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[Reprinted  from  Torreya,  Vol.  7,  No.  9,  September,  1907.] 


THE   DATES  OF  RAFINESQUE'S   NEW  FLORA  AND 
FLORA  TELLURIANA 

By  John  Hendley  Barnhart 

As  far  as  I  am  aware,  no  question  has  ever  been  raised  con- 
cerning the  rehabiUty  of  the  dates  given  on  the  title-pages  of  any 
of  the  works  of  Rafinesque.  His  Autikon  Botanikon,  to  be  sure, 
is  dated  181 5-1840,  while  no  portion  of  the  text  was  pubhshed 
until  1840;  but  this  text  was  intended  to  illustrate  an  herbarium 
which  the  author  had  accumulated  during  the  years  1815-1840, 
so  that  the  meaning  of  the  date  he  gives  is  manifest. 

About  a  year  ago  I  noticed  in  the  Flora  Telluriana  (4  :  27)  a 
brief  criticism  of  Gray's  monograph  of  the  Melanthaceae  of 
North  America,  which  was  not  published  until  November, 
1837  ;  *  and  this,  of  course,  showed  that  Rafinesque's  criticism 
could  not  have  been  published  earlier  than  that  date.  A  hurried 
examination  revealed  further  internal  evidence  of  the  erroneous 
dating  of  the  Flora  Telluriana  and  its  companion-work,  the  New 
Flora  of  North  America,  but  the  investigation  of  the  subject  was 
not  carried  very  far  at  that  time. 

When  the  last  number  of  the  North  American  Flora  was  in 
press,  it  became  necessary  for  Dr.  Small  to  decide  upon  the 
relative  priority  of  Mesynunn  Raf.  ("  1836")  and  Catliartolinuni 
Reichenb.  (1837),  and  this  led  to  the  study  of  which  the  results 
are  here  reported. 

The  New  Flora  of  North  America  was  undertaken  by  Rafin- 
esque as  a  supplement  to  the  works  previously  published  by 
others  upon  the  same  topic  ;  and  as  a  result  of  his  labors  upon 

J=:      •*  Gray,  A.    Melanthacearum  Americae  Septentrionalis  Revisio.    Ann.  Lye.  Nat. 
"^Hist.  N.  V.  4  :   105-140.     N  1837. 

•  177 


178 

it.  lie  was  led  to  uiuiertake  tlie  preparation  of  its  "sequel,"  the 
Flora  Telluriana.  ilcalin^  with  the  plants  of  the  rest  of  the  world. 
The  pages  of  these  two  works  contain  many  descriptions  of  "  new 
genera"  of  plants,  so  that  the  dates  of  their  appearance  are  of 
considerable  importance.  As  the  books  themselves  are  quite 
scarce,  a  brief  preliniinar\^  account  of  them  may  not  be  out  of 
place. 

Each  was  planned  to  consist  of  six  "  parts  "  or  volumes,  but 
was  completed  in  four.  Each  of  the  eight  parts  is  separately 
paged,  and  has  a  separate  title-page  and  subtitle  of  its  own  ;  and 
each  is  dated  "  1836." 

New  Flor.-v  and  Botanv  of  North  America 
First  part.      Introduction,    Lexicon,    Monographs.      100  pages. 

1836. 
Second  part.      Neophyton.     96  pages.      1836. 
Third  part.      New  Sylva.     96  pages.      1836. 
Fourth  part.      Neobotanon.     112  pages.     1836.     (This  contained 

also  a  general  title-i)age  for  the  entire  work,  dated  1836.) 

Flora  Telluriana 
P^inst  part.      Introduction  and  Classification.      103  pages.      1836. 
Second  part.      Centuria  I,  II,  III,  IV.      112  pages.      1836. 
Third  part.      Centuries  V,  VI,  VII,   VIII.      1 00  pages.      1836. 
Fourth  part.      Centuries  IX,  X,   XI,  XII.      135   pages.      1836. 

(This  contained  also  a  general   title-page  for  the  entire  w^ork 

dated  1836.) 

Of  these  eight  parts,  the  first  part  of  the  New  Flora  was  the 
first  to  appear.  It  contained  a  dedication  dated  at  Philadelphia, 
September,  1836;  and  pages  73-80  are  occupied  by  a  mono- 
graph of  the  genus  Kuhiiia,  dated  October,  1836.  These  facts 
alone  are  sufficient  to  make  one  suspect  that  perhaps  the  eight 
parts  were  not  all  issued  before  the  end  of  that  year  !  There  is 
not  lacking  other  internal  evidence  on  this  subject,  in  addition  to 
the  citation  of  Gray's  monograph  (Fl.  Tell.  4  :  27  ;  also  New  Fl. 
4  :  103,  where  the  date  of  "  Grey's  "  paper  is  distinctly  stated  as 
"  ^^1)7  ")■      I^'lora  Telluriana,  part  3   (which   in  turn  is  cited  by 


179 

New  Fl.  3  :  41,  51),  on  page  57  refers  to  Bot.  Reg.  //.  igo6  (i 
N  1836  !);  and  on  page  t^-j  to  Bot.  Mag.  //.  3540  (i  D  1836  !), 
which  could  not  well  have  reached  Philadelphia  before  the  end 
of  the  year  1836.  Flora  Telluriana,  part  4  (which  in  turn  is 
cited  by  New  Fl.  4  :  56,  57,  6^,  98),  on  page  124  cites  Bot.  Reg. 
pi.  igjS  (i  My  1837).  But,  in  spite  of  these  references,  I  know 
of  no  internal  evidence  that  the  two  works  were  not  completed 
before  the  end  of  the  year  1837. 

From  internal  evidence,  too,  it  is  possible  to  arrange  the  parts 
serially,  in  the  order  in  which  they  were  printed.  This  may  be 
done  by  means  of  the  exact  citations,  by  page,  of  one  work  by 
the  other;  chiefly  of  the  Flora  Telluriana  by  the  New  Flora. 
The  result  is  as  follows  :  New  Fl.  I ;  Fl.  Tell.  I  ;  Fl.  Tell.  II  ; 
New  Fl.  II;  Fl.  Tell.  Ill;  New  Fl.  Ill;  Fl.  Tell.  IV;  New 
Fl.  IV. 

In  order  to  approximate  more  closely  than  might  otherwise  be 
possible  the  exact  dates  of  issue  of  each  of  these  parts,  the  series 
of  letters  written  to  Torrey  by  Rafinesque  during  the  years 
1836  to  1839,  and  preserved  in  the  Torrey  correspondence  at 
the  New  York  Botanical  Garden,  was  searched,  and  the  search 
was  well  rewarded,  as  is  shown  by  the  following  quotations  : 

September  5,  1836. —  "I  having  leisure  have  resolved  to  be- 
gin to  print  my  New  flora  of  North  Amer.  by  alphabetical 
order.  .  .  .  When  this  Work  is  printed,  my  botanical  labors 
from  1802  to  1836,  in  America,  will  be  better  known." 

December  21,  1836.  —  "My  flora  proceeds  very  slowly  & 
was  even  suspended  awhile  for  lack  of  a  compositor  that  could 
print  Botanical  terms  !  .  .  ,  I  have  concluded  to  close  the  Lexi- 
con of  monographs  very  abruptly,  and  give  instead  selected 
monographs  &  my  N.  Genera  &  species." 

This  shows  that  only  ten  days  before  the  close  of  the  year 
1836  even  the  printing  of  the  first  part  of  the  New  Flora  was 
not  completed. 

April  18,  1837.  — "I  wanted  to  surprise  you  with  a  great 
Botanical  Work  —  my  Flora  telluriana  ...  to  which  I  was  led 
by  my  New  flora  of  N.  Amer,,  but  I  could  only  print  2  parts  or 
volumes.  I.  Classes  &  Orders.  2d.  400  N.  Gen.  my  other 
engagts  have  compelled  me  to  suspend  for  a  while." 


180 

B\'  the  middle  of  April,  1837,  then,  had  been  printed  one  part 
of  the  New  Flora  and  two  of  the  Flora  Telluriana. 

October  24,  1837.  —  "I  am  still  going  on  slowly  with  my 
New  flora  of  N.  America  and  I^'Iora  telluriana  at  once.  ...  I 
have  circulated  but  few  copies  of  the  numbers  published,  wishing 
to  surprise  you  and  all  Botanists  when  the  whole  shall  be  out ; 
but  if  you  wish  to  see  them  earlier  I  may  send  you  5  numbers 
of  100  pages  Svo  each  very  soon,  and  more  next  March." 

From  this  it  appears  likely  that  a  second  number  of  the  New 
Flora  had  appeared  when  this  letter  was  written,  and  that  a  third 
number  of  the  Flora  Telluriana  was  nearly  ready;  or  else  that 
the  two  parts  were  nearl)'  read}'  to  be  issued  together. 

January  10,  1838.  —  "My  New  flora  or  Mantissa  begun  to 
print  in  1836  is  still  going  on  &  altho'  interrupted  by  my  flora 
Telluriana  &  2  works  published  this  Spring  (i.  The  Universe.  — 
2.  Safe  Banking)  is  proceeding  as  fast  as  correct  exam,  can  allow. 
I  wished  to  issue  the  whole  work  together ;  but  I  shall  be  com- 
pelled to  issue  when  half  is  ready  3  numbers  of  100  pages  as  in 
Flora  tellur.  My  3d  N.  on  the  Trees  and  Shrubs  or  a  New 
sylva  is  not  quite  ready." 

At  the  end  of  1837,  then,  three  numbers  of  the  Flora  Telluri- 
ana had  been  issued,  and  two  of  the  New  Flora,  but  on  January 
10,  1838,  the  third  part  of  the  New  Flora  was  "  not  quite  ready." 

March  20,  1838.  —  "I  have  long  ago  concluded  600  pages  of 
my  Supplemental  Flora  &  Flora  Telluriana  or  6  parts.  If  I  had 
not  undertaken  these  2  works  together,  the  first  would  have  been 
completed  ere  now,  but  will  be  ere.  1840." 

The  third  part  of  the  New  Flora  had  evidently  been  published 
since  the  date  of  the  January  letter.  It  appears  that  Rafinesque 
still  intended  each  work  to  consist  of  six  parts,  and  for  this  reason 
allowed  himself  until  1840  to  complete  them. 

February  i,  1839.  —  "  My  4th  part  or  Volume  of  New  flora 
was  completed  so  as  to  give  you  time  to  go  on  with  your  flora. 
I  also  completed  my  Flora  telluriana  in  4  Vol.  or  1225  articles. 
But  immed'  after  begun  &  have  concluded  last  Dec'  my 
Synopsis  of  N.  G.  &  Sp.  of  Trees  &  Shrubs  of  N.  Amer." 

From  this  it  appears  that  prior  to   December,  1838,  both  the 


181 

Flora  Telluriana  and  the  New  Flora  had  been  completed.  The 
last  sentence  refers  to  Rafinesque's  Alsographia  Americana, 
which  was  dated  1838,  and  from  his  own  statement  above  was 
probably  issued  in  December  of  that  year. 

The  extracts  from  Rafinesque's  letters  show  that  few,  if  indeed 
any,  copies  of  either  the  Flora  Telluriana  or  the  New  Flora  had 
been  actually  distributed  until  three  parts  of  each  had  been 
printed  (in  the  spring  of  1838);  but,  as  he  says  in  the  letter  of 
October  24,  1837,  "  I  have  circulated  but  few  copies  of  the  num- 
bers published,"  we  must  give  him  the  benefit  of  the  doubt,  and 
assume  that  he  had  distributed  a  few  copies. 

Rafinesque's  Bulletin  of  the  Historical  and  Natural  Sciences 
was  an  advertising  sheet  issued  by  him  at  irregular  intervals  from 
1834  to  1839.  No.  7,  dated  "Spring  of  1838,"  is  devoted 
chiefly  to  the  two  works  here  under  discussion.  He  says  in  part : 
"  I  had  long  contemplated  to  give  a  New  Flora  of  North  America. 
...  I  resolved  ...  to  add  the  improvements  on  Natural  class- 
ification. These  last,  however,  increased  so  much  under  my  re- 
vision, as  to  become  a  work  by  itself,  and  a  companion  rather 
than  addition  to  our  Flora.  Both  works  were  begun  in  1836, 
and  our  plants  would  all  have  been  published  by  this  time,  if  I 
had  not  thus  been  compelled  to  double  these  botanical  labors.  I 
once  proposed  to  issue  the  whole  at  once  when  completed,  but 
this  delay  and  others  arising  from  different  pursuits  and  labors, 
have  induced  me  to  publish  the  parts  as  soon  as  printed,  and  now 
that  3  parts  of  each  (being  half  a  volume,)  are  published,  I  issue 
this  Bulletin  to  acquaint  the  Botanists  of  Europe  and  America 
with"  them,  "  Each  work  is  to  consist  of  6  parts  of  100  to  120 
pages,  thus  forming  a  volume  large  octavo  of  600  to  700  pages, 
which  shall  be  completed  in  1840  or  sooner.  .  .  .  The  6  parts 
now  printed,  3  of  each  work,  will  be  sold  together  for  ^5." 

The  dates  of  the  two  works  under  discussion,  as  nearly  as  they 
can  be  determined  from  the  evidence  here  submitted,  may  be 
summarized  as  follows  : 

New  Flora  Part      I.    1836  (December). 

n.  1837  (second  half). 
HI.  1838  (first  quarter). 
IV.    1838  (late  in  year). 


182 

Flora  Telluriana.   Part  I.    1837  (first  quarter). 

II.    1837  (first  quarter). 

III.  1837  (November  or  December). 

IV.  1838  (near  middle  of  year). 
New  York  Botanical  Garden. 


f6lK 


NEW  FLORA 


NORTH   AMERICA, 


BY 


PROF.   RAFINESaUE. 


FIRIST  PART. 

Introduction,  Lexicon,  Monographs. 

P  HILABELP  HIA 


*.' 


"^  1836. 


:f^  5)7 


1 1\  T  R  O  D.    I.  E  X  I  C  O  :\,    &Cy 

AND   BOTANY 

OP 

NORTH   AMERICA. 

BEING  A  SUPPLEMENTAL  FLORA, 

To  the  various  Floras  and  Botanical  Works  of  Michaux, 
Muhlenberg,  Pursh,  Nuttall,  Elliot,  Torrey,  Beck>  Ea- 
ton,  Bigelow,  Barton,  Robin,  Hooker,  Riddel!,  Darling- 
ton, Schweinitz,  Gibbs,  &c> 

Besides  the  general  works  of  Linneus>  Wildenow 
Vahl,  Vitman,  Persoon,  Lannark,  Decandole,  Sprenge!, 
Jussieu,  Adanson,  Necker,  Lindley,  &c.  Containing 
nearly  500  additional  or  revised  New  Genera,  and  1500 
additional  or  corrected  New  Species,  illustrated  by 
figures  in  Autikon  Botanikon. 

BY  C;^Sr  RAFINESQUE,  A.  M.— PH.    D. 

Prof,  of  Botany,  the  historical  and  natural  sciences — = 
Member  of  many  learned  Societies  in  Paris,  Vienna, 
Bonn,  Bruxelles,  Bordeaux,  Zurich,  Naples,  &c.  and 
in  Philadelphia,  New  York,  Cincinnati,  Lexington,  &c. 


The  Floral  wealth  in  this  wide  land  concealed. 
Will  be  at  last  by  learned  care  revealed. 

PHILADELPHIA. 

PRINTED    FOn    THE    AUTHOR    AND    PUBLISHER. 

18  3  6. 


DEDICATION. 

To  all  my  fellow  Botanists  in  the  United  States  ol 
North  America,  and  chiefly  to  those  who  are  endeavor- 
ing to  complete  and  illustrate  our  Botany — I  dedicate 
these  pages,  results  of  24  years  of  observations  and  re- 
searches. 

But  above  all,  to  my  friends,  colleagues,  or  contribu- 
tors now  living,  and  to  the  memory  of  the  worthy  de- 
parted, Elliot,  Collins,  Schweinitz,  Pursh,  Conrad,  Brad- 
bury ...  in  grateful  remembrance  of  their  worth  and 
kind  help.  .      .  .  .  D.  D.  D. 

Philadelphia,  September,  1836. 

THE  AUTHOR. 


INTRODUCTION. 

After  many  years  of  active  researches  in 
the  continent  of  North  America,  I  was  medi- 
tating to  write  a  new  Flora  of  it ;  but  was  long 
dubious  in  what  form  to  produce  it.  To  enu- 
merate and  describe  all  the  plants  of  this  vast 
region  in  a  proper  form  and  natural  classifica- 
tion, would  be  a  very  acceptable  labor,  but  a 
very  arduous  task,  to  which,  altho'  I  felt  quite 
competent,  it  was  not  possible  to  think  of,  ow- 
ing to  the  expense  of  it,  particularly  if  many 
figures  were  given.  All  our  Botanists  have 
shrunk  from  this  undertaking,  except  Hooker 
in  his  Flora  of  Canada  and  Boreal  America, 
now  publishing  by  the  help  of  patronage.  Zeal 
alone  does  not  avail  in  this  as  in  collecting, 
other  pecuniary  means  are  required. 

It  has  been  found  more  practicable  and  near- 
ly as  useful  by  our  Botanists  to  publish  abridg- 
ed Floras  on  the  Ijinnean  plan,  of  which  Mi- 
chaux  and  Pursh  gave  the  example;  while  Nut- 
tall,  Torrey,  Eaton,  Beck,  &.c.  have  followed 
nearly  the  same  path.  Elliot  alone  has  some- 
what enlarged  his  labor,  and  produced  a  most 
egregious  work. 

None  but  such  condensed  or  compiled  works 
on  our  Botany,  have  been  found  acceptable  to 
all  and  saleable;  while  the  elaborate  and  learn- 
ed works,  full  of  discoveries  and  ample  re- 
searches, can  only  be  appreciated  by  a  few,  and 
even  often  excite  the  envy  of  the  learned  ri- 
vals. 


',^-?  ^.•'  i    (\  ^ 


4  INTRODUCTION. 

Under  such  predicament,  I  was  compelled 
to  decide  upon  a  middle  course;  and  I  therefore 
undertook  this  work  as  a  Supplemental  Flora 
of  North  America,  a  kind  of  mantissa  and  ap- 
pendix to  all  my  predecessors,  avoiding  there- 
by much  expense  and  trouble  in  accumulating 
all  the  scattered  materials  and  fragments  alrea- 
dy published:  altho'  I  endeavored  to  collect 
them  whenever  I  had  to  frame  some  peculiar 
careful  monographs  of  neglected  Genera  or  fa- 
milies. The  illustration  by  figures  of  my  New 
Genera  and  New  Species  will  be  kept  apart  in 
mpt.  to  be  sold  apart  to  any  institution  or  indi- 
vidual that  wish  to  possess  them,  as  well  as  my 
botanical  specimens,  general  Herbarium,  and 
original  typical  sets  collected  together  under 
the  name  of  my  Autikon  Botanikon. 

I  have  called  this  work,  a  Neio  Flora  of  North 
America,  and  such  it  is  in  fact :  a  real  Flora, 
although  not  classed  by  the  false  sexual  system, 
nor  even  my  own  improved  natural  method, 
but  arranged  diflerently.  I  do  not  even  know 
yet  exactly  how  it  will  be  gone  through  ;  but  1 
propose  to  commence  by  a  sample  of  a  Lexi- 
con to  be  contrasted  with  the  manual  Lexicon 
of  Eaton,  and  go  on  with  monographs  of  inte- 
resting Genera  or  Families,  with  a  Sylva  of  my 
New  Trees  and  Shrubs,  a  JSeogenylon  or  ac- 
count of  New  Genera,  and  a  Neohotanon  or 
compendium  of  new  species.  I  may,  however, 
deviate  from  this  plan  if  needful  or  desirable, 
and  I  hope  to  conclude  the  whole  by  a  general 
Index,  both  alphabetical  and  classified  natural- 
ly of  all  the  Families  and  Genera. 

While  I  was  preparing  this  work,  I  found 
myself  so  often  perplexed  and  involved  into  dif- 
ficulties, by  the  actual  improper  framing  of  Ge^ 


INTRODFC'TION.  5 

ncra,  that  I  was  compelled  to  take  up  the  suh- 
ject  of  Generic  retbrm  simultaneously  with  this 
new  flora.  This  has  greatly  increased  my  la- 
bors and  delayed  the  publication ;  but  vastly 
enlarged  my  field  of  botanical  researches,  now 
based  on  generic  accuracy. 

In  fact  till  lately  most  of  the  Botanists,  both 
here  and  elsewhere,  were  perfectly  satisfied 
with  the  Linnean  Genera,  and  thought  they  had 
done  their  utmost  when  they  referred  the  Lin- 
nean or  new  species,  quite  at  random  to  those 
Linnean  Genera ;  often  avoiding  or  neglecting 
to  notice  their  peculiar  floral  characters,  not 
seldom  at  variance  with  the  Genera  referred 
to.  The  labors  of  Adanson,  Jussieu,  Necker, 
Moench,  Lamark,  ifec.  upon  generic  reforms 
were  often  overlooked  or  neglected.  At  last  a 
better  feeling  has  been  prevailing,  and  the  mo- 
dern improvers  Decandolc,  Agardh,  Robert 
Brown,  Lindley,  &.c.  have  restored  many  of  the 
old  Genera,  or  further  corrected  generic  no 
mcnclature. 

As  I  rank  among  these  botanical  reformers 
ever  since  1808  when  I  first  published  new  Ge- 
nera, and  1815  when  I  published  the  outlines  of 
my  reformed  Natural  Families,  it  was  just 
and  proper  that  I  should  resume  these  investi- 
gations, now  that  I  mean  to  give  the  results  of 
a  whole  life  of  botanical  travels,  discoveries  and 
arduous  researches.  This  shall  then  be  done 
in  a  colateral  work  published  at  the  same  time, 
but  kept  apart,  which  I  shall  call  Flora  tcllu- 
riana  or  synoptical  mantissa  of  2000  new  fa- 
milies, Genera  and  species  of  plants  of  the  whole 
earth.  There  most  of  my  generic  and  other 
reforms  will  be  elucidated,  and  1  shall  merely 
refer  to  them  in  this  N.  Amer.  Flora. 


6  INTRODUCTION. 

Here,  the  new  species  of  this  continent  shall 
be  chiefly  attended  to.  They  arc  often  in  as 
great  a  disorder  as  the  Genera;  many  are  occa- 
sionally blended  into  one,  or  improperly  deter- 
mined and  settled.  To  give  their  synonymy  is 
not  always  an  easy  task,  nor  are  the  varieties  to 
be  overlooked.  Many  botanists  mistake  real 
botanical  species  for  varieties  or  viceversa.  In 
fact  all  species  might  have  been  varieties  once^ 
jind  many  varieties  are  gradually  becoming  spe- 
cies by  assuming  constant  and  peculiar  charac- 
ters. This  is  an  interesting  feature  of  botanical 
philosophy,  which  I  shall  properly  explain  and 
prove  hereafter. 

This  new  Flora  is  very  far,  therefore,  from 
being  a  compilation  of  former  labors:  it  is  quite 
an  original  work,  chiefly  based  upon  my  indivi- 
dual researches  and  discoveries,  during  36  years 
of  botanical  travels  and  exertions,  whereof  24 
were  spent  in  North  America,  the  main  field  of 
my  scientific  rambles  and  labors. 

It  may  perhaps  be  useful  to  give  here  an  out- 
line of  my  botanical  travels  in  North  America, 
whereby  it  will  be  perceived  that  I  have  survey- 
ed and  examined  more  States  and  regions  than 
any  other  Botanist  perhaps  except  Nuttall. 
Thus  I  was  enabled  to  detect  a  great  number  of 
N«w  Species,  and  examine  many  plants  alive  in 
full  bloom  in  their  native  wilds.  It  would  be 
well  if  botanical  writers  would  thus  detail  us  their 
actual  excursions  and  ex})lorations. 

Some  plants  are  quite  local  or  have  very  nar- 
row limits  of  growth,  others  are  only  in  bloom 
for  a  few  hours  or  days.  Many  early  vernal 
]>lantsofthe  Genera  Dodccatlieon.,  Clhitonia^ 
Vernasolis,  Viola,  Peltmidra^  Cijpripedium,, 
&/C.  can  onlv  be  seen  in  narrow  localities  during 


INTRODUCTION.  7 

the  month  of  May.  Others  of  the  Genera  Gen- 
tiana,  Kuhnia.,  Ecllpta,  Spiranthcs^  Aster, 
iS»oZ/<Zfir^o,  with  many  radiate  Genera,  are  quite 
late  and  autumnal,  found  chiefly  in  October : 
therefore  they  had  escaped  the  notice  of  our 
Botanists,  who  chiefly  botanize  or  travel  in 
summer. 

Other  plants  are  confined  to  Mountains,  or 
Pinelands,  or  Western  Glades,  or  deep 
Swamps,  which  must  be  visited  by  turns,  if 
we  wish  to  collect  them.  I  have  sometimes 
looked  in  vain  for  years  for  some  particular 
plants^  at  the  very  places  where  they  are  known 
to  grow,  because  I  was  not  in  the  due  season : 
this  happens  to  all  Botanists,  and  it  is  very  im- 
portant for  collectors  to  know  the  precise  epoch 
of  blooming  and  seeding.  What  escapes  one 
of  them  may  be  met  by  another  a  little  earlier 
or  later.  There  are  besides  years  when  some 
plants  bloom  more  abundantly,  and  others  like 
the  Miegia,  Enslenia,  Slc.  only  bloom  once  in 
many  years. 

I  came  to  North  America  in  1802,  and  tra- 
velled chiefly  on  foot  until  180 1,  over  New  Jer- 
sey, Pennsylvania,  Delaware,  Maryland,  and 
Virginia,  from  the  Juniata  to  the  Sea  Shore, 
and  from  the  Alleghany  Mountains  beyond 
Easton,  to  the  Potomac  beyond  Washington 
and  Alexandria.  Some  of  the  results  of  my 
discoveries  in  those  three  yearsof  early  travels 
were  published  in  1808. 

In  1805  I  left  America  for  Europe,  where  1 
remained  till  1815.  On  my  return  to  this  con- 
tinent in  that  year,  1  was  shipwrecked  on  the 
shores  of  Connecticut,  and  lost  all  my  former 
Herbals  and  collections,  both  American  and 
European. 


S  INTKODUC'TlON. 

Therefore  being  deprived  of  all  my  first  la- 
bors  ill  Botany,  Zoology,  and  Mineralogy  in 
that  memorable  year  1815,  I  had  to  begin 
again  my  researches  and  collections,  which  I 
pursued  ever  since  with  renewed  zeal,  always 
at  my  own  sole  expense.  I  spent  1813  and 
1816  in  the  States  of  New  York,  New  Jersey, 
and  Pennsylvania  chiefly.  In  1816  I  went  to 
explore  as  far  as  Lake  Champlain,  Vermont, 
and  the  Saranac  Mountains,  near  the  sources 
of  the  Hudson  River.  In  1817  I  went  to  the 
Mattawan  and  Kiskanom,  or  Catskill  Moun- 
tains, and  explored  Long  Island,  where  I  dwelt 
awhile. 

But  my  great  travels  in  the  West  began  in 
1818,  I  made  a  tour  of  2000  miles  as  far  as  the 
Wabash  River,  crossing  twice  the  Alleghany 
Mountains  on  foot,  and  exploring  Ohio,  In- 
diana, Illinois,  Kentucky,  &/C.  Some  of  the 
results  of  my  former  discoveries  in  that  jour- 
ney were  published  in  1819,  in  the  Physical 
Journal  of  Paris,  in  80  new  Gen.  of  Plants,  and 
70  New  Gen.  of  Animals. 

Having  been  appointed  Professor  of  Natural 
Sciences  in  the  IJniversity  of  Lexington,  in 
Kentucky,  I  went  there  in  1819,  crossing  a 
third  time  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  through 
the  Cumberland  road  of  Maryland,  still  on  foot, 
as  I  never  would  cross  these  beautiful  moun- 
tains in  any  other  way,  in  order  to  botanize  all 
the  while,  and  I  was  rewarded  by  many  new 
plants. 

I  spent  seven  years  in  Kentucky  in  1826, 
exploring  that  State  thoroughly,  and  making 
excursions  to  Ohio,  &/C.,  my  longest  journeys 
were  in  1823,  when  I  went  West  as  far  as  the 
Rivers  Cumberland   and  Tennessee  near  their 


INTRODUCTION.  9 

snoullis,  and  next  East  to  the  falls  of  the  Cum- 
berland River  and  the  Wasioto  or  Cumberland 
mountains. 

In  1825  I  undertook  a  long  journey  through 
Ohio,  and  Virginia,  crossing  the  Alleghany 
mountains  of  Virginia,  and  returning  by  the 
Alleghanies  of  Pennsylvania,  always  on  foot. 
Next  year,  1826,  I  left  Kentucky  and  settled 
in  Philadelphia  :  but  took  a  very  long  botanical 
journey  in  the  way,  going  through  Ohio  to 
Sandusky  on  Lake  Erie ;  thence  to  Buffalo, 
Niagara,  Canada,  the  New  York  Canal,  &c. 

My  excursions  in  1827,  were  to  the  Sea 
Shores  of  New  Jersey,  and  thence  to  Troy,  the 
Taconick  mountain,  and  through  Massachu- 
setts to  Boston,  returning  by  a  different  road. 
In  1828,  I  went  to  the  Alleghany  mountains 
of  the  North  on  the  Lehigh,  the  Schooley 
mountains  of  New  Jersey,  and  Mattawan 
mountains  of  New  York.  In  1829, 1  went  to 
the  Pine-barrens  of  New  Jersey,  and  as  far  as 
Connecticut.  In  1830,  I  made  a  second  jour- 
ney to  the  Kiskanom  mountains  of  New  York. 

Several  botanical  excursions  and  journeys 
were  undertaken  in  1831,  in  Delaware,  New 
Jersey,  and  the  Taconick  mountains.  While 
in  1832  I  visited  Maryland  twice,  the  second 
time  I  explored  the  Cotocton  mountains  of 
Maryland,  and  Alleghany  mountains  as  far  as 
Sherman  Valley  and  the  Juniata,  quite  at 
leisure,  residing  some  times  at  the  top  of  the 
mountains. 

In  the  year  1833  I  proposed  to  visit  the 
Apalachian  mountains  as  far  as  Alabama  :  but 
was  prevented  by  an  accident  and  heavy  rainsj 
I  only  went  as  far  as  those  of  Virginia,  and 
again  in  the  Cotocton  mountains. — In  a  second 


10  INTRODUCTION. 

journey  I  undertook  to  visit  the  sources  of  the 
river  Delaware,  and  Susquehannah,  exploring 
first  the  Pine  barrens  and  Sea  shores  of  New 
Jersey,  next  going  from  Albany  over  the  Hei- 
delberg mountains  to  the  Lake  Utsiantha 
source  of  the  Delaware  at  the  foot  of  the  Kis- 
kanom  mountains,  and  Lake  Otsego  source  of 
the  Susquehannah. 

The  year  1834  saw  me  twice  in  the  Alle- 
ghany mountains  of  the  north,  once  by  follow- 
ing the  course  of  the  Delaware,  the  second 
time  westward  by  the  Welsh  mountains,  Cone- 
wago  mountains,  Albany  mountains.  Locust 
mountains  to  the  Pottsville  mines  and  the 
source  of  the  Schuylkill  river,  returning  by 
Mauchchunk  and  Allentown. 

My  travels  of  1835  were  in  the  Central  Al- 
leghanies  up  the  River  Juniata  and  Susque- 
hannah, exploring  the  mountains  of  Peters, 
Buffalo,  Wiconisco,  Mahantango,  Tuscarora, 
Jack,  Seven  mountains,  &c.  with  their  Val- 
leys. An  account  of  all  these  travels  and  ex- 
cursions is  given  by  me  more  at  length  in  my 
liife  of  travels  and  researcJies^  published  ear- 
ly in  1836.  Since  then  I  have  chiefly  explor- 
ed South  New  Jersey  and  the  pine  barrens. 

Although  these  journeys  were  often  under- 
taken with  the  additional  ulterior  view  to  col- 
lect Fossils  and  Animals,  my  favorite  science 
and  pursuit  of  Botany  was  always  my  main  ob- 
ject. I  always  travelled  with  my  botanical  col- 
lecting book  and  reams  of  paper  to  preserve  my 
plants  :  and  thus  I  have  been  enabled  to  collect 
in  20  years,  since  1816,  a  most  valuable  Her- 
barium, rich  in  new  species,  rare  plants,  and 
complete  Monographs;  which  have  been  in- 
creased by  exchanges  and  purchases,  chiefly  of 


INTRODUCTION.  11 

Southern  plants ;  not  having  been  able  to  ex- 
plore as  yet  the  Southern  States,  deterred  by 
the  bad  roads,  unhealthy  climate,  scanty  fare, 
heavy  expenses  and  state  of  society.  A  pedes- 
trian Botanist  is  not  always  very  welcome 
there. 

During  so  many  years  of  active  and  ardu- 
ous explorations,  I  have  met  of  course  all  kinds 
of  adventures,  fares  and  treatment.  I  have 
been  welcomed  under  the  hospitable  roof  of 
friends  of  knowledge  or  enterprise,  else  laugh- 
ed at  as  a  mad  Botanist  by  scornful  ignorance. 
Often  deemed  a  herbalist  and  wandering  doc- 
tor by  the  vulgar,  I  have  allowed  or  indulged 
this  harmless  belief,  and  thereby  elicited  from 
many  quarters  the  local  knowledge  of  medical 
facts,  which  I  have  published  in  my  Medical 
Flora  of  the  United  States. 

I  have  seldom  met  with  liberal  enlightened 
men,  who  could  believe  that  I  was  actuated  by 
the  pure  love  of  knowledge  and  science  ;  yet  I 
have  found  such  worthy  men  sometimes  and 
their  names  are  gratefully  impressed  on  my  me- 
mory. Such  were  J.  D.  Clifford,  Alex.  Walsh, 
Mess.  Knevels,  Adlum,  Dr.  Schultz,  D.  Jack- 
son, H.  Clay,  Clinton,  Meade,  Maclane,  Wells, 
Thompson,  Aldie,  &.c.  who  without  being  Bo 
tanists,  or  at  most  mere  florists,  could  appre- 
ciate my  pursuits  and  facilitate  my  researches. 
As  to  Botanists  and  Zooligists  I  made  it  a  point 
to  search  for  them  and  enjoy  their  society,  mu- 
tually imparting  our  knowledge. 

Such  a  life  of  travels  and  exertions  has  its 
pleasures  and  its  pains,  its  sudden  delights  and 
deep  joys  mixt  with  dangers,  trials,  difficulties, 
and  troubles.  No  one  could  better  paint  them 
than  myself,  who  has  experienced  them  all;  but 


12  INTRODUCTION. 

I  must  be  brief  in  conveying  a   slight  idea   of 
them. 

Let  the  practical  Botanist  who  wishes  like 
myself  to  be  a  pioneer  of  science,  and  to  in- 
crease the  knowledge  of  plants,  be  fully  prepar- 
ed to  meet  dangers  of  all  sorts  in  the  wild 
groves  and  mountains  of  America.  The  mere 
fatigue  of  a  pedestrian  journey  is  nothing  com- 
pared to  the  gloom  of  solitary  forests,  when  not 
a  human  being  is  met  for  many  miles,  and  if 
met  he  may  be  mistrusted ;  when  the  food  and 
collections  must  be  carried  in  your  pocket  or 
knapsack  from  day  to  day  ;  when  the  fare  is 
not  only  scanty  but  sometimes  worse;  when 
you  must  live  on  corn  bread  and  salt  pork,  be 
burnt  and  steamed  by  a  hot  sun  at  noon,  or 
drenched  by  rain,  even  with  an  umbrella  in 
hand,  as  I  always  had. 

Musquitoes  and  flies  will  often  annoy  you  or 
suck  your  blood  if  you  stop  or  leave  a  hurried 
step.  Gnats  dance  before  the  eyes  and  often 
fall  in  unless  you  shut  them  ;  insects  creep  on 
you  and  into  your  ears.  Ants  crawl  on  you 
whenever  you  rest  on  the  ground,  wasps  will  as- 
sail you  like  furies  if  you  touch  their  nests. 
But  ticks  the  worst  of  all  are  unavoidable 
whenever  you  go  among  bushes,  and  stick  to 
you  in  crowds,  filling  your  skin  with  pimples 
and  sores.  Spiders,  gallineps,  horse-flies  and 
other  obnoxious  insects  will  often  beset  you,  or 
sorely  hurt  you.  Hateful  snakes  are  met,  and 
if  poisonous  are  very  dangerous,  some  do  not 
warn  you  off' like  the  Rattle-snakes. 

You  meet  rough  or  muddy  roads  to  vex  you, 
and  blind  paths  to  perplex  you,  rocks,  moun- 
tains, and  steep  ascents.  Fou  may  often  loose 
your  way,  and   must  always   have  a  compass 


INTRODI'4  TTON.  13 

with  you  as  I  luid.  You  may  he  lamed  in 
chmhing  rocks  for  plants  or  hrcak  your  limhs 
by  a  fall.  You  must  cross  and  wade  through 
brooks,  creeks,  rivers,  and  swamps.  In  deep 
fords  or  in  swift  streams  you  may  lose  your 
footing  and  be  drowned.  You  may  be  overta- 
ken by  a  storm,  the  trees  fall  around  you,  the 
thunder  roars  and  strikes  before  you.  The 
winds  may  annoy  you,  the  fire  of  heaven  or  of 
men  sets  fire  to  the  grass  or  forest,  and  you  may 
be  surrounded  by  it,  unless  you  fly  for  your 
life. 

You  may  travel  over  a  unhealthy  region  or 
in  a  sickly  season,  you  may  fall  sick  on  the  road 
and  become  helpless,  unless  you  be  very  care- 
ful, abstenious  and  temperate. 

Such  are  some  of  the  dangers  and  troubles 
of  a  botanical  excursion  in  the  mountains  and 
forests  of  North  America.  The  sedentary  bo- 
tanists or  those  who  travel  in  carriages  or  by 
steamboats,  know  little  of  them ;  those  who 
merely  herborize  near  a  city  or  town,  do  not 
appreciate  the  courage  of  those  who  brave 
such  dangers  to  reap  the  botanical  wealth  of 
the  land,  nor  sufficiently  value  the  collections 
thus  made. 

Yet  although  I  have  felt  all  those  miseries,  T 
have  escaped  some  to  which  others  are  liable. 
I  have  never  been  compelled  to  sleep  at  night 
on  the  ground,  but  have  always  found  a  shel- 
ter. I  have  never  been  actually  starved,  nor 
assailed  by  snakes  or  wild  beasts,  nor  robbed, 
nor  drowned,  nor  suddenly  unwell.  Tempe- 
rance and  the  disuse  of  tobacco  have  partly 
availed  me,  and  always  kept  me  in  health. 

In  fact  I  never  was  healthier  and  happier 
than  when  I  encountered  those  dangers,  while  a 


14  INTRODUCTION. 

sedentary  life  has  often  made  me  unhappy  or 
unwell.  I  like  the  free  range  of  the  woods  and 
.if^lades,  1  hate  the  sight  of  fences  like  the  In- 
dians !  The  free  constant  exercise  and  pleasu- 
1  able  excitement  is  always  conductive  to  health 
and  pleasure. 

The  pleasures  of  a  botanical  exploration  ful- 
ly compensate  for  these  miseries  and  dangers, 
else  no  one  would  be  a  travelling  Botanist,  nor 
spend  his  time  and  money  in  vain.  Many  fair- 
days  and  fair-roads  are  met  with,  a  clear  sky 
or  a  bracing  breeze  inspires  delight  and  ease, 
you  breathe  the  pure  air  of  the  country,  every 
rill  and  brook  offers  a  draught  of  limpid  fluid. 
What  delight  to  meet  with  a  spring  after  a 
thirsty  walk,  or  a  bowl  of  cool  milk  out  of  the 
dairy  !  What  sound  sleep  at  night  after  a  long 
day's  walk,  what  soothing  naps  at  noon  under 
a  shaded  tree  near  a  purling  brook ! 

Every  step  taken  into  the  fields,  groves,  and 
hills,  appears  to  afford  new  enjoyments,  Land- 
scapes and  Plants  jointly  meet  in  your  sight. 
Here  is  an  old  acquaintance  seen  again;  there 
a  novelty,  a  rare  plant,  perhaps  a  new  one ! 
greets  your  view  :  you  hasten  to  pluck  it,  exa- 
mine it,  admire,  and  put  it  in  your  book.  Then 
you  walk  on  thinking  what  it  might  be,  or  may 
be  made  by  you  hereafter.  You  feel  an  exul- 
tation, you  are  a  conqueror,  you  have  made  a 
conquest  over  Nature,  you  are  going  to  add  a 
new  object,  or  a  page  to  science.  This  peace- 
ful conquest  has  cost  no  tears,  but  fills  your 
mind  with  a  proud  sensation  of  not  being  use- 
less on  earth,  of  having  detected  another  link 
of  the  creative  power  of  God. 

Such  are  the  delightful  feelings  of  a  real  bo- 
tanist, who  travels  not  for  lucre  nor  paltry  pay. 


INTRODUCTION.  15 

Those  who  do,  often  think  only  of  how  much 
the  root  or  the  seed  or  the  specimen  will  fetch 
at  home  or  in  their  garden. 

When  you  ramble  by  turns  in  the  shady 
groves,  grassy  glades,  rocky  hills,  or  steep 
mountains,  you  meet  new  charms  peculiar  to 
each ;  even  the  gloomy  forest  aftbrds  a  shady 
walk.  TiVery  rock,  nook,  rill  .  .  .  has  peculiar 
plants  inviting  your  attention.  When  nothing 
new  nor  rare  appears,  you  commune  with  your 
mind  and  your  God  in  lofty  thoughts  or  dreams 
of  happiness.  Every  pure  Botanist  is  a  good 
man,  a  happy  man,  and  a  religious  man  !  He 
lives  with  God  in  his  wide  temple  not  made  by 
hands  .... 

To  these  botanical  pleasures  may  be  added 
the  anticipation  of  the  future  names,  places, 
uses,  history,  &/C.  of  the  plants  you  discover. 
For  the  winter  or  season  of  rest,  are  reserved 
the  sedentary  pleasures  of  comparing,  studying, 
naming,  describing  and  publishing.  A  time 
may  come,  when  if  all  plants  are  well  known, 
little  will  be  left  to  be  done,  except  seeking  rare 
plants  or  occasional  deviations  and  varieties ; 
but  a  long  while  will  elapse  before  this  may 
take  place,  since  so  few  of  our  plants  are  com- 
pletely known  as  yet.  Then  will  begin  the  la- 
bors of  the  draftsman,  the  collector  of  rare 
plants  and  roots,  or  the  seeking  of  special  and 
generic  deviations. 

In  this  another  wide  field  of  researches  will 
be  open  to  the  enquiring  mind.  My  thoughts 
have  often  been  led  thereto  when  noticing 
singular  deviations.  I  admit  like  Adanson, 
Necker  and  liinneus  himself  that  plants  do 
vary  gradually  and  constantly,  although  often 
very  slowly,  both   in  the  specific  and  generic 


16  IJNTKODUCTION. 

characters.  I  refer  to  these  authors  for  exani- 
ples  so  often  met  in  gardens  ;  but  I  have  chief- 
ly attended  to  this  in  the  woods  and  fields 
where  quite  spontaneous. 

The  process  is  by  the  seedlings  being  some- 
what different  from  the  parents,  and  thus  evinc- 
ing a  deviation  of  typical  mould,  that  may  be, 
or  may  not  be,  propagated  again.  H  it  is,  this 
soon  assumes  a  permanence,  becoming  a  per- 
manent variety  if  the  deviation  is  slight,  such 
as  mere  color  of  flowers,  size  of  stem,  leaves, 
Slc;  but  becoming  a  New  Species!  if  at  last 
several  deviations  are  permanently  combined. 
A  tendency  to  such  deviations  is  sometimes  met 
even  in  the  various  annual  shoots  of  the  peren- 
nial plants,  or  shrubs  and  trees,  that  are  not  al- 
ways alike  to  those  of  the  preceding  years. 

The  specific  deviations  which  I  could  men- 
tion are  numberless,  this  work  will  be  full  of 
them,  as  all  new  species  are  in  fact  such  per- 
manent deviations  of  growth,  unless  they  are 
widely  different  from  all  former  species.  The 
oldest  type  of  the  species  may  probably  be 
found  in  the  most  common  with  most  numerous 
individuals,  while  those  called  rare  or  with  few 
individuals  as  yet  must  be  the  newest  in  order 
of  time. 

Generic  deviations  are  more  rarely  observed 
or  noticed,  because  less  evident  and  very  slow- 
ly produced,  or  not  so  easily  propagated;  but  I 
shall  mention  here  some  very  striking  instances 
of  them ;  while  many  more  are  to  be  met  with 
in    all  the  Genera,  where    the  characters   are 

polymorphous,  expressed  by  SO  . . .  Oil SO, 

3-5  fidis,  4-5  andris,  3-4  stylis.  Capsule  with 
4  or  5  valves,  one  or  many  seeds,  &lc. 

1.  I  have  seen  in  a    garden  a  Tulip  with  5 


INTRODUCTION.  17 

petals  only  and  5  stamens.     That   was  even  a 
deviation  from  the  family  ! 

2.  I  have  met  with  a  Tecoma  bearing  a  ca- 
psule with  3  valves,  the  generic  character  is 
bivalve. 

3.  Asters  and  Solidagos  with  the  ligules 
mixt  with  the  florets,  forming  a  kind  of  peloric 
genus  which  I  have  called  Mictanthes. 

4.  The  Aster  discoideus  of  Elliot  or  my 
genus  Atiactis,  has  no  rays,  it  must  have  been 
a  deviated  genus  like  Kclipta  from  Verhesina. 
I  have  met  some  Asters  with  the  rays  so  short- 
ened as  to  be  almost  invisible. 

5.  My  G.  GoNONcus  has  two  sorts  of  flowers 
and  seeds  on  the  same  plant,  uniting  the  char- 
racters  of  Polygonun  and  Persicaria. 

6.  My  G.  Stttrandra  appears  to  have  origi- 
nated once  from  Convallaria  or  rather  Majan- 
ihemuni^  just  like  Paris  from  Trillium. 

7.  Many  monoical  and  dioical  plants  return 
to  Polygamy  and  hermaphroditism.  This  is  the 
case  with  some  of  our  Vines,  Vitis,  Morus,  Ur- 
tica,  CallitricJie,  ^c. 

8.  Nothing  more  common  than  monstruous 
deviations  by  addition  or  deficiency  of  parts, 
which  are  as  many  links  of  generic  varia- 
tions. 

Of  all  the  European  Floras,  that  in  which 
generic  and  specific  deviations  are  most  expli- 
citly stated  and  best  detailed,  is  the  Flora  Li- 
thuanica  of  Gilibert,  where  many  similar  ano- 
malies may  be  noticed. 

Therefore  the  result  will  be  that  our  species 
and  genera  are  not  quite  permanent  as  suppos- 
ed, but  are  gradually  producing  deviations  of 
forms ;  when  these  are  floral  thev  are  of  course 


18  INTRODUCTION. 

generic,  and  may   after   centuries   form    New 
Genera. 

Hybridity  also  multiplies  species  :  this  pro- 
cess is  much  more  common  in  plants  than  ani- 
mals ;  but  it  is  often  difficult  to  detect  in  the 
wild  plants  the  real  parents.  Unless  they  are 
both  found  growing  near  the  hybrid,  and  it  has 
the  traces  of  both  forms,  we  may  as  safely 
ascribe  it  to  a  natural  deviation  of  frame,  call- 
ed Peloric  if  floral  and  generic. 

Some  Eotanists  have  different  ideas  of  Ge- 
nera, species,  and  varieties :  their  errors  and 
my  corrections  will  be  found  in  the  principles 
of  my  Floratelluriana.  I  merely  recapitu- 
late here  my  ideas  of  them,  deduced  from  40 
years  of  botanical  observations. 

Species  include  all  the  individuals  perfectly 
alike  in  all  their  parts — Varieties  are  slight  ca- 
sual deviations — Pinoles  are  permanent  varie- 
ties, such  as  are  called  Breeds  among  ani- 
mals. 

Genera  are  the  groups  of  species  that  have 
similar  floral  characters  and  sometimes  a  simi- 
lar habit.  Whenever  a  species  has  different 
floral  forms  it  must  be  a  peculiar  genus. 

Such  are  the  natural  distinctions  of  those 
two  groups,  any  others  must  be  unnatural  and 
improper  !  All  species  may  have  been  varie- 
ties once,  except  the  original  types  or  ancestors 
of  the  genus,  and  all  uctual  varieties  may  be 
incipient  species. 

My  views  of  the  natural  method  will  be  gi- 
ven in  my  Flora  Telluriaisa,  where  1  shall 
correct  and  improve  my  former  classes,  orders 
and  families  of  1815  in  Analysis  of  Nature. 
I  have  adopted  and  studied  the  natural  method 
since  1800, 1  have   always  tried  to  improve  it. 


INTRODUCTION.  19 

I  have  always  been  opposed  to  the  Linnean 
system  and  its  blunders ;  but  the  natural  me- 
thod has  had  so  long,  and  has  perhaps  yet,  so 
many  anomalies,  that  unless  they  are  rectified, 
the  study  of  affinities  will  be  impeded.  Jus- 
sieu  had  a  crowd  of  generxi  incerta  sedis,  or 
annexed  to  orders  without  belonging  thereto, 
which  were  a  Dedalus  of  ambiguity.  The  mo- 
dern Decandole,  Richard,  Lindley,  Agardh 
have  partly  improved  this  Labyrinth ;  but  the 
clue  to  guide  us  is  now  in  our  hands  !  Let 
every  genus  that  does  not  agree  in  general 
frame  and  characters  be  removed,  and  placed 
elsewhere,  as  I  have  done.  When  this  is  done 
and  generally  adopted  we  may  hope  to  reach  a 
perfect  classification :  while  that  of  Lindley  for 
instance,  is  as  yet  quite  loose  and  inaccurate, 
as  bad  as  Adanson  or  Necker's ;  since  one 
fourth  of  his  genera  do  not  agree  to  the  com- 
mon characters  ascribed,  and  some  orders  have 
none  at  all  . .  . 

This  is  the  ambiguity  and  absurdity  carried 
from  Species  and  Genera  to  the  National  Or- 
ders !  unless  restricted  or  exploded  in  all  in- 
stances, we  can  have  no  correct  nomenclature 
nor  classification.  What  absurdity  to  have  an 
order  without  definition.,  like  the  patched  genera 
Gentiana  and  Convallaria  for  instance !  a 
false  definition  that  does  not  apply  to  all 
the  Genera  or  Species,  is  equal  to  no  definition 
at  all . . 

Our  North  American  Botanists  were  very 
late  in  noticing  the  natural  method,  and  even 
now  hardly  admit  of  it,  or  else  without  restric- 
tion on  its  defects.  From  1802  to  1804  I  was 
perhaps  the  only  one  that  followed  that  new 
path.  Barton,  Muhlenberg,  and  others  of  that 


20  INTRODUCTION. 

period  would  not  even  listen  to  it.  Correa 
alone  began  to  give  lectures  on  it  towards  1816, 
I  vainly  tried  to  introduce  it  in  1817.  Pursh, 
Elliot,  Torrey,  Nuttall,  Eaton,  Bigelow,  &c. 
all  wrote  their  works  on  the  sexual  plan.  Ea- 
ton alone  added  thereto  the  orders  of  Jussieu 
to  his  manual ;  yet  he  was  amazed  when  Tor- 
rey pubhshed  his  edition  of  liindley  !  Since 
he  and  Hooker  have  begun  to  open  the  path  in 
England,  Beck  and  Torrey  have  begun  to  fol- 
low, while  a  few  others  begin  to  incline  to- 
wards it :  yet  Adanson  had  disclosed  it  since 
1763,  and  Robin  Flora  of  Louisiana  used  it  in 
1807. 

Its  progress  will  be  slow  here,  because  it  re- 
quires application  and  study,  and  my  improve- 
ments require  besides  accuracy  and  perspicui- 
ty. It  will  be  easier  to  follow  the  blunders  of 
liindley  as  formerly  those  of  Linneus  without 
investigation.  My  own  labors  on  families  and 
genera  will  perhaps  meet  the  fate  of  those  of 
Adanson  and  Necker,  and  be  denied  belief  or 
assent  for  half  a  century  like  theirs ;  but  the 
time  will  come  at  last  to  grant  me  justice,  and 
admit  me  among  the  classical  improvers  of  the 
science. 

Jealousy  of  my  great  labors  and  discoveries 
may  influence  some ;  but  I  hope  that  real  Bo- 
tanists ought  always  to  be  impartial.  Torrey 
is  my  friend,  although  we  differ  in  our  views  of 
Genera  and  Species,  Nuttall  has  done  so  much 
already  and  has  so  much  yet  to  bring  forth 
from  Origon,  that  he  need  not  be  jealous  of  my 
labors.  Many  other  Botanists  profess  to  value 
them.  I  know  of  no  one  that  is  my  avowed  foe 
like  Dr.  Harlan  is  for  Zoology — I  have  been 
liberal  and  friendly  to  all,   if  they  do  not  reci- 


INTRODUCTION.  2 1 

procate,  it  must  be  out  of  bad  and  improper 
feelings. 

I  have  had  warm  friends  and  patrons  for 
awhile  ;  but  I  have  been  deprived  of  them  all 
by  death  already,  J.  D.  Clifibrd,  Z.  Collins,  D. 
Clinton,  Dr.  Mitchill,  Dr.  Jackson,  were  such. 
May  I  meet  similar  new  patrons  in  my  old 
age!  -h 

Although  this  Flora  will  exhibit  me  as  a 
learned  Botanist,  accurate  observer,  and  zeal- 
ous discoverer,  it  does  not  afford  me  the  means 
of  appearing  as  a  Draftsman,  Collector  of  spe- 
cimens, Medical  Botanist,  &c.  for  which  I 
must  refer  to  my  other  works.  Medical  Bota- 
ny with  100  figures,  my  Autikon  Botanikon, 
sic. 

I  have  written  my  Botanical  Works  in  4 
languages,  Latin,  French,  Italian  and  English  ! 
I  now  write  this  entirely  in  English  in  order  to 
make  it  available  to  all  our  Botanists  ;  but  my 
Flora  Telluriana  will  be  partly  in  Latin,  at 
least  for  generic  and  specific  characters. 

It  is  usual  for  accurate  Botanists  to  state  the 
kind  o^ botanical  evidence  that  they  can  give, 
which  is  usually  expressed  by  v.  v.  meaning- 
seen  alive — V.  s.  seen  dry,  &c.  but  this  may  be 
very  delusive  since  many  plants  seen  alive  are 
only  seen  in  gardens  and  not  in  their  natural 
state,  or  the  floral  characters  have  not  been  ex- 
amined. Greater  accuracy  should  be  required 
and  I  state  at  once  that  all  the  plants  I  describe 
have  been  met  alive,  and  collected  by  me  in 
their  native  soils,  in  bloom  and  seeds  unless  I 
otherwise  state  the  facts ;  whether  seen  with- 
out seeds,  or  only  in  gardens. 

As  to  dried  or 'preserved  plants,  they  may 
also  have  been  with  or   without  seeds  ;  always 


22  INTRODUCTION. 

with  flowers  however  and  carefully  examined 
generically;  although  it  is  not  always  easy  to 
see  well  the  minute  floral  characters  of  dry 
specimens.  As  to  the  inside  of  the  seeds,  their 
fallacious  anatomical  structures  never  perplex 
me ;  I  leave  them  to  Anatomists  with  the  in- 
side of  roots  and  fibres  :  microscopical  observa- 
tions are  always  useless  for  practical  descrip- 
tive Botany,  as  all  genera  and  families  have 
outward  evident  floral  forms  peculiar  to  each. 

When  plants  have  not  been  seen  actually 
alive  or  dry,  I  quote  as  usual  the  books,  au- 
thors or  figures,  that  have  imparted  their 
knowledge;  but  few  such  plants  will  however 
be  mentioned  here,  this  being  rather  intended 
as  a  collection  of  my  own  observations  :  yet  in 
complete  monographs  or  revised  Genera  it  will 
be  needful  to  compare  all  the  species  and  facts. 
It  is  to  be  regretted  that  our  botanists  too  of- 
ten neglect  the  labors  of  their  colleagues,  by 
not  comparing  all  previous  or  proposed  spe- 
cies :  whereby  they  can  only  give  us  imperfect 
monographs. 

Severul  authors  have  mistaken  foreign 
plants  of  distant  regions  for  our  own.  Many 
such  are  found  in  Thunberg,  Gmelin,  Loureiro, 
&,c.  that  are  different  species  from  Japan, 
Sibiria  or  Anam.  Decandole  has  recommend- 
ed to  compare  again  every  plant  deemed  native 
of  several  remote  regions,  and  I  shall  often  do 
it. 


23 


FLORA   OF   NORTH   AMERICA. 

BOTANICAL    GEOGRAPHY    AND    LOCALITIES. 

Botanical  Geography  has  lately  been  much 
attended  to  since  Wildenow,  Decandole  and 
Humboldt  have  written  upon  it.  Dr.  Picker- 
ing alone  has  specially  written  upon  that  of 
North  America,  and  although  I  do  not  admit 
of  all  his  conclusions,  nor  think  his  map  quite 
correct,  yet  he  has  opened  the  way. 
*  The  Earth  is  divided  into  botanical  regions, 
where  a  peculiar  growth  of  trees  and  plants  are 
found;  these  regions  although  sometimes  well 
defined  in  Islands  and  Physical  regions,  must 
necessarily  blend  in  large  continents  near  their 
limits. 

Wildenow  supposed  that  groups  of  moun- 
tains were  the  nucleus  of  these  regions,  and 
that  the  floras  expanded  "around;  others  think 
that  mountains  often  divide  the  botanical  as 
well  as  physical  regions.  In  North  America 
both  seem  to  be  partly  the  case. 

Decandole  had  only  three  botanical  regions 
in  North  America,  north  of  Mexico,  the  Atlan- 
'^lic  or  Apalachian  extending  to  Florida  and 
Missouri,  2d  the  Origonic  or  the  Origon  moun- 
tains and  plains  of  the  West.  3.  the  Boreal 
common  to  boreal  Asia  and  Europe.  Picker- 
ing has  proved  that  following  the  level  of  the 
land,  the  Boreal  or  Canadian  extends  South 
over  the  Alleghany  mountains,  while  the  Mexi- 
can region  extends  North  into  Texas  and  Ark- 
ansas. 


24  BOTANICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 

Eaton  has  supposed  that  our  Atlantic  region 
was  divided  in  two  hy  the  Potomac,  the  Nor- 
thern, and  the  Southern  that  winds  round  the 
mountains  to  the  far  West  including  all  the 
Western  States. 

These  are  of  course  exclusive  of  the  three 
great  regions  of  the  Southern  parts,  Mexico, 
Central  America  and  the  Antilles. 

I  have  rectified  these  views  since  1832  by 
increasing  our  regions  to  seven;  to  which  I 
have  given  the  names  of  Boreal,  Canadian, 
AUeghanian,  Floridian,  Louisianian,  Texan 
andOrigonian:  each  of  these  is  perfectly  distinct 
and  distinguished  both  by  physical  features  and 
peculiar  Genera  of  plants. 

1.  Boreal  Region,  including  the  Polar  re- 
*^  gion,  Greenland,  Iceland,  Labrador,  Hudson 
•  Bay  and  New  Sibiria.     This  wide  region,  is 

very  similar  to  the  Boreal  parts  of  the  Old 
Continent,  Lapland  and  North  Siberia,  forming 
perhaps  only  one  wide  circle  around  the  Arctic 
Pole.  It  is  the  poorest  of  all  the  American 
Floras,  with  very  few  trees  and  shrubs,  chiefly 
evergreen,  and  with  the  lower  classes  of  plants 
preponderating,  such  as  Mosses,  Lichens,  Al 
gas,  &.C.  but  few  Fungi.  The  floral  season  is 
very  short,  hardly  three  months  from  June  to 
August. 

2.  Canadian  Region.  This  forms  a  broad 
belt  across  the  Continent  including  Nova  Sco- 
tia, New  England,  Canada,  the  countries 
around  the  Lakes,  and  the  vast  lacustral  plains 
of  the  West.  It  has  spurs  in  the  northern  Al- 
leghanies,  the  Saranac,  Taconick,  and  Kiska- 
nom  mountains.  It  is  distinguished  by  the  pre- 
vailing Firs,  Willows,  and  Birches,  the  Gene- 
ra   Linttea,    Diervilla,   Parnassia-     H^'^-- 


BOTANICAL    GEOGRAPHY.  25 

Kibes,  Coptls,  JSemopanthes,  Comariim, 
Caltha,  &^c.  a.nd  an  abundance  of  Mosses,  Li- 
chens and  Fungi,  not  however  exceeding  one 
half  of  the  whole  number  The  floral  season  of 
five  months,  from  May  to  September. 

3.  Alleghanian  Region.  This  has  for  nu- 
cleus the  Alleghany  mountains  of  Pennsylva- 
nia, Maryland,  Virginia,  Kentucky,  &c.  called 
Apalachian  south  of  Potomac  and  Wasioto 
or  Cumberland  to  the  West :  this  region  winds 
all  around  East  and  West  into  the  hilly  or 
broken  country.  It  is  distinguished  by  the 
abundance  of  trees,  oaks,  radiate  plants,  fungi, 
grasses,  leguminose,  hypericines,  with  the  pre- 
vailing genera  Hicoria,  JCalmia,  Trilliutn, 
Azalea,  Vitis,  Rhododendron,  Hydrangea, 
Heuchera,  Lactuca,  Solidago,  Rosa,  S^c.  the 
Mosses  and  Lichens  are  yet  abundant,but  now 
form  only  a  small  proportion  of  the  whole,  while 
the  Fungi  are  become  about  one  third  of  the 
whole.  It  is  remarkable  that  here  the  trees 
and  shrubs  although  yet  of  the  same  Genera  as 
in  Europe  are  nearly  all  unlike  in  species. — 
Floral  season  from  April  to  October. 

4.  Floridian  Region.  This  begins  in  the 
North  by  a  narrow  belt  in  the  marshy  and  san- 
dy Islands  or  Shores,  pine  woods  and  swamps 
of  Long  Island  and  New  Jersey,  widening 
gradually  in  the  plains  of  Virginia,  Carolina, 
Georgia,  ascending  the  hills  and  south  Apala- 
chian mountains  which  run  west  into  Alaba- 
ma, occupying  the  whole  of  Florida,  Alabama, 
&c.  \  It  blends  in  South  Florida  with  the  An- 
tillian  flora  of  Bahama  and  Cuba,  in  the  moun- 
tains with  the  Alleghanian  flora,  and  west  with 
the  Louisianian.  It  is  distinguished  by  Mag 
nolias  and  Pines,  Palms  and  Yucas :  the  pecu- 


26  BOTANICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 

liar  Genera  Clethra,  Fothergila^  PassiHora^ 
Chionanthus,  Lantana,  MarshaUia,  Xerophy- 
lum,  Pinkneya^  Halesia^  LeiopJiylum,  Hudso- 
nia,  &/C.  with  many  species  of  Ilex,  Ludwigia^ 
Rhexia,  Viburnum,  Lobelia,  Slc.  Here  the 
Mosses,  Lichens  and  Fungi  greatly  decrease, 
while  the  grasses,  rushes,  ferns,  aroides,  lilies 
and  akin  greatly  increase.  It  is  the  richest  of 
our  Botanical  regions  in  Species,  and  Vegeta- 
tion is  unceasing,  there  are  flowers  in  every 
month,  even  in  January. 

5.  Louisianian  or  Missourian  Region. 
The  actual  state  of  Louisiana  hardly  belongs 
to  this ;  but  the  ancient  Louisiana  is  the  nu- 
cleus of  it,  extending  into  the  plains  of  Tennes- 
see, Kentucky,  Illinois,  Arkansas,  Missouri, 
and  up  into  the  vast  plains  of  the  Upper  Mis- 
souri. The  cradle  of  it  appears  to  be  the  Ozark 
mountains.  It  is  distinguished  by  the  Pacan- 
tree,  the  Bowtree,  tho  Amorphas,  the  Planera, 
Cladrastis,  peculiar  Pavias  and  Poplars  ;  with 
abundance  of  Cacti  and  Ferns ;  but  scanty 
Mosses,  Lichens  and  Fungi :  with  the  peculiar 
Genera  Miegia,  Collinsia,  JBellis,  Leucospora, 
&c.     Floral  season  from  March  to  November. 

6.  Texian  Region.  This  extends  over  the 
wide  plains  between  Louisiana  and  Mexico, 
and  probably  over  New  Mexico :  the  nucleus 
may  be  the  Taos  mountains ;  botanical  spurs 
extend  into  Arkansas  and  the  Colorado  Valley. 
It  is  very  Httle  known  as  yet,  but  the  produc- 
tions are  intermediate  between  Mexican  and 
Louisianian,  with  abundance  of  Cactides  and 
Canebrakes.  The  floral  season  lasts  nearly  the 
whole  year  as  in  Florida. 

7.  Origon  Region.  This  extends  over  the 
Origon  mountains  and  the  hilly    country  west 


BOTANICAL   GEOGRAPHV.  27 

of  it.  We  do  not  know  it  thoroughly  as  yet, 
but  what  we  know  of  it,  is  very  peculiar.  We 
may  hope  that  Nuttall  will  describe  it  botani- 
cally.  It  has  perhaps  several  divisions,  the 
mountains,  sea  shores,  and  new  Albion  or  new 
California  to  the  South.  It  bears  the  same 
^  botanical  relation  to  Sibiria  than  the  AUegha- 
nies  do  to  Europe.  It  is  distinguished  by  pecu- 
liar trees,  Firs,  Oaks,  Maples,  the  singular 
Garrya  tree,  many  species  of  Ribes,  Lupimis^ 
Pentostemon,  Cactus,  Mimulus,  &/C.  with 
peculiar  Genera  Calochortus,  Eutoca,  Las- 
tJienia,  CoUomia,  Aegochloa,  Lewisia,  Clar- 
Ma,  <Slc.— The  Labiate,  Hypericines,  Grasses, 
Fungi  and  Mosses  appear  to  be  scanty.  Lili- 
acea  abound,  but  the  Orchides  are  very  few. 
The  floral  season  extends  from  March  to  No- 
vember in  New  Albion,  but  is  much  shorter  in 
the  mountains  and  to  the  North. 

Besides  the  above  great  Regions  of  this  Con- 
tinent, there  are  several  other  Local  Regions, 
more  confined  in  limits,  but  well  distinguished 
by  peculiar  vegetation  or  growth  of  trees.  The 
principal  of  these  are 

1.  The  swampy  pine  region,  where  grow  the 
Schubertia  and  Cupressus  thyoides,  from  New 
Jersey  to  Louisiana,  with  many  peculiar  water 
plants.  These  swamps  are  unlike  marshes  by 
being  sandy  and  having  a  clear  yellow  water. 

j^In  the  dry  places  prevail  Pines, Hudsonia,  &c. 

2.  The  Sandy  Shore  Regions  all  along  the 
margin  of  our  Sea  from  Long  Island  to  Flori- 
da; Ilex  and  Myricas  prevail,  also  shrubs, 
plants,  with  palms  in  the  South.  The  rocky 
shores  of  the  North  are  very  unlike  this. 

3.  The  Alpine  Region  or  Summits  of  High 
mountains,  where  few  trees  are  found,  while 


28  BOTANICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 

many  peculiar  plants  grow  only  there.  In  the 
Alleghanies  they  partake  of  the  Canadian  flo- 
ra, and  in  the  White  mountains  of  the  Boreal 
flora. 

4.  The  Prairie  Regions  of  the  West,  with 
few  trees,  but  a  profusion  of  fine  plants,  Dode- 
catheons,  Tradescantias,  Helichroas,  Gentians, 
Radiate  flowers,  &-c.,  some  peculiar  shrubs 
and  hardly  any  Acotyle  plant.  There  the  flo- 
ral season  begins  in  March  or  sooner  as  you  go 
South. 

5.  The  Limestone  Region  of  Florida,  with  a 
profusion  of  fine  plants,  Ludwigias,  Rhexias, 
&c.  and  many  peculiar  shrubs. 

6.  The  Limestone  Region  of  the  Ohio,  form- 
ing a  bassin  in  Ohio,  Indiana  and  Kentucky  ; 
it  has  a  very  scanty  flora,  few  shrubs  in  the 
woods,  no  Kalmias  nor  Vacciniums,  but  among 
trees  many  Asiminas  and  Pavias,  with  abund- 
ance of  social  grasses  or  congregated  plants. 

1.  The  Apalachian  and  Wasioto  Region,  or 
of  the  hills  and  mountains  from  Kentucky  to 
Georgia :  this  has  a  distinct  flora  from  the  Al- 
leghanies and  Florida  shores,  many  Rhodo- 
dendrons, Azaleas,  Magnolias,  and  a  crowd  of 
fine  plants;  many  yet  new  in  the  Unaka  or  Iron 
mountains,  the  northern  nucleus  of  it,  as  well 
as  in  the  peninsula  of  Florida,  Alabama,  &c. 

Besides  these  great  localities  I  will  add  se- 
veral smaller  localities  of  great  botanical  inte- 
rest by  the  numerous  new  plants  which  they 
have  afforded  me.  Every  botanist  knows  some 
similar  place ;  but  those  which  I  may  boast  to 
have  discovered  or  first  well  explored  deserve 
to  be  commemorated.     They  are 

1.  The  neighborhood  of  Quaker  Bridge  and  Cedar  Bridge  in  the  centre 
of  the  Pinelands  of  New  Jersey. — 2.  The  neighborhood  of  Mullica  Hill  in 
New  Jersey — 3.  The  sea  Islands  of  New  Jersey. — 4.  The  source  of  the  river 


BOTAMCAL    GEOGRAPiiy.  39 

Delaware  in  New'York  at  Utsianlha  Lake  in  Oqiiage  monntains.— The  Kis- 
kartom  or  Catskill  mountains  of  New  York.— 6.  The  Dismal  Swamp  of  De- 
laware.— 7.  Sherman  \alley  m  the  Alleghanies. — 8.  The  Cotocton  moun- 
tain.sof  Maryland  and  Virginia  cut  through  by  the  Potomac— 9.  Valley  of 
Loyalhannah  in  west  Pennsylvania.— 10.  Falls  of  the  river  Potomac.— 11. 
Falls  of  the  river  Cumberland  in  Wasioto  hills  of  east  Kentucky — 12.  The 
serpentine  rocks  of  Chester  and  Maryland.— 13.  The  Wiconisco,  Tuscarora 
and  Central  mountains  of  ihe  Alleghanies. — 14.  The  summit  of  the  Allegha- 
nies in  Marj'land. — 15.  The  Cacapon  mountains  of  Virginia. — 16.  The  prai- 
ries of  Bigbarren  river  in  Kentucky. — 17.  The  Wasioto  Hills  and  mountains 
of  Kentucky,  or  Knob  Hills,  with  their  knoblicks.— 18.  The  banks  of  the 
Wabash,  and  glades  near  them. — 19.  The  neck  of  land  between  the  mouths 
of  Cumberland  and  Tennessee  rivers,  with  the  glades  of  South  Kentucky 
and  Tennessee. — The  shores  of  Lake  Erie  near  Sandusky. 

I  hardly  need  add  the  far  famed  fall  of  Nia- 
gara, the  head  and  falls  of  the  Hudson,  the  Ta- 
conick  and  Mattawan  mountains,  and  in  fact 
every  ridge  of  the  Alleghanies.  They  are  all 
interesting  botanical  spots  to  fisit;  but  in  or- 
der to  detect  all  their  plants,  you  must  visit 
them  at  least  three  times,  in  the  Spring,  Sum- 
mer and  Fall,  or  every  month  from  May  to  Oc- 
tober, and  even  some  plants  of  short  floral  du- 
ration may  then  escape  you.  How  can  we  then 
hope  to  know  all  our  productions,  except  gra- 
dually and  by  repeated  explorations.  I  have 
never  been  able  to  meet  the  Hainiltonia,  nor 
Centunculiis,  nor  Parnassia  in  full  bloom,  and 
many  rare  plants  were  only  found  once  by  me 
during  24  years  of  exploration. 

It  is  a  mistake  to  imagine  that  all  our  plants 
are  sylvan  or  nemorose,  because  forests  abound 
in  our  Continent,  The  plants  growing  under- 
neath the  shade  of  trees  are  not  even  the  major 
number,  and  we  must  look  for  many  in  mea- 
dows, glades,  fields,  swamps,  sea  shores,  banks 
of  rivers,  brakes,  (these  are  peculiar  places  in 
woods  or  glades  where  ferns,  canes  or  grasses 
prevail,)  salt  licks,  rocky  hills  and  cliffs,  moun- 
tains tops,  near  springs  and  brooks. 

The  distribution  of  the  plants  in  these  loca- 
lities, and  the  distribution   of  peculiar  tribes 


30  BOTANICAL    GEOORAPHV. 

over  the  whole  continent,  would  form  an  inte- 
resting theme,  which  although  partly  conjec- 
tural and  never  quite  exact,  might  lead  to  phi- 
losophical reflections  and  deductions.  Some 
problems  remain  to  be  solved  on  the  subject. 
Why  are  our  North  American  trees  chiefly  of 
European  and  Siberian  Genera,  but  unsimilar 
in  species.'' 

Why  are  our  shrubs  still  more  dissimilar  both 
in  genera  and  species  ? 

Why  are  our  grasses  and  cyperacea  so  often 
similar  in  species,  while  the  other  monocotyle 
plants  are  all  different? 

Why  are  the  minute  and  simple  Acotyle 
plants,  such  as  Algas,  Lichens  and  Fungi,  near- 
ly identic  in  the  two  Continents  ? 

Why  are  Mosses  and  Hepatica  so  often  si- 
milar, while  the  ferns  are  less  so,  and  offer 
many  new  forms.'' 

Why  are  many  similar  forms  offered  by  the 
tribes  of  Ranunculacca,  Labiate,  Juncides,  Ro- 
sacea, Polygonides,  Lysimachides,  Veronicides, 
Borragines,  Bicornes,  Caryophyles,  Amenta- 
cea  ?  &/C. 

Why  are  so  many  dissimilar  genera  and  spe- 
cies found  among  the  Violacea,  Irides,  Aspho- 
delides,  Orchides,  Gentianides,  Apocynea, 
Corymbifera,  Hypericea,Malvacea,  &c.  of  both 
continents  ? 

Why  are  some  families  quite  lacking  in  N. 
America  ?  Such  as  Rutacea,  Guttifera,  Pro- 
tacea,  Epacrides,  &c. 

Why  do  the  tropical  genera  so  seldom  extend 
into  Florida  ? 

Why  is  the  vegetation  of  Boreal  America  to- 
tally unlike  that  of  Austral  America.'' 


BOTANICAL    GEOGRAPHY.  31 

Why  have  we  so  few  Crucifera,  UmbelUfera 
and  Narcissides,  compared  to  Europe  and  Af- 
rica ? 

Why  are  the  two  shores  of  North  America, 
east  and  west,  so  unHke  to  each  other  in  vege- 
tation ? 

These  queries  and  others  of  a  similar  nature 
may  exercise  the  ingenuity  of  speculative  Bo- 
tanists, or  amuse  their  idle  hours;  but  they  are 
facts  and  as  such  deserve  our  notice. 

Another  interesting  study  is  that  of  our  na- 
turahzed  plants.  We  have  so  many  that  they 
appear  to  invade  the  fields  and  drive  out  the  na- 
tive plants  in  some  instances ;  but  it  is  by  no 
means  certain  but  that  some  deemed  natura- 
lized, were  not  really  native.  Such  at  least 
must  have  been  the  case  with  Verbascum  thap- 
siis^  Hypericum  perforatum,  Dauciis  carota, 
Anthemis  cotula,  Origarm'm  vulgare,  &c.  1 
gave  a  long  list  of  the  naturalized  plants  in  my 
dissertation  of  1808,  some  have  since  disappear- 
ed, while  others  have  appeared  instead  out  of 
gardens.  But  few  American  plants  have  be- 
come spontaneous  in  Europe,  Phytolaca  decan- 
dra  and  Cenotis  canadensis  are  mentioned  as 
such ;  but  we  have  received  several  hundreds, 
besides  some  few  from  the  Antilles  and  inland 
Decandole  has  properly  stated  that  naturalized 
plants  even  when  not  spontaneous,  but  exten- 
sively cultivated  in  the  open  air  ought  to  be  ad- 
ded to  every  general  flora,  and  Eaton  has  fol- 
lowed that  advice  with  us. 

It  appears  that  even  previous  to  the  discovery 
of  America  by  Columbus,  our  Indian  tribes  had 
received  or  imported  from  abroad  or  the  South, 
several  trees  and  plants.  I  have  at  least  evi- 
dently ascertained    historically    that  this  was 


32  BOTANICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 

the  fact  with  the  Maize,  Mayzea  cerealis  (Zea 
mays  of  L)  the  Orange  tree,  the  Chicasa 
plumb  Primus  angustifolia^  the  Catalpa  tree, 
the  Peach  tree,  and  the  holy  plant  Nelumbiurn 
luteum!  besides  several  kinds  of  Beans,  Tobac- 
co, Potatoes,  Squashes,  Pumpkins  and  Melons 
that  were  cultivated  by  our  native  tribes  before 
Columbus  or  at  least  the  invasion  of  Soto  be- 
tween 1540  and  1543,  and  subsequent  French 
and  English  colonies. 

The  number  of  Genera  and  Species  of  each 
botanical  region,  and  their  proportion  of  Trees, 
Shrubs,  Plants,  Herbs,  Grasses,  Ferns,  Mosses, 
Lichens,  Fungi,  &c.  is  not  only  variable  in 
each,  but  difficult  to  fix,  owing  to  the  great 
number  that  are  common  to  several  blending  on 
the  limits.  In  general  the  Trees,  Shrubs,  Ferns 
and  Grasses,  increase  in  number  from  North  to 
South,  while  the  Acotyle  plants  diminish  ;  but 
Fungi  are  most  numerous  in  the  Alleghanian 
region,  by  Schweinitz  account  of  them  they 
nearly  equal  the  Phenogamous  plants. 

However  all  the  calculations  heretofore  made 
were  erroneous,  depending  on  the  peculiar 
knowledge  of  the  writer  and  his  limited  views 
of  Genera.  Forster  said  they  were  only  1200! 
in  1771,  Eaton  in  1833  said  exactly  5267! 
Torrey  about  8000  !  I  say  15000  and  am  near- 
er the  truth :  at  least  10,000  are  Vascular 
plants  in  the  whole  of  North  America,  north  of 
Mexico,  with  about  5000  cellular  plants,  where- 
of nearly  300  are  trees  or  palms.  Our  largest 
Flora,  the  Floridian  contains  6000  species  at 
least,  while  the  smallest,  the  Boreal,  has  hard- 
ly 1000  species,  and  no  more  exist  in  the  Lime- 
stone region  of  Kentucky.  The  number  of  Ge- 
nera will  depend  on  the  reformed  view  and  cor- 
rection of  them. 


MONOGRAPHS, 

WITH  NEW  GENERA  SPECIES  AND 
VARIETIES  OF  VASCULAR  PLANTS 
CHIEFLY. 

ABALON  Adanson.  Veratrun  L.  Heloni' 
as  Alton  and  all  our  Botanists.  Melanthimn 
Walter,  Diclinotrys  Raf.  meaning  two  beds 
racemes. 

Dioical.  Corolla  Cpetals  linear,  Stamens  6 
filiform  longer,  anthers  bilobed  adnate.  Pistil- 
late flowers  with  6  rudiments  of  stamens,  pis  J 
til  Sgrooved,  3stigmas  sessile  reflexed.  Cap- 
sule ovate  Sgrooved  3celled,  cells  with  many 
seeds  angled  acute.  Habit,  Caulescent,  leaves 
scattered,  flowers  in  long  racemes. 

Adanson  good  name  meaning  not  in  a  ball, 
was  applied  to  the  Helonias  of  L.  as  this  Ge- 
nus must  certainly  be  divided,  this  good  old 
name  ought  to  prevail,  unless  mine  of  Diclino- 
trys is  prefered.  Linneus  made  many  blunders 
on  this  plant,  uniting  to  Veratrum  and  calling 
it  V.  luteum  altho'  the  flowers  are  white.  We 
know  only  one  Sp.  as  yet ;  but  it  has  many  vari- 
eties or  deviations.  The  divided  stems  are 
found  so  far  apart,  that  no  fecundation  can  take 
place.  The  sterile  plants  are  more  common 
than  the  others.  This  pistilate  become  fertile 
at  a  great  distance  from  them. 

Abalon  (or  Diclinotrys)  albiflorum  Raf. 
1817.  Melanthiiim  dioiciun  Walter,  Helonias 
lutea !  Aiton  &;C.  Hel.  dioica  Mx.  Pursh, 
Elliot,  Torrey,  Beck,  Eaton  ....  I 

Very  smooth,  stem  angular,  leaves  cuneate 
lanceolate,  subacute,  enerve :  raceme  cylindri" 
cal,  pedicels  short,  petals  linear  obtuse. 

5. 


34  ABALON. 

Varieties  and  deviations  1.  Pumilutn,6  or  8 
inches,  leaves  narrow,  linear  above.  Mts  Alle- 
ghany, rare. 

2.  Sylvaticum,  large,  bipedal,  low^er  leaves 
broader  and  thick,  cuneate  nearly  obtuse : 
crowded  on  the  stem.     In  woods. 

3.  Serpentarium,  raceme  elongate  flexuose 
like  a  Snake. 

4.  Spicatum,  flowers  nearly  sessile  forming 
a  long   spike,   the  pistillate    flowers    remote 
Kentucky  .... 

5.  Obovatum,  radical  leaves  petiolate  obovate 
nervose,  obtuse,  stem  leaves  remote  cuneate 
few  obtuse.  Alabama  and  Florida :  perhaps  a 
species,  fertile  flowers  very  remote. 

Flowers  white,  the  pistillate  greenish  not  so 
crowded — found  from  Maine  to  Missouri  and 
Floridas,  in  meadows,  glades  and  woods. 
Root  tuberose  premorse,  medical,  see  my  med- 
ical flora. 

Figures.   Autikon  Raf.     1  to  5. 

ABAMA  of  Adanson.  His  good  Genus 
was  wrongly  named  Tofielda  by  Hudson ;  but 
some  American  Sp.  united  to  it,  being  distinct, 
I  called  them  Conradia  or  Leptilix  in  Neog. 
1825.  Nuttal  has  named  another  Genus  Con- 
radia in  1834.  I  therefore  restore  the  Aba- 
ma  for  our  Tofieldas  and  thus  reform  the 
characters. 

Abama.  Cahx  small  3dentate.  Corolla  6- 
parted  obtuse  alternate  longer.  Stamens  6fili- 
form  on  the  corolla  and  opposite.  Pistil  one 
conical  3angular.  3  Styles  spreading  short, 
stigmas  capitate.  One  capsule  3celled,  3val- 
ved,  valves  bifid  above,  cells  with  2  or  more 
seeds — Habit  leaves  ensiform,  flowers  white 
racemose,  peduncles  commonly  triflore. — Con- 


ABAMA.  35 

taining  2  Sub-genera  1.  leptilix  Raf.  Caules- 
cent, petals  broader,  capsule  3angular,  cells 
two  seeded — 2  Trianthum  Nuttal,  Stemless 
petals  narrow,  capsule  globose,  cells  with  many 
terete  caudate  seeds, 

ToFiELDA  Subgenus  Paltri3ia  Raf,  Differs 
from  Abama,  by  petals  equal,  stamens  longer 
subulate,  dilatated  at  the  base.  Styles  none  or 
very  short,  stigmas  sessile  or  nearly  so,  flat,  3 
distincts  pistils  and  capsules,  gibbose,  opening 
inside,  few  seeds  angular  curved.  Stemless 
flowers  almost  spiked.  This  applies  to  our  2 
species  :  the  European  are,  T palustris  ^  hor* 
ealis.  see  Tofielda. 

Narthecium  Smith.  No  calix,  corolla  of 
perigone  6parted  spreading  persistent.  Stam. 
6  hirsute,  pistil  one  Sangular,  one  style  stigma 
Sdentate.  Capsul  triangular  Scelled  many 
seeds  caudate.  Type  N.  ossifragum  and  one 
American  Sp. 

Therefore  the  Abama  with  the  capsule  of 
Narthecium  has  the  calix  of  Tofielda:  the 
Narthecium  of  Jussieu  which  is  the  Tofielda 
has  6  pistils,  stigmas  and  capsules.  Decandolc 
ascribes  to  Tofielda  a  capsule  with  3  or  6  cells  ! 
much  confusion  arose  from  the  rarity  of  those 
plants  and  incomplete  descriptions. 

1.  Abama  (Leptilix)  scabra  Raf.  Tofielda  pu^ 
bens  Elliot,  Melanlhium  racemosum  Walter. 
Stem  naked  above  glandular  rough,  leaves  ensi- 
form  acute  smooth,  upper  small,  peduncles  as  long 
as  the  flowers  2  to  4  fasciculate,  capsule  3gone. 
In  Carolina  and  Alabama  wet  pines.  Root 
perennial  tuberose. 

Stem.  1  or  2  feet,  flowers  green  tipt  with  pur- 
ple, estival,  petals  lanceolale  and  obovate. 

2.  Abama  (Triantha)  pubens  Raf  Narthe- 


36  -  ABBOTIA. 

clum  Mx.  Anthericum  caliculatum  Gronovius. 
Tofielda  puhescens  Nuttal  (fee.  Scape  pubes- 
cent raceme  obloni^  interrupted,  capsule  globose, 
leaves  ensiform — From  Delaware  to  Carolina, 
rare;  flowers  greenish  white,  petals  linear  cu- 
neate.  Found  in  Virginia  by  me.  Figure  of  both 
Autikon  6  and  7. — 

The  other  2  species  called  Nartliecium  by 
Mx.  Tofielda  by  Persoon,  and  all  our  botanists, 
are  unknown  to  me  ;  but  very  distinct,  and  per- 
haps each  the  type  of  another  subgenus,  since 
they  appear  to  differ  more  by  the  flowers  than 
the  leaves. 

3.  A.  pusiLLA  Raf.  smooth,  leaves  very  short, 
scape  filiform,  flowers  few  nearly  sessile,  calix 
separate  from  the  corolla,  capsule  globose. — 
Lake  Mistassin.  Subgenus  Desmipus  Raf. 

4.  A.  GLUTiNosA  Raf.  Glutinose,  stemless, 
capsule  ovoidal  double  of  corolla. — Lake  Mis- 
tassin.    Perhaps  a  Leptilix. 

ABBOTIA  Raf.  very  distinct  from  Triglo- 
chin  by  3  Stamens  only,  more  akin  to  Triste- 
mon  or  the  triandrons  Sp  of  Juncus.  See  those 
Genera.  Named  after  Abbot  the  Botanical  and 
entomological  painter. 

Calix  or  perigone  simple  3  or  4-leaved,  mem- 
branous, deciduous.  Anthers  sessile,  common- 
ly 3  seldom  1  or  2,  Pistils  3  or  4  cohering. 
Stigmas  sessile  glandular  cleft.  Capsules  3  or  4 
gibbose  one  seeded,  united  by  spungy  mem- 
branes like  false  cells  (Elliot) — Stemless,  leaves 
linear,  flowers  racemose. 

1.  A.  FiLiFORMis  Raf.  Triglochin  triandrum 
Mx.  Elliot  and  all  our  Botanists — Leaves  fili- 
form, equal  to  scape,  flowers  clustered  on  the 
spike  and  on  short  pedicels,  capsules  gibbose 
half  connected. — In  Carolina  and  Florida  in 


ABIES. 


37 


marshes.  Scape  terete  6  inches,  flowers  oft  with  a 
fourth  part. — Figures.  Autikon  Raf.  8— Ic.  N. 
Sp.  1.  Seen  dry. 

2.  A.  PALusTRis  Raf.  Triglochin  palustre 
L  &.C.  Leaves  hnear  shorter  than  scape,  race- 
me slender,  flowers  remote  erect,  capsules  con- 
nected Hnear  equal  to  pedicels — Found  on 
Lake  Erie,  pedal,  leaves  very  narrow  obtuse, 
scape  terete — Figure  Autikon  Raf  9.  Seen 
alive. 

3.  A.  PUMiLA  Raf  Triglocliin  harrelieri 
Loesel  flora  gallica,  not  in  Fersoon  nor  Decan- 
dole — Leaves  linear  thick  equal  to  scape,  race- 
me 4  or  5  flore,  capsules  connected  linear-oblong 
longer  than  pedicels — Found  on  Lake  Cham- 
plain,  annual,  2  or  3  inches  high,  leaves  nearly 
convex  beneath,  obtuse.— Fig.  Autikon  Raf  10. 
Ic.  N.  Sp.  2.  seen  alive. 

ABIES.  This  good  Genus  of  fine  trees  dis- 
tinguished by  Tournefort,  Adanson,  Jussieu 
and  all  the  correct  botanists,  was  wrongly  uni- 
ted to  Pinus  by  Linneus.  The  Firs  are  not 
Pines !  the  habit  is  very  different,  and  Jussieu 
has  given  a  long  description  of  the  peculiar 
fructification.  The  region  of  Oregon  has  afford- 
ed many  new  Firs,  well  described  by  Lewis  in 
1812  and  in  Atlantic  Journal. 

1.  A.  TRiGONARaf  1832.  Bark  and  branches 
scaly,  leaves  densely  scattered,  petiolate  tri- 
gone acuminate  and  stiff".— In  Oregon,  gigantic, 
200  to  300  feet  high,  trunk  40  feet  around, 
leaves  3-fourths  of  an  inch  long,  one  tenth 
wide.     Gigantic  Fir. 

2.  A.  HETEROPHYLA  Raf  1832.  Bark  ri- 
mose,  leaves  distichal  petiolate,  very  unequal, 
sulcate  above,  glaucous  beneath ;  cones  termi- 
nal ovate  flexible.— In  Oregon,  reaching  180 


38  ABIES. 

feet,  leaves  one  fourth  to  one  inch  long,  but  all 
one  twentieth  wide. — OddleaJ  Fir. 

3.  A.  AROMATicA  Raf  1832.  Branches  bul- 
late  balsamiferous,  leaves  densely  scattered 
forming  3  rows,  sessile  lanceolate  obtuse,  flexi- 
ble sulcate  and  shining  above,  gibbose  beneath. 
— In  Oregon,  reaching  100  feet,  blisters  on  the 
branches  filled  with  a  fine  aromatic  balsam, 
leaves  very  small  one  eighth  of  an  inch  long, 
one  sixteenth  wide.     Aromatic  Fir, 

4.  A.  MicROPHYLA  Raf  1832.  Bark  rimose, 
branches  not  bullate,  leaves  densely  scattered 
forming  3  rows,  sessile  acute  sublanceolate. — 
In  Oregon,  reaching  150  feet  high,  like  the  last, 
but  yielding  no  balsam,  leaves  still  more  min- 
ute, only  one-twelfth  of  an  inch  long,  one  24th 
wide,  wood  white  and  tough.     Scaly  Fir. 

5.  A.  MUCRONATA  Raf  1832.  Bark  scaly, 
branches  virgate,  leaves  scattered  very  narrow, 
rigid  and  oblique,  sulcate  above,  pale  beneath: 
cones  ovate  acute,  scales  rounded  nervose  mucro- 
nate. — In  Oregon,  reaching  150  feet,  leaves  sub- 
balsamic,  one  inch  long,  one  20th  wide,  cones 
very  large  two  1-2  inches  long.  Large  cone  Fir. 

Var.  palustris.  Only  30  feet  high,  branch- 
es spreading.     In  swamps. 

6.  A.  FALCATA  Raf  1832.  Bark  scaly, 
leaves  in  3  rows,  2  rows  upright,  one  row  de- 
clinate  falcate,  all  linear  lanceolate  with  tri- 
gone petiols:  cones  fusiform  obtuse  at  both 
ends. — On  the  sea  shore  of  Oregon,  rising  only 
35  feet,  leaves  three  4ths  of  an  inch  long,  one 
5th  wide.     Sickle  Fir, 

Oi  the  Atlantic  Firs  we  have  7  or  8  species, 
all  called  Pinus  ! 

7.  A.  TAxiFOLiA  Raf  Pinus •)  Lambert  and 
Eaton.     Yew  leaf  Fir. 


ABRUS. 


39 


Var    patula    Raf.    Autikon    11.    Branches 

spreading,  leaves  obtuse,  entire  hardly  glauce- 

ous.— Cumberland  mts.  Spreading  Fir.      _ 

8.  A.  BALSA3I1FERA  Michaux.  Balsam   Fir- 

9.  A.  FRASERi  Raf.  Pinus  Pursh.     Double 

Spruce  Fir. 

10.  A.    CANADENSIS   Mx.     Common   Spruce 

lir. 

11.  A.  NIGRA  Raf.  A.  denticulata  Mx.  Pinus 
nigra.  Aiton.     Black  SpruceFir. 

12.  A.  RUBRA  Raf.  Pinus  Lambert.  Red 
Spruee  Fir. 

13.  A.  ALBA  Mx.  Pinus  Lambert.  White 
Spruce  Fir.  All  these  dwindle  to  dwarf  vari- 
eties on  the  White  mts.  and  in  North  Canada. 

ABRUS.  This  tropical  Genus  extends  to 
Florida ;  but  our  Sp.  has  not  been  described ; 
the  A.  precatorius  is  said  to  have  3  varieties 
with  red,  white  and  yellow  seeds.  They  must 
be  again  compared,  also,  the  Asiatic,  AntiUian 
and  Floridan  plants.  Linneus  once  mixt  those 
plants  with  the  Glycine. 

ABUTILON.     Tournefort,    Mahinda  Dil- 
len,  Sida  Linneus  &c.     This  good  old  Genus 
hardly  preserved  except   by   Adanson,   is  per- 
fectly distinct  from  Sida  by  the  many  truncate 
and  3  seeded  capsides  around  a  hollow  in  a 
stellate  and  campanulate  form,  10  to  20  with  as 
many  styles,  the  Sida  having  only  5.    There 
are  many  species  of  it ;    not  yet  well  distin- 
guished, perhaps  all  the  multicapular  Sidas  of 
Linneus   belong  to  it,  or   to  the  Genus  Dia- 

desma. 

1.  A.  MOLLissiMUM  Raf.  A  cordatum  Med. 
flora.  Autikon.  12.  Soft  like  velvet,  leaves  or- 
bicular cordate  acuminate,  erose  crenulate, 
no  long  petiols ;  peduncles  axillary   pauciflore 


40  ABUTILOW. 

short,  capsules  12-15  hairy  bicorne  3  seeded. 
— Sida  ahutilon  L.  and  all  the  Botanists,  but 
with  many  varieties,  perhaps  species  ?  all  an- 
nual with  small  yellow  flowers. 

Var  paliistris.  Stem  2  to  6  feet,  leaves 
crenulate,  peduncles  triflore,  2  sterile.  Swamps 
of  Carolina.    Vernal.  Elliot, 

Var.  ruderale.  Stem  2  to  6  feet,  leaves 
nearly  entire,  peduncles  3-5flore.  Common 
among  rubbish,  in  woods  and  old  dry  fields 
from  New  England  to  Kentucky.     Estival. 

Var.  unijlorum  Raf.  Stem  pedal  or  less, 
simple,  few  leaves,  nearly  entire,  peduncles 
uniflore,  or  only  one  flower.  In  waste  grounds, 
rare. 

Whether  our  American  varieties  are  identic 
with  those  of  Europe,  Sibiria,  India  &,c.  is 
doubtful:  the  European  has  stem  5  feet  high, 
large  entire  leaves,  peduncles  uniflore,  calix 
canaliculate  &.c. 

2.  A.  DECARPUM  Raf.  8ida  ahutiloides  Ja- 
quin.  Lavatera  !  Americana  L — Tomentose, 
leaves  cordate  acuminate,  crenate,  peduncles 
uniflore  as  long  aspetiols,  10  capsules  3  seeded. 
--In  South  Florida,  Stem  3-4  pedal.  Hardly 
different  from  some  of  the  varieties  above,  but 
capsules  less  on  longer  peduncle.  Mistaken 
for  a  Lavatera  and  deemed  fruticose  by  Lin- 
neus,  a  double  blunder. 

3.  A.  CRispuM  Raf  Sida  crispa  L.  ifec,  ap- 
pears to  differ  from  the  others  by  white  flowers. 
a  multilocular  inflate  cristate  fruit:  certainly 
no  Sida :  Michaux  and  Elliot  did  not  s  ee  it, 
must  be  examined  again.  It  probably  belongs 
to  Cristaria.  Leaves  oblong  cordate,  acu- 
minate and  crenate.  In  Florida  and  Baha- 
ma. 


ACAKIA.  41 

The  Sida  rhombifolia,  S.  stellata,  S.  vir- 
gata^  S.  cardajiisea,  must  belong  to  Dia- 
desma,  which  see.  The  authors  enumerate 
120  species  of  this  Genus,  improperly  blended. 
Anoda  and  Cristaria  of  Cavanilles  have  been 
properly  separated ;  while  Napea  of  Linneus 
has  been  very  improperly  united  to  it.  Other 
Genera  are  hidden  in  the  jumbled  Sidas.  The 
true  Ahutilon  has  calix  not  5angular,  nor  pe- 
tals obliquate  as  in  Dladesma  and  Sida, 

ACAKIA  Adanson  who  spelt  Akakia,  but 
mispelt  Acacia  by  Wildenow,  which  being  pro- 
nounced Acasia  becomes  blended  with  Cassia  ! 
One  of  the  many  genera  blended  with  Mimo- 
sa by  Lin.  We  know  already  14  Sp.  of  Mi- 
mosas in  N.  America,  which  may  as  well  be 
enumerated  here  at  once.  They  are  rare 
plants  in  herbals,  because  difficult  to  dry,  the 
leaves  falling  in  the  process.  Eaton  has  only 
7  species. 

1.  AcAKiA  FARNESiANA  Wildcnow  Slc.  In 
Louisiana,  native. 

2.  A.  JULiBRisiN.  W.  native  of  Asia,  but 
naturalized  in  Carohna,  Virginia  and  as  far 
north  as  Philadelphia  in  gardens.  Beautiful 
tree  20  to  25  feet  high,  splendid  when  in  bloom. 
Pods  flat  as  in  Darlingtonia,  probably  a  partic- 
ular genus.     Julihrisin  arhorca  R. 

3.  A.  LUTEA  Leavenworth,  (Eaton.)  In  Al- 
abama, pods  ovate,  differ  from  farnesiana  by 
unarmed,  folioles  numerous  and  pod  ovate. 

4.  A.  cooLEYi  Eaton.  A.  anomyma !  To- 
rey  W.  pi.  106.  Leaves  bipinnate,  very  irrita- 
ble, flowers  capitate  white,  legumes  long  li- 
near smooth.     In  Arkansas. 

AcAKiA  has  the  pods  unilocular  and  bivalve, 
Ftrait.  Amosa  of  Necker. 


42  ACAKIA. 

Mimosa  has  pods  multilocular  by  transverse 
partitions.  2.  Sp. 

Darlimgtonia  Dec.  pods  unilocular  bivalve, 
flat  often  falcate.  5  Sp. 

ScHRAJ^KiA.  Wild,  pods  unilocular  quadri- 
valve.  2  Sp. 

5.  Mimosa  pudica  L.  which  is  said  by  Bar- 
tram  to  grow  spontaneous  in  Louisiana,  deemed 
a  weed ;  but  perhaps  it  is  another  Sp.  see  fl 
JLud  445. 

6.  Mimosa  chionacantha  Raf.  fl.  lud.  331. 
M.  ehurnea  Robin.  Perhaps  not  even  a  Mi- 
mosa, altho'  the  fruit  is  similar ;  but  the  flowers 
are  different. 

M.  pudica  typical  Sp,  has  cal.  trifid,  no  co- 
rolla, 3  or  4  stamens;  but  this  Sp.  cal.  and 
corolla  irregular,  many  stamens :  therefore 
type  of  another  Genus  Eburnax,  Raf  fruti- 
cose  cespitose  aculeate,  spines  gemimate  diver- 
gent strait  snowy  lucid,  heads  of  flowers  glo- 
bose, pods  strait  terete  glutinose. — Sandy 
fields  of  Florida  and  Louisiana. 

7.  Darlingtonia  glandulosa  Dec.  Mimosa 
Mx.  Acacia  W  &c.     Pods  strait. 

8.  D.  iLLiNOENSis  Dec.  Mimosa  Mx.  Acacia 
hrachyloha  W.  Mg.  &c.  The  Acacia  mia- 
onensis  of  Don  &  Mg.  Cat,  is  perhaps  this  Sp. 
also,  and  their  A,  divaricata  of  Carolina  the 
glandulosa ;  both  undescribed,  but  made  out 
distinctly  by  Mg.  I  found  at  the  falls  of  the 
Cumberland  R.  in  Kentucky,  one  of  these,  but 
without  flower  nor  seed  in  September. 

9.  D.  INTERMEDIA  Torrcy  W.  pi.  107,  good 
description,  copied  by  Eaton,  on  Arkansas  R. 

10,  D.  BREViFOLiA  Raf.  Herbaceous,  inerme, 
stem  4angular  striated,  leaves  very  short  bipin- 
nate   by  3   pairs  of  10   to   12  folioles   oblong 


ACALYPHA.  43 

acute  pubescent ;  pods  unequal  linear  contor- 
ted, end  hooked. — In  West  Louisiana  and 
Texas,  small  plant,  minute  leaves  and  flowers 
in  peduncled  head.  Figure  in  Autikon  rare.  14. 

11.  D.  ViRGATA  Raf.  fl.  lud.  444.  Acacia. 
Mimosa  Virgata  Bartram.  Stem  erect, 
branches  virgate,  leaves  bipinnate  ;  pods  ob- 
long on  long  peduncles,  and  lunate  broad  flat 
contorted. — On  the  shores  of  Florida,  Herba- 
ceous perennial,  flower  of  a  pale  greenish  yel- 
low.    Omitted  by  all  our  botanists. 

12.  ScHRANKiA  Wild.  Nuttal  wrongly  says 
only  one  species  known !  Eaton  joins  to  it  the 
M.  sensitiva  of  the  hot  houses !  the  type  is  the 
M.  quadrivalvis  of  Linneus,  which  includes  se- 
veral Sp.  of  which  I  give  two. — 

13.  S.  UNCINATA  W.  M.  intsia  Walter,  M 
horridula  Mx.  Prickles  hooked,  branches  an- 
gular, leaves  bipinnate,  peduncles  geminate, 
pods  oblong  (Elliot)  linear  terete  (Mx.)  prick- 
ly— Virginia  to  Florida.  Well  described  by 
Elliot,  flowers  purple,  vernal. 

14.  S.  3IEXICANA  Raf.  M.  4:-valvis  L.  Hous- 
ton fig.  Prickles  hooked,  branches  quadrangu- 
lar, leaves  bipinnate,  partial  ternate,  pedun- 
cles axillary,  pods  linear  subulate  4  angular 
prickly. — In  Mexico  sea  shores,  and  probably 
in  Texas. 

ACALYPHA  of  Linneus,  Cupameni  of 
Adanson.  Genus  well  known  and  natural, 
well  described  by  the  authors,  who  have  adopt- 
ed the  good  linnean  name,  rather  than  the  ma- 
labaric  name  of  Adanson.  It  is  a  tropical  and 
Asiatic  Genus  extending  to  North  America. 
Persoon  has  38  Sp.  (Linneus  had  only  5)  and 
there  are  more,  since  only  two  arc  admitted  of 
N.  A.    out  of  the  whole.  I  have  ascertained 9  at 


44  ACALYPHA. 

least.  Being  an  unsightly  Genus,  it  is  neglected  by 
the  Botanists;  but  many  other  Sp.  exist  per- 
haps in  Florida  and  the  South:  few  of  them 
know  well  their  2  species,  and  blend  them  con- 
tinually '  in  herbals,  having  united  3  species  in 
A.  Virginica.     All  have  alternate  leaves. 

1.  A.  VIRGINICA    L.    or    A.    CRENULATA     Raf. 

Stem  erect,  nearly  simple,  pilose ;  leaves  longer 
than  petiols,  oblong-lanceolate,  crenate  obtuse 
pubescent  punctate :  flowers  axillary  few  mon- 
oical,  shorter  than  petiols,  involucre  crenate. — 
From  New  England  to  Carolina.  Pedal  and 
annual,  leaves  small  uncial.  Seen  alive.  Esti- 
val.  Capsule  hispid. 

Figures.  Autikon.  Raf.  21. 

2.  A.  BREviPEs  Raf.  Hardly  pubescent, 
stem  erect  angular  simple;  leaves  on  very 
short  petiols,  narrow  lanceolate,  acute,  nearly 
entire:  flowers  axillary,  few  monoical,  involu- 
cre laciniate. — N.  Jersey  to  Alabama  and  Ken- 
tucky. Annual  3  to  6  inches  high.  The  A. 
virginica  of  many  Botanists.  Seen  alive  since 
1804.     Estival,  capsule  hispid. 

Figures.  Autikon.  Raf  22. 

Var.  Linearis.  Leaves  ijearly  linear  and  en- 
tire. 

Var.  puhescens^  stem  and  petiols  hairy,  leaves 
lanceolate,  A.  Virginica  Michaux. 

3.  D.  DivARicATA  Raf.  Pubescent,  branches 
opposite  divaricate ;  leaves  on  short  petiols, 
ovate  obtuse  crenate ;  flowers  axillary  few  mo- 
noical, equal  to  petiols,  involucres  sessile,  laci- 
niate. Virginia,  Kentucky  &.c.  annual  spread- 
ing 1  or  2  feet,  Estival,  seen  alive. 

A,  Virginica  of  some  Botanists.  Capsule 
hispid. 

Figures.  Autikon  Raf.  23 


ACALYPHA.  45 

4.  A.  RHOMBoiDEA  Raf.  nearly  smooth,  stem 
virgate  nearly  simple ;  leaves  on  long  petiols 
ovate  rhomboidal,  acute,  serrate ;  Involucre  pe- 
dicellate, laciniate,  shorter  than  petioles,  flow- 
ers monoical  caps,  hispid. — Pennsylvania  to 
Ohio,  Alleghanies  &.c.  annual,  estival,  pedal. 

A.  caroUniana  of  Michaux  and  all  our  Bo- 
tanists except  Walter  and  Elliot.  Eaton  says 
Darlington  was  the  first  to  find  it  North ;  but 
Muhlenberg  and  I  found  it  in  1802,  deemed 
then  the  same  as  the  next. 

Figures.  AutikonRaf  24,  Lamark  tab  780. 

5.  A.  CAROLiNiANA  Walter,  Elliot.  Stem 
strait  hairy,  leaves  on  long  petiols,  oval  lance- 
olate 3  or  5  nerved,  pilose,  acuminate,  serrate, 
base  subcordate,  spikes  axillary  and  extra,  mo- 
noical, involucres  sessile  laciniat©,  capsules 
echinate. — Carolina  and  Florida.  Annual,  Es- 
tival. Leaves  large  2  or  3  inches,  involucre 
small,  spikes  elongate  2-4  inches :  totally  dif- 
ferent from  last,  this  might  be  called  A.  echina- 
ta.     Elliot  was  doubtful  of  the  Genus. 

6.  A.  URTiciFOLiA  Raf.  Stem  erect  angular 
grooved  smooth ;  leaves  ample  ovate  acute  on 
long  pubescent  petiols,  base  acute,  serrate,  tri- 
nerve  with  a  few  hairs :  flowers  axillary  mono- 
ical, 2-3  involucres  laciniate  or  palmate,  ciliolate, 
capsules  scrobiculate  or  dotted,  smooth.  In 
West  Kentucky  and  Tennessee,  discovered  in 
1818.  Sesquipedal,  estival,  annual.  Near  the 
last,  but  smooth,  leaves  with  only  a  few  ad- 
pressed  hairs  above,  flowers  not  in  spikes,  few, 
and  capsules  with  sunken  dots.     Seen  alive. 

Figure  Autkon  Raf.  25. 

7.  A.  DiGYNEiA  Raf.  fl.  Louis.  369.  Stem 
herbaceous  ramose  tomentose,  leaves  petiolate, 
oblong  lanceolate,  dentate,   villose :  involucres 


46  ACANTHUS. 

flat  ciliate,  2  pistillate  flowers  on  the  peduncle 
of  the  staminate  flower. — In  Louisiana,  stem 
2  feet,  flowers  axillary  only  3,  authers  almost 
in  a  spike.     No  figure. 

8.  A.  FRUTicuLosA  Raf.  fl.  Louis.  368.  Shrub- 
by, branches  divaricate,  rufous  tomentose, 
leaves  petiolate  ovate  dentate  :  involucres  invo- 
lute unequally  dentate,  a  single  pistilate  and 
staminate  flowers. — In  Louisiana,  stem  2  feet, 
with  many  slender  branches,  flowers  axillary 
geminate.     No  figure. 

These  two  last  species  neglected  by  our  Bo- 
tanists, are  very  distinct  and  approximate  to 
the  tropical  species.  Linneus  states  his  A, 
virginica  to  grow  in  Jamaica  and  Ceylon, 
quoting  the  figures  of  Brown  and  Plukenet ; 
they  must  apply  to  other  kinds,  which  may  be 
called 

9.  A.  JAMAicENsis  Raf.  Fruticose,  leaves 
ovate-lanceolate  longer  than  petiols,  serrate, 
scabrous:  Spikes  axillary,  involucre  multifid 
(Lin.)  but  cordate  crenate  (Brown) — In  Ja- 
maica and  perhaps  in  Florida,  shrub  4  to  5 
feet  high.  See  Brown,  Lunan  and  Jamaica  au- 
thors. Very  different  from  all  ours,  perhaps  2 
Sp.there. 

10.  A.  ZEYLANICA  Raf.  In  Ceylon,  certainly 
more  distinct  yet,  but  I  have  no  materials  at 
hand  on  it. 

ACANTHUS  of  Lin.  Genus  foreign  to  N. 
America,  the  following  doubtful  species  may  be 
a  Pedicularis. 

A.  RUBENS,  Raf  fl.  Louis.  \  104.  Leaves 
inerme  soft,  clasping,  broadly  sinuate. — In 
Louisiana  near  New  Orleans !  A.  mollis  Ro- 
bin. Stem  3  to  4  feet,  flowers  pale  red. 
^  Var  Minor  smaller,  leaves  deeper  sinuate, 
flowers  remote 


L..  ''  ■  "  ACER.  47 

ACER  ;  pronounce  Aker  not  Aser.  Of  the 
useful  maples,  I  hardly  need  give  a  Monograph, 
as  they  are  so  well  known,  and  the  G.  Negun- 
dium  is  now  separated,  except  by  Eaton  and 
such  incorrect  botanists.  Yet  some  Sp.  are  not 
yet  well  settled,  Nuttal  unites  the  A.  glahrum 
with  A.  circinatum  Pursh :  the  A.  coccineutn 
Mg.  is  only  a  variety  of  A.  ruhrum;  manySp. 
are  blended  as  A,  sacharinum  because  they 
produce  sugar. 

A  singular  blunder  has  prevailed  for  this 
Genus.  All  trees  are  feminine  in  Latin,  what- 
ever be  the  gender  of  the  generic  name :  thus 
we  say  Quercus  alba,  Salix  nigra,  Lirioden- 
dron  tulipifera  <fec.  but  in  some  neutral  names 
like  this  we  make  the  species  neutral  also !  I 
never  could  find  a  botanist  or  latin  scholar  to  ex- 
plain the  cause  or  propriety  of  this  contradiction. 

See  Michaux,  Elliot,  Nuttal,  Eaton  Slc.  for 
the  species ;  but  I  may  present  a  better  view  of 
them  divided  into  six  sub  Genera. 

I.  EvoTRiuM  Raf.  Polygamous.  Calix  5  fid, 
petals  5,  stamens  8,  fruits  smooth  flowers  in 
racemes,  leaves  lobed,  A,  tstriatum,  2.  A,  spica- 
turn. 

II.  Sacharodendron  Raf.  Polygamous.  Cal. 
5fid  bearded, no  petals?  Stamens  6  to  10,  fruits 
smooth,  flowers  fasciculate,  leaves  lobed.  3.  A. 
sacharinum,  4  A.  harhaturn,  5  A,  nigrnm,  6 
A.  circinatum,  Pursh  glahrum,  Torey. 

III.  Clinotrox  (old  name)  Polygamous.  Cal. 
petaloid  smooth  8-12  parted,  no  petals,  stamens 
4  to  6,  with  a  globular  gland  at  the  base  of  each, 
fruits  smooth,  flowers  agregate  with  a  scaly  in- 
volucre, leaves  lobed.  7.  A.  ruhrum,  and  the 
Var.  Coccineum  Mg. 

IV.Eriocarpum  Rvif.  Polygamous.  Cal.  mem- 


48  ACER. 

branous  5  toothed,  no  petals,  stamens  4  to  6 
without  glands,  fruit  hairy,  flowers  glomerate, 
leaves  palmate  or  angular.  8  A.  dasycarpum, 
and  a  N.  Sp.  from  Oregon. 

9.  A.  viRGATUM  Raf.  many  stems  and  branch- 
es virgate,  leaves  on  long  petiols,  rounded  an- 
gular crenate  acute. — Mentioned  by  Lewis  and 
Clarke  as  a  small  white  maple,  bark  white : 
perhaps  another  Var  of  A.  circinatum,  but  our 
white  maple  is  the  dasycarpum.  Seen  dry, 
without  flowers. 

V.  Negundo  or  Negundium  Raf  1808.  Dec. 
Beck.  Dioical,  without  complete  flowers.  Cal. 
minute  4-5  dentate,  no  petals,  anthers  4  to  5 
sessile,  fruit  smooth,  flowers  racemose  pendu- 
lous, leaves  pinnate  or  ternate.  10.  A.  or  N. 
fraxinifolmm,\en.\es  ternate  and  pinnate,  fo- 
lioles  unequallyjdentate,  the  lasttrilobed. — 11  A. 
or  N.  TRiFOLiATUM  Raf.  fl.  Tex.  8.  leaves  ter- 
nate, folioles  ovate  oblong  entire,  smooth,  acute, 
the  last  Sdentate. — In  Texas  and  Arkansas, 
branches  green,  flowers  4androus.  Seen  dry. 
figure  Autikon  rare.  Ic.  N.  Sp. — 12  A.  or  N. 
lobatum  Raf.  leaves  nearly  simple,  triparted  or 
trilobed,  sublaciniate.  Apalachian  Mts.  Seen 
alive,     figure  Autikon  rare.     Ic.  N.  Sp. 

VI.  Sphendamus  Raf.  (old  name)  Dioical, 
Cal.  6  parted,  no  petals,  stamens  9,  long  hairy, 
fruits  hairy  ?  flowers  in  erect  racemes,  leaves 
digitate.  13.  A.  ^nacrophylum  Pursh.  leaves 
digitate  hairy  beneath,  segments  trilobed,  re- 
pand  dentate.  In  Oregon,  and  another  N.  Sp. 
or  Var.  14.  A.  palmatum  Raf.  leaves  wide 
palmate,  5parted,  smooth,  segments  3  or  5  fid, 
lobed  and  dentate.  On  the  R.  Oregon,  leaves 
on  long  petiols  equal  to  leaves,  they  are  broader 
than  long,  12  inches  wide,  8  long.  A  tree  40 
feet  high.    Seen  dry.   fig.  Ic.  N.  Sp. 


ACER.,  49^ 

By  Hooker  account  the  Sp'fendamtis  or  A. 
fnacrofjhijhim  has  Ca!.  smooth  oval,  5  petals 
obovate,  10  Stamens  hairy  at  base,  flowers  yel- 
low fragrant.  He  ha^  properly  described  the 
A.  circinatiim  and  it  must  form  a  7th  Subgenus, 
as  follow. 

VII.  Antadenium  Raf  flowers  corymbose 
trioical  polygamous  Cal.  5[id  hirsute,  5  oetals 
crisp  linear,  carnose  disk,  5  glands  opposite  to 
petals  and  one  pistil  in  fertile  flowers,  8  Sta- 
mens and  2  pistils  in  sterile  flowers. 

Our  Maples  present  then  many  anomalies  in 
their  flowers,  and  are  only  united  by  their  two 
winged  fruit.  They  form  now  a  peculiar  fa- 
mily, akin  to  the  Frarlnus.  These  Sections 
will  soon  become  as  many  Genera  of  it ;  they 
must  be  compared  with  the  European  and  Asia- 
tic Sp. 

ACER-OTIS  Raf  1817  meaning  Ears 
without  horns,  bad  because  compound  of  2 
other  genera,  a  tree  and  a  bird  :  Same  as 
ACER-ATEs  Elliot  1820  (no  horns)  quite  as  bad, 
derived  from  Acer,  and  there  is  another  Aceras 
beside^  among  Orchidea,  3  mistaken  names! 
I  have  changed  mine  to  Otanema,  which  See 

ACHANIA  Aiton  and  correct  botanists, 
Malva-msciis !  of  Cavannilles,  Nuttal  and 
other  incorrect  botanists,  as  if  a  Sp.  of  Maha 
Differs  from  Hibiscus  by  berry  Sseeded.  Not 
in  Eaton. 

1.  A.  MALVAviscus  Ait.  Hibiscus  do  L. 
Louisiana  and  Texas. 

2.  A.  MOLLIS  Ait.  In  Florida.  Both  seen 
alive  in  gardens. 

3.  A.  FLORiDANA  Raf  Malvci-viscus  do 
Nnttal.  Herbaceous,  hirsute,  leaves  cordate 
ovate  crenate  in  short  petiols,  peduncles   nod- 

7 


50  ACHILEA. 

(ling. — In   Florida,   small   leaves  and  flowersv 
near  to  A.  pilosa.     Seen  dry. 

ACHILLEA.  Weil  known  natural  Genus, 
which  has  been  increased  to  7  N.  American 
species. 

L  A.  MILLEFOLIUM.  L.  the  common  yarrow 
or  milfoil,  see  my  medical  flora  :  our  American 
Sp.  is  not  introduced,  it  has  been  deemed  pecu- 
liar by  some  botanists,  having  stronger  medical 
properties,and  it  has  produced  several  varieties, 
that  are  becoming  species  !  All  in  Autikon. 

Var.  7'osea,  with  rose  colored  flowers. 

Var.  carnea,  flowers  of  a  pale  flesh  color. 

Var.  pumila.  Dwarf,  4  to  6  inches  high. 

Var  temiifolia.  Leaves  nearly  glabrous,  with 
slender  well  divided  segments,  almost  pecti- 
nated. 

2.  A.  GRACILIS  Raf.  fl.  texensis  12.  Stem  slen- 
der stiated,  leaves  remote,  narrow  smooth,  lower 
petiolated  recurvate,  pinnate,  folioles  narrow 
laciniate,  corymb  small  glomerate. — In  Arkan- 
sas and  Texas,  only  0  inches  high,  fl.  white. 

3.  A.  PTARMICA,  doubtful,  seen  by  few  botan- 
ists, undescribed:  perhaps  same  as  7. 

4.  A.  SETACEA,  near  gracilis,  differs  by 
leaves  mucronate  pilose. 

5.  A.  LANULOSA  Nuttal.  A.  tomentosa  Pursh 
not  Wildenow  nor  Hooker.  Silky,  segments 
crowdetl,  corymb  composite.  In  Missouri  and 
Oregon. 

6.  A.  ASPLENiFOLiA.  Pursli,  kuowu  by  ob- 
tuse segments. 

8.  A.  MiJLTiFLORA  Hookcr.  Ptarmica  Rich- 
ardson. Stem  erect,  leaves  long  lanceolate  ser- 
rate pinnatif,  segments  serrulate,  nearly  smooth, 
corymb  composite,  rays  very  short.  In  North 
Canada.     Is  it  the  ptarrhica  of  Newyork  ? 


ACHLYS. 


51 


ACHLYS  Dec.  Hooker.  Leontice  triphy- 
ia  Smitli,  certainly  a  peciilitir  genus.  Cal.  o. 
Cor.  o.  Many  naked  stamens  around  a  naked 
pistil,  anthers  bilabiate  bilobe,  stigma  sessile 
oblique  concave,  fruit  monosperm.  Put  by 
Hooker  next  to  Leontice,  by  Dec.  next  to  Jeff- 
ersotiia,  unlike  either  except  in  habit  and  anth- 
ers. Nearer  to  Diphylleia,  differing  by  the 
many  naked  stamens, — A.  triphyla  Dec.  H. 
Radical  leaves  with  long  petiols,  3  sessile  foli- 
oles  flabellate,  reticulate,  repand  sinuate  :  Scape 
with  a  spike  ot  white  flowers.  Perennial.  N. 
W.  America. 

ACHRAS  SAPOTA  L.  said  to  grow  in  South 
Florida  and  Texas :  see  medical  flora  vol,  2 

ACHYRANTHES,  Our  Sp.  of  this  Genus 
appear  to  form  a  peculiar  Genus  indicated  by 
Elliot,  see  Steiremis.  The  genera  akin  Gom- 
phrena,  lllecebriim,  Celosia  are  yet  in  great 
<Jonfusion  like  this;  see  Adoketon,  Phylepi- 
dum,  Xerandra  of  mine,  and  Pliiloxerus. 

The  A.  repens  of  Elliot  was  a  Gomphrena 
of  Linneus. 

AC3IELLA  Richard,  helepta  Raf.  Neog. 
33.  Differs  from  Heliopsis  by  Perianthe  sim- 
ple, or  nearly  so.  The  seeds  in  both  are  ob- 
ovate,  and  truncate  without  teeth  :  leaves  oppo- 
site, flowers  peduncled,  autumnal,  yellow  rays, 
disk  blackish. 

I.  Subgenus.  Erpota,  Raf.  Perianthe  12  seg- 
ments, rays  5  to  12  tridentate,  seeds  compres- 
sed, sub4gone,  chaff  obovate.  Creeping  plants 
annual ? 

I.  A.  Repens  Persoon  &c.  Anthernis  do. 
Walt.  Spilanthiis  do,  Mx.  Well  described 
by  Elliot.  Creeping,  leaves  oval-lanceolate  too- 
thed, trinerve,  peduncles  long  axillary  terminal, 
rays  about  12. — In  Carolina. 


>>-5  ACMELLA. 

2.  A.  NUTTALiANA  Raf  A.  occidentcdis  Nut- 
al.  Creeping,  leaves  ovate  crenate  petiolate 
hardly  trinerve,  rays  5  to  8. — Louisiana,  peri- 
anthe  minute.  The  occidentalis  of  South 
America  has  the  seeds  terete,  5  rays  ,  leaves 
large  trinervate  serrate,  stem  erect,  5  entire 
rays:  it  was  the  Anthemis  trhiervis  of  L. 

II.  Sub.  G.  Helepta.  Perianthe  equal  seg" 
ments  10  to  12,  rays  6  to  12,  narrow,  nearly  en- 
tire, seeds  4  gone  not  compressed,  chaff  setac- 
eous— Plants  erect  of  ten  simple  and  iiniflorCj 
leaves  petiolate  trinervate^  Perennial. 

3.  A.  nudicaulis  Raf.  stem  sulcate  smooth, 
naked  above  uniflore,  leaves  ovate  acuminate 
serrate,  base  acute,  rays  6  to  8  obtuse. — In 
Cumberland  Mts.  and  East  Kentucky  with  all 
the  following.  Stem  bipedal,  leaves  roughish 
.above,  pale  beneath,  flower  large.     Seen  alive. 

4.  A.  FLAvicAULis  Raf.  Stem  smooth  striate 
yellowish  foliose,  leaves  ovate  acute  serrate, 
dower  nearly  sessile,  perianthe  segments  ovate 
obtuse,  rays  10  to  12  obliqualy  retuse. — Bipedal, 
leaves  not  pale  beneath,  flower  large.  Seen 
alive. 

5.  A.  PARviFOLiA  Raf.  Stem  smooth  sulcate, 
leaves  crowded  at  the  base,  small  ovate  acute 
serrate,  flower  ped uncled,  rays  6  to  8  retuse 
notched. — Pedal,  small  leaves  and  flower,  seg- 
ments of  perianthe  lanceolate  acute  as  in  near- 
ly all.     Seen  alive. 

6.  A.  LANCEOLATA  Raf  Stem  rough  sulcate  fo- 
liose, leaves  lanceolate  acuminate  serrate,  flow- 
er subsessile,  rays  6  to  8  obtuse. — Over  one  foot, 
leaves  thin  pale  beneath,  flower  middle  size  with 
broader  rays.     Seen  alive. 

I  have  united  these  plants  to  Acmella,  altho' 
the  habit  is  very  different  from  the  others,  near^ 


ACMISPON.  53 

er  HeUopsis.  These  4  figured  in  my  Autikon 
U  to  14. 

ACMISFON  Raf.  Atl.  jour,  meaning  jioint 
hooked.  Diifering  from  Trlgonella,  Bticer- 
ates,  Platycarpos  and  Lotus.  Even  Torrey 
said  that  it  ought  to  be  a  genus,  and  Bentham 
unites  it  to  Hosaclda. 

CaUx  deeply  5  cleft,  vexillum  and  wings  equal, 
pod  stipitate  smooth  strait,  compressed,  swelled 
and  hooked  at  the  point.     Leaves  ternate^S'dky , 

1.  A.  sERicEUM  Raf  Lotus  do.  Pui*sh,  Tri- 
gonella  amerlcana,  Nut.  T.  E.  well  described 
by  Nuttal,  flowers  axillary,  solitary,  subsessile. 
From  Missouri  to  Carolina,  rare,  probably  2  sp. 
blended  :  both  seen  dry. 

2,  A.  MULTiFLORUM  Raf.  pedunclcs  axillary 
and  terminal,  multiflore  nearly  in  a  spike  or  um- 
bel. Missouri.  Is  not  the  Carolina  plant  this  ? 
or  a  peculiar  sp !  Which  is  the  Hosackia  par- 
shiana  of  Bentham  1  The  true  Hosackia  have 
pinnate  leaves,  pods  cylindrical,  keel  rostrate 
instead  of  tlie  pods. 

ACNIDA  of  Linneus.  Genus  better  known 
since  Michaux  corrected  account,  copied  by  all 
our  botanists  except  Elliot.  But  the  original 
A.  canahlna  L.  is  not  known  to  our  botanists; 
they  all  mean  that  of  Michaux.  Linneus  de- 
scribed his  species  as  follow. — A.  canabina. 
Root  flexuose,  stem  white,  petiols  purplish 
smooth,  leaves  pinnate  velutlne.,  folioles  5  to 
7  narrow  acute,  spikes  axillary  foliose,  fl.  fem. 
cal.  2phyl.  5  styles.  In  Virginia  salt  marshes. 
Such  a  plant  with  pinnate  leaves  cannot  be  of 
this  Genus.  Could  Linneus  have  described  the 
leaves  of  another  plant  mixt  with  Acnida  flow- 
ers ?  Could  this  be  over  again  his  Dalisra  hir- 
ta  found  by  no  one   since  ?     Sir  James    Smith 


54  AC\[IDA. 

the  possessor  of  the  Linnean  herbarium  has  not 
mentioned  this  curious  fact. 

1»  A.  OBTUSIFOLIA  Raf.  A.  cannahina  Mx. 
and  all  hi.'^  copists.  Stem  angular  solid,  leaves 
on  long  petiols,  lanceolate,  base  acute,  end  ob- 
tuse, panicle  of  spikes  foliose,  bracts  subsessile 
capsules  or  fruits  smooth  with  acute  or  obtuse 
angles,  (leaves  lanceolate,  capsules  smooth  with 
acute  angles  Mx.) — In  Virginia.  As  found  fur- 
ther North,  it  has  broad  lanceolate  leaves,  ob- 
tuse entire,  stem  solid  from  3  to  5  feet  high,  py- 
ramidal, panicles  foliose. Raf.  Autikon.  4.  Seen 
alive. 

Var.  retusa.  leaves  notched  at  the  end. 

Var.  pumila.  Stem  pedal  simple,  leaves  lan- 
ceolate. 

Var.  procera.  Stem  much  branched,  5  feet 
high. 

2.  A.  sAociFOLiA  Raf.  1817.  Stem  solid,  an- 
gular above,  leaves  on  long  petiols,  narrow  lan- 
ceolate mucronate,  panicles  foliose,  capsules 
granular  5  unequal  angles  obtuse  tuberculate. — 
From  Long  Island  to  Ohio  near  streams.  Stem 
annual  2-4  feet  high,  leaves  like  willow. — Raf 
Autikon  5.     Seen  alive. 

3.  A.  RusocARPA  Mx  tab.  50.  Stem  fistular 
angular  lofty,  leaves  on  short  petiols,  acute,  ov- 
al lanceolate,  capsules  rugose  with  obtuse  an- 
gles. The  place  of  growth  not  mentioned, 
stem  thick,  6  to  8  feet  high,  leaves  acute  at  both 
ends. 

4.  A.  ELLTOTi  Raf.  A.  cannahina  Elliot. 
Stem  subfistular,  slightly  angular,  leaves  on  long 
petiols,  ovate  lanceolate,  subcrenulate,  acute  ; 
panicle  naked,  capsules  with  3  to  5  angles  ob- 
tuse or  acute,  slightly  rugose. — Banks  of 
streams  in  Carolina  and  Florida.     Stem  4  to  8 


ACONITUM. 


55 


feet  high,  leaves  2  to  5  inches  long,  petiols  1  to 
3  inches.  The  only  sp.  found  by  Elliot  who 
was  doubtful  about  it. 

ACONITUM.  This  singular  natural  genus 
of  all  the  botanic  d  writers,  is  far  from  being 
w  ell  understood :  we  see  by  DecandoUe  and 
Smith  that  many  doubtful  species  exist !  and 
that  our  A.  iincinatum  is  a  triple  species!  many 
kinds  grow  in  Oregon  as  in  Siberia,  and  I  am 
able  to  present  some  of  them. 

A.  UNciNATum  L.  Smith.  Elliot.  Stem  near- 
ly twining  downy,  leaves  smooth,  base  truncate^ 
3  to  6  lobes  3dentate,  3nerve  acute,  flowers 
clustered,  pedicles  ramoses  lax  downy,  2  oblong 
bracts,  hood  unguiculate  convex  rostrate,  wings 
round  hairy  3  to  5  capspules. — This  is  the  origi- 
nal linnean  sp.  described  by  Smith  in  Sup.  to 
Rees  Cyclopedia,  from  the  linnean  herbarium, 
and  the  specimen  sent  by  Bartram,  collected  in 
the  AUeganies,  not  near  Philadelphia  as  stated 
by  L.  Smith  quotes  the  figure  of  Curtis  Mag, 
1119.  The  flowers  are  large  violet  color, 
known  to  few  botanists.  The  description  of  El- 
liot appears  to  agree. 

2.  A.  scANDENS  Raf.  Stem  climbing  very  lof- 
ty, leaves  trifid,  flowers  small  in  axillary  pani- 
cles— At  the  peaks  of  Otter  in  Virginia,  merely 
indicated  by  Pursh  as  a  variety,  but  quite  dis- 
tinct :  growing  9  feet  high. 

3.  A.  FLEXuosuM  Raf  Smooth,  stem  erect 
flexuose,  leaves  palmate  3  or  5fid,  lobes  rhom- 
boidal  lanceolate  acute,  hood  conical  rostrate — 
High  Mts.  Unaka  of  Carolina,  flowers  blue. 
A.  Iincinatum,  of  Michaux  and  Eaton. 

4.  A.  TRiiNCATUM  Raf  Stem  erect  flexuose 
smooth  multiflore,  leaves  glaucous  beneath, 
broadly  truncate  at  the  base,  trilobe,  lobes  ob- 


56  ACONiTU3I. 

long  acute,  entire  or  bifid  or  2-4  serrate  pe- 
duncles divaricate  ebracte  2-4  flore,  hood 
convex  lower  petals  ciliate  outside — In  West 
Kentucky  and  Illiriois,  pedal,  upper  leaves  near- 
ly sessile,  lobes  nearly  entire  at  right  angle, 
flowers  small  on  pedicels,  violet  purple.  Seen 
alive.  Autikon  3.  Perhaps  the  real  type  of 
A.  jlexuosuin  and  A.  divergens. 

5.  A.  mvKRGENs  llaf.  Smooth,  stem  nearly  twi- 
ning with  (livergesit  branches,  leaves  coriaceous 
deeply  trilobed,  flowers  terminal  3  to  4,  hood 
conical,  spur  inclined  twisted,  capsules  3 — In 
mountain  swamps  of  the  Alleghanies,  flowers 
large  purple,  leaves  with  3  equal  lobes — A.  un- 
cinatam  Dec.  Torrey,  Beck.  A.  voluhile 
Muhlenberg. 

6.  A.  coRDATUM  Raf.  Smooth,  stem  erect 
flexuose,  nearly  simple  ;  leaves  en  long  petiols 
cordate  palmate,  5  lobed,  clefts  acute,  lobes  un- 
equal oblong  broad  and  bifid  or  trifid  acute  mu- 
cronate ;  flowers  terminal  on  long  pedicels  2  to 
5,  hood  convex  conical,  petals  elliptic,  capsules 
3 — In  Ohio  and  Kentucky  in  rich  woods  ;  about 
one  foot  high,  flowers  large  deep  blue :  very 
rare.  Undescribed  till  now,  sent  to  Europe  ^by 
me  as  the  A.  uncinatum  of  my  florula  Kent. 
Seen  alive  1818. 

Var.  Bijlorum,  semipedal,  3  leaves,  2  flow- 
ers. Cumberland  Mts.  Figures,  Autikon  rar. 
1 — Icones  n.  sp.  1. 

7.  A.  NAPELLus  L.  Said  by  Muhlenberg  to 
grow  in  Virginia,  and  by  Hooker  to  grow  in  O- 
regon.  Bartram  found  it  in  his  travels  in  Flo- 
rida, but  he  meant  probably  another  sp.  Ours 
undescribed  as  yet. 

8.  A.  FiscHERi  Reichenberg.  ill.  ac.  22.  A. 
nasutum  Fischer,  Spr.  Hooker,  Eaton,  Seringe 


Leaves  broadly  laciniate,  raceme  paniculate,  hood 
conconical,  spur  bent,  nectaries  erect — In  Oreg- 
on and  Kainskatka,  different  from  the  A.  nas- 
vtuin  of  South  Europe. 

9.  A.  oREGoissENSE  Raf.  Smooth  erect, 
segments  digitate,  Sparted,  segments  pinnatifid, 
narrow  acute;  Hs. racemose  erect,  hood  conical 
very  obtuse,  spur  strait-In  Oregon,  stem  simple 
1  or  2  feet,  flowers  large  blue  5  to  10.  Compare 
with  A.  kelleri  of  Siberia.  Seen  alive  in  gar- 
dens. 

Figures,  Autikon  rar.  2. — Ic.  N.  Sp.  2. 

10.  A.  DELPHINIFOLIU3I  Decaudolc.  Stem 
erect  downy  above  ;  leaves  with  many  pinaati- 
fid  segments,  raceme  few  flowered,  hood  con- 
vex acute. — On  some  Islands  of  the  N.  W. 
Coast.  Stem  0  to  20  inches  high.  Called  var. 
Aniericnnam^  and  two  other  var.  deemed  vari-* 
eties  of  A.  napelluc^  by  Hooker. 

ACORUS,  well  known  Genus,  which  I  have 
increased  to  G  species.  1.  A,  veras  of  Asia. — = 
2.  A.  gramlneus  of  China.  3.  A.  Eiuropeiis 
in  raed.  fl.  page  2,  with  three  American  species. 

1.  A.  AMERicANus  Raf.  mcd.  fl.  fig.  1.  Leaves 
and  scapes  broad  gladiate,  scape  longer  ;  spa- 
dix  submedial  lateral,  capsules  oblonsr  acute. — 
From  Canada  to  Missouri  and  Virginia.  Esti- 
val,  2  or  3  feet  high. 

2.  A.  FLORiDANLs  Raf.  A.  calamus  Elliot 
&LC.  Leaves  broad  gladiate  longer,  scape  shor- 
ter, triangular,  one  side  concave,  sunnnit  gladi- 
ate ;  spadix  near  the  end,  stamens  exserted 
capsules  oval  obtuse. — Florida  to  Carolina. — = 
Sca-pe  only  one  foot  high,  fl.  vernal. 

3.  FLEXuosus  Raf.  fl.  tex.  29.  Leaves  grami- 
niform  narrow  shorter,  scape  longer  flc'xuose 
triangular,  one  side  concave,  end  like  leaf;  spa- 

8 


58  ACROANTIIES. 

dix    medial. — Texas   to  Tennessee,   dwarfish, 
one  foot  high,  vernal.     Autikon  rar.  Ic.  n.  sp. 

ACROANTHES  Raf.  1818,  Dcxvaux  1810. 
Mierostylis  Nuttal  1818 !  Beck  1833 !  Lindley 
Gray  .  . .  Malaxis  sp.  Michaux  and  authors. 
Ophrys  Lin  ...  A  very  distinct  Genus  by  habit 
and  liowers,  ascertained  by  me  since  1802,  na- 
med and  described  ten  years  before  Nuttal's 
subgenus,  since  made  a  Genus,  by  others  who 
have  neglected  to  restore  my  previous  name, 
meaning  nncolortdfioicers. 

Orchid ea  with  hulbose  root,  stem  icith  a 
medial  sheathing  leaf,  raceme  with  bracts  and 
scattered  minute  green  flowers. — Sepals  nar- 
row connivent,  the  two  inner  narrower;  lip 
erect  cuculate,  dilatate:  Column  minute  bear- 
ing 2  anthers  terminal  annexed.  Gray  says  one 
anther  with  2  cells  and  4  pollens.  Nuttal  said 
2  unequal  anthers,  one  with  a  single  pollen! 
which  must  be  by  abortion.  Capsules  globose, 
often  abortive. 

1.  AcR.  LAxiFLORA  Raf.  unifoUa  1808. — 
Malaxis  unifolia  Mx.  ophioglossoides  Pers. 
Mierostylis  ophioglossoides  N.  Beck  Slc. — 
Stem  harly  angular,  leaf  ovate  subcordate  acute 
raceme  oblong  and  lax,  peduncles  filiform ;  se- 
pals linear,  inner  filiform,  lip  emarginate  tooth- 
ed in  the  middle. — From  Newyork  to  Carolina, 
rare,  Estival,  in  shady  groves  under  trees. — 
Stem  6  to  10  inches  high,  flowers  greenish. — 
Seen  alive  1802.  Figures  in  Pluk.  aim.  435.  f. 
4  and  my  Autikon  41.     Ic.  rar.  60. 

2.  AcR.  oBTTJsiFOLiA  Raf.  Scape  angular, 
leaf  cordate  elliptical  obtuse,  raceme  lax  elong- 
ate, peduncles  filiform  ;  sepals  oblong,  inner  lin- 
ear, lip  furcate  or  hastate,  toothed  in  the  mid- 
(]le. — In   Alabama   and  Georgia,  probably  the 


ACROSTICHU^r.  59 

plant  of  Elliot.  My  specimen  is  10  inches,  the 
leaf  large  and  broad,  sheathing  the  stem,  which 
has  two  other  sheaths  at  the  base,  bracts  small 
squamiform  round.  Autikon  42.  Ic.  61. 

3.  AcR.  ACUMINATA  Raf.  Microstijlis  bra- 
chypoda  Gray.  Stem  triangular,  two  angles 
winged,  leaf  ovate  (acute?),  raceme  elongate 
slender,  pedicels  short  adpresssed ;  sepals  oblong 
inner  linear,  lip  hastate,  trilobe,  2  lobes  rounded 
middle  one  acuminate. — Shady  swamps  of  On- 
eida and  Herkimer  in  New  York.  Estival, 
stem  2  to  6  inches.  Deemed  akin  to  the  next 
European  sp.  by  Gray  ;  which  I  add  to  show  the 
distinction. 

AcR.  ciLiFOLiA  Raf  Opiirys  cilifolia  &.  O. 
fnonophylos  L.  Malaxis  Persoon,  Microstylis 
Lindley.  Stem  triangular,  leaf  ovate  acute 
ciliolate,  raceme  slender  as  long  as  stem,  pedi- 
cels short  patent,  sepals  ovate,  inner  lanceolate 
lip  entire  concave  acuminate. — Swamps  of  Prus- 
sia and  the  Alps.  Perhaps  two  sp.  are  even 
blended  here ;  but  I  have  no  materials  to  dis- 
tinguish them  properly  :  let  the  European  bota- 
nists do  so;  but  restore  my  genus  Acroanthes 
1808  adopted  by  Desvaux. 

ACROSTICHUM,  this  linnean  genus  is  now 
distributed  into  14  Genera,  since  Smith  and 
Wildenow  reform  of  the  ferns !  Woodsia,  Schi- 
zea  and  Woodwardiu  belonged  once  to  it !  the 
A.  lanceolatum  is  become  the  Nephrodium  ac- 
rostichoides  of  India,  not  ours,  both  of  my  ge- 
nus Synotelis.  His  A.  platineuron  is  our  As- 
plenium  ebeneum.  His  A. polypodioides  is  our 
Polypodium  incanum — A,  ilvense  is  Woodsia 
— A.  oreolatum  is  Woodwardia — A.  lineatum 
Mg.  is  Schizea  Pusilla  ? 


>/ 


GO  ACTAEA. 

Our  only  sp.  left  in  it  has  even  probably  been 
mistaken  for  another. 

1.  A.  MAiiiTiMvyili,3.f,  A.  aureumMx.  Pursh 
Pinnate,  smooth,  pinnules  stipitate  oblong  entire 
obtuse  or  acute. — Sea  shore  of  Florida,  large 
fern,  unligured  as  yet,  compare  with  next  again, 

2.  A.  AUREUM  L,  (Bogs  of  Antilles , often  fig- 
ured) gigantic  fern  5  to  '0  feet  high,  pinnate, 
pinnules  sessile  cuneiform  oblong  oblique  obtuse, 
veins  reticulated.  The  Ongpi  of  Sumatra  uni- 
ted to  this,  is  a  third  sp. 

ACTAEA  Linneus  united  thereto  sp.  with 
capsule  instead  of  berry,  other  botanists  have 
united  Cimicifuga  with  it,  having  many  cap- 
sules !  a  double  blunder.  The  real  Actaeas 
have  a  real  berry,  not  opening.  We  have  two 
sp.  distinguished  by  me  since  1802 ;  but  Muh- 
lenberg prevented  me  to  publish  them,  because 
both  deemed  then  var.  of  Actea  spieata  :  while 
Bigelow  has  published  them  since  as  peculiar. 
The  blue  berry  species  is  the  Caulophylum. 

1.  A.  RUBRA  Raf.  Big.  hrachypetala  Sl  am-- 
ericaua  of  others.  Petals  acute  shorter  than 
stamens,  last  leaf  trilobe,  berries  red.  Deep 
woods  from  Canada  to  Kentucky,  and  Carolina. 

2.  A.  ALBA  Raf.  Big.  Beck  pachypoda  Elli- 
ot. Petals  truncate  longer  than  stamens,  last 
leaf  ovate,  berries  white,  5  seeded  on  thick  pe- 
duncles often  white  also..— Canada  to  Carolina. 
Leaves  in  both  bi-triternate,  flowers  white  ver- 
nal, see  med.  fl.     Seen  ahve.     Autikon. 

Actea  racemosa  see  Botrophis  serpeutaria. 

ACTINEA  Jussieu  or  Actinella  of  Persoon, 
adopted  by  our  botanists,  being  identic  with  Ac- 
tinia a  genus  of  animals,  was  changed  by  me  to 
Ptilepida  1817,  which  see. 

ACTIMERIS  Raf.  mispelt  Actinomeris  by 
Nuttal,  who  proposed  it.     Well  distinct  from  all 


ACTIIVIERIS.  Gl 

the  akin  genera  with  winged  stems,  and  my 
Cauloma  that  has  naked  seeds.  It  has  even 
2  subgenera,  and  Auoincrls  is  (jviite  distinct. 

I.  Oliglosis  liaf.  Perianthe  iiniseriai,  raj'^s  2 
to    3,  seeds    marginate,    alternate   leaves. 

1.  A.  SQUARROSA  N.  Coi'eopsis  altermfoJia 
L.  Leaves  scabrous,  lanceolate  serrate. — Can- 
ada to  Florida  :  several  varieties  ;  but  the  Alba 
iclthout  rays,  is  a  peculiar  Genus  !    Anomeris. 

Var.  procera,  tall,  6  to  10  feet  high,  flowers 
paniculate.     Coreopsis  procera  Aiton. 

Var.  pancijlora,  stem  simple,  few  flowered, 
leaves  lanceolate^  serrate. 

Var.  serrulata,  Stem  simple  few  flowered, 
leaves  oblong  lanceolate  serrulate. — the  A.  pau 
ciflora  Nutal,  hardly  distinct  from  the  last. — 
Kentucky  and  Florida.  All  seen  alive.   Autikon. 

The  A.  alata  N.  of  Mexico,  with  opposite 
leaves  is  probably  congeneric  with  Verbesirm 
siegesbeckia    my  G.  AnffinaMha. 

II.  Megactelis  Perianthe  biserial  10  to  12, 
seeds  ha r illy  marginate,  leaves  alternate  sessile, 
Perhaps  belonging  to  my  G.   Canloma. 

2.  A.  heliantiwicles  N.  Leaves  lanceolate 
acute  serrate,  hairy  beneath,  flowers  coarctate, 
perianthe  linear  lanceolate  rays  9. — Ohio  to 
Louisiana.     Seen  alive. 

3.  A.  Ellioti  Raf  A.  helianthoides,  E.  Stem 
and  leaves  scabrous,  ovate  lanceolate  serrate 
acute,  flowers  corymbose,  perianthe  oval,  rays 
10  to  12. — Georgia  and  Alabama.  Stem  2  to  4 
feet,  terete  winged.  Seen  dry. 

ACTISPERMUMRaf.  misspelt  Aetinosper- 
miun  by  Elliot,  from  Actijiea  !  BaJdimia  mul- 
tlflora  N.  differs  from  BaJdtnna  by  perianthe 
biserial  not  imbricate,  perianthe  with  Ggone 
Ctoothed  cells,  pappus    simple  starlike. 


62  ADELIA. 

A.  MULTiFLORUM  Raf.  Smooth,  multiflore, 
leaves  alterne  sessile  linear,  perianthe  acumi- 
nate. Florida  Slc.  Well  described  by  Nuttal 
and  Elliot. 

ADELIA  of  Michaux  and  Brown,  not  of 
Linneus,  is  Borya  of  Wildenovv  1805,  and 
Persoon,  not  Labillardiere  1804,  yet  adopted  by 
our  botanists;  but  changed  to  Bigelowia,  by 
Smith  1820,  not  of  Raf  1817.  What  a  jum 
ble  of  blunders !  yet  must  be  changed  again 
or  united  to  my  Nudilus  which  see. 

ADENARIUM  Raf  1816,  Dec.  Differs 
from  Arenaria^  by  having  large  glands  inter- 
posed between  the  v^tamens  and  a  different  ha- 
bit. Honkenya  of  Erhart,  not  of  Wildenow, 
Another  genus  Adenaria  of  Kunth  since,  must 
also  be  changed  to  Decadenium,  Raf. 

1.  A.  peploides,  Raf.  Arennria,  do.  L.  Suf- 
fruticose,  leaves  fleshy  ovate  acute  subserrate.-r 
Europe,  Sea  shore,  seen  dry. 

2.  A.  Maritirmim  Raf  Holosteum  succulen-. 
turn  L.  Arenaria  peploides  of  Amer.  bota- 
nists. Herbaceous  dichotome,  leaves  fleshy  o- 
vate  obtuse  entire  petals  obovate— Atlantic  shores 
of  N.  America  from  New  England  to  New  Jer- 
sey, in  sand,  flowers  white,  vernal,  terminal  and 
in  forks.  Seen  alive.  Nuttal  refers  to  this,  the 
American  Holosteum  of  L.  who  must  have 
mistaken  the  glands  for  trifid  petals,  but  he  says 
leaves    elliptic.     Figures  Autikon.     Ic.  n.    sp. 

ADENOCAULON  of  Hooker,  N.  G.  near 
Tussilago,  differing  by  naked  seeds  without 
pappus.  A.  bicolor,  stem  glandular,  leaves  cor 
date  subtrilobe  angulate  dentate.  From  Oregon. 
Akin  to  Acmella,  differing  by  want  of  chaff  in 
the  phoranthe. 

ADENOGYNA  Raf  1825.  Type  the  Saxi^ 


ADIANTllUM.  63 

fraga  sarmentosa  of  Japan,  introduced  into 
N.  America,  and  spontaneous  in  Kentucky. — 
Genus  very  distinct  by  petals  unequal,  2  lower 
longer,  pistil  glandular.  See  my  monograph  of 
Saxifraga  genus  and  tribe,  including  N.  Gen. 
Hemieva,  jDitriclita,  Steiranisia^  blended  with 
Saxifraga  by  HookeiS  altho'  as  good  genera  as 
his  Eriogyna  and  LfptarJiena. 

ADIANTHUM  pedatum  Raf  Med.  fl.  tab. 
2.,  the  only  tSp.  well  known  to  all  botanists. 

ADIKE  Raf.  1815,  An.  Nat.  ancient  name 
of  some  Nettles.  A  very  peculiar  Genus  dis- 
tinct from  Urtlca,  by  perfect  smoothness,  and 
pellucid  stem  and  leaves,  bearing  in  N.  Ameri- 
ca the  peculiar  names  of  Richwced,  Coolweed, 
and  Clearweed,  never  nettles.  My  name  mis- 
spelt Adesia  by  Eaton !  I  had  spelt  it  Adicea, 
I  now  restore  the  original  Greek  name  of  Dios- 
corides. 

Monoical,  Calix  similar  in  both,  3partite, 
sepals  linear  thick  obtuse  or  cylindrical,  erect. 
Stamens  3  elongate  no  nectary.  Fertile  fl.  with 
persistent  calix,  a  sessile  capitate  stigma.  Seed 
ovate  compressed — Habit  annual,  stem  erect 
thick,  leaves  opposite  petiolate  serrate,  very 
smooth,  trinerve,  flowers  estival  in  axillary  and 
dichotome  corymbs,  Sometimes  a  fourth  part 
added;  but  the  Genus  does  not  depend  so 
much  on  number  as  the  consimilar  peculiar  ca- 
lix. 

1.  Ad.  pumila  Raf  Urtica  pumila  L.  stem 
filiform  dwarf,  base  naked,  leaves  ovate  obtuse, 
lower  entire,  upper  deeply  crenate-serrate  with 
an  obtuse  point,  margin  subciliolate,  petiols 
shorter  than  leaves  :  corymbs  pauciflore  short. 
In  the  Alleghany  Mts.  and  near  Philadelphia  at 
Manayunk.     Stem  2  to  5  inches,  pellucid  round 


C4  ADLUJ^IIA. 

leaves  small,  flowers  fe  jv.  Liiineus  says  in  Ca^ 
nada  Aquosls,  stem  digital,  i  have  tbunfl  his 
real  sp.  uiikno vvn  to  many  botanists  who  mistake 
the  next  lor  it. 

Var.  1.  Minima,  biuncial,  few  leaves  on 
short  petiols.     Figures,   Autikon  Raf. 

3.  A.  GLABERIM4  Raf.  Med.  fl.  {Urtica  pu- 
mila,  Mx  and  all  our  botanists  except  Elliot.) — 
Stem  round  fleshy  pellucid  ;  leaves  on  long  pe- 
tiols, oval  acuminate,  lucid,  serrate:  corymbs 
dichotomous  multiliorc.—- The  most  common 
species  all  over  the  U.  States,  stem  one  or 
two  feet  high,  thick  often  diaphanous !  leaves 
large  extremely  smooth. — Var.  nimosa,  stem 
and  corymbs  branched. — Autikon  Raf. 

3.  A.  LANCEOLATA  Raf  {JJrtlca pumila  ¥A- 
liot)  stem  obtusely  quadrangular,  fleshy  and 
branched ;  leaves  on  long  petiols,  lanceolate 
acuminate,  serrate,  with  some  hairs  above ;  co- 
rymbs multiflore,  some  recurved. — Stem  pedal 
branching  from  the  base.  In  Carolina,  Elliot's 
description  is  original ;  but  his  diagnosis  bor- 
rowed to  make  it  agree  with  the  last. 

4.  A.  RiioMBOiDEA  Raf  Stem  round  dwarf, 
branched  at  the  base ;  leaves  on  long  petiols, 
ovate  rhomboidal  or  subdeltoid,  base  entire,  end 
with  obtuse  point,  sides  crenate  serrate  not  cili- 
olate;  corymbs  multiflore  often  foliolate  and 
recurved. 

In  Kentucky,  rare,  stem  6  to  8  inches,  near 
to  A  pumila,  but  larger  stem  and  leaves,  peti- 
ols equal  to  leaves  except  on  branches.  Seen 
alive. — Figure,    Autik.  Raf. 

ADLUMIA  Raf  1808,  Dec.  Beck.  Noticed 
as  a  genus  as  early  as  1804  in  the  garden  of 
the  collector  indium,  and  also  iothe  Alleghanies 
at  Peter's  Mt.  only  mdicated  in  1808,  since  well 


ADOKETON,  65 

established  by  Decandole  and  begining  to  be 
adopted.  Very  distinct  from  Corifdalis  by  Cor- 
olla bigibose  by  2  spurs  as  in  Dielytra,  but  4 
petals  spungy  and  coalescent,  persistent  over 
the  pod. 

A.  ciRRHosA  R.  D.  B.  Fiimaria  fungosa  Al- 
ton, JP.  recta  Mich.  Corydalis  of  many  botan- 
ists. Scandent  cirrhose,  leaves  decompound, 
racemes  laxiflore  axillary. — In  the  Alleghanies 
from  M attawan  Mts.  to  Apalachian  Mts.  Per- 
rennial. 

Var.  rupestris.  Trailing  on  rocks,  leaves 
cespitose. 

Var.  clalior.  Traihng  up  trees  10  feet  high, 
leaves  remote. 

Var.  tilha  &/  rosea,  with  white  or  rose  flow- 
ers instead  of  usual  pale  incarnate.  All  seen 
alive. 

ADNARIA  Raf.  fl.  lud.  probably  a  subgenus 
of  the  Codorolla  or  Vacciniums  with  bell  flow- 
ers which  see. 

ADOKETON  Raf  Mus.  N.  Sc.  1.  Akin  to 
LaJiayea,  distinguished  as  follows — petals  en- 
tire,  stigma  trilobe,  capsule  few  seeded. 

LaJiayea  misspelt  Hagea  by  Persoon  (dedica- 
ted to  Lahaye)  has  petals  emarginate,  stigma 
entire,  capsule  polysperme. 

Both  have  Cal.  5ph.  5  petals,  1  style,  cap- 
sule unilocular,  trivalve,  trigone,  seeds  central. 
Leaves  opposite, — Nat.  family  of  Dionidia. 

1.  A.  UNIFLORUM  Raf.  Stem  uniflore,  leaves 
ovate  minute,  calix  and  petals  acute  equal, — 
On  the  summit  of  the  Unaka  Mts.  of  N.  Car- 
olina, one  inch  high,  flower  white  vernal.  Seen 
dry,  Ic.  n.  sp. 

2.  A.  SAXATILE  Raf.  Mus.  Nat.  Sc.  Mleceb- 
rum  alsinefolium  Scopoli.  Stem  multiflore, 
leaves  oval  acute,  calix  segments  hooded,  petals 


66  ADONIS. 

longer  oblong  obtuse,  capsule  6  seeded — Rocks 
of  Mt.  Gallo  near  Palermo,  and  in  Spain.  Seen 
alive  in  1812,  described  1817. 

ADONIS.  Decandole  has  reformed  this  ge- 
nus, the  two  linnean  sp.  being  the  type  of  two 
sections,  the  annual  having  6  to  8  petals  con- 
cave, style  strait :  the  perennnial  (Consiligo) 
8  to  15  spreading  flat  petals,  style  hooked. 

A.  RiPARiA  Raf.  {A.  autumnalis  of  N.  A- 
merica,  wrongly  deemed  exotic)  stem  ramose 
striate,  leaves  glaucous  crowded  tripinnate  mul- 
tifid,  pinnules  crowded  linear,  end  trifid  acute 
flowers  terminal,  solitary  sessile,  petals  6  to  8 
concave  round. — Margins  of  streams.  West 
Kentucky  to  Louisiana,  pedal,  annual,  flower 
scarlet,  base  darker  spotted.  Real  native.  Au- 
tikon. 

A,  autumnalis  of  Europe  has  stem  slender, 
leaves  short,  remote,  flower  pedicellate,  petals 
obcordate,  and  grows  in  fields. 

ADORIUM  Raf.  fl.  Miss.  Marathrum  Raf. 
1819,  N.  G.  22,  this  name  was  very  good ;  but 
Dec.  having  a  Hipomarathrum  which  must 
become  Marathrum^  I  have  changed  it  for 
greater  accuracy.  Both  were  Greek  names  of 
umbelliferous.  Humboldt  has  also  another 
Marathrum. 

It  differs  from  Seseli  by  involucres,  involucels 
5  leaves  unilateral  membranous,  calix  5toothed, 
petals  ovate  acuminate  involute,  fruit  oblong, 
angular  striate.  Leaves  opposite,  many  sterile 
flowers. 

1.  A.  crassifolium  Raf.  Seseli  divaricatum 
Pursh,  Nuttal.  Branches  divaricate,  leaves  thick 
pinnatifid,  peduncles  rigid. — On  the  R.  Mis- 
souri. Well  described  by  Nuttal,  fl.  yeflow  ver- 
nal.    Seen  dry.     Figure  in  my  Autikon  rar. 


ADOXA.  67 

ADOXA  MosciiATELiNA  L.  Said  by  Torrey 
and  Hooker,  to  grow  in  boreal  America  and  the 
Oregon  mts.  undescribed.  My  specimens 
from  Europe.  Genus  near  to  Panax  and  Ar- 
alia. 

ADVENTINA  Raf.  Radiate.  Perianthe 
globular  5  phyle,  Sepals  connivent  equal  ovate 
acute.  Phoranthe  fiat  chaffy.  Rays  5  fertile, 
equal  small  and  opposed  to  sepals,  ligules  short 
trilobe  white,  ovary  and  seed  shut  between  the 
sepals  and  internal  palea  or  chaff,  similar  to  se- 
pals oblong  and  thus  bivalved,  style  very  short 
bifid,  pappus  paleaceous  multifid.  Floscules  of 
the  disk  minute  yellow  complete,  chaff  lanceo- 
late flat,  corolla  tubular  5toothed,  stamens  and 
style  inclosed,  pappus  campanulate  multifid.— 
Seeds  black  oblong  compressed  bivalved  in  rays, 
oblong  terete  in  disk.  Leaves  opposite,  flowers 
terminal. 

1.  PARviFLORA  Raf.  Stem  slender  branched 
diffuse  smooth,  leaves  petiolate  ovate  acute  an- 
gular dentate,  lower  rounder,  upper  nearly  ses- 
sile and  entire ;  flowers  terminal  lax — Growing 
spontaneous  for  several  years  in  the  orchard 
of  Bartram's  Garden,  come  with  seeds  from 
the  South.  Annual,  Estival,  pedal.  Leaves 
thin  smooth,  flowers  very  small,  white  rays  har- 
dly exserted.  Very  different  from  any  known 
genus,  nearest  Achillea,  but  habit  calix  and  seed 
unlike.  Named  after  its  adventitious  produc- 
tion near  Philadelphia.  Probably  a  Florida 
plant.     Seen  alive. 

Figure  Autikon  5,  and  Ic.  n.  sp.  5. 

2.  A.  ciLiATA  Raf.  Stem  thick  pilose,  tricho- 
tome  and  dichotome,  leaves  petiolate  ovate  ser- 
rate ciliate,  flowers  in  forks  or  terminal  subcor- 
ymbose— Found  with  the  last,  but  in  a  different 


68  ADVENTINA. 

place  and  season :  smaller,  but  flowers  larger. 
Autumnal,  annual,  6  to  10  inches  high,  hardly 
ramose  or  nearly  simple.  Messrs.  Carr  owners 
of  Bartram's  garden  cannot  account  for  the 
spontaneous  production  of  these  plants  and  sev- 
eral others  in  their  garden. 

Figure  Autikon  6.  Icon.  n.  sp.  6. 


I  must  conclude  here  this  beginning  and  mo- 
del of  a  proper  Lexicon  of  our  N.  American 
Flora.  To  continue  the  whole  Flora  even  in 
this  concise  form,  would  fill  several  large  vol- 
umes. This  specimen  contains  about  40  arti- 
cles and  Genera,  whereof  many  are  new,  and 
includes  nearly  150  species,  whereof  many  were 
undescribed. 

North  America,  excluding  the  Mexican  States 
contains  probably  2000  Genera  and  10,000  spe- 
cies of  trees  and  plants,  exclusive  of  the  Cel- 
lular or  Cryptogamic  plants ;  but  including 
Palms,  Grasses  and  Ferns,  Shrubs  and  Vines  . . 
Our  Botanists  know  or  admit  of  hardly  more 
than  one  half.  Botanical  Works  are  filled  with 
plants  neglected  by  them,  because  rare  and  lit- 
tle known.  Our  Herbals  or  Botanical  Collec- 
tions contain  a  crowd  of  plants  as  yet  unnoticed 
and  undescribed.  Baldwin's  Herbarium  has 
been  a  Botanical  mine  for  20  years  past,  for  Elli- 
ot, Nuttal,  Torrey,  &.c.  and  will  continue  so  a 
long  while.  Nuttal  will  soon  increase  the  Ore- 
gon Western  Botany  by  perhaps  1000  N.  Sp. — 
Whoever  applies  to  the  proper  study  of  a  single 
Genus  or  family  increases  or  doubles  our  know- 
ledge of  it.  Torrey  has  lately  increased  our 
Cyperacea  alone  to  25  genera  and  326  species 
and  he  has  not  exhausted  this  tribe  ;  but    omit- 


CONCLUSION.  69 

ted  many  genera  and  synonyms. 

Meantime  my  own  Herbarium  and  Autikon 
contains  about  1200  New  Genera  and  New  Spe- 
cies discovered  and  collected  since  1802,  but 
chiefly  from  1815  to  this  time;  and  whereof  but 
a  small  part  has  been  published  or  indicated  as 
yet.  It  is  therefore  to  these  that  I  must  apply 
myself  at  first  in  order  to  make  known  my  dis- 
coveries and  labors  w  itli  the  hidden  wealth  of 
our  Flora.  I  shall  however  at  the  same  time 
give  many  discriminating  monographs  of  Fam- 
ilies and  Genera,  to  elucidate  their  critical  and 
correct  knowledge. 

The  New  trees  and  Shrubs  of  North  Ameri- 
ica  which  I  have  discovered  and  ascertained 
might  form  a  separate  volume  ;  but  1  may  add 
them  if  practicable.  As  I  have  stated  already, 
arrangement  is  of  little  consequence  now  in 
botanical  works  ;  since  every  botanist  changes 
the  serial  order,  by  misunderstanding  the  real 
steps  of  nature  in  organized  vegetables.  If  I 
was  to  offer  a  very  elaborate  series  of  real  cor- 
rected NATURAL  ORDERS  as  I  did  in  1815,  they 
would  be  deemed  improper  by  those  who  now  be- 
gin to  dabble  in  them,  and  give  us  jumbled  fam- 
ilies without  pectillar  essential  characters,  and 
without  proper  names,  as  they  constantly  go 
on  to  do  the  same  with  Genera  and  Species. 

I  seldom  was  able  to  publish  a  botanical  w  ork 
exactly  as  I  wished  in  the  proper  style  and  plan. 
I  can  only  collect  and  afford  new  materials,  ob- 
servations and  criticisms  for  better  times  or 
moods.  Yet  my  actual  labor,  is  as  much  a  Flo- 
ra as  that  of  Michaux  or  Pursh,  since  it  includes 
more  new  discoveries,  and  may  only  pass  over 
the  wellknown  and  settled  plants.  But  whene- 
ver doubts  or  disparities  occur,  they  will  deserve 


CONCLUSION  to 

my  attention  and  critical  investigation.  The 
40  articles  of  this  Lexicon  have  already  proved 
how  many  striking  mistakes  and  palpable  errors 
of  Linneus,  Michaux,  Pursh,  Hooker,  Nuttal, 
Beck,  Eaton,  Torrey,  Elliot,  and  others  exist 
undetected  and  unnoticed  by  our  writers  and 
compilers.  At  this  rate  the  2000  Genera  will 
afford  5000  similar  blunders. 

It  is  a  weary  and  ungrateful  task  to  revise  er- 
rors ;  but  it  must  be  done  :  Since  every  expo- 
sed error  is  equal  to  a  discovery.  I  shall  not 
even  spare  my  own,  as  we  are  all  liable  to  them, 
and  we  improve  by  age  and  experience.  If  all 
would  be  as  careful  and  as  liberal  as  I  am, 
the  science  might  soon  cease  to  be  involved  in 
hidden  groups  of  neglected  genera  and  species, 
or  in  useless  synonyms  of  mistaken  plants,  and 
improper  names. 

Meantime  in  order  to  name  properly  my  new 
American  plants,  it  has  been  needful  to  study 
over  again  and  revise  many  Genera  and  Natu- 
ral families ;  since  several  are  yet  in  utter  con- 
fusion, by  the  usual  practice  of  Botanists  to  refer 
plants  at  random,  and  without  attending  to  the 
actual  characters,  to  force  them  into  genera 
where  they  do  not  belong. 

This  arduous  undertaking  was  indispensable, 
and  has  led  me  to  revise,  reform,  divide  and  fix 
several  natural  families  and  a  crowd  of  genera ; 
but  such  a  labor  altho'  connected  with  our  Amer- 
ican Botany,  applies  nevertheless  to  the  whole 
Globe,  and  has  become  my  Synopsis  Flora 
Telluriana,  or  synoptical  Mantissa  of  2000 
New  Genera,  Species,  Orders,  &c.,  which  will 
be  the  companion  to  this  North  American  Flora, 
and  the  complement  of  my  Botanical  researches. 

Being  in  hope  of  obtaining  the  Herbarium  of 
my  late  friend  Z.  Collins,  which  contains  many 


CONCLUSION.  71 

new  and  rare  plants  collected  by  himself,  besides 
Kin,  Boyken,  Baldwin,  Nuttal,  Elliot,  Ware, 
Leconte,  Schweinitz,  &.c.,  from  Florida  and  Ar- 
kanzas  to  Labrador,  I  may  find  there  additional 
materials  for  this  Flora ;  therefore,  the  delay 
that  may  occur  in  the  publication  of  the  num- 
bers, will  be  compensated  by  the  additional  new 
plants  I  may  be  able  to  describe. 

I  shall  either  continue  to  give  monographs  of 
some  remarkable  or  rich  genera,  beginning  with 
Knhnia,  Gentiana,  Lechea,  Hypericum^  Slc, 
or  I  may  give  series  of  new  Species  from  inte- 
resting localities. 

I  may  also  pay  particular  attention  to  our 
New  Genera,  many  of  which  are  improperly 
referred  as  yet  to  akin  Genera. 

As  to  the  Natural  Orders  of  our  Plants,  my 
general  views  and  examples  have  been  given  in 
my  preface,  and  will  be  found  in  the  Introduc- 
tion to  the  Flora  Telluriana. 

It  is  again  recommended  to  our  Botanists  to 
study  well  the  natural  affinities  and  disparities 
of  Genera  and  Species,  both  of  which  they  have 
often  heretofore  either  neglected  or  overlooked. 


72 


NEW  GENUS  OLSYNIUM. 


A  very  fine  New  Genus  from  Oregon,  has 
been  blended  with  Shnjrinchium  by  the  Enghsh 
Botanists,  which  I  have  called  Olsynium,  mean- 
ing hardly  united.  It  differs  by  the  Corolla 
campanulate,  the  long  free  stamens  only  united 
at  the  base,  3  stigmas  &.c,  and  belongs  to  the 
same  natural  family  of  Galaxidia,  distinguished 
from  Iridia  by  stamens  not  quite  free. 

OLSYNIUM.  Corolla  of  6  petals  campanu- 
late, each  oblong,  striate.  Stamens  3,  filaments 
free  and  subulate,  base  contracted  above  the 
united  base.  Style  elongate,  stigmas  3  acute. 
Ovary  and  fruit  as  in  Siryrinchium.  Roots 
fibrose,  leaves  sheathing,  spatha  bivalve,  biflore. 

Olsynium  grandiflorum  Raf.  Siryrhichi' 
um  grandiflorum.  Douglas  in  Bot.  register 
1634.  Bot.  magazine  3509.  Stem  compressed, 
leaves  shorter,  acute,  spatha  unequal  margin 
membranose,  flowers  twin  drooping  deep  purple. 

A  lovely  and  graceful  plant,  discovered  at  the 
falls  of  Oakanagan  on  the  Oregon  River.  It 
is  hardy,  flowers  vernal  large,  nearly  two  inches, 
but  never  spreading  flat  as  in  Siryrinchium. 


NEW  FLORA  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


MONOGRAPH 
OF  THE  GENUS   KUHNIA, 

WITH  REMARKS. 

BY  PROF.  C.  S.  RAFINESaUE. 

OCTOBER  1836. 


This  curious  Genus  has  appeared  to  puzzle 
many  Botanists,  the  species  being  rare  and  lo  • 
cal,  have  been  seen  by  few  of  them,  and  they 
have  often  copied  each  other,  or  mistaken  those 
seen.  Sir  James  Smith  has  given  a  good  ac- 
count in  Rees  Cyclopedia,  of  some  old  blunders 
about  it ;  but  many  more  remain  to  be  detected : 
the  original  linnean  species  having  again  been 
found  on  the  very  spot  where  Dr.  Kuhn  proba- 
bly procured  the  specimen  he  took  to  Linneus, 
affords  the  opportunity  to  do  so,  and  to  notice 
at  the  same  time  the  other  kinds  discovered  by 
Elliot  and  myself. 

Dr.  Adam  Kuhn  was  but  a  poor  botanist  and 
hardly  deserved  to  have  such  a  fine  Genus 
named  after  him  :  he  has  written  nothing  ;  but 
only  gave  the  first  linnean  Lectures  in  North 
America.  It  appears  that  he  did  not  even  find 
himself  the  first  Kuhnia,  but  it  was  brought  to 
him,  and  he  had  the  only  merit  to  take  it  to 
Linneus,  who  flattered  by  having  a  Student 
coming  to  him  from  Pennsylvania,  and  struck 
by  the  anomaly  of  the  Stamina,  dedicated  the 
same  to  him  as  a  new  Genus.  Schoepf  has 
written  that  having  applied  to  Dr.  Kuhn  to  know 
the  locality  of  the  plant,  he  could  not  tell,  not 


74  MONOGRAPH 

having  found  it  himself.  Meantime  Gaertner 
having  proved  that  the  chief  hnnean  distinction 
of  separate  stamina  was  wrong,  since  the  plant 
he  described  as  the  same,  bad  syngenesious 
stamina  :  the  Genus  became  fixed  by  the  strik- 
ing character  of  plumose  seeds,  and  well  dis- 
tinguished by  it  from  Eupatorlum;  but  he  wrong- 
ly called  it  CrltoTiia,  mistaking  it  for  a  Crito- 
nia  of  Brown,  which  Smith  states  to  be  the 
Eupatorium  dalea^  with  scabrous  pappus.  All 
the  sp.  oi  Eupatorium  have  more  or  less  such 
a  scabrous  or  dentate  pappus.  The  alternate 
leaves  are  no  character  of  the  Kuhnia  since  I 
have  found  a  species  with  opposite  leaves,  and 
the  very  Kuhnia  of  Linneus  has  sometimes 
such  leaves  below. 

The  plant  of  Gaertner  tab.  174,  who  only 
figured  the  seeds,  has  been  made  since  a  second 
Sp.  of  the  Genus,  and  called  Kuhnia  critonia ; 
but  I  shall  show  by  Wildenow  and  others  pres- 
ently, that  it  is  by  no  means  positive  that  he 
was  mistaken,  since  the  original  Kuhnia  of 
Linneus,  offers  sometimes  on  the  same  plant 
the  characters  of  both  species ;  Ventenat  and 
Persoon  unite  both  again. 

Sir  James  Smith  regreted  that  these  plants 
were  not  introduced  as  yet  in  the  English  Gar- 
dens. In  Loudon  Cyclopedia  of  plants  they 
are  not  mentioned  as  introduced  in  1829,  being 
omitted.  Yet  in  the  second  edition  of  Sweet 
Hortus  Brittanicus,  published  in  1830,  I  find  3 
species  mentioned  as  introduced,  the  K,  eupa- 
torioides  in  1812,  K.  critonia  in  1816,  and  K, 
rosmarinifolia  in  1827.  But  they  must  be 
very  scarce,  and  they  had  not  been  figured  yet 
in  the  magazines^  nor  elucidated  by  English 
Botanists. 


OP  KUIINIA.  75 

Ventenat  united  to  this  Genus  the  Eupatori- 
urn  canescens  of  Ortega,  a  plant  of  Cuha,  and 
called  it  K,  rosmarini folia  ;  he  was  followed 
by  Persoon  in  this. 

Michaux  perhaps  never  saw  this  plant  since 
he  does  not  mention  their  locality  nor  distinction 
and  has  only  one  Critonia  Kuhnia  which  no 
one  can  prove  to  be  Gaertner's.  Muhlenberg 
never  saw  these  plants  alive  and  ascribes  to 
both  white  flowers.  Pursh  meantime  gives  yel- 
low flowers  to  K.  critonia^  but  quotes  no  local- 
ity. Wildenow's  account  appears  to  be  made 
up  of  Linneus  and  Michaux  account,  making  2 
Sp.  of  them.  Lamark  copied  Linneus  and  his 
fig.  tab.  26  is  K.  eiipatorioidcs.  Poiret  has 
copied  Michaux  and  Ventenat. 

W,  P.  C.  Barton  in  his  flora  philadelphica 
1817,  states  to  have  found  the  linnean  plant  on 
the  rocks  of  the  Schuylkill  R.  above  Lemonhill; 
but  Nuttal  in  1819  ascribes  that  very  same  lo- 
colity  for  the  sp.  K.  critonia :  and  it  is  there 
also  that  in  1836  has  been  found  by  Mr.  Du- 
rand  and  myself  the  Linnean  plant,  which  I 
suspect  to  be  identic  with  that  of  Gaertner. 

It  is  said  that  the  Eupatorium  alternifoliutn 
of  Sibiria,  figured  by  Arduin,  is  also  the  same 
plant,  and  Sir  James  Smith  could  find  no  dif- 
ference in  the  specimen  sent  by  Arduin  to  Lin- 
neus. Yet  is  very  strange  that  the  same  plant 
should  grow  near  Philadelphia  and  on  the  Al- 
taic mts.  of  Asia,  and  hardly  any  where  else  : 
since  it  is  not  in  the  Flora  of  Hooker  and  there- 
fore does  not  extend  to  Canada,  nor  the  central 
and  western  parts  of  North  America.  Nor  is 
it  found  in  the  floras  of  Louisiana  and  Missouri. 
Therefore  the    Sibirian   plant  must  again   be 


76  MONOGRAPH 

compared  with  ours,  and  will  be  found  different, 
in  fact  Lamark  has  noticed  some  difference  in  it. 
Torrey  in  1826,  and  Beck  in  1833,  in  their 
floras  of  the  Northern  States  have  both  the  lan- 
nean  and  Gaertnerian  species,  but  have  never 
found  them  growing  wild,  since  they  quote  no 
locality,  but  merely  copy  the  characters  of  oth- 
er authors,  stating  Pennsylv.  and  Virginia,  as 
the  native  place  of  both.  Beck  besides  ascribes 
pale  yellow  flowers  to  K.  critonia,  as  Pursh 
(but  Torrey  says  white)  and  Torrey  a  pubes- 
cent stem.  But  all  the  species  with  whitish 
flowers,  turn  yellow  in  drying,  and  a  pubescent 
or  glandular  Stem  belongs  to  many:  while  Smith 
describes  his  as  smooth  ;  but  this  varies  on  the 
same  plant. 

In  1818  I  discovered  in  Kentucky  a  narrow 
leaved  sp.  which  I  mistook  for  the  K.  critonia^ 
but  have  since  found  very  different  from  the  K, 
critonia  of  Elliot  1824,  who  is  the  only  one  that 
has  described  it  properly  ;  but  his  plant  is  even 
probably  different  from  Gaertner's  :  while  my 
plant  is  perfectly  distinct  by  the  fulvous  pappus, 
stated  to  be  white  in  all  the  others ;  I  called  it 
K.  media  in  1833  but  K.  fiilva  would  be  a  bet- 
ter name.  I  found  it  in  3  localities  of  Ken- 
tucky and  even  on  the  banks  of  the  Ohio. 

In  September  1823  in  my  visit  to  the  falls  of 
the  R.  Cumberland,  in  the  Wasioto  hills  of 
East  Kentucky,  a  beautiful  botanical  spot  visited 
by  no  Botanist  but  myself,  I  again  detected 
another  sp.  of  l^uhnia,  quite  distinct  by  oppo- 
site elliptic  short  leaves.  I  named  it  K.  ellip- 
tica^  and  it  is  described  in  1833  in  my  Herb. 
Rafinesquianum. 

Elliot  has  3  Species  of  Southern  "Kuhnia  in 
the  2d  volume  of  his  flora  of  Southern  States 


OF  KUIINIA. 


7> 


1824,  and  all  appear  to  be  new,  his  K.  critonia 
is  that  of  Mx.  probably  and  nearer  to  K.  ros- 
marinifoUa,  yet  distinct,  and  I  named  it  K.  tu- 
herosa  in  1833.  His  K.  eupatorioides '(  deem- 
ed doubtful  by  himself,  altho'  very  near  the  Lin- 
nean  Sp.  is  somewhat  peculiar,  and  perhaps 
distinct,  it  is  my  K.  dasijpia.  It  is  from  the 
prairies  of  Alabama.  There  also  grow  his  3d  Sp. 
K.  glutlnosa,  a  new  sp.  which  I  possess  and  is 
quite  distinct.  It  has  been  adopted  by  the  com- 
piler Eaton,  with  the  other  usual  2  sp.  in  1833 
in  his  manual  of  Botany,  Gth  edition,  who  never 
saw  any  of  the  plants;  he  ascribes  with  Pursh  to 
K.  critonia,  pubescent  and  petiolate  leaves  ! 

Few  of  these  botanists  appear  to  have  taken 
the  trouble  to  consult  the  original  description  of 
Linneus,  Arduin  and  others,  and  thus  they  as- 
cribe the  characters  at  random.  The  original 
Eupatorkirn  alternifoUum  had  Stem  terete 
puhescent,  leaves  Lanceolate,  petiolate,  decur- 
rent,  triuncial,  rough:  corymbs  multiflore 
compact,  calix  striate.  This  is  the  Siberian 
plant  of  Arduin  tab.  20.  But  Linneus  in  his 
last  edition  decribes  the  K.  eupatorioides  with 
Stem  rigid  and  branches  in  the  middle  smooth, 
leaves  alter ne  suhjjetiolate  hroad  lanceolate 
serrate  rugose,  uncial,  upper  ones  linear  lan- 
ceolate entire  ;  corymbs  small ;  w  hich  agrees 
perfectly  with  the  plants  found  near  Philadel- 
phia in  183G.  Yet  he  refers  to  it  the  above 
disparate  plant  of  Arduin,  and  also  the  figure 
of  Plukenet  87.  2  !  best  figured  in  his  son's  de- 
cads  tab.  II.  Meantime  the  plant  of  Gaertner 
is  described  by  Smith  with  entire  leaves,  linear 
lanceolate  and  corymb  paniculate  pauciflore. 

Yet  Michaux's  plant  (with  Gaertncr's  name) 


^8  MONOGRAPH 

is  pubescent,  leaves  linear  lanceolate,  commonly 
entire,  punctate  beneath,  flowers  paniculate. 

All  these  disparities  evince  that  this  fine  ano- 
malous and  rare  Genus  has  been  misunderstood 
and  improperly  described  by  nearly  all  the  bot- 
anists. Now  at  last  in  1830,  the  original  Lin- 
nean  and  Kuhn's  plant  having  been  found  wild 
on  the  very  identical  spot,  whence  carried  to 
Linneus,  many  specimens  collected,  of  several 
varieties  growing  together,  and  roots,  seeds  and 
specimens  sent  to  England  by  Dr.  James 
Mease  :  the  original  species  will  become  better 
known.  Meantime  I  presume  that  the  follow- 
ing comparative  view  of  the  Species  actually 
known  will  be  acceptable  to  the  Botanists  and 
Horticulturalists. 

These  plants  altho'  not  very  conspicuous,  are 
not  destitute  of  beauty,  by  their  elegant  shape 
and  plumose  seeds.  They  are  all  hardy  peren- 
nials with  thick  roots ;  they  blossom  in  Sep- 
tember, and  assume  their  feathery  appearance 
in  October. 

1.  K.  eupatorioides  L  (Critonia  of  many 
authors),  exactly  as  described  by  Linneus :  only 
add,  root  brown  perpendicular  with  lateral  fi- 
bres, lower  leaves  trinerve,  subpetiolate  or  base 
attenuated,  1  or  2  inches  long,  a  few  are  oppo- 
site sometimes,  stem  terete  striate,  whole  plant 
covered  with  minute  glands  mistaken  for  pubes- 
cence by  some ;  perianthe  striate  glandular, 
flowers  pale  yellowish  white,  pappus  white. 
Rocky  banks  of  the  R.  Schuylkill  near  Phila- 
delphia, in  a  single  spot  near  the  rail  road 
bridge  :  3  varieties  1  P?/?Yfm?V7«/i5tripedal,  low- 
er leaves  lanceolate,  entire  at  both  ends,  branch- 
es and  corymbs  pyramidal  with  entire  narrow 
leaves.  2  \m\corymhosa.     Stem  simple,  leaves 


OF  KUIINIA.  79 

narrow  lanceolate,  somewhat  serrate  in  the  mid- 
dle, fioAvers  in  a  multiflore  compound  corymb. 
3  Var.  angnstifolUc,  stem  simple  pedal  leaves 
linear  lanceolate  entire,  flov.ers  in  a  simple 
pauciflore  corymb.  These  2  last  are  probably 
the  Qritonia  of  Gacrtner  and  others,  yet  they 
are  perhaps  nothing  else  but  various  ages  of  the 
plant?  but  since  they  have  been  mistaken  for 
species,  they  must  be  properly  noticed. 

2.  K.  altaica  Raf.  If  the  Sibirian  plant  is 
distinct  as  probable,  it  may  be  distinguished  by 
Stem  really  pubescent,  leaves  triuncial  alterne 
rough decurrent,  lanceolate  base  not  attenuated. 
This  is  Eup.  alternifoUum  Arduin  tab.  20,  and 
Linneus  in  first  editions. 

3.  K.  dasypia  Raf.  enpatorioides  Elliot. 
Stem  branched  pubescent,  leaves  alternate,  lan- 
ceolate unequally  serrate,  glandular  punctate, 
triuncial,  rough  above,  pubescent  beneath ; 
flowers  paniculate  white,  pappus  white.  Mea- 
dows of  Alabama  and  Georsfia. 

4.  K.  glutinosa  Elliot,  glutinose  pubescent, 
leaves  lanceolate  alterne  sess.  serrate  laciniate, 
upper  entire;  flowers  corymbose  panicled.  Mea- 
dows of  Alabama,  well  described  by  Elliot,  who 
sent  me  a  specimen.  Stem  bipedal,  branched, 
viscose  glands  mixt  with  hairs  ail  over. 

5.  K.  eUiptica  Raf.  discovered  1823  descri- 
bed 1833.  Stem  striate  pubescent,  branches 
and  leaves  opposite,  leaves  sessile  smooth, elliptic 
uncial,  serrate  in  the  middle,  glandular  beneath, 
flowers  whitish  in  lax  multiflore  corymbs,  pap- 
pus cinereous — Falls  of  the  R.  Cumberland,  3 
feet  high;  very  handsome  species.  The  1^.  gla- 
bra of  my  monograph  1833  which  I  mistook  for 
the  linnean  sp.  is  only  a  variety  of  this  with 
stem  smooth,  leaves  subpetiolate,  flowers  less 
lax.     I  found   it  in  the  Alleghany  mts.  on   the 


80  KUIINIA. 

Monongahela     in   1825.    Var.     montana. 

6.  K.  taherosa  Raf.  1833.  K.  critonia  Mx. 

and  Elliot  exclus.  Syn.  Root  tuberose,  stem 
virgate  striate  pubescent;  leaves  alternate  sessile 
linear  entire,  pubescent,  margin  revolute,  flow- 
ers paniculate  white,  exterior  sepals  of  the  peri- 
anthe  reflexed,  pappus  white. — In  Carolina,  dry 
soils,  well  described  by  Elliot  but  under  a  wrong 
name. 

7.  K.  fulva  Raf.  disc.  1818  descr.  1833  as 
K.  media :  entirely  smooth,  stem  striate  vir- 
gate, lower  leaves  opposite,  upper  alternate,  all 
sessile  linear  lanceolate  entire,  long  pale  be- 
neath and  not  glandular;  flowers  paniculate  yel- 
lowish, pappus  fulvous — On  the  banks  of  the 
Ohio  and  hills  of  East  Kentucky,  about  2  feet 
high,  leaves  3  inches,  down  or  pappus  very  pe- 
culiar by  its  color.  I  sent  my  2  N.  Sp.  to  Decan- 
dole;  but  have  not  yet  seen  the  5th  volume  of  his 
Synopsis.  I  possess  yet  several  specimens  of  1, 
5  and  7  to  furnish  to  botanists,  and  they  are 
figured  in  my  Autikon.  and  Ic.  rar. 

8.  K.  inibesceus  Raf.  mon.  Entirely  pubes- 
cent, stem  virgate  striate,  leaves  subpetiol.  lan- 
ceol.  nearly  entire,  punctate,  fl.  paniculate,  pap- 
pus fulvescent — Seen  dry,  said  to  grow  in  the 
mts.  Alleghany,  perhaps  only  a  variety  of  the 
K.  tuberosa,  or  fulva  or  K.  eupatorioides  ; 
but  the  down  was  not  white  in  the  specimen: 
probably  mistaken  by  many  for  the  2  usual  spe- 
cies, \vhence  the  difference  of  descriptions.  I 
deem  the  color  of  the  down  truly  essential. 

9.  K.  rosmarhfifoUaj  Vent.  Pers,  &c.  Leaves 
canescent  linear  lanceolate  semiamplexic.  very 
entire,  margin  revolute,  peduncles  terminal  uni- 
flore,  fl.  purple,  pappus  white  ?  In  Cuba,  com- 
pare it  with  K.  taherosa  ;  but  the  flowers  sep- 
arate them.     Enp.  canescens  Ortega  dec.  34. 


81 


MONOGRAPH  OF  AMPHICARPA  AND  AKIN  GENERA. 
OF  THE  GROUP  TETRODES. 

G.  AMPHICARPA  Elliot.  The  Genus 
Glycine  of  Linneus,  a  strange  medley  of  species 
without  common  characters,  is  now  divided  in 
many  Genera  requiring  yet  discrimination  and 
revision.  As  early  as  1804  I  had  proposed  to 
Muhlenberg  the  Genus  Tetrodea  for  Gl.  mo- 
nolca,  comosa,  subterranean  having  a  tubular 
4toothed  calix,  and  I  indicated  this  G.  in  1808. 
But  in  1818  Elliot  established  with  them  his  G. 
Amphicarpa,whichhRs  been  generaly  received. 
Decandole  wrongly  spells  it  amphicarpea.  but 
as  each  of  these  3  sp.  may  be  the  type  of  a  pe- 
culiar Genus,  I  shall  now  revise  it  and  add  sev- 
eral sp. 

Amphicarpa  Calix  tubular  sub  campanulate, 
base  obtuse  or  gibbose,  4  teeth  acute  subequal. 
Petals  equal  oblong  keel  obtuse,  wings  Itoothed 
vexillum  adpressed  or  incumbent.  Stam  9-1. 
Stigma  capitate.  Pod  stipitate,  oblong,  com- 
pressed acuminate  by  the  style,  3-4  seeds  sub- 
reniform.  Sometimes  the  lower  flowers  soli- 
tary without  petals  nor  stamens,  perfect  fl, 
racemose  and  hracteolate.  Perennials, 

LoBOMON  Raf.  cahx  campanulate,  base  acute, 
unequaly  4toothed.  Petals  and  stamens  as 
above,  but  commonly  apetalous  flowers  dioical 
or  monoical,  with  5  minute  sessile  united  an- 
thers. Pod  flat  semi  ovate  acute,  without  style, 
one  side  strait,  2  seeds  lenticular.  Annuals 
Flowers  axillary,  not  racemose,  no  bracts, 
(Name  ancient.) 

Geolobus  Raf.    calix  campanulate,  4fid,  up- 
per segment  notched.     Petals  unequal,  keel  and 
wings  oblong,  vexillum  obovate  striate  notched. 
11 


82  G.    AMPHICARPA. 

Pod  compressed  round  acute,  one  seed  lenticu- 
lar, Peduncles  blflore  bibractate,  flowers  yel- 
low, pods  hiding  in  the  grounds  which  the 
name  implies.     Annuals. 

The  3  Genera  have  twining  or  flexuose  sterna, 
and  stipulate  trifoliate  leaves,  roots  creeping 
flowers  estival. 

1.  Amphicarpa  viLLosA  Raf.  Gl.  comosal 
L.  &LC  .  .  .  Twining,  stem  and  leaves  hairy,  fo- 
lioles  subequal  ovate  oblong  acute  soft,  the  lat- 
eral obliqual :  racemes  short  5-9flowered,  bracts 
ovate  acute  striate,  calix  hairy — In  Alabama 
and  Mississipi.  Folioles  uncial  equal  to  petiols, 
flowers  white  tiptwith  purple.  Linneus  having 
only  said  of  his  Gl.  comosa,  leaves  hirsute,  ra- 
cemes small  lateral,  flowers  blue,  seeds  with 
purple  spots :  it  is  impossible  to  identify  it. 
Torrey,  Beck  and  Elliot  omit  it ;  while  Nuttal 
deems  it  the  real  type  of  Gl,  monoica.  My  des- 
criptions and  specimens  will  fix  my  sp.  to  which 
1  give  new  names  to  avoid  ambiguity. 

2.  Amph.  ciliata  Raf.  stem  twining  filiform 
round  with  reflexed  hairs,  leaves  on  long  peti- 
ols, smooth  but  ciliate,  folioles  unequal,  lateral 
sessile  obliqual  trapezoidal,  medial  petiolate 
rhomboidal  rounded  acute :  raceme  elongate 
equal  to  petiols,  peduncled  and  multiflore, 
bracts  obovate  obtuse  biflore,  calix  smooth — 
Apalachian  Mts  of  Virginia  and  Carolina,  disc. 
1825,  flowers  white,  very  distinct  species. 

3.  Amph.  heterophyla  Raf.  monoica  Nut- 
tal. Stem  twining  filiform  angular  with  reflex- 
ed hairs,  leaves  on  short  petiols  variable  but 
shining  scabrous  and  ciliate,  subequal  but  either 
ovate  lanceolate  acute  or  else  ovate  elliptical 
obtuse :  raceme  elongate,  multiflore,  bracts 
rounded  striate,  calix  smooth — In  the  Aflegha- 
ny  mts.  of  Pennsylv.  flowers  white. 


G.    AMPHICARPA.  83 

4.  Amph.  Ellioti  Raf.  monoica  Elliot.  G/. 
tnonoica  ?  L.  stem  twining  angular  with  reflex- 
ed  hairs,  folioles  ovate  lanceolate  subequal,thin, 
acute,  scabrous  above,  petiols  long:  racemes 
pendulous  commonly  sterile,  calix  hairy  gib- 
bose.  Pods  of  imperfect  flowers  ovate  one  seed- 
ed— In  Carolina,  Virginia  &.c.  Flowers  white 
and  violet.  Doubtful  sp.  yet,  since  Elliot  says 
in  diagnosis  leaves  glabrous^  and  in  description 
hairy  !  He  confirms  the  existence  of  imperfect 
flowers  in  racemes,  cultivated  for  these  pods 
like  Arachis,  but  Linneus  says  these  subterra- 
nean flowers  are  solitary  !  It  would  be  hard  to 
say  what  Michaux,  Pursh,  Torrey,  Hooker, 
Beck,  Eaton  &:c  mean  by  their  monoica^  which 
they  do  not  describe,  blending  4  or  5  sp,  under 
that  false  name  ;  most  of  them  have  all  the 
flowers  perfect  and  fertile. 

5.  Amph.  deltifolia  Raf  stem  twining  with 
reflexed  hairs,  petiols  short,  folioles  scabrous 
ciliate  ovate  deltoid,  lateral  obliqual,  medial 
rhomboidal :  racemes  short  equal  to  petiols, 
erect  pauciflore,  bracks  ovate  acute  striate — 
From  Canada  and  Missouri  to  New  Jersey,  the 
most  common  kind  and  probably  the  monoica 
of  many  botanists,  but  without  imperfect  flow- 
ers ;  all  with  whitish  petals,  although  many  are 
abortive  several  Var.  1.  hicarnata,  2  procera  8 
feet  high  &c. 

6.  A3IPH.  cuspiDATA  Raf  stem  twining  an- 
gular hairy,  hairs  patent  fulvous,  petiols  very 
long,  folioles  ample  ovate  cuspidate  nearly 
smooth,  lateral  obliqual :  racemes  elongate  ra- 
mose, racemules  3-4flore,  bracts  ovate  obtuse 
striate,  equal  to  pedicels,  calix  smooth — Mts. 
Cumberland  of  East  Kentucky,  disc.  1823. 
Leaves  large  3-4  inches,  petiols  6-8  inches : 
flowers  small,  white. 


84  ,    G,  AMPHICAHPA. 

Ail  these  plants  are  called  Pea-Vines  or 
Binders,  and  are  much  relished  by  cattle. 
They  entwine  over  plants  and  shrubs,  in  woods 
and  among  rocks.  All  in  my  Autikon.  Their 
blossoms  are  estival. 

7.  LoBOMON  AcuTiFOLiuitfRaf.  Twining  quite 
hispid,  hairs  adpressed,  folioles  equal  ovate  a- 
cute,  glaucous  and  reticulate  beneath  :  pedun- 
cles filiform  l-3flore,  bracts  ovate  lanceolate, 
calyx  smooth,  pods  pubescent — Ohio,  Illinois 
&c :  flowers  minute  monoical  or  dioical,  com- 
monly apetalous,  sterile  sessile,  but  fertile  and 
pods  with  pedicels. 

8.  LoBo  SAIIMENTOSU3I  Raf.  Glycine  do  W. 
Amphlc.  do  Elliot  ....  Twining  glabrous,  fo- 
lioles ovate  acute,  peduncles  filiform  triflore, 
calix  villose,  pods  smooth — Carolina,  flowers  all 
apetalous  and  seeds  grey,  spotted  with  black. 

9.  Lob.  obtusifolium  Raf.  Pilose,  hairs 
spreading,  twining  stem,  folioles  elliptical  ob- 
tuse or  retuse,  cuspidate  glaucous,  some  ovate 
or  rounded :  flowers  sessile,  calix  hirsute,  pods 
sessie  geminate  pubescent — In  Kentucky  &c, 
monoical,  flowers  apetalous,  upper  ones  sterile, 
2-3axillary  sessile. 

10.  Lob.  montanum  Raf.  Glycine  montana 
Raf.  atl.  Journ.  Dioical,  smooth,  stem  erect 
flexuose,  folioles  ovate  acute ;  peduncles  uni- 
flore,  pods  and  calix  smooth — On  the  rocks  of 
high  hills  in  the  Alleghanies  of  Pennsylvania, 
Juniata  and  Sherman  Valleys.  Only  semipe- 
dal  and  root  annual. 

The  fecondation  of  these  plants  is  a  problem, 
and  their  apetalous  structure  a  great  anomaly. 
All  in  Autikon  except  8.  They  form  a  pecu- 
liar group  Tetrodes  Raf.  by  their  curious  ano- 
malies, with  Amphicarpa  and  the  2  next  for<>- 
ign  plants. 


G.  AMPHICARPA.  85 

11.  Geolobus  flavus  Raf.  Glyc.  suhterra- 
nea  L.  Stem  procumbent  flexuose,  petiols  erecti 
trigone,  folioles  oblong  obtuse  smooth :  pedun- 
cles axillary  drooping  biflore,  two  bracts  ovate 
incumbent  over  the  2  flowers — In  South  Ame- 
rica and  perhaps  Florida  ? 

I  must  add  here  for  further  discrimination 
another  fine  N.  G.  united  as  usual  to  Glycine, 
and  akin  to  the  above. 

Triendilix  Raf.  calix  4fid  closed,  only  3 
petals  concealed  within  it.  Pods  linear  terete 
poly  sperm.  Perennial,,  ttcining,  peduncles 
axillary,  jlowers  minute. 

12.  Triendilix  clandestina  Raf.  Glycine 
do  W.  Pers  .  .  .  stem  twining,  villose  silky,  fo- 
lioles lanceolate,  silky  beneath,  peduncles  ter- 
nate  uniflore — In  Australia.  Leaves  with  3 
folioles  as  in  all  the  true  Glycine  tribe.  Tri- 
endiUx  means  three  within  the  calix,  abrevia- 
tion  from  Triendokilix,Geolobus  means  Earth- 
pod.  Lobomon  is  an  ancient  Greek  name  for 
some  kind  of  peas  er  beans. 


MONOGRAPH  OF  PELTANDRA. 

I  noticed  this  Genus  as  early  as  1804,  I  as- 
certained it  in  1816,  and  published  it  in  1819 
in  my  Essay  on  50  N.  G.  in  Journal  de  Phy- 
sique Paris.  It  has  been  adopted  by  many  Bo- 
tanists ;  Torrey  doubted  it  in  1817,  yet  in  1821 
he  has  admitted  but  misnamed  it  Lecontea,  a 
double  blunder,  since  there  was  another  Lecon- 
tea!  and  my  previous  name  was  better.  Beck 
in  1833  changed  it  again  through  ignorance  of 
my  previous  claim  to  Renselaria.  Each  knew 
only  of  one  type,  while  I  have  ascertained  many: 


85  MONOGRAPH  OF 

they  had  been  blended  in  Arum  and  Caladl- 
um.  The  whole  tribe  of  Aroides  was  in  utter 
confusion ;  but  is  rectified  in  my  Flora  Tellu- 
riana. 

PELTANDRA  Raf.  meaning  shield  sta- 
mens, 1819.  Arum  L.  &.c  Calla  Mx.  Caladium 
Elliot,  Lecontea  Torrey  1824,  Renselaria 
Beck  1833. 

Spatha  narrow  involute  tubulose,  side  split 
spadix  inclosed  quite  geniferous,  terete  obtuse, 
pistils  inferior,  stigmas  sessile  capitate.  An- 
thers confluent  (sterile  at  the  end  of  the  spadix) 
peltate  crenate  multilocular  on  the  sides.  Ber- 
ries globose  unequal  1  to  5  ovate  seeds.  Sea- 
pose  leaves  simple  commonly  cuspidate^  root 
tuberose. 

Remarks.  This  Genus  includes  several  aqua« 
tic  plants  or  growing  in  damp  soils  and  mea- 
dows, while  the  other  Aroides  commonly  avoid 
the  Waters.  They  may  be  known  by  this  pe- 
culiarity even  out  of  bloom,  as  also  by  the  cus- 
pidate leaves.  The  berries  are  green  and  con- 
taia  a  jelly  with  commonly  several  seeds,  but 
often  one  only  by  abortion.  Those  seeds  were 
eaten  by  the  Indians,  even  the  leaves  are  edible 
when  boiled;  the  roots  are  thick, and  tuberose, 
but  not  properly  turnip  like  as  in  other  Aroides. 
The  flowers  are  vernal,  and  last  only  a  few 
days  in  May  or  June,  they  do  not  bloom  every 
year.  Michaux  reduced  them  to  Calla  that 
has  mixt  flowers  and  a  style,  because  one  sp. 
has  a  flat  spatha  as  Calla ;  this  may  form  a 
Sub  Genus. 

Leucospatha,  Spathe  cuculate,  end  dilatate, 
4  to  5  seeds — Peltandra,  spathe  involute,  end 
narrow,  3  to  5  seeds. 

Renselaria,  Ditto,  Ditto,  1  or  2  seeds. 


PELTANDUA.  87 

1.  Pelt^andra  undulata  Raf.  1819.  Petiols 
equal  to  leaves  striate  dimidiate,  leaves  sa- 
gittate nndulate  oblong  cuspidate  lobes  oblong 
obtuse,  scape  striate  terete  punctate  of  black, 
spatha  subequal,  base  inflate,  split  in  the  mid- 
dle, margin  undulate,  end  narrow  involute.  In 
the  Alleghany  and  Mattawan  mts,  also  in  New 
Jersey  &.c,  it  flowers  in  June,  spathe  lucid 
blackish  green,  margin  yellow,  spadix  white, 
young  petiols  glandular,  leaves  5  to  10  inches 
long.  This  was  the  type  of  my  Peltandra 
having  3  to  5  seeds.  It  is  hard  to  say  which 
Authors  have  seen  that  species  but  blended  it 
with  the  next.  It  was  probably  the  real  Arum 
Virginicurn  of  Clayton  and  Linneus. 

2.  Peltandra  canadensis  Raf.  Arum  sa- 
gittatum  foliiselongatis,  Charlevoix  pi.  canad. 
fig.  81.  Arum  Virginicum  of  many  botanists, 
Lecontea  virg.  Torrey.  Renselaria  virg.  Beck. 

Petiols  elongate  terete  not  punctate,  leaves 
oblong  flat  hastate  cordate,  cuspidate,  lobes  ob- 
tuse: scapes  several  subcarinate,  spatha  lan- 
ceolate involute,  margin  undulate — In  Canada, 
New  York,  New  England  and  Pennsylvania. 
This  is  the  type  of  Renselaria  having  only  1 
or  2  ripe  seeds,  easily  known  by  flat  leaves  se- 
mipedal,  long  petiols  not  dimidiate  &lc. 

3.  Peltandra  latifolia  Raf.  Petiols  short 
dimidiate  flat  above,  leaves  broad  triangular 
sagittate,  undulate  cuspidate,  lobes  divaricate 
obtuse ;  scapes  several  terete  incurved,  berries 
often  one  seeded — In  the  waters  of  marshes, 
ponds,  creeks,  in  south  New  Jersey  and  Dela- 
ware, leaves  often  one  foot  long  and  broad  :  not 
rare  there,  but  seldom  found  in  flowers.  It  be- 
long to  subgenus  Renselaria,  but  is  quite  dis- 


88  MONOtillAPII  OF 

tihct  from  the  last.     The   P,  Walteri  is  very 
akin,  hut  has  acute  lobes. 

4.  Peltandra  heteropliyla  Raf.  Petiols  une- 
qual terete,  leaves  variable  oblong  cuspidate,  or 
ovatoblong  hardly  sagittate  or  nearly  auriculate 
or  base  often  entire  obliqual,  lobes  unequal 
rounded  short  or  ovate  obtuse — With  the  last 
in  the  same  places,  even  near  Philadelphia  in 
the  Schuylkill,  but  rare,  seldom  seen  in  flovv^ers, 
berries  1-3  seeded,  different  leaves  out  of  the 
same  root. 

5.  Peltandra  hastata  Raf.  Arum  Virgin- 
icum  Elliot.  Petiols  vaginated  at  base,  leaves 
equal  in  length  oblong,  hastate  cordate  acumi- 
nate, lobes  subacute ;  spatha  oblong  acute  re- 
pand,  spadix  equal, — In  Carolina  and  Florida, 
it  blossoms  in  April  there  says  Elliot,  the  ber- 
ries have  several  seeds,  and  thus  it  is  a  Leu- 
cospatha  like  the  next. 

6.  Peltandra  alba  Raf.  Calla  sagittifolia 
mx.  Caladius  glaucum  Elliot.  Leaves  glaucous 
hastate  cordate  acuminate,  lobes  oblong  obtuse 
divaricate,  petiols  elongate  ;  scape  short,  spatha 
cuculate  oval  lanceolate,  white,  end  dilatate — 
In  Carolina  and  probably  all  over  the  southern 
States;  Elliot  says  the  berries  are  red  and 
with  several  seeds.  The  white  flowers  and  red 
berries  will  distinguish  this  ;  they  are  both  green 
in  the  others.  This  will  be  the  type  of  Leucos- 
patha  and  may  have  some  other  peculiar  char- 
acters in  the  flowers  to  make  it  a  Genus — Thus 

1  have  fully  ascertained  4  sp.  in  the  North  and 

2  in  the  South  ;  but  there  are  2  other  doubtful 
sp.  there. 

7.  Peltandra  Walteri  Raf.  Arum  sagitti- 
folium  Walter,  Arum  Walteri  Elliot.  Leaves 
triangular  sagittate,   angles  divaricate    acute. 


PKLTANDHA.  89 

In  Carolina,  not  well  described,  but  very  near 
P.  latifolia,  said  to  be  larger  than  P.  kastata 
with  similar  flowers. 

8.  Peltandra  angustifolia  Raf.  Calla  Vir- 
ginica  Var.  Michaux.  Leaves  hastate  cordate 
narrow  oblong,  lobes  obtuse,  spatlia  elongate 
incurved — Virginia  &c,  in  this  sp.  Michaux 
has  blended  probably  the  sp.  1, 2  aud  4,  but  the 
narrow  leaves  and  incurved  spatha  indicate  a 
peculiar  species. 


MONOGRAPH  OF  LECHEA. 

AND  THE    SUBGENERA    MENANDRA,  EUDIEXA     ^C» 

Linneus  had  only  two  sp.  of  Lechea^  having 
reduced  to  that  Genus  the  Menandra  of  Gro- 
vonius.  His  L.  minor  and  major  jfigured  in 
Amer.  Acad.  3.  tab.  1.  have  been  apphed  at 
random  by  nearly  all  the  botanists  to  any  other 
Species,  till  Michaux  who  added  3  sp.  and 
Wildenow  L.  verticill^ita  of  India,  which  I 
doubt  to  be  of  this  Genus,  as  it  appears  to  be 
strictly  North  American.  I  shall  now  increase 
it  to  21  sp.  and  divide  it  into  3  subgenera  that 
miglit  perhaps  become  as  many  Genera. 

The  essential  characters  of  this  Genus  were 
also  widely  mistaken.  Linneus  put  it  into  tri- 
andria  trigynia,  altho'  the  stamens  vary  from  3 
to  12,  and  there  are  not  3  styles,  but  a  single 
trilobe  sessile  plumose  stigma !  The  Capsule 
is  not  one  seeded  as  stated  by  most  of  Authors, 
unless  sometimes  by  abortion ;  but  it  has  3  or 
6  seeds :  nor  is  that  capsule  31ocular  nor  with 
double  valves  as  stated  by  others,  it  is  strictly 
unilocular,  with  3  free  placentas  mistaken  for 
valves,  or  partitions.  The  calix  is  not  single 
12 


90  3IONOGRAPH  OF 

as  stated,  but  commonly  double,  the  outward 
of  2  sepals,  being  mistaken  for  bracts,  altho' 
they  persist  in  the  fruit,  and  are  quite  similar  to 
the  extra  sepals  of  the  Cistidian  tribe  to  which 
this  Genus  evidently  belongs,  notwithstanding 
the  reduced  stamens  and  seeds.  This  Genus 
is  in  fact  so  nei3r  to  Anthelis  (Helianthemum 
T.)  that  the  main  distinction  consists  only  in  3 
petals  instead  of  5,  and  it  is  supposed  that  the 
original  L.  major  of  Lin.  was  also  his  Cistus 
canadensis  !  or  a  variety  of  it ! 

Characters  of  LECHE  A  if  kept  as  a  single 
Genus.  Calix  double  and  persistent,  external 
bipartite  seldom  lacking,sepals  narrower,  inter- 
nal tripartite.  Petals  3  small  narrow,  equal 
obtuse  and  fugacious.  Stam  3  to  12,  filiform, 
anthers  bilobe.  Stigma  large  sessile  capitate 
trilobe  floccose  or  plumose  or  papillose.  Cap- 
sule unilocular  trivalve,  3  to  9  seeds  inserted  on 
3  small  free  placentas,  sometimes  only  one  by 
abortion.  Small  annuals  or  perennials  with 
terete  stiff  branching  stem,  leaves  ternate  or 
ojJjfosite  scattered  simple  entire  and  sub- 
sessile,  flowers  estiral  evanescent  paniculate 
or  racemose,  not  yellow — Vulgar  name  Pin- 
weed, 

1.  ME?fANDRA,  FI.  Virg.  of  Gronovius.  Ex- 
ternal calix  with  2  short  sepals  or  almost  lack- 
ing. Stamens  6  to  9,  seeds  1  to  3.  Leaves 
often  ternate,  and  flowers  racemose.  Peren- 
nials. 

2.  Lechea,  Ext.  cahx  equal  in  length  to  the 
internal.  Stamens  6  to  12,  seeds  1  to  3.  floic- 
ers  spicate  panictdate,  some  stems  sterile, 

3.  ErDiEXA  Raf,  (well  2  external)  Ext.  ca- 
lix longer  than  the  internal.  Stamens  3  to  6. 
Seeds  3  to  9.  Chiefly  annuals. 


LECHEA.  91 

The  mistakes  about  these  plants  have  arisen 
from  few  Botanists  seeing  their  anthesis  or  full 
bloom,  which  like  many  Cistides,  only  last  a  few 
hours  towards  noon:  the  petals  soon  after 
wither,  and  the  stamens  collapse  or  are  glued 
to  the  stigma.  But  the  characters  now  assum- 
ed on  the  persistent  respective  length  of  the  ca- 
lix,  will  always  be  perspicuous.  I  have  speci- 
mens of  all  the  described  species. 

MENANDRA. 

1.  L.  PULciiELLA  Raf.  quite  smooth,  stem 
stiff  virgate,  leaves  scattered  long  linear  acute ; 
flowers  paniculate  and  lax  in  naked  racemes, 
bracts  none,  ext.  sepals  subulate,  internal  ovate 
obtuse,  petals  elliptic  obtuse  incarnate,  capsule 
obovate. — In  the  Pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey, 
probably  extending  South;  probably  the  Ij, 
racemidosa  of  many  Botanists,  but  not  Mx. 
which  is  pubescent  with  ciliate  leaves.  It  is  a 
very  pretty  sp.  when  in  full  bloom  in  August, 
the  calix  being  red  inside,  the  petals  incarnate 
the  large  stigma  v/hite.  The  erect  stiff  stem 
produces  hundreds  of  flowers  at  once,  it  is 
about  one  foot  high,  and  only  branched  above. 
Several  varieties  1.  Minor ^  only  2  to  4  inches 
high,  panicle  leafy.  2.  Elegans,  over  a  foot 
high,  panicle  fastigiate.  3.  Pyramidalis. 
Branches  pyramidal. 

2.  L.  ciNEREA  Raf.  (L.  thymifolia  Mx.  Slc) 
adpressed  pubescent,cinereous  fastigiate,  leaves 
scattered  narrow  linear  adpressed;  racemes 
paniculate  pauciflore  subnaked,  flowers  canes- 
cent  outside,  sepals  lanceolate  acute,  capsule 
oblong  longer. — In  Florida  and  Georgia :  deem- 
ed L.  racemidosa  by  Collins,  easily  known  by 
its  color,  perhaps  the  real  thymifolia  ? 

3.  L.  TERNiroLiA  Raf.  (Menandra  ramis  ter- 


93  MONOGRAPH  OF 

nis,  Gronov.)  Stem  paniculate  above,  adpressed 
pubescent,  leaves  and  branches  mostly  ternate 
cuneate  acute  ciliate  nearly  smooth  ;  racemes 
paniculate  lax  nearly  naked,  peduncles  elon- 
gate, capsules  oblong — In  Virginia,  New  Jer- 
sey and  probably  elsewhere.  This  must  be  the 
real  L.  racemulosa  of  Mx.  who  quotes  Grono- 
vius.  Pedal,  calix  colored  of  red  as  in  L, 
pulchella. 

4.  L.  FURFURACEA  Raf.  Pubesccnt  pulveru- 
lent, stem  erect,  branches  fastigiate  above, 
leaves  narrow  linear  scattered  nearly  obtuse ; 
racemules  terminal  naked,pedicels  unequal,ext. 
cal.  subulate  very  short,  internal  rounded,  cap- 
sules globose — In  Kentucky  and  Illinois,  6  to 
10  inches  high,  flowers  greenish  oatside,  with 
a  yellow  furfie.  Nearest  to  L.  cinerea,  easily 
known  by  the  mealy  pubescence  and  globose 
capsules. 

5.  L.  LAXIFLOUA  Raf  smooth,  stem  erect 
paniculate,  branches  lax,  leaves  scattered  li- 
near cuneate  acuminate  ciliate  ;  racemes  scat- 
tered lax,  flowers  remote  naked,  pedicels  elon- 
gate, calix  and  capsules  ovate — In  New  Jersey' 
Pine  Woods  with  L.  pulchella,  to  which  akin, 
difference  in  leaves  chiefly,  flowers  green  not 
red  outside.  Var  bremfolia  semipedal,  fl.  red- 
ish,  leaves  shorter  more  cuneate  hardly  ciliate. 

6.  L.  TENUiFOLiA  Mx.  Elliot  or  L.  verna  Raf. 
L.  juncifolia  Walter)  humble  dumose  pilose, 
stems  assurgent,  branches  spreading,  leaves 
scattered  subulate  linear,  racemes  paniculate 
divaricate  ;  flowers  remote  axillary  solitary, 
capsules  globose  large — said  to  grow  on  the  R. 
Santi  of  Carolina,  and  to  blossom  earlier  than 
any  other  in  April  and  May,  no  external  calix 
according  to  Elliot,  yet  very  near  to  some  En- 
diejca  with  long  ext.  calix. 


LECHEA.  93 

7.  L.  RECURVATA  Raf.  Hispid  assnrgent, 
branches  opposite  and  ternate,  leaves  broad 
oblong  acute  at  both  ends  ciliate  ;  racennes  spi- 
cate  recur vate  unilateral,  pedicels  very  short, 
sepals  oval,  capsules  globose — In  Carolina  and 
Virginia,  akin  to  L.  ternifolla  (perhaps  the 
true  Menandra  of  Gr.)  leaves  and  fruit  differ- 
ent, calix  redish,  seeds  convex  and  concave. 

LECHEA  OR  LEKEA. 

8.  L.  MucRONATA  Raf,  precis  1814.  villosa 
Elliot  1820,  major  of  Walter  and  Mx  not  Lin. 
— Villose,  stem  erect,  sterile  stems  prostrate, 
leaves  opposite  and  ternate  below,  chiefly  lan- 
ceolate, mucronate,  on  short  petiols  ;  flowers  in 
compound  spikes  axillary  to  foliaceous  bracts, 
ext.  sepals  acute  reflexed  in  anthesis,  internal 
sepals  obtuse,  capsules  ovate  villose. — From 
New  England  to  Carolina,  the  most  common 
sp.  but  not  the  linnean  L.  7najor  with  leaves 
rough  above,  tomentose  beneath  and  scattered 
flowers ;  which  is  the  real  Cishis  Canadensisl 
Flowers  subsessile,ext.  sepals  linear,  adpressed 
in  the  fruit,  internal  sepals  lanceolate,  petals 
lanceolate  obtuse,  commonly  3  seeds  oblong 
acute  with  an  angle  inside.  Several  varieties 
1.  Simplex  my  original  sp.  stem  nearly  simple, 
leaves  oblong  cuneate,  bracts  oblong.  "  2.  Ra- 
mosa,  branches  spreading  above,  leaves  ovate 
lanceolate,  bracts  lanceolate.  Original  speci- 
men sent  me  by  Elliot  from  Carolina.  3  Ses- 
silifloi'a,  leaves  lanceolate,  petiols  very  hairy, 
branches  fastigiate,  spikes  axillary  and  short, 
flowers  sessile.  From  Missouri.  All  peren- 
nials. 

9.  L.  iiETEROPTiYLA  Raf.  L.  miuor  Smith, 
stem  paniculate    above,  adpressed    pubescent, 


94  MONOGRAPH  OF 

leaves  commonly  ternate,  lower  obovate,  sub- 
sessile,  upper  cuneate  and  linear  petiolate  acute 
smooth ;  racemes  panicul.  lax  subnaked,  pedi- 
cels equal  to  fl.  Internal  sepals  lanceol.  acute 
carinate,  capsules  ovate — Kentucky  and  Illi- 
nois in  woods  and  glades,  trigone,  ext.  sepals 
subequal  linear.  Several  varieties,  1  major, 
2  minor,  3  parvijfora,  lower  leaves  caducous, 
flowers  small  fuscate.  It  has  no  sterile  stems. 
Perennial, 

10.  h.  GLOMERATA  Raf.  smooth,  branches 
short  adpressed,  leaves  variable  oblong,  lanceo- 
late or  cuneate,  petiolate  mucronate ;  flowers 
axillary  and  terminal  on  short  pedicels,  glome- 
rate, sepals  ovate  acute  carinate,  capsules  sub- 
globose — Apalachian  mts.  pedal,  no  sterile 
stems,  calix  trigone  over  the  fruit,  external  se- 
pals linear — Perennial. 

11.  L.  coRYMsosA  Raf.  stem  erect  rough, 
above  pilose  corymbose,  leaves  petiolate  broad 
oblong  nearly  obtuse,  pubescent,  ciliate ;  flow- 
ers corymbose,  pedicels  equal  to  flowers,  sepals 
round  concave,  ext.  linear,  capsules  globose — 
Mts.  Alleghany,  6  to  12  inches  high,  leaves 
small,  capsules  large  with  3  to  6  seeds,  disco- 
vered 1818, 

12.  L.  suRcuLosA  Raf.  stem  with  spreading 
branches,  sterile  stems  prostrate  pilose,  with 
leaves  ternate  ovatoblong  acute  ciliate  petiolate 
branches  smooth  with  leaves  opposite  and  al- 
ternate smooth  linear ;  flowers  paniculate,  pe- 
dicels equal,  bracts  subulate,  ext.  sepals  linear, 
internal  ovate  acute,  capsules  ovate — In  Penn- 
sylvania on  dry  hills,  the  L.  minor  of  some  Au- 
thors, stem  3  to  6  inches,  leaves  and  flowers 
small. 

13.  L.  REVOLUTA  Raf.  minor    of  Lin.  not  of 


LECMEA.  95 

Smith  nor  other  Authors.  Stem  erect,  bran- 
ches opposite  and  ternate,  leaves  3-4nate  or  op- 
posite, lower  ovate,  upper  Hnear  lanceol.  scat- 
tered petiolate,  smootli  above,  pubescent  be- 
neath, margin  revokite,  flowers  paniculate — 
Found  by  Kalm  in  Canada  woody  glades. 
This  description  is  taken  from  Linneus  alto- 
gether, and  agrees  very  well  with  some  speci- 
mens I  have  from  the  Alleghanies  of  Pennsylv. 
the  flowers  are  small,  the  capsules  ovate  &c, 
Smith  says  L.  blended  others  with  this. 

14.  L.  viRGATA  Raf.  stem  simple  virgate  pu- 
bescent, leaves  scattered  or  2-3-4  nate  mixt, 
petiolate  linear  cuneate  ciliate  acuminate ;  ra- 
cemes axillary  short  paucifiore,  pedicels  equal 
to  fl.  sepals  ovate  acute  carinate,  external  lin- 
ear, capsules  ovate. — In  the  Ailegh.  Mts.  pe- 
dal, var.  1.  J5rei7/^orrt,  semipedal,  lower  leaves 
oblong,  short,  racemes  very  short  2-3flore.  2 
Bracteata  pedal,  lower  leaves  oblong,  racemes 
longer  than  leaves,  base  foliose  ;  end  5-7flore. 
The  sp.  9,  10  and  14  with  carinate  trigone  ca- 
lix  deserve  perhaps  to  form  another  subgenus 
TROPE^DRIA  Raf. 

15.  L.  FLORiDANA  Raf.  suiooth,  diffuse  ra- 
mose, branches  filiform,  leaves  scattered,  mi- 
nute linear,  racemes  paniculate  paucifiore  na- 
ked, pedicels  long  unequal,  sepals  and  capsules 
ovate — Found  by  Mr.  Ware  in  Florida,  small 
subdichotome,  few  leaves  and  flowers  ;  habit  of 
JEudiexa,  but  the  ext.  calix  equal  in  length, 
tho'  narrower  as  usual :  probably  annual. 

EUDIEXA. 

16.  L.  SECUNDiFLORA  Raf.  smooth,  stems 
diffuse  paniculate,  leaves  scattered  lax  narrow 
Hnear,  racemes  subspicate,  flowers  remote  se- 


96  >IOi\OGRAPn  OF 

cund,  pedicels  short,  ext.  cal.  double  of  the  in- 
ternal linear,  internal  silky  lanceolate,  capsules 
oblong — Discovered  1823  in  the  glades  of  West 
Kentucky,  rare,  6  inches  high,  small  flowers, 
petals  white  oblong  obtuse,  stigma  red,  3  oblong 
seeds  in  the  capsules.  It  blossoms  in  June  and 
July.  Annual.  Is  it  L.  thymifolia  Smith? 
which  is  an  Eudiexa  !  certainly  not  that  of  Mx. 
neither  have  the  leaves  like  thyme. 

17.  L.  PAUciFLORA  Raf.  adpressed  pubescent 
stem  humble  diffuse  ramose,  leaves  scattered, 
slender,linear  cuneate,  imbricate  rather  obtuse, 
flowers  few  scattered  extraxillary,  pedicels 
short,  sepals  smooth,  external  a  little  longer, 
capsules  globose — Near  the  Sea  Shore  in  Long 
Island  and  New  Jersey,  small  plant  only  3 
inches  high,  it  blossoms  in  July.  Annual. 

18.  L.  BREviFOLiA  Raf.  adpressed  pilose, 
branches  fastigiate,  leaves  scattered  petiolate 
short,  lanceolate  or  oblong  ciliolate  mucronu- 
late ;  racemes  erect,  bracteoles  linear  lanceol. 
flowers  secund,  pedicels  equal,  ext.  sepals  not 
much  longer,  capsules  ovate — Mts.  Apalaches, 
semipedal,  very  distinct  sp.  by  petiolate  short 
leaves.  Annual. 

19.  L.  UNiFLORA  Raf.  Smooth,  stem  slender 
angular  with  few  leaves,  above  naked,  subuni- 
flore,  leaves  scattered  adpressed  narrow  linear 
cuneate ;  sepals  membranaceous,  ext.  sepals 
oblong  obtuse  not  much  longer,  internal  ovate 
obtuse,  capsule  globose  about  6  seeded — Sum- 
mit of  the  Alleghany  Mts.  of  Maryland,  disc. 
1825,  only  3  or  4  inches  high,  only  5  or  Cleaves 
and  1  or  2  flowers.  Capsule  commonly  with  6 
oval  seeds. 

20.  L.  STELLATA  Raf.  Pilose,  stem  erect 
nearly  simple,  leaves  3-4nate  petiolate  elliptic 


lechea.  97 

mucronate.  upper  leav  es  alternate  lanceolate : 
racemes  foliose,  pedicels  shorter,  ext.  sepals 
very  long,  capsules  ovatoblong — New  York  and 
Ohio,  often  mistaken  for  L.  mllosa^  pedal,  es- 
tival,  sepals  linear  and  ovate. 

21.  L.  sESSiLiFLORA  Raf.  adprcssed  pilose, 
branches  diffuse  virgate,  leaves  scattered, 
spreading,  petiolate,  linear  ciliate  acute  ;  flow- 
ers axillary  subspicate  or  glomerate  sessile,ext. 
sepals  linear  not  much  longer,  internal  lanceo- 
late. In  Florida  and  Alabama,  near  to  \i, 
/>rti«6*/^orrt,  main  difference  leaves  petiolate  ci- 
liate acute.  Near  also  to  I^.  floridana,  but 
flowers  sessile. 

It  would  have  been  diflicult  to  designate 
which  of  these  plants  may  have  been  seen  and 
blended  with  those  of  Michaux  by  our  Botanists 
since  Torrey,  Beck,  Nuttal,  Pursh,  Katon,  El- 
liot &c  seldom  describe  those  they  have  seen, 
and  never  noticed  the  peculiar  characters  of 
the  calix,  capsules  and  seeds,  on  which  I  have 
chiefly  based  my  subgenera  and  species;  most 
of  which  are  very  distinct,  and  not  likely  to  be 
overlooked  again,  if  my  characters  are  duly  at- 
tended to,  and  even  more  sp.  may  be  detected. 

As  to  L.  verticillata  of  the  East  Indies,  it  is 
probably  a  peculiar  Genus,  being  stated  to  have 
the  habit  of  Spermacoce,  with  opposite  leaves 
elliptic  serrulate,  smooth  above,  rough  beneath, 
and  the  flowers  verticillate.  Is  it  a  Rubiacea 
with  adherent  ovary  ? 

The  L.  chinensis  of  Loureiro  is  still  more 
widely  different,  being  a  Commelineal  (of  what 
Genus?)  according  to  Smith  and  Dunal.  The 
monograph  of  Smith  in  Rees  cyclop,  may  be 
consulted,  he  has  exposed  the  blunders  of  L. 
and  expressed  a  wish  for    a  better    labor   like 

13 


98  MONOftRAPH    OF    LECHEA. 

mine  on  this  Genus,  having  only  6  sp.  of  it,  and 
Dunal  in  Decandole  1824  has  no  more,  he  chie- 
fly copies  Elhot.  We  lack  good  figures  of 
these  plants,  that  with  our  Hudsonias  chiefly 
represent  the  Cistian  tribe  in  N.  America. 

If  ever  this  G.  must  be  again  illustrated,  let 
the  monographer  copy  the  original  descriptions 
of  all  the  Authors,  and  compare  them.  Mine 
are  all  original  and  chiefly  out  of  living  speci- 
mens. 

The  L.  minor  of  Smith  had  sub  corymbose 
flowers  and  carinate  calix,  being  probably  my 
L.  heterophyla.  That  of  Pursh  and  Dunal 
can  hardly  be  identified  by  me  :  that  erroneous 
name  must  be  omitted.  The  Ij.  major  of 
Bigelow  is  Anfhclis  ro5wi«rmf/o//«,  in  Decan- 
dole who  makes  a  Subgenus  Leeheoides  of  all 
our  Americaan  Anthells,  see  my  monographs 
of  Hndsonia  and  Anthelis.     (lielianthemum.) 

Lechea  was  dedicated  to  Prof  Leche  of  Abo 
by  Linneus,  it  must  be  pronounced  Ijekea  and 
perhaps  spelt  so.  Menandra  of  Gronoviiis 
might  have  been  adopted  instead,  although  the 
meaning  moon  stamens  does  not  properly 
apply. 


END  OF  FIRST  PART, 


99 


INDEX  OF  GENERA, 

SUBGE^VERA  AND  SVNONYMS  OF  THE  LEXICON. 

Synonyms    are    in    Italics— References   to 
the  Pages 


Abalon  page    33. 
Aba  ma  34. 
Abbottia  36. 
Abies  37. 
Abrus  39. 
Abutilon  39. 
Acakia  41. 
Acalypba  43. 
Acanthus  46. 
Acer  47. 

Acerotis  Acerates  49. 
Achania  49. 
Achillea  50. 
Achlys  51. 
Achras  51. 
Achyranthes  51. 
Acmella  51. 
Acmispon  53. 
Acnida  53. 
Aconitum  55 
Acorus  57. 
Acroanthes  58. 
Acrostichum  59. 
Actaea  60. 
Actinea,  actineUa  60. 
Actimeris  60. 
Actispermum  61. 
Adelia  62. 
Adenarium  62, 
Adenocaulon  62. 
Adenogyna  62. 
Adianthum  63. 


Adike  63. 
Adicea  63. 
Adlumia  63. 
Adnaria  66. 
Adoketon  65, 
Adonis  66. 
Adorium  66. 
Adoxa  67. 
Adventina  67. 
Anomantha  61. 
Anomeris  61. 
Arenaria  62. 
Amphicarpa  81. 
Amosa  41. 
Anthericum  36. 
Antadenimn  49. 
Anthemis  51. 
Balduina  61. 
Bigelowia  62. 
Borya  62. 
Caladium  86, 
Calla  88. 
Cauloma  61. 
Clinotrox  47, 
Coridalis  63. 
Coreopsis  61, 
Conradia  34. 
Critonia  73. 
(jupameni  43. 
Darlingtonia  42. 
Datisca  53, 
Diadesma  41. 


iOO 


INDEX. 


Diciinotrys  33. 
Eburnax  4% 
Eriocarpum  47. 
Eudiexa  90. 
Evotrium  47. 
Eupatorium  73. 
Fiimaria  63. 
Geolobus  81,  85. 
Glycine  81. 
Helepta  52. 
Helonias  33. 
Holosteum  62. 
Horikenya  62. 
Julibrisin  41. 
Jiincus  36. 
Kuhnia  73. 
Lavatera  40, 
Lechea  89. 
Leptilix  34. 
Leontice  51. 
Ti€Contea  85. 
Leucospatha  86. 
Lobomon  81. 
Lotus  53. 
Malaxis  58. 
Mahnviscus  49. 
MahincJa  39. 
MaratJirum  66. 
Melanthium  33. 
Megactelis  61. 
Menandra  90. 
Microstylis  58. 
Mimosa  42. 


Narthecium  35. 
Negimdiuni  48. 
Nudilus  62. 
Oliglossis  61. 
Olsynium  72. 
Ophrys  59. 
Otanema  49. 
Paltrima  36. 
Pedicularis  46., 
Peltandra  85. 
Pinus  37. 
Ptilepida  60. 
Renselaria  86. 
Saccharodendrun  47. 
Saxifraga  63. 
Schrankia  42. 
Seseli  66. 
Sida  39. 
Sisyrincbium  72. 
Sphendamus  48. 
Spilanthus  51. 
Synotelis  59. 
Tetrodea  81. 
Tojjelda  34. 
Triantha  35. 
Triendilix  85. 
Tristemon  36. 
Triglochin  36. 
Trigonella  53. 
Urtica  63. 
Vacciniutn  65. 
Veratrum  33. 
Verbeshm.  61. 


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small  size. 

IcoNEs  rarioruw    or  500  mpt.  figures  of  the 
New  Genera  and  plants  $  1  each  or  $  250  for 
the  whole. 
other   botanical   works   for    sale   of   the 

SAME  author. 

Herbarium  Rafinesquianum  $  1 — Analysis 
of  Nature  $  1 — Atlantic  Journal  $  2 — Precis 
25  cents — Neogenyton  10  cents — Roses  and 
other  monographs  50  cents — Medical  Flora  of 
the  United  States  $  3— New  Plants  of  Sicily, 
and  other  Works.  Americau  Nations  before 
Columbus — Life  and  Travels — Philosophy  of 
Instability — Fishes  of  Ohio,  <fec. 


rr===  —nT= -==7! 

NEW    FLORA 

OF 

NORTH  AMERICA, 

BY 

PROF.  RAFINESaUE. 

SECOi^D    PART. 

Neophyton. 

PHILADELPHIA 

1836. 

■" 


]^EOpnyToi\ 

NEW  FLORA 

AND  BOTANY 

OF 

NORTH  AMERICA. 

BEING  A  SUPPLEMENTAL  FLORA, 

To  the  various  Floras  and  Botanical  Works 
of  Michaux,  Muhlenberg,  Pursh,  Nuttal,  El- 
liot, Torrey,  Beck,  Eaton,  Bigelow,  Barton, 
Robin,  Hooker,  Riddell,  Darlington,  Schweinitz 
Gibbs,  &c. 

Besides  the  great  works  of  Linneus,  Wilde- 
now,  Vahl,  Vitman,  Persoon,  Laniark,  Decan- 
dole,  Sprengel,  Jussieu,  Adanson,  Necker, 
Lindley,  &c.  Containing  nearly  500  additional 
or  revised  New  Genera,  and  1500  additional 
or  corrected  New  Species,  illustrated  by  figures 

in  AUTIKON  BOTANIKON. 

BY  C.  S.  RAFINESaUE,  A.  M.— PH.  D. 

Prof,  of  Botany,  the  historical  and  natural  sciences — 
Member  of  many  learned  Societies  of  Paris,  Vienna. 
Bonn,  Bruxelles,  Bordeaux,  Zurich,  Naples,  &c.  and 
in    Philadelphia,   New    York,    Cincinati,  Lexington,    &c. 


The  Floral  wealth  in  this  wide  land  concealed. 
Will  be  at  last  by  learned  cure  revealed. 


PHILADELPHIA: 

PRINTED  FOR   THE  AUTHOR  AND  PUBLISHER. 

1836. 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH. 


NEW  FLORA  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

HISTORICAL  SKETCH. 

A  complete  history  and  biography  of  our 
Botanists  and  botanical  writers,  would  form  a 
very  interesting  preamble  to  a  general  Flora, 
but  might  be  misplaced  in  this  mantissa,  be- 
sides occupying  too  much  space.  The  history 
of  orders.  Genera  and  Species,  or  the  account 
of  their  names,  forms,  qualities,  cultivation  &.c. 
might  be  a  work  of  itself,  but  shall  be  partly 
attended  to  in  the  descriptive  parts :  the  me- 
dical and  economical  uses  of  600  medical  gene- 
ra, have  been  already  detailed  in  my  medical 
Flora,  to  which  I  shall  add  at  some  future 
period  a  Supplement  upon  200  additional  me- 
dical Genera,  since  ascertained  or  elucidated. 

It  was  my  intention  to  insert  here  an  alpha- 
betical Catalogue  of  all  our  Botanists  and 
their  works  or  labors ;  I  had  collected  ample 
materials  for  this ;  but  as  I  hope  to  obtain 
additions  thereto,  I  will  delay  it  for  another 
number  of  this  work :  meantime  I  shall  be 
happy  to  receive  any  such  information  of  all 
th«  Botanists  who  may  yet  be  unknown  to  me. 

In  the  last  Century  our  Botanists  were  few 
and  mostly  foreign  travellers.  From  1800  to 
1816  they  had  gradualy  increased,  but  from 
1816  to  1836  for  20  years  past,  I  have  had  the 
pleasure  to  see  the  lovely  Science  of  Botany 
gradualy  spreading,  and  the  number  of  Bota- 
nists greatly  increased,  chiefly  in  the  North ; 
while  now  this  Science  begins  to  be  taught  in 
schools,  and  thus  acquires  many  votaries. 

The    Floras   published   last   Century  were 

chiefly  Gronovius  or  Clayton's  Flora  Virginica, 

^nd   Walker's  Flora  Caroliniana,    both   very 


4  HISTORICAL    SKETCH. 

superficial;  but  Kalm,  Bartram,  Castiglione, 
Schoepf,  Barton,  Mason,  Muhlenberg,  Mi- 
chaux,  Cutler,  Bosc,  Kin,  Denke,  (fee.  had 
then  begun  their  researches.  The  first  general 
Catalogue  of  the  North  American  plants  then 
known  was  published  in  1771  by  Forster  ;  the 
second  by  Muhlenberg  in  1812 :  our  first  Flora 
by  Michaux  (editor  Richard)  came  out  in  1803, 
the  second  by  Pursh  in  1814;  no  other  has 
since  been  attempted,  except  Nuttal's  on  Gene- 
ra and  the  periodical  compilations  of  Eaton, 
owing  to  the  vast  increase  of  materials,  as  Bo- 
tanists began  to  settle  themselves  over  the 
States,  making  the  new  attempt  no  easy  task. 
But  several  local  or  Sectional  Floras  have 
been  published  that  have  greatly  added  to  our 
general  knowledge  of  particularly  regions. 

Among  these  must  be  particularly  mentioned 
with  praise. 

Elliot — flora  of  the  Southern  States,  under 
the  modest  title  of  sketch  of  Botany.  18 16  to 
1820. 

Robin — flora  of  Lousiana,  revised  and  im- 
proved by  myself  in  1817. 

Torrey — flora  and  Compendium  of  the  North- 
ern States,  1826. 

Beck — Botany  of  the  Northern  and  Mid- 
dle States,  1333. 

Bigelow — Flora  Bostoniensis. 

W.  P.  C.  Barton — Flora  Philadelphica. 

Hooker — Flora  of  the  British  possessions,  or 
Canada  and  Boreal  America,  including  New 
Sibiria  yet  in  progress. 

Darlington,  Florula  Cestrica  2  editions. 

Torrey — Florula  or  plants  of  upper  Missouri 
collected  by  James. 

Nuttal — ^^Florula  of  Origon  Mts.  collected  by 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH.  5 

Wyeth,  Florida  by  Ware  and  his  florula  Ar- 
kanzica — Besides  my  own  florulas  Mandanen- 
sis,  Texensis,  Oregonensis,  Arkanzica,  Oliien- 
sis,  Missourica,  «Slc.  But  the  number  of  mere 
Catalogues  has  been  much  more  numerous ; 
they  are  of  course  superficial  and  full  of  mis- 
taken plants  or  names  yet  they  have  been  use- 
ful in  enlarging  our  views  of  the  range  of  plants, 
and  the  localities  of  the  rare  ones.  They  be- 
gan last  Century  by  Muhlenberg  flora  Lan- 
castriensis,  and  Cutler  of  Massachusets  full  of 
mistakes — The  principal  in  this  Century  have 
been. 

Drayton — plants  of  South  Carolina. 

Rafinesque — Florulas  Delawarica  and  Co- 
lumbica,  1804. 

Barton — Florula  Philadelphica. 

Torrey — Flora  of  New  York. 

Green — Catalogue  of  plants  of  the  State  of 
New  York. 

Brereton — Flora  of  District  Columbia. 

Mrs  Gambold — Florula  Cherokensis,  first 
female  Botanical  writer. 

Riddell — Flora  of  the  Western  States,  with 
some  new  Sp. 

S Florula  of  Natchitoches. 

Rafinesque — Florula  Kentukensis,  1824. 

Short  and  Eaton — Catalogue  of  Kentucky 
plants. 

Gibbs — Florula  of  plants  near  Colombia. 

Williams — Plants  of  Florida. 

Schweinitz — Plants  of  North  Pennsylvania. 

Bradbury — Florula  Missurica. 

Hooker — Florula  Islandica. 

Tully — Plants  of  New  Haven,  Connecticut. 

Muhlenberg — General  Catalogue  of  North 
American  Plants.  1812  and  1818. 


6  HISTORICAL  SKETCH. 

Eddy — Flora  plandomensis  in  Long  Island. 

Croom  and  Loomis — Plants  of  Florida. 

Monographs  of  Families  or  Genera  are  far 
more  useful  than  Catalogues,  because  they  en- 
large our  knowledge  of  Species,  and  make  us 
acquainted  with  them.  Among  these  I  must 
chiefly  mention  Schweinitz — Fungi  and  He- 
patica — Carex  and  Viola. 

Torrey — On  Cyperacea. 

Grey — On  Rhynchospora. 

Leconte — On  Utricularia,  Ruellia. 

Dewey — On  Carexides  nearly  200Sp.  deem- 
ed still  a  Genus. 

Rafinesque — On  Vitis.  Trillium,  Gentiana, 
Heuchera,  Houstonia,  Rosa,  Lysimachia. 

Michaux — On  Oaks  or  Quercus. 

Muhlenberg — On  Willows  or  Salix. 

Bosc — On  Fraxinus.     Nuttal,  on  Sarrazinia. 

Muhlenberg,  on  Grasses. 

Halsey,   on  Lichens. 

Sylvas  or  Dendrologies  are  also  monographs 
of  our  Trees  and  Shrubs ;  tbey  have  been  given 
by  Marshall,  Philadelphica  1784. 

Castiglione,  in  Italian  1790. 

Vangenheim.  in  Germany   with  figures. 

Michaux,  in  France  with  figures,  and  a  late 
compiled  translation  has  lately  appeared  in 
New  England  with  wood  cuts. 

My  New  Sylva  or  Supplement  to  our  Trees 
and  Shrubs,  will  be  additional  in  this  work. 

Iconographical  Works  like  those  of  Catesby, 
Abbot,  Lamark  illustrations,  the  Enghsh  Bota- 
nical magazines  ^c.  are  too  costly  to  succeed 
with  us — Dr.  W.  P.  C.  Barton,  flora  of  North 
America  on  this  plan,  could  only  extend  to  a 
couple  of  volumes  and  about  120  Species !  His 
Medical  Flora  and  that  of  Bigelow  extended 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH.  7 

only  to  a  few  selected  medical  plants — mine  has 
100  wood  cuts — Brereton  botanical  Journal,  a 
Horticult.  Journal  in  Baltimore,  another  in 
Philadelphia  by  Landreth,  have  only  reached 
one  or  a  few  numbers.  Audubon  in  his  splen- 
did work  on  Birds,  has  given  many  inaccurate 
figures  of  Trees  and  Shrubs,  similar  to  those  of 
Catesby — The  best  figures  were  those  of  Mi- 
chaux  and  Pursh,  but  those  of  Hooker  now  ex- 
ceed them  still.  I  have  published  few  of  my 
own;  many  engraved  in  1807  for  me,  were 
mostly  lost  before  publication.  I  have  reserved 
my  labors  in  that  way  for  my  Icones  rariorum 
yet  mpt.  and  my  Autikon  Botanikon  or  plan 
of  Self  figures  by  specimens :  of  which  Grey's 
Grasses  is  as  yet  the  only  imitation  with  us. 
A  splended  flora  of  Newfoundland  was  be- 
gan in   France,  but   has   not  been  completed. 

The  miscellaneous  or  partial  labors  on  our 
Botany  are  very  numerous,  including  tracts, 
essays,  descriptions  of  single  plants  &c,.  scat- 
tered in  the  transactions  of  our  learned  societies, 
Journals  and  periodicals  &c,  to  seek  for  them 
is  often  a  task  or  difficult  matter.  Several  mo- 
nographs of  New  Genera  and  Species  are  thus 
scattered  Jeffersonia,  Heterandra^  Tullya, 
liophactis,  Polanisia,  Nemopafithes,  Col- 
linsia,  Clintonia.  Many  may  be  found  in 
Silliman's    physical  Journal. 

Nuttal's  Genera  of  N.  America  and  Eaton's 
manual  of  Botany  are  two  of  the  most  striking 
and  useful  as  general  miscellanies.  Eaton's 
has  had  the  luck  to  go  through  several  editions 
as  a  school  book  ;  but  each  Edition  is  different, 
enlarged  or  revised ;  yet  very  defective  in 
general,  and  lacking  nearly  all  my  new  plants. 


8  HISTORICAL  SKETCH. 

Several  elements  of  Botany  by  Locke,  Richy 
Comstock,  Sumner,  Nuttal,  Grey,  and  others 
have  been  published  for  the  use  of  Schools 
chiefly.  None  have  yet  made  us  familiar  with 
the  improvements  of  Decandole,  Richard, 
Agardh  &c.  Lindley  has  been  reprinted.  My 
improvements  in  philosophical  Botany  will  be 
recapitulated  in  the  Introduction  to  my  Flora 
Tellukiana. 

My  own  miscellaneous  works  are  not  few, 
New  Genera  and  Species,  1808  in  Mitchell's 
Med.  and  Phil,  repository.  Elements  of  Semi- 
ology— Analysis  of  Nature — Reviews  of  Pursh, 
Nuttal,  Eaton,  Elliot,  Bigelow  &c.  Decad& 
of  new  plants  1818 — 50  New  Genera  of  plants 
1819— Neogenyton  or  66  New  Genera  1825 
Annals  of  Nature  1820.— medical  flora  1828 
to  1830— Atlantic  Journal  1832  with  150  N. 
G.  or  Sp. — Herbarium  Rafinesquianum    1833. 

Botanical  remarks  and  novelties  in  the  Brux- 
cells  Annals  of  Science  1820 — New  plants  in 
Mirror  of  Sciences  1814 — Precis  des  Decouver- 
tes  1814  &c,.  &c. 

In  fact  I  have  been  accused  of  having  scattered 
too  much  my  botanical  discoveries  and  labors ; 
but  I  mean  now  to  concentrate  them  in  this 
work.  Nuttal's  rare  plants  of  Florida  and  83 
new  of  various  parts,  with  Asa  Grey  4  rare 
plants  of  New  York  are  miscellaneous  labors 
like  mine. 

Our  Botanists  besides  writers  may  be  divided 
into  Collectors,  Travellers,  Amateurs  and  Hor- 
ticulturalists. 

Those  who  have  written  but  little,  or  merely 
some  sketch,  are  Baldwin,  Croom,  Thomas, 
Aikin,  Conrad,  Oakes,  Peck,  Houghton,  School- 
craft,   Waterhouse,    Locke,    James,   Halsey, 


HISTORICAL    SKETCH.  9 

Kmmons,  Cooper,  Torrey,  Leavenworth,  Mitch- 
ell, Pickering,  Boykin,  Short,  Peters,  H.  H. 
Eaton,  Loomis,Cooley,Clinton,  Booth,  Leitner, 
the  two  brothers  Green  and  Leconte  with  some 
others.  Several  are  yet  living  and  may  do 
more  hereafter. 

Those  who  have  never  published  any  thing, 
ciltho'  they  collected  Herbals,  and  were  practi- 
cal Botanists,  are  chiefly  Collins,  Miller,  Wray, 
Pitcher,  Hall,  Vanvleck,  Lyons,  Herbemont, 
Habersham,  Squib,  Enslen,  Boykin,  Williams, 
Hitchcock,  Kingston,  Ingalls,  Simmons,  Gri- 
swold,Gates,WhitIow,Knevels,Steinhauer,Gais- 
senhauer,  Durand,  Griffith,  Fisher,  Mac  Wil- 
liams, with  many  others  mentioned  by  Elliot, 
Hooker  and  Eaton  as  having  helped  their  labors. 
These  collectors  are  often  very  useful  to  the 
others  by  imparting  specimens,  localities  and 
facts :  their  number  is  increasing,  and  several 
may  yet  become  writers  or  improvers. 

It  is  from  such  that  I  have  received  much 
help  by  gifts  or  exchanges  of  specimens,  new 
facts  and  observations.  I  have  reckoned  par- 
ticularly among  my  friends  and  assistants,  Col- 
lins, Durand,  Miller,  Short  (2  brothers  and  a 
sister)  Walton,  Hall,  Carr,  Hingston.  Mac  Wil- 
liams, Vanvleck,  Gaissenhauer,  Ward,  Mease, 
Bradbury,  Kin,  Ridgely,  Mrs.  Holley  born 
Austin,  Hart,  Crocket,  Limner,  Duval,  Law- 
rence, Knevel.  &c. 

But  I  have  received  also  many  specimens 
from  professed  Botanists,  Muhlenberg,  Torrey, 
Beck,  Schweinitz,  Elliot,  Cutler,  Eaton,  Brad- 
bury, Brickell,  Halley.  Short,  Eddy  &'c.  all 
American  Botanists,  chiefly  by  exchanges  of 
my  own  or  purchases;  besides  some  Ameri- 
can  plants    received   form   foreign   Botanists 

2 


10  HISTORICAL    SKETCH. 

Decandole,  Sheperd,  Haworth,  Tratenick,  Sei- 
ber,  Moricand,  Bory,   Swainson,  Romer,  &.c. 

Botanical  travelers  who  merely  come  to  ex- 
plore our  Plants  in  order  to  send  them  to  Eu- 
ropean Gardens  or  Herbals,are  also  numerous  : 
the  fruits  of  their  exertions  are  chiefly  made 
known  to  us  by  European  Writers.  Such  were 
Kalm,  Mason.  Michaux,  Vanderschot,  Casti- 
glione,  Bosc,  Palissot,  Turpin,  Acosta,  Rich- 
ardson, Goldie,  Drummond,  Douglass,  Macnab, 
Enslen,  Lyons,  Kin,  Bradbury,  Rustan,  Berich. 

Among  our  native  traveling  collectors,  I  must 
mention  Bartram,  Lewis  and  Clark,  James, 
Schoolcraft,  Baldwin,  Peters,  Cozen,  Ware, 
Wyeth,  Gates,  Houghton,  Pitcher,  Walton,  «Slc. 
who  have  often  explored  far  regions,  and  dis- 
covered many  new  plants. 

The  distant  regions  of  Origon  have  chiefly 
been  visited  by  Makenzie.  Langsdorf,  Scooler, 
Douglass,  Wyeth,  Nuttal,  Walton  ^'C.  While 
the  Regions  of  Florida,  have  been  explored  by 
Bartram,  Roberts,  Williams,  Cozen,  Kin,  Bald- 
win, Ware,  Croom,  Gates,  Leitner,  &.c.  But 
both  as  well  as  Texas  will  afford  novelties  for 
many  years  to  come,  and  I  have  myself  many 
of  them  to  describe  in  this  Work,  received  from 
various  quarters. 

Amateurs  as  Horticulturalists,  or  friends  of 
Science,  or  Patrons  of  explorers,  rank  also 
among  the  promoters  of  Botany ;  I  may  men- 
tion among  those  known  to  me  or  who  have 
helped  my  researches,  Clinton,  Forrest,  Mease, 
Adlum,  Marshall,  Clifford,  Shultz,  Carr, 
Walsh,  Betton,  Haines,  Sitgraves,  Mrs.  Wal- 
lace, Mrs.  Betton  <^e :  many  more  exist  all 
over  the  United  States  ;  Stephen  Van  Rensa- 
laer  has  been  a  great  patron  of  Eaton :  Ma- 
clure  and  Collins  of  various  Botanists. 


HISTORICAL   SKETCH.  11 

Lastly  general  Works  on  Botany  are  indis- 
pensable to  all  those  who  wish  to  know  well 
the  plants  of  these  and  other  consimilar  regions. 
The  w  orks  of  Linneus,  Wildenow,Persoon,Vit- 
man,  Romer  and  Shultze,  Sprengel,  Decandole, 
Lamark,  Martyn,  and  Smith  in  Rees  Cyclope- 
dia, profess  to  describe  all  the  known  plants  of 
the  earth ;  and  altho'  they  all  lack  many  yet, 
they  give  us  the  gradual  knowledge  of  the  iin- 
proving  Science. 

In  Loudun  Cyclopedia  of  plants  we  find  only 
the  plants  cultivated  in  England,  in  Dumont 
Botaniste  Cultivateur  those  in  France.  In 
Alton  Hortus  Kewensis  many  American  plants 
were  first  described,  and  others  are  now  yearly 
in  the  Botanical  Register  of  Lindley,  Bot.  ma- 
gaz.  of  Hooker, 

But  as  many  of  our  plants  have  been  mistaken 
elsewhere,  or  blended  with  akin  foreign  plants, 
it  is  even  often  necessary  for  the  exact  Botan- 
ist to  consult  the  original  works  on  the  plants  of 
the  Antilles,  Europe,  Sibiria  and  Japan,  The 
floras  Jamaicensis  of  Brown,  Swartz,  Lunan 
hortus  Jamaicensis,  Gmelin  flora  Sibirica, 
Thunberg  flora  Japonica,  and  the  floras  of 
England  and  France,  must  occasionally  be  stu- 
died to  verify  our  plants.  Many  new  sp.  have 
been  mistaken  by  them  for  ours- 

In  all  these  writings  there  is  something  to 
glean  or  to  learn.  Thus  the  correct  Botanist 
has  an  ample  field  even  in  comparing  Books, 
ascertaining  Synonyms,  similarities  and  diver- 
tities  He  must  have  a  rich  Herbarium  besides 
or  else  many  to  study  and  consult.  How  few 
of  our  Botanists  take  this  trouble  ?  they  prefer 
compiling,  copying  errors  and  misnomers.  How 
few  visit  the  great  Herbalsof  Muhlenberg,  Nut- 


12  HISTORICAL    SKETCH. 

tal,  Torrey,  Elliot,  Schvveinitz,  and  my  own  . , , 
now  either  deposited  in  public  institutions,  or 
accessible  to  all.  Torrey  and  myself  at  any 
rate,  are  ever  ready  to  communicate  with  Bo- 
tanists, answer  enquiries,  or  solve  difficulties. 
Botanical  compilations  are  most  useful  when 
they  include  all  the  previous  plants ;  but  our 
American  Compilers  are  always  deficient,  be- 
cause they  neglect  through  various  motives  to 
collect  all  the  published  information ;  thus  the 
plants  of  Bartram,  Lewis,  Robin,  Castiglione, 
Brickell,  Bosc  <^c  with  my  own,  have  often  been 
omitted. 

The  best  Herbals  or  Collections  of  our  floras, 
are  besides  mine,those  of  Torrey  in  New  York, 
Elliot  in  Charleston,  Beck  in  Albany,  Bigelow 
in  Boston,  Short  in  Lexington  ....  Those  of 
Nuttal,  Schweinitz,  Baldwin,  and  Muhlenberg 
are  preserved  in  Philadelphia,  chiefly  at  the 
Academy  of  Natural  Sciences.  My  friend  Du- 
rand  is  now  collecting  here  an  extensive  Amer- 
ican Herbal.  That  of  Collins  was  very  val-^ 
uable,  and  is  now  added  to  mine.  Others  less 
rich  in  species  are  scattered  chiefly  in  Boston, 
New  Haven,  New  York,  Baltimore,  Charleston, 
Columbia,  Washington,  New  Orleans,  Cincin- 
nati &c.  But  some  families  of  Plants  are  very 
rare  in  these  Herbals,  not  being  easily  preserv- 
ed, such  as  Palms,  Yucas,  Cactides,  Fungides. 

Few  are  aware  how  difficult  it  is  to  collect 
an  extensive  American  Herbal  with  many  rare 
plants  ;  those  made  in  limited  localities  or  gar- 
dens are  easy  enough  to  acquire  ;  and  they  are 
useful  to  students  ;  but  Herbals  of  all  the  States 
and  Regions  for  the  learned,  with  notes,  re- 
marks, compared  foreign  specimens  . . .  are  ac- 
quired only  by  many  years  of  travels  and  re- 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH.  13 

searches,  exchanges  and  purchases.  I  calculate 
that  mine  containing  over  10,000  species  and 
50,000  specimens,  has  cost  me  nearly  $  2000 
in  actual  expenses  of  time,  money,  travels,  pa- 
per, boxes,correspondence,transportation,  books 

of  reference  &c. 

Other  Botanists  acquire  fine  Herbals  at  the 
risk  of  their  health  and  life.  Botany  having  also 
its  martyrs  ;  among  whom  I  will  mention  Lyons, 
Pursh,  Berrich,  Baldwin,  Conrad,  H.  H.  Eaton, 
Walton,  Ward,  Hart,  Drummond,  Douglass  <$-€ 
who  have  fallen  victims  to  their  zeal  in  arduous 
travels,  or  from  diseases  contracted  by  their 
labors  :  although  some  did  perhaps  fall  victims 
to  alcohol  rather  than  Botany,  like  Pursh  .  .  . 
and  others  (Schweinitz  and  Berrich)  were 
rather  Victims  of  Tobacco !  both  foul  poisons 
and  destroyers  of  human  life.  Botanists  are 
however  generaly  sober  and  healthy,  the  pur- 
suit of  this  Science  is  calculated  to  improve 
their  habits  and  health.  Baldwin,Waterhouse, 
and  Conrad  were  victims  of  Phthisis  and  ini- 
proper  food  ;  Botany  probably  lengthened  their 
lives,  as  it  has  mine  after  finding  out  how  to 
overcome  this  disease  by  my  medical  knowl- 
edge of  our  plants. 

In  voyages  by  Sea  or  Steamboats,  some  Bo- 
tanists have  been  wrecked  like  myself,  losing 
their  collections,  and  not  always  so  happy  as  to 
escape  even  with  life  like  myself  in  1815.  I 
have  had  also  some  narrow  escapes  on  the 
Ohio.  Lherminier  lost  all  his  collections  like 
myself  in  Carolina. 

The  rewards  for  all  these  dangers  and  ex- 
penses are  scanty  as  yet  with  us.  We  have 
few  professorships  of  Botany,  and  this  useful 
science  is  too  much  neglected  in  our   Schools. 


14  HISTORICAL    SKETCH. 

Botanical  works  must  even  be  printed  at  pri- 
vate expense,  as  have  been  most  of  mine  (except 
my  medical  flora)  and  the  sales  do  not  pay  the 
expences.  We  often  meet  besides  with  envy  or 
detractors,  scorn  or  neglect.  We  must  there- 
fore find  our  own  reward  in  the  self-satisfaction 
of  having  done  well,  and  deserved  if  not  obtain- 
ed due  credit,  also  in  the  pleasures  inherent  in 
collecting,  studying  and  describing  the  gifts  of 
Flora,  besides  the  grateful  kindness  of  some  con- 
genial friends  or  well  wishers. 

Nothing  is  more  unkind,  and  yet  how  com- 
mon, than  to  hear  myself  assailed  with  the 
questions,  why  do  you  not  give  us  your  netc 
plants  ?  why  are  they  not  found  by  every 
body  ?  .  .  .  !  This  perversity  of  ideas  and  feel- 
ings, would  be  best  answered  by  saying  in  iro- 
nical style,  why  do  you  not  give  me  your  mo- 
ney ?  and  value  my  rare  plants  ?  or  why  are 
you  lazy  or  blind  /  .  .  .  .  I  am  tired  to  repeat 
— Go  to  the  mountains  and  glades,  every  month 
of  the  year,  go  where  I  found  them  at  the  same 
season  and  you  will  find  them.  Spend  $  500  in 
the  pursuit,  if  you  will  not  buy  my  specimens — 
However  one  half  of  my  new  plants  are  already 
in  the  hands  of  Botanists,  having  sent  them  or 
exchanged  or  sold  to  20  of  them.  Short,  Rid- 
dell,  Hart  ^c  have  found  again  several  of  my 
Western  plants,  those  of  Robin  will  be  found 
in  Atakapas  and  Texas,  those  of  Kin  in  the 
peninsula  of  Florida  ^c. 

A  crowd  of  rare  plants  of  Michaux,  Pursh, 
Nuttal  &c  are  unknown  to  most  of  our  Botan- 
ists. Many  plants  described  by  European  Bo- 
tanists Linneus,  Aiton,  Lamark,  Decandole, 
Hooker,  Lindley,  Wildenow  «fec,  are  equaly 
rare  with  mine,  and  unknown  to  many  of  our 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH.  15 

Botanists.  They  were  chiefly  found  by  foreign 
travellers,  collectors  or  gardeners  and  sent  to 
Europe.  Kalm,  Kin,  Noisette,  Kingston,  Drum- 
mond,  Lyons,  Bradbury  &.c  found  many  such 
in  their  remote  explorations,  and  so  have  I. 
Whoever  therefore  neglects  my  discoveries  is 
either  jealous  of  them,  or  unable  to  distinguish 
plants.  But  careless  Botanists  are  often  blind  to 
disparities  and  overlook  those  rare  species,  I 
did  so  myself  once  and  deemed  with  Muhlen- 
berg that  15  species  of  our  Lactucas  were  all 
L.  elongata  !  thus  blending  and  overlooking 
distinct  sp.  So  they  do  to  this  day,and  then  they 
say  they  cant  see  them  ! 


NORTH  AMERICAN  NEOPHYTON. 

I  shall  dedicate  the  second  part  of  this  flora 
to  describe  some  of  my  most  remarkable  New 
Herbaceous  Plants  either  new  Genera  or  new 
Species,  reserving  the  new  Trees  and  Shrubs 
for  the  New  Sylva  of  the  third  part.  They 
shall  be  enumerated  at  random  rather  than  by 
monographs,  as  I  shall  refer  to  them  in  my  fu- 
ture Monographs  and  natural  arrangement.  I 
possess  specimens  of  the  whole,  and  they  are 
all  figured  in  my  Autikon  and  Icones  rariorum 
by  those  numbers  here  employed. 
^  201.  ODOGLOSSA  Raf.  meaning  toothed 
ligule.  A  new  Genus  near  to  Coreopsis  and 
Vernasolis,  but  differing  by  the  neutral  rays, 
and  male  floscules  mixt  in  the  disk. 

Perianthe  double,  both  octophylous,  the  in- 
ternal colored.  Phoranthe  convex,  chaffs  seta- 
ceous and  few.     Rays   8    neutral,  rudiment  of 
Ovary  linear  bidentate,  tube  flat  imperforate, 


16  NOR  HI  AMERICAN 

ligule  or  lamina  elongate  venose,  end  bifid,  sides 
unidentate.  Disk  with  many  florets,  male  and 
perfect  inixt,  Ovary  obovate  hardly  bidentate, 
florets  tubulose  Sdentate,  stamens  free  at  the 
end,  style  hardly  bifid.  In  male  florets  ovary 
entire,  anthers  often  quite  free.  Seeds  obo- 
vate black  hardly  bidentate.  Perennial,  habit 
of  Vernasolis,  hitt  root  fiot  creeping. 

202.  Odoglossa  iieterophylla  Raf.  stem 
virgate,  naked  above,  pauciflore  sulcate  smooth, 
branches  very  long  uniflore,  naked  polygonal ; 
leaves  rugose  beneath,  radical  petiolate  cune- 
ate  obtuse  entire,  inferior  petiolate  pinnatifid, 
lobes  oblong  obtuse  3  to  7,  the  last  larger,  me- 
dial leaves  sessile  oblong  entire.  External  pe- 
rianthe  ovatoblong  obtuse  nervose,  the  internal 
elliptic — In  Alabama,  Georgia  and  West  Ten- 
nessee, rare,  stem  pedal  or  more,  root  fibrose, 
flowers  vernal  ?  rays  yellow  nearly  one  inch 
long,  perianthe  yellowish.  I  have  not  yet  found 
any  synonym  to  this  curious  plant. 

203.  LAXANON  Raf.  Name  of  Dioskori- 
des  for  a  Lapsatia,  to  which  Genus  it  is  akin, 
in  family  of  Glossanthia  or  Cichoracea,  but 
diflfers  by  naked  seeds  and  simple  perianthe. 

Perianthe  simple  5  to  7  parted,  without  cal- 
icule.  Ligules  10  to  15,  seeds  ovatoblong  stri- 
ate naked,  pappus  none,  phoranthe  naked. 
Habit  of  Krigia.  One  type. 

204.  Laxanon  parviflorum  Raf.  smooth, 
stem  ramose  terete,  branches  incurved,  leaves 
graminiform  linear  lanceolate,  entire  obtuse,up- 
per  ones  nearly  opposite  ;  flowers  terminal,  pe- 
dicels elongate  unequal  filiform  pubescent,  3  to 
5  subumbellate,  perianthe  smooth,  sepals  ovate 
acuminate — Sent  me  from  Alabama,  pedal  dif- 
fuse, flowers  yellow  very  small.  This  is  evi- 
dently a  very  distinct  plant. 


NEOPHYTO>\  l**^ 

205.  EPATITIS  Raf.  a  name  of  Diosko- 
rides  for  Eupatorium.  A  Genus  akin  to  it 
and  Mikania,  but  ^vithout  calicule  and  the 
florets  reduced  to  the  minimum  number  of  2 
or  3. 

Perianthe  simple  2  or  3  sepals,  no  calicule, 
floscules  2  or  3  longer  tubular  5fid,  seeds  com- 
pressed linear,  pappus  simple  pilose,  phoranthe 
naked.     Habit  of  Mikania  and  Cacalia. 

206.  Epatitis  obliqua  Raf.  smooth,  stem 
angular  erect,  leaves  petiolate  obliqual  cordate 
or  subsagittate,  (one  side  rounded,  another  sa- 
gitate)  acute  dentate,  flowers  corymbose  fasci- 
culate, peduncles  pubescent,  bracts  linear,  se- 
pals of  perianthe  cuneate  oblong  obtuse  flat — 
sent  me  from  Oregon,  pedal  and  higher,  flow- 
ers white  and  small.  It  is  akin  to  the  Cacal- 
ia alpina  of  Sibiria,  but  the  leaves  are  not 
properly  cordate,  nor  flowers  with  5  florets. 

207.  ROPALON  Raf.  name  of  Teophrastus 
for  a  Nymphea,  to  which  it  is  akin,  but  lacks 
the  petals. 

Calix  Ophyle,  no  petals,  anthers  many  sub- 
sessile,  stigma  with  12  or  more  rays  truncate. 
Remainder  and  habit  as  in  Nuphar. 

208.  RoPALON  sAGiTTATUM  Raf.  Nymphca 
sagittifoha  Wild.  Elliot,  N.  longifolia  Mich, 
&,c — leaves  oblong  obtuse  sagittate,  fruit  ovate. 
— In  Carolina  and  Florida  in  waters,  leaves  6 
to  8  inches,  elongate,  flowers  estival  yellow. 

209.  Lobelia  cladlomesa  Raf.  smooth,  stem 
erect  angular,  with  short  branches  in  the  mid- 
dle, leaves  all  linear  acute  adpressed  entire : 
flowers  racemose  adpressed,  capsules  subin- 
flate  equal  to  pedicels — sent  me  from  Alaba- 
ma, 1  or  2  feet  high,  flowers  blue  estival  size 
of  L.  inflata,  leaves  one  inch  or  more,  bracts 

3 


18  NORTH    AMERICAN 

subulate  oft  equal  to  pedicels,  segments  of  ca- 
lix  lanceolate  acute  unequal. 

210.  Lobelia  parvifolia,  R.  smooth,  stem 
procumbent  ramose  diffuse  flexuose,  leaves  few 
small,  lower  spatulate  obtuse  subentire,  medial 
oblong  subserrate,  upper  linear  entire  acute, 
flowers  subracemose  lax,  pedicels  longer  than 
leaves,  segments  of  calix  linear — Apalachian 
mts.  flowers  small  bluish.  Seen  alive  in  gar- 
dens spontaneous.     Annual. 

211.  Lobelia  paniculata  R.  stem  striate 
naked  above,  leaves  pubescent  obovate  spatu- 
late obtuse  repand,  mostly  radical,  only  1  or  2 
on  stem  ;  raceme  ramose  subpaniculate,  flow- 
ers scattered  lax,  bracts  subulate  equal  to  pe- 
dicels— mts.  Alleghany,  rare,  annual,  stem  bi- 
pedal, flowers  white  small.  Probably  a  devia- 
ted sp.  from  L.  claytoniana,  disc.  1818. 

212.  Lobelia  incur v a  R.  glaucous  pubes- 
cent, stem  erect  branched,  leaves  linear  cune- 
ate  obtuse ;  flowers  axillary  racemose,  pedicels 
incurved  subequal  to  leaves,  segments  of  calix 
lanceolate  acute— Florida,  annual,  pedal,  flow- 
ers small  and  blue,  akin  to  L.  Kalmi  and  con- 
similar  blended  sp. 

213.  Lobelia  falcata  R.  glaucous  smooth, 
stem  simple,  leaves  long  linear  falcate  acute  en- 
tire, lower  subcuneate ;  raceme  lax  leafy,  flow- 
ers equal  to  leaves,  calix  linear  acute — found 
on  Lakes  Erie  and  Ontario,  very  near  to  the 
true  L.  Kalmi  of  Canada,  but  with  longer  fal- 
cate leaves,  flowers  larger  pale  blue,  probably 
a  deviation,  collected  1825. 

214.  Lobelia  fistulosa  R.  stem  round 
smooth  fistulose  slender,  leaves  scattered  re- 
mote linear  acute  revolute  adpressed;  fl.  ra- 


NEOPHYTON.  Id 

cemose,  bracts  subulate  glandular  longer  than 
pedicels,   segments  of  calix  linear  very  long  . 
equal  to  corolla — sent  me  from  Alabama,  pe- 
dal, flowers  blue  middle  size,  corollas  elongate, 
capsules  turbinate. 

I  have  several  other  N.  sp.  and  Var.  of  this 
pretty  Genus ;  see  my  monograph ;  my  L.  ni" 
vea  descr.  1820  will  also  be  there  again. 

215.  DiPSAcus  cuNEiFOLius  Raf.  stem  an- 
gular aculeate,  lower  leaves  petiolate,  cuneate 
obtuse,  crenate,  upper  leaves  sessile  cuneate  or 
lanceolate  acute  entire :  head  spherical,  invo- 
lucre unequal  falcate  subulate  aculeate,  chaff 
spinose  not  hooked — In  some  valleys  of  the 
Alleghany  mts.  and  in  some  glades  of  Ken- 
tucky, disc.  1818,  pedal,  annual,  very  different 
from  D.  syhestris  and  fidlonutn. 

216.  TROPITOMA  Raf  anomalous  or  pe- 
loric  Genus,  sprung  from  Desmodiiim  leiican- 
thum  !  calix  urceolate  bilabiate,  upper  lip  bi- 
dentate,  lower  tridentate,  corolla  not  papiliona- 
ceous, petals  5uneq.  patent,  one  superior  larger 
or  vexillum  round  emarginate,  4  inferior  smal- 
ler equal  oblong  obtuse.  Stamens  10  mona- 
delphous,  filaments  free  above  divaricate  sub- 
equal,  anthers  small  round.  Ovary  stipitate 
oblong  compressed,  style  lateral  subulate,  stig- 
ma simple  acute.  Pod  with  1  or  2  articula- 
tions obliqual  ovate,  one  seed  oblong  compres- 
sed in  each.  Habit  of  Desmodiiun.  One 
type,  the  name  means  cut  keel. 

217.  Tropitoma  PARADOxARaf.  erect, leaves 
few,  folioles  3  on  long  petiols  ovate  rounded 
acute  scarcely  pubescent,  pale  beneath,  flowers 
terminal  1  to  3 — Discovered  1821  in  the  hills 
of  central  Kentucky,  semipedal,  annual,  flowers 
white.     Rare. 


20  ??ORTH    AMERICAJS: 

218.  Menyanthes  latifoua  R.  folioles  suh- 
petiolate  ample  ovate  or  obovate  entire  suba- 
cute, scape  subequal  to  leaves  with  a  lanceo- 
late sessile  leaf,  raceme  lax,  bracts  short  ovate 
obtuse — Found  in  Origon  by  Walton  with  the 
next :  both  akin  to  31.  verna  of  my  med.  flora. 
Robust  plant,  perennial,  ultrapedaL 

219.  Menyanthes  tijidentata  R.  folioles 
sessile  small  obovate  tridentate,  scape  much 
longer  than  leaves  and  naked,  bracts  ovate 
— Orifgon,  pedal,  perennial  ? 

220.  Chlonanthes  (Chelone)  tomentosa 
Raf.  leaves  subsessile  broad  lanceolate  acumi= 
nate  serrate,  base  entire,  tomentose  and  grey 
beneath  ,•  fl.  axillary  and  terminal  fasciculate 
nodding — In  the  mts.  of  Virginia,  stem  bipedal^ 
leaves  4  to  6  inches  long,  1  or  2  broad,  fl.  white,, 
perennial,  rare.  I  have  modified  into  Chlo- 
nanthes, the  absurd  name  of  Chelone  that 
meant  turtle  !  as  if  a  flower  was  a  reptile  ! 

221.  Asarum  parvifolium  R.  stemless,leaves. 
twin  radical  on  long  petiols,  pilose  broad  reni- 
form  emarginate,  peduncle  erect,  flower  large 
tubular  smooth  tridentate — On  the  top  of  mts. 
in  North  Carolina,  small  plant  only  2  inches 
high,  leaves  half  imcial  perennial,  flower  dark 
purple,  as  large  as  in  others. 

222.  AsARUM  FURCATUM  R.  caulescent  fur- 
cate pubescent,  leaves  twin  reniform  subacute^ 
peduncle  erect,  flower  campanulate  trifid  pu- 
bescent— Apalachian  mts?  leaves  four  times 
as  large  as  the  last,  yet  flowers  equal  in  size 
and  same  color,  but  deeper  divided.  Peren- 
nial. 

223.  AsARUM  medium  R.  stemless  pubescent, 
leaves  opposite  on  long  villose  petiols,  cordate 
reuiform  acute,  peduncle  short  floxuosc  villose. 


NEOPHYTON.  21 

calix  base  villose,  end  smooth,  tripartite,  seg- 
ments lanceolate — From  Missouri  and  upper 
Lakes,  perennial,  semipedal,  flowers  cinereous 
or  fuscate  ;  the  A.  canadense  differs  from  all 
these  by  smooth  reniibrm  leaves,  calix  reflex- 
ed  &c. 

224.  AsARUM  ROTUNDiroLiuM  R.  caulescent 
erect  villose,  leaves  4  opposite  rounded  cor- 
date, flower  terminal  subsessile  nodding  smooth- 
ish  campanulate  trifid. — Brought  by  Walton 
from  Origon  mts.  near  A.  eiiropeum,  which 
differs  by  2  broad  reniform  leaves,  fl.  pedun- 
cled  trilobe  <J'C,  perennial,  flower  dark  purple. 

225.  Hedyotis  geniculata  R.  smooth,  stem 
geniculate  4gone,  leaves  fasciculate  lanceolate 
acute,  margin  scabrous,  pale  beneath ;  fl.  axill. 
solitary,  segments  of  calix  linear  equal,  tube  of 
corolla  filiform  twice  longer  than  calix — Was 
ioto  hills  of  Kentucky,  semipedal,  annual, 
leaves  uncial,  flowers  purple,  their  limb  cam- 
panulate 4fid,  apparently  a  true  Hedyotis,  al- 
though I  did  not  see  the  ripe  fruit ;  not  a  Stel- 
motis  the  calix  being  equal. 

226.  Galeopsis  Montana  R.  dwarf  glau- 
cous, leaves  few  remote  petiolate  ovatoblong 
acute  serrate  pilose,  flowers  terminal  only  1  to 
3  calix  not  pungent — Summit  of  Oquago  mts. 
near  Utsiantha  Lake  in  New  York,  small  an- 
nual, only  ,3  to  4  inches  high,  flowers  incarnate, 
Probably  a  deviation  from  G,  tetrahit,  but  as- 
pect very  unlike. 

227.  Eustachya  vel  Leptandra  oppositi- 
FOLiA  Rafj  leaves  opposite  sessile  ovate  acute 
(not  acuminate)  serrulate  smoothish,  equal  to 
internodes,  spike  simple — mts.  Apalaches  of 
Virginia,  perennial,  sesquipedal,  flowers  white 
small,  very  distinct  from  the  narrow  leaved, 
whorled  sp.  of  this  Genus. 


22  NORTH    AMERICAN 

228.  M YCTANTHES  (mixed  flowers)  Raf. 
anomalous  or  peloric  Genus  occasionally  form- 
ed by  some  Asters  and  Solidagos — Difference, 
flowers  often  concrete  or  coalescent,  with  ligu- 
les  and  floscules  intermixt,  perianthe  imbri- 
cate unequal  foliaceous.  I  have  noticed  seve- 
ral types.  Is  it  a  diseased  state  ?  but  the 
plants  were  healthy. 

225.  Myctanthes  punicea  R.  like  Aster 
puniceus,  but  stem  simple,  2-3flore,  leaves  lan- 
ceolate— observed  near  Philadelphia,  flowers 
terminal  purplish. 

230.  Myctanthes  latifolia  R.  stem  sim- 
ple uniflore,  leaves  sessile  elliptic  acuminate 
subserrate,  flower  terminal  sessile  purplish — 
collected  in  the  Alleghany  mts.  bipedal. 

231.  Myctanthes  axillaris  R.  similar  to 
Solidago  nemorosa,  but  flowers  axillary  and 
solitarv,  yellow — mts.  Alleghany,  pedal. 

233."  ALISETA  (Plantain)  Raf.  Radiate 
Genus  near  to  Arnica — Perianthe  in  double 
series,  each  of  ten  spreading  folioles.  Phoran- 
the  flat  alveolate,  chaffs  carinate  long  acute. 
Floscules  tubulose  5fid  sterile.  Ligules  or  rays 
about  20  fertile  tridentate  narrow.  Seeds  It- 
near,  pappus  simple  deciduous.  Habit  of  Ar- 
nica, scapose,  uniflore — But  very  different 
Genus  by  calix,  chaiffs,  sterile  florets  <Slc.  It  is 
nearer  to  the  next  Genus  Peritris  in  some  re- 
spects.  Single  type. 

233.  Aliseta  plantaginea  R.  radical  leaves 
lanceolate  or  cuneate  entire  hirsute  acute, 
scape  terete  smooth,  with  a  single  subulate 
scale,  uniflore,  folioles  of  perianthe  ovate  lan- 
ceolate smooth — Sent  me  from  Florida,  prob- 
ably biennial,  root  short  with  many  fibres,  leaves 
2  or  3  inches  long,  scape  6  inches,  flower  large 
2  inches,  rays  yellow,  disk  fuscote. 


NEOPHYTON.  23 

234.  PERITRIS  (around  triple)  Raf.  A- 
nother  Genus  akin  to  Arnica  distinct  by  habit 
and  triple  perianthe — Perianthe  in  triple  se- 
ries, outer  shorter  with  few  lax  folioles,  the  2 
inner  equal  and  adpressed.  Phoranthe  flat 
naked.  Rays  few  tridentate.  Seeds  oblong 
compressed  pubescent,  pappus  simple.  Habit 
of  Jacobea,  caulescent  corymbose. — Perian- 
the nearly  like  Aliscta  with  the  addition  of  a 
calicule,  but  chafts  lacking  and  habit  unlike. 

235.  Peritris  ovatifolia  R.  puberulent, 
stem  erect  subangular  lower  leaves  petiolate 
ovate  serrate  acute,  petiols  winged,  upper  leaves 
sessile  ovate  lanceol.  serrulate  or  entire ;  co- 
rymb ramose  racemose,  peduncles  erect,  bracts 
subulate,  folioles  of  perianthe  lanceolate — Flo- 
rida and  Alabama,  pedal,  perennial,  fl.  yellow, 
perianthe  smooth,  calicule  or  outer  pubescent. 

236.  Arnica  brevicaulis  Raf.  smooth,  sea- 
pose,  leaves  obovate  and  cuneate,  obtuse,  un- 
equally crenate  and  laciniate,  scape  shorter 
than  leaves  and  with  flowers  umbellate,  bracts 
lanceol.  wooly  in  the  axiles.  peduncles  unequal, 
some  very  long,  striate  uniflore  with  1  or  2  su- 
bulate bracteoles,  perianthe  lanceolate,  wooly 
at  the  base. — Sent  me  from  Alabama,  stem 
only  4  inches,  leaves  6,  flowers  large  yellow, 
few  rays,  pappus  white,  seeds  oblong  angular 
smooth.  This  appears  a  real  Arnica  near  A. 
nndicaulis,  the  perianthe  being  simple. 

237.  Bellis  parviflora  Raf.  stem  branched 
diffuse,  leaves  sessile  oblong  acute  entire  sca- 
brose,  peduncles  terminal  long  naked,  rays^ 
linear — In  Kentucky  on  rocks,  rare,  annual, 
semipedal,  leaves  small,  flowers  white  estival 
very  small  half  size  of  B.  integrifolia. 

238.  Bellis  kutajis  Raf.  stem  simple  uni- 


34  '       NORTH    AMERICAN 

flore  striate,  leaves  remote  sessile  cuneate 
acute  entire  pilose  ciliate,  flower  nodding — In 
the  glades  of  West  Kentucky,  annual,  flowers 
vernal  white  same  size  as  B.  integrifolia, 
which  grows  by  millions  in  those  glades,  where 
I  found  them  all  in  1823.  These  plants  really 
belong  to  the  G.  Bellis  and  not  EcUpta  as 
deemed  by  Sprengel,  nor  Brachyeome  of  Cas- 
sini,  genus  based  on  Bellis  aculeata  and  cilia- 
ris  of  Australia,  to  which  Lessing  has  wrongly 
united  B.  integrifolia.  In  order  to  contrast 
my  species  I  must  add  this  and  also  the  Texan 
species. 

239.  Bellis  integrifolia  Mx.  and  Amer. 
Authors.  Eclipta  do  Spr.  Brachyeome  xan- 
thocomoides  Lessing — smoothish,stem  branch- 
ed multiflore  erect,  branches  1  or  2  flore,  low- 
er leaves  petiolate  spatulate  obtuse,  upper  ses- 
sile cuneate  acute  not  ciliate,  flowers  erect 
rays  oblong — All  over  the  Western  States, 
Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Missouri,  Kentucky, 
Tennessee  <f*c  in  glades,  vernal  white  flowers, 
stem  6  to  15  inches  high  erect,  3  to  12  flowers, 
not  seen  by  Pursh,  nor  Nuttal  till  he  went  to 
Arkanzas,  a  proof  that  a  very  common  plant 
may  escape  notice  if  you  do  not  visit  the  loca- 
lities in  due  season.  Several  varieties  1  pum- 
ila  3  inches  high,  3  flowers  only,  2  elata,  ses- 
quipedal,  multiflore,  3  cartiea  flowers  of  a 
blushing  color,  ^c,  all  annuals. 

240.  Bellis  ciliata  Raf  B.  integrif.  Hook- 
er hot.  mag.  3455.  Pubescent,  stem  erect  mul- 
flore,  lower  leaves  petiolate  spatulate  obtuse 
base  ciliate,  upper  sessile  oblong  acute  ciliate, 
peduncles  naked  erect,  rays  cuneate — annual, 
found  by  Drummond  in  Texas,  and  probably 
extending  to  Louisiana  and  Arkanzas,  blended 


NEOPHYTON.  25 

with  the  last  by  Hooker,  his  description  in- 
cluding both,  his  figure  appears  the  texan  plant 
which  has  been  sent  me  by  Torrey,  and  I  des- 
cribe original  specimens  of  Drummond  ;  it  has 
also  a  var.  trijlora,  with  leaves  all  acutish  and 
only  3  flowers.  The  folioles  of  the  perianthc 
are  lanceolate  acuminate  in  all  the  sp.  not 
linear  as  Hooker  says,  the  seeds  are  obovate 
pubescent. 

211.    ParTHENIUM  ANGUSTIFOLTUM  Raf  StCUl 

virgate  angulate  smooth,  above  rough,  lower 
leaves  petiolate  narrow  cuneate  or  oblong  cre- 
nate  obtuse  rough,  upper  leaves  sessile  ovato- 
blong  ;  flowers  corymbose  globose,  fol.  of  pe- 
rianthe  ovate  rounded  acute — In  the  barrens  or 
glades  of  West  Kentucky,  2  or  3  feet  high, 
petiols  long,  leaves  G  to  8  inches  long,  1  or  2 
broad.  Very  distinct  from  the  3  next  sp.  all 
are  estival  and  perennial. 

242.  Partiienium  pumilum  Raf.  stem  dwarf, 
striate,  smooth,  lower  leaves  petiolate  obovate 
crenate  obtuse  rough,  upper  cuneate  sessile 
nearly  entire  acute;  corymb  glomerate,  fol.  of 
perianthe  ovate  acute  rough — In  the  mts.  Wa- 
rioto  or  Cumberland,  stem  smooth  striate  semi- 
pedal,  leaves  rough  small,  flowers  white. 

243.  Partiienium  sinuatum  Raf.  stem  sul- 
cate  elate  smooth,  leaves  nearly  glabrous  ru- 
gose, radical  ample  petiolate  ovate  deltoid  sin- 
uate laciniate,  obtuse,  stem  leaves  sessile  am- 
plexicaule  ovate  repand  sinuolate;  corymb 
sessile  glomerate,  fol.  of  perianthe  rounded — 
Mts,  of  Virginia,  probably  blended  with  iie 
next  by  Authors,  but  by  no  means  integrlfoU- 
um  !  large  leaves,  lower  often  10  inches  long 
decurrent  on  the  petiols,  flowers  few  globular 
whitish.     Stem  commonly  3  feet  high. 

4 


^  NORTH   AMERICAN 

244.  Parthenium  amplectens  Raf.  P.  in- 
tegrifolium  L.  and  Authors?  Stem  angular 
rough  elate,  leaves  all  rough  ovate  oblong  am- 
plexicaule  serrate  acute,  corymb  lax,  fol.  of  pe- 
rianthe  ovate  rounded  acute  carinate. — Glades 
of  Kentucky,  2  to  4  feet  high,  leaves  3  to  6 
inches  long,  lower  hardly  attenuate  at  base, 
flowers  whitish.  P.  integrif.  is  a  name  illu- 
sive and  to  be  abolished,  it  was  given  by  Lin. 
in  contrast  with  P.  hysteropliorus  with  multi- 
fid  leaves,  that  now  is  a  peculiar  Genus.  The 
Linnean  sp.  figured  in  Dillen  and  Plukenet  had 
leaves  ovate  crenate  hirsute,  lower  with  cari- 
nate petiols,  upper  sessile,  flowers  snowy  white, 
tip  of  perianthe  black,  and  may  still  be  diff*er- 
ent  from  all  mine,  found  in  Virginia,  might  be 
called  P.  dillenianurn  ? — The  sp.  of  Elliot  is 
still  somewhat  different,  it  may  be  called  P. 
elliotamim?  stem  1  or  2  feet  striate  roughish, 
leaves  rough  toothed  ovate  lanceolate ;  lower 
sessile,  upper  amplexicaule — as  near  to  P.  an- 
gustifolium  as  to  this.  See  280. 

245.  Urtica  verna  Raf.  nearly  smooth, 
stem  simple  slender,  leaves  remote  opposite  pe- 
tiolafe  acuminate  laciniate  serrate,  the  lower 
cordate,  medial  ovate,  upper  lanceolate ;  male 
spikes  inferior  shorter  than  petiols,  female  fl. 
glomerate  above,  glomerules  nodding  geminate 
peduncled. — Kentucky  and  other  Western 
States,  in  woods,  flowers  vernal  in  may,  pedal, 
leaves  small,  a  true  Urtica  with  male  fl.  4  part- 
ed 4andre.  Var.  gracilis  very  slender  virgate, 
leaves  small  none  cordate. 

246.  OxALis  rupestris  Raf.  stem  erect  an- 
gular rufous  pilose,  leaves  glaucous  smooth, 
folioles  obcordate,  sinus  obtuse,  peduncles  lon- 
ger than  leaves  3-5flore,  sepals  lanceolate,  pe- 


NEOPHYTON.  27 

tals  retiise  obovate. — On  the  cliffs  of  the  River 
Kentucky,  8  to  12  inches  high,  flowers  large 
pale  yellow,  estival. 

247.  OxALis  CESPiTosA  Raf.  creeping,  ces- 
pitose  pilose,  stems  assurgent,  petiols  filiform, 
folioles  obcordate  ciliate,  sinus  acute,  pedun- 
cles filiform  longer  than  ieaves  2-3ilore,  pedi- 
cels equal  to  flowers,  bracts  linear,  petals  obo- 
vate double  of  calix,  capsules  pilose — Glades  of 
West  Kentucky  and  West  Tennessee,  abund- 
ant, vernal,  found  in  May  and  June  1823:  near 
to  O.  lyo7iiy  3  to  5  inches,  forming  small  tufts, 
leaves  small,  flowers  large  one  inch  broad  pale 
or  lemon  color. 

248.  Capsella  acutifolia  Raf.  stem  simple 
smooth,  radical  leaves  short  pinnatifid,  pinnules 
ovatoblong  dentate  acute,  stem  leaves  sagittate 
lanceolate  very  acute  subentire  amplexicaule, 
raceme  naked,  silicules  short  deltoid  hardly 
emarginate,  pedicels  long  filiform  spreading. — 
In  the  Alleghany  mts.  pedal  annual  with  white 
flowers  and  estival,  as  all  the  sp.  of  this  Genus 
of  Mench,  Ventcnat  and  Decandolc,  who  ad- 
mits of  only  one  sp.  C.  bursa.,  with  4  varieties 
mitior,  integrif.  coronopif.  apetala ;  but  I 
have  8  or  10  sp.  in  my  herbal,  whereof  6  from 
N  America,  and  many  more  exist  perhaps  in 
Africa  and  Asia. 

249.  Capsella  integrifolia  Raf  Var.  do 
Dec  ?  stem  slender  simple  radical  leaves  cun- 
eate  acute,  attenuate  in  petiol  at  the  base,  quite 
entire,  stem  leaves  oblong  acute  sessile  not  sa- 
gittate entire,  silicules  deltoid  emarginate — 
Hills  of  Pennsylv.  and  Kentucky,  semipedal, 
certainly  as  distinct  a  sp.  as  can  be !  leaves 
not  even  toothed  as  in  the  next,  nor  sagittate 
above. 


28  NORTH    AMERICAN 

250.  Capsella  den  TATA  Raf.  dwarfish  stem 
simple  nearly  naked  radical  leaves  petiolate 
cuneate  or  obovate  toothed,  stem  leaves  1  or  2 
sagittate  linear,  raceme  lax  elongate,  silicules 
deltoid  truncate  shorter  than  pedicels. — In  mts. 
Alleghanies,  3  or  4  inches  high  only,  akin  to 
last,  but  leaves  toothed  and  upper  sagittate. 
Is  it  the  Var.  minor  of  some  botanists  ? 

251.  Capsella  bifida  Raf.  several  stems, 
radical  leaves  oblong  toothed,  stem  leaves  sa- 
gittate entire  glaucous  roughish,  racemes  elon- 
gate, silicules  oblong  base  acute  end  bifid,  pe- 
dicels subequal. — In  Pennsylvania  glades,  pe- 
dal, annual,  very  distinct  by  silicules  longer 
than  broad  and  almost  bifid,  no  runcinate 
leaves  &c. 

252.  Capsella  furcata  Raf.  all  leaves  spa- 
tulate  oblong  obtuse  entire  or  hardly  toothed, 
silicules  broad  furcate,  pedicels  equal — In  Can- 
ada and  Europe,  semipedal,  distinct  by  the  pe- 
culiar silicules  broadly  obdeltoid,  wider  than 
long,  and  uniform  leaves,  quite  obtuse. 

253.  Capsella  amblodes  Raf.  all  leaves  pin- 
natifid,  acute,  pinnules  often  angular,  silicules, 
shorter  than  pedicels,  oblong  cuneate  obtuse, 
emarginate — sent  me  from  Europe  as  a  varie- 
ty of  C.  bursa,  probably  also  in  N.  America, 
annual  dwarfish  3  to  4  inches  high  only,  quite 
peculiar  silicules,  and  uniform  leaves. 

254.  Capsella  bursa  Raf.  non  Auct. 
Tlilaspi  bursa  pastoris  L.  and  most  of  our 
botanists.  Radical  leaves  pinnatifid  runcinate, 
pinnules  entire,stem  leaves  oblong  sagittate  den- 
tate, silicules  shorter  than  pedicels  deltoid  tri- 
angular base  and  corners  acute,  hardly  emar- 
ginate— In  Europe,  introduced  in  fields  and 
the  roads  in  N,  America,  pedal  and  sesquipe- 


NEOPHYTON.  29 

dal,  nearest  to  C.  aciitifoUa,  chief  difference 
in  pinnules  entire  less  acute  broader,  silicules 
quite  triangular  with  acute  angles. — It  is  pro- 
bable that  these  plants  are  deviations  sprung 
from  each  other,  but  some  are  really  native  of 
wild  localities  and  not  introduced  :  to  deem 
them  mere  varieties  would  be  preposterous, 
since  they  differ  as  widely  in  leaves  and  fruits 
as  any  acknowledged  species  of  Sinapis  or 
Lejjiduim,  which  ought  on  such  fclse  princi- 
ples be  made  but  single  species.  I  have  not  yet 
met  in  America  the  C.  coronopifolia  of  Eu- 
rope having  leaves  with  narrow  remote  seg- 
ments. The  monstruous  deviation  called  ape- 
tala  by  Opiz  and  Decandole,  is  evidently  an  in- 
cipient New  Genus  formed  in  Europe,  not  even 
of  this  family,  having  no  petals,  10  stamens,  in- 
stead of  4  petals  and  6  stamens  !  I  call  it  Opi- 

ZIA  BURSOIDES  Raf 

255.  Calystegia  riparia  Raf.  sepium  of 
Amer.  hot.  not  L.  nor  Europe.  Procumbent, 
twining,  leaves  cordate  oblong,  lobes  rounded 
seldom  acute,  peduncles  unitlore  terete  very 
long,  calicule  longer  than  calix  ovate  concave 
obtuse — annual,  on  the  margins  of  rivers, 
streams  and  marshes  in  New  Jersey  and  New 
York,  flowers  estival  white  incarnate.  Mista- 
ken by  our  botanists  for  the  Convolvulus  sepi- 
um of  Europe,  Calystegia  sepium  of  R.  Brown 
and  Pursh  ;  a  smaller  plant  not  climbing,  leaves 
and  flowers  smaller. 

255.  Brunella  microphylla  Raf.  stem  pi- 
lose geniculate  dwarf,  leaves  very  small  smooth 
subentire  obtuse,  lower  ovate  on  long  petiols, 
upper  oblong  subsessile,  heads  subsessile  glo- 
bose or  ovate,  bracts  scariose  reniform  venose 
ciliate  acuminate — summits  of  mts.  in  Allegha- 


30  NORTH    AMERICAN 

nies  and  Kiskanom  mts.  only  2  or  3  inches 
high,  leaves  not  half  an  inch,  flowers  small  pur- 
ple vernal.     Annual  like  all  the  species  ? 

257.  Brunella  sessilifolia  Raf.  stem  te- 
rete branched  rough  above,  branches  brachi- 
ate,  leaves  sessile  narrow  lanceolate  acute  en- 
tire smooth,  margin  rough,  heads  oblong,  bracts 
cordate  acuminate  ciliate,  calix  ciliate  colorate 
— Florida  sesquipedal,  leaves  2  or  3  inches 
long,  heads  elongate  3  inches  long,  calix  red, 
flowers  purple,  handsome  sp.  near  Br.  inter- 
media  of  Europe, but  leaves  entire  and  smooth. 

258.  Brunella  petiolaris  Raf.  smooth, 
stem  simple  subterete,  leaves  on  long  petiols, 
lower  obovate  or  cuneate  entire  obtuse,  upper 
lanceolate  acute  subdentate,  heads  ovatoblong 
short,  bracts  ciliate  reticulate  cuspidate  cor- 
date, calix  smooth  cuspidate — In  Kentucky 
pedal,  radical  leaves  smaller,  upper  leaves  long 
narrow  triuncial,  flowers  estival  as  in  nearly  all. 

259.  Brunella  hirsuta  Raf.  Hirsute  rough, 
stem  simple  4gone,  leaves  remote  petiolate  cre- 
nate,  lower  ovate  obtuse,  upper  elliptic  oblong 
subacute,  heads  short  truncate,  bracts  hirsute 
ciliate  acuminate,  calix  ciliate  acute — Illinois 
and  Missouri,  pedal,  flowers  bluish  purple. 

260.  Brunella  cinerea  Raf.  creeping  vil- 
lose  cinereous,  radical  leaves  petiolate  round 
and  ovate,  obtuse  crenate,  upper  leaves  oblong 
or  linear  nearly  entire  margin  involute,  heads 
oblong  sessile,bracts  reniform  acum.cihate,  ca- 
lix hirsute  at  the  base — Florida,  Alabama, 
Wasioto  mts.  and  hills  of  Kentucky,  biennial, 
vernal  very  distinct,  although  akin  to  last  and 
next.  Stem  semipedal,  leaves  small  uncial, 
heads  2  inches  long,  calix  as  in  most  sp.  upper 
lip  Sdentate,  lower  bifid  ciliate. 


NEOPIIYTON.  31 

261.  Brunella  iieterophyla  Raf,  smooth 
erect,  leaves  petiolate  subcrenate  repand,  radi- 
cal ovate  rounded  obtuse,  on  stem  ovate  or 
oblong,  heads  sessile  ovate  short — on  mts.  Alle- 
ghany, akin  to  the  last,  but  annual  estival  erect 
smooth,  green  not  ash  color. 

262.  Brucella  cordata  Raf.  stem  erect 
simple  red,  pilose  above,  petiols  ciliate,  leaves 
smooth  ovate  acute  subentire  pale  beneath, 
lower  cordate  serrate,  heads  oblong  sessile  with 
2  oblong  leaves,  bracts  reniform  reticulate  cili- 
ate— Alleghany  mts.  pedal,  fine  species,  calix 
red,  corol  purplish  blue,  estival. 

263.  Brunella  reticulata  Raf.  stem  erect 
smooth,  leaves  petiolate  elongate  ovatoblong 
entire,  acute  at  both  ends,  heads  on  a  hairy  pe- 
duncle, oval  short,  bracts  reticulate  acuminate 
ciliate,  calix  smooth — in  Ohio,  Kentucky  ^c, 
fine  species,  sesquipedal,  leaves  3  or  4  inches 
long,  spike  short  hardly  over  one  inch,  calix 
with  lips  3dentate  and  bifid  as  usual,  but  quite 
smooth.  Akin  to  the  last  but  differs  by  entire 
leaves  and  short  heads  not  sessile. 

264.  Brunella  rosea  Raf.  dwarf,  stem  de- 
cumbent hairy  above,  leaves  petiolate  smooth 
oblong  and  lanceolate  acute  subentire,  lower 
crenate,  heads  oval  subsessile,  bracts  scariose 
reticulate  cordate  ciliate  acuminate — in  the 
Turkey  mts.  of  Alleghanies,  only  2  to  4  inches 
high,  stem  4gone,  angles  with  a  few  hairs, 
leaves  uncial,  heads  uncial  or  less,  flowers  es- 
tival of  a  fine  rose  color  different  from  all  the 
others.  Very  distinct  sp.  only  slightly  akin  to 
Br.  microphyla  in  habit,  but  nothing  else,  calix 
ciliate.  A  variety  has  shorter  heads  and  more 
crenate  leaves,  stem  nearly  erect.  Var,  hrevi- 
flora. 


32  NORTH   AMERICAN 

265.  Brunella  obtusifolia  Raf.  stem  erect 
hairy  above,  leaves  petiolate  ovate  obtuse  en- 
tire or  subrepand,  heads  oblong  subsessile  bracts 
scariose  colored  ciliate  reniform  acuminate ; 
calix  colorate  ciliate — in  Pennsylvania  4'^? 
more  similar  to  Br.  vulgaris  of  Europe  than 
any  other,  pedal,  estival,  perennial,  bracts  and 
flowers  red.  These  10  sp.  of  Brunella  (mis- 
called Prunella  by  error  of  the  press)  are  us- 
ually blended  (when  seen  by  our  botanists)  with 
the  Br.  pennsylvanica  of  Muhlenberg :  to  unite 
such  diversities  is  preposterous.  The  real 
pennsylvanica  which  is  the  vulgaris  of  others 
differs  from  this  my  obtusifolia  by  creeping 
roots,  ascending  stems,  leaves  ovatoblong  acute 
toothed  at  the  base,  &c.  I  have  even  yet  sonie 
other  American  and  European  blended  sp.  in 
my  herbal,  or  at  least  striking  varieties,  some 
with  white  flowers. 

266.  BucHNERA  MissuRicA  Raf.  rough  pu- 
bescent, stem  adscendent  base  hirsute,  leaves 
opposite  and  alternate  crowded  imbricate  lan- 
ceolate subentire,  radical  ovate,  upper  ones 
small  subulate  squamulose  remote,  flowers  in 
short  spike,  alternate  at  base,  bracts  subulate 
short — Glades  of  Missouri  and  Illinois,  pedal, 
perennial,  calix  urceolate,  tube  of  corolla  slen- 
der strait. 

267.  BucHNERA  ANGUSTiFOLiA  Raf  stcm  vir- 
gate  terete  nearly  smooth,  naked  above,  leaves 
remote  linear  obtuse  entire  roughened  by  white 
hairs,  flowers  scattered  sessile  in  the  spike — in 
Alabama,  sesquipedal,  capsules  globose  in  ca- 
lix ovate  Slobed.  These  two  sp.  are  quite  dis- 
tinct from  B.  americana,  see  298. 

268.  CupiiEA  ALBiDA  Raf.  stem  simple  hum- 
ble pauciflore,  leaves  petiolate  ovate  lanceolate 


NEOPIIYTON.  33 

hardly  viscose  pubescent  entire  obtuse,  flowers 
axillary  subsessile,  calix  hispid  striate,  petals 
white  cuneate  small — in  the  Alieghanies  of 
Pennsylvania,  only  found  once  in  1833,  north 
of  Garble,  annual,  semipedal,quite  distinct  from 
C  viscosissima  having  many  purple  flowers, 
stem  much  branched  and  clammy,  leaves  nar- 
rower lanceolate  <^*c. 

269.  CoMANDUA  OBOVATA  Raf.  stcm  ramose 
angular  striate,  leaves  oboval  subobtuse,  um- 
bellules  3-5fiowered,  pedicels  equal  to  flowers, 
bracts  obovate  equal  to  pedicels — mts.  Aliegha- 
nies pedal.  The  Thcsium  umbellatum  of  L, 
has  been  well  described  as  a  N.  G.  Comandra 
by  Nuttal,  but  he  neglected  the  species  thereof, 
and  so  have  done  all  our  botanists,  there  are 
now  7  or  8  sp.  of  this  G.  and  I  will  distinguish 
5  sp.  of  it,  all  blended  by  our  careless  Authors. 
All  have  white  estival  flowers. 

270.  Comandra  elliptica  Raf.  stem  angu- 
lar hardly  branched,  leaves  broad  oblong  ellip- 
tic acute,  umbellules  sub  Sflowered,  pedicels 
shorter,  bracts  lanceolate  equal  to  pedicels — 
common,  pedal,  estival,  probably  the  C.  ?«m- 
belUilata  of  Nuttal  and  most  of  our  Botanists. 

271.  Comandra  obtusi folia  Raf.  stem  an- 
gular branched  above,  loaves  imbricate  narrow 
oblong  obtuse,  umbellules  3-5fl.  pedicels  very 
short  or  wanting,  bracts  subulate — ^Ohio  to 
Illinois,  semipedal, 

272.  Comandra  media  Raf.  stem  terete  stri- 
ate ramose,  leaves  broad  oblong  acute,  umbell- 
ules l-3flore,  pedicels  equal,  no  bracts — in  New 
Jersey  and  Virginia,   pedal. 

273.  Comandra  cuneifolia  Raf.  stem  slen- 
der subangular,  leaves  lax  cuneate  nearly  acute 
umbellules  3-5flore,  pedicels  very  short,  bracts 

5 


34  NORTH    AMERICAN 

ovate  short — West  Kentucky,  discovered  1823, 
pedal.  I  possess  all  these  sp.  which  are  such 
wide  deviations  as  to  be  sp.  rather  than  va- 
rieties. 

274.  Hydrastis  trifolia  Raf.  stem  flexu- 
ose  three  leaved,  Iflore,  leaves  ample,  lower  pe- 
tiolate,  2  upper  sessile,  reniform  3-51obed,  un- 
equally serrate  ciliolate,  lobes  ovate  acute,  glau- 
cous beneath,  flower  sessile  at  the  third  leaf — 
West  Kentucky,  over  one  foot  high,  lower  leaf 
0  inches  wide.  This  Genus  was  thought  mon- 
otype, if  this  is  not  a  N.  sp.  it  is  a  very  singular 
deviation  of  form,  as  H.  canadensis  has  always 
2  leaves  not  ciliate  &:.c.  Flower  white  early 
vernal. 

275.  GEiiANiu?.!  LENTicuLUM  Raf.  Pilose, 
stem  erect  slender  sulcate  branched,  leaves  op- 
posite and  alternate  on  long  petiols  5-7parted 
segments  linear  lanceolate  entire  acute,  pedun- 
cles biflore  shorter  than  petiols,  calix  sepals  lan- 
ceolate nervose  aristate,  seeds  lenticular  pu^ 
bescent — West  Tennessee  and  Kentucky,  pe- 
dal, flowers  small,  petals  purple,  estival,  annual, 
in  glades. 

276.  Geranium  pedatum  Raf.  smooth,  stem 
diffiise  filiform  striate,  leaves  alternate  on  long 
petiols  small  pedate  7-9fide,  segments  linear, 
medial  cuneate  trifid,  peduncles  very  long,  fili- 
form l-2flore,  calix  sepals  ovate  enerve  acumi- 
nate, seeds  oblong  smooth. — Glades  and  Prai- 
ries of  West  Kentucky  and  Illinois,  semipedal, 
annual,  flowers  small  purple  vernal. 

277.  Isanthus  pumilus  Raf.  smooth,  stem 
dwarf  hardly  ramose,  leaves  subpetiolate  lan- 
ceolate acute  hardly  trinerve,  pedicels  uniflore 
short,  equal  to  calix,  shorter  than  leaves,  calix 
ciliate — Glades  of  West  Kentucky  and  Tenn- 


NEOPHYTON.  35 

essee,  annual  estival,  only  3  to  4  inches  high — 
leaves  not  ciliate,  but  the  calix  instead. 

278.  IsANTHUs  PUBESCENS  Raf.  quite  pubes- 
cent, stem  branched,  leaves  sessile  trinerve  lan- 
ceolate acute,  peduncles  biflore  curved  sub- 
equal  to  leaves  longer  than  calix — Mts.  Wasi- 
oto  or  Cumberland  of  East  Kentucky,  annual, 
pedal.  This  is  nearer  to  /.  ceruleus  of  Mx. 
my  Is.  ciUatus  which  has  however  leaves  ovate 
lanceolate  ciliate,  short  peduncles  and  is  nearly 
viscid. 

279.  IsANTHUs  MULTiFLORUs  Raf.  smooth, 
very  branched,  leaves  sessile  linear  lanceolate 
uninerve,  peduncles  multiflore,  pedicels  shorter 
than  calix — with  the  last  in  the  Wasioto  hills, 
semipedal,  annual.  Thus  this  monotype  Amer- 
ican Genus  is  now  increased  by  me  to  4  spe- 
cies ;  they  are  all  estival  and  commonly  grow 
in  Limestone  soils,  I  have  perhaps  another 
doubtful  from  Texas,  with  obovate  leaves. 

280.  Partiienium  hispidum  Raf.  stem  flex- 
uose  sulcate  hispid,  hairs  white,  lower  leaves 
obovate  base  acute,  the  lowest  on  a  long  hispid 
petiol,  upper  leaves  sessile  oblong  and  ovate, 
base  truncate,  all  acute  with  large  unequal 
teeth  ciliolate,  slightly  hispid  on  both  sides, 
flowers  corymbose  glomerate  sessile  tomentose 
pale  fulvous — another  sp.  of  this  American 
Genus,  from  the  Glades  of  Arkanzas  and  Texas 
humble,  hardly  over  a  foot  high,  with  stiff  white 
hairs,  only  one  radical  petiolate  leaf,  few  leaves 
all  different  in  size  and  shape,  flowers  fulvous 
white,  perianthe  with  ovate  obtuse  sepals. 

281.  Triosteum  CONNATU3I  Raf.  perfoliatum 
and  majus  of  some  hot — stem  sulcate  pubes- 
cent, leaves  connate  ovate  rhomboidal  acumi- 
*iate  undulate,  rouarh  above,  tomentose  ^^eneath 


36  NORTH   AMERICAN 

axils  1  or  2flore,  flowers  sessile  calix  unequal 
linear  pubescent — in  the  Alleghany  mts.  bipe- 
dal, corol  rufous  red  subequal  51obed,  berries: 
purple.  Of  this  Genus  our  botanists  admit  only 
two  species  perfoliaturn  and  angustifoliumy 
but  the  first  also  called  majus  by  some  con- 
tains many  blended  species,  and  it  is  hard  to 
say  which  is  meant  by  each,  as  few  give  origi- 
nal descriptions :  this  is  the  sp.  of  Elliot.  I 
shall  increase  this  Genus  to  8  sp.  quite  distinct, 
they  are  all  perennial  estival  plants,  with  stem 
simple  and  axillary  flowers,  commonly  found 
in  limestone  or  sandy  soils.  The  roots  of  all 
are  medical  and  febrifuge,  see  my  medical 
flora. 

282.  Triosteum  molle  Raf.  entirely  villose 
sofl;,  leaves  subconnate  broadly  oblong  acumi- 
nate undulate  repand,  villose  above,  tomentose 
beneath,  axils  triflore,  flowers  subpedunculate 
— Received  from  Missouri,  bipedal. 

283.  Triosteum  villosum  Raf.  stem  striated 
villose,  leaves  sessile  ovate  acute  base  attenu- 
ate, smooth  above,  villose  beneath,  axils  multi- 
flore  upper  sterile,  flowers  sessile,  calix  lanceo-^ 
late — in  the  sandy  soils  from  Maryland  to  New 
Jersey,  bipedal,  or  tripedal  corol  short  dark 
purple,  berries  purple. 

284.  Triosteum  pumilum  Raf.  stem  dwar- 
fish sulcate  villose,  leaves  sessile  oblong  elliptic 
acute,  villose  beneath,  axils  uniflore,  flowers 
sessile  calix  villose  long  linear — on  the  Apala- 
chian  mts.  of  Virginia,  only  one  foot  high  or 
even  less,  quite  distinct  from  Tr.  angustifolium, 
probably  the  minus  of  some  botanists. 

285.  Triosteum  angustifolium  L.  Elliot 
&c,  stem  hairy,  leaves  subconnate  lanceolate 
spatulate   acuminate   slightly    scabrous,   axils 


NEOPHYTON.  37 

nniflore,  flowers  pcd uncled — in  Kentucky,  Ten- 
nessee and  Apalachian  mts.  of  Carolina,  2  or  3 
feet  high,  corol  yellow,  berries  red.  I  collect- 
ed this  in  the  glades  of  West  Kentucky, 

286.  Tkiosteum  iiispidum  Raf,  stem  flexu- 
ose  striate  hispid,  leaves  sessile  ovate  spatulate 
acuminate  smooth  ciliolate,  axils  uniflore,  flow- 
ers sessile,  ovary  hispid,  calix  smooth  linear 
lanceolate — in  the  glades  of  West  Kentucky 
with  the  last,  but  quite  distinct  by  broader 
smooth  leaves  quite  sessile,  corol  orange  color. 

287.  Triosteum  levigatum  Raf.  entirely 
smooth,  stem  fistular,  leaves  sessile  ovate  rhom- 
boidal  acute  at  both  ends,  axils  2-3flore,  flowers 
sessile,  berries  safron  color — on  the  Apalachian 
mts.  of  Georgia  and  Alabama,  seen  alive  in 
gardens,  quite  distinct  by  perfect  smoothness 
of  stem  and  leaves,  flowers  small  orange  color, 
berries  also  or  nearly  safron  color. 

288.  Triosteum  obovatum  Raf,  stem  fistu- 
lar tomentose,  leaves  sessile  obovate  broad  am- 
ple acuminate  tomentose  beneath,  axils  2-3flore 
fl.  sessile,  berries  red — from  New  York  to  Illi- 
nois, the  most  common  sp.  in  the  Western 
States,  often  mistaken  for  the  Tr.  majus,  quite 
difterent  from  my  connatum  by  sessile  obovate 
leaves,  larger  than  in  any  other,  stem  3  to  4 
feet  high. 

289.  Phryma  media  Raf.  subpubescent, 
leaves  petiolate  equally  serrate,  lower  cordate, 
upper  ovate  acute,  last  pair  sessile,  bracts  su- 
bulate shorter  than  calix — in  Kentucky,  annual 
and  estival  like  all  the  species.  Our  botanists 
admit  of  only  one,  but  it  offers  so  many  devia- 
tions that  I  have  collected  3  incipient  sp. 
which  I  add  with  the  real  type  of  Phr,  lepto- 
stachya. 


38  NORTH    AMERICAN 

290.  PiiiiYMA  PUBESCENs  Raf.  pubescent, 
leaves  subsessile  ovate  or  elliptic,  subcordate 
acuminate  ciliate  unequally  crenatc,  last  pair 
entire,  bracts  subulate  equal  to  calix — Allegha- 
ny mts.  pedal,  flowers  purplish. 

291.  Phryma  parvieolia  Raf.  smooth, 
leaves  all  petiolate  ovate  oblong  equally  serrate 
bracts  shorter  than  caHx — Alleghany  mts.  pe- 
dal, leaves  small  uncial,  flowers  white. 

292.  Phryma  leptostachya  L.  4*c.  smooth, 
leaves  ditlbrme  lower  petiolate  ovate  base  acute 
deeply  serrate,  upper  sessile  ovate  often  en- 
tire, bracts  equal  to  calix — the  most  common 
kind,  from  New  York  to  Carolina,  1  or  2  feet 
high.  If  all  the  above  are  mere  varieties  of 
this,  they  aflbrd  a  fine  illustration  of  incipient 
species  forming  under  our  eyes  in  our  woods. 

293.  THECANISIA  Raf.  a  N.  G.  of  Spi- 
rea  tribe,  near  to  Filipendula — cal,  5fid.  per- 
sistent reflexed,  petals  5,  stamens  few  12  to  15, 
pistils  3-5  stipitate  with  a  style,  stigma  capitate. 
Fruit  1  to  5  thecas  unequal  stipitate  oblong  1- 
3seeded.  Herbaceous  jierennial  idants  icith 
lobed  or  palmate  leaves  siibj)imiate,  stipulate, 
flowers  paniculate. — The  essential  character 
besides  habit  is  found  in  the  stipitate  unequal 
pistils  and  fruits,  the  types  are  Spirea  lobata 
and  discolor,  but  others  probably  belong  here, 
and  I  add  two.  The  name  means  unequal 
thecas. 

294.  Thecanisia  lobata  Raf.  Spir.  do  Au- 
thors leaves  subpinnate  smooth,  folioles  Slobed, 
the  last  71obed,  lobes  lanceolate  doubly  serrate, 
panicle  cymose  compound — from  Carolina  to 
Alabama  in  hills,  large  plant  3  to  4  feet  high, 
flowers  rose  colored. 

295.  Thecanisia  ponpurea  Raf.  stem  stri- 


NEOrilYTON.  31) 

ate,  leaves  smooth,  pinnate  palmate  triparted, 
medial  lobe  large  petiolate  3-51obed,  lobes 
oblong  acute,  laciniate  dentate,  stipules  oblong 
serrate,  panicle  lax  naked — in  Tennessee  and 
West  Kentucky,  2  or  3  Icet  high,  flowers  pur- 
ple, probably  blended  with  the  last,  chiefly  dis- 
tinct by  lobes  and  panicle. 

296.  TiiEc.  ANGusTiioLiA  Raf.  stem  striate 
flexuose,  leaves  palmate  rugose,  reticulate  be- 
neath, 5  to  7lobes  lanceolate  acuminate  une- 
qually serrate,  stipules  foliose  laciniate,  panicle 
lax. — Mts.  of  North  Carolina  and  Georgia, 
very  distinct  by  narrow  lobes,  flowers  purplish. 

297.  Thec.  discolor  Raf.  Spirea  do  P.  &c, 
stem  angular  sulcate,  leaves  subtrifoliate,  lobes 
ovate  acuminate  unequally  serrate,  white  to- 
mentose  beneath,  middle  foliole  cordate  trifid, 
some  small  pinnules  interjected  ovate  sessile, 
stipules  small,  panicle  interrupted  coarctate — 
Apalachian  mts.  a  beautiful  sp.  1  or  2  feet  high, 
flowers  white. 

298.  BuciiNERA  LEVicATJLis  Raf.  stem  vir- 
gate  fistular  quite  smooth, above  naked  angular, 
leaves  remote  narrow  lanceolate  entire  acute 
rough,  spike  short  flowers  alternate — Florida, 
a  very  distinct  sp.  stem  2  feet  high  very  slender 
and  smooth,  leaves  small  uncial  opposite  sessile, 
spike  uncial,  flowers  few  small  sessile  alternate, 
bracts  ovate  acute  half  length  of  corolla.  This 
with  26G  and  267,  increase  to  4  our  N.  Amer. 
sp.  they  have  probably  all  been  blended  in  B. 
americana  which  is  quite  distinct  by  roughness 
and  opposite  flowers  &c.  They  are  all  estival, 
growing  in  glades  out  of  woods,  and  dry  black 
in  herbarium. 

299.  ECLIPTA  of  L.   a  good    Monograph 
of  this  Genus  is  much  wanted,  I  shall  attempt 


40  NORTH   AMERICAN 

it  for  our  N.  Am.  sp  increased  to  6,  wliile  our 
botanists  know  only  2  or  3,  and  blend  half  a 
dozen  with  E.  erecta  of  South  America,  quite 
different  from  ours.  These  plants  are  estival 
or  autumnal,  all  annual,  with  a  similar  habit  of 
opposite  sessile  leaves,  flowers  often  axillary 
and  geminate.  All  have  the  perianthe  biserial, 
many  narrow  rays  and  the  seeds  naked  ;  with 
a  bristly  phoranthe,  whereby  they  differ  from 
JSellis,  and  the  habit  is  totally  unlike ;  but  some 
sp.  are  stated  to  have  besides  a  small  bristly 
pappus,  such  are  E.  proctimbeiis  of  Elliot  and 
my  E.  ciliata  fl.  Lud.  which  therefore  approx- 
imate to  Verhesina  and  Galmsoga,  and  are 
perhaps  two  peculiar  Genera  Paleista  and  Ca- 
cotatiis.  As  to  E.  hrachypoda  Mx.  which 
was  Amellus  carolinianus  Walter,  with  pen- 
tandrous  florets,  no  one  else  has  seen  it  since,  not 
even  Elliot,  and  it  will  perhaps  be  found  also  a 
peculiar  Genus  or  a  Paleista. 

300.  EcLiPTA  LONGiFOLTA  Raf.  stcHi  crcct 
slender  weak  trichotome  nearly  smooth,  leaves 
sessile  long  lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends,  uni- 
nerve  remotely  serrate,  nearly  smooth,  flowers 
erect  axillary  and  terminal  2  or  3  together,  pe- 
duncles unequal  hispid,  sepals  of  perianthe  un- 
equal oval  or  lanceolate  acute  ciliolate — a  very 
distinct  sp.  from  E.  erecta  mistaken  for  it  by 
nearly  all  the  botanists,  growing  from  Florida 
to  New  Jersey  near  streams,  lately  found  by 
me  near  Philadelphia  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Schuylkill,  Stem  2  or  3  feet  high,  leaves  re- 
mote 4  to  8  inches  long,  hardly  one  broad, 
flowers  whitish  autumnal,  seeds  brown  4gone, 
obovate.  I  add  for  contrast  the  others  E. 
erecta ! 

301.  EcLiPTA  DUBiA  Raf.   E.  erecta  Pursh, 


NEOPIIYTON.^  41 

Elliot  &.C  erect  dichotoiiie  strigose,  leaves  sess- 
ile lanceolate  base  attenuate,  remote  serrate, 
triplinerve,  flowers  geminate,  peduncles  long, 
sepals  of  perianthe  ovate  acuminate — Virginia 
to  Florida  in  gravelly  soils,  flowers  estival : 
thus  very  different  from  last,  but  I  have  not 
seen  it,  it  may  have  been  badly  described,  there- 
fore is  dubious. 

302.  EcLiPTA  FLEXuosA  Raf.  E.  erecta  L. 
^c.  Stem  erect  nearly  simple  hirsute  subflex- 
uose,  leaves  sessile  lanceolate  undulate  une- 
qually serrate  triplinerve,  flowers  2  or  3,  pedun- 
cles wooly,  sepals  of  perianthe  ovate — in  Guy- 
ana and  South  America,  biennial  2  or  3  feet 
high,  thus  totally  unlike  the  two  above. 

303.  EcLiPTA  TiNCTOKiA  Raf  E.  erecta 
Wild.  Pers.  cj'C.  stem  erect  strigose,  leaves  ses- 
sile oblong  lanceolate  remote  serrate — in  Asia 
and  Egypt,  used  to  die  black,  certainly  differ- 
ent again  from  all  the  American  sp.  but  requir- 
ing a  better  description. 

304.  EcLiPTA  SI31PLEX  Raf  stem  erect  sim- 
ple strigose  above,  lower  leaves  ovatoblong  ob- 
tuse petiolate,  upper  oblong  or  lanceolate  ses- 
sile acute  uninerve,  subentire,  hardly  strigose 
nearly  smooth,  flowers  solitary  axillary  or  ter- 
minal, sepals  of  perianthe  ovatoblong  acute — 
sent  me  from  Alabama  and  Tennessee  as  JE. 
procumbens  although  quite  erect.  A  small  sp. 
semipedal,  with  few  leaves  and  flowers,  leaves 
1  or  2  inches  long. 

305.  EcLiPTA  SULCATA  Raf  stem  erect  tri- 
chotome  sulcate  nearly  smooth,  leaves  narrow 
lanceolate  sessile  acute,  subserrate  in  the  mid- 
dle, nearly  smooth,  peduncles  geminate  une- 
qual hispid,  sepals  of  perianthe  ovate  lanceo- 
late acute — Louisiana,  sent   me   by  Riddell  as 

G 


42  NORTH    AMERICAN 

the  E.  procumhens  ?  nearer  my  longifoUa^  but 
leaves  only  *2  or  3  inches  long,  stem  sulcate, 
sepals  broader  but  not  acuminate  as  in  E. 
dubia. 

306.  EcLiPTA  DiciioTOMA  Raf.  E.  erecta 
Nuttal  in  Collins  herb,  stem  erect  dichotome 
smooth,  leaves  small  sessile  lanceolate  and 
oblong  acute  entire  or  subserrulatesubstrigose, 
flowers  2  or  3  axillary  and  terminal,  peduncles 
short  subhispid,  sepals  ovate  acute.  Arkanzas, 
found  by  Nuttal,  mistaken  also  for  E.  erecta^ 
quite  distinct,  stem  slender  3  or  4  feet  high, 
leaves  remote  uncial,  sometimes  small  leaves  on 
the  lower  peduncles,  imitating  short  branches, 
flowers  small  smooth,  seeds  brown  oblong  sub 
4gone. 

307.  EcLiPTA  PUMiLA  Raf.  dwarf  hispid 
rough,  stem  simple  erect  l-3flore,  leaves  sessile 
lanceolate  acute  or  obtuse  subentire,  flowers 
axillary  solitary,  peduncle  short,  sepals  oblong 
— Mts.  Cumberland  of  East  Kentucky,  1  or  2 
inches  high  only,  perhaps  a  deviation  of  E. 
simplex. 

308.  EcLiPTA  NUTANS  Raf.  stem  decumbent 
or  assurgent  flexuose  trichotome  rough  above, 
leaves  sessile  strigose,  oblong  lanceolate  or  cun- 
eate  hardly  serrate  acute  uninerve,  on  the 
branches  linear  lanceol.  entire,  flowers  axiflary 
and  terminal  geminate  nodding,  peduncles  very 
short,  sepals  ovate  lanceolate  acute — in  Ken- 
tucky also  the  banks  of  the  Ohio  and  Potow- 
mak,  pedal  or  less,  leaves  small  uncial,  flowers 
very  small-  This  has  probably  been  the  E. 
procumhens  of  Mx  and  many  botanists,  but 
not  of  Elliot  and  others.  It  has  some  varieties 
1  pauciflora,  assurgent  nearly  simple  few  flow- 
ers, 2  diffusa  leaves  often  cuneate  below,  most- 


NEOPHYTON.  43 

ly  oblong.     This  is  the  only  prostrate  sp.  I  have 
seen,  and  it  is  often  assurgent. 

309.  PALEISTA  Raf.  Perianthe  uniserial 
8-lOsepals  unequal  serrate  fimbriate,  rays  nu- 
merous 24-30  short  linear  2dentate,  fioscules 
4fid  4androus,  phoranthe  with  fringed  bristles, 
seeds  4gone  tuberculate,  crown  with  a  thick 
margin  and  a  pencil  of  short  bristles.  Pro- 
cumbent, radicant  branched,  leaves  opposite, 
jloicers  commonly  geminate^ — Thus  this  G. 
differs  from  Eclipta  in  perianthe,  chaff  and 
seeds. 

310.  Paleista  procumbens  Raf.  Eclipta  do 
Elliot  not  others.  Procumbent  strigose  tricho- 
tome,  leaves  sessile  triplinerve  long  lanceolate 
remotely  serrate,  peduncles  elongate,  1  or  2, 
sepals  of  perianthe  lanceolate  acute  serrate 
fimbriate — in  Carolina  and  Florida  in  damp 
soils,  flowers  small  white  estival  and  autumnal : 
certainly  quite  distinct  from  my  Eclipta  nu- 
tans, nearer  to  E,  longifolia  in  some  things. 
I  add  to  this  the  doubtful  E.  brachypoda  not 
seen  by  me,  but  to  contrast  them. 

311.  Paleista?  brachypoda  Raf.  Eel.  do. 
Mx  &.C  Amellus  Carolin.  Walt,  prostrate  di- 
varicate, leaves  lanceolate  nearly  entire,  pe- 
duncles 1-2  very  short,  sepals  oval  lanceol. 
fioscules  Sandre — in  Carolina  Slc  perhaps  a 
peculiar  G.  or  subgenus  to  be  called  Brachy- 
poda prostrata  ! 

312.  CACOTANIS  Raf.  Perianthe  conical 
imbricate,  with  many  rows  of  sepals,  many 
rays,  chaff  bristly,  seeds  compressed  notched 
crowned  by  a  few  small  bristles.  Leaves  al- 
ternate, flowers  terminal. — I  united  this  plant 
to  Eclipta  in  1817  by  a  mistake,  the  habit  is 
totally  unlike  our  Ecliptas.     It  differs  from  all 


44  NORTH    AMERICAN 

the  genera  blended  in  Verhesina  by  many  rays 
and  bristly  seeds,  from  GaUnsoga  by  the  pap- 
pus not  paleaceous  &c.  The  generic  name 
means  bad  herb. 

313.  Cacotanis  ciliata  Raf.  Eclipta  do  fl. 
lud  214.  Stem  erect  terete  smooth,  leaves  al- 
terne  sessile  remote  linear  smooth  ciliate  thick 
—in  West  Louisiana,  2  or  3  feet  high,  flowers 
few  terminal  one  inch  broad,  rays  white,  disk 
yellow.  Autumnal.  Smell  like  Ciciita,  taste 
acrid,  deleterious. 

314.  CLIPTERIA  Raf.  Perianthe  nearly 
uniserial  8-10  unequal  sepals,  phoranthe  con- 
vex bristly,  rays  none,  florets  crowded,  seeds 
naked.  Dichotome,  leaves  alternate,  floicers 
terminal  geminate — very  distinct  Genus  known 
at  first  sight  from  Eclipta  by  alterne  leaves, 
and  flosculose  flowers.  The  name  means  defi- 
cient around. 

315.  Clipteria  DicHOTOMA  Raf.  stem  erect 
smooth  dichotome,  branches  biflore,  leaves  sess- 
ile oval  oblong  acute  nearly  entire  uninerve 
smooth,  peduncles  geminate  elongate,  sepals  of 
perianthe  ovate  long  acuminate — Sent  me 
anonymously  from  West  Tennessee  and  the 
Chacta  Country,  stem  bipedal,  leaves  and  pe- 
duncles uncial,  flowers  green  and  small.  I  had 
first  called  it  Eclipta  levigata,  but  it  appears  a 
peculiar  genus  by  habit,  even  if  there  should  be 
short  rays,  my  specimens  have  none,  but  the 
dry  Ecliptas  seldom  show  them.  Could  this  be 
the  GaUnsoga  parviflora  of  Mg.  Catal.  men- 
tioned by  no  one  else/  it  is  certainly  not  the  pe- 
ruvian  plant. 

31G.  DIPLOSTELMA  Raf,  Radiate,  pe- 
rianthe oblong  turbinate  imbricate  sepals  une- 
qual,  margin  scariose  external   short.     Rays 


NEOPHYTON.  45 

few  oboval,  floscules  few  tubular,  phoranthe 
naked,  seeds  oblong  smooth  crowned  by  a  dou- 
ble pappus,  external  short  paleaceous  scariose, 
internal  bristly  longer.  Annual  ramose,  leaves 
alternate,  flowers  ternnnal — a  [)rctty  little 
Genus  near  Bellis  in  habit,  quite  distinct  by 
few  rays  and  seeds.  I  find  it  under  the  name 
of  Actiearnopiis  (in  Collins  herb)  Genus  un- 
known to  me  and  the  name  cant  apply,  the 
seeds  and  not  the  fruit  being  stellate.  My 
name  means  a  doubfe  croivn.  I  have  3  sp.  of 
it. 

317.  DiPLosTELMA  PI  .iiiLA  Raf.  dwarf  erect 
ramose  strigose,  branches  angular  uniflore, 
leaves  sessile  entire,  lower  cuneate  or  spatulate 
obtuse,  lower  linear  cuneate  acute,  sepals  of 
perianthe  lanceolate  acute  rays  about  5. — 
Texas  and  Arkanzas  a  small  annual  plant  2  to 
4  inches  high,  with  many  slender  branches  and 
leaves,  flowers  estival,  rays  apparently  white 
obtuse  subentire,  floscules  5  to  8  only,  seeds  and 
pappus  fulvous.     Found  by  Nuttal  in  Arkanzas. 

318.  DiPLOSTELMA  RADIANS  Raf.  strigosc 
erect,  branches  flliform  pauciflore,  lower  leaves 
petiolate  spatulate  obtuse  entire,  upper  few  li- 
near acute,  sepals  lanceolate  cuspidate  rays 
obt.  8 — collected  by  Drummond  in  Texas,  G  to 
8  inches  high,  flowers  smooth,  white,  rays  cun- 
eate 8  to  10,  floscules  fewer  4  to  7. 

319.  DiPLOsTELMA  FiLiFORMis  Raf.  crcct, 
branches  filiform  rough,  much  divided,  branch- 
lets  naked  uniflore,  leaves  entire  sessile,  lower 
cuneate  obtuse,  upper  subulate  linear  short,  se- 
pals lanceolate  fringed  at  the  end,  rays  about  4 
— collected  in  Texas  by  Drummond,  sent  me  by 
Torrey  without  name,  0  to  8  inches  high,  leaves 
small,  reduced  to   scales   above,  sepals   more 


4G  NORTH    AMERICAN 

scariose  fewer,  rays  3  to  5,  floscules  4  to  5. 

320.  Lax  ANON  dlversifolium  Raf.  quite 
smooth,  stem  and  branches  fiexuose,  radical 
and  lower  leaves  narrow  pinnatifid  segments 
oblong  miequal  remote  falcate,  upper  leaves 
graminiform  obtuse  entire,  umbels  2-3flore,  pe- 
duncles unequal  smooth,  filiform,  sepals  of  pe- 
rianthe  ovatoblong  obtuse — in  Arkanzas,  col- 
lected by  Nutta!,  found  in  Collins  herb,  among 
the  Krigias  as  a  N.  G.  not  named :  it  is  a  se- 
cond sp.  of  my  Gr.  Laxaiion  see  204.  Habit  of 
a  Krigia,  lower  leaves  similar  4  or  5  inches 
long,  stem  pedal,  leaves  narrow  2  or  3  inches 
long,  the  2  last  subopposite  forming  a  kind  of 
involucre  to  the  small  umbellule,  seeds  ovate 
oblong  striate. 

321.  BAPTISIA  Vent.  &.c.  This  fine  Ge- 
nus of  N.  Amer.  plants  had  been  blended  with 
the  African  Sophoras  and  Podalyrias  till  lately. 
Even  now  it  includes  3  or  4  distinct  Genera  ! 
Our  compilers  had  only  8  sp.  Nuttal  had  added 
3  hardly  congeneric,  I  shall  add  some  others, 
and  thus  we  shall  have  15  sp.  but  now  distribt- 
ed  in  4  Genera  of  which  I  will  give  short  mo- 
nographs.    They  are   Baptlsla,  Mlpasia,  La- 

sinia  and  Perlcmdon which  differ  more 

in  habit  and  characters,  than  from  the  akin 
Genera  Podahjria,  Thermopsis,  Rqfnia,  Tern- 
pletonla,  Pitcheria  &lc. 

Baptisia  Raf  calix  urceolate  unequally  4fid 
one  tooth  often  emarginate,  petals  subequal  pa- 
pilionaceous, vexillum  emarginate  revolute 
wings  cailose  or  toothed  inside,  keel  subequal 
obtuse,  stamens  10  free  unequal,  style  curved 
simple,  stigma  obtuse.  Pod  stipitate  ovate  or 
globose  ventricose  smooth  polysperm. — Peren- 
nial planjls,  leaves  trifoliate  subsessile^  not 


NEOPIIYTON.  47 

reticulate,  stipules  obsolete,  fiowers  yelloic 
racemose  or  solitary  terminal,  bracts  obso- 
lete. 

322.  Baptisia  tinctoria  of  Authors.  Raf. 
med.  H.  tab.  11.  Smooth,  much  ramose,  terete 
foHoles  sessile  obovate  rhomboidal  subobtuse, 
racemes  nodding  pauciflore  pod  turgid  ovate — 
common  plant  from  Canada  to  Louisana  in 
woods,  but  it  has  several  varieties  or  deviations, 
some  of  which  are  assuming  the  rank  of  sp.  Var. 
1.  procumbens,  2.  thamnoldes,  3.  parmfolla 
&c,  estival, 

323.  Baptisia  retusa  Raf.  smooth  folioles 
obovate  emarginate  or  retuse  ample,  branches 
uniflore — this  appears  entitled  to  be  deemed  a 
sp.  the  leaves  are  4  times  as  large,  the  flowers 
twice  as  large,  stem  less  ramose  erect  4  feet 
high.  Found  in  West  Virginia  and  East  Ken- 
tucky. 

324.  Baptisia  spiierocarpa  Nut,  pL  rar.  52. 
smooth,  branches  angular  canaliculate,  folioles 
sessile  obovate  oblong  obtuse  retuse,  racemes 
erect  multiflore,  pods  subglobose — in  Arkanzas 
near  streams,  folioles  uncial,  flowers  large  deep 
yellow  on  short  pedicels.  In  my  specimens  the 
raceme  is  not  terminal  as  stated  by  Nuttal  who 
first  described  this  plant  in  1834  Journ.  Ac. 
N.  Sc. 

325.  Baptisia  albiflora  Raf.  Alba  Authors. 
Smooth,  branches  terete,  leaves  on  short  peti- 
ols,  folioles  elliptic  base  acute  end  obtuse,  ra- 
ceme erect  elongate  multiflore,  flowers  white 
pods  obovate — from  Carolina  to  Alabama  and 
Louisiana,  vernal.  Some  Var.  1.  latifoUa,  2. 
glatica,  3.  mucronata,  4.  retusa  ^-c,  perhaps 
incipient  sp.  but  all  easily  known  by  the  fine 
white  flowers.  Perhaps  a  peculiar  subgenus 
?^7/'»/^/V/  Jinf  h^r  r^nriii  npfiolaite  IcavGs  &c. 


48  NORTH    AMERICAN 

32G.  PaPASIA  Raf.  diff.  Baptisia  calix 
canipanulate  base  acute,  petals  unequal  on 
long  claws,  ve.xilliuii  shorter  reflexed,  wings 
longer,  keel  equal  to  vexillum,  stamens  sube- 
qual,  stigma  acute,  pod  oblong  terete  acumi- 
nate. Leaces  ivlth  stipules^  floivers  blue  ra- 
cemose.— This  Genus  or  subgenus  is  known  at 
first  sight  by  the  flowers,  calix,  longer  wings 
and  pod,  stipules  &c.  The  name  implies  its 
constant  locality  near  streams. 

327.  RiPAsi.\  CERULEA  Raf.  Bapt.  Podalyria 
Sophora  australis  or  cerulea  of  Authors. 
Smooth,  branches  terete,  stipules  lanceolate, 
leaves  on  short  petiols,  folioles  sessile  cuncate 
subacute,  raceme  erect  elongate  multiflore. — 
On  the  margin  of  rivers  from  the  Potomak  and 
Ohio  to  Louisiana  and  Florida,  estival.  Some 
Var.  1.  obtiisifolta,  2.  rlwinbtfolia,  3.  ma- 
crostachya  &c. 

328.  LASINIA  Raf  diff.  Baptisia,  calix 
often  hairy  vexillum  obcordato  short,  base  auri- 
culate,  wings  not  callose,  pistil  quite  hairy,  style 
also  at  the  base,  pod  subsessile,  hairy  oblong 
acuminate :  Perennial  jylants  more  or  less 
hairy  ^  leaves  reticulate  with  stipules  and  flow- 
ers with  bracts  or  else  axilkwy,  yellowish  or 
greyish — This  group  will  be  easily  known  by 
the  hairy  habit  most  intense  in  the  pistil  and 
pod,  bracts,  deeply  cleft  vexillum  &.c  Michaux 
had  3  such  hairy  kinds,  Elliot  suspected  there 
were  more,  and  I  shall  increase  them  to  7 
species. 

329.  Lasinia  reticulata  R.  Bapt.  lanceo- 
lata  and  uniflora  of  Authors.  Stem  smooth  di- 
chotome  angular  sidcate,  stipules  minute,  leaves 
subsessile,  folioles  petiolate  oblong  obtuse  base 
cuneate,  minutely  nervose  reticulate   on  both 


NEOrHYTON.  49 

sides,  flowers  axillary  and  subraceniose  bracts 
lanceolate — in  Carolina,  Florida  and  Alabama, 
leaves  2  or  3  inches  long,  flowers  vernal  dark 
yellow. 

330.  Lasinia  fulva  Raf.  branches  terete 
and  pubescent,  stipules  obsolete,  leaves  and  fo- 
lioles  sessile,  smooth  oblong  elliptic  base  acute, 
end  obtuse  retuse,  minutely  nervose  reticulate 
on  both  sides,  flowers  chiefly  axillary,  some 
racemose,  bracts  oblong  hairy  calix  pubescent 
pistil  and  pod  fulvous  very  hairy. — Tennessee 
and  Arkanzas,  leaves  uncial,  flowers  small  of  a 
dull  fulvous  yellow.  A  very  distinct  sp.  proba- 
bly blended  among  B.  villosa  which  includes 
several  sp.  according  to  Elliott. 

331.  Lasinia  bicolor  Raf.  (or  grandifolia) 
stem  dichotome  pubescent,  leaves  petiolate,  sti- 
pules linear,  folioles  sessile  obovate  or  elliptical 
base  acute,  end  obtuse  or  emarginate,  margin 
ciliate,  pubescent  beneath,  reticulate  above,  ra- 
cemes short  ovate  pauciflore — in  Arkanzas 
and  Texas,  beautiful  striking  sp.  leaves  larger 
than  in  any  other  about  3  inches  long,  stipules 
petiols  and  calix  pubescent,  racemes  with  8  or 
10  flowers  crowded  large  of  a  dull  yellow  with 
a  large  purplish  spot  at  the  base  of  the  vexillum 
nearest  to  B.  mollis  of  Mx.  but  very  different 
from  the  next. 

332.  Lasinia  pallens  Raf  stem  sulcate 
nearly  smooth,  pubescent  above,  stipules  lan- 
ceolate, leaves  sessile,  folioles  sessile  oblong 
cuneate  obtuse  emarginate  pubescent  beneath, 
racemes  oblong  pauciflore,  calix  acute — Alaba- 
ma and  Apalachian  mts.  leaves  biuncial,  ra- 
ceme triuncial  of  10  or  12  larse  flowers  of  a 
dull  yellow.  Still  nearer  L.  mollis,  teeth  of  ca- 
lix acute  as  in  it,  but  very  little  hairy  and  not 

1 


50  NORTH   AMERICAN 

at  all  soft.  The  above  4  sp.  are  quite  distinct, 
and  may  be  the  B.  villosa  or  mollis  of  some 
Authors,  which  1  add  here  tor  contrast  and 
comparison,  although  1  have  not  seen  them. 

333.  Lasinia  cinerea  Raf  B.  villosa  of  Au- 
thors, stem  and  leaves  beneath  pubescent,  sti- 
pules linear,  leaves  subsessile,  folioles  elliptic 
obtuse — in  Carolina,  Michaux  says  the  flowers 
are  pale,  Elliot  calls  them  grey. 

334.  Lasinia  mollis  R.  Bapt.  do  Mx.  ^c. 
Quite  pubescent  soft  decumbent,  stipules  lan- 
ceolate folioles,  leaves  petiolate,  folioles  rhom- 
boidal  lanceolate,  calix  acute — in  North  Caro- 
lina, flowers  dark  yellow,  omitted  by  Elliot,  dis- 
covered by  Mx.  found  by  Nuttal  on  the  Cataw- 
ba ridge,  leaves  2  inches  long  one  wide,  pod 
small  oblong  acuminate. 

335.  Lasinia  bracteata  Raf.  Bapt.  do  Mg. 
Elliot,  Slg  leucophea  Nuttal  &c — quite  pubes- 
cent hispid,  branches  angular  divaricate,  leaves 
and  folioles  sessile,  stipules  large  ovate  acute, 
folioles  cuneate  obtuse,  racemes  multiflore  se- 
cund,  bracts  large  lanceolate — from  Carolina 
to  Louisiana  and  Missouri,  fine  striking  sp.  fo- 
lioles 3  inches  long  narrow,  young  leaves  yel- 
low beneath,  flowers  large  on  long  peduncles, 
called  ochroleucous  by  Nuttal,  grey  by  Elliot, 
they  are  become  brown  in  my  Specimen. 
Vernal. 

Decandole  appears  to  have  misunderstood 
some  of  these  sp.  he  divides  the  bracteata  and 
leucophea,  while  he  deems  the  first  the  mollis 
of  Mx.  but  has  another  mollis  of  Nuttal  .... 

336.  PERICAULON  Raf.  calix  campanu- 
late  unequaly  4fid,  upper  bidentate,  petals  e- 
qual  papil.  not  spreading,  vexillum  carinate  e- 
marginate  amplectens  not  rellexed,  stamens  10 


NEOPHYTON.  51 

free  equal,  pistil  stipitate,  style  curved,  stigma 
acute,  pod  stipitate  smooth  subglobose  acumi- 
nate swelled,  seeds  renit'orm.  Leaves  simple 
amplexicaule  reticulate,  Jloicers  axillary  soli- 
tar  i/  pednnclcd  yelloiD — (lienus  quite  distinct  by 
habit,  petals,  stamens,  pod  &c  which  has  been 
shuffled  by  turns  into  Crotalaria,  Sopliora., 
Podalyria,  Kafnia,  Baptisia  !  5  Genera  .  .  ! 
my  name  means  around  stem.  Perennial  and 
vernal. 

337.  Pericaulon  perfoliatum  Raf.  (5  Gen- 
era do  of  Authors !)  stem  terete,  subramose, 
leaves  perfoliate  rounded  elliptic  both  ends  ob- 
tuse reticulate  smooth  glaucous — Carolina  to 
Florida,  sandy  hills,  aspect  of  Buplevrum  per- 
foliatuin,  flowers  pale  yellow.  My  specimens 
are  from  Kin,  in  Collins  herb.  Dillen  and 
L.  describe  it  with  cordate  ovate  leaves,  do 
they  mean  another  sp  /  P.  cordatum  Raf . . . 

338.  Pericaulon  microphylum  Raf.  Bapti- 
sia do  Nut.  rar.  53.  stem  ramose,  leaves  sessile 
obovate  rounded,  upper  amplexicaule  coales- 
cent  with  rounded  stipules — West  Florida  and 
Alabama,  lately  described  by  Nuttal,  flowers 
and  pod  as  in  the  last. 

339.  EAPLOSIA  Raf  (to  be  smiple)  difl'. 
Pericaulon,  cal.  camp.  4fid  subequal,  petals  un- 
equal on  long  claws,  keel  large  much  longer  ob- 
tuse, wings  oblong,  vexillum  obovate  revolute, 
ovary  conical  desinent  into  a  strait  subulate  style, 
stigma  acute  smooth.  Pod  substipitate  conical 
smooth.  Leaves  simple  sessile  smooth  reticu- 
late, stipules  none,  flowers  racemose  bracte- 
ate  yellow. — A  fine  distinct  Genus  by  habit,  pe- 
tals, pod  &c :  Nuttal  did  not  see  the  flowers, 
the  leaves  become  fuscate  in  drying,  lucid 
above,  dull  beneath. 


52  ^ORTH    AMERICAN 

340.  Eaplosia  ovata  Raf.  Baptisia  simpli- 
cifolia  Croom  and  Torrey,  and  Nuttal '(  pi.  rar. 
51.  stem  flexuose  striate,  leaves  broad  ovate 
quite  sessile,  base  rounded,  end  obtuse  or  re- 
tuse,  raceme  spiked,  bracts  ovate  acute  longer 
than  the  short  pedicels — in  West  Florida,  dis- 
covered by  Croom,  specimen  sent  me  by  Tor- 
rey, sesquipedal,  subramose  above,  leaves  large 

3  inches  long  2  wide,  raceme  subterminal  3  or 

4  inches  long,  flowers  forming  a  spike  by  short 
peduncles,  calix  canescent  inside,  teeth  large 
ovate,  petals  dull  yellow.  Nuttal  states  his 
specimen  to  have  had  oval  rhomboidal  leaves, 
thus  nearer  the  next  and  perhaps  a  variety, 
rhomhoidea. 

341.  Eaplosia  longifolia  Raf.  stem  flex- 
uose sulcate,  leaves  oblong,  elliptic  subrhom- 
boidal,  base  attenuate  semiamplexicaule,  end 
obtuse  rounded — sent  me  from  Alabama  with- 
out flowers,  but  evidently  akin  to  the  last,  leaves 
of  same  color  and  texture,  minutely  nervose  re- 
ticulate above  lucid  blackish,  beneath  dull  fus- 
cate ;  but  shape  quite  different  larger  5  or  6 
inches  long,  only  2  wide  in  the  middle  where 
swelled,  both  ends  attenuated,  and  base  a  little 
decurrent. 

342.  DREPILIA  Raf.  calix  campanulate 
subequal  5fid.  petals  pupilionaceous  subequal, 
vexillum  revolute,  stamens  10  free,  style  filiform 
stigma  minute  smooth,  pod  substipitate  falcate 
compressed  acuminate  moniliform  polysperm. 
Perennial,  leaves  petiolate  trifoliate  stipulate, 
jloicers  racemose  siibverticillate  yellow — this 

Genus  has  been  improperly  united  to  Ther- 
mopsis  of  R.  Bruon  which  has  calix  bilabiate, 
pod  linear  strait  &:c,  a  Siberian  Gr.  based  on  So- 
phora  fabacea.  Drepilia  derives  from  little 
scythe.     It  is  very  akin  to  Sjisinia. 


NEOPIIYTON.  53 

343.  Drepilia  khombifolia  Raf.  Cytisus  do 
Pursh.  Therinia  Nut.  Tlienoopsis  rhombif. 
Hooker  fl.  bor.  t.  47.  Th.  oregonensis  Dec — 
leaves  petiolate  rhomboidal  silky  beneath,  sti- 
pules rounded  foliaceous,  raceme  subsessile  in- 
terrupted— Missouri  and  Origon,  my  specimens 
are  from  Brad  burr  y,  roots  creeping,  stems  pe- 
dal angular. 

This  will  conclude  our  Leguminose  plants  of 
Sophora  tribe,  the  VirgUla  is  a  tree  and  my 
N,  G.  Cladrastis,  the  Soph,  sericea  is  subdia- 
delphous  forming  my  N.  O.  Vexibia.  I  shall 
now  give  another  interesting  monograph  of  our 
Crotalarias. 

244.  CROTALARIA.  Linneus  had  only  23 
sp.  we  have  now  about  150  !  but  many  hetero- 
genous sp.  are  blended  even  by  Decandole,  see 
my  flora  telluriana  for  N.  G.  meantime  most  of 
our  N.  American  sp.  form  a  very  natural  group; 
our  Authors  have  only  5  mostly  deemed  var.  of 
C.  sagittalis  by  Mx.  some  ascertained  by  Pursh 
and  Elliott,  but  misnamed,  since  sagittalis,  le- 
vigata  and  pai'viJJora  are  exotic  plants.  I 
shall  revise  them  and  increase  to  10  sp.  having 
all  simple  leaves  and  long  peduncles  opposite  to 
leaves,  bracteate  commonly  multiflore,  stem 
often  winged^  by  decurrent  stipules,  like  a  re- 
versed arrow,  mostly  annuals,  flowers  bibrac- 
teate  yellow  estiva!.  They  must  form  a  sub- 
genus locauJon  (arrow  stem)  with  the  similar 
kinds  of  South  America  &c. 

345.  Subg.  locAULON  Raf.  calix  campanul. 
deeply  5fid  subequal  subbilabiate,  equal  to  pe- 
tals papil.  Vexillum  obcordate  reflexed,  keel 
acuminate  longer  than  wings,  stamens  10  mo- 
nadelphous  at  base,  split  behind,  filaments  al- 
ternate  longer   bearing   5  round  anthers  com- 


54  NORTH  AMERICAN 

monly  sterile,  5  shorter  with  oblong  anthers  bi- 
locular.  Pistil  subsessile,  style  lateral  longer 
than  stamens,  stigma  obtuse  hairy,  pod  subses- 
sile oblong  turgid  obtuse  mucronate  on  one  side 
black  and  smooth  polysperm,  seeds  small  reni- 
form  shining  rattling.     Habit  as  above  stated. 

346.  CiiOT.  or  loc,  linearis  Raf.  C.  sagit. 
var.  linearis  Mx.  smooth  virgate  erect,  leaves 
linear  elongate  sessile  ucute  stipules  linear 
erect  hardly  decurrent ;  peduncles  elongate  tri- 
flore,  bracts  and  calyx  linear  lanceolate  cilio- 
late,  pods  subterete — from  Carolina  to  Louisi- 
ana, received  from  Alabama,  annual,  estival, 
stem  erect  slender  pedal,  leaves  long  narrow^, 
2  or  3  inches  long,  stipules  well  marked,  pe- 
duncles very  long  4  or  5  inches,  with  1  or  2 
bracts  in  the  middle,  flowers  small  near  togeth- 
er. Pods  longer  and  narrower  than  in  the 
others,  nearly  terete  oblong  quite  black. 

347.  Crot.  or  loc.  longipes  Raf  sagittalis  ? 
Dec.  smooth  assurgent,  stem  well  winged,  leaves 
sessile  narrow  lanceolate  acute,  stipules  lanceo- 
late erect  foliose  decurrent,  peduncles  very 
long  incurved  biflore,  bracts  and  calix  linear 
lanceolate  hispid — sent  me  from  Alabama, 
large  bipedal,  leaves  3  or  4  inches  long,  half 
inch  broad,  stipules  large  uncial,  peduncles  6 
to  8  inches  long,  with  a  bract  in  the  middle, 
flowers  small,  pods  not  seen. 

348.  Crot.  or  loc.  pilosa  Raf  parviflora 
Roth  Dec.  P.  El.  &.C.  excl.  syn.  Mx.  non  par- 
vifl.  Thunberg-  W.  Sm — erect  ramose,  pilose 
hirsute,  leaves  subsessile  oblong  lanceol,  ciliate 
mucronate.  stipules  short  irregular  subdecur- 
rent,  peduncles  short  subracemose  3-5flore, 
bracts  and  calix  ciliate  linear  lanceol.  pods  tur- 
gid oblong — from  Pensylv.  and   New  Jersey  to 


NEOPHYTON.  55 

Carolina  and  Missouri,  small  semipedal,  leaves 
short  uncial,  peduncles  biuncial  flowers  small, 
petals  shorter  than  calix,  pods  brown.  The 
Cr.  parviflora  Thunherg,  miscalled  pnrvifolia 
by  Persoon  is  Ah'ican  and  has  ovate  tomentose 
leaves.  Annual  estival,  some  Var.  1  Simplex 
leaves  mostly  oblong,  in  Pine  Woods,  2  Jlexu- 
osa  lower  leaves  oblong  obtuse,  upper  narrow 
lanceolate,  Missouri.  Formerly  thiswas  called 
C.  sagttalis,  and  Beck,  Torrey,  Eaton  .  .  . 
make  2  sp.  of  it,  without  any  disdnction  ! 

349.  Crot.  or  loc.  cuneifolia  Raf.  Purshi 
Dec.  levigata  ?  Pursh.  sagittalis  Elliot.  Smooth 
erect,  leaves  cuneate  oblong  mucrenate  glau- 
cous beneath,  upper  leaves  ciliolate,  stipules 
lanceolate  divaricate  decurrent,  peduncles  short 
2-3fl.  pubescent,  bracts  and  calix  lanceolate — 
Carolina  to  Florida,  sent  me  as  Cr.  sagittalis, 
probably  blended  with  the  next  by  Elliot,  leaves 
biuncial  quite  cuneate  at  base,  stipules  broad, 
flowers  small. 

350.  Crot.  or  loc.  lunulata  Raf.  sagittalis 
var.  oblonga  Mx.  stem  assurgent  pilose  ramose, 
leaves  subpetiolate  nearly  smooth  elliptic  or 
ovatoblong  obtuse  cuspidate  glaucous  beneath 
ciliolate,  stipules  lunulate  lanceol.  decurrent 
ciliate,  peduncles  short  l-2flore,  bracts  and  ca- 
Hx  lanceolato  pilose,  pod  uncinate. — Carolina 
to  Florida,  my  specimen  from  W.  Florida, 
large  plant  sesquipedal,  branches  erect,  leaves 
uncial,  flowers  small,  peduncles  biuncial,  pods 
brown  uncial  oblong,  with  a  hooked  acumen. 
Stipules  quite  crescent  shaped,  very  distinct  sp. 
probably  perennial  like  the  next. 

351.  Crot.  or  loc.  ovalis.  P.  El.  Slc  stem 
pilose  prostrate,  branches  angular  erect  not 
winged,  leaves   ovate   or   obovate    or   elliptic 


56  AOKTII  A3IERICAN 

smooth  ciliate  subpetiolate  obtuse  or  retuse 
glaucous  beneath,  stipules  minute  not  decur- 
rent,  peduncles  elongate  racemose  3-6flore, 
bracts  linear  calix  hirsute  lanceolate,  pod  obo- 
vate — from  Carolina  to  Florida  and  Alabama, 
stem  sesquipedal,  leaves  miciai  or  less,  pedun- 
cles 4  to  8  inches  long,  petals  exceeding  a  lit- 
tle the  calix,  pods  uncial.  Perennial,  some 
Var.  1  Ohovata  many  leaves  obovate,  2  jjar- 
vifolia  &LC. 

352.  Crot.  or  loc.  pumila  Raf.  Dwarf  pros- 
trate branches  flexuose  hispid  diffuse  angular, 
leaves  elliptic  rounded  subsessile  obtuse  or  re- 
tuse rugose,  stipnles  obsolete,  peduncles  very 
short  uniflore,  bracts  linear,  calix  lanceolate 
hirsute — Florida  and  Georgia,  perennial,  only 
2  or  3  inches  hvAi  or  long,  leaves  and  flowers 
very  small.  Habit  of  Polygonum  aviculare. 
Probably  a  deviation  of  the  last. 

353.  CiioT.  or  loc.  sagittalis  L.  &lc  stem 
erect  hirsute  winged  above,  leaves  lanceolate 
petiolate  hairy  beneath,  stipules  bifid  decurrent 
peduncles  racemose — in  Guyana  and  Brazil, 
quite  different  from  all  ours.  Decandole  ap- 
pears to  omit  it,  and  applies  the  name  to  ours, 
perhaps  to  347. 

354.  Crot.  (loc  ?)  flexuosa  (Eaton.)  Suf- 
fruticose,  branches  flexuose,  leaves  obovate  den- 
tate hairy,  flowers  corymbose  downy — Caro- 
lina, quite  distinct  since  shrubby  with  toothed 
leaves:  not  seen,  I  find  it  only  in  Eaton,  who 
forgets  to  quote  the  Author. 

355.  Crot.  (loc  ?)  scariosa  Raf.  suffruticose 
branches  erect  simple  slender  terete  silky, 
leaves  adpressed  sessile  lanceolate  acute  entire, 
silky  white  beneath,  peduncles  subradical  with 
scariose  scales,  flowers  subcapitate,  involucre 


NEOPHYTON.  i7 

scariose,  bracts  and  calix  broadly  lanceol.  sil* 
ky — Texas  and  Arkanzas,  submuliicaule  5  or 
6  tnches  high,  only  woody  at  the  base,  no  sti- 
pules, floriterous  stems  or  peduncles  3  or  4 
inches  long,  scales  fulvous  vaginate,  flowers  5  or 
6,  yellow,  vexillum  large  round  longer  than 
calix. 

35G.  Crot.  (Ioc?)  asarifolia  Raf.  Pros- 
trate puberulent,  stem  simple  slender  angular 
not  winged,  leaves  on  long  petiols  broadly  cor- 
date obtuse  entire,  stipules  obsolete,  peduncles 
axillary  short  l-2flore,  bracts  and  calix  lanceo- 
late— Texas,  collected  by  Druinmond,  a  very 
distinct  sp.  by  petiolate  leaves,  probably  not  a 
locaulon,  yet  flowers  similar  small,  petals  equal 
to  calix,  annual  ?  leaves  remote  petiols  uncial, 
leaves  one  inch  broad  but  shorter,  pods  not 
seen. 

357.  Crot.  (Ioc  ?)  alatipes  Raf.  smooth, 
stem  angular  flexuose,  leaves  on  winged  cune- 
ate  petiols,  oblong  acnte  base  subcordate,  reti- 
culate above,  stipules  lanceol.  scariose  striate, 
flowers  racemose  terminal,  bracts  similar  to  sti- 
pules equal  to  pedicels — South  Florida,  herb, 
of  Collins,  not  named,  evidently  of  this  group, 
but  not  a  locaulon  !  probably  a  peculiar  subge- 
nus {Alatipes  Raf.)  calix  short  with  a  subulate 
calicule  beneath,  petals  subequal,  keel  quite 
curved  acute,  vexillum  reflexed,  pod  not  seen. 
It  must  be  compared  with  the  tropical  sp. 
Quite  smooth  all  over,  perennial,  leaves  rigid 
2  or  3  inches  long,  petiols  uncial,  some  lower 
leaves  smaller  oboval  retuse,  spikes  slender  cur- 
ved 3 uncial,  flowers  small  saffron  yellow. 

Decandole  has  another  from  N.  Amer.  Crot. 
platycarpa  of  Link,  which  hardly  differs  from 
Cr.  pilosa,  and  is  probably  var.  simplex^  by  its 

8 


gg  NORTH  AMERICAN 

oblong  leaves ;  the  name  of  platycarpa  is  an 
absurdity  in  a  Genus  having  always  turgid 
pods :  if  really  with  flat  pods  it  is  not  of  this 

Genus ! 

358.  GERARDIA  and  akin  genera— Sir 
James  Smith  has  stated  in  Rees  Cycl.  that 
this  Genus  of  Plumier  was  based  on  the  G.  tu- 
ber osa  only,  and  that  Linneus  in  adopting  it  had 
united  thereto  many  plants  that  ought  to  be 
separated  if  with  ditferent  characters  :  this  is 
the  fact  with  all  our  North  American  sp.  which 
must  even  form  3  or  4  peculiar  Genera.  Nuttal 
deemed  them  confused,  forming  2  sections  with 
purple  and  yellow  flowers  as  near  Digitalis  as 
Gerardia !  I  have  reformed  this  G.  in  flora 
Tellur.  I  now  mean  to  revise  all  our  species, 
which  I  mostly  possess  and  amount  to  over  20. 
Some  of  these  were  once  united  to  Rhinanthus 
Chelone  and  Erinus  !  but  Seymeria,  Pagesia, 
Dasistema,and  others,  have  been  already  distin- 
guished.    I  shall  add  many  others. 

Character  of  real  Gerardia.  CalixSfid,  co- 
rolla tubulose  bilabiate,  upper  lip  emarg.  erect, 
lower  31obe,  reflexed,  middle  lobe  bifid,  lateral 
lobes  emarginate.  Stamens  4  didynamous 
smooth,  anthers  smooth,  a  style,  stigma  obtuse. 
Capsule  bilocular  oligosperm,  partitions  con- 
trary to  valves,  dehiscent  below.  Roots  tube- 
rose, leaves  opposite  entire,  flowers  axillary 
yellow.  Several  tropical  sp.  blended  in  G.  tu- 
berosa. 

359.  Lopiiantiiera  Raf.  differs  by  coroHa 
campan.  51obed,  the  anthers  crested,  leaves 
divided  &c.  Type  G.  delphinifolia  of  Asia 
^•c.     The  African  sp.  form  the  G.  melasma  of 

Berg. 

360.  AUREOLARIA  Raf.  calix  campanuK 


XEOPHYTON. 


59 


semi  5fid  subeqiial  segments  simple,  corolla 
campanul.  ventricose,  limb  51obed  obliqual,lobes 
siibequal  entire.  Stamens  4  didyn,  filaments 
hairy  as  base,  anthers  hairy  not  crested,  base 
bifid  biaristate.  Capsule  dehiscent  above. 
Roots  perennial,  leaves  opposite,  flowers 
terminal  bracteate  yellow — This  will  include 
nearly  all  our  golden  sp.  except  G.  pedicularis 
&/C.     The  name  implies  the  golden  flowers. 

361.  AuREOLARiA  viLLOsA  Raf.  Gcr.  do 
Muhl.  Ger.  flava  L.  &c.  Easily  known  by  its 
pubescence  often  all  over,  leaves  oblong,  the 
lower  sinuate.  Several  var.  1.  mrgata,  2 
sinuata,  3  montana  all  leaves  entire,  4  heter- 
ophyla  Mg.  leaves  very  different  and  sinuate. 

362.  AuREOLARiA  LEviGATA  Raf.  Gcrardia 
do  Raf.  annals  Nat.  99,  G.  lanceolata  Muhl. 
Cat  ?  Q,uite  smooth,  leaves  subsessile  lanceo- 
late acute  entire,  pale  beneath,  bracts  ovate 
lanceolate,  flowers  subsessile,  teeth  of  calix 
ovate  obtuse — in  the  Mts.  Alleghanies  and 
Cumberland  from  Pennsylv.  to  Kentucky,  disc, 
by  me  1818  descr.  1820  in  my  annals,  stem  1 
or  2  feet  high  mostly  simple  faintly  4gone  pur- 
plish, bracts  small,  flowers  large  yellow  estival. 
Var.  1.  ramosa,  2  alter nifolia  some  leaves  and 
most  of  the  flowers  alternate. 

363.  AuREOLARiA  RETICULATA  Raf.  Stem  as- 
surgent  terete  smooth  simple,  leaves  sessile  o- 
blong  and  cuneate  entire  acute,  rough  above 
and  on  margins,  beneath  smooth  reticulate, 
flowers  racemose  peduncled,  bracts  linear  cun- 
eate, teeth  of  calix  ovate  acute — Florida  and 
Alabama,  pedal,  stem  dark  purple,  leaves  bi- 
uncial. 

364.  AuEUEOLARiA  cuNEiFOLiARaf.  smooth, 
stem  simple  terete,  leaves  sessile  cuneate  acute 


§&  NORTH    AMERICAN 

sinuate  dentate,  flowers  racemose,  bracts  linear 
entire,  peduncles  equal  to  calix.  segments  lan- 
ceolate— Mts.  Alleghany  rare,  stem  pedal  dark 
purple,  leaves  2  to  4  inches,  upper  narrow,  ca- 
lix broadly  camp,  subbilabiate,  corollas  large. 
Very  different  from  Gerardia  cuneifolia  of 
Pursh,  nearer  to  A.  glauca. 

365.  AuREOLARiA  RUPESTRis  Raf.  Gcr.  do. 
R.  Atl.  Journ.  p.  154.  quite  smooth,  stem  fistu- 
lose  purplish,  leaves  petiolate  bipinnatifid  seg- 
ments deep  lanceolate  acute  remote,  sinusses 
rounded,  upper  leaves  oblong  pectinate  lacirii- 
niate.  racemes  often  ramose,  bracts  lanceol.  en- 
tire, flowers  secund  peduncled,  segments  of  ca- 
lix lanceol.  acute— in  the  Alleghany  Mts.  on 
rocks,  Tuscorora  chain  &c,  probably  blended 
with  the  next  by  Authors,  2  or  3  feet  high,  often 
ramose,  leaves  large  below  and  twice  cut,  nar- 
rower above,  flowers  smaller  than  in  the  other 
kinds. 

366.  AuREOLARTA  GLAUCA  Raf.  Gcr.  do.  Ed- 
dy, Eaton,  Tor.  Beck,  G.  quercifolia  Pursh, 
Elliot.  G.  flava  Walter,  Rhinanthus  Virgini- 
cus  L. — Quite  distinct  from  the  last  by  larger 
size,  stem  solid  glaucous,  leaves  subsessile  the 
lower  sinuate  pinnatifid,  attenuate  at  both  ends, 
a  little  rough,  upper  entire,  raceme  paniculate, 
bracts  linear,  segments  of  calix  linear  elongate 
— from  I^ong  Island  to  Carolina  and  West  in 
the  prairies  of  Kentucky,  where  it  attains  6 
feet  var.  1.  Glgnntea,  2  purpurea  stem  pur- 
plish. 

367.  PANCTENIS  Raf.  (quite  combed) 
diff".  Aureolaria,  calix  urceolate  5fid  segments 
unequal  foliaceous  pectinate  or  crenate.  Co- 
rolla hairy  outside,  stamens  quite  hairy,  cap- 
sule polysperm.     Flowers  axillary,  this  may 


NEOPHYTON.  61 

be  deemed  a  subgenus  of  the  last  if  liked,  but 
is  very  distinct  and  may  as  well  be  a  Genus. 

368.  Panctenis  peok  ularis  Ilaf.  (or  Au- 
reolaria)  Gerardia  do  L.  <fcc.  Well  known 
common  species  very  branched  and  clammy 
villose,  segments  of  calix  crenate  serrate  or  la- 
ciniate.  Var.  1  ramoslsshna,  2  pumila,  3 
simplex  ^c,  but  2  other  varieties  appears  to 
be  wide  deviations  and  incipient  sp.  sprung 
from  this. 

369.  Panctenis  pectinata  Raf.  Ger.  pedic. 
var  pectinata  Nut.  leaves  ovate  pectinatly  sub- 
bipinnatifid  softly  villose,  peduncles  short,  seg- 
ments of  calix  pectinate — found  by  Nuttal  in 
pine  woods  of  Carolina,  by  myself  in  pine  woods 
of  Alleghanies,  sesquipedal. 

370.  Panctenis  pumila  Raf.  dwarf,  leaves 
lanceolate,  crenate  or  pectinate  hardly  pinnati- 
fid,  petiols  elongate,  segments  of  calix  only  cre- 
nate— Alleghany  Mts.  found  in  bloom  later  than 
any  other  in  Autumn,  roots  large  thick  branch- 
ed, stem  only  3  inches  high,  leaves  small  not 
bipinnate,  flowers  as  large  as  usual,  whole  plant 
quite  hairy  but  not  clammy.  Could  it  be  a  late 
Autumnal  shoot  thus  deviating  to  form  a  pecu- 
liar species  ? 

371.  AGALINIS  Raf.  (remarkable  flax.) 
Calix  campanul.  5  dentate,  often  truncate,  teeth 
subequal  not  obliqual.  Corolla  widely  cam- 
panulate  5  lobes  rounded  equal  obliqual  often 
ciliate.  Stamens  didyn.  villose,  anthers  bicus- 
pidate  at  base,  dehiscent  lateraly.  A  style, 
stigma  obtuse  compressed.  Capsule  globose 
bilocular,  bivalve  quite  split,  polysperm.  Chie- 
Jly  annuals^  slender   stems  and  leaves,  floic- 

ers  axillarii  and  terminal  purplish — a    very 
distinct  natural  Genus  having  the  habit  of  flax, 


52  NORTH  AMERICAN 

with  toothed  calix  and  purple  flowers  es^ival 
and  Autumnal,  leaves  and  flowers  chiefly  oppo- 
site, leaves  always  sessile. 

372.  Agalinis  PALusnas  Raf.  Ger.  purpu- 
rea L.  <Slc.  that  name  applied  to  all.  It  will 
be  known  by  its  locality  near  marshes,  stem 
branched  rough  4gone,  leaves  broad  linear 
rough,  flowers  subsessile  and  large,  teeth  of  ca- 
lix elongate  and  broad.  From  New  England 
to  Carolina,  ses(juipedal.  Var.  Corymbosa 
branches  crowded  corymbose,  2.  dimiricata 
slender  divergent,  3  ramosissima,  4  virgata 
&c,  but  the  next  appears  to  be  distinct. 

373.  Agalinis  longifolia  Raf.  stem  simple 
4gone  smooth,  leaves  long  linear  smooth  thin 
margin  rough,  flowers  subsessile,  teeth  of  calix 
long  subulate, — Near  streams  New  Jersey  to 
Virginia,  stem  6  to  12  inches  only,  while  leaves 
2  or  3  inches  long,  often  alternate  above,  flow- 
ers rather  large. 

374.  Agalims  MAiiiTiMA  Raf  Gev.  do  Raf. 
med.  rep.  1808.  Nuttal  1818.  G.  purpurea 
var.  crassifolia  Pursh.  Quite  smooth,  stem 
branched,  leaves  linear  thick  convex  beneath 
enerve,  flowers  on  peduncles  shorter  than  leaves, 
calix  crenate,  teeth  short  obtuse — on  the  Sea 
shores  from  New  England  to  Chesapeak  bay. 
Stem  2  to  8  inches  high,  flowers  smaller.  A 
very  distinct  sp.  one  of  the  few  of  my  early  dis- 
coveries in  1802/  adopted  by  our  botanists. 
Var.  1.  pumila,  2  or  3  inches  high,  2  gracilis 
less  branched  slender  leaves  remote.' 

375.  Agalinis  virgata  Raf.  quite  smooth, 
stem  simple  virgate  angular,  leaves  adpressed 
narrow  linear,  flowers  racemose  opposite  on 
short  peduncles,  teeth  of  calix  short  acute — 
glades  of  Pine  woods  in  South  New  Jersey  near 


NEOPIIYTON.  63 

Miillica  Hill  tf'C,  annual,  estival,6  to  15  inches 
high,  leaves  short  seminncial  equal  to  interno- 
des,  shorter  or  remote  above,  flowers  size  of  A 
maritima,  peduncles  eqnal  to  calix.  This  is 
most  likeiy  the  erecta  of  Walter. 

376.  Agalinis  corymbosa  Raf  stem  smooth 
angular  filiform  branches  terminal  corymbose 
virgatr,  leaves  adpressed  setaceous  linear  sca- 
brous with  a  thick  nerve,  flowers  alternate  sub- 
sessile,  teeth  ot  calix  broad  acute — Carolina 
and  Florida,  stem  1  or  2  feet  very  slender, 
leaves  small  semiuncial,  flowers  rather  large. 
It  appear  to  ditier  from  the  G.  plukeneti  of  El- 
liot by  the  leaves,  rough  and  broader,  less 
branches,  shorter  peduncles  and  alternate 
flowers. 

377.  Agai^inis  plukeneti  Raf.  Ger.  do  El- 
liot. Pluk.  phyt.  t.  12.  f.  4.  not  seen  by  me,  ap- 
pears to  ditfer  from  last  by  stem  much  branch- 
ed, setaceous  smooth  leaves,  peduncles  longer. 
Carolina. 

378.  Agalinis  perennis  Raf.  Ger.  linifolia 
Nut.  El.  &c  Perennial  creeping  roots,  stem  te- 
rete virgate  smooth,few  virgate  branches,  leaves 
smooth  long  linear  thick,  flowers  terminal  race- 
mose smooth,  peduncles  subequal  to  the  upper 
leaves,  teeth  of  calix  remote  short  acute — Ca^ 
rolina  to  Florida,  a  very  distinct  sp.  from  my 
A.  virgata,  nearer  A.  maritlma  ;  distinct  from 
all  by  the  roots  that  are  annual  in  others.  My 
specimen  is  from  Florida,  and  has  leaves  near- 
ly 2  inches  long,  rather  divergent,  flowers  few 
remote,  corolla  smooth  not  pubescent  and  ci- 
liate  as  in  most  species,  peduncles  nearly 
uncial. 

379.  Agalinis  fasciculata  Raf.  Ger.  do 
Elliot.     I  have  not  seen  this  sp.  but  it  appears 


64  NORTH    AMERICAN 

to  diiTer  from  all  mine  by  the  tall  rough  rigid 
stem  3  to  5  feet  high,  leaves  opposite  and  ter- 
nate  with  axillary  fascicles,  rough  linear,  flow- 
ers subsessile  and  teeth  of  calix  linear  longer 
than  in  any — Sea  Islands  of  Carolina. 

380.  Agalinis  tenuiiolia  Vahl.  and  all  hot. 
hut  Elliot  suspects  some  sp.  are  blended  since 
Nuttal  calls  the  leaves  rough,  but  his  own  spe- 
cimens in  Collins  herb,  are  smooth.  Easily 
known  by  complete  smoothness  stem  4gone, 
leaves  linear,  corolla  short  small  smooth,  pe- 
duncles as  long  as  leaves,  teeth  of  calix  small 
acute — from  Canada  to  Florida  and  Missouri, 
autumnal,  woods  and  glades  var.  1  paniculata 
2  ramosissima  2  feet  high  Elliot.  3  humilis 
semipedal  few  branches,  4  saxatilis  leaves  lon- 
ger, branches  divaricate. 

381.  Agalinis  setacea  Raf.  Ger.  do  Pursh. 
smooth,  stem  subramose  terete  filiform,  leaves 
setaceous,  peduncles  filiform  longer  than  leaves 
corolla  short,  teeth  of  calix  minute  acute — 
New  Jeri^ey  to  Alabama  and  Kentucky,  Illi- 
nois in  glades,flowers  as  in  the  last.  Var.  humi- 
lis 6  to  10  inches,  2.  major  1  or  2  feet  more 
branched. 

382.  Agalinis  obtusifolia  Raf.  quite  smooth 
and  glaucous,  stem  subramose  angular  filiform, 
leaves  setaceous  sulcate,  end  obtuse  callose, 
flowers  racemose,  peduncles  much  longer  than 
leaves,  corolla  short,  teeth  of  calix  minute  re- 
mote callose — West  Tennessee,  Alabama  and 
Florida,  distinct  from  last  by  angular  stem  and 
leaves  with  a  deep  furrow,  obtuse  at  the  end, 
all  other  kinds  have  acute  leaves.  Stem  with 
few  slender  branches,  leaves  and  flowers  often 
alternate  ;  corolla  smooth  shallow  or  broadly 
campanulate. 


N  EOPHITOA'.  65 

383.  Agalinis  yiLiFooA  Raf.  Ger.  do  Nut. 
Ell.  I  have  not  seen  this  sp.  of  Florida,  it  ap- 
pears to  difter  hv  terete  stem,  leaves  filiform, 
carnose,  corolla  large  similar  to  A.  palustris, 
calix  likewise. 

384.  Agalinis  micropiiylla  Raf.  smooth, 
stem  virgate  terete  costate  sulcate,  leaves  re- 
mote adpressed  scattered  minute  linear  obtuse, 
flowers  spicate  snhsessile,  peduncles  shorter 
than  calix,  teeth  short  acute,  corolla  smooth 
ciliate  shallow — in  Florida,  collected  by  Le- 
conte  (Collins  herb)  very  slender,  few  alternate 
branches,  few  leaves  2  or  3  lines  long,  stem 
deeply  grooved  and  ribbed  not  angular.  Flow- 
ers small  similar  to  those  of  A.  glauca.  Quite 
distinct  from  next  by  stem,  leaves  and  pedun- 
cles. 

385.  Agalinis  aphylla  Raf.  Ger.  do  Nut. 
El.  smooth,  stem  virgate  nearly  simple  4gone 
leaves  opposite  like  scales  ovate  acute  deci- 
duous, flowers  racemose  opposed,  peduncles 
elongate  triple  of  calix,  teeth  minute  acute — 
Carolina  to  Florida.  My  specimen  is  only  pe- 
dal,and  in  fruit,  quite  aphyllous,  capsules  ovate, 
there  are  2  other  doubtful  sp.  of  this  Genus, 
Ger,  leucanthera  fl.  lud.  155,  which  is  probably 
a  var.  of  Ag.  temijfolia  G.  2.  Ger.  Jiammea 
of  Bartram  travels  omitted  by  all  later  botanists, 
is  perhaps  a  Russelia  !  for  G.  auriculata  see 
next  Genus. 

386.  TOMANTHERA  Raf.  calix  Sparted 
unequal,  corolla  smooth  venose,  rotate  campan- 
iilate  Slobed,  lobes  rounded  2  superior  larger, 
stamens  4  didynamic  very  unequal,  2  of  double 
length, filaments  smooth  flexuose, anthers  smooth 
bipartite,  the  2  cells  unequal,dehiscent  lateraiy, 
Btvle  flexuose,  stigma  obtuse.     Capside  ovate 

9 


66  NORTH    AMERICAN 

acute  bivalve  as  in  Agalinis.  Same  habit  an- 
nuals, leaves  opposite  sessile,  floicers  axillary 
purplish — A  very  distinct  G.  by  calix,  stamens 
and  anthers,  corolla  as  in  Seymeria,  but  purple. 
The  name  applies  to  the  split  anthers. 

387.  ToMANTHERA  LANCEOLATA  Raf.  Erinus ! 
africanus  Muhl.  stem  simple  hirsute,  leaves  lan- 
ceolate acute  entire  pubescent,  flowers  subsess- 
ile,  segments  of  calix  ovate  lanceolate  pubes- 
cent— A  very  rare  plant  deemed  doubtfiU  be- 
cause never  described.  In  Pensylv.  and  Ca- 
rolina, my  specimen  of  Collins  herb,  was  collec- 
ted by  Dr.  Cleaver  in  New  Jersey,  it  is  annual 
only  4  inches  high,  with  a  thick  stem  of  a  dark 
purple,  leaves  few  small  4  to  8  lines  long,  flow- 
ers large,  size  of  Agalinis  tenuifolia,  calix  sub- 
foliose,  corolla  smooth.  Never  met  by  me  in 
25  years  of  researches! 

388.  TOMANTHERA?    AURICULATA    Raf,   Gcr- 

ardia  do  Mx.  and  all  our  copists,  who  have 
never  seen  it  nor  described  it !  by  Michaux 
short  account  it  difters  by  stem  nearly  simple 
very  rough,  leaves  ovate  lanceolate  auriculate, 
flowers  quite  sessile — in  Illinois  and  also  Loui- 
siana :  I  have  not  seen  it  and  it  must  be  better 
described. 

389.  DASISTEMA  Raf.  J.  Sc.  phys.  1819. 
Calix  urceolate  5fid,  segments  unequal  foliace- 
ous  dentate.  Corolla  with  a  short  thick  tube 
wooly  inside,  limb  rotate  Slobed,  lobes  subequal 
concave  wooly  at  the  bottom.  Stamens  4  didyn 
short  wooly,  anthers  mutic  smooth,  a  5th  sterile 
stamen,  style  short,  stigma  clavate.  Capsule 
as  in  Aureolaria,  seeds  winged.  Perennials, 
leaves  dwided  opposite,  floicers  spicate  brae- 
teate  yellow, — This  N,  G.  of  mine  disc.  1818 
published  1819  with  my  50  N.  G.  is  quite  pe- 


NEOPHYTON.  67 

culiar  having  the  calix  of  Panctenis,  but  sta- 
mens unlike  all. 

360,  Dasistema  auriculata  Raf.  quite  vil- 
lose,  stein  4gone  ramose,  leaves  petiolate  broad- 
ly lanceolate,  the  lower  auriculate  at  base,  me- 
dial truncate  at  base,  upper  acute  at  base,  all 
crenate  serrate  subobtuse,  bracts  sessile  ova- 
toblong,  flowers  subsessile,  calix  crenate — on 
the  banks  of  R.  Ohio  in  West  Kentucky  and 
Illinois,  estiva],  fine  plant  3  or  4  feet  high, 
leaves  2  to  4  inches  long,  flowers  large  golden 
yellow. 

391.  Dasistema  3IACR0PHYLLA  Raf.  Seyme- 
ria  do  Niittal  tj'c  Erinus  pinnatif  ?  Mg.  stem 
ramose,  leaves  nearly  smooth  subsessile,  lower 
elongate  pinnatifid  or  sinuate,  upper  lanceolate 
entire,  flowers  subsessile,  segments  of  calix  en- 
tire ovate — found  by  Nuttal  in  Ohio,  I  have  his 
specimen  in  Collins  herb,  whereby  I  have  as- 
certained what  I  already  surmised,  that  it  is 
really  a  sp.  of  this  Genus  and  not  Seymeria, 
Nuttal  says  the  stamens  are  smooth,  but  involv- 
ed in  the  wool  of  the  base,  he  meant  the  an- 
thers, the  filaments  being  also  wooly.  Tall 
plant,  leaves  3  to  6  inches  lons^,  flowers  yellow. 

392.  SEYMERIA  Pursh.  ArzELiAGm.  not 
Smith.  Calix  camp,  deeply  5fid.  subequal.  co- 
rolla rotate  campanulate  deeply  51obed,  lobes 
subeqnal,  stamens  4  very  short  subequal  quite 
smooth,  except  at  insertion  subsessile  deflexed, 
anthers  oblong  smooth  emarginate,  incumbent, 
two  equal  cells  opening  by  ovate  terminal  pores. 
Style  filiform  declined,  stigma  obtuse.  Capsule 
bivalve  ovate  21oc.  polysperm,  seeds  minute. 
Annuals^  leaves  opp.  and  alt.  small  divided^ 

flowers  axillary  yelloic — a  very  distinct  Genus 
mistaken  by  Nuttal  who  gave  the  character  out 


68  NORTH  AMERICA?^ 

of  his  S.  macrophylla.,  the  stamens  and  pores 
are  quite  different.  Elliot  has  better  under- 
stood the  characters  and  the  3  sp.  which  I  all 
possess. 

393.  Seymeria  tenuifolia  Pursh.  N.  E.  &c. 
Afzeha  cassioides  Gm.  Gerardia  afzeha  Mx. 
branches  terete  rough,  leaves  smooth  setaceous 
lower  pectinate  pinnatifid,  upper  subcntire,  flow- 
ers racemose,  peduncles  subequal  to  leaves,  seg- 
ments of  calix  linear — Carolina  to  Alabama, 
stem  3  or  4  feet  (Elliot)  much  branched,  small 
slender  leaves,  calix  quite  cupular  at  base  with 
rounded  sinusses  and  linear  segments,  corolla 
with  purple  dots  inside,  segments  oblong  obtuse, 
capsule  smooth. 

394.  Seymeria  pectinata  Pursh  4'C,  Vis- 
cose pubescent  leaves  pectinate  pinnatifid,  seg- 
ments of  calix  cuneate — Carolina  to  Florida, 
although  Nuttal  calls  this  common,  Elliot  did 
not  see  it,  and  I  have  fewer  specimens  than  of 
the  last.  Branched,  leaves  short,  calix  with 
deeper  and  broader  segments,  sinusses  obtuse, 
corolla  and  capsule  pubescent. 

395.  Seymeria  iieterophyla  Raf.  S.  jack- 
soni  E.  viscose  pubescent,  branches  virgate, 
leaves  oblong  lanceolate,  lower  pinnatifid  seg- 
ments oblong  the  last  larger,  upper  leaves  en- 
tire or  auriculate,  peduncles  equal  thereto,  seg- 
ments of  calix  oblong  deeply  parted — a  very 
distinct  sp.  which  Elliot  deemed  doubtful.  Ala- 
bama and  Georgia,  my  specimen  from  Leconte 
C.  H,  2  to  4  feet  high,  branches  incurved  sub- 
terete,  leaves  minute  very  short,  calix  almost 
Sparted,  corolla  small  segments  ovate  obtuse, 
style  short. 

396.  DASANTHERA  Raf.  1817.  Calix  5 
parted  unequal,  corolla  campanul.  51obed  une- 


NEOPIIYTON.  (>9 

tjual,  stamens  4  unequal, anthers  villose.  Leaves 
opposite  serrate,  jloicers  purple — to  complete 
the  compared  account  ot^  ail  the  Gerardias  I 
add  this  Genus,  with  some  others  not  seen  by 
me,  and  very  little  known,  which  must  be  des- 
cribed better  hereafter.  This  appears  medial 
between  Atireolaria  and  Das i sterna,  but  the 
calix  and  purple  corollas  ditfer  from  both. 

397.  Dasantiiera  iruticos\  R.  Gerardiado 
Pursh  &c  shrubby,  leaves  lanccol.  serrate  sub- 
petiolate,  flowers  racemose  bracteate. — Origon 
Mts.  only  seen  dry  by  Pursh  and  Torrey. 

398.  Dasantheka?  cuneifolia  Raf.  Ger,  do 
Pursh  «^»c  perennial,  branches  erect,  leaves 
cuneate  unequaiy  serrate,  upper  alternate,  pe- 
duncles axillary  longer  than  leaves  or  bracts — 
Florida,  disc,  by  Bartram  but  not  his  ffammea, 
of  doubtful  Genus  not  even  seen  by  Elliot.  Ca- 
lix Sparted  and  purple  flowers. 

390.  PAGESIA  Raf.  fl.  hid.  calix  Sparted 
unequal,  upper  segment  larger,  corolla  tube 
ventricose  limb  rotate  bilabiate,  upper  lip  re- 
flexed  flat  emarginate,  lower  trilobe.  Stam  4 
didyn.  style  and  stigma  simple,  capsule  as  in 
Aureolaria.  Leaves  oppos.  sessile,  flowers  ra- 
cemose white — This  G.  of  mine  1817  is  akin  to 
all  the  above,  but  distinct  by  the  calix  bilabiate, 
white  corolla  4^c. 

400.  Pagesia  leucantiia  Raf  fl.  lud.  149. 
Stem  weak  decumbent  4gone  ramose,  leaves 
sessile  ovatoblong  serrulate  smooth,  axils  biau- 
riculate,  flowers  racemose  on  long  peduncles, 
segments  of  calix  striate — in  West  Louisiana 
and  Texas  probably,  disc,  by  Robin,  many 
weak  stems  pedal,  white  smooth  flowers,  cap- 
sule oval  polysperm.  This  may  be  the  white 
flowered  Ger.  aurieulata  of  I^ouisiana  hinted 
at  by  some  botanists. 


70  NORTH   AMERICAN 

401.  OVOSTIMA  Raf.  Cal.  campanul.  5 
fid,  segments  unequal  leafy  entire.  Corolla 
tubular  ventricose  smooth  limb  large  spread- 
ing with  5  lobes  subequal  rounded.  Stamens 
4  didjn.  included,  filaments  subequal  smooth ; 
anthers  obtuse  base  sagittate  bifid  bicuspidate 
21ocul.  opening  lateraly,sutures  pubescent.  Style 
elongate  strait,  stigma  capitate  ovatoblong 
acute  nodding.  Capsule  small  inclosed.  Pe- 
renjiial  'f  leaves  opposite  petiolate,  Jloicers 
axillary  white — a  singular  Genus  partaking  of 
the  characters  of  many  akin,  but  distinct  by 
calix,  stigma  and  white  flowers  as  in  Pagesia. 
The  name  means  ovate  stigma. 

402.  OvosTiMA  PETioLATA  Raf.  quito  smooth 
stem  simple  terete  purplish,  leaves  opp.  petio- 
late  oblong  lanceolate  both  ends  acute,  lower 
repand  or  with  remote  unequal  obtuse  teeth,  up- 
per subentire,  flowers  subsessile,  segments  of  ca- 
lix ovatoblong — Florida  or  Alabama,  received 
without  name  with  many  other  rare  plants.  I 
first  called  it  Aureolaria  pallida,  but  have  been 
able  to  ascertain  it  since  as  a  N.  G.  near  Pa- 
gesia ;  I  have  not  the  ripe  fruit  however.  Stem 
sesquipedal,  leaves  thin  pale  beneath  2  or  3 
inches  long,  flowers  large  nearly  2  inches  long, 
segments  of  calix  longer  than  camp,  base,  co- 
rolla thin  apparently  white  or  very  pale  ochro- 
leucous. 

403.  RUSSELIA  Jaq.  Jus.  W.  not  of  Lin. 
junior  which  is  Vahlia.  Calix  Sparted,  corolla 
tubulose  limb  spreading  bilabiate,  upper  lip 
emarginate,  lower  longer  trilobe  stamens  4 
didyn.  inclosed.  Capsule  acum.  subuniloc? 
valves  inflexed.  Leaves  oppos.  peduncles  ax- 
illarij  jlovners  red  or  scarlet — this  fine  tropi- 
cal  Genus  must  be  added  to  our  Flora.     Gal- 


NfiOfHlTOX.  71 

vezia  of  Dombey  in  Jussieu  united  thereto  by 
W.  P.  differs  by  calix  5fid,  tube  ventricose  be- 
low and  capsule  globose. 

404.  IliissELiA  JUNCEA.  Zuc.  in  bot.  reg. 
1773.  Branches  4gone  erect  virgate,  leaves 
minute  petiolate  ovate  subentire,  peduncles  lili- 
forni  subbitlore — Texas  and  Mexico,  llowers 
scarlet. 

405.  RussELiA  FLAMMEA  Raf.  Gorardia  do 
Bartr.  trav  p.  412.  stem  ramose  pyramidal, 
leaves  lanceolate  t  flowers  in  a  pyramidal  foli- 
ose  panicle — Alabama,  indicated  GO  years  ago 
by  Bartram,  and  still  not  in  any  work  nor  gar- 
den as  yet :  although  a  splendid  plant  4  feet 
high,  crowded  with  large  scarlet  flowers,  tubu- 
lar and  bilabiate ;  therefore  referable  to  this 
Genus,  unless  it  is  a  new  one  to  be  called  Fla- 

MARIA  COCCINEA  Raf. 

406.  MACRANTHERA  Torrey  1835.  Con- 
radia  Nuttal  1834  but  not  of  Martins.  Calix 
deeply  5fid,  corolla  tubular  border  5fid  sube- 
qual.  Stamens  4  subequal  exserted,  filaments 
hairy,  anthers  linear  sagittate.  Style  long  fili- 
form, stigma  simple  or  bifid.  Capsule  ovate 
acum.  polysperm,  as  in  Aureolaria.  Peren- 
nials, leaves  opposite  cJimded,  flowers  axilla- 
ry racemose  yellow  on  long  reflexed  incurved 
peduncles. — I  adopt  the  name  of  Torrey  in- 
stead of  Conradia  already  twice  employed,  by 
myself  in  1825  for  my  Leptilix  Neog.  25  for  the 
American  Tofieldas,  see  Abama  1st  part,  and 
also  by  Martius,  Macranthera  is  not  however 
a  very  good  name  as  the  anthers  are  not  very 
long,  the  name  of  ToxoPBS  (Raf.)  meaning  in- 
curved peduncles  would  have  been  better,  but 
the  2  sp.  known  (and  there  may  be  more)  ap- 


7*2  IVORTH  AMERICAiV 

pear  types  of  two  subgenera  differing  as  Panc- 
tenis  and  Aureolaria. 

407.  Mac  R  ANTHER  A  LEcoNTi  Torrej  (or 
Toxopus  gymnanthes  Raf.)  leaves  smooth  pe- 
tiolate  ovate  lanceol.  sinuate  pinnatifid,  bracts 
and  segments  of  calix  linear  lanceolate  entire 
in  Florida  and  on  the  R.  Alatamaka,  2  or  3 
feet  high,  flowers  autumnal  deep  yellow.  Tor- 
rey  states  the  stigma  to  l)e  simple  and  yet  his 
figure  shows  it  quite  bifid  and  bilamellar. 

408.  Macrantiiera  fusciiioidrs  T.  Benth 
(or  Toxopus  calycinus  or  Tomilix  bracteata 
Raf)  Conradia  Nut.  rar.  41.  fig.  Smooth 
leaves  petiolate  lanceolate  sublyrate  pinnatifid, 
bracts  ovate  sinuate,  segments  of  calix  lanceo- 
late unequal  foliose  serrate — in" Alabama,  fine 
large  plant  with  golden  flowers,  the  calix  is 
nearly  as  in  Panctenis,  and  the  stigma  certain- 
ly simple,  these  two  characters  indicate  a  sub- 
genus if  not  a  Genus  !  my  TomiHx  meaning  cut 
calyx. 

409.  APENTOSTERA  Raf.  (no  fifth  ste- 
rile) Calix  5parted  subequal,  corolla  ventricose 
campanul.  bilabiate, upper  lip  erect  bilobe,  low- 
er trilobe.  Stamens  4  didyn.  anthers  villose, 
no  fifth  sterile  filament.  Capsule  ovate  acute, 
seeds  angular  not  winged.  Leaves  opjjosite, 
flowers  axillarij,  racemose  purplish — this  N. 
Gr.  of  Origon  is  probably  fecond  in  sp.  It  links 
the  Gerardia  group  with  the  Pentostemon. 
Totaly  unlike  our  real  Chlonanthus  (chelone) 
having  the  corolla  convex  short  and  winged 
seeds.  Pentostemon  which  now  includes  a 
crowd  of  sp.  that  must  be  divided  into  5  Gen- 
era, differ  by  the  fifth  filament  and  various  co- 
rollas.    Also  near  to  Pagesia. 

410.  Apentostera  secundiflora  Raf.  Pen- 


NEOPHYTON.  73 

tost,  scouleri  Lind.  hot.  reg.  1277.  Suffruti- 
cose,  leaves  cuneate  serrate,  upper  linear  ob- 
tuse entire,  flowers  subracemose  secund — Ori- 
gon,  large  purple  flowers.  Akin  to  Dasanthe- 
ra  fruticosa  397. 

411.  Apentostera  trifi.ora  Raf.  Chelone! 
nemorosa  Lind.  bot.  reg.  1211.  Herbaceous, 
leaves  ovate  acum.  serrate,  upper  aniplex.  cor- 
date, peduncles  axiHary  triflore — Oiigon,  quite 
similar  to  the  last  in  the  structure  of  flowe.  s, 
yet  put  into  a  different  Genus  by  Lindley  ! 

412.  LEPTEIRIS  Raf.  (minute  sterile) 
calix  5parted,  corolla  tubulose  incurved  beard- 
ed inside,  limb  51obed  subequal.  A  minute  ru- 
diment of  a  fifth  sterile  stamen.  Leanrs  oppos. 
narrotc,  floivers  glomerate  verticiUate  whitish 
— another  and  nearer  link  to  Pentostemon,  dis- 
tinct from  it  by  corolla  and  habit  quite  pecu- 
liar ;  akin  to  Russelia  and  Pagesia. 

413.  Lepteiris  parvifloka  Raf.  Pentoste- 
mon  micranthum  Nut.  cat.  83.  Smooth,  leaves 
linear  lanceol.  acute  entire  subamplex.  flowers 
spicate  paniculate  glomerate  in  whorls,  seg- 
ments of  calix  lanceolate — Ongon,  stem  slen- 
der pedal,  seen  dry,  collected  by  Wyeth. 

I  must  end  here  this  long  survey  of  the  Gen- 
era akin  to  Gerardia,  without  attempting  yet 
all  those  akin  to  Pentostemon.  They  are  fur- 
ther removed  from  Digitalis  to  which  Nuttal 
compared  them.  Thus  we  have  already  12  Gen- 
era and  40  sp.  of  plants  akin  to  Gerardia  or  once 
added  thereto,  many  of  which  are  quite  rare 
plants  seldom  seen  by  our  botanists ;  some  are 
beautiful  and  yet  hardly  known  in  Gardens. 
There  must  be  others  in  the  Pdissouri  and  Ori- 
gon  regions.  It  is  a  fact  that  in  this  tribe  the 
colors  of  flowers  indicate  Genera  \     I  have  not 

10 


74  NEOPHYTON 

yet  seen  the  labor  of  Hooker  on  the  Gerarclia. 

414.     SCHWALBEA      AMERICANA      L,     &C.        I 

have  several  specimens  of  this  fine  and  rare 
plant,  collected  from  New  Jersey  to  Carolina  ; 
yet  I  never  could  meet  it  myself  in  25  years  of 
botanical  herborizations  !  I  mention  this  to  show 
again  how  easy  it  is  for  careless  botanists  to 
overlook  my  new  and  rare  plants  or  blend  them 
with  others,  if  such  plants  escape  my  keen  re- 
searches. Well  described  by  Elliot.  The  al- 
ternate leaves  and  capsule  with  partition  form- 
ed by  the  valves,  remove  thisG.  from  the  group 
of  Gerardias. 


monocotyi.es. 

'  Although  1  wish  to  be  concise  I  have  been 
compelled  to  dwell  upon  some  Genera  impro- 
perly known,  and  thus  give  again  monographs 
instead  of  mere  insulated  new  species  ;  this 
plan  will  be  preferred  by  those  who  like  to 
compare  the  whole  at  once.  Having  till  now 
described  Dicotyles  only,  I  now  mean  to  give 
some  new  or  rare  Monocotyles  in  the  remain- 
der of  this  second  part  of  my  Fora  ;  the  third 
part  whereof  will  be  chiefly  upon  trees  and 
shrubs. 

415.  UNISEMA  Raf.  180S.  Med.  fl,  1830. 
Fl.  tell.  6.  Beautiful  distinct  Genus  of  mine  bas- 
ed on  the  various  species  blended  in  Pontede- 
ria  cordata  !  with  a  fruit  quite  peculiar  simi- 
lar to  Grasses !  which  our  botanists  have  hesi- 
tated to  adopt,  altho'  they  knew  it  was  good, 
having  verified  the  fruit ! — Perigone  coroUi- 
form  bilabiate  6fid,  stamens  6  unequal  filiform 


MONOCOTYLES.  75 

incurved.  Style  filiform,  stigma  simple.  Fruit 
a  single  oblong  seed  covered  by  the  marcescent 
6  ribbed  pcrigone,  perisperm  farinaceous,  em- 
bryo flesliy  central  terete.  Aquatic  plants, 
roots  jlcshii  creeping,  leaves  radical  petiolate, 
stem  unifoliate  articulate,  spadix  terminal 
spicate  icith  a  vaginal  spatha  below  the  base, 
Jtoicers  blue. — Thus  quite  a  natural  Genus, 
widely  ditierent  from  Pontederia  and  the  akin 
Genera  Kadakia,  Carigola,  Gomphima,  Piaro- 
pus,  Lunania  or  Endolimna  see  my  flora  tell. 
This  forms  the  type  of  a  peculiar  family  Unis- 
E3IIDES  1815  near  to  Aroides  and  Typhacea, 
the  spike  is  a  real  spadix.  I  have  given  a  long 
history  of  this  G.  in  my  Medical  flora. 

416.  Unisema  deltifolia  Raf.  m.  fl.  fig.  93. 
Radical  leaves  oblong  deltoid  obtuse,  base  acute 
or  truncate,  stem  leaf  subsessile  similar  undu- 
late base  subreniform  ;  spike  terete,  peduncle 
subequal  to  spatha,  segments  of  flowers  oval 
obtuse — in  West  Kentucky,  Tennessee,  Ala- 
bama and  Florida.  Stem  3  feet,  leaves  5  to  8 
inches  long,  spke  3  inches. 

417.  Unisema  peduncularis  Raf  purshiana? 
Raf  m.  fl.  (angustifolia  ?  Pursh)  This  differs 
from  last  by  leaves  truncate  or  subcordate  the 
stem  leaf  on  a  long  petiol,  the  peduncle  of  the 
spike  twice  or  thrice  as  long  as  the  spatha,  seg- 
ments of  flower  linear  lanceolate — Carolina  to 
Florida.  Spike  shorter  hardly  2  inches.  Var. 
parrifolia,  leaves  3  or  4  inches  long  only,  spike 
only  one  inch,  peduncle  and  petiols  not  quite  so 
long.  My  specimens  of  both  have  all  obtuse 
leaves,  none  are  acute. 

418.  Unisema  media  Raf.  m.  11.  3.  Leaves 
oblong  cordate  obtuse  consimilar,  spike  terete 
peduncle  longer  than  spatha,  segments  oblong 


76  NEOPHYTON 

obtuse — New  York  to  Carolina,  called  P.  an- 
gustif.  by  many,  not  at  all  deltoid,  lobes  deep 
rounded,  breadth  of  leaves  about  one  third  of 
length,  spikes  2  or  3  inches  long.  Var.  angus- 
tifolia  leaves  still  narrower,  Var.  alhijlora  with 
white  flowers. 

419.  Unisema  acutifolia  Raf.  6  P.  cordata 
Lamark.  Leaves  cordate  acute,  spike  terete, 
segments  oval  oblong — Carolina  found  by  Bosc, 
I  have  not  seen  it  yet,  is  it  a  Var.  of  U.  lati- 
folia? 

420.  Unisema  iieterophylla  Raf.  8.  Leaves 
oblong  lanceolate  obtuse,  base  subcordate  or 
truncate,  stem  leaf  cordate  on  long  petiol,  spike 
oblong,  peduncle  equal  to  spatha,  segments  li- 
near oblong — New  York  to  Louisiana,  found  at 
Trenton  falls  of  Delaware  and  on  the  R.  Ohio, 
a  small  plant,  12  to  18  inches  high,  leaves  1  to 
3  inches  long  very  narrow,  therefore  the  P.  an- 
gustif.  of  some  botanists.  Var.  lanceolata^  2 
stenocardia. 

421.  Unis.  lancifolia  Raf.  fl.  tex.  27.  Pont, 
lanceolata  Mg.  Elliot.  Leaves  linear  lanceol. 
base  rounded  or  acute,  end  acute — Florida  to 
Texas.  Leaves  3  or  4  inches  long  broader 
than  in  last,  sometimes  ovatoblong,  but  really 
acute. 

422.  Unis.  obliquata  Raf  m.  fl.  4.  Leaves 
more  or  less  obliqual  with  unequal  sides,  obtuse 
oblong  cordate  or  subhastate,  spikes  ovatoblong 
peduncles  equal  to  spatha,  segments  linear  ob- 
tuse— from  New  Jersey  to  Virginia,  about  2 
feet  high,  leaves  4  to  6  inches  long,  spikes  one 
inch. 

423.  Unis.  latifolia  Raf  5.  Pont,  cordata 
of  most  botanists.  Leaves  ovate  broadly  and 
deeply  cordate  very  obtuse,  spike  oblong  terete 


MONOCOTYLES.  77 

peduncle  equal  to  spatha,  segments  oval — the 
most  common  kind  from  New  Jersey  to  Flori- 
da, in  marshes  and  streams,  3  to  5  feet  high, 
leaves  nearly  as  broad  as  long.  Var.  i.Elatior, 
2  undulata,  3  pallida,  4  albijlora  »J»c. 

424.  Unis.  mucronata  Raf.  1808  m.  fl.  7. 
Leaves  narrow  oblong,  base  broader  cordate ; 
end  with  a  long  obtuse  point,  spike  terete,  seg- 
ments oblong — found  by  Mr.  Kingston  in  Vir- 
ginia 1800,  seen  in  his  herbal. 

425.  Unis.  rotundifolia  Raf.  m.  fl.  9.  Leaves 
rounded  obtuse  hardly  cordate  at  base,  spike 
oblong,  segments  oval — Kentucky  and  Illinois. 
Stem  weak,  one  foot  high,  leaves  small  about  2 
inches.  Not  the  Ponted,  rotundif.  of  Linneus 
and  South  America,which  appears  the  real  type 
of  Pontederia  having  a  trilocular  capsule. — 
Thus  I  have  increased  this  fine  Genus  to  10  sp. 
and  they  may  be  more :  to  deem  them  mere 
varieties  would  be  preposterous ;  but  they  may 
be  specific  deviations  of  a  single  original  type. 
These  plants  were  called  IVampi  by  the  Indi- 
ans and  the  seeds  eaten  by  them.  They  are 
now  called  Pickerelweed  in  the  Northern 
States.  The  articulated  stem  at  the  leaf  ai.d 
spatha  is  similar  to  that  of  those  Amaryllis 
lately  divided  on  that  score. 

426.  CLINTONIA  Raf.  1817,18 19. Anals  1820 
Med.  fl,  1830,atl,  j.  1832,adopted  by  Beck  1833; 
not  the  Clintonia  of  Lindley  1829  v,  hich  is  my 
Gynampsis  1833 — Beautiful  distinct  G.  of  mine 
indicated  since  1817  in  my  reviews,  described 
in  1819  in  Silliman's  Journal  and  50  iM.  G.  of 
plants :  it  is  formed  by  the  plants  blended  in 
Dracena  boreal  is  and  since  united  to  Conval- 
laria  and  Smilacina  !  that  have  quite  a  pecu- 
liar habit  and  a  bilocular  berry,  striking  char- 
acter common  with  Styrandra,  but  this  has  only 


78  neopht:ton 

4  stamens.  See  my  med.  flora  article  Sigillaria, 
and  my  flora  lellur.  for  the  Genera  blended  in 
Convallaria  and  Dracena.  The  characters  of 
Clintonia  are  perigone  corolliform  6parted 
campan.  deciduous,  6  stamens  inserted  at  the 
base,  filiform,  anthers  oblong,  style  compressed, 
stigma  bilobe  compressed.  Berry  bilocular, 
cells  polysperm.  Roots  creeping  perennial, 
stem  scapose  leafy  at  the  base  only,  flowers 
terminal  geminate  or  umbellate  whitish,  ber- 
ries blue — they  are  rare  plants  of  the  Canada 
region  and  the  highest  Mountains,  flowers  ver- 
nal, called  Cuscum  by  the  Linapian  tribes. 
Dedicated  to  my  friend  the  worthy  D.  Clinton 
a  worthy  Philosopher,  NaturaUst  and  Botanist 
as  eminent  as  Jefferson.  Beck  reduces  the  sp. 
to  C.  borealis  and  multiflora  which  are  each 
the  type  of  a  subgenus,  but  include  several  sp. 
and  varieties,  that  I  have  carefuly  studied. 

427.  Subgenus  Cuscumia  Raf.  (or  Podani- 
siA  if  too  barbarous)  flowers  2  to  5  no  bracts, 
sepals  oblong  or  lanceolate  opening  like  a  bell, 
style  equal  or  longer  than  stamens,  stigma  bi- 
lobed.  Only  2  or  3  leaves,  flowers  ocliroleu- 
coiis,  peduncles  unequal. 

428.  Subgenus  Onyxula  Raf.  flowers  um- 
bellate 7  to  15  with  one  or  more  minute  bracts, 
sepals  unguiculate  or  base  attenuated,  claws 
erect,  limb  oboval  spreadihg  or  rotate,  style 
shorter  than  stamens,  stigma  notched.  Several 
leaves  4  to  7  subradical,  flowers  white,  pe- 
duncles eqaal. 

429.  Clintonia  (Cusc)  biflora  Raf.  Three 
similar  leaves  elliptic  cuneate  acuminate  cili- 
ate,  scape  smooth  elongate  biflore,  peduncles 
erect  unequal,  sepals  lanceolate  obtuse  berries 
rounded — Apalachian  Mts.  or    Southern  Alle- 


MONOCOTYLES. 


79 


ghanies,  flowers  medial  whitish,  style  longer 
than  stamens,  stigma  quite  bilobe,  leaves  5  or 
6  inches  long,  scape  7  to  8. 

430.  CI.  biflora  Vcir.  InimiUs  differs  by 
smaller  leaves  more  cuneate,  3  to  4  inches  long, 
scape  4  to  5. 

431.  Cl,  (disc)  TuiFLORA  Raf.  Leaves  3 
dissimilar  unequal,  2  elliptical,  1  lanceol.  smal- 
ler, all  ciliate  acute,  scape  pubescent  elongate 
triflore,  peduncles  unequal  pubescent  erect,  se- 
pals oblong  obtuse  berries  globular — Mts.  Alle- 
ghanies  on  rocks  in  summits  of  ridges,  humble, 
leaves  4  to  5  inches  long,  scape  5  to  6,  flowers 
pale,  commonly  2  peduncles  opposite  shorter  in- 
curved with  nodding  flowers,  one  erect  longer. 
Var.  tridens,  the  peduncles  subequal  like  a  tri- 
dent. 

432.  Cl.  (Cusc)  angustifolia  Raf.  subcau- 
lescent,  leaves  3  similar  alternate  elongate  nar- 
row cuneate  lanceol.  acumin.  ciliate,  scape 
smooth  subequal  to  leaves,commonly  5flore, 
peduncles  unequal  flexuose,  sepals  oblong  ob- 
tuse, berries  globular— summits  of  Central  and 
Northern  Alleghanies,  larger  plant  nearly  pe- 
dal, with  narrow  leaves  8  to  10  inches  long  and 
only  one  wide,  flowers  smaller  than  in  the  two 
last,  but  berries  larger. 

433.  Cl.  (Cusc)  falcata  Raf.  Leaves  3  dis- 
similar, 2  broad  lanceol.  acum.  one  narrow  lan- 
ceol acute  falcate,  all  smooth  like  scape  elon- 
gate 3-4flore,  peduncles  subequal  erect,  berries 
oblong — found  only  once  in  fruit  on  the  summit 
of  the  Oquago  Mts.  leaves  equal  in  length  about 
6  inches,  scape  9  inches,  peduncles  elongate 
uncial  fastigiate. 

434.  Cl.  falcata  Var.  tridens.  Raf.  2  leaves 
radical  elliptical  lanceol,  one  on  the  stem  quite 


80  NEOPHYTOJf 

narrow  falcate,  scape  triflore,  peduncles  pubeS' 
cent  shaped  like  a  trident.  Also  on  the  Oqua- 
go  mts. 

435.  Cl.  (Cusc)  podanisia  Raf.  annals  118. 
Leaves  3  similar  elliptical  acute  ciliate,  scape 
pubescent  double  of  leaves,  umbel  4-5flore  pu- 
bescent, peduncles  very  unequal  mostly  incurv- 
ed, flowers  ereet,  sepals  lanceolate  acute,  ber- 
ries globular. — summit  of  Backbone  mts.  of  Al- 
leghanies,  leaves  4  inches  long,  scape  8  inches, 
flowers  large  whitish. 

436.  Cl.  (Cusc)  nutans  Raf.  1819.  borealis 
Beck  1833.  Convallaria  and  Smilacina  bore- 
alis of  some  botanists  P.  N.  E.  not  in  Mx.  nor 
Torrey.  Subcaulescent,  leaves  3  to  4  similar 
obovate  or  broadly  elliptical  acuminate  ciliate, 
scape  longer  5-6flore  smooth,  peduncles  une- 
qual nodding,  sepals  oblong  obtuse,  style  shor- 
ter, berries  oblong — Kiskanom  and  Oquago 
mts.  Alleghanies  of  Pennsylv.  and  the  most 
common  kind,  yet  not  seen  or  overlooked  by 
some  botanists,  quite  distinct  from  the  last  by 
larger  flowers  not  white  but  yellowish;  and  o- 
blong  berries  as  in  Cl.  falcata,  8  to  10  inches 
high.  A  fine  specimen  has  3  leaves  and  6 
flowers. 

437.  CL  nutans  Var.  hifolia  Raf  differs  by 
2  leaves,  umbel  4flore,  peduncles  erect  sube- 
qual.     Mt.  Pocono  of  Alleghanies. 

438.  Cl.  nutans  var.  ftexipes  Raf  differ 
leaves  twin  long  elliptic  acute,  scape  flexuolate 
elongate  3flore,  peduncles  pubescent  unequal 
flexuose,  berries  ovate  oblong.  Mts.  Tuscoro- 
ra  and  Mahantango  of  Alleghanies,  scape  pe- 
dal, flowers  pale.  Perhaps  rather  a  var.  of  Cl. 
triflora. 

439.  Cl.  (Cusc)  ophioglossoides  Raf  cau- 


MOJVOCOTYLES.  8l 

lescent,  only  one  radical  leaf  obovute  acute  ci- 
liate,  a  stem  leaf  smaller  oblong  lanceol.  acute, 
scape  pubescent  4flore,  peduncles  pubescent  un- 
equal, 2  shorter  incurved,  2  longer  erect,  ber- 
ries globular — Sent  me  from  Michigan,  semi- 
pedal,  leaves  3  or  4  inches.  Is  it  a  var.  or  de- 
viation of  CI.  podanisia  ? 

440.  Cl.  (Cusc)  latifolia  Raf  Leaves  4 
similar  short  broad  subovate  abruptly  acum.  ci- 
liate,  scape  elongate  4flore,  smooth,  peduncles 
erect  subequal,  sepals  oblong,  obtuse,  style  e- 
longate,  berries  oblong — Mts.  Taconick  and 
hills  of  New  England,  probably  in  Canada  also, 
scape  pedal,  leaves  4  to  6  inchc^!,  flowers  ochro- 
leucous  larger  even  than  in  Cl.  nutans,  with 
style  longer  than  flower,  a  large  bilobe  stigma, 
leaves  really  broadly  oval. 

441.  Cl.  (Cusc)  biumbella  Raf.  Leaves  3-4 
similar  elliptical  ciliate,  scape  with  2  umbels 
the  lateral  2-3flore,  the  terminal  4flore,  pedun- 
cles smooth  unequal,  petals  lanceolate  obtuse, 
berries  globular  and  oboval — Mts.  Alleghany, 
pedal,  fruits  singular  unequal  in  size  and  shape. 

442.  Cl.  biumbella  Var.  aitoni  Raf.  Cl.  ai- 
toni  Raf  atl.  J.  p.  120.  Dracena  borealis  Ait. 
Andr.  repos.  t.  206.  Leaves  undulate  not  cili- 
ate ?  scape  flexuose,  2  umbels  3-4flore  nodding 
berries  globular — from  Canada  «Lnd  Hudson 
Bay,  cultivated  in  England.  Is  it  a  peculiar 
sp.  to  be  called  Cl.  imdulata  or  Aitoni  ?  the 
figure  in  Andrews  represents  the  stigma  as  o- 
blique  truncate  dilatate  emarginatei 

443.  Clintonia  (Onyxula)  pakviflora  Raf 
annals  117.  Leaves  5-6  elliptical  or  lanceo- 
late acuminate,  margin  and  nerves  ciliate,  scape 
equal  to  leaves  pubescent,  umbel  5-6flore  bract 
obsolete,  peduncles  erect   equal,  sepals  ungui- 

11 


83  NEOPHYTON 

culate  spatulate  obtuse,  berries  globular. — Sum- 
mit of  the  Central  Alleghanies  of  Maryland, 
only  found  once  in  1818  on  a  single  rock,  small 
plant  4  or  5  inches  high,  flowers  snowy  white 
not  spotted  very  small,  limb  of  sepals  rotate 
obovate.     Certainly  distinct  from  all  the  next. 

444.  Clintonia  (Onyx.)  oDORATARaf.  Dra- 
cena  borealis  Big.  Conval.  umbel.  Mx.  Eat. 
Smilacina  do.  P.  N.  E.  T.  Leaves  oblong 
elliptical  with  an  obtuse  point,  ciliate,  but  nerves 
smooth,  scape  elongate  pubescent  above,  umbel 
multiflore  9-l5flore,  a  short  oblong  bract,  pedun- 
cles subequal,  sepals  unguiculate  spatulate  un- 
dulate ovatoblong  obtuse,  berries  globular — 
Mountain  bogs  from  Canada  to  Carolina  says 
Beck,  never  met  by  me,  my  specimen  is  from 
Collins  H.  and  has  only  9  flowers,  they  are 
white  and  small  but  larger  than  the  last,  Mi- 
chaux  says  they  are  odorous  and  have  some  red 
dots ;  no  other  kind  is  odorous.  This  is  the 
only  sp.  known  or  acknowledged  by  Torrey  and 
others,  who  have  never  travelled  in  the  Mts.  in 
the  vernal  season. 

445.  CL  odorata  var.  decantha  R.  my  CI. 
decantha  of  atl.  J.  only  differ  by  10  flowers  pe- 
tals lanceolate  (acute  ?)  4  leaves  oblong  acute. 
— In  the  Mts.  of  Virginia,  seen  dry. 

446.  CI.  odorata  var.  multiflora  Raf.  my 
CI.  multifl.  of  atl.  J,  only  differs  by  leaves  large 
elliptical  acute,  scape  pedal  smooth,  umbel  of 
12  to  15  flowers,  white  sepals  obovate  acute  ? 
— Seen  in  the  herb,  of  Torrey  as  Conval.  um- 
bellata,  from  Canada,  is  it  odorous  ?  is  it  rath- 
er a  var.  of  the  next  sp  ? 

447.  Clintonia  (Onyx)  fulva  Raf  Leaves 
ample  cuneate  elliptical  acumin.  glaucous  cili- 
ate, nerves  smooth,  soape  subequal  sulcate  cos- 


MONOCOTYLES.  83 

tate,  pubescent  above,  umbel  multiflore  (16) 
peduncles  unequal  some  forked  fulvous  villose, 
bracts  obsolete  sepals  unguiculate  ovatoblong 
acute,  berries  globular — found  in  Collins  herb. 
as  Conv.  umbel,  certainly  not  the  same  as  the 
last,  distinct  by  leaves,  scape  sulcate,  larger 
flowers  nearly  as  large  as  in  CI.  podanisia,  ap- 
parently fulvous  or  nankin  color,  leaves  8  inches 
long. 

448.  Clintonia  (Onyx)  glomerata  Raf. 
Leaves  3-4  similar  obovate  elliptical  obtuse  ci- 
liate,  scape  equal  villose  above,  umbel  multi- 
flore, bract  lanceolate  elongate,  flowers  subses- 
sile  glomerate  pubescent — Apalachian  and 
Wasioto  Mts.  my  specimens  have  the  flowers 
not  quite  unfolded  with  a  longer  bract.  Only 
3  to  4  inches  high,  quite  distinct  by  obtuse 
leaves  and  sessile  hairy  flowers. — Thus  I  hate 
noticed  about  20  sp.  or  striking  var.  of  this 
pretty  G.  I  had  only  7  in  my  remarks  of  1832. 
None  of  our  Botanists  know  them,  because  rare 
vernal  and  alpine ;  or  when  seen  mistaken  for 
a  single  kind  !  yet  I  venture  to  say  they  all  ori- 
ginate from  4  or  5  original  types. 

449.  ETHEOSANTHES  Raf.  Neog.  42. 
fl.  tell.  27.  Near  Tradescantia,  difference  Ca- 
lix  and  Corolla  unequal,  one  petal  larger  con- 
cave,stamens  6  unequal  curved  villose,  3  longer. 
Stem  ramose,  flowers  racem^ose  without  spa- 
tlias — a  fine  Genus  described  by  me  as  early 
as  1825,  seen  alive  since  1820  in  the  gardens 
of  Kentucky  where  received  from  Louisiana. 
I  collected  50  specimens  and  have  sent  it  to  all 
my  correspondents.  I  sometimes  spelt  the 
name  Eothinajithcs,  both  mean  evanescent 
flowers. 

450.  Etheosanthes  cimata  Raf.  stem  erect 


84  NEOTPHYTON 

dichotome,  leaves  ovate  acute  undulate  ciliate, 
flowers  racemose  secund. — Texas  and  Louisi- 
ana, fine  plant  3  feet  higli,  leaves  2  or  3  inches 
long,  flowers  large  blue,  the  3  petals  are  quite 
evanescent,  lasting  only  one  hour  expanded  to- 
wards noon,  but  the  calix  is  persistent  as  in 
Tradescantia.  See  in  fl.  tellur.  my  reform  of 
the  Genera  blended  in  Tradescantia  ;  without 
attempting  to  give  a  complete  Monograph  of 
our  real  Tradescantias  (which  now  amount  to 
about  15  species:)  I  shall  here  chiefly  enu- 
merate my  new  species  and  varieties. 

451.  Tradescantia  Virginica  L.  this  well 
known  linnean  sp.  may  be  known  by  the  lan- 
ceolate smooth  leaves,  long  foliose  involuci:e 
of  multiflore  umbels  and  villose  calix;  but  so 
many  sp.  and  var.  are  blended  with  it  in  gar- 
dens and  herbals  that  it  is  needful  to  attend  to 
many  other  cifferences,  as  wilt  be  seen  below 
in  my  Nevv^  sp. 

452.  Trad.  Virginica  Var,  alba.  Hooker 
b.  m.  3501.  this  white  flower  variety  is  not  my 
Tr,  ohiensis. 

453.  Trad,  ohiensis  Raf.  precis  146.  Leaves 
flat  linear  acute  smooth,  umbel  multiflore,  in- 
volucre longer  than  flowers,  calix  smooth. — In 
Ohio,  flowers  white,  described  in  1814  from  a 
specimen  of  Dencke  given  me  by  Vanvleck,  but 
I  have  not  met  it  in  Ohio,  and  it  may  be  a  var. 
of  my  Tr.  levigata. 

454.  Trad,  mrginica  Var.  purpurea  Raf. 
differ  by  leaves  narrow  lanceolate,  6  to  10  in- 
ches long,  umbel  pauciflore  5-6fl.  petals  purple 
— seen  only  in  gardens,  not  met  spontaneous, 
yet  probably  a  peculiar  sp.  Tr.  purpurea. 

455.  Trod,  virgin  var.  harhata  Raf.  differ 
by  umbel,  pauciflore  5-6fl.  calix  smooth  except 


MONOCOTYLES.  85 

a  tuft  of  hairs  at  the  tip — very  different  from 
my  Tr.  barbata,  only  seen  in  gardens,  leaves 
broad,  involucres  large  long  not  bearded. 

456.  Trad,  virgin,  var.  ramosa  Raf.  3  to  4 
feet  high  much  branched,  with  large  leaves  and 
flowers.     Another  garden  variety. 

457.  Trad,  virgin,  var.  angustifolioi  Raf. 
Probably  the  real  type  of  Virginica,  since  the 
most  frequently  found  wild  by  me  on  the  R. 
Schuylkill,  the  hills  of  Maryland  and  Virginia. 
Stem  simple  pedal,  leaves  linear  lanceolate  very 
long,  longer  than  stem,  6  to  9  inches,  flat  and 
margin  ciliate  at  the  base.  Umbel  multiflore 
6-12flovvers  nodding,  2  foliose  involucre  flat 
subequal  3  to  4  inches  long,  peduncles  and  ca- 
lix  pilpse,  flowers  rather  small,  vernal  in  May. 
Roots  perennial  fasciculate.  If  a  peculiar  sp. 
it  may  be  called  Tr.  ciliata. 

458.  Trad,  levigata  Raf.  Quite  smooth  ra- 
mose, leaves  narrow  lanceolate  elongate  flat 
glaucescent,  base  dilatate  undulate  and  vagi- 
nate,  umbels  terminal  and  axillary  multiflore 
glomerate,  involucres  foliose  lanceol.  unequal, 
calix  smooth  glaucous  or  incarnate — in  the  A- 
palachian  Mts.  of  Virginia  and  Carolina,  intro- 
duced in  our  gardens,  2  feet  high,  very  pretty, 
flowers  blue.  A  var.  incarnata  has  flesh  co- 
lored flowers. 

459.  Trad,  barbata  R^f.  Smooth  simple, 
leaves  linear  lanceol.  canaliculate  pale  elongate 
erect ;  umbel  pauciflore  involucre  subunifoliate 
very  short,  peduncles  unequal  erect;  calix 
bearded  at  the  tip  as  well  as  the  involucres — 
Illinois  and  West  Kentucky,  pedal,  flowers  blue 
4  to  5.     Several  varieties. 

460.  Trad,  barbata  var.  pumila  Raf.  diff*. 
semipedal,  invol.  bifoliate  base  swelled.  Ken- 
tucky. 


86  NEOPHYTOX. 

461.  Trad,  barbata  var.  trachiloma  Raf. 
Diff.  Leaves  and  invol.  rough  or  subciliolate  on 
the  margins,  two  invol.  very  unequal.  Ken- 
tucky. 

462.  Trad,  canaliculata  Raf.  atl.  J.  p. 
150.  Ctuite  smooth  simple  slender,  leaves 
slender  linear  narrow  canaliculate,  falcate  um- 
bel pauciflore,  invol.  short  flat  very  unequal, 
flowers  smooth  nodding. — In  Kentucky  and 
Missouri;  estival  blue  flowers,  stem  pedal,  dif- 
ferent from  Tr.  levigata  by  narrow  hollow  fal- 
cate leaves  few  flowers  &/C,  described  since 
1832  in  Atlantic  Journal. 

463.  Trad,  rupestris  Raf.  atl.  J.  150. 
Simple  smooth,  leaves  elongate  narrow  canali- 
culate, umbel  multiflore,  invol.  foliose  divari- 
cate very  long,  peduncles  pilose — Cliffs  of  Ohio 
and  Wabash  R.  it  has  the  leaves  like  the  last 
and  flowers  like  457.     Estival  pedal. 

464.  Trad,  brevicaulis  Raf.  atl.  J.  150. 
Stem  simple  very  short  flexuose,  leaves  much 
longer  narrow  nearly  flat  carinate,  sheaths  tu- 
bular cihate,  umbel  pauciflore,  invol.  similar  to 
leaves,  peduncles  and  calix  very  pilose — Illi- 
nois and  Kentucky,  stem  5  to  6  inches  high, 
flowers  blue  and  small  vernal. 

465.  Trad,  pumila  Raf.  Nearly  stemless 
quite  pilose,  scape  l-2inches  strait,  leaves  few 
lanceolate  ciliate,  umbel  multifl.  8-12fl.  involu- 
cres foliose  subequal  larger  and  broader  than 
leaves,  pilose,  peduncles  filiform  unequal  pilose, 
calix  pilose — a  very  fine  singular  sp.  found  near 
the  Kentucky  R.  in  abundance  in  a  single  spot 
in  1821.  Q,uite  dwarf  and  with  long  soft  hairs, 
sometimes  quite  scapose,  leaves  longer  than 
stem  radical  commonly  2  with  membran. 
sheaths.     Flowers  quite  large  blue  vernal. 


MONOCOTYLEiS.  87 

466.  Trad,  pilosa  Lehman  1827.  Hook.  b. 
m.  3291.  Stem  flexiiose  nodose  villose  above, 
leaves  broadly  lanceol.  undulate  pilose,  umbels 
terminal  multiflore,  involucres  foliose,  pedun- 
cles and  calix  villose. — Louisiana  and  Florida. 

467.  Trad.  AXILLARIS  Raf.  subaspera?  Lo- 
diges  cab.  flexuosa  Raf.  atl.  J.  150.  Stem  ra- 
mose sulcate  often  flexuose,  leaves  broad  lan- 
ceolate flat  pubescent  pale  beneath,  margin 
rough,  umbels  axillary  subsessile,  involucres 
lanceol.  short  peduncles  and  calix  villose. — In 
Central  and  West  Kentucky,  estival,  flowers 
dark  blue  handsome,  stem  2  or  3  feet  high, 
leaves  one  inch  broad  4  to  6  long,  rather  rigid. 
Var.  flexuosa^  stem  dichotome  zigzag.  2  sub- 
aspera leaves  roughly  pubescent, 

468.  Trad,  discolor  Raf.  virginica  var,  pi- 
losa Lindl.  hot.  reg.  1055  ?  Stem  strait  pilose 
simple,  leaves  lanceolate  divaricate  ciliate,glau- 
cous  and  pilose  beneath,  umbel  terminal  mul- 
tiflore lax,  involucres  foliose  divergent,  pedun- 
cles short  nodding  pilose  like  the  calix — In 
Florida  and  Alabama,  stem  pedal  and  bipedal 
leaves  like  the  last,  but  thin,  smooth  above,  not 
rigid  nor  rough.  Var.  ramosa^  branched, 
leaves  narrow  lanceolate. 

469.  Trad,  reflexa  Raf.  Quite  smooth, 
stem  subramose  slender  purplish,  leaves  remote 
narrow  lanceol.  falcate  flat,  sheaths  swelled, 
umbels  multiflore  glomerate,  the  rameal  with 
unifoliate  involucre,  the  terminal  with  2  foliose 
falcate  reflexed  invol.  peduncles  often  reflexed, 
calix  ciliate  at  the  end— Alabama,  sent  me  as 
Tr.  virginica !  near  to  levigata  and  barbata, 
distinct  l)y  few  leaves  far  apart  6  to  8  inches  long 
only  half  inch  broad,  pale  beneath,  stem  I  or  2 


88  NEOPHYTOPr 

feet  high,  flowers  small,  umbels  crowded  12  to 
24  flowers.  • 

470.  Trad,  reftexa  var.  drepisia  Raf.  diff". 
umbels  pauciflore  6-8fl.  2  invol.  quite  equal  fal 
cate.  Alabama. 

471.  Trad,  rosea  Mx.  Carolina  to  Louisi- 
ana, very  distinct  sp.  by  many  short  involucres, 
smooth  graminiform  leaves  and  rosate  flowers. 

472.  Trad,  rosea  var.  paucijlora  Raf.  Tr. 
graminifolia  Raf.  atl.  J.  148.  differs  by  few  un- 
equal flowers  in  the  umbel.  Florida  and  Ala- 
bama. 

473.  Trad,  divaricata  Raf.  atl.  J.  148. 
Leaves  remote  divaricate  oblong  lanceolate, 
umbels  multiflore,  invol.  2  subequal  lanceol.  di- 
varicate, calix  smooth. — In  Florida,  near  the 
next,  but  quite  smooth  and  umbels  different. 
Seen  in  the  herbal  collected  by  Gates. 

474.  Trad,  riparia  Raf  stem  simple,  leaves 
oblong  lanceolate  flat  abreviate  smooth,  base 
and  sheaths  ciliate,  single  terminal  umbel  3-5 
flore,  involucre  2-3foliose  subequal,  peduncles 
short  erect  calix  bearded — a  very  distinct  and 
rare  sp.  only  found  once  in  1818,  in  the  bed  of 
Green  R.  in  Kentucky  tiear  the  mouth  of  it, 
and  since  received  from  Alabama ;  it  has  the 
habit  of  a  Commelina,  the  stem  only  6  to  10  in- 
ches high,  leaves  shorter  than  in  any  other  kind 
1  to  3  inches  long,  thin  and  smooth,  invol.  sim- 
ilar, flowers  pale  blue  as  in  Commelina,  estival, 
blossoming  in  August. 

475.  DioscoREA  MEGAPTERA  Raf.  scandcnt, 
leaves  alternate  smooth  cordate  acuminate  7  to 
9  nerved,  petiols  elongate  spikes  axillary  ra- 
mose lax,  fruit  large  uncial  fulvous  rounded 
with  3  wide  wings — in  Kentucky,  estival,  near 
to  D.  villosa  but  smooth  and  fruit  uncommonly 


MONOCOTYLES.  89 

large,  emarginate  at  base,  leaves  pale  beneath. 
This  tropical  Genus  extending  to  N.  America 
has  there  many  more  sp.  only  two  were  known, 
I  shall  add  6,  they  have  all  perennial  thick  roots 
called  yams. 

470.  DioscoREA  HEXAPiiYLLA  Raf.  crcct, 
leaves  whorled  by  6  on  very  long  petiols,  sub- 
cordate  shortly  acuminate  smooth  glaucous  be- 
neath with  11  fulvous  nerves,  spikes  whorled 
ramose  filiform,  flowers  often  geminate — Apal- 
achian  Mts.  of  Virginia,  stem  rigid  brown  tri- 
pedal.  Near  to  D.  quaternata,  first  leaves  op- 
posite, 

477.  DioscoREA  REPANDA  Raf  stem  flexuose 
scandent,  leaves  whorled  by  4  below,  alternate 
above,  petiols  equal  to  leaves  filiform  sulcate 
hairy  above,  leaves  smooth  ovate  acuminate 
base  reniform,  margin  repand,  beneath  glau- 
cous 11  nerved,  spikes  short,  capsules  small  fus- 
cate — Virginia  and  Alabama  in  hills,  leaves 
large  truly  repand  hardly  cordate,  apex  falcate 
acuminate. 

478.  DioscoREA  liONGi FOLIA  Raf.  scandent, 
leaves  ovatoblong  base  deeply  cordate,  lobes 
elongate  proximate,  apex  acuminate,  smooth 
concolor  5nerved,  lateral  forked — sent  me  from 
Alabama  without  flowers,  leaves  6  inches  long 
3  broad. 

479.  DioscoREA  sativa  L.  cult,  in  Florida, 
and  perhaps  wild  also. 

480.  DioscoREA  bulbifera  L.  The  sp.  was 
found  at  Mobile  by  Bartram  (trav.  p.  439)  cul- 
tivated GO  years  ago.  It  is  remark^le  by  the 
large  kidney  bulbs  1  to  3  together  axillary  of 
leaves,  tasting  like  the  Yam  root.  My  speci- 
mens have  large  cordate  leaves  8  to  10  inches 
long,  quite  smooth  acum.  with  7  nerves  lateral 
forked.  12 


90  NEOPHYTON 

481.  PROVENZALIA  Adansonl763.Raf. 
fl.  tel.  679.  Calla  L.  and  Authors  which  is  root 
of  Cala-dium.  Cala-mus  ^^c  .....  Of  this  bo- 
real G.  only  one  sp.  is  admitted  said  to  be  com- 
mon to  both  continents,  but  I  shall  now  describe 
4.  C.  ethiopica  is  a  peculiar  Genus,  which  I 
call  Otosma  ;  C.  ociilta  of  Loureiro  another 
that  I  call  Spirospatiia,  see  fl.  tel.  Calla  ought 
to  have  been  written  Callaion !  see  Smith. 

482.  Proveazalia  (or  Callaion)  palustris 
Raf.  Leaves  similar  cordate  subacuminate, 
scape  equal  to  petiols,  spatha  ovate  cuspidate 
— in  boreal  Europe  and  America,  Canada,  ^c. 
Var.  1.  parmfolia  leaves  uncial. 

483.  Provenzalia  (or  Callaion)  heterophy- 
la  Raf.  Leaves  dissimilar  reniform  or  cordate 
acute,  or  rounded  cordate  obtuse,  scape  equal  to 
petiols,  spatha  elliptic  cuspidate — Hudson  bay 
and  Sibiria.  probably  also  Origon,  rhizome  or 
radicant  stem  articulated  with  fibres,  leaves  on 
long  petiols  unequal  in  size  and  shapes  from 
1  to  3  inches  long  or  broad. 

484.  Provenz.  (or  Callaion)  brevis  Raf. 
Leaves  ovate  base  subcordate  subobliqual,  apex 
acuminate,  petiols  very  long,  scape  very  short, 
spatha  elliptic  retuse  cuspidate — Lakes  and 
Swamps  of  the  Alleghanies,  Mt.  Pocono  and 
others.  Roots  fibrose  matted  very  long,  petiols 
thick  6  to  8  inches  long,  leaves  3  to  4  inches 
long,  scape  about  3  inches  high. 

485.  Proveaz.  (or  Callaion)  bispatha  Raf. 
Leaves  ovate  base  cordate  end  obtuse  or  hard- 
ly acute,  scape  equal  to  petiols,  spatha  double 
large  ovate  acuminate  not  cuspidate,  divari- 
cate— from  Origon  collected  by  Walton,  pe- 
tiols and  scapes  thick :  flowers  very  peculiar  by 
the  double  divergent  spathas  (anomaly  in  the 
family  of  Aroides)  foliaceous  2  or  3  inches  long 


MONOCOTYLES.  91 

base  amplexic.  subalternate,  spadix  large  ellip- 
tic, leaves  4  inches  long,  3  broad.  This  shall 
form  my  subg.  Callaion. 

486.  Typiia  crassa  Raf.  atl.  J.  p.  148.  lati- 
folia  of  Amer.  bot.  not  L.  stem  humble  foliose, 
leaves  equal  to  stem,  flat  above,  convex  be- 
neatli  at  the  base  and  not  vaginate,  end  obtuse, 
spikes  united  and  thick  subequal,  a  bract  be- 
tween them  ovate  lanceol.  membranaceous — 
Canada  to  Maryland  and  Missouri.  Stem  only 
3  to  4  feet  high,  spikes  4  to  6  inches  long,  one 
inch  thick,  lower  brown  very  dense,  leaves  half 
inch  broad.     In  marshes  as  all  the  sp. 

487.  Typha  elatior  Raf  atl.  J.  p.  148.  la- 
tifolia  Elliot  and  Southern  botanists  not  L.  stem 
gigantic,  leaves  shorter  broad  flat  base  vagi- 
nate, end  acute,  spikes  confluent  terete  without 
spatha — Carolina  to  Kentucky,  8  to  10  feet 
high,  stem  round  solid  and  smooth,  leaves  one 
inch  broad.  These  2  sp.  are  certainly  differ- 
ent from  the  latifolia  of  Europe. 

488.  Typha  spiralis  Raf.  atl.  J.  p.  148,  la- 
tifolia Sw.  Lunan  ^c.  Leaves  spiraly  contor- 
ted, ensiform  and  vaginate  at  the  base,  end  flat 
thick  obtuse,  spikes  annexed  each  with  a  spa- 
tha— Florida,  Cuba  and  Jamaica,  mistaken 
also  there  for  the  latifolia,  different  from  T.  do- 
mingensis. 

489.  Typha  gracilis  Raf  angustifolia  of 
Amer.  bot.  not  L.  stem  slender,  leaves  equal 
narrow  flat  glaucous  acute,  beneath  hardly  con- 
vex and  striated,  spikes  subequal  slender  wide- 
ly divided  without  spathas — New  Jersey  to  Vir- 
ginia in  marshes  and  near  streams,  4  to  0  in- 
ches long,  divided  by  a  bare  space  of  2  or  3 
inches. 

490.  Typha  angustifolia  L.  4'^.  My  spe- 
cimens of  this  European  sp.  differ  from  the  last 


93  NEOPHYTON 

by  very  long  leaves  3  or  4  feet  long,  thus  longer 
than  stem  less  glaucous,  same  breadth  but 
concave  or  canaliculate  above,  beneath  quite 
convex  and  subangular,  spikes  unequal,  lower 
or  female  8  or  9  inches  long,  upper  or  male 
only  4  or  5  inches  separated  only  by  a  space  of 
one  inch. 

There  is  another  undescribed  sp.  in  Origon, 
and  several  in  Asia,  Australia,  &.c,  besides  the 
T.  domingensis,  media  and  minor,  ail  different 
from  ours. 

491.  Iris  floridana  Raf.  nearly  stemless 
glaucous,  leaves  graminiform  carinate  trinerve 
not  gladiate,  scape  uniflore  shorter  than  leaves, 
petals  spatulate  obtuse  smooth,  3  patent  larger 
and  3  reflexed — Florida  and  Alabama,  small  6 
inches  high,  scape  4  inches,  stigmas  yellow 
pandurate  obtuse.  A  striking  species  with 
small  white  flowers,  ovary  filiform  striate,  bract 
subulate. 

492.  Iris  bifloiia  (or  virgata)  Raf.  stem 
slender  virgate  bisulcate  biflore,  leaves  gladiate 
narrow  graminiform  nervose,  striate,  2  spathas 
membran.  larxeol.  striate  peduncles  filiform, 
petals  narrow  beardless  unguiculate  below,  tube 
very  short. — Cheroki  Mts.  of  Unaka,  found  by 
Mrs  Gambold,  Collins  Herb,  stem  bipedal  quite 
virgate  few  leaves,  upper  very  short,  spatha 
convolute  acute  subequal,  ovary  oblong,  tricos- 
tate  pinched  above  at  the  union  with  the  co- 
rolla that  is  hardly  tubular  at  base,  flowers  mid- 
dle size,  petals  pale  blue  cuneate  obtuse,  the  3 
inner  petals  not  much  shorter,  stigmas  or  rather 
styles  deeply  divided  to  the  base  similar  to 'pe- 
tals but  bifid  at  end.  By  this  and  corolla  al- 
most a  subgenus  to  be  called  Stenilis.  If  bi- 
flora  is  preocupied  it  will  be  my  I.  virgata. 

493.  Ijiiis  convoluta  Raf.   stem   slender  te- 


,  MONOCOTYLES.  93 

rete  uniflore,  leaves  slender  convolute  striate 
mucronate,  spatha  bivalve  striate,  petals  beard- 
less subeqiial  oblong  end  ftabellate,  stigmas  lan- 
ceolate acute — Arkanzas  and  Texas,  another 
very  peculiar  sp.  of  this  fine  genus,  one  or  2 
feet  high,  leaves  long  but  shorter  than  stem, 
spatha  convolute  elongate  inclosing  the  long 
ovary,  flower  large  versicolor,  petals  fulvous 
edged  with  white,  large  end  rounded  tinged 
with  blue  like  the  stigmas. 

494.  Iris  bhevicaulis  Raf.  fi.  lud.  55.  stem 
angular  pauciflore  very  short  flexuose,  leaves 
gladiate  very  long,  terminal  flowers  geminate, 
spathas  bivalve  lanceol.  equal  to  flowers,  petals 
and  stigmas  beardless  narrow  subequal — Louis- 
iana to  West  Kentucky,  seen  alive  1823,  disc. 
by  Robin  long  before,  neglected  as  usual  by 
our  botanists.  Stem  only  6  to  10  inches  3-5 
flore,  leaves  12  to  18  inches,  mostly  radical, 
flowers  very  l^rge  vernal,  white  with  blue  tin- 
ges and  base  yellow,  capsules  hexagon e. 

495.  Iris  glumacea  Raf.  stem  raigular  fis- 
tular  flexuose  pauciflore,  leaves  shorter  gladi- 
ate striate,  flowers  solitary  and  geminate,  spa- 
thas 3-5valve  glumaceous  ovate,  petals  beard- 
less spatulate  spreading  yellowish  white — 
Glacies  of  Alleghany  Mts.  akin  to  last,  yet  very 
distinct  by  broad  glumaceous  spathas,  3  petals 
much  smaller,  tube  of  corolla  slender  elongate. 

496.  Iris  glumacea  var.  angustifoiia  Raf. 
difl"  by  stem  not  flexuose,  leaves  narrow  gladi- 
ate, 2  or  3  flowers,  spathas  fulvous,  petals  pale 
yellow^ — in  the  glades  of  IlHnois,  if  a  peculiar 
sp.  it  may  be  called  1,  pallens, 

497.  Iris  aurea  Raf.  atl.  J.  p.  80.  Stem 
strait  biflore,  leaves  longer  broadly  gladiate, 
end  acum.  falcate,  flowers  geminate  beardless, 
3  petals  obovate  entire,   3  lanceolate  undulate. 


94  NEOPHYTOTC. 

Stigmas  dilatate  notched — in  the  ponds  of  high 
AUeghanies,  discovered  by  Mr.  Carr  on  the 
Pocono  Mt.  and  brought  by  him  to  Bartrams 
garden,  where  seen  ahve  and  compared  with  /, 
pseudacorus  very  akin,  but  with  bifid  toothed 
stigmas.  3  or  4  feet  high,  flowers  small  golden 
yellow,  the  3  inner  petals  shorter  than  stigmas, 
equal  to  anthers,capsules  oblong  deeply  sulcate. 

498.  Iris  fulva  Mg.  cuprea  P.  N.  E.  ru- 
bescens  Raf  fl.  lud,  56.  This  sp.  of  Louisiana 
is  easily  known  by  its  flowers  of  a  coppery  or 
brick  red  color.  I  have  seen  it  alive  in  gar- 
<iens  since  18 17-  and  ascertained  that  my  I.  ru- 
bescens  was  only  a  var.  of  it  with  leaves  rather 
longer,  and  flowers  darker  brick  red.     Vernal. 

499.  Iris  lacustris  Nut.  Dwarfish  creeping 
stemless  uniflore,  leaves  longer  glaucous  narrow 
gladiate,spatha  convolute  lanceol.  acum.  shorter 
than  tube,  petals  beardless  obovate  subequal 
3  patent  spotted,  3  erect,  stigmas  shorter  bifid 
dentate — On  Lake  Erie  &c,  disc,  by  Nuttal, 
found  by  me  again  1825  and  seen  also  in  gar- 
dens, vernal  in  May.  Scape  only  one  inch 
high,  flower  3  to  4  inches  long,  tube  rather  lon- 
ger than  sepals,  flower  with  a  faint  iris  smefl, 
of  a  violaceous  color  with  a  large  saffron  spot 
on  3  petals  and  dark  dots  on  the  claws  and  base 
of  sepals.  Leaves  strait  erect  6  to  10  inches 
long,  often  marginated  with  white.  My  des- 
cription is  original  and  made  on  the  Hving  plants. 

500.  Iris  tripetala  Walt.  El.  Hooker  b. 
mag.  2886.  tridentata  Pursh.  A  fine  rare  sp. 
from  Carolina  and  Florida,  easily  known  by  the 
narrow  leaves  and  3  inner  sepals  very  short 
tridentate.  Well  described  by  Elliot  and  Hook- 
er, my  specimen  is  from  Elliot ;  the  flower  ap- 
pears blueish,  the  3  large  sepals  unguiculate, 
end  flabellate,  the  3  smaller  reflexed. 


MONOCOTYLES. 


m 


Thus  I  have  given  here  10  sp.  of  Iris,  either  new  or  quite 
rare ;  this  account  doubles  our  knowledge  of  this  Genus,  of 
which  we  have  now  about  20  sp.  I  possess  nearly  all  the 
others  Iris  cristata,  verna,  virginica  (these  3  often  blended 
like  the  3  next)  versicolor,  prismatica,  gracilis,  hexagona,. 
missurica,  sibirica,  tenax  figured  by  Hooker  3343  and  Lind- 
ley  1218.  These  two  last  are  from  Origon.  I  shall  perhaps- 
resume  a  monograph  of  this  pretty  genus. 

APPENDIX. 

My  Genus  DiPLosTELMA  316  which  Nuttal  had  wrongly 
reduced  to  Mctinocarpus  in  Colhns  herb,  (there  is  no  such 
genus,  he  meant  probably  Actinospermum  o'l  EAVioX)  lias  been 
described  by  him  under  the  name  Chetanthera  in  his  new 
plants  78,  without  any  reference  to  former  name!  whence  it 
escaped  my  notice  ;  but  he  has  onl)^  one  sp.  Ch.  asteroides  (a 
bad  name)  which  is  my  Dip!,  piimila,  the  rays  are  violet  and 
the  blossoms  are  veraal.  I  have  added  2  other  sp.  and  my 
name  is  the  best,  although  Nuttal's  dates  of  1834,  Chetanthe- 
ra means  bristly  anthers,  while  this  is  not  the  case,  he  ought 
to  have  named  it  Chetopappu^,  but  as  the  pappus  is  double  and 
different  mine  is  the  best  and  must  be  retained. 


INDEX  OF  GENERA. 

SUBGENERA  and    SYNONYMS     of  this  NEOPHYTON. 

Synonyms  are  in   Italics — References  to  the 
numbers. 


Afzelia  392. 
Agalinis  371  to  385. 
Alatipes  357. 
Aliseta  233. 
Apentostera  409  to  411 
Arnica  236. 
Asarum  221  to  224. 
Aureolaria  360  to  366, 
Baptisia  321  to  341. 
Bellis  237  to  240. 
Brunella  256  to  265. 
Biichnera  266,267,298. 
Cacotanis  312. 
Calla  481. 
Calystegia  255. 


Capsella  248  to  254, 
Chetanthera,  Apx. 
Chlonanthes   )  220. 
Chelone  ^ 

Clintonia  426. 
Clipteria  314. 
Comandra  269  to  273. 
Conradia  406. 
Crotalaria  344  to  357. 
Cuphea  268. 
Cuscumia  427. 
Cytisus  343. 
Dasanthera  396-8. 
Dasistema  389  to  391. 
Desmodiuni  216. 


96 


INDEX. 


Dioscorea  475  to  480. 
Diplostelma  316  to  319, 

Apx. 
Drepilia  342. 
Dracena  426. 
Eaplosia  339  to  341. 
Eciipta  299  to  315. 
Epatitis  205. 
Erinus  387.391. 
Etheosanthes  449. 
Eustachya  227. 
Galeopsis  226. 
Galinsoga  314. 
Geranium  275-6. 
Gerardia  358  to  388. 
Hedyotis  225. 
Hydrastis  274. 
locaulon  345  to  357. 
Iris  491  to  500. 
Isanthus  277-9. 
Lasinia  328  to  335. 
Laxanon  203  to  320. 
Leptandra  227. 
Lepteiris  412. 
Lobelia  209  to  214. 
Loplianthera  359. 
Macranthera  406. 
Menyanthes  218-19. 
Myctanthes  228-30. 
Nymphea  208. 
Odoglossa  201. 
Onyxiila  427. 
Otosma  481. 
Ovostinia  401. 
Oxalis  246-7. 
Pagesia  399,  400. 


Paleista  309-11. 
Panctenis  367  to  370. 
Partheniiim  241  to  244, 

280. 
Pentostemon  409  to 

412. 
Pericaulon  336  to  338. 
Peritris  234. 
Phryma  289  to  292. 
Podalyria  321  to  341. 
Pontederia  415  to  425, 
Provenzalia  481  to  485, 
Rafnia  336. 
Ripasia  326. 
Ropalon  207. 
Russelia  403  to  405. 
Schwalbea  414. 
Seymeria  391  to  395. 
Smilacina  426  &c. 
Sophora  321  to  343. 
Spirea  293-7. 
Spirospatha  481. 
Stenilis  492. 
Thecanisia  293-7. 
Therniopsis  343. 
Thlaspi  248  ^-c, 
Tomanthera  386-8. 
Tomilix  408. 
Toxopiis  406. 
Tradescantia    451    to 

474. 

Triosteiim  281  to  288. 
Tropitoma  2l6. 
Typha  486  to  490. 
Unisema  415  to  425. 
Urtica  245. 


END   OF   SECOND   PART. 


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^ 

« 


NEW  FLORA 


OF 


€ 


NORTH  AMERICA. 


PROF.  RAFINESaUE. 


€ 


New  Sylva. 


P  HILADELP  HlJl 


1836. 


— — — — a— — — — wa— ^^— ^^— ^"^— ^'— — ^*"^ 

NEW  FLORA 


OF 

HOBTH  AMSHIOA. 

BEING  A  SUPPLEMENTAL  FLORA, 

To  the  various  Floras  and  Botanical  Works 
of  Michaux,  Muhlenberg,  Pursh,  Nuttal,  El- 
liot, Torrey,  Beck,  Eaton,  Bigelow,  Barton, 
Robin,  Hooker,  Riddell,  Darlington,  Schweinitz 
Gibbs,  &c. 

Besides  the  great  works  of  Linneus,  Wilde- 
now,  Vahl,  Vitm^ji,  Persoon,  Lamark,  Decan- 
dole,  Sprengel,  Jussieu,  Adanson,  Necker, 
Lindley,  &c.  Containing  nearly  500  additional 
or  revised  New  Genera,  and  1500  additional 
or  corrected  New  Species,  illustrated  by  figures 

inAuTIKON  BOTANIKON. 

BY  C.  S.  RAFINESaUE,   A.  M.— PH.  D. 

Prof,  of  Botany,  the  historical  and  natural  sciences — 
Member  of  many  learned  Societies  of  Paris,  Vienna. 
Bonn,  Bruxelles,  Bordeaux,  Zurich,  Naples,  &c.  and 
in    Philadelphia,   New    York,    Cincinati,  Lexington,    &c. 


The  Floral  weallh  in  this  wide  land  concealed. 
Will  be  at  last  by  learned  care  revealed. 


PHILADELPHIA: 

PRINTED  FOR    THE  AUTHOR  AND  PUBLISHER. 


NEW  SYLVA    OF    NORTH  AMERICA. 

Or  the  New  and  revised  Trees,  Shrubs 
and  Vmes  observed,  collected,  and  ascertain- 
ed or  corrected  between  1802  and  1836,  by 
C.  S.  Rafinesquc  ^*c :  all  figured  in  my  Au- 
TiKON  and  IcoNEs    unless  otherwise  stated. 

The  Trees  and  Shrubs  of  North  America 
have  received  very  early  attention,  because 
they  could  usually  be  cultivated  in  Europe  in 
the  open  grounds ;  several  were  introduced 
there  long  ago :  Duhamel  wrote  chiefly  upon 
them  about  one  hundred  years  ago.  Michaux 
and  his  son  were  sent  to  collect  them  for  the 
public  nurseries  of  France.  Partram  and  Mar- 
shall collected  them  here  for  English  nurseries, 
and  Marshall  published  in  Philadelphia  about 
50  years  ago,  a  general  account  of  those  known 
to  him.  He  was  followed  and  improved  upon 
by  Castiglione  in  Italy  and  Vangenheim  in 
Germany,  who  both  wrote  on  North  American 
Trees  and  Shrubs,  publishing  figures  of  many. 
In  England  Miller,  Trew,  Catesby  <fec,  publish- 
ed also  many  figures  of  them  in  their  works ; 
but  they  were  all  exceeded  by  Michaux  junior 
who  after  publishing  the  splendid  Monograph 
of  American  Oaks  of  his  father,  printed  both  in 
French  and  English  a  very  good  special  work 
on  our  Trees. 

Watson,  Jacquin  and  others  have  since  pub- 
lished iconographical  dendrologies,  and  several 
monographs  have  appeared  ;  among  which  de- 
serve peculiar  notice,  those  of  our  Willows  by 
Muhlenberg,  Wildenow,  Smith  4'C,  Pines  and 
Firs  by  Lambert,  our  Ash  trees  by  Bosc  in- 
creased by  him  to  27  species,  and  my  N.  Am. 
Roses  1820  increased  to  25  species,  with  my 


4  NEW  SYLVA 

N.  A.  Grape  Vines  1830,  increased  to  40  spe- 
cies, just  as  good  and  proper  as  the  40  willows 
and  3G  oaks  of  our  Authors. 

All  our  botanical  writers  have  of  course  at- 
tended more  or  less  to  our  trees ;  but  the  only 
late  special  work  upon  them  is  an  American 
Sylva  with  wood  cuts  published  in  1832  by  D. 
Browne  in  Boston,  which  however  only  contains 
150  trees  and  shrubs,  being  a  kind  of  abridg- 
ment of  the  larger  work  of  Michaux  junior, 
with  all  its  faults  and  omissions,  having  forgot- 
ten like  him,  the  Genera  Sorbus,  Aronia,  and 
others,  with  many  Cherry  and  Plumb  trees, 
Ash  trees.  Willows  and  Poplars,  ^-c.  Besides 
all  the  large  Shrubs  and  Vines,  Palms  and 
other  monocotyle  woody  plants. 

A  true  Sylva  ought  to  include  besides  Trees, 
all  the  Shrubs  that  form  the  undergrowth  of 
forests  or  fringe  the  banks  of  Rivers,  In  fact 
there  is  no  actual  difference  between  them  in 
size ;  since  all  young  trees  are  shrubs,  and 
many  shrubs  become  trees  when  old  or  in 
warmer  climates.  It  is  commonly  stated  that 
Trees  have  only  one  stem,  while  shrubs  have 
several  shoots ;  but  many  of  our  tress  have 
several  stems,  while  many  shrubs  assume  the 
appearance  of  small  trees  by  having  only  one. 
The  distinction  is  therefore  merely  nominal,  as 
between  Rivers  and  Creeks,  Lakes  and  Ponds, 
Mountains  and  Hills  .... 

Bushes  or  under  shrubs  unite  likewise  the 
shrubs  to  plants,  the  difference  being  the  per- 
manent perennial  stem. 

Twining  or  trailing  shrubs  are  called  Vines 
and  creepers  and  belong  also  to  the  sylvan 
Flora ;  but  there  are  Vines  that  are  not  woody, 
therefore  perennial  or  annual  Vines. 


OF   NORTH    AMERICA.  5 

Tne  woody  structure  and  permanence  over 
ground  during  Winter  under  a  state  of  hyber- 
nation, with  evergreen  leaves  or  sleeping  buds, 
might  most  properly  distinguish  this  series  of 
Vegetation,  and  Xylogy  might  be  a  better  term 
to  apply  collectively  to  their  knowledge  than 
Dendrology  and  Thamnology. 

Every  one  of  the  Botanical  Regions  of  North 
America  is  distinguished  by  peculiar  Trees, 
Shrubs  and  Vines ;  in  fact  they  form  the  most 
prominent  feature  of  each  by  their  size  and  per- 
manence.    See  my  botanical  regions. 

Although  so  much  attention  appeared  to  be 
paid  to  these  ornamental  and  useful  produc- 
tions, it  was  only  lately  that  the  multitude  of 
our  Pines,  Oaks,  Willows,  Poplars,  Ash  trees, 
Hicories,  Vines,  Roses  &c  have  been  ascer- 
tained: and  it  is  a  fact  that  many  Genera  are 
as  yet  little  attended  to  or  in  utter  confusion ; 
many  species  and  varieties  being  overlooked  or 
blended  as  were  formerly  those  of  Oaks,  Ash 
trees  before  Bosc  &c:  my  own  sp.  of  Rosa  and 
Vitis,  well  distinguished  by  me,  are  neverthe- 
less invisible  to  some  blind  Botanists  around 
me.  I  have  been  engaged  for  years  in  study- 
ing the  fine  Genus  Primus^  now  divided  into 
Prunits,  Cerasus,  Padtis,  Orospodias  &.c, 
and  instead  of  20  I  know  30  or  40  species  of  it. 
I  have  discovered  and  possess  a  crowd  of  N. 
sp.  belonging  to  the  Genera  Vrinos,  Ilex,  Spi- 
rea,  Ceanothus,  Rhamnus,  Celtis,  Pavia^ 
Hydrangea,  Viburnum,  CaprlfoUum,  Evo- 
nymus.  Clematis  &c.  I  have  even  some  new 
Genera  of  shrubs  to  describe  in  this  Sylva. 

The  Genera  Vacclnlum  and  Andromeda, 
must  be  divided  into  many,  and  quite  reformed, 
revised,  corrected  as   to  sections  and  species. 


Ci  NEW  SYLV  A 

Calyccmthus,  Hamamelts,  Crategzis,  Vibur- 
num &c  demand  also  a  new  revision.  Abies 
and  Aker  have  been  partly  corrected  in  the 
Lexicon  of  first  part.  Salix  and  Populus  cer- 
tainly require  to  have  subgenera  or  better  sec- 
tions. 

Much  therefore  remains  to  be  done  to  de- 
tect, describe  and  name  properly  all  our  woody 
plants.  I  hope  to  do  something  towards  it  in 
this  New  Sylva.  My  reward  will  probably  be 
as  usual  a  denial  of  justice  and  neglect  of  my 
species,  until  they  shall  be  introduced  at  great 
cost  into  the  European  Nurseries.  It  is  said 
that  a  gardener  that  introduces  a  new  Tree  or 
Shrub  in  England,  often  makes  a  great  deal  of 
money  by  it ;  but  the  learned  Botanist  who  by 
20  years  of  travels  and  exertions  detects  the  lo- 
cality, sends  specimens  or  seeds,  is  unreward- 
ed :  nay  it  is  expected  that  he  should  give 
aicay  his  specimens  and  seeds  !  If  like  myself 
he  has  discovered  100  or  200  new  trees  and 
shrubs,  he  is  expected  to  give  them  all  away 
for  nothing !  and  not  believed  unless  he  does ! 

In  the  name  of  justice,  pray  why  is  a  Botan- 
ist to  be  denied  the  privilege  of  Nurserymen 
and  Sellers  of  plants  ?  Michaux  was  paid  for 
his  collections  and  informations,  Bosc  has  been 
rewarded.  Vanderschot  was  sent  from  Ger- 
many on  purpose  to  collect  seeds  of  trees  by 
the  Prince  of  Lichtenstein  who  has  planted  for- 
ests of  American  trees  there. 

If  I  had  been  attended  to  and  rewarded  I 
could  have  introduced  into  our  gardens,  nurse- 
ries, and  those  of  Europe,  all  my  new  Grape 
Vines  and  Roses,  with  100  other  fine  trees  and 
shrubs  discovered  by  myself  between  1802  and 
1836.  If  they  are  yet  unknown  there  or  are  very 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  « 

rare,  it  is  because  after  paying  myself  all  my 
expenses  of  travelling,  collecting,  preserving  &g 
I  cannot  afford  to  double  them  for  others  with- 
out reward. 

Some  of  our  trees  have  a  wide  geographical 
range,  being  found  from  Canada  to  Louisiana, 
such  are  Cornus  florida,  Cercis  canadensis, 
many  Oaks,  Maples  &c ;  but  others  are  con- 
fined to  narrower  hmits,  or  even  few  localities. 
The  Magnolia  macrophyla,  Virgilia  or  rather 
Cladrastis,  Hamiltonia,  Bigelowia,  Frank- 
liniay  Planera  Slc  have  each  been  met  with 
only  in  3  or  4  places  as  yet  by  botanists,  altho' 
probably  growing  in  others ;  but  when  found 
they  are  commonly  abundant  in  the  station. 
There  are  however  solitary  trees  and  shrubs 
that  are  never  or  but  seldom  found  in  groves  or 
social  groups  ;  such  are  some  Favias,  Caly- 
canthus,  Crategus,  &c,  with  many  that  I  shall 
enumerate  in  this  Sylva. 

The  foliation,  floration  and  semination  of  our 
woody  plants,  deserve  to  be  better  studied  as 
to  periods  and  duration,  in  order  to  seek  them 
at  the  proper  times  and  places. 

Their  station  is  not  always  in  Groves  and 
Forests ;  many  are  only  found  on  the  Sea 
Shores,  these  are  called  maritime — others  in 
sands,  or  among  rocks,  in  high  Mountains,  or 
along  the  banks  of  streams,  or  in  marshes  and 
swamps :  they  must  be  called  arenarian,  rupes- 
tral,  montaneous,  riparian  and  palustral. 

As  to  foliation  they  must  be  divided  into 
evergreens  and  deciduous.  These  last  vary 
much  in  the  time  they  put  on  and  drop  off  their 
leaves.  I  have  made  4  series  of  them  in  my 
dissertation  on  the  foliation  of  our  Trees,  1. 
Early  leaves  of  long  duration  as  Willows,  Ma- 


8 


NEW  SYLVA 


pies,  Larch  &c,  2.  Early  leaves  of  short  dura- 
tion as  in  Pavias,  Prunus  &c.  3.  Late  leaves 
of  long  duration,  as  in  Ash  trees.  Oaks,  Ches- 
nuts  ^c,  4.  Late  leaves  of  short  duration,  as  in 
Catalpa,  Liriodendron  &c  ;  but  the  exact  times 
vary  by  2  months  from  Canada  to  Florida,  and 
in  Florida  many  deciduous  trees  become  nearly 
evergreens 

The  floration  is  either  early  or  late  vernal  as 
in  most  species,  before  the  leaves  or  with  them 
Early  or  Late  estival ;  but  few  are  serotine  or 
autumnal  as  Hamamelis.  The  few  hyemal 
trees  may  be  deemed  very  early  vernal.  The 
duration  of  these  flow  ers  is  seldom  larger  than 
half  a  lunation,  some  only  last  a  week  or  a 
few  days;  whence  they  must  be  watched.  Se- 
mination is  more  lasting,  as  seeds  succeed  the 
flowers,  and  are  often  a  long  while  ripening ; 
in  some  they  even  last  on  the  trees  and  shrubs 
over  the  Winter. 

The  majority  of  our  Northern  trees  and 
shrubs  belong  to  the  Amentaceous  tribe,  the 
Conifers,  Rosacea  and  Senticose,  Pomacea, 
Bicornes,  Viburnides,  Hederacea  &.c.  As  we 
advance  South ;  we  meet  a  great  variety  of 
Rhamnides,Fraxinides,  Magnolides,  Ribosides, 
Akerides,  Vitides,  Ulmides,  Cistides,  Araliacea, 
Terebinthides,  Lonicerides  &c,  while  when  we 
reach  Florida  and  Texas,  several  other  natural 
families  appear,  the  Rubiacea,  Cactides,  Lau- 
rinia,  Eleagnides.  with  the  palms  and  yucas  of 
the  Endogenous  series.  There  also  gradually 
appear  the  fruticose  Malvacea,  Leguminose, 
Saxifragides,  Labiate,  Hypericina  ^c  which 
are  either  unknown  or  rare  towards  the  north 
or  even  the  middle  regions  of  North  America. 

Few  kinds  of  trees  and  shrubs  are  found  in 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  V 

the  Missourian  regions,  with  its  vast  central 
plains ;  there  they  chiefly  fringe  the  banks  of 
streams,  seldom  forming  groves  and  forests. 
This  scanty  dispersion  prevails  also  more  or 
less  into  the  Origon  Mts.  and  Shores,  extending 
South  to  New  Mexico,  California,  Texas  and 
even  Mexico  ;  where  the  thick  extensive  For- 
ests of  the  Alleghanian  and  Canadian  regions 
are  unknown.  This  straggling  growth  of  Trees 
prevails  also  to  a  certain  extent  from  Louisi- 
ana to  Florida  where  groves  are  intermixt  with 
meadows,  glades,  sand  flats,  cane  brakes, 
swamps  &/C,  and  even  in  the  Western  States, 
on  both  sides  of  the  River  Oiiio,  the  trees  are 
not  so  thick  set,  being  far  apart  and  with  fewer 
shrubs  for  undergrowth. 

Of  the  extensive  tribes  of  Composites,  Cru- 
ciferous, Euphorbides,  Alsinides,  Dianthides, 
Geranides,  &c  hardly  any  are  shrubby  in  North 
America,  while  so  many  are  such  elsewhere. 
Our  shrubby  Vines  belong  chiefly  to  Sarmen- 
tacea,  Rhamnides,  Bignonides,  Woodbines, 
Smilacea  ^c. 

All  the  tribes  of  European  and  Siberian  trees 
or  shrubs  are  found  also  in  North  America,and 
nearly  all  their  Genera  likewise,  except  the 
Heaths,  Daphnes,  and  a  few  others.  But  the 
American  Sylva  can  boast  of  a  greater  num- 
ber of  species  in  all  the  Genera,  with  several 
peculiar  tribes  and  many  American  Genera ; 
such  as  Liriodendron,  Magnolia,  Asimina.Ara- 
lia,  Catalpia,  Hamamelis,  Fothergilla,  Gordo- 
nia,  Dirca,  Diervilla,  Comptonia,  Hicoria,  A- 
morpha,  Gleditsia,  Robinia,  Cladrastis,  Chi- 
onanthus,  Cephalanthus  &.c. 

It  is  very  remarkable  that  nearly  all  the  A- 
merican  trees,  and  shrubs  except  some  boreal 
2 


10  SEW  SVLVA 

Willows,  Brambles,  Currants,  Vacciniums  ^c 
are  specifically  distinct  from  their  congeneric 
kinds  in  Europe.  The  same  fact  appears  in  N. 
W.  America  and  Origon,  where  most  are  dis- 
tinct irom  the  Asiatic  Species.  In  that  region 
the  prevailing  Genera  are  Salix,  Populus,  Abies, 
Pinus,  Ribes,  Riibus,  Yaccinium,  Crategus, 
Cactus,  Prunus,  i^uercus,  Aker,  Juniperus, 
Fraxinus  &c  with  but  few  peculiar  Genera  ; 
but  we  lack  as  yet  a  proper  account  of  all  the 
sylvan  productions  of  that  region,  and  even 
many  trees  have  not  been  described,  much  less 
the  shrubs  and  vines,  which  are  very  abund- 
ant. 

Trees  and  shrubs  may  be  known  by  their  fo- 
liage as  well  as  flowers  ;  in  fact  they  are  thus 
distinguished  by  Gardeners  and  the  ignorant : 
their  blooming  is  generally  very  short,  but  the 
seeds  or  fruits  last  longer,  and  are  good  indica- 
tions of  Genera.  Even  their  bark  and  wood  is 
of  use  to  discriminate  them.  It  is  always  im- 
portant to  notice  if  the  leaves  are  opposite  or 
alternate,  distichal  or  spiral,  simple  or  com- 
pound, entire  or  jagged  &.c,  since  these  pecu- 
liarities of  frondose  habit  almost  always  indi- 
cate generic  distinctions. 

The  North  American  Mountains  cradles  of 
our  trees  had  been  disguised  by  nicknames  and 
mistaken  heights,  generally  estimated  too  low. 
I  shall  restore  and  use  throughout  this  work  the 
original  names.  Thus  I  call  the  highest  by  the 
oldest  name  of  Okigon  (which  means  hollow 
noisy  ground  or  Bits.  OUgonunk  in  Linapi) 
those  misnamed  rocky  Mts.  shining  Mts.  and 
Chipewyan  Mts.  the  snowy  peaks  of  which  rise 
20  to  25  thousand  feet. — The  Apalachian  Mts. 
are  the  Southern  Alleghanies,  the  highest  be- 


Ol    NORTH    AMEHICA.  11 

ing  the  Unala  or  Iron  Mts.  of  North  Carolina, 
their  Western  ridges  are  the  Waswto  Mts. 
vulgarly  Cumberland  Mts :  the  lofty  Kiskanom 
and  Oqnago  Mts  are  the  N.  E.  end  of  the  Al- 
ieghanies  nicknamed  Catskill :  the  Mattawan 
Mts.  are  those  highlands  broken  through  by  the 
Hudson,  and  East  becoming  the  Taconic  Mts. 
The  Saranac  Mts.  are  those  at  the  head  of 
the  Hudson  R.  misnamed  Peru  Ptlts.  The 
Wapanunk  are  the  White  3Its.  highest  of  New 
England  with  naked  or  unwooded  summits,  a 
rarity  in  this  continent. 


NEW  SYLVA. 

501.  XEROMALON  Raf.  calix  adherent 
globular,  disk  hairy,  crown  Sparted,  sepals  une- 
qual foliaceous  persistent  serrate.  Petals  5 
oboval  concave  subequal.  Stamens  15  perigyne 
subequal  erect,  subulate,  base  nearly  monadel- 
phous,  anthers  bilocuiar  elliptical.  Ovary  ad- 
herent, styles  5  filiform  distinct,  stigmas  capi- 
tate truncate.  Fruit  umbilicate  crowned 
a  dry  hard  pomum,  inside  51ocular  5seeded, 
seeds  cartilaginous  oblong  compressed  nearly 
winged  around.  Shrub  with  alternate  leaves 
ami  terminal  floiters — This  Genus  has  affini- 
ties with  Fyrus,  Aronia,  Mesjnlus,  Crategus 
&.C,  being  of  same  family  :  it  differs  from  all  by 
the  unequal  calix,  15  stamens,  and  dry  fruit ; 
the  seeds  are  nearest  Aro?iia,  yet  I  apprehend 
it  has  been  blended  with  Crategus,  if  already 
described  elsewhere  ;  but  I  could  not  find  any 
sp.  to  agree.  Discovered  1818,  the  name 
means  dry  apple.  Only  one  species;  but  all 
*u^  en.  of  Crategus  and  Mespilus  with  serrate 


12  NEW  SYLVA 

or  laciniate  calyx  must  be  compared,  and  per- 
haps are  akin  ,or  form  another  Cenus  near  this: 
Cr.  pornifolia  is  nearest,  but  is  thorny  with  va- 
riable leaves,  solitary  fleshy  fruits,  with  5  or  6 
laciniate  sepals,  reflexed  oblong  neither  ner- 
vose  nor  acuminate.  Cr.  tomentosa  of  the 
South  is  a  different  sp.  Cr.  pyrifolia  has  co- 
rymbs and  3  styles  only.  I  shall  return  on 
these  in  my  monograph  of  the  Pomaceous 
tribe. 

502.  X.  OBOVATUM  Raf.  Autikon.  Branches 
round  inerme  pnbescent  above,  leaves  subses- 
sile  obovate  unequally  serrate,  base  entire,  end 
acute,  lucid  above,  puberulent  beneath  ;  pedun- 
cles terminal  pubescent  commonly  geminate, 
bracts  sessile  lanceolate  dentate,  sepals  spread- 
ing ovate  lanceolate  acuminate  nervose  serrate 
puberulent,  fruit  globose  semirugose — a  small 
shrub  hardly  2  feet  high,  flowers  white  blossom- 
ing in  June,  fruit  redish  rather  large.  Found 
on  the  summit  of  the  Alleghany  Mts.  in  Mary- 
land only  twice  in  June  and  October  1818. 
Seen  no  where  else,  probably  grooving  also  fur- 
ther South  in  the  Apalachian  Mts.  of  Virginia. 

503.  NESTRONIA  Raf.  Dioical.  male  fl. 
calix  campanulate  quadrifid,  segments  ovate 
obtuse  spreading.  Petals  none.  Stamens  4, 
inserted  at  the  summit  of  the  tube,  opposite  to 
segments  but  shorter,  filaments  linear  flat,  an- 
thers oval  bilocular  dehiscence  pubescent.  Ovary 
totaly  lacking.  Fern.  fl.  .  .  Fruit  monosperm 
Drupe?  Shrub  with  opposite  leaves,  and 
multiflore  peduncles — singular  new  Genus,  the 
name  is  derived  from  Knestron  greek  name  of 
Daphne,  since  although  the  female  plant  is 
lacking,  I  have  little  doubt  by  the  free  calix 
that  it  belongs  to  the  Daphnidia  family  and  has 


OF  NORTH   AMERICA.  13 

a  free  one  seeded  berry.  It  will  be  with  Dir- 
ca  and  Lagetta  tlie  third  American  Genus  of 
it;  but  by  the  4  stamens  and  opposite  leaves, 
it  is  nearest  to  Striithiohi,  that  diflers  however 
by  calix  filiform,  Sglands  and  is  not  dioical. 
Two  types  if  both  are  congeneric. 

504.  N.  UMBELLULA  Raf.  Autikon.  Anony- 
mos  Boyken  in  Collins  herb. — Branches  hardly 
4gone,  leaves  on  short  pctiols,  ovate  rhomboi- 
dal  acute  at  both  ends,  very  entire  and  very 
smooth,  thin  membranaceous  ;  peduncles  ax- 
illary longer  that  petiols  3-5fiowered  umbellate, 
partial  equal  to  calix — discovered  by  Dr,  Boy- 
ken  in  Georgia,  but  not  named,  probably  found 
also  in  Florida  :  a  small  shrub,  branches  brown 
leaves  unequal  very  thin,  one  or  two  inches 
long,  flowers  small,  probably  somewhat  yellow- 
ish, brownish  when  dry. 

505.  Nestrojvia?  undulata  Raf.  Physic  nut 
or  Indian  olive,  Bartr.  trav.p.  41.  leaves  broad 
lanceolate  on  short  petiols :  entire  undulate 
smooth,  drupes  solitary  pedunculate  yellow  olive 
like — I  refer  to  this  new  Genus,  a  small  shrub 
2  or  3  feet  high  found  60  years  ago  by  Bartram 
in  the  hills  of  Georgia,  and  omitted  by  all  our 
Betanists.  Bartram  only  saw  the  fruit,  and  if 
I  am  right  in  my  conjectures  we  have  thus  the 
fruit  of  Nestronia.  Before  obtaining  N.  um- 
hellula  I  had  considered  that  it  was  a  new  Olea 
or  Aclelia  of  Michaux  ;  but  it  agrees  with  none 
while  it  agrees  much  better  with  my  Nestro- 
nia, although  still  a  peculiar  species  by  nar- 
rower undulate  leaves.  The  fruits  are  yellow 
like  an  olive  on  long  slender  erect  peduncles, 
Bartram  says  it  was  used  by  the  Indians  as  a 
charm  to  entice  game.  These  two  shrubs  may 
be  easily  distinguished  at  first  sight  from  Nyssa 


14  NEW  SYLtA 

and  Hamiltonia  by  the  opposite  leaves.  I  sus- 
pect that  the  Rhamnus  /  cuneatus  of  Hooker 
flora  and  Origon  may  be  a  third  sp.  having  op- 
posite leaves  it  can  be  no  Rhamnus  !  Hooker 
did  not  even  see  the  unfolded  flowers.  It  might 
be  called  TV.  cuneata  Raf  leaves  petiolate  cun- 
eate  entire,  smooth  above,  pubescent  beneath, 
branches  rusty  pubescent,  fl.  capitate  axillary 
peduncled  bracteate. 

208.  Celastrus  acuminattts  Raf.  Autikon, 
an  C.  myrtifolius  ?  L.  ad  Virg.  not  Jamaica! 
erect  ?  branches  subangular,  leaves  petiolate 
ovate  or  oblong,  serrulate,  base  acute  obliquate, 
end  long  acuminate  falcate ;  flowers  terminal 
racemose  paniculate  peduncles  ramose— disco- 
vered in  1825  in  the  Apalachian  Mts,  of  Vir- 
ginia, where  also  Linneus  indicates  the  locality 
o^  the  C.  mi/rt if  ollus  ;  but  this  Jamaica  plant 
of  Sloane  differs  by  ovate  acute  leaves  not  acu- 
minate nor  oblique.  Both  C.  mtfrtifoUus  and 
hullatus  are  omitted  or  denyed  by  our  compi- 
lers, but  the  last  is  now  cultivated  in  Europe, 
and  has  entire  oval  leaves.  Because  Nuttal 
and  Elliot  have  not  yet  found  them,  they  are 
doubted  ;  let  them  be  sought  where  they  grow, 
in  the  Unaka  Mts.  This  is  a  tall  weak  shrub 
with  thin  smooth  leaves  larger  than  in  C. 
scandens  3  to  5  inches  long,  the  lower  oval, 
the  upper  nearly  lanceolate,  flowers  white  size 
and  form  of  C.  scandens,  raceme  not  simple 
but  compound. 

507.  AiioRPHA  PUNCTATA  Raf  Autikon. 
Smooth,  folioles  elliptical  obtuse,  but  cuspidate, 
punctate  beneath,  base  petiolate  with  a  subu- 
late stipule  ;  spikes  terminal  curved  cylindri- 
cal— a  fine  shrub  with  purple  flowers,  folioles 
small,  spikes  3  or  4  inches  long.  Discovered 
by  Bradbury  in  the  upper  Missouri. 


OF    NORTH  AMERICA.      ,  15 

508.  SoRBus  RiPARiA  Raf.  Autikon.  Branch- 
es rugose,  folioles  9  to  15  oblong  sessile,  base 
oblique   entire,  end    acute    equaly   niucronate 
serrate,  odd  leaf  petiolate  broader  acununate ; 
corymb  paniculate,  berries  pisiform    globular. 
—A  small  tree  10  to  20  feet  high,  growing  on 
the   margins   of    Rivers,  the    Missouri,  upper 
Mississipp,  lower  Ohio,  Wabash,  Illinois  ;  but 
rare.     The  fruit  is  very  small  commonly  of  a 
saffron  color  with  3  seeds  oval  compressed  in- 
closed in  a  tough  shell,  and  thus  nearly  a  drupe 
sometimes  only  one    seed    by  abortion.     Near 
S.    microcarpa,   which    however   has   folioles 
acum.  unequally  serrate,  not  obliquate,  berries 
scarlet  and  larger.     Here  the  folioles  are  2  or 
3  inches  long,  pale  beneath,  quite   smooth,  pe- 
tiols  compressed  at  the  base.     The  g«ius  Sor- 
Bus  must  be  preserved,  although  some  writers 
wrongly   unite   it  to    Pykus  :    it  is    known    at 
first  sight  by  the  pinnate  leaves,  and  the  calix 
not  persistent  nor  crowning  the  fruit.     It  would^ 
be   better  to  unite  to    it  all  the  tristyle    sp.  ot 
Cratesfus  than  to  abolish  it. 

509.  TPvILOPUS  Mitchell,  or  HAMAME- 
LIS  Linneus,  name  posterior?    This    G.   has 
puzzled  the  Botani.^ts,  Jussieu  wrongly  united 
it  to  Berberides.     It  has  now  be  made  the  sin- 
gle type  of  the  Hamamelides  ;  but  it  is  so  near 
to  my  ScLERANTiiiDES,  that  it  must  probably  be 
united  thereto  as  a  subfamily.     Only  3  species 
were  known;  besides  the  doubtful  varieties  of 
Walter ;  but   I   have  observed   6  species,  and 
therefore  shall  now  give  their  Monograph.  They 
may  be  called  hyemal  shrubs,  since  they  blos- 
som late  in  the  autumn,  after  the  leaves  have 
begun  to  fall. 

510.  Tr.  or  H.  virginica  Raf.  med,  fl.  tab. 


16^  NEW  SYLVA. 

45.  Leaves  ovate  and  obovate  obtuse  repand, 
base  obliquely  cordate,  smooth  ;  flowers  sessile 
clustered  by  3  to  5,  calix  and  fruit  pubescent — 
the  names  of  Tr.  or  H.  riparia  or  hyemalis, 
would  have  been  better,  since  it  only  grows  on 
the  margins  of  streams  from  New  JEngland  to 
Carolina.  It  is  in  bloom  in  December  and 
January,  even  when  the  snow  is  on  the  ground, 
and  the  fruit  is  ripe  in  the  spring.  Branches 
punctate. 

511.  Tr.  or  H.  nigra  Raf.  Autikon.  Leaves 
ovate  and  obovate,  acute,  repand  subsinuate, 
base  oblique  obtuse  not  cordate,  smooth  and 
coriaceous,  brown  or  blackish  above,  rusty  and 
lucid  beneath,  flowers  and  fruits  solitary. — On 
the  Mountains  Alleghany  of  Pensylv.  and  Vir- 
ginia, in«dry  hills,  shrub  6  to  10  feet  high,  found 
in  bloom  in  Obtober  1818.  Var.  Catesbiana 
figured  by  Catesby,  leaves  ovatoblong,  quite 
acute,  serrate  repand,  is  it  a  sp  ? 

512.  Tr.  or  H.  estivalis  Raf,  Autikon. 
Leaves  obovate  acute,  repand  erose,  base  obli- 
qual  obtuse  not  cordate,  smooth  thin  and  green 
on  both  sides,  flowers  geminate  mostly  axillary 
— small  shrub  3  to  5  feet  high  growing  in  West 
Kentucky  and  probably  further  west  also,  near 
streams,  but  blossoming  in  July  when  in  full 
leaf:  these  leaves  are  thin  and  not  leathery  as 
in  510.     Discovered  in  1818  and  1823. 

513.  Tr.  or  H.  rotundifolia  Raf.  Autikon 
H.  macrophyla  P.  E,  Leaves  orbicular  or 
broadly  ovate,  base  obliqual  subcordate,  repand 
sinuate  obtuse,  beneath  reticulate  roughly 
punctate,  flowers  subpedicellate  3-4 — A  large 
shrub,  leaves  only  3  to  4  inches  long,  not  larger 
than  in  510,  511,  thus  macrophyla  was  a  bad 
name.     First  found  in  Alabama  by  Lyon,deem- 


OF    NORTH  AMERICA.  17 

ed  doubtful  by  Elliot,  but  1  have  received  spe- 
cimens from  Alabama  and  Georgia  and  des- 
cribe it  anew^.  The  branches  are  round  and 
smooth,  not  punctate  nor  geniculate  as  in  509, 
the  fruit  is  rounded  and  pubescent,  not  sessile 
as  in  509. 

514.  Tr.  or  H.  dentata  Raf.  Autikon. 
Leaves  oboval  acute  with  unequal  acute  teeth, 
base  obliqual  cordate,  flowers  sessile  clustered 
— In  Canada  and  New  England,  flowers  poly- 
gamous and  odorous  as  in  most  species,  nearest 
to  509,  but  leaves  smaller  while  shrub  larger 
often  10  to  12  feet  high.  Mistaken  for  H.  Vir- 
ginica  by  many  or  for  a  variety. 

515.  Tr.  or  H.  parvifolia  Nut.  R.  aut. 
Leaves  oblong  obovate  obtuse,  undulate  cre- 
nate,  pubescent  beneath,  flowers  agregate,  ca- 
lix  oblong  colored. — Mts.  Alleghany  of  Penn- 
sylvania yet  very  different  from  210,  a  small 
shrub  3  to  5  feet  high  with  smaller  leaves :  yet 
deemed  only  a  var.  of  509  by  Eaton,  Beck,  T. 
4*c.  They  will  probably  deem  all  these  6  sp. 
as  mere  varieties  also :  yet  they  have  good  pe- 
culiar characters.  As  to  those  of  Walter  they 
must  yet  be  described,  since  all  the  species  are 
more  or  less  polygamous  and  some  even  dioi- 
caly  so.  See  Fothergilla  for  other  natural 
affinities. 

LONICERA  or  CAPRIFOLIUM. 

I  shall  begin  now. the  account  of  my  new  or 
rare  Loniceras  or  Honeysuckles  by  those  of 
fhis  Genus,  their  main  type.  They  are  all  ver- 
nal, and  blossom  so  early  that  the  flowers  are 
not  easily  seen  in  their  native  localities. 

216.  L.  or  C.  RUPESTRis  Raf.  Autikon. 
3 


18  NEW  SYLVA 

Smooth  erect,  leaves  sessile  obovate  or  round- 
ed, glaucous  cartilaginous  retuse,  floral  connate 
cycloidal ;  flowers  in  whorls  of  4  peduncles  op- 
posite biflore,  berries  oblong  black — on  the 
lime  rocks  of  Kentucky  and  Illinois,  rare,  seen 
only  in  3  localities,  one  at  a  Cave  on  the  Elk- 
born  creek,  3  or  4  feet  high,  branches  of  a  pale 
color.  It  blossoms  in  April,  so  early  that  I  al- 
ways missed  to  see  the  full  bloom  :  near  to  C, 
fiamim  but  different. 

517.  L.  ELLiPTicA  Raf.  Autikon.  Climbing 
smooth,  leaves  all  connate  elliptic  obtuse  glau- 
cous beneath  subundulate  not  reticulate,  floral 
connate  in  a  single  ellipse ;  flowers  subsessile 
small  purple,  base  gibbose — in  the  Apalachian 
Mts.  of  Virginia  and  Carolina,  seen  alive  in 
gardens  There  are  two  varieties,  1  Macro- 
phyla  with  long  leaves  6  inches  by  3,  the  sec- 
ond Minor  small  leaves  2  inches  by  one.  Does 
the  doubtful  undescribed  C.  ruhriitn  of  fi. 
Louis.  248  belong  here  ? 

518.  L.  ovATA  Raf.  Autikon.  Climbing 
smooth,  leaves  all  sessile  ovate  acute ;  flowers 
in  axillary  pedicelate  corymbs,  corols  incarnate 
tube  slender — on  the  same  Mts.  Apalaches  rare, 
only  met  once,  leaves  small,  flowers  middle 
size. 

219.  L.  RETICULATA  Raf.  Autikon.  Erect 
smooth,  branches  angular,  leaves  all  connate 
cycloidal  neither  acute  nor  retuse,  beneath 
white  and  reticulate ;  flowers  axiflary  and  ter- 
minal berries  red — shady  hills  of  Ohio  and  Mts. 
Wasioto  of  East  Kentucky,  very  small  shrub 
only  2  or  3  feet  high,  leaves  ample,  the  lower 
nearly  elliptical,  flowers  not  seen,  near  C.  gra- 
tiiin,  but  branches  and  leaves  different. 

520.  L.    ERiENsis    Raf.    Autikon.      Erect, 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  19 

branches  brown,  villose  above,  leaves  all  ses- 
sile smooth  ovate  mucronate,  fuscate  above, 
pale  and  reticulate  beueath ;  bracts  ovate  vil- 
lose, flowers  villose  outside — on  the  shores  of 
Lake  Erie,  flowers  large  white  and  red :  near 
to  L.  hirsuia  but  this  is  quite  hairy  with  obo- 
vate  acum.  leaves,  the  floral  connate. 

521.  L.  AcuTiioLiA  Raf.  Autikon.  Climb- 
ing flexuose  smooth,  leaves  all  connate  subo- 
vate  acute,  terminal  cycloidal  biacute,  glau- 
cous beneath ;  flowers  axillary  and  terminal  pe- 
dicelate  corymbose,  corol  small  gibbose  incar- 
nate— in  the  Mts.  Alleghany,  leaves  ample  3 
to  4  inches  long.  Near  to  L.  parvijlora, 
and  L.  eUiptica  516,  distinct  from  both  by 
acute  leaves  and  corymbose  flowers, 

522.  L.  DENTATA  Raf.  Autikon.  Erect 
smooth,  leaves  all  connate  oblong  acute,  re- 
motely toothed,  glaucous  beneath,  terminal 
united  like  a  bell  biacute ;  berries  sessile  ter- 
nate  red  at  the  bottom  of  the  bell — near  the 
last  by  acute  leaves,  yet  different  from  all  by 
toothed  leaves.  Flowers  not  seen.  In  the  up- 
per Alleghanies  and  Kiskatom  Mts. 

523.  L.  ANGusTiFOLiA  Raf.  or  Kantemon  do 
Raf.  Autikon.  Erect  evergreen,  branches 
round,  leaves  elliptic  or  cuneate  all  sessile,  base 
acute,  end  obtuse,  lucid  above,  glaucous  and 
reticulate  beneath  :  flowers  naked  verticillate, 
4-6sessile,  berries  oval  with  a  marginal  crown — 
in  Florida,  sent  to  me  dr}^  in  fruit.  Leaves  2 
inches  long,  some  very  narrow,  none  connate, 
the  entire  marginal  calix  appears  to  persist  on 
the  berries.  Near  to  L.  or  K.  cUiosum,  but 
leaves  neither  ciliated  nor  ovate  nor  any  con- 
nate. 

This   pretty  Genus  will  thus  be  more  than 


20  NEW  SYLVA.  * 

doubled  by  me ;  we  had  7  sp,  L.  hirsuta^ 
flava,  parviflora,  ciliosa,  grata,  douglasi ; 
besides  sempormrens,  which  is  hardly  of 
this  Genus,  and  I  have  added  8  sp.  There  are 
also  peculiar  sp.  in  Origon  of  which  I  will  add 
one,  thus  9  sp. 

224.  C.  HispiDULUM  Lindl.  hot.  reg.  1761. 
Hispid  all  over,  stem  weak  prostrate,  leaves 
petiolate  cordate  ovate  obtuse  glaucous  be- 
neath, upper  sessile  ;  umbel  pedunc.  stamens 
exerted— found  by  Douglass  in  N.  W.  Amer- 
ica, fl.  red  small  scentless,  umbels  trifid,  glo- 
merules  with  2  bracts. 

525.  DISTEGIA  Raf  Lonicera  and  Xylos- 
teon  of  Authors.  Flowers  geminate  inclosed 
within  2  large  bracts  calix  entire.  Corolla  ur- 
eeolate,  base  saccate  swelled,'  limb  unequaly  5 
fid.  stam.  5  subequal  style  filiform  declinate^ 
stigma  2-3iobe,  berry  2-31ocular,  at  maturity 
subunilocular  1  or  2seeded.  Habit  of  Xylos- 
ieiim  which  differs  by  naked  twin  berries,  corol 
not  swelled,  stigma  entire  &c.  This  must  at 
any  rate  be  a  subgenus  of  it.  Notwithstanding 
the  restoration  of  Caprifolium,  Xylosteum, 
Diervilla  &c,  these  must  again  be  revised.  I 
think  that  Lonicera  must  have  at  last  4  sub- 
genera, and  besides  3  N.  G.  out  of  Xylosteon. 

1.  Caprifolium.  Calix  entire  corolla  bilabi- 
ate 1-4,  tube  terete. 

2.  Cypheola  Raf..  diff.  tube  gibbose  or  swel- 
led below,  as  in  C.  parviflorum,  ellipticum,  acu- 
tifohum,  hispid ulum  4'C. 

3.  Kantemon  Raf  cal.  5dentate,  cor.  sub- 
equal  5fid  tube  fusiform  or  clavate.  C.  sem- 
pervirens,  ciliosum,  angustifolium  &c,  which 
deserve  to  be  a  Genus  !  the  stigma  is  capitate, 
berry  3  loc.  cells  2  to  4  seeds. 


OF  NORTH    AMERICA.  21 

4.  Eunemiiitn  Raf.  cal.  Sdent.  cor.  bilabi- 
ate 4-1,  tube  filiform  very  long,  flowers  gemi- 
nate as  in  Xylosteon.  This  also  might  be  a 
Genus.  The  type  is  C.  longiflorum  of  Nipal, 
Lindl.  b.  reg.  1232,  with  leaves  petiolate  oblong 
lanceolate  acute  smooth,  fl.  axill.  pcdunc  ber- 
ries white,  honicera  gUibrata  belongs  to  it 
perhaps,  although  the  tube  is  short. 

Meantime  my  G.  Distegia  has  2  types,  Lo- 
nicera  ledebouril  and  mvolucrata,  which  is 
my. 

526.  Distegia  nutans  Raf.  Xylosteon  invo- 
lucr.  Richardson,  Dec.  Lonic.  do  Spreng. 
Lindl.  b.  reg.  1179.  Leaves  petiolate  ovate 
oblong  acute,  pilose  beneath,  fl.  axil,  drooping 
— at  Hudson  bay  and  Boreal  America,  flowers 
small  yellow. 

527.  Xylosteon  PUNicEUM  Raf.  Symphorea 
do.  Loudon, Lonicera  do  Hooker  bot.  mag.  2469. 
Leaves  cordate  ovate  petiolate  acute  concolor 
smooth  ;  peduncles  axillary  biflore,  berries  dis- 
tinct.— Canada,  flowers  red.  Loudon  made 
this  a  Sijmphoria^  but  it  appears  a  Xylosteon. 

528.  Sympiioria  heterophyla  Raf.  leaves 
petiolate  ovate  and  obovate,  lobate  or  entire, 
obtuse  and  acute,  upper  elliptical,  flowers  glo- 
merate terminal  naked,  berries  white — from 
Missouri,  seen  alive  in  gardens,  probably  a  sin- 
gular deviation  of  S.  alba  our  Snowberry.  8. 
rubra  js  called  Raccoon  berry. 

529.  DiEiiviLLA  LONGiFOLiA  Raf.  Autikon. 
Leaves  with  short  petiols,  oblong  ovate  4  to  6 
inches  long,  acuminate  serrate,  base  subcor- 
date  or  obliqual,  beneath  glaucous  reticulate 
peduncles  2-3flore — .if  this  is  only  a  variety  of 
Diervilla  canadensis^  it  is  like  the  next,  a  wide 
deviation   and  incipient  sp.     A  shrub  3  to  5 


23  NEW  SYLVA 

feet  high,  with  large  leaves,  and  few  small  flow- 
ers, often  axillary.  On  the  Oqiiago  Mts.  of 
New  York,  north  end  of  AUeghanies,  it  blos- 
soms late  in  August. 

530.  DiERviLLA  PARViFOLiA  Raf  Stem  or 
branches  decumbent,  leaves  with  short  petiols, 
uncial,  ovate  acuminate  serrulate,  lower  round- 
ed, fl.  terminal  subsessile  1  to  3^ — in  the  Mts. 
Alleghany,  leaves  seldom  over  one  inch  long. 
The  real  D.  canadensis  is  a  shrub  of  5  to  10 
feet  high  with  ovate  leaves,  and  trichotome  co- 
rymbs of  flowers.  I  noticed  in  this  sp.  or  de- 
viation a  very  long  style  with  a  large  stigma 
like  the  head  of  an  Amanita,  convex  above, 
concave  beneath. 

531.  Sapindus  acuminata  Raf.  S.  saponaria 
Elliot  and  North  Am.  hot.  not  Lin.  and  Antil- 
les !  Leaves  with  8  or  9  pairs  of  folioles  alter- 
nate lanceolate  acuminate  obliqual  entire,  pe- 
tiols simple  striate,  calix  with  2  larger  sepals, 
4  to  6  petals  lanceolate  base  hairy — in  Florida, 
Carolina,  Alabama  c5*c,  seen  alive  in  Bartram's 
garden  :  wrongly  mistaken  for  the  Antillian  sp. 
which  is  very  different  by  winged  petiol.  A 
tree  20  to  30  feet  high,  pistil  trigone,  3  united 
styles,  3  obtuse  stigmas,  3  united  capsules  ven- 
tricose  monosperm.  The  S.  marglnata  of 
Wild,  and  Dec,  found  also  in  Florida  and 
Georgia  and  the  S.  sapowaria  of  Mx.  differs  by  6 
pairs  of  folioles  not  acuminate,  and  half  wing- 
ed petiols  as  in  real  S.  saponaria,  I  have  both 
our  compilers  call  them  both  by  that  old  name. 

Genus   VISCUM, 

532.  Viscu3i  SEROTINUM  Raf.  purpur.  and 
verticil,  of  some  hot.  stem  thick  terete  ru- 
gose 2-3chotome  geniculate,  leaves  oppo- 
site evergreen  subpetiolate,  obovate  ob- 
tuse    hardly    unincrve    thick ;    flowers    trifid 


OF  NORTH    AMERICA.  23 

monoical  axillary  spicate,  male  spikes  terete 
verticillate  triandrous  shorter  than  leaves,  fe- 
male spikes  glomerate,  herries  snowy  white. — 
Kentucky,  Illinois,  Missouri,  &:c,  parasitical 
shrub  on  trees,  it  blossoms  late  in  the  fall  and 
till  December,  flowers  yellowish,  almost  simi- 
lar to  those  of  Genus  Osi/i'ts  (see  my  disserta- 
tion,) discovered  1819,  indicated  18*20  as  new. 
We  have  in  N.  Amer.  at  least  3  sp.  of  Viscum 
with  white  berries,  blended  with  V.  album  of 
Europe  by  Walter,  Muhlenberg  &c,  or  with 
V.  flavens  and  verticillntum  of  South  Amer. 
and  Antilles  by  Pursh,  Elliot  <Slc,  but  quite  dif- 
ferent from  all  these.  This  is  the  Western  sp. 
the  berries  are  snowy  white  persistent  in  Win- 
ter, purplish  when  dry ;  thus  perhaps  V.  pur- 
pureum  of  some  botanists. 

533.  Viscum  ochroleucum  Raf.  V.  verti- 
cillatum  Elliot  Nut.  Tor.  not  L.  album  Walt, 
not  L.  flavescens  Pursh,  Beck,  not  Swartz — 
Branches  terete  opposite  or  quternate  genicu- 
late leaves  subsessile  obovate  obtuse  trinerve 
ofl:en  quaternate,  spikes  nearly  equal  to  leaves 
axillary  often  4nate,  flowers  3-4fid,  3-4andr. 
berries  spiked  yellowish  white. — From  New 
Jersey  to  Florida,  parasitical,  stem  1  or  2  feet, 
flowerrj  very  small  vernal  April  and  May. 

534.  Viscu.M  LEucARPUM  Raf.  fl.  lud.  251. 
exclus.  syn  ?  stem  articulate  very  branched, 
leaves  opposite  sessile  oblong  obtuse,  flowers 
sessile  axillary  glomerate,  glomerules  pauciflore 
2-3flore  and  2-3berries  white — in  West  Louisi- 
ana and  Texas  probably,  distinct  by  the  few 
flowers,  probably  enervate  also. 

535.  Viscum  oblongifolium  Raf  V.rubrum? 
auct.  Branches  rugose,  leaves  petiolate  oblong 
or  narrow  elliptic,  base  acute,  end  obtuse,  se- 


24  NEW  SYLVA 

mitrinerve,  rugose,  spikes  very  short,  berries 
solitary  oblong  (red  ?) — my  specimen  is  from 
Florida,  there  also  grow  the  V.  ruhrum  of  L. 
and  Catesby,  stated  to  have  lanceolate  leaves ; 
not  seen  by  Elliot  nor  any  of  our  Authors. 
Mine  is  now  better  described. 

536.  ViscuM  RUGosuM  Raf.  purpureum  ?  of 
some  Authors !  Branches  rugose,  leaves  petio- 
late  oboval  or  broad  elliptic  obtuse  trinerve  ru- 
gose ;  spikes  very  short,  berries  spicate  ternate 
or  geminate  oboval  white,  but  red  when  dry — 
in  Delaware  and  Virginia,  often  on  the  Nyssa. 
The  V.  purpureum  seen  by  few  botanists  is  sta- 
ted to  have  retuse  avenous  leaves,  my  speci- 
mens have  3  nerves  reaching  beyond  the  mid- 
dle of  the  leaves. 

Therefore  it  is  evident  that  this  Genus  was 
quite  obscure  to  our  botanists,  who  had  seen 
few  species,  and  mistaken  those  seen.  Neither 
Smith  nor  Elliot  had  seen  the  V.  rubrum  and 
purpureum,  and  only  copied  the  errors  of  Lin- 
neus,  who  blends  2  or  3  species  in  V.  purpu- 
reum^ with  purple  and  white  berries,  the  sp  of 
Plumier  and  the  Antilles  is  probably  the  real 
species,  yet  Smith  deems  it  the  V.  huxifolium. 
The  2  sp.  of  the  Bahama  Islands  figured  by 
Catesby  appear  different  from  all  ours,  and  are 
thus.  1.  V.  vulram  of  Cat.  2.  t.  81.  leaves  petio- 
late  cuneate  obtuse  concave,  berries  red  globu- 
lar spiked  verticillate.  2.  V.  purpureum.  Cat. 
2.  t.  95.  leaves  petiolate  obovate  obtuse  enerve, 
berries  purple  turbinate  racemose  opposite,  pe- 
duncles swelled. 

The  blunders  of  Linneus  on  this  Genus  are 
egregious,  see  the  criticism  of  Smith  in  Rees. 
His  V.  terrestre !  is  a  Lysimachia !  He  has 
blended  2  sp.  in  V.  verticillatum,  the  real  sp. 


OF   NORTH   AMERICA.  25 

Kyf  Jamaica  is  Aphyllous  and  perhaps  not  of  this 
Genus  ;  the  other  is  V.  huxifoUum  I  of  Smith 
with  leaves  ovate  obtuse  trinerve,  and  berries 
safron  color.  Yet  our  American  Botanists  per- 
sist to  this  day  to  call  2  or  3  of  our  species  by 
that  name  !  others  unite  our  sp,  to  the  V.  fla- 
vens  of  Schwartz  and  Jamaica  with  ovate  ve- 
nose leaves  and  yellow  berries!  none  of  our  sp. 
have  ovate  leaves,  they  are  obovate  !  Such  are 
the  blunders  of  our  best  Botanists,  and  yet  they 
pretend  that  our  Botany  is  well  known  and  our 
shrubs  &.C  properly  named  .  .  ! 

537.  DiosPYRos  ciLiATA  Raf.  Branches  di- 
varicate pubescent,  leaves  ovate  and  obovate  or 
elliptic  shortly  acummate,  smooth  above,  pu- 
bescent beneath  when  young,  margin  ciliated, 
Bowers  axillary,  solitary  or  geminate  subsessile 
— Florida,  seen  alive  in  gardens,  only  a  shrub 
5  to  6  feet  high,  much  spreading,  branches  te- 
rete ash  color,  leaves  very  unequal  and  various 
on  the  same  branch,  1  to  3  inches  long,  smooth 
beneath  when  old,  but  always  ciliate,  petioles 
short,  peduncles  still  shorter,  calyx  flat  4lobed 
corolla  ovate  urceolate  end  4iobe,  lobes  broad 
short,  stamens  8  to  12,  anthers  just  protruding. 

538.  Cephalanthus  obtusifolia  Raf.  bran- 
ches nearly  hexagone,  leaves  ternate  petiolatc 
ovate  elliptic  obtuse  not  acuminate,  base  subo- 
bliquate,  beneath  smooth  yellow  glaucous,nerves 
subpubescent — ^sent  me  from  Missouri,  also 
seen  in  West  Kentucky  :  differs  from  both  C 
puhescens  and  C.  acuminatus  or  occidentalis. 
The  peduncles  of  heads  has  verticillated  scales 
the  corolla  is  slender  equal  to  stamens,  but  the 
style  is  twice  as  long  ;  flowers  estival  white  and 
fragrant.  It  forms  a  shrub  5  to  6  feet  high 
growing  as  the  others  near  streams, 

4 


26  NEW  SYLVA. 

Genus  CHRYSOBALANUS. 

This  tropical  Genus  near  to  Prunus  extends 
to  Florida  and  we  have  several  sp.  only  one 
was  known,  I  shall  describe  4. 

539.  Chrysob.  oblongifolius  Mx.  Branch- 
lets  redish  rugose,  leaves  subsessile  oblong  or 
subcuneate  undulate,  acute  at  both  ends,  lucid 
reticulate  quite  smooth,  flowers  terminal  pani- 
culate, dichotome  and  trichotome,  calix  white 
tomentose — in  Florida,  leaves  3  inches  long, 
yellowish  minutely  reticulate  on  both  sides, 
flowers  small  white,  calix  campanulate  acute, 
stamens  smooth.  Not  less  than  3  sp.  appear  to 
have  been  blended  by  our  Authors  with  this. 

540.  Chrysobalanus  retusa  Raf.  Branch- 
es dark  purple  leaves  subsessile  entire,  oblong 
base  acute,  end  obtuse  retuse  emarginate,  re- 
ticulate and  quite  smooth  on  both  sides,  above 
coppery  lucid,  beneath  pale  yellowish  less  lucid 
— found  by  Nuttal  in  Georgia  and  Alabama, 
not  named  but  Genus  ascertained  (Collins  herb.) 
It  differs  from  Clir.  oblongifolius  by  the  re- 
tuse leaves  of  a  metalic  color  above,  3  to  4 
inches  long,  over  one  broad,  but  2  other  sp. 
have  evidently  been  blended  by  Michaux  and 
Nuttal. 

541.  Chrysobalanus  incanus  Raf.  Var.  of 
oblongif.  Mx.  leaves  oblong  oboval,  white  and 
wooly  beneath — Florida.  This  must  certainly 
be  distinct  from  the  2  above,  having  no  speci- 
men I  cannot  describe  it  better. 

542.  Chrysobalanus  (Spondolobus)  pruni- 
FOLius  Raf.  Branches  smooth,  leaves  petio- 
late  ovate  serrulate  acute  at  both  ends,  base  bi- 
glandular,  both  sides  smooth  not  reticulate,- 
flowers  racemose,  raceme  pauciflore,  drupes 
oblong — from   Florida,   in  the  Herbarium  of 


OF  NORTH   AMERICA.  27 

Collins,  mistaken  for  Bumelia !  leaves  small  1 
inch  long,  quite  similar  to  those  of  Prunus  !  ra- 
cemes terminal  5-6flore,  no  bracts,  pedicels 
long,  calix  broad  flat  campanulate  5dentate  per- 
sistent, 5  petals  obovate,  stamens  about  15  al- 
most monadelphous  at  the  base,  filaments  sub- 
ulate, pistil  on  a  thick  thorus.  oblong  acute  pro- 
minent, style  lateral  incurved  or  flexuose,  stig- 
ma obtuse.  I  have  not  seen  the  ripe  fruit,  but 
the  young  fruit  is  unlike  any  Prunus  being  o- 
blong  elongate  acute  like  a  pod  one  side  strait. 
I  have  united  this  shrub  with  this  Genus  for 
the  lateral  style ;  but  it  deserves  to  be  a  pecu- 
liar subgenus  by  the  calix,  thorus,  stamens  &c, 
a  connecting  link  with  Padiis,  I  propose  to  call 
it  Spondolobiis  Raf,  meaning  j}lumh-pod. 

543.  CnuysopnyLUM  ludovicianum  Raf.  fl. 
lud.  165.  C,  glahruni  Robin  not  L.  Spinose, 
leaves  oblong  lanceolate  acute,  silky  beneath, 
flowers  fasciculate  axillary — in  West  Louisiana 
and  Texas,  only  seen  by  Robin,  mistaken  for 
C.  glabi'um  of  Antilles,  but  this  has  smooth 
leaves.  Omitted  by  our  compilers  and  added 
here  to  recall  it  to  their  dull  memory.  A  shrub 
8  to  10  feet  high,  flowers  small  greenish,  calyx 
5parted,  stigma  sessile,  berry  globular,  seeds 
compressed. 

544.  CHRysopnyLUM  Cainito  var.  rotundifo- 
lium  Raf  Leaves  on  short  petiols  rounded 
ovate  acute  at  both  ends,  veins  paralel,  above 
shining  lucid  brown,  beneath  silky  lucid  rusty, 
flowers  geminate,  pedicels  longer  than  flowers, 
fruit  oboval  rounded. — South  Florida,  and  Flo- 
rida Keys,  A  small  tree,  branches  smooth 
ashy  brown,  leaves  alternate  coriaceous  thick 
beautiful  almost  round  very  entire  2  or  3  inch- 
es  long,  nearly  as  broad,  with  a  single   thick 


28  NEW  SYtVA, 

nerve  and  many  paralel  veins.  Flowers  scat- 
tered, very  small.  My  specimens  labelled  C« 
cainito  appear  to  form  another  variety  or  de- 
viation,^ perhaps  it  is  a  peculiar  sp.  as  many 
have  beon  blended  in  C.  cainito  with  round  and 
oval  fruits. 

Genus  BUMELIA, 

545.  BuMELiA  UNDULATA  Raf.  Branchcs 
inermous  subopposite  striate  brown,  leaves  ter- 
minal alternate  on  long  petiols,  broad  elliptic 
smooth  minutely  reticulate  on  both  sides,  base 
acute,  end  obtuse,  margin  undulate  entire ; 
flowers  scattered  fasciculate  shorter  than  pedi- 
cels— a  small  tree  from  South  Florida,  labelled 
JB.  salicifolia  in  Collins  Herbal,  but  quite 
distinct  from  the  Bahama  and  AntillTan  sp. 
with  narrow  acuminate  leaves.  This  has 
leaves  2  or  3  inches  long  and  1^  or  2  broad,, 
quite  obtuse  and  even  somewhat  retuse  at  the 
end,  petiols  1  or  2  inches  long  :  flowers  not  ax- 
illary scattered  below  the  leaves  2  to  5  togeth- 
er, seldom  solitary,  calix  smooth,  sepals  ovate 
acute,  fruit  oval  style  persistent. 

546.  BuMELiA  ARACHNoiDEA  Raf.  ArborcSf- 
cent,  inermous  ?  branchlets  dark  purple  subru- 
gose,  leaves  petiolate  fasciculate  cuneate  oblong 
entire  obtuse,  smooth  and  reticulate  above,  be- 
neath and  petiols  hairy  arachnoidal,  flowers  on 
short  pedicels  fasciculate  rufous  hairy — in  Ar- 
kanzas  and  Texas,  large  tree  40  to  50  feet 
high,  leaves  about  4  inches  long  and  one  broad, 
not  lucid,  dull  on  both  sides,  minutely  netted 
nerves  above,  tomentose  like  spider  webs  be- 
neath, very  acute  at  base  and  very  obtuse  at 
end.  Flowers  very  small  and  short,  sepals  of 
calix  ovate  obtuse.  The  B.  ohlongifolia  of 
Nuttal  is  akin  but  differs  by  being  a  small  tree 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA,  29 

15  to  20  feet  high,  leaves  smooth  (so  says  Nut- 
tal  although  Eaton  calls  them  hairy  beneath) 
not  so  cuneate,  branches  thorny,  flowers  sub- 
sessile  4'C. 

547.  BuMELiA  DENTicuLATA  Raf.  shrubby 
inermous  1  branchlets  smooth  rugose,  leaves 
petiolate  thin,  broad  oval  elliptic,  base  acute, 
end  subacuminate,  margin  remotely  denticulate 
smooth  on  both  sides,  flowers  solitary  on  long 
erect  filiform  pedicels,  calix  smooth,  sepals 
round — from  Florida,  leaves  2  or  3  inches  long 
with  a  few  remote  obtuse  teeth  on  the  sides, 
texture  very  thin,  with  veins  rather  than  nerves 
slightly  reticulate,  pedicels  over  one  inch  long, 
stiff*  although  filiform,  flowers  pretty  large 
smooth.     A  very  distinct  species. 

548.  BuMELiA?  SERRULATA  Raf.  shrubby 
inermous,  branchlets  cinereous  with  white  dots 
leaves  subopposite  petiolate  smooth,  obovate 
elliptical  acute  at  both  ends  serrulate  glauces- 
cent  beneath  minutely  veined  reticulate  with 
some  scattered  hairs — from  Apalachian  Mts. 
of  Alabama  small  shrub,  leaves  small  pale 
green,  nearly  glaucous  beneath.  Collected  by 
Lyons,  my  specimen  of  Collins  herbal  has  no 
flowers,  but  is  labelled  a  new  Bumelia,  We 
have  thus  at  least  10  sp.  of  this  Genus  with  the 
6  already  known,  and  I  have  nearly  all  in  my 
Herbarium  ;  but  one  requires  correction,  2  or 
3  sp.  being  perhaps  blended  under  B.  lanugi- 
nosa. My  specimens  collected  by  Ware  in 
Florida  have  leaves  elhptic  obtuse  or  acute, 
hairy  rusty  beneath  like  the  branches,  and  flow- 
ers thickly  glomerate  rufous  hairy,  is  it  a  pe- 
culiar sp.  B.  rufa  ?  Raf.  while  the  B.  lanugi- 
nosa of  Elliot  and  Authors,  has  leaves  ovate 
lanceolate  tomentose    beneath,  a  third  var.  is 


30  NEW  SYLVA 

the  var.  sericea  or  B,  chrysophyloides  of  fl. 
Louis,  with  similar  leaves,  but  silky  silvery  and 
ffilded  beneath. 

549.  Genus  ANTHELIS. 

The  Genus  Cistus  of  Linneus  was  a  medley 
of  150  heterogenous  species,  the  modern  botan- 
ists in  restoring  Helianthemum  of  Tournefort 
overlooked  the  perfect  identity  with  Helian- 
THus  !  both  meaning  Sun  flower.  To  avoid 
this  equivocal  name  I  changed  it  in  1812  in  my 
Chloris  Etnensis  to  Anthelis  being  a  transpo- 
sition (flower  of  the  sun)  this  correction  is  indis- 
pensable. Of  this  Genus  5  sp.  have  been  des- 
cribed as  North  American,  and  with  5  others 
from  Mexico  and  Brazil  form  a  peculiar  group 
or  subgenus  quite  American ;  Decandole  calls 
this  group  Lecheoldes  owing  to  the  similarity 
with  Lechea,  but  if  it  is  to  become  a  Genus  in 
future  this  derivation  will  not  do.  I  am  going 
to  add  several  new  sp.  thereto  and  thus  venture 
to  call  it  HoRANTHES  flowers  of  an  hour. 

S.  G.  HORANTHES,  sepals  5,  external  2 
narrow,  internal  3  margin  scariose,  petals  5  yel- 
low, stamens  few  12  to  20,  stigma  capitate 
large  sessile  or  subsessile,  capsule  glabrous  uni- 
loc,  3  valve— small  suffruticose  plants,  leaves 
opposite  below,  no  stipules,  flowers  evanescent 
or  petals  fugacious.  The  H.  tripetala  of  Mex- 
ico  is   probably  a  Lechea  !  all  our  sp.  are  es- 

tival. 

550  Anthelis  (Horanthes)  pouanisia  Raf. 
erect  pulverulent  pubescent,  stem  virgate  sim- 
ple, leaves  adpressed  linear  cuneate  acute  mar- 
gin reflexed;  flowers  in  axillary  fascicles,  or 
racemes,  pedicels  unequal,  one  terminal  much 
longer,  calix  with  3  oval  sepals,  2  linear  equal, 
cap^sule  oval  equal  to  calix — on  the  Red  River 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  31 

in  Arkanzas  Louisiana  and  Texas,  stem  pedal 
base  suffruticose,  leaves  one  inch  long  narrow, 
flowers  small,  calix  cinereous  pubescent. 

551.  Antiielis  (Horanthes)  arenaria  Raf. 
many  procumbent  stems  nearly  smooth,  leaves 
linear  acute  sometimes  ciliate,  pedicels  axillary 
uniflore  equal  to  leaves,  3  sepals  membranace- 
ous rufous  smooth  trinerve  ovate  acute, 2  linear 
subciliate — in  sands  of  Pine  barrens  in  South 
New  Jersey  and  Florida,  first  discovered  by 
Kin  in  1801.  Root  large  deep,  many  short 
diffuse  stems,  leaves  small,  flowers  rather  large. 

Monograph  of  CELTIS. 
I  mean  to  give  a  complete  account  of  the 
N.  American  sp.  of  this  Genus,  increased  to  15 
kinds  whereof  9  are  trees  and  6  are  only  shrubs. 
Linneus  had  only  one,  Lamark  and  others  in- 
creased it  to  3  or  4,  our  latest  compilers  have 
only  4  sp.  although  I  had  added  3  others  as 
early  as  1817 ;  but  this  Genus  was  little  attend- 
ed to,  the  species  being  very  similar  in  habit 
have  usualy  been  blended,  even  when  seen,  and 
often  reduced  by  the  leaves  rather  than  flow- 
ers. They  are  known  indiscriminetly  by  the 
vulgar  names  of  Nettle  tree,  Beaver  wood, 
Hackberry,  Dogcherry,  Cherry  elm,  Hoopash, 
Slc  ;  they  bear  vernal  blossoms,  and  edible  ber- 
ries, leaves  distichal  alternate,  the  wood  is  hard 
and  valuable ;  but  they  are  rather  uncommon 
in  our  forests  except  two  kinds. 

552.  Celtis  canina  Raf  Am.  M.  M.  1817 
Decads  6.  Tree  with  smooth  bark,  branch- 
lets  smooth  angular  dotted,  leaves  ovate  acu- 
minate, unequaly  uncinate  serrate  trinervate, 
base  acute  entire  obliqual  unequal,  smooth  on 
both  sides  but  wrinkled  above,  and  axils  of 
nerves  pubescent  beneath,  fruit  red  globular 


32  NEW  SYLVA 

solitary  axillary,  pedicels  longer  than  petiols--* 
a  small  tree  15  to  25  feet  high,  discovered  1816 
in  the  State  of  New  York,  near  the  Mattawan 
Mts.  it  blossoms  in  April  and  May,  the  branch- 
es are  spreading,  covered  with  glandular  dots. 
Torrey  insisted  that  this  was  the  C.  occidenta- 
lis  of  Linneus,  and  yet  believes  it  perhaps, 
therefore  I  will  give  the  contrasted  account  of 
that  sp.  from  my  specimens,  confirmed  by  the 
ample  descriptions  of  Lamark,  Smith  and  El- 
liot. 

553.  Celtis  occidentalis  L.  and  Authors. 
C.  uRTiciFOLiA  Raf  a  better  name — tree,  bark 
rimose,  branchlets  pubescent  angular  not  dot- 
ted, leaves  ovate  acuminate  subequaly  uncinate 
serrate  trinervate,  base  acute  entire  obliqual 
unequal,  young  leaves  villose,old  leaves  smooth 
even  above,  beneath  quite  pubescent,  petiols 
pubescent,  fruit  purple  globular  solitary  axilla- 
ry, on  pedicels  subequal  or  shorter  than  petiols. 
— A  large  tree  30  to  70  feet  high,  spread  thin- 
ly from  New  England  to  Carolina,  flowering  in 
March  and  April. — Thus  it  differs  from  the 
last  by  the  bark  branches,  being  larger,  quite 
pubescent,  leaves  also  larger  3  to  5  inches  long, 
fruit  sweeter  dark  purple,  Elliot  says  the  sterile 
flowers  are  frequently  ternate.  The  C.  aus- 
trails  of  Europe  hardly  differs  except  by 
rougher  leaves  and  black  fruit.  The  C  tenu- 
ifolia,  pumila,  alba  &.c  had  all  been  deemed 
varieties  of  this  by  turns,  and  even  Nuttal  deems 
the  C.cordata  as  such!  they  might  as  well  unite 
all  the  sp.  of  Asia  and  the  Antifles  into  one! 

554.  Celtis  alba  Raf  fl.  lud.  68.  Var.  in- 
tegrifolia  of  Amer.  Authors,  not  the  C.  integrif. 
of  Lamark,  african  sp. — Tree  with  smooth  bark 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  33 

branchlets  tomentose,  smooth  when  older  sub- 
angular  dotted,  leaves  broadly  lanceolate  entire 
gradualy  acute,  base  acute  obliqual  unequal 
trinervate,  quite  smooth  on  both  sides,  glaucous 
above,  nerves  reticulate  beneath,  fruits  red 
small  globular  solitary  or  ternate,  axillary  on 
pedicels  equal  to  petiols — a  very  distinct  spe- 
cies, well  described  and  named  by  me  as  early 
as  1817,  neglected  by  our  compilers  ;  I  have 
specimens  collected  in  Arkanzas  by  Nuttal  as 
a  N.  sp.  or  mistaken  for  the  C  integrifoUa  of 
Senegal,  which  is  totaly  unlike  having  round 
and  rough  leaves  &.c.  It  grows  in  Missouri, 
Arkanzas,  Louisiana  and  Texas.  Fine  shady 
tree  40  feet  high,  bark  whitish  and  scaly,  cool- 
ing and  anodyne.  Leaves  2  or  3  inches  long, 
one  wide,  of  a  whitish  color,  being  glaucous 
above,  while  beneath  less  so,  flowers  small 
green;  anthers  opening  as  in  Laurus  says 
Robin,  2  hairy  stigmas.  Berries  small  red 
sweet.     Blossoms  in  March. 

555.  Celtis  fuscata.  Raf.  C.  longifolia 
Raf.  fl.  tex.  9.  Tree,  branchlets  smooth  suban- 
gular  verrucose,  leaves  smooth  oblong  lanceo- 
late acuminate  trinervate,  fuscate  base  acute 
obliqual  unequal,  margin  equaly  serrate,  be- 
neath reticulate,  pedicels  equal  to  petiols — a 
small  tree  from  Florida,  Texas  and  also  the 
Island  of  Cuba,  where  collected  by  Jalambic : 
quite  distinct  from  the  rough  leaved  sp.  of  the 
Antilles  with  broad  or  cordate  leaves.  Some 
of  the  leaves  are  broadly  lanceolate,others  quite 
narrow,  commonly  2  inches  long,  their  color  is 
peculiar  brownish,  dark  above,  yellowish  be- 
neath. My  specimens  have  no  fruit.  Found 
anonymous  in  Collins  Herbarium.  Var.  tex- 
ensis  was  my  C.  longifolia  of  1833  only  differ- 

5 


-31  n;ew  sylva- 

ence  leaves  base  truncate,  roughish   above. 

556.  Celtis  sALiciFOLiA  Raf.  Tree,  branch- 
lets  terete  pilose  with  white  dots,  leaves  oblong 
elongate  narrow  subacuminate  sharply  serrate^ 
base  obliqual  acute  trinervate,potiols  and  nerves 
pubescent — in  Arkanzas  and  Louisiana,  a  small 
tree  20  feet  high,  leaves  2  to  4  inches  long  simi- 
lar to  some  Willows  but  quite  obliqual,  very 
different  from  all  the  narrow  leaved  kinds, 
nearer  to  C.  occidentalis,  but  very  different 
leaves.  Is  it  a  deviation  of  C,  fuscata  1  chief 
difference  in  terete  pilose  branches,  nerves  pu- 
bescent ^c. 

557.  Celtis  levigata  W.  Loud.  Leaves 
unequaly  cordate  obliqual  acuminate  nearly  en- 
tire, smooth  on  both  sides — in  Louisiana,  small 
tree  20  feet  high.  I  have  not  seen  it,  it  was 
described  in  Wildenow  Enumeration,  I  copy 
the  notice  from  Loudun  Cyclop,  of  plants.  It 
appears  different  from  all  the  cordate  leaved 
kinds  by  the  smooth  leaves,  and  from  my  7nori- 
folia  and  patula  by  obliqual  acuminate  leaves. 

558.  Celtis  morifolia  Raf.  C.  cordata  of 
some  botanists  ? — Tree,  branchlets  redish  hir- 
sute angular  or  striate,  leaves  ovate  oblong  ser- 
rate acute  or  acuminate,  base  subcordate  or 
truncate,  slightly  obliqual,  scabrose  above,  be- 
neath smooth  pale  reticulate,nerves  yellow  hir- 
sute, petiols  pubescent,  pedicels  longer  than  pe- 
tiols — this  is  one  of  the  3sp.  blended  and  call- 
ed Hackberry  in  the  Western  States.  This  is 
a  tree  20  to  40  feet  high,  the  branches  have 
neither  warts  nor  dots.  Leaves  3  to  5  inches 
long,  1  or  2  wide,  becoming  quite  smooth  be- 
neath when  old,  but  always  rough  above  hardly 
trinervate,  but  nerves  regular  and  reticulate. 
Found  in  Illinois,  Kentucky  ^c,  if  I  remember 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  35 

right  the  berries  are  blackish  and  ovate ;  but 
my  specimens  have  no  tVuit.  It  has  evidently 
been  often  mistaken  for  the  next,  which  has 
shorter  thicker  leaves  more  acuminate,  more 
cordate  and  more  obliqual,  quite  pubescent  be- 
neath ;  it  is  nearer  to  C  micranthes  of  Antil- 
les differing  chiefly  by  larger  serratures,  pubes- 
cent branches,  petiols  ^'C. 

549.  Celtis  crassifolia  Lamark  and  many 
Authors,  C.  cordata  Persoon  and  others — tree, 
branches  terete  rough,  leaves  broadly  ovate 
acuminate,  unequaly  serrate,  base  cordate  obli- 
qual, thick  or  subcoriaceous,  rough  on  both 
sides,  peduncles  mostly  biflore — a  small  tree  15 
to  40  feet  high,  with  large  dark  thick  leaves 
quite  rough,  common  from  West  Pennsylvania 
to  Missouri  and  Kentucky,  blossoms  in  May. 
Berries  black  large  sweet,  called  Hackberries 
or  by  corruption  Hagberries,  Hogberries. 

560.  Celtis  reticulata  Torrey,  Eaton. 
Leaves  broad  cordate  pubescent  subcoriaceous, 
subentire,  subobtuse,  base  unequal  obliqual,  pa- 
pillose scabrose  above,  reticulate  prominent 
nerves  beneath,  peduncles  uniflore — in  the 
Western  parts  of  Missouri  and  Arkanzas  ex- 
tending probably  to  the  Origon  Mts.  found  by 
James  described  by  Torrey  ;  I  have  not  seen 
it  and  only  copy  his  account  to  show  that  it 
differs  no  more  from  C.  crassifolia  than  my 
C.  morifolia,  all  3  have  cordate  leaves  and  re- 
ticulate nerves,  whence  the  name  is  not  very 
proper.  Is  it  a  tree  or  a  shrub  ?  compare  C. 
patula. 

561.  Celtis  maritima  Raf.  1817.  Decads 
7.  Shrubby,  branchlets  terete  tortuose  pubes- 
cent, leaves  ovate  acuminate  trinerve  rough  on 
both  sides  with  large    equal    serratures,    base 


36  ViEVr  SYLVA 

broad  nearly  cordate  obliqual,  petiols  and 
nerves  pubescent,  pedicels  subequal  to  petiols, 
a  small  crooked  shrub  3  or  4  feet  high  growing 
on  the  downs  of  the  sea  shores  from  Long  Is- 
land to  Chesapeak.  It  blossoms  in  May,  the 
branches  are  cinereous  and  slightly  dotted, 
leaves  small  uncial.  Very  near  to  the  next, 
but  distinct  by  locality  and  acuminate  rough 
leaves, 

562.  Celtis  pumila  Raf.  C,  occid  var.  pu- 
mila  Mg.  and  some  others,  but  not  Pursh  nor 
his  copists. — Shrubby,  procumbent,  branchlets 
slender  terete  subtomentose,  leaves  thin  ovate 
acute  with  large  equal  serratures,  base  trun- 
cate hardly  obliqual  trinervate  both  sides  near- 
ly smooth,  petiols  and  nerves  hardly  pubescent 
— in  the  Alleghany  Mts.  from  Pennsylvania  to 
Virginia.  A  small  low  shrub  only  2  feet  high 
or  long.  Leaves  hardly  over  one  inch,  hardly 
acuminate  rather  acute,  very  thin  and  green, 
with  very  large  teeth.  This  is  marked  in  Col- 
lins Herb,  as  the  real  pumila  var  of  Muhlen- 
berg, but  it  appears  that  all  our  6  shrubby  sp. 
must  have  been  blended  under  this  name ;  I 
shall  now  distinguish  them  properly  although 
the  synonyms  are  difficult  to  fix,  owing  to  all 
copying  Pursh  rather  than  describe  what  they 
saw.  The  large  teeth  and  truncate  base  will 
distinguish  this  from  all  others  besides  the  pro- 
cumbent stem. 

563.  Celtis  tenuifolia  Raf  (or  parvifolia) 
C.  pumila  Pursh,  T.  B.  Sec.  C.  occid.  var. 
tenuif  Lam.  Pers.  Nuttal  ?  &.c — shrubby  erect 
branches  divaricate,  branchlets  angular  smooth 
leaves  uniform  ovate  acuminate,  serrulate  in 
the  middle,  base  acute  obliqual  unequal  entire 
trinervate,  both  sides  smooth,  pedicels  axillary 


OF  NORTH    AMERICA.  37 

uniflore  longer  than  petiols,  fruits  round  oboval 
brown — a  shrub  3  to  5  feet  high,  erect  with 
spreading  branches,  found  by  myself  in  the  hills 
of  Maryland,  blossoming  in  May,  said  to  grow 
also  in  the  Mts.  of  Virginia  and  in  Louisiana, 
easily  known  by  the  few  small  teeth,  leaves  1 
or  2  inches  long  rather  thin. 

504.  Celtis  heteropiiyla  Raf.  shrubby, 
branchlets  smooth  terete  rugose,  leaves  multi- 
form, ovate  or  cordate,  oblong  or  lanceolate, 
base  hardly  obliqual  rounded  or  cordate,  end 
acute  or  acuminate,  margin  entire  or  with  a 
few  teeth,  but  all  smooth  thin  with  nerves  reti- 
culate beneath,  pedicels  axillary  uniflore  longer 
than  petiols,  young  fruits  ovate — sent  me  from 
Alabama,  a  very  singular  species  offering  all 
kinds  of  leaves  on  the  same  small  branches  (1  or 
2  inches  long)  yet  unlike  any  of  the  other  shrub- 
by kinds.  Is  it  the  C.  pnmila  found  by  short 
and  Riddell  in  Kentucky  ? 

565.  Celtis  patula  Raf  shrubby  diffuse, 
branches  divaricate,  branchlets  angular  smooth 
leaves  uniform  cordate  acute,  entire  or  serru- 
late in  the  middle,  rough  above,  beneath  smooth 
reticulate,  base  not  obliqual,  petiols  and  pedi- 
cels very  short — from  Florida,  humble  shrub, 
branches  quite  divergent,  sometimes  reflexed, 
leaves  over  one  inch  long  and  broad,  pale  above 
as  in  C.  alba.  Near  to  C.  reticulata^  which 
differs  chiefly  by  leaves  pubescent  obliqual 
obtuse. 

566.  Celtis  floridana  Raf  shrubby,  branch- 
lets  angular  pubescent  above,  petiols  pubescent 
very  short,  leaves  broad  ovate  obliqual  acute 
serrulate  in  the  middle  above  rough  rugose,  be- 
neath reticulate  by  grey  pubescent  nerves,  pedi- 
cels short  but  longer  than  petiols,  fruit  depres- 


38  NEW  SXLVA 

sed  ? — Florida  and  Alabama  in  the  hills,  leaves 
uncial,  base  and  end  quite  entire,  middle  teeth 
small  but  close  subequal. 

Genus  ULMUS. 
Without  giving  a  complete  monograph  of  all 
our  Elms,  I  will  try  to  rectify  and  improve 
this  Genus  by  adding  5  to  those  already  known 
or  admitted.  There  are  several  overlooked  sp. 
of  it,  since  Thomas  has  quite  lately  described 
the  v.  racemosa  from  New  York :  the  others 
known  are  V.  americana,  nemoralis,  fulva 
and  alata^  to  which  I  shall  add  U.  longifolia, 
oboimta,  alba,  dentala  and  dimidiata. ;  thus 
we  know  already  10  N.  Amer.  Sp.  and  there 
are  more  perhaps,  those  of  Origon  are  not  yet 
described. 

567.  Ulmus  longifolia  Raf.  shrubby, 
branchlets  slender  smooth  striated,  leaves  on 
short  petiols,  smooth  on  both  sides,  thin,  oblong 
elongate,  base  subcordate  hardly  obliqual,  end 
acuminate,  margin  duplicate  serrate — Alaba- 
ma and  Tennessee,  near  to  Jj.  alata,  but  branch- 
es not  winged  and  leaves  longer  subcordate.  A 
shrub  8  to  10  feet  high,  leaves  3  to  4  inches 
long  about  one  wide, 

568.  Ulmus  obovata  Raf  Tree,  branches 
patent,  branchlets  terete  smooth  rugose,  leaves 
ample  on  short  petiols  obovate  acuminate,  base 
obtuse  obliqual.  margin  duplicate  serrate,  near- 
ly smooth  above,  villose  beneath — in  Kentucky 
and  Illinois,  a  tree  30  to  40  feet  high,  with 
large  leaves  4  to  6  inches  long,  3  to  4  wide, 
near  to  the  two  next  which  differ  by  oblong 
leaves  and  white  hanging  branches,  or  ovate 
rough  leaves  &:c. 

569.  Ulmus  alba  Raf  fl.  hid.  387.  U.  Amer. 
Var,  pendula  of  Authors— Tree  with  hanging 


OF    NORTH    AMKRICA,  39 

branches,  bark  whitish,  leaves  oblong,  base 
acute  obli(iual,  duplicate  dentate,  roughish  and 
lucid  above,  villose  beneath — in  Louisiana  and 
other  States,  50  to  60  feet  hii|;h,  long  flexible 
branches.  As  this  with  the  last  and  next  are 
often  blended  under  the  vulgar  name  of  White 
Elm,  I  must  add  what  I  consider  as  the  real 
U,  Americana. 

570.  Ulmus  A3IEUICANA  L.  Autliors :  (sessi- 
lis  Raf.  better  name.)  Tree,  branches  divar- 
gent,  branchlets  terete  smooth  rugose,  leaves 
subsessile  ovate  acuminate,  duplicate  serrate, 
base  very  obliqual  subcordate,  above  rough,  be- 
neath soft  hardly  pubescent — chiefly  in  the  Al- 
leghany mts.  large  tree  60  to  80  feet  high, 
leaves  3  to  4  inches  long  2  or  3  broad.  Thus 
quite  distinct  from  both  the  preceding. 

571.  Ulmus  dentata  Raf.  Tree,  branchlets 
terete  smooth,  leaves  ample  and  thin,  on  long 
petiols,  obovate,  base  acute  entire,  not  obli- 
qual, large  sharp  teeth  above,  end  subacumi- 
nate,  smooth  on  both  sides,  fruits  fasciculate  pe- 
duncled  oblong  bifid  fimbriate  on  the  sides — a 
fine    new  Elm,  sent  me  from  Alabama    as    U, 

Julva,,  but  totaly  unlike,  much  nearer  to  U.  ne- 
moraUs  ?  which  diflfers  by  oblong  leaves  and 
sessile  flowers.  Leaves  very  large  G  to  7  in- 
ches long,  3  to  4  broad,  petiols  over  one  inch 
longer  than  in  any  other  sp.  the  large  subequal 
teeth  are  only  in  the  upper  half,  fascicles  of 
flowers  multiflore,  pedicels  filiform,  calix  cam- 
panulate,stamens  exserted,  pistil  cuneate  oblong- 
bifid  by  the  2  styles.  It  is  called  the  yellow 
Elm. 

572.  Ulmus  dimidiata  Raf  shrubby,  branch- 
lets  smooth  angular,  leaves  on  very  sliort  peti- 
ols, quite  smooth   biforme,  some  smaller  ovate 


40  NEW  SYLVA, 

acute,  some  larger  oblong  acuminate  dimidiate, 
all  equaly  serrate,  base  very  obliqual,  often  one 
side  decurrent  the  other  reduced  in  size  or  di- 
midiate.— In  Florida  and  Georgia,  shrub  8  to 
12  feet  high,  leaves  pale  subcoriaceous,  1  or  2 
inches  long,  in  the  narrow  leaves  the  base  of 
one  side  is  removed  upwards  of  the  petiol  and 
that  side  is  much  reduced  in  size  whence  the 
name :  unlike  any  other  sp.  very  singular  and 
curious,  fruit  not  seen.  The  fine  U.  alata  is 
alone  somewhat  akin  in  size  of  shrub  and  leaves 
I  have  found  that  fine  sp.  in  Kentucky  and 
have  it  also  from  Tennessee  and  Arkanzas. 
The  TJ.  pinguis  or  fat  Elm  of  Louisiana  must 
be  compared  and  distinguishedif  different  from 
both.  The  JU.  pumila  of  Walter  is  said  to  be 
the  U.  alata. 

This  fine  and  useful  Genus  was  thus  like 
Celtis  in  great  disorder,  Linneus  united  six 
European  sp.  in  his  U.  campestris  !  and  we 
have  nearly  as  many  in  our  White  Elms !  It  is 
now  supposed  that  U.  nemoralis  is  the  Vlane- 
ra  aquatica  and  also  Rhamniis  carpinifolia  ! 
being  put  into  3  Genera!  and  although  Sir  James 
Smith  doubts  the  fact,  he  acknowledges  having 
seen  only  one  kind.  I  have  not  yet  obtained  the 
Planer  a  and  cannot  clear  the  subject;  but  all  our 
botanists  distinguish  it  from  U.  nemoralis^^Mho' 
they  cannot  show  distinct  specimens  of  both,  if 
two  they  are  both  called  Water  Elm.  Elliot 
omits  the  U.  nemoralis,  but  describes  twice 
the  Planera  in  pentandria  and  polygamia ! 
I  hope  my  remarks  and  new  sp.  will  make  this 
Genus  better  known.  Ahelicea  or  Planera 
will  only  be  perhaps  a  subgenus  of  Ulmus, 
merely  distinguished  by  polygamy  and  capsule 


or  NORTH    AMERICA.  41 

swelled  obliqual  reticulate  or  squamose.  3  sp. 
Abelicea  cretlca,  sihlrica,  and  aquatica  our 
own. 

573.  PLEUROSTENA  Raf,  fl,  tel.  413. 
Calix  rhomboidal  5fid  unequal.  Stamens  5 
subequal,  stigmas  3  sessile.  Seed  conical  lon- 
ger than  calix,  unequal  trigone,  one  side  nar- 
rower. Floicers  axillary  polygamous.  One 
of  the  20  Genera  blended  in  Polygonum^  re- 
vised by  me  in  fl.  tel.  The  type  of  this  is  a 
small  western  shrub.  The  name  means  nar- 
row side. 

574.  Pleurostena  serotina  Raf.  Polyg.  do 
Raf.  All  nat.  93.  Sutfruticose,  stem  striate 
much  branched,  branches  angular  virgate, 
leaves  nearly  sessile  ovatoblong  acute  smooth, 
sheaths  split  lacerated,  flowers  axillary  fasci- 
culate— discovered  and  published  in  1820,  a 
small  shrub  2  or  3  feet  high  woody  only  at  the 
base,  quite  autumnal  blossoming  late  in  Octo- 
ber, growing  in  fields  and  glades  in  Kentucky. 
Leaves  quite  small,  flowers  green  2  to  5  to- 
gether on  short  peduncles,  often  polygamous 
by  the  abortion  of  stamens.  Different  from 
&topinaca  fl.  tel.  405  or  Polygonella  of  Mx, 
which  I  have  also. 

575.  SPERMAULAXEN  Raf  fl.  tel.  416. 
Monoical,  male  fl.  campan.  4-5fid,  segments 
subequal  obtuse  colorate.  Stam  4-5  very  short, 
female  fl.  similar  larger  more  unequal,  seg- 
ments erect  obovate,  stigmas  2-3sessile.  Seed 
pyramidal  double  of  calix  trigone,  base  con- 
crete, one  side  concave  canaliculate.  Shrub- 
by fl.  spiked — another  very  distinct  G.  of  same 
tribe  akin  to  the  last,  to  which  perhaps  belong 
also  the  exotic  sp.  blended  as  Polyg.  ochreatum 

6 


42  NEW  SYLVA 

and  grandiflorum.     The   name  applies  to  the 
sulcate  seed. 

576.  Spermaijlaxen  diciioi omus  Raf.  stem 
shrubby  dichotome  sulcate,  leaves  petiolate 
oblong  lanceol.  acute  smooth,  margins  rough, 
sheaths  obsolete,  spikes  filiform,  flowers  remote 
some  a,re  peduncled — Florida,  found  without 
name  in  Col.  herb,  flowers  small  purplish  male 
and  female  on  same  spike,  no  tubular  sheaths 
but  instead  a  small  subulate  deciduous  stipule 
in  some  leaves  and  flowers. 

577.  TOXYLON  Raf.  1817  in  Mus.  Nat. 
Sc.  misprinted  loxylon  (an  I  for  a  T)  correct- 
ed in  Med.  flora  Vol.  2  page  268.  Maclura  of 
Nnttal  1818  posterior  name,  and  a  Genus  of 
shells  was  since  called  after  Maclure  who  was 
no  botanist !  Morus  or  Brussonetia  tincto- 
RiA !  of  Sprengel  Kunth  and  Torrey !  not  of 
Linnens,  quite  a  different  tree  ...  I  was  the 
FIRST  to  describe  this  Genus  of  trees  and  give 
it  a  better  name  than  Nuttal.  His  name  how- 
ever was  adopted  by  some  botanists,  while 
others  blundered  so  far  as  to  blend  it  with  the 
tropical  RIorus  tinctor'ia  of  Linneus,  I  cor- 
rected this  mistake  in  1830  in  my  m.edical  flora, 
Nuttal  has  also  corrected  it  in  1834  in  his  plants 
of  Wyeth  ;  but  v/ithout  mentioning  my  previous 
name ! — I  gave  a  long  account  and  history  of 
it  in  1817  to  which  I  refer  Amer.  Monthly 
Mag.  Vol.  2  p.  118,  and  will  only  recapitulate 
the  main  characters  here  :  adding  the  real  M, 
tlnctoria  (to  evince  the  difference)  which  forms 
the  Genus  Fusticiis. 

Characters  of  ToxYi.us  Raf.  flowers  dioical 
in  catkins,  male  fl.  calix  5parted,  5  stamens, 
female  fl.  in  globular  fleshy  catkins,  calix  im- 
mersed   pentagonal    concrete,   Ovary   oboval 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  43 

Simple  deciduous  filiform  villose  stigma  simple 
fruct  a  fleshy  sjncarpe  or  concrete  berry  by 
coalescent  berries  verrucose  tesselated  as  in 
Artocarpus,  forming  many  cells  at  the  periphe- 
ry, each  Nvith  one  seed  obovate.  Spinose  tree 
with  alternate  distichal  leaves^  J'ruits  large 
axillary. — Thus  intermediate  between  Arto- 
carpus and  Fusticus.  My  name  means  Boic- 
iDood  (loxilon  would  have  meant  arrow-wood) 
one  of  its  name. 

578.  ToxYLON  MACLURA  Raf.  T.  pomiferum 
Raf.  1817.  Madura  aurantiaca  Nuttal  1818, 
Eaton.  Brouss.tinctoria  Spr.  K.  Torrey!  Leaves 
smooth  lucid  ovate  acuminate  petiolate  entire, 
a  recurved  spine  near  their  base,  fruits  orange 
like,  axillary  subsessile  drooping — in  Arkanzas, 
Texas  and  upper  Missouri,  a  small  tree  20  to 
30  feet  high,  branches  spreading,  leaves  2  to  4 
inches  long,  petiol  about  one  inch,  fruits  size 
and  shape  of  an  orange,  nearly  same  color,  but 
structure  like  the  bread  frujt  or  pine  apple,  con- 
taining a  sweet  amylaceous  milk.  Wood  yel- 
low tough  and  heavy,  used  to  make  excellent 
bows,  bark  affording  a  fine  flax.  Tree  easily 
raised  from  cuttings  and  layers,  forming  excel- 
lent hedges.  Called  Ayac  by  the  Indians,  also 
Bow-wood,  yellow  wood,  stinking  wood,  Osage 
apple. — I  made  two  oversights  in  my  first  ac- 
count of  this  valuable  tree  in  1817,  calling  the 
leaves  serrate  and  wood  used  for  arrows.  Seen 
alive  in  many  gardens  with  flowers  and  fruits. 
Nuttal  calls  the  nerves  puberulent  beneath,  they 
are  only  so  when  young,  the  flowers  and  styles 
are  yellow. 

579.  FUSTICUS  Raf.  Fustic  tree  differing 
from  MoRus  or  Mulberry  by  female  Catkins 
globular,  flowers  distinct,  calix    scariose  4par- 


44  ?5EW  SYLVA 

tite,  sepals  unequal  obovate  obtuse,  ovaiy  obo- 
vate  corapressed,  a  single  style  terminal  smooth 
filiform  tlexuose,  a  single  stigma.  Fruit  a  glo- 
bular compound  berry  or  syncarpe  by  baccate 
calix  as  in  Morus,  concrete  at  the  base  but. 
distinct  at  the  end,  seeds  compressed.  Trees 
distichal  serrate  leaves,  fruHs  axillary  jjen- 
dulous — several  blended  species.  If  the  good 
name  of  Fusticus  does  not  appear  classical 
enough,  I  propose  for  substitute  Sukaminea  a 
name  of  Dioskorides  for  the  Mulberry.  This 
G.  is  nearer  Broussonetia  than  Morus  and  Tox- 
ylon.  The  first  only  differs  by  fem.  calix  tubu- 
lar 3-4dentate,  style  lateral,  seed  elavate :  the 
Morus  differs  from  all  3  by  the  double  styles 
and  stigmas,  with  the  oblong  fruits.  My  G. 
Calostima  fl.  tel.  589  which  was  the  Urtica 
baccata  of  L.  is  akin  to  all  these,  a  connecting- 
link  with  Basella,  it  differs  by  the  many  radia- 
ted stigmas  and  racemose  fruits  not  forming  a 
syncarpe.  All  are  deemed  to  belong  to  the 
tribe  of  Urticides  or  Nettles,  forming  a  peculiar 
group  MoRiDEs  by  baccate  seeds.  Sir  J.  Smith 
regreted  that  the  blended  Fustic  trees  had  not 
been  well  distinguished,  I  shall  try  to  distin- 
guish 4  of  them. 

580.  Fusticus  glamra  Raf.  Broussonetia 
tinctoria  Jalambic  in  Collins  herb.  Branches 
terete  inerme  yellowish  punctate  of  white,  pe- 
tiols  very  short,  leaves  quite  smooth  ovatoblong 
repand  or  serrate  in  the  middle  only,  baseobli- 
qual  subcordate,  end  acuminate  elongate,  fe- 
male catkins  on  short  peduncles — in  South 
Florida  and  Cuba.  It  is  on  this  sp.  that  I  have 
framed  the  Generic  character.  Leaves  2  or  3 
inches  long  without  spines,  catkins  small  not 
one  fourth  of  Toxylon,     It  is  probably  this  sp. 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  4» 

that  is  meant  by  some  writers,  but  I  cannot  as- 
certain tlie  synonyms ;  yet  I  can  voucli  that  it 
is  quite  unUke  my  Toxylon,  having  seen  both. 
The  flowers  are  pale  yellow,  styles  of  same  co- 
lor, fruits  not  seen. 

581.  FusTicus  VERA  (or  tinctoria)  Raf. 
Morus  tinctoria  Lin.  syst.  nat.  Mant.  not  sp.  pi. 
Miller,  Brown,  Sloan,  Smith  &c.  Bark  yellow 
leaves  oblong  acute  entire  rough,  base  obliqual 
cordate,  no  spines — in  Central  America,  Yuca- 
tan, Jamaica  &c  the  real  Fustic  of  dyers,  a 
large  tree  60  feet  high,  fruits  sweet  eatable 
size  of  a  nutmeg. 

582.  Fi  sTicus  xANTHoxv  LOxN  Raf.  Morus  do 
Lin.  Syst.  nat.  et  Mant.  4D5.  Smith,  Morus 
tinctoria  Lin.  sp.  pi.  Poiret,  Jaq.  t.  247.  Fluk. 
phyt.  t.  239.  Bark  grey,  leaves  ovatoblong 
acute  serrate  nearly  smooth,  base  obliqual, 
spines  axillary  half  uncial  equal  to  petiols. — 
From  Yucatan  to  Bahama,  it  is  the  Bastard 
Fustic  a  smaller  tree  40  feet  high,  it  was  the 
original  M.  tinctoria  of  L.  but  he  since  descri- 
bed the  real  one  above :  Lamark  again  blends 
them ;  but  they  are  quite  distinct  botanicaly 
and  economicaly  as  proved  by  Smitii,  the  wood 
being  less  valuable  as  a  dye.  Perhaps  found  in 
Florida. 

583.  FusTicus  TATAiiiA  Raf.  M.  tinctoria  L. 
Sm.  Poiret  4°c.  Tatai-iba  Marcgrave  hist.  braz. 
119  fig!  Bark  grey,  leaves  petiolate  ovate  lan- 
ceol.  acumin.  serrate  or  repand  smooth,  base 
acute  not  obliqual  nor  cordate,  no  spines,  fruits 
subsessile — Brazil,  a  very  distinct  sp.  figured 
150  years  ago.  A  very  large  tree,  v>  ith  leaves 
like  the  Beech  tree.  Fruit  pretty  large  sweet- 
ly acid  eaten  with  wine  and  sugar,  the  flowers 
are  pale,  the  styles  brown.     I  have  verified  the 


4G  NEW  SYLVA. 

figure — the  Q,uecluie  of  Orinoco  mentioned  by 
Caiilin  p.  15.  is  probably  another  Fustic,  the 
fruit  is  green  and  sweet  falling  as  soon  as  ripe. 

584.  BR0uss0x^^KTiA  papyuifeua  Duhamel, 
W.  i^^c  Papyria  of  Lamark,  Morus  papyrifera 
L.  Sin.  &.C.  A  well  known  useful  tree  native 
of  Japan  and  Polynesia,  now  introduced  in  the 
open  grounds  of  Europe  and  America,  quite 
common  in  our  gardens  where  it  bears  the 
winter  pretty  well,  altho'  injured  sometimes 
by  frost.     We  have  only  the  male  trees. 

Genus  MORUS. 

585.  Morus  alba  L.  &.c.  A  well  known 
tree,  now  widely  spreading  with  us,  almost  wild 
in  some  localities.  White  Mulberry.  This  is 
said  to  be  constantly  monoical,  but  the  other  sp. 
are  often  dioical  and  polygamous. 

586.  Morus  nigra  L.  &c.  Black  Mulberry, 
also  cultivated  for  the  fruit. — The  best  Mono- 
graph of  this  Genus  are  those  of  Lamark  and 
Smith,  including  the  Fustic  trees  however  ;  but 
Lamark  has  a  new  American  sp.  M.  canaden- 
sis, and  Wildenow  another  M.  Scabra,  I  can 
add  4  others  besides  the  M.  multicaulis.  Eaton 
has  only  3 !  Nuttal  admits  the  M.  scabra.  I 
have  9  whereof  7  seen  alive  and  one  dry. 

587.  MoKus  RUBRA  L.  cur  well  known  Red 
Mulberry  found  from  Canada  to  Louisiana.  It 
has  some  Var.  1  pallida  fruits  pale,  2  hetero- 
phijlla  with  all  the  leaves  unlike.  Often  dioi- 
cal like  all  our  American  kinds.  It  is  even 
stated  that  the  same  trees  often  vary  each  year 
in  their  sexes  ? 

588.  Morus  riparia  Raf.  distinct  from  M. 
rubra  by  long  petiols,  spjooth  leaves  ovate  deep- 
ly cordate,  seldom  lobed  lateral,  quite  smooth 
and  thin  crenate  serrate,  acute  not  acuminate, 


OF    IVORTfl    AMKRICA.  47 

and  not  obliqual  at  base.  Found  in  tlie  Alle- 
ghany mts.  on  the  banks  of  the  Susquehanah, 
leaves  3  to  5  inches  long  nearly  trinerve  at  base 
nerves  yellow  quite  smooth,  berries  dark  red, 
called  the  wild  black  Mulberry,  or  Water  Mul- 
berry. A  pretty  tree  growing  even  among 
rocks. 

589.  MoKiJS  CANADENSIS  Lamark.  leaves 
ovate  obliqual  base  rounded  not  cordate,  ser- 
rate nearly  sniooth  long  acuminate — in  Canada 
Maine  and  the  Alleghanies,  called  the  Rock 
Mulberry,  fruits  not  seen. 

590.  MoRus  PARviioLiA  Raf.  Monoical,  pe- 
tiols  long  and  slender,  leaves  small  and  smooth, 
ovate  acute  or  obtuse  not  lobate,  equaly  sub- 
crenate,  base  truncate  often  obliqual, fruits  short 
on  very  short  peduncles. — Mts.  Alleghanies  and 
Apalachian,  called  the  Indian  iHulberry,  said 
to  have  been  cultivated  by  the  Indians,  often 
mistaken  for  the  White  JJulberry,  the  fruits 
being  very  small  ovatoblong  of  a  flesh  color  and 
sweet.  Leaves  only  1  or  2  inches  long,  not  so 
thin  as  in  M.  riparia,  petiols  over  one  inch, 
Male  catkins  on  same  branches,  with  longer 
peduncles,  segments  of  calix  rounded.  Styles 
very  short. 

591.  Mouus  scABRA  W.  enum.  Leaves  am- 
ple thin  trilobed,  base  cordate,  rough  on  both 
sides,  pale  beneath,  serrate,  large  teeth  inter- 
jected in  the  sinusses,  fruits  terete  black  acid — 
in  Louisiana  called  the  black  Indian  Mulberry, 
communicated  to  me  by  Jyt.  Mease.  Leaves  5 
to  8  inches  long  and  wide,  lobes  acute  not  acu- 
minate, lateral  lobes  oblong,  terminal  oval  or 
narrosvest  at  base. 

592.  MoRus  TOMENTosA  Raf.  fl.  lud.  379. 
Leaves    broadly   cordate    acuminate    dentate, 


48  NEW  SYLVA. 

above  lucid  rough,  beneath  tomentose,  spikes 
often  nionoical,  fruits  oblong  white — in  Louisi- 
ana, well  noticed  by  me  in  1817  in  my  flora  of 
Louisiana  where  detected  by  Robin.  It  is  the 
White  Mulberry  of  the  S.  W.  often  mentioned 
by  the  old  travellers.  A  large  handsome  tree, 
bark  white  and  smooth,  it  blossoms  in  March, 
male  catkins  terete  and  loose,  female  shorter 
and  thicker,  but  they  are  generaly  united,  the 
male  flowers  being  then  at  the  base. 

593.  MoRus  MULTicAULis  Raf.  and  of  Gar- 
deners, not  introduced  yet  into  our  books,  nor 
do  I  find  any  botanical  account  of  it,  even  in 
Loudun  Cycl.  A  small  shrub  with  many  stems 
and  ample  leaves,  cordate  rounded  not  obliqual, 
nor  lobed,  crenate,  acute,  somewhat  rough,  but 
thin.  I  have  seen  leaves  one  foot  long  and 
wide.  Native  of  China  and  the  Philipines,  late- 
ly introduced  and  much  esteemed  as  the  most 
productive  for  the  breeding  of  silk  worms  and 
easy  gathering  of  leaves.  But  all  our  Mul- 
berries are  eaten  by  the  silk  worm,  and  the  M. 
rubra  produces  a  fine  strong  silk. — As  the  sub- 
ject of  silk  culture  now  begins  to  attract  much 
attention,  I  hope  this  account  of  all  our  Mul- 
berries will  be  acceptable. 

N.  O.  EMPETRIDIA  Raf.  1815.  Empe- 
TREAE  Nut.  1818,  Don  1826,  Torrey  1835 ! 

I  first  noticed  this  order  in  my  Analysis  of 
Nature  1815,  therefore  Torrey  is  wrong  to  as- 
cribe the  discrimination  of  it  to  Nuttal  3  years 
after,  who  had  besides  deemed  it  only  a  section 
of  Conifera  !  while  I  had  perhaps  properly  unit- 
ed it  to  Phytolacca !  and  if  the  berry  is  multi- 
locular  they  are  quite  akin  notwithstanding  the 
remote  habit.     I  have  since  in  my  Flora  tellur. 


OF  NORTH   AMEIIICA.  49 

033  revised  it  and  separated  by  the  unilocular 
berry,  reducing  to  Saucocidia  the  Genera  Phy- 
tolaca,  Raxamaris,  Schefferia  &c,  and  to  Ri- 
viNiDiA  the  pretended  Chenopodea  with  a  ber- 
ry.— The  Empetrides  are  more  akin  to  those 
than  to  Euphorbides  and  Celastrides,  and  are 
quite  unlike  to  Conifera.  The  genera  belong- 
ing thereto  are  Grubbia,  Coilosperma,  Batis, 
Ceratiola  &.c  besides  the  types  Empetrum  and 
Colema  .  .  .  but  the  Genera  Skimmia,  Nandi- 
na,  Melicytus  &c  are  very  near  also.  The 
whole  requires  a  careful  revision. 

594.  COLEMA  Don  1826.  EuleucumRaf. 
1886  fl.  tel.  Dioical,  calix  5-6parted,  stamens 
3  to  4,  style  3-4parted,  berry  3-41ocular,  3-4 
sperm.  Evergreen  shrubs^  hahit  of  heaths^ 
flowers  terminal  and  axillary  glomerate — 
This  had  been  based  on  the  Empetrum  album 
of  L.  but  our  sp.  may  be  of  quite  a  different 
Genus,  the  real  Colema  having  the  ternary  part 
constant,  no  style  but  3  stigma,  a  berry  nearly 
monolocular  when  ripe.  Therefore  it  must 
form  the  subgenus  Euleuca,  and  our  sp.  with 
heterogonal  parts  and  stamens,  a  style,  and  pro- 
bably a  41ocular  berry  must  form  a  subgenus 
Endammia  Raf.  if  not  a  Genus,  meaning  in 
sands, 

595.  Colema  arenaria  Raf.  or  Endammia 
ericoides  Raf  Empetrum  conradi,  Torrey  1835. 
Cespitose  procumbent  smooth,  leaves  subverti- 
cillate  and  alternate,  narrow  linear  acute  glan- 
dular, margin  revolute,  flowers  glomerate  and 
capitate — in  the  sandy  tracts  among  the  Pine 
woods  of  New  Jersey,  first  noticed  by  Kin  in 
1800,  who  gave  it  to  me  as  an  American  heath 
in  1802,  found  by  me  in  1804  near  Pemberton, 
long  before  Conrad,  and  twice  again  in  1833  at 

7 


50  NEW  SYLVA. 

\ 

Cedar  bridge ;  but  always  without  flowers  and 
eeeds.  It  must  blossom  in  winte^  or  very  sel- 
dom. Torrey  only  saw  the  flowers  dry  and  in 
a  garden  and  omits  to  state  the  time,  his  ac- 
count is  however  very  good.  It  is  a  small  ever- 
green shrub  5  to  10  inches  high,  much  branch- 
ed and  growing  in  patches  like  the  Hudsonia. 

596.  Ceratiola  ericoides  Mx.  and  all  bo- 
tanists, Hooker  hot.  mag.  *2758.  From  Caro- 
lina to  Florida,  well  described  by  Michaux,  El- 
liot, Hooker  &c.  I  have  many  specimens,  in 
which  the  leaves  are  mostly  fallen  as  in  the  dry 
Heaths. 

597.  Empetrum  purpureum  Raf.  E.  nigrum 
Mx,  and  all  our  Amer.  botanists,  not  of  Lin. 
and  European  hot.  E.  rubrum  Lapilaye  fl. — 
Procumbent  smooth,  leaves  scattered  crowded, 
lower  patent,  upper  imbricate,  oblong  linear 
sessile  uninerve  obtuse  flat  on  both  sides,  thick- 
ish,  berries  purple,  sessile  equal  to  the  leaves 
and  costate — in  Canada,  Labrador,  Newfound- 
land, White  Mountains,  Lake  Superior,  near 
the  rocky  shores.  Michaux  who  first  noticed 
this  blended  it  with  the  boreal  sp.  of  Europe, 
and  has  been  followed  by  all  our  subservient 
botanists  except  Lapilaye  who  has  blended  it 
with  E.  rubrum  of  Austral  America  in  his  New- 
foundland Flora.  My  specimen  is  from  La- 
brador and  has  red  berries  strikingly  like  those 
of  Phytolaca !  Those  of  our  Botanists  who  saw 
the  berries  are  few,  they  mostly  copy  Michaux! 
is  there  a  sp.  in  boreal  America  with  black  ber- 
ries ?  My  sp.  is  perfectly  distinct,  the  branch- 
es are  terete  smooth  but  sulcate  among  the 
leaves,  these  are  only  2  or  3  lines  long,  with  a 
single  nerve  beneath  not  at  all  revolute  and 
hardly  any  verticillate  ;  the  flowers  and  berries 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA,  51 

are  solitary  near  the  end,  calix  scaly  of  about 
6  unequal  ovate  and  obovate  scales  persistent 
much  shorter  than  the  large  berry  which  has 
about  9  oblong  seeds  and  is  crowned  by  as  many 
thick  stellate  clavate  stigmas. 

598.  Empetrum  nigrum  L.  and  all  European 
bot.  A  boreal  plant  of  which  I  have  specimens 
from  Sweden  and  the  Alps.  They  answer  to 
the  Linnean  description  of  it  by  leaves  quater^ 
nate  petiolate  ovate  lanceolate  obtuse,  berries 
black  subsesslle.  Therefore  quite  difterent 
from  our  American  species  ;  but  I  have  also 
specimens  from  Sibiria  and  the  Alps  nearer  to 
our  sp.  and  therefore  there  may  be  two  species 
in  Europe  as  probably  also  with  us.  Wilde- 
now  thus  say  E.  nigrum  has  oblong  revolute 
leaves. 

599.  Empetrum  crassifolium  Raf.  smooth 
procumbent,  leaves  3-4nate  petiolate  linear  ob- 
tuse thick,  fiat  above,  convex  enerve  beneath, 
patent  crovvded. — Sibiria  and  perhaps  other 
parts,  my  specimens  have  no  berries,  and  but 
few  flowers,  leaves  3  lines  long,  quite  thick, 
sometimes  sulcate  beneath,  but  not  nerved,some 
appear  to  be  fistular :  flowers  as  in  E.  nigrum, 
sent  me  as  such.  Is  it  found  in  Origon  ?  berries 
probably  black. 

Shrubby  LABIATE. 

600.  RAFINESaUIA  or  Diodeilis  R.  fl. 
tel.  750.  Cunila,  Melissa  and  Gardoquia  of  Au- 
thors !  . .  Calix  tubular  strait  striated  subbilabi- 
ate  upper  lip  bidentate,  lower  tridentate,  mouth 
closed  by  hairs,  corolla  tubular  erect  bilabiate, 
upper  lip  concave  notched,  lower  31obe  subequal 
stamen.s  4  remote,  anthers  cordate  bilobe,  seeds 
smooth.  Shrubby,  floivers  axillanj  red, — A 
very  fine  peculiar   Genus  forced    into   3    alien 


52  NEW  SYLVA 

Genera,  I  have  proved  in  flora  tellur.  how  dif- 
ferent is  Gardoquia.  It  is  one  of  the  Genera 
to  which  I  give  my  own  name,  and  if  any  one 
cavils  at  it  I  offer  a  second  abridged  from 
Diodontocheilis !  that  1  may  not  lose  the  mer- 
it of  my  sagacity  in  ascertaining  this  Genus. 
I  have  already  two  sp.  of  it. 

601.  Rafinesquia  coccinea  fl.  tell.  751. 
Cunila !  do  Hooker,  Melissa!  do  Spr.  Gardo- 
quia !  hookeri  Benth.  Don.  Lindl.  b.  reg.  1747. 
Shrubby  smooth,  leaves  obovi^te  sessile  suba- 
cute, peduncles  axillary  l-3flore — A  small 
shrub  of  Florida  with  handsome  large  scarlet 
flowers,  branches  terete  sub  4  angular,  leaves 
commonly  remote  small. 

602.  Raf.  coccinea  var.  obtusifolia  Raf. 
differ,  branches  more  4angular,  leaves  equal  to 
internodes  obtuse  one  third  inch  long,  flowers 
scarlet  ever  one  inch  long. 

603.  Rafinesquia  angustifolia  Raf.  sufi'- 
ruticose,  branches  filiform  hardly  angular,Ieaves 
sessile  smooth  oblong  or  cuneate  obtuse  crow- 
ded above,  peduncles  very  short  uniflore — in 
Alabama,  smaller  shrub  still  with  narrow 
leaves  and  smaller  flowers  rather  red  than  scar- 
let. Given  me  as  a  var.  of  R.  coccinea  by  Du- 
rand ;  it  is  very  near  Gardoquia  chilensis  in 
habit,  but  quite  unlike  in  the  calix  and  flowers. 

604.  PILOBLEPHIS  Raf.  Satureia  and 
Cephalothymus  Benth.  Quite  a  peculiar  G. 
discovered  by  Bartram  60  years  ago,  unnoticed 
by  all  our  botanists,  altho'  in  their  herbals !  un- 
til Bentham  found  it  in  Banks  Herbarium,  but 
he  left  it  with  Satureia  as  a  subg.  with  an  im- 
proper name,  mine  means  ciliated  head.  It 
differs  as  much  from  Satureia  as  Pycnanthes 
does,  both   by  characters   and   habit.     Shrub 


or    NORTH    AMERICA.  53 

iDitJi  habit  of  Ericas  and  Empetrum,  flowers 
capitate  without  involucre,  but  many  ciliate 
imbricate  bracts,  calix  large  membranaceous 
5fid  subequal  campanulate,  corolla  nearly  as  in 
Satureia,  4  filaments  and  anthers,  seeds  1  or  2 
at  the  bottom  of  the  large  calix — this  will  pro- 
bably be  like  Pycnanthes  an  American  Genus 
of  many  sp.  but  now  I  know  of  only  one  type. 
All  the  Satureias  are  foreign  to  America. 

605.  PiLOELEPHis  RiGiDA  (or  ericoidcsj  Raf. 
Satureia  rigida  Bartr.  1775,  Bentham.  Anon- 
ymos  N.  G.  Baldwin  in  Collins  herb.  Shrubby 
decumbent,  branches  terete  rigid  leaves  imbri- 
cate linear  obtuse  smooth  margin  revolute,  flow- 
ers in  terminal  globular  heads,  bracts  linear 
lanceol.  obt.  hairy  ciliate  as  long  as  flowers — 
Shores  of  Florida,  in  sands,  small  procumbent 
Shrub  quite  evergreen,  flowers  incarnate  con- 
cealed among  the  bracts.  If  this  shrub  has 
been  unnoticed  for  60  years  (after  Bartram)  in 
our  books,  I  may  hope  that  in  60  years  licnce 
my  new  plants  will  also  be  properly  noticed 
again  !  .  .  .  .  Bartram  did  not  describe  it,  I  de- 
scribe my  new  plants !  Baldwin  found  it  again 
in  1816  and  deemed  it  a  new  genus  as  I  do, 
altho'  he  neglected  naming  it  like  so  many  other 
rare  plants  of  his. 

606.  AuDiBERTiA  iNCANA  Bcuth.  Lindl.  b. 
reg.  1469.  Sufli'uticose  glaucous,  leaves  cune- 
ate  and  obovate,  flowers  verticillate,  bracts  or- 
bicular ciliate — Origon,  a  N.  G.  of  Bentham 
with  habit  of  Origanum,  but  very  distinct  by  2 
stamens  like  Cunila,  flowers  blue,  calix  ovate 
bilabiate,  upper  lip  entire,  lower  bifid,  corolla 
tubular,  subbilab.  upper  lip  bifid,  lower  trifid, 
medial  lobe  notched,  anthers  dimidiate.     Not 


54  NEW  SYLVA 

in  Eaton,  nor  any  of  the  above  shrubby  Labiate. 

MONOGKAPH  OF  CEANOTHUS. 

This  pretty  and  useful  natural  Genus  de- 
serves a  complete  examination,  being  now  great- 
ly increased  in  species :  they  are  all  small 
shrubs,  or  bushes,  but  some  are  perennials. 
Linneus  had  only  one,  Michaux,  Bigelow,  Nut- 
tal  Hooker  and  myself  have  added  many  others, 
altho'  Eaton  enumerates  only  6.  All  have  es- 
tival  white  flowers  in  thyrsoid  corymbs,  but  C 
azureus  has  blue  flowers.  Leaves  alternate 
with  short  petiols.  Roots  red  and  medical  see 
my  Med.  flora.  This  G.  commonly  united  to 
the  Rhamnides,  rather  belongs  to  the  Phylici- 
des  with  Phylica,  Bumalda,  Brunia,  Hovenia, 
Colletia,  &c,  having  all  fruits  coccular  as  in 
Euphorbides ;  but  the  stamens  are  opposed  to 
petals  and  often  inserted  thereon.  The  Asiatic 
and  African  sp.  of  this  G.  appear  to  form  pecu- 
liar genera,  the  asiatic  form  the  G.  Carpode- 
tus,  the  Polynesian  the  G.  Pomaderis,  and  the 
African  must  form  my  G.  Hypoma,  see  fl.  tel. 

607.  Ceai^othus  officinalis  Raf.  Med.  fl. 
2  p.  205.  Americana  L.  and  Authors,  now  be- 
come an  absurd  name,  the  whole  G.  being 
American — Shrubby,  branches  terete  smooth 
fuscate  leaves  ovatoblong  acum.  serrate  trinerve 
pubescent  and  pale  beneath,  petiols  pubescent, 
base  rounded,  panicles  lax  terminal  or  on  long 
peduncles  angular,  pubescent,  pedicels  gemi- 
nate or  fasciculate — from  Canada  to  Alabama 
and  Louisiana,  2  or  3  feet  high,  leaves  2  or  3 
inches  long,  end  often  obtuse  altho'  acumiftate, 
flowers  very  small,  panicles  often  with  one  or 
two  small  leaves.  Var.  1.  Ocatus,  leaves 
rather  oval,   2  Acutus  all  the  leaves  acute,  3 


or   NORTH   AMERICA.  Di> 

Paniculatus  large  compound  ovate  panicles.  4 
Foliosus,  with  foliose  panicles. 

608.  Ceanothus  glomeratus  Raf.  americ. 
Elliot.  Shrubby  branches  pubescent  angular 
fuscate,  leaves  ovatoblong  acute  at  base  and 
apex,  serrulate  trinerve,  petiols  and  nerves  pu- 
bescent fulvous,  panicles  glomerate  axillary  on 
long  hairy  peduncles,  pedicels  short  crowded 
with  lanceolate  bracts — in  Virginia,  Carolina, 
Tennessee,  Alabama,  Kentucky  &.c  commonly 
blended  with  the  last,  leaves  smaller  with  fus- 
cate or  rufous  nerves  pale  beneath  with  few 
hairs  except  on  the  nerves,  flowers  on  smaller 
panicles  glomerate  crowded  larger,  the  small 
bracts  often  fall  off  in  the  anthesis.  Var.  fus- 
catus,  with  dark  fuscate  branches  and  nerves, 
even  leaves  fuscate  above,  flowers  quite  glome- 
rate. Both  2  or  3  feet  high.  Root  more  as- 
tringent and  darker  red. 

609.  Ceanothus  latifolius  Raf.  americ. 
var.  tardiflora  Eaton.  Shrubby,  terete  pubes- 
cent fuscate,  leaves  broadly  oval,  base  subcor- 
date,  unequaly  serrate  acute  trinerve,  petiols 
hirsute,  quite  villose  and  glaucous  beneath,  pan- 
icles lax  ovate  compound  axillary,  peduncles 
villose  cinereous  bifoliate — Glades  of  West 
Kentucky  and  Tennessee,  stem  2  or  3  feet, 
leaves  large  3  or  4  inches  long,  2  or  3  wide, 
panicles  with  shorter  peduncles,  but  long  pedi- 
cels. 

610.  Cean.  herbaceus  Raf.  1808  Tor.  Beck 
Eaton  (or  C.  levigatus)  C.  perennis  Pursh, 
Nut.  El.  Perennial,  quite  smooth,  stem  simple 
annual  terete  fuscate,  leaves  ovate  acum.  base 
acute,  trinerve  serrulate,  glaucous  beneath 
nerves  fuscate,  panicles  laxthyrsoidal — Virgin- 
ia and  Carolina  near   streams,  disc,  by  Hings- 


56  NEW  SYLVA, 

ton  in  1800  at  the  falls  of  the  Potowmak,  where 
found  by  me  again,  stems  1  or  2  feet  high  sel- 
dom branched,  leaves  as  large  as  in  C.  glome- 
ratus,  peduncles,and  flowers  similar  to  it,butnot 
glomerate  quite  lax. 

611.  Cean.  ELLiPTicus  Raf  Shrubby,  leaves 
remote  elUptical  hardly  serrulate  trinerve  ob- 
tuse, beneath  puberulent,  raceme  thyrsoidal 
small  on  short  petiols  and  bracteated — Apala- 
chian  Mts.  of  Georgia  and  Alabama,  Cheroki 
and  Wasioto  Mts.  one  or  two  feet  high,  leaves 
small  on  very  short  petiols,  flowers  small  with 
bracts  as  in  C.  glomeratus. 

612.  Cean.  virgatus  Raf.  intermedius  Mg. 
El.  P.  N.  Shrubby,  branches  elongate  slender 
virgate  subangular  smooth  rusty,  leaves  broadly 
lanceolate  acute  subserrate  trinerve,  nerves  and 
petiols  pubescent,  racemes  short  corymbose  lax 
— from  Virginia  to  Florida,  pedal  or  sesquipe- 
dal,  with  some  long  branches  at  the  base,  leaves 
small  uncial  narrow,  panicles  quite  small  on 
long  peduncles,  formed  by  two  or  3  small  um- 
bels. 

613.  CeANOTHUS  ?       ATROPURPUREUS       Raf. 

Shrubby,  quite  smooth,  branches  terete  spread- 
ing rigid  dark  purple,  leaves  subsessile  oblong 
entire,  lower  acute,  upper  obtuse,  not  trinervate, 
tip  of  petiol  and  base  of  main  nerve  often  bear- 
ded— I  refer  protem  to  this  Genus,  a  doubtful 
shrub  of  Florida,  found  without  flowers  in  Col- 
lins Herb,  owing  to  the  similarities  of  habit 
with  the  last  and  next  sp.  but  it  may  turn  out  to 
be  something  very  different,  perhaps  an  Ilex  ? 
or  Bumelia  ?  Leaves  just  like  the  last  in  size, 
but  entire  or  slightly  erose,  and  petiols  exceed- 
ingly short. 


OF    NORTH   AMERICA.  57 

614.  Cean.  sanguineus  P.  N.  Hook.  Eat. 
Shrubby,  branches  purple,  leaves  subsessile  cun- 
eate  oblong  serrate  pubescent  beneath,  panicle 
axillary  glomerate,  flowers  crowded — regions 
of  Missouri  and  Origon,  seen  dry,  shrub  3  feet 
high. 

615.  Cean.  glandulosus  Raf.  ovalis  Big. 
Beck,  Eat.  ovatus  Dec.  intermedins  Hook.  fl. 
interm.  var.  corymbos.  Mg.  Perennial  ?  stem 
sulcate  pubescent,  leaves  ovatoblong  obtuse 
some  obovace,  glandular  crenate  trinerve,  pe- 
tiols  and  nerves  pubescent,  panicle  terminal 
corymbose  formed  by  lax  umbels — Canada  and 
Lake  Champlain,  a  very  distinct  sp.  my  speci- 
men is  quite  heterophylous,  the  name  of  Ova- 
lis does  not  apply,  blended  with  my  Southern 
C.  virgatus  by  Hooker,  leaves  1  or  2  inches 
long,  large  flowers,  peduncles  calix  and  corols 
white.  Apparently  not  shrubby.  This  was 
my  Forrestia  thyrsoides  of  1808  but  it  is  not 
even  a  subgenus,  unless  the  glandular  leaves  of 
this  and  the  3  next  appear  to  indicate  one. 

6 16.  Cean.  velutinus  Hook.  fl.  tab.  45. 
Shrubby,  leaves  rounded  elliptic  coriaceous 
glandular  dentate  trinerve,  white  tomentose  be- 
neath, panicles  tenninal  thyrsoidal  foliose  at 
base— in  the  Origon  Mts.  not  seen  by  me,  adop- 
ted from  the  good  figure  of  Hooker,  and  I  add 
two  others  of  his  to  complete  this  monograph. 

617.  Cean,  levigatus  Hook.  fl.  differs  from 
last  by,  quite  smooth,  panicle  quite  foliose,  flow- 
ers glomerate— found  at  Nutka  by  Menzies. 

618.  Cean.  bicolor  Raf  thyrsiflora  Esholtz 
and  Hook.  fl.  shrubby,  branches  angular,  leaves 
subsessile  oblong  trinerve,  nerves  pilose,  glan- 
dular serrate,  panicle  thyrsoidal  base  foliose— 
New  Sibiria  in  N.  W.  America,  calix  blue,  pe- 

8 


58  NEW  SYLVA 

tals  white,  whence  my  name,  since  all  the  sp. 
are  thyrsifiore. 

619.  Cean.  azureus  Desf.  ic.  232.  Lod.  cab. 
110,  Edw.  b.  reg.  291.  Dec.  Shrubby  pubescent 
leaves  ovatoblong  acute  rough  serrate,  beneath 
tomentose,  panicle  thyrsoidal,  base  foliose,  flow- 
ers blue — in  Mexico,  New  Mexico  and  Texas, 
an  elegant  species. 

620.  Cean.  microphylus  Mx.  E.  &c.  Shrub- 
by much  branched,  quite  smooth,  branches  di- 
vergent, leaves  fasciculate  minute  oboval  or 
rounded  obtuse  trinerve,  racemes  terminal  co- 
rymbose— Florida,  Georgia,  Alabama,  a  very 
peculiar  sp.  habit  unlike  the  others,  but  like  the 
next,  flowers  vernal  as  in  the  Southern  species. 

621.  Cean.  serpyllifolius  Nut.  Eat.  De- 
cumbent bushy,  branches  filiform,  leaves  mi- 
nute nearly  smooth  elUptic  ovate  obtuse  serru- 
late, petiols  and  nerves  strigose,  panicles  axill- 
ary peduncled  pauciflore  glomerate — Florida, 
very  small,  habit  of  thyme  like  the  last,  and 
probably  both  ought  to  form  a  subgenus.  Is  it 
only  a  var.  of  it  ?  Elliot  has  blended  both ;  disc 
by  Dr.  Baldwin  near  St.  Mary. 

Genus  EVONYMUS. 
Without  giving  a  complete  monograph  of 
our  sp.  I  can  greatly  increase  them  having  4 
or  5  new  ones  to  describe.  They  form  3  sub- 
genera with  opposite  leaves  and  axillary  pedun- 
cles. This  G.  had  been  wrongly  united  to 
Rhamnides,  since  the  stamens  are  alternate  to 
petals,  and  the  fruit  is  peculiar,  ^  belongs  to  a 
peculiar  family  (with  Tobira)  near  to  the  Ce- 
lastrides.  Tobira  differs  by  6  stamens  and 
caps  31oc.  polysperm. 

622.  Platomesus  Raf.  calix  41obed,  4petals, 


OF    NORTH   AMERICA,  59 

4  stamens,  capsule    commonly  4lobe    41oc.  4 
sperme. 

6^3.  Pentinius  Raf.  cal.  Sdentate,  5  petals, 

5  stamens,  capsule    commonly  51obe   51oc.    5 
sperme. 

624.  Physcondra  Raf.  calix  inflate  mem- 
branaceous entire  or  subcrenate,  petals  4  or  5, 
anthers  4  or  5  sessile,  capsule  4  or  5  sperme. 

625.  EvOxVYMus  (Platom)  cuneatus  Raf. 
Branches  terete  smooth,  leaves  cuneate  acute 
serrulate  smooth,  peduncles  triflore  longer  than 
petiols,  petals  4  oblong  obtuse — Origon  region, 
shrub  4  or  5  feet  high,  branches  naked  below 
nearly  articulate,  petals  white,  fruit  not  seen, 
leaves  uncial  terminal. 

626.  EvoN.  (Platom)  heterophylus  Raf. 
Branches  subangular  smooth  subrugose,  leaves 
dissimilar  cuneate  or  obovate  acute,  or  ellipti- 
cal acuminate,  entire  or  serrulate,  rugose  be- 
neath, peduncles  biflore  elongate  longer  than 
petiols,  pedicels  divaricate,  petals  4  obovate  ob- 
tuse, fruits  smooth — Apalachian  Mts.  shrub  4 
feet  high,  petals  white,  fruits  incarnate  2  to  4 
lobed. 

627.  EvoN.  (Platom.)  acuminatus  Raf. 
Branches  terete  smooth,  elliptic  acuminate, 
base  acute,  subcrenate,  some  lower  ones  obtuse 
or  retuse,  peduncles  elongate  l-2flore,  petals  4 
cuneate  obtuse,  fruits  smooth  deeply  lobed. — 
— Origon  and  Sibiria,  has  been  blended  pro- 
bably with  E.  europeus,  which  I  have  also  and 
diflfers  by  smaller  narrower  entire  leaves  and 
peduncles  multiflore  as  long  as  leaves.  This 
has  large  leaves  on  long  petiols,  the  petals  white 
fruits  red  with  2  or  4  lobes. 

628.  EvoN.  (Pentinius)  muricatus  Raf-  a- 
mericanus   L.  ^.     Branches  4gone   smooth, 


60  NEW  SYLVA 

leaves  subsessile  ovate  or  lanceolate  acute  or 
acum,  serrate,  peduncles  l-3flore,  petals  5  obo- 
vate,  capsules  muricate  verrucose — from  Cana- 
da to  Carolina  in  Mts.  Shrub  4  to  6  feet  high, 
branches  rigid,  leaves  middle  size,  petals  green- 
ish white  with  rose  tinge.  Several  varieties  1. 
Biflorus,  leaves  all  ianceoL  acum.  subserrate, 
peduncles  all  biflore,  petals  rounded  unguicu- 
late.  2.  Obliquatus,  leaves  ovate  lanceol. 
commonly  obliqual,  peduncles  uniflore.  Mts. 
Alleghanies. 

629.  EvoN.  (Pentinius)  sarmentosus  Raf. 
amer.  var.  sarm.  Nut.  Eat,  ^^c.  Stem  sar- 
mentose  4gone  radicant,  leaves  subsessile  ovate 
lanceol.  acute  undulate  crenate  opaque  lucid, 
peduncles  2-3flore,  fruits  scabrous — Rocky 
woods  of  the  Alleghany  Mts.  and  River  Sus- 
quehanah,  certainly  a  distinct  sp.  forming  a 
Vine  10  to  20  feet  high  with  many  slender 
branches. 

630.  EvoN.  (Pentinius)  angustifolius  Lyon, 
Pursh,  El.  Eat.  <!^c.  A  rare  species  of  the  A- 
palachian  Mts.  of  Georgia  and  Alabama,  not  at 
all  doubtful,  my  specimen  from  Lyons  in  Collins 
Herb,  has  slender  4gone  branches,  leaves  re- 
mote subsessile  narrow  lanceol.  acute  falcate 
entire,  peduncles  erect  uniflore  with  2  setace- 
ous bracts. 

631.  EvoN.  (Platom)  atropurpureus  Jaq. 
and  all  Authors.  A  fine  shrub  6  to  15  feet 
high,  assuming  the  appearance  of  a  small  tree, 
near  streams  chiefly  from  Carolina  to  Kentuc- 
ky, Missouri  and  Origon,  flowers  dark  purple, 
3  Var.  1.  oblongifolius,  2  latifolms  leaves 
ovate  and  obovate  acum.  3,  grandifolius  large 
elliptic  leaves  5  to  8  inches  long. 

632.  EvoNYMUs  (Physcondra)  obovatus  Nut. 


OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  '61- 

&c.  A  very  small  sp.  well  described  by  Nut- 
tal,  creeping  pedal,  found  from  New  England 
to  Ohio.  Almost  a  peculiar  Genus  by  the  shape 
of  calix,  but  petals  as  in  E.  muricatus — Thus  I 
have  nearly  rectified  this  G.  and  8  sp.  of  it. 
My  N.  sp.  are  distinct  from  E.  verrucosus  and 
latifolius  of  Europe  which  I  have. 

Natural  family  of  SPIRADIA. 
The  Linnean  Genus  Spirea  has  been  kept 
nearly  entire  by  Decandole  but  divided  into 
subgenera,  that  differ  so  much  in  habit  and 
characters  that  they  ought  to  become  Genera. 
Filipendula  of  Tournefort, Aruncus  of  Adanson, 
Gillenia  of  Mench,  now  generaly  adopted,  and 
Purshia  of  Decand.  are  certainly  peculiar  Gen- 
era, as  well  as  my  G.  Thecanisia,  Epicostorus 
&c.  As  early  as  1815  I  formed  a  new  family 
the  Spirades  in  my  Analysis  of  Nature  page 
173  with  these  Genera,  adding  Rhodalix,  Ba 
silima,  Drymopogon;  the  Genera  Tigarea,  Neil 
lia  ?  Tetracera,  Suriana,  tf-c  probably  belong 
to  it.  This  natural  family  is  quite  distinct  from 
the  Poterides  and  Senticoses  by  the  fruit  cap- 
sular with  lateral  styles  and  opening  valvular. 
Gillenia,  Aruncus,  Thecanisia,  Filipendula 
that  are  not  frutescent  will  be  illustrated  else- 
where and  in  my  fl.  tellur.  I  now  propose  to  re- 
vise the  shrubby  Genera  chiefly,  which  are  Spi- 
rea, Physocarpa,  Basilima,  Schizonotus  and 
Epicostorus.  The  Monographs  of  Spirea  by 
Smith  in  Rees,  Poiret  in  Cycl.  and  Seringe  in 
Decandole  are  by  no  means  perfect  even  as  to 
species  and  synonyms  and  I  shall  rectify  them. 
I  have  verified  many  kinds  by  the  figures  of 
Pallas  in  flora  Rossica,  which  had  not  always 
been  properly  applied  and  quoted. 


62  NEW  SYLVA, 

633.  SPIREA  Raf.  calix  5fid  persistent 
campanul.  bearing  on  a  glandular  ring  the  5  pe- 
tals and  stamens  20  to  30,  Pistils  5  free  sessile, 
styles  lateral,  5  free  capsules  sessile  equal  open- 
ing inside  oligosperni.  Shrubs  with  simple  al- 
ternate leaves^  Jloicers  paniculate,  thyrsoidal, 
branches  racemose  spicate  or  corymbose.  The 
name  ought  to  have  been  written  Spiraia,  it 
answers  to  the  Subgenus  Spirenia  of  Seringe. 
Chamedryon  has  umbellate  or  corymbose 
flowers. 

634.  Spirea  tomentosa  L.  &c.  Dec.  Beck. 
Stem  angular  nearly  simple,  rusty  tomentose, 
leaves  petiolate  ovate  lanceolate,  acute  at  both 
ends,  unequaly  serrate,  beneath  white  tomen- 
tose, panicle  ample  compound  racemose,  calix 
and  capsules  fuscate  villose — This  is  the  origi- 
nal sp.  of  Kalm,  Lin.  <^'C  found  near  Philadel- 
phia and  from  New  York  to  Carolina ;  but  so 
many  sp.  have  been  blended  with  it,  that  near- 
ly all  the  synonyms  apply  to  others.  A  small 
shrub  2  to  4  feet  high,  flowers  purple  handsome 
estival.  Eaton  had  many  var.  of  this  in  his  first 
editions  as  myself  in  Med.  flora,  that  are  my 
next  distinct  deviations  or  Sp.  the  real  var.  are 
1.  alblflora,  2  elatior.  3,  ramosa  with  a  few 
branches,  and  the  next. 

635.  Spirea  tontentosa,  var.  virgata  Raf. 
(Elliot)  Branches  virgate  rusty  tomentose  leaves 
rugose  above,  petals  small  hairy  outside  often 
trilobe — Hills  of  Carolina  and  Apalachian  Mts. 
large  4-6fcet,  often  ramose. 

636.  Spirea  rosea  Raf.  diff*.  634,  leaves  lan- 
ceolate remotely  serrate  acute,  fulvous  tomen- 
tose beneath,  panicle  lax,  peduncles  as  long  as 
calix — West  Kentucky  to  Alabama,  disc,  by 
Mrs.  Holley,  a  beautiful  shrub  with  fine  rosate 


OF   NORTH   AMERICA.  63 

flowers,  it  deserves  to  be  deemed  a  peculiar  sp. 
by  narrow  leaves  not  white  beneath,  and  lax 
rose  flowers. 

637.  Spirea  ferxjginea  Raf.  stems  angular 
simple  fuscate  tomentose,  leaves  oblong  cune- 
ate  sessile,  broadly  serrate,  beneath  rusty  to- 
mentose, panicle  ample  Ibliose  at  the  base, 
branches  spicate,  flowers  subsessile,  calix  and 
capsules  rusty  rugose  scabrous — East  Kentuc- 
ky, Mts.  Wasioto  and  Apalachian,  shrub  2  or  3 
feet  high,  woody  at  base,  fl^owers  purple  :  easily 
known  by  the  color,  cuneate  leaves,  spikes  and 
capsules.  Var.  angu^tifolia,  leaves  narrow 
cuneate,  spikes  slender.  Pine  barrens  of  New 
Jersey. 

638.  Spirea  glomerata  Raf.  tomentosa 
Med.  fl.  tab.  88  stem  simple  terete  sulcate  fus- 
cate tomentose,  leaves  petiolate  elliptic  or  ova- 
toblong  jagged  serrate,  beneath  fulvous  tomen- 
tose, panicle  slender  spicate,  flowers  subsessile 
glomerate,  calix  fulvous  tomentose — Alleghany 
Mts.  very  small  suffruticose  pedal  without  bran- 
ches, flowers  small  incarnate.  Near  to  Sp.  ro- 
sea, but  different  leaves,  sessile  flowers  quite 
jagged  or  duplicate  serrate,  nankin  color  be- 
neath.    Var.  1  major,  bipedal,  2  pallida. 

639.  Spirea  glomerata  var.  cinerea  Raf. 
differ,  virgate,  stem  subterete  not  striate,  ashy 
tomentose,  leaves  also  beneath,  and  calix  like- 
wise— Pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey,  pedal,  flow- 
ers quite  glomerate  sessile  redish. 

640.  Spirea  parvifolia  Raf.  Stem  branch- 
ed angular  purplish  smooth,  branches  tomen- 
tose, leaves  sessile  small  elliptic  base  entire, 
serrate  above,  beneath  grey  tomentose,  panicle 
spicate  glomerate,  flowers  sessile,  crowded,  ca- 


64  NEW  SYLVA. 

lix  and  capsules  grey  tomentose — Canada,  Lake 
Champlain,  Saranac  and  Oquago  Mts.  a  small 
ramose  shrub  pedal,  flowers  incarnate,  leaves 
only  half  inch  long. — All  the  above  sp.  agree  in 
nothing  but  the  tomentose  leaves  beneath,  to 
deem  them  all  varieties  would  be  preposterous, 
as  no  character  including  them  all  could  be  fram- 
ed ;  but  they  afford  like  the  8  blended  sp.  of  S. 
salicifolia,  fine  illustrations  of  real  natural  spe- 
cific deviations,  similar  to  those  of  the  Genus 
Azalea  !  now  admitted  as  species. 

641.  Spirea  salicifolia  L.  Dec.  &c.  Q,uite 
smooth,  branches  elongate  terete  yellowish, 
leaves  subsessile  broadly  lanceolate  equaly  ser- 
rate, acute  at  both  ends  concolor,  panicle  ra- 
cemose compound  base  foliose,  bracts  oblong. 
— In  North  Europe,  Sibiria  and  Origon,  my 
specimen  is  simple  2  feet  long,  leaves  3  inches 
long  one  wide,  flowers  white  peduncled  crowd- 
ed. Five  other  American  sp.  have  been  blend- 
ed with  this  by  all  the  botanists,  which  altho' 
deviations  perhaps  are  totally  distinct  from  this: 
I  have  compared  them  all  carefully  and  ascer- 
tained excellent  peculiar  characters  in  each, 
they  only  agree  in  having  thin  smooth  leaves 
and  the  branches  of  the  panicle  nearly  corym- 
bose. Var.  Slhirica  Pallas  fl.  Ross.  t.  21.  dif- 
fer branches  yellowish,  leaves  unequaly  serrate 
panicle  lax  not  foliose,  flowers  large  incarnate. 
Perhaps  a  peculiar  species    Sp.   Sibirica  Raf. 

642.  Spirea  flexuosa  Raf.  salicif.  of  many 
Amer.  bot.  alba?  Erhart.  Mg.  Q,uite  smooth, 
branches  flexuose  angular  redish,  leaves  petio- 
late  oblong  lanceol.  deeply  serrate,  base  entire 
cuneate  pale  beneath,  panicle  racemose  base  fo- 
liose, no  bracts — Mts.  Alleghanies  and  hills 
from  Canada  to  Virginia,  pretty  shrub  ^  to  4 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  65 

feet  high,  leaves  only  two  inches  long,  flowers 
small  white  estival.  If  it  is  the  sp.  alba  of  Er- 
hart  it  is  also  found  in  Sibiria. 

C43.  Spirea  amena  Raf.  1808.  Quite  smooth 
branches  fuscate  terete  below  angular  above, 
leaves  imbricate  sessile  oblong  or  elliptical 
sharply  serrate,some  obovate  below,  panicle  ra- 
cemose ovate  naked. — 'From  New  Jersey  to 
Kentucky,  perhaps  Origon  and  Sibiria,as  I  have 
received  it  also  as  Sibirian,  similar  to  the  last 
but  distinct  by  stem  flowers  larger  incarnate,no 
petiols  and  leaves  smaller  commonly  uncial. 
Var.  paucijlora,  leaves  oblong  lanceolate  or 
narrow  elliptic  serrulate,  panicle  capitate  al- 
most simple  with  few  large  pink  flowers.  Sibi- 
ria,  this  is  Sp.  salicifolia  var.  b.  Pallas  fl.  ross. 
tab.  22.  branches  flexuose. 

644.  Spirea  ov ATA  Raf  Quite  smooth,  shoots 
simple  virgate  terete  rugose  purplish,  leaves 
subsessile  ovate  acute  imbricate  deeply  serrate 
or  jagged,  lower  obovate,  panicle  racemose 
glomerate,  base  not  foliose,  some  oblong  bracts 
— Mts.  Alleghanies,  Wasioto  and  Apalachian, 
stems  simple  1  or  2  feet  high,  only  woody  at 
base,  leaves  uncial  or  smaller,  flowers  white. 

645.  Spirea  carpinifolia  W.  enum.  Wat- 
son dendr.  66,  Loudun  Cycl.  Quite  smooth, 
leaves  ovate  eUiptic  acute  at  both  ends  coarse- 
ly serrate,  panicle  racemose  spreading — Said  to 
be  from  North  America,  flowers  white,  not 
seen,  nearest  to  my  Sp.  ovata,  stated  by  Muh- 
lenberg to  be  the  same  as  my  Sp.  corymbosa, 
but  that  is  not  paniculate  ;  therefore  a  doubtful 
species. 

646.  Spirea  heterophyla  Raf  Quite  smooth 
branches  angular  purplish,  lower  leaves  round- 
ed or  lobed,   medial  obovate,  upper  elliptical. 


66  SEW  SYLVA 

all  subpetiolate  acute  and  sharply  serrate,  pan- 
icle racemose  not  foliose  but  with  linear  bracts 
— Alleghany  Mts.  and  Alabama,  2  or  3  feet 
high  ramose,  leaves  biuncial  very  broad,  flowers 
white.     A  very  distinct  sp. 

647.  Si'iREA  ciLiATA  Raf.  salicif.  Elliot.  Stem 
angular  pubescent,  leaves  sessile  imbricate  con- 
similar  cuneate  acute,  base  entire,  ciliate,  sharp- 
ly serrate  upwards,  panicle  racemose  glomerate 
elongate,  bracts  hnear — From  the  River  Wa- 
bash to  Carolina  near  streams  chiefly,  a  very 
peculiar  sp.  quite  ciliolate,  middle  nerve  often 
also,  bipedal,  leaves  small  uncial,  flowers  white 
Var.  1.  petiolata,  leaxes  subpetiol.  broader,  2 
multijlore  panicle  ramose. 

648.  Spirea  obovata  Raf.  dec.  25.  crena- 
ta  Tor.  Eat.  Mg.  hypericif.  var  Beck,  chame- 
drif  Pursh.  C^uite  smooth  cespitose  suffruti- 
cose  creeping,  branches  flexuose  angular  red- 
ish,  leaves  similar  obovate  subsessile  obtuse, 
base  acute  entire,  upwards  unequaly  serrate, 
corymbs  racemose  terminal,  bracteoles  linear, 
petals  obovate  crenate  undulate — Rocky  sum- 
mits of  Mattawan  and  Kiskanom  Mts.  of  iVew 
York  disc.  1817,  descr.  1818  in  my  decads, 
mistaken  or  omitted  by  all  our  botanists,  proba- 
bly a  boreal  plant.  Shoots  or  branches  assur- 
gent  woody  only  4  to  16  inches  high,  leaves  un- 
cial concolor,  panicle  thyrsoidal  ovate  formed 
of  small  lateral  corymbs,  thus  forming  a  pass- 
age to  the  subg.  Chamedryon,  flowery  white 
blossoming  in  June.  Having  obtained  speci- 
mens of  the  real  Spir.  crenata,  ulmifolia  and 
chamedrifolia  I  can  vouch  that  this  is  quite  dif- 
ferent and  no  Chamedryon.  Var.  Sibirica  of 
Pallas  nameless  fig.  t.  26  f.  2,  merely  differ  by 
narrow  leaves  nearly  entire  glaucous   beneath. 


or   NORTH   AMERICA.  67 

649.  Spirea  bkacteata  Raf.  levigata  ?  L. 
or  of  some  botanists.  Quite  smooth,  branches 
terete  yellowish,  leaves  quite  sessile  oblong  en- 
tire, base  cuneate,  apex  obtuse  cuspidate,  some 
mixt  ovate  elliptic,  panicle  racemose,  bracts 
ovate  acute — Sibiria  and  New  Sibiria,  proba- 
bly a  large  shrub,  branches  thick,  leaves  2  or  4 
inches  long,  one  broad,  base  almost  semiam- 
plex.  panicle  compound,  flowers  white  race- 
mose. In  my  specimen  some  elliptical  smaller 
leaves  intermixt.  Not  quite  answering  to  Sp. 
levigata  see  below,  yet  sent  me  as  such. 

650.  Spirea  cuneifolia  Raf.  Herb.  Quite 
smooth  branches  terete  dark  purple,  leaves  ses- 
sile cuneate  entire,  apex  very  obtuse  cuspidate, 
panicles  axillary  and  terminal  racemose,  bracts 
subulate — Origon  and  New  Albion,  a  fine  hand- 
some shrub  disc,  by  Walton,  quite  different 
from  last  by  red  flowers,  small  bracts  and  large 
leaves  3  to  6  inches  long,  quite  cuneiform  or  ta- 
pering from  end  to  base.  The  real  Sp.  levi- 
gata of  Lin.  is  akin  to  both  these  sp.  but  it  ap- 
pears to  differ  by  lanceolate  glaucous  less  ob- 
tuse leaves  and  white  flowers,  (some  botanists 
call  the  cuneate  leaves  lanceolate  !  which  is  the 
reverse  tapering  from  base  to  end)  while  Smith 
blends  the  Sp.  altaica  with  it,  which  I  add  for 
contrast. 

651.  Spirea  altaica  Pallas  fl.  ross.  t.  23. 
Stem  terete  redish,  leaves  fasciculate  sessile 
cuneate  acute  repand  glaucous,  racemes  pani- 
culate axillary  and  terminal,  bracts  lanceolate. 
— Altaic  Mts.  flowers  white  large,  capsules 
large  smooth  2sperme,  leaves  2  or  3  inches 
long,  not  cuspidate  nor  obtuse ;  thus  quite  dif- 
ferent from  the  two  last.  Is  it  the  real  levigata 
of  Linneus  as  deemed  by  most  of  botanists  ? 


08  NEW  SYLVA. 

652.  Spirea  douglassi  Hook.  fl.  Pubescent-, 
leaves  elliptic  apex  serrate,  white  hairy  be- 
neath, panicle  oblong,  calix  reflexed,  capsules 
smooth— N.  W.  America,  flowers  small,  near 
to  Sp.  tomentosa,  no  more  different  from  it  than 
my  removed  deviations. 

653.  Spirea  menziesi  Hook.  fl.  differs  from 
last  only  by  leaves  smooth  beneath,  yet  made  a 
species  by  Hooker. 

Subgenus  Chamedryon  Ser.  Dec.  only  differ- 
ence flowers  umbellate  or  corymbose,  calix  of- 
ten nervose  or  venose.  . 

654.  Spirea  (Ch.)  chamedrifolia  L.  Jaq. 
and  Europe.  Smooth,  branches  cinereous  su- 
bangular,  leaves  petiolate  obovate  entire  obtuse 
base  acute  or  unequaly  repand  lobed  or  jagged 
near  the  end,  racemes  terminal  simple  corym- 
bose, pedicels  filiform  lax — Carpathian  and 
other  European  Mts.  many  short  branchlets, 
leaves  small  thin  uncial,  flowers  really  in  a  co- 
rymbose racemes,  the  lower  having  long  slen- 
der pedicels,  petals  white  rounded.  My  des- 
cription is  original  from  a  specimen  of  Jacquin, 
introduced  here  to  compare  it  with  the  blended 
kinds. 

655.  Spirea  (Ch.)  versifolia  Raf.  chame- 
drif.  Pallas  ft.  t.  15.  Sm.  Hooker  fl.  bor.  &c. 
Smooth,  branches  terete  redish,  leaves  petio- 
late acute  at  both  ends  ovate  serrate,  base  en- 
tire, the  lower  dupHcate  serrate  ovate  lanceol. 
flowers  subumbellate — Sibiria  and  New  Sibiria, 
flowers  white,  almost  in  umbels  since  pedicels 
fasciculate,  thus  distinct  from  the  last,  and 
leaves  quite  unlike ;  but  Pallas  says  the  leaves 
are  variable,  probably  many  species  are  even 
blended  here,  one  of  which  1  can  ascertain. 


OF  NORTH   AMERICA.  69 

656.  Spirea  (Ch.)  daurica  Raf.  chamedrif. 
Tar.  Pallas  t.  15.  differs  by  leaves  elliptic  pu- 
bescent nearly  entire,  crenate  above,  tomentose 
beneath — Daurian  Mts.  of  Sibiria,  nearer  to  Sp. 
douglassi  than  the  Sp.  versifolia,  but  flowers 
not  paniculate. 

657.  Spirea  (Ch.)  ulmifolia  Scop.  t.  22. 
W.  P.  Sm.  chamedrif.  Amman  Lind.  b.  reg.. 
1222 !  Smooth,  branches  slender  flexuose  an- 
gular, leaves  petiolate  ovate  laciniate  serrate 
acute,  base  entire  subacute,  floAvers  terminal 
corymbose  crowded,  pedicels  filiform  often  with 
a  subulate  bract — Mts.  of  Europe  and  Sibiria, 
my  specimen  is  an  original  one  of  Scopoli  from 
Carniolia.  and  agrees  perfectly  with  the  figure 
of  Lindley  with  mistaken  name  :  totaly  differ- 
ent from  Sp.  chamedrif.  leaves  and  flowers  lar- 
ger. 

658.  Spirea  (Ch.)  eetulifolia  Pallas  fl.  t. 
16.  not  Pursh.  Smooth,  shrubby  branches  te- 
rete redish,  leaves  subsessile  ovate  rounded  la- 
ciniate serrate,  yellow  beneath,  flowers  termi- 
nal corymbose  lax — Sibiria  and  New  Sibiria  ? 
flowers  white. 

659.  Spirea  (Ch.]  ostryfolia  Raf.  betuli- 
folia  Pursh  not  Pallas.  Suffruticose,  quite 
smooth,  shoots  terete  redish,  leaves  petiolate 
acute  at  both  ends  ovatoblong  laciniate  ser- 
rate except  at  the  base,  apex  often  obliqual, 
glaucous  beneath,  corymb,  pauciflore  simple  fo- 
liose  crowded — Alleghany  Mts.  of  Virginia 
found  there  1825,  intermediate  between  the 
last  and  the  next,  semipedal,  leaves  2  inches 
long  quite  thin,  flowers  white.  Var.  ptimila,  4 
inches  high  flexuose  few  leaves  the  lowest  large 
duplicate  serrate,  corymb  glomerate,  Wasioto 
Mts. 


70  NEW  SYLYA 

660.  Spirea  (Ch.)  corymbosa  Raf.  1804, 
precis  1814,  Mg.  1812,  1818.  Lod.  cab.  (or 
sp.  glauca  Raf.)  carpinifolia  ?  W.  SufFruticose 
quite  smooth,  stem  angular  redish,  leaves  peti- 
olate  ovatoblong  acute  at  both  ends,  unequaly 
serrate  entire  at  the  base,  quite  glaucous  al- 
most white  beneath,  corymb  terminal  multiflore 
compound  subfoliose  each  peduncled  crowded 
— Alleghanies  of  Pennsjlv.  Maryland  and  Vir- 
ginia on  dry  ridges,  stems  pedal  often  annual 
leaves  1  or  2  inches  long,  nerves  prominent  be- 
neath, flowers  white  in  large  multiflore  corymbs 
with  1  to  3  small  ovate  entire  leaves,  flowers 
nearly  level  large,  stamens  long.  By  a  mis- 
print I  stated  this  sp.  to  be  trigynous  in  my  pre- 
cis 1815,  it  is  Sgynous.  I  discovered  this  plant 
in  1804  and  communicated  it  to  Muhlenberg. 
Sp.  glauca  would  be  a  better  name  as  there  are 
so  many  corymbose  kinds. 

661.  Spirea  (Ch.)  repens  Raf.  corymbosa 
Torrey,  Beck,  Eaton  &.c.  Stems  suflruticose 
creeping,  shoots  terete  redish  erect,  leaves  ses- 
sile smooth  variable  obovate  oblong  and  ovate, 
obtuse  or  acute,  unequaly  serrate,  base  entire, 
pale  beneath,  corymb  terminal  compound  com- 
pact fastigiate  subfoliose,  stamens  elon  ate. — 
Lake  Champlain,  Mts.  Saranac  and  Oquago, 
shoots  4  to  6  inches  long,  leaves  uncial,  flowers 
small  pale  incarnate.  Var.  pubescens^  leaves 
oblong  obovate  pubescent  beneath,  stem  pedal 
and  flowers  pale  rose  color.  This  is  the  Sp. 
corymbosa  of  the  above  Authors,  said  to  be  pu- 
bescent. My  specimens  are  all  glabrous.  Do 
they  mean  the  next  species  ? 

66'2.  Spirea  (Ch.)  crenata  L.  Bar.  t.  564. 
Smith  hypericif.  var.  crenata  Dec.   not  Beck. 


OF    NORTH   AMERICA,  71 

Puberulent  or  pulverulent,  branches  angular 
purplish,  leaves  petiolate  glaucous  cuneate  en- 
tire or  apex  crenate  dentate  obtuse,  base  acute, 
smooth  above,  trinerve  and  puberulent  beneath, 
corymbs  terminal  on  branchlets  pauciflore  sub- 
umbellate,  stamens  very  short — Europe  from 
Spain  to  Hungary ;  my  specimen  is  from  Hun- 
gary, with  branches  ramose  not  virgate,  leaves 
small  semiuncial,  flowers  white,  corymbs  5-7 
flore,  pedicels  puberulent  sometimes  with  a  su- 
bulate bract.  This  Linnean  sp.  is  not  Ameri- 
can, Hooker  has  it  not,  Smith  has  proved  that 
several  sp.  were  blended,  the  Sibirian  is  my 
next.  Even  Linneus  in  taking  barrelier's  plant 
as  type,  mistook  others  for  it  and  called  the 
leaves  ovatoblong,  he  meant  obovate  oblong. 
The  name  being  equivocal  and  liable  to  objeC' 
tions,  might  be  changed  to  Sp,  pulverulenta 
Raf. 

663.  Spirea  (Ch.)  denticulata  Raf.  cre- 
nata  Pallas,  fl.  1. 19.  Wild.  Pers.  &lc.  Smooth, 
branches  yellowish,  leaves  sessile  obovate  or 
cuneate  denticulate  acute  upwards,  beneath 
glaucous,  lower  leaves  petiolate  ovate  denticu- 
late, corymbs  lateral  pauciflore — Sibiria  and 
probably  New  Sibiria,  flowers  white ;  even  Pal- 
las speaks  of  some  varieties,  one  with  laciniate 
trinerve  leaves  may  be  a  distinct  Sp,  laciniatal 
Raf. 

664.  Spirea  (Ch.)  japonica  Raf.  crenata 
Thunb.  fl.  Smooth,  branches  virgate,  leaves  pe- 
tiolate lanceol.  hardly  serrate,  flowers  umbel- 
late, calix  campan.  deeply  5fid.  petals  emargi- 
nate — in  Japan,  called  there  Awaju,  another 
mistaken  reference  to  Sp.  crenata,  quite  dis- 
tinct from  all,  nearer  to  the  next  by  the  um- 
bels. 


t^  K£W  SYLVA. 

665.  Spirea  (Ch.)  italica  or  reticulata 
Raf.  hypericifolia  Sm.  and  many  Authors,  type 
in  Bocc.  mus.  t.  96.  Quite  smooth,  branches 
angular  purplish,  leaves  sessile  cuneate  entire 
obtuse  concolor,  beneath  nerves  reticulate,  flow- 
ers in  small  pauciflore  umbels  sessile  at  the  end 
of  branchlets,  calix  venose,  each  segments  ovate 
with  3  veins — Native  of  the  hills  of  Umbria  in 
Italy  where  discovered  by  Bocconi,  and  again 
by  Sir  James  Smith  see  Rees  Cycl.  it  has  be- 
come common  in  gardens,  where  it  is  blended 
with  the  next,  and  botanists  have  been  perplex- 
ed for  its  locality:  hypericifolia  having  become 
equivocal  ought  to  be  changed  as  I  propose. 
Leaves  small  semiuncial  not  glaucons  nor  tri- 
nerve,  but  slightly  trinervate  sometimes,  umbels 
of  3  to  7  flowers,  petals  white  obovate. 

666.  Spirea  (Ch.)  virgata  Raf.  hypericifo- 
lia of  Lin  and  many  botanists,  hyper,  var.  plu- 
kenetiana  Dec.  Hooker,  Beck.  Pluk.  aim.  218. 
5 — Branches  fuscate  angular  rugose  virgate, 
leaves  sessile  cuneate  obtuse  or  retuse,  entire 
smooth  above,  pubescent  and  glaucous  beneath, 
nerves  with  paralel  branches  not  reticulate,  um- 
bels pauciflore  lateral  subsessile  foliose  at  base, 
pedicels  angular,  calix  decangular  at  base,  seg- 
ments uninerve. — This  is  the  real  American 
Species,  so  long  deemed  doubtful,  native  of  bo- 
real America  and  New  Sibiria,  common  in  our 
gardens  ;  flowers  vernal  in  white  umbels  almost 
sessile  at  first,  but  peduncled  and  foliose  as  the 
leaves  unfold,  these  are  small  semiuncial  nearly 
similar  to  the  last  in  shape  and  size,  but  thick- 
er and  quite  different  beneath,  the  calix  is  very 
peculiar  by  its  10  angles  or  nerves.  Var.  hook- 
eriana  Raf.  Leaves  smooth  entire,  umbels 
corymbose  sessile,  of  N.  W.  America  is  proba- 


OF    x\ORTII    AMEKICA.  73 

bly  a  peculiar  species  near  to  my  Sp.  crenata, 
as  it  cannot  be  Sp.  italica !  It  must  be  better 
described,  and  may  be  called  Sp.  Iiookeriana 
R.  It  is  akin  to  Sp.  japonica.  I  hope  to  have 
thus  ascertained  many  obscure  or  lost  species, 
and  elucidated  the  whole  genus ;  in  order  to 
remove  the  difficulties  I  have  been  compelled 
to  introduce  some  species  not  strictly  Ameri- 
can, but  have  greatly  increased  ours  also.  This 
will  conclude  the  true  G.  Spirea,  I  shall  now 
describe  the  akin  blended  Genera. 

6G7.  PHYSOCARPA  Raf.  subg.  of  Ser. 
(or  Physotheca.)  Ditf.  Spirea,  calix.  deeply  5fid, 
pistils  3  united  at  base,  capsules  3  coalescent 
swelled  smooth,  apex  free  bivalve,  leaves  lobed, 
flowers  in  short  corymbose  racemes  hractea- 
ted — Thus  it  differs  as  much  as  Gillenia  but 
has  not  a  tubular  calix. 

668.  t*HYsoc.  RiPARiA  Raf.  Spirea  opulifo- 
lia  L.  «^c.  Var.  tomentella  Dec.  Beck.  Branch- 
es angular  pale,  leaves  petiolate  ovate  rounded 
or  oblong  unequaly  serrate  often  lobed  or  trifid 
acute  quite  smooth,  beneath  pale  trinervate, 
corymbs  terminal,  bracts  oblong  or  laciniate, 
pedicles  filiform  pubescent,  calix  tomentose 
acute,  capsules  smooth  much  swelled — From 
Canada  to  Carolina,  Louisiana  and  Missouri, 
on  the  banks  of  streams.  Shrub  5  to  10  feet 
high,  leaves  2  or  3  inches  long,  flowers  white 
with  pink  shades,  capsules  fulvous  or  fuscate, 
seeds  rounded  yellowish.  This  has  always  been 
deemed  the  Sp.  opulitblia  by  our  botanists,  and 
it  was  really  that  of  Linneus,  since  he  gives  A- 
merica  as  its  only  locality ;  but  now  many 
others  must  be  separated.  Var.  1.  parHfolia, 
2.  arhorea. 

669.  Physog.  opulifoiia  or  glabra  Raf.  Sp. 

10 


74  NEW  SYLVA 

opulif.  Dec.  and  many  botanists.  Var.  glabra 
Hooker.  Cluite  smooth,  branches  angular  ci- 
nereous, leaves  ovate  trilobe,  petiolate,  dentate 
or  crenate,  corymbs  terminal,  bracts  ovatobiong 
pedicels  smooth,  calix  smooth  obtuse,  capsules 
smooth  compressed  at  the  end — Mts.  of  East 
Europe,  Sibiria  and  Origon.  Very  distinct 
from  the  laot  by  many  characters,  entitled  to  be 
a  species,  seeds  obovate  yellow. 

670.  Physoc.  tomentosa  Raf.  Sp.  capitata 
Pursh,  Eat.  Sp.  opulif.  var.  tomentosa  Hook, 
fl.  Leaves  ovate  sublobate,  doubly  dentate,  re- 
ticulate and  tomentose  beneath,  corymbs  ter- 
minal crowded  subcapitate  on  a  long  peduncle, 
calix  tomentose — Origon,  another  distinct  sp. 
blended  by  Hooker,  aitho'  distinguished  by 
Pursh  and  others.  The  Sp.  monogyna  of  Tor- 
rey  is  also  reduced  to  Sp.  opulif.  by  Hooker, 
while  it  is  even  a  peculiar  Genus !  See  the  next. 

671.  EPICOSTORUS  Raf.  atl.  J.  page  144. 
Sp.  monogyna  Tor.  rocky  mts.  119.  Eaton  <!^c, 
Sp.  opul.  var.  monogyna !  Plook.  fl.  Calix  cam- 
panul.  51obed,  petals  5,  stamens  20  inserted  on 
a  circular  free  torus  or  base  monadelphous,  pis- 
tils 1  or  2  stipitate,  with  a  style,capitate  stigma, 
capsules  1  or  2  compressed  not  swelled  free 
villose  bivalve  trisperme.  Habit  of  Fhyso- 
carpa,  pedicels  few,  no  bracts. — Epic,  monta- 
Nus  Raf.  as  above.  Leaves  rounded  ovate  base 
subcordate,  subtrilobe,  incise,  dentate  pubes- 
cent beneath,  corymbs  on  short  peduncles  pau- 
ciflore,  pedicels  filiform  calix  obtuse  pubescent 
— in  the  Origon  mts.  disc,  by  James,  descr.  by 
Torrey  1827,  mistaken  by  Hooker  since,  ascer- 
tained by  me  in  1832,  the  generic  name  means 
20  on  a  torus. 

672.^  SCHIZONOTUS    Raf.    calix    rotate 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  75 

deeply  5fid  colorate  villose,  petals  5  equal  ve- 
nose, stamens  20  inserted  on  a  torus  adnate  to 
the  base  of  calix,  pistils  5  equal  sessile,  capsu- 
les 5  sessile  tomentose  monosperm.  Habit  of 
the  paniculate  Spireas.  I  have  adopted  this 
Genus  and  name  on  the  suggestion  of  Lindley, 
who  proposed  to  unite  to  it  "ihe  next,  but  the 
habit  is  too  different.  Schizonotus  appears  to 
mean  Split  back  and  I  do  not  know  how  it  ap- 
plies unless  the  capsules  o})en  outside. 

673.  ScHizoNOTus  DISCOLOR  llaf.  8pirea  do 
Pursh,  Torrey  Dec.  ariafolia  Sm.  Hook.  Lind. 
b.  reg.  1365.  Leaves  petiolate  ovatoblongsub- 
lobate  and  laciniate  serrate,  white  villose  be- 
neath, flowers  terminal  paniculate  racemose, 
pedicels  and  calix  villose,  petals  oblong  with  3 
veins — Origon  region  and  Mts.  A  very  pecu- 
liar shrub,  quite  different  from  my  Thecanisia 
discolor  297,  to  which  I  refered  by  mistake  the 
Sp.  discolor  of  Pursh,  flowers  white,  leaves  cal- 
led elliptic  by  Smith,  ovate  by  Pursh  and  Torrey 
but  they  are  realy  ovate  oblong. 

674.  BASILIMA  Raf.  1815.  Sorbariasubg. 
Ser.  Schizonotus  liind.  Cal.  patent  Sparted 
smooth  not  colorate,  base  acute,  petals  5,  sta- 
mens 15  to  20  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  calix, 
pistils  4  to  5  sessile,  capsules  4  to  5  unequal  ses- 
sile smooth  monosperm.  Large  shrubs  with 
the  foliage  of  Roses  and  Sorbus,  leaves  alter- 
nate stipulate  oddly  pinnate,  folioles  oppo- 
site sessile,  flowers  bracteolate  panicidate  or 
corymbose — This  fine  natural  Genus  is  certain- 
ly more  different  from  Sjnrea  than  "Lowea  is 
from  Rosa !  it  may  be  known  at  first  sight  by 
its  habit. 

675.  Basilima  sorbifolia  Raf  Sp.  do  L. 
&.C.  Pallas  fl.  t.  24.     Quite  smooth,  branches 


76  NEW  SYLVA. 

terete  flexuose,  leaves  with  11  to  21  folioles 
broad  lanceol.  acuminate  duplicate  serrate,  sti- 
pules oblong  entire,  flowers  paniculate  crowded, 
panicle  oblong,  bracteoles  lanceol.  equal  to  the 
short  clavate  pedicels — Sibiria  and  New  Sibiria 
in  N.  W.  America,  a  large  shrub,  with  fine  in- 
carnate odorous  flowers,  folioles  1  or  2  inches 
long.  My  specimens  have  racemose  panicles 
before  anthesis,  becoming  glomerate  in  full 
bloom. 

676.  Basilima  PYGMEA  Raf.  Sp.  sorbif.  var. 
pygmea  Pallas  fl.  t.  25.  Quite  diflerent  from 
the  last  by  folioles  broader  less  acum.  ovate 
lanceol.  laciniate  and  flowers  corymbose — Mts. 
of  Sibiria  and  probably  in  boreal  America,  a 
small  dwarf  shrub.  Not  seen  but  the  figure  of 
Pallas  is  strikingly  diflerent.  It  must  not  be 
blended  with  the  Sorbus  pumila  of  Origon,  that 
has  edible  berries. 

Monograph  of  HYDRANGEA. 

Linneus  had  only  one  species,  our  botanists 
have  gradualy  increased  them  to  4 ;  but  I  shall 
still  further  increase  them  to  10.  They  are  all 
shrubs  growing  in  mountains  and  hills  on  rocks 
and  near  streams,  blossoms  estival.  Ihe  Ge- 
nus had  been  united  to  the  Saxifragides,  but 
Lindley  dreamt  that  it  was  to  be  united  to  the 
Caprifoliacea !  with  berries  and  monopetal  co- 
rollas !  It  really  belongs  to  the  Natural  family 
of  DicEKACEA  in  the  Nat.  Order  Ascadia, 
which  includes  all  the  Saxifragides  with  ovary 
and  capsule  coalescent  or  inferior.  It  includes 
two  subgenera. 

Apleria.   Flowers  uniform  consimilar. 

Megasteira.  Flowers  dissimilar,  the  exterior 
enlarged  neutral  radial,  as  in  Opulus,  3-4fid  un- 
equal. 


OF  NORTH    AMERICA.  77 

The  habit  is  peculiar,  leaves  opposite  petio- 
late,  flowers  terminal  cyniose  or  paniculate.  It 
is  therefore  a  natural  Genus,  having  atlinities 
with  the  Myrtoides,  Hederacea  and  Viburnides. 
The  Gr.  Itea  and  Cunonia  ditler  by  free  pistil. 

677-  Hydrangea  (Apl.)  vulgaris  Mx.  P.  B. 
E.  Sec  arborescens  L.  Slc.  Branches  terete 
sulcate  pale,  leaves  ovatoblong  acuminate, 
equaly  serrate  smooth  pale  beneath,  petiols  and 
nerves  pubescent,  base  rounded,  cymes  naked 
pubescent  uniform,  2  oblong  bracts — Alleghany 
Mts.  and  hills  from  Pennsylv.  to  Carolina  and 
Kentucky,  B  to  5  feet  high,  leaves  *2  or  3  inches 
long,  flowers  white  and  small.  Var.  carnea^ 
flowers  incarnate. 

678.  Hydr.  (Apl.)  paniculata  Raf.  Quite 
smooth,  branches  terete  fuscate,  leaves  ovato- 
blong  both  ends  acute,  glaucous  on  both  sides, 
nearly  entire  or  remotely  dentate,  6'yme  panicu- 
late lax  with  oblong  sessile  bracts — A  very  dis- 
tinct Sp.  found  without  locality  in  Collins  herb, 
probably  from  Origon  and  Sibiria,  leaves  large 
4  inches  long  2  wide,  petiols  shorter  uncial 
slightly  ciliolate,  flowers  niuch  larger  than  in 
the  last,  with  large  lanceolate,  petals,  calix  an- 
gular, stamens  erect  longer  than  petals. 

679.  Hydrangea  (3Ieg,}  acuta  Raf.  Bran- 
ches sub  angidar  purplish,  leaves  ovatoblong  un- 
equaly  serrate,  acuminate,  base  acute  entire, 
pale  beneath,  nerves  puberulent,  cymes  pubes- 
cent naked  hardly  radiate,  bracts  small  ovate — 
Apalachian  Mts.  Leaves  very  thin,  cymes 
small,  commonly  with  1  to  3  small  neutral  flow- 
ers unequaly  trifid  acute  white.  Thus  a  pas- 
sage to  the  subgenus  Megasteira. 

680.  Hydr.  (Meg.)  GLAucARaf.  radiata  glau- 


^y  NEW  SYLVA. 

ca  Mg.  Branches  terete  biangular,  leaves  o- 
vate  serrate  acum.  base  rounded,  beneath  glau- 
cous smooth,  upper  leaves  subsessile,  cymes  ra- 
diate, neutral  rays  3-4fid — Alabama  and  Alle- 
ghanies,  leaves  thin  large,  flowers  white,  rays 
with  unequal  rounded  segments.  Capsules  as 
in  most  species  with  10  prominent  nerves. 

681.  Hydr.  (Meg.)  rotundifolia  Raf. 
Branches  angular  rough,  lower  leaves  petiolate 
rounded  and  orbicular  acum.  serrate,  base  not 
cordate,  rough  above,  pale  beneath,  nerves 
rough  pubescent,  upper  leaves  sessile  ovate 
base  acute,  cymes  radiate,  rays  3-4fid  large 
rounded  obtuse. — Wasioto  Mts.  of  Kentucky 
and  Virginia  on  rocks,  3  to  4  feet  high,  leaves 
small,  flowers  large  white,  rays  very  large  un- 
equal. 

682.  Hydr.  (Meg.)  heterophyla  Raf. 
Branches  subangular,  leaves  elliptic,  base  cor- 
date or  truncate  or  obliquate,  apex  acumin. 
falcate,  unequaly  serrate,  beneath  concolor ; 
nerves  puberulent,  upper  leaves  rounded  base 
rounded,  cymes  hardly  radiate  pubescent,  rays 
ovate  acute. — Wasioto  Mts.  of  Kentucky  disc. 
1823  with  the  last,  akin  but  distinct  by  leaves 
and  rays,  these  sometimes  lacking. 

683.  Hydr.  (Meg.)  cordata  Pursh.  E.  «&c. 
Branches  angular,leaves  firm  rounded  base  sub- 
cordate,  dentate  shortly  acuminate,  rough  above 
beneath  concolor  veins  reticulate  smooth,  cymes 
radiate,  rays  many  ovate  acute,  2  oblong  bracts 
— Virginia,  Carolina,  Kentucky  &lc  on  rocks, 
humble  shrub  2  to  4  feet  high,  with  larger 
thicker  leaves,  and  ample  cymes. 

684.  Hydr.  (Meg.)  amplifolia  Raf.  Branch- 
es subangular  leaves  on  very  long  petiols  thin 
ample  ovate,  lower  subcordate  at  base,  smooth 


or    NORTH    AMERICA.  79 

acumin.  laciniate  serrate  pale  beneath,  cymes 
hardly  radiate,  bracts  oblong — Banks  of  the 
Delaware  and  Susquehaimah  in  Alts,  Allegha- 
nies,  a  large  shrub  G  to  10  feet  high,  leaves  very 
large  5  to  8  inches  long,  petiols  3  to  5  inches, 
cymes  ample,  only  1  or  2  neutral  rays. 

685.  Hydr.  (Meg.)  discolor  Raf.  Branches 
angular,  leaves  elliptic  acumin.  base  often  acute 
serrulate,  beneath  whitish  closely  tomentose, 
cyme  villose  subradiate,  bracts  2  lanceol.  fal- 
cate sessile,  rays  small  obovate  acute — Apala- 
chian  Mts.  often  blended  with  the  next  proba- 
bly, but  distinct  by  leaves  and  rays,  shrub  6  to 
10  feet  high,  seen  alive  in  gardens. 

686.  Hydr.  (Meg.)  nivea  ]\Ix.  P.  E.  ^c.  ra- 
diata  Walter.  Branches  terete  dark  purple, 
leaves  firm  ovate  acum.  base  subcordate,  ser- 
rate, rugose  above  and  pubescent  along  the 
nerves,  beneath  snowy  white  tomentose,  cymes 
subradiate,  rays  lanceolate — Apalachian  and 
Unaka  Mts.  on  the  R.  Santi  &c,  elegant  shrub, 
well  described  by  Elliot,  my  speciniens  are  but 
slightly  cordate,  flowers  white  late  vernal. 

687.  Hydr.  (Meg.)  quercij  olia  Bartr.  trav. 
ic.  Pursh,  E.  4*c.  A  well  known  shrub,  now 
common  in  our  gardens,  found  by  Bartram  in 
the  Cheroki  mts.  60  years  ago,  published  and 
figured  in  his  travels  45  years  ago,  yet  omitted 
by  Wild.  Pers.  and  all  till  Pursh  !  Easily  known 
by  the  lobate  leaves  and  large  thyrsoid  panicle 
of  pink  flowers  many  neutrals:  Bartram  says 
it  grows  on  the  R.  Oconi  and  in  North  Alaba- 
ma near  streams,  has  many  divergent  stems  5 
to  6  feet  high,  the  bark  peals  as  in  Physocarpa, 
the  broad  oboval  neutral  flowers  are  at  first 
rosate,  but  gradualy  change  to  red,  purple,  rus- 
ty and  brown. 


80  KEW  SYLVA 

FAGUS  and  CASTANEA. 
The  Beech  and  Chesnut  trees  so  unhke  and 
easily  known  by  their  fruits  had  _been  kept  sep- 
arate by  the  old  Botanists,  but  Linneus  took  the 
fancy  to  unite  them  under  his  Fagus. — This 
linnean  blunder  was  never  assented  to  by  the 
French  Botanists,  and  now  after  100  years  the 
two  genera  are  again  acknowledged.  But  as 
to  our  American  Sp.  they  are  yet  miscalled  and 
deemed  the  same  as  the  European  ;  which  is 
erroneous,  none  of  our  trees  being  quite  identic! 
I  must  therefore  revise  them  and  add  some 
new  kinds. 

688.  Fagus  alba  Raf.  sylvatica  of  Amer. 
bot.  not  L.  nor  Europe.  Bark  smooth  white, 
branchlets  terete  cinereous,  leaves  on  short  pe- 
tiols  ovate  lanceol.  dentate'~  ciliate,  acute  at 
both  ends,  green  concolorf  aments  on  short  pe- 
duncles, nuts  ovate  mucronate  obtusely  trigone 
— Our  white  Beech  tree,  common  all  over  N. 
America,  50  to  GO  feet  high,  leaves  2  or  3  in- 
ches long.     Dioical  or  polygamous, 

689.  Fagus  heterophyla  Raf.  Bark  and 
branches  grey,  branchlets  terete,  leaves  subpe- 
tiolate  ovate  obovate  rhomboidal  and  elliptic, 
acute  at  both  ends,  remotely  uncinate  serrulate 
above,  sometimes  jagged  on  one  side,  margin 
and  nerves  pilose,  surface  yellowish  green  con- 
color,  aments  on  long  filiform  pilose  peduncles, 
nuts  ovate  angles  obtuse — Our  Grey  Beech  is  a 
rare  tree,  smaller  than  the  last,  occasionaly 
met  in  the  dry  hills  of  the  Alleghanies,  leaves 
thin  about  biuncial  of  a  yellowish  cast,  quite  en- 
tire till  the  middle  then  serrulate  and  subacu- 
minate. 

690.  Fagus  ferruginka  Ait.    purpurea   of 


or   NOllTlI   AMERICA.  81 

some  botanists.  Bark  redish,  branchlets  terete 
sulcate  dark  purple,  leaves  subpetiolate  ovato- 
blong  remotely  serrate  acuminate,  base  acute 
or  obtuse  often  obliqual,  margin  ciliate,  young 
nerves  pilose,  surface  rusty,  pale  beneath,  a- 
ments  on  thick  peduncles,  nuts  ovate  acute  with 
sharp  angles — our  Red  Beech  is  found  from 
New  England  to  Missouri,  the  wood  has  a  red- 
ish tinge  like  the  bark,  leaves  2  or  3  inches 
long,  monoical,  female  flowers  with  many  linear 
smooth  bracts.  A  large  tree  50  to  100  feet 
high. 

691.  Fagus  nigra  Raf.  Bark  fuscate,  branch- 
lets  blackish  teretej_sulcate,  leaves  subsessile 
ample  ovate  rhomboidal,  acumin.  base  acute, 
margin  denticulate,  surface  dark  green  glossy 
on  both  sides,  nuts  acute  angles  sharp — This 
tree  called  Black  or  Brown  Beech  is  sparingly 
found  with  the  others,  40  to  70  feet  high, 
branches  so  dark  purple  as  to  be  almost  black, 
leaves  very  large  4  to  5  inches  long. 

692.  Fagus  rotundholia  Raf.  fl.  tex.  10 
atl.  J.  177.  Bark  fuscate,  branchlets  terete 
fuscate,  leaves  petiolate  rounded  repand  acute, 
petiols  margins  and  nerves  above  and  beneath 
silky  pilose,  aments  commonly  geminate  on 
short  and  thick  peduncles  silky  like  the  bracts 
■ — A  very  distinct  Sp.  first  described  by  me  in 
1833,  it  appeara  to  have  an  extensive  range,  it 
first  appears  in  Arkanzas  and  Texas,  extend- 
ing to  Origon  and  Sdbiria,  perhaps  even  to  Eu- 
rope, where  several'  blended  Sp.  exist  which  I 
shall  shortly  notice  for  contrast  with  ours.  This 
Beech  tree  is  smaller  than  the  others  20  to  30 
feet  high,  leaves  1  or  2  inches  long  and  broad. 
It  may  be,  called  the  Silky  Beech. 

693.  Fagus    sylvatica    L.  &c.     Branches 

11 


S2  ?fEW  SYLVA 

diffuse  fuscate,  leaves  petiolate  ovate  acute  sub- 
serrate  undulate,  smooth  glossy  yellowish,  mar- 
gin villose,  peduncles  filiform  villose,  nuts  ovate 
angles  obtuse — Europe  and  Sibiria.  Var.  san- 
guinea  leaves  red. 

694.  Fagus  ASPLENiroLiA  Raf.  Leaves  ovate 
serrate  laciniate  or  lanceolate  lobulate — Eu- 
rope and  Sibiria,  a  small  tree. 

695.  Castanea  vesca  W.  P.  Dec.  &c.  Fa- 
gus castanea  L.  4^c,  Leaves  petiolate  lanceo- 
late acuminate,  serrate  by  mucronate  uncinate 
teeth,  smooth  beneath,  capsules  echinate  dis- 
perme,  nuts  large  dimidiate  smooth  mealy  in- 
side— South  of  Europe,  very  large  tree,  nuts  4 
times  as  large  as  ours,  darker,  farinaceous  not 
oily,  one  side  flat,  the  other  convex. 

696.  Castanea  Americana  Raf.  1804.  vesca 
var.  amer.  W.  P.  and  the  Amer,  botanists. 
Branchlets  fuscate  rugose,  leaves  petiolate  o- 
blong  lanceol.  acum.  remotely  mucronate  ser- 
rate, beneath  glaucous  and  smooth  (pubescent 
in  young  leaves,)  aments  fasciculate  spicate  in- 
terrupted glomerate,  capsules  echinate  3-5seed- 
ed,  nuts  small  ovate  apex  villose  acute,  coryla- 
ceous  sweet  inside — AH  over  North  America 
from  Canada  to  Louisiana  and  Origon,  quite  a 
peculiar  Sp.  ascertained  by  me  since  1804  in 
my  fl.  columbica.  A  smaller  tree  than  the  Eu- 
ropean only  40  to  60  feet  high,  growing  in  dry 
and  rocky  ridges  and  Mts.  leaves  4  to  8  inches 
long,  fruits  quite  unlike  the  European  Chesnuts, 
small  similar  to  filberds  in  size  and  taste,  sweet 
oily,  and  edible  raw,  while  the  European  must 
be  boiled  or  roasted  being  acerb.  Nuttal  has 
well  described  the  fructification.  Var.  1.  an- 
GusTi FOLIA  Raf.    Leaves  very  long  and  narrow 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA,  S3 

lanceolate,  on  the  Susquehanah.  2  Var,  lati- 
folia.  Leaves  broader  and  shorter,  rather  acute 
than  acum.  High  Mts.  a  small  tree.  Perhaps 
these  are  two  incipient  Sp.  I  regret  that  I  did 
not  see  the  fruits. 

697.  Castanea  pumila  of  late  Authors,  Fa- 
gus  do  L.  &c,  our  well  known  Chincapin  nut, 
edible  sw^eet,  from  Delaware  to  Florida.     Var. 

fulva  Raf.  Leaves  broader  often  nearly  obo- 
vate,  almost  fulvous  beneath,  nerves  quite  so, 
aments  compact.  Alleghany  Mts. 

698.  Castanea  nana  Mg.  El.  Eat.  alnifolia 
Nut.  a  small  shrub  2  or  3  feet  high  with  ovate 
lanceol.  leaves,  almost  obtuse,  subtomentose  be- 
neath, capsules  monosperm — Carolina  to  Flo- 
rida, in  sandy  tracts,  creeping. 

699.  CLADRASTIS  Raf.  fl.  Kent.  1824, 
Neog.  1825.  Virgilia  Sp.  Mx.  and  others.  Ca- 
lix  gibbose  campan.  unequaly  51obed,  petals  5 
unequal  unguiculate,  superior  larger  obovate 
notched,  4  oblong  obtuse  subcordate  at  base. 
Stamens  10  free  unequal  filiform,  pistil  stipitate 
oblong,  style  curved  compressed,  stigma  acute. 
Pod  stipitate  linear  flat  membranaceous  poly- 
sperm,  seeds  oblong.  Trees  with  odly  pinnate 
leaves  and  racemose  white  flowers^  without 
bracts.  As  soon  as  I  found  this  tree  in  Ken- 
tucky in  1821  I  ascertained  that  it  was  not  con- 
generic with  the  African  Virgilias  which  have 
calix  bilabiate,  2  of  the  petals  cariniform,  stig- 
ma obtuse,  seeds  lenticular  &c.  The  name 
means  brittle  branches. 

700.  Cladrastis  tinctoria  (or  albiflora) 
Raf.  Virgilia  lutea  Mx.  ic.  Nut.  Eat.  Dec. 
Kentukensis  Dumont.  Smooth  tree.  Leaves 
5-7folioles  petiolate  alternate  ovate  acumin.  en- 
tire, glaucous  beneath,  the  odd   larger   ovate 


84  NEW  SYLVA 

rhomboida],  base  acute,  flowers  in  simple  lax 
nodding  racemes,  white  odorous,  pods  smooth. 
— From  Kentucky  to  Alabama,  but  very  local, 
a  fine  tree  30  to  50  feet  high,  branches  brittle, 
wood  branches  petiols  and  nerves  yellow,  leaves 
ample,  folioles  3  to  6  inches  long  very  smooth. 
Flowers  white  fragrant  like  those  of  Robinia, 
not  yellow  as  stated  by  Nuttal  and  after  him  by 
many,  even  Decandole  !  Michaux  does  not  say 
so,  in  his  colored  trees  they  are  white,  his  im- 
proper name  lutea  applied  to  the  wood  not  the 
flowers,  Nuttal  did  not  see  the  flowers  and  mis- 
took his  meaning.  1  have  seen  them !  The 
wood  is  yellow  and  dies  yellow  like  Fustic. 
The  vulgar  names  are  yellow  wood  and  yellow 
Locust.  The  V.  Kentukensis  of  Dumont  Cour- 
set  (Botaniste  cultivateur)  is  only  the  young 
tree  before  blooming.  It  blossoms  only  in  May 
for  one  week  on  the  banks  of  the  River  Ken- 
tucky. I  shall  add  two  other  new  Genera 
rather  akin  but  with  yellow  and  blue  flowers. 
They  all  belong  to  the  Leguminose,  suborder 
Lomentaria  with  free  stamens,  and  natural 
family  of  Sophorides. 

701.  ZANTHYRSIS  Raf.  calix  persistent 
campanul.  equaly  Sdentate,  petals  5  subequal 
cuneate  obtuse,  1  narrower,  10  stamens  sube- 
qual, pistil  stipitate,  podogyne  villose  longer 
than  calix,  ovary  smooth  terete  curved,  style 
very  short,  stigma  acute,  pod  stipitate  podo- 
gyne tomentose,  pod  falcate  subterete,  seeds  . . 
Tree  with  odly  pinnate  leaves,  no  bracts^ 
thyrsoidal  yelloiv  floicers^— This  Genus  is 
nearer  Sophora  than  the  last,  but  has  some  very 
peculiar  characters,  the  name  applies  to  the 
yellow  thyrsus. 

702.  Zanthyrsis  paniculata  Raf   Virgilia 


or  KORTH    AMERICA.  85 

aurea  Collins  herb,  not  of  Authors.  Branches 
fuscate  siibangular  and  piiberulent,  leaves  with 
many  folioles  sessile  oblong  obtuse  nearly 
smooth  concolor,  petiols  pubescent,  panicle  ter- 
minal foliose  lax,  peduncles  2-3flore — South 
Florida  and  Cuba,  a  small  tree,  habit  and  leaves 
like  Amorpha  and  Virgjlia,  folioles  21  to  25  half 
uncial.  Flowers  in  a  lax  compound  raceme 
forming  a  panicled  thyrsus,  small  and  yellow, 
half  size  of  Cladrastis.  The  podogyne  is  very 
remarkable  by  its  length  and  white  hairs.  I 
add  for  contrast  the  real  Virgilia  aurea  of 
Africa. 

703.  Virgilia  aurea  Lam.  t.  326.  f.  1. 
Wild.  Pers.  Poiret  Sm.  Dec.  Shrub,  leaves 
with  many  folioles  petiolate  elliptic  obtuse 
smooth  glaucous  beneath,  raceme  simple  with 
small  lanceolate  bracts,  pods  shortly  stipitate 
oblong  compressed  reticulate,  seeds  lenticular 
— In  Abyssinia  in  East  Africa  !  thus  totaly  un- 
like our  American  plant  and  having  the  char- 
acters of  the  African  Virgilias,  calix  bilabiate, 
petals  unequal,  2  cariniform,  a  short  smooth 
stipes  to  the  pod.  Flowers  golden,  called  white 
by  mistake  in  Poiret. 

704.  AGASTIANIS  Raf.  Virgilia,  Sophora, 
and  Broussonetia  !  of  Authors.  Calix  bilabi- 
ate, lips  2  and  3  dentate,  petals  5  unequal,  vex- 
illum  oval  emarginate  larger,  4  oblong  biauri- 
culate  at  base,  2  connivent'cariniform.  Stam. 
10  unequal  free  persistent,  pistil  terete  shortly 
stipitate,  a  style,  stigma  obtuse.  Pod  oblong 
tomentose  convex  on  both  sides.  iShrub  with 
odly  pinnate  leaves^  floivers  blue  in  simple 
racemes  with  bracts — This  fine  shrub  has  been 
shuffled  in  several  Genera,  I  deemed  it  myself 


85  NEW  SYLVA. 

a  Cladrastis  in  1825,  but  am  now  convinced 
that  it  is  realy  a  peculiar  Genus  as  deemed  by 
Ortega ;  but  his  name  of  Broussonetia  had 
been  employed,  mine  means  remarkable  blue, 

705.  Agastianis  secundiflora  Raf.  Brous- 
sonetia do.  Ort.  dec.  7.  Virgilia  do.  Cav.  t.  401. 
Pers.  Sm.  Sophora  do.  Dec.  Branches  angular, 
leaves  with  ll-15folioles  subsessile  oval  smooth 
rigid,  petiols  swelled  at  base,  racemes  tomen- 
tose  secundiflore,  pedicels  with  3  bracts,  1  at 
base,  2  beneath  the  calix — Mexico  and  Texas, 
a  pretty  shrub  with  handsome  blue  flowers,  the 
vexillum  or  large  petal  pale  blue.  Decandole 
says  the  pods  are  moniliform  as  in  Sophora,  but 
he  did  not  see  them  :  even  if  they  are  the  calix 
and  petals  are  different  from  the  real  Sophoras, 
still  more  so  from  those  with  4gone  or  monos- 
perm  pods  that  must  form  the  Genera  Gonon- 
dra  and  Aplenda  Raf.  1815,  and  fl.  tel. 
Monograph  of  CHIONANTHUS. 

This  Genus  of  the  Fraxinides  family  is  very 
near  to  the  Ornanthes,'differing  only  by  a  drupe 
for  fruit  and  simple  leaves.  Linneus  had  only 
Ch.  Virginica  of  N.  Amer.  some  presumed  va- 
rieties were  since  noticed,  but  I  have  been  able 
to  ascertain  6  species  quite  distinct,  although 
forming  a  very  natural  Genus ;  called  vulgary 
Fringe  trees :  they  are  all  small  trees,  with 
handsome  panicles  of  vernal  white  flowers,  and 
opposite  leaves  quite  entire.  The  Sp,  of  South 
America  and  Ceylon  &:c  must  be  examined 
again  and  will  probably  form  peculiar  subgene- 
ra if  not  Genera.  Mayepea,  Linociera  and 
Thouinia  must  be  restored.  All  our  Sp.  have 
a  small  4fid  calix,  4  linear  petals  and  2  stamens 
not  4  as  Mayepea. 

706.  Chionanthus  3iariti3ia  Raf.  Virg.  L. 


or   NOllTII   A3IERICA.  87 

&.C.  var.  marit.  Pursli  Eat,  Beck.  Branches 
terete  fuscate  pubescent,  leaves  petiolate  obo- 
vate  elliptical  membranaceous  obtuse  or  acute 
pubescent  beneath,  panicles  multiflore  lax, 
bracts  ovate  and  oblong,  peduncles  mostly  tri- 
flore,  calix  unequal,  fruits  elliptical  purple — A 
small  tree  10  to  30  feet  high,  growing  near  the  , 
sea  shores  or  near  streams  of  the  littoral  region 
from  New  Jersey  to  Florida,  leaves  3  to  4  in- 
ches long,  commonly  obovate,  sometimes  ellip- 
tical, panicles  with  many  large  flowers.  Var. 
rhomhifolia  Raf.  leaves  elliptic  rhomboidal, 
base  acute,  end  obtuse,  bracts  lanceolate.  In 
Delaware, 

707.  Chion.  obovata  Raf.  domingensis? 
Lam.  Quite  smooth,  branches  terete  whitish 
with  round  warts,  leaves  subsessile  obovate 
rounded,  base  acuminate,  apex  very  obtuse, 
panicles  cymose  pauciflore  lax,  peduncles  bi- 
flore  rigid  divergent,  bracts  obovate  sessile,  ca- 
lix unequal,  fruits  ovate  acute — Hills  of  Alaba- 
ma, large  leaves  4  to  6  inches  long,  quite  round 
at  the  end,  firmer  and  broader  than  in  the  last, 
fewer  flowers.  Probably  also  found  in  the  An- 
tilles and  Florida. 

708.  Chion.  heterophyla.  Raf.  virginica 
Mx.  Leaves  petiolate  obovate  acute  or  elliptic 
acuminate  or  ovate  lanceolate  pubescent  be- 
neath, nerves  rufous,  panicles  lax  pauciflore, 
bracts  sessile  ovate  or  oblong,  peduncles  1-3 
flore,  calix  subequal,  fruits  ovate  subacute — A- 
palacbian  and  Wasioto  Mts.  medial  between 
Ch.  maritima  and  montana. 

709.  Chion.  Montana  Raf.  virg.  L.  var. 
mont.  P.  B.  E.  Branches  smooth  pale  4anr 
gular  rugose  with  oblong  warts,  leaves  firm  sub- 


88  ^EW  SYLVA. 

sessile  ovate  lanceol.  acute  at  both  ends,  glau- 
cous beneath  and  smooth,  nerves  fuscate  hardly 
puberulent,  panicles  multiflore  compact,  pedun- 
cles triflore,  bracts  ovate  or  oblong,  calix  equal, 
fruits  oval. — Alleghany  and  Apalachian  Mts. 
from  Virginia  to  Georgia,  a  small  tree  4  to  10 
feet  high,  leaves  3  to  4  inches  long.  The  warts 
are  singular  oblong  with  a  fissure. 

710.  Chion.  longifolia  Raf.  Branches  su- 
bangular  pubescent  fuscate,  leaves  subpetiolate, 
oblong  lanceol.  undulate  acum.  at  both  ends, 
nerves  fuscate  pubescent,  racemes  simple  elon- 
gate paucilKore  lax  pubescent  bracts  elliptic, 
peduncles  filiform  l-2flore,  calix  equal — Lou- 
isiana and  Texas,  leaves  6  to  8  inches  long, 
about  2  wide,  flowers  rather  smaller  than  in 
the  others  :  fruits  not  seen. 

711.  Chion,  angustifolia  Raf.  virginica? 
Elliot,  virg.  angustif  Ait.  Quite  smooth,  bran- 
ches pale  subangular  with  flat  ringed  warts, 
leaves  petiolate  lanceolate  acute  or  acuminate 
glaucous  beneath,  panicles  lax  pauciflore,  bracts 
ovatoblong,  peduncles  mostly  triflore,  calix  sub- 
equal  elongate — Carolina  and  Florida,  a  very 
distinct  Sp.  by  leaves  very  narrow,  8  to  4  inches 
long,  but  hardly  one  broad,  flowers  small,  fruits 
globular.  Very  peculiar  warts  on  the  stem 
round  flat  with  a  circular  concentric  furrow. 
Shrub  3  to  10  feet  high  (Elliot.)  Var.  cylin- 
drica  Elliot,  with  long  cylindrical  multiflore 
panicles. 

712.  FORESTIERA  Foiret  1811,  Bige- 
lowia  Smith  1821  not  of  Raf.  1817-  Adelia 
Brown  and  Michaux  not  of  Lin.  Borya  of 
W^ildenow  and  Persoon,  not  of  Labilardiere 
and  Poiret.     See  my  article  Adeha  in  first  part; , 


t)F   NORTH   AMERICA.  89 

I  have  since  ascertained  that  Forestiera  was 
the  first  unemployed  name  given  to  this  Genus 
by  Poiret,  and  must  be  adopted  by  all  correct 
Botanists  !  This  Genus  thus  made  ambiguous 
in  name  is  also  somewhat  doubtful  in  charac- 
ters, because  the  dioical  flowers  are  difficult  to 
examine :  it  contains  probably  many  species 
as  these  shrubs  are  unnoticed  unless  met  in 
bloom.  They  are  very  near  to  Fraxinus  by 
the  flowers,  and  Chionanthus  by  the  fruit,  and 
simple  opposite  leaves:  Thus  evidently  of  the 
same  natural  family.  But  like  Fraxinus  they 
include  several  subgenera,  that  ought  perhaps 
to  be  Genera,  and  I  will  consider  them  as  such 
in  order  to  distinguish  them  better. 

713.  Forestiera  Poir.  Raf.  Dioical,  calix  4 
parted  persistent,  2  or  3  anthers  on  a  single 
central  filament,  fem.  fl.  calix  2  or  4  parted 
iinequal,no  corolla,  one  pistil  with  style  and  bilobe 
stigma.  Fruit  a  berry  drupaceous  one  seeded, 
seed  cartilaginous  sulcate  or  rugose.  Shrubs 
with  coniTnonkf  entire  opposite  leaves  and  la- 
teral sessile  flowers.  This  includes  most  of 
the  species;  but  they  must  all  be  examined 
again,  in  bloom. 

714.  CARPOXIS  Raf.  (sharp  fruity  Poly- 
gamous ?  Calix  4parted  Stamens  4  inserted  in 
the  calix  (Elliot,)  calix  with  a  5th  smaller  seg- 
ment outside  and  more  than  4  stamens,  each 
on  a  filament.  Fem.  fl.  ternate  on  fascicled 
peduncles,  no  calix,  pistil  oblong,  no  style,  stig- 
ma sessile  acute.  Drupaceous  berry  oblong 
acuminate,  seed  sulcate.  Shrubs  often  thorny, 
leaves  <^c  as  in  Forestiera.  I  have  followed 
the  figure  of  Michaux  which  shows  almost  a 
polyandrous  flower  ?  and  the  whole  quite  dif- 
ferent from  the  others.     Elliot  justly  doubts  the 

12 


90  NEW  SYLVA 

genus  of  his  Shrub ;  it  must  be  evidently  a  pe- 
cuHar  one  near  to  Nudilus  and  some  Ilexides 
to  be  compared,  as  well  as  my  Genus  Nestro- 
nia  503. 

715.  NUDILUS  Raf.  fl.  tex.  1.  in  Atl.  J. 
176  and  Herb.  Raf.  Dioical,  male  fl  .  , .  .  fem. 
fl.  no  calix  nor  corolla,  pistil  ovate,  a  long  style, 
stigma  capitate.  Drupaceous  berry  ovate  one 
seeded.  Shrubs  with  opposite  or  suhalterne 
leaves,  flowers  lateral  peduncled.  This  is  the 
only  Genus  I  have  been  able  to  examine  alive, 
and  I  only  met  the  female  flowers,  which  have 
really  no  calix  as  in  some  Fraxinides,  whence 
the  name  of  Nudilus.  I  shall  now  enumerate 
12  species  belonging  to  those  3  Genera,  altho' 
our  botanists  have  only  3  or  4,  Elliot  and  Eaton 
only  two. 

716.  FoRESTiERA  LiGUSTRiNA  Poirct,  AdcHa, 
Borya,  Bigelowia  of  Authors.  Leaves  thin  sub- 
petiolate  lanceolate  oblong  entire,  fruits  ovate 
— In  Illinois  and  Tennessee,  habit  of  liigustrum, 
only  found  by  Michaux,  not  in  Elliot  nor  Ea- 
ton, not  seen  by  me. 

717.  FoRESTiERA  DisTicHA  (or  licterophyla) 
Raf.  Borya  distichophyla  of  Nuttal.  Quite 
smooth,  branches  divergent  subterete  levigate 
grey,  leaves  distichal  subsessile  thin  entire,  mar- 
gin scabrous,  uninerve,  the  lower  ovate,  the  up- 
per lanceolate  or  oblong  acute,  bud  scales  acu- 
minate pungent — found  by  Nuttall  in  East 
Tennessee  on  the  banks  of  Frenchbroad  River. 
My  specimen  is  from  him  in  Collins  Herb.  A 
tall  shrub  12  to  16  feet  high,  leaves  small  un- 
cial or  less.     Flowers  and  fruits  not  seen. 

718.  FoRESTiERA  VERRUCOSA  (or  glauca)  Raf. 
Branches  terete  verrucose,  leaves  petiolate  co- 
riaceous glaucous  entire  obtuse  elliptic  or  sub- 
oboval,  base  acute,  fruits  fasciculate  peduncu- 


T 


OF   NORTH    AMERICA.  91 

late  oblong  obtuse— found  in  Florida  by  Dr. 
Baldwin  and  mistaken  for  F.  ligustrina  by  Col- 
lins altho'  nearer  F.  porulosa.  The  warts  are 
remarkable  similar  to  those  of  some  Chionan- 
thus,  unequal  oblong  flat  rimose,  the  leaves  are 
uncial  quite  glaucous  on  both  sides,  slightly  re- 
ticulate and  with  no  pores  beneath,  but  a  few 
scattered  white  small  warts  or  dots,  probably 
an  Aecidium  or  parasitical  fungus ;  the  berries 
are  similar  to  Barberries  as  long  as  the  pedun- 
cles, and  dark  purple. 

719.  FoRESTiERA  PORULOSA  Poirct.  Adclia 
do  Mx.  Borya  do  W.  P.  Elliot.  Leaves  cori- 
aceous sessile  oval  lanceol.  obtuse,  margin  re- 
volute  entire,  beneath  porulose  punctate  arid 
rusty— Sea  shore  of  Florida,  flowers  and  fruits 
not  seen,  even  by  Elliot. 

720.  FoRESTiERA  cuNEiFOLiA  Raf.  Branch- 
es rugose  subangular,  leaves  petiolate  cuneate 
lanceol.  acute  entire  smooth,  a  single  rufous 
nerve,  fruits  lateral  subternate  naked  ovate 
acute  subsessile — Discovered  in  fruit  by  Dr. 
Ward  on  the  banks  of  the  Wabash,  seen  alive 
without  flowers.  It  may  be  a  Nudilus  or  some- 
thing  else,  altho'  quite  near  F.  ligustrina,  but 
leaves  quite  cuneate  and  often  alternate,  uncial, 
neither  coriaceous  nor  membranaceous. 

721.  FoRESTiERA  cAssiNOiDEs  Poir.  Adclia 
Br.  t.  36.  Borya  W.  P.  &-c.  Leaves  petiolate 
oblong  obtuse  coriaceous  smooth,  margin  revo- 
lute,  beneath  reticulate— Antilles  and  South 
Florida. 

722.  FoRESTiERA  (or  Carpoxis)  nitida  Raf. 
Borya  do  Loud.  Cycl.  Leaves  opposite  and 
alternate  ovate  acute  serrulate  shining — This 
and  the  two  next,  I  only  find  noticed  in  Lou- 
dun  Cyclop,  of  plants,  who  does  not  quote  his 
Authorities,  but  given  them  as  North  American, 


WZ  NEW  SYLVA. 

They  may  be  of  a  different  Genus  and  approx- 
imate to  Carpoxis  by  the  leaves  not  quite  entire, 
728.  Forest,  (or  Carp.)  prinoides  Raf. 
Borya  Loud.  Leaves  ovate  lanceolate  serrate 
— Is  it  Ilex  prinoides  ?  flowers  green,  leaves  2^ 
inches  long,  one  broad. 

724.  Forest,  (or  Carp.)  retusa  Raf.  Borya 
Loud.  Leaves  alternate  tapering  in  short  pe- 
tiols,  retuse  emarginate  mucronulate  very 
smooth  glaucous. — Very  near  to  my  Ilex  retusa 
but  that  is  a  real  Ilex  with  4seeded  berries. 

725.  Carpoxis  spinosa  Raf.  Adelia  acumi- 
nata Mx.  ic.  48.  Borya  W.  P.  &.c.  Bigelowia 
Sm.  Branches  spinose,  leaves  petiolate,  rhom- 
boidal,  lanceolate,  serrate  (entire  in  the  figure) 
acute  smooth,  fruits  subternate  drooping  oblong 
rostrate  acuminate — Carolina  and  Georgia, 
margin  of  streams,  the  description  and  figure  of 
Michaux  do  not  agree,  and  Elliot  Sp.  appears 
distinct.  Leaves  uncial,  fruits  long  on  filiform 
peduncles.     Stamens  over  4  ? 

726.  Carpoxis  inermis  Raf.  Borya  acumi- 
nata Pursh,  Elliot  &c.  Branches  not  spinose, 
leaves  oval  lanceol.  attenuate  at  both  ends  pe- 
tiolate membranaceous  serrulate — Carolina, 
only  seen  dry  by  Elliot,  who  says  that  it  has 
really  4  stamens. 

727.  NuDiLus  PARADOXUS  Raf.  fl.  tex.  &-c, 
duite  smooth,  branches  terete,  leaves  opposite 
and  altern.  lanceolate  sessile  acute  entire  fas- 
ciculate, fem.  fl.  peduncled  racemose  2-4flore — 
from  West  Kentucky  to  Texas,  very  rare,  a 
small  shrub  3  to  5  feet  high,  flowers  small  ver- 
nal before  the  leaves,  which  are  uncial  rather 
thin  and  commonly  alternate,  berries  ovate 
black  ?  but  not  seen  ripe. 

728.  FRAXINUS  Lin.  and  all  Authors, 
This  Genus  ought  to  follow  the  last,  and  I  could 


OP    NORTH    AMERICA.  93 

give  a  Monograph  of  32  Species  at  least,  while 
our  Authors  have  only  7  or  8 ;  but  Bosc  and 
Loudun  have  noticed  27  North  American  Sp. 
while  Wildenow  and  Persoon  had  only  10. 
However  I  have  but  a  dozen  Sp.  in  my  Herba- 
rium often  without  flowers  or  fruits,  and  I  must 
delay  this  labor ;  when  I  will  easily  prove  that 
this  extensive  Genus  must  be  divided  into  5 
Genera  at  least,  and  I  am  now  going  to  estab- 
lish them. 

729.  Fraxinus  Raf.  "^all  the  Species  with 
naked  flowers,  without  calix  as  in  Nudilus,  2 
stamens,  and  fruit  a  winged  samare.  Leaves 
pinnate,  floicers  paniculate  polygamous. 

730.  LEPTALIX  Raf.  Those  differing  by 
a  small  calix  4dentate  &.c.  Such  as  Fr.  caro- 
liniana,  acuminata,  jnibescens,  jiiglandifolia 
and  many  other  American  Sp.  but  Bosc  has  not 
noticed  this  important  character. 

731.  ORNANTHES  Raf.  1815.  Ornus  P. 
Pursh,  B.  E.  &c.  Quite  different  by  having 
not  only  a  calix,  but  also  a  corolla  of  4  petals 
as  in  Chionanthus  . .  Ornus  being  the  root  of 
many  names  I  changed  it  to  Ornanthes  mean- 
ing the  flowering  Ash  :  3  Sp.  at  least  O.  rotun- 
difolia,  mannifera  and  Americana. 

732.  APLILIA  Raf.  Flowers  and  fruits  to 
be  examined  and  described,  leaves  simple. 
Probably  more  than  a  subgenus.  Two  Sp.  at 
least.  A  macrophyla  and  laciniata,  the  Fr. 
simplicifolia  of  late  Authors. 

733.  SAMARPSES  Raf.  A  minute  triden- 
tate  calix,  stamens  3  ?  Fruit  a  peculiar  samare 
obovate  with  3  wings  like  Halesia,  seed  trian- 
gular, heaves  pinnate — This  must  constitute 
a  very  peculiar  genus,  the  flowers  must  be  bet- 
ter described. 

734.  Samarpses  tkiptera  Raf.  Fraxinus  do 


94  NEW  SYLVA. 

Nuttal,  Elliot.  Folioles  about  7  obovate  entire 
subsessille  obliquate,  villose  and  pale  beneath, 
nerves  smooth — In  the  Oak  forests  of  Car- 
olina. 


APPENDIX. 

I  must  conclude  here  this  third  part  of  my 
New  Flora  and  first  of  my  New  Sylva,  not  be- 
ing able  to  include  in  it  all  our  New  Trees  and 
Shrubs  as  I  expected,  owing  to  the  need  I  had 
to  enlarge  my  labors  by  illustrations  and  mono- 
graphs of  compared  or  revised  Genera  and  Spe- 
cies of  Trees  and  Shrubs.  Another  part  shall 
be  required  for  this  New  Sylva  ;  since  I  have 
only  revised  one  half  of  what  I  intended.  In  the 
prolific  Genera  Quercus,  Salix,  Populus,  Betu- 
la,  Hicoria,  Kalmia,  Mimosa,  Magnolia,  Illici- 
um,  Azalea,  Ribes,  Rubus,  Calycanthus,  Tilia, 
^c.  I  have  few  additions  to  make,  and  I  have 
already  illustrated  elsewhere  the  G.  Vitis,  Rosa 
Abies,  Aker  &:c.  But  there  is  nevertheless  a 
number  of  Genera  as  yet  untouched  that  require 
revision  or  additions — such  are — Andromeda, 
Vaccinium,  Rhamnus,  Ilex,  Viburnum,  Loba- 
dium,  Aesculus  and  Pavia,  Prunus  and  akin 
Cerasus,  Padus  .  . .  The  Coniferes,  Pomiferes, 
Hypericines,  Malvaceous  .  .  .  and  also  Myrica, 
Nyssa,  Fraxinus,  Artemisia,  Lantana  .  .  .  be- 
sides all  our  Palms,  Yucas,  Smilax,  Zamia, 
Cactus  and  Upuntia. 

Several  of  our  small  Genera  are  pretty  well 
settled,  such  as  Olea,  Catalpa,  Callicarpa,  Pte- 
lea,  Pinkneya,  Staphylea,  Fothergilla,  Dirca, 
Menziesia,  Mylocarium,  Bejaria,  Illicium,  Ho- 
pea,  Halesia,  Corylus,  Carpinus,  Platanus  .  .  . 
But  others  have  great  additions  or  improve- 
ments to  receive,  for  instance  Clethra,  Aralia, 
Asimina,  Chiococca,  Cyrilla,  Itea,  Sambucus, 


OF  NORTH   AMERICA.  95 

Berberis,  Arbutus,  Myrtus,  Ficus,  Avicennia  .~. 

There  is  also  a  number  oi"  new  or  rare  Trees  and  Shrubs 
discovered  in  Florida  and  described  by  Bartram  50  or  60 
years  ago,  that  are  not  yet  received  by  our  supine  Botanists 
— others  of  Robin  disc,  in  1802,  described  1807  and  by  me 
again  in  1817  in  Florula  Ludoviciana,  are  yet  quite  neglected 
by  them — Even  those  few  noticed  or  well  ascertained  by 
Lewis  and  Clarke  30  years  ago,  in  Origon,are  hardly  known. 
All  these  ought  to  have  been  long  ago  added  at  least  as  Sy- 
nonyms or  in  an  Appendix  to  our  Botanical  Works,  and  1 
mean  to  do  so,  unless  introduced  by  me  in  the  proper  mono- 
graphs ;  I  will  now  add  here  the  names  of  the  most  remarka- 
ble among  them. 

Among  Bartram's  Trees orShrubs  of  Florida  were  Nyssa 
coccinea,  Lycmm  salsum,  Corypha  repens  and  obliqua, 
Areca  floridaiia  R.  (Corypha  palma  B.)  Erythrina  corallo- 
dendron,  Magnolia  fragrans  and  acuta  Raf.  and  several  Sp. 
of  Michaux  long  before  him,Quercus  incana  and  many  others, 
many  Sp.  of  Azalea,  Aesculus,  Myrica,  Lantana,  Prinos,  An- 
dromeda .  . .  also  Cupressus  purpurea  Raf.  Rhizophora  con- 
jugata,  Agave  vivipara,  Carica  papaya  or  ftoridana  Raf.  . .  . 
Besides  several  new  Genera,  my  Xiphodendron,  Nestronia, 
Sc^erotris,  Piloblephis  &c. 

Among  those  of  Lewis  and  Clarke  are  my  Sorbus  pumila, 
Sambucus  ceruleus,  Juniperus  radicans,  Betula  rupestris,  Pi- 
nus  humilis  and  macrocarpa,  Pyrus  fuscata  .  .  .  besides  sev- 
eral Sp.  of  Cactus,  Ribes,  Vaccinium  .  .  .  and  all  my  new 
Firs  see  Abies. 

Among  those  of  Robin  and  Louisiana  to  be  admitted  in  our 
Sylva,  are  my  Laurus  ludoviciana,  Fraxinus  discolor,  undu- 
lata  and  lacera,  Arbutus  obtusifolius,  Cornus  polygama,  As- 
cyrum  grandiflorum,  Hypericum  rostratum  and  fulgidum, 
Tilia  stenopetala,  Frangula  fragilis,  Prunus  stenophyla,  Gle- 
ditsia  heterophyla,  Ptelea  tomentosa,  Hicorius  integrifolia, 
Cassine  ramulosa,  £cc  .  .  .  Besides  my  N.  G.  Chimanthus, 
Adnaria,  Diplonix,  Pseudopetalon,  Philostemon  ...  all  des- 
cribed since  1817! 

We  should  look  in  vain  for  these  Trees  and  Shrubs  in  the 
Works  of  our  Compilers  and  neglectful  Botanists.  They 
will  all  be  noticed  again  in  my  New  Sylva,  or  given  as  sy- 
nonyms when  rectified. 

END  OF  THE  THIRD  PART.  AND  NEW  SYLVA  FIRST 
PART 


INDEX  OF  GENERA. 

SUBGENERA  AND  SYNONYMS  OF    THIS  NEW  SYLVA. 

Synonyms  are  in  Italics — References  to  the  numbers. 


Abelicea  572.  ' 

Jlddia  712. 
Agastianis  704-5. 
Amorpha  507. 
Anthelis  549-51. 
Aplenda  705. 
Apleria  676. 
Aplilia  732. 
Audibertia  606- 
Bdsilima  674-6. 
Bigelowia  7  J  2 .    Borya  712. 
Broussonetia  577  to  584,  704. 
Bumelia  51^5-8. 
Caprifolium  5 1 6  to  525.        ^ 
Carpoxis  714,  725. 
Carpodetus  607. 
Castanea  695-98. 
Ceanothus  607  to  621. 
Celastrus  506. 
Celtis  5  52  to  566. 
Cepbalanthus  538. 
Cepkaloihymus  604. 
Ceratiola  596. 
Chamedryon  653. 
Chionanthus  706  to  711. 
Chrysobalanus  539  to  542. 
Chrysophylum  543-4. 
Cistus  549-51. 
Cladrastis  699,  700. 
Colema  594. 
Cralegus  501. 
Cuni/a  600. 
Cypheola  525. 
Diervilla  529-30. 
Liodeilis  600, 
Diospyros  537. 
Distegia  525-6. 
Empetridia  page  48. 
Empetrum  594  to  599. 
Endammia  595. 
Epicostorus  671. 
Euleucum  594. 
Eunemium  525. 
Evonymus  622  to  632. 
Fagus  688  to  694. 
Forestiera  712  to  725. 
Fraxinus  728  to  734. 
Fusticus  579  to  583. 
Gardoquia  600. 


Gonondra  705. 
Hamamelis  509   to  515. 
Horanthes  549-51. 
Hydrangea  677  to  687. 
Hypoma  607. 
Kantemon  523-5- 
Leptalix  730. 
Linociera  706. 
Lonicera  516  to  530. 
Madura  577. 
Mayepea  706. 
Megasteira  676 
Melissa  600. 
Morus  577  to  593. 
Nestronia  503-5. 
Nudilus  715,  727.      r       .^ 
Ornanthes  (Ornus)  754*    .' 
Pentinius  623,  632. 
Physcondra  624. 
Physocarpa  667-70. 
Piloblephis  604-5. 
Planora  572. 
Platomesus  622. 
Pieurostena  573-4. 
Polygonum  573-6. 
Pomaderis  607. 
Pyriis  508. 
Rafinesquia  600.3. 
Rhamnus  505,  572. 
Samarpses  733-4. 
Sapindus  531. 
Satureia  604. 
Schizonotus  672-3. 
Sophora  701-4. 
Sorbaria  674. 
Sorbus  508. 
Spermalauxen  575-6. 
SpiKADiA  page  61. 
Spirea  633  to  676. 
Spondolobus  542. 
Symphoria  528. 
Toxylon  577-8. 
Trilopus  509-15. 
Ulmus  567  to  572. 
Virgilia  699  to  705. 
Viscum  532-6. 
Xeromalon  501-3. 
Xylosteon  527. 
Zanthyrsis  701-2. 


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NEW  FLORA 


OF 


NORTH  AMERICA,       f 


BY 


4. 


PROF,  RAFINESaUE. 


1'// 


FOURTH  PART. 

Neobotanon. 


PHILJIDELPHIJI 


-»»•••«— 


1836. 


NEW  FLORA 

AND     BOTANY 


OF 


IVORTH    A  ^1  ERICA 


OR 


A   SUPPLEMENTAL   FLORA, 

ADDITIONAL  TO  ALL  THE  BOTANICAL  WORKS  ON 
NORTH  AMERICA  AND  THE    UNITED  STATES. 

Containing  1000  new  or   revised    Species. 

BY  C.  S.  RAFINESaUE  A.  M.  Ph.  D. 

Prof,  of  Botany,  the   Historical  and   Natural 
Sciences,  member  of  many  learned  Societies. 

IN  FOUR  PARTS. 

I  Lexicon  and  Monographs. 

II  Neophvton  &c. 

III  New  Sylva  &c, 

IV  Neobotanon    &c — with     Introductions, 
Sketches,  Notes,  Indexes,  &c. 


The  floral  wealth  in  this  wide  land  concealed 
Will  be  at  last  by  learned  care  revealed, 

PHILADEI^PHIA. 

1836. 

Price  Five  Dollars — $20  for  5  Copies. 


rVEOBOTAIVOIV. 


NEW  FLORA 

AKD  BOTANY 

OF 

NORTH  AMERICA. 

BEING  A  SUPPLEMENTAL  FLORA, 

To  the  various  Floras  and  Botanical  Works 
of  Michaux,  Muhlenberg.  Pursh,  Nuttal,  El- 
liot, Torrey,  Beck,  Eaton,  Bigelow,  Barton, 
Robin,  Hooker,  Riddell,  Darlington,  Schvveinitz 
Gibbs,  <Slc. 

Besides  the  great  works  of  Linneus,  Wilde- 
now,  Vahl,  Vitman,  Persoon,  Larnark,  Decan- 
dole,  Sprengel,  Jussieu,  Adanson,  Necker, 
Lindley,  &c.  containing  nearly  500  additional 
or  revised  New  Genera,  and  1500  additional 
or  corrected  New  Species,  illustrated  by  figures 

inAuTIKOJV  BOTANIKON. 

BY  C.  S.  RAFINESaUE,   A.  M.— PH.  D. 

Prof,  of  Botany,  the  historical  and  natural  sciences — 
Member  of  many  learned  Societies  of  Paris,  Vienna, 
r.onn,  Bru.vlles,  Bordeaux,  Zurich,  Naples,  &c.  and 
in    Philadelphia,    New    York,    Cincinati,  Lexington,    &c. 


The  Flhral  wecdlh  In  this  wide  land  cucealed. 
Will  be  at  last  by  learhtd  cure  revealed 


PHILADELP  HIA: 

PRINTED  FOR  THE  AUTHOR  AND  PUBLISHER. 

1836. 


NOTICE. 

Botanists  and  Naturalists  are  informed  that 
this  work  and  nearly  all  my  other  works,  man- 
uscripts, figures,  specimens  c^c  now  forming  a 
long  Catalogue  in  my  Bulletins,  may  be  had 
from  me  either  sold  and  exchanpied  for  their 
own  works,  if  they  are  not  too  costly. — My  pub- 
lished works  extend  besides  IJotany,  to  all  the 
other  branches  of  Natural  History,  American 
History,  Monuments  and  Languages,  Ethno- 
graphy and  Geography,  Astronomy  with  Celes- 
tial and  Biblical  Philosophy  ;  Travels,  Journals 
and  Miscellanies  &c.^ — The  Catalogues  are 
given  or  sent  gratis. 

The  other  works  to  be  produced  by  myself 
gradualy  until  1840  and  1850,  will  also  be  nu- 
merous— my  History  of  the  American  Nations 
before  and  after  Columbus  was  suspended  after 
two  volumes  were  issued  ;  but  shall  now  be  re- 
sumed speedily,  and  the  next  volumes  comprize 
the  History  of  the  Tsalagis  or  Cherokis. — Of 
the  Tols,  Chols,  Chontals  &c,  and  other  Atlan- 
tic Nations  of  Central  America. — Of  theMuyz- 
cas  and  other  Nations  of  New  Grenada. — Of 
the  Nations  of  Austral  America  ^^c.  These 
being  some  of  the  most  obscure  parts  of  Ameri- 
can History,  may  become  very  interesting,  and 
my  researches  will  throw  some  new  lights  on 
those  Nations,  their  origines,  events  and  civili- 
zation. 


INTRODUC  TIO  N  . 
To   the   Fourth   and  last    Part. 

I  have  already  explained  that  the  delay  in 
the  completion  of  this  work,  was  mainly  owing 
to  the  contemporaneous  publication  of  my 
Flora  Telluria^a,  where  I  inserted  the  natu- 
ral classification,  main  principles  of  natural 
Botany,  and  nearly  '2000  newor  revised  Genera 
or  Species  (under  1225  articles)  whereof  many 
from  North  America  likewise.  I  now  conclude 
this  work  like  the  Fl.  Telluriana  in  4  parts, 
which  will  include  over  1000  new  Species  with 
some  new  Genera,  many  revised  Monographs 
<Slc  ;  but  yet  this  is  merely  one  half  of  what  I 
have  ready  to  publish  on  our  Flora,  in  order  to 
correct  the  glaring  errors  and  omissions  of  our 
Botanists. 

Whereas  Prof.  Torrey  has  been  at  last  indu- 
ced to  undertake  a  general  Flora  of  North 
America,  a  task  which  1  had  suggested  to  him 
many  years  ago,  I  shall  delay  my  future  addi- 
tions^ and  corrections  until  after  his  Flora  is 
published.  I  call  it  his  Flora,  although  he  hopes 
that  Nuttal  and  others  will  help  him,  because 
he  means  to  insert  in  it  only  what  he  has  seen 
and  ascertained,  according  to  his  own  notions 
of  Species  and  Genera,  overlooking  varieties 
and  deviations  of  specific  or  generic  Types;  an 
error  into  which  he  has  fallen  in  common  with 
several  other  Botanists,  who  have  reluctantly 
adopted  the  natural  methods  of  Botany. — But 
time  wall  rectify  these  absurd  and  obsolete  no- 
tions, and  as  we  now  restore,  adopt  and  value 
the  labors,  genera  and  varieties  noticed  by  the 
fathers  of  correct  or  natural  Botany,  Adanson, 
Jussieu,  Necker,  Richard.  Lamark  Sec,  those  of 


6  INTRODUCTION. 

our  modern  Improvers  will  be  along  with  mine 
properly  valued  in  due  time — There  is  a  ten- 
dency to  resist  improvements  and  neglect  facts 
for  awhile  by  the  old  scho;)ls  of  science,  which 
are  afterwards  taken  hold  of  by  more  liberal  and 
enlightened  teachers  or  pupils. 

Therefore  my  own  Flora  and  that  of  Torrey 
will  not  interfere  in  the  least,  but  be  supplemen- 
tal to  each  other ;  while  his  labor  will  proba- 
bly save  me  the  trouble  of  writing  many  Mo- 
nographs, or  verifying  many  synonyms  and  quo- 
tations. When  his  Flora  will  be  concluded,  I 
shall  have  me;  ely  to  publish  my  additions  to  it, 
in  order  to  complete  our  real  General  Floka, 
of  all  the  plants  actualy  known  to  me  or  others. 

It  is  well  known  that  notwithstanding  the 
greatest  industry  and  exertions,  it  is  not  possi- 
ble for  any  botanist  (or  even  a  set  of  them)  to 
collect  or  see  all  the  plants  of  a  vast  region  like 
our  own:  therefore  there  are  many  plants  known 
only  to.  myself  or  a  few  others ;  and  if  besides 
they  are  short  sighted,  or  lack  the  botanical  sa- 
gacity of  ascertaining  generic  and  specific  char- 
acters, it  may  happen  that  they  will  overlook 
many  such,  even  when  met  with  in  the  woods 
or  in  herbals. 

As  I  think  that  I  am  gifted  with  a  peculiar 
sharp  sigacity  in  discriminating  Genera  and 
Species  of  Plants  and  Animals,  it  behoves  me 
to  use  it  in  order  to  rectify  these  objects  and 
the  sciences  relating  thereto. — It  is  what  I  have 
often  done,  am  now  doing,  and  will  continue  to 
do  as  long  as  I  live,  not  being  prevented  by  the 
sneer  or  neglect  or  any  one.  whom  I  consider 
less  sagacious  than  myself,  who  cannot  discri- 
minate between  the  most  conspicuous  charac- 
ters blended  by  the  Linneists  or  modern  Blen- 
ders and  Shufflers. 


INTRODUCTION.  7 

One  of  my  main  future  works  will  be  a  conf- 
plete  Sylva  of  North  America  on  our  Trees  and 
Shrubs  reduced  to  natural  orders.  Another  en 
our  Ferns  &c.  There  will  bo  much  to  do  yet 
in  all  the  botanical  classes,  before  they  be  pro- 
perly rectified  and  made  permanent.  There  is 
an  ample  field  of  observations  and  researches  in 
the  vast  regions  extending  from  Florida  to 
Texas,  Origon  and  Boreal  America,  and  con- 
taining more  Gen.  and  Sp.  than  Europe;  even 
excluding  the  Mexican  and  Tropical  States  till 
Panama,  that  afford  a  vegetation  equaly  fruitful. 
Some  of  my  future  Monographs  of  the  Genera 
or  groups  Prunus,  Plantngo,  Gentiana<t  Eu' 
phorbia,  Vaccinmm^  Andromeda  SlcvjiW  con- 
tain from  40  to  80  Species. 

In  this  last  part  of  my  Supplemental  Flora,  I 
will  chiefly  describe  some  of  the  most  select  and 
rare  plants  or  shrubs  which  I  have  in  my  Her- 
barium ;  they  are  all  figured  in  my  Autikon 
like  the  others. — And  I  can  vouch  that  they 
are  all  as  good  and  genuine  Species  as  any  of 
our  modern  botanists,  and  much  better  than 
one  half  of  the  linnean  Species  of  old,  often 
blending  half  a  dozen  ;  as  in  the  Genera  Gera- 
nium^ Lichen^  Conferva,  Agaricus,  Aster,  Eu- 
phorbia, Veronica,  Jnsticia,  and  100  similar 
families  rather  than  Genera,  that  included  10 
to  50  Good  natural  Genera,  comingled  as  men 
are  comingled  with  the  Monkeys,  and  Bats  with 
Birds  !  !  !  by  many  ignorant  men  or  pseudo- 
philosophers  lacking  the  sagacity  of  perceiv- 
ing distinctions  of  parts  and  forms. 


J^EOBOTANON 

OR     SELECTED    NEW    PLANTS     ^C. 

DICOTYLES. 

735.  OTAMPLIS  Raf.  Dioical,  perigone 
Gphyle,  Ssepals  internal  narrower,  male  fl.  6  sta- 
mens monadelphous  at  base.  Female  fl.  ovary 
single  ovate,  stigma  sessile  large  capitate  sublo- 
bate.  Fruit  a  single  monosperm  berry  ?  Volu- 
ble, leaves  alternate,  Jl.  axillary  racemose — 
Akin  in  habit  (fee  to  Menispermum,  but  not 
even  of  same  family,  lacking  the  multiple  ber- 
ries; it  must  form  with  Pseliiim  of  Loureiro 
another  small  family  of  plants,  the  PSELIDES 
distinct  by  single  ovary  and  the  stamens  not  op- 
posed to  equal  petals.  Pselhim  of  Lour.  Mart. 
Bosc,  Smith,  Decand.  &lc  differs  by  Perigone 
with  4  sepals,  6  free  stamens  in  male  flowers, 
stigma  Ifid.  The  Ps.  heterophylum  is  a  twin- 
ing shrub,  with  alternate  entire  leaves,  growing 
in  Anam  of  Asia.  Otamplis  derives  from  Ear- 
ed Vine, 

736.  Otamplis  vitifolia  Raf.  stem  twining 
striate,  leaves  on  long  petiols  palmate  or  lobed, 
Snerved,  glaucous  beneath,  base  reniform,  lobes 
acuminate  entire,  ovate  in  lower  leaves,  sinusses 
obtuse ;  racemes  shorter  than  petiols  subcom- 
pound. — A  large  herbaceous  Vine,  leaves  quite 
smooth,  lower  ample  6  to  8  inches  broad,  petiols 
8  to  10  inches  long,  upper  smaller  with  3  short 
lobes,  racemes  hardly  over  one  inch  long,  flow- 
ers small  geminate  or  ternate,  whitish,  sepals 
ovatoblong  obtuse  deciduous,  the  inner  ones 
smaller  and  whiter.  On  Red  River  in  Arkan- 
zas  and  Texas.  My  specimens  are  marked  a 
N.  G.  akin  to  Menispermum  in  Collins  Herba- 
rium, 


NORTH   AMERICAN  9 

737.  DIDIPLIS  Raf.  1833.  Calix  persistent 
campanulate  4fid,  segments  unequal  acute.  Co- 
rolla none.  Stamens  2,  filaments  exerted,  an- 
thers rounded,  stigmas  2  subsessile.  Capsule 
globular  bilocular  polysperm.  Leaves  oppo- 
site, flowers  axillary  sessile. — A  very  distinct 
Genus  blended  with  Peplis  by  Nuttal  and  De- 
candole,  which  has  a  calix  12fid  and  6  stamens! 
the  Peplis  indica  with  spicate  flowers,  calix  8 
dent.  4  stamens  &lc,  is  also  a  peculiar  Genus 
Nexilis  Raf.  meaning  not  with  6,  while  Didi- 
plis  means  two  doubling. 

738.  DiDiPLis  LINEARIS  Raf.  atl,  J.  and  flo- 
rula  tex.  16 — Peplis  diandra  Nuttal  in  Dec. 
prodr. — Stem  terete  ramose,  leaves  sessile  prox- 
imate decussate  patent  linear  obtuse  uninerve, 
flowers  sessile  solitary  axillary. — An  aquatic 
plant  of  Red  River,  Texas  and  Arkanzas,habit 
of  Callitriche,  leaves  narrow  elongate  uncial, 
flowers  small  green.  In  Collins  Herb,  it  was 
marked  a  N.  G.  near  Lythrum. 

739.  DiPHYLEiA  CYMOSA  Mx.  This  fine  plant 
seen  by  few,  is  so  rare  that  its  existence  was 
doubted  by  some  of  our  skeptics,  notwithstand- 
ing the  two  fine  figures  of  Michaux.  It  is  a 
vernal  plant  of  the  Unaka  and  Cheroki  Mts, 
where  few  botanists  have  dwelt  or  travelled. 
My  specimen  in  Col.  Herb,  was  collected  by 
Lyons,  and  is  in  fruit,  the  angular  stem  has  only 
one  leaf  6  inches  broad,  very  angular  but  hardly 
dentate,  the  cyme  is  trifid  and  ramose,  berries 
subovate  obliqual.  If  it  is  a  deviation  it  may 
be  called  var.  trifida. 

740.  DISCOPLIS  Raf.  Dioical,  male  fl  . .  . 
female  fl.  calix  persistent  oval  hirsute  4dentate, 
ovary  sessile  sub4gone  warty,  stigma  sessile 
large  sulcate.     Fruit  inclosed  in  calix,  indehis- 

2 


10  NEOBCn. 

cent  Akena  or  nut  bilocular  disperme,  outside 
compressed  discoidal  rugose,  2  sides  compressed 
sulcate,  edges  echinate,  integument  thick  and 
hard,  2  oblong  seeds  inside.  Herbaceous,  leaves 
opposite,  flowers  in  slefider  spikes — a  most 
singular  N.  G.  with  very  peculiar  fruit,  proba- 
bly akin  to  the  Euphorbides,  or  rather  Tragi- 
DES,  but  the  male  flowers  are  required  to  ascer- 
tain positively  the  natural  affinities,  perhaps 
even  a  typical  Genus  if  they  have  4  stamens  in- 
serted on  a  similar  calix.  The  name  means 
discus  armed. 

741.  DiscoPLis  SERRATA  Raf.  stem  weak 
2-3chotome  flexuose  smooth,  leaves  remote  pe* 
tiolate  ovate  serrate  acute ;  spikes  terminal 
filiform,  bracts  oblong  longer  than  short  pedun- 
cles.— From  South  Florida  and  Cuba,  my  spe- 
cimeUiS  one  foot  high  collected  by  Kin,  stem  fus- 
cate,  leaves  acute  at  both  ends  yet  subdeltoid 
and  even  sometime  subcordate,  some  white 
hairs  scattered  above,  spikes  subracemose  naked 
slender  3  to  4  inches  long,  with  minute  bracts, 
flowers  small  subsessile,  the^  lower  ones  com>- 
monly  abortive,  remote  and  green,  quite  hairy. 

742.  Plantago  multinervis  Raf.  Scapose, 
leaves  petiolate  subpilose  broad  lanceolate,  at- 
tenuate at  both  ends,  remotely  dentate  9  nerved; 
scape  longer  sulcate  hirsute,  spike  elongate, 
flowers  scattered  or  interrupted,  flowers  smooth, 
calix  carinate,  bracts  subequa)  ovate  acute, 
style  elongate  persistent — found  in  Florida  by 
Kin  (Col.  Herb.)  near  to  PL  inierrupta  which 
differs  by  entire  leaves,  with  few  nerves,  shorter 
leaves  and  flowers,  short  bracts,  calix  not  cari- 
nate &/C  .  ,  .  Here  the  leaves  are  6  to  8  inches 
long,  nearly  2  broad,  spikes  6  to  10  inches  long. 
Capsule  disperme. 


NORTH  AMERICAN  11 

743.  Plantago  albiflora  Raf.  scapose, 
'leaves  petiolate  ample  ovate,  acute  at  both  ends 
base  repaiid  dentate,  7nerved,  very  smooth ; 
scape  longer  striate  subpilose  below,  spike  elon- 
gate imbricate,  at  base  subverticillate,  flowers 
smooth,  calix  and  bracts  scariose  oblong  acute, 
style  elongate  persistent  pubescent. — In  West 
Kentucky  and  Tennessee,  leaves  0  to  8  inches 
long  3  to  4  broad,  subglaucescent,  spike  very 
long  pedal,  calix  whitish  scariose  with  a  green 
nerve.  Akin  to  PL  cordata  but  not  at  all 
cordate. 

744.  Plantago  texensis  Raf.  Scapose,  silky 
pilose,  leaves  elongate  sessile  linear  obtuse 
hardly  trinerve,  scapes  equal  or  longer  terete, 
spike  ovate  and  oblong  dense  imbricate,  bracts 
and  calix  ovate  obtuse  villose,  segments  of  co- 
rolla rounded  concave,  capsule  disperme,  seeds 
elliptic  concave. — A  very  distinct  sp.  of  Texas 
and  Arkanzas,  leaves  semipedal,  broader  above^ 
spikes  from  half  inch  to  two  inches  long. 

745.  Plantago  linearis  Raf  Scapose, 
leaves  sessile  linear  elongate  entire  quite  smooth 
obtuse  trinerve  rugose ;  scape  terete  pubescent 
above,  spike  oblong  dense,  bracts  linear  triple 
of  flowers,  calix  oblong  obtuse. — In  Florida 
found  by  fJaldwin  or  Kin,  nameless  in  Coll. 
•Herb.  Perennial  as  most  sp.  leaves  2-4  inches 
iong,  bracts  remarkably  long,  spike  short  uncial. 

746.  Plantago  globosa  Raf.  Scapose, leaves 
sessile  lanceolate  uncial,  base  wooly,  entire  un- 
cial,  scapes  longer  filiform  sulcate,  spike  glo- 
bose minute  dense,  bracts  and  calix  scariose 
fulvous  ovate  acute. — Small,  akin  to  PL  indica 
and  my  PL  atrofasca,  leaves  seldom  over  one 
inch,  scapes  2  or  3  inches  long,  spike  quite  ca- 
pitate very  small  as  in  PL  indica.    From  South 


V2  NEOBOT. 

New  Jersey  to  Florida  in  sandy  soil,  near  Sea 
Shores, 

747.  Plantago  amblodes  Raf,  Scapose, 
leaves  subsessile  uncial  oblong  cuneate  ?rinerve 
large  obtuse  teeth,  margin  and  nerves  ciliate  ; 
sca{3cs  hardly  longer  pubescent  angular,  spikes 
oblong  densiflore  pubescent,  bracts  equal  ovate 
acute — Another  small  sp.  from  the  banks  of 
Arkanzas  and  Yazou  Rivers.  Some  leaves  are 
subpectinate  by  elongate  teeth. 

1  have  described  above  6  of  my  most  distinct 
s[).  of  this  Genus,  2  others  Fl.  gonophyla  and 
atrofusca  of  Illinois  are  in  Atlantic  Journal 
page  150 ;  but  I  have  in  my  Herbarium  a  crowd 
of  other  N.  Sp.  and  varieties,  some  of  which  are 
blended  with  VI.  cordata^  media,  lanceolata^ 
major  ^c  of  our  botanists ;  when  I  shall  pre- 
pare a  Monograph  of  this  G.  they  shall  be  dis- 
tinguished. I  have  called  them  P/.  elliptical 
compressa,  crassifolia,  undulata,  repanda., 
rolundifolia^  riparian  longipes,  pycnanthes, 
paticiflora,  pilosa,  brevifolia,  breviseapis, 
erlorhiza,  serpentaria,  peregrina,  balduini. 
.  748.  LiTTORELLA  FLExuosA  Raf.  This  G. 
was  not  deemed  American,  and  this  sp.  will 
form  perhaps  a  N.  G.  when  examined  alive  ;  it 
is  at  least  a  subgenus,  which  I  call  Xamotris 
(dwarf  raceme)  and  it  differs  by  calix  unequal, 
imhricate  segments  of  inner  perig.  or  corolla 
also  unequal.  Habit  scapes  racemose  with- 
out bracts. Scapose,  leaves  cespitose  linear 

obtuse  falcate  smooth,  base  wooly,  entire  or 
with  a  few  scattered  gashes,  uninerve ;  scapes 
shorter  flexuose  racemose  pauciflore — Sent  me 
from  Alabama  and  found  in  Arkanzas  by  Nut- 
tal.  deemed  by  him  a  nameless  Plantago  in  Coll. 
herb,  annual,  leaves  1  or  2  inches  long  narrow, 


NORTH  AMERICAN  13 

scapes  with  5  to  7  flowers  on  long  pedicels,  ca- 
lix  lanceolate  acute,  segments  of  corolla  linear 
acute,  3  or  4  as  in  Littorella,  some  flowers  ge- 
minate. 

749.  RiviNA  or  Pieiicea  acuminata  Raf. 
Ric.  hvis  of  Mg.  and  Nut.  In  Col.  Herb,  not  of 
Antilles  nearer  to  hrasiliensis  ! — Herbaceous 
smooth,  stem  branched  sulcate,  leaves  ovate 
oblong  acuminate  base  rounded,  margin  subre- 
pand  ;  racemes  axillary  erect  longer  than  leaves 
— From  Florida  to  Arkanzas,  2  or  3  feet  high, 
leaves  3  inches  long  thin  and  petiolate,  racemes 
4  to  6  inches  long,  flowers  white,  sepals  of  peri- 
gone  4  ovatoblong  obtuse  persistent  and  green- 
ish after  anthesis,  stamens  4  or  isopere  as  in 
the  real  G.  Piercea  of  Miller,  see  my  fl.  tellur. 
635,  Rivina  having  8  or  12  stamens.  Habit 
like  Phytolaca  but  berries  globular  one  seeded, 
types  of  x\at.  Family  Rivinidia  fl.  tel.  634, 

750.  Rivina  or  Piercea  obliquata  Raf 
Riv.  humilis  of  some  Am.  hot.  not  of  Antilles — 
Herbaceous  nearly  smooth  stem  simple  sulcate, 
leaves  ovatoblong  subrepand,  base  commonly 
obliqual,  end  attenuate  obtuse  and  mucronate, 
petiols  somewhat  pubescent,  racemes  erect 
equal  to  leaves. — "^  everal  sp.  have  been  blend- 
ed in  R.  humilis,  this  is  quite  distinct,  found  in 
Florida  by  Baldwin;  a  small  plant  hardly  pe- 
dal, leaves  smaller  1  or  2  inches  long,  pubes- 
cence extendin^f  sometimes  to  nerves  and  race- 
mes, these  short  with  fewer  and  smaller  flow- 
ers, sepals  of  calix  linear  oblong  obtuse  whitish, 
style  elongate,  stig.  capitate — as  our  botanists 
have  mistaken  these  two  plants  (they  are  not  in 
Elliot)  it  may  be  needful  to  state  that  the  real 
R.  or  P.  hufnilis  is  frutescent  quite  pubescent, 
riot  sulcate,  with  acuminate  leaves  and  larger 


14  NEOBOT. 

red  berries. — While  R.  or  P.  levis  has  stem 
terete,  leaves  not  repand  marginate  of  red,  and 
ilowers  redish  also  with  obovate  sepals. 

751.  Pi.U3iBAGo  FLORiDANA  Raf.  (ColHns 
herb)  stem  slender  virgate  angular,  smooth, 
leaves  minute  ovate  acute,  spike  slender  base 
squamose  denudate,  flowers  terminal  few,bracts 
ovate  reflexed,  calix  with  stipitate  glands. — 
This  G.  was  not  known  to  be  N.  American,  the 
specimen  of  Collins  was  collected  by  Ware  in 
East  Elorida,  it  is  pedal,  with  small  leaves  and 
flowers  less  than  one  inch  long. 

752.  Melothria  nigra  Raf.  1820,  An.  nat. 
112,  M.  pendula  E.  and  most  of  our  Authors, 
stem,  filiform  angular  trailing,  leaves  roughish 
subreniform  Slobed  remotely  denticulate,  petiols 
filiform  elongate,  flowers  polygamous  and  mo- 
fioical,  peduncles  uniflore,  in  the  male  multifl. 
berries  globular  smooth,  pisiform  black, — From 
Carolina  to  Kentucky,  trailing  3  to  10  feet, 
leaves  and  flowers  small,  these  yellow.  It  has 
several  var.  see  my  Monographs  ;  but  all  are 
distinct  from  the  M.  pendula  of  Antilles,  Lin- 
tieus  said  that  sp.  grew  from  C^anada  to  Jama- 
ica, but  I  never  found  it  in  the  Northern  States, 
others  have  and  ascribe  to  it  a  red  berry,  is  it 
another  sp.  or  the  next  ?  In  this  the  berries  are 
shining  black  scarcely  larger  than  a  pea, 

753.  MELOTfiuiA  repanda  Raf  Stem  sul- 
fate twining,  leaves  thick  roughish  cordate  5an- 
gular  subtrilobe,  repand  sinuate,  teeth  obtuse 
mucronate,  peduncles  tmiflore,  berries  oblong 
©liveform  smooth. — This  is  most  likely  the  sp. 
of  Linneus  and  many  botanists,  although  L.  as- 
cribes an  oliveform  tuberculate  berry  to  his, 
petiols  shorter  than  leaves  and  peduncles,  I  can- 
laot  say  if  the  berries  are  black  or  red,  my  spe- 


WORTH  AMERICAN  15 

cimen  is  from  Arkanzas. 

754.  Melotiiria  punctata  Raf.  stem  fili- 
form angular,  leaves  cordate  5angular  smooth- 
entire  or  subdentate,  thin  glaucous  with  minute 
black  dots  on  both  sides,  petiols  equal  to  leaves 
filiform  ;  peduncles  uniflore,  berries  red  elliptic 
oliveform  smooth — sent  me  from  New  Orleans 
by  Dr,  Riddell  as  the  M.  pendula,  the  dots  ap- 
pear black  glands  as  in  Hypericum,  berries  ap- 
parently red  in  the  specimen,  shape  and  size  of 
a  barberry. 

755.  Melothria  pendula  (or  edulis)  L. 
Brown,  Lunan.  Sw,  and  Antillian  Authors. — 
Seandent.  petiols  auriculate  or  alate,  leaves 
rough  trilobe  or  triangular  subcordate  sinuate, 
obtuse,  fl.  polyg.  dioical,  peduncles  uniflore, 
berries  pendulous  ovate  black  size  of  a  nutmeg. 
In  Jamaica  and  the  Antilles,  totally  unlike  the 
two  others,  fruit  very  large  eaten  when  ripe  and 
pickled  unripe  says  Lunan,  probably  also  in 
Florida  and  cultivated  in  Louisiana. 

756.  RIDDELIA  Raf.  family  Cleomides— 
calix  5  sepals  subequal,  petals  5  unequal,  sta- 
mens filiform  short,  commonly  5  subequal  in- 
serted on  a  flat  disk,  ovary  sessile  oblong,  stig- 
ma sessile  obtuse.  Pod  sessile,  linear  compres- 
sed bivalve  polysperme  bilocular,  partition 
contrary  to  valves,  edges  thick  flattened.  Jtru- 
tescent,  leaves  simple  stipmate,  alternate  flow- 
ers, extra-axillary  solitary. — Another  pretty 
G.  of  the  family  Cleomidia,  which  now  contains 
25  at  least,  (see  my  reform  of  it ;  )  this  is  re- 
markable by  habit  and  fruit  near  to  the  G.  Pe- 
ri toma,  Warea,  N.  Vodolobiis  R.  or  Stanley  a 
N.  &c  but  distinct  from  all  these,  yet  they  all 
belong  to  my  family  of  Cleomidks,  not  a  sec- 
tion of  Capparides.     Dedicated   to  Dr.  John 


16  NEOBOT. 

Riddell  who  sent  it  to  me  from  New  Orleans  as 
an  unknown  G.  with  several  other  rare  plants, 
he  is  the  author  of  a  Western  Flora  and  disco- 
verer of  many  new  plants  there.  If  his  name 
has  been  employed  already,  we  may  substitute 
Antiphyla  serrata  Raf. 

757.  RiDDELiA  ANTIPHYLA  Raf.  Loaves 
smooth  lanceolate  acute,  equaly  serrate,  petiols 
short  pubescent,  stipules  subulate ;  peduncles 
extraxilary  unifl.  equal  to  petiols,  sepals  colored 
linear  lanceolate  acuminate  pubescent,  petals 
subequal  cuneate  obtuse,  pod  divergent  strait 
equal  to  leaves — apparently  a  virgate  shrub, 
branches  fuscate  terete  rimose,  leaves  and  pods 
uncial,  almost  opposite  to  each  other,  flowers 
yellow  small,  stamens  5  or  6,  shorter  than  flow- 
ers. Pods  fuscate  smooth,  seeds  black  com- 
pressed squared  truncate. 

758.  Sesuvium  verkucosum  Raf.  prostrate 
roughened  by  warts,  leaves  thick  petiolate  obo- 
vate  and  cuneate  obtuse  entire,  flowers  axillary 
subsessile  commonly  solitary — a  very  distinct 
sp.  with  the  habit  of  Portulaca  oleracea,  but  en- 
entirely  covered  with  rough  tubercules  and 
warts,  when  dry  of  a  fulvous  glaucous  color  al  1 
over,  many  branches,  leaves  small,  flowers  1  to 
3  in  the  axils,  campanulate,  white  inside,  sta- 
mens many,  and  thus  totaly  unlike  the  S.  pen- 
tandrum  of  Elliot  which  is  my  G.  Squihbia 
maritima.  This  sp.  was  sent  me  from  Arkan- 
zas  and  the  Chacta  Conntry,  where  it  grows 
near  streams  on  the  Yazou  and  Salt  River. 

759.  Spergula  falcata  Raf.  Diffuse  de- 
cumbent smooth  glaucous,  leaves  linear  falcate 
acute,  base  connate,  peduncles  axillary  equal  to 
internodes  and  leaves,  erect,  segments  of  calix 
ovate  obtuse  equal  to  petals  and  capsule, — On 


NORTH  AMERICAm  17 

the  banks  of  the  lower  Ohio,  and  Missouri  ri- 
vers, a  small  plant  extending  3  to  6  inches  with 
many  short  branches,  leaves  3  lines  long. 

760.  DioNEA  sEssiLiFLORA  Raf.  atl.  J.  78. 
Petiols  winged  oblong  or  cuneate  narrow,  acute 
at  both  ends,  leaves  bilobe  ;  flowers  sessile  agre- 
gate  3  to  5,  bracts  lanceolate. — The  beautiful 
G.  Dionea  is  no  longer  monotype  but  has  devia- 
ted sp.  1>.  miiscipula  the  type  is  quite  distinct 
from  this  by  petiols  broadly  obcordate,  flowers 
corymbose.  Seen  alive  in  our  gardens  as  well 
as  a  variety  Uniflora,  smaller  uniflore,  with 
broader  shorter  leaves,  petiols  oblong  acute 
winged.  Both  native  of  Carolina,  flowers  white 
estival,  leaves  irritable  in  all.  This  G.  is  the 
type  of  a  Nat.  Family  Dionidia  different  from 
Alsinidia  by  single  style. 

BORAGINES 

761.  PuLMONARiA  ELLiPTicA  R.  Icavcs  ellip- 
tic acute  at  both  ends,  the  radical  on  very  long 
petiols,  upper  ovate ;  flowers  axillary  peduncu- 
late nodding,  calix  with  short  segments  lanceo- 
late acute. — In  the  Apalachian  Mts.  of  Virginia 
and  Carolina,  stem  smooth  branched  bipedal, 
flowers  blue  and  small. 

762.  LiTHosPERiviTJivi  GRAciLE  Raf.  annual, 
silky  villose,  stem  slender  erect  virgate  naked 
below,  leaves  petiolate  linear  acute  adpressed, 
flowers  terminal  subsessile,  tube  of  corolla 
longer  than  calix,  segments  of  corolla  oblong 
obtuse. — A  very  striking  sp.  sent  me  from  Ala- 
bama and  found  on  Red  River  Arkanzas  and 
Texas  by  Nuttal  in  Collins  herb,  where  noted 
as  perhaps  a  N.  G.  but  I  see  no  difference,  un- 
less the  fruit  be  different,  the  corolla  is  realy 
funnel  shape,  but  the  lobes  deeper  or  longer. 
Stem   semipedal    nearly  simple,  leaves   uncial 

3 


18  NEOBOT. 

sometimes  revolute  on  the  margin,  flowers  ter- 
minal axillary  white  and  small. 

763.  LiTHosPERMUM  STRiGosuM  Raf,  quitc 
warty  strigose,  leaves  sessile  ovatoblong,  fl.  ax- 
ilary  sessile,  calix  lanceolate  rugose  verrucose 
strigose,  seeds  fuscate  obovate. — In  Florida, 
found  by  Kin,  my  specimen  is  only  in  seed,  pe- 
dal covered  all  over  with  white  warts  ending  in 
a  white  rigid  hair  forming  a  great  roughness, 
leaves  uncial  rigid,  calix  large  unequal. 

701.    LiTHOSFERMUM    CUSPIDATUM    Raf.     Stcm 

erect  ramose  sulcate  hirsute,  hairs  spreading, 
leaves  linear  lanceolate  cuspidate  rugose  ciliolate 
hirsute  rough  ;  flowers  axillary  solitary,  subses- 
sile,  seeds  smooth  lucid  ovate  fulvous  not  punc- 
tate.— In  Alabama  and  Georgia,  pedal,  leaves 
uncial  narrow,  branches  short  erect  angular. 
Very  different  from  L.  angusti folium  Mx. 

765.  LiTHosPERMUM  ciLiATUM  Raf.  annual 
erect  subdichotome  above,  hardly  hispid,  leaves 
sessile  linear  obtuse  ciliate,  flowers  axillary  sub- 
sessile,  segments  of  calix  linear  ciliate  as  long 
as  corolla. — Found  by  Hart  on  Red  River  and 
by  Drumond  in  Texas,  semipedal  slender  few 
leaves,  flowers  subracemose. 

766.  LiTHOSFERMUM  FLORiDANUM  Raf.  an- 
nual erect  ramose  canescent,  hairs  adpressed, 
stem  terete,  leaves  linear  lanceolate  acute,  flow- 
ers subracemose,  calix  equal  to  tube  of  corolla, 
seeds  pilose. — In  Florida  much  branched,  leaves 
rather  lax  patent,  linear  on  the  branches,  flow- 
ers chiefly  pedunculate,  but  some  sessile,  with 
or  without  bracts,  segments  of  calix  more  une- 
qual than  usual,  lobes  of  corolla  obovate,  seeds 
yellow  pilose  globular. 

I  have  thus  added  5  sp.  to  this  G.  which  had 
already  7  in  Eaton,  but  some  of  these  do  not  be- 


NORTH    A.VIERICAN  19 

long  to  the  Genus,  the  L.  latifoUum  forms  my 
G.  Cyphorlma  1819  having  5  pits  outside'  of 
the  mouth  of  corolla,  with  5  corresponding  knobs 
inside. 

707.  Batschia  albiflora  Raf.  annual,  glau- 
cous, hairs  all  over  white  adpressed,  stem  sim- 
ple, leaves  petiolate  ovate  acute,  flowers  few 
terminal,  tube  of  corolla  equal  to  calix.  limb 
campanulate  large  plicate  hardly  lobed. — On 
the  River  Arkanzas  on  sand  bars  found  by 
Nuttal,  deemed  a  N,  G.  but  quite  like  Batschia 
although  habit  a  little  different  and  corolla  less 
lobed,  if  a  subgenus  it  may  be  called  Onokiles 
a  Grecian  name  of  Anchusa.  Pedal,  first  leaves 
opposite,  small  hardly  uncial,  flowers  few  large. 

768.  Lvcorsis  ?  axillaris  Raf  stem  flexu- 
ose  angular,  leaves  sessile  linear  lanceolate 
slightly  scabrous  and  pubescent,  flowers  axillary 
sessile,  calix  villose  tomentose  canescent — 
Found  in  Florida  by  Mr.  Ware,  marked  a  Ly- 
copsis  in  Coll,  herb,  but  habit  rather  of  Litho- 
spermum,  small  plant,  leaves  elongate,  over  one 
inch  long.     Very  different  from  L.  vlrginica^ 

0?,IBELLIFEROUS    FLAJVTS. 

7G9,  MESODISCUS  Raf  dioical  involucre 
1  or  none,involucels  2,  male  fl.  with  a  thick  len- 
ticular disk  convex  central,  no  calix  !  no  style  I 
petals  5  obcordato,  stamens  5  equal  to  petals, 
anthers  globose  bilobe,  female  fl.  and  seeds  un- 
known ....  Leaves  commonly  ternate,  flow- 
ers icldte. — Very  singular  Genus,  perfectly  di- 
oical, which  appears  a  paradox  in  this  family  of 
plants:  several  G.  however  are  polygamous. 
Although  the  fruit  is  lacking  yet  this  Genus  ap- 
pears perfectly  distinct  and  unlike  any  other 
except  the  next.  I  have  2  sp.  of  it,  one  of 
which  is  anomalous  again  by  a  triple  compound 
umbel. 


fO  NEOBOT. 

770.  Mesodiscus  simplex  Raf.  stem  terete 
solid  base  subangular  few  leaved,  leaves  remote, 
petiols  angular,  folioles  3  entire  oblong  or  lan- 
ceol.  acute,  middle  one  acuminate;  umbel  single 
involucre  none,  involucels  2  setaceous,  7  umbel- 
lules  9-12flore,  pedicels  unequal,  petals  obcor- 
date  concave. — Sent  me  from  Alabama,  stem 
slender  pedal  or  more,  folioles  uncial,  last  leaf 
a  single  linear  foliole  remote  from  umbel,  flow- 
ers quite  white. — Var.  major  has  stem  bipedal, 
the  lower  leaf  with  5  folioles. 

771.  Mesodiscus  proliferus  Raf.  stem  te- 
rete solid,  leaves  remote,  petiols  carinate,  foli- 
oles 3  or  .5  lanceolate  entire  very  acute,  some- 
times falcate  :  umbel  thrice  compound,  first  in- 
volucre with  5  linear  folioles,  second  involucres 
none  or  one  linear,  commonly  5  umbellules, 
7-15flore,  involucels  21inear,  petals  flat  obovate 
scarcely  obcordate. — Also  from  Alabama,leaves 
gometimes  with  only  2  folioles,  the  lower  have 
5  subpinnate.  Quite  smooth  and  with  white 
flowers  like  the  last :  the  triple  umbel  is  a  great 
anomaly. 

772.  ^^  AT  ARIA  R.  ombelif.  polygamous. 
Involucre  none  or  1  or  2  minute,  involuces  3-6 
subulate.  Calix  minute  5toothed  petals  equal 
round  obcordate  incurved,  5short  stamens,  disk 
almost  conical,  2  short  styles  divaricate.  Seeds 
elliptic  flat  and  thin,  5  striated,  convexely  in- 
curved, surrounded  by  a  thick  fungose  white 
margin  over  both  seeds.  Leaves  ternate, flow- 
ers ocliroleucons — united  to  Peucedanon  by 
Nuttal  (who  did  not  see  the  perfect  flowers) 
which  differs  by  petals  oblong,  seeds  oval  wing- 
ed around,  flowers  yellow  «^'C.  Sataria  was  an 
ancient  name  of  Peucedanon.  A  few  male 
flowers  are  mixt  in  umbels. 


NORTH  AMERICAN  HI 

773.  Sataria  LINEARIS  R.  Peucedanon  ter- 
naturn  Nut.  &,c.  Stem  virgate  terete  solid  stri- 
ate, leaves  few  remote  on  long  petiols,  folioles  3 
sessile  linear,  very  long  and  narrow,  acute  at 
both  ends ;  umbels  axillary  and  terminal,  invol. 
linear  or  none,  umbelules  5-7  and  pauciflore — 
In  Alabama  and  Georgia,  perennial  smooth, 
commonly  3  leaves  and  3  umbels,  folioles  2  or  3 
inches  long — Var.  longipes  5  or  6  leaves,  lower 
with  petiols  exceedingly  long  10  to  18  inches, 
umbels  l-2terminal.  Flowers  pale  yellowish 
in  both. 

774.  KERASKOMION  R.ombelif.  both  invol. 
2-3phyle,  calix  hardly  Stoothed,  petals  obovate 
plicate,  stam.  filif.  styles  short  divaricate.  Fruit 
smooth  globose  as  in  Aethusa.  Leaves  decorti- 
posed,,  timhels  small,,  Jlowers  while,,  axils  huU 
hose — united  to  Cicuta  by  the  Authors,  nearer 
to  Aethusa  by  invol.  and  seeds,  quite  peculiar 
by  the  bnlbose  habit.  The  name  was  one  of  the 
Greek  terms  for  Aethusa  or  Oenanthe. 

775.  Kerask.  bulbifeuum  R.  Cicuta  bulbif. 
of  most  of  our  botanists — stem  ramose  terete 
fistulose,  lower  leaves  triternate,  others  biter- 
nate  or  ternate,  folioles  linear  serrate  pectinate, 
upper  simple  entire,  bulbs  gemmular  squamu- 
lose ;  umbels  terminal  naked — a  very  singular 
plant  growing  on  banks  of  streams  from  Canada 
to  Virginia,  described  on  the  living  plants,  and 
found  very  different  from  Cicuta.  Flowers  es- 
tival,  minute  and  white,  sometimes  hardly  any 
but  bulbs  profuse,  they  appear  to  reproduce  the 
plant,  are  real  buds  with  oval  acute  scales  (as 
in  buds  of  trees.)  Stem  bipedal,  leaves  some- 
times subverticillate.  It  is  doubtful  whether 
the  linnean  plant  is  not  different,  Linneus  says 


'22  x\EOBOT. 

stem  angular  and  leaves  capillary,  Michaux 
says  like  Fennel.  My  plant  is  not  such,  but 
they  may  have  seen  bad  specimens. 

Genus  DAUCUS  and  akin. 
Here  is  a  striking  instance  of  the  blending 
propensity  of  our  Botanists,  who  do  not  take 
care  to  look  sharp,  overlooking  the  most  evi- 
dent characters.  I  can  speak  with  confidence, 
since  I  did  the  same  for  20  years  concerning 
our  wild  Carrots,  until  at  last  having  noticed 
some  kinds  with  bipinnatijid  involucres  and 
others  with  entire  involucres^  I  was  led  to  no- 
tice observe  and  revise  the  genus  and  akin.  It 
had  even  been  supposed  that  our  Carrots  were 
naturalized,  while  they  are  found  native  in  the 
wildest  localities.  My  researches  have  already 
led  me  to  ascertain  3  genera  and  a  dozen  spe- 
cies, all  probably  deemed  D.  carotta  or  pnsil- 
lus  when  seen  by  others.  I'he  nature  of  the 
involucres  and  seeds  is  essentialy  generic  here, 
else  DciKCUs  and  Caucalis  should  be  only  one 
Genus.  The  G.  Dasyspermum  295  of  Necker 
which  he  says  had  a  fruit  hispid  muricate  all 
over,  includes  also  several,  since  it  was  formed 
out  of  Tordyliuni,Conium,  Ammi  and  Scandix  ! 
having  muricate  seeds. 

776.  DAUOUS  Raf.  involucres  pinnate  or 
multifid,  partial  with  entire  or  trifid  folioles. 
calix  5tc)othed,  petals  obovate  emarg.  inflexed, 
outer  often  larger  radical  unequal,  heeds  with 
4  aculeate  v.ings.  Leaves  decomposed^  floic- 
ers  white  or  red. — This  is  the  type  to  which  be- 
long the  real  Carrots  :  I  must  now  add  here  for 
contrast  all  the  Genera  blended  thereto.  For 
the  sp.see  783  to  792. 

777.  TIRICTA  Raf.  involucres  simple 
polvphyle,  partial    similar,  flowers  polygamous 


NORTH  AMERICAN  23 

radiate.  Calix  entire,  styles  divaricate,  stig- 
mas capitate,  petals  5  unequal  plicate  involute. 
Seeds  unequal  oblong,  with  1  or  3  ribs  unequaly 
echinate  cristate.  Habit  of  Dauciis.  The 
name  was  an  ancient  one  for  Daucus. 

778.  TiRicTA  DAucoiDEs  Raf.  stem  virgate 
terete  smooth ;  leaves  few,  lower  on  long  pe- 
tiols,  upper  sessile,  bipinnate,  folioles  linear  con- 
fluent cuspidate,  margin  rough ;  2  or  3  umbels 
on  long  peduncles,  invol.  5-8phyle,  linear  entire, 
umbels  multiflore  longer. — In  the  Pine  barrens 
of  South  New  Jersey,  root  annual  ?  white  per- 
pendicular not  odorous  as  in  Daucus,  stem  bi- 
pedal simple,  leaves  slender,  flowers  small  white 
autumnal.  Compare  the  Leptocaulis  echinatus 
of  Nuttal. 

779.  BABIRON  Raf  involucre  none,  par- 
tial oligophyle  simple.  Flowers  similar,  none 
male  nor  radiate.  Calix  hardly  5toothed,  pe- 
tals ovate  obtuse  flat  equal.  Fruit  ovate  round- 
ed smooth,  seeds  with  several  rows  of  small 
scaly  tubercles.  Habit  of  Amrni  and  Lepto- 
caulis.— How  distinct  from  the  last,  the  name 
was  also  an  ancient  one  of  Daucus  in  Egypt,  3 
sp.  at  least,  some  of  which  are  among  the  hep- 
tocaulis  of  Nuttal  in  Decandole,  but  not  of  same 
Genus. 

780.  Babiron  pusillum  Raf.  annual  quite 
smooth,  stem  simple  filiform  striate,  leaves  short 
2-3pinnate,  segments  linear  acute,  the  upper  se- 
taceous ;  umbels  trifid  terminal  filiform,  invo- 
lucre none  or  1  subulate,  partial  3-4subulate, 
umbelules  3-5flore,  pedicels  unequal — sent  me 
from  Alabama,  and  by  Dr.  Torrey  from  Geor- 
gia as  the  Daucus  pusillus  !  see  788.  Stem  4 
to  6  inches  high  redish,  leaves  small  finely  cut, 


24  NEOBOT. 

flowers   minute  few  white.     Nearer  to   hepto- 
caiiiis  than  to  Daucus. 

781.  Babiron  divaricatum  Raf.  Daucusdo 
Walter,  Lteptocaulis  do  N.  Dec.  Ammi  do 
Pers,  and  again  Ijigusticum  pusillum  Persoon! 
(Elliot)  Sison  pusillum  Mx.  Pursh,  Elliot  &c. 
— Annual  slender  smooth  dichotome  divaricate, 
leaves  triternate  multipartite  segments  linear  or 
setaceous,  umbel.  5-6fid,  umbellules  commonly 
triflore,  pedicels  equal,  invol.  3  lanceolate  mi- 
nute— in  Carolina  and  Florida,  bipedal  not  hum- 
ble, my  specimens  are  in  fruit,  brown,  realy 
warty,  hardly  squamose.  Here  is  a  sp.  put  in 
5  Genera! 

782.  Babiron  dichotomum  R.  Ammi  divar- 
icat.  Coll.  herb. — Smooth  dichotome,  leaves 
short  bipinnate.  segments  narrow  linear,  umbels 
2-4fid,  umbelules  3-5flore,  pedicels  unequal,  in- 
volucels  1  to  3  minute — annual  like  the  others, 
with  slender  stems  semipedal,  branches  diver- 
gent but  not  divaricate,  more  like  B.  pusillum 
than  the  last,  but  stem  terete  not  striate  nor  sim- 
ple, the  tubercles  of  the  seeds  more  scaly. 
Florida. 

783.  Daucus  scadiophylus  Raf.  stem  grow- 
ed  retrose  pilose,  leaves  few  short  tripinnate 
hirsute,  segments  linear  acute ;  involucres  5-6 
foliose  hipinnatel  partial  simple  as  long  as 
flowers,  petals  equal  not  radiate  seeds  hispid. — 
Florida,  Alabama  and  Georgia,  a  Southern 
Daucus  so  unlike  the  others,  as  to  be  almost  a 
N.  G.  I  shall  form  a  subgenus  of  it  (with  the 
next)  GiNGiDiuM  with  involucres  bipinnate  pe- 
tals not  radiate.  This  is  pedal  and  bipedal,  the 
involucres  nearly  similar  to  the  leaves,  flowers 
small,  seeds  oblong  hispid  between  the  muricate 
ribs.     D,  Ltiicidus,  being  the  same  as   D.  gin- 


OF  NORTH  AMERICA  25 

gidium,  belongs    to    the    same   subgenusr 

784.  Daucus  scariosus  Raf.  stem  grooved 
foliose  retrose  pilose,  leaves  2-3pinnate,  seg- 
ments lanceolate  acuminate  or  cuspidate  5  invo- 
lucres 6-8  foliose  hipinnate,  partial  unequal 
lanceolate  white  scariose,  longer  than  flowers, 
some  trifid. — Annual  or  biennal  root  not  odor- 
ous, leaves  long  and  narrow,  nerved. — Var.  sim- 
plex simple  stem  pedal,  a  single  umbel,  hardly 
hispid — Var.  ramosus  branched  hirsute,  invo- 
lucres hardly  bipinnate,  very  long  segments 
sometimes  trifid.  Found  by  myself  in  the  glades 
of  Pennsylv.  autumnal,  petals  apparently  not 
radiate,  thus  a  Gingidium  also. 

785.  Daucus  brevicaulis  R.  Scabrous,  stem 
nearly  naked,  lower  leaves  nearly  as  long  tri- 
pinnate,  segments  confluent  oblong  bifid  mucro- 
nate  ;  involucres  mostly  trifid  base  scariose  on 
the  margin,  linear  elongate,  partial  linear  and 
trifid  shorter  than  flowers,  petals  radiate. — A 
singular  sp.  found  in  hills  of  Pennsylvania  and 
near  Philadelphia,  with  ample  leaves  6  to  8 
inches  long  nearly  as  long  as  the  stem,  with 
broad  segments,  roots  biennial  hardly  odorous 
branched. 

786.  Daucus  nudicaulis  Raf.  smooth,  sub- 
scapose,  scape  naked  grooved,  leaves  radical 
bipinnate  segments  linear  laciniate  cuspidate ; 
umbel  lax,  involucres  3-5fid  setaceous,  partial 
linear  equal  to  flowers,  margin  scariose,  petals 
radiate — found  with  the  last,  perhaps  a  devia- 
tion, but  it  has  another  deviation  var.  pitmila 
only  3  inches  high,  leaves  larger  than  umbel 
quite  linear — while  the  nudicaulis  is  6  to  8 
inches  high,  with  short  leaves  3  inches  long,  root 
white  tapering  slender. 

787.  Daucus  levis   R.  Quite  smooth,  stem 
4 


26  NEOBOT. 

striate  slender,  leaves  bipinnate  small,  segments 
linear  acuminate  ;  mnbels  small,  involucres  tri- 
fid  shorter,  partial  simple,  petals  seldom  radiate 
seeds  echinate. — Not  uncommon  in  fields  and 
woods  from  New  Jersey  to  Kentucky,  pedal, 
leaves  quite  flat  hardly  nerved,  stem  not  grooved 
terete. 

788.  Daucus  pusillus  Mx.  E.  &c.  annual, 
stem  simple  scabrous  slender  angular,  leaves  re- 
mote short  bipinnate,  segments  linear  acute, 
umbel  single  pauciflore,  involucres  trifid,  par- 
tial simple,  umbelules  l-3flore,  seeds  with  wings 
deeply  crested. — A  sp.  deemed  doubtful  by 
many  or  a  var.  of  D.  carotta  like  the  others,  but 
quite  distinct ;  my  specimen  collected  by  Bald- 
win in  Florida  has  only  a  few  retrorse  hairs,  3 
small  leaves,  a  small  umbel;  the  seeds  are  large, 
with  white  wings  deeply  cut  into  pectinate  stiff' 
bristly  crests.  Perhaps  a  subg.  hophioplis  near 
Tiricta, 

789.  Daucus  brevifolius  Raf,  nearly  smooth 
stem  terete  foliose  not  grooved,  virgate,  leaves 
short  remote  pinnate,  folioles  pinnatifid  seg- 
ments oblong  acuminate  ;  involucres  trifid,  par- 
tial simple,  seeds  oblong  pubescent  hardly  echi- 
nate.— Alleghany  Mts.  &c,  pedal,  root  branch- 
ed not  odorous  leaves  1  or  2  inches  long  only, 
umbels  small,  peduncles  sometimes  grooved  and 
with  a  few  hairs,  seeds  fuscate  small,  petals  ra- 
diate— Var.  Jiliformis,  stem  filiform  striate,  in- 
volucres setaceous. 

790.  Daucus  heterophylus  Raf  scabrous 
or  subhispid,  stem  grooved  branched  foliose, 
leaves  petiolate  decomposed  variable,  the  lower 
3-4pinnate,folioles  confluent  lanceol.  acuminate, 
upper  bipinnate, folioles  remote  linear  cuspidate; 
involucres  tripartite  elongate  setaceous,    base 


OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  27 

niarginate  of  white,  partial  subulate  marginate, 
seeds  echinatc. — This  is  the  most  common  sp. 
from  Canada  to  Louisiana  in  fields  and  woods, 
nearest  to  D.  carotta,  but  yet  different.  Root 
biennial  odorous  fulvous  slender,  stem  1  to  3 
feet  high,  leaves  3  to  6  inches  long,  large  umbel 
lax  at  first,  contracted  at  last.  Some  varieties 
or  deviations. 

1.  Var.  Fiunaroides,  Lower  leaves  liko 
Fumaria  4pinnate  segments  confluent,  some  in- 
volucres simple. 

2.  Var.  Asper,  stem  very  scabrous,  leaves 
shorter  2-3pinnate. 

3.  Var.  LaxifoUuSf  nearly  smooth,  leaves 
with  remote  folioles. 

It  will  be  sufficient  to  compare  carefully  these 
American  sp.  with  the  European  to  perceive 
their  distinctions.  There  are  at  least  6  sp.  in 
Europe  blended  in  D.  carotta  !  or  the  garden 
kind  native  of  the  South,  so  easily  known  by 
large  succulent  root,  stem  hirsute  deeply  groo- 
ved, petiols  carinate,  broad  decompound  leaves, 
pinnate  involucres  &.c — they  are  D.  maritimus. 
polygamous,  exigmis,  see  Pers.  Wild.  Lam. 
^•c  besides  the  2  next,  now  before  me. 

79L  Daucus  strigosus  R.  strigose  covered 
with  white  bristly  hairs,  stem  grooved,  leaves 
subsessile,  pinnate  and  bipinnate,  folioles  oblong 
laciniate  or  pinnatifid  acute,  involucres  pinnate 
broad  with  a  thick  margin,  partial  simple  lan- 
ceolate.— A  very  distinct  sp.  sent  me  from  Eng- 
land as  a  wild  carrot,  the  hair§  are  thickly  set 
stiff*  and  flat,  petals  radiate. 

792.  Daucus  agrestis  R.  stem  grooved  sca- 
brous, leaves  remote  subsessile  base  winged 
pinnate  or  bipinnate,  folioles  pinnatifid,  seg- 
ments oblong  cuspidate ;  involucres  pinnate  or 


•28  NEOBOT. 

trifid  base  with  a  white  marginal  wing,  partial 
lanceol.  scariose.  This  is  the  wild  Carrot  of 
France  and  Germany  different  from  the  gar- 
den kind,  root  hard  woody,  stem  1  or  2  feet 
high,  leaves  2  or  3  inches  long,  petals  radiate. 
Also  naturalized  with  us  but  scarce. 

Thus  the  G.  Daucus  must  be  reformed  in  G. 
and  Sp.  the  foreign  kinds  form  several  other  G. 
or  Subg.  such  as 

793.  VisNAGA  Raf.  invol.  perianthiform  mul- 
tipartite, segments  trifid,  partial  polyphyle,  um- 
bels phorantiform  at  base,  petals  inflexed  bilobe, 
seeds  oblong  compressed  striate  smooth — united 
to  Ammi  as  a  subg.  by  modern  botanists,  but  a 
peculiar  G.  seen  alive.  Types  F.  vera  and 
meoides. 

794.  Ballimon  R.  invol.  o,  1  or  2simple,par- 
tial  2-5simple,  seeds  with  a  thick  integument 
and  3  rows  of  uncinate  spines — Types  B.  9nu- 
ricatiun  and  maritimnm,  both  Daucus  do,  auct. 

795.  Peltactila  Raf,  petals  very  unequal, 
seeds  with  spines  bearing  peltate  Stars !  flow- 
ers commonly  yellow. — Types  P.  grandiflora, 
parviflora,  aurea,  Jiispida  &c  all  Daucus  of 
Desf  &c. 

796.  Staflinus  R.  seeds  semiterete  turgid 
ciliate  crinite — St.  setifolius  and  cj-initus^ 
Daucus  do  auct. 

797.  ENTASIKON  Raf.  Polygamous.  In- 
volucres 2-3phyl.  setaceous,  partial  simiUir.  cal. 
with  5  unequal  persistent  teeth,  petals  5  equal, 
obcordate  inflexed,  stamens  5  equal,  styles  2 
thick  ovate  persistent,  stigma  obtuse.  Fruit 
oblong  smooth  angular,  lateraly  divided  by  a 
lateral  furrow.  Leaves  decomposed^  flowers 
white. — A  very  striking  G.  differing  from  all 
others  known  to  me  by  the  unequal  calix  and 


OF  NORXfl   A3IERICA.  29 

ovate  styles.  If  it  is  a  Trepocarpus  of  Nuttal, 
how  did  he  neglect  these  singular  characters ! 
The  name  was  a  Grecian  name  of  a  Chero- 
phylum. 

798.  Entasikohi  tenuifolium  Raf.  Atlia- 
manta  clierophyloides  Nuttal  in  Coll.  herb. 
Trepocarpus  aethusa  ?  Nut.  in  Dec. — Quite 
smooth,  stem  angular,  leaves  pinnate  and  bi- 
plnnate,  folioles  linear  setaceous  acute  thin; 
umbels  trifid  opposed  to  leaves,  ombellules  3-7 
flore,  male  fl.  peduncled,  fertile  nearly  sessile. 
— Found  in  Arkanzas  by  xN^uttal,  foliage  glau- 
cous minutely  cut,  stem  yellowish,  umbels  pe- 
duncled lateral,  flowers  white,  seeds  4  or  5 
times  as  long  as  broad, 

799.  EntasikOx\?  tuberosum  R.  Phellan- 
drmm  do  Nut.  in  Collins  herb.  Root  tuberose, 
leaves  bipinnate,  folioles  linear  obtuse — another 
plant  found  in  Arkanzas,  by  Nuttal  and  widely 
separated  from  the  last,  although  hardly  diffor- 
ent,  except  by  broader  obtuse  folioles.  The 
specimens  are  imperfect,  but  the  roots  are  oblong- 
rugose  twin ;  in  a  note  it  is  stated  the  stem 
rises  3  or  4  feet  high,  the  upper  leaves  are  near- 
ly simple,  and  the  germination  is  acotyle  ! 

800.  UPOPION.  Raf.  Polygamous  or  even 
monoical.  Involucres  none.  Calix  5dentate  pe- 
tals ovate  obtuse  flat  (dark  purple)  styles  divar- 
icate. Seeds  smooth  elliptic  each  with  3  or  4 
unequal  large  wings,  commissure  costate. 
\jeaves  simple  ternate  and  pinnate,  flowers 
dark  purple, — This  G.  has  been  shuffled  into 
Thapsia,  Cnidium,  Thaspium,  Smyrnitun  &c 
which  like  JZizia  it  must  form  a  peculiar  one, 
well  distinguished  from  Thaspium  having  yel- 
low flowers,  by  its  red  flowers,  petals  not  acu- 
minate, large   unequal  wings  &c.     The  name 


30  NEOBOT. 

was  an  accient  one  of  Thapsia,  and  I  have  as- 
certained 5  species,  probably  all  deviations. 

801.  Upopion  pinnatum  R.  stem  subangular, 
leaves  pinnate,  5  folioles  ovatob!ong  sessile 
acute  serrate,  base  truncate  obliqiial-  terminal 
base  acuminate;  fertile  flowers  subsessile,seeds 
with  very  unequal  wings. — Discovered  1823  in 
West  Kentucky  glades  and  since  in  several 
other  places,  Alleghanies  &c,  pedal,  or  bipedal, 
perennial  like  all  the  sp.  folioles  1  or  2  inches 
long,  terminal  often  larger.  Flowers  estival  as 
in  all. 

802.  Upopion  lobatum  R.  stem  striate, 
leaves  all  trifoliate,  lateral  folioles  subsessile 
obliqual  ovate  acute  serrate  more  or  less  lobed 
outside,  terminal  foliole  petiolate,  cordate  ovate 
often  trilobed ;  umbels  multiflore,  fertile  and 
sterile  flowers  on  short  peduncles  seeds  elon- 
gate with  narrow  wings. — In  Pennsylvania  the 
Alleghanies,  Virginia  &c,  1-2  feet  high,  leaves 
sometimes  very  large,  and  curiously  or  various- 
ly lobed  or  cut,  flowers  copious  sometimes  all 
fertile,  but  seeds  unequal  in  size. — A  var.  Ri- 
gida  or  perhaps  peculiar  sp.  has  stem  and  um- 
bels stiff  angular  canaliculate,  folioles  large  all 
unequal  obliqual  ovate  oblong  unequaly  serrate, 
lateral  sessile,  medial  base  truncate  auriculate 
on  one  side. 

803,  Upopion  trifoliatum  R.  stem  angular 
striate,  leaves  all  trifoliate,  radical  on  very  long 
petiols,  folioles  ovatoblong  serrate,  lateral  obli- 
qual, terminal  on  a  long  petiol,  base  rounded  or 
truncate  ;  none  lobed  ;  umbels  pauciflore,  flow- 
ers shortly  pefluncled.— The  most  common  sp. 
from  New  Jersey  to  Kentucky,  bipedal,  petiols 
often  pedal,  folioles  uncial,  the  middle  one  some- 
times deltoid. 


OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  31 

804.  Upopion  heterophylum  R.  Thasjnum 
atropurp.  auct.  Stem  striate,  radical  leaves 
simple  cordate,  stem  leaves  trifoliate,  terminal 
foliole  cordate  or  ovate,  lateral  ovate  obliqual, 
all  serrate ;  flowers  peduncled,  male  on  longer 
peduncles. — This  is  the  original  sp.  known  and 
called  'J^myrnium  atropurpureum  by  Lamark, 
leaves  uncial,  stem  bipedal.  So  much  like  Zizia 
cordata  in  habits  as  to  have  often  been  mis- 
taken for  a  variety  of  it. 

805.  UporioN  coRDATUM  Raf.  stem  simple 
angular,  all  the  leaves  simple  cordate  petiolate, 
acute  unequaly  serrate  ;  umbel  single  naked, 
flowers  glomerate  subsessile  mostly  fertile. — In 
the  Alleghany  Mts.  evidently  a  very  distinct  sp. 
pedal,  3  radical  leaves  uncial,  one  lobate  on  the 
sides,  two  stem  leaves  remote  larger. — These  5 
sp.  oflfer  a  beautiful  illustration  of  the  forma- 
tion of  species  by  gradual  deviations  of  forms, 
from  pinnate  to  single  leaves.  They  have 
nothing  left  in  common  but  smoothness  and  ser- 
rate leaves  besides  the  flowers. 

806.  ZiziA  PARviFOLiA  R.  stcm  virgate 
grooved  pubescent  like  the  petiols,  radical 
leaves  small  cordate  trilobe  crenate,  stem  leaves 
sessile  trifoliate,  folioles  unequal  ovatoblong 
acute  unequaly  serrate,  medial  larger;  umbel- 
ules  pauciflore  with  unequal  slender  peduncles. 
— Very  distinct  from  Z^  cordata  by  pubescence 
small  leaves  mostly  half  inch  long  only,  stem 
pedal,  flowers  polygamous  yellow,  seeds  oval 
with  3  prominent  ribs.  Found  in  the  Allegha- 
ny Mts. 

807.  SiuMis  (Slum)  hetekophyla  Raf.  stem 
simple  fistulose  costate,  lower  leaves  on  very 
long  petiols  trifoliate,  folioles  ovate  serrulate, 
medial  petiolate,  middle  leaves  pinnate,  5  to  7 


32  NEOBOT. 

folioles  lanceolate,  upper  leaf  sessile  trifoliate, 
lanceolate  serrulate,  involucres  lanceolate  re- 
flexed. — Found  from  New  Jersey  to  Illinois,  in 
waters,  rare,  pedal  and  bipedal,  folioles  about  3 
inches  long,  all  serrulate  sessile  except  the  odd 
one ;  umbel  with  about  a  dozen  of  umbellules, 
6  to  8  small  folioles  for  involucres,  the  partial 
still  fewer  and  smaller  less  reflexed,  flowers 
white  as  in  the  Genus,  quite  distinct  from  S, 
latifolia  and  akin  species. 

808.  PHAIOSPERMA  Raf.  herb.  1833 
page  77.  Polygamous,  Invol,  one,  partial  few. 
Calix  5dentate,  petals  obcordate  involute,  styles 
elongate,  stigmas  capitate.  Fruit  smooth  fun- 
gose  ovate  convex  with  a  thick  integument,  no 
ribs  nor  angles  nor  wings  nor  thicker  edge. 
Leaves  sometimes  opposite,  polytome,  flowers 
white  small,  seeds  brown. — This  G.  which  was 
pronounced  new  by  Torrey  and  a  Polytenia  by 
Nuttal,  differs  from  it,  as  will  be  seen  below,and 
chiefly  by  the  involucre  and  the  seeds  convex 
and  not  concave  outside.  The  name  alludes 
to  the  brown  seeds.  I  have  corrected  the  char- 
acters by  withdrawing  from  it  Ph.  verticillatay 
but  uniting  a  new  species. 

809.  Phaiosperma  trifida  Raf.  herb,  stem 
dichotome  subcostate,  leaves  alterne  and  sub- 
opposite  cuneate  triparted,  segments  oblong 
subequal  tridentate ;  involucre  unique,  partial 
2-4Hnear — discovered  in  1823  in  the  Western 
glades  of  Kentucky,  pedal,  vernal,  leaves  short, 
flowers  small,  seeds  of  a  bay  brown. 

810.  Phaiosperma  pulverulenta  Raf.  glau- 
cous pulverulent,  stem  dichotome  striate,  leaves 
alternate  triparted  segments  oblong  pinnatifid  ; 
involucre  often  lacking,  partial  5-8  linear  color- 
ed— In   Florida,  found    by  Kin   or   Baldwin, 


OF  NORTH  AMEUICA.  33 

anonymous  in  Coll.  herb,  covered  by  a  scurf, 
well  branched,  leaves  short,  flowers  nol  so  small 
nor  so  white,  ajDparently  ochroleucous  in  the 
specimen,  umbels  glomerate  with  many  male 
flowers  and  very  few  fertile.  The  seeds  not 
being  ripe,  I  cannot  be  positive  on  the  Genus, 
but  the  habit  is  quite  near  the  last,  the  unripe 
seeds  are  ovate  oblong  smooth  flat. 

811.  PACHILOMA  Raf.  (thick  edge)  Po- 
lytenia  Dec.  add  to  characters.  Polygamous, 
invol.  none,  partial  few.  Fruit  elliptic  or  obo- 
vate  with  a  thick  margin,  middle  concave  stri- 
ate. Type  P.  NUTALi  Raf.  PoL  do  Dec.  Tor- 
dyliiim  Amerlcanun?  Nut.  in  Col.  herb,  stem 
dichotome  grooved  roughened,  leaves  alt.  and 
opposite  triparted,  sei:;ments  pinnatifid  cuneate, 
last  trifid  ;  involucels  3-5  linear,  seeds  elliptic. 
— Such  are  my  specimens  from  Nuttal  himself, 
and  Arkanzas. 

812.  Pachiloma  verticillata  R.  Phaio- 
sperma  or  Polytenia  do  Raf  herb.p.  7*7.  Stem 
fistulose  grooved,  branches  whorled  rigid,  leaves 
alterne  and  whorled  bipinnatifid,  pinnules  cun- 
eate sublaciniate ;  involucels  1-3  linear,  fruits 
obovate — found  in  1823  in  Glades  of  West 
Kentucky,  vernal,  sesquipedal,  a  very  distinct 
and  singular  sp.  by  tiie  w  horled  habit,  fruit  sim- 
ilar to  the  last  by  the  edges  (fee,  but  not  regu- 
larly elliptic  broader  above  and  thus  obovate, 
hardly  striate  in  the  central  hollow. 

I  have  yet  several  doubtful  and  rare  ombelli- 
ferous  plants  from  Florida,  Alabama,  Kentuky, 
Illinois  and  Arkanzas,  which  require  further 
examination.  My  N.  G.  Orlmaria  was  des- 
cribed in  Adantic  Journal,  in  my  Herb.  Raf. 
p.  78  are  3  new  Cherophylum  and  2  new  Arche- 
mora.     My  G.  Ptiiimnium  of  1818  has  since 


34  KEOBOT. 

been  called  Dlscopletira  by  Decandole,  my 
P^  junceurn  disc,  1823  in  West  Kentucky  is 
perhaps  a  Leptocaulis.  My  Thaspium  tenui- 
Jolium  R.  herb,  p  78  is  neither  of  that  G.  nor 
a  JZizia,  but  probably  an  Archemera  also.  The 
Ferula  villoma  which  has  been  united  to  4  or  5 
genera,  must  perhaps  form  a  peculiar  one  which 
I  have  called  Scadiasis.  My  G.  Cyrtospermum, 
Lomatium,  Cymospermum,  Osmorhiza,  Ma- 
rathrum  or  Adorion,  have  been  either  adopted 
or  illustrated  by  Decandole.  I  now  pass  to  the 
Eryngides  that  are  a  family  distinct  although 
akin  to  this. 

813.  STREBLANTHUS  Raf.  atl.  j.  1833 
p.  149.  Flowers  monoical  in  separate  heads. 
Involucre  4-6phyle,  folioles  unequal  entire,  pho- 
ranthe  cylindrical  papillose,  male  fl.  in  ovate 
heads  apetalous,  calix  4fid,staniens  4  subsessile, 
female  flowers  in  oblong  heatis,  calix  adherent 
4  dentate  persistent,  pistil  obovate  punctate,  pe- 
tals none  or  deciduous,  styles  2  filiform  persis- 
tent, stigmas  capitate.  Fruit  crowned  biparti- 
te in  2  seeds  convex  scrobicujate.  Annual 
herbs  smooth  prostrate,  leaves  opposite  sim- 
ple, heads  axillary. — This  character  is  taken 
from  the  first  sp.  but  the  G.  probably  contains 
many  sp.  and  may  be  modiiied  to  comprize 
them  :  all  the  Eryngiums  not  perennial  nor  stiff*, 
nor  with  alternate  stiff*  leaves,  must  be  examin- 
ed well,  and  may  perhaps  belon.^  here  although 
some  sp.  may  be  polygamous,  others  with  5  sta- 
mens occasionaly.  It  forms  now  a  striking  G. 
of  Eryngides  by  the  monoical  apetalous  tetran- 
drous  flowers.  The  Mr.  cerrantesi  of  Mexico 
E.  tenue  or  gracile,  baldumi,  prostratum  of 
the  Southern  States  may  belong  thereto.  The 
name  means  deceitful  flowers. 


OF  NORTH  AMERICA  35 

814.  Streblanthus  auriculatus  _Raf,  as 
above.  Stems  filiform  flexuose,  leaves  subsessile, 
lower  petiolate  ovate  lanceolate  acuminate 
gashed  or  with  1  or  2  auricles,  heads  axillary 
solitary  pedunculate — In  the  Western  glades  of 
Kentucky,  flowers  estival  bluish,  stems  a  foot 
long  quite  weak,  leaves  commonly  with  some 
notches,  auricles  unequal  when  double,  involu- 
cres linear,  papillas  of  phoranthe  very  short. 

815.  Streblanthus  heteropiiylus  R.  Eryn- 
gium  prostratum  Nut.  stems  filiform  flexuose, 
leaves  petiolate  ovate  elliptic  and  rounded,  ob- 
tuse retuse  or  subacute  entire,  the  upper  some- 
times auriculate,  heads  axillary  solitary  pedun- 
culate— found  in  Arkanzas  by  Nuttal,  and  a  real 
Streblanthus  very  similar  to  the  last,  chief  dif- 
ference the  great  diversity  of  the  leaves,  quite 
entire.  The  Eryngium  gracile  of  Elliot  ap- 
pears to  answer  to  this  species. 

816.  Streblanthus  humilis  R.  Eryngium 
gracile  Tor.  not  Bald.  E.  halduini  Spr.  Dec. 
smooth  suberect  dwarf,  lower  leaves  petiolate 
ovate  acute  dentate,  upper  sessile  lanceolate 
often  triparted.  heads  axillary  and  terminal — 
from  Tampa  Bay  in  Florida,  sent  me  byTorrey 
for  the  next,  quite  diflerent,  only  3  inches  high, 
involucres  linear  as  long  as  heads,  flowers  blu- 
ish quite  similar  to  the  two  last. 

817.  Subgenus  KL  ONION  Raf.  differs  by 
the  phoranthe  convex  with  stifl"  subulate  chaffs 
like  bracts  longer  than  flowers,  and  no  involu- 
cre but  those  outer  bracts,4  or  5  concave  petals. 
— Here  there  is  an  approximation  to  Eryngium, 
the  plants  are  stiflTer,  the  flowers  spinescent,  but 
there  is  no  perianthe  or  involucre,  the  leaves 
are  still  opposite,  the  roots  annual,  there  are 
some  male  flowers,  and  many  have  only  4  sta- 


'J6  NEOBOT. 

mens  and  petals.  The  name  was  an  old  CJreek 
one  for  Eryngium. 

818.  Strebl.  or  Klonion  gracile  R.  Eryn- 
gium gracile  Baldw<  in  Coll.  herb,  stem  slender 
costate,  leaves  all  tripartite,  segments  lanceo- 
late or  cuneate  entire,  hardly  acute,  heads  spi- 
nescent  pauciflore. — A  very  distinct  sp.  from 
Florida,  detected  by  Baldwin  ;  but  Elliot  hav- 
ing mistaken  it,  another  has  been  called  by  his 
name  ,  see  816.  I  describe  the  original  speci- 
mens labelled  by  Baldwin.  Many  stems  semi- 
pedal  simple  probably  prostrate,  but  stiffer  than 
in  others,  axils  of  leaves  often  foliose,  peduncles 
equal  to  leaves,  heads  flattened  with  few  flow- 
ers, some  stiff"  spinescent  chafls  at  the  base  in- 
stead of  a  perianthe,  flowers  white. 

810.  Strebl.  or  Klonion  tekuifolilm  R. 
Eryngium  polycephalum  Baldw.  in  Coll.  herb, 
stems  erect  dichotome  filiform  grooved,  all  the 
leaves  tripartite,  segments  linear  entire  ;  heads 
axilary  and  terminal  minute  ovate. — In  Florida 
likewise,  another  very  peculiar  sp.  more  slender 
than  the  last,  but  difl'usely  branched,  with  re- 
mote slender  leaves,  only  3  to  6  inches  high, 
with  many  small  heads  of  white  flowers. 

820.  ATIRSITA  Raf.  calix  campanulate 
5fid  subequal,  corolla  campanulate  Slobed  sube- 
qual,  stamens  2  short  not  exerted,  anthers  glo- 
bose, ovary  depressed,  style  very  short,  stigma 
emarg,  capsule  2locular  ?  oligosperme.  Scapose 
flowers  capitate. — By  a  most  extraordinary 
blunder  of  Nuttal  and  Collins, this  apparently  N. 
G.  was  referred  to  Eryngium  !  by  them,  altho' 
it  has  the  habit  of  Plantago :  the  ripe  fruit  is 
required  to  settle  accurately  the  family,  and  all 
the  characters  must  be  verified  on  the  living 
plant,  as  I  would  not  destroy  my  two  specimens 


OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  37 

by  examining  many  flowers ;  but  I  venture  to 
deem  it  a  N.  G.  near  Veronica  and  Amphian- 
thus  of  Torrey.  The  name  was  an  ancient  one 
of  Plantago  of  which  it  has  quite  the  habit. 

'821.  Atirsita  pumila  Raf.  Eryngium  gra- 
cile  !  Nuttal,  Er !  plantaginetim  CoUins,  leaves 
petiolate  and  subsessile,  ovate  smooth,  uninerve, 
unequaly  dentate  or  gashed,  scape  shorter  than 
leaves  terete  villose,  head  ovoid — collected  in 
Arkanzas  by  Nuttal,  leaves  and  scapes  hardly 
over  one  inch  long,  leaves  variously  cut,  some- 
times nearly  entire,  with  few  or  several  teeth, 
scape  thick  very  short,  head  small,  without  any 
visible  bracts,  calix  and  corollas  obtuse,  corolla 
hardly  longer  white,  annual,  vernal-  One  of  my 
specimen  appears  a  wixYieiy  serrata,  leaves  sub- 
sessile  subserrate,  scape  not  longer  than  the 
head. 

822.  Veronica  terfoliata  R.  Leaves  lan- 
ceolate smooth  acute  subserrate,  base  connate  ; 
racemes  axillary  pedunculate  pubescent,  flow- 
ers fastigiate  or  geminate,  bracts  lanceolate  as 
long  as  pedicels,  calix  segments  equal  ovate 
acute. — Florida,  mistaken  for  a  Jusiicia  by 
Collins,  near  to  V.  ana<raUis^  but  a  larger  plant, 
leaves  3  or  4  inches  long,  not  entire  but  remote- 
ly serrate,  racemes  not  much  longer,  flowers 
only  above  rather  crowded,  corolla  blue  hardly 
exceeding  the  calix. 

823,  Veronica  connata  Raf.  atl.j.  150.  erect 
smooth,  stem  fistulose,  leaves  connate  lanceo- 
late entire  acute  ;  racemes  axil,  divaricate  elon- 
gate lax,  bracts  linear  half  of  pedicels. — West 
Kentucky  near  waters,  annual,  vernal,  akin  to 
V.  scatellata,  but  broader  and  shorter  leaves 
uncial,  capsules  bilobed   compressed.     In  this 


■JO  NEOBOT. 

and  the    last  sp,  the  opposite    leaves  are  reaiy 
connate. 

824.  Veronica  diffusa  R.  precox  atl.  j.  79. 
stem  diffuse  compressed  pubescent,  lower  leaves 
opposite,  upper  alternate,  on  short  petiols,  ovate 
and  rounded,  serrate  laciniate  trinerve;  pedun- 
cles' axil,  solitary  longer  than  leaves,  capsule 
compressed  emarginate, — Annual  very  early 
vernal  blossoms  blue  and  delicate  in  March  and 
April,  native  of  .  .  .  naturalized  on  the  Schuyl- 
kill near  Philadelphia,  I  had  called  it  V.  pre- 
cox in  1832,  but  there  is  another  sp.  of  that 
name.  Stems  often  procumbent  weak,  one  foot 
long,  leaves  small,  flowers  pretty  large,  pedun- 
cles long,  capsules  drooping,  calix  with  ovate 
equal  segments.  Very  different  from  V.  cha- 
tnedrys  and  teucrium  to  which  it  is  however 
related. 

825.  Veronica  sparsiflora  Raf.  atl  j.  79. 
stem  erect  simple  smooth  terete  solid,  leaves 
opposite  sessile  cuneate  entire  obtuse  smooth, 
upper  oblong ;  raceme  terminal  elongate  lax 
pubescent,  (lowers  scattered,  bracts  linear  ob- 
tuse, pedicels  fihform  longer,  calix  segments 
oblong  obtuse,  two  shorter,  capsules  bilobed  sub- 
compressed — a  very  distinct  sp.  from  Arkanzas 
and  Missouri,  seen  alive  in  gardens,  annual, 
stem  1  or  2  feet  high,  leaves  1  or  2  inches,  low- 
er almost  petiolate,  flowers  vernal  large  hand- 
some purplish  blue.  By  the  calix  quite  une- 
qual it  belongs  to  my  subgenus  Becabiinga. 

826.  Veronica  3iollis  Raf.  erect  softly  vill- 
ose,  leaves  opposite  sessile  ovatoblong  serrate 
acute,  lower  and  radical  oblong  and  cuneate 
nearly  entire ;  raceme  terminal  bracteate  den- 
siflore,  bracts  lanceolate  equal  to  flowers,  calix 
lanceolate  unequal. — From  Origon  seen  alive 


or  NORTH   AMERICA,  39 

in  gardens,  entirely  eovered  with  a  soft  vdvety 
pubescence,  but  not  cinereous  as  in  next,  stem 
commonly  pedal,  radical  leaves  cespitose  varia- 
ble larger  some  nearly  obovate  and  obtuse,  flow- 
ers vernal  large  handsome  pale  blue,  style  cla- 
vato,  capsule  not  seen. 

S'Z7.  Veronica  cinerea  Raf.  erect  cinereous 
villose,  leaves  alternate  oblong  cuneate  acute, 
subcrenate  in  the  middle,  flowers  terminal  spi- 
cate  very  dense  sessile,  bracts  lanceol.  equal  to 
calix,  segments  unequal  ovate  obtuse. — From 
Origon  also,  pedal,  leaves  uncial,  spike  terete, 
corollas  dark  blue  or  purple  (almost  brown  in 
my  specimen)  contrasting  with  the  canescent 
calix,  stamens  very  long.  Akin  to  V.  incana 
but  distinct  by  leaves  &c,  and  also  to  the  two 
proceeding,  all  three  yet  very  difl[erent,  this  not 
at  all  racemose. — I  have  many  other  doubtful 
Veronicas  of  North  America,  and  this  Genus 
yet  requires  revisal  in  sp.  as  I  did  in  Genera  in 
Flora  Telluriana.  As  1  have  50  or  60  sp.  of 
various  parts  in  my  Herbarium,  I  may  hereafter 
write  their  monograph. 

828.  ODACMIS  Raf.  calix  4parted  decidu- 
ous, 4  small  petals  nearly  similar  and  equal, 
stamens  4  hypogynous,  filaments  shorf,  anthers 
biiobe.  Ovary  ^':eQ  globular  umruHcate,  styles 
2  extremely  short.  Capsule  nieinbranaceous 
utricular  globular  bilocidar,  v.ith  2  or  f<f\v  seeds, 
opening  by  the  concave  umbilic  above.  Creep- 
ing annual  kerb,  leaves  and  fiowers  fascicu- 
late.— A  very  singular  N.  G.  of  my  nat.  order 
Isostimia,  and  probably  my  family  Galenjdia, 
with  Galenia,  Florkea&.c;  also  akin  to  S^ipe- 
TRiDKs  which  only  differ  by  a  berry  as  in  Em- 
petrum  and  Fhytolaca,     The  habit  is  very  pe- 


40  JNEOBOT. 

culiar,  and  the  name  is  derived  from  the  unci- 
nate teeth  of  leaves. 

829.  Odacmis  fascicularis  R.  smooth,  stem 
creeping  angular,  leaves  petiolate  fasciculate, 
subrenifbrm  with  large  hooked  teeth,  base  sub- 
truncate  without  teeth,  peduncles  of  flowers 
longer  than  petiols. — From  Florida,  collected 
by  Kin  or  Ware,  anonymous  in  Coll.  herb, 
small  plant  prostrate,  fascicles  of  leaves  remote 
alternate,  leaves  with  many  nerves  and  only 
half  inch  wide.  Flowers  greenish,  sepals  4 
ovate  acute,  petals  4  elliptic  obtuse  yellowish 
not  longer  than  calix. 

830.  BUINALIS  Raf.  dioical.  Calix  deeply 
Sfid  persistent,  base  turbinate  with  5  tubercles 
at  the  clefts,  segments  flat  edged  and  crowned 
by  a  thick  colored  membrane.  Corolla  none, 
male  fl.  with  5  stamens  perigynous  inserted  on 
the  calix  short  filiform  fertile,  and  5  alternate 
sterile  without  anthers,  sometimes  lacking.  In 
female  fl.  ovary  ovate,  style  filiform  elongate, 
stigma  simple.  Fruit  Akena  ovate  smooth  mo- 
nosperm.  Stem  articulate,  leaves  opposite 
sessile  entire  stipulate,  flowers  fascicled — a 
new  G.  of  family  AciiYKANrniDES  differing  from 
Amarantkides  by  a  single  style  and  stigma. 
It  differs  from  my  G.  Steiremis  in  ff.  tellur.  by 
dioical  single  calix,  free  stamens,  t^'C.  It  has 
the  habit  of  Hcrniaria  and  Anychia  to  which  it 
is  also  related  but  differs  by  dioical  flowers  and 
single  style,  besides  the  calix  not  angidar  nor 
acute  &c.  The  name  was  an  old  latin  one  of 
llerniaria. 

831.  BuiNALis  TLORiDANA  Raf  Ilcmiaria 
Americana  Coll.herb.  Anychia  floridana  Baldw. 
do — prostrate  diftiise  subdichotome  furcate, 
leaves  sessile  cuneate  or  obovate,  obtuse  or  sub- 


OF  NORTH   AMERICA.  41 

acute,  entire  thickish  ;  flowers  sessile  terminal 
in  leafy  ramulose  lascicles. — In  the  sands  of 
Florida,  found  by  Baldwin,  perennial,  almost 
suffruticose,  stems  3  to  6  inches  long  very  ra- 
mose, stipules  scariose  ovate  acuminate,  leaves 
small  2  or  3  lines  long  quite  brown  in  the  dry 
specimens;  flowers  minute  dark  purple  mar- 
gined of  white,the  ends  of  segments  truncate  al- 
most retuse  forming  a  vault  but  not  a  hood,these 
flowers  are  at  the  ends  of  the  small  branches 
crowded  with  small  leaves  and  stipules. 

832.  Ai^YClIIA.  Mx.  The  plants  of  this 
G.  and  offers  akin  forming  a  small  natural 
group,  have  been  blended  with  the  G.  Queria, 
Paronychia,  Achyranthus  tj-c,  their  synonymy 
and  sp,  are  in  utter  confusion.  Having  shown 
to  Torrey  4  sp,  widely  different  in  habit,  leaves 
and  flowers  !  he  pronounced  them  all  varieties 
of  Queria  canadensis!  They  require  as  yet  a 
monograph,  and  must  be  divided  into  2  or  3 
Genera  by  the  stamens,  that  must  all  be  exam- 
ined again,  since  Michaux  and  Nuttal  differ 
about  them.  I  regret  that  I  did  not  examine 
all  mine  when  met  alive.  Meantime  I  will  di- 
vide them  into  3  subgenera  or  Genera,  and  add 
some  new  species. 

Subg.  Anyciiia  calix  5  parted  persistent  ur- 
ceolate  or  segments  angular  or  nervose  on  the 
back,-  end  hooded  acute.  Stamens  3  to  5  fer- 
tile, none  sterile  ?  2  short  styles,  capsule  utricu- 
lar monosperm.  Annual  dichotomous  plants, 
leaves  opposite  sessile  loith  scariose  siijfules, 
flowers  in  dichotomies,  uncolored. 

833.  Argykocoma  Raf.  Paronychia  Nuttal 
not  Tourn.  Juss.  difference,  calix  oblong,  seg- 
ments cuspidate  nervose  on  the  back.  Stamens 
5  fertile,  5  sterile  ?  style  bifid  2  stigmas  capi- 

6 


42  ISfEOBOT, 

tale.    Perennial  plants,  stems  simple,  flowers 
terminal  corymbose^ 

834.  Plagidia  Raf.  difference  from  Any- 
chia,  calix  conical  pentagonal,  segments  une- 
qual acuminate  not  hooded,  stamens  5  fertile. 
Style  bifid,  2  stigmas  acute.  Annual  plants  ? 
leaves  ohliqual  broader,  flowers  in  dichoto- 
mies. The  name  derives  from  the  double  obli- 
quity of  opposite  leaves.  All  these  genera  be- 
long to  Amaranthides. 

835.  Anychia  divaricata  R.  stem  decum- 
bent puberulent  very  branched  and  divaricate, 
leaves  oblong  acute  smooth,  stipules  ovate  acute, 
flowers  crowded  striate  sessile  segments  of  ca- 
lix nervose. — A  very  distinct  sp.  blended  as 
usual  with  Queria  or  A.  canadensis,  branches 
so  divaricate  as  to  be  sometimes  almost  reflexed, 
leaves  3  lines  long  one  broad,  flowers  small 
quite  crowded  at  the  end  of  branchlets.  Found 
from  the  Alleghany  Mts.  to  Kentucky  on  hills, 
estival,  stems  spreading  6  to  10  inches. 

836.  Anychia  lateralis  R.  atl.  j.  16.  stem 
erect  divaricate  pubescent,  branches  unilateral, 
leaves  remote  linear  oblong  acute,  stipules  lan- 
ceolate acuminate,  flowers  sessile  striate  often 
lax. — On  the  arid  hills  of  Kentucky,  possibly  a 
var.  of  last,  but  smaller  1  to  2  inches  high  or 
long,  leaves  and  stipules  narrow,  flowers  similar 
ostival. 

837.  Anychia  fastigiata  R.  atl.  j.  stem 
erect  pubescent,  branches  fastigiate,  leaves 
linear  cuneate  acute  adpressed  granular  be- 
neath, stipules  lanceolate,  flowers  few  on  short 
peduncles,  calix  pentagonal  hardly  acute. — On 
the  knob  hills  of  Kentucky,  habit  so  different 
from  835  as  to  indicate  a  sp.  a  very  small  plant 
1  to  3  inches  high,  leaves  narrow,  flowers  with 


OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  43 

segments  hardly  acute,  not  nervose,  A  var. 
my  A.  conferta  atl.  j.  has  the  same  habit,  but 
flowers  crowded,  leaves  subserrulate.  I  have 
several  other  var.  of  this  Genus,  my  A.  poly  go- 
noides  is  the  2d  (A.  canadensis  or  Nuttal  and 
most  of  our  botanists,)  it  is  quite  erect  with  nar- 
row longer  leaves  often  uncial  patent  subciliate, 
flowers  nervose  acute.  The  A.  capillaris  N. 
is  the  real  A.  dlchotoma  of  Mx.  quite  distinct 
by  broad  leaves  elliptic,  stem  filiform  smooth, 
flowers  as  in  837. 

338.  Anyciiia  nudiflora  R.  smooth,  erect, 
branches  unilateral,  leaves  linear  acute ;  flow- 
ers in  terminal  naked  cymes  with  few  leaves, 
pedunculated,  caliculated  by  radiate  oval  stipu- 
les, calix  nervose  hardly  acute — from  Fiorida 
collected  by  Kin,  a  small  plant  forming  a  pas- 
sage to  Argyrocoma,  but  flowers  as  in  Anychia 
and  leaves  small. 

839.  Argyrocoma  imbricata  Raf.  Parony- 
chia argyrocoma  N.  Anychia  do  Mx.  has  crow- 
ded leaves  and  flowers  narrow  linear  elongate 
adpressed  imbricate,  flowers  with  imbricate 
silvery  bracts  or  stipules. — While  the  A.  dicho- 
toma  which  is  Achyranthes  do  Linn,  lllece- 
brum  do  Wild  ^c,  has  flowers  corymbose  with 
lax  and  less  silvery  bracts ;  both  have  the  calix 
long  with  very  thick  dorsal  nerves,  end  very 
acuminate.  A  third  sp.  is  Par.  sessiliflora  N. 
but  his  p.  herniarioides  is  probably  of  next 
Genus. 

810.  Plagidia  rufa  Raf.  Anychia  hernia- 
roides  Mx  ?  dichotome  scabrous,  much  branch- 
ed fastigiate  entirely  rufous,  leaves  obliqual 
crowded  elliptic  mucronate  ciholate,  stipules 
lanceolate  acuminate,  flowers  solitary. — Des- 
cribed from  a  specimen  from   Florida   anony- 


44  NEOBOT. 

mous  in  Collins  hei*b.  apparently  the  plant  of 
Mx.  but  I  cant  be  certain  as  he  omitted  the  sin- 
gular obliquity  of  the  leaves  almost  as  in  Cha- 
masyke,  and  the  striking  rufous  color  almost 
like  snuff  of  the  whole  plant  even  the  stipules, 
about  3  inches  high,  leaves  3  lines  long,  quite 
obliqual  at  the  base  altho'  sessile,  flowers  few 
and  small. 

841.  AMORGINE  Raf.  calix  5parted  per- 
sistent caliculate,  segments  obtuse,  convex  out- 
side, canaliculate  inside,  3  or  4  small  scales  at 
the  base.  Corolla  none.  Stamens  5  free  short 
inserted  on  calix,  anthers  round,  no  sterile  sta- 
mens. One  style  entire,  stigma  simple  obtuse. 
Capsule  utricular  monosperni.  Dichotome  ar- 
ticulate, leaves  opposite  icith  stipules,  flowers 
terminal  corymbose. — Another  new  G.  par- 
taking of  habit  of  Anychia,  but  flowers  as  in 
Argyrocoma  yet  colored  and  diflerent  with  sin- 
gle style  as  in  Buinalis,  Cadclaria  &c,  of  family 
AcHYRANTiiiDES.  The  name  was  one  of  Dios- 
corides  for  Parietaria, 

842.  Amorgine  albescens  Raf.  smooth  erect 
dichotome,  leaves  shorter  than  internodes  linear 
cuneate  acute,  stipules  lanceolate ;  flowers  co- 
rymbose crowded  sessile  naked  albescent — 
Florida,  anonymous  in  Collins  herb,  probably  a 
larger  plant  than  akin,  stem  rigid,  leaves  elon- 
gate almost  like  Argyrocoma  uninerve  drying 
black  like  them;  flowers  forming  a  compact 
corymb,  sessile  without  bracts  nor  leaves  except 
the  short  calicule,  of  a  dirty  white  color  or  tin- 
ged of  incarnate,  A  very  distinct  sp.  and  even 
G.  overlooked  or  mingled  in  our  Achyranthes, 
which  form  many  Genera,  Steiremis,  Caraxe- 
ron,  Phylepidum  &c   for  which  see    my  flora, 


OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  45 

Telluriana,  where  they  are  described,  and  I  add 
here  another  new  Steiremis. 

843.  Steiri::»iis  ciliata  R.  lllecebrum  poly- 
gonoides  Mx.  Coll.  herb,  not  of  others  ?  Stem 
prostrate  pilose,  leaves  opposite  unequal,  petio- 
late  obovate  rounded  obtuse,  base  ciliate  ;  flow- 
ers in  small  axillary  glomerules,  bracts  and  seg- 
ments of  calix  scariose  nervose  ovate  acumi- 
nate— in  Florida  and  Georgia  on  Sea  Shores, 
also  in  Louisiana,  stems  pedal  with  long  soft 
hairs,  the  pair  of  leaves  constantly  unequal  in 
size  about  1  inch  long,  glomerules  of  flowers 
not  longer  than  petiols  whitish  or  fulvous.  This 
is  not  tlie  Achijranthes  repens  of  Elliot,  which 
is  the  type  of  my  Steiremis,  that  has  lanceolate 
leaves ;  it  is  nearer  my  St.  sessiUfolia  fl.  tellur. 
552,  of  Africa  and  .^pain,  but  with  sessile  acute 
leaves.  The  leaves  appear  thickish  and  when 
dry  have  vermiculate  spots  almost  transparent 
when  held  to  the  light. 

844.  BLUTAPARON  Raf.  calix  double 
scariose  persistent,  external  Sparted  unequal, 
internal  5 parted  unequal,  segments  flat  not  ner- 
vose. Stamens  5  free,  hypogynous.  Ovary 
quite  flat  round,  2  styles,  stigmas  obtuse,  cap- 
sule lenticular  nionosperm.  Leaves  opposite 
not  stipulate^  jloicers  terminal  capitate. — A 
very  peculiar  G.  of  not  family  Amaranthides 
with  the  habit  of  Gomphrena,  but  quite  diflfer- 
ent  from  it,  and  from  lllecebrum  to  which  it  had 
been  united  by  Linneus  and  others.  The  name 
is  abridged  from  Bulutulaparon  old  latin  name. 

845.  Blutaparon  breviflorum  Raf.  lllece- 
brum vermiculatum  Mx.  and  N.  Amer,  smooth 
erect,  leaves  sessile  linear  cuneate  acute  thick, 
heads  of  flowers  globose  or  depressed,  seg- 
ments of  calix  oblong  or   elliptic  obtuse,     On 


46  NEOBOT. 

the  sea  shore  of  Florida  collected  by  Dr.  Bald- 
win, the  good  specimen  in  Coll.  herb,  has  ena- 
bled me  to  fix  this  Genus  and  sp.  very  different 
from  that  of  S.  America.  Stem  erect  terete, 
leaves  uncial  commonly  longer  than  internodes, 
heads  of  flowers  quite  small  depressed  pauci- 
flore,  flowers  white  seariose,  two  segments  of 
the  inner  calix  larger  elliptic  making  the  flow- 
ers appear  compressed,  fruit  discoidal  flat  len- 
ticular, perhaps  bivalve  when  ripe.  I  must  add 
the  linnean  sp.  for  contrast. 

846.  Blutaparon  repens  Raf.  Illec.  vermic. 
L.  and  of  S.  Amer.  smooth  creeping,  leaves 
sessile  linear  carnose  semiterete,  heads  of  flow- 
ers oblong — Brazil,  Guyana,  Curazao,  pedal, 
leaves  like  hyssop  sometimes  verticillate  by  4. 

Thus  I  was  right  when  in  the  first  volume 
article  Achyratithes,  I  stated  that  the  plants 
akin  thereto  were  in  utter  confusion:  our  botan- 
ists seldom  verifying  the  Genera  of  their  sp. 
We  have  yet  the  G.  Oploteca,  with  my  Xeran- 
dra,  see  fl.  tel.  562,  some  real  Celosias,  and 
Gomphrena  naturalized,  and  my  Adoketon  see 
first  part,  to  which  add  that  the  Illecebrum  al- 
sinefolium  of  Scopoli  is  another  sp.  different 
from  my  Ad.  saxatile. 

847.  CoRisPERMUM  piLosuM  Raf.  pilose,  stem 
angular,  leaves  alternate  linear  elongate  uni- 
nerve,  flowers  in  axillary  glomerules  ovate,  se- 
pals seariose  pilose  ovate  acuminate  trinerve. 
— Found  by  Kin  in  Florida,  realy  of  this  G. 
hitherto  not  known  as  American,  whole  plant 
fulvous  in  the  specimen  and  with  scattered 
hairs,  leaves  1  or  2  inches  long  narrow,  glome- 
rules subovate,  crowded  and  capitate  at  the  top 
flowers  imbricate  glumaceous  squarrose,  2  se- 
pals equal  large,  enclosing  1  single  stamen  fili- 


OF  NORTH  AMERICA  47 

form,  anther  round,  seeds  ovate  lenticular. — 
Let  it  be  remembered  that  these  discoveries  of 
Kin  and  Baldwin  had  been  made  20  and  30 
years  ago,  laying  dormant  like  those  of  Bar- 
tram  in  herbals. 

POLYGONUM  and  akin  Genera. 
This  Genus  the  shame  of  botanists  as  be- 
longing to  10  linnean  classes !  was  illustrated  in 
my  flora  tellur.  401  to  434.  I  have  described 
there  many  N.  Amer.  sp.  and  the  new  Genera 
Tracaulon,  Spermaulaxen,  Stopinaca,  Ante- 
noron,  Tovara,  Pleurostena,  Chulusiuniy 
Peutalis  Slc.  1  shall  merely  add  some  other 
remarkable  new  species  formerly  included  in 
Polygonum  and  Rumex  divided  also  in  7  Gen- 
era 576  to  582  fl.  Tellur.  Having  in  my  herbal 
about  100  sp.  of  these  G.  akin  and  reformed,  I 
may  yet  revise  the  whole. 

848.  Peutalis  or  Mitesia  ligularis  Raf. 
smooth  fiHform,  leaves  lanceolate  acute,  sessile 
sheaths  simple  obsolete,  racemes  axil,  and  ter- 
minal filiform  pauciflore, flowers  remote,  sheaths 
tubular  ligulate  obtuse  equal  to  pedicels. — A 
curious  little  species,  half  pedal,  deemed  Polyg, 
mite  by  Collins,  very  different,  leaves  few  uncial 
quite  smooth,  racemes  with  3  to  7  flowers,  each 
out  of  a  singular  sheath,  calix  incarnate  5lobed 
seeds  lenticular.  Apalachian  Mts.  of  Carolina, 
Iron  Mts.  found  by  Lyons '(  Mitesia  may  be  a 
subg.  of  Peutalis,  this  appears  a  Peutalis  by 
seed,  I  cant  count  the  stamens  usualy  6  in  Peu- 
talis and  Mitesia,  but  with  3  styles  and  trigone 
seeds  in  Mitesia. 

849.  Peutalis  or  Mitesia  floridaiva  Raf. 
Polyg,  N.  sp.  Baldw.  smooth  erect  simple,leaves 
sessile  narrow  lanceolate  nearly  obtuse  margin 
rough,  sheaths  tubular  bristly,  flowers  in  a  sin- 


48  NEOBOT. 

gle  terminal  spike,  slender  pauciflore,  adpressed 
subsessile  in  the  bristly  sheaths — Florida  found 
by  Dr.  Baldwin  and  deemed  new  by  him,  stem 
pedal,  leaves  biuncial,  spike  uncial  7  flowers — 
I  have  also  the  M.  hirsuta  Raf.  polyg.  do  of 
Walter,  Elliot  4*^,  collected  by  Baldwin  in 
Florida,  a  singular  sp.  covered  with  long  fulvous 
hairs,  leaves  broadly  lanceolate,  sheaths  of 
flowers  tubular  obtuse  nearly  as  in  M.  ligularis. 

850.  Peutalis  or  mitesia  diveugens  R. 
smooth  decumbent  ramose,  branches  divergent 
or  reflexed,  leaves  sessile  narrow  lanceolate 
acute  margin  smooth,  sheaths  scariose  ciliate, 
racemes  terminal  filiform,  sheaths  valvular 
shorter  than  pedicels. — Dicovered  1818  in  Ken- 
tucky, deemed  Polyg.  divaricatum  then,  but 
having  obtained  that  plant  it  is  quite  different. 
Stem  2  feet  long,  branches  diverging  like  a  T 
not  like  a  Y,  even  often  reflexed,  leaves  equal 
to  internodes  2  inches  long  very  narrow,  spikes 
as  long,  flowers  white  estival,  seeds  trigone  and 
thus  a  true  Mitesia, 

851.  Peutalis  or  Heptarinia  longifolia 
Raf.  smooth  erect  ramose,  leaves  narrow  lan- 
ceolate very  long  acuminate  sessile,  margin 
rough,  sheaths  scariose  ciliate,  racemes  slender 
filiform  spiked,  sheaths  tubular  subciliate — Mt?. 
Alleghanies  and  hills  of  Pensylv,  bipedal,  leaves 
5  and  6  inches  long,  only  half  inch  broad,  flow- 
ers incarnate  small  autumnal,  spikes  uncial  often 
geminate  and  interrupted  at  base.  Flowers  as 
in  Hept.  orientaUs  with  7  stamens,  2  styles  ex- 
erted, stigmas  capitate,  seed  lenticular, 

852.  Peutalis  (discolenta)  scabra  Raf. 
stem  dichotome  erect  subangular,  rough  above 
chiefly  in  the  peduncles  of  spikes,  leaves  petio- 
late  lanceolate  acuminate,  margins  and  nerves 


OF  NOIlTll   AMERICA.  49 

rough,  slieatiis  scariose  mutic ;  racemes  many 
{jeduncled  ovate  and  oblong,  flowers  fasciculate 
crowded. — One  of  the  sp.  akin  to  P.  D.  lapa- 
thifoi.  bipedal,  very  branched,  leaves  2  or  3 
inches  long,  spikes  uncial  or  less,  with  a  rough 
pubescence,  flowers  estival  incarnate,  seeds 
round  flat  with  a  hollow  in  each  side  and  a  thick 
obtuse  edge.  In  Kentucky,  Illinois  &c.  The 
Discolenta  scahra  ft.  tel.  430  is  a  very  different 
plant,  perhaps  even  a  Dioctis,  and  being  smooth, 
it  was  by  a  mistake  I  described  it  for  this :  it 
must  be  called  P.  or  D.  punctata  being  quite  so 
aud  probably  P.  ptuictatuin  of  Elliot. 

853.  Peutalis  heterophyla  Raf.  smooth 
erect,  lower  leaves  petiolate,  oboval,  or  elhptic 
ciliate  sometimes  retuse,  broadly  lanceolate,  up- 
per subsessile  narrow,  all  glaucous  beneath  and 
with  smooth  margins,  sheaths  pilose  ciliate  ;  ra- 
cemes short  pauciflore  compact,  sheaths  scari- 
ose smooth. — Singular  sp.  disc.  1824  in  Alle- 
ghany Mts.  of  Virginia,  perennial,  lower  leaves 
small  uncial  quite  ciliate,  medial  large  triuncial, 
ciliate  only  at  base,  upper  not  ciliate ;  flowers 
of  a  dirty  incarnate  geminate  in  small  racemes, 
seeds  lenticular  ovate  obtuse. 

854.  Peutalis  glomerata  Raf.  smooth  de- 
cumbent ramose  diffuse,  leaves  sessile  shortly 
lanceolate  obtuse,  margin  smooth,  sheaths  mu- 
tic, flowers  in  numerous  terminal  glomerules, 
like  little  heads,  sessile  or  ped uncled  pauciflore, 
flowers  subsessile — in  Pennsylvania  and  Virgin- 
ia, annual,  branches  and  leaves  crowded,  stem 
spreading  about  one  foot,  leaves  small  uncial, 
heads  of  flowers  axil,  or  terminal,  often  inter- 
rupted divided  in  glomerules,  flowers  autumnal 
greenish  white,  seeds  lenticular  ovate,  edges  ob- 
tuse. 

7 


50  NEOBOT. 

855.  Peutalis  polystachya  Raf.  smooth 
erect  ramose,  leaves  sessile  lanceolate  acute 
margin  rough,  sheaths  scariose  tubular  aris- 
tate ;  racemes  paniculate  branched,  slender  and 
lax,  flowers  commonly  geminate,  pedicels  longer 
than  sheaths — from  Fennsylv.  to  Kentucky, 
stem  bipedal  with  a  profusion  of  spikes,  leaves 
1  or  2  inches  long,  racemes  as  long  axilary  and 
terminal,  flowers  autumnal  white,  seeds  ovate 
oblong  compressed  lenticular  edge  thick, 

856.  Peutalis  palustris  Raf,  stem  simple 
smooth,  leaves  sessile  lanceolate  acute  erect, 
with  adpressed  hairs  on  both  sides  glaucous  be- 
neath, sheaths  tubular  ciliate ;  spikes  terminal 
pedunculate  1  to  3,  filiform,  flowers  sessile, 
sheaths  as  long  as  flowers — a  very  pretty  sp. 
growing  in  ditches  and  swamps  from  Vermont 
to  New  Jersey,  deemed  Polyg.  punctatuin  by 
some  botanists,  but  not  at  all  punctate,  and 
very  diflferent  from  the  2  punctate  sp.  of  the 
North  and  South,  Pedal,  leaves  biuncial,  flow- 
ers rose  color  or  incarnate,  spikes  slender  un- 
cial, seeds  lenticular,  stamens  6,  It  must  be 
recollected  that  Chulusium  has  5  stamens,  Peu- 
talis 6,  Heptarinia  7,  Dioctis  8,  and  Mitesia  a 
trigone  seed.  As  it  is  often  difficult  to  count 
the  stamens  and  some  deem  them  variable,  all 
those  with  lenticular  seeds  and  2  stigmas  might 
be  united  as  subgenera  to  Peutalis  that  answers 
to  Persicaria  which  is  not  the  Peach  Tree ! 
Persica. 

857.  Polygonum  squamosum  Raf.  smooth 
erect  terete  ramose,  branches  short  divergent, 
leaves  and  sheaths  imbricate,  leaves  linear  o- 
blong  obtuse  short,  sheaths  scariose  scaly  lan- 
ceolate acuminate  ;  flowers  axillary  sessile — in 
West  Kentucky  disc.  1818,  habit  quite  peculiar 


OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  51 

by  the  scaly  sheaths,  leaves  minute  2  lines  long, 
flowers  almost  hidden  in  the  scales  as  long  as 
them  and  the  leaves,  estival. 

858.  Polygonum  rubricaule  R.  smooth, 
stems  erect  cespitose  red  simple  angular  striate, 
leaves  minute  few  remote  sessile  deciduous 
linear  obtuse,  sheaths  scariose  lacerate  fimbri- 
ate, flowers  axillary  sessile — hills  of  Pennsylva- 
nia,autumnal,very  distinct  by  stems  and  sheaths, 
leaves  sometimes  only  at  end  of  branches  and 
then  imbricate,  stems  only  2  to  6  inches  high, 
sheaths  red,  ciliate  of  white,  flowers  greenish 
and  white. 

859.  Polygonum  nudiflorum  Raf.  smooth, 
stem  angular  ramose  diffuse  flexuose,  base 
aphyllous,  leaves  terminal  sessile  oblong  lanceo- 
late acute,  sheaths  scariose  truncate  mutic,flow- 
ers  axillary  to  the  lower  sheaths  and  not  to  the 
leaves — in  Alabama,  stems  semipedal,  the  low- 
er leaves  fall  very  soon  and  thus  leave  the  flow- 
ers naked,  leaves  half  inch  long,  flowers  com- 
monly geminate  longer  than  sheaths,  calix  ur- 
ceolate  green  obtuse  equal  to  seeds. 

860.  Lapathon  sylvaticum  Raf.  Rumex  do 
An.  nat.  91.  Root  tuberose,  stem  angular  stri- 
ate simple,  leaves  petiolate  ovatoblong  flat  en- 
tire acute  at  both  ends;  raceme  elongate  naked 
articulate,  outer  calix  segments  oblong  obtuse 
small,  inner  segments  ovate  laciniate,  one  gra- 
nular— Western  Kentucky  and  Illinois  in  w  oods 
discovered  1818  described  1820  as  a  Rumex; 
but  it  belongs  to  the  G.  Lapathon  of  Tourn. 
Ad.  which  I  have  rectified  thus,  calix  double 
unequal^  inner  larger  laciniate,  one  or  more 
valces  granular,  stamens  6,  styles  3.  Pedal, 
estival,  root  fusiform,  radical  leaves  not  larger 
than  stem  leaves. 


52  NEOBOT. 

861.  RuMEX  or  acetosa  iieterophyla  RaC 
root  tuberose,  radical  leaves  ovate  and  rounded, 
hastate  or  entire,  acute  or  obtuse,  stem  leaves 
remote  petiolate  ovate  acute  repand,  racemose 
pauciflore — Apalachian  Mts.  of  Virginia,  root 
oblong  rugose,  stem  simple  subangular,  leaves 
all  petiolate,  the  radical  smaller,  not  hastate 
nor  sessile  on  the  stem,  fiowei's  but  few  and  not 
in  interrupted  spike. 

862.  RuMEX  or  acetosa  integrifolta  Raf. 
Root  creeping,  stem  striate  simple,  leaves  alJ 
petiolate  ovate  or  lanceolate  entire  acute,  radi- 
cal small  ovate,  caulinar  few  lanceolate,  raceme 
filiform  almost  simple  pauciflore — in  Kentucky, 
semipedal,  root  not  tuberose  but  perennial  with 
fibres,  leaves  thin  radical  very  sinall,  very  few 
on  stem,  flowers  few  remote.  Although  akin  to 
the  last,  the  root  is  quite  different  horizontal" 
slender  as  in  next. 

863.  RuMEX  or  acetosa  agrestis  Raf  Ru- 
mex  acetosella  of  many  hot.  root  creeping,stems 
grooved  cespitose,  all  the  leaves  petiolate  o- 
blong  or  lanceolate  hastate ;  spikes  paniculate 
filiform  interrupted. — This  is  our  common  Sor- 
rel, of  Europe  and  America,  6  to  12  inches 
high ;  but  there  are  other  blended  sp.  in  Eu- 
rope, since  I  have  at  least  3  others  and  one  of 
them  hardly  different  from  R.  hastatulus  of 
Baldwin  which  I  have  also,  his  own  specimen 
from  Red  River  Arkanzas.  I  will  describe 
them  hereafter,  I  now  merely  give  their  strik- 
ing differences  and  also  of  2  Rumex  acetosa  f 

1,  JR.  A.  hastatula  R.  upper  leaves  sessile 
linear  entire  elongate.  Europe  and  Red  River. 

2.  /?.  A.  hidentata  R.  leaves  bidentate  or 
entire  oblong  and  linear,from  Greece  and  Italy. 


OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


53 


3.  E.  A.  rt^io-i^sfrt/rt  R.  leaves  linear  lanceo- 
late sagittate.     Sicily  and  Creta. 

4.  R.  A.  oUtoria  R.  Garden  Sorrel,  leaves 
oblong  sagittate,  upper  sessile  and  narrow. 

5.  11,  A.  amj>lexica.dis  R.  Leaves  ovate 
sagittate  sessile  aniplexicaule.  Eastern  Europe 
all  in  my  herbal. 

861.  Eriogonum  annuuivi  Coll.  herb,  annual, 
stem  simple  cinereous  naked  above,  leaves  al- 
ternate sessile  oblong  or  cuneate  acute  white 
tomentose  beneath ;  umbels  trifid,  perianthes 
pedunculate  multifl.  campanul.  5  dentate  tomen- 
tose.— Salt  K.  of  Arkanzas  probably  found  by 
Nuttal,  pedal  and  bipedal,  leaves  uncial,  umbel 
small  branches  pauciflore,  with  a  flower  in  cen- 
ter. This  beautiful  N,  Amer.  G.  is  now  greatly 
increased  although  only  one  known  to  Michaux: 
I  shall  now  add  4  sp.  to  it. 

865.  Eriogonum  lateriflorum  Raf.  stem 
simple  white  tomentose  aphylous  and  flocose 
above,  leaves  alternate  lanceolate  acute  sessile, 
flocose  above,  tomentose  beneath  :  umbel  trifid, 
branches  dichotome,  flowers  unilateral,  perian- 
the  subsessile  campanul.  subentire  2-3flore. — 
Plains  of  Missouri  and  Arkanzas  found  by 
Bradbury  and  Nuttal,  anonymous  in  Coll.  herb, 
stem  bipedal  without  leaves  above,  the  white 
wool  partly  flocase  appearing  like  little  warts 
or  wrinkles,  leaves  2  inches  long,  umbel  multi- 
flore,  flowers  small. 

866.  Eriogonum  dioicum  Raf.  suff'ruticose, 
dioical,  silky  white,  leaves  petiolate  verticillate 
cuneate  lanceolate  obtuse  white  beneath,  um- 
bel with  6  involucres  oblong  sessile,  perianthes 
glomerate  sessile  with  obtuse  teeth — found  by 
Bradbury  on  River  Platte,  leaves  2  inches  long, 
flowers  in  a  double  umbel  multifid.     My  speci- 


54  NEOBOT. 

men  from  Bradbury  is  apparently  only  male. 

867.  Eriogonum  longifolium  Nut.  in  Coll. 
herb,  stem  simple  cinereous,  radical  leaves 
petiolate  cuneate  elongate  smooth  above,  white 
tomentose  beneath,  stem  leaves  sessile  linear, 
umbel  dichotome,  flowers  lateral  glomerate 
sessile,  perianthe  campanul.  5-6fid  obtuse. — 
Ozage  prairies  (Nuttal)  in  Arkanzas,  bipedal, 
lower  leaves  6  to  8  inches  long,  becoming  grad- 
ualy  less  and  very  small  above,  flowers  rather 
dichotomous  than  umbellate  in  lateral  clusters 
almost  sessile,  perianthe  deeper  cut  than  usual. 

EVOLVULUS  and  akin 
I  have  several  N.  American  sp.  that  would 
be  reduced  to  Evolvulus  by  habit  and  calix 
equal ;  but  this  Linnean  Genus  must  form  many 
see  fl.  tellur.  1046  to  1054;  while  my  speci- 
mens are  often  deficient  in  the  flowers  so  as 
not  be  reducible  easily  to  those  genera,  based 
on  the  shapes  of  corolla,  styles  &c :  probably 
however  most  belong  to  my  Stylisma  of  1817. 

868.  STYLISMA  R.  1817.  fl.  tell,  calix  sim- 
ple subequal,  corolla  campanulate  subentire  or 
sub-tendentate,  filaments  5  subequal  villose  at 
base,  anthers  sagittate,  disk  annular,  style  bi- 
parted,  2  stigmas  globose,  capsule  41ocular 
4sperme. — Perennials,  peduncles  axillary — 
The  true  Evolvulus  differs  by  corolla  rotate 
5fid,  capsule  2locular  4valve  disperme,  2styles. 

869.  Stylisma  iieteropiiyla  Raf.  Convolv. 
tenellus  Muhl.  in  Coll.  herb.  C,  trichosanthes 
Lee.  in  do,  not  of  others — stem  erect  terete  pu- 
bescent, leaves  subsessile  nearly  smooth,  lower 
obovate  obtuse,  upper  elliptical  obliqual  acute, 
peduncles  patent  uniflore  double  of  leaves  with 
2  unequal  oblong  bracts,  calix  smooth,  segments 
ovate  acute — Florida  and  Georgia,  a  very  dis- 


OF  NORTH  AMERICA  55 

tinct  sp.  stem  iiedal,  leaves  small  seliiiuncial, 
peduncles  uncial,  corolla  nearly  entire,  stamens 
subequal,  styles  deeper  cut,  stigmas  really  glo- 
bose.    Evidently  not  the  C.  tenellus  of  Elliot. 

870.  Stylisma  elliptica  Raf.  stem  twining 
terete  pilose,  leaves  petiolate  elliptical  hardly 
pubescent,  base  subcordate,  end  obtuse  mucro- 
nate,  peduncles  uniflore  subequal  to  leaves  with 
two  minute  bracts,  calix  smooth,  segments  ovate 
acuminate,  capsule  hirsute — sent  me  from  Ala- 
bama and  Georgia,  traihng  or  twining  for  2  or 
3  feet,  leaves  uncial,  style  bifid,  2  globose  stig- 
mas. My  Styl.  sherardi,  Convolv.  do  Pursh. 
Elliot,  a  doubtful  plant  differs  from  this  by  leaves 
retuse  and  sessile  flow^ers. 

871.  Stylisma  peduncularis  Raf.  Convolv. 
tenellus  Lin  ?  Elliot  Slc  stem  flexuose  pilose, 
leaves  subpetiolate  elliptical  obtuse  mucronate 
ciliolate,  base  subcordate,  peduncles  elongate  2 
or  3  times  the  length  of  leaves  2  or  Sflore,  calix 
smooth,  segments  ovate  acuminate  bracts  mi- 
nute, capsule  bearded — Alabama  and  Florida, 
near  the  last  but  larger  leaves,  stiff  long  pedun- 
cles, style  deeply  divided,  stigmas  obtuse.  The 
Conv.  tenellus  of  Elliot  only  differs  from  my 
specimens  by  peduncles  3-5flore,  calix  ciliate 
<^c. — But  his  C.  trichosanthes  my  ^tylisma  do, 
differs  much  being  quite  tomentose  &c. 

Having  obtained  both  the  Evolvulus  sericeus 
of  Cuba  collected  by  Jalambic  and  that  of  Flo- 
rida from  Baldwin ;  they  appear  alike,  except 
that  the  stem  is  nearly  smooth  in  the  Cuban 
specimen,  pilose  in  the  Floridan. 

872.  DARLUCA  Raf.  calix  Sparted  equal 
persistent,  corolla  tubular  hirsute  outside  irre- 
gular subbilabiate,  lips  2  and  Slobed,     Stamens 


56  JVEOBOT. 

5  ?  unequal,  anthers  bilobe,  Oj^ary  villose,  style 
villose  bifid,  stigmas  simple.  Capsule  villose 
2Iocular  2sperme.  Habit  of  Stylisma — a  very 
singular  Genus  nearly  alike  Stylisma  and  Evol- 
vulus  in  habit,  leaves,  calix,  style  he,  but  with 
irregular  corolla,  singular  anomaly  of  the  Con- 
volvulides,  but  already  partly  found  in  my  G. 
Doxema  1020  fl.  tellur.  perhaps  however  of 
another  family.  Dedicated  to  Darluc,  author 
of  the  Natural  history  and  botany  of  Provence, 
who  I  think  has  been  overlooked  by  all  dedica- 
tors of  Genera,  if  otherwise  I  substitute  the 
name  of  Neleixa  mg.  not  smooth  outside. 

873.  Darluca  prostrata  Raf.  prostrate  pu- 
bescent, leaves  subsessile  oblong  obtuse  or  acute 
at  both  ends,  peduncles  uniflore  incurved  longer 
than  leaves,  with  2  alterne  linear  bracts,  calix 
pilose,  segments  ovate  lanceolate  acute. — In 
Florida,  found  by  Ware,  anonymous  in  Coll, 
herb,  with  Evolvulus,but  irregular  corolla  noti- 
ced. Stems  terete  elongate  nearly  simple,leaves 
semi  uncial  narrow  oblong,  p.odunclessubuncial, 
corolla  very  hirsute  outside,  capsule  ovate  in- 
closed in  calix. 

874.  EvoLviiLus  ?  cuNEiFOLius  R,  fl.  tel.  1046. 
erect  smooth,  leaves  linear  cuneate  acute,  pe- 
duncles uniflore  pilose  longer  than  leaves,  calix 
pilose  linear  capsule  pilose  longer  than  calix — 
Pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey,  pedal,  my  speci- 
men has  no  corolla  and  is  in  fruit  which  appear 
unilocular  with  one  or  two  seeds,  2  styles  per- 
sistent, stigmas  obtuse.  Probably  a  subgenus 
or  G.  Plesilia  Raf.  but  the  corolla  and  sta- 
mens must  be  described,  the  calix  as  in  Stylisma. 

As  to  the  Convolvulus  and  Ipomea  of  Au- 
thors, they  are  illustrated  at  length  and  revised 
in  my  fl.  tellur.  100 1  to  1054;  being  divided  into 


or  NORTH  AMERICA  $7 

many  striking  Genera,  with  several^  Amer.  sp. 
introduced,  I  will  merely  add  here  two  from 
Collins  herbarium  chiefly. 

875.  Ipomea  iiumilis  Raf.  Tp.  heterophyla 
Col.  herb,  smooth,  stem  erect  humble  angular, 
leaves  cordate  palmate  Slobed,  lobes  ovate  and 
lanceolate  acute,  peduncles  as  long  as  leaves 
l-2flore,  2  subulate  bracts,  segments  of  calix 
ovate  acute  ciliate,  hairs  curved — South  Florida 
and  Cuba,  annual,  root  slender,  stem  semipedal, 
leaves  small  similar,  flowers  red,  calix  with  sin- 
gular cilia  on  the  margin  and  back,  white  long 
and  incurved.  Very  different  from  Ip.  hetero- 
phyla of  Mexico,  a  large  climbing  plant,  with 
different  leaves :  both  belong  to  the  subgenus 
Hemilasis  fl.  tel.  1016  with  very  unequal  calix. 

976.  Q,uAMocTiTA  MULTiFiDA  Raf.  Twining, 
smooth,  leaves  multifid  laciniate,  base  truncate 
sinusses  obtuse,  segments  linear  and  lanceolate 
acute,  peduncles  3-5flore  equal  to  petiols,  calix 
acute — a  curious  sp.  deemed  a  garden  hybrid, 
produced  by  Q.  cocchiea  and  Q.  pinnata^G^\es 
variously  cut,  few  alike,  some  reniform  with 
shorter  cuts,  flowers  handsome  large  purple, 
tube  clavate,  limb  flat  stellate  pentagone,  sta- 
mens exserted.  Seen  alive  in  gardens,  where 
sometimes  spontaneous. 

877.  Panax  lanceolatum  R.  Root  slender, 
stem  humble,  folioles  3  to  5  subequal  lanceolate 
acute  sharply  serrate  sessile,  the  lateral  obli- 
qual,  umbel  shorter  than  leaves — Mts.  AUegha- 
nies,  blended  by  some  of  our  botanists  with  P, 
trifolhim  that  has  folioles  ovate  and  obovate 
much  smaller  and  umbel  much  longer  than 
leaves.  This  rises  8  to  10  inches,  folioles  over 
one  inch  long  narrow  :  root  slender,  annual  ?  3 
leaves  as  usual, 
8 


5iS  KEOBOT. 

878.  Paxax  americanum  R.  quinquefoliiim 
var.  do  R.  med.  fl.  t.  71.  perennial,  root  fusi- 
form tuberose,  stem  streight,  folioles  3  to  5  un- 
equal, petiolate,  3  large  serrate  cuneate  acumi- 
nate, two  small  at  base  subovate,  sometimes 
lacking,umbel  equal  to  leaves. — This  is  the  fa- 
mous American  Ginseng  found  from  Canada  to 
Missouri,  quite  different  from  the  Chinese  or 
Tartarian  sp.  with  5  equal  broad  ovate  leaves ! 
It  has  also  some  varieties,  1  ohovatum  with 
broader  leaves  unequaly  serrate,  but  still  acute 
at  base,  2  elatum,  very  tall,  3  feet  high,  perhaps 
only  old  age.  For  a  long  account  of  this  plant 
see  my  med.  fl.*2.  page  52. 

ASCLEPIAS  and  akin 
^/  879.  GoNOLOBus  BiFLORUs  Raf.  Coll.   herb, 

prostrate  hirsute,  leaves  small  cordate  ciliate 
acute  on  short  petiols  sometimes  obliqual ;  flow- 
ers geminate,  peduncles  equal  to  petiols — on 
Red  River  in  Arkanzas  and  Texas,  remarka- 
ble by  small  leaves  and  flowers,  one  fourth  in 
size  of  G.  hirsutus.  flowers  dark  purple,  lobes 
oblong  obtuse :  whole  plant  except  corolla  co- 
vered with  soft  white  hairs. 

880.  Ansonia  tenuifolia  R.  stem  suff'ruti- 
cose  ramose  smooth,  branches  pubescent,  leaves 
narrow  linear  uninerve  quite  smooth,  margin  rie- 
volute,  end  obtuse — Florida  found  by  Kin.  One 
of  the  3  sp.  blended  in  A.  angustifolia,  which 
has  leaves  linear  lanceolate,  stem  herbaceous 
pilose.  The  A.  ciliata  of  Walter  I  have  also 
and  is  quite  distinct  by  flat  leaves  broader  al- 
most lanceolate  quite  ciliate  with  several  small 
lateral  nerves.  There  are  3  similar  deviations 
In  A.  latifolia  with  ovate  acuminate  leaves,  2d 
with  elliptic  acute  leaves,  A.  elliptica,  Sd  with 
lanceolate  leaves  which  is  A.  salicifolia,    I  have 


or  NORTH   AMERICA.  39 

all  six.     This  G.  is  usualy  misprinted  Amsonia 
by  a  mistake:  see  Smith. 

88!.  EciiiTEs  sALiciFOLiA  11.  suffrutlcose 
erect,  all  the  leaves  subsessile  lanceolate  acute 
sometimes  obliqual,  glaucous  beneath — in  Flo- 
rida, stems  red,  leaves  1  or  2  inches  long;'  it 
difters  from  E.  difforrnis  with  unequal  leaves 
mostly  ovate  acuminate,  as  Ansonia  salicifoUa 
from  A.  latifolia. 

882.  Cynanciium  microphylum  Rfif.  clirnbr 
ing  smooth,  leaves  opposite  oblong  acute  base 
rounded,  petiols  very  short,  umbels  axillary 
nearly  sessile  pauciflore — Florida,  deemed  an 
Asclepias  in  Coll.  herb  but  very  near  Cyn.  par- 
viflorum,  evidently  of  same  Genus,  stem  fili- 
form, leaves  2  to  4  lines  long  only,  flowers  mi- 
nute shorter  than  leaves,  calix  5dentate,  corolla 
5fid  obtuse, 

883.  Lyonsia  cuspidata  Raf.  trailing  smooth, 
lower  leaves  opposite,  upper  alternate,  all  linear 
flat  remote,  base  acute  sessile,  end  obtuse  cus- 
pidate, umbels  axil,  subtriflore  subsessile,  fruits 
subulate  smooth — Florida,  deemed  Cynanchum 
angustifol.  by  Collins,  which  is  Lyonsia  mariti- 
ma  of  Elliot,  but  that  sp.  differs  by  crowded 
opposite  leaves  acute  canaliculate  and  thick, 
umbels  multiflore.  This  has  stems  filiform, 
leaves  1  or  2  inches  long  very  narrow,  follicles 
as  long.     Lyonia  was  a  mispelling. 

884.  Anantherix  grandiflora  Raf.  smooth 
stem  flexuose  grooved  angular,  leaves  scattered 
sessile  upper  opposite  oblong  elliptic  obtuse  mu- 
cronate  reticulate  ;  umbels  terminal  corymbose 
— a  fine  sp.  collected  by  Kin  in  Arkanzas,  pe- 
dal and  ultra,  stem  thiciv  with  obtuse  angles  and 
deep  grooves,  leaves  two  inches  long  crowded, 
several  terminal  umbels  7-lOflore  pedunculate, 


00  NEOBOT. 

flowers  very  large  glaucous,  segments  of  corolla 
patent  ovate  obtuse ;  deemed  a  Calotropis  by 
Collins,  but  a  real  Anantherix  and  by  no  means 
a  Stylandra  N.  or  Podostima  E.  To  tbe  same 
Genus  appears  to  he\o\\g  A sdepias  conniveris  of 
Baldw.  Elliot  &:.c  which  is  very  akin  to  this  in 
leaves  and  flowers,  but  has  stem  terete  and 
leaves  opposite  narrower,  white  ringed  warts  on 
the  stem,  I'll  call  it  Anantherix  verrucosa' 
my  specimens  are  from  Alabama.  A.  viridis 
N.  differs  by  leaves  narrov.er  thick  pubescent, 
umbels  lateral  subsessile  <fec. 

985.  OLIGORON  Raf.  Acerates  Elliot. 
See  my  article  Acerotis  in  first  part.  I  have 
since  divided  them.  My  name  is  found  in  Di- 
oskorides  for  an  Apocynum.  Acerates  was  bad 
derived  from  Acer  and  Aceras.  This  G.  will 
be  easily  known  by  the  sessile  scattered  leaves, 
the  erect  umbels  and  5  small  shining  tips  upon 
the  staminal  apparatus,  auricles  adpressed  with- 
out appendages. 

886.  Oligoron  longifolium  Raf.  Asclepias 
do  Mx.  Ascl,  floridana  Lam.  Acerates  longif.  E. 
— Pubescent,  leaves  linear  lanceolate  elongate 
trinerve,  umbels  peduncled  multiflore,  auricles 
shorter  than  stamens — Carolina  to  Florida  and 
Arkanzas,  leaves  2  to  6  inches  long,  flowers  tri- 
color, centre  yellow,  corolla  white,  tip  purple. 
The  structure  of  the  central  apparatus  is  very 
peculiar,  the  little  lucid  tips  almost  concealed 
in  the  wings. — Var.  Hirsutum,  several  umbels 
with  great  many  flowers  50  to  60,  pedicels  long , 
hirsute. 

887.  Oligoron  tenuifolium  Raf.  smooth, 
leaves  narrow  linear  acute  uninerve,  margin 
revolute,  rugose ;  umbels  sessile  multiflore,  au- 
ricles as  long  as  stamens. — A  very  distinct  sp. 


©F  NORTH  AMERICA.  6  J 

from  Arkanzas,  anonymous  in  Coll.  herb,  stem 
pedal  slender,  with  obtuse  angles  above  as  in 
the  last,  leaves  adpressed  2  to  4  inches  long  very 
narrow,  umbels  1  or  2  terminal  and  lateral, 
flowers  bicolor,  corol  green,  centre  pale  red, 
the  tips  very  conspicuous  black  purple. 

888.  OTANEMA  Raf.  meaning  auricles 
without  Jilaments, Acerotis  1818,  Asclepias  El- 
liot and  authors.  Ditiers  from  last  by  central 
body  with  membranes  for  appendages  above  and 
no  shining  hard  tips,  leaves  opposite  umbels  ax- 
illary sessile  nodding.  I  have  3  sp.  of  it,  all  have 
simple  terete  stems  and  pubescent  leaves,  um- 
bels multiflore  globose,  flowers  greenish  «fec, 

889.  Otanema  latifolia  Raf.  leaves  ellipti- 
cal or  rounded,  obtuse  or  retuse,  mucronate  pe- 
tiolate,  undulate  reticulate  roughly  pubescent 
rigid — from  the  AUeghanies  to  Kentucky  in 
glades,  pedal  and  sesquipedal,  leaves  nearly  2 
inches  long,  over  one  broad,  sometimes  almost 
round  seldom  obovate — Var.  Retusa,  all  the 
leaves  retuse. 

890.  Otanema  ovata  Raf.  leaves  ovate  or 
subovate,  petiolate,  acute  flat,  base  often  sub- 
cordate,  roughly  pubescent — from  New  Eng- 
land to  Virginia,  smaller  plant  ^  leaves  chiefly 
uncial,  flowers  fewer,  perhaps  another  var.  of 
the  last,  petiols  very  short  as  in  last. 

891.  Otankma  lanceolata  Raf.  Ascl.  do 
Ives  (fee.  Ascl.  nutans  and  viridiffora  Raf.  Mg. 
Pursh  Slq,  leaves  lanceolate  sessile  flat,  acute  at 
both  ends — from  New  England  to  Kentucky  &,c. 
Leaves  2  or  3  inches  long,  narrow.  These  3 
plants  as  in  Ansonia  and  Upopion  show  the 
gradual  deviation  of  species  in  shapes  of  leaves, 

892.  Asclepias  megalotis  Raf.  hardly  pu- 
bescent, leaves  opposite  subsessile,  elliptic  base 


62  NEOBOT. 

cordate,  end  obtuse  or  retuse  mucronate,  mar- 
gin ciliolate,  nerves  reticulate,  beneath  almost 
glabrous;  umbels  lateral  subsessile,  multiflore, 
pedicels  very  short,  auricles  very  large  obovate 
truncate  longer  than  stamens  and  appendages 
— Florida,  sent  me  by  Torrey  as  the  A.  obova- 
ta  of  Elliot,  which  is  tomentose  with  obovate 
leaves  and  probably  an  Otanema  perhaps  even 
a  var.  of  O.  latifolia.  This  sp.  is  a  real  Ascle- 
pias,  with  curved  subulate  appendages  in  the 
auricles,  leaves  2  or  3  inches  long,  one  broad, 
flowers  large  white. 

893.  AscLEPiAs  ALBiFLORA  Raf.  Ascl.nivea? 
and  A.  incarnata  of  some  Amer.  Bot.  stein  pu- 
bescent, leaves  ample  thin  nearly  smooth  sub- 
sessile,  elliptical  lanceolate,  base  obliqual,  end 
acuminate,  nerves  pubescent;  umbels  terminal 
corymbose,  auricles  equal  to  stamens  and  ap- 
pendages— fine  sp.  from  the  Unaka  or  Iron 
Mts.  of  N.  Carolina,  seen  alive  in  gardens,where 
deemed  a  white  var.  of  A.  incarnata,  yet  much 
nearer  A.  iiivea  a  sp.  known  to  few :  with 
broader  shorter  leaves,  lateral  flowers  with 
green  petals  and  whits  centre  says  Linneus. 
This  has  flowers  perfectly  white  small  but  hand- 
some, stem  bipedal,  leaves  very  large  6  inches 
long,  two  broad, 

I  could  add  or  rectify  many  other  sp.  of  As- 
clepias,  and  give  again  my  A.  inaritima  quite 
different  from  the  smooth  A.  incarnata ;  and 
my  A.  vanilla  the  deviation  of  A.  quadrifolia 
with  opposite  leaves,  but  I  must  leave  this  for  a 
monograph  ;  I  have  nearly  all  the  numerous  N. 
Amer.  sp.  A.  cinerea,  pvlchra,amena,  pauper' 
cula,,  amplexicaulis,  obtusifolia,  curassavica, 
laurifolia,  peroplicifolia,  variegata,  phytola- 
coides  ^c.     I  deem  this   G.   must  be  divided 


Of  NORTH  AMERICA.  63 

into  8  subgenera  by  habit,  which  may  become 
G.  when  the  strange  floral  structure  will  be  as- 
certained in  all. 

1.  AscLEPiAS,  leaves  opposite,  milky  plants. 

2.  ^  EPTixis  leaves  verticillate,  not  milky. 

3.  Stethorhiza,  not  milky,  leaves  scattered, 
type  A.  tuber osa  with  all  its  varieties,  decum- 
bens,  splendens,  imbricafa,  obtiisifolia,  angus- 
ttfolia,  undulata^  oppositifolia !  &c.  Here 
the  sexual  apparatus  is  borne  on  a  pentagonal 
pillar  as  in  Stylandra  or  Fodostimn,  but  this 
structure  belongs  also  to  Ascl.  curassavica  and 
others. 

894.  ONISTIS  Raf.  calix  campanulate  5den- 
tate  equal,  corolla  campanul.  subentire  border 
pentagone.  Stamens  5,  filaments  unequal  thick 
short  smooth  inserted  at  base  of  corolla,  an- 
thers equal  linear  21ocular  opening  lengthways. 
Ovary  round  compressed,  style  long  thick  sub- 
clavate,  stigma  capitate.  Fruit  a  capsule  ?  dis- 
coidal  compressed  bilocular  disperme.  Peren- 
nial, diffuse  leaves  alt.  and  oppos.  flowers  ax- 
illary solitary. — A  singular  N.  G.  found  anony- 
mous among  the  Apocynes  of  Florida  in  Coll, 
Herb,  but  quite  different  except  by  habit,  and  a 
N.  G.  of  CoNvoLvuLiDEs,  different  from  all  those 
established  in  my  fl.  tellur.  1001  to  1050  by 
the  calix  and  pistil,  corolla  akin  but  not  plaited, 
stamens  quite  as  in  that  family.  I  have  not  the 
ripe  fruit.  The  name  was  a  grecian  one  for 
some  Apocynum. 

895.  Onistis  longifolia  Raf.  creeping  and 
quite  smooth,  stem  branched  diffuse,  leaves  ses- 
sile alterne  and  oppos.  linear  graminiform  very 
long  obtuse  rugose ;  flowers  on  axillary  pedun- 
cles nodding — root  white  creeping  terete  now 
and  then  swelled  up,  stems  diffuse  or  prostrate 


64  IfEOBOT. 

only  a  few  inches  high,  leaves  very  long  ribbon 
like,  3  or  4  inches  in  length,  2  lines  broad  ;  fl. 
few  of  a  dull  yellowish  purple,  peduncles  as  long 
or  longer,  calix  with  5  large  equal  teeth,  nearly 
urceolate,  corolla  almost  as  in  Physalis,  subro- 
tate  when  full  expanded.  Thus  habit  of  Cy- 
nanchum  rather  than  Convolvulus. 

896.  Hydrolea  ovatifolia  Raf.  pubescent 
inerme,  leaves  ovate  acuminate,  flowers  termi- 
nal fasciculate  subsessile — very  distinct  sp. 
found  in  Arkanzas  by  Nuttal,  anonymous  in 
Coll,  herb,  stem  simple  pedal  terete,  leaves  scat- 
tered uncial,  flowers  glomerate  calix  lanceolate 
hirsute,  corolla  blue  puberulent,  styles  long, 
stigmas  capitate  depressed. 

897.  Hydrolea  paniculata  Raf,  pubescent 
spinose,  leaves  linear  lanceolate  acute,  flowers 
terminal  paniculate,  subcorymbosej^edunculate 
— found  by  Kin  in  Arkanzas,  pedal,  a  short 
stiff*  spine  at  the  axil  of  each  leaf,  panicle  bear- 
ing 3  to  7  flowers  at  the  end  of  the  spinose 
branches,  capsules  bivalve  globose,  nearer  to 
H.  spinosa  of  S.  Amer.  than  to  H.  caroliniana. 

898.  LiNUM  REFRACTUM  R.  Stem  erect  hard- 
ly angular  pauciflore,  leaves  linear  acuminate 
reflexed  quite  smooth  upper  oblong,  branches 
few  erect  uniflore,  calix  ovate  acute  uninerve — 
Origon  or  Canada,  pedal,  leaves  nearly  uncial 
elongate  narrow,  shorter  almost  oblong  on  the 
branches,  flowers  apparently  incarnate  in  the 
dry  specimen,  collected  by  Walton.  There  are 
other  var.  or  sp.  of  Flax  in  N.  Amer.  L.  vir- 
ginicum  has  var.  oppositifoUum^  foliosumy 
pauciflorum  Slc, 

899.  NEZERA  Raf  differs  from  Linum, 
calix  with  5  segments  unequal  in  size  or  shape, 
stamens  equal  to  calix,  anthers  obbng,  style*  5 


OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


05 


very  long,  stigmas  thick  oblong  capsule  5  locu- 
lar. — Another  G.  of  the  family  Limdia  besides 
those  of  my  fl.  tellur.  Habit  similar,  but  the 
inequality  of  calix  is  very  striking  and  generic. 
The  name  means  not  true  Jfax,  and  several  sp. 
of  it  are  perhaps  blended  in  Linum. 

900.  Nezera  caknea  Raf  stem  terete  vir- 
gate  branched,  leaves  linear  acut^  patent  crow- 
ded, margin  smooth,  upper  subulate  distant, 
flowers  racemose  few,  peduncles  equal  to  flow-, 
ers,  calix  segments  ovate  acute,  2  larger  round 
retuse,  petals  flabellate — in  Florida,  bipedal, 
leaves  semi  uncial  acute  at  both  ends,  some- 
times imbricate  on  sterile  branches;  racemes 
terminal  simple  sub-.5flore,  flowers  large  of  a 
real  flesh  color  or  nankin,  not  incarnate.  The 
segments  of  calix  are  very  singular,  two  are  dif- 
ferent larger  rounded  enerve  retuse  marginate 
of  white,  the  petals  are  truly  flabellate  shaped 
like  a  fan. 

90 1 .  Nkzera  albiflora  Raf.  Linum  striatum 
Walter  in  Coll.  herb,  stem  virgate  simple,  sub- 
angular,  leaves  linear  acuminate  adpressed, 
margin  rough,  upper  subulate,  flowers  subco- 
rymbose  few,  peduncles  equal  to  calix,  seg- 
ments ovate  acuminate  uninerve,  petals  obo- 
vate — Hills  of  Georgia  and  Carolina,  pedal 
slender,  leaves  smaller  and  not  so  crowded  as 
in  the  last,  flowers  with  3  corymbose  branches 
bearing  2  or  3  flowers,  the  lateral  on  short  pe- 
duncles, calix  with  unequal  segments  but  of 
uniform  shape,  petals  white  smaller  than  in  last 
and  narrower  obtuse  not  flabellate.  Stem  not 
striate  as  it  ought  to  be  in  L.  striatum  of  Wal- 
ter omitted  by  all  our  botanists. — I  find  in  a  col- 
lection of  plants  made  in  Texas  by  Drummond, 
(and  sent  me  by  Torrev  without  names,  altho' 

9 


66  KEOBOT, 

he  says  that  Hooker  has  named  them  m  his 
compendium)  two  new  Flax  apparently  of  this 
Genus  which  I  have  designed  as  follows, 

1.  Nezera  (or  Linum)  ctispidata  R.  stem 
erect  humble  striate,  leaves  linear  lanceolate 
cuspidate  ;  flowers  corymbose  few,  segments  of 
calix  acute  nervose,  2  larger  ovate,  3  smaller 
ovate  lanceolsvC,  petals  obovate  retuse — Texas, 
semipedal,  leaves  6-9lines  long,  flowers  large 
apparently  ochroleucous  or  yellowish  white. 
Annual. 

2.  Nezera  (or  Linum)  imhricata  R.  stem 
erect  rigid  humble  angular,  leaves  su^bulate  im- 
bricate adpressed  acuminate  scabrous  nervose, 
flowers  dichotome  erect,  segments  of  calix  sub- 
unequal,  ovate  acuminate  nervose  margin  sca- 
riose — Texas,  annual  3  to  6  inches  high,  leaves 
minute,  flowers  small  incarnate  ?  capsule  5lo- 
cular,  5valve  as  in  Nezera. 

902.  THEROFON  Raf.  1828.  Eoykinia 
Nut.  1834  not  of  Raf.  1828.  calix  5fid  equal, 
semi-adherent,  petals  5  elongate,  stamens  5  in- 
closed inserted  on  calix,  ovary  2-3fid  base  ad- 
herent, 2-3styles  short,  stigmas  obtuse.  Capsule 
2-31ocular  polysperm,  dehiscent  inwardly  above, 
psititions  formed  by  double  introtlexions. 
perennial,  caulescent,  leaves  alternate,  JIow- 
ers  paniculate — a  beautiful  and  rare  G.  of  nat. 
order  Diceracea  not  Saxifragides,  discovered 
by  Kin,  named  by  me  in  1828,  the  name  being 
one  of  old  for  Aconiturn,  and  I  had  a  G.  Boy- 
kinia  out  of  Ammania  long  ago.  For  another 
Boykinia  see  996. 

903,  Therofon  napelloides  Raf.  Boykinia 
aconitifolia  N.  rar.  81.  Heuchera  palnmta 
Collins  herb. — stem  grooved  viscid  pubescent, 
leaves  petiolate  palmate  5-7fid  laciniate  multi- 


©F  NORTH  AMERICA  67 

nerve  reticulate,  petiols  and  nerves  hirsute,  pan- 
icle formed  by  corymbs  of  short  seciind  race- 
mes— handsome  plant  1  or  2  feet  high,  not 
smootli  as  said  Nuttal,  but  quite  viscid  by  pedi- 
celate  glands  ap  »earing  rough  when  dry,  leaves 
like  Napellus,  base  truncate  becoming  acute  in 
upper  leaves  less  divided  subsessile :  flowers 
white  on  pedicels  shorter  than  calix  unilateral. 
It  grows  in  the  Unaka  Mts.  or  Iron  Mts.  of 
North  Carolina,  a  region  full  of  new  plants  as 
yet.  The  habit  when  out  of  bloom  is  so  like 
Aconittim  napellus  that  it  may  be  the  doubtful 
plant  of  that  name  said  to  grow  there  likewise. 
Probably  early  vernal. 

904.  TRIObANIS  Raf,  Campanulacea  new 
G.  or  subgenus  diff.  from  Legousia  by  calix 
with  3  unequal  teeth,  capsule  with  3  unequal 
cells, — This  is  apparently  a  very  material  dis- 
tinction ;  but  in  one  or  perhaps  more  sp.  the 
corolla  is  besides  lacking  !  or  very  minute  with 
5  short  sessile  anthers,  and  some  deem  it  a  va- 
riation !  it  is  indeed  a  strange  one  amounting  to 
a  Generic  character !  and  thus  being  perhaps 
a  peloric  Genus,  a  spontaneous  late  Generic  for- 
mation !  the  name  means  3  unequal  teeth, 

905.  Triodanis  scabra  Raf.  erect  rough 
humble,  leaves  sessile  oblon;;  acute  subentire, 
upper  linear  ;  capsules  axillary  solitary  terete 
curved  crowned  by  3  subulate  teeth — annual,  2 
to  4  inches  high,  seldom  with  one  or  two 
branches,  lower  leaves  broader  subcrenate. 
Found  by  me  1823  in  the  glades  near  the  mouth 
of  the  Tennessee  R.  and  by  Nuttal  at  Cedar 
prairies  in  Arkanzas ;  but  out  of  1  specimens 
not  one  is  in  bloom,  all  are  in  seeds,  probably 
very  early  vernal. 

908.  Triodanis  rupestris   R.   procumbent 


68  NEOBOT. 

diffuse  smooth,  leaves  sessile  reniform  suben- 
tire,  capsules  axillary  solitary  oblong,  crowned 
by  ovatoblong  teeth. — Annual  also,  discovered 
in  1818  on  rocks  near  Baltimore  out  of  bloom 
as  early  as  May,  and  also  in  the  Alleghany 
Mts.  This  was  deemed  by  Torrey  a  peculiar 
state  of  Legousia  amplexlcaulis,  although  that 
plant  is  erect  rough,  with  different  leaves  and 
flowers.  I  consider  them  as  great  anomalies 
and  curious  pelorian  Genus,  as  my  Lobomon, 
Myctanthes  Slc. 

907.  Fedia  iiEMioDEsRaf.  dichotome,  leaves 
obtuse,  sessile  ciliolate  dentate  at  the  base, 
lower  spatulate,  upper  elliptic,  flowers  glome- 
rate sessile — in  Arkanzas,  anonymous  in  Coll. 
herb,  semipedal,  leaves  1  or  2  inches  long,  with 
2  or  3  large  teeth  on  both  sides  at  the  base,  but 
sometimes  lacking,  flowers  terminal  in  small 
glomerules. 

908.  Fedia  ligulata  Raf.  dichotome  above, 
leaves  obtuse  smooth  entire,  lower  obovate  or 
cuneate,  upper  ligulate,  flowers  glomerate,  co- 
rollas with  slender  tube — another  pretty  sp. 
from  Arkanzas  and  Louisiana,  hardly  pedal, 
leaves  short  uncial  not  ciliolate  ;  flowers  white 
pretty,  appearing  pedicellated  by  the  long  tubes 
of  corollas. 

909.  Fedia  ciliolata  R.  only  once  forked, 
leaves  ciliolate,  lower  petiolate  round  or  obo- 
vate, medial  cuneate  obtuse,  upper  oblong  or 
lanceolate  acute,  base  sometimes  denticulate, 
flowers  in  bifid  or  twin  glomerules,  corolla  short 
— in  Kentucky  and  Illinois,  4  to  10  inches  high, 
leaves  small,  longest  uncial.  It  has  several  va- 
rieties or  incipient  Sp.  1  TernifoUa,  semipedal 
leaves  ternate,  stem  twice  trifid,  subtriflore — 2. 
Acuta,  all  the  leaves  acute  entire,  upper  linear 


or  NORTH    AMERICA.  69 

flowers  few — 3  Dentata,  last  lea^^es  broad  and 
denticulate  at  base. 

CORYMBIFEllES. 
Of  this  extensive  tribe  of  plants,  I  have  yet  a 
crowd  of  new  and  interesting  N.  G,  and  sp. 
some  of  which  have  been  given  in  the  first  part, 
I  must  here  confine  myself  to  some  of  the  most 
striking,  waiting  to  see  what  Decandole  and 
Torrey  will  do ;  good  monographs  of  the  G. 
Aster,  Solidago,  Erigeron,  Heliartthus,  Coreop- 
sis, Eupatorium,  Liatris,  Vernonia  *Slc,  or  akin 
and  blended  are  much  wanted,  and  may  be  un- 
dertaken if  not  well  settled  by  Decandole. 

910.  NEACTELIS  Raf.  Flosculose,  peri- 
anthe  in  triple  series  adpressed  not  ciliate,  inner 
colored,  phoranthe  convex  with  subulate  chaffs, 
floscules  with  tube  and  limb  terete  tubular, 
Sdentate,  stamens  and  styles  inclosed.  Seeds 
without  crown,  linear  compress(  d.  Leaves  op- 
posite^ stem  iinijlore  nearly  naked — A  singu- 
lar Genus  with  habit  of  my  G.  Discomela  (1825) 
and  the  Helianthea  with  naked  stems,  yet  not 
radiate ;  perhaps  blended  with  them  as  did  Col- 
lins, and  as  Elliot  blended  my  G,  Anactis  with 
Aster,  being  his  A.  discoideus.  Radiate  and 
flosculose  plants  are  always  of  different  Genera 
even  Senecio  and  Jacobea.  My  name  means 
Sun  icitJwut  rays.  By  the  seeds  near  to  Es- 
peletia,  Heliopsis,  Kelepta,  Acmella  &.c. 

911.  Neactelis  strigosa  Raf.  Helianthus 
apetalus  Coll.  herb,  stem  virgate  grooved  nearly 
smooth  and  naked  uniflore,  lower  leaves  oppo- 
site oblong  acute  entire,  thick  strigose  on  both 
sides  by  white  tubercles  ending  in  a  bristle,  a 
few  short  alterne  leaves  higher  up ;  perianthe 
with  segments  ovate  lanceolate  acute — in 
Florida  collected   byKinn?  stem  15  inches,  3 


70 


KEOBOT. 


pairs  of  leaves  at  base,  one  or  two.  inches  long, 
lowest  larger  subpetiolate,  2  or  3  alterne  sessile 
ianceol.  adpressed  remote  further  iip;  but  none 
within  8  inches  of  the  flower,  the  strigose  tuber-, 
cles  very  peculiar  white  unequal  ending  in  a  de- 
ciduous stiff  white  bristle.  Flower  black  pur- 
ple as  the  disk  of  Dtscomela,  one  inch  wide, 
segments  of  perianthe  in  3  rows  of  6  to  8  in 
each,  the  inner  colored  like  the  flower  nearly 
acuminate,  tube  of  fioscules  not  longer  than  the 
tubular  limb. 

912.  AIMORRA  Raf.  radiate,  perianthe 
simple  8-lOpartite,  rays  8-lOsubentire,  phoran- 
the  flat,  chaffs  obovate  carinate,  florets  or  fios- 
cules tubular  without  tube  5  dentate,  stamens 
inclosed,  stigmas  exerted,  seeds  obovate  4gone 
with  4  minute  teeth.  Erect,  leaves  alternate, — 
Very  near  to  my  6r.  Helepta  see  first  part  arti- 
cle Acmella,  main  difference  habit  alternate, 
and  toothed  seeds :  the  name  was  applied  by 
Dioskorides  to  a  Chrysanthemum  or  Buphlhal- 
mum. 

913.  AiMORRA  ACUMINATA  R.  Acmclla  alter- 
nifolia  Baldw.  in  Coll.  herb. — smooth  erect.stem 
angular,  leaves  alt.  petiolate  ovate  acuminate 
serrate  in  the  middle,  trinervate  reticulate, 
branches  short  unifiore,  segments  of  perianthe 
oblong  obtuse — in  Florida,  stem  pedal,  leaves 
over  one  inch,  flowers  few  yellow  on  short  foliose 
peduncles  or  branches,  rays  apparently  obtuse 
entire. 

911.  Zinnia  floridana  Raf.  stem  solid  fus- 
cate  trifiore,  leaves  lanceolate,  base  dilatate 
subamplexicale,  peduncle  central  very  long  cla- 
vate,  segments  of  perianthe  rounded,  rays  obo- 
vate— an  indigenous  sp.  of  this  pretty  Mexican 
Genus,  found  in  Florida  by  Kin,  in  Georgia  by 


•r  NORTH  AMERICA.  71 

Leconte,  anonymous  in  Coll.  herb,  stem  pedal 
quite  smooth,  leaves  levigate  over  one  inch  long, 
peduncle  5  or  (3  inches  long,  calix  adpressed 
turbinate,  rays  pale  red  very  broad  about  8,  the 
flowers  at  the  end  of  the  two  branches  sessile 
and  perhaps  abortive. 

915.  BINDERA  Raf.  N.  G.  near  Aster, 
Binder  in  Coll.  herb.  difl.  Aster,  pcrianthe  in  a 
double  series,  each  of  10  to  12  adpressed  equal 
scariose  segments,  rays  about  15  entire  acute, 
pappus  sim[)le  capillary  fulvous  as  long  as  flo- 
rets, seeds  ovate  pubescent.  Leaves  scatttred 
sessile,  flowers  ichite,  involucrtite — apparently 
distinct  from  all  the  G.  lately  removed  from 
Aster  by  perianthe,  dedicated  to  the  discoverer; 
if  not  approved  as  he  is  not  much  known  as  a 
botanist,  I  will  substitute  Xalkitis  a  grecian 
name  of  Leucanthemum. 

016.  BiNDERA  (or  Xalkitis)  ciliata  Raf. 
hirsute,  leaves  sessile  cuneate  acute,  scabrose 
by  adpressed  hairs,  margin  stiflly  ciliate ;  flow- 
ers terminal  few  subsessile,  involucrate  by  2  or 
3  leaves,  segments  of  perianthe  linear  acute  pu- 
bescent whitish,  rays  white,  narrow  linear  acute 
— discovered  by  Binder  in  Louisiana  or  Florida, 
branched,  leaves  uncial  crowded,  the  lower  less 
ciliate,  the  upper  strongly  ciliate,  flowers  uncial, 
perianthe  with  equal  segments  in  each  row,  the 
inner  row  longer,  pappus  smooth  silky  fulvous. 

917.  JALAMBICA  Raf.  Flosculose,  peri- 
anthe 4f]d  base  campanulate  4gone,  limb 
spreading,  phoranthe  flat  naked  with  4  flowers, 
2  larger  fertile  florets  opposite,  infundibuliform 
4fid  segments  reflexed,  4  stamens  exerted  elon- 
gated, anthers  oblong,  style  bifid  elongate,  seeds 
oblong  4gone  crown  entire  or  4gane  41obed? 
2  abortive  florets  or  rays  ?     Anmial  creeping^ 


72  NEOBOT. 

■m 

leaves  opposite,  flowers  solitary — a  singular 
little  genus,  of  which  I  have  2  specimens  and  a 
figure  of  the  minute  flowers,  made  by  Jalambic, 
and  yet  am  doubtful  of  some  of  the  characters, 
which  must  be  verified  upon  the  living  plants. 
Dedicated  to  the  discoverer,  a  botanist  who 
gave  many  plants  of  Cuba  and  Florida  to  Col- 
lins:  if  already  employed  Neurelmis  meaning 
worm  like  neraes  may  be  substituted. 

918.  Jalambica  (or  Neurelmis)  pumila  Raf. 
smooth,  stems  creeping  prostrate  filiform  dicho- 
tome,  leaves  on  long  petiols  opposite  rounded 
deltoid  obtuse  entire  with  vermiculate  nerves ; 
fiowers  few  terminal  peduncled. — A  minute 
plant  only  one  or  two  inches  long,  found  in  Cuba 
or  Florida  by  Jalambic,  deemed  by  him  a  N.  G. 
of  Kyngen.  frustanea  or  necessaria,  leaves  only 
2  lines  long  and  broad,  sometimes  decurrent  on 
the  petiol,  covered  by  very  singular  nerves  in- 
terrupted and  quite  vermicular.  Flowers  very 
small  yellowish,  the  4  segments  of  perianthe 
ovate  acute,  almost  all  destroyed  for  examina- 
tion by  Collins ;  but  this  plant  will  be  easily 
known  when  met  again  by  the  perianthe  and 
leaves  when  the  floral  characters  may  be  rec- 
tified. 

919.  Lomaxeta  verrucosa  Raf.  ITymeno- 
pappus  corymbosus  Baldvv.  in  Col.  herb,  Polyp- 
teris  integrifolia  Nut.  El.— I  introduce  this  rare 
plant  to  give  the  synonym  of  the  real  discoverer 
Dr.  Baldwin,  and  rectify  the  thrice  erroneous 
name  of  Nuttal,  formed  of  Pteris !  2  already 
employed  by  Lacepede  for  a  fish,  and  3  not  well 
applying,  mine  means  the  marginate  bristles 
of  the  pappus.  In  Florida  and  Georgia  between 
the  Rivers  Alatamaha  and  Satilla  B. — in  a 
note  he   says  the  leaves  resemble  the  back  of 


©r  NORTH  AlVIBUICA.  73 

an  aHiga^or,  and  in  fact  they  are  covered  above 
with  hard  and  rough  warts  whence  my  name. 

9  0.  Baldiiina  bicolor  Raf.  nearly  smooth, 
stem  grooved  n  ked  above  uniflore,  leaves  scat- 
tered sessile  narrow  cuneate  obtuse  entire,scales 
of  perianthe  adpressed  broadly  ovate  acute,  12 
white  rays  cuneate  unequaly  trifid — another  sp. 
of  the  real  G.  Balduina,  habit  exactly  similar, 
but  flowis  larger  with  white  rays  and  yellow 
disk.  B.  uniflora  which  I  have  must  now  be 
called  B.  luten.  This  was  found  by  Leconte 
in  Florida  or  Georgia  and  deemed  a  N.  G.  in 
Coll.  herb,  stem  pedal,  leaves  uncial  becoming 
less  upwards,  rays  larger  than  in  B.  luteUj 
which  has  a  leafy  stem,  the  peduncle  incrassate 
leaves  broader  adpressed  and  not  crowded. 

921.  Stevia  ovata  Raf.  herbaceous  pubes- 
cent, leaves  opposite  ovate  acute  serrate  tri- 
nerve,  corymb  fa^tigiate,  perianthe  4flore  with 
4  segments  linear  oblong  acute,  pappus  of  4 
short  obtuse  scales. — Texas  and  Arkanzas,  col- 
lected by  Walton,  stem  pedal,  leaves  small 
hardly  uncial  opposite  subsessile,  flowers  yellow, 
florets  tubular  4fid  obtuse,  stamens  inclosed, 
seeds  linear  smooth  compressed,  crown  or  pap- 
pus or  4  very  short  obtuse  scariose  scales. 
Probably  a  subgenus  Efetra  by  the  disposition 
in  4  &c.  All  the  N.  Amer.  sp.  akin  to  Stevia 
appear  to  deviate  as  the  2  next  Genera  evince, 
even  the  Mexican  sp.  include  2, other  G.  the 
Mustella  of  Sprengel  with  double  pappus,  and 
my  Tomista  for  St.  pedata  with  perianthe 
camp,  pappus  truncate. 

922.  OTHAKE  Raf.  diflf.  Stevia,  perianthe 
turbinate  subSflore,  segments  about  8  nervose, 
florets  with  slender  tube,  limb  ns  long  5parted, 
anthers  subsessile  exerted,  style  elongate  hispid, 

10 


74  fTEOBdi*. 

stigmas  rsvolute,  seeds  elongate  as  long  as  pe- 
rianth obverse  pyramidal  4gone,  crowned  by  8 
teeth  or  short  scariose  scales,  annuals^  leaves 
alternate^  end  callose^  flowers  paniculate  in-' 
carnate.  This  G,  is  perfectly  distinct  by  the 
perianthe,  deep  cut  florets,  scaly  crown,  leaves 
&c.  The  name  means  warty  apeXy  the  leaves 
ending  in  obtuse  callosity, 

923.  Othake  TENUiroMUM  Raf.  Stevia  cal= 
losa  Nut.  stem  terete  furfurascent,  glandular 
above,  leaves  narrow  linear  thickish  with  ad= 
pressed  hairs,  panicle  dichotome  multiflore  lax 
divaricate— in  Arkanzas,  pedal,  leaves  uncial 
often  with  fascicles  at  the  axils,  flowers  on  long 
naked  peduncles,  the  segments  of  florets  narrow 
long  linear  acute,  segments  of  perianthe  cune- 
ate  acuminate. 

924.  Othake  longifolium  Raf.  stem  angu- 
lar and  glandular  above,  leaves  broad  linear 
elongate  biuncial  thin  nearly  smooth,  panicle 
pauciflore  corymbose,  peduncles  erect— also 
from  Arkanzas,  blended  by  Nuttal  with  the  last, 
much  smaller  with  larger  leaves,  semipedal, 
lower  leaves  sometimes  opposite. 

925.  XETOLIGUS  Raf.  diff*.  Stevia,  peri- 
anthe terete  Sparted  Sflore,  segments  equal  lan- 
ceolate enerve,  florets  exerted  with  tubular  limb 
5dentate,  anthers  inclosed,  stigmas  hardly  ex^ 
erted  revolute  ;  seeds  linear  crowned  by  a  pap- 
pus of  2  or  3  long  rough  bristles  coalescent  at 
base  into  a  membrane.  Leaves  opposite^flow 
ers  corymbose  incarnate.— Another  very  dis- 
tinct G.  having  the  bristles  of  M//s/^//a  without 
the  scales,  Stevia  saliciJoUa  with  2  bristles  be- 
longs thereto,  and  will  be  my  Xetoligus  salici- 
folius.     My  ne^ne  means  fevn  bristles. 

926.  Xftougus  brevifouxjs  Raf.   smooth, 


siem  terete  corymbose,  leaves  isessile  oblong 
linear  acute,  the  upper  alternate,  corymbs  fas- 
tigiate  foliose  multiflore,  peduncles  and  perian- 
thes  pubescent,  segments  lanceolate  acute  pap-= 
pus  of  3  bristles — from  Texas  or  Louisana  found 
by  Binder,  a  tall  plant  probably  perennial,leaves 
short  uncial,  flowers  pale  incarnate  and  hand- 
some profuse. 

LIATRIS  and  VERNONIA. 

These  two  Genera  once  blended  in  Serra^ 
tula  (as  so  many  other  G,  are  in  all  akin)  in» 
elude  a  crowd  of  fine  plants  deserving  a  good 
monograph.  Of  Liatris  our  compilers  have  18 
sp.  but  I  know  many  more,  several  being  yet 
blended  as  varieties,  and  as  they  offer  various 
inflorescence  must  be  divided  at  least  in  4  or  5 
subgenera:  of  Vernonia  only  10  are  in  Eaton, 
my  V.  alblflora  and  missurica  described  atl  j. 
1833  are  omitted,  and  I  have  many  more  N.  sp, 
Vern,  longifolla^  latifoiia^  brevif'olia,  crinlta^ 
humilis  iSpc.  I  shall  merely  add  here  the  subg, 
of  Liatris  and  a  few  N.  sp. 

927.  LIATRIS  Aiton.— 1  Subg.  f^cariola 
Raf.  perianthe  squarrose  ovate  or  hemisphe- 
rical, multiflore,  pappus  hardly  plumose,  flowers 
chiefly  racemose  or  spicate,  root  bulbose — 2d. 
Teretiola  perianthe  oblong  or  terete  imbricate 
adpressed,  multiflore,  flowers  terminal  few,  root 
bulbose — 3d.  Osmilis^.  per.  hemisph.  adpres- 
sed multifl.  pappus  scabrous  not  feathered,flovv- 
ers  corymbose  or  terminal,  root  not  bulbose— 
4th  Rfiodilis  R.  per.  terete  Sflore  few  scales 
colored,  ligulate  pappus  realy  feathery,  fl.  race- 
mose, root  bulbose — 5th  Eiithifrsis  R.  per.  o- 
blong  Sflore,  few  scales  adpressed,  flowers  thyr- 
soidai,  root    not  bulbose — 6th  Corymhilis   R. 


70 


NK0B09. 


per.  campanulate  adpressed   pauciflore,  fl.  co- 
rymbose, root  not  bulbose  ^^c. 

928.  LiAiRis  (Osmilis)  a3Iplexicaulis  R. 
stem  grooved,  leaves  5nerved  obtuse,  radical 
sessile  ovate  elliptic,  on  stem  ovate  amplexi- 
caule ;  flowers  corymbose,  segments  of  perian- 
the  cuneate  obtuse — a  fine  odorous  sp.  blended 
with  L.  odoratisslma,  same  exquisite  smell 
like  Toncra  beans,  but  weaker  bipedal,  with 
broader  shorter  leaves  2  or  3  inches  long,many 
smaller  flowers.  The  true  L.  odoratissimuni 
has  radical  leaves  lanceolate  acute  uninerve  6 
to  10  inches  long,  on  stem  sessile  short  cuneate 
or  oblong,  few  branches  uniflore,  perianthe  fo- 
liose  segments  obovate.  In  Florida  &.  Georgia. 

929.  LiATRis  (Scariola)  botrys  R.  stem  an- 
gular rough,  leaves  smooth  scattered  linear  lan- 
ceolate acute,  lower  longer  petiolate,  upper  sub- 
ulate ;  flowers  racemose,  peduncles  longer  than 
flowers  somewhat  scaly,  bracts  subulate,  perian- 
the hemispherical,  segments  obovate  obtuse 
margin  red — a  very  pretty  sp.  of  Florida  and 
Georgia,  more  distinctly  racemose  than  in  any 
other,  pedal  lower  leaves  4  to  6  inches,  upper 
uncial,  raceme  as  long  as  stem  multiflore,  flow- 
ers lax  rather  small  but  elegant,  styles  very  long, 

930.  LiATRis  (Scariola?)  uniflora  Raf. 
smooth,  stem  angular  grooved  uniflore,  leaves 
rigid  linear  lanceolate  acute  sessile,  the  lower 
elongate,  tririerve  middle  nerve  very  thick ;  pe- 
rianthe ovate  base  foliose  segments  ovate  acu- 
minate squarrose — from  Kentucky  to  Alabama, 
pedal,  leaves  nearly  imbricate  the  lower  5  or  6 
inches  long.  Deviating  from  Scariola  by  sin- 
gle flower,  perhaps  a  subg.  Rigidilis ;  but 
very  akin  to  my  L.  rigida  differing  only  by  2 
or  3  flowers,  leaves  scab/ous  stem  pilose. 


OF  NpRTH  AMERICA  ^  * 

931.  Vernonia  brevifolia  Raf.  stem  groov- 
ed pubusc(mt  below  smooth  above,  leaves  short 
oblong,  margm  subentire  revolute,  very  sca- 
brous above,  pubescent  and  glaucous  beneath  ; 
flowers  subuinbellate  few,  segments  of  perian- 
the  lanceolate  acuminate  squarrose — in  Alaba- 
ma near  to  V.  balduini^  which  has  however 
leaves  ovate  serrate,  here  they  are  oblong, 
broader  below,  or  subcuneate,  narrow  above 
nearly  lanceolate,  only  uncial ;  flower  in  a  irre- 
gular umbel  of  about  1(/  flowers,  naked,  stem 
bipedal  or  less. 

932.  Vernoma  CRiNiTA  Raf.  smooth,  stem 
grooved,  leaves  narrow  lanceolate  elongate  with 
remote  obtuse  teeth  ;  corymb  foliose,  perianthe 
crinite  by  long  lax  subulate  filiform  segments — 
in  Louisiana  and  Arkanzas  near  streams  a  tall 
sp.  leaves  5  to  inches  long,  only  half  inch 
broad  in  the  middle,  acuminate  at  both  ends 
and  sometimes  falcate  :  flowers  large  perianthe 
hemispherical  multifl.  segments  nearly  all  equal 
slender  and  forming  a  fringed  cup  as  long  as 
florets. 

933.  Makshalma  spiralis  Raf.  smooth  sub- 
scapose,  leaves  radical  linear  lanceolate  obtuse 
uninerve,  scape  elongate  spirahj  grooved,  pu- 
bescent above,  perianthe  segments  linear  obtuse 
smooth — in  Arkanzas  and  West  Louisiana  found 
by  Binder,  near  to  M.  lanceolata,  but  quite  dis- 
tinct, leaves  narrower  3  inches  long,  scape  twist- 
ed as  some  Xurides  (not  so  in  M.  lanceolata)  pe- 
dal, flower  large  incarnate. 

934.  Marshallia  TENuiFOLiARaf.  stem  sim- 
ple virgate  grooved,  naked  and  pubescent  above, 
leaves  scattered  all  narrow  linear  elongate  acute 
perianthe  segments  linear  acute  pubescent — 
found  by  Baldwin  on  the  sea  shores  of  Florida 


^O  IVEOBOr. 


and  Georgia,  nearer  to  M.  cyananthera  than 
M.  angustlfolia,  but  leaves  quite  slender  uni- 
nerve  smooth,  anthers  also  bluish — thus  we  have 
6  sp.  of  this  pretty  G.  a  7th  might  be  my  3'L 
pumila  nov>'  my  G.  T lerolepta  Neog.  1825. 
EIJPATORIUM  and  akin 

This  extensive  G.  is  now  divided  into  many 
Celestina,  BrickeUia.,  Mikania^  Kalinia  &c, 
besides  my  Eutrocliium  with  scariose  terete 
perianthe,  leaves  verticillate  kc,  my  Caradesia 
with  perianthe  hemispherical  multiflore :  thus 
reduced  to  the  sp.  with  a  definite  number  of 
florets  and  segments  of  perianthe,  it  is  still  pro- 
lific. The  American  Cacalias  are  very  near, 
but  form  3  peculiar  Genera,  my  Epatitis  205, 
Mesadenia  and  Hasteola. 

935.  MESADENIA  Haf.  perianthe  5flore, 
terete  with  5  equal  segments,  phoranthe  with  a 
thick  gland  in  the  centre  and  5  flowers  around 
it,  (this  gland  is  an  abortive  neutral  floret  some- 
times evolved)  calicule  obsolete  or  only  a  small 
scale,  florets  with  tubular  limb  deeply  5d,  an- 
thers inclosed,  stigmas  2  or  4  hardiy  exerted, 
seeds  smooth  oblong  or  clavate,  pappus  downy 
capillary.  Peremdals^  leaves  alternate  large 
thicklsh,  Jlowrrs  white  corymhose  or  panicu- 
late.— A  north  American  G.  of  many  sp.  quite 
distinct  and  natural  by  the  singular  structure  of 
phoranthe,  noticed  by  Elliot  and  Nuttul,  the 
central  gland  is  variable  ovate  acute,  or  angu- 
lar tridentate,  or  seldom  changed  into  a  neutral 
floret  which  has  then  the  ovary  dentate  instead 
of  downy.  I  have  even  noticed  some  flowers 
where  there  was  only  this  neutral  floret  in  the 
perianthe,  lacking  anthers  and  style,  another 
anomaly  is  the  quadruple  stigmas  of  some  florets, 
This  G.  is  nearer  Kleinia  than  Cacalia.    Akin 


or  JfORTH    AWERICA.  /« 

also  to  my  Chondrophora  (tli^  Chrysoconia 
nudata  of  N.)  with  a  scaly  phoranthe  &.c. — 
I  have  prepared  a  monograph  of  15  sp.  \\here' 
of  y  are  my  own,  M.  dt.ntata^  rotundifolia, 
oblongata^  quinquejida^  cuneata,  pulcei^ulentay 
lobata^besides  my  CacaUapttranlhes  and  pan- 
iculata  of  annals  Nut.  1820,  the  old  sp.  are  M, 
atriplicifolia^  reniformis^  ovata^  lanceotata^ 
plantaginea  (the  C.  taberosa  of  N.) — as  to  the 
CcLcalia  suaceolens  L.  which  Elliot  refers  to 
Senecio^  it  is  my  G.  Hasteola  distinguished  by 
the  anthers  cristate.  I  will  only  add  here  a  few 
of  my  N.  sp. 

936.  Mesadenia  kotundifolia  R.  leaves 
rounded  3-5nerved  entire  or  repand  glaucous 
beneath,  lower  on  long  petiols,  obtuse  or  retuse, 
upper  sessile  acute,  flowers  corymbose,  seg- 
ments of  perianths  oblong  obtuse  enerve,  mar- 
gin white — In  the  Musketong  and  Mahantango 
Mts.  of  AUeghanies,  2  or  3  feet  high,  lower 
leaves  3  or  4  inches  long  and  broad  with  5 
nerves  reticulate,  petiols  4  to  8  inches  long, 
upper  leaves  uncial. 

9'57.  Mesadenia  dentata  R.  leaves  broadly- 
ovate  acute  and  acutely  dentate  3-5nerved  not 
glaucous,  lower  on  short  petiols,  on  stem  sessile 
acuminate,  flowers  in  compound  corymb,  seg- 
ments of  perianth  oblong  acute  suhtrinerve — in 
Alabama,  very  different  from  M.  ovata  with 
obtuse  narrower  leaves.  Tripedal,  leaves  4  to 
5  inches  long,  3  or  4  broad,  petiols  2  or  3  long, 
stem  leaves  1  or  "2  inches  long,  corymb  with 
many  branches  and  multiflore. 

938.  M^ADENiA  PULVERULENTA  R,  leaves 
petiolate  onerved  glaucous  pulverulent  on  both 
sides,  lower  on  long  petiols  broadly  cordate  acute 
angular,  upper  ovate  or  rhomboidal    acute   at 


80  KEOBOT. 

both  ends,  angular  sinuate ;  corymbs  fastigiate, 
segments  of  perianthe  lanceolate  uninerve  mar- 
gined— in  the  state  of  Delaware,  3-4feet  high, 
lower  leaves  4  to  6  inches  long  and  broad,  pe- 
tiols  as  long,  on  the  stem  uncial  &c  with  a 
short  petiol,  variously  cut  in  long  sharp  angles. 
The  M.  atripUcifoUa  has  leaves  deeper  cut,the 
upper  deltoid,  the  M,  oblongata  has  radical 
leaves  oblong  cordate  obtuse. 

939.  EuPATORiuM  ciNEREUM  Raf.  pubescent 
cinereous,  stem  striate  corymbose  above,  leaves 
alternate  sessile,  on  stem  lanceolate  obtuse,  bi- 
dentate  lateraly,  on  branches  linear  entire  ob- 
tuse; corymbules  many  pauciflore,  perianthe 
Sflore,  cinereous,  segments  elliptic  obtuse  cali- 
cule  ovate  obtuse — in  Alabama  &c,tripedal,stem 
at  base  redishwith  cinereous  pubescence,  lower 
leaves  greenish,  upper  ashy  like  the  flowers, 
seeds  black  hispid,  pappus  cinereous. 

940.  EuPATORiuM  FULVUM  Raf.  roughly  pu- 
bescent, stem  simple  terete  grooved,  leaves  op- 
posite sesssilo  oblong  lanceolate  serrate,  acute 
at  both  ends,  roughly  punctate  ;  corymb  fasti- 
giate,  pedicels  hairy  white,  bracts  linear,  peri- 
anthe oblong  pauciflore,  segments  lanceolate 
acute  glandular  punctate,  end  fulvous  mem- 
branaceous— in  Alabama  &.c,  near  to  E.  glan- 
dulosum  of  Mexico  but  leaves  not  ovate,  habit 
of  Kiihnia  but  pappus  not  plumose,  stem  1-2 
pedal,  leaves  2-3uncial,  flowers  fulvous  before 
expansion. 

941.  EUPATORIUM  OrCARADKSIA  PAUCIFLORA 

Raf.  Hispidule  humble,  leaves  thin  on  long  pe- 
tiols  ovate  crenate,  both  ends  acute;  flowers 
terminal  few  5-6,  perianthe  campanulate  mul- 
tiflore,  segments  lanceolate  acute  unequal — 
Louisiana  and   JVIississipi  found   by  Dr.  Hart, 


or  NORTH    AMERICA.  81 

semipedal,  leaves   small  entire  at  base,  corym 
bule  foliose,  fiowers  white  incarnate. 

I  have  many  other  (hiubtful  or  rare  sp.  of  this 
G.  3  were  described  1832  in  atl.  jom-nal  E. 
serratum.,  pfctiimlum^  rupestre,,  some  are  in 
Florula  LLuioviciana;  us  to  Knlrochium  I  have 
prepared  a  monograph  of  it  with  many  new 
species. 

HELENIUM  of  this  G.  I  have  7sp.  and  10 
varieties  while  our  botanists  admit  only  3. 

9i2.  Hllemum  niscovATUM  R.  smooth 
stem  dichotonie  angular,  leaves  subdecurrent 
linear  lanceolate  acute  entire  uninerve,  flowers 
on  long  naked  peduncles,  rays  short  flat,  disk 
ovate  concolor — this  was  labelled  a  Rudbeckia 
in  Coll,  herb,  but  is  a  real  llelenium  with  tri- 
lid  obtuse  rays,  bipedal,  branches  virgate,  leaves 
iiriciai,  flowers  smaller  than  in  others.  In 
Florida. 

943.  Helenium  anceps  R.  stem  compressed 
striate  pubescent  with  2  broad  wings,  leaves  de- 
current  oblong  lanceolate  acute  entire  smooth 
trinerve,  flowers  corymbose  few,  rays  flat  re- 
flexed,  disk  globular  concolor.  In  Florida  and 
Georgia  found  by  Lecoiite,  anonymous  in  Coll. 
iierb.  pedal,  leaves  uncial,  flowers  large. 
p.  944.  Helenium  flexuosum  R.  smooth,  stem 
ramose  angular  win?^fed,  branches  flexuose, leaves 
decurrejit  lanceolate  acute  entire  uninerve, flow- 
ers paniculate,  rays  flat  reflexed,  disk  globular 
discolor — can  this  be  IL  canfdiculaium^  but 
the  leaves  are  not  serrate,  nor  rays  grooved. 
Found  on  R.  Wabash,  bipedal,  leaves  1  or  2 
inches,  flowers  middle  size,  discolor  redish,  not 
yellow  as  in  other  5  in  centre. 

945-  Hei,en2um   DicHOTOMiM    R.  pubescent 
rough,  stem  dichotomc  corymbose  striate  wing- 
11 


$i 


KEOBOT. 


cd,  lower  leaves  sessile  cuneate  remotely  obtuse 
serrate,  not  trinervate,  upper  leaves  decurrent 
lanceolate  acute  subcrenate,  rays  grooved  ?  disk 
globose  discolor — another  sp.  akin  to  H.canal- 
iculatum,  but  not  smooth  nor  properly  serrate, 
stem  bipedal  quite  dichotomous  above,  lower 
leaves  3  inches  long,  upper  uncial,  disk  redish 
as  in  last,  found  in  West  Kentucky, 

946.  Helenium  traxiltihi  li.  nearly  smooth, 
stem  angular  striate  hardly  winged,  leaves  sub- 
decurrent  lanceolate  elongate,  both  ends  acu- 
minate, margin  entire  very  rough ;  flowers  co- 
rymbose, rays  flat  reflexed,  disk  globose  conco- 
lor — found  in  Indiana  and  Illinois,  pedal,  leaves 
large  2  or  3  inches  long  pale  beneath,  flowers 
few  small. — H.  autumnale  nearest  to  this  has 
serrate  smooth  leaves,  and  several  varieties,  an- 
gustifolium^  latifolium,  lemgatum^hrevifolium 
longifoliuniy  elatiim,  patirifJorutn  &^c, 
GLOSSANtllES 

This  family  also  called  Cichoracea  and  ^etni- 
flosculose,  has  been  stated  to  be  very  deficient 
in  North  America  ;  but  it  is  a  mistake,  5  Genera 
alone  Lactuca,  Eimoxis,  Hieracitim,  Nar- 
halia  and  Krigia,  include  nearly  100  species; 
being  as  numerous  as  the  Asters,  they  have 
been  equaly  involved  in  obscurity  by  blending 
or  overlooking  sp.  which  require  careful  mono- 
graphs, such  as  I  have  undertaken ;  but  must 
delay  at  present  and  only  give  a  few  striking 
novelties,  as  I  wish  to  confine  this  flora  to  1000 
articles  at  present.  This  continent  is  the  cen- 
tral seat  of  Lactuca  as  it  is  of  Vitis  and  Quer- 
cus,  possessing  30  or  40  species  of  each.  The 
Lactuca  elongala  of  our  blind  botanists  con- 
tained 12  or  15  sp.with  leaves  smooth  or  rough, 
entire   or   pinnatifid^  runcinate,  sagittate,  den- 


or  NORTH  AMERICA.  85J 

tate,  sessile,  arnplexicaiile,flowers  spicate  ot  ra- 
cemose or  paniculate  !  &c,  &.c. 

947.  Lac TUCA  angulata  R.  smooth  gigantic 
stem  fistulose,  leaves  pinnatifid  broad,  sinusses 
wide  and  ani:;ular.  pinnules  ovate  angulate  den- 
tate acute,  base  of  nerves  roughish,  lower  sub- 
petiolate  angular;  flowers  paniculate,  pedicels 
inequal,  bracts  subulate — Pennsylv.  to  l^en- 
tucky  Slc  stem  5  to  8  feet  high,  very  thick, 
leaves  ample  thin  pedal  below,  flowers  very 
numerous. 

948.  Lactuca  maritima  R.  smooth,  stem 
simple  fistular,  naked  above,  all  leaves  pinnati- 
fid sessile,  pinnules  remote  unequal  lanceolate 
angular  ;  flowers  racemose  lax  few — on  the 
Sea  Shores  and  Sea  Islands  from  Long  Island 
to  Virginia,  stem  bipedal  purplish,  leaves  3  or 
4  inches  long  slender,  radical  and  on  base  of 
stem  only,  how  diflerent  from  last. 

949.  Lactuca  axillaris  R.  smooth,  stem 
fistulose  foliose,  lower  leaves  ample  sessile  ovate 
lyrate  lobate,  sinusses  rounded  entire,  lobes 
rounded  dentate,  upper  leaves  lanceolate  entire 
flowers  in  axillary  spikes — Mts.  Alleghanies, 
stem  bipedal  fuscate.  leaves  2  or  4  inches  long, 
flowers  realy  spicate  sessile. 

950.  Lactuca  ova tifolia  R.  nearly  smooth, 
stem  solid  striate,  leaves  sessile  ovatoblong 
equaly  denticulate,  middle  nerve  rough,  lower 
attenuate  at  base,  flowers  paniculate,  peduncles 
scaly — in  New  Jersey  and  Pennsyl.  stem  fus- 
eate  2  or  3  feet  high,  leaves  2  or  3  inches  long, 
veins  reticulate. 

951.  Lactuca  pilosa  R.  stem  fistular,  base 
pilose,  naked  above,  leaves  all  sessile  lanceolate 
denticulate,  beneath  glaucous  and  subpilose. 
lower  elongate  attenuate  into  a  petioi,  flow&r* 


KEOBOT 


sabracemose  few  and  small — Apalacliian  Mis. 
of  Virginia  and  Carolina,  diflerent  from  L. 
hirsula  by  leaves  entire,the  loNver  6  to  8  inches 
long,  stem  2  or  3  feet  high. 
*^)952.  EuNoxis  (Agathyrsus)  amabius  Raf. 
^rnooth,  stem  subsoiid  terete,  leaves  sessile  am- 
ple ovate  acute  angular  or  denticulate,  lower 
base  decurrcnt  cuneiform,  floral  oblong  suben- 
tire,  branches  racemose  paniculate  pyramidal, 
peduncles  elongate  naked,  flowers  blue,  pappus 
white — Mts.  Aile-haTiy,  4  to  5  feet  high,  leaves 
4  to  10  inches  long,  a  profusion  of  pretty  blue 
flowers.  I  have  changed  Agathyrsus  name 
already  preoccupied  for  a  G.  of  shells  for  Eu- 
noxis  an  ancient  name  of  l^ettuce,  and  I  give 
this  sp,  as  a  specimen  out  of  a  dozen  sp.  that  I 
possess,  the  color  of  flowers  and  pappus  is  spe- 
cific in  this  Genus. 

953.  Narbalia  LATiFOLiA  Raf.  smooth,  stem 
terete  flexuose,  leaves  broad  thin  petiolate  glau- 
cous beneath  subdentate,  lower  on  long  petiols 
deltoid  hastate  broader  than  long,  trinerve,  lobes 
divaricate  deltoid  acute,  upper  leaves  ovate  acu- 
minate, racemes  axillary,  perianthe  5flcre 
Sparted — in  Mts.  Alleghanies,  stem  2-3pedal, 
whitish  sometimes  rubicund,  rndical  leaves  with 
petiols  one  f)ot  long,  leaf  10  inches  broad  8 
long,  upper  leaves  2  or  3  inches  long,  flowers 
white  drooping,  perionthe  incarnate.  The  pre- 
vious good  name  l^arbalia  of  Cassini  adopted 
by  Hooker  must  prevail  over  HarpnJijce  of 
Don  adopted  by  Beck  later  and  formed  from 
Horpa  a  shell.  Even  the  G.  must  be  divided, 
I  give  this  as  an  instance  of  the  real  Narbalia, 
of  which  I  have  25  species,  those  with  multiflore 
perianthe  form  ray  next  Genus  ;  while  the  Pre- 
nantkcs  tenidfoUa  and  pauciflora  of  Torrey 


OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  8S^ 

with  plumose  seeds  are  my  G.  FiUoriaof  1833 

Atlantic  Journal. 

954.  OPICRINA  Raf.  difl.  from  Narbalia, 
perianthe  10-15  segments  commonly  hirsute, 
multiflore,  with  20  to  30  flowers  indefinite — 
these  are  taller  plants,  exuding  a  milk  intensely 
bitter,  producing  a  bitter  opium  which  the  name 
implies  ;  the  types  are  Op.  crcpidinea  and  the 
next. 

955.  Opicrina  latifolia  Raf.  Prenanthes 
opicrina  1822.  smooth,  stem  grooved  ramose, 
lower  leaves  with  winged  petiols  cordate  or 
sagittate  ovate,  sinuate  angular,  upper  ovate  re- 
pand  or  denticulate ;  flowers  in  racemose  pan- 
icles fasciculate,  perianthes  nodding  hirsute, 
pappus  fulvous — in  Central  Kentucky  rich 
woo<ls,  5  to  G  lieet  high,  leaves  4  to  10  inches 
long,  flowers  large  ochroleucous,  perianthes 
fuscate.  Op.  crepidinea  ditfers  by  leaves  ses- 
sile oblong  lanceolate  unequaly  dentate.  Op 
an^vsUlolin  would  be  a  better  name. 

958.  SITILIAS  Raf.  perianthe  terete  dou- 
ble multiflore  both  multipartite,  external  shorter 
adpressed,  phoranthe  naked,  seeds  smooth  lin- 
ear oblong  grooved,  pappus  long  stipitate  sim- 
ple capillary  silky  lulvous. — Caulescent,  flow- 
ers frw. — This  G.  differs  from  Leontodon  by 
pappus  not  plumose,  from  Borkhausia  by  terete 
adpressed  perianthe  and  costate  seeds.  It  was 
shuffled  into  4 Genera!  Leontodon^  Borkhau- 
sia^ Scorzonera,  Chondrilla !  and  now  must 
form  a  5th,  the  name  was  an  ancient  of  Hiera- 
cium  of  which  it  has  the  habit — Type  S.  Caro- 
LiNiANA  Raf.  Borkausia  do  Elliot,  see  his  sy- 
nonymy and  description,  wherein  he  has  proba- 
bly blended  the  next  Genus  also.    My  specimen 


S6  NEOBOT. 

from  Alabama,  has  oblong  leaves  with  long  teeth 
and  only  2  flowers  vellow. 

957.  CllENAMON  Raf.  diflT.  from  Sitilias 
by  outer  perianthe  unequal,  pappus  plumose, 
seeds  curved  compressed  tesselated  by  longitu- 
dinal and  transverse  stria,  scapose,  corymbose 
— nearer  to  Picris  than  any  other  G.  the  name 
was  that  of  Adanson  for  Picris,  but  different  by 
perianthe  realy  double  as  in  last  and  seeds  not 
rugose  transversaly  alone  but  tesselate,  besides 
habit  scapose. 

958.  Crenamon  pectinatum  Raf.  smooth, 
1-eaves  pectinate  pinnatifid  obtuse,  very  long  and 
narrow,  base  attenuate  entire,  pinnules  remote 
narrow  obtuse,  scape  grooved  corymbose 
3-6flore,  peduncles  very  long  with  subulate 
scales. — Apalachian  Mts.  Unaka,  leaves  6  to  8 
inches  long,  hardly  half  inch  wide,  pectinate 
like  the  horn  of  the  Saw-Fish,  scape  pedal,flow- 
ers  yellow,  perianthe  acute,  outer  rather  une- 
qual. 

959.  Krigia  petiolaris  R.  stem  flexuose  fo- 
liose  striate  pauciflore,  leaves  all  petiolate  o- 
blong  or  obovate  minute  dentate  laciniate,  pe- 
duncles filiform,  perianthes  linear — in  Alabama, 
3  to  0  inches  high,  leaves  only  half  inch  or  less, 
petiol  uncial  or  longer,  flowers  small  few,  not 
rigidly  erect  as  in  Kr.  virginica. 

960.  Krigia  intec.rifoma  R.  stem  erect  fo- 
liose  grooved  uniflore,  leaves  glaucous  entire 
all  dissimilar,  radical  petiolate  elliptical  obtuse 
or  obovate  acute,  on  stem  amplexicaule  acute, 
ovate  or  lanceolate,  perianthe  lanceolate — Mts, 
Alleghanies,  how  different  from  last,  nearer  to 
Kr.  amplexicaiilis  but  smaller  with  entire 
leaves,  one  small  flower  pale  yellow,  not  orange 
color.     Semipedal,  leaves  1  to  3  inches  long,aU 


OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


87 


different  in  shape,  yet  ali  entire, — of  this  diffi- 
cult G.  once  blended  in  Hijoseris,  we  have  12 
or  15  sp.  and  many  varieties,  difficult  to  distin- 
guish :  the  G.  Aclujrastrum  Necker  and  Cyn- 
t/iia  Don,  appear  the  same  ;  if  different  they 
must  be  better  distinguished — as  to  Aposeris 
Necker  with  naked  seeds,  it  differs  but  little 
from  my  Laxanon  203,  of  which  it  appears 
Apogon  of  Elliot  is  a  2d  sp.  his  name  was  pre- 
occupied for  a  fish.  Our  Hieraciums  must  per- 
haps be  divided,  I  had  formed  the  G.  Ophio- 
seris  with  many,  but  the  4  G.  of  Necker  out  of 
Hieracium  must  be  verified  and  restored,  they 
are  Ar actum,  Plancia,  Wdlemetia,  and  Miegia 
now  occupied  by  a  grass,  >' 

i  961.  POLYGALA,  this  G.  now  forming  a 
vast  family  must  be  divided  by  flowers  and  habit, 
as  was  suggested  by  many  botanists.  I  did  so 
long  ago,  proposing  Triclisperma,  Psychanthus, 
and  Muraltia  with  many  subgenera,  that  must 
soon  become  as  in  any  Genera,  I  shall  merely 
enumerate  them  here,  reserving  my  labor  on 
this  family  for  a  monograph. 

1.  PoLYGALA  stamens  8  diadelphous,  corolla 
cristate. 

2.  MuKALTiA  Necker  1790,  differs  by  corolla 
not  cristate,  once  Heisteria  of  L.  notof  Jaquin, 
since  adopted  by  L.  type  P.  senega  &c. 

3.  Triclisperma  Raf  1814,  type  P.  pau- 
cifolia  &c. 

4.  Psychanthus  Raf.  1814,  type  P,  myrti- 
folia  &.C. 

5.  Sexilia  R.  stamens  6  sessile,  corolla  bila- 
biate cristate,  type  P.  verticillata  and  all  whorl- 
ed  species,  chiefly  annuals. 

6.  Plostaxis  R.  stamens  4,  cor.  fimbriate, 
fl.  capitate,  type  P.  lutea  &.c. 


88  NEOBOT. 

8.  AxTHALOGEA  R.  stam.  7-8,  cor.  31obe  fim- 
briate, stigma  subsessile  bilabiate,  plumose  on 
upper  lip,  some  flowers  deficient,  type  P.  poly- 
gama. 

9.  CoRYMBULA  R.flovvers  corymbose. — Subg. 
or  («enus  ? 

10.  ZoROxusR.  Chamebuxus  T.  flowers  soli- 
tary.    Ditto  ? 

962.  ASEMEIA  Raf.  diff".  Polygala,  calix 
4-5phyle,  2  sepals  internal  larger  wing  like,  co-^ 
rolla  cariniform  base  hirsute,  subtrilobe,  tip  tu- 
berculate.  Stamens  8  monadelphous  very  short 
anthers  unilocular.  Style  elongate  bearded 
above,  stigma  obtuse,  capsule  oblong  semi-alate, 
cells  mouosperm,  seeds  hispid.  Habit  of  Poly- 
gala^ per  eruilals, racemose  leaves  J! .  alterne. — I 
give  one  of  my  N.  G.  very  distinct  from  P. 
senega  and  akin,  altho'  sauie  habit,  the  name 
means  without  vexillum. 

9G3,  AsEviEiA  rosbaR.  Polyg.  pubescens  Mg. 
E.  viridescens  Walt,  pubescent,  stem  hardly 
angular,  branched,  leaves  linear  lanceolate 
acute,  calix  4phyle,  wings  obovate — in  Carolina 
and  Florida,  pedal,  pretty  sp.  flowers  rose  color, 
leaves  uncial,  racemes  terminal  lax,  bracts  subr 
jilate,  short. 

J  9G1.  AsEMEiA  CARNEA  Raf.  smooth,  stem 
simple  angular  leaves  linear  cuneate  acute, 
calix  Sphyle,  wings  ovatoblong — in  Alabama 
and  West  Tennessee,  probably  blended  with 
the  last,  pedal,  leaves  shorter,  the  lower  cuneate 
and  even  obtuse,  flowers  pale  flesh  color  or 
white  with  a  pink  tinge. 

965.  AsEMEiA  ALBA  (or  leptopsis)  Raf.  smooth, 
stem  simple  angular  virgate  naked  above,  leaves 
narrow  linear,  upper  subulate,  raceme  spiked, 
flowers  imbricate,  calix  5phyle  ?  wings  obovate 


OF  NORTH  AMERICA  O^ 

— in  Arkanzas  and  Texas,  perennial,  pedal 
slender,  leaves  very  narrow  half  uncial,  raceme 
terete  unciul,  flowers  white  small,  on  short  pe- 
dicels ahnost  imbricate,  bracts  hmceolate  :  this 
sp.  may  be  a  MurallMj  I  cannot  determine  the 
stamens,^ 

960.  PoLYGALA  (SexiHa)  missuuica  Raf. 
stem  branched  diffuse  4gone,  leaves  quaternate 
and  opposite  broad  lanceolate  smooth,  base 
acute,  end  mucronate  ;  spikes  terminal  oblong 
imbricate — in  the  prairies  of  Missouri  and  Illi- 
nois, 3  to  4  inches  high,  leaves  larger  and 
broader  than  in  others,  tiowers  white,  not  in  fili- 
form spikes.    Annual. 

967.  PoLYGALA  (Muraltia  ?)  rugosa  Raf, 
stems  angular  prostrate,  leaves  alternate  rugose 
lower  cuneate  obtuse,upper  linear  cuneate  acute, 
flowers  in  slender  spikes — on  Lake  Michigan, 
humble,  3  to  6  inches  long,  leaves  less  than  one 
inch,  flowers  red,  sessile  in  short  spikes ;  but 
very  imperfect  in  my  specimen,  probably  a  Mu- 
raltia. 

968.  PoLYGALA      or      PiLOSTAXIS      HYEMALTS 

Raf.  stemless,  leaves  all  radical  obovate  obtuse 
capitule  sessile  squarrose  oval, bracts  lanceolate 
membranaceous  as  long  as  flowers — this  and 
the  next  are  blended  in  P.  laiea  var.  nmia  of 
Mx.  but  quite  unlike  our  P.  Itdea  of  New  Jer- 
sey. Found  by  Baldwin  and  Nuttal  in  Florida 
and  Georgia,  blossoming  in  January,  leaves  un- 
equal uncial  often  spatulate,  heads  ^horter  than 
leaves,  flowers  greenish,  root  annual. 

969.    POS.YGALA  or  PILOSTAXIS  NANA  Raf.  sub- 

scapose,  leaves  cuneate  ami  oblong,  obtuse  and 
acute,  stem  short  with  1  or  2  leaves  lanceolate, 
head  oval  squarrose,  bracts  subulate  elongate, 
wings  lanceolate  acuminate — in  Florida  found 
12 


90  KEOBOT. 

by  Ware  in  1821,  Stem  2  or  3  inches  high, 
leaves  half  inch  long,  head  large,  flowers  green- 
ish. I  have  a  var  of  F.  lutea  near  tills  same 
size  and  habit,  but  with  few  leaves  narrower, 
heads  depressed,  flowers  reaiy  bright  yellow, 
wings  broader  obovate  acuminate:  it  will  be 
my  var  paiicifolia,  and  they  all  evince  a  ten- 
dency to  deviate  from  /'.  luUa. 
GENTIANIDES. 

This  lovely  family  of  plants  wa<^  in  utter  con- 
fusion, as  I  have  proved  in  rectifying  it,  in  fl. 
tellur.  435  to  500,  where  many  N.  (j.  and  sp. 
are  established.  I  have  also  restored  the  G, 
Anthop  "gon,  Pneimionanthe,  Dasistepha,  Ci- 
minalis,Cicendia,  Tretorhiza  &.c  of  former  bo- 
tanists, neglected  by  the  linnean  blenders.  I 
there  gave  also  some  new  N.  Amer.  sp.  and  I 
still  mean  to  give  hereafter  their  complete  mo- 
nograph, our  species  have  been  increased  late- 
ly by  myself  and  Hooker  to  50  or  60,  while 
Linneus  had  only  half  a  dozen  of  this  continent. 
I  now  must  merely  add  some  other  interesting 
novelties. 

970.  Antiiopogon  incarnatum  Raf.  Genti- 
ana  purpurea  Muhl.  fl.  lancastr.  Coll,  herb,  stem 
humble  branched,  branches  compressed  sub4- 
gone  uniflore,  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  lower 
subcuneate,  calix4gone,  segments  ovate  lanceol. 
acum,  margin  colored,  2  alt.  narrower,  corolla 
ciliate  twice  as  long — another  beautiful  sp.  of 
this  fine  G.  discovered  by  Muhlenberg  since  1790, 
found  by  myself  in  the  Alleghanies  1804,  since 
omitted  or  mistaken  for  a  variety  by  our  botan- 
ists (myself  included)  but  now  restored  and  fix- 
ed, only  6  to  10  inches  high,  with  several  erect 
branches,  leaves  uncial,  narrower  than  in  A. 
crinitum,  broader  than  in  A.  virgatnm  fl.  tel. 


OF  JJORTH  AMERICA.  91 

472,  flowers  size  of  the  first,  but  of  an  incarnate 
color,  instead  of  blue,  the  cahx  is  margined  of 
same  color.     Autiimn;»l. 

971.  Antiiopogo.n  Ar.BEscEXS  Raf.  stem  te- 
rete trifid, leaves  patent  narrow  lanceolate  acute, 
peduncles  terete,  calix  deeply  4fid,  segments 
ovate  lanceolate  obtusely  acuminate,  2  nar- 
rower lanceolate,  corolla  hardly  longer  than 
calix  unequally  denticulate — iiT  Louisiana,  col- 
lected by  Riddel,  sent  me  anonymous,  very  dis- 
tinct by  smaller  shorter  flowers  nearly  white  or 
blush  color,  leaves  nearly  as  in  A.  virgatiim 
but  broader  and  spreading,  2  inches  long,  flow- 
er only  uncial. 

972.  Anthopogon  erevifolium  Raf.  humble, 
uniffore  ?  foliose  anceps,  lower  leaves  cnneate 
or  spatulate  acute,  upper  ovatoblong  short  * 
acute,  calix  with  segments  shorter  ovate  lan- 
ceol.  acutely  acuminate,  corolla  double  of  calix 
fringed — in  Mts.  Alleghanies  of  Lycoming  Cy. 
Pennsylv.  blossoming  in  November,  stem  4  to  6 
inches  high,  leaves  very  short  4  to  6  lines  long 
and  reaching  to  near  the  flower,  which  is  small 
though  elongate  uncial,  apparently  incarnate  in 
the  specimen,  nearer  to  A.  incarnatum  than 
to  A.  crinitum^  perhaps  a  variety  of  it. — A. 
crinitutn  diflers  from  all  my  4  sp.  by  leaves 
ovate  lanceolate  subdeltoid,  flowers  large  with 
rounded  segments  deeply  fringed,  peduncles 
naked  4gone  &c.  All  belong  to  the  G,  An-  . 
thopogon  of  Necker  1790,  and  have  the  calix 
unequal  as  in  the  whole  family. 

973.  Pleienta  QuixQutNERViA  Raf.  stem 
terete  trichotome,  leaves  broad  oblong  lanceo- 
late acute  thin  Snerved ;  floAvers  corymbose, 
calix  base  membranose,  6-7parted,  segments  fo- 
liose lanceolate,  subequal  to  corolla  segments 


911  i^EOBOT. 

oblong  obtuse — in  Louisiana,  sent  me  by  Rid- 
del as  Sabatia  gracilis  ?  pedal,  not  slender,  fo- 
liose,  leaves  large  often  2  inches  long,  flowers 
few  white  terminal,  peduncles  thick  erect  un- 
cial. My  G.  Phienia  fi.  tel.  497  includes  all 
the  Sabatias  with  unequal  innltiple  calix  and 
corolla,  6-12  stamens,  style  erect. 

974.  Plfienta  leucantiia  R.  slender  2-3cho- 
tome  branches  anceps,  leaves  lanceolate  acute 
hardly  trinerve,  flowers  on  long  peduncles,calix 
8-lOparted  linear,  corolla  double  of  calix,  seg- 
ments cuneate  obtuse — this  is  the  Sab.  gracilis 
of  many  botanists,  but  not  of  all,  the  true  one 
not  being  a  Pleienta !  on  Sea  Shores  from 
South  New  Jersey  to  Florida,  pedal,  leaves  un- 
cial, flowers- large  and  fine,  sometimes  2  inches 
wide 

9T5.  Sabbatia?  nervosa  Raf.  ramose  pau- 
ciflore,  branches  anceps,  leaves  ovate  lanceo- 
late trinerve  acute,  peduncles  axil,  and  termi- 
nal, calix  base  campanulate  Sgone,  segments 
linear  elongate  nervose,  corolla  as  long  as  calix, 
segments  broad  obovate,  trinerve  at  base — 
anonymous  sp.  of  Nuttal,  which  deserves  per- 
haps to  be  a  genus  Neurola  Raf.  by  calix  Sgone 
corolla  nerved,  stamens  rolled  up  but  not  twist- 
ed, st3^1e  declinate  and  with  linear  stigmas  as 
in  Sabbatia.  From  Arkanzas,  8  inches  high, 
leaves  small  remote  semi-uncial,  flowers  large 
over  uncial  incarnate?  Neiirola  arkanzica 
will  be  a  better  name. 

976.  BILAMISTA  Raf.  calix  deeply  5part- 
ed  subequal,  corolla  marcescent  tube  campanu- 
late lOnerved,  limb  rotate  Sparted,  glandular 
appendages  at  the  sinusses,stamens  5  free  equal 
•filaments  subulate  exerted,  anthers  oblong  21o- 
cular,  ovary  compressed,  style  flexuose  persis- 


or  NORTH  AMERICA.  93 

tent,  stigma  bilamellate  broad,  capsule  elliptic 
2valve  unilocular,  polyspernie,  seeds  scrobicu- 
late  inserted  on  4  large  placentas.  Perennial, 
ramose,  Jioipers  axil,  pedunculate — I  now  add 
another  beautiful  N.  ir.  to  the  Gentianides :  it 
is  next  to  Sivertia  and  Narketis,  but  with  the 
calix  and  corolla  of  Sabatia  <fec.  My  JSarke- 
tis  fl.  tel.  477  based  on  various  sp.  of  pentan- 
drous  Sicertias  included  even  several  G.  this, 
another  my  Synallodia  japonica,  with  2  sta- 
mens united,  formed  by  Sicertia  rolata  of  Thun- 
berg;  and  Gentiana  ^^/v/feyiA/^  with  very  une- 
qual calix  and  no  appendages  ?  perhaps  another 
Leimanisa  R.  the  name  of  tins  applies  to  the 
large  bilameilate  stigma,  it  shows  beautifully 
the  opposition  of  stamens  essential  to  the  Gen- 
tianides. 

9^7.  BiLAMisTA  GRANDiFLORA  Raf.  Gcutiana 
do  Coll.  herb,  ramose  2-3dichotome,  branches 
fastigiate  terete  rugose,  leaves  ovatoblong  acute 
trine rve  ;  peduncles  axilary  and  terminal  rigid 
angular,  calix  segments  subulate,  corolla  thrice 
as  long,  segments  obovate  obtuse — fine  robust 
plant  of  Red  river  Louisiana  and  Arkanzas,ses- 
quipedal,  leaves  biuncial,  flowers  white/*  (ful- 
vous in  dry  specimen  and  leaves  blackened) 
very  large  2  or  3  inches  wide,  nearly  marces- 
cent  and  persistent  like  the  style  ;  capsule  large 
very  peculiar  black  rugose,  seeds  numerous 
minute  dotted:  the  glandular  appendages  are 
minute  somewhat  crested  and  at  sinusses  in- 
stead of  segments. 

I  have  not  yet  exhausted  the  N.  G.  and  sp. 
of  this  family,  there  are  still  others  blended  in 
Sicertia,  Exacum,  Chironia  . . .  and  many  un- 
noticed sp.  of  Sabatia,  Pleienta,  Xolemia  .  .  . 


Px4  NEOBOT. 

see  my  medical  flora  and  ft.  tellur.  for  some  of 
them. 

LABIATES. 

In  this  family  much  remains  to  be  done  even 
after  the  labors  of  Bentham  and  mine  in  fl.  tel- 
lur. Our  G.  Pycinuithf'S,  Teucrium  Bruu- 
ndla,  Lycopiis,  Meutlia^  Salma,  Blotiarda^ 
Scutellaria  &c  are  yet  susceptible  of  revision 
and  improvement.  My  G.  Euliemus  1830 
Med.  fl.  for  Lycopus  Virglnicus  and  akin  sp. 
must  be  admitted  like  my  lUephilia,  Vlfclda^ 
Blephlloma  and  others  of  fi.  teliur.  I  shall  only 
add  now  a  few  presumed  new  species,  others 
are  in  2d  part  of  this  work. 

978.  Mentfia  cinewea  R.  cinereous  pubes- 
cent, leaves  subsessile  ovatoblong  acute  sharply 
serrate,  spikes  terminal  verticillate  naked,bracts 
subulate  equal  to  flowers,  stamens  included — in 
the  Welsh  Mts.  of  Alleghanies  in  Pennsylv.  dis- 
covered 1804  again  1834,  habit  of  M.  tenuis 
less  odorous,  root  creeping,  many  stems  erect, 
pedal  almost  hirsute,  leaves  uncial  quite  cine- 
reous beneath,  less  above,  spikes  short,  flowers 
small  white,  calix  and  bracts  cinereous  almost 
canescent. — I  have  several  other  sp.  of  Mint, 
BI.  capilata,  M,  denlata,  pfctlnata,  ciliafa, 
tracliiloma  &c,  but  some  are  doubtful,  and  the 
two  last  belong  to  Vulegiutn  like  BI.  canaden- 
sis and  horealis. 

* 

970.  Vleckia  eracteata  R.  leaves  petiolate 
cordate  acute  grossly  serrate,  spike  sessile 
bracts  also  and  ovate  acute  foliose  longer  than 
flowers — in  Florida,  pedal,  stem  fuscate,  leaves 
uncial  not  large, spike  sessile,  rather  short, bracts 
large  remarkable.  This  perhaps  may  form  a 
subg.  the  habit  and  flowers  are  of  Vleckia,  but 
calix  more  campanulate  striate  with  very  une- 
qual teeth,  Vsalioji  Raf.  see  fl.  tel.  786. 


OF  NORTH   AMERICA.  05 

980.  Pycnantites  saxatilis  K.  stem  ramose 
tomentose,  angles  obtuse,  leaves  glaucous  sub- 
petioiate  ovate  acuminate  remotely  serrate, 
hardly  pubescent  punctate  reticulate  on  both 
sides;  heads  terminal  sessile,  bracts  and  calix 
lanceolate  mutic  canescent  tomentose — in  the 
Alleghany  Mts.  near  the  R,  Susquehannah 
among  stones  and  rocks,  1  or  2  feet  high, 
branches  patent,  leaves  ultra  uncial,  Capitules 
multiHore,  stamens  not  exerted. — A  var.  cuni- 
loicles  has  stem  smaller,  leaves  subsessile  smal- 
ler son»etimessubentire.  fiuhg.  J^rac/iystemon. 

981.  P\CNANTHES     PARVIFOLIA     R.      SmOOth, 

stem  branched  acutely  4gone,  leaves  small  sub- 
sessile  ovatohl.ing  eniire,  ending  by  an  obtuse, 
callose  point ;  heads  terminal,  sessile  lax  dicho- 
tome,  bracts  lanceolate  nervose,  the  nerve  pro- 
truding in  a  long  stiff  fulvous  bristle,  calix  brist- 
ly— a  very  distinct  sp.  found  by  Leconte  in  Flo- 
rida and  Georgia,  anonymous  in  Coll.  herb,  pe- 
dal, while  leaves  4  to  6  lines  long,  bristles  of 
bracts  as  long  as  tkem  formed  by  the  nerve  ex- 
tending out.  Very  different  from  P.  aristata^ 
stamens  not  exerted.  Perhaps  a  peculiar  sub- 
genus Xetalix  R.  with  all  aristate  sp.  here  the 
calix  is  equal  else  it  would  be  a  Titlljja,  lower 
hp  of  corolla  equaly  trilobe,  lobes  short  rounded 
upper  ejitire  ?  as  in  Tullya. 

982.  Pycnanthes  ciliata  R.  stem  branched 
pilose  4gone,  leaves  subsessile  glaucous  lanceo- 
late elongate  acute  at  both  ends  subentire, 
smooth,  margin  and  nerves  ciliate,  heads  termi- 
nal sessile  canescent  pilose  lax,  bracts  and  calix 
subulate  aristate  bristles  ciliate — in  N.  Jersey 
pine  barrens  and  Maryland,  noticed  since  1802, 
deemed  P.  aristata  by  some,  nearer  to  P.  pi- 
losa,  having  both   they  are  very  different  from 


96  NBOBOT. 

this,  bipedal,  leaves  biuncial,  inflorescence  as  in 
last,  but  bristles  not  rigid  plumosely  ciliate,  co- 
rolla with  upper  lip  emarginate,  lower  with  3 
elliptic  lobes  unequal.  Probably  another  subg. 
also  Blepliixtta  Raf. — I  have  several  other 
doubtful  N-  sp.  of  this  G.  Pycn.  scabra,  glan- 
dulosa,  laxijlora  &c. 

983.  Blephii.ia  brevipes  R,  stem  fistulose 
hardly  angular  hirsute  chiefly  near  the  nodes, 
leaves  on  short  petiols  upper  sessile,  ovatoblong 
nearly  obtuse  subserrato,  smooth,  nerves  pubes- 
cent ;  whorls  densiflore,  bracts  and  calix  hirsute 
lanceolate  aristate — xilabama,  leaves  uncial,the 
floral  are  quite  sessile,  flowers  white  incarnate. 
One  of  the  sp.  blended  in  Monarda  hirsuta, 
the  real  sp.  is  my  BL  nepetoides,  a  3d  is  the 
next. 

984.  Blepiiilia  lanceolata  R.  stem  deeply 
4grooved  quite  hirsute,  leaves  well  petiolate  lan- 
ceolate, base  acute,  end  acuminate,  margin  re- 
motely serrulate  ;  flowers  shorter  than  petiolsj 
bracts  and  calix  lanceolate  ciliate  with  long  fili- 
form bristles — in  Kentucky,  Indiana,  Illinois, 
discov,  1818,  well  distinguished  from  BL  nepe- 
toides  with  broad  leaves  and  white  flowers,  by 
the  narrow  leaves  and  flowers  pale  incarnate,  a 
large  plant  3  to  4  feet  high,  much  branched, 
lower  leaves  often  ovate  lanceolate,  whorls  3  to 
5,  the  last  without  leaves. — There  are  also  3  sp. 
blended  in  Monarda  ciliata,  my  BL  pratensis, 
hremfolia  and  heterophyla. 

985.  Teucrium  levigatum  Raf.  quite  smooth, 
stem  with  4  thick  obtuse  corners  and  4  grooves, 
leaves  subsessile  broadly  lanceolate  acuminate 
subequaly  serrate  ;  raceme  sessile  lax  oblong, 
bracts  lanceolote  equal  to  calix  smooth  angular. 
— One  of  the  sp.  blended  in  T.  virginicum,  that 


OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  97 

few  botanists  can  distinguish  from  canadensc, 
and  as  both  names  neither  apply  nor  convey 
any  meaning,  I  propose  to  abohsh  them,  and 
give  7  good  names  instead  for  the  sp.  therein 
blended:  they  all  are  realy  of  this  G.  and  have 
similar  racemose  habit.  This  has  a  yellow  ra- 
mose stem  sesquipedal,  leaves  2  or  3  inches  long 
spikes  3  to  6  inches  long,  flowers  incarnate  as  in 
nearly  all.     Chiefly  in  Western  States. 

986.  Teucrium  petiolaris  R.  puberulent, 
stem  with  4  grooves  and  obtuse  angles,  leaves 
on  long  petiols  ovate  acute,  equaly  serrate,  base 
acute  entire ;  raceme  pedunculate  terete  dense 
tomentose,  bracts  acuminate  equal  to  calix,  the 
lower  ovate,  calix  canescent  not  angular — how 
difl^erent  from  the  last !  nearer  to  T.  canadensc^ 
pedal,  leaves  biuncial  not  tomentose  nor  white 
beneath,  raceme  quite  separated  from  the  leaves 
and  compact.  In  New  Jersey,  Long  Id.  and 
Virginia,  often  on  the  sea  shore  and  with  radi- 
cal surculi  as  in  Eiihemiis,  but  this  happens 
also  in  others.  My  T,  riparmm  or  Qajiadense 
has  ovate  leaves  rounded  at  base,  tomentose 
white  beneath,  shorter  petiols  &c. 

987.  Teucrium  bracteosum  R.  nearly  smooth 
stem  grooved,  angles  obtuse,  leaves  on  short  pe- 
tiols, lanceolate  unequaly  serrate,  acuminate ; 
raceme  foliosc,  flowers  axillary  tt)  leaves  and 
long  bracts  laciniate,  upper  entire,  calix  smooth 
not  angular-— another  very  distinct  sp.  pedal, 
leaves  1  or  2  inches  long,  with  flowers  at  the 
axils,  pubescent  beneath.  In  N.  Jersey,  Penn- 
sylvania, Virginia,  the  T.  virginicum  of  some 
botanists. 

988.  Teucrium  lanceolatum  Raf.  and  Col- 
lins, stem  simple  pubescent  grooved,  angles  acute 
at  both  ends,  subequaly  serrate,  nearly  smooth, 

13 


98  NEOBOT. 

nerves  pubescent,  raceme  sessile  interrupted 
vvhorled,  bracts  subulate  equal  to  ca  ix  canes- 
cent  tonientose  not  angular — nearest  to  T.  le- 
vigatum  and  T,  virginicum,  or  rather  my  T. 
ohliquatmn  with  ovate  obliqual  leaves  petiolate, 
unequaly  serrate,  pubescent  beneath.  This  is 
found  from  New  Jersey  to  Virginia,  is  pedal, 
leaves  biuncial  narrow,  root  nodose  creeping  as 
in  most  species.  It  was  noticed  by  Collins  as  a 
N.  sp. . 

989.  Teucrium  cinereum  R.  ramose  pube- 
rulent,  stem  grooved  angles  acute,  leaves  sub- 
petiolate  elliptic  or  broad  oblong  acute  at  both 
ends  subequaly  serrate,  beneath  tomentose  but 
not  white ;  racemes  elongate  sessile  slender, 
calix  scattered  cinereous  pubescent  angular  sub- 
sessile,  bracts  subulate  equal — in  East  Ken- 
tucky and  Tennessee  the  Cumberland  Mts.  and 
Cheroki  Mts.  large  sp.  bipedal,  leaves  3  to  5 
inches  long,  half  as  broad,  raceme  6  to  10  inches 
long. — Thus  our  7  Teucriums  differ  in  stems, 
leaves,  petiols,  racemes^  bracts  and  calix,  agree- 
ing in  nothing  but  creeping  root,  erect  stems, 
serrate  leaves  and  incarnate  racemose  flowers. 

EUPHORBIDES. 
Although  I  had  revised  and  corrected  the 
Genera  blended  in  Euphorbia,  infl.  tellur.  1168 
1190,  I  have  yet  the  pleasure  to  add  now  2  N, 
G.  of  North  America,  that  would  have  been  re- 
fered  thereto. 

990.  ZALITEA  Raf  Dioical,  perianthe 
male  campanulate  5fid,  segments  ovate  acute 
erect,  each  having  upon  their  base  a  lunulate 
gland.  Stamens  few  short,  several  castrate  or 
sterile  filaments.  Female  . . .  Leaves  opposite 
narrow  petiolate,  flowers  axillary  sessile. — A 
singular  G.  perfectly  new,  anonymous  in  Collins 


OF  NORTH  AMERICA.  99 

herb,  with  habit  quite  pecuHar,  next  to  Lepa- 
dena  by  glands  opposite,  but  habit  totaly  unlike 
and  perianthe  not  Slid,  Zalitca  was  an  ancient 
name  of  this  family  or  Polygonum. 

991.  Zalitea  linearis  R.  stem  grooved 
2-3chotome,  leaves  remote  oppos.  petiolate, 
linear,  base  acute,  end  mucronate,  flowers  sub- 
sessile,  solitary  in  dichotomies  and  axils — an- 
nual smooth  plant,  erect  ?  but  weak,  subpedal, 
leaves  distant  uncial,  not  obliqual,  flowers  small 
green  with  5  ovate  segments,  acute  which  is 
unusual  in  this  tribe,  inner  glands  yellowish  lun- 
ulate,  ends  obtuse  concavity  beneath.  Seeds 
not  seen  but  probably  as  in  Lepadena.  It  grows 
on  Red  River  of  LouisianajCotlected  by  Binder 

992.  APLARINA  Raf  dioical  and  monoi- 
cal,  perianthes  uniflore,  male  perianthe  tubular, 
minutely  41obe  at  top,  lobes  unequal  ovate  sub- 
serrate,  a  single  stamen  exerted  borne  upon  a 
terete  androphore,  rudiments  of  some  sterile. 
Female  perianthe  campanulate  81obe,lobes  sub- 
entire  4  alterne  shorter.  Capsule  villose,  stig- 
mas 3  bilobe.  Habit  of  Xamesijke. — Another 
G.  remarkable  by  declinity  and  different  peri- 
anthes, the  male  uniflore  or  monandrous.  The 
name  means  simple  stamen.  There  are  many 
sp.  of  this  G,  blended  in  Euphorbia,  I  have  late- 
ly noticed  that  E.  hypericifoUa  probably  be- 
long to  it. 

993.  Aplarina  prostrata  Raf.  prostrate  pu- 
bescent, stems  terete,  dichotome,  leaves  petio- 
late obliqual  ovatoblong  acute,  subserrate  ;  flow- 
ers in  axils  solitary  subsessile — annual,  laying 
flat  on  the  sand  where  it  grows  in  Pennsylvania, 
blended  by  myself  with  the  akin  G,  until  the 
flowers  well  examined,  and  perhaps  other  sp. 
belong  also  here.     Several  stems  3  to  6  inches 


100  WBOBOT. 

long,  leaves  minute  2  or  3  lines  long,  flowers 
very  small,  green  but  lobes  white. 

094.  Aplarina  ?  MiciioFHYLA  li.  prostrate 
smooth,  steins  terete  ramose,  leaves  on  short 
petiols  rounded  subcordate  obliqual  entire  ob- 
tuse or  retuse;  flowers  solitary  pedicelate — in 
Louisiana  and  Texas,  same  size,  but  leaves  verv 
minute  only  one  line  long,  flowers  few  and  so 
minute  that  I  cannot  avalyze  them,  they  are  ap- 
parently campanulate  41obe  and  male,  no  cap- 
sule being  visible. 

995.  Synexemia  cuneifolia  Raf,  stems  erect 
simple, leaves  petiolate  adpressed  cuneate  acute, 
stipules  subulate ;  flowers  extra-axilary  solitary 
or  geminate  pedunculate — Louisiana  and  Ar- 
kanzas,  stems  humble  2  to  4  inches  high,  leaves 
3  lines  long,  flowers  minute.  For  my  G.  Sy- 
nexemia  1825  (Mascalanthus  Nut.  1834)  see 
my  Neogenyton  and  fl.  tellur.  1191, 

99^.  ARKEZOSTIS  Raf.  Cucurbitacea 
near  Melothria,  ,  diflf.  fl.  hermaphr.  and  male, 
minute  campanulate  5fid,  ovary  oblong  constric- 
ted above,style  with  single  stigma  trilobe  almost 
coadunate  with  3  stamens  monadelphous  and 
syngenese  covering  it.  Male  fl.  still  smaller, 
stamens  subsessile.  Berry  oblong  trilocular 
trisperme  !  Habit  of  Melothria,  but  flowers 
and  berries  subsessile. — A  distinct  G.  probably 
blended  in  our  Melothria  chiefly  different  by  3 
seeded  berries  sessile.  It  was  once  sent  me  by 
Dr.  Short  as  the  Boyliinia  trispora  of  Wray 
"and  Nuttai,  but  my  Tlierofon  (see  902)  is  the 
only  Boykinia  published  by  Nuttai.  My  name 
was  a  classical  one  of  Bryonia. 

997.  Arkezostis  quinqueloba  R.  scandent 
roughish,  stem  striate,  leaves  petiolate  cordate 
Slobed,  sinusses   obtuse,  lobes  ovate  acute   re- 


©r  NORTH  AMERICA  101 

pand,  middle  lobe  often  trifid ;  flowers  axillary 
geminate  or  tcrnate  subsessile — in  Florida  and 
Georgia,  where  first  discovered  by  Dr.  Boykin 
and  called  Melotlwia  sessilis,  but  never  pub- 
lished. Stem  slender  3  or  4  feet  high,  climbing 
with  tendrils,  leaves  2  or  3  inches  broad  and 
long,  flowers  green  very  minute,  berries  not  seen 
probably  oval  and  black  as  in  Melothria. 
SAMOLIDES. 

I  conclude  by  3  new  plants  of  this  family  of 
mine  established  1815  ,  .  .  which  is  now  greatly 
increased  since  all  the  Houstonias,  some  Hedy- 
otis  and  several  presumed  Rubiacea  will  belong 
thereto.  Decandole  has  by  mistake  deemed  the 
Houstonias  of  Gentianides  tribe,  because  he 
found  the  stamens  opposite  to  corolla ;  but  then 
Samolus  which  is  lately  put  with  Primulacea, 
should  also  rank  with  Gentians ;  yet  the  Samo- 
lides  differ  by  adherent  or  inferior  ovary  as  in 
Rubiacea,  and  these  differ  only  by  alternate  sta- 
mens, essential  character,  little  attended  to  till 
noticed  by  Jussieu  in  several  flxmilies,  but  over- 
looked in  Houstonia  and  Gentians.  Every 
Genus  with  stamens  isoperial  or  equal  in  num- 
ber to  segments  of  corolla,  must  be  verified  and 
ascertained  if  opposite  thereto. — The  Oldenlan- 
dia  or  Hedyotis  unifiora  is  a  Samolides  and  a  pe- 
culiar G.  my  Edrastima  uniflora.  The  O.  or 
H.  glomerata  is  another  G.  with  unequal  calix^ 
my  Stelmotis  glomerata. 

998.  Houstonia  biloba  Raf  dwarf  dicho- 
tome  leaves  linear  oblong  acute,  lower  petiolate; 
flowers  axilary,  peduncles  equal  to  leaves,  co- 
rolla tube  campanulate,  limb  patent,  capsule 
compressed  obcordate  bilobe — in  Arkanzus, 
small  plant  1  or  2  inches  high,  leaves  2  or  3 
lines  long,  flowers  red,  segments  of  calix  linear; 


102  .  NBOBOT. 

of  corolla  oblong  obtuse,  capsule  almost  like  Ve- 
ronica, but  semi  adherent,  2locular,  polysperme, 
seeds  reniform.  Probably  a  subgenus,  Etoro- 
Tis  Raf.  meaning  eared  heart. 

999.  HousTONiA  GENicuLATA  Raf.  stem  geni- 
culate 4gone  assurgent,  leaves  subfascieulate 
lanceolate  acute,  margin  rough ;  flowers  axilary 
solitary,  corolla  tube  filiform,  limb  campanulate 
4fid — on  the  Wasioto  hills  of  Kentucky,  annual 
semipedal,  leaves  uncial  pale  beneath,  flowers 
purple,  calix  linear,  tube  of  corolla  double  of  ca- 
lix.  Another  subgenus  by  peculiar  corolla,  I 
will  call  it  GoNioTis,  I  have  not  seen  the  cap- 
sule. 

1000.  HousTONiA.  RETICULATA  Raf.  stcm  gen- 
iculate 4gone  erect,  radical  leaves  petiolate 
obovate,  on  stem  larger  ovate  acute  trinerve, 
veins  reticulate,  margin  rough,  flowers  terminal 
few  corymbose,  peduncles  l-3flore,  capsule  glo- 
bose— Alabama,  annual  3  to  4  inches  high,  akin 
to  H.  purpurea^  but  radical  leaves  different  and 
smaller,  on  stem  often  uncial,  calix  adherent 
with  two  thirds  of  ovary,  segments  linear. — A 
var.  triflora  has  only  3  flowers,  some  leaves 
oblong  mixt,  either  obtuse  or  acute. 

For  other  sp.  of  Houstonias  see  my  mono- 
graph of  1820,  it  must  form  several  subg.  or 
even  Genera.  I  have  all  our  sp.  H.  serpylifo- 
lia,  patens,  rupestris,  tenuifolia,  longifolia, 
angustif.  heterophyla,  puhescens,  purpurea, 
varians  <^c  and  I  may  give  another  monograph 
of  all  the  Samolides,of  Samolus  itself  I  gave  one 
in  my  herbarium  Rafinesquianum. 

I  must  now  conclude  this  Flora,  although  I 
have  left  many  families  untouched  in  which  I 
possess  many  novelties ;  particularly  in  Gratio- 
lides,    Acanthides,   Personates,    Scrophularia, 


OF  NORTH   AMERICA.  103 

Ludwigia,  Oenothera,  the  Malvaceous,  Cruci- 
feres,  Hypericines,  Leguminose,  Verbenides, 
Caryophyles,  &/C,  besides  all  the  Monocotyles, 
Asphodelides,  Helonides,  Xurides,  Grasses  and 
Cyperides,  Ferns  and  Cryptogams  ....  which 
must  be  described  in  supplemental  Monographs 
or  peculiar  additional  works. 


APPENDIX. 

ADDITIONS  AND  CORRECTIONS. 

In  the  course  of  such  elaborate  works,  there 
are  always  some  corrections  to  make,  for  names, 
synonyms  or  facts  that  have  escaped  attention : 
while  additions  might  be  lengthened  ad  libitum. 
Only  a  few  will  be  stated  here,  being  chiefly  es- 
sential corrections. 

IN  FIRST  PART LEXICON. 

1.  Abalon.  Add  in  syn.  ChameliriuntWWd. 
Opliioslachys  Redoute :  all  names  posterior  to 
Abalon  of  Adanson  1763.— In  1837  Grey  has 
made  it  a  subg.  Chamelirium  !  in  G.  Heloniasl 
calling  it  Hel,  dioica  like  Pursh,  and  he  redu- 
ces Helonias  to  H,  hullata  !  although  quite  dif- 
ferent :  he  takes  no  notice  of  the  synonym  of 
Thunberg,  Melanthimn  luteum  of  Japan,which 
is  a  third  Genus  blended  my  Siraitos  aquati- 
cus  fl.  tellur.  865. 

2.  Abama  Adanson  1763  was  perhaps  pre- 
vious to  Tojielda  of  Hudson  (what  date  ?)  com- 
pare my  monograph,  with  that  of  Grey  1837. 
He  has  some  additional  sp.  but  his  subg.  Tri- 
antha  Nuttal  is  the  real  Abama  60  years  older! 
that  must  be  a  Genus  as  stated. 

3.  AcROANTHES  Raf.  1808,  not  1818  as  mis- 
printed, well  named  ten  years  before  Nuttal. 

4.  AcROSTiCHUM   AUUEUM,   Kuutli   dcscribcs 


104  APPENDIX. 

under  that  name  another  sp.  quite  unUke  it  or 
my  Acr.  maritimum ! — I  call  it  Acr.  acuini- 
natum  Raf.  pinnulis  lanceolate  acuminate  base 
rounded  petiolate  entire  thin  costatc,  smooth 
above  like  stipes,  beneath  quite  fructiferous  all 
over.  In  Venezuela,  ten  feet  high — I  have 
found  in  Collins  Herb,  a  very  curious  fern  of 
Florida  collected  by  Kin  or  Baldwin  again  as 
a  doubtful  Acr.  aureum  ?  which  forms  a  most 
beautiful  and  wonderful  N.  G.  of  dorsiferous 
ferns  without  Sori^  but  with  capsules  uncon- 
nected punctiform  scattered  like  minute  dots. 
It  shall  be  fully  described  and  figured  in  my 
PTEKiK0N,a  work  now  preparing.  I  announce  it 
meantime  as  a  great  discovery  proving  that  the 
capsules  of  Ferns  may  be  solitary,  and  I  call  it. 

5,  NESOmS  BicoLOR  Raf.  smooth,  bipin- 
nate,  yellow  beneath,  pinnules  sessile  oblong 
creiiate  lobate,  base  acute,  end  obtuse,  above 
nervose  flabelatc,  behind  enerve  golden  fur- 
furascent,  capsules  irregularly  scattered. — Pe- 
dal, stipes  brown  shining  convex  behind,  groov- 
ed before,  piimules  alternate,  25  to  33  on  each 
branch,  gradualy  smaller  and  nearly  confluent. 
In  Florida — I  have  several  other  N.  G.  of 
Ferns,  but  none  so  beautiful  and  anomalous ; 
probably  type  of  a  new  family  Nesorides. 

6.  Olsynium  ;  read  Sisyrinchium  throughout, 
misprinted  Siryrinchium  in  the  synonyms.  See 
878  flora  tellur.  where  it  is  again  described, 
another  sp.  added,  and  the  akin  blended  Genera 
compared  and  settled. 

Monograph  of  KUHNIA. 

Although  I   thought  this  monograph  nearly 

complete,  I  have  found  other  new  sp.  in  Collins 

Herb,  and  I  am  told  that  Decandole  in  his' 5th 

volume  just  published   has   many  sp.  under   3 


APPtNDIX.  105 

Genera !  Kuhnia,Critonia  and  another?  There- 
fore my  labor  shall  have  to  be  still  further  re- 
modeled hereafter,  meantime  I  will  give  here 
the  additional  N.  &p.  making  14  altogether. 

7.  KuHNiA  GLOMERATA  Raf.  K.  critottia  ? 
Nut.  in  Collins  herb,  smooth,  stem  grooved, 
branches  terminal  corymbose  short  3-5flore, 
leaves  scattered  subsessile  lanceolate  short  re- 

.  motely  serrate,  flowers  subsessile  glomerate, 
pappus  fulvous — Apalachian  Mts,  pedal,  leaves 
uncial,  flowers  forming  small  round  heads  par- 
ticularly after  anthesis  when  they  spread  out. 

8.  KuHNiA  LATiFOLiA  Raf  K.  critonia  !  Coll. 
— nearly  smooth,  stem  corymbose  striate,  leaves 
alternate  sessile  ovate  oblong,  grossly  serrate, 
acute  at  both  ends,  very  thin,  on  branches  nar- 
row oblong  subentire,  branches  l-3ffore,  flowers 
pedunculate,  pappus  fulvous— in  Florida,  leaves 
almost  as  inK.  elliptica,  but  longer  biuncial,  on 
branches  uncial  quite  ditferent,  never  trinervate. 

9.  KiJHNiA  viRGATA  Raf.  smooth,  stem  and 
branches  virgate,  striate  whitish,  leaves  scatter- 
ed sessile  linear  entire  acute,  flowers  corym- 
bose, pedunculate,  pappus  fulvescent — in  Caro-  ^ 
lina  and  Florida,  deemed  K.  eupat oroides  by  \ 
Collins,  nearer  the  Critonias  ;  still  nearer  to  K. 
tuherosa  of  Elliot.  Tall  plant,  long  slender 
branches,  leaves  uncial,  perhaps  K.  albicaulis 
would  be  a  better  name. 

Three  other  sp.  were  blended  in  Coll.  herb, 
as  K.  eupatorioides,  wot  a  single  one  being  that 
sp.  since  they  had  all  fulvous  pappus ;  one  was 
K.fulva,  a  2d  my  K.  pubescens  from  Cotocton 
Mts.  on  Potowmak,  the  3d  the  next. 

10.  KuHNiA  DivARicATA  Raf  scabriuscule, 
stem  grooved  fuscate,branches  paniculate  divari- 

14 


106  APPENDIX. 

cate  nearly  naked,  leaves  scattered  petiolate 
lanceolate  grossly  serrate,  flowers  corymbose 
pedunculate  pappus  fulvous — Apalachian  Mts. 
tall  plant,  leaves  uncial. 

11.  KuHNiA  ciNEREA  Raf.  cincrcous  pubes- 
cent, stem  grooved  corymbose  above,  leaves 
scattered  sessile  adpressed  linear  lanceolate  en- 
tire ;  flowers  fasciculate  pedunculate  cinereous, 
pappus  fulvescent — a  fine  sp.  found  by  myself 
in  the  Cumberland  or  Wasioto  Mts.  of  East 
Kentucky  and  Tennessee,  blended  with  K.  pu- 
besce/ns,  but  now  well  distinguished  and  separa- 
ted. Bipedal,  leaves  biuncial  often  falcate, 
branches  multiflore,  perianthe  of  flowers  quite 
cinereous,  fioscules  also,  but  not  the  pappus. 

II  PART NEOPIIYTON, 

12.  Laxanon  203,  although  very  near  to  Lap- 
sana,  Aposeris  and  Aptilon,  it  is  quite  distinct 
from  all ;  Aposeris  of  Necker  differs  by  calicu- 
late  perianthe  ;  my  Aptilon  which  is  the  Apo- 
gon  of  Elliot,  this  name  being  employed  by  La- 
cepede  for  a  G.  of  fish,  differs  by  perianthe  in  a 
double  series  and  seeds  striate  as  in  Crenamon. 
These  Genera  will  form  a  small  group  of  the 
Glossanthes,  with  naked  seeds  Aposerides  Raf. 
I  have  found  in  Coll.  herb,  a  second  sp.  of  Lax- 
anon from  Arkanzas,  deemed  a  doubtful  plant 
near  Krigia  by  Nuttal,  I  call  it. 

Laxanon  heterophylum  Raf.  stem  flexuose 
ramose,  radical  leaves  narrow  remotely  pinna- 
tifid,  segments  lanceolate  acute,  stem  leaves  am- 
plexicaule,  linear  lanceol.  acute,  involucre  bifo- 
liate unequal,  umbels  2-5flore — Arkanzas,  an- 
nual, 6  to  8  inches  high,  leaves  2  or  3  inches 
long,  flowers  on  filiform  erect  pedicels,  perian- 
the commonly  5partite,  few  florets  or  ligules, 
seeds  ovate. 


APPFxVDIX.  107 

13.  Tfiecanisia  ponpiirea  205  read  Thee, 
'purpurea.  Compare  this  C  with  Aegopogon 
which  is  IJlmaria  of  others. 

14.  DiPLosTELiviA  310,  add  Chelanthera  Niit- 
tal,  not  of  Ruiz  and  Pavan,norPersoon  <fcc,  tlius 
this  name  was  even  employed  and  not  apply in<»' 
as  stated  in  the  note  at  end  of  part — Acticar- 
7iopus  misprinted  for  Actinocarpus. 

15.  Baptlsia  321,  add  B.  versicolor  s^nother 
beautiful  sp.  of  this  G.  has  been  added  from  the 
S.  W.  which  is  either  akin  to  B.  albiflora,  or 
perhaps  a  Riparia. 

Ill  PART NEW  SYLVA. 

16.  CoLEMA  591,  read  Corema. 

17.  CnioNANTiius  MARITI3IA  70G.  comparc 
with  it  and  Ch.  heteropliylus,  the  Ck.  pubcs- 
cens  of  Kunth  and  South  America;  but  it  has 
red  flowers,  while  all  the  North  American  sp. 
have  white  flowers. 

IV  PART NEOBOTANCN. 

18.  RiVINA      or      PlERCEA      OBMQUATA      750; 

another  proof  that  this  is  not  the  R.  humiU»{\n- 
cluding  many  blended  sp.)  is  found  in  Kunth, 
his  plant  of  that  name  is  described  by  him  as 
smooth,  with  leaves  ovate  pubescent  beneath 
shorter  than  racemes.  From  Mexico,  perhaps 
another  peculiar  sp.  R.  mollis  Raf. 

19.  Lyonsia  883,  this  Lyonia  of  Elliot  is  pre- 
vious and  very  different  from  that  of  Nuttal, 
which  is  a  section  of  Andromeda,  that  I  have 
called  Hemiclts  meaning  half  vahes,  as  the 
fruit  has  5  half  valves  alternate.  Lyonia  w  ould 
be  abnost  like  Aliionia,  and  the  botanist  name 
was  realy  Lyons. 


108  APPENDIX. 

20.  Tkiodanis  rupestris  90G,  this  is  very 
near  to  the  Campanula  flagellaris  of  Kunth, 
perhaps  of  this  Genus.  His  Mexican  C.  perfo- 
liata  appears  somewhat  different  from  ours  by 
flowers  geminate  and  ternate ;  yet  Torrey  would 
have  all  these  to  be  varieties !  which  is  the  type 
then  and  the  prnnordial  form? 

21.  Helenium  DiscovATUM  942,  compare  it 
with  H.  rnexicanum  of  Kunth,  too  shortly  noti- 
ced bv  him. 


E\D  OF  THIS  FT.ORA- 


109 


INDEX. 

OF     GENERA,    SUBGENERA    &C. 

Synonyms  i?iUalics,  families  in  small  capitals^ 


Abalon,  Apx  1 
Abama,  Apx  2 
Acerates  885 
Acetosa  861-3 
Achyranthes  843 

ACHYRANTHIDES  830 

Acmella  913 

Acroanthes,  Ap.  3 

Acrostichum,  Ap.  4 

Agathyrsus  952 

Aiinorra  912 

Ammi  781-2 

Amorgine  839-41 

Anactis  910 

Anantherix   884 

Ansonia  880 

Anthalogea961. 

Antiphyla  756 

Anthopogon  970-2 

Anychia  830  to  840 

x\plarina  962 
C  Apogon  960 
7  Aposeris  Ap.  12 
I  Aptilon  Ap.  12 

Argyrocoma  833,  839 

Arkezostis  996 

Asclepias  979  to  893 

Asemeia  962-5 

Atliamantlia  798 

Babiron  779  to  782 
Balduina  920 
Ballimon  794 


Baptisia  Ap.  15 
Batschia  767 
Bilamista  976 
Bindera  915 
Blephilia  983-4 
Blephixeta  982 
Blutaparon  844-6 

BORAGINES  761 

BorJcausia  956 
Boykinia  902 

Buinalis  830 

Cacalia  935 
Campanula,  Ap.  20 
Caradesia  941 
Chionanthus,  Ap.  1 7 
Chondrophora  935 
Cicuta  775 
Cleomides  756 
Cnidium  800 
Convolvulus  769  to  871 
Corema  Ap.  16 
Corispermum  847 

CoRYMBIFERES  910 

Corymbilis  927 
Corymbula  961 
Crenamon  957 
Cynanchum  882 
Cyphorima  766 

Darluca  872 
Dasyspermum  776 
Daucus  776  to  796 


110 


INDEX. 


Didiplis  736 
Dionea  760 

DiONIDIA   760 

Diphyleia  736 
Diplostelma,  Ap,  14 
Discolenta  853 
Discoplis  740. 

Echites  881 
Edrastima  998 
Entasikon  797-9 
Eryngides  813 
Erjngium813  to  821 
Eriogonum  864-7 
Etetra  921 
Etorotis  998 
Euhemus  978 
Eunoxis  952 
Eupatorium  935  to  941 

EUPHORBJDES  990 

Euthyrsis  927 
Evolvulus  868  to  874 

Fedia  997-9 

Galenides  828 
Gentiana  977 
Gentianides  970-7 
Gingidium  783 
Glossanthes  947 
Gonistis  999 
Gonolobus879 

Harpalyce  953 
Hasteola  935 
Helenium  942-6,  Ap. 
21. 


Hejianthus  911 
iieniiclis,  Ap.  19 
Heptarinia  851 
Herniaria  831 
Heuchera  903 
Hieraciiim  960 
Houstonia  998  to  1000 
Hydrolea  896-7 
Hymenopaptis  919 

Labiates  978 
Lactuca  947  to  951 
Lapathon  860 
Laxanon,  Ap.  12 
Legouzia  904 
Leimanisa  776 
Leontodon  956 
Leptixis  893 
Leptocaulis  778-81 
Liatris  927-30 
Ligusticwn  7  84 
Linum898 
Lithospermum  962-6 
Littorella  748 
Lomaxeta  919 
Lycopsis  768 
Lyonsia  883,  Ap.  19 

Marshallia  933-4 
Mascala?ithus  995 

Melothria  752-5 
Mentha  978 
Mesadenia  935-8 
Mesodiscus  969-71 
Mitesia  848-50 
Muraltia  ml,  5,  7 
Mustelia  921 


IKDEX. 


HI 


Narbalia  953 
Neactelis  910 
Neleixa  972 
Nesoris  Ap.  6 
Neurelmis  917 
Neurola  975 
Nezera  899  to  901 

Odacmis  828 
Oligoron  885-7 
Olsynium,  Ap.  6 

Oi»IBELLIFER0US  769 

Onistis  894 
Opliioseris  960 
Opicrina  954 
Orimaria  812 
Osmilis  927-8 
Otamplis  735 
Otanema  889-91 
Othake  922-4 

Pachiloma  811-12 
Panax  877-8 
Paronychia  833 
Peltachila  795 
PepUs  738 
Psalion  979 
Peucedanum  773 
Peutalis  848  to  856 
Phaiosperma  808  to 

812 
Pliellandrlum  799 
PhyUanthus  995 
Piercea   749,  750, 

Ap.  18 
Pilostaxis  9G1,  8,  9 
Plagidia  834 


Plaiitago  742-7 
Pleienta  973-4 
Plesili    874 
Plumbago  751 
Polygala  761-9 
Polygonum  8l8  to  859 
Polypteris  919 
Vrenantlies  953 
Psalion  979  ^ 

PSELIDES  735 

Pselium  735 
Psychanthus  761 
Ptilimnium  812 
Ptiloria  953 
Pulmonaria  761 
Pycnanthes  980-2 

Quamoclita  876 

Rhodilis  927 
Riddellia  756 
Rivina749,750,Ap.l8 
Rumex  760-3 

Sabbatia  975 
Samolides  998 
Sataria  772 
Scadiasis  812 
Scariola  927-30 
Sesuvium  758 
Sexilia  961 
Sis  on  781 
Sitilias  956 
Siuniis  (slum)  807 
Smyrnmm  800 
Spergula  759 
Squibbia  758 


112 


INDEX. 


Staplinus  796 
Steiremis  843 
Stelmotis  998 
Stethorhiza  893 
Stevia  921-6 
Streblanthes  813  16 
Stjlisma  868-71 
Sicertia  977 
Synexemia  995 
Synallodia  976 

Teretiola  927 
Teucrium  985-9 
Thaspium  800 
Thecanisia,  Ap.  13 
Therofon  902 
Tiricta  777-8 
Tomista  921 
Tordylium  811 
Trepocarpus  928 


Triclispernia  9G1 
Triodanis  904-6,  Ap, 
20 

Upopion  800-5 

Veronica  822-7 
Vernonia  931-2 
Visnaga  793 
Vleckia  979 

Xalxitis  915 

Xamotris  748 
Xetalix  981 
Xetoligus925 

Zalitea  990 
Zinnia  914 
Zizia  806 
Zoroxus  961. 


NOTICE. 


This  work  has  been  concluded  in  4  parts 
forming  a  vohmne  of  over  400  pages,  the  price 
being  fixed  at  $  5,  but  5  copies  are  given  for 
.$20. 

The  continuations  or  supplements  of  this 
Flora  will  form  another  volume  of  4  parts 
nearly  similar,  each  sold  for  one  Dollar  to  Sub- 
scribers. They  will  be  a  PxEiaKON  or  the  Ferns 
of  North  America — a  Dendrikon  or  Trees 
and  Shrubs  of  N.  America, — a  Lirikon  or  the 
Lilies  of  N.  America — an  Agrostikon  or  the 
Grasses  of  North  America. — The  original 
figures  by  specimens  will  be  sold  apart  and  but 
few  copies  issued  ;  but  the  text  printed  as  ad- 
ditions to  this  Flora — another  ultimate  Man- 
tissa or  supplement  to  the  Flora  of  Torrey  may 
be  published  in  1840. 

The  Flora  Telluriana  is  another  companion 
to  this  containing  1225  revised  Genera,  many 
of  which  are  American,  same  size  and  price. 

Other  Botanical  Works  of  C.  S.  Rafi- 
jvESQiiE — Herbarium  Rafinesquianum — Analy- 
sis of  Nature — Atlantic  Journal — Neogenyton 
— Precis — Roses,  Vines  and  other  Monographs 
— New  plants  of  Sicily — Medical  Flora  of  the 
United  States  &.c. 


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