy.

Dardanidae, -arum, M., the des-
cendants of Dardanus, i.e., the Trojans.

datus, perf. part, of do.

de, prep, (with abl.), of, from, con-
cerning ; his de rebus certior fac-
tus, being informed of these events;
de tertia vigilia, after the third watch
was set (c v, 9) ; multis de causis,
for many reasons ; qua de causa, and
for this reason ; de oppidis demi-
grare, to remove from the towns ; de
improvise, unexpectedly (c. v, 22).

dea, -ae, F., goddess.

debeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, owe, ought,
(de, habeo).

decedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum, v.
intr., retire, leave, depart from ; e vita
decessit, he died.

decem, indecl. card, num., ten.

decerno, -ere, -crevi, -cretum,
v. tr., decree.

decimus, -a, -um, ord. num. adj.,
tenth.

declivis, -e, adj., sloping.

decorus, -a, -um, adj., graceful.

decretum, -i, N., decree, decision ;
Stare decreto, to abide by a decision.

decurro, -ere, -curri, or -cucurri,
cursum, run down.

decus, -oris, N., ornament, honor.

dedecus, -oris, N., disgrace; de-
decus admittere, to commit a dis-
graceful act (c. iv, 25).

deditio, -onis, F., surrender; in
deditionem accipere (or recipere),
to receive on surrender; in deditionem
venire, to surrender.

dedo, -ere, -didi, -ditum, v. tr.,
give up, surrender.

deduco, -ducere, -duxi, -due-
turn, v. tr., lead away, bring down, with-
draw ; navem deducere, to launch a
vessel ; suos deducere, to withdraw
their men (c. iv, 30).

defatigatus, -a, -um, adj. .wearied,
exhausted.

defectio, -onis, F., revolt, rebellion,
defendo, -ere, -fendi, fen sum,
v. tr., defend, repel, guard.

defensor, -oris, M., defender.

defero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, v. tr.,
carry down or away ; report, announce ;
paulo infra deferri, to be carried a
little farther down (c. iv, 36) ; Caesaris
mandata deferre, to bear the orders
of Caesar (c. iv, 27) ; offer (c. v, 0) ; report
(c. v, 6).

defessus, -a, -um, adj., weary,
exhausted.

deflcio, -flcere, -fed, -fectum,
v. tr., fail, be insufficient, run short; si
tempus anni deficeret, if the time
of the year was insufficient (c. iv, 20) ; ab
I amicitia populi Bomani deficere,
to cast off the alliance of the Roman
people (c. v, 3) ; deficit ignis, the fire
fails (Verg. £05).

defigo, figere, -fixl, -fixum, v. tr.,
fix, fasten, drive down (c. v, 18).

defixus, -a, -um, perf. part. pass, of
defigo (c. v, 18).

deflagro, -are, -avi, atum, v. intr.,
be burned down.

defugio, -fugere, -fugi, -fugi-
tum, v. intr. and tr., flee from, avoid.

dejicio, -iicere, -jeci, -jectum, v.
tr., throw down, cast down; de spe
dejectus, disappointed in hope:
magno sui cum periculo dejici, to
be driven down with great danger to
themselves (c. iv. 28).

290

VOCABULARY

degener, -eris, adj., unworthy of
the race, degenerate (de, " from" ; genus,
" race ").

deinceps, adv., one after the other,
in succession, in turn

deinde, adv., thereafter, afterwards,
then, next.

Deiphobus, -i, M., Deiphobus, son of
Priam.

delatus, see defero.

delabor, labi, lapsus sum, v. dep.,
slip.

delectus, -a, -urn, adj., chosen.

delecta corpora virum = de-
lectos viros (Verg. 17).

deligo, -are, avi, atum, v. tr.,
fasten; navena ad ancoram deli-
gB-re, to anchor.

deligo, -ere, -legi, -lectum, v. tr.,
choose, select, levy.

delitesco, -litescere, -litui, no
sup., v. intr., lie hid, lie in ambush.

delubrum, -i, N., shrine.

demens, -ntis, M., foolish (Verg. 94).

demeto, -ere, -messui, -messum,
v. tr., cut down, reap.

demigro, -are, -avi, -atum, v.
intr., move from, depart from, emigrate.

deminuo, -ere, -minui, -minu-
tum, v. tr., lessen, impair.

demitto, -ere, -mlsi, missum,
v. tr., send down ; se animo demit-
tere, to lose heart ; demissum lapsi
per funem, gliding down by a hanging
rope (Verg. 261).

demo, -ere, dempsi, demptum,
take away (de-emo).

demonstro, -are, -avi, -atum,
v. tr., point out, show, state, mention ;
explain.

demoror, -ari, -atus sum, keep
waiting, delay.

deni. ae, -a, di°trib. num. adj.,
companies of ten (c. v, 14).

denique, adv., at last, finally; in a
word, in short.

densus, -a, -um, adj., thick, closely
packed, crowded.

denuntio, -are, -avi, -atum, v.
tr., announce, declare, threaten, order.

depascor, -pasci, -pastus sum,
V. dep., feed upon (Verg. 215).

depereo, -perire, -peril (perivi),
no sup., v. intr., be lost, perish.

depono, -ponere, -posui, -posit-
lim, v. tr., lay aside, cast away; ani-
mam deponere, to relinquish his life;

spem deponere, to give up hope (c.
v, 19).

deprecor, -ari, -atus sum, v, tr.
dep., beg for mercy; recusandi aut
deprecandi causa, for the purpose
of denying the fact or of begging him
for mercy (c. v. 6).

descendo, -ere, -di, -sum, go
down, descend (scando, "climb").

desero, -serere, -serui, -sertum,
v. tr., desert, leave.

desertus, -a, -um, adj., deserted.

desidero, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
wish for, long for, want ; neque ulla
omnino navis desideratur, not a
single ship is lost at all (c. v, 23).

desilio, -ire, -silul, -sultum, v.
intr.. leap down, dismount.

desino, -sinere, -sivi, -(-sii), -si-
turn, v. intr., leave off, cease, stop.

desisto, -ere, -stiti, -stitum, v.
intr., leave off, give over, cease from ;
proelio desistere, to give up the
battle ; sententia desistere, to give
up the notion.

destine, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
appoint.

desuesco, -ere, -suevi, -suetum,
render unaccustomed ; desuetus, un-
accustomed.

desum, -esse, -fui, v. intr., be
wanting, fail, be lacking.

desuper, adv., from above.

deterreo, -ere, -terrui, -terri-
tum, v. tr., frighten, frighten off.

detineo, -ere, -ul, -tentum, hold
or keep back ; detain (de, teneo).

detrimentum, -d, N.,loss, damage.

deus, -i, M., a god.

devolve, volvere, -volvi, -volu-
tum, v. tr., roll down.

dexter, -tra, -trum, adj., right, on
the right hand.

dextera or dextra (with manus
understood), adj., the right hand.

dlco, dicere, dixi, dictum, v. tr.,
say, speak, tell, appoint ; causam
dicere, to plead a cause ; de quo
ante ab nobis dictum est, of
whom we have made mention before
(c. v, 6) ; mirabile dictu, wonderful
to relate (Verg. 174).

dictum, -i, N., word, order, com-
mand.

dies, -ei, M. or F. (in sing.), M. (in
pi.), day.

differo, differre, distuli, dila-
tum, v. tr., spread, scatter; put off,

VOCABULARY

291

delay ; inter se differre, to differ
from each other ; multum differunt,
they differ greatly (c. v, 14).

difficultas, -atis, F., difficulty,
trouble.

diffugio, -fugere, -fugi, -fugi-
tum, v. intr., flee in different directions.

digero, -ere, -gessi, -gestum, v.
tr., expound.

dignitas, -atis, F., splendor; tri-
buere dignitatem, to treat with re-
specfe-fc- v. 7).

dignus, -a, -um, adj., worthy of
deserving.

digredior, -i, -gressus sum, de-
part (dis, gradior).

dijudico, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr..
decide, determine.

dilectus, -us, M., levy.

dilectus, -a, -um, adj., chosen.

dlligo, -ere, -lexi, -lectum. v. tr.,
value, esteem, love.

dimico, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
fight ; cum dimicaretur, since the
battle was fought (c. v, 16).

dimidium, -i, N., middle, half; di-
midio minor, half the size (c. v, 13).

dimitto, -ere, -mlsl, -missum,
v. tr., send in different directions.

Diomedes, -is, M., Diomede, a
famous Greek hero, son of Tydeus.

diripio, -ere, -ui, -reptum, tear
asunder ; plunder (rapio).

dirus, -a, -um, adj., fearful, terrible,
dread.

dis, (abbreviated) di-), inseparable
prefix, apart, asunder, in pieces.

dis, ditis, adj., rich ; comp., ditior ;
sup., ditissimus.

discedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum,
v. intr., depart, withdraw ; ab armis
discedere, lay down arms ; ab signis
discedere, to desert their standards
(c. v, 16).

discessus, -US, M., departure.

disco, discere, didici, no sup.,
v. tr. and intr., learn.

discors, -cordis, adj., different.

disjicio, -ere, -jeci, -jectum, dash
apart, destroy ( jacio, throw).

dispar, -paris, adj., unequal, unlike ;
dispari proelio, in an unequal con-
test (c. v, 16).

dispergo, -ere,-spersi, -spersum,
v. tr., scatter, disperse.

dispersus, -a, -um (perf. part. pass,
of dispergo, used as an) adj., scattered.

dispono, -ere, -posui, -positum,
v. tr., set in order, draw up (of forces).

dispositus, -a, -um, perf. part, pass.,
arranged.

distribuo, -ere, -tribui, -tribu-
tum, v. tr., assign, distribute.

districtus, -a, -um, (perf. part,
pass, of distringo, used as an) adj.,
occupied with, busy.

diu, adv., long, for a long time ; comp.,

diutius ; sup., diutissime.

diurnus, -a, -um, adj., by day.

diva, -ae, F., goddess.

divello, -ere, -velli, -vulsum, v.
tr., separate.

diversus, a, -um, (perf. part. pass,
of diyerto used as an) adj., in different
directions ; some one way, some another
way.

dives, -itis, adj., rich; comp., divi-
tior ; sup., divitissimus.

Divico, -onis, M., Divico, chief of
the Helvetii, who led an army against
Cassius, B.C. 107, and headed an embassy
to Caesar, B.C. 58.

diyido, -ere, divisi, divisum, v.
tr., divide, separate.

divfnus, -a, -um, adj., divine.

divus, -i, M., =deus, god.

do, dare, dedi, datum, v. tr.,
give ; in fugam dare, to put to flight
(c. iv, 26) ; dare operam, to take
pains (c. v, 7) ; dare arbitros, to ap-
point judges (c. v, i) ; vela dare, set
sail (Verg. 135) ; vitam dare, to grant
him his life (Verg. 145) ; ruinam dare,
to fall in ruins (Verg. 310); dare
poenas, to be punished (Verg. 3b5).

doceo, d9cere, dpcui, doctum,
v. tr., teach, inform, point out.

doctor, -oris, M., a teacher.

doctrina, -Inae, F., teaching, learn-
ing, knowledge.

doctus, -a, -um, (perf. part. pass, of
doceo used as an) adj., learned, experi-
enced.

doleo, dolere, dolui, dolitum, v.
intr. and tr., grieve, be grieved.

Dolopes, -um, M., pi., Dolopes, a
tribe of southern Thessaly.

dolor, -oris, M., grief, pain; hoc
dolore exardescere, to be aroused
through grief of this (c. v, 4).

dolus, -i, M., craft, fraud ; per
dolum, by deceit (c. iv, 13).

domesticus, -a, -um, adj., domes-
tic ; bellum domesticum, civil war
(c. v, 9).

292

VOCABULARY.

dominatus, -US, M., tyranny.

dominor, -ari, -atus sura, hold
sway.

Domitius, -I, M., Lucius Domitius
Ahenobarbus, consul with Appius Claudi-
us, B.C. 54. He was a staunch aristocrat,
and brother-in-law of Marcus Cato. He
fell at Pharsalia, B.C. 48, by the hand of
Antony.

domo, -are, -ui, -itum, v. tr., tame,
subdue.

domus, -US, F., a house, home ;
domi, at home (H. L., 119, 4); do-
mum, home ; domo, from home.

donee, conj., till, until.

dono, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
give, present.

donum, -I, N., gift, present.
Doricus, -a, -um, adj., Doric =
Grecian.

dormio, -Ire, -Ivi, -Itum, v. intr.,
sleep, rest.

draco, onis, M., serpent,
dubius, -a, -um, adj., doubtful, un-
certain.

ducentl, -ae, -a, card. num. adj.,
two hundred.

duco, ducere, duxi, ductum,
v. tr., lead, draw; ductUS, chosen
(Verg. 201); gemitus ducere, utter
groans (Verg. 288).

ductor, -oris, M., leader.

dudum, adv., a while ago, lately.

dulcis, -e, adj., sweet.

dum, conj., until (Verg. 88, 134).

Dumnorix, -igis, M., Dumnorix,
chief of the Aedui, and brother of Divi-
tiacus. He was always hostile to the
Romans, and was killed while trying to
escape from Caesar (c. v, 7).

duo, -ae, -O, num. adj. pi., two.

duodecim, indecl. num. adj., twelve.

duodeni, -ae, -a, distrib. num. adj.,
twelve at a time, companies of twelve
(c. v, 14).

duplico, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
double ; numerum obsidum dupli-
cavit ; he demanded double the number
of hostages (c. iv, 36).

duro, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
harden, make hard.

Durus, see Laberius.

durus, -a, -um, adj., hard, severe,
difficult.

dux, duels, M., leader, general,
guide.
Dymas, -antis, M., Dyrnas, a Trojan.

e (e before consonants ; ex, generally
before vowels, sometimes before conso-
nants); prep, (with abl.); from, out of,
in accordance with, in consequence of,
on ; una ex parte, on one side , ex
equo, on horseback, ex itinere, on
the march; ex litteris, in accordance
with the despatch (c. iv, 38); ex usu,
of advantage (c. v, 6); ex hac fuga
protinus, immediately after this defeat
(c. v, 17); duabus ex partibus,
on two sides (c. v, 21).

Eburones, -um, pi. M., the Eburones,
a Belgic tribe, living between the Meuse
and the Rhine, dependents of the Treveri.'

edax, -acis, adj., consuming, devour-
ing (edo).
ecce, interj., lo! behold!

edissero, -ere, -ui, -turn, v. trans.,
tell. w - ' V

educo, -ere, -duxi, -ductum,
v. tr., lead out, lead forth ; raise aloft
(Verg. 286, 461).

efiero, efferre, extuli, elatum,
v. tr., bring forth (Verg. 297).

efficio, -flcere, -feel, -fectum,
v. tr., effect, make; opus efflcere, to
complete a work ; with ut and subjunc-
tive, cause that; reliquis ut nayi-
gari commode posset, effecit,
he caused that it might be suitably sailed
with the rest, i.e., he had the rest put in
sailing trim (c. iv, 31).

effor, -ari, -atus sum, speak out,
utter.

effigies, -ei, P., image.

effugio, -fugere, -fugi, -fugitum,
v. tr. and intr., escape.

effugium, -i, N., escape.

effulgeo, -ere, -fulsl, no sup., shine
forth.

effundo, -ere, -fudi, -fusum, v. tr.,
pour out ; se effundere, to spread out,
scatter.

egens, -tis, adj., needy.

eg-enus, -a, -um, adj., needy, in
want, destitute.

egeo, -ere, -ui, no sup., am needy,
with abl., am in need of.

ego, mei, pers. pron. I ; pi. nos, we.

egredior, -gredi, -gressus sum,
v. intr. dep., go out ; disembark ; navi
egredi, to disembark (c. iv, 21 ; 23).

egregie, adv., admirably, splendidly.

VOCABULARY

293

egregius, -a, -um, adj., eminent,
marked, remarkable.

egressus, -US, M., landing (c. v, 8).

ejicio, -jicere, -jeci, -jectum, v. tr.,
cast out, throw out ; in litore ejicere,
to cast up on shore (c. v, 10) ; ex silvis
ejicere, to rush out of the woods (<;. v,
15); se in agros ejicere, to spread
themselves over the territory (c. v, 19).

ejusmodi (=ejus modi), of such a
kind, of such a sort.

elabor, -labi, -lapsus sum, v. dep.,
escape from.

emico, -are, -ui, -atum, v. intr.,
leap (Verg. 174).

emitto, -ere, -misi, -missum, v.
tr. , send out, hurl.

emoveo, -ere, emovi, emotum,
v. intr., move out.

enim (placed after the first emphatic
word in its clause), conj., for, in fact.

ensis, -is, M., sword.

eo, adv., thither, to that place, to such
a degree ; correlative of quo before
comparatives; eo magis, so much the
more (c. v, 1).

eo, ire, ivi (ii), itum, v. intr., go,
march.

eodem, adv., to the same place, in
the same direction, to the same purpose.

Eous, -a, -um, adj., Eastern.

Epeos, -i, M., Epeos, a Greek who
built the wooden horse.

Epytus, -i, M., Epytus, a Trojan.

eques, -itis, M., a horseman, cavalry
soldier ; pi. equites, cavalry.

equester, -tris, -tre, adj., belong-
ing to horsemen, cavalry.

equidem, adv., truly, indeed.

equitatus, -us, M. cavalry.

equus, -i, M., horse.

ereptus, -a, -urn, pert. part, pass.,
snatched.

Erinys, -OS, F., Erinys, one of the
Furies.

ergo, conj., therefore, accordingly.

eripio, ripere, ripui, -reptum,
v. trans., snatch.

erro, -are, -avi, -atum, v. intr.,
wander, err, be wrong.

error, -oris, M., mistake.

erubesco, -ere, -ui, no sup., v.
incept, (ex, rubesco, "become red at"),
feel shame about.

eruo, -ere, -ui, -utum, tear or dig
out; overthrow.

eruptio, -onis, F., attack, sortie,
esseda, -ae, F., a war chariot of the
Britons.

essedarius, -i, M., a charioteer,
essedum, -i, N., same as esseda.
et, conj., and; et...et, both... and:
-etiam (Verg. 49).

etiam, adv., even,
etsi, conj., even if, although.
Eurus, -i, M., Eunis, the east wind.
Eurypylus, -i, M., Eurypylus, a
Trojan.

evado, -vadere, -vasi, -vasum,
v. intr., go forth, ascend.

evenio, -venire, -veni, -ventum,
v. intr., come to pass, happen.

evanit, it happens.

eventus, -us, M., result; ex
eventu, frem the mishap (c. iv, 31).

everto, -vertere, -verti, -versum,
v. tr., overthrow, drive out, destroy.

evinco, -ere -vici, -victum, con-
quer utterly.

evoco, -are, -avi, -atum, v, tr.,
call out, summon.

ex : see e.

examine, -are, -avi, -atum, v.
tr., test; ad certum pondus ex-
aminatUS, of a fixed standard weight,
literally, weighed to a fixed weight (c. v,
12).

exardesco, -ere, -arsi, -arsum,
v. intr. , be kindled, burst forth ; hoc
dolore exarsit, he was roused through
grief at this (c. v, 4).

excedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum, v.
intr., leave, depart.

excello, -ere, -cellui, -celsum, v.
intr., excel, surpass.

excelsus, -a, -um, adj., high.

excidium, -i, N., destruction.

excido, -ere, -cidi, -cisum, v. tr.,
cut away (Verg. 481).

excipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum,
v. tr., take the place of (c. v, 17).

excito, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
arouse.

exclamo, -are, -avi, -atum, v.
intr., cry out, shout.

excludo, -cludere, -clusi, -clu-
sum, v. tr., shut out, prevent ; a navi-
gatione excludere, to prevent from
sailing (c. v, 23).

excutio, -cutere, -cussi, -cus-
sum, v. tr., shake off (Verg. 223) ; arouse
(Verg. 302).

294

VOCABULARY

excuse, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
justify (of a charge).

exemplum, -i, N., an example,
sample, pattern.

exeo, -Ire, -il (ivl), -itum, v. intr.,
go out.

exerceo, -ere, -ercui, -ercitum, v.
tr., exercise, train.

exercitatip, -onis, F., training,
practise, exercise.

exercitus, -US, M., a trained band ;
an army ; exponere exercitum, to
land an army (c. v, 9).

exhalo, -are, -avl, -atum, v. tr.,
breathe out.

exigo, -ere, -egi, -actum, v. tr.,
drive out, pass the time ; exacta
hieme, when winter had passed, at the
end of winter.

exiguitas, -atis, F., shortness.

exiguus, -a, -um, adj., small, scanty-

exilium, -1, N., exile.

existimatio, -onis, F., reputation.

existimp, -are, -avl, -atum, v. tr.,
suppose, think, consider.

exitium, -I, N., destruction.

exitialis, -e, adj., ruinous.

exitus, -us, M., issue, end.

exoptatus, -a, -um, perf. part,
pass, of exopto, used as an adj., longed
for (Verg. 138).

exopto, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
wish, desire.

exorior, -oriri, -ortus sum, v.
dep., arise.

expedio, -ire, -Ivi(ii), -Itum, v. tr.,
extricate.

expeditus, -a, -um, adj., lightly
equipped, free, unencumbered, without
baggage ; ad usum expeditior, more
efficient for service (c. iv, 25) ; expedi-
tus receptus, a quick retreat (c. iv, 33);
legiones expeditae, legions without
baggage (c. v, 2).

expello, -ere, -pull, -pulsum, v.
tr., drive out, expel.

expendo, -ere, -pendl, -pensum,
v. tr., pay.

experior, -irl, -pertus sum, v.
dep., try, test.

expleo, -ere, -plevi, -pletum, v.
tr., fill up.

explico, -are, -avi, ( plicui), -pli-
catum (-plicitum), v. tr., set forth,
tell (Verg. 362).

explorator, -oris, M., scout, spy.
exploro, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
investigate, reconnoitre.

expono, -ere, -posui, -positum,
v. tr. , place out, deploy ; disembark ;
expositae hostium copiae, the
forces of the enemy deployed (c. iv, 23) ;
cum essent expositi milites, when
the forces had landed (c. iv, 37) ; expo-
Sito exercitu, when the army had
landed (c. v, 9).

expromo, -ere, -prompsl,
-promptum, v. tr., utter (Verg. 280).

expugno, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
take by storm, capture.

exsanguis, -sangue, adj., pale.

exscindo, -ere, -scidi, -scissum,
v. tr., destroy (Verg. 177).

exspecto, -are, -avl, -atum, v. tr.,
wait for, await; in ancoris exspec-
tare, to wait at anchor (c. iv, 23) : wait
for (Verg. 358) ; long expected (Verg. 283).

exstinguo, -ere, -nxi, -nctum,
v. tr., extinguish, kill.

exsto, stare, no perf., no sup., v.
intr., be out; capite solo ex aqua
exstare, to have their heads alone out
of the water (c. v, 18).

exsupero, -are, -avi, -atum, v.tr.,
tower above, conquer.

exsultans, -tis, adj., rejoicing.

exsulto, -are, -avi, -atum, v.
intr., leap forth.

exterus, -a, -um, adj. (rarely used
in positive), outside, foreign, strange ;
comp., exterior; sup., extremus.

extemplo, adv., immediately.

extra, prep, (with ace.), outside of,
beyond.

extraho, -trahere, -traxi, -tract-
urn, v. tr. , draw out, withdraw ; id facile
extrahere, to waste this easily (c. v, 22). .

extremus, -a, -um, adj. (sup. of
exterus) of place or time, last ; hieme
extrema, at the end of winter; ex-
tremi, rear-guard (c. v, 10); flamma
extrema, expiring flame (Verg. 431) ;
audere extrema, to dare the greatest
dangers (Verg. 349) ; extrema in
morte, in death's extremity.

exuo, -ere, -ui, -utum, v. tr.,
strip off, deprive ; exutas vinclis
palmas, her hands freed from chains
(Verg. 153).

exuviae, -arum, F. pi., spoils.

evinco, -vincere, -vici, -victum,
v. tr., overcome (Verg. 497).

faber, -bri, M., a workman, wright.
fabricator, -oris, M., contriver
(Verg. 264).

VOCABULARY

295

fabrico, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
make contrive.

facies, -el, F., appearance.

facile, adv., easily, readily; comp.,
facilius ; sup., facillime.

facilis, -e, adj., easy.

facio, facere, fed, factum, v. tr.,
do, make ; magni facere, to value
highly ; pluris facere, to value more
highly; castra facere, to pitch a
camp ; iter facere, to make a march ;
vim facere, to do violence ; imper-
ata facere, to obey commands ; facere
periculum, to make an attempt (c. iv,
'21); iter facere, to make a march (c.
iv, 32); bellum populo Romano
facere, to make war against the Roman
people (c. iv, 22) ; proelio facto, after
the battle was fought (c. iv, 27) ; rebel-
lionem facere, to renew the war
(c. iv, 30) ; vim facere, offer violence
(c. v, 7) ; pro sano facere, to act as a
sane man (c. v, 7). (For passive see flo.

factum, -l, N., action, deed.

facultas, -atis, F. . opportunity.

fag-US, -I, F., beech tree.

fallo, -ere, fefelli, falsum, v. tr.,
deceive.

falsus, -a, -urn, adj., false.

fama, -ae, F., renown (Verg. 82).

famulus, -I, M., attendant.

fando, abl. of gerund of for, speak.

fas (indecl. noun). N., right ; lawful
(Verg. 157, 402).

fastigium, -1, N., roof.

fatalis, -e, adj., deadly.

fateor, fateri, fassus sum, v.
dep., confess.

fatum, l, N., destiny, fate.

fatur, 3rd sing. pres. indie, of (for)
fari, fatus sum, speak.

fauces, -ium, F. pi., jaws. S

fax, facis, F., torch.

feliciter, adv., luckily, prosperously.

femineus, -a, -um, adj., pertaining
to a woman.

fenestra, -ae, F., window.

fere, adv., almost, nearly.

ferio, -ire, no perf., no sup., v. tr.,
strike.

fero, ferre, tuli, latum, v. tr.,
bring, bear, carry, endure ; fertur, it is
said ; auxilium ferre, to bring aid ;
injurias ferre, to inflict wrongs;
legem ferre, to propose a law ; con-
suetudo fert, the custom admits of

(c. iv, 32) ; impetum ferre, to make
an attack (c. iv, 35) ; graviter ferre,
to he annoyed (c. v, 6) ; ut fert illorum
opinio. according to their ideas (c. v.
13).

ferreus, -a, -um, adj., of iron, iron.

ferrum, -1, N., iron ; acies ferri,
the edge of the sword (Verg. 333).

ferus, -a, -um, adj., fierce, bold.

fessus, -a, -um, adj., weary.

festino, -are, -avi, -atum, v. intr.,
hasten.

festus, -a, -um, adj., festal,
fetus, -a, um, adj., pregnant, filled
with.

flctus, -a, -um (perf. part. pass, of
fingo used as an) adj., idle, feigned,
false.

fidelis, -e, adj., faithful, trusty.

fidens, -ntis, adj., confident (Verg.
61).

fides, -ei, F., faith, loyalty ; in fldem
recipere, to receive under one's pro-
tection (c. iv. 22) ; fldem sequi, to be
loyal to (c. v, 20) ; eos in fldem re-
cipere, to admit them to his protection
(c. iv, 22) ; fldem interponere, to
pledge his word (c. v, 6) ; promise (Verg.
142).

f ido, f idere, f isus sum, v. semi-
dep., trust, confide.

fiducia, -ae, F., trust, confidence,
fldus, -a, -um, adj., trustworthy.
fig-6, -ere, flxl, flxum, v. tr., fasten :
impress (Verg. 490).

flgnira, -ae, F., form, shape,
filia, -ae, F., daughter,
filius, -I, M., son.

flng-6, fingere, flnxi, flctum, v.
tr., form, shape, make.

finis, -is, M. and F., end, limit; pi.,
fines, M., boundaries, territories.

finitimus, -a, -um, adj., bordering
upon, adjoining ; in pi., finitimi,
-orum, neighbors.

fio, fieri, factus sum (pass, of
facio), become, take place ; fit, it hap-
pens; certior fieri, to be informed;
non sine causa fieri, to be not with-
out a reason (c. v, 6).

flrmiter, adv., firmly ; flrmiter in-
sistere, to stand firmly, to get a good
footing (c. iv, 26).

flrmus, -a, -um, adj., strong,
flxus, -a, -um, adj., fixed, resolute,
flagito, -are, -avi, -atum, v. ir.,
demand, ask earnestly.

296

VOCABULARY

flagro, -are, -avi, -atum, v. intr.,
blaze.

flamma,-ae,F., flame.

flecto, -ere, flexui, flexum, v. tr.,
bend, turn.

fleo, flere, flevi, fletum, v. intr.
weep.

fl§tus, -us, M., tears, weeping.

flo, flare, flavi, flatum, v.intr.,blow.

fluctus, -US, M., flood, wave.

flumen, -inis, N., river.

fluo, fluere, fluxi, fluxum, v.
intr., flow, ebb.

fluvius, -1, M., river.

fodio, fodere, fodi, fossum, v. tr.,
dig.

foedo, -are, -avi, -atum.v. tr., mar,
defile.

fons, fontis, M., fountain.

for, far!, fatus sum, v. tr. dep.,
speak, say.

fore=futurum esse (fut. inf. of
sum).

forem=essem.

foris, -is, F., door, gate.

forma, -ae, F., form, shape.

formido, -inis, F., dread ; formi-
dine capti, overcome with fear (Verg.
384).

formo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
shape.

fors, -tis, F., chance, luck (Verg. 94);
used ad verbially = forte (Verg. 138).

fortasse, adv., perhaps, by chance.

forte, adv., perhaps, by chance (Verg.
81 ; 342).

fortis, -e, adj., strong, brave.

fortiter, adv., courageously, bravely.

fortuna, -ae, F., success, good for-
tune (Verg. 385).

Fortuna, -ae, F., Fortune, goddess
of Fortune (Verg. 79).

fossa, -ae, F., ditch, trench.

fractus, -a, -um, perf. part. pass, of
frango, broken.

frag-or, -oris, M., breaking, crash.

frango, frangere, fregi, frac-
tum, v. tr., break.

frater, -tris, M., a brother,
fraus, fraudis, F., deceit, deception,
fremitus, -us, M., noise, din (of
battle, Verg. 336).

fretum, -i, N., strait, sea.
frigidus, -a, -um, adj., cold.

frigus, -oris, N., cold.

frons, frondis, F., bough.

fruges, -um, pi. F. , meal ; salsae
fruges, salted cake, used in sacrifice
(Verg. 33).

frumentarius, -a, um, adj., per-
taining to corn ; res frumentaria, a
supply of corn ; inopia frumentaria,
want of corn.

frumentor, -ari, -atus sum, v.
dep., fetch corn, forage.

frumentum, -i, N., corn.

frustra, adv., without effect, in vain.

fuga, -ae, F., flight; in fugam
dare, to put to flight (c. iv, 26) ; ex
fuga recipere, to recover from panic
(c. iv, 27).

fugio, fugere, fugi, fugitum, v.
tr. and intr., flee, flee from, run away.

fugitivus, -a, -um, adj., fleeing ; as a
noun, fugitivus, -i, M. , a runaway slave.

fulgeo, ere or ere, fulsi, no sup.,
v. intr., gleam, shine.

fulmen, -inis, N., thunderbolt.

fulvus, -a, -um, adj., tawny.

fumo, -are, no perf., no sup., v. intr.,
smoke.

fumus, -i, M., smoke.

funda, -ae, F., a sling.

fundamentum, -i, N., foundation.

funditor, -oris, M., aslinger.

fundo, fundere, fudi, fusurn, v.
tr., pour forth (Verg. 329) ; exercitum
fundere, to rout an army.

fundus, -J, M., bottom.

funis, -is, M. , rope, cable.

funus, -eris, N., death.

furens, -tis, adj., raving ; furenti-
bus Austris, when the south winds
rage (Verg. 304); sponsa furens, his
prophetic betrothed (Verg. 345).

furiatus, -a, -um, adj., frenzied
(Verg. 407).

furo, -ere, -ui, no sup., rave.

furor, -oris, M., rage, madness, fury.

furtim, adv., by stealth.

futurus, -a, -um, fut. part, of sum ;
res futurae or futura (neut. pi.), the
future.

Galba, -ae, M., Galba ; ServiusGalba,
great-grandfather of the Emperor Galba.
He served under Caesar in Gaul, and was
praetor 54 B.C. After Caesar's death he
served against Antony in the war of
Mutina, 43 B.C.

VOCABULARY

297

galea, -ae, F., helmet.

Galli, -orum, pi. M., the Gauls ; the
people who inhabited Gallia Trans-
alpina (or Ulterior), Further Gaul
(France), and Gall: a Cisalpina (or
Citerior), Hither Gaul (Northern Italy).

Gallia, -ae, F., Gaul ;in pi. Galliae,
divisions of Gaul.

Gallicus, -a, -um, adj., Gallic.

gallina, -ae, F., hen.

Gallus, -l, M., a Gaul, an inhabitant
of Gallia.

gaudeo, gaudere, gavisus sum,
v. intr., semi-dep., rejoice.

gaudium, -i, N., joy, gladness, de-
light.

gaza, -ae, F., treasure.

gelidus, -a, -urn, adj., cold, icy.

geminus, -1, adj. twin-born ; pi.
gemini = duo (Verg. 203, 225, 415, 500).

gemitus, -us, M., a groan, sigh.

gener, -eri, M., a son-in-law.

genitor, -oris, M., father.

gens, gentis, F., nation, race, tribe,
clan.

genus, -eris, N., birth, kind; am-
plissimo genere natus, descended
from a most illustrious family ; tpto hoc
in genere pugnae, in all this kind of
battle (c. v, 16).

German!, -orum, M. pi., the
Germans.

Germania, -ae, F., Germany.

Germanicus, -a, -um,adj.,(?mMan.

Germanus, -a, -um, adj., German.

gero, gerere, gessi, gestum, v.
tr., carry, bear, carry on ; bellum
gerere, to wage war.

gladius, -i, M., sword.

glomero, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
gather together.

gloria, -ae, F., glory, fame.

Gorgo, or on, -onis, F., a Gorgon.

gradus, -us, M., step.

Grail, -orum, M. pi., Greeks (Verg.
149).

Graius, -a, -um, adj., Grecian (Verg.
412).

gramen, -inis, N., grass.

grat3S, only in nom. and ace. pi., F.,
thanks (gratus).

gratia, -ae, F., favor, influence (c.
v, 4) ; pi. gratiae, thanks ; agere
gratias, to give thanks ; gratiam
facere, to pardon ; gratiam habere,
to feel thankful; gratiam referre,

to return thanks; gratia (abl. with
genitive), for the sake of.

gratus, -a, um, adj., pleasing.

gravis, -e, adj., heavy.

gra vitas, -atis, F., weight, import-
ance.

graviter, adv., heavily; graviter
ferre, feel pained at (c. v, 4).

gravo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
make heavy, burden.

gressus, -us, M., step.

giibernator, -oris, M., pilot, steers-
man.

gurges, -itis, M., whirlpool.

gusto, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,

habeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, v. tr., have,
hold, possess ; regard, consider ; magni
habere, to value highly (c. iv, 21).

haereo, haerere, haesi, haesum,
v. intr., hold fast, stick to (with abl. or
dat.).

hasta, -ae, F., spear.

haud, adv., not at all (negativing
single words, especially adjectives and
adverbs) ; with verbs chiefly in the phrase
haud SCio an, I don't know whether.

haurio, -ire, hausi, haustum, v.
tr., drink up.

hebeto, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
make dull (hebes, hebetis, "blunt").

Hector, -oris, M. : Hector, son of
Priam and bravest of the Trojans, slain
by Achilles after the latter had pursued
him thrice round Troy. His body was
dragged to the Grecian fleet at the wheels
of Achilles' chariot, and was atterwards
ransomed by the aged Priam, who, se-
curing a twelve days' truce, performed
the funeral obsequies. The story is to be
found in Horn. Iliad, xxii and xxiv. See
vv. 270 and 540-543.

hei, inter j. with dat., alas !

Hecuba, -ae, F., Hecuba, wife of
Priam and mother of Hector.

Helena, -ae, F., Helen, wife of
Menelaus, king of Sparta. Eloped with
Paris to Troy in fulfilment of Venus'
promise to give Paris the most beautiful
woman in the world for wife, in return
for his awarding to her (Venus) the apple
of Discord. Upon this fateful event
hinged the Trojan war. At the close of
the war she returned home with Menelaus,
and in the Odyssey, Bk. iv, we find her
discharging the duties of hostess-wife as
peacefully as if nothing had happened.
See, however, note on v. 567. In v. 669

VOCABULARY

she is called Tyndaris, i.e., daughter of
Tyndarus.

hereditas, -atis, F., heirship, in-
heritance.

heri. adv., yesterday.

heu, interj., alas !

Hesperius, -a, -um, adj., Western.

hiberna, -orum, pi. N. (properly
neut. pi. of the adj., hibernus agreeing
with castra understood), winter quar-
ters ; hiberna const! tuere, to appoint
the position of the winter quarters (c. iv,
38; hiberna circumire, to inspect
the winter quarters (c. v, 2).

Hibernia, -ae, F., Ireland.

hie, haec, hoc ; dem. pron. this, he,
she, it ; hie . . . ille, the latter ... the
former.

hie, adv., here ; then, hereupon (Verg.
199, 386).

hiemo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. intr.,
winter, pass the winter.

hiems, -is, F., winter, storm.

hinc, adv., hence, from this time
(Verg. 99 ; 148).

Hispania, -ae, F., Spain.

hodie, adv., to-day ( = hoc die).

homo, -inis, M. or F., a human being;
man ; pi. homines, inhabitants.

hora, -ae, F., hour. The Romans
divided the period between sunrise and
sunset into twelve equal parts, each of
which was called hora ; so also with the
night. The length of each hora would
depend on the season of the year.

horrendus, -a, -um, adj., dreadful.

horreo, -ere, -ui, no sup., v. tr. and
intr., dread, shudder at.

horresco, -ere, horrui, no sup.,
begin to shudder.

horribilis, -e, adj., dreadful,frightful

horridus, -a, -um, adj., dreadful.

horror, -oris, M., dread.

hortor, -ari, -atus sum, v. tr.,
dep., urge, cheer, encourage, incite.

hospes, -pitis, M., visitor, guest,
friend, host.

hostia, -ae, F., a victim offered in
sacrifice (see note, Verg. 156).

hostis, -is, M., an enemy.

hlic, adv., hither, here, to this place.

hujusmodi, of this kind, of this sort.

humanus, -a, -um, adj., civilized.

humerus, -i, M., shoulder.

humi (locative), on the ground.

humilis, -e, adj., low, poor, humble.

humilitas, -atis, F., lowness, low-
ness in the water (c. v, 1).

humus, -i, F., ground.

Hypanis, -is, M., Hypanis, a Trojan.

ibi, adv., in that place, there.

ictus, -US, M., stroke.

Ida, -ae, F., ML Ida, near Troy.

Idaeus, -a, -um, adj., belonging to
Mt. Ida, Idaean.

idcirco, adv., on this account, for this
reason, therefore.

idem, eadem, idem, dem. pro., the
same.

idoneus, -a, -um, adj., fit, suitable,
convenient.

igitur, conj., therefore, accordingly,
then.

ig-narus, -a, um, adj., ignorant,
ignis, -is, M., fire,
ignore, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
to be ignorant of.

ignosco, -ere, ig-novi, ignotum,
v. intr. (with dat.), pardon. •

Iliacus, -a, -um, adj., of or belong-
ing to Ilium, i.e., Troy.

ilicet, adv., straightway.

Ilium, -i ; N. n.: Ilium, another name
for Troja, i.e., Troy, though Troja aiid
Ilium seem to have been names applied
to different districts of the same city. In
recent years wonderful discoveries have
been made through the excavations of
Dr. Schliemann in the Troad. Remains
of a prehistoric city of great wealth and
grandeur have been unearthed beneath
the nrii s of the historical city, Ilium, on
the site of the present town of Hissarlik.
The destruction of the Homeric Ilium is
usually assigned to 1184 B.C. The historic
Ilium was founded about 700 B.C.

ig-notus, -a, -um, adj., not known,
unknown.

illabor, -labi, -lapsus sum, v. dep.,
glide into.

ille, ilia, illud, dem. pro., that, that
well known ; he, she, it ; ille . . . hie,
the former ... the latter.

1116, adv., to that place, thither; eo-
dem illo, to that same place.

illudo, -ludere, -lusi, -lusum, v.
tr, mock, jeer at (Verg. 64).

Illyricum, -i, N., Illyricum, a dis-
trict comprising the modern Dalmatia,
Bosnia and Herzegovina.

imago, -inis, F., form.

VOCABULARY

299

imbellis, -6, adj., unwarlike, useless.

imber, -bris, M., a shower.

immanis, -e, adj., vast, huge, enor-
mous, immense.

Immanuentius, -i, M., Immanu-
entius, father of Mandubracius (c. v, 20).

immisceo, -ere, -miscui, mix-
turn, v. intr., mingle with.

immensus, -a, -um, adj., immense.

immemor, -oris, adj., unmindful.

immitto, -ere, -misi, -missum,
v. tr., send or drive into (the enemy's
line) ; se immittere, rush into.

immixtus, -a, -um, perf. part. pass,
of immisceo, mingled with.

immo, adv., on the contrary, no in-
deed, yes indeed ; used in answers to cor-
rect or modify either by contradicting or
by strengthening.

immolo, -aro, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
sacrifice.

impedimentum, -i, N., hindrance ;
pi. baggage (of an army) ; sarcinae,
the kit of the individual soldiers.

impedio, -Ire, -ivi, -itum, v. tr.,
hamper, hinder ; religionibus inipe-
diri, to be hampered by religious
scruples (c. v, 6) ; navigationem im-
pedire, to prevent sailing (c. v, 7);
animis impeditis, when their atten-
tion was distracted (c. v, 7).

impeditus, -a, -um, perf. part,
pass, of impedio used as an) adj.,
hampered, impassable; loca impe-
dita, inaccessible places (c. v, 19).

impello, -ere, -pull, -pulsum,
v. tr., hurl forward.

imperator, -oris, M., commander-
in-chief, general.

imperatum, -1, N., command, order.

imperitus, -a, -um, adj., unskilled
in, inexperienced in (with genitive, c. iv.
22).

imperium, -i, N., command, author-
ity, government ; authority (c. iv, 21);
power (c. v, 6) ; empire (Verg. 191).

impero, -are, -avi, -atum, v. intr.
(with dat.), command, order; magnum
eis numerum obsidum imperat,
he levies a large number of hostages from
them (c. iv, 22 ; iv, 27).

impetro, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
obtain by request, obtain.

impetus, -xiS, M., attack, assault ;
impetum sustinere, to withstand an
attack (c. iv, 37); facere impetum, to
make an attack (c. v, 15).

impius, -a, -um, adj., wicked.

impleo, -ere, -plevi, -pletum, v.
tr., fill up, till.

implico, are, -plicavi (or -plicui),
-plicatum (or plicitum), v. tr., en-
twine around (Verg. 215).

importo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
bring or carry to ; import.

improbus, -a, -um, adj., bad, fierce
(Verg. 356).

improvisus, -a, -um, adj., unfore-
seen ; de improvise, unexpectedly,
suddenly.

improvidus, -a, -um, adj., unsus-
pecting.

imprudens, -tis, adj., not foresee-
ing, unwise ; imprudentibus nos-
tris, while our men were off their guard
(c. v, 15).

imprudentia, -ae, F., indiscretion,
thoughtlessness.

imus, -a, um, sup. of inferus
(H. L., 93, l).

in, prep, with (1) ace. (after words sig-
nifying motion), to, into, upon, against ;
(2) abl. (after words signifying rest), in,
at, during, among ; in niemem, for the
winter (c. iv, 29) ; in primis, especially
(c. v, 6) ; in itinere, while on the march
(c. iv, 11) ; in ancoris, at anchor.

inanis, -e, adj., empty, vain, useless.

incendium, -i, N., fire.

incendo, -ere, -cendi, -censum,
v. ir., set on fire, burn, inflame.

inceptum, -i, N., beginning ; design
(incipio).

incensus, -a, -um, perf. part. pass,
of incendo, used as an adj., burning,
(Verg. 327).

incertus, -a, -um, adj., uncertain;
incertis ordinibus, when their ranks
were broken (c. iv, 32) ; erring (Verg. 224).

incido, -ere, -cidi, no sup., fall upon.

incipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum, v.
tr., begin, commence.

incite, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
urge, arouse, encourage ; equis inci-
tatis, with their horses at full gallop
(c. iv, 26, 33) ; remis incitare, to row
hard (c. iv, 25).

inclementia, -ae, F., lack of pity,
cruelty (clemens).

includo, -ere, -clusi, -clusum,
v. tr. , shut in.

inclutus, -a, um, adj., renowned,
incog-nitus, -a, -um, adj., unknown,
incola, -ae, M., an inhabitant.

incolo, -colere, -colui, -cultum,
v. tr., live in, inhabit.

300

VOCABULARY

incolumis, -e, adj. safe, in safety.

incomitatus, -a, -um, adj., un-
accompanied.

incommodum, -i, N., loss, disaster.

incredibilis, -e, adj., incredible.

incumbo, -ere, -cubui, -cubitum
(dat.), lean upon, press down (Verg. 205).

incursio, -6nis, F., inroad, invasion.

incurro, -ere, curri (or cucurri).
Cursum, run into or against.

incuso, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.»
accuse, blame.

inde, adv., from that place, thence ;
after that, then.

indicium, -1, N., sign, information.

indignor, ari, -atus sum, v. dep.,
to be wrathful (Verg. 93).

indignus, -a, -um, adj., unworthy.

indomitus, -a, -um, adj., stubborn.

indulged, -ere, -si, -turn, with
dat., yield to.

indutiae, -arum, F. pi., a truce,
armistice.

induo, -ere, -dui, -dutum, v. tr.,
put on.

Indutiomarus, -i, M., Indutioma-
rus, a leading man among the Treveri,
and rival of Cingetorix, who sided with
the Romans (c. v, 2).

ineluctabilis, -e, adj., inevitable.

ineo, -ire, -ii (ivi), -itum, v. tr. and
intr., enter, enter upon ; inire COn-
Silium, to form a plan (c. iv, 32 ; v, 23) ;
secunda inita vigilia, at the be-
ginning of the second watch (c. v, 23).

inennis, -e, adj., unarmed, defence-
less.

iners, -ertis, adj., lifeless.

infamia, -ae, F., ill report, infamy.

infandus, -a, -um, adj., unspeak-
able.

infelix, -felicis, adj., unhappy, un-
fortunate.

infensus, -a, -um, adj., hostile.

infero, -ferre, -tuli, illatum, v.
tr., carry in, bring in; bellum hosti-
bus inferre, to make war on the
enemy ; signa inferre, to advance ;
bello illato, when the war was over
(c. v, 12); periculum inferebat,
bring danger (c. v, 16).

inferus, -a, -um, adj., below, lower ;
comp., inferior; sup., infimus or
imus.

infestus, -a, -um, adj., hostile.

inflcio, -flcere, -feci, -fectum,
v. tr., stain.

inflmus : see inferus.
infinitus, -a, um, adj., boundless,
immense.

inflrmus, -a, -um, adj., weak, feeble.

infra, (l)adv., below ; (2) prep, (with
ace.), below, beneath.

infula, -ae, F., fillet, a white and red
band of woolen stuff worn upon the fore-
head as a sign of consecration.

ingemino, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
redouble.

ingens, -tis, adj., huge, great, vast.

ingratus, -a, -um, adj., unthankful,
thankless, ungrateful.

ingredior, -gredi, -gressus sum,
v. tr., dep., enter upon.

ingruo, -ere, ingrui, no sup. ;
rush on.

inhibeo, -hibere, -hibui, -hibit-
um, v. tr., check, restrain.

injicio, -jicere, -jeci, -jectum,
v. tr., throw or cast into.

inimicus, -a, -um, adj., unfriendly,
hostile ; as a noun, a private enemy.

iniquus, -a, -um, adj., uneven;
disadvantageous, unjust.

initiurn, -i, N., beginning, commence-
ment ; in initio, in the beginning.

injuria, -ae, F., wrong, outrage, in-
justice.

innoxius, -a, -um, adj., harmless.

innuptus, -a, -um, adj., unwed.

inopia, -ae, F., want, scarcity,
poverty.

inquit, (verb defective), says he.

insanus, -a, -um, adj., mad.

insania, -ae, F., madness.

insciens, -tis, adj., not knowing,
unaware, ignorant ; Caesare in-
SCiente, without th'e knowledge of
Caesar (c. v, 7).

inscius, -a, -um, adj., not knowing,
ignorant of a thing.

insequor, -sequi, -secutus (or
sequutus) sum, v. tr. dep., overtake,
attack; insequi cedentes, to over-
take the retreating enemy (c. v, 16).

inserto, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
put into.

insideo, -ere, -sedi, -sessum, v.
tr., am eeated in, occupy.

insidiae, -arum, F. pi., ambush ;
hence, wiles (Verg. 195, 310).

insigne, -signis, N., badge, decora-
tion.

insignis, -e, adj., noted, remarkable.

VOCABULARY

301

insinuo, -are, -avf, -atum, v. tr.,
make a way into; se insinuare, to
make their way among (c. iv, 33).

insisto, -sistere, -stiti, no sup., v.
intr., stand, take one's position ; flrm-
iter insistere, to get a firm foothold
(c. iv, 26, 33).

insolenter, adv., haughtily, arro.
gantly.

insono, -are, -sonul, -sonitum.
v. intr., re-echo.

insons, -sontis, adj., guiltless.

inspicio, -ere, -spexi, -spectum,
v. tr., look into.

instabilis, -e, adj., unsteady.

instar, N., indecl., image; instar
mentis, as high as a mountain (Verg.
15).

instauro, -are, avi, -atum, v. tr.,
renew.

insterno, -ere, -stravi, -stratum,
v. tr., lay upon, cover over.

instituo, -ere, -stitul, -stitutum,
v. tr., draw up troops ; decide upon ;
bellum parare instituit, he decided
to prepare for war (c. v, 3) ; ab insti-
tute consilio, from his appointed plan
(c. v, 4) ; naves instituere, build
ships (Verg. 11).

institutum, -1, N., custom, usage,
law.

institutus, -a, -urn, perf. part. pass.
of instituo.

insto, -stare, -stiti, no sup., v. intr.,
press on (Verg. 491).

instruo, -ere, -struxi, -struc-
tum, v. tr., build, draw up ; navem
instruere, to build a ship (c. v, 2) ;
omnibus rebus instrui, to be fully
equipped (c. v, 5) ; copias instruere,
to draw up forces (c. v, 18).

insuefactus, -a, -urn, adj., un-
accustomed.

insuetus, -a, -um, adj., unused,
unaccustomed ; navigandi insuetus,
unused to sailing (c, v, 6).

insula, -ae, F., island.

insultans, -tis, adj., insulting,
scoffing.

insuper, adv., moreover, besides,
above.

integer, -gra, -grum, adj., unim-
paired, fresh.

intellego, -ere, -lexi, -lectum, v.
tr., understand, know; intellectum
est, it was observed (c. v. 10).

intemeratus, -a, -um, adj., un-
sullied.

intendo, -ere, -di, intensum or
intentum, v. tr., stretch (Verg, 237).

intentus, -a, -um, perf. part. pass,
used as an adj., eager.

inter, prep, (with ace.), between,
among.

intercede, -ere, -cessi, -cessum,
v. tr. , intervene, come to pass.

intercludo, -ere, -clusi, -clusum,
v. tr., hem in (Verg. 111).

interdico, -ere, -dixi, -dictum,
v. tr., forbid.

interea, adv., in the meantime,
meanwhile.

interest, interesse, interfuit,
intr., impersonal; it is of importance;
mea interest, it is of importance
to me ; viri interest, it is of import-
ance to the man ; magni interesse,
it is of great importance (c. v, 4).

interficio, -flcere, -fed, -fectum,
v. tr., kill, destroy, slay.

interim, adv., meanwhile, in the
meantime.

interior, comparative adj., from obso-
lete interus), inner; interiores,
those of the inland parts (c. v, 14);
pars interior, the inland part (c.
v, 12).

intermitto, -ere., -misi, -missum,
v. tr., discontinue; brevi tempore
intermisso, after the lapse of a short
interval (c. iv, 34) ; intermissa pro-
fectione, postponing his departure
(c. v, 7); non intermisso remi-
gandi labore, without relaxing the
exertion of rowing (c. v, 8) ; vento in-
termisso, after the wind had died down
(c. v, 8); ne nocturnis quidem
temporibus ad laborem militum
intermissis, not even the night time
interrupting the exertions of the soldiers
(c. v, ii) , intermisso s]
time (c. v, 15).

spatio, after a

interpono, -ere, -posui, -posi-
tum, v. tr., allege ; fldem interpon-
ere, to pledge his word (c. v, 6)-.

interpreter, -ari, -atus sum, v.
tr. dep., expound.

interrogo, -are, -avi, -atum, v.
tr., ask, inquire.

interrumpo, -ere, -rupi, -rup-
tum, v. tr., break down, break up.

intersum, -esse, -fui, v. intr., be
present, take part in (with dative).

intervallum, -I, N., an interval of
space or time.

intervenio, -ire, -veni, -ventum,
v. int., come between, come upon.

302

VOCABULARY

intexo, -ere, -ui, -turn, v. tr., in-
weave, interlace.

intono, -are, -ui, -itum, v. intr.,
thunder.

intorqueo, -ere, -torsi, -tortum,
v. tr., hurl against (see note, Verg. 56).

intra .prep, (with ace.), between,
within.

introitus, -us, M., an entrance.

intueor, -tueri, -tuitus sum, v.
tr. dep., behold, consider, regard.

intus, adv., within.

inultUS, -a, -um, adj., unavenged.

inusitatus, -a, -um, adj., unusual;
inusitatior, somewhat novel (c. iv, 25).

inutilis, -e, adj., useless, unservice-
able; inutilis ad navigandum, un-
seaworthy (c. iv, 29).

invado, -ere, -si, -sum, v. tr., go
against, attack.

invenio, -ire, -veni, -ventum,
v. tr., come upon, find out, discover.

inventor, -oris, m., discoverer.

invicem, adv., by turns, alternately.

invidia, -ae, F., envy, ill-will.

invisus, -a, -um, adj., hateful.

invitus, -a, -um, adj., unwilling;
86 invito, against his will.

involve, -ere, -vi, -utum, enroll,
enwrap.

ipse, ipsa, ipsum, dem. pro. ; self,
himself, herself, itself, themselves ; ipso
terrore equorum, by mere terror
caused by the horses (c. iv, 33).

ira, -ae, F., anger.

irritus, -a, -um, adj., useless, un-
availing.

irruo, 3, -rui, -rutum, v. intr., rush
against.

is, ea, id, dem. pro. this, that, he,
she, it, they; before ut, is = talis, such ;
with comparatives eo (abl.) the : eo
mag-is, all the more.

iste, ista, istud, dem. pro., that,
that of yours.

ita, adv., in this way, so, thus : in the
following manner, therefore ; non ita
magnus, not very large (c. iv, 37).

Italia, -ae, F., Italy.

itaque, conj., and so, therefore, ac-
cordingly.

item, adv., just, so, also, in like
manner.

iter, itineris, N., journey, march ;
iter magnum, a forced march ; ex
itinere oppugnare, to storm by direct
assault ; ex itinere, on the march ;

iter facere, to make a march (c. iv, 32);
iter conflcere, to complete a march.

iterum, adv., again, a second time.

Ithacus, -a, -um, adj., Ithacan in
Verg. 104.

Itius, -i, M., Itius, a port on the
northern coast of Gaul, opposite Britain.
From it Caesar sailed to Britain. It is
said to be Boulogne, or Wissant.

lulus, -i, M., lulus, son of Aeneas,
also called Ascanius

jaceo, -ere, -ui, no sup., v. intr.,
lie, lie dead.

jacio, ere, jeci, jactum, v. tr.,
throw, cast ; • ancoram jacere, cast
anchor (c. iv, 28).

jacto, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.
(freq. from jacio), keep throwing, utter
wildly.

jaculor, -ari, -atus sum, v. dep.,
fling, hurl.

jam, adv., now (Verg. 132); already,
jamdudum, adv., at once,
janua, -ae, F., door.

jampridem, adv., now for a long
time.

juba, -ae, F., crest.

jubeo,- ere, -jussi, -jussum, v. tr.,
order.

judico, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
decide.

jugum, -i, N.,yoke.
Julius, -i, M., see Caesar,
jumentum, -i, N., baggage animal,
junctura, -ae, F., joint.

jungo, -ere, junxi, junctum,
v. tr., join.

Juno, -onis, F.,Juno, wife of Jupiter
and queen of heaven.

Jupiter, Jovis, Jovi, Jovem,
Jove, M. , Jupiter.
jus, juris, N., right.

jusjurandum, juris jurandi, N.,
an oath.

jussum, -i, N., command,
jussus, -us, M., command.
Justus, a, -um, adj., just.

juvenilis, -e (also juvenalis), adj.,
youthful.

juvenis, -is, M., a young man.
juventa, -ae, F., youth (period of).

juventus, -utis, F., youth (collective
noun).

VOCABULARY

303

juvo, -are, juvi, jutum, v. tr.,
delight; nos juvat, it delights us
(Verg. 27).

juxta, adv. and prep., next, close to.

Kalendae, -arum, F., pi., the
Kalends, the first day of each month.

Karthago, -inis, F., Carthage, a
city of Northern Africa.

Karthaginiensis, -is, adj., a Car-
thaginian.

L. = Lucius, a Roman praenomen.

Laberius, -1, M., Laberius ; Quintus
Laberius Durus, a tribune in Caesar's
army in Gaul.

labes, -is, F., slipping, downfall.

Labienus, -I, M., Titus Labienus, one
of Caesar's lieutenants in the Gallic wars.
On the outbreak of the civil war he went
over to Pompey and fell at Munda in
Spain, 45 B.C.

labo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., totter.

labor, -oris, M., toil, suffering, exer-
tion.

labor, labi, lapsus sum, v. intr.
dep., slip, go~ astray ; propter im-
prudentiam labi, to fall away from
allegiance on account of thoughtlessness
(c. v, 3).

laboro, are, -avi, -atum, v. intr.,
toil, labor, be in trouble.

labrum, -i, N., lip.

lac, lactis, N., milk; lacte et
carne vivere, to live on milk and flesh
(c. v, 14).

Lacaena, -ae, F., Spartan woman.

lacesso, -essere, -essivi, -essi-
tum, v. tr., provoke, assail, assault.

lacrima, -ae, F., a tear.

lacrimo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. intr.,
weep.

lacus, -us, M., lake.

laedo, laedere, laesi, laesum, v.
tr., harm, hurt, offend, injure; pro
nutnine laeso, for the offended deity
(Verg. 183).

laetus, -a, -um, adj., joyful, glad,
pleasant.

laeva, sc. manus, left hand.

laevus, -a, -urn, adj., left, left hand :
hence (1) unpropitious.

lambo, -ere, Iambi, no sup., v. tr.,
lick.

lamentabilis, -e, adj., to be lam-
ented.

Laocoon, -ontis, M., Laocoon, priest
of Apollo, though we find him (Verg. 301)
sacrificing to Neptune. (For the story of
his death i-ee Verg. 41, 199 seq. ; note
Verg. 199.)

lapso, -are, no perf., no sup. (labor),
slip.

lapsus, perf. part, of dep. v., labor.

lapSUS, -US, M., gliding.

Larissaeus, -a, -um, adj., belonging
to Larissa, a town of Thessaly : an epithet
of Achilles, who came from Larissa.

largus, -a, -um, adj., bounteous.

lassus, -a, -um, adj., faint, weary.

late, adv., widely, broadly; longe
lateque, far and wide (c. iv, 35);
quam latissime, as widely as possible
(c. iv, 3).

latebra, -ae (rare in sing.), F., lurk-
ing place.

lateo, latere, latui, no supine, v.
tr., lie hid, be concealed.

latus, -eris, N., side, flank; ab
latere aperto, on the exposed flank,
i.e., the right (c. iv, 25, 26).

latus, -a, -um, adj., broad, wide.

laudo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
praise.

laurus, -us, F., laurel, bay-tree.

laus, -dis, F., praise.

laxo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., loose.

legatio, -onis, F., an embassy.

legatus, -i, M., (1) an ambassador;
(2)lieutenant-general in the army, an officer
of senatorial rank in command of different
divisions in the field, under the impera-
tor. They were appointed by the Senate
and were usually three in number, but
Caesar had ten in Gaul.

legio, -onis, F., a legion; a division
of the Roman army consisting, when com-
plete, of 6,000 infantry and 300 cavalry.
The infantry was divided into ten cohorts,
each cohort into three maniples, and each
maniple into two centuries. The cavalry
consisted of ten squadrons (turmae). —
legion e conferta, owing to the legion
being in close order (c. iv, 32) ; legioni
aliquem praeflcere, to appoint one
over a legion (c. v, 1); legiones ex-
peditae, legions without baggage, or in
light marching order (c. v, 2).

legionarius, -a, -um, adj., of or
belonging to a legion ; milites leglo-
narii, common soldiers.

legitimus, -a, -um, adj., lawful
poena legitima, the legal penalty.

304

VOCABULARY

lego, legere, legi, lectum, v. tr.,
choose, select ; read ; skim over (Verg.
206).

lenis, -e, mild, gentle.

leo, -onis, M., lion.

lepus, -oris, M., a hare.

letum, -i, N., death.

levis, -e, adj., light ; milites levis
armaturae, light-armed soldiers.

levis, e, adj., smooth.

levo, -are; -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
relieve, lighten.

lex, legis, F., law, terms, conditions.

llberaliter, adv., courteously, gener-
ously.

llbere, adv., freely, without restraint.

liberi, -orum, pi. M., children (the
singular is not found except in late
writers); unus ex liberis, one child.

libero, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
free, acquit; poena liberare, to re-
lieve from punishment.

lignum, -i, N., wood.

ligo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., hind.

limbus, -1, M., border, belt, band,
girdle.

limen, -inis, N., threshold.

limosus, -a, -um, adj., muddy, miry.

lingua, -ae, F., tongue, language.

linquo, -ere, liqui, no sup., v. tr.,
leave.

liS, litis, F., a dispute, law suit;
litem aestimare, to estimate the
amount of damages (c. v, 1).

lito, -are, -avi, -atum, v. intr.,
propitiate.

littera (or litera), -ae, F., a letter
of the alphabet; pi. litterae, -arum,
literature, or a despatch, letter; ex
litteris, in accordance with the despatch
(c. iv, 38).

litus, -oris, N., water's edge, coast.

loco, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
place, station ; castra locare, to pitch
a camp.

locus, -i, M., a place; pi., loca
or loci ; obsidum loco, as hostages
(c. v, 5); in loca superiora, up the
country (c. v, 8 ; loca temperatiora,
more temperate climate (c. v, 12).

locutus, -a, -um, perf. part, of
loquor : which see.

longaevus, -a, -um, adj., of great
age, aged (longus, aevum).

longe, adv., far; with comparatives
and superlatives, far, by far; longe
melior, far better ; longe optimus,

by far the best ; longius, too far
(c. v, 7) ; longe lateque, far and wide
(c. iv, 35).

longinquus, -a, -um, adj., remote^
distant.

longitude, -inis, F., length, Bxtent.

longus, -a, -um, adj., long.

loquor, loqui, locutus (or loquu-
tus) sum, v. tr. dep. , speak.

lorum, -i, N., thong.

lubricus, -a, -um, adj., slippery.

Lucifer, -i, M., Lucifer, the morning
star (lux, fero).

Lucius, -i, M., Lucius.

lucrum, -i, N., profit, gain, advantage.

luctus, -US, M. grief.

lugeo, ere, luxT, no sup., v. tr. and
intr., lament, mourn for.

Lugotorix, -igis, M., I/ugotorix, a
British chief who was captured in an
attack on Caesar's camp.

lumen, -inis, N., light ; eyes (Verg.
173, 405)

luna, -ae, F., moon ; moonlight (Verg.
340).

lupus, -i, M., a wolf.

lustro, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
traverse ; survey, scan.

lusus, -US, M., sport play.

lux, lucis, F., Jight ; prima luce,
at daybreak ; orta luce, at daybreak
(c. v, 8).

Lydius, -a, -urn, adj., belonging to
Lydia.

M. = Marcus, a Roman praenomen.

Machaon, -onis, M., Machaon, a
Greek surgeon, son of Aesculapius.

machina, -ae, F., engine of war
(Verg. 151).

macto, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
sacrifice.

maestus, -a, -um, adj., sad.

magis (comp. of adv., magnopere),
more, rather (sup. maxime).

magnitude, -inis, F., size.

magnopere, adv. (often written
magno opere), greatly; comp.,
magis; sup., maxime, especially.

magnus, -a, -um, adj., large, great
(comp. major; sup. maximus) ;
magni, at a high price ; pluris, at a
greater price ; maximi, at a very high
price; majores natu, elders; ma-
jores, ancestors; res major, matter

VOCABULARY

305

of more than usual importance ; maxi-
mam partem, for the most part ;
magni habere, to value highly ;
magni interesse, to be of great
finportance (c. v, 4).

major : see magnus.
majores, -urn, M., ancestors.

male, adv., badly (comp., pejus ;
sup., pessime).

malus, -a, -um, adj-> bad, evil,
wicked (comp., pejor; sup., pessi-
mus).

mandatum, -1, N., order, command,
charge.

mando, -are, -avi, -atum, v. intr.
(with dative), entrust, bid ; se fugae
mandare, to consign themselves to
flight (c. v, 18).

Mandubracius, I-, M., Mandubra-
cius, a chief of the Trinobantes, a British
tribe.

mane, adv., in the morning, early.

maneo, -ere, -mansi, -mansum,
v. tr. and intr., remain, await, stay; in
Offlcio manere, to remain in alle-
giance, to remain loyal (c. v, 4); await
(Verg. 194) ; be steadfast (Verg. 159).

nianica, -ae, F., handcuff, fetter.

manifestus, -a, -um, adj., clear,
plain, evident.

manus, -US, F., hand ; band of men ;
man vim conserere, to engage in
battle ; delecta manus, a picked band.

Marcus, -I, M., Marcus; a Roman
praenomen.

mare, -is, N., the sea ; et mari et
terra, both by sea and land.

maritimus, -a, -um, adj., of or be-
longing to the Sea; maritime; ora
maritima, the sea coast (c. iv, 20) ;
aestus maritimi, tides (c. iv, 29),
regiones maritimae, the districts
lying on the sea; res maritimae,
naval movements.

Mars, -tis, M., Mars, the Roman god
of war.

mater, -tris, F., mother.

materia, -ae, F., timber.

maturus, -a, um, adj., early.

maxime, adv., superlative of mag-
nopere, which see.

maximus, -a, -um, adj., superlative
of magnus, which see.

mecum ; with me.

mediterraneus, -a, -um, adj., in-
land, central.

medius, -a, -um, adj., middle ;
medius mons, the middle of the

mountain ; media de nocte, after
midnight; ad mediam noctem,
about midnight.

Meldi, -orum, or Meldae, -arum,
pi. M., the Meldi or Meldae, a people of
Gallia Belgica, on the coast east of the
Parisii, near the modern town of Meaux,
which still preserves the name.

melior, melius, adj., comp. of
bonus, better.

membrum, -i, N., limb.

memini, -isse, v. defec., remember.

memor, -oris, adj., mindful.

memorabilis, -e, adj., memorable,
deserving to be related.

memoria, -ae, F., memory, recol-
lection; memoria tenere, to recol-
lect ; nostra memoria, in our day ;
memoria proditum, handed down
by tradition (c. v, 12) ; post hominum
memoriam, within the memory of
man.

memoro, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,

relate.

Menapii, -drum, pi. M., the Mena-
pii, a people of Gallia Belgica, between
the Mosa (Meuse), and the Scaldis
(Schelat) ; their chief town was Menapi-
orum Castellum (now Kessel).

mendacium, -i, N., falsehood.

mendax, -acis, adj., lying, false.

Menelaus, -i, M., Menelaus, son of
Atreus, brother of Agamemnon, husband
of Helen and king of Sparta.

mens, mentis, F., mind.

mensa, -ae, F., table.

mensura, ae, F., measure; cer-
tae ex aqua mensurae, accurate
measurements by the water clock (c. v, 13).

mentior, -iri, mentitus sum, v.
dep., tr., lie, speak falsely.

mercator, -toris, M., trader.

merces, -cedis, F., price.

mercor, -ari, atus sum, v. tr.,
dep., buy.

mereo, -ere, -ui, -itum, v. tr., gain,
deserve.

meridianus, -a, -um, adj., mid-
day; meridiano fere tempore at
about noon (c. v, 8).

meridies, -ei, M., mid-day ; ad
meridiem spectat, it faces the
South (i.e., the sun at noon) (c. v, 13).

meritum, -i, N., service, kindness,
benefit ; pro meritis, for his kindness;
merito eius a se fieri, to be done by
him according to the deserts of the latter
(c. v, 4).

306

VOCABULARY

metior, -iri, mensus sum, v. tr.,
dep., measure, measure out.

meto, metere, xnessui, messum,
v. tr., reap.

metuo, -ere -i, metutum, v. tr.,
fear,
metus, -US, M., fear.

meus, -a, -um, poss. adj. pro. ; my,
mine.

xnico, -are, -ui, no sup ; flash,
miles, -itis, M., a soldier.

militaris, -e, adj., of or belonging to
a soldier, military ; res militaris, mili-
tary science.

militia, -ae, F., military service.

mille, adj. or noun, indecl., a thou-
sand (H L., 106, 6); pi. millia or milia.

millia passuum, miles; mille
passus, a Roman mile, or 1,616 yards
(see passus ; also H. L., 106, 7).

Minerva, -ae, F., Minerva, a Roman
goddess who presided over wisdom and
war.

minister, -tri, M., servant.

minor, -ari, -atus sum, v. tr.,
threaten; aliquem morte or alicui
mortem minari, to threaten anyone
with death.

minor, -us, adj. (comp. of parvus ;
sup., minimus, less ; as a noun,
minores (with or without natu), de-
scendants; dimidio minor, half the
size (c. v, 13).

minuo, -ere, -ui, -minutum, v.
tr:, lesson, diminish.

minus, comp. adv. of parum (which
see), less ; sup., minime.

mirabilis, -e, adj., wonderful.

miror, -ari, -atus sum, v. tr. dep.,
admire, wonder at.

mirus, -a, -um, adj., wonderful,
strange, marvellous.

misceo, -ere, -ui, mistum or
mixtum, v. tr., mingle, filled with
confusion (Verg. 298).

miser, -era, -erum, adj., wretched,
unfortunate.

miserabilis, -e, adj., wretched.

misereor, -eri, -itus sum, v. intr.,
dep. (with genitive), feel pity for.

miseresco, -escere, no perf., no
sup., v. intr. (with genitive), feel pity for.

mitto, -ere, misi, missum, v. tr.,
send.

mobilitas, -atis, F., activity, speed,
mobilis, -e, adj., easily moved.

moderor, -ari, -atus sum, v. tr.
and intr., manage, check.

modo, adv., only, merely, at all;
modo . . .modo, now . . .now, at one mo-
ment...at another; non modo...sed
etiam, not only... but also; paulum
modo, only a little.

modo ; see modus.

modus, -i, M., a measure, amount,
manner, method ; modo fluminis,
like a river ; nullo modo, by no means ;
modo oratoris, in the capacity of an
ambassador (c. iv, 27).

moenia, -ium, pi., N., walls of a
city, fortifications.

moles, -is, F., mass (Verg. 150, 185).

moleste, adv., with trouble, with
annoyance ; res multas moleste
ferre, to be annoyed at many things.

molior, -iri, -itus sum, v. dep.,
perform with toil, undertake.

mollis, -e, adj., smooth, soft.

Mona, ae, F., Mona, the Isle of Man.
Anglesey, was also called Mona, but its
position does not answer Caesar's de-
scription (c. v, 13).

moneo, -ere, -ui, -itum, v. tr., ad-
vise, warn, remind.

mons, mentis, M., mountain ; sum-
mus mons, the top of the mountain.

monstro, are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
point out, show.

monstrum, -i, N., prodigy, monster

montanus, -a, -um, adj., mountain.

mora, -ae, F., delay.

moratus, -a, -um, perf. part, dep.,
moror ; see moror.

Morini, -drum, pi. M., the Morini, a
people of Gallia Belgica, on the north-
eastern coast in the neighborhood of
Calais. Their chief town was Gesoria-
cum, afterwards Bononia (now Boulogne).

morior, mori, mortuus sum,
v. dep., die.

moror, -ari, -atus sum, v. intr.
and tr. dep., delay.

mors, -tis, F., death.

morsus, -us, M., bite.

mortalis, -e, adj., mortal, human.

motus, -us, M., motion, evolution;
Galliae motus, an uprising in Gaul
(c. v, 5).

moved, movere, movi, motum,
v. tr., move, set in motion ; arma
movere, to take up arms ; bellum
movere, to undertake a war ; castra
movere, to break up camp: odia
movere, to stir up hatred (Verg. 96).

VOCABULARY

307

mox, adv., presentlj', soon ; then,
afterwards.

mucro, -onis, M., edge, point.

mugitus, -us, M., bellowing.

multitude, -inis, F., crowd, multi-
tude.

multo, adv. (used before compara-
tives), adv., much, by much, greatly ;
multo melior, much better (comp.,
plus ; sup., plurimum).

multum, adv. (not used before com-
parative, otherwise same as multo).

multus, -a, -um, adj., much, many ;
comp., plus ; sup., plurimus.

muniment urn, -i, N., defence, forti-
fication.

munio, -ire, -ivi, itum, v. tr., pro-
tect, fortify ; iter munire, to build a
road.

munitio, -onis, F., defence.

murus, -i, M., wall.

muto, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
change, exchange.

Mycenae, -arum, F. pi. , M ycenae,
a city of Argolis, of which Agamemnon
was king.

Mygdonides, -ae, M., patronymic,
son of Mygdon, epithet of Coroebus.

Myrmidones, -um, M., pi., Myrmi-
dons, a people of Thessaly, followers of
Achilles.

N

nactus, -a, -um, perf. part. dep.
nanciscor, having obtained.

nam, conj., for ; stands first in a
sentence and explains some previous
statement.

namque, conj., for indeed, for truly,
a little more emphatic than nam.

nanciscor, nancisci, nactus (or
nanctUS) sum, v. tr., dep., obtain, get.

narro, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., tell.

nascor, -ci, natus sum, v. intr.,
dep., be born (c. v, 12) ; be born from.

natio, -tionis, F., tribe, people,
nation.

natura, -ae, F., form ; natura, by
nature, naturally ; natura triquetra,
triangular in form (c. v, 13).

natus, -a, -urn (perf. part, dep., used
as an) adj., descended from, born from ;
child (Verg. 138, 214) ; nate dea, born
from a goddess (Verg. 289).

natus, -US, M., used only in the abl.,
by birth; majores natu, ancestors;
minores natu, descendants.

nauta, -tae, M., a sailor.

navalis, -e, adj., naval ; pugna
navalis, a sea-fight,
navigatio, -onis, F., sailing(c. iv, 36)'
navigium, -i, N., a vessel, ship.

navigo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. intr.,
sail.

navis, -is, F., a ship ; navis longa,
a ship of war; navis oneraria, a
ship of burden ; navem tenere in
ancoris, to keep a ship at anchor;
navem conscendere, to embark (c.
iv, 23) (elsewhere in Caesar we find
conscendere in navem) ; navem
COnstituere, to moor a ship (c. iv, 24) ;
naves solvere, set sail (c. v, 8) ;
navem subducere, to draw a vessel
on shore, to beach a vessel (c. v, 11).

ne, conj., (in final clauses) that not,
lest ; (after verbs of fearing) that ; (after
verbs of beseeching, ordering, com-
manding) not to.

ne, adv., not ; ne. . . quidem, not. . .
even (the emphatic word between ne
and quidem, as ne unus quidem,
not a single one) ; also used in negative
imperative sentences, ne hoc feceris,
don't do this.

-ne, interrog. enclitic particle. In
single direct questions ; -ne is not to be
translated except by laying stress on the
word to which it is joined (H. L., 43, 3),
in double questions, -ne...an, whether
...or(H. L., 44, 5).

nebula, -ae, F., mist.

nee : see neque.

necessario, adv., necessarily, un-
avoidably.

necesse, indecl. adj. (used with est
(+acc. and inf.), necessary, unavoidable,
inevitable, needful.

necessitas, -atis.F., need, necessity.

necne, adv., used in alternative in-
direct questions ; or not ; annon, is used
in direct questions.

neco, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., put
to death, kill, destroy.

nefandus, -a, -um, adj., horrid
(Verg. 155).

nefarius, -a, -um, adj., wicked,
atrocious.

nefas, indecl. N., a crime (against
divine law), impious deed ; nefas est
dictu, it is wrong to say.

neglego, -ere, -lexi, -lectum, v.
tr., slight, neglect, be indifferent to,
despise.

nego, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., say
no or not; deny, refuse; often = dicit
non : negat se esse aegrum, he

says that he is not sick.

308

VOCABULARY

negotium, -I, N., business matter.

nemo, -inis (only used in the sing. ;
the dat. and abl. are supplied by nullus ;
Caesar uses only nemo, neminem),
indef. pro., no one ; non nemo, some-
body ; nemo non, everybody.

Neoptolemus, -i, M., Neoptolemus,
also called Pyrrhus, son of Achilles.

Neptunius, -a, -um, adj., founded
by Neptune.

Neptunus, -I, M., Neptune, god of
the sea.

nepos, -Otis, M., grandson; nephew;
pi., nepotes, descendants.

nequaquam, adv., not at all, by no
means.

neque, or nee (in Caesar nec is not
found before vowels), conj., nor, and
not; neque... neque or nec... nec,
neither... nor ; nec quisquam, and
no one; neque quidquam, and
nothing (c. iv, 20).

nequidquam (nequlquam), adv.,
in vain,_to no purpose.

Nereus (dissyllable), Nerei, and

Nereos, M., Nereus, a sea deity.

nescio -scire, -sclvi (or scii),
-scitum, v. tr., not to know.

neu ; see neve.

neuter, -tra, -trum (gen. I*BU-
trius, dat. neutri, H. L., 48, 2), adj.,
neither (of two).

neve, or neu, conj., nor ; and. . .not;
neve . . .neve, or neu. . .neu, neither
. . . nor.

nex, necis, F., death; generally a
violent death.

ni=nisi, conj., unless.

nihil, indecl. N., nothing.

nihilo (abl. of difference from nihi-
lum) by nothing : nihilo tamen
secius, nevertheless (c. v, 7).

nihilo minus, or nihilominus,
adv., none the less, nevertheless.

nihilo secius, adv. (literally, other-
wise by nothing ; secius, comp. of
secus, differently, otherwise) ; same
meaning as nihilominus.

nihilum, -i, N., nothing; nihili
fiestimare, to value at nothing.

nimbus, -i, M., rain-cloud.

nimio, adv., too much, exceedingly.

nisi, conj., if not, unless.

nitidus, -a, -um, adj., shining, bright.

mtor, niti, nisus (or nixus) sum,
v. intr., dep.

nobilis, -e, adj., noble, noted, famous.

nobilitas, -atis, F., nobility.
noceo, -ere, nocui, nocitum,
v. intr. (with dative, hurt, harm, injure.

noctu, (an old abl. of obsolete noct-
US, -us ; used as an) adv., by night, at
night.

nocturnus, -a, -um, adj., of or
belonging to night, nocturnal.

nodus, -i, M., knot.

nolo, nolle, nolui, no sup.; v. irreg.,
be unwilling, not to wish.

nomen, -inis, N., name ; reputation
(Verg. 89); see cognomen for prae-
nomen, nomen).

nominatim, adv., by name ; nom-
inatim evocare, to summon ex-
pressly (c. v, 4).

non, adv., not; usually preceding the
word with which it should be construed.
Before a negative word an indefinite
affirmative is produced as, non nemo,
somebody ; nonnunquam, sometimes;
non nihil, something ; after a negative,
a general affirmative is formed, as nemo
non, everybody ; nunquam non,
every time ; nihil non, everything.

nonaginta, num., adj., ninety.

nondum, adv., not yet.

nonnullus, -a, -um, adj., some;
generally in pi., nonnulll, -ae, -a,
several.

nonnunquam, adv. , sometimes.

nonus, -a, -um, num. ord. adj.,
ninth.

nos, pi. of ego.

nosco, noscere, novi, notum, v.
tr., become acquainted with, learn ; pf.
novi, I know.

noster, -tra, -trum, poss. adj. pro.,
our, ours, our own ; pi., nostri, our
troops, our men (milites understood).

nostrum or nostri, gen. pi. of ego.

Notus, -i, M., the South Wind =
Auster (see Auster).

notus, -a, -um, (perf. part. pass, of
nosco used as an) adj., known, well
known.

novem, num. adj., nine.

novi, -isse, v. defect., know.

no vitas, -atis, F., novelty, strange-
ness.

novus, -a, um, adj., new, fresh,
recent, strange (no comp. ; sup. novis-
simus) ; agmen novissimum, the
rear ; agmen prinium, the van ; res
novae, a change in affairs, a revolution.

nox, noctis, F., night, darkness;
prima nocte, at nightfall; media

VOCABULARY

309

nocte, at midnight ; multa de nocte,
late at night ; adversa nocte, in the
face of night (c. iv, 28).
nubes, -is, F., a cloud.

nubo, -ere, nupsi, nuptum, v.
intr. (with dative), properly to veil one-
self for a husband, hence said of a
woman, to marry ; a man was said
uxorem ducere or uxorem in
matrimonium ducere.

nudus, -a, -um, adj., naked.

nullus, -a, -um, adj. (for declension
H. L., p. 48, 2), none, no one.

num, interrog. particle (H. L., 43, 2).

numen, -inis, N., will, power,
divinity.

numerus, -1, M., number.

nummus, -I, M., money; pro
nummo uti, to use as money (c. v, 12).

nunc, adv., now.

numquam, adv., never.

nuntio, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
announce, tell, narrate ; nuntiatur,
word is brought: nuntiatum est,
word was brought.

nuntius, -l, M., messenger, tidings.

nuper, adv., lately, recently.

nurus, -us, F., daughter-in-law.

nusquam, adv., nowhere, in no
place.

nuto, -are, -avi, -atum, v. int.,
nod, sway to and fro.

nut-US, -US, M., nod, command ; ad
nutum, at a nod or signal (c. iv, 23).

6, inter j., o! oh!

ob, prep, (with ace.), on account of,
for ; ob earn rem, for this reason ;
quam ob rem, wherefore, accordingly.

obduco, -ere, -duxi, -ductum,
v. tr., draw over, cloud.

objicio, -jicere, -jeci, -jectum, y.
tr., thrust or put in the way of, place in
front of ; to present (Verg., 200).

objectus, -a, -um (perf. part. pass,
of objicio used as an) adj., opposite
(c. v, 13).

obliviscor, -livisci, -litus sum,
v. dep. (with genitive) ; forget.

obruo, -ere, -nil, -rutum, v. tr.,
overwhelm.

obscurus, -a, -um, adj., dark.

observe, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
watch, observe.

Obses, -Sidis, M. or F. a hostage;
Obsidum loco, as hostages (c. v, 5).

obsideo, -sidere, -sedi, -sessum,
v. tr., besiege, blockade.

obsidio, -onis, F., siege, blockade. *

obstinate, adv., firmly, stubbornly.

obstupesco, -ere, -stupui, no sup.,
become amazed (Verg., 378).

obtego, -ere, -texi, -tectum, v. tr.,
hide, conceal.

obtempero, -are, -avi, -atum, v.
intr. (with dat.), comply with, obey,
conform to.

obtestor, -ari, -atus sum, v. dep.,
implore, adjure.

obtineo, -tinere, -tinui, -tentum,
v. tr., hold, posses (c. v, 20).

obtrunco, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
cut to pieces.

occasus, -us, M., setting ; occasus
SOlis, sunset, west (c. iv, 28; v, 8);
fall, destruction (Verg., 432).

occido, -cidere, -cidi, -casum, v.
intr., fall, be killed; occidens sol,
sunset, west (c. v, 13).

occido, -ere, -cidi, -cisum, v. tr.,
kill.

occulto, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
cover, hide, conceal.

OCCUltus, -a, -um, adj., hidden,
concealed.

occumbo,-ere, -cubui,-cubitum,
v. intr., yield to ; occumbere morti,
to meet death (Verg. 62).

OCCUpatus, -a, -um(perf. part. pass,
of occupo used as an) adj., busied with ;
nostris omnibus occupatis, while
all our men were busy (c. iv, 34) ; occu-
patos in munitione castrorum,
busied with the fortifying of the camp
(c. v, 15).

OCCUpatio, -onis, F. , being busied
with, business affairs ; OCCUpationes
reipublicae, state affairs (c. iv, 16) ;
has tantularum rerum occupa-
tiones, business consisting of such trifles
(c. iv, 22).

occupo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
take, seize.

occurro, -ere, -curri, -cursum,
v. tr. (with dat.), meet.

Oceanus, -i, M., the ocean.

OCtavus, -a, -um, ord. num. adj.,
eighth.

octingenti, -ae, -a, card. num. adj.,
eight hundred.

OCto, card. num. adj., eight.
OCtodecim, card. num. adj., eighteen.
OCtOginta, card. num. adj., eighty.

310

VOCABULARY

OCUlus, -I, M., eye.

6dT, -isse, v. tr. defect., hate.

Odium, -1, N., hatred.

offero, -ferre, obtuli, oblatum,
v. tr., bring before, present, offer; se
obtulit hostibus, he faced the enemy ;
oblati per lunam, meeting us in the
moonlight (Verg. 340); 86 . . . offert,
presents himself (Verg. 370).

offlcium, -I, N., duty, allegiance;
officium praestare, to do one's duty ;
in offlcio esse, to be loyal (c. v, 3) ; in
offlcio manere, to remain loyal (c.v,4);
in offlcio continere, to keep him
loyal, or in service (c. v, 7).

Olympus, -I, M., Olympus, a moun-
tain in Thessaly, the fabled abode of the
gods.

omen, -inis, N., omen, sign.

omnmo, adv., in all, altogether, in
all; after negatives, at all; nihil om-
nino, nothing at all ; with numerals,
in all ; decem omnino, ten in all.

omnipotens, -tis, adj., almighty,
omnipotent.

omnis, -e, adj., all, the whole ;
omnes ad unum, all to a man ;
maritima omnis, wholly maritime, or
on the sea (c. v, 14).

onerarius, -a, -um, adj., of burden,
navis oneraria, a transport (c. iv,
22, 25).

onero, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
load.

onus, -eris, N., load, burden.

opacus, -a, -um, shady.

opera, -ae, F., toil, aid; dare
operam, to take pains (c. v, 7) ; multae
operae, of great trouble (c, v, 11).

opimus, -a, -um, adj., rich.

opinio, onis, F., belief, notion ;
opinio timoris, the impression of fear,
praeter opiniqnem, contrary to ex-
pectation ; celerius omni opinione,
sooner than anyone expected ; ut fert
opinio illorum, according to their
ideas (c. v, 13).

9portet, -ere, -uit, v. int., impers.;
it is'necessary, it behoves (c. iv, 29).

oppono, -ere, -posui, -positum,
v. tr., place against, oppose, withstand ;
oppositi (perf. part. pass, and as an),
adj., opposing.

opportune, adv., favorably, suitably.

opportunus, -a, -um, adj., fit,
suitable, advantageous.

opprimo, -ere, pressi, pressum,
v. tr., burden, crush, destroy.

oppugnatio, -onis, F., assault,

oppugno, -are, -avi, -atum, v.
tr., storm, attack.

(ops), nom. wanting : gen. opis
F. might, power, help; pi., opes,'
wealth, resources.

optime: see bene.

optimus : see bonus.

optq, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., wish
for, desire.

opus, -eris, N., work, labor, mag--
no opere or magnopere, greatly ;
quanto opere, how greatly ; tanto
opere or tantopere, so much, so
greatly.

opus, indecl. neut, found only in the
expression opus est, erat, etc., there
is or was, etc., need, it is or was neces-
sary.

ora, -ae, F., coast ; ora maritima,
sea coast (c. iv, 20).

oraculum, -i, N., oracle.

oratio, -onis, F. , a speech ; ora-
tionem percipere, to hear a speech
(c. v. 1).

orator, -oris, M., speaker; modo
oratoris, as an ambassador (c. iv, 27).

or bis, -is, M., a circle ; orbis terra-
rum, the circle of lands, i.e., around the
Mediterranean, the whole world to the
early Romans ; orbe facto, forming a
circle ; corresponding to our forming
square to resist an attack (c. iv, 37) ;
circuit, coil.

orbus, -a, -um, adj., bereft, deprived
of.

Orcus, -i, M., Orciis, the lower world,
the shades ; death (Verg. 398).

ordior, -iri, orsus sum, begin.

ordo, -inis, M., an arrangement;
rank, line ; ordines servare, to keep
the ranks (c. iv, 26).

Orgetorix, -igis, M., Orgetorix, a
Helvetian nobleman.

oriens, -tis, (pres. part, of orior
used as an) adj., rising ; sol oriens, the
rising sun, hence, the east (c. v, 13).

orior, -iri, -tus sum, v. intr. dep.,
rise, spring from ; orta luce, at day-
break (c. v, 8) ; quibus orti ex civi-
tatibus, and sprung from these states
(c. v, 12).

ornus, -i, F., mountain ash.

6r6, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., pray
for, beseech ; magnopere orant, they
earnestly ask.

6s, oris, N., mouth, face.

VOCABULARY

311

OS, ossis, N., bone,
osculum, -i, N., kiss.

ostendo, -ere, -tendi, -tensum
(or tuna), v. tr., tell, show, declare.

Othryades, -ae, M., son of Othrys=
Panthus.

Palamedes, -is, M., Palamedes,
king of Euboea, a Greek who lost his life
through the wiles of Ulysses (Verg. 82).

Palladium, -i, N., 'the Palladium,
an image of Pallas (Minerva), supposed to
have fallen from Heaven. On its preser-
vation depended the safety of Troy. It
was carried off by Diomede and Ulysses.

Pallas, -adis, F., Pallas or Minerva,
the goddess of wnr, wisdom, and art.

pabulatio, -onis, F., foraging,
getting fodder.

pabulator, -oris, M., a forager.

pabulor, -ari, -atus sum, v. dep.,
forage, seek forage.

pabulum, -i, N., fodder, forage.

pacatus, -ta, -turn (perf. part. pass,
of paco used as an) adj., peaceful, quiet.

paco, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., sub-
due, pacify.

pag-us, -i, M., district, canton; the
word still exists in the French pays, as
Pays de Calais.

pallidus, -a, -um, adj., pale.

palma, -ae, F., palm (of the hand),
hand (Verg. 152, 406).

palus, -udis, F., marsh.

pando, -ere, pandi, pansum or
passum, v. tr., stretch, spread out,
open.

Panthus, -i (voc., Panthu), M.,
Panthus, priest of Apollo in the Trojan
citadel.

par, paris, adj., equal; par est,
it is fie, it is proper ; par proelium,
a drawn battle ; pari spatio, of the
same extent (c. v, 13).

paratus, -a, -um (perf. part, pass-
of paro used as an) adj., prepared)
ready.

pareo, -ere, -peperci (or parsi),
parcitum (or parsum), v. intr. (with
dat.), spare.

parens, -tis, M. or F., a parent.

parens, -tis, (pros. part, of pareo
used as an) adj., obedient.

pareo, -ere, -ui, -itum, v. intr.
(with dat.), obey.

paries, -etis, M., a partition wall of
a house.

pariter, adv., equally, evenly.

Paris, -idis ; N. m. : Paris, also
called Alexander, son of Priam and
Hecuba. When born he was exposed on
Mount Ida, because his mother dreamed
that she was delivered of a blazing torch,
which was interpreted by the seer to
signify that the child would be the de-
struction of Troy. Paris was brought up
by shepherds, and so signalized himself
in protecting the people that he obtained
the name of "man defender" ('AAefai-6pos).
He married the nymph Oenone. After-
wards he was chosen a judge in the dis-
pute about the golden apple. Having
awarded the prize to Venus, against Juno
and Minerva, he incurred the hatred of
the two latter goddesses. He went to
Sparta, carried off Helen, wife of Mene-
leus, king of Sparta, and hence arose the
Trojan war.

parma, -ae, F., small round shield.

paro, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
prepare, get ready, equip, procure ;
bellum parare, prepare for war (c. v,
3).

pars, -tis, F., part, district, region;
in ea parte, in that direction (c. iv, 32);
per omnes partes, in every direction
(c. iv, 33); omnibus partibus, in
every quarter (c. v, 15 ; Verg. 21).

partim, adv., partly; partim...
partim, partly . . .partly (c. v, 6).

parum, adv., too little, little ; (comp.
minus ; sup., minime).

parvulus, -a, um, adj., very little,
young ; ab parvulo, from boyhood.

parvus, -a, -um, adj., small, trifling;
(comp. minor ; sup., minimus.

pasco, -ere, pa vi, pastum, v. tr.,
feed upon (Verg. 471).

pascor, -ci, -pastus, v. dep., feed
upon.

passim, adv., in every direction.

passus, -us, M. , a step, pace. As a
measure of distance, two paces, reckoned
from the heel to the same heel, like our
two military steps, or=five Roman
pedes (see pes), about 4 ft. 101 in- Eng-
lish measure ; mille passus = 1616
yards, or 144 yards short of the English
mile.

passus, -a, -um, perf. part. pass, of
pando (see pando) ; passis crini-
bus, with hair all loose (Verg. 4Q3).

pastor, -oris, M., shepherd.

patefacio, -facere, -feci, -fac-
tum, v. tr., open ; pass., patefio.
fieri, factus sum.

patens, -tis, adj., open.

312

VOCABULARY

pateo, -ere, -ui, no sup., v. intr.,
be open, stand open, extend.

pater, -tris, M., father.

patesco, -ere, patui, v. intr., begin
to be open or obvious.

patior, pati, passus sum, v. tr.
dep., allow, suffer, bear.

patria, -ae, F., fatherland, native
land ; patria pellere, to banish,
patrius, -a, -urn, adj., paternal.

paucitas, -atis, F., fewness, small
number (c. iv, 30, 34).

paucus, -a, -um, adj., some, few
(generally in pi.); panels diebus,
within a few days (c. iv, 27 ; v, 2).

paulatim, adv., gradually.

paulisper, adv. , for a short time.

paulo, adv., (abl. of paulus), by a
little, just a little • with comparative
adjectives or adverbs, a little ; paulo
longius, a little further (c. iv, 32);
paulo tardius, a little too slowly (c.
iv, 23).

paululum, adv., a little, gradually.

paulum, adv., a little.

pauper, -eris, adj., poor (comp.
pauperior, sup. pauperrimus).

pavito, -are, -avi, -atum, v. intr.,
be in dread ; pavitans, used as an
adjective, trembling (Verg. 107).

pavor, -oris, M., fear.

pax, pads, F., peace.

pecco, -are, -avi, -atum, v. intr.,
do wrong, sin.

pectus, -oris, N., breast.

pecus, -oris, N., cattle (collectively).

pedes, -itis, M., a foot-soldier; pi.,
pedites, infantry.

pedester, -tris, -tre, adj., on foot, on
land ; copiae pedestres, land forces ;
copiae navales, naval forces; in
pedestribus proeliis, in battles on
land (c. iv, 24).

peditatus, -us, M., infantry (collec-
tivejy).

pejor, -us, adj. (comp. of malus ;
sup., pessimus), worse.

pelagus, -I, N., sea.

Pelasgi, -drum, M. pi., Pelasgi or
Greeks.

Pelasgus, -a, -um, adj., Pelasgic,
Grecian.

Pelias, -ae, M., Pelias, a Trojan.
Pelides, -ae, M., a descendant of
. Peleus = Neoptolemus or Pyrrhus, son of
Achilles (Verg. 263).

pellax, -acis, adj., deceitful, false.

pellis, -is, F., skin, hide; pellibus
vestiri, to clothe themselves with skins
(c. v, 14).

pello, -ere, pepuli, pulsum, v. tr.,
expel, drive out; patria pellere, to
exile (N. A. 1).

Pelopeus, -a, -um, adj., belonging
to Pel ops, an ancient King of Elis, after
whom all Southern Greece was called
Peloponnesus, or "island of Pelops."
Hence Grecian (Verg. 193).

Peloponnesus,-!, F., the Pelopon-
nesus (now the Morea), the part of Greece
south of the isthmus of Corinth.

penates, -ium, pi. M., the Penates,
or household gods, presiding over the
house and all that it contained (Verg. 293).

pendeo, -ere, pependi, no sup., v.
intr., hang, be suspended.

pendo, -ere, pependi, pensum,
v. tr. , weigh out (in early times payments
were made by weighing out metal, hence),

pay.

Peneleus, -I, M., Peneleus, a leader
of the Boeotians in the Trojan war.

penetrale, -is, N., inner part, shrine
(Verg. 297).

penitus, adv., within (Verg., 17, 486).

per, prep, (with ace.), through, by
means of, by ; per omnes partes, in
every direction (c. iv, 33).

perag-6, -ere, -egi, -actum, v. tr.,
accomplish, bring to an end ; conventus
peragere, to hold assizes (c. v, 2).

percipio, cipere, -cepi, -ceptum,
v. tr., take in, learn, perceive ; perci-
pere orationem, to hear a speech
(c. v, 1).

percontatio, -onis, F., enquiry.

percurro, -ere, -curri (or -cu-
curri), -cursum, v. intr., run along.

perduco, -ere, -duxi, -ductum,
v. tr., complete, bring to a destination ;
naves perduxit, he brought the
ships to their destination (c. v, 23).

pereo, -ire, -ii or (-ivi), -itum, v.
intr., perish, die.

perequito, -are, -avi, -atum, v.
tr., ride, ride through.

pererro, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
wander over.

perfero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, v.
tr., carry, bring, report; endure; con-
silio perlato, after their plan was
reported (c. iv, 21).

perfldia, -ae, F., faithlessness,
treachery.

perfuga, -ae, M., a deserter, runaway.

VOCABULARY

313

perfundo, -ere, -fudl, -fusum, v.
tr., sprinkle, steep.

perfugium, -I, N., refuge.

Pergama, -orum, N. pi., Pergama,
the citadel of Troy : hence Troy.

periculum, -1, N., danger; facere
periculum, to run the risk (c. iv, 21).

Periphras, -antis, M., Periphras,
one of the companions of Pyrrhus at the
sack of Troy.

perltus, -a, -um, adj., with gen.,
acquainted with ; rei militaris peri-
tus, skilled in military affairs.

perjurus, -a, urn, adj., foresworn.

perlatus, -a, um, perf. part. pass,
of perfero (see perfero).

permaneo, -ere, -mansi, -man-
sum, v. intr., stay, remain, continue ;
in ea sententia permanere, to
adhere to that policy (c. iv, 21).

permitto, -ere, -xnisi, -missum,
v. intr., entrust; fortunas ejus fldei
permittere, to entrust their fortunes
to his protection (c. v, 3).

permotus, -a, -um, perf. part, pass.,
influenced.

permoveo, -ere, -movi, -motum,
v. tr., rouse, disturb, alarm, induce.

perpauci, -ae, -a, adj. pi., very few.

perpetuus, -a, -um, adj., constant,
unbroken ; in perpetuum, for ever
(c. iv, 34).

perrumpo, -ere, -rupi, -ruptum,
v. tr., break through.

persaepe, adv., very often.

persequor, -sequi, -secutus
sum, v. tr. dep., follow up, pursue,
overtake (c. v, 10).

persolvo, -ere, -solvi, -solutum,
v. tr., pay to the full.

perspicio, -spicere, -spexi, -spec-
turn, v. tr., see, observe, reconnoitre ;
coram perspicit, he sees In person
(c. v, 11).

perstq, are, -stiti, -statutn, v-
intr., persist, continue.

rto, -ere, petivi, petitum, v.tr.,

perterreo, -ere, -ui, -itum, v. tr.,
greatly alarm, frighten, terrify.

perterritus, -a, -um, perf. part-
pass., used as an adj., frightened.

pertineo, -ere, -tinui, no sup.,
v. intr., tend, extend ; hoc pertinet,
this side extends (c. v, 13).

perturbatio, -onis, F., confusion,
consternation.

perturbo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
disturb greatly, agitate.

pervenio, -Ire, -veni, -ventum,
v. intr., reach, arrive at.

pervius, -a, -um, adj., with a way
through.

pes, pedis, M., foot; ped'em re-
ferre, to retreat (c. iv, 25) ; pedibus
proeliari, to fight on foot (c. iv, 33);
pedibus, on foot (c. v, 18) : as a measure
of length=11.64 in. ; 5 Roman pedes=
passus. (See passus.)

phalanx, -gis, F., a band of soldiers
in solid column, a host (Verg. 226).

Phoebus, -1, M., Phoebus, a poetical
name of Apollo.

Phoenix, -icis, M., Phoenix, a friend
of Achilles.

Phryges, -um, M., pi., inhabitants
of Phrygia, a name given to the North-
west part of Asia Minor in which Troy
was situated, hence Phrygians, Trojans.

Phrygius, -a, -um, adj., Phrygian,
Trojan.

Phthia, -ae, F., Phthia, a town in
Thessaly and birthplace of Achilles.

pietas, -atis, F., duty to the gods,
to one's country, or to one's parents ;
hence, piety, patriotism or filial affection.

pineus, -a, -um, adj., of pine.

pio, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., ex-
piate (Verg. 184).

Pirustae, -arum, M. pi., the Pirus-
tae, a tribe of Macedonia, on the southern
border of Illyricum, in what is now the
modern Herzegovina.

PlSO, -6nis, M., Piso, an Aquitanian
noble (c. v, 12).

piscis, -is, F., fish.

placed, -ere, -ui, -itum, v. intr.
(with dat.), please ; placet, impers., it
pleases.

placo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
appease.

plangor, -oris, M., beating of the
breasts, mourning.

planus, -a, -um, adj, flat, level.

plebs, plebis, (plebei or plebi),
F., the common people, the commons.

plene, adv. , fully, completely,
plenus, -a, -um, adj., full (with
genitive (H. L., 93, 4).

plerique, pleraeque, pleraque,
pi. adj., most, several ; interiores
plerique, most of the inland people
(c. v, 14).

plerumque, adv., mostly, generally,
usually.

314

VOCABULARY

plerusque, pleraque, plerum-
que, adj., most ; generally plerique.

plumbum, -i, N., lead : album
plumbum, tin (c. v, 12).

plures : see multus.

plurimum, adv., superl. of mul-
tum (H. L., 98, 7) ; long-e plurimum
valet, is by far the most powerful
(c. v, 3).

plurimus, -a, -um, adj. superl. of
multusjH. L., 91, 3).

plus, adj?, comp. of multus.

poculum, -1, N., drinking cup.

poena, -ae, F., compensation, punish-
ment, penalty ; poenas dare, to pay
the penalty, to be punished (Verg. 366) ;
poenas sumere, to exact a penalty,
to punish.

poeta, -ae, M., poet.

polliceor, -eri, -itus sum, v. tr.
dep., promise.

Polites, -ae, N. m., Polites, a son of
Priam, slain by Pyrrhus before his father's
eyes during the sacking of Troy (Verg.
526).

Pompeius, -I, M., Pompey, Cneius
Pompeius Magnus, a Roman general,
born 106 B.C., Consul 70 B.C., 55 and 52,
defeated by Caesar at Pharsalia, 48 B.C.,
and afterwards assassinated in Egypt.

pomum, -I, N., an apple.

pondus, -eris, N., weight.

pone, adv., behind.

pono, ponere, posui, positum,
v. tr., place, put, lay down ; ponere
arma, to lay down arms (c. iv., 37);
castra ponere, to pitch a camp : put
aside (Verg. 473).

pontus, -I, M., sea.

populatio, -onis, F., devastation,
ravaging.

pppulus, -1, M., people; populi,
nations.

porta, -ae, F., gate, door.

portlCUS, -US, F., arcade, colonnade.

portus, -US, M., port, harbor.

posco, poscere, poposci, no sup.,
v. tr., beg, demand, ask.

possideo, -ere, possedi, posses-
sum, v. tr., hold, own.

possido, -ere, possedi, posses-
sum, v. tr., win, get possession of.

possum, posse, potui, no sup. ;
v. irreg., be able, can ; multum posse,
to have great power; plurimum posse,
to have very great power.

post, adv. after, later ; (often with the
abl. of measure) anno post, a year

afterwards; paucis diebus post, a
few days afterwards.

post, prep, (with ace.), after; post
tergum, in the rear; post paucos
annos, after a few years ; post homi-
num memoriam, within the memory
of man.

postea, adv., afterwards.

posteaquam, con j., after that, after.

posterus, -a, -um, adj., the follow-
ing, next; (comp., posterior; sup.,
postremus); pi., posteri, -orum,
descendants.

postis, -is, M., post.

postpone, -ere, -posui, -positum,
v. tr., put off : (c. v, 7).

postquam, adv., after that, after,
when.

postridie, adv., the next day ; post-
ridie ejus diei mane, early next
day (c. v, 10).

postulo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
ask, demand, request (p. 276, foot note).

potens, -tis, adj., powerful.

potestas, -atis, F., power.

potissimum, adv., sup., chiefly,
principally, especially.

potius, adv., rather, preferably ; sup.
potissimum, no positive.

praeacutUS, -a, -um, adj., sharp-
ened at the end, pointed.

praebeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, v. tr.,
offer, show, furnish.

praeceps, -cipitis, adj., head-
long, teed, precipitious ; praecipites
hostes agere, to drive the enemy
headlong (c. v, 17).

praeceptum, -i, N., teaching, ad-
vice, order, command.

praecipio, -cipere, -cepi, -cept-
um, v. intr. (with dative), order, direct.

praecipito, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.
and intr., rush headlong, throw head-
long; mentem praecipitare, to
hasten one's resolve (Verg. 316).

praecipue, adv., especially, particu-
larly.

praeclarus, -a, -um, adj., distin-
guished.

praecludo, -ere, -clusi, -clusum,
• v. tr., close up (c. v, 9).

praecordia, -drum, N. pi., heart,
breast (Verg. 367).

praeda, -ae, F., booty, plunder.

praedico, -are, -dicavi, dicat-
um, v. tr., proclaim, boast.

praedico, -ere, -dixi, -dictum, v.
tr., foretell.

VOCABULARY

315

praeditus, -a, -um, adj. (with abl.),
endowed with.

praedor, -jiri, -atus sum, v. dep.
tr., plunder, pillage, obtain booty.

praeflcio, -flcere, -fed, -fectum,
v. tr., put over, put in command of (H. L.,
229, 4).

praefigo, -ere, -fixi, -flxum, v. tr.,
fix or place in front of.

praeflxus, perf. part. pass, of prae-
figo.

praemetuo, -ere, -ui, no sup., v.
intr., fear for, be anxious for.

praemitto, -ere, -misi, -missum,
v. tr., send before, send forward.

praemium, -1, N., reward.

praeparo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
prepare.

praepono, -ere, -posui,-positum,
v. tr. , set over, place in command of.

praesens, -tis, adj., at hand, present.

praesertim, adv., especially.

praesidium, -i, N., guard, defence,
garrison ; praesidio navibus esse,
to guard the ships (c. v, 9).

praesto, -stare, -stitl, -stitum,
stand before, show, perfonn ; officium
praestare, to fulfil a duty (c. iv, 25).

praesum, -esse, -fui, v. intr. (with
dative), be over, have command of;
negotio praeesse, to have charge of
the matter (c. v, 2).

praeter, prep, (with ace.), beyond,
except, contrary to.
praeterea, adv., besides.

praetermitto, -mittere, -misi,
•missum, v. tr., let pass, let slip.

praetervehor, -vehi, -vectus
sum, v. tr., be carried beyond, sail
past, coast along.

preci, precem, prece (no nom. or
gen. sing.) ; pi. preces, precum, etc. ;
F., prayer, request.

premo, -ere, pressi, pressum,
v. tr., press, harass, crush.

prehendo (or prendo), -ere, -di,
-sum, v. tr., seize, lay hold of.

prenso, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
grasp.

(prex, precis), F., supposed form ;
see preci.

pridie, adv., the day before.

primo, adv., at first.

primum, adv., firstly, in the first
place ; ubi primum, as soon as1; cum
primum, as soon as possible; cum
(quum) primum, as soon as.

Priameius, -a, -um, adj., of or
belonging to Priam.

Priamus, -i, M., Priam, the last king
of Troy.

primus, -a, -um, adj., sup. of the
comp., prior, no positive ; prima luce,
at daybreak ; prima nocte, at night-
fall ; primum agmen, the vanguard ;
in primis, especially.

princeps, -cipis, M., chief man,
chief, prince.

principatus, -us, chief authority,
leadership.

principium, -i, N., beginning.

prior, prius, adj., comp.( no positive ;
sup. primus) ; former, previous.

pristinus, -a, -um, adj., old, former.

prius, adv., before, sooner, earlier;
followed by quam, and often written
with it as one word, priusquam, be-
fore, before that.

priusquam, conj., before.

privatim, adv., privately, individu-
ally.

privatus, -a, -um, adj., private.

pro, prep, (with abl.), in front of,
before ; for, in proportion to ; pro
merito ejUS, as he deserved (c. v, 4) ;
pro tecnpore et pro re, suited to the
time and the conditions (c. v, 8) ; pro
sano, as a sane man (c. v, 7) ; pro
nummo, as money (c. v, 12); pro
sua Vlrtute, in consideration of his
excellence.

procedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum,
v. intr., advance, succeed.

procul, adv., afar, at a distance.

procumbo, -ere, -cubui, cubi-
tum, v. intr., fall, sink down.

proditio, -6niS, F., treachery, be-
traying.

proditor, -oris, M., traitor, betrayer.

prodo, -ere, -didi, ditum, v. tr.,
betray, surrender ; memoria prodi-
tum, handed down by tradition (c. v, 12).

produco, -ere, -duxi, -ductum,
v. tr., piolong.

proelior, -ari, -atus sum, v. intr.,
fight.

proelium, -i, N., battle ; proelium
facere, to fight a battle.

profectio, -onis, F., a departure,

setting out.

profecto, adv., for a fact, indeed,
proflciscor, -ci, -fectus sum,
v. intr. dep., set out, depart.

progredior, -gredi, -gressus
sum, v. tr. dep., advance, go forward.

316

VOCABULARY

prohibeo, -hibere, -hibui, hibi-
turn, v. tr., hold, defend, protect (c. v,
21).

projicio, -jicere, -jeci, jectum,
v. tr., throw, throw forward.

proinde, adv., henceforth, therefore.

prolabor, -I, -lapsus sum, v. dep.,
glide forward, sink down.

promissum, -I, N., promise.

promissus, -a, -um, adj., long,
flowing; capillo sunt promisso,
they have long hair (c. v, 14).

promittp, -ere, -misi, -missum,
v. tr., promise.

promo, -ere, prompsi, promp-
tum, v. tr., put forth ; se promunt,
issue from (Verg. 260).

promoveo, -ere, -movi, -motum,
v. tr., move forward.

prone, adv., headlong, leaning for-
ward.

pronuntio, -are,-avi, -atum, v.tr.,
tell, announce, declare.

pronus, -a, -um, adj., steep.

prope, adv., near, nearly, almost;
comp., propius ; sup., proximo.

propello, -ere, -pull, -pulsum,
v. tr., drive away, put to flight.

propero, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.
and intr., hurry, hasten.

propinquo, -are, -avi, -atum, v.
intr. (with dat.), approach.

propinquus, -a, -um, adj., near,
with dative ; as a noun, propinquus,
-I, M., relation.

propior, -us, adj., comparative of
obsolete propis ; sup. proximus ;
nocte proxima, last night.

propius : see prope and propior.

proprius, -a, -um, adj., one's own,
particular, peculiar.

propter, prep, (with ace.), on account
of, in consequence of.

propterea, adv., for this reason,
therefore ; propterea quod, because.

propugno, -are, -avi, -atum, v.
tr., fight.

prosequor, -sequi, -secutus
sum, v. tr., dep., follow after, follow,
attend.

prospicio, -ere, -spexi, -spec-
turn, v. tr., look forward, take care.

prosum, -prod-esse, pro-fui, v.
intr., be of benefit to, benefit (with
dative).

protego, -ere, -texi, -tectum, v.
tr., protect.

protinus, adv., at once, forthwith,
immediately ; ex hac fuga protinus,
immediately after this defeat (c. v, 17).

protraho, -ere, -traxi, -tractum,
v. tr., drag forth.

proveho, -ere, -vexi, -vectum,
v. tr., carry forward ; in pass., sail along,
coast.

provided, -ere, -vidi, -visum, v.
tr., foresee, take care.

providus, -a, -um, adj., foreseeing.

proximo : see prope.

proximus : see propior.

pubes, -is, F., youth.

publicus, -a, -um, adj., public,
common ; res publica, the common-
wealth ; publiCO COnsilio, by a public
plan.

Publius, -i, M., Publius, a. Roman
praenomen.

puella, -ae, F., girl.

puer, pueri, M., boy, youth.

pugna, -ae, F., fight, combat.

pugno, -are, -avi, -atum, v. intr.,
fight ; acriterpugnatum est, a fierce
battle was fought (c. iv, 26).

pulcher, -chra, -chrum, adj..
beautiful.

pulvis, -eris, M., dust.

puppis, -is, F., stern of a vessel ; a
ship.

purus, -a, -um, adj., pure, bright.

puto, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
think, fancy, consider.

Pyrrhus, -i, M., Pyrrhus, also called
Neoptolemus, son of Achilles.

Q = Quintus (which see).

qua, nom. sing. fern, or neut. pi. nom.
or ace. of quis or qui.

qua (abl. fem. of qui, supply via or
parte) adv., where.

quadraginta, nom. card, adj., forty.

quaero, ere, quaesivi, quaesi-
tum, v. tr., seek, look for, ask, enquire.

quaestio, -6nis, F., enquiry, inves-
tigation.

quaestor, -oris, M., quaestor; the
quaestors were officers who acted as
government treasurers, received tribute
and paid the soldiers.

qualis, -6, adj., of what sort or kind ;
tails. . .qualis, such . . .as ; tails omit-
ted (Verg. 223) ; qualis erat ! what a
sight was he ! (Verg. 272).

VOCABULARY

317

quam, conj., than (after compara-
tives) ; with superlatives (with or
without possum)=as possible : quam
primum, as soon as possible ; quam
plurimi, as many as possible ; quam
maximi, as large as possible.

quamquam, conj. , though, although,
however, and yet.

quando, interrog. adv., when? rel.
adv., when, whenever ; si quando, if at
any time.

quanto (abl. of difference from
quantus), adv., by how much ; quan
to . . .tanto, as. . .so ; the. . .the.

quantum (ace. of quantus), adv.,
how much, how far, as far as.

quantus, a, -um, adj., interrog. or
rel., how great, how much, how large, as
large as.

quare, interrog. and rel. adv., where-
fore, why.

quartus, -a, -um, ord. num. adj.,
fourth.

quasi, conj., as if.
quater, adv., four times.

quatio, -ere, no perf., quassum,
v. tr., shake.

quattuor, card. num. adj., four.

-que, conj., and ; always appended to
the word, which in construction belongs
to it ; generally to the first word of the
clause or to the word it couples.

queror, queri, questus sum, v.
tr. dep., complain, lament.

qul, quae, quod, rel. pro., who,
which, what.

quicquam : see quisquam.

quicumque, quaecumque,
quodcumque, indef. pro., whoever,
whatever.

quidam, quaedam, quoddam or
quiddam, indef. pro., a certain one ;
pi., some, certain.

quldem, adv., indeed, at least ; ne. . .
quidem, not... even: the emphatic
word is always placed between ne and
quidem.

quies, -etis, F., rest, repose.

quin (old abl. qul, how and ne, not),
conj., that not, but that, without ; after
words expressing doubt or suspicion,
that ; after words of preventing, etc.,
translated by from with verbals in -ing.

quingenti, -ae, -a, card. num. adj.,
five hundred.

quini, -ae, -a, distrib. num. adj., five
(Verg. 126).

quinquaginta, card, adj., fifty,
quinque, card. num. adj., five.

quintus, -a, -um, ord. num. adj.,
fifth.

Quintusr -I, M., Quintus, a Roman
praenomen (see cognomen) ; see
Atrius, Titurius, Laberius).

quis, quae or qua, quid or quod,
indef. pro., anyone, any ; ne quid, that
nothing (c. v, 7) ; interrog. , who ?

quisquam, quaequam, quic-
quam or quidquam, indef. pro., any
one ; neque quisquam, no one (c. iv,
20); neque quicquam, and nothing
(c. iv, 20); always in connection with
negatives or implied negatives.

quisque, quaeque, quidque or
quodque, indef. pro., each, every,
every one; with superlatives in sing.,
all ; optimus quisque, all the best.

quisquis, quidquid or quicquid,
indefinite relative pronoun, whoever,
whatever.

quivis, quaevis, quidvis or
quodvis, indef. pro., any one you
please, any.

quo, adv., (1) rel. and interrog.,
whither, where (c. v, 21); (2), interrog.,
why (Verg. 150) ; rel., when (Verg. 26, 7).

quo (abl. of qui), final conj., used
with comparatives and followed by sub-
junctive ; in order that (c. v, 3).

quoad, adv. (with indie, in Caesar),
as long as, until, till.

quod, conj., because, inasmuch as
(with indicative or subjunctive (H. L.
252, 2) ; the fact that (Verg. 180) ; prop-
terea quod, because; quod si, but
if, if.

quominus, conj., that not; often
best translated by from after verbs of
hindering, preventing, etc., with an
English verbal noun in -ing.

quonam, interr. adv., whither pray?

quondam, adv., once, formerly, at
times (Verg., 367, 116).

quoniam, conj., since, seeing that,
because.

quoque, adv. (following the emphatic
word of a clause), also, too.

quot, indecl. adj., how many? often

3t ;
many as.

correlative of tot; tot...quot,

quotannis, adv., yearly, every year.

quotidianus, -a, -um, adj., daily,
every day.
quotidie, adv., every day, daily.

318

VOCABULARY

rabies, no gen. or dat., rabiem,
rabie, F., rage.

rado, -ere, rasi, rasum, v. tr.,
shave.

rapidus, -a, -um, adj., swift, quick.

rapid, rapere, rapui, raptum,
v. tr., snatch, seize, hurry off.

rapto, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
drag.

raptor, -oris, M., plunderer, lupi
rap tores, prowling wolves (Verg. 356).

rarus, -a, -um, adj., few, scattered,
in small parties.

ratio, -onis, F., reckoning, calcula-
tion, account; rationem inire, to
form a plan ; ratio atque usus belli,
the theory and practice of war = the
systematic practice of war; equestris
proelii ratio, the style of the cavalry
battle (c. v, 16); ratio pontis, the
plan of the bridge; rei militaris
ratio, military science (c. iv, 23);
omnibus rationibus, in every way
(c. v, 1) ; reason, nee sat rationis
in armis; nor was there sufficient
reason in (taking) arms (Verg. 310).

rauCUS, -a, -um, adj., hoarse.

rebellio, -onis, F., renewal of war,
uprising; rebellione facta, by a re-
newal of the war (c. iv, 30, 38).

recede, -ere, -cessi, -cessum,
v. intr., go back, withdraw.

recens, -tis, adj., fresh, late, recent.

receptus, -US, M., retreat; ex-
peditus receptus, a convenient
retreat (c. iv, 33).

recipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum,
v. tr., take back, recover, win ; in fldem
recipere, to take under one's protection
or to receive as a pledge of faith (c. iv. 22);
se recipere, to retreat (c. iv, 2); se a
fuga recipere, to recover from the
flight (c. iv, 27); in deditionem re-
cipere, to admit to a surrender.

recondo, -ere, -didi, -ditum, v. tr.,
hide (far back).

recuso, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
refuse, decline, deny ; often followed by
quin or quominus.

recutio, -ere, -cussi, -cussum,
v. tr., strike.

reddo, -ere, -didi, -ditum, v. tr.,
give back, restore.

redeo, -ire, -ii (ivi), -itum, v. intr.,
go back, return.

reditus, -US, M., return.

reduce, -ere, -duxi, ductum, v.
tr., lead back.

refero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, v. tr.,
bring, carry back ; gratias referre,
to return thanks; gratiam referre,
to requite, to repay ; ad suos referre,
•to report to their people ; pedem re-
ferre, to retreat (c. iv, 25).

reflcio, flcere, -feci, -fectum, v.
tr., repair, refit.

reflecto, -ere, -flexi, -flexum,
v. tr., bend back.

refugip, -fugere, -fugi, -fugitum,
v. tr. and intr., flee back or away, retreat,
escape : shrink back (Verg. 12).

refulgeo, -ere, -fulsi, no sup.,
v. intr., shine out.

regina, -ae, F., queen.

regio, -onis, F., district, country.

regius, -a, -um, adj., kingly, royal.

regnator, -oris, M., ruler.

regnum, -i, N., kingdom (c. v. 20) •
regnum civitatis, sovereignty of the
Btate (c. v, 6).

rejicio, -jicere, -jeci, -jectum, v.
tr., hurl back, drive back, repulse ; tem-
pestate rejici, to be driven back by
the storm (c. v, 5).

religio, -onis, F., religion; reli-
gionibus impediri, to be hampered
by religious scruples (c. v, 6) ; quae re-
ligio? what object of religious awe
(Verg. 151).

religiosus, -a, -um, adj., holy,
venerable.

relinquo, -ere, -liqui, -lictum, v.
tr., leave, abandon, leave behind ; relin-
quebatur ut, the only course left was
that (c. v, 19).

reliquus, -a, -um, adj., remaining;
nihil reliqui est, there is nothing left;
in reliquum tempus, for all time to
come; reliquus exercitus, the re-
mainder of the army (c. iv, 22).

reluceo, -ere, -luxi, no sup., v.
intr., flash, gleam.

remaneo, -ere, -mansi, man-
sum, v. intr., remain, await.

remeo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. intr.,
return.

remetior, -iri, -mensus sum, v.
dep., retrace.

remex, -igis, M., a rower.

remigo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. intr.
row.

remigro, -are, no pert., no sup., v.
intr., depart, return.

remissus, -a, -um, adj., relaxed ;
remissioribus frigoribus, since the
cold is less intense (c. v, 12).

VOCABULARY

319

remittd, -ere, -mlsl, -missum, v.
tr., send back.

removed, -ere, -rndvi, -mdtum,
v. tr., remove, dismiss, get rid of.

remus, -1, M., oar.

Remi, -drum, pi. M., the Remi, a
powerful people of Gaul, whose capital
was Durocortorum (now Rheims)

renovd, are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
renew.

renuntid, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
bring back word, report.

reor, rerl, ratus sum, v. dep.,
think.

repelld, -ere, -pull, -pulsum, v.
tr., drive back, repulse.

rependd, -ere, -di, -sum, v. tr.,
pay back.

repente, adv., suddenly.

repentind, adv., suddenly, unex-
pectedly.

repentinus, -a, -urn, adj., sudden,
unexpected, hasty.

reperid, -ire, repperi, repertum,
v. tr., discover, fihd^ascertain.

repetd, -ere, -ivi ortl,^itum, v. tr.,
reseek, seek anew.

repled, -ere, -plevi, -pletum, v.
tr., fill. ,

reportd, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
carry back.

reposed, -ere, noperf., no sup., v. tr.,
claim in return, exact.

reprimd, -ere, -pressi, -pressum,
v. tr., check.

requiescd, -ere, -quievi, -quie-
tum, v. intr., rest.

requird, -ere, -quisivi.-quisituin,
v. tr., seek to know, ask.

res, rei, F., matter, affair, (the mean-
ing will depend on the con text); resmili-
taris, military science ; res novae, a
.change in government, a revolution ;
res publica, the state, commonwealth,
politics ; res divina, a sacred rite ; res
frumentaria, supply of corn ; his
rebus, on these terms (c. iv, 28).

resided, -ere, -sedi, no sup., v.
intr., sit down, stay behind.

resistd, -ere, -stiti, no sup., v. intr.,
resist, oppose.withstand (with dative).

resolvd, -ere, -vi, solutum, v. tr.,
unloose.

respicid, spicere, -spexi, -spec-
turn, v. tr., look back for or at.

responded, -ere, -spondi, -spon-
SUm, v. tr., reply, answer,
responsum, -i, N., answer, rely.

respublica, reipublicae, (for de-
clension, H. L., 102, 5), state, common-
wealth.

restat, restare, no perf., no sup.,
impers., it remains (Verg. 142).

restingud, -ere, -nxi, -nctum,
v. tr.,put out.

restd, -are, -stiti, no sup., v. intr.,
remain, am left.

retined, -ere, -tinui, -tentum,
v. tr , restrain, detain, keep back.

retrahd, -ere, -traxi, -tractum
v. tr., draw back, save, preserve.

revertd, -ere, -verti, -versum,
v. tr., turn back, return.

revertor, reverti, reverti, re-
Versum, v. intr., return.

revincid, -ire, -vinxi, -vinctum,
v. tr. , bind back.

revise, -ere, -visi, visum, v. tr.,
revisit.

revocd, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
call back, recall.

revolvo, -ere, -volvi, -volutum,
v. tr. , roll back.

rex, regis, M., king.

Rhenus, -i, M., the Rhine.

Rhipeus, -i, M., Rhipeus, a comrade
of Aeneas.

ripa, -ae, F., a bank.

rivus, -i, M., brook.

rdbur, -oris, N., oak.

rogo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., ask.

Romanus, -a, -um, adj., Roman.

Romani, -drum, M., pi., Romans.

roseus, -a, -um, adj., rosy.

rota, -ae, F., wheel.

Rufus, -1, M.,PubliusSulpiciusRufus,
one of Caesar's lieutenants (c. iv, 22).

ruina, -ae, F., downfall.

rumpd, -ere, rupi, ruptum, v. tr.,
break.

rud, ruere, rui, rutum, v. intr.,
rush, fall.

rup§s, -is, F., rock, cliff.

rursum, adv., back again, anew,
rursus : see rursum.

S

Sabinus, -i, M., Sabinus; Quintus
Titurius Sabinus, one of Caesar's lieu-
tenants in Gaul. He was slain by the
treachery of Ambiorix, 54 B.C.

sacer, -era, -crum, adj., holy,
sacred ; as a noun, sacra, -drum,
sacred rites (Verg. 132).

320

VOCABULARY

Sacerd6s, -otis, M. or F., priest or
priestess.

sacramentum, -I, N., the military
oath taken by a Roman soldier. The
chief obligations were obedience to the
commander, loyalty to the country, etc.

sacratus, -a, -um, perf. part, pass.,
used as an adj.. hallowed (Verg. 157, 165,
245).

sacro, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
make holy, hallow.

saepe, adv., often ; minime saepe,
very seldom; comp., saepius ; sup.,
saepissime.

saevld, -ire, -ivi, -Itum, v. intr., be
cruel, rage, be furious.

saevus, -a, -um, adj., cruel, fierce.

sagitta, -ae, F., arrow.

salsus, -a, -um, adj., salt.

saltus, -us, M., leap (salio\

salum, -I, N., surf (of the sea).

salus, -utiS, F., safety, health.

sanctus, -a, -um, adj., sacred,
solemn.

sanguineus, -a, -um, adj., bloody.

sanguis, -inis, M., blood.

sanies, ei, F., gore.

sanus, -a, -um, adj., sound, healthy ;
pro sano facere, to act as a sane man
(c. v, 7).

sarmentum, -1, N., twig.

sat = satis (Verg. 103, 291).

sata, -orum, N. pi., perf. part. pass,
of sero ; crqps.

satelles, -itis, M. or F., attendant,
guard.

satio, -are, -avi, atum, satisfy.

satis, adv., enough ; used as an indecl.
neut. noun. ; satis militum, enough
of soldiers (c. v, 2) ; or as adv. limiting
an adj. : satis magnus, very large
(c. v, 21).

satisfacio, -facere, -feel, -fac-
tum, v. intr. with dative, satisfy ; in
pass., satisflo.

saucius, -a, -um, adj., wounded,

Saxum, -i, N., a rock, stone.

Scaeus, -a, -um, adj., Scaean; us<jd
in the phrase Scaeae portae, the famous
Scaean or Western Gates of Troy.

scala, -ae, F. , ladder.

scando, ere, scandi, scansum,
v. tr., climb, mount (Verg. 237).

scapha, -ae, F., boat, skiff,
sceleratus, -a, -um, adj., wicked.
SCelus, -eriS, N. . wickedness, sin.

scilicet, adv., doubtless, forsooth
(scire licet).

scindo, ere, scidi, scissum, v. tr.
cut, tear, destroy.

scio, scire, scivi, scitum, v. tr.,
know.

scitor, -ari, -atus sum, v. dep.,
seek to know, ask.

scribo, ere, scrips!, scriptum,
v. tr., write.

Scyrius, -a, -um, adj., of or belong-
ing to Scyros, an island east of Euboea.

SCUtum, -I, N., a shield (of oblong
shape, while the clipeus was round),
se : see sui,

secerno, -ere, -crevi, cretum,
v. tr., separate.

seco, -are, -ui, -turn, v. tr., cut.
secretus, -a, -um, adj., separate,
secret, private.

secum, with him, with themselves.

secundus, -a, -um, adj., following,
second, favorable.

securis, -is, F., axe (ace. securimt
Verg. 224).

secius, adj. (comp of secus);
nihilo secius, less by nothing, never-
theless; baud sec as ac=just as
(Verg. 382).

secus, adv., otherwise, differently,
sed, conj., but, yet; sed enim, but
indeed (Verg. 164).

sedeo, -ere, sedi, sessum, v.
intr., sit.

Sedes, -is, F., seat, abode (Verg. 282,
437).

seges, -etis, F., crop, harvest.

segnities, -ei, F., slowness.

Segontiaci, -prum, M., pi., the
Segontiaci, a British tribe belonging to
Hampshire.

Segovax, -acis, M., Segovax, one of
the petty princes of Kent (c. v, 22).

semita, -ae, F., a path.

semper, adv., always.

senatus, -us, M., senate.

senectus, -utis, F., old age.

senex, senis, M., an old man.

senior, -oris (comp. of senex,
older.

sententia, -ae, F., opinion, decision.

sentio, sentire, sensi, sensum,
v. tr., think, know, observe.

sentis, -is, M., thorn, briar.

sepelio, -ire, -ivi, sepultum, bury.

VOCABULARY

321

sepes, -is, F., hedge.

septem, card. num. adj., seven.

septentriones, -um, the Seven
Stars, the constellation of the Great Bear
(Ursa Major) ; hence, the North.

septimus, -a, -um, ord. num. adj.,
seventh.

septingenti, -ae, -a, card. num.
adj., seven hundred.

sepulchrum, -i, N., tomb(sepelio).

sequor, sequi, secutus sum,
v. tr. dep. follow, pursue ; aestus
commutationem secutus.following
the turn of the tide (c. v, 8) ; Caesaris
fidem sequi, to be loyal to Caesar
(c. v, 20).

serenus, -a, -um, adj., clear, bright.

sermo, -6nis, M., talk, language,
speech, discourse ; sermo Latinus,
the Latin language.

sero, -ere, sevi, satum, v. tr.,
sow, plant.

sero, adv., late, too late.

serpens, -ntis, F., snake, serpent.

serpo, -ere, serpsi, serptum,
v. intr., creep.

serus, -a, -um, adj., late.

servio, -Ire, -ivi, -itum (with dat.),
be a servant, serve.

servans, -tis, adj. (with gen.),
observant of ; servantissimus aequi,
most observant of right (Verg. 427).

servo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
keep, save, preserve; servare ordines
to keep the ranks (c. iv, 26).

servus, -i, M. , slave.

sese, reduplicated form of se (see
sui).

sevpco, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
call aside.

seu : see sive.

sexaginta, card. num. adj., sixty.

sexcenti, -ae, -a, card. num. adj.,
six hundred.

Si, conj., if, whether.

Sibilus, -a -um, adj., hissing (Verg.
201).

Sic, adv., thus, in this manner.
Siccitas, -atis, F., dryness, drought.
SiCCUS, -a, -um, adj.., dry, thirsty
(Verg. 357).

Sidus, -eris, N., star, constellation.
Sigeus, -a, -um, adj., of or belonging
to Sigeum, a promontory of the Troad.

signified, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
show, mean.

signo, -are, -avi, -atum, v.tr.,mark.

Signum, -1, N., sign, signal.

silentium, -i, N., silence.

sileo, -ere, -ui, no sup., v. intr., be
silent.

silva, -ae, F., wood, forest.

silvestris, -e, adj., wooded.

Similis, -e, adj., like, similar (with
dat. (H. L. 93, 3) ; comp. similior ; sup.,
simillimus.

simul, adv., at the same time; simul
atque (ac), as soon as.

simulacrum, -i, N., image.

simulo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
pretend (pretend that a thing is what it
is not ; dissimulo, pretend that a thing
is not what it is).

Sin, conj., but if.

Sine, prep, (with abl.), without.

singillatim, adv., one by one, singly.

Singularis, -e, adj., extraordinary,
single ; aliquos singulares, some
scattered soldiers (c. iv, 26) ; singulari
Studio, with especial zeal (c. v, 2).

singuli, -ae, -a, num. distrib. adj.,
one by one, one each, one apiece ; in
singulos annos, from year to year,
i.e., yearly (c. v, 22).

sinister, -tra, -trum, adj., left ;
sub sinistra relictus, behind him on
the left (c. v, 8).

sinistra, -ae, F. (sc. manus), left
hand.

sino, -ere, sivi, situm, v. tr., let
be, permit, allow.

Sinon, -onis, M., Sinon, a Greek
who induced the Trojans to admit the
wooden horse into their city.

sinuo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
bend, writhe (Verg. 208).

Sinus, -US, M., bay, gulf.

sisto, sistere, stiti, statum, v.
intr., place.

sive (seu), conj., or if ; sive. . .sive
or seu, whether... or.

socer, -eri, M., father-in-law.

socius, -i, M., companion, ally,
associate.

SOCius, -a, -um, adj., confederate ;
socia agmina, confederate bands
(Verg. 371).

sol, solis, M., sun ; sole oriente,
solis ortu, at sunrise ; sole OCCi-
dente, solis occasu, at sunset ; ad
solis occasum, to the West (c. v, 8).

soleo, solere, solitus sum, v. intr.,
semi-dep., to be accustomed, be wont.

322

VOCABULARY

solidus, -a, -urn, adj., solid, whole.

sollemnis, -e, adj., annual ; arae
solleAines, customary altars (Verg.
202)_ \

sollicjitp, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
stir up, incite.

SOlum, -l, N., ground.

solum, adv., alone, only, merely.

-a, -um, adj., atone, only,
sngra. f V *\

', -ere, solvi, solut\m, v. tr.,
unbind ; solvere navem, or
naves, to set sail ; naves solverunt,
sc. fanes, the ships set sail (c. iv, 28) ;
solvit se Teucria luctu, the Trojan
land releases itself from sorrow (Verg. 26).

somnus, -i,15T., sleep ; in somnis =
in SOmniis, in my dreams (Verg. 270).

sonitus, -us, M., a sound.

sono, -are -ui, -itum, v. intr.,
sound.

BOror, -oris, F., a sister.

sors, sortis, F., lot, fate.

sopor, -oris, M., sleep.

sortior, -iri, sortltus sum, v. dep.,
draw lots, draw by lot.

sparg-6, -ere, -si -sum, v. tr.,
scatter.

Sparta, -ae ; N. f. : the chief city of
Laconia in the Peloponnesus, and home
of Menelaus and Helen ; Sparta, some-
times called Lacedaemon.

spatium, -I, N., space, time.

species, -el, F. (gen. and dat. pi. not
found), appearance, form ; sight (Verg.
407).

specto, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
look, observe ; ad orientem solem
spectat, it faces the East (c. v, 13).

speculator, -oris, M., scout, spy.

speculatqrius, -a, -um, adj.,
scouting, spying; navigia specula-
toria, despatch boats, rowed with a
single bank of oars, generally ten in
number on each side, and employed for
reconnoitring purposes.

speculor, -ari, -atus sum, v. tr.,
watch.

spero, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.
and intr., hope, expect.

spes, -spei (gen. and dat. pi., rare),
F., hope; in spem venire, to have
hopes, to entertain hopes.

spira, -ae, F.,coil.
spissus, -a, -um, adj., thick,
spolio, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
rob, plunder.

spolium, -i, N., spoil, booty,
sponsa, -ae, F., betrothed,
spumeus, -a,-um, adj., forming.

spumo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. intr.,
foam.

squalens, -ntis, adj., rough.
squaleo, -ere, -ui, no sup., v. intr.,
be rough.

squameus, -a, -um, adj., scaly.
Stabilities, -atis, F., firmness, steadi-
ness (c. iv, 33).

Stabulum, -i, N., stall, stable,
statim, adv., instantly, at once,
immediately.

static, -onis, F., outpost, picket,
guard; in statione esse, to be on
guard (c. iv, 32)= in stationibus esse
(c. v, 15) ; in stationem succedere,
to take their place on guard (c. iv, 32) ;
anchorage (Verg. 23).

statuo, -ere, -ui, -utum, v. tr.,
decide, resolve (c. v, 7, 11): build (Verg.
150, 184, 295).

statura, -ae, F., height, size.
Stella, -ae, F., star.

sterno, -ere, stravi, stratum,
v. tr., lay low.

Sthenelus, -i, M., Sthenelus, a leader
of the Greeks.

stipendium, -i, N., pay, tax, tribute.

sto, stare, steti, statum, v. intr.,
stand, stand firm (Verg. 52); Palladis
auxiliis semper stetit, ever rested
on the aid of Pallas (Verg. 163).

strepitus, -us,, M., noise, din.

strictus, -a, -um, perf. part. pass,
from stringO, drawn.

stride, -ere, stridi, no sup., creak.

string-6, -ere, strinxi, strictum,
v. tr., draw, unsheath.

struo, struere, struxi, struct-
um, v. tr., build.

studeo, -ere, -ui, no sup., v. intr.
(with dat.), be eager about, aim at ;
novis rebus studere, to aim at a
change in the government.

Studiose, adv., eagerly, zealously.

Studium, -i, N., zeal, devotion ; sum-
mo Studio, with the greatest zeal,
(c. v, 8).

Stulte, adv., foolishly.

Stultitia, -ae, F., foolishness.

Stultus, -a, -um, adj., foolish.

stupeo, -ere, stupui, no sup., be
amazed.

Stuppeus, -a, -um, adj., hempen.

VOCABULARY

323

suadeo, suadere, suasi, sua-
sum, v. intr., recommend, advise (with
dat.

sub, prep, (with ace. and abl.), be-
neath, under, near, just before, at the
foot of ; sub sinistra, on the left (c. v,
8); sub bruma, at the time of the
winter solstice (c. v, 13).

subduco, -ducere, -duxi, -due-
turn, v. tr., draw up on shore ; navem
subducere, to beach a ship (c. v, 11).

subductio, -orris, F., drawing up
on shore, beaching a vessel.

subeo, -ire, -ii (ivi), -itum, v. tr.,
come up, approach ; auxilio subeun-
tem, coming up to aid (Verg. 216) ; ilia
SUbit, it approaches (Verg. 240) ; ast
alii subeunt, but others come up
(Verg. 467).

subjicio, -jicere, -jecl, -jectum,
v. tr., place near, expose ; hiemi navi-
gationem subjicere, to expose his
vo}rage to the winter, i.e., to run the risk
of sailing in winter (c. iv, 36).

SUbjectUS, -a, -um (perf. part. pass,
of subjicio), adj., adjacent, near; in-
sulae subjectae, islands lying near
(c. v, 13); subjectis flammis, with
flames placed beneath (Verg. 37).

subito, adv., suddenly, quickly.

subitus, -a, -um, adj., sudden,
unexpected.

sublabor, -labi, lapsus sum, v.
dep., slip down, sink.

sub-ministro, -are, -avi, -atum,
v. tr., supply (c. iv, 50).

submitto, -ere, -misi, -missum,
v. tr., send secretly.

submoveo, -ere, -movi, -motum,
tr. v., dislodge, draw off.

suboles, -is, F., posterity, race.

subsequor, -sequi, -secutus
sum, v. tr., dep., follow closely, follow.

subsidium, -i, N., auxiliary troops
reserve, aid ; ad omnes casus sub-
sidia componere, to make provision
for all emergencies (c. iv, 31).

subsisto, -ere, -stiti, no sup., v.
intr., halt, make a stand; neque
ancorae funesque subsistunt,
neither the anchors nor the cables hold
out (c. v, 10) ; substitit, it halted (Verg.
243).

subsum, -esse, -fui, v. intr., be
near; aequinoctium subest, the
equinox is at hand (c. v, 23).

succedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum,
v. intr., approach, take the place of; ad
stationem succedere, to take their
place on guard (c. iv, 32).

successus, -us, M., success.

succido, -ere, -cidi, -cisum, v. tr.,
cut down.

succTsus, -a, -um, perf. part. pass,
of succido, cut down.

succurro, -ere, -curri, -cursum,
v. intr. (with dat., H. L. 229, 4), help,
aid ; succurritis urbi incensae, you
are aiding a city in flames (Verg. 352) ;
succurrit (Verg. 316) = succujrit
menti=occurrit menti, the thought
comes to my mind.

sudes, -is, F., stake ; acutis sudi-
bus praeflxis, with sharp stakes fixed
in front (of the bank) (c. v, 18).

sudo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. intr.,
sweat.

sudor, -oris, M., sweat.

suffectus, -a, um, perf. part. pass,
of sufficio, suffused (Verg. 210).

suffero, -ferre, sustuli, subla-
tum, v. tr., bear, endure.

sufflcio, -flcere, -feci, -fectum,
v. tr. , to tinge.

sui, reflex, pro., of himself, herself,
itself.

sulcus, -i, M., furrow.

sulfur, -uris, N., brimstone, sulphur.

Sulpicius, -i, M., Sulpicius : a Roman
nomen (see cognomen) ; Publius Sul-
picius Rufus, a lieutenant of Caesar in
Gaul (c. iv, 22).

sum, esse, fui, v. intr., be.

summa, -ae, F., total, whole; gen-
eral administration, control ; summa
imperii bellique administrandi
permissa, the supreme command in con-
ducting the war being entrusted (c. v, 11).

summoveo : see submoveo.

summus, -a, -um, adj., highest,
greatest, very great, chief (superl. of
superus); summus mons, the top
of the mountain ; summa res, a most
important matter; summis COpiis,
with their entire forces (c. v, 17); summa
ab arce, from the top of the citadel
(Verg. 41) i ; summa dies, the last day ;
summa = suprema (Verg. 324).

sumo, sumere, sumpsi, sump-
turn, v. tr., take, assume; poenas
SUmere, to exact a penalty (Verg. 103).

super, prep, (with ace. and abl.,
above ; et super, and further (Verg.
71); super his (dictis), moreover
with these (words), (Verg. 348).

superbus, -a, -um, adj., proud,
haughty.

superior, -us, (comp. of superus),
higher, previous; nocte superiore,

324

VOCABULARY

on the previous night (c. v, 10) ;
superiors aestate, in the preceding
summer (c. iv, 21 ; v. 8), superius
tempus, former time (c. iv, 22 ; v. 11)*
superiors anno, in the previous year
(c. iv, 38) ; in loca superiora, up the
country, c. v, 8) ; locus superior, a
height (c. v, 9).

supero, -are, -avl, -atum, v. tr.,
conquer, defeat; superare undas,
rise above the waves (Verg. 207) ; mount
(Verg. 302).

supersum, -esse. -fui, v. intr.,
remain, survive; neque multum
aestatis superest, and not much of
the summer is left (c. v, 22).

superus, -a, -um, adj., high (comp.,
superior ; sup., supremus, or sum-
mus); superi, -orum, those above,
the gods (Verg. 141).

supplex, -icis, adj., suppliant.

SUpplicatio, 6nis, F., thanksgiving.

supra, prep, (with ace.) and adv.,
above, over.

surgo, -ere, surrexi, surrectum,
v. intr., rise.

suscito, -are, -avl, -atum, v. tr.,
stir up.

SUSpectus, -a, -um, perf. part. pass,
of suspicio, suspected.

suspensus, -a, -um, adj., in doubt.

suspicio, -onis, F., suspicion ; in
suspicionem venire, to be suspected ;
neque ulla belli suspicione inter -
posita, and no suspicion of war having
arisen (c. iv, 32).

suspicio, -ere, suspexi, suspec-
tum, v. tr., suspect.

suspicor, -ari, -atus sum, v. tr.
dep., suspect, distrust.

sustineo, -ere, -tinui, -tentum,
v. tr., withstand (c. iv, 37); check, rein
in (c. iv, 33) ; hold one's ground (c. iv,
32).

SUUS, -a, -um, reflexive, adj. pro.,
his, her, its, their.

T. = Titus, a Roman praenomen :
see cognomen.

tabulatum, -i, N., storey, floor.

taceo, -ere -ui, -itum, v. tr. and
intr., be silent ; pass over in silence.

tacitus, -a, -um, adj., silent.

tactus, -us, M., touching, touch.

talea, -ae, F., bar; taleae ferreae,
iron bars (c. v, 12).

talis, -e, adj., such.

tam, adv., so (before adverbs and ad-
jectives); tarn . ^ . quam . . , as much ... as.

tamdiu, adv., so long.

tamen, adv., yet, still, for all that,
however, nevertheless.

Tamesis, -is (ace. Tamesim), M.,
the Thames.

tandem, adv., at length, finally ; in
questions, pray? now? as quis tan-
dem? who, pray?

tango, tangere, tetigi, tactum,
v. tr., touch, border on.

tanto, adv. of comparison, by so much ;
with comparatives, tanto brevior, so
much the shorter.

tantulus, -a, -um, adj., so very
small, so slight, so trifling ; has tan-
tularum rerum occupationes,
this business consisting of such trifles
(c. iv, 22).

tantum, adv., only, so much, so far,
merely.

tantus, -a, -um, adj., so great, so
large, such ; tanto spatio.so far (c. iv,
35).

tarde, adv., slowly.

tardus, -a, -um, adj., slow.

taurus, -I, M., bull.

Taximagulus, -i, M., Taximagulus,
one of the petty kings of Kent (c. v, 22).

tectum, -i, N., house.

tectus, -a, -um, perf. part. pass, of
tego, shut up ; tectus, shutting him-
self up in his tent (Verg. 126).

tego, tegere, texi, tectum, v. tr.,
cover; si qua tegunt, if anything
they conceal (Verg. 159); protect, nee
Apollinis infula texit, nor did the
fillet of Apollo protect thee (Verg. 430).

tellus, -uris, F., land.

telum, -I, N., weapon, dart.

temere, adv., at random, without a
purpose (c. iv, 20).

temo, -onis, M., pole (of a chariot).

temperantia, -ae, F., self-control,
moderation.

temperatus, -a, -um, adj., temper-
ate, mild ; loca sunt temperatiora,
the climate is milder (c. v, 12).

tempero, -are, -avl, atum, v. tr.
and intr., with ace., rule, manage; with
dat., restrain.

tempestas, -atis, F., weather;
idonea ad navigandum tempes-
tas, weather suitable for sailing (c. iv,
23 ;) so, iv, 36 ; v, 7 ; storm (c. iv, 28, 29,
34 ;) rejici tempestate, to be driven
back by a storm (c. v, 5).

VOCABULARY

325

templum, -i, N., temple.

tempto (or tento), -are, -avi,
-atum, v. tr., try. attempt (Verg. 176,
334).

tempus, -oris, N., time, season,
occasion ; in reliquum tempus, for
the future ; omni tempore, always ;
tempus ducere, to protract the time ;
tempore dato, at an appointed time ;
ad tempus, at a moment's notice (c.
iv, 23); pro tempore et pro re,
suited to the time and conditions (c. vi,
8) ; temples (of the head) ; circum
tempora, around my temples (Verg.133).

tenebrae, -arum, F. pi., darkness.

tendo, -ere, tetendi, tentum (or
tensum), v. tr., stretch; tendens
lumina, raising her eyes (Verg. 405);
tendit divellere, he strives to undo
(Verg. 220); ad litora tendunt,

make for the shore (Verg. 205).

Tenedos, -i, F., Tenedos, an island
near Troy.

tened, -ere, -ui, -turn, v. tr., hold,
possess ; navem tenere in ancoris,
to keep a ship at anchor ; cursum
tenere, to hold on its course (c. iv, 26 ;
iv, 28); vento teneri, to be kept
back by the wind (c. iv, 22) ; teneor
patriae nee legibus ullis, nor am I
bound by any laws of my native land
(Verg. 159).

tener, -era, -erum, adj., tender,
tenuis, -e, adj., thin, weak,
tenus, prep., with abl. (placed after
the noun), as far as.
ter, num. adv., thrice,
terebro, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
bore through.

tergum, -i, N., back ; a tergo, in the
rear ; post tergum, behind the back ;
terga vertere, to flee (c. iv, 35 ; 37).

terni, -ae, -a, distrib. num. adj.,
three esx:h, three apiece,
terra, -ae, F., land, earth, country.
terreo, -ere, -ui, -itum, v. tr.,
frighten, terrify, alann.

terrestris, -e, adj., of or belonging
to land ; exercitus terrestris, land
army, opposed to exercitus navalis,
sea forces.

territo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
terrify, frighten.

terror, -oris, M., fear, dread: ipso
terrore, by the sheer terror (c. iv, 38).

tester, -ari, -atus sum, v. tr. dep. ,
call to witness.

testudo, inis, F., a tortoise, a cover-
ing formed by the shields of the soldiers
held above their heads so as to ward off

the weapons hurled by the enemy; so
called from the fancied resemblance to a
tortoise shell. The term was also applied
to the different kinds of sheds under
which the soldiers worked when attack-
ing a town.

Teucer, -cri, M., Teucer, king of
Troy, ancestor of Priam.
Teucri, -orum, M. pi., Trojans.
Teucria, -ae, F., land of Teucer, i.e.,
Troy.

texd, -ere, -ul, textum, v. tr.,
weave.

thalamus, -1, M., bedchamber.
Thessandrus, -i, M., Thessandrus,
one of the Greek heroes in the wooden
horse.

Thoas, -antis, M., Thoas, one of
the Greeks in the wooden horse.

Thybris (Tybris), -is or idis ; M.,
old name for the Tiber, a river in Italy
on which Rome is situated.

Thymoetes, -ae, M., Thymoetes, a
Trojan who was the first to counsel that
the wooden horse be brought within the
city.

timed, -ere, -ui, no sup., v. tr. and
intr., fear, be afraid,
timor, -oris, M., fear, dread.
Titurius, -1, M., Titurius; see
Sabinus.

Titus, -1, M., Titus; see Labienus.
tolero, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
bear, support.

tollo, -ere, sustuli, sublatum,
v. tr., lift, raise, carry away, destroy ;
ancoram tollere, to weigh anchor
(c. iv, 23).

tormentum, -i, N., military engine
for throwing missiles against the enemy,
torrens, -ntis, M., torrent,
torus, -i, M., couch,
tot, indecl. adj., so many; tot. . . QUOt,
as many as.

totiens, adv., so many times,
totus, -a, -um, adj., whole, all.
trabs, trabis, F., beam, timber,
trado, -ere, -didi, -ditum, v. tr.,
hand over, give over, deliver, surrender ;
hand down to posterity ; traditur, it is
said ; traditum est, the tradition is.

traduco, -ere, -duxi, -ductum,
v. tr. , lead across, or over.

traho, -ere, traxi, tractum, v.
tr., draw, drag; vitam trahere, to
drag out one's life (Verg. 92, 403).

trajicio, -jicere, -jeci, -jectum,
v. tr., throw across, lead across, pierce.

326

VOCABULARY

trajectus, -US, M., passage, distance,
across.

tranquilitas, -atis, F., calm
weather; summa tranquillitas, a
dead calm (c. v, 23).

tranquillus, -a, -urn, adj., calm.

trans, prep, (with ace.), across, over,
on the other side, beyond.

transeo, -ire, il (Jvi), -itum, v. tr.,
cross over, cross.

transfer©, -ferre, -tuli, -latum,
v. tr., bear or carry across ; summam
imperil transferee, to transfer the
supreme power.

transgredior, -gredi, -gressus
sum, v. tr., pass over, cross.

transig-6, -ere, -egi,-actum, v. tr.,
pass through ; tempus transigere,
to pass the time.

transitus, -us, M., a going or cross-
ing over, passing, crossing.

transjectus, -US, M., passage, dis-
tance across (c. v, 2).

transmissus, -us, M., passage (c.
v, 13).

transport©, -are, -avi, -atum,
v. tr., carry over, transport.

Transrhenani, -drum, pi. M.,
those living across the Rhine (c. v, 2).

Trebonius, -l, M., Trebonius ; Caius
Trebonius, one of Caesar's lieutenants in
Gaul.

trecenti, -ae, -a, card. num. adj.,
three hundred.

tremefactus, -a, -urn, adj., dis-
mayed.

tremens, -tis, adj., trembling.

tremendus, -a, -um, adj., terrible.

tremo, -ere, -ui, no sup., v. intr.,
tremble, quiver.

tremor, -oris, M., trembling, fear.

trepido, -are, -avi, -atum,v. intr.,
tremble much ; hasten.

trepidus, -a, -um, adj., alarmed.

tres, tria, card. num. adj., three.

Treviri, -orum.pl., M., the Treviri,
a people of Gallica Belgica, who dwelt
between the Meuse and the Rhine ; their
capital was Augusta Trevirorum, now
Treves.

tribunus, -i, M., a commander of a
tribe ; hence, one of military officers, six in
number, attached to each legion.

tribuo, -ere, -i, tributum, v. tr.,
give, show.

tributum, i, N., tribute, tax.

tridens, -tis, M., trident.

trlduum, -T, N., space of three days ;
tridui via, a three days' march.

triginta, card. num. adj., thirty.

Trmobantes, -um, pi., M., the
Triiiobantes, a people of Britain who
occupied Essex and part of Suffolk.

tripertito, adv., in three divisions.

triplex, -plicis, adj., threefold, triple.

triquetrus, -a, -um, adj., three-
cornered, triangular.

tris, num. adv., thrice.

tristis, -e, adj., sad, sorrowful, de-
jected.

trisulcus, -a, -um, adj., three-
forked.

tristitia, -ae, F., sadness.

Tritonia, -ae, F. , Tritonia or Minerva.

Tritonis, -idis, adj., Tritonian, an
epithet of Minerva, who was also called
Tritonia.

triumphus, -i, M., triumph.

Trees, -um, pi., The Trojans.

Trqja, -ae, F., Troy.

Trojanus, -a, -um, adj., Trojan.

tropaeum, -i, N., trophy, i.e., a
memorial or monument of victory ; hence
victory.

Tros, Trois, M., Tros, a king of
Troy.

trucido, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
butcher, slaughter.

truncus, -i, M., trunk, body without
limbs.

tu, tui, pi. vos, thou, you.

tuba, -ae, F., trumpet (with a straight
tube).

tueor, tueri, tuitussum.v. dep.,
preserve, defend, protect.

turn, adv., then.

tumens, -tis, adj., swelling.

tumeo, -ere, -ui, no sup., swell.

tumidus, -a, -um, adj., swelling.

tumultus, -US, M., disturbance, dis-
order.

tumulus, -i, M. mound.

tune, adv., then, at that time.

turba, -ae, F., crowd, throng.

turbatus, -a, -um, adj., alarmed.

turbo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
disturb.

turbo, -inis, M., whirlwind.

turma, -ae, F., a troop of 30 cavalry;
the cavalry (ala) of the legion was
divided into 10 turmae.

VOCABULARY

327

turpis, -e, adj., base, disgraceful.

turris, -is, F., tower.

tute, adv., in safety, safely.

tutor, -ari, -atus sum, v. dep.,
protect.

tutus, -a, -urn, adj., safe, secure.^ ^

tuus, -a, -um, pro. adj., thy(, your.

Tydides, -ae, M., son of Tj/W^an
epithet of Diomede, one of the Greek
warriors at the siege of Troy.

Tyndaris, -idis, F., daughter of
Tyndarus, an epithet of Helen, wife of
Menelaus : (see Helena).

U

ubi, adv., where, when; ubi prim-
um, as soon as.

ubique, adv., everywhere.

Ucalegon, -ontis, M., Ucalegon, a
Trojan (Verg. 312).

ulciscor, ulcisci, ultus sum, v.
tr. dep., avenge, punish.

Ulixes, -is or -i, M., Ulysses, king of
Ithaca, noted among the Greeks for his
cleverness in strategy. His wanderings
on his return home after the fall of Troy
form the subject of Homer's Odyssey,
upon which much of the Aeneid is
modelled. He is always referred to by
Vergil as a type of Greek cunning.

Ullus, -a, -um, adj., any.

ulterior, -ius, comp. adj., further,
beyond, more remote ; sup., ultimus.

ultimus, -a, -um, adj., farthest,
most distant.

ultor, -oris, M., an avenger.

ultra, adv., and prep, (with ace.), be-
yond, on the other side ; ultra fldem,
beyond belief.

ultro, adv., of one's own accord;
without provocation ; bellum ultro
inferre, to make war without provoca-
tion (c. iv, 13) ; voluntarily (Verg. 59).

ultus,-a,-um,perf.part.of ulciscor,
having avenged.

ululo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. intr.,
howl.

umbo, onis, M., boss (of a shield).

umbra, -ae, F., shade.

umerus, -i, M., shoulder, arm.

umidus, -a, -urn, adj., moist, dewy.

una, adv., along with ; usually with
cum ; una cum his legatis, along
with these envoys (o. iv, 26) ; una cum
ceteris, along with the others (c.
v, 6).

unda, -ae, F., wave.

unde, adv., from which place, whence.

undique, adv., from all sides, on all
sides, everywhere.

undo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. intr.,
rise in waves, swell.

universus, -a, -um, adj., whole, all
(in a body).

unquam, adv., ever, at any time ;
non unquam = nunquam (Verg.
247).

unus, -a, -um, card, num. adj., one,
alone ; uno tempore, at one and the
same time ; omnes ad unum, all to a
man ; hoc unurn, only this (c. iv, 26) ;
justissimus unus, above all others
the most just (Verg. 426).

urbis, F., city.

urg-eo, -ere, ursi, no sup., v. tr.,
ss hard.

uro, -ere, ussi, ustum, v. tr., burn.

usquam, adv., anywhere.

usque, adv., right on, ever.

USUS, -US, M., use, experience, prac-
tice, advantage; ratio atque usus
belli, theory and practice of war, i.e,
the systematic practice of war ; magno
usui sibi esse, to be of great advan-
tage to him (c. iv, 20) ; USUS belli, skill
in war (c. iv, 20) ; ex USU, of advantage
(c. v, 6) ; pervius USUS, a connecting
passage (Verg. 453).

ut (or uti), conj., that, in order that
(Final ; H. L. 197, 2) ; that, so that (Con-
secutive ; H. L. 203, 1) ; that (in Sub-
stantive clauses ; H. L. 240, 2) ; that not
(with verbs of fearing; H. L., 243, 2);
when (H. L., 259, 4).

uter, utra, utrum, interrog. pro.,
which of two ?

uterque, utraque, utrumque,
adj. pro., each (of two), both : ex utra-
que parte, on both sides ; in utrum-
que paratus, ready for either result
(Verg. 61).

uterus, -i, M., belly, womb.

Utinam, adv., O that (H. L., 193, 3).

utor, uti, usus sum, v. intr. dep.
(with abl., H. L., 136, 8), use, employ,
enjoy ; alacritate uti, to show dash
(c. iv., 24).

utrimque, adv., from or on both
sides.

utrique, pi. of uterque.

utrum, conj., whether; utrum...
an, whether. . .or ; often not translated
in direct questions.

uxor, -oris, F., wife.

328

VOCABULARY

vacuus, -a, -urn, adj., empty.

vado, -ere, no pf., no sup., v. intr.',
go, advance.

vadum, -i, N., ford.

vagor, -ari, -atus sum, v. intr.,
dep., wander; ea fama vagatur;
that report spreads (Verg. 19).

valens, -tis (pres. part, of valeo
used as an) adj., powerful.

valeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, v. intr., be
powerful, strong ; have power or in-
fluence; longe plurimum valet,
is by far the most powerful (c. v, 3);
quam plurimum valere, to be as
powerful as possible (c. v, 4) ; avail (Verg.
492).

validus, -a, -um, adj., strong.

vallis, -is, F., valley.

vallum, -1, N., rampart, breastwork
of a camp.

vanus, -a, -um, adj., empty, vain,
varius, -a, -um, adj., different,
changing.

vasto, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., lay
waste, devastate.

vastus, -a, -um, adj., vast,
vates, -is, M. or F., a soothsayer,
prophet.

-V6, enclitic conjunction, or ; giving a
choice between two or more things.

vectTgal, -alis, N., tax, toll, revenue.
' vectorius, -a, -um, adj., adapted
for carrying ; navigium vectorium,
a transport ship.

vehiculum, -i, N., a carriage.

veho, vehere, vexi, vectum, v.
tr., bear, carry, convey.

vel, conj., or; vel... vel, either...
or; with sup., even, indeed; vel opti-
mus, the very best.

vello, -ere, velli, vulsum, v. tr.,
pluck.

velo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
cover, veil.

velum, -i, N., sail ; dare vela
ventis, to set sail.

velut, adv., just as ; velut si iust
as if.

vendo, -ere, -didi, -ditum, v. cr.,
sell, offer for sale ; pass., veneo (which
see).

venenum, -i, N., poison.

veneo, -ire, if (ivi), -itum, v. pass,
(see vendo), be sold.

veneror, -ari, -atus sum, v. tr.,
adore, worship.

Veneticus, -a, -um, adj., of or
belonging to the Veneti, a tribe on the
west coast of France, north of the Loire,
in the vicinity of the bay of Quiberon.
Caesar subdued them 54 B.C.

venia, -ae, F., favor, forgiveness.

venio, -venire, veni, ventum, v.
intr., come; est ventum (=vene-
runt), they came (c. iv, 28).

venter, -tris, M., belly; hunger
(Verg. 356).

Ventura, -orum, neut. pi. fut. part,
act., coming events.

ventus, i, M., wind; dare vela
ventis, to set sail.

ver, veris, N., spring; primo vere,
at the beginning of spring ; extreme
vere, at the end of spring.

verbum, -i, N., word; in pi., con-
versation.

vere, adv., truly, in truth (comp.,
verius ; sup., verissime).

vereor, -erl, -itussum, v. tr., dep.,
fear, dread ; navibus veritus, fearing
for the safety of the ships (c. v, 9).

vergo, -ere, no perf., no sup., v.
intr., incline, slope; ad septentri-
ones vergit, it has a northerly slope
(c. iv, 20).

vero, adv., in truth, in fact, truly,
certainly ; but, indeed.

versatus, perf. part, dep., versor,
skilled in (Verg. 62).

verso, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
turn of ten, change.

versor, -ari, -atus sum, v. intr.,
dwell in, be occupied with, engaged in.

vertex, -icis, M.,top, head.

verto, vertere, verti, versum,
v. tr., turn, change; terga vertere,
to turn their backs, flee (c. iv, 35).

vertor, verti, verti, versum, v.
semi-dep. , turn, change (Verg. 250).

verum, adv., see vero.

verus, -a, -um, adj., true.

vescpr, vesci, no perf. or sup., intr.
dep. (with abl.), feed, live upon.

vesper, -eris (or -eri), M., even-
ing; vespere, or vesperi, in the
evening.

Vesta, -ae, F., Vesta, the Roman god-
dess of the hearth and home.

vester, -tra, -trum, adj. pro., your,
yours.

vestibulum, -i, N., porch, entrance
(Verg. 469).

vestigium, -i, N., footstep, track.

VOCABULARY.

329

vestio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, v. tr.,
clothe, dress; pellibus vestiri, to
clothe oneself in skins (c. v, 14).

vestis, -is, F., dress.

veteranus, -a, -um, adj., old; as
a noun, veteran!, -orum, pi. M.,
veteran troops (scil. milites).

veto, -are, -ui, -itum, v. tr., forbid.

vetus, -eris, adj., old, ancient; no
comp. ; sup., veterrimus.

vetustus, -a, -um, adj., ancient, old.

vexo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
harass, plunder, waste.

via, -ae, F., way, road, journey ;
tridui via, a journey of three days.

Vlbrans, -tis, adj., quivering.

vibro, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
shake.

vicies, num. adv. , twenty times.

vicinus, -i, M., neighbor.

vicis (genitive), vicim, vice, F. (no
nom. sing.), change ; vices vitavisse
Danaum, to have avoided the onsets of
the Greeks (Verg. 433).

Victor, -oris, M., victor, conqueror;
as an adj. , victorious.

victoria, -ae, F., victory.

Victus, -a, -um, perf. part, pass., of
Vinco, conquered.

video, videre, vidi, visum, v. tr.,
see ; videor , videri, visus sum, intr.
dep., seem, appear.

vigeo, vigere, no perf. , no sup. , be
vigorous, thrive, flourish.

vigil, -is, M., watchman, guard.

vigilia, -ae, F., watch, guard. The
Romans had four night watches : prima
vigilia, from 6 p.m. to 9 p.m. ; secunda
vigilia, from 9 p.m. to 12 p.m.; tertia
vigilia, from 12 p.m. to 3 a.m.; quarta
Vigilia, from 3a.m. to 6 a.m.; secunda
inita vigilia, at the beginning of the
second watch (c. v, 23).

viginti, card. num. adj., twenty.

vimen, -inis, N., twig, osier.

vincio, -ire, vinxi, vinctum, v.
tr., bind.

vinco, vincere, vici, victum, v.
tr., conquer.

vinculum, -i, N., chain; in vin-
CUla COnjicere, throw into prison.

vinum, -i, N., wine.

Violabilis, -6, adj., that may be pro-
faned ; non violabile, inviolable (Verg.
153, 189).

vir, viri, M., man, husband,
virga, -ae, F., twig.

virgineus, -a, -um.adj., of a maiden,
virgin (Verg. 168).

Virgo, -inis, F., maiden ; Pria-
meia Virgo, virgin daughter of Priam
^Cassandra (Verg. 403).

Virtus, -utis, F., manliness, virtue,
courage, bravery (c. iv, 21).

VIS, VIS, F., strength, power, vim
facere, to offer violence; vi or per
vim expugnare, to take by storm ;
Vim SUStinere, to withstand an
attack; Vim facere, to offer resistance
(c. v, 7) ; endurance (c. v, 8) ; plural,
strength (Verg. 50).

viso, visere, visi, visum, v. tr.,
go to see, visit,
visus, -us, M., sight,
vita, -ae, F., life.

vito, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., avoid,
shun.

vitrum, -l, N., woad; a plant known
to botanists as Isatis tinctoria, which
produced a blue dye. Till the introduc-
tion of indigo in the 17th century it was
largely cultivated,
vitta, -ae, F., fillet,
vitupero, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
abuse, revile.

vivo, vivere, vixi, victum, v.
intr., live; lacte et carne vivunt,
they live on milk and flesh (c. v, 14).
VIVUS, -a -um, adj., alive, living,
vix, adv., hardly, scarcely.
vociferor, ari, atus sum, v. dep.,
cry aloud, (VOX, fero).

voco, -are, -avi, atum, v. tr., call,
summon.

volo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr., fly,
hasten.

VOlo, velle, VOlui, no sup., irregular
verb, intr., be willing, wish, desire.

volito, -are, -avi, -atum, v. intr.,
flit about.

volucer, -cris, -ere, ad., swift.
volumen, -inis, N., fold,
voluntas, atis, F., good will ; in se
VOluntas, his good will towards himself
(Caesar), (c. v, 4).

VOluptas, -atis, F., pleasure;
animi voluptatisque causa, for
sentiment and pleasure (c. v, 12).

Volusenus, -i, M., Volusenus; Cains
Volusenus Quadratus, a military tribune
in Caesar's army.

votum, -i, N., vow; or=votum
esse, that it had been vowed (Verg. 17).
voveo, vovere, vovi, votum, v.
tr., vow.

330

VOCABULARY.

volvo, -ere, volvi, volutum, v. tr.,
roll.
VOS : see tu.

vox, vocis, F., voice; magna
VOC6, in a loud voice (c. iv, 25) ; voces
ambiguae, dark sayings (Verg. 98);
rumpit vocem, he breaks silence
(Verg. 129).

Vulcanus, -I, M., Vulcan, the Fire-
god of the Romans, hence, fire.

vulgo, (ahl. of vulgrus used as an)
adv., generally, commonly.

VlllgUS, -l, N. (rarely M.), common
people, multitude. -

vulnero, -are, -avi, -atum, v. tr.,
wound, hurt.

vulnus, -eris, N., wound ; paucis
vulneribus acceptis, with slight
loss (c. v, 10).

VUltuS, -US, M., expression, coun-
tenance.

Zephyrus, -1, M., Zephyrus, the west

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